The Quiet Lore of the Pendle Witches: A Gentle History of an English Legend | Boring History

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What's goody my brummie Goss? 
I decided to only consume one 

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cup of coffee, so let's snuggle 
up. 

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And let me tell you another 
story here tonight on the Pendle

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witches. 
That's right. 

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We are traveling to the Misty 
Hills of Lancashire England to 

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explore a story that is less 
about darkness and more about 

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how ordinary people lived 
believed and struggled in a 

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world very different from our 
own. 

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This is the story of the Pendle 
witches. 

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Not as monsters from a horror 
Tale. 

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But his real people caught in 
circumstances that reveal as 

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much about human nature as they 
do about history. 

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So if you're new here is always 
joining. 

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The community is super quick and
easy. 

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Just tap subscribe and like the 
video. 

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And let me know where in the 
world you're watching from and 

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what time it is for you now get 
comfortable, and let's start. 

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Imagine standing on a hillside 
in Lancashire England where the 

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Grass Grows, thick and sheep 
graze with that particularly 

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English. 
Stoicism that suggests. 

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They've seen everything and 
remain unimpressed. 

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Before you Rises, Pendle Hill, a
distinctive Landmark that 

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dominates the landscape like a 
sleeping giant. 

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It's not particularly tall by 
Mountain, standards about rain 

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key, 100 feet, but it has a 
presence that makes it feel much

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larger the way certain people 
command attention. 

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Simply by existing the hills 
shape is peculiar and memorable 

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from some angles, it looks like 
a massive whale breaching from 

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an ocean of greenfields. 
From others, it resembles a 

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giant shoulder hunched against 
the northern weather. 

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Local people have lived in its 
shadow for thousands of years 

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and the hill is accumulated. 
That quality of permanents that 

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only ancient Landscapes possess 
The sense that it was here long 

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before humans arrived and will 
remain long. 

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After we're gone in the early 
1600s when our story takes place

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this landscape was quite 
different from Modern England. 

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There were no neat, hedgehogs, 
dividing Fields into tidy 

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Square's. 
No roads. 

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Wider than kart tracks and no, 
Telegraph poles, or power lines,

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scratching against the sky. 
The Villages scattered around 

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Pendle Hill were small clusters 
of stone and Timber buildings. 

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Often just a dozen families, 
living close enough to share 

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each other's smoke and gossip. 
The weather in Lancashire has 

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always been dependently 
unpredictable rain sweeps across

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the hills, with the regularity 
of a postal service, bringing 

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that particular dampness, that 
seems to seep into everything. 

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Your clothes, your bones, your 
sense of what constitutes a nice

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day. 
The Mist that gathers around 

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Pendle Hill creates an 
atmosphere, that makes the 

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familiar suddenly strange. 
Transforming a landscape, you 

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know, into something mysterious 
and slightly otherworldly. 

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This was a region where people 
live close to the land in ways 

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we can barely imagine today. 
You couldn't simply go to a 

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supermarket when food, ran low. 
If your crops fail, you went 

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hungry. 
If your cow stopped producing 

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milk your children, children's 
nutrition suffered if disease, 

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struck your livestock, your 
livelihood, vanished Every 

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aspect of survival depended on 
things, largely Beyond human 

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control. 
Whether disease, the fertility 

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of soil and the health of 
animals. 

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The forest surround Pendle were 
darker and more extensive than 

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they are today. these weren't 
parks for Sunday strolls but 

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working woodlands where people 
gathered fuel foraged for food 

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and encountered, the kind of 
isolation that modern people 

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rarely experience, Walk into 
these Woods at dusk. 

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And you'd find yourself in a 
world of Shadows and sounds 

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where your imagination could 
easily transform a rustling Leaf

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into something more Sinister. 
The Villages had names that felt

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like they'd grown naturally from
the landscape new church, barley

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roughly and gold Shore. 
Small communities, where 

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everyone knew everyone else's 
business along with their 

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parents business and probably 
their grandparents business too.

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Privacy was a luxury that didn't
exist your neighbor's new when 

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you ate. 
When you slept who visited and 

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what you argued about life here,
moved at the pace of Seasons, 

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rather than clocks People rose 
with the sun because candles and

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Rush lights were expensive and 
they retired when darkness made 

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work impossible. time was 
measured by the position of the 

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sun, the flowering of certain 
plants, all the behavior of 

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animals You might arrange to 
meet someone after milking or 

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when the blackberries ripen and 
everyone understood these 

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imprecise measurements, 
perfectly the buildings 

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themselves. 
Tell you something about how 

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people lived most homes were 
single story structures with 

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thatched roofs. 
Maybe two rooms. 

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If you were fortunate often just
one large space where the entire

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family cooked 8 worked and 
slept. 

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Smoke from the central half 
would drift up through a hole in

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the roof blackening, the thatch 
and creating that distinctive 

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smell of old smoke. 
That permeated everything 

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Winters would genuinely harsh in
ways that central heating, has 

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helped us forget. 
You'd wake to find Frost 

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patterns on the inside of what 
ever served as your windows. 

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If you had windows at all, many 
homes simply had shutters that 

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you'd close against the cold 
choosing between freezing and 

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darkness. 
Chill. 

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Planes were so common that 
people barely mentioned them. 

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Just another minor misery of 
winter like wet boots or 

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perpetually cold feet. 
The fields around Pendle were 

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divided, not by ownership in the
modern sense. 

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But by complex systems of common
rights that had evolved over 

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centuries, different families 
had rights to graze certain 

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numbers of animals to gather 
specific types of wood and to 

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fish in particular streams, 
these rights were rarely written

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down but understood through 
tradition, and enforced, by 

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Community consensus, It was a 
system that worked reasonably 

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well until someone tried to 
change it or challenge to 

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establish Customs spring, 
brought relief from Winter's 

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hardships. 
But also anxiety about whether 

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crops would grow successfully. 
You'd see women and children 

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walking the fields picking 
stones from newly plowed Earth. 

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A task that seems futile Until 
you realize that rocks, you 

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remove this year won't damage 
your plow next season. 

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Every aspect of farming 
required, this kind of long-term

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thinking and constant physical 
labor, summer was briefly 

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glorious when it wasn't raining.
The hills would Bloom with 

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wildflowers whose names of 
mostly been forgotten. 

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Folk names that describe their 
appearance or supposed 

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properties. 
Here all self-help, eyebright 

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and wounded. 
Plants that promised relief from

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the various ailments that 
Afflicted people without access 

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to modern medicine. 
Autumn meant Harvest and harvest

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meant the difference between a 
tolerable winter and a desperate

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one. 
Everyone worked during Harvest 

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from the smallest child, who 
could carry a Sheaf of grain to 

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the oldest grandmother, who 
could tie knots. 

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It was exhausting back-breaking 
work, but it came with a sense 

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of shared purpose and the hope 
that this year's efforts would 

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sustain everyone until next 
year's Harvest, this landscape 

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these rhythms of life, these 
patterns of work and worry, this

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was the world of the Pendle 
witches. 

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Not a Gothic horror setting, but
a real place where real people 

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struggled with the same basic 
challenges. 

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That humans have always faced 
how to survive, how to protect 

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their families, and how to make 
sense of a world that often 

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seemed hostile and inexplicable 
to understand what happened in 

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Pendle in 1612, you need to 
travel Inside the Minds of 

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people who lived in a world 
entirely. 

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Different from ours. 
Not different in the sense of 

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being primitive or less 
intelligent. 

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These were people just as clever
and capable as anyone today but 

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different in their fundamental 
assumptions about how reality 

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worked. 
Imagine living in a world 

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without scientific explanation 
for natural phenomena. 

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When your child develops, a 
fever you don't think about 

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viruses or bacteria, Concepts 
that won't exist for another two

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centuries. 
Instead you wonder what caused 

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this illness. 
Did someone curse your family? 

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Did you offend God? 
Did your child encounter 

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something malevolent while 
playing near the old oak tree 

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that everyone says has not 
feeling about it, this wasn't 

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Superstition in. 
The dismissive sense. 

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We often use that word today. 
These were people constructing 

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reasonable explanations based on
the information available to 

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them. 
If your cow suddenly stops 

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producing milk. 
And you remember, having an 

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argument with your neighbor 
yesterday, and then someone 

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tells you that your neighbor's 
grandmother was known for having

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the sight. 
You've got what seems like a 

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logical chain of causation. 
It's wrong, but it's not stupid 

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magic. 
In this world was less like 

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Harry Potter and more like an 
extension of natural philosophy.

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Educated people genuinely 
believed that certain 

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individuals might have special 
knowledge or abilities, just as 

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they believed in the four 
humors, in the influence of 

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planetary movements on human 
health and in the power of the 

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king's touch to cure disease. 
The line between what we'd call 

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medicine and what we'd call 
Magic was blurry at best and 

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often non-existent the Church, 
of course had opinions about all

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of this England in 1612 was 
officially Protestant. 

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Having broken with Rome about 80
years earlier. 

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But old Catholic beliefs 
persisted mixed with even older 

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folk Traditions that probably 
dated Back to Before 

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Christianity arrived in Britain.
People would attend Protestant 

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services on Sunday while also 
touching wood for luck throwing 

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salt over their shoulders and 
carefully observing. 

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Which direction a magpie flew, 
because everyone knew that 

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mattered somehow the Bible which
most people couldn't read, but 

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new through sermons and common 
culture was quite clear that 

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witches existed. 
The Old Testament, explicitly 

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stated Thou shalt not suffer a 
witch to live which seemed 

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pretty unambiguous if you took 
scripture seriously. 

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The Bible said, witches were 
real. 

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Then denying their existence was
essentially questioning the word

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of God, a dangerous position to 
take in any era. 

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But particularly in 
post-reformation England, where 

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religious Orthodoxy was 
literally a matter of life and 

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death, but here's where it gets 
interesting. 

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The kind of Witchcraft that most
concerned Ordinary People wasn't

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the devil worshiping. 
Soul-selling variety, that 

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troubled, theologians and 
authorities. 

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Most accusations of Witchcraft. 
At the local level involved, 

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what we might call Neighborhood 
disputes taken to Supernatural 

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extremes Someone's butter won't 
churn. 

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Someone's Child is ill, 
someone's horse goes lame and 

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The Afflicted person remembers a
recent argument, or perceived 

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slight from someone with a 
reputation for being a bit odd. 

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The people most often accused of
Witchcraft fit, certain 

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patterns. 
They were frequently women 

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often, elderly usually poor, 
sometimes cantankerous, and 

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generally on the margins of 
Village Society. 

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In other words, people who lack 
the social protection that came 

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from wealth family, connections 
or Community standing. 

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The Village kamarajan who lived 
alone kept cats and muttered 

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herself was playing a risky game
in a world where being different

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could be dangerous yet. 
These same communities, also, 

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relied on people who claimed 
special knowledge, The cunning 

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folk or Wise Women who knew 
which herbs helped with, which 

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ailments who could predict 
weather patterns. 

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And who understood the mysteries
of childbirth? 

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These were valuable Community 
Resources the line between 

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helpful cunning folk and 
dangerous witches was razor thin

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and largely depended on whether 
your magic was perceived as 

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helping or harming. 
Think about the psychology of 

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living in this world. 
When Misfortune strikes and 

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Misfortune struck regularly in 
an era without modern medicine, 

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reliable crops or any form of 
social safety, net people needed

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explanations. 
Bad luck or natural causes a 

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psychologically unsatisfying 
answers when your child is dying

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and you can't do anything to 
help. 

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The idea that someone calls this
through malice, at least 

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provides a target for your grief
and anger, and more importantly,

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suggest that something might be 
done about it. 

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This worldview, also provided a 
form of social control, if 

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everyone believes that harming 
others through which craft is 

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possible, and that which is can 
be identified and punished. 

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Then there's an incentive to 
maintain good relations with 

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your neighbor's, the fear of 
being accused served to 

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discourage the kind of 
anti-social behaviour that could

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tear apart small communities 
where cooperation was essential 

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for survival dreams and Visions 
carried weight. 

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In this world that we've largely
lost. 

233
00:12:56,600 --> 00:12:59,000
If you dreamed that your 
neighbor transformed into a hair

234
00:12:59,000 --> 00:13:02,300
and drank from your cows, that 
wasn't just a random nightmare, 

235
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:05,200
it might be a genuine glimpse of
hidden reality. 

236
00:13:06,100 --> 00:13:09,300
The modern distinction between 
objective reality and subjective

237
00:13:09,300 --> 00:13:13,900
experience was much less, clear 
inner and outer world's Blended 

238
00:13:13,900 --> 00:13:16,600
together in ways that made 
perfect sense to people at the 

239
00:13:16,608 --> 00:13:19,200
time. 
Children, absorbed these beliefs

240
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:22,300
naturally, the way children 
today, absorb ideas about 

241
00:13:22,300 --> 00:13:27,400
technology or popular culture, 6
year old in 1612 would know 

242
00:13:27,400 --> 00:13:30,800
which plants were lucky, which 
days were unlucky for. 

243
00:13:30,800 --> 00:13:34,200
Starting new Ventures and 
probably several Rhymes or 

244
00:13:34,200 --> 00:13:37,900
charms for warding off evil. 
This knowledge wasn't taught 

245
00:13:37,900 --> 00:13:40,900
formally, but picked up through 
observation and participation in

246
00:13:40,900 --> 00:13:44,200
daily life, the concept of proof
was also different. 

247
00:13:45,000 --> 00:13:49,200
Today, we expect evidence that 
can be objectively verified. in 

248
00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:53,000
the 17th century eyewitness, 
testimony was considered highly 

249
00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:57,700
reliable even when describing 
Supernatural events, Three. 

250
00:13:57,700 --> 00:14:00,900
People said they saw Good Wife 
Smith's Spirit flying through 

251
00:14:00,900 --> 00:14:03,800
the air. 
That counted as solid evidence, 

252
00:14:03,800 --> 00:14:08,000
the fact that human perception 
is unreliable and that people 

253
00:14:08,000 --> 00:14:09,800
can genuinely believed they saw 
things. 

254
00:14:09,800 --> 00:14:13,200
They didn't wasn't yet. 
Understood this was all a world 

255
00:14:13,200 --> 00:14:16,500
where authority figures 
Magistrate's ministers and 

256
00:14:16,500 --> 00:14:20,900
educated gentlemen believed in 
which craft just as firmly as a 

257
00:14:20,900 --> 00:14:24,300
literate farmers. 
King James, the first himself 

258
00:14:24,300 --> 00:14:26,900
had written a book about 
witchcraft called demonology 

259
00:14:26,900 --> 00:14:30,600
arguing for the reality of 
witches, and the necessity of 

260
00:14:30,600 --> 00:14:34,300
Prosecuting them. 
When your king, your minister, 

261
00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:38,300
your social betters, and your 
neighbors, all agree. 

262
00:14:38,300 --> 00:14:42,600
That something is real doubting,
it requires an extraordinary 

263
00:14:42,600 --> 00:14:45,800
level of independent thinking 
that few people in any era 

264
00:14:45,800 --> 00:14:48,100
possess. 
Now we come to the people 

265
00:14:48,100 --> 00:14:53,100
themselves, not abstractions, or
symbols, actual human beings who

266
00:14:53,100 --> 00:14:55,800
lived in the shadow of Pendle 
Hill and whose names. 

267
00:14:55,800 --> 00:14:59,400
We still remember over. 400 
years later, though, for reasons

268
00:14:59,400 --> 00:15:02,400
they could never have imagined 
the device family lived at 

269
00:15:02,408 --> 00:15:05,700
Malkin Tower a name, that might 
sound picturesque, Until you 

270
00:15:05,708 --> 00:15:10,700
realize that Malkin was old 
dialect for a dirty untidy woman

271
00:15:10,700 --> 00:15:14,300
or a scarecrow. 
Imagine a decrepit building, 

272
00:15:14,300 --> 00:15:18,300
probably more hovel than Tower 
in a remote part of the penal 

273
00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:20,800
landscape. 
This was home to Elizabeth 

274
00:15:20,800 --> 00:15:24,700
Southern known as old demdike, 
who was somewhere around, 80 

275
00:15:24,700 --> 00:15:28,600
years old in 1612, an 
extraordinary age for the period

276
00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:30,700
that probably contributed to her
reputation. 

277
00:15:30,700 --> 00:15:34,900
As someone with unusual 
knowledge demike the name 

278
00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:37,000
itself, sounds like something 
from folklore. 

279
00:15:37,000 --> 00:15:41,000
Had a granddaughter named 
Elizabeth device who in turn had

280
00:15:41,000 --> 00:15:42,800
children, including Alison 
device. 

281
00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:45,000
A young woman about 20 years 
old. 

282
00:15:45,000 --> 00:15:49,700
When our story unfolds This was 
a family living in poverty, that

283
00:15:49,700 --> 00:15:51,500
would shock modern 
sensibilities. 

284
00:15:52,300 --> 00:15:55,900
Not the kind of picturesque 
rural poverty you see in Period 

285
00:15:55,900 --> 00:16:00,200
dramas but genuine grinding 
destitution where every day 

286
00:16:00,200 --> 00:16:04,000
presented challenges to basic 
survival, living nearby was 

287
00:16:04,000 --> 00:16:07,800
another family headed by an 
Whittle known as old chatok who 

288
00:16:07,800 --> 00:16:11,600
was probably in her 80s. 
The name chat, Ox might derive 

289
00:16:11,600 --> 00:16:14,100
from Chatterbox suggesting. 
Someone known for talking, 

290
00:16:14,100 --> 00:16:15,600
though. 
It's equally possible. 

291
00:16:15,600 --> 00:16:17,900
It had other Origins now lost to
history. 

292
00:16:18,900 --> 00:16:22,100
Chateaux had a daughter named 
Anne Red Fern, and these two 

293
00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:24,400
families. 
The devices and the chat. 

294
00:16:24,400 --> 00:16:27,400
Ox's had the kind of 
relationship that makes Modern 

295
00:16:27,400 --> 00:16:29,900
Family feuds look like minor. 
Disagreements. 

296
00:16:29,900 --> 00:16:33,400
These were wealthy families, 
arguing over inheritance or 

297
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:35,900
social position. 
These were people at the 

298
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:39,400
absolute bottom of the economic 
ladder competing for scarce 

299
00:16:39,400 --> 00:16:41,100
resources in a harsh 
environment. 

300
00:16:42,300 --> 00:16:45,900
When you're that poor, every 
small Advantage matters and 

301
00:16:45,900 --> 00:16:48,500
every perceived slight can 
become a major grievance. 

302
00:16:49,800 --> 00:16:52,100
The device and Chateaux family 
is, apparently had a 

303
00:16:52,108 --> 00:16:56,500
long-standing mutual antagonism.
Possibly involving accusations 

304
00:16:56,500 --> 00:16:59,400
of theft. 
Definitely involving accusations

305
00:16:59,400 --> 00:17:02,700
of Witchcraft, and generally 
characterized by the kind of 

306
00:17:02,708 --> 00:17:04,900
bitter enmity. 
That develops, when people who 

307
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:08,900
dislike each other cannot Escape
each other's presence picture 

308
00:17:08,900 --> 00:17:12,300
all damn die because she might 
have been a very elderly woman. 

309
00:17:12,300 --> 00:17:17,099
Probably nearly blind sources. 
Mention her poor eyesight with 

310
00:17:17,099 --> 00:17:20,400
the kind of face that ate 
Decades of hard living creates, 

311
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:22,599
She'd have lost most of her 
teeth. 

312
00:17:22,599 --> 00:17:27,200
Her skin would be weathered by 
constant outdoor work and she'd 

313
00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:30,200
likely have that distinctive 
elderly stoop, that comes from a

314
00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:34,700
lifetime of manual labor. 
She was by several accounts 

315
00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:38,300
known as someone who could 
curse, who knew charms, and 

316
00:17:38,300 --> 00:17:41,300
spells and who had what people 
called the site. 

317
00:17:41,300 --> 00:17:45,600
But here's what's important to 
understand, old demdike, 

318
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:47,600
probably believed in her own 
powers. 

319
00:17:47,600 --> 00:17:51,300
This wasn't necessarily a con 
artist exploiting the gullible. 

320
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:55,400
She'd grown up in a world where 
magic was real where certain 

321
00:17:55,400 --> 00:17:59,200
people had special knowledge and
were curses could cause harm. 

322
00:18:00,000 --> 00:18:02,800
If you'd spent eight decades 
accepting these beliefs, as 

323
00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:06,500
fact, and if your reputation as 
someone powerful was perhaps the

324
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:10,000
only source of respect or fear 
you commanded, you'd probably 

325
00:18:10,000 --> 00:18:13,700
cultivate that reputation too 
old chatok seems to have had a 

326
00:18:13,708 --> 00:18:17,400
similar reputation which perhaps
explains part of the Rivalry 

327
00:18:17,400 --> 00:18:21,300
between the families. 
Two elderly women, both claiming

328
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:24,700
magical knowledge, living in 
proximity in a small community. 

329
00:18:24,700 --> 00:18:27,500
That's a situation right for 
conflict. 

330
00:18:28,400 --> 00:18:32,700
Add genuine poverty, family, 
grudges and a cultural context, 

331
00:18:32,700 --> 00:18:36,400
where curses and counter curses 
were taken, seriously, and you 

332
00:18:36,400 --> 00:18:40,200
have a powder keg waiting for a 
spark, the younger generation of

333
00:18:40,200 --> 00:18:44,000
these families lived in their 
Elders, Shadows, Alison device. 

334
00:18:44,000 --> 00:18:47,200
About 20 years old, seems to 
have been an ordinary young 

335
00:18:47,200 --> 00:18:49,500
woman trying to survive in 
difficult circumstances. 

336
00:18:50,800 --> 00:18:52,500
Sources suggest, she might have 
been. 

337
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:54,200
What? 
We'd Now call developmentally 

338
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:57,300
disabled though. 
Historical records are too 

339
00:18:57,300 --> 00:19:00,200
fragmentary to be. 
Certain, what we know is that 

340
00:19:00,200 --> 00:19:03,700
she worked as a beggar 
traveling, the roads and asking 

341
00:19:03,700 --> 00:19:07,200
for charity or small favors, 
which was a common survival 

342
00:19:07,200 --> 00:19:10,100
strategy for the desperately 
poor and red. 

343
00:19:10,100 --> 00:19:13,600
Furner chat box daughter was 
married to a man named Thomas 

344
00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:17,100
Redfern and seems to have been 
trying to maintain a slightly 

345
00:19:17,100 --> 00:19:20,800
more respectable existence than 
her mother. this was the 

346
00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:23,800
constant tension for families 
with reputations for which 

347
00:19:23,800 --> 00:19:27,300
craft, Wanting to be accepted by
the community. 

348
00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:31,100
While also being associated with
people whose reputations made 

349
00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:34,200
acceptance difficult, living 
among these families were 

350
00:19:34,200 --> 00:19:37,000
others, who became caught up in 
the events of 1612. 

351
00:19:37,000 --> 00:19:41,500
Alice Nutter a woman of someone 
higher Social Status whose 

352
00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:44,500
involvement in the story remains
puzzling to historians. 

353
00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:48,900
Jane Balki and her son, John 
Catherine, Hewitt and several 

354
00:19:48,900 --> 00:19:51,300
others. 
Each of them was a real person 

355
00:19:51,300 --> 00:19:55,500
with hopes fears daily routines 
and relationships that the 

356
00:19:55,500 --> 00:19:57,500
historical record. 
Barely captures. 

357
00:19:57,500 --> 00:20:01,300
What these people shared was 
life in a small community, where

358
00:20:01,300 --> 00:20:04,600
everyone knew everyone else's 
business, where reputation was 

359
00:20:04,600 --> 00:20:07,700
currency and where the line 
between getting by and 

360
00:20:07,700 --> 00:20:09,600
destitution was frighteningly 
thin. 

361
00:20:10,600 --> 00:20:13,700
They lived in a world where a 
bad Harvest could mean hunger. 

362
00:20:13,700 --> 00:20:17,600
Where illness usually meant 
death, and where your survival 

363
00:20:17,600 --> 00:20:20,800
often depended on the Goodwill 
of neighbors, who might also be 

364
00:20:20,800 --> 00:20:23,400
arrivals. 
The house is these people lived 

365
00:20:23,400 --> 00:20:26,900
in, which shocked, modern 
sensibilities Earth, and flaws 

366
00:20:26,900 --> 00:20:29,500
that turned to Mud. 
When it rained, roofs, that 

367
00:20:29,500 --> 00:20:32,900
leaked wolves that. 
Let him drafts and smoke filled 

368
00:20:32,900 --> 00:20:37,500
Interiors from cooking fires. 
Privacy didn't exist family. 

369
00:20:37,500 --> 00:20:39,600
Slept together in whatever dry 
Corner. 

370
00:20:39,600 --> 00:20:42,800
They could find with paps a 
curtain to separate sleeping 

371
00:20:42,800 --> 00:20:44,200
areas. 
If they were fortunate 

372
00:20:45,200 --> 00:20:49,200
Sanitation as we understand, it 
didn't exist water came from 

373
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:52,500
streams or Wells and every 
bucket had to be carried by 

374
00:20:52,500 --> 00:20:54,500
hand. 
Their clothes would have been 

375
00:20:54,500 --> 00:20:58,800
rough wool, probably Homespun, 
patched and repatch, and warn 

376
00:20:58,800 --> 00:21:02,500
until they literally fell apart.
Shoes were expensive enough. 

377
00:21:02,500 --> 00:21:05,500
That many people went barefoot 
in warm weather to preserve them

378
00:21:05,500 --> 00:21:09,600
personal possessions would be 
minimal perhaps a few cooking 

379
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:13,600
pots, some basic tools and 
bedding, that probably consisted

380
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,800
of straw stuff sacks and rough 
blankets yet. 

381
00:21:16,800 --> 00:21:19,500
These were people not just 
historical figures. 

382
00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:23,400
They laughed at jokes, we 
probably understand worried 

383
00:21:23,400 --> 00:21:26,800
about their children enjoyed 
Pleasant weather and complained 

384
00:21:26,800 --> 00:21:29,700
about their neighbors. 
Old demdike might have had a 

385
00:21:29,708 --> 00:21:32,600
favorite spot where she liked to
sit on sunny days. 

386
00:21:33,500 --> 00:21:35,300
Alison device. 
Probably had French. 

387
00:21:35,300 --> 00:21:39,100
She gossiped with and red fern 
might have had Ambitions for her

388
00:21:39,100 --> 00:21:43,300
children that circumstances made
impossible to achieve the events

389
00:21:43,300 --> 00:21:46,800
that would lead to tragedy began
on a Road near Cullen on March 

390
00:21:46,800 --> 00:21:51,400
18th, 1612 This wasn't some dark
and stormy night. 

391
00:21:51,400 --> 00:21:55,300
Perfect for Gothic drama, it was
probably just an ordinary late 

392
00:21:55,300 --> 00:21:59,300
winter day cold and damp in the 
way that Northern England excels

393
00:21:59,300 --> 00:22:02,700
at being cold and damp. 
Alison device was out begging, 

394
00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:04,500
which wasn't shameful in the 
way. 

395
00:22:04,500 --> 00:22:08,000
We might think of baking today, 
but was a recognized survival 

396
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:12,700
strategy for the destitute. 
She encountered, John Law, a 

397
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:15,400
pedal from Halifax, traveling 
along the road with his pack of 

398
00:22:15,408 --> 00:22:19,300
pins, needles laces, and other 
small Goods that Peddlers 

399
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:23,300
carried from Village to Village.
These traveling salesmen were 

400
00:22:23,300 --> 00:22:26,800
important figures in rural 
England bringing Not Just Goods 

401
00:22:26,800 --> 00:22:29,900
but also news and connection to 
the wider world. 

402
00:22:29,900 --> 00:22:32,400
What happened next? 
Depends on whose account you 

403
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:37,200
believe but the basic facts seem
to be these Alice and asked law 

404
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:40,200
for some pins. 
He refused either because he 

405
00:22:40,200 --> 00:22:43,200
wanted payment, she couldn't 
provide or because pedal is, 

406
00:22:43,200 --> 00:22:46,200
sometimes did give small items 
to Beggars and he simply didn't 

407
00:22:46,200 --> 00:22:50,200
feel like it that day shortly 
after this encounter, John Law, 

408
00:22:50,200 --> 00:22:52,400
collapsed with what appears to 
have been a stroke. 

409
00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:55,900
Now, if you're a modern person 
reading this, you understand 

410
00:22:55,900 --> 00:22:58,500
that strokes happen for 
physiological reasons. 

411
00:22:58,500 --> 00:23:02,700
Blood clots first vessels and 
high blood pressure. 

412
00:23:04,000 --> 00:23:06,900
John Law was a peddler who 
walked long distances carrying 

413
00:23:06,900 --> 00:23:11,100
heavy loads, probably ate poorly
and lived a stressful existence.

414
00:23:11,100 --> 00:23:15,100
He was in other words, a prime 
candidate for cardiovascular 

415
00:23:15,100 --> 00:23:18,600
problems regardless of who he 
met on the road, but if your 

416
00:23:18,600 --> 00:23:22,400
John Law or his son, Abraham, 
law, or anyone in the community 

417
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:26,000
hearing about this incident, the
sequence of events looks very 

418
00:23:26,000 --> 00:23:30,100
different Alison device from a 
family with a reputation for 

419
00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:33,200
witchcraft asked for something 
law. 

420
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:37,300
Refused immediately. 
Afterward law suffered, what 

421
00:23:37,300 --> 00:23:41,200
appeared to be a magical attack.
The cause and effect seems 

422
00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:42,900
obvious. 
What makes this story 

423
00:23:42,900 --> 00:23:45,400
particularly intriguing? 
Is that Alison herself? 

424
00:23:45,400 --> 00:23:47,900
Apparently came to believe she 
would cause laws collapse. 

425
00:23:48,500 --> 00:23:52,300
When questioned later, she 
confessed a cursing him though, 

426
00:23:52,300 --> 00:23:55,300
whether this confession came 
from genuine belief, from 

427
00:23:55,300 --> 00:23:58,600
pressure, during questioning or 
from some combination of both, 

428
00:23:58,600 --> 00:24:02,600
we can't know. living in a world
where everyone around you 

429
00:24:02,600 --> 00:24:05,200
believes in Witchcraft and 
you've been raised by a 

430
00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:08,400
grandmother who claimed magical 
powers, you might well 

431
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:11,200
internalize those beliefs and 
interpret events through that 

432
00:24:11,200 --> 00:24:15,000
lens, the law family lodged a 
complaint with Roger, Nowell the

433
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:19,500
local Magistrate Now all was a 
Justice of the Peace part of the

434
00:24:19,500 --> 00:24:22,200
local Gentry, whose job involved
maintaining order and 

435
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:26,400
investigating crime. 
He was by all accounts a 

436
00:24:26,400 --> 00:24:29,300
literate educated man who took 
his responsibility, seriously. 

437
00:24:29,300 --> 00:24:33,800
He was a man of his times, which
meant he believed in witchcraft,

438
00:24:33,800 --> 00:24:37,200
as surely as he believed in the 
authority of the king and the 

439
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:40,900
truth of scripture, now began 
his investigation the way any 

440
00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:43,400
magistrate would by gathering 
testimony. 

441
00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:48,200
He questioned Alison device who 
apparently confessed not only to

442
00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:51,800
cursing John law, but also 
provided information about the 

443
00:24:51,800 --> 00:24:54,000
magical practices of other 
family members. 

444
00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:59,000
This is where the Story begins 
to expand from a single incident

445
00:24:59,000 --> 00:25:03,300
into something much larger. 
Once the investigation began old

446
00:25:03,300 --> 00:25:06,600
grievances surfaced, like, 
debris floating up from a flood 

447
00:25:06,600 --> 00:25:09,900
people who had long suspected, 
their neighbors of Witchcraft 

448
00:25:09,900 --> 00:25:12,500
now had an official audience for
their suspicions. 

449
00:25:13,400 --> 00:25:15,000
The device and chat box, 
families. 

450
00:25:15,000 --> 00:25:18,900
Already enemies began, accusing 
each other of various magical 

451
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:20,700
crimes. 
Stretching back years. 

452
00:25:21,500 --> 00:25:25,700
Every unexplained illness, every
dead cow, every batch of butter,

453
00:25:25,700 --> 00:25:29,600
that wouldn't churn all of these
suddenly had explanations in the

454
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:33,200
form of militias Witchcraft. 
The testimony is that emerged 

455
00:25:33,200 --> 00:25:36,200
reveal a community that had been
living with these suspicions and

456
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:40,600
fears for years. 
Old allegedly confessed to 

457
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:43,200
having sold her soul to the 
devil some 20 years earlier, 

458
00:25:43,200 --> 00:25:48,600
meeting him in the form of a boy
named Tibet, supposedly admitted

459
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:51,800
to similar practices. 
These confessions raise, all 

460
00:25:51,800 --> 00:25:55,700
sorts of questions were they 
true, were they extracted Under 

461
00:25:55,700 --> 00:25:59,100
Pressure did these elderly? 
Women genuinely believe their 

462
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:03,200
own stories what's clear is that
once the process started it, 

463
00:26:03,200 --> 00:26:06,200
gained its own momentum. 
Neighbors who might have been 

464
00:26:06,208 --> 00:26:07,900
willing to overlook odd 
behavior. 

465
00:26:07,900 --> 00:26:10,800
When there was no official 
investigation suddenly felt 

466
00:26:10,800 --> 00:26:14,100
compelled to share their 
suspicions, People who had lived

467
00:26:14,108 --> 00:26:16,200
side by side with the accused 
for years. 

468
00:26:16,200 --> 00:26:19,000
Now, provided testimony about 
suspicious incidents. 

469
00:26:19,000 --> 00:26:22,200
They'd never previously, 
reported the accusations 

470
00:26:22,200 --> 00:26:24,200
extended beyond the obvious 
targets. 

471
00:26:24,900 --> 00:26:28,300
Alice Nutter a woman of higher 
Social Status was arrested 

472
00:26:28,300 --> 00:26:30,300
though. 
Her involvement in the case 

473
00:26:30,300 --> 00:26:34,100
remains mysterious She doesn't 
seem to fit the profile of 

474
00:26:34,100 --> 00:26:38,000
typical witchcraft accusations. 
She wasn't old, she wasn't 

475
00:26:38,008 --> 00:26:41,400
notably poor and didn't have an 
established reputation for 

476
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:45,800
Magical practices. 
Some historians speculate about 

477
00:26:45,800 --> 00:26:48,700
land disputes rather motives 
that might have drawn her into 

478
00:26:48,700 --> 00:26:51,100
the case. 
But the truth has been lost to 

479
00:26:51,100 --> 00:26:53,900
time. 
As spring turned to Summer more 

480
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:58,600
people were arrested, Jane bulk.
And her son, John, Hewitt, and 

481
00:26:58,600 --> 00:27:02,800
others The local jail which was 
probably a deeply unpleasant 

482
00:27:02,800 --> 00:27:05,300
place even by the standards of 
17th century. 

483
00:27:05,300 --> 00:27:09,200
Prisons began to fill with 
accused witches from the Pendle 

484
00:27:09,200 --> 00:27:11,300
area. 
Meanwhile, something happened 

485
00:27:11,300 --> 00:27:13,600
that Roger. 
Now would later consider crucial

486
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:16,800
evidence a meeting at Malkin 
tower on Good Friday. 

487
00:27:16,800 --> 00:27:20,900
April 10th 1612. 
Various members of the device 

488
00:27:20,900 --> 00:27:22,600
family and their Associates 
gathered. 

489
00:27:22,600 --> 00:27:26,000
Allegedly to plot the 
destruction of Lancaster Castle 

490
00:27:26,000 --> 00:27:29,500
to free the imprisoned family 
members, whether this meeting 

491
00:27:29,500 --> 00:27:32,400
was actually a rescue plot or 
simply an ordinary family 

492
00:27:32,400 --> 00:27:35,300
gathering blown out of 
proportion by frightened 

493
00:27:35,300 --> 00:27:38,500
imaginations. 
We cannot know the evidence 

494
00:27:38,500 --> 00:27:42,100
against the accused consisted 
largely of testimony from 

495
00:27:42,100 --> 00:27:46,100
accusers, from alleged victims 
and from the accused themselves,

496
00:27:47,400 --> 00:27:50,000
By modern standards, this 
evidence would be laughable. 

497
00:27:50,700 --> 00:27:53,200
People claimed to have seen 
familiar spirits in the form of 

498
00:27:53,208 --> 00:27:56,900
animals to have witnessed 
impossible things, and to have 

499
00:27:56,900 --> 00:27:59,300
knowledge of events that 
occurred in impossible ways. 

500
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:05,200
But by the standards of the time
and in a community primed to 

501
00:28:05,200 --> 00:28:09,200
believe in witchcraft, this 
testimony was damning what 

502
00:28:09,200 --> 00:28:12,200
strikes modern readers about 
these accusations is their 

503
00:28:12,200 --> 00:28:15,600
mundane quality. 
This wasn't devil worship or 

504
00:28:15,600 --> 00:28:19,000
dramatic Satanic rituals. 
These were accusations about 

505
00:28:19,000 --> 00:28:23,500
Petty grudges minor, thefts and 
arguments over borrowed items 

506
00:28:23,500 --> 00:28:27,200
and never returned. 
Someone's Clay Pit was blocked. 

507
00:28:28,000 --> 00:28:29,600
Someone killed someone else's 
cow. 

508
00:28:30,400 --> 00:28:33,600
Someone was denied butter and 
supposedly cursed. 

509
00:28:33,600 --> 00:28:36,100
The churn in Revenge. 
These were the everyday 

510
00:28:36,100 --> 00:28:40,000
conflicts of a small community, 
but filtered through a worldview

511
00:28:40,000 --> 00:28:42,100
that made them evidence of 
cosmic evil. 

512
00:28:43,200 --> 00:28:45,700
The tragedy wasn't that these 
conflicts existed. 

513
00:28:45,700 --> 00:28:49,200
Every Community has 
disagreements, but that the 

514
00:28:49,200 --> 00:28:52,100
cultural context. 
Transformed ordinary human 

515
00:28:52,100 --> 00:28:56,100
pettiness into capital crimes, 
Lancaster castle, in the summer 

516
00:28:56,100 --> 00:28:58,600
of 1612, was hardly the gothic 
Fortress. 

517
00:28:58,600 --> 00:29:02,500
You might imagine when you hear 
the word Castle, By then it was 

518
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:05,900
serving as a court house and 
prison its military importance. 

519
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:10,500
Long passed its Stones whether 
by centuries of rain and wind, 

520
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:12,900
but it was still an imposing 
building. 

521
00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:16,600
Physical symbol of Royal 
Authority and legal power. 

522
00:29:16,600 --> 00:29:20,400
That would have intimidated 
anyone draft before its courts. 

523
00:29:20,400 --> 00:29:24,200
The size is the traveling courts
that periodically visited major 

524
00:29:24,200 --> 00:29:28,400
towns to try serious, criminal 
cases arrived in Lancaster in 

525
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:32,600
mid, August 1612. 
These events were significant 

526
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:36,300
occasions bringing judges from 
London and attracting crowds who

527
00:29:36,300 --> 00:29:38,500
treated trials, as a form of 
public entertainment. 

528
00:29:38,500 --> 00:29:42,000
Imagine something between a 
court proceeding and a 

529
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:45,600
theatrical performance conducted
in a world where public 

530
00:29:45,600 --> 00:29:48,000
executions were considered 
family outing. 

531
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:51,300
The presiding judges were so 
James Olsen and said, Edward 

532
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:55,600
Bromley men educated in law but 
also fully subscribing to 

533
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:57,100
contemporary beliefs about 
witchcraft. 

534
00:29:58,100 --> 00:30:01,100
They weren't ignorant or cruel 
by the standards of their time, 

535
00:30:01,100 --> 00:30:04,600
they were following established 
legal procedures, and examining 

536
00:30:04,600 --> 00:30:06,600
evidence, according to 
contemporary standards. 

537
00:30:07,900 --> 00:30:10,200
The fact that those standards 
would horrify modern 

538
00:30:10,200 --> 00:30:13,400
sensibilities, doesn't mean 
these men were monsters. 

539
00:30:13,400 --> 00:30:16,400
It means they were products of 
their era. 

540
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:21,500
The star witness was young Janet
device, perhaps nine years old 

541
00:30:21,500 --> 00:30:26,100
daughter of Elizabeth and 
younger sister of Allison The 

542
00:30:26,100 --> 00:30:28,900
law at the time allowed children
as young as seven to give 

543
00:30:28,908 --> 00:30:32,700
testimony and Janet provided 
details evidence against her own

544
00:30:32,708 --> 00:30:36,900
mother sister and grandmother. 
For centuries historians have 

545
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:39,800
debated, whether Janet was 
coached where she was seeking 

546
00:30:39,800 --> 00:30:43,000
attention or whether she 
genuinely believed what she was 

547
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:44,800
saying. 
And imagine being in that 

548
00:30:44,800 --> 00:30:50,200
courtroom, the smell of unwashed
bodies of damp, Stone of fear. 

549
00:30:51,300 --> 00:30:53,700
The accused would have been 
dirty from weeks or months in 

550
00:30:53,700 --> 00:30:57,300
prison where conditions included
things that would violate every 

551
00:30:57,300 --> 00:31:01,900
Modern Standard of Human Rights.
Damn, Dyke and chat Ox both 

552
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:04,600
elderly and infirm. 
Sat through proceedings, they 

553
00:31:04,600 --> 00:31:06,600
could barely understand 
speaking. 

554
00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:09,200
A dialect that the educated 
judges sometimes. 

555
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,600
Struggle to comprehend the 
trials, proceeded with what was 

556
00:31:12,600 --> 00:31:14,400
considered due process at the 
time. 

557
00:31:14,400 --> 00:31:17,300
The accused were allowed to 
speak in their own defense 

558
00:31:17,300 --> 00:31:19,700
though. 
They had no lawyers, no right to

559
00:31:19,700 --> 00:31:23,000
remain silent and no presumption
of innocence in the modern 

560
00:31:23,000 --> 00:31:25,500
sense. 
The evidence presented against 

561
00:31:25,500 --> 00:31:28,100
them included testimony about 
impossible events. 

562
00:31:28,100 --> 00:31:32,100
Confessions that may or may not 
have been coerced and the 

563
00:31:32,100 --> 00:31:34,700
testimony of children. 
Describing things they couldn't 

564
00:31:34,700 --> 00:31:37,900
possibly have witnessed. 
What's interesting is what was 

565
00:31:37,900 --> 00:31:41,700
considered persuasive evidence. 
The prosecution emphasized, the 

566
00:31:41,700 --> 00:31:45,600
finding of clay images, small 
figurines that allegedly were 

567
00:31:45,600 --> 00:31:47,700
used for cursing intended 
victims. 

568
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:51,700
Whether these would genuine 
attempts at magical harm, or 

569
00:31:51,700 --> 00:31:54,600
simply dolls that had innocent 
purposes, we cannot know. 

570
00:31:55,600 --> 00:31:58,900
In a world where everyone 
believed in synthetic magic, the

571
00:31:58,900 --> 00:32:02,100
idea that you could harm someone
by harming an image of the such 

572
00:32:02,100 --> 00:32:04,000
objects were powerful 
incriminating. 

573
00:32:04,000 --> 00:32:07,600
Several of the accused 
apparently confessed though, 

574
00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:11,100
under what circumstances and 
with what degree of pressure, we

575
00:32:11,100 --> 00:32:15,100
can only speculate Interrogation
techniques of the time could 

576
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:18,900
include sleep deprivation, 
extended questioning and 

577
00:32:18,900 --> 00:32:22,300
psychological pressure though. 
There's no specific evidence of 

578
00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:25,400
physical torture. 
In this case, but when you're an

579
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:28,300
elderly impoverished woman who's
been imprisoned for months, 

580
00:32:29,300 --> 00:32:32,300
Questioned by educated 
gentlemen, who represent Royal 

581
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:35,500
Authority and told that 
confessing might Shew Mercy? 

582
00:32:35,500 --> 00:32:38,200
Well, you might confess to quite
a bit. 

583
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:41,000
The clerk of the court was 
Thomas Potts. 

584
00:32:41,000 --> 00:32:43,900
Who would later publish an 
account of the trials title, the

585
00:32:43,900 --> 00:32:46,800
wonderful discovery of witches 
in the county of Lancaster. 

586
00:32:48,000 --> 00:32:51,500
This book, which is our primary 
source for the trials was 

587
00:32:51,500 --> 00:32:55,400
essentially prosecutorial 
propaganda designed to show the 

588
00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:58,000
wisdom of the authority in 
uncovering, this nest of 

589
00:32:58,000 --> 00:33:00,200
witchcraft. 
Reading pots. 

590
00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:03,900
You'd think the trials were a 
Triumph of Justice reading 

591
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:06,000
between the lines. 
You see, frightened people 

592
00:33:06,000 --> 00:33:10,100
dubious evidence and illegal 
system that prioritized securing

593
00:33:10,100 --> 00:33:13,200
convictions over determining. 
Truth old demand. 

594
00:33:13,200 --> 00:33:16,900
Like never made it to trial. 
She died in prison probably in 

595
00:33:16,900 --> 00:33:20,500
May 1612. 
Given her age and the conditions

596
00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:22,400
of imprisonment, this isn't 
surprising. 

597
00:33:23,400 --> 00:33:27,300
Damned I could spend perhaps 80 
years surviving everything that 

598
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:30,900
harsh world could throw at her 
only to enter days in a dungeon.

599
00:33:31,600 --> 00:33:34,500
Accused of crimes that probably 
seemed to her no different from 

600
00:33:34,500 --> 00:33:36,900
the everyday magic, she'd 
practice throughout her life. 

601
00:33:36,900 --> 00:33:40,500
The verdicts when they came 
surprised, no one who understood

602
00:33:40,500 --> 00:33:43,500
the atmosphere in that 
courtroom. 10 people were found 

603
00:33:43,500 --> 00:33:48,200
guilty of murder By Witchcraft 
and Whittle old chat ox and red 

604
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:49,800
fern. 
Elizabeth device. 

605
00:33:49,800 --> 00:33:53,800
Alison device. 
James device, Alice Nutter 

606
00:33:53,800 --> 00:33:59,600
Catherine Hewitt, Jane bulk, 
John ballcock and Isabel Robie. 

607
00:34:00,400 --> 00:34:04,300
One person Margaret Pierce and 
was found guilty of lesser 

608
00:34:04,300 --> 00:34:07,600
crime, only one Alice grey was 
acquitted. 

609
00:34:07,600 --> 00:34:10,600
The Condemned would have been 
returned to their cells to await

610
00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:13,400
execution which happened 
relatively quickly by early 

611
00:34:13,400 --> 00:34:16,300
modern standards. 
There was no lengthy appeals 

612
00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:20,000
process no years of imprisonment
while waiting for final 

613
00:34:20,000 --> 00:34:23,800
resolution. 
Justice in 1612 moved at the 

614
00:34:23,800 --> 00:34:27,600
pace of a trial and rope the 
execution took place on August 

615
00:34:27,600 --> 00:34:32,199
20th. 1612 at Gallows Hill in 
Lancaster Hanging in this period

616
00:34:32,199 --> 00:34:35,699
was neither quick nor painless. 
These were not the carefully, 

617
00:34:35,699 --> 00:34:39,000
calibrated drops that later made
hanging relatively humane. 

618
00:34:39,800 --> 00:34:44,300
Instead, you are essentially 
strangled dangling from a rope 

619
00:34:44,300 --> 00:34:46,100
while your body slowly 
suffocated. 

620
00:34:46,900 --> 00:34:50,400
It could take considerable time 
to die and the dying were 

621
00:34:50,400 --> 00:34:53,000
visible to the crowds who came 
to witness executions. 

622
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:56,400
We don't have detailed accounts 
of the actual executions, which 

623
00:34:56,400 --> 00:35:00,300
is perhaps a small Mercy. 
We know that 10 people died that

624
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:04,300
day, their bodies left hanging 
as warnings to others later. 

625
00:35:04,300 --> 00:35:06,700
They would have been cut down 
and probably buried in 

626
00:35:06,700 --> 00:35:10,300
unconsecrated ground denied. 
Even the comfort of Christian 

627
00:35:10,300 --> 00:35:14,500
burial in a world where such 
things mattered enormously among

628
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:18,400
those executed was Alice Nutter,
whose involvement remains 

629
00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:20,600
puzzling. 
She went to her death, 

630
00:35:20,600 --> 00:35:24,000
maintaining her Innocents, which
was notable in an era when 

631
00:35:24,000 --> 00:35:26,700
condemned criminals were 
expected to confess their sins 

632
00:35:26,700 --> 00:35:30,600
before dying. 
A steadfast denial as fueled 

633
00:35:30,600 --> 00:35:34,000
centuries of speculation about 
her actual guilt or Innocents? 

634
00:35:34,000 --> 00:35:36,900
What happened to the young 
Witnesses after the trials? 

635
00:35:36,900 --> 00:35:40,700
Janet device who testified 
against her family disappears 

636
00:35:40,700 --> 00:35:44,100
from historical records. 
We don't know if she felt guilt 

637
00:35:44,100 --> 00:35:48,600
relief or Nothing at All. 
She was a child caught in 

638
00:35:48,600 --> 00:35:51,300
circumstances Beyond her control
asked to do something 

639
00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:55,300
unimaginable and the long-term 
consequences of that testimony 

640
00:35:55,300 --> 00:35:58,900
on her own life, remain unknown 
in the immediate aftermath of 

641
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:01,600
the trials and executions life 
in the Pendle area. 

642
00:36:01,600 --> 00:36:05,700
Probably continued much as it 
had before. crops still needed, 

643
00:36:05,700 --> 00:36:09,600
tending Animals, still required 
care and the basic rhythms of 

644
00:36:09,608 --> 00:36:13,600
agricultural life, proceeded, 
regardless of legal drama, But 

645
00:36:13,600 --> 00:36:17,000
something had shifted in the 
community Consciousness, the 

646
00:36:17,000 --> 00:36:18,900
executed, which is became 
cautionary. 

647
00:36:18,900 --> 00:36:23,200
Tales their stories told and 
retold growing with each 

648
00:36:23,200 --> 00:36:24,900
retelling. 
The way stories do. 

649
00:36:26,100 --> 00:36:28,900
Mothers, probably warn their 
children about the fate of those

650
00:36:28,900 --> 00:36:32,400
who practiced witchcraft. 
Neighbors, who had quarreled 

651
00:36:32,400 --> 00:36:35,500
might have been more careful 
about their accusations having 

652
00:36:35,500 --> 00:36:38,600
seen how quickly suspicions 
could escalate into Capital 

653
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:42,100
charges, but did the trials 
actually solve anything. 

654
00:36:42,100 --> 00:36:46,000
Roger now will probably believed
he had uncovered in eliminated, 

655
00:36:46,000 --> 00:36:47,700
a genuine threat to the 
community. 

656
00:36:48,700 --> 00:36:52,500
The judges like he felt they had
upheld the law and protected in 

657
00:36:52,500 --> 00:36:56,900
a sense from malicious Magic. 
The Ordinary People of Pendle. 

658
00:36:56,900 --> 00:36:59,700
Well, they'd seen their 
neighbor's, executed, their 

659
00:36:59,700 --> 00:37:02,800
families destroyed, and their 
Community torn apart by 

660
00:37:02,808 --> 00:37:06,400
accusations and trials. 
The children of the executed 

661
00:37:06,400 --> 00:37:08,800
faced particularly difficult 
Futures. 

662
00:37:08,800 --> 00:37:12,500
What do you do when your mother 
is hanged as a witch, how do you

663
00:37:12,500 --> 00:37:14,800
live in a community where 
everyone knows your family 

664
00:37:14,800 --> 00:37:19,100
history, some probably left the 
area seeking places where they 

665
00:37:19,100 --> 00:37:20,900
weren't known. 
Others. 

666
00:37:20,900 --> 00:37:24,100
Presumably stayed carrying the 
stigma of their family 

667
00:37:24,100 --> 00:37:25,900
connections throughout their 
lives. 

668
00:37:25,900 --> 00:37:30,100
The publication of Thomas Potts 
account in 1613 turned a local 

669
00:37:30,100 --> 00:37:32,100
tragedy into a national 
sensation. 

670
00:37:33,000 --> 00:37:36,100
The wonderful Discovery was 
widely read going through 

671
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:38,800
multiple editions and 
establishing the Pendle witches 

672
00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:41,200
as one of the most famous 
witchcraft cases in English 

673
00:37:41,200 --> 00:37:45,900
history, but pots was writing 
propaganda, not history and his 

674
00:37:45,900 --> 00:37:47,500
account. 
Serve the purposes of the 

675
00:37:47,500 --> 00:37:50,000
authorities who wanted to 
demonstrate their vigilance 

676
00:37:50,000 --> 00:37:53,200
against witchcraft, other 
Witchcraft Trials, continued 

677
00:37:53,200 --> 00:37:55,200
throughout England, for decades 
off afterward. 

678
00:37:55,900 --> 00:37:57,600
Pendle case was neither the 
first. 

679
00:37:57,600 --> 00:38:01,100
Nor the last though it was 
unusually large in the number of

680
00:38:01,100 --> 00:38:04,700
people accused and convicted. 
Which craft would remain a 

681
00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:09,200
capital crime in England until 
1736 meaning that for more than 

682
00:38:09,200 --> 00:38:11,900
a century. 
After the Pendle trials, people 

683
00:38:11,900 --> 00:38:16,000
could still be executed for 
Magical crime's, attitude was 

684
00:38:16,000 --> 00:38:19,300
slowly changing at least among 
educated people. 

685
00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:24,300
A scientific understanding 
Advanced as the enlightenment 

686
00:38:24,300 --> 00:38:27,400
brought new ways of thinking 
about causation and evidence. 

687
00:38:28,100 --> 00:38:31,700
Believe in witchcraft began to 
seem increasingly superstitious.

688
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:35,400
By the early 18th century, you 
could still find people who 

689
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:39,100
believed in witches, but you 
could also find educated people 

690
00:38:39,100 --> 00:38:43,000
who questioned such beliefs the 
Pendle case itself began to be 

691
00:38:43,008 --> 00:38:46,800
reexamined through different 
lenses. was the accused actually

692
00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:51,400
guilty of any crime magical or 
otherwise were, they victims of 

693
00:38:51,408 --> 00:38:56,300
community hysteria, personal 
grudges or judicial overreach 

694
00:38:57,100 --> 00:39:00,800
Had Roger Nowell been a diligent
magistrate uncovering genuine 

695
00:39:00,800 --> 00:39:04,100
evil or an overzealous 
prosecutor destroying innocent 

696
00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:06,900
lives. 
These questions remain debated 

697
00:39:06,900 --> 00:39:10,000
among historians some. 
See the Pendle trials as 

698
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:13,000
straightforward examples of 
persecution of the poor and 

699
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:17,000
marginal by authorities. 
Others argue that the accused 

700
00:39:17,000 --> 00:39:19,800
genuinely practiced, what they 
considered magic. 

701
00:39:19,800 --> 00:39:23,200
Even if such magic was 
objectively harmless. 

702
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:25,600
Still others, focus on the 
complex. 

703
00:39:25,600 --> 00:39:28,800
Social dynamics that allowed 
accusations to flourish and 

704
00:39:28,800 --> 00:39:31,900
Destroy lives. 
What's undeniable Is that real 

705
00:39:31,900 --> 00:39:35,400
people died? 
Elizabeth Vice was executed, 

706
00:39:35,400 --> 00:39:40,200
leaving children behind. 
Old chat in her eighties, ended 

707
00:39:40,200 --> 00:39:44,000
her long life on a Gallows, 
Alice Nutter, whatever her 

708
00:39:44,000 --> 00:39:48,000
actual involvement was killed by
the state based on testimony of 

709
00:39:48,000 --> 00:39:52,100
dubious, reliability. 
These weren't abstract examples 

710
00:39:52,100 --> 00:39:55,300
of Injustice. 
They were human beings whose 

711
00:39:55,300 --> 00:39:57,400
final moments. 
We can only imagine the 

712
00:39:57,400 --> 00:39:59,300
landscape itself, holds 
memories. 

713
00:39:59,300 --> 00:40:04,700
If stones and Hills can remember
Pendle Hill still rises above 

714
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:07,800
Lancashire. 
Looking much as it did in 1612 

715
00:40:07,800 --> 00:40:11,800
Malkin. 
Tower is long gone crumbled into

716
00:40:11,800 --> 00:40:15,200
ruins and forgotten though 
historians still debate its 

717
00:40:15,200 --> 00:40:18,000
exact location. 
The roads were Alison, 

718
00:40:18,000 --> 00:40:22,500
countered, John Laura now, paved
carrying cars in stead of pedals

719
00:40:22,500 --> 00:40:26,400
and Beggars Lancaster Castle, 
still stands it Stones, having 

720
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:29,600
witness centuries of History 
beyond the 1612 trials. 

721
00:40:29,600 --> 00:40:34,000
Visitors, can tour the building 
today walking through spaces, 

722
00:40:34,000 --> 00:40:36,500
where the accused? 
Once stood, the weather, though 

723
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:39,300
Stones, retain, any of what 
happened there, as a question, 

724
00:40:39,300 --> 00:40:43,100
best left to poets, rather than 
historians The Villages around 

725
00:40:43,100 --> 00:40:46,700
Pendle continue their existence 
gradually modernizing, a 

726
00:40:46,700 --> 00:40:51,400
centuries passed, The thatched 
roofs, gave way to slate the 

727
00:40:51,400 --> 00:40:55,400
Earth and flaws to flagstone and
the isolation to connection. 

728
00:40:56,700 --> 00:41:00,100
electricity reached the area, 
bringing light to places that 

729
00:41:00,100 --> 00:41:03,800
had known only candles and 
firelight roads, improved 

730
00:41:03,800 --> 00:41:06,800
connecting these once remote 
communities to The Wider World 

731
00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:11,500
families, who could trace their 
lineage back to 1612 probably 

732
00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:14,800
kept quiet about any connections
to the accused witches. 

733
00:41:15,600 --> 00:41:18,300
It's one thing to have a 
notorious ancestor. 

734
00:41:18,300 --> 00:41:21,500
It's another to have one who was
executed for witchcraft. 

735
00:41:23,200 --> 00:41:26,800
The social stigma lingered, long
after belief, in actual magic 

736
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:31,300
had faded from educated opinion 
by the Victorian era, the Pendle

737
00:41:31,300 --> 00:41:35,000
witches had become a curiosity. 
Something for antiquarians, and 

738
00:41:35,000 --> 00:41:39,200
folklore collectors to study The
victorians with their 

739
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:42,900
complicated relationship to the 
Past was simultaneously 

740
00:41:42,900 --> 00:41:47,200
fascinated by and Superior about
the superstitions of their 

741
00:41:47,200 --> 00:41:50,300
ancestors. 
They could read about the trials

742
00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:53,900
with a kind of horrified 
satisfaction secure in their own

743
00:41:53,900 --> 00:41:57,800
Enlightenment, and modernity. 
The 20th century brought new 

744
00:41:57,800 --> 00:42:01,100
interpretations, feminist, 
pointed out, the Witchcraft 

745
00:42:01,100 --> 00:42:04,700
accusations predominantly 
targeted women, particularly 

746
00:42:04,700 --> 00:42:07,900
women who are old, poor or 
otherwise powerless. 

747
00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:12,000
The Pendle trials, became an 
example of how patriarchal 

748
00:42:12,000 --> 00:42:15,500
societies used witchcraft laws 
to control and eliminate women 

749
00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:17,900
who didn't fit comfortable 
social categories. 

750
00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:21,000
There's truth in this analysis 
though. 

751
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:24,300
It perhaps, over simplifies, the
complex, social dynamics at 

752
00:42:24,300 --> 00:42:26,200
work. 
Others have focused on the 

753
00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:29,500
economic aspects of the case. 
The accused were largely 

754
00:42:29,500 --> 00:42:33,700
impoverished surviving on the 
margins of society in a world 

755
00:42:33,708 --> 00:42:37,100
without social safety nets, 
where charity was voluntary and 

756
00:42:37,100 --> 00:42:40,100
unpredictable people. 
Like the device family were 

757
00:42:40,100 --> 00:42:42,400
vulnerable in ways that made 
them both dependent on 

758
00:42:42,400 --> 00:42:45,100
community, Goodwill, and easy 
targets. 

759
00:42:45,100 --> 00:42:49,100
When that good will evaporated, 
The trials can be seen as an 

760
00:42:49,100 --> 00:42:52,800
extreme form of social control, 
eliminating people who were 

761
00:42:52,800 --> 00:42:56,200
economic burdens on their 
communities, some historians 

762
00:42:56,200 --> 00:42:58,300
have emphasized the role of 
religious tension. 

763
00:42:59,100 --> 00:43:02,100
This was post-reformation in 
England where old Catholic 

764
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:06,000
practices persisted underground 
while Protestant authorities. 

765
00:43:06,000 --> 00:43:08,000
Try to enforce religious 
uniformity. 

766
00:43:09,400 --> 00:43:11,600
Folk magic, that Demi can chat 
box. 

767
00:43:11,600 --> 00:43:15,000
Allegedly practiced had roots in
pre-christian, Traditions 

768
00:43:15,000 --> 00:43:19,000
overlaid with Catholic ritual. 
Their practices might have 

769
00:43:19,000 --> 00:43:22,400
represented not just heresy but 
a challenge to religious 

770
00:43:22,400 --> 00:43:26,100
Authority, local historians in 
Lancashire of work to uncover 

771
00:43:26,100 --> 00:43:28,400
the human details behind the 
famous names. 

772
00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:31,400
Who were these people? 
Really, what did they eat for 

773
00:43:31,400 --> 00:43:34,000
breakfast? 
What songs did they know and 

774
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:37,500
what made them laugh? 
The historical record preserves 

775
00:43:37,500 --> 00:43:41,100
their deaths in detail but tells
us relatively little about their

776
00:43:41,100 --> 00:43:45,500
actual lives which is perhaps 
the final Injustice that. 

777
00:43:45,500 --> 00:43:48,500
We remember them for how they 
died rather than how they lived 

778
00:43:48,500 --> 00:43:51,100
as you settled deeper into your 
comfortable spot. 

779
00:43:51,100 --> 00:43:53,800
Perhaps noting, how different 
your own evening is from what 

780
00:43:53,800 --> 00:43:56,800
any Resident of 1612 Pendle, 
could have imagined. 

781
00:43:56,800 --> 00:44:00,100
We arrived at the question of 
what the Pendle witches mean to 

782
00:44:00,100 --> 00:44:03,700
us today not as historical, 
curiosity or Halloween 

783
00:44:03,700 --> 00:44:06,500
decoration. 
But his actual people whose 

784
00:44:06,500 --> 00:44:09,400
stories still has things, to 
teach us the legacy of the 

785
00:44:09,400 --> 00:44:13,300
Pendle witches lives on, in 
unexpected ways, the area around

786
00:44:13,300 --> 00:44:16,700
Pendle Hill, is embraced, its 
Which history though, informs, 

787
00:44:16,700 --> 00:44:18,200
that would probably baffle the 
original. 

788
00:44:18,200 --> 00:44:21,800
Participants, There are walking 
trails following routes 

789
00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:25,500
associated with the accused 
visitor centers, explaining the 

790
00:44:25,500 --> 00:44:29,300
history, and even an annual, 
which Weeknd featuring talks 

791
00:44:29,300 --> 00:44:32,300
tours and historical 
re-enactments. 

792
00:44:33,200 --> 00:44:36,100
It's simultaneously a 
celebration and a commemoration 

793
00:44:36,100 --> 00:44:38,100
honoring the dead while 
acknowledging. 

794
00:44:38,100 --> 00:44:41,800
The Injustice they suffered 
Pendle Hill itself has become 

795
00:44:41,800 --> 00:44:44,300
something of a pilgrimage site 
for people interested in 

796
00:44:44,300 --> 00:44:47,600
witchcraft history or just 
beautiful landscapes. 

797
00:44:48,300 --> 00:44:51,500
Modern witches followers of 
contemporary wicker and other 

798
00:44:51,500 --> 00:44:54,800
neo-pagan Traditions. 
Sometimes visit as a way of 

799
00:44:54,808 --> 00:44:56,400
honoring. 
Their spiritual ancestors 

800
00:44:56,400 --> 00:45:00,700
though, the connection between 
17th century folk magic and 

801
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:03,500
modern witchcraft is more 
symbolic than historical. 

802
00:45:04,400 --> 00:45:06,400
The hill that witness such 
tragedy. 

803
00:45:06,400 --> 00:45:10,700
Now, hosts people seeking peace 
beauty or spiritual connection. 

804
00:45:10,700 --> 00:45:14,300
The story resonates because it 
touches on themes, that remain 

805
00:45:14,300 --> 00:45:17,300
relevant. 
How to communities respond to 

806
00:45:17,300 --> 00:45:20,300
those who are different? 
What happens when fear, 

807
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:24,900
overcomes reason how do ordinary
social tensions escalate into 

808
00:45:24,900 --> 00:45:28,300
extraordinary violence? 
These aren't just historical 

809
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:32,500
questions, every generation 
faces versions of them, the 

810
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:34,300
penal trials. 
Remind us that people in the 

811
00:45:34,300 --> 00:45:36,800
past were neither more foolish 
than we are. 

812
00:45:37,700 --> 00:45:40,300
They were doing their best, to 
make sense of a world that often

813
00:45:40,300 --> 00:45:44,100
seemed hostile and inexplicable 
using the intellectual tools 

814
00:45:44,100 --> 00:45:47,000
available to them. 
We might look back and see 

815
00:45:47,000 --> 00:45:48,700
Superstition where they saw 
reason. 

816
00:45:48,700 --> 00:45:51,900
The future Generations will 
probably look at some of our 

817
00:45:51,900 --> 00:45:54,000
current beliefs with similar 
incomprehension. 

818
00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:57,300
There's something quietly 
powerful about walking the 

819
00:45:57,300 --> 00:46:01,200
landscape where these events 
occurred Stand on Pendle Hill on

820
00:46:01,208 --> 00:46:04,100
a misty morning. 
You can almost understand how 

821
00:46:04,100 --> 00:46:07,300
people living here in 1612, 
could believe in magic. 

822
00:46:08,400 --> 00:46:11,600
The landscape itself seems 
slightly enchanted with its 

823
00:46:11,600 --> 00:46:15,400
sudden Mists its ancient fuel 
patterns and its sense of 

824
00:46:15,400 --> 00:46:18,300
continuity stretching back 
before history began keeping 

825
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:21,400
records modern residents of the 
Pendle area. 

826
00:46:21,400 --> 00:46:23,500
Have a complex relationship with
this history. 

827
00:46:23,500 --> 00:46:27,900
It's a source of local identity 
and tourist income, but it's 

828
00:46:27,900 --> 00:46:31,000
also a reminder of a dark 
chapter in community history. 

829
00:46:32,000 --> 00:46:34,300
How do you honor the dead 
without exploiting their 

830
00:46:34,300 --> 00:46:36,900
tragedy? 
How do you educate people about 

831
00:46:36,900 --> 00:46:39,500
historical Injustice while 
acknowledging that everyone 

832
00:46:39,500 --> 00:46:42,400
involved was operating according
to the beliefs and values of 

833
00:46:42,400 --> 00:46:45,100
their time. 
The Pendle witches have inspired

834
00:46:45,100 --> 00:46:49,900
numerous works of art literature
and drama novelists of reimagine

835
00:46:49,900 --> 00:46:54,300
their stories Poets of elegies 
and playwrights of brought them 

836
00:46:54,300 --> 00:46:57,900
back to life on stage. 
Each interpretation reflects 

837
00:46:57,900 --> 00:47:00,900
contemporary concerns as much as
historical reality. 

838
00:47:02,100 --> 00:47:05,600
The Witches become what ever. 
We need them to be victims of 

839
00:47:05,600 --> 00:47:10,400
patriarchy, casualties of 
economic anxiety, examples of 

840
00:47:10,400 --> 00:47:14,300
religious persecution, or simply
human beings, caught in 

841
00:47:14,300 --> 00:47:16,200
terrible. 
Circumstances for the 

842
00:47:16,200 --> 00:47:18,600
historically minded. 
The Pendle trials, offer a 

843
00:47:18,600 --> 00:47:22,100
window into daily life in early,
modern England, The trial 

844
00:47:22,100 --> 00:47:26,100
records, particularly pots is 
account contain details about 

845
00:47:26,100 --> 00:47:29,100
food clothing, housing and 
social relationships. 

846
00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:32,600
The helpers understand how 
ordinary people lived. 

847
00:47:33,300 --> 00:47:36,700
We learn about their beliefs, 
their fears, their neighborly 

848
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:39,500
conflicts, and their survival 
strategies. 

849
00:47:39,500 --> 00:47:42,600
The accused left us 
inadvertently. 

850
00:47:42,600 --> 00:47:46,000
A detailed portrait of Life at 
society's margins. 

851
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:50,300
The legal Legacy is complex. 
The Pendle trials represented 

852
00:47:50,300 --> 00:47:52,400
the system, working as it was 
supposed to work. 

853
00:47:52,400 --> 00:47:55,700
According to the standards of 
the time, the accused received 

854
00:47:55,700 --> 00:47:58,900
trials could speak in their own 
defense and would judge by 

855
00:47:58,900 --> 00:48:02,300
astonished legal procedures. 
That those procedures were 

856
00:48:02,300 --> 00:48:05,600
fundamentally unjust by modern 
standards doesn't mean they were

857
00:48:05,600 --> 00:48:09,300
considered unjust at the time. 
This raises uncomfortable 

858
00:48:09,300 --> 00:48:12,300
questions about how future 
Generations will judge our own 

859
00:48:12,300 --> 00:48:15,300
legal systems. 
What would the accused think if 

860
00:48:15,300 --> 00:48:16,900
they could see how they 
remembered today? 

861
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:20,600
Would all demand like be amused 
that people now walk Trails 

862
00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:23,800
named after her would Alderson 
device appreciate being 

863
00:48:23,800 --> 00:48:27,600
commemorated in local festivals.
Would Alice Nutter feel 

864
00:48:27,600 --> 00:48:30,700
Vindicated that historians still
debate, her Innocents. 

865
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:34,300
We can't know, but there's 
something poignant about the 

866
00:48:34,300 --> 00:48:37,000
fact that people whose lives 
were marked by poverty and 

867
00:48:37,000 --> 00:48:40,500
powerlessness are now remembered
while their wealthy powerful. 

868
00:48:40,500 --> 00:48:44,000
Judges have been largely 
forgotten Catholic Church. 

869
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:47,500
Interestingly has never 
canonized any of the Pendle 

870
00:48:47,500 --> 00:48:50,800
witches as Martyrs. 
Despite occasional suggestions 

871
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:53,400
that they might have been 
Catholics persecuted for their 

872
00:48:53,400 --> 00:48:56,100
faith. 
The evidence for this theory is 

873
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:59,700
thin, but it reflects our 
ongoing desire to find meaning 

874
00:48:59,700 --> 00:49:03,200
and redemption in their deaths. 
we want them to have died for 

875
00:49:03,200 --> 00:49:07,300
something for their beliefs, for
their Defiance, for some 

876
00:49:07,300 --> 00:49:11,100
principle, rather than simply 
dying because of bad luck and 

877
00:49:11,100 --> 00:49:14,600
worse, Justice, the educational 
value of the Pendle story, 

878
00:49:14,600 --> 00:49:18,200
extends Beyond history, It's 
taught in some schools. 

879
00:49:18,200 --> 00:49:21,700
As an example of how evident 
should be evaluated, critically.

880
00:49:21,700 --> 00:49:25,900
How massive stereo can develop 
and how social pressures can 

881
00:49:25,900 --> 00:49:30,100
influence testimony. students 
learn to question sources to 

882
00:49:30,100 --> 00:49:34,100
recognize bias and to understand
the Injustice can occur within 

883
00:49:34,100 --> 00:49:36,700
legal Frameworks that seemed 
perfectly reasonable to 

884
00:49:36,700 --> 00:49:40,200
participate for writers and 
storytellers, the Pendle, which 

885
00:49:40,200 --> 00:49:43,400
is offer Rich material precisely
because so much about the 

886
00:49:43,400 --> 00:49:47,700
remains mysterious We have the 
Bare Bones of their story, but 

887
00:49:47,700 --> 00:49:50,400
endless room for interpretation 
and Imagination. 

888
00:49:50,400 --> 00:49:54,200
Who were these people really 
what did they think and feel 

889
00:49:55,800 --> 00:49:59,300
Historical gaps, become spaces, 
where fiction and empathy can 

890
00:49:59,300 --> 00:50:01,900
operate. 
The landscape itself has become 

891
00:50:01,900 --> 00:50:03,500
a character in The ongoing 
story. 

892
00:50:04,300 --> 00:50:07,600
Pendle Hill with its distinctive
profile and brooding presence 

893
00:50:07,600 --> 00:50:11,500
has inspired artists 
photographers and nature lovers 

894
00:50:11,500 --> 00:50:14,300
for Generations. 
The hill has been painted. 

895
00:50:14,300 --> 00:50:19,100
Photographed, climbed and 
contemplated by thousands of 

896
00:50:19,100 --> 00:50:22,900
people who may know nothing 
about the 1612 trials but who 

897
00:50:22,900 --> 00:50:25,100
respond to its particular Beauty
and atmosphere. 

898
00:50:25,100 --> 00:50:28,100
Some descendants of the Pendle 
family, still live in the area 

899
00:50:28,100 --> 00:50:32,500
carrying names like device 
Nutter or bulk for them. 

900
00:50:32,500 --> 00:50:36,100
The Witch Trials are family, 
history, complicated and 

901
00:50:36,100 --> 00:50:38,800
personal. 
Some of embrace this Heritage 

902
00:50:38,800 --> 00:50:43,900
others prefer not to discuss it.
It's a reminder that history 

903
00:50:43,900 --> 00:50:45,600
isn't just. 
Something that happened to other

904
00:50:45,600 --> 00:50:48,800
people long ago. 
It's something that continues to

905
00:50:48,800 --> 00:50:50,900
shape living families and 
communities. 

906
00:50:50,900 --> 00:50:54,200
The commercialization of the 
Pendle which story raises 

907
00:50:54,200 --> 00:50:57,900
ethical questions, is it 
appropriate to sell, which the 

908
00:50:57,900 --> 00:51:00,800
theme souvenirs based on a 
tragedy where real people died? 

909
00:51:01,500 --> 00:51:04,400
Does turning historical trauma 
into tourist, attractions, 

910
00:51:04,400 --> 00:51:07,600
trivialize suffering? 
Or does it serve a valuable 

911
00:51:07,600 --> 00:51:11,000
purpose by keeping memory alive 
and educating new generations 

912
00:51:11,000 --> 00:51:14,900
about historical Injustice? 
These questions don't have 

913
00:51:14,900 --> 00:51:17,800
simple answers. 
What's clear, is that the story 

914
00:51:17,800 --> 00:51:22,000
refuses to be forgotten, 400 
years later, people still want 

915
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:24,900
to know about the Pendle witches
and still want to understand 

916
00:51:24,900 --> 00:51:28,300
what happened and why? 
This persistent interest 

917
00:51:28,300 --> 00:51:30,100
suggests that the story touches 
something. 

918
00:51:30,100 --> 00:51:35,000
Fundamental about human nature, 
our capacity for fear, our need 

919
00:51:35,008 --> 00:51:38,700
for, explanations are treatment 
of outside is and are 

920
00:51:38,700 --> 00:51:40,600
complicated relationship with 
Justice. 

921
00:51:40,600 --> 00:51:44,400
The memorial to the penal 
witches, a simple plaque in 

922
00:51:44,408 --> 00:51:48,200
Lancaster acknowledging. 
The execution represents a small

923
00:51:48,200 --> 00:51:50,800
significant form of historical 
Reckoning. 

924
00:51:51,800 --> 00:51:54,900
It doesn't excuse what happened.
He doesn't try to make it more 

925
00:51:54,900 --> 00:51:58,200
palatable and just quietly 
acknowledges that these people 

926
00:51:58,200 --> 00:52:00,700
lived died and deserved to be 
remembered. 

927
00:52:01,500 --> 00:52:04,200
Sometimes that simple. 
Acknowledgment is the most we 

928
00:52:04,200 --> 00:52:07,200
can offer to those. 
Wronged by history as your tea 

929
00:52:07,200 --> 00:52:09,800
cools and the room around you. 
Settles into comfortable quiet. 

930
00:52:09,800 --> 00:52:12,900
We arrived at the end of our 
journey through pendle's 

931
00:52:12,900 --> 00:52:15,500
history. 
But before we close this story, 

932
00:52:15,500 --> 00:52:18,800
let's sit from a moment with 
what these long ago of events 

933
00:52:18,800 --> 00:52:22,500
might mean for us here. 
Now, in a world that seems 

934
00:52:22,500 --> 00:52:24,400
entirely different from 16 to 
12. 

935
00:52:24,400 --> 00:52:27,900
Lancaster, the penal witches 
invite us to practice empathy 

936
00:52:27,900 --> 00:52:30,500
across time. 
These were people who woke up in

937
00:52:30,500 --> 00:52:32,600
the morning not knowing they 
were living through what would 

938
00:52:32,600 --> 00:52:36,300
become a, famous, historical 
event, They worry about ordinary

939
00:52:36,300 --> 00:52:39,200
things, whether the weather 
would cooperate with planting 

940
00:52:39,200 --> 00:52:42,200
whether their neighbors would 
help them during hard times. 

941
00:52:42,200 --> 00:52:46,700
And whether their children would
survive to adulthood Then 

942
00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:50,700
circumstances swept them into 
events that would echo through 

943
00:52:50,700 --> 00:52:54,000
four centuries. 
Think about how quickly normal 

944
00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:57,400
life can become a nightmare. 
Alison device. 

945
00:52:57,400 --> 00:53:02,000
Probably woke up on March 18th, 
1612 thinking about little more 

946
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:04,600
than whether she'd successfully 
begun to eat that day. 

947
00:53:05,600 --> 00:53:08,900
By evening, she was implicated 
in a case that would eventually 

948
00:53:08,900 --> 00:53:13,600
send 10 people to The Gallows. 
That Philosophy from ordinary 

949
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:17,000
morning to life-changing. 
Disaster is something every 

950
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:20,400
human being can understand. 
Regardless of century, the 

951
00:53:20,400 --> 00:53:22,900
trials remind us that certainty 
can be dangerous. 

952
00:53:22,900 --> 00:53:27,200
The judges, the prosecutors, 
Roger, Nowell and the witnesses.

953
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:29,400
All of them were certain they 
were right? 

954
00:53:30,200 --> 00:53:33,500
They believed in witchcraft, the
way we believe in gravity and 

955
00:53:33,500 --> 00:53:36,800
that certainty made it possible 
to execute people on evidence 

956
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:38,800
that seems laughable to 
modernize. 

957
00:53:39,800 --> 00:53:42,600
What are we certain about today?
That future Generations will 

958
00:53:42,600 --> 00:53:45,400
view with similar horror? 
There's also something here 

959
00:53:45,400 --> 00:53:48,000
about the power of stories and 
reputation. 

960
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:52,300
Old demike cultivated a 
reputation for Magical Power 

961
00:53:52,300 --> 00:53:55,500
probably because it gave her a 
form of influence in a world 

962
00:53:55,508 --> 00:53:58,200
where old poor women had almost 
none. 

963
00:53:59,100 --> 00:54:02,800
That reputation sustained her 
for decades, earning her a 

964
00:54:02,800 --> 00:54:07,000
mixture of fear and respect. 
Then it killed her, the stories 

965
00:54:07,000 --> 00:54:10,600
we tell about ourselves and that
others tell about us have 

966
00:54:10,600 --> 00:54:13,500
consequences. 
We can't always control the 

967
00:54:13,500 --> 00:54:16,400
vulnerability of children in 
adult conflicts appears 

968
00:54:16,400 --> 00:54:20,400
throughout the Pendle story, 
Janet device testifying against 

969
00:54:20,400 --> 00:54:24,600
her family, The children of the 
executed were left to navigate a

970
00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:27,600
world that had killed, their 
parents, young Allison. 

971
00:54:27,600 --> 00:54:30,600
Perhaps not fully understanding 
the implications of her 

972
00:54:30,600 --> 00:54:33,600
confession. 
Children don't choose the 

973
00:54:33,600 --> 00:54:36,100
circumstances their born into 
yet. 

974
00:54:36,100 --> 00:54:39,100
They bear the consequences of 
adult decisions and adult 

975
00:54:39,100 --> 00:54:43,400
conflicts economic precarity 
threaded through every aspect of

976
00:54:43,400 --> 00:54:46,300
the penal story. 
These were people living on the 

977
00:54:46,300 --> 00:54:50,100
edge of survival, where eild 
Harvest or a dead cow could mean

978
00:54:50,100 --> 00:54:52,700
starvation. 
In that context. 

979
00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:56,400
Every relationship became 
transactional, every slight 

980
00:54:56,400 --> 00:55:00,600
potentially serious and every 
Misfortune someone else's fault.

981
00:55:01,300 --> 00:55:04,600
Poverty didn't cause the trials 
but it created conditions where 

982
00:55:04,600 --> 00:55:08,800
they could flourish, it still 
does the healing power of time 

983
00:55:08,800 --> 00:55:11,600
reveals itself in how the Pendle
story has evolved. 

984
00:55:12,300 --> 00:55:14,400
What was tragedy has become 
Heritage? 

985
00:55:14,400 --> 00:55:18,600
What was persecution has become 
pilgrimage and what was ending 

986
00:55:18,600 --> 00:55:22,200
has become remembrance Pain 
doesn't disappear. 

987
00:55:22,200 --> 00:55:26,900
Those 10 people are still dead, 
their family still destroyed, 

988
00:55:26,900 --> 00:55:31,100
but time allows us to find 
meaning and lessons in events 

989
00:55:31,100 --> 00:55:34,200
that initially seem to contain 
nothing but loss. 

990
00:55:34,200 --> 00:55:37,300
Consider how the landscape has 
absorbed this history. 

991
00:55:38,200 --> 00:55:42,300
Pendle Hill doesn't mourn. 
It simply exists solid and 

992
00:55:42,308 --> 00:55:47,600
eternal watching centuries pass 
with geological indifference Yet

993
00:55:47,600 --> 00:55:52,600
humans project, meaning onto it.
Finding in its Mists and shadows

994
00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:57,900
a reflection of the mysterious 
the unknown and the slightly 

995
00:55:57,900 --> 00:56:01,400
uncanny. 
The land becomes a mirror for 

996
00:56:01,400 --> 00:56:03,200
our own concerns and 
Imagination. 

997
00:56:03,200 --> 00:56:07,700
The question of belief itself, 
deserves reflection did the 

998
00:56:07,700 --> 00:56:11,500
accused actually practice what 
they considered magic almost. 

999
00:56:11,500 --> 00:56:14,600
Certainly some of them did in 
their world with their 

1000
00:56:14,600 --> 00:56:17,900
understanding of causation 
mixing herbs while saying 

1001
00:56:17,900 --> 00:56:20,000
certain words, seemed as 
reasonable as any other 

1002
00:56:20,000 --> 00:56:21,900
explanation for how things 
worked. 

1003
00:56:22,600 --> 00:56:23,900
They believed in their own 
power. 

1004
00:56:23,900 --> 00:56:27,600
The way we believe in the power 
of medicine or technology, which

1005
00:56:27,600 --> 00:56:30,800
is to say they had faith in 
systems that provided 

1006
00:56:30,800 --> 00:56:34,500
explanations and sometimes 
results the role of authority. 

1007
00:56:34,500 --> 00:56:37,100
And the Pendle story offers 
uncomfortable parallels to 

1008
00:56:37,100 --> 00:56:41,500
Modern Life, Roger Nowell wasn't
a villain twirling, a mustache. 

1009
00:56:41,500 --> 00:56:44,400
He was a respectable gentleman, 
doing what he thought was, 

1010
00:56:44,400 --> 00:56:46,500
right? 
According to the laws and 

1011
00:56:46,500 --> 00:56:50,200
beliefs of his Society. 
The judges were learned men 

1012
00:56:50,200 --> 00:56:53,800
following established procedures
evil doesn't always announce 

1013
00:56:53,800 --> 00:56:56,900
itself as evil. 
Sometimes it wears the mask of 

1014
00:56:56,900 --> 00:56:58,900
proper Authority and legal 
procedure. 

1015
00:56:58,900 --> 00:57:02,300
What about forgiveness, can we 
forgive the accusers? 

1016
00:57:02,300 --> 00:57:04,100
Who sent innocent people to 
their deaths? 

1017
00:57:04,100 --> 00:57:07,800
Can we forgive the judges? 
Who accepted dubious evidence? 

1018
00:57:07,800 --> 00:57:11,400
Can we forgive young Janet for 
testifying against her family? 

1019
00:57:12,600 --> 00:57:14,400
Forgiveness might be the wrong 
concept. 

1020
00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:18,400
These people are long dead. 
Beyond the reach of either 

1021
00:57:18,400 --> 00:57:22,900
condemnation or absolution. 
Perhaps understanding is what we

1022
00:57:22,900 --> 00:57:25,600
can offer. 
Instead the recognition that 

1023
00:57:25,600 --> 00:57:28,100
humans throughout history do 
terrible things. 

1024
00:57:28,100 --> 00:57:31,300
While believing their doing 
right the Persistence of the 

1025
00:57:31,300 --> 00:57:34,000
penal story, suggests something 
about the human need for 

1026
00:57:34,000 --> 00:57:36,900
narrative. 
We want history to have shape 

1027
00:57:36,900 --> 00:57:40,900
and meaning to teach lessons and
to connect us to something 

1028
00:57:40,900 --> 00:57:42,900
larger than our individual 
lives. 

1029
00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:45,800
The Pendle which is provide that
connection. 

1030
00:57:46,700 --> 00:57:49,900
Not because their deaths were 
particularly meaningful, but 

1031
00:57:49,900 --> 00:57:53,100
because we've invested them with
meaning, through centuries of 

1032
00:57:53,100 --> 00:57:56,600
remembering and retelling as 
research continues, a new 

1033
00:57:56,600 --> 00:57:59,300
historical methods. 
Develop, we might learn more 

1034
00:57:59,300 --> 00:58:03,200
about the Pendle witches 
archaeological, investigations 

1035
00:58:03,200 --> 00:58:05,300
could reveal details about how 
they lived. 

1036
00:58:06,000 --> 00:58:08,400
Demographic research might 
illuminate the social 

1037
00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:11,400
structures. 
They navigated new readings of 

1038
00:58:11,408 --> 00:58:13,800
existing documents could shift 
our understanding. 

1039
00:58:14,800 --> 00:58:18,400
History isn't fixed. 
It's constantly being revised as

1040
00:58:18,400 --> 00:58:20,500
new evidence emerges and new 
questions. 

1041
00:58:20,500 --> 00:58:24,000
Get asked, the modern witchcraft
movements, adoption of the 

1042
00:58:24,000 --> 00:58:27,000
Pendle, which is a spiritual 
ancestors, creates a kind of 

1043
00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:31,300
posture must Redemption. 
People who executed as evil are 

1044
00:58:31,300 --> 00:58:34,300
now honored as practitioners of 
an alternative spirituality. 

1045
00:58:35,200 --> 00:58:39,200
Whether this would comfort or 
confuse them, we can't know, but

1046
00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:42,100
it represents a complete 
reversal of their historical 

1047
00:58:42,100 --> 00:58:44,800
reputation. 
The Condemned become the 

1048
00:58:44,808 --> 00:58:47,300
celebrated. 
For those who visit Pendle 

1049
00:58:47,300 --> 00:58:50,300
today, the experience offers 
whatever, they bring to it. 

1050
00:58:51,100 --> 00:58:54,200
tourist see a pleasant day out 
in beautiful countryside 

1051
00:58:54,200 --> 00:58:58,000
historians he landscape that 
illuminates, their research 

1052
00:58:59,000 --> 00:59:02,400
Spiritual Seekers find a place 
of power or tragedy or both. 

1053
00:59:03,300 --> 00:59:06,200
The land accepts all 
interpretations with equal 

1054
00:59:06,200 --> 00:59:08,400
indifference simply being what 
it is. 

1055
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:11,800
While humans project their 
various meanings upon it as full

1056
00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:14,400
Darkness, settles outside your 
window in this story. 

1057
00:59:14,400 --> 00:59:18,500
Draws to a close, imagine Pendle
Hill as it stands to night. 

1058
00:59:18,500 --> 00:59:24,300
Solid ancient, and essentially 
unchanged despite four centuries

1059
00:59:24,300 --> 00:59:26,500
of human drama occurring in its 
shadow. 

1060
00:59:27,300 --> 00:59:30,400
Mist might be gathering in The 
Valleys as it has gathered on 

1061
00:59:30,400 --> 00:59:33,800
countless nights before. 
Sheep settle into their 

1062
00:59:33,800 --> 00:59:36,400
nighttime routines as their 
ancestors. 

1063
00:59:36,400 --> 00:59:40,100
Did when Allison device walked 
these paths the villagers around

1064
00:59:40,100 --> 00:59:42,900
Pendle are quiet. 
Now, their streets lit by 

1065
00:59:42,900 --> 00:59:45,300
electric lights. 
That would seem like magic to 

1066
00:59:45,300 --> 00:59:51,200
anyone from 1612 in Lancaster, 
the castle still stands though. 

1067
00:59:51,200 --> 00:59:53,800
Now it's a tourist site rather 
than a functioning Courthouse 

1068
00:59:53,800 --> 00:59:58,300
the ghosts if they exist walk in
memory and Imagination rather 

1069
00:59:58,300 --> 01:00:02,200
than in any literal sense, what 
remains of the Pendle witches is

1070
01:00:02,200 --> 01:00:05,800
finally their Humanity. 
Stripped Away The Sensational 

1071
01:00:05,800 --> 01:00:09,000
aspects, the Witchcraft 
accusations, the dramatic 

1072
01:00:09,000 --> 01:00:13,700
trials, the execution and your 
left with people, people who 

1073
01:00:13,700 --> 01:00:17,600
loved and fought and worked, and
worried people who made the best

1074
01:00:17,600 --> 01:00:20,000
decisions they could, with the 
information available to them, 

1075
01:00:20,000 --> 01:00:23,500
people who suffered and endured 
and eventually ran out of 

1076
01:00:23,508 --> 01:00:29,400
options, their names demon dike 
Chateaux device Nutter red fern 

1077
01:00:30,400 --> 01:00:34,000
go down through centuries. 
Attached to people who never 

1078
01:00:34,000 --> 01:00:38,100
imagined they'd be remembered at
all much less for 400 years. 

1079
01:00:39,100 --> 01:00:40,400
They wanted what most people 
want. 

1080
01:00:41,200 --> 01:00:43,900
Enough to eat a roof that didn't
leak. 

1081
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:47,400
Children, who survived and 
neighbors, who didn't wish them 

1082
01:00:47,400 --> 01:00:51,100
harm. 
They got instead, infamy and 

1083
01:00:51,100 --> 01:00:54,900
death, but they also got 
remembrance, which is perhaps a 

1084
01:00:54,900 --> 01:00:58,200
small compensation. 
They're not forgotten students, 

1085
01:00:58,200 --> 01:01:02,800
learn about them historian, 
study them, visitors seek out 

1086
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:06,500
places associated with them. 
Their story continues to matter,

1087
01:01:06,500 --> 01:01:10,900
continues to teach and continues
to connect us to the Deep past 

1088
01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:14,100
when life was harder. 
But humans were recognizably 

1089
01:01:14,100 --> 01:01:17,200
ourselves tonight. 
As you prepare for sleeping 

1090
01:01:17,200 --> 01:01:20,700
comfort and safety, that would 
Astound anyone from 16 to 12. 

1091
01:01:21,500 --> 01:01:25,500
Spare a thought for those who 
lived and died in Pendle, Not 

1092
01:01:25,500 --> 01:01:29,300
pity necessarily they were 
tougher than us in many ways 

1093
01:01:29,300 --> 01:01:33,200
more accustomed to hardship and 
more resilient in the face of 

1094
01:01:33,208 --> 01:01:37,100
what life threw at them. 
But perhaps acknowledgment, they

1095
01:01:37,100 --> 01:01:42,200
existed they mattered. 
Their story is part of the vast 

1096
01:01:42,200 --> 01:01:44,900
complex, tapestry of human 
experience. 

1097
01:01:44,900 --> 01:01:48,400
That connects us all the Pendle 
witches, remind us that history 

1098
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:50,300
isn't just dates and famous 
names. 

1099
01:01:50,300 --> 01:01:54,100
It's ordinary people dealing 
with extraordinary circumstances

1100
01:01:54,100 --> 01:01:57,800
doing their best to survive in a
world that doesn't always 

1101
01:01:57,800 --> 01:01:59,700
cooperate with human needs or 
desires. 

1102
01:01:59,700 --> 01:02:04,200
It's story of how communities 
work, how they fail, and how 

1103
01:02:04,200 --> 01:02:08,000
fear unbelief can combine to 
tragic effect, as you drift 

1104
01:02:08,000 --> 01:02:10,900
towards sleep, you might reflect
that you too are living through 

1105
01:02:10,900 --> 01:02:13,900
history. 
Future Generations, might look 

1106
01:02:13,900 --> 01:02:17,000
back on our time with the same 
mixture of understanding and 

1107
01:02:17,000 --> 01:02:20,100
incomprehension that we bring to
the 17th century. 

1108
01:02:20,900 --> 01:02:26,000
What we consider normal are 
Technologies, our beliefs, our 

1109
01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:29,600
social structures may seem a 
strange to them as witchcraft 

1110
01:02:29,600 --> 01:02:32,800
trials seem to us the landscape 
endures. 

1111
01:02:33,700 --> 01:02:36,700
Pendle Hill, will be there 
tomorrow in different to human 

1112
01:02:36,700 --> 01:02:38,600
drama. 
Solid and eternal. 

1113
01:02:39,300 --> 01:02:41,200
The villages will wake to 
another day. 

1114
01:02:42,200 --> 01:02:46,500
Life continues as it always has 
with the past present in 

1115
01:02:46,500 --> 01:02:50,400
landscape and memory, but never 
quite able to break through into

1116
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:53,800
the actual present sleep. 
Well, knowing that the witches 

1117
01:02:53,800 --> 01:02:57,200
of Pendle, those accused and 
accusers, victims and survivors 

1118
01:02:57,200 --> 01:03:01,400
have all found what ever piece 
death provides, their struggles 

1119
01:03:01,400 --> 01:03:05,100
are over their stories, remain 
passed from generation to 

1120
01:03:05,100 --> 01:03:08,700
generation shape and reshaped to
meet contemporary needs. 

1121
01:03:08,700 --> 01:03:12,000
But still rooted in events that 
actually happened to real people

1122
01:03:12,000 --> 01:03:15,500
in a real place. 
And perhaps in some quiet way 

1123
01:03:15,500 --> 01:03:20,600
telling their story is a form of
Justice, not legal justice, that

1124
01:03:20,600 --> 01:03:25,400
ship sold for centuries ago, but
the justice of memory They are 

1125
01:03:25,400 --> 01:03:27,700
not forgotten, their names are 
spoken. 

1126
01:03:27,700 --> 01:03:31,600
The humanity is acknowledged. 
In a world where most people 

1127
01:03:31,600 --> 01:03:35,300
leave, no Trace where most lives
disappear into the vast Silence 

1128
01:03:35,300 --> 01:03:38,500
of History. 
Pendle witches have achieved a 

1129
01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:41,500
kind of immortality. 
Not the kind anyone would choose

1130
01:03:41,500 --> 01:03:44,600
perhaps, but immortality 
nonetheless, rest. 

1131
01:03:44,600 --> 01:03:48,400
Now let the gentle rhythm of 
your breath, remind you that you

1132
01:03:48,400 --> 01:03:53,600
are alive here. 
Now connected to all of human 

1133
01:03:53,600 --> 01:03:57,800
history but also separate from 
it your own person in your own 

1134
01:03:57,800 --> 01:04:01,300
time. 
The past is done, the present is

1135
01:04:01,300 --> 01:04:05,600
comfortable, the future remains 
Unwritten and somewhere, perhaps

1136
01:04:05,600 --> 01:04:09,400
in the collective memory of the 
land itself, Pendle Hill holds 

1137
01:04:09,400 --> 01:04:12,900
the stories hating them to 
layers upon layers of Human 

1138
01:04:12,900 --> 01:04:15,900
Experience, waiting for anyone 
who cares to listen? 

1139
01:04:22,000 --> 01:04:25,300
Ben Franklin's life began, not 
in luxury but in the bustling 

1140
01:04:25,300 --> 01:04:29,400
precincts of colonial Boston The
Port City shaped by rigorous 

1141
01:04:29,400 --> 01:04:34,500
pieties and Hardy trade. 
He was born on January 1706, the

1142
01:04:34,500 --> 01:04:38,300
15th child in a family that 
struggled with limited means his

1143
01:04:38,300 --> 01:04:40,700
father. 
Josiah Italo Chandler had 

1144
01:04:40,700 --> 01:04:44,400
emigrated from England hoping to
build a modest livelihood young,

1145
01:04:44,400 --> 01:04:47,300
Benjamins earliest, memories 
likely featured the pungent 

1146
01:04:47,300 --> 01:04:50,600
smell of rendered fat in candle 
making Vats and the tension of a

1147
01:04:50,600 --> 01:04:53,100
crowded household. 
But beneath those humble 

1148
01:04:53,100 --> 01:04:55,600
beginnings stirred, a Restless 
mind that refused to be 

1149
01:04:55,600 --> 01:04:58,200
confined. 
In many standard biographies 

1150
01:04:58,200 --> 01:05:01,500
Franklin pops up as an 
unflappable genius who saw it 

1151
01:05:01,500 --> 01:05:03,800
easily from a cramped 
apprenticeship to transatlantic 

1152
01:05:03,800 --> 01:05:06,400
Fame. 
Yet the real story is a tangle 

1153
01:05:06,400 --> 01:05:10,400
of near failures, calculated 
risk, taking and heated disputes

1154
01:05:10,400 --> 01:05:14,200
with family. 
At age. 12 Benjamin began an 

1155
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:15,500
apprenticeship under his older, 
brother. 

1156
01:05:15,500 --> 01:05:18,300
James, a printer whose temper 
matched his drive for 

1157
01:05:18,300 --> 01:05:22,100
high-profile pamphlets. 
Initially enthusiastic Benjamin 

1158
01:05:22,100 --> 01:05:24,400
soon chafed at James's 
authoritarian Style. 

1159
01:05:25,300 --> 01:05:28,100
Printing presses, demanded 
skilled hands and an eye for 

1160
01:05:28,100 --> 01:05:30,800
detail, but also a willingness 
to handle punishing hours. 

1161
01:05:30,800 --> 01:05:34,800
Moreover James often undercut 
Benjamin's ideas about editorial

1162
01:05:34,800 --> 01:05:38,600
Direction, Tension built behind 
shop doors until Benjamin 

1163
01:05:38,600 --> 01:05:41,000
clandestinely penned letters to 
the local newspaper. 

1164
01:05:41,000 --> 01:05:45,800
Under the pseudonym silence, do 
good. those witty essays 

1165
01:05:45,800 --> 01:05:48,700
garnered attention all while 
James remained ignorant of the 

1166
01:05:48,700 --> 01:05:53,000
true author, that Escapade half 
mischief and half aspiration 

1167
01:05:53,000 --> 01:05:56,100
sparked Franklin's lifelong 
Devotion to shaping public 

1168
01:05:56,100 --> 01:05:58,900
opinion. 
The Columns criticized Colonial 

1169
01:05:58,900 --> 01:06:00,900
authorities and championed free 
expression. 

1170
01:06:00,900 --> 01:06:03,900
Forging a path that later would 
turn him into a master 

1171
01:06:03,900 --> 01:06:07,200
communicator. 
However, James's discovery of 

1172
01:06:07,208 --> 01:06:10,300
Benjamin's secret authorship, 
precipitated ugly quarrels. 

1173
01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:14,500
In 1723 weary of conflicts and 
the constraints of 

1174
01:06:14,508 --> 01:06:18,000
apprenticeship Benjamin, fled 
Boston for Philadelphia that 

1175
01:06:18,000 --> 01:06:20,300
covered departure on a leaky 
Sloop. 

1176
01:06:20,300 --> 01:06:23,600
The signaled, the first of his 
many reinventions Philadelphia 

1177
01:06:23,600 --> 01:06:26,000
at the time, offered a more 
Cosmopolitan atmosphere than 

1178
01:06:26,000 --> 01:06:30,400
Boston Quaker Merchants German 
artists and bustling Wars gave 

1179
01:06:30,400 --> 01:06:32,900
the city a distinctly commercial
but tolerant flavor. 

1180
01:06:33,700 --> 01:06:35,300
Franklin trudged through its 
streets. 

1181
01:06:35,300 --> 01:06:39,100
Jobless in nearly broke 
searching for any printer who 

1182
01:06:39,100 --> 01:06:42,300
might hire him. 
A few local contacts pointed him

1183
01:06:42,300 --> 01:06:44,400
to Samuel. 
Kymer, who ran a small 

1184
01:06:44,408 --> 01:06:48,100
disorganized print shop, 
recognizing Benjamin's Talent, 

1185
01:06:48,100 --> 01:06:50,200
kymer. 
Agreed to take him on for 

1186
01:06:50,200 --> 01:06:51,700
Franklin. 
It was a step towards 

1187
01:06:51,700 --> 01:06:54,400
self-sufficiency. 
He found lodging in a humble 

1188
01:06:54,400 --> 01:06:58,100
room, subsisted on bread rolls, 
and saved every spare coin for 

1189
01:06:58,100 --> 01:07:00,500
books. 
Those books, typically, borrowed

1190
01:07:00,500 --> 01:07:04,200
or second-hand opened vistas of 
scientific philosophical, and 

1191
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:06,600
political thought. 
Well, other young men in 

1192
01:07:06,600 --> 01:07:08,300
colonial. 
America might idle at taverns 

1193
01:07:08,300 --> 01:07:11,400
after work Franklin poured over 
essays on natural philosophy. 

1194
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:14,800
He also taught himself 
rudimentary French and Italian 

1195
01:07:14,800 --> 01:07:17,900
believing that knowledge of 
languages could catapult him to 

1196
01:07:17,900 --> 01:07:19,200
a broad understanding of the 
world. 

1197
01:07:20,100 --> 01:07:21,600
Eager to refine his social 
skills. 

1198
01:07:22,600 --> 01:07:24,900
He adopted a system of 
self-improvement based on 

1199
01:07:24,900 --> 01:07:26,900
virtues. 
He listed in a little notebook. 

1200
01:07:27,800 --> 01:07:31,100
This daily practice strikingly, 
systematic for the era. 

1201
01:07:31,800 --> 01:07:34,500
Kept him alert to personal 
discipline though. 

1202
01:07:34,500 --> 01:07:36,900
Not always successful in 
defeating Temptations. 

1203
01:07:36,900 --> 01:07:39,500
Still. 
Frankly was an ambitious 

1204
01:07:39,500 --> 01:07:43,100
Tradesman at this juncture. 
Not the seasoned statement or 

1205
01:07:43,100 --> 01:07:46,400
scientists we envisioned today. 
But he planted the seeds of a 

1206
01:07:46,400 --> 01:07:50,000
strong passion for reading a 
fixation on bettering oneself 

1207
01:07:50,000 --> 01:07:52,400
and a Readiness to go against 
the grain. 

1208
01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:57,200
He joined local clubs, most 
notably the hunter a form of 

1209
01:07:57,208 --> 01:08:00,500
curious individuals, who debated
Civic improvements and swapped 

1210
01:08:00,500 --> 01:08:03,200
knowledge Franklin thrived in 
that environment. 

1211
01:08:03,200 --> 01:08:07,200
Forging friendships with Rising 
Merchants teachers and Artisans.

1212
01:08:07,200 --> 01:08:10,300
The hunters premise, that every 
day citizens could shape 

1213
01:08:10,300 --> 01:08:12,500
Community policies. 
Resonated deeply with him. 

1214
01:08:12,500 --> 01:08:15,600
He began drafting proposals for 
better Street lighting 

1215
01:08:15,600 --> 01:08:19,399
suggesting the establishment of 
a lending library and even 

1216
01:08:19,399 --> 01:08:22,700
championing Volunteer Fire 
brigades the small-scale 

1217
01:08:22,700 --> 01:08:25,200
Innovations signaled, the 
mindset that would later produce

1218
01:08:25,200 --> 01:08:29,399
loftier Feats thus by his 
mid-20s franklyn was already a 

1219
01:08:29,399 --> 01:08:32,000
figure to watch in Philadelphia,
a young printer with an 

1220
01:08:32,000 --> 01:08:34,899
entrepreneurial streak at 
pamphleteer unafraid of 

1221
01:08:34,899 --> 01:08:38,600
challenging norms and a network 
skilled at binding like-minded 

1222
01:08:38,600 --> 01:08:41,700
Souls together. 
However, Financial Security was 

1223
01:08:41,700 --> 01:08:45,800
still a elusive His personal 
life was complicated and his 

1224
01:08:45,800 --> 01:08:48,899
religious skepticism set him 
apart in an era of strict 

1225
01:08:48,899 --> 01:08:51,300
Orthodoxy. 
The next years would see him 

1226
01:08:51,300 --> 01:08:54,300
expand these early experiments 
slowly weaving. 

1227
01:08:54,300 --> 01:08:56,899
The Persona that would one day 
grace, the global stage. 

1228
01:08:57,899 --> 01:09:01,300
Early in the 17th century, 
Franklins Printing, Shop gained 

1229
01:09:01,300 --> 01:09:04,200
stability, due to its growing 
reputation for punctual delivery

1230
01:09:04,200 --> 01:09:07,000
and sharp content. 
His production range from 

1231
01:09:07,000 --> 01:09:09,500
political leaflets to visiting 
cards yet. 

1232
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:13,899
Almanacs proved to be his most 
profitable venture. 1732 he 

1233
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:17,600
introduced. 
Poor Richard's Almanac, a cheeky

1234
01:09:17,600 --> 01:09:21,200
insightful publication under the
pseudonym of Richard Saunders. 

1235
01:09:21,200 --> 01:09:24,800
Unlike state almanacs that 
listed only lunar cycles and 

1236
01:09:24,800 --> 01:09:27,100
harvest tips. 
Franklin's version featured, 

1237
01:09:27,100 --> 01:09:30,500
witty maxims satirical 
commentary and personal Jabs 

1238
01:09:30,500 --> 01:09:33,399
that made each addition and 
equally awaited Staple in 

1239
01:09:33,399 --> 01:09:36,899
households across the colonies. 
Yet while poor Richard minted, 

1240
01:09:36,899 --> 01:09:39,600
his reputation Franklin's 
day-to-day life was more 

1241
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:41,600
complex. 
He navigated a personal 

1242
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:44,399
relationship with Deborah Reid, 
who would once been a neighbor's

1243
01:09:44,399 --> 01:09:46,899
daughter? 
Their common law marriage, not 

1244
01:09:46,899 --> 01:09:50,100
formally solemnized for various 
reasons, gave franklyn 

1245
01:09:50,100 --> 01:09:52,399
assemblance of domestic 
stability though, the 

1246
01:09:52,399 --> 01:09:55,400
arrangement lack, the official 
Aura of conventional unions, 

1247
01:09:55,400 --> 01:09:58,700
they raise children together, 
but the demands of his printing 

1248
01:09:58,700 --> 01:10:01,400
press and swirl of Civic 
projects often kept him away 

1249
01:10:01,400 --> 01:10:05,400
from extended familial devotion.
Franklyn's thirst for civic. 

1250
01:10:05,400 --> 01:10:08,500
Improvements seemed boundless in
1731. 

1251
01:10:08,500 --> 01:10:12,000
He formed the library company of
Philadelphia, an idea born from 

1252
01:10:12,000 --> 01:10:15,000
the hunters discussions, 
subscribing members, pulled 

1253
01:10:15,000 --> 01:10:18,100
funds to buy books establishing.
One of America's first lending, 

1254
01:10:18,100 --> 01:10:21,300
libraries, this approach 
crystallized franklyn's method 

1255
01:10:22,200 --> 01:10:25,000
Harness Collective contributions
to uplift public life. 

1256
01:10:25,000 --> 01:10:28,400
Where other saw Financial 
hurdles, Franklin, leveraged 

1257
01:10:28,400 --> 01:10:31,400
group effort. 
The concept proved so successful

1258
01:10:31,400 --> 01:10:35,000
that it sparked similar Ventures
elsewhere, bolstering literacy 

1259
01:10:35,000 --> 01:10:39,200
in an era and many colonists had
limited access to texts as a 

1260
01:10:39,200 --> 01:10:40,900
publisher. 
He also became a de facto 

1261
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:42,700
influencer in shaping public 
sentiment. 

1262
01:10:43,400 --> 01:10:44,800
He printed currency for 
Pennsylvania. 

1263
01:10:45,600 --> 01:10:47,600
Bolstering trust in local 
finances. 

1264
01:10:47,600 --> 01:10:51,400
He took up the cause of paper 
money arguing, that a stable 

1265
01:10:51,400 --> 01:10:53,400
local currency could invigorate 
commas. 

1266
01:10:54,100 --> 01:10:57,400
Through editorials under assumed
names he debated with political 

1267
01:10:57,400 --> 01:10:59,700
Rivals. 
Championing a pragmatic Outlook,

1268
01:10:59,700 --> 01:11:03,200
if a policy boosted trade and 
enriched Community Resources. 

1269
01:11:03,200 --> 01:11:06,900
It merited consideration. 
Irrespective of dogmatic 

1270
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:09,300
leanings. 
This flexibility would later 

1271
01:11:09,300 --> 01:11:13,300
mark his diplomatic engagements 
yet it sometimes riled stunts 

1272
01:11:13,300 --> 01:11:16,000
partisans. 
Beyond the printing realm. 

1273
01:11:16,000 --> 01:11:19,300
Franklyn dabbled in volunteer 
projects like establishing 

1274
01:11:19,300 --> 01:11:23,300
Philadelphia's Union Fire 
Company in 1736 fire disaster. 

1275
01:11:23,300 --> 01:11:26,600
Had played the city wiping out 
blocks of wooden structures 

1276
01:11:26,600 --> 01:11:30,700
Franklins Brigade staffed by 
volunteers offered assemblance 

1277
01:11:30,700 --> 01:11:34,300
of organized response where 
previously chaos range, this 

1278
01:11:34,300 --> 01:11:37,600
Forward Thinking approach spread
birthing additional fire 

1279
01:11:37,600 --> 01:11:41,200
companies that cooperated 
instead of competing Ever the 

1280
01:11:41,200 --> 01:11:43,600
organizer. 
Franklin helped shape guidelines

1281
01:11:43,600 --> 01:11:45,600
for equipment sharing and mutual
Aid. 

1282
01:11:45,600 --> 01:11:48,100
Forging a model admired in other
colonies. 

1283
01:11:48,800 --> 01:11:52,300
Yet success is alone, didn't 
insulate him from adversity, the

1284
01:11:52,300 --> 01:11:54,600
colonial landscape could be 
unforgiving to those who 

1285
01:11:54,600 --> 01:11:58,000
ventured unpopular opinions. 
Franklin, sometimes rankled 

1286
01:11:58,000 --> 01:12:01,800
conservative church leaders by 
printing texts that veered too 

1287
01:12:01,800 --> 01:12:03,400
secular or criticize certain 
dogmas. 

1288
01:12:03,400 --> 01:12:07,400
He also faced tension with other
printers who resented his rapid 

1289
01:12:07,400 --> 01:12:09,300
Ascension, and willingness to 
mock Rivals. 

1290
01:12:09,300 --> 01:12:11,700
Still his knack for bridging 
differences. 

1291
01:12:11,700 --> 01:12:14,600
Often prevailed. 
When Rumours of a severe 

1292
01:12:14,600 --> 01:12:18,200
smallpox outbreak loomed, he 
used his press to advocate for 

1293
01:12:18,200 --> 01:12:21,100
an inoculation though. 
He personally endured heartbreak

1294
01:12:21,100 --> 01:12:22,800
when one of his sons died of the
disease. 

1295
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:26,500
The tragedy, deepened Franklin's
resolved to promote evidence 

1296
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:28,700
base Solutions, over 
Superstition or fear. 

1297
01:12:29,700 --> 01:12:32,600
Simultaneously. 
Franklyn scientific curiosity 

1298
01:12:32,600 --> 01:12:35,000
blossomed. 
He embarked on rudimentary 

1299
01:12:35,000 --> 01:12:36,600
experiments. 
Observing local weather 

1300
01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:39,400
patterns. 
Speculating that storms and 

1301
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:42,600
winds might follow distinct 
rejects of the colonies. 

1302
01:12:43,300 --> 01:12:45,700
A dinner. 
Gathering's, he speculated about

1303
01:12:45,700 --> 01:12:48,100
electricity and obscure 
phenomenon. 

1304
01:12:48,100 --> 01:12:51,100
Rarely studied in depth outside 
Europe's learned societies. 

1305
01:12:51,100 --> 01:12:54,300
While his main energy is still 
lay in publishing and Civic 

1306
01:12:54,300 --> 01:12:57,500
activism that spark of Interest 
hinted at Future breakthroughs. 

1307
01:12:58,400 --> 01:13:00,600
He collected, glass tubes and 
rods from ships. 

1308
01:13:00,600 --> 01:13:04,000
Arriving from England. 
Quietly testing ways to generate

1309
01:13:04,000 --> 01:13:06,800
static charges. 
It was Uncharted Territory in 

1310
01:13:06,800 --> 01:13:09,700
the North American context. 
Through these Endeavors 

1311
01:13:09,700 --> 01:13:13,400
Franklin, cultivated an image as
a problem, solver and afraid of 

1312
01:13:13,408 --> 01:13:16,700
multiple hats, publisher, social
entrepreneur. 

1313
01:13:16,700 --> 01:13:20,000
Proto scientist, his approach 
remained anchored in 

1314
01:13:20,008 --> 01:13:22,500
practicality. 
He believed knowledge mattered, 

1315
01:13:22,500 --> 01:13:25,100
chiefly when applied to real 
life challenges, whether 

1316
01:13:25,100 --> 01:13:28,000
refining printing technique or 
organizing communities to fight 

1317
01:13:28,000 --> 01:13:31,000
fires. 
Meanwhile Poor Richard's Almanac

1318
01:13:31,000 --> 01:13:34,700
soared in popularity, its 
aphorisms turning into everyday 

1319
01:13:34,700 --> 01:13:38,700
Proverbs phrases like early to 
bed and early to rise makes a 

1320
01:13:38,700 --> 01:13:42,800
man healthy wealthy and wise to 
Casual speech shaping, the moral

1321
01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:45,800
tenor of the day. 
Many readers had no idea that 

1322
01:13:45,800 --> 01:13:49,900
franklyn behind the comedic mask
of Richardson's orchestrated 

1323
01:13:49,900 --> 01:13:52,500
each aphorism with a shrewd 
sense of what the public would 

1324
01:13:52,500 --> 01:13:55,300
embrace. 
By the mid-70s. 

1325
01:13:55,300 --> 01:13:59,100
He was no longer just a scrappy 
printer he was emerging as a 

1326
01:13:59,108 --> 01:14:01,600
Civic figure recognized for 
Bridging the Divide of a 

1327
01:14:01,600 --> 01:14:05,300
fractious, colonial society. 
His illusions of grandeur was 

1328
01:14:05,300 --> 01:14:08,700
subdued though. 
He remained humble enough to 

1329
01:14:08,700 --> 01:14:11,200
realize that the bigger the 
stage, the steeper, the 

1330
01:14:11,200 --> 01:14:13,800
criticisms. 
Nevertheless, the path ahead 

1331
01:14:13,800 --> 01:14:17,100
Beckham to new rails, both 
scientific and political that 

1332
01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:19,400
would redefine his standing in 
the colonies and Beyond. 

1333
01:14:20,200 --> 01:14:24,600
As the 1740s unfolded Franklin 
expanded, his repertoire of 

1334
01:14:24,600 --> 01:14:27,300
Ventures, moving beyond the 
realm of printing, presses, and 

1335
01:14:27,300 --> 01:14:30,300
local libraries. 
He began a foray into public 

1336
01:14:30,300 --> 01:14:32,800
office. 
First as caca, the Pennsylvania 

1337
01:14:32,800 --> 01:14:36,800
assembly then as a Justice of 
the Peace though, these roles 

1338
01:14:36,800 --> 01:14:39,700
brought little direct power. 
They introduced him to the 

1339
01:14:39,700 --> 01:14:42,000
mechanics of governance and 
legislative procedures. 

1340
01:14:42,800 --> 01:14:45,700
Franklin quickly grasped that 
influence often arose, not from 

1341
01:14:45,700 --> 01:14:48,700
formal titles, but from 
credibility and discourse. 

1342
01:14:49,700 --> 01:14:51,300
Where the drafting petitions or 
speaking? 

1343
01:14:51,300 --> 01:14:54,800
Softly behind the scenes. 
He proved a depth at galvanizing

1344
01:14:54,800 --> 01:14:58,200
votes around pragmatic 
Solutions, his philanthropic 

1345
01:14:58,200 --> 01:15:00,000
instincts. 
Also guided him to found what he

1346
01:15:00,008 --> 01:15:05,100
called an academy. 
Conceived in the mid 1740s. 

1347
01:15:05,100 --> 01:15:08,400
This initiative eventually 
evolved into the University of 

1348
01:15:08,400 --> 01:15:11,800
Pennsylvania, dissatisfied with 
narrow classical curricular 

1349
01:15:11,800 --> 01:15:15,300
franklynn for an institution 
that melded, theoretical 

1350
01:15:15,300 --> 01:15:18,800
knowledge with practical Arts. 
He envisioned horses in modern 

1351
01:15:18,800 --> 01:15:23,100
languages Commerce and applied 
science is strikingly 

1352
01:15:23,100 --> 01:15:25,700
Progressive when many were still
clung to Latin and Greek. 

1353
01:15:25,700 --> 01:15:28,600
As the backbone of learning, 
Gathering donations from 

1354
01:15:28,600 --> 01:15:30,900
merchants and Mild support from 
local leaders. 

1355
01:15:30,900 --> 01:15:35,400
He opened the academy in 1751 
students arrive from various 

1356
01:15:35,400 --> 01:15:38,508
Colonial towns forging, a new 
generation steeped in the 

1357
01:15:38,516 --> 01:15:41,500
Synergy of classical ideals, and
real world problem solving, 

1358
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:45,000
Meanwhile, Franklin's 
fascination with electricity, 

1359
01:15:45,000 --> 01:15:49,000
escalated news, reached him of a
European experiments generating 

1360
01:15:49,000 --> 01:15:53,000
Sparks from friction machines. 
Intrigued he improvised his 

1361
01:15:53,000 --> 01:15:56,800
apparatus, he discovered that 
after rubbing a glass tube bits 

1362
01:15:56,800 --> 01:16:00,900
of cork or paper jump toward it,
revealing hidden charges he took

1363
01:16:00,900 --> 01:16:04,700
copious notes meticulously 
describing how certain materials

1364
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:08,800
attracted or repelled Over time,
he concluded that electricity 

1365
01:16:08,800 --> 01:16:11,000
involved. 
A single fluid that could move 

1366
01:16:11,000 --> 01:16:13,800
from one object to another 
revolutionary concept for the 

1367
01:16:13,808 --> 01:16:15,900
era. 
He even coined terms like 

1368
01:16:15,900 --> 01:16:18,900
battery are positive and 
negative charges. 

1369
01:16:18,900 --> 01:16:22,900
These insights published in 
pamphlets reached, the Royal 

1370
01:16:22,900 --> 01:16:26,300
Society in London, catapulting, 
frankly in into the realm of 

1371
01:16:26,300 --> 01:16:29,500
serious science. 
His legendary kite experiment, 

1372
01:16:29,500 --> 01:16:33,100
while dramatized in modern 
retellings, indeed occurred 

1373
01:16:33,100 --> 01:16:37,600
around 1752 concerned that 
Europe's official experimenters 

1374
01:16:37,600 --> 01:16:40,000
might beat him to proof that 
lightning was Electric. 

1375
01:16:40,800 --> 01:16:43,800
Franklin prepared, a kite made 
from silk and a conductive metal

1376
01:16:43,800 --> 01:16:48,600
wire planning to fly at during a
thunderstorm observers often 

1377
01:16:48,600 --> 01:16:53,200
imagined dramatic flashes. but 
frankly took precautions, he 

1378
01:16:53,200 --> 01:16:56,700
stood under shelter holding the 
kite string, only through a key,

1379
01:16:56,700 --> 01:17:00,200
attached near the bottom, The 
moment the kite soared into 

1380
01:17:00,200 --> 01:17:03,700
stormy, clouds, the strands of 
the string, group brisley 

1381
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:06,400
signaling that electric charge 
was traveling downward. 

1382
01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:09,900
Small spark from the key to his 
knuckle affirmed. 

1383
01:17:09,900 --> 01:17:12,600
His hypothesis. 
This demonstration led him to 

1384
01:17:12,600 --> 01:17:15,200
propose. 
The lightning rod, an iron Rod 

1385
01:17:15,200 --> 01:17:18,400
placed atop buildings to direct 
Lightning's destructive force 

1386
01:17:18,400 --> 01:17:21,300
safely into the ground His 
success in explaining 

1387
01:17:21,300 --> 01:17:24,100
Lightning's nature. 
Elevated his reputation overseas

1388
01:17:24,100 --> 01:17:28,300
soon letters from eminent 
European savants poured in 

1389
01:17:28,308 --> 01:17:31,800
praising the ingenious Mr. 
Frankfurter Franklin of 

1390
01:17:31,800 --> 01:17:35,500
Philadelphia. 
Yet at home, his daily 

1391
01:17:35,500 --> 01:17:39,200
responsibilities continued 
unabated, running a busy print 

1392
01:17:39,200 --> 01:17:41,400
shop. 
Publishing a newspaper and 

1393
01:17:41,400 --> 01:17:45,200
encouraging local improvements. 
Scarcely, had time to Revel in 

1394
01:17:45,208 --> 01:17:47,600
his scientific achievements. 
Indeed. 

1395
01:17:47,600 --> 01:17:51,000
Franklin, expressed surprise 
that his experiments won him so 

1396
01:17:51,000 --> 01:17:51,900
much. 
Acclaim abroad. 

1397
01:17:51,900 --> 01:17:55,700
While many neighbors remained 
unimpressed or simply confused 

1398
01:17:55,700 --> 01:17:59,200
by his Lightning game games. 
As if science and commerce 

1399
01:17:59,200 --> 01:18:02,000
weren't enough Franklin became, 
increasingly involved in 

1400
01:18:02,000 --> 01:18:04,800
Frontier politics. 
Tensions flared between 

1401
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:07,400
Pennsylvania's Quaker. 
Dominated assembly in the pain 

1402
01:18:07,400 --> 01:18:09,400
for Molly Proprietors of the 
colony. 

1403
01:18:10,000 --> 01:18:13,100
Franklin believed in Fair, 
taxation, including taxes on the

1404
01:18:13,100 --> 01:18:16,100
Proprietors vast. 
Estates a view that had put him 

1405
01:18:16,100 --> 01:18:19,900
at odds with the privileged few,
additionally British French 

1406
01:18:19,900 --> 01:18:22,900
competition in North America was
heating up culminating in the 

1407
01:18:22,908 --> 01:18:26,300
French and Indian War Franklin, 
convinced that defense required 

1408
01:18:26,300 --> 01:18:30,600
Unity among colonies proposed 
his famous Join or Die cartoon. 

1409
01:18:30,600 --> 01:18:34,700
A segmented, snake representing 
the separate colonies, though. 

1410
01:18:34,700 --> 01:18:38,000
It spurred, dialogue, 
intercolonial Unity remained 

1411
01:18:38,000 --> 01:18:42,600
elusive, This interplay of local
squabbles and looming War tested

1412
01:18:42,600 --> 01:18:45,400
Franklin's political 
adaptability amid. 

1413
01:18:45,400 --> 01:18:48,300
These swirling commitments 
Franklins, personal Circle 

1414
01:18:48,300 --> 01:18:51,300
change Partnership with Deborah 
Reid. 

1415
01:18:51,300 --> 01:18:54,000
Persisted though, they'd never 
married in a conventional 

1416
01:18:54,000 --> 01:18:56,700
sermon. 
He filed children including 

1417
01:18:56,700 --> 01:18:58,800
William. 
Franklyn, who would later become

1418
01:18:58,800 --> 01:19:01,100
a royal governor? 
A Twist that would strain their 

1419
01:19:01,100 --> 01:19:02,700
bond as the revolution 
approached. 

1420
01:19:03,400 --> 01:19:06,500
Franklyn for all his rational 
thinking faced heartbreak and 

1421
01:19:06,500 --> 01:19:11,200
family tension in joyed comedic 
relief hosting Gatherings where 

1422
01:19:11,200 --> 01:19:14,300
Brandy laced conversation, 
turned to improbable ideas like 

1423
01:19:14,300 --> 01:19:17,900
controlling storms or forging 
alliances with Iraqi 

1424
01:19:17,900 --> 01:19:20,600
confederacies. 
Those evening's captured the 

1425
01:19:20,608 --> 01:19:23,400
spirit of a man at once playful 
and profoundly serious about 

1426
01:19:23,400 --> 01:19:28,000
shape of a better Society by 
1755, Franklin's name carried, 

1427
01:19:28,000 --> 01:19:32,200
weight across multiple spheres 
inventor publisher, Civic 

1428
01:19:32,200 --> 01:19:34,600
organizer and budding political 
presence. 

1429
01:19:35,900 --> 01:19:38,600
The complexities of colonial 
life demanded more from him, 

1430
01:19:38,600 --> 01:19:42,100
especially as War clouds loomed 
on the horizon. 

1431
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:46,200
He read these Omens, suspecting 
that events in Europe would soon

1432
01:19:46,200 --> 01:19:48,200
Ripple through the colonies and 
forceful ways. 

1433
01:19:48,200 --> 01:19:52,100
His intellectual curiosity. 
Sharpened by successes in 

1434
01:19:52,100 --> 01:19:55,900
science prepared him to tackle 
these challenges yet even 

1435
01:19:55,900 --> 01:19:58,700
Franklin, couldn't foresee how 
drastically the next decade 

1436
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:02,108
would alter his path. 
The mid 1750s ushered in the 

1437
01:20:02,116 --> 01:20:05,300
French and Indian War pitting. 
British colonists, and their 

1438
01:20:05,300 --> 01:20:06,900
native allies against French 
forces. 

1439
01:20:06,900 --> 01:20:10,600
For control of North American 
Frontiers suddenly Franklin's 

1440
01:20:10,600 --> 01:20:12,800
calls for coordinated defense, 
took on new urgency 

1441
01:20:12,800 --> 01:20:16,700
Pennsylvania, traditional 
pacifist under Quaker influence 

1442
01:20:16,700 --> 01:20:21,000
hesitated to fund a militia. 
Franklyn intervened by rallying 

1443
01:20:21,000 --> 01:20:24,000
the public to support the 
fortification of the colonies 

1444
01:20:24,000 --> 01:20:28,300
Western borders, even Trek to 
the Lehigh Valley supervising, 

1445
01:20:28,300 --> 01:20:30,700
the construction of simple, 
stockades and negotiating 

1446
01:20:30,700 --> 01:20:32,300
Provisions with Frontier 
settlers. 

1447
01:20:32,300 --> 01:20:36,200
This experience deepened, his 
conviction that decentralized 

1448
01:20:36,200 --> 01:20:40,300
Colonial governance invited 
Peril in times of crisis During 

1449
01:20:40,300 --> 01:20:43,800
this tumult, the Pennsylvania 
assembly dispatched, franklyn to

1450
01:20:43,800 --> 01:20:46,900
London as a colonial agent 
hoping he could Lobby, British 

1451
01:20:46,900 --> 01:20:48,400
officials for favorable 
policies. 

1452
01:20:48,400 --> 01:20:54,100
Arriving in 1757, he was struck 
by London's vastness, teaming, 

1453
01:20:54,100 --> 01:20:58,300
Commerce, or Nate architecture, 
and a lively intellectual scene.

1454
01:20:59,000 --> 01:21:02,400
No mere tourist Franklin got 
into the city's Coffee, House 

1455
01:21:02,400 --> 01:21:06,000
culture mingling with writers 
scientists and members of 

1456
01:21:06,000 --> 01:21:08,700
parliament. 
He soon realized that British 

1457
01:21:08,700 --> 01:21:12,000
politicians often held the 
colonies in low regard, seeing 

1458
01:21:12,000 --> 01:21:14,900
them as sources of revenue or 
strategic buffers rather than 

1459
01:21:14,900 --> 01:21:18,200
Partners. 
Nevertheless Franklin's wit and 

1460
01:21:18,200 --> 01:21:21,100
scientific reputation eased his 
entry into Elite circles. 

1461
01:21:21,800 --> 01:21:24,300
He garnered invitations to 
electron electricity 

1462
01:21:24,300 --> 01:21:28,200
demonstration in hand. 
Wowing Aristocrats, who marveled

1463
01:21:28,200 --> 01:21:31,600
at the American electrician? 
Some found his plane, Quaker, 

1464
01:21:31,600 --> 01:21:34,900
like dress refreshing in a world
of powdered wigs and ruffled 

1465
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:37,500
cuffs. 
Truly Franklin. 

1466
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:40,500
Leveraged the social encounters 
to address Colonial concerns. 

1467
01:21:41,400 --> 01:21:43,400
He lobbied for fairer, trade 
regulations. 

1468
01:21:43,400 --> 01:21:45,900
And tried to persuade the Penn 
family to shoulder their share 

1469
01:21:45,900 --> 01:21:49,200
of taxes and Pennsylvania. 
Though the mission advanced in 

1470
01:21:49,200 --> 01:21:52,400
small increments, Franklin, 
chafed at the slow pace of 

1471
01:21:52,400 --> 01:21:56,000
British bureaucracy over time he
witnessed the seeds of 

1472
01:21:56,008 --> 01:21:58,500
paternalistic attitudes. 
That would later spark, 

1473
01:21:58,500 --> 01:22:01,900
full-blown Colonial resentment, 
he wrote letters back to 

1474
01:22:01,900 --> 01:22:04,700
Philadelphia, warning that 
British officials seemed 

1475
01:22:04,700 --> 01:22:08,400
oblivious to Colonial 
capacities, He also recognized 

1476
01:22:08,400 --> 01:22:10,600
that entrenched Aristocrats in 
Parliament viewed. 

1477
01:22:10,600 --> 01:22:14,000
Colonial assemblies as 
subservient in subtle ways. 

1478
01:22:14,000 --> 01:22:17,000
These experiences eroded 
Franklin's loyalty to the 

1479
01:22:17,008 --> 01:22:20,600
Empire's status quo, Franklin 
spent five years, in London, 

1480
01:22:20,600 --> 01:22:25,200
returning home in 1762 reunited 
with Deborah and his family. 

1481
01:22:25,200 --> 01:22:28,400
He found that Philadelphia had 
grown in population and ambition

1482
01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:33,100
despite success in resolving. 
Some Pennsylvania disputes, new 

1483
01:22:33,100 --> 01:22:36,400
controversies loomed. 
The British government having 

1484
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:40,300
incurred massive debts from the 
war considered imposing taxes on

1485
01:22:40,300 --> 01:22:43,600
the colonies to recoup costs. 
Franklin saw the probable 

1486
01:22:43,600 --> 01:22:46,500
friction. 
That would result Before he 

1487
01:22:46,500 --> 01:22:49,200
could settle in. 
However the assembly again, 

1488
01:22:49,200 --> 01:22:52,200
tapped him for diplomatic tasks.
Sure enough. 

1489
01:22:52,200 --> 01:22:56,800
In 1764 with the Stamp Act on 
the horizon, Franklin was sent 

1490
01:22:56,808 --> 01:22:59,400
back to London to represent 
Pennsylvania's opposition to 

1491
01:22:59,400 --> 01:23:01,500
direct taxation without Colonial
input. 

1492
01:23:01,500 --> 01:23:04,900
The Stamp Act crisis erupted in 
1765. 

1493
01:23:04,900 --> 01:23:09,300
Igniting unrest, across the 
colonies Critics on both sides. 

1494
01:23:09,300 --> 01:23:11,800
Hammered plant, franklyn from 
his vantage point. 

1495
01:23:11,800 --> 01:23:15,300
In Britain, colonists suspected.
He'd been complacent about the 

1496
01:23:15,308 --> 01:23:19,000
acts drafting londoners accused 
him of stirring rebellious 

1497
01:23:19,000 --> 01:23:21,600
sentiments. 
He testified before the House of

1498
01:23:21,600 --> 01:23:25,800
Commons, in 1766, offering a 
measured but firm explanation of

1499
01:23:25,800 --> 01:23:28,400
why the colonies believed. 
They should not be taxed by a 

1500
01:23:28,400 --> 01:23:30,700
parliament where they had no 
elected representatives. 

1501
01:23:30,700 --> 01:23:35,100
His argument phrased in calm, 
logical terms, suede summer 

1502
01:23:35,100 --> 01:23:38,500
opinion contributing to the 
Stamp Acts of ventral repeal. 

1503
01:23:38,500 --> 01:23:42,400
Yet tensions didn't subside, 
fully the declaratory act 

1504
01:23:42,400 --> 01:23:45,000
followed asserting Britain's 
right to legislate for the 

1505
01:23:45,000 --> 01:23:46,200
colonies in all. 
Cases whatsoever. 

1506
01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:50,300
Franklin, lingard in Britain, 
dividing his time between 

1507
01:23:50,300 --> 01:23:53,200
official negotiations and 
private scientific Pursuits. 

1508
01:23:53,200 --> 01:23:56,700
He joined the Royal Society. 
Forging friendships with 

1509
01:23:56,700 --> 01:23:58,400
luminaries like Joseph 
Priestley. 

1510
01:23:58,400 --> 01:24:02,200
They debated the nature of gases
the possibility of manned 

1511
01:24:02,200 --> 01:24:06,100
flight, a new Mechanical 
Devices, Franklin's Adept mind 

1512
01:24:06,100 --> 01:24:09,100
roved, freely in these circles 
producing incremental 

1513
01:24:09,100 --> 01:24:11,600
contributions to Fields like 
meteorology and oceanography. 

1514
01:24:12,800 --> 01:24:15,300
He mapped The Gulfstream after 
hearing whaling captains 

1515
01:24:15,300 --> 01:24:18,800
discuss, warm Atlantic currents,
guiding ships to exploit faster 

1516
01:24:18,800 --> 01:24:22,200
routes across the ocean. 
Yet personal heartbreak struck, 

1517
01:24:22,200 --> 01:24:27,000
Deborah passed away in 1774. 
Franklyn, who'd been abroad for 

1518
01:24:27,000 --> 01:24:30,300
years, felt deep regretted, not 
seeing her in her final days. 

1519
01:24:30,300 --> 01:24:35,500
Meanwhile, political storms at 
home intensified, The Boston Tea

1520
01:24:35,500 --> 01:24:38,500
Party erupted, prompting harsh, 
British retaliation. 

1521
01:24:39,400 --> 01:24:42,900
Franklyn found himself once more
the target of criticism even 

1522
01:24:42,900 --> 01:24:45,900
singled out by the British privy
Council for public Century in 

1523
01:24:45,900 --> 01:24:49,700
1774 over leaked letters, 
slanted and humiliated and 

1524
01:24:49,700 --> 01:24:53,400
humiliating here in he sent that
reconciliation might be doomed 

1525
01:24:53,400 --> 01:24:57,200
in that humiliating moment, the 
cracks in his hope for a 

1526
01:24:57,200 --> 01:25:00,100
peaceful resolution to the 
Imperial crisis, widened into a 

1527
01:25:00,100 --> 01:25:05,500
chasm. when he finally sailed 
back to America in 1775 War, 

1528
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:08,700
seemed likely Franklyn had left 
the colonies as a patient 

1529
01:25:08,708 --> 01:25:12,200
mediator seeking compromise. 
He returned an embittered 

1530
01:25:12,200 --> 01:25:15,000
observer convinced that 
Britain's Ministry, would never 

1531
01:25:15,000 --> 01:25:18,400
treat the colonies fairly this 
pivot, would chart the next 

1532
01:25:18,400 --> 01:25:21,100
phase of his life. 
Transforming him from loyal, 

1533
01:25:21,100 --> 01:25:24,300
Colonial agent into a champion 
of Independence a role that 

1534
01:25:24,300 --> 01:25:27,200
ironically if you might have 
predicted a decade earlier, 

1535
01:25:28,000 --> 01:25:31,100
Franklin landed in Philadelphia 
into May 1775. 

1536
01:25:31,100 --> 01:25:35,000
Greeted by an unfolding 
Revolution, Lexington and 

1537
01:25:35,000 --> 01:25:36,800
Concord add battles had already 
erupted. 

1538
01:25:36,800 --> 01:25:40,900
Mobilizing militias across the 
colonies the Second Continental 

1539
01:25:40,900 --> 01:25:42,100
Congress. 
Convened. 

1540
01:25:42,100 --> 01:25:46,400
Grappling, with, whether to seek
reconciliation or assert 

1541
01:25:46,400 --> 01:25:49,600
Independence, Franklin's arrival
injected, a seasoned 

1542
01:25:49,600 --> 01:25:51,800
perspective. 
He had been at the heart of 

1543
01:25:51,800 --> 01:26:01,200
neurotransmitters, nonetheless. 
He did not rush to declare 

1544
01:26:01,200 --> 01:26:04,400
separation. 
Like many delegates Franklin 

1545
01:26:04,400 --> 01:26:07,700
believed that a unified approach
was imperative the Congress 

1546
01:26:07,700 --> 01:26:10,800
formed, the Continental Army, 
naming George Washington as 

1547
01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:14,100
Commander in Chief, meanwhile 
Franklin chaired committees on 

1548
01:26:14,100 --> 01:26:17,000
Postal Service leading and hand 
him becoming America's first 

1549
01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:19,700
Postmaster General. 
And on forging alliances with 

1550
01:26:19,700 --> 01:26:22,400
Native groups, his pragmatic 
style. 

1551
01:26:22,400 --> 01:26:25,300
Listening intently forging 
consensus helped nudge the 

1552
01:26:25,300 --> 01:26:27,800
Congress forward. 
He also made time to communicate

1553
01:26:27,800 --> 01:26:30,900
with friends in Britain, who 
supported Colonial rights 

1554
01:26:30,900 --> 01:26:34,900
regretting, the delay in 
reaching a consensus Crucially, 

1555
01:26:34,900 --> 01:26:37,900
franklyn joined a committee 
tasked with drafting a 

1556
01:26:37,900 --> 01:26:42,100
declaration of independence in 
mid 1776 that small group 

1557
01:26:42,100 --> 01:26:44,200
included, Thomas Jefferson John 
Adams. 

1558
01:26:44,200 --> 01:26:47,500
Roger Sherman. 
And Robert Livingston Jefferson 

1559
01:26:47,500 --> 01:26:50,600
known for his eloquent pain, 
took the primary writing role. 

1560
01:26:51,300 --> 01:26:53,700
Yet, Franklin's edits shape the 
final text. 

1561
01:26:54,500 --> 01:26:56,900
He proposed changes to some of 
Jefferson's more floride 

1562
01:26:56,900 --> 01:26:59,000
passages, seeking crisp 
directness. 

1563
01:26:59,900 --> 01:27:03,300
When the Declaration was 
ratified on July 4th 1776 

1564
01:27:03,300 --> 01:27:07,400
Franklins signature joined 
others at the bottom marking him

1565
01:27:07,400 --> 01:27:10,300
as one of the founding signers 
equipped afterward. 

1566
01:27:10,300 --> 01:27:13,100
We must all hang together or 
most assuredly. 

1567
01:27:13,100 --> 01:27:16,300
We shall all hang separately. 
Capturing the precarious Unity 

1568
01:27:16,300 --> 01:27:18,800
of the moment. 
The next challenge was 

1569
01:27:18,800 --> 01:27:22,500
international support. 
Diplomatic ties, specially with 

1570
01:27:22,500 --> 01:27:26,800
France, were critical for the 
rebel cause having spent ample 

1571
01:27:26,800 --> 01:27:29,400
time in Europe and possessing a 
flair for interpersonal charm. 

1572
01:27:29,400 --> 01:27:34,000
Franklin was the natural Envoy 
in late. 1776, he crossed the 

1573
01:27:34,008 --> 01:27:36,600
Atlantic again. 
Braving winter Seas to reach 

1574
01:27:36,600 --> 01:27:38,800
Paris. 
There we took up residence in 

1575
01:27:38,800 --> 01:27:40,500
passing near the city's 
outskirts. 

1576
01:27:40,500 --> 01:27:45,000
Clad in a fur cap instead of a 
wig Franklin cut an arresting 

1577
01:27:45,000 --> 01:27:48,100
cigarette, French salons 
Aristocrats found him both 

1578
01:27:48,100 --> 01:27:51,500
amusing and wise and thrall by 
the notion of a plain spoken 

1579
01:27:51,500 --> 01:27:54,900
philosopher from the new world, 
Franklin's Mission transcended, 

1580
01:27:54,900 --> 01:27:58,800
mere socializing, he needed 
French backing money arms, 

1581
01:27:58,800 --> 01:28:00,700
possibly direct military 
intervention. 

1582
01:28:00,700 --> 01:28:04,000
Yet the French Court while 
sympathetic to humiliating 

1583
01:28:04,000 --> 01:28:07,600
Britain moved cautiously 
Franklyn leveraged his 

1584
01:28:07,600 --> 01:28:10,200
scientific renowned, 
intellectual banter, and a 

1585
01:28:10,200 --> 01:28:12,900
subtle sense of theater. 
He regaled guests with 

1586
01:28:12,900 --> 01:28:15,800
experiments on static 
electricity offered. 

1587
01:28:15,800 --> 01:28:19,800
Whitney aphorisms and prized 
French art over dinners. 

1588
01:28:19,800 --> 01:28:28,400
He described the Quest, for 
Liberty, painting it as a global

1589
01:28:28,400 --> 01:28:30,700
struggle, pitting or talky 
against enlightenment. 

1590
01:28:32,100 --> 01:28:35,700
Over time Franklin became a 
sensation in prison circles, 

1591
01:28:35,700 --> 01:28:40,000
political alliances blossomed 
behind the scenes culminating in

1592
01:28:40,000 --> 01:28:43,100
the 1778 franco-american Treaty 
of Alliance. 

1593
01:28:43,100 --> 01:28:46,700
This partnership significant, 
the Triumph for the nascent 

1594
01:28:46,700 --> 01:28:49,600
United States, fundamentally 
altered the course of events. 

1595
01:28:50,600 --> 01:28:52,900
French naval and Military 
Support hammered British 

1596
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:56,600
positions, Franklin continued to
refine the arrangement pressing 

1597
01:28:56,600 --> 01:28:59,600
for loans and supplies letters 
from American generals. 

1598
01:28:59,600 --> 01:29:02,300
Describing dire needs arrived 
weekly. 

1599
01:29:03,100 --> 01:29:06,100
Franklyn juggled these pleased 
with the indexes of French Court

1600
01:29:06,100 --> 01:29:09,300
politics, while some younger 
French officers, like Lafayette 

1601
01:29:09,300 --> 01:29:12,500
romanticized, the revolution, 
King, Louis, the 16th weighed 

1602
01:29:12,500 --> 01:29:14,100
the risk of bankrupting his 
Treasury. 

1603
01:29:14,900 --> 01:29:18,100
Franklyn navigated these cross 
currents with a plum offering 

1604
01:29:18,100 --> 01:29:19,900
gracious. 
Thanks for every concession 

1605
01:29:19,900 --> 01:29:24,700
while quietly pressing for more.
Amid these negotiations Franklin

1606
01:29:24,700 --> 01:29:27,500
also displayed his renowned 
since of humor one. 

1607
01:29:27,500 --> 01:29:30,500
Anecdote recounted dinner at 
which a French Noble expressed 

1608
01:29:30,500 --> 01:29:32,400
doubt that a new Republic could 
succeed. 

1609
01:29:32,400 --> 01:29:36,400
Franklin, allegedly responded 
with a Whimsical analogy about 

1610
01:29:36,400 --> 01:29:37,900
Horizon Balloon that might 
wobble. 

1611
01:29:37,900 --> 01:29:41,600
But ultimately float leaving 
doubt as behind, he understood 

1612
01:29:41,600 --> 01:29:44,300
that small symbolic gestures 
combined. 

1613
01:29:44,300 --> 01:29:47,500
With rational argument often 
wielded outside influence in 

1614
01:29:47,508 --> 01:29:51,500
diplomatic circles, the Synergy 
of warmth intelligence and 

1615
01:29:51,500 --> 01:29:55,600
subtle persuasion proved 
invaluable By 1781 the 

1616
01:29:55,600 --> 01:29:58,000
franco-american alliance had 
turned the wars. 

1617
01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:02,200
Momentum Victory at Yorktown. 
Aided by French forces ended 

1618
01:30:02,200 --> 01:30:05,400
major hostilities yet? 
Formal piece, took time, 

1619
01:30:05,400 --> 01:30:08,500
Franklin joined the American 
Peace Commission with John Adams

1620
01:30:08,500 --> 01:30:11,900
and John Jay forging, the 1783 
Treaty of Paris. 

1621
01:30:12,900 --> 01:30:16,000
The negotiations tested 
Franklin's patients as British 

1622
01:30:16,000 --> 01:30:19,800
officials jockeyed for favorable
terms, in the end, the treaty 

1623
01:30:19,800 --> 01:30:22,500
recognized us, independence, and
set boundaries, that shape. 

1624
01:30:22,500 --> 01:30:26,200
The young Nations prospects. 
Franklin found satisfaction in 

1625
01:30:26,200 --> 01:30:29,200
receiving British diplomats at 
the same city where the monarchy

1626
01:30:29,200 --> 01:30:31,900
at once scorned him. 
Yet, he did not gloat. 

1627
01:30:31,900 --> 01:30:34,300
The end of War demanded 
reconciliation. 

1628
01:30:34,300 --> 01:30:37,600
He believed that forging stable 
commerce between Britain and 

1629
01:30:37,600 --> 01:30:40,700
America would benefit both. 
Having secured Independence, 

1630
01:30:40,700 --> 01:30:43,600
franklyn lingered in France, as 
an unofficial cultural 

1631
01:30:43,600 --> 01:30:46,800
Ambassador relishing. 
The cities intellectual ferment.

1632
01:30:46,800 --> 01:30:49,900
His final years in Europe were 
busy with banquet's. 

1633
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:53,600
Scientific forums and visits 
from illuminaries yet. 

1634
01:30:53,600 --> 01:30:56,500
Philadelphia Beckham. 
And He would soon return home to

1635
01:30:56,500 --> 01:30:59,700
a new set of challenges shaping,
the Constitution and the future 

1636
01:30:59,700 --> 01:31:03,300
of a republic. 
He had helped birth In 1785 

1637
01:31:03,300 --> 01:31:07,200
Franklin At Last returned to the
United States docking and 

1638
01:31:07,200 --> 01:31:11,500
Philadelphia to warm receptions.
Local citizens, lionized him as 

1639
01:31:11,500 --> 01:31:13,200
the architect of a triumphant 
Alliance. 

1640
01:31:14,100 --> 01:31:17,300
The wise Elder Statesman, who 
Charmed Paris into aiding the 

1641
01:31:17,300 --> 01:31:20,300
revolution. 
Yet Franklin, then in his late 

1642
01:31:20,300 --> 01:31:23,000
70s. 
Knew the war's end and settle 

1643
01:31:23,000 --> 01:31:25,900
how these United Colonies would 
operate as a cohesive Nation. 

1644
01:31:26,900 --> 01:31:30,300
A shaky Confederation still 
governed lacking the power to 

1645
01:31:30,300 --> 01:31:34,000
regulate commerce or unify 
States disputes Royal over 

1646
01:31:34,000 --> 01:31:36,900
boundaries tariffs and War 
debts. 

1647
01:31:37,600 --> 01:31:40,900
Despite his age Franklin 
accepted election as president, 

1648
01:31:40,900 --> 01:31:44,300
governor of Pennsylvania. 
Stepping into a largely 

1649
01:31:44,300 --> 01:31:47,800
ceremonial but symbolically 
important post, he willed the 

1650
01:31:47,800 --> 01:31:51,000
role to Champion policies for 
civic Improvement, roads, 

1651
01:31:51,000 --> 01:31:53,800
firefighting expansions, and 
education. 

1652
01:31:54,700 --> 01:31:58,200
However an even more pressing 
matter, loomed forging a 

1653
01:31:58,200 --> 01:32:04,000
stronger Federal framework in 
1785 1787 delegates convened in 

1654
01:32:04,000 --> 01:32:06,800
Philadelphia for what became the
Constitutional Convention. 

1655
01:32:08,100 --> 01:32:11,500
Franklin, physically, frail 
arrived each day in a sedan 

1656
01:32:11,500 --> 01:32:13,500
chair carried by prisoners from 
the local jail. 

1657
01:32:13,500 --> 01:32:15,800
They were assigned to him as a 
courtesy. 

1658
01:32:15,800 --> 01:32:18,300
Nevertheless his presence 
galvanized. 

1659
01:32:18,300 --> 01:32:21,600
Participants although James 
Madison and others led the 

1660
01:32:21,600 --> 01:32:25,400
drafting Franklin's influence 
often smoothed bitter disputes 

1661
01:32:25,400 --> 01:32:29,500
during the sweltering debates, 
tempers flared, small states. 

1662
01:32:29,500 --> 01:32:32,900
Feared dominance by large 
states, While others demanded 

1663
01:32:32,900 --> 01:32:36,300
checks on federal Authority, 
Franklin rarely took the floor 

1664
01:32:36,300 --> 01:32:38,800
for extended speeches. 
His hearing was poor and he 

1665
01:32:38,800 --> 01:32:42,700
tired easily but when he did 
speak, he used Rye anecdotes to 

1666
01:32:42,700 --> 01:32:46,200
defuse tension, he urged 
compromise cautioning. 

1667
01:32:46,200 --> 01:32:49,100
That no perfect Constitution 
could be formed by flawed 

1668
01:32:49,100 --> 01:32:51,500
humans. 
One famous incident saw him 

1669
01:32:51,508 --> 01:32:55,700
proposed daily prayers, not out 
of strict religiosity, but to 

1670
01:32:55,700 --> 01:32:57,500
remind delegates of shared 
humility. 

1671
01:32:58,400 --> 01:33:02,300
His mediation plus behind the 
scenes, coaxing helped shape the

1672
01:33:02,300 --> 01:33:05,400
final product. 
A constitution granting enough 

1673
01:33:05,400 --> 01:33:08,300
central power, to unify the 
state's without trampling local 

1674
01:33:08,300 --> 01:33:11,600
progressives. 
At the convention's close a 

1675
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:13,400
bystand asked. 
Franklyn what form of government

1676
01:33:13,400 --> 01:33:17,000
had emerged? 
He famously replied a republic 

1677
01:33:17,000 --> 01:33:20,900
if You can keep it. 
That quips, summarized his 

1678
01:33:20,900 --> 01:33:24,500
Outlook, the new structure, 
demanded vigilance moral 

1679
01:33:24,500 --> 01:33:26,500
leadership, and an informed 
citizenry. 

1680
01:33:27,200 --> 01:33:28,700
A lesser known note from that 
day. 

1681
01:33:28,700 --> 01:33:32,400
Is that Franklin also commented 
on an emblem, carved into George

1682
01:33:32,400 --> 01:33:35,300
Washington's chair, a son 
perched on the horizon. 

1683
01:33:36,200 --> 01:33:38,600
Franklin said, he had long 
wondered whether that sun was 

1684
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:42,700
rising or setting. 
Now he can concluded, it was a 

1685
01:33:42,700 --> 01:33:44,900
Rising Sun, a symbol of renewed 
hope. 

1686
01:33:45,600 --> 01:33:48,600
Once the Constitution was 
ratified Franklin's Health. 

1687
01:33:48,600 --> 01:33:52,500
Deteriorated further. 
Gout plagued him confining him 

1688
01:33:52,500 --> 01:33:56,000
to bed for stretches yet. 
He remained cognitively sharp 

1689
01:33:56,000 --> 01:33:59,100
continuing to correspond with 
Scientists abroad. 

1690
01:33:59,100 --> 01:34:02,900
Exploring everything from ocean 
currents, to Refrigeration 

1691
01:34:02,900 --> 01:34:05,800
theories. 
He also engaged in philanthropic

1692
01:34:05,800 --> 01:34:09,700
efforts donating funds to local 
charities and urging the city to

1693
01:34:09,700 --> 01:34:12,800
create better public sanitation 
slavery, weighed on his 

1694
01:34:12,800 --> 01:34:15,400
conscience. 
Having once owned a couple of 

1695
01:34:15,400 --> 01:34:17,900
household slaves in early 
decades, a practice. 

1696
01:34:17,900 --> 01:34:21,100
He eventually came to deploy 
franklyn in his final years 

1697
01:34:21,100 --> 01:34:23,600
served as president of the 
Pennsylvania Society for 

1698
01:34:23,600 --> 01:34:25,200
promoting the abolition of 
slavery. 

1699
01:34:26,100 --> 01:34:28,900
He petitioned the first Congress
under the Constitution to Halt. 

1700
01:34:28,900 --> 01:34:32,600
The trade a bold stance that 
provoked, Anger from Southern 

1701
01:34:32,600 --> 01:34:37,100
Representatives But frankly was 
Resolute believing that moral 

1702
01:34:37,100 --> 01:34:39,800
consistency, required. 
Confronting America's hypocrisy 

1703
01:34:39,800 --> 01:34:44,100
on Liberty, In 1789, the 
Constitution took effect. 

1704
01:34:44,700 --> 01:34:46,600
Franklyn witnessed the 
inauguration of George 

1705
01:34:46,600 --> 01:34:48,600
Washington as the first 
president under the new 

1706
01:34:48,600 --> 01:34:50,900
government. 
Reaffirming that the experiment,

1707
01:34:50,900 --> 01:34:53,000
he helped launch would be led by
a figure. 

1708
01:34:53,000 --> 01:34:56,400
He respected. 
That same year, the elderly 

1709
01:34:56,400 --> 01:34:58,900
Statesman penned a famous letter
to a friend about life 

1710
01:34:58,900 --> 01:35:02,500
certainties. 
Concluding that in this world, 

1711
01:35:02,500 --> 01:35:06,700
nothing can be said to be 
certain except death and taxes. 

1712
01:35:06,700 --> 01:35:12,100
The phrase typically repeated in
jest captured franklyn's blend 

1713
01:35:12,100 --> 01:35:17,100
of realism and wit by April, 
1790 Franklins, Health had 

1714
01:35:17,100 --> 01:35:19,800
reached a terminal stage on his 
deathbed. 

1715
01:35:19,800 --> 01:35:23,200
He asked visitors about the new 
Congress, expressed hope that 

1716
01:35:23,200 --> 01:35:24,700
reason might have eventually 
enslave. 

1717
01:35:24,700 --> 01:35:27,200
And in a final flourish of 
humor. 

1718
01:35:27,200 --> 01:35:31,000
Reportedly teased that living 
longer might upset immortalities

1719
01:35:31,000 --> 01:35:34,600
grand plan. 
He died on April, the 17th 1790 

1720
01:35:34,600 --> 01:35:39,100
at age 84, mourners flocked, his
funeral feeling Philadelphia 

1721
01:35:39,100 --> 01:35:42,500
streets. 
Eulogies came from Paris where 

1722
01:35:42,500 --> 01:35:45,500
he was still adored. 
And from London acknowledging, 

1723
01:35:45,500 --> 01:35:48,400
the loss of a man who though 
pivotal in severing British rule

1724
01:35:48,400 --> 01:35:52,800
at also sought Peaceable 
relations His will reflected a 

1725
01:35:52,800 --> 01:35:56,300
strategic mind, even in death 
besides bequests to family and 

1726
01:35:56,300 --> 01:35:59,200
Charities, Franklin left money, 
and Trust for Boston and 

1727
01:35:59,200 --> 01:36:01,700
Philadelphia to be invested over
centuries. 

1728
01:36:02,600 --> 01:36:04,900
Funds. 
Supported public works such as 

1729
01:36:04,900 --> 01:36:06,600
scholarships and building 
improvements. 

1730
01:36:07,400 --> 01:36:09,700
That final philanthropic. 
Gesture mirrored. 

1731
01:36:09,700 --> 01:36:13,000
His life's ethos sow seeds. 
That future Generations might 

1732
01:36:13,000 --> 01:36:14,900
Harvest. 
He left behind a blueprint for 

1733
01:36:14,900 --> 01:36:18,300
how curiosity practical 
invention, Civic collaboration 

1734
01:36:18,300 --> 01:36:21,600
and diplomacy confusing to a 
single expansive life. 

1735
01:36:22,300 --> 01:36:25,500
Benjamin Franklin's Legacy has 
often been condensed into tidy 

1736
01:36:25,500 --> 01:36:29,000
vignette, the perspective. 
Founder with a kite in a storm, 

1737
01:36:29,000 --> 01:36:31,300
the slide Diplomat at 
Versailles. 

1738
01:36:31,300 --> 01:36:33,800
The venerable signature of key 
documents. 

1739
01:36:33,800 --> 01:36:37,200
However, these brief betrayals 
run, the risk of reducing the 

1740
01:36:37,200 --> 01:36:40,100
complexity of a man who embodied
contradiction and 

1741
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:43,800
experimentation, in every aspect
of his life, In the centuries, 

1742
01:36:43,800 --> 01:36:47,300
since his passing Scholars and 
admirers of uncovered layers. 

1743
01:36:47,300 --> 01:36:51,300
Of nuance a contradictory figure
balancing skepticism with moral 

1744
01:36:51,300 --> 01:36:55,300
ambition, vanity with genuine 
altruism and personal failings 

1745
01:36:55,300 --> 01:36:58,900
with public Triumph. 
In some respects, franklyn was a

1746
01:36:58,908 --> 01:37:02,500
champion of the enlightenment's 
ideals, believing that human 

1747
01:37:02,500 --> 01:37:05,300
progress. 
Hinged on reason science and 

1748
01:37:05,300 --> 01:37:08,200
ethical collaboration. 
The organized scientific 

1749
01:37:08,200 --> 01:37:12,300
societies, teased out, electric 
laws and improved everyday items

1750
01:37:12,300 --> 01:37:14,900
like, stove's, yet. 
He could also indulge in 

1751
01:37:14,908 --> 01:37:18,400
self-promotion spinning 
anecdotes to burnish his folksy 

1752
01:37:18,400 --> 01:37:20,800
persona. 
He was cunning in political 

1753
01:37:20,800 --> 01:37:23,700
maneuvering, employing 
pseudonyms to nudge public 

1754
01:37:23,700 --> 01:37:26,500
debates. 
Critics sometimes paint him as a

1755
01:37:26,500 --> 01:37:28,700
manipulator who rarely disclosed
raw emotions. 

1756
01:37:28,700 --> 01:37:32,400
Despite that Detachment, he 
rallied communities toward 

1757
01:37:32,400 --> 01:37:35,900
philanthropic causes Advanced 
Civic infrastructure and 

1758
01:37:35,900 --> 01:37:38,800
invented practical solutions 
that ease daily toil. 

1759
01:37:40,000 --> 01:37:43,200
The Synergy of personal drive, 
and social Vision remains a 

1760
01:37:43,200 --> 01:37:46,600
Hallmark of his story. 
Educational institutions across 

1761
01:37:46,600 --> 01:37:50,000
the United States and Beyond 
lionize Franklin, as a 

1762
01:37:50,000 --> 01:37:53,100
Renaissance figure, an 
inspiration for self-starters, 

1763
01:37:53,100 --> 01:37:57,200
the Franklin myth, however, 
glosses over the hardships, he 

1764
01:37:57,200 --> 01:38:01,200
faced familial a strange men 
heartbreak at losing children, 

1765
01:38:01,200 --> 01:38:04,900
the compromise Laden reality of 
forging alliance's. 

1766
01:38:04,900 --> 01:38:09,300
He also wrestled with ethical 
dilemmas notably regarding 

1767
01:38:09,300 --> 01:38:14,000
slavery early in life. 
He accepted it only in late a 

1768
01:38:14,000 --> 01:38:15,200
Year's. 
Did he vocally oppose the 

1769
01:38:15,208 --> 01:38:18,000
institution? 
That Evolution typifies 

1770
01:38:18,000 --> 01:38:21,600
Franklin's Journey, he rarely 
arrived at Morrisons instantly 

1771
01:38:21,600 --> 01:38:25,800
but Advanced through observation
dialogue and reflection. 

1772
01:38:27,300 --> 01:38:30,800
Moreover, Franklin's personal 
brand of diplomacy, a blend of 

1773
01:38:30,800 --> 01:38:34,700
charm, data-driven argument, and
comedic Flair laid down a 

1774
01:38:34,700 --> 01:38:37,600
blueprint for modern foreign 
relations in France. 

1775
01:38:37,600 --> 01:38:40,600
He recognized that wooing, 
allies transcended, formal 

1776
01:38:40,600 --> 01:38:44,400
treaties it, demanded cultural 
Rapport, he cultivated that 

1777
01:38:44,400 --> 01:38:47,700
Rapport through witty 
conversation, heartfelt flattery

1778
01:38:47,700 --> 01:38:49,900
and honest respect for French 
intellect. 

1779
01:38:50,600 --> 01:38:53,500
Diplomatic historians often, 
cite him as a Pioneer, who 

1780
01:38:53,500 --> 01:38:56,600
recognized that forging 
friendships in salons could be 

1781
01:38:56,600 --> 01:38:59,200
as potent as drafting paragraphs
in official documents. 

1782
01:38:59,200 --> 01:39:03,300
The result was a transformative 
Alliance that arguably secured 

1783
01:39:03,300 --> 01:39:07,200
American independence. 
Another rarely highlighted facet

1784
01:39:07,200 --> 01:39:09,700
is Franklin's continuing 
influence on philanthropic 

1785
01:39:09,700 --> 01:39:12,600
models, his approach forming 
subscription, libraries 

1786
01:39:12,600 --> 01:39:15,900
Volunteer Fire brigades and 
Improvement societies, 

1787
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:19,300
prefigured modern on profits, by
tapping small. 

1788
01:39:19,300 --> 01:39:22,700
Regular contributions. 
From many participants Franklin 

1789
01:39:22,700 --> 01:39:25,700
mobilized resources, far beyond 
what a loan benefactor could 

1790
01:39:25,700 --> 01:39:28,800
Supply. 
He wrote extensively on how Club

1791
01:39:28,800 --> 01:39:31,300
structures could unify 
communities around. 

1792
01:39:31,300 --> 01:39:34,500
Shared needs these principles 
echo in contemporary 

1793
01:39:34,500 --> 01:39:38,700
crowdfunding and Civic volunteer
programs in science, Franklins, 

1794
01:39:38,700 --> 01:39:42,100
practice of thorough note taking
Pierre correspondence and 

1795
01:39:42,100 --> 01:39:44,800
willingness to correct earlier 
assumptions, exemplify the 

1796
01:39:44,800 --> 01:39:48,500
iterative nature of research. 
Championed open sharing of 

1797
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:51,200
findings rather than hoarding 
them for profit. 

1798
01:39:51,200 --> 01:39:54,500
His letters, bristle with calls 
for transatlantic knowledge, 

1799
01:39:54,500 --> 01:39:58,300
exchange indeed his postmaster 
appointment Advanced, the speed 

1800
01:39:58,300 --> 01:40:01,600
of male facilitating. 
Scientific networks, in that 

1801
01:40:01,600 --> 01:40:04,900
sense, Franklin's acted as a 
conduit for bridging old world 

1802
01:40:04,900 --> 01:40:08,200
academies, a new world 
experimenters, accelerating the 

1803
01:40:08,200 --> 01:40:12,100
enlightenment's global momentum.
Today's visitors to Philadelphia

1804
01:40:12,100 --> 01:40:15,300
can trace Franklin's Footprints 
sites, like Independence, Hall, 

1805
01:40:15,300 --> 01:40:19,000
the Franklin Court Museum. 
Well, the Christ Church, burial 

1806
01:40:19,000 --> 01:40:23,500
ground They might see intangible
marks too, the ethos of Civic 

1807
01:40:23,500 --> 01:40:26,200
collaboration and 
entrepreneurial Zeal remains 

1808
01:40:26,200 --> 01:40:29,400
strong in the city's culture. 
Historians debate where the 

1809
01:40:29,408 --> 01:40:32,900
Franklin's Legacy looms. 
Too large overshadowing lesser 

1810
01:40:32,900 --> 01:40:35,600
known but equally vital 
contributors to early American 

1811
01:40:35,600 --> 01:40:38,500
Life. 
Yet few deny that his capacity 

1812
01:40:38,500 --> 01:40:42,100
pivot from printing to invention
from local activism to Grand. 

1813
01:40:42,100 --> 01:40:44,900
Diplomacy stands as an 
extraordinary demonstration of 

1814
01:40:44,900 --> 01:40:48,300
adaptive genius. 
Franklin's example, resonates 

1815
01:40:48,300 --> 01:40:51,600
with the possibility of 
reinvention at any stage, he 

1816
01:40:51,600 --> 01:40:55,200
pivoted, careers Champions 
social improvements and tackled 

1817
01:40:55,200 --> 01:40:58,600
New Frontiers of science. 
Well, into his senior years, his

1818
01:40:58,600 --> 01:41:01,600
failures like the Fiasco at the 
British privy Council or 

1819
01:41:01,600 --> 01:41:04,500
personal regrets about absent, 
fatherhood did not hold his 

1820
01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:07,400
momentum. 
Instead they spurred reflection 

1821
01:41:07,400 --> 01:41:10,800
and course correction that 
Dynamic interplay of aspiration 

1822
01:41:10,800 --> 01:41:12,700
and humility. 
Undergirds is adult life, 

1823
01:41:12,700 --> 01:41:16,600
providing a refreshing contrast 
to Jude or dogmatic leadership 

1824
01:41:16,600 --> 01:41:20,300
styles in summary. 
It is difficult to neatly 

1825
01:41:20,300 --> 01:41:22,200
categorize Benjamin Franklin's 
story. 

1826
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:25,300
He was a printer who saw words 
as the foundation of public 

1827
01:41:25,300 --> 01:41:27,600
life. 
A scientist who harnessed the 

1828
01:41:27,608 --> 01:41:31,600
power of lightning a Statesman 
whose wit won the favor of a 

1829
01:41:31,600 --> 01:41:34,800
monarchy and a moral innovator, 
who, in his later years, 

1830
01:41:34,800 --> 01:41:37,800
struggled to balance the ideals 
of the new Republic with its 

1831
01:41:37,800 --> 01:41:40,900
realities. 
His life in corporate sees, from

1832
01:41:40,900 --> 01:41:44,400
courageous us to keep exploring,
keep experimenting and keep 

1833
01:41:44,400 --> 01:41:47,800
forging a alliances. by 
harnessing curiosity and 

1834
01:41:47,800 --> 01:41:51,000
civic-mindedness franklyn 
believed Society could inch 

1835
01:41:51,000 --> 01:41:55,000
closer to Enlightenment that 
belief still pulses in the tail 

1836
01:41:55,000 --> 01:41:57,600
of a pragmatic dreamer, whose 
footprint crossed Ocean's 

1837
01:41:57,600 --> 01:42:07,300
Courtyards, the imagination of 
generations to come You know how

1838
01:42:07,300 --> 01:42:10,000
sometimes you look at historical
paintings and wonder what people

1839
01:42:10,000 --> 01:42:12,500
actually smelled like. 
Well tonight you're going to 

1840
01:42:12,500 --> 01:42:15,200
find out. 
And trust me it's not always 

1841
01:42:15,200 --> 01:42:17,200
Pleasant. 
We're going to walk the 

1842
01:42:17,200 --> 01:42:20,200
cobblestone streets of 
Constantinople peek into 

1843
01:42:20,200 --> 01:42:23,400
workshops where Artisans created
Marvels that still make our jaws

1844
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:27,200
drop and discover why Byzantine 
citizens had bathroom habits 

1845
01:42:27,200 --> 01:42:29,900
that would make a modern 
germophobic with despair. 

1846
01:42:29,900 --> 01:42:34,900
It's Dawn in the year, 975 CE, 
and you're about to experience a

1847
01:42:34,900 --> 01:42:37,400
day in the life of the most 
sophisticated city in the world.

1848
01:42:37,400 --> 01:42:41,800
A place where East truly met 
West where silk was worth its 

1849
01:42:41,800 --> 01:42:44,900
weight in gold and where the 
empress morning bathroom routine

1850
01:42:44,900 --> 01:42:47,000
was considered a matter of State
in Portland's. 

1851
01:42:47,000 --> 01:42:49,700
The first thing that would hit 
you as you opened your eyes. 

1852
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:52,700
In medieval Constantinople 
wouldn't be the site of the 

1853
01:42:52,700 --> 01:42:55,400
Magnificent. 
Hagia Sophia's Dome catching the

1854
01:42:55,400 --> 01:42:58,000
morning light though. 
That was certainly impressive 

1855
01:42:58,000 --> 01:43:02,500
know, it would be the smell. 
A complex bouquet of wood smoke 

1856
01:43:02,500 --> 01:43:06,600
baking bread horse manure. 
Incense from a dozen different 

1857
01:43:06,600 --> 01:43:10,000
churches and the unmistakable 
Aroma of a city where a million 

1858
01:43:10,008 --> 01:43:13,500
people were doing their best to 
stay clean with limited soap and

1859
01:43:13,500 --> 01:43:16,800
even more limited privacy. 
You're lying on what passes for 

1860
01:43:16,800 --> 01:43:20,500
a bed, in your modest apartment 
and yes apartment buildings 

1861
01:43:20,500 --> 01:43:24,700
existed in Constantinople Rising
4 and 5 stories, high like 

1862
01:43:24,700 --> 01:43:27,400
ancient New York. 
Tenements, your mattress is 

1863
01:43:27,400 --> 01:43:30,100
stuffed with straw that you 
really should have changed last 

1864
01:43:30,100 --> 01:43:31,600
month. 
But quality straw, doesn't come 

1865
01:43:31,600 --> 01:43:34,500
cheap, the wealthy. 
Folks up the social ladder are 

1866
01:43:34,500 --> 01:43:37,600
sleeping on feathers, but you're
making dough just like most 

1867
01:43:37,600 --> 01:43:39,200
people in this sprawling, 
Metropolis. 

1868
01:43:39,200 --> 01:43:43,000
As you stretch and yawn, you can
already hear the city waking up 

1869
01:43:43,000 --> 01:43:45,300
around you. 
There's the clip-clop of horses,

1870
01:43:45,300 --> 01:43:48,500
hooves on Stone The Creeks of 
wooden cartwheels that 

1871
01:43:48,500 --> 01:43:51,900
desperately need oil, and the 
distance sound of church bells 

1872
01:43:51,900 --> 01:43:53,200
beginning their morning 
Symphony. 

1873
01:43:53,900 --> 01:43:57,300
Constantinople had more churches
per square mile than anywhere 

1874
01:43:57,300 --> 01:44:00,000
else in the Christian world. 
And each one seemed to 

1875
01:44:00,008 --> 01:44:03,200
determined to out the others in 
announcing the dawn, your 

1876
01:44:03,200 --> 01:44:07,100
apartment really just two small 
rooms sits on the third floor of

1877
01:44:07,100 --> 01:44:09,100
a building that houses about 20 
families. 

1878
01:44:10,000 --> 01:44:12,100
The ground floor is reserved for
shops and workshops. 

1879
01:44:12,100 --> 01:44:16,100
Because in Byzantine cities, you
lived where you worked and you 

1880
01:44:16,100 --> 01:44:19,000
worked where you lived. 
The smell of fresh bread. 

1881
01:44:19,000 --> 01:44:21,800
Wafts up from the baker's shop 
below, mixing with Less 

1882
01:44:21,800 --> 01:44:24,100
Pleasant. 
Odors from the Fullers Workshop.

1883
01:44:24,100 --> 01:44:27,000
Next door, where they're already
hard at work, cleaning cloth 

1884
01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:29,800
with what can only be described 
as industrial strength urine. 

1885
01:44:29,800 --> 01:44:32,600
Yes, urine. 
It was the ammonia of the 

1886
01:44:32,600 --> 01:44:34,300
ancient world and Fuller's 
collected. 

1887
01:44:34,300 --> 01:44:37,000
It like liquid gold. 
You swing your legs over the 

1888
01:44:37,000 --> 01:44:39,500
side of your bed and immediately
feel the cold of the wooden 

1889
01:44:39,500 --> 01:44:43,100
floor through your thin shoes. 
Central heating is still about 

1890
01:44:43,100 --> 01:44:46,300
800 years in the future. 
So your morning routine starts 

1891
01:44:46,300 --> 01:44:48,900
with shivering and trying to 
cope some life back into the 

1892
01:44:48,900 --> 01:44:53,000
Embers in your small brazier. 
Fire is both your best friend 

1893
01:44:53,000 --> 01:44:56,100
and your greatest fear in this 
wooden framed tightly packed 

1894
01:44:56,100 --> 01:44:58,500
City. 
Everyone's heard stories of 

1895
01:44:58,508 --> 01:45:00,500
entire neighborhoods Going Up in
Flames. 

1896
01:45:00,500 --> 01:45:02,400
Faster. 
Than you could say Byzantine 

1897
01:45:02,400 --> 01:45:05,800
bureaucracy the water in your 
ceramic Basin, has a thin layer 

1898
01:45:05,800 --> 01:45:08,200
of ice on top. 
It's November and 

1899
01:45:08,200 --> 01:45:11,800
constantinople's Winters and 
nothing to joke about You break 

1900
01:45:11,800 --> 01:45:14,400
through the ice and splash the 
shockingly cold water on your 

1901
01:45:14,400 --> 01:45:18,000
face, which wakes you up better 
than any amount of caffeine ever

1902
01:45:18,000 --> 01:45:20,900
could coffee won't reach Europe 
for several more centuries. 

1903
01:45:20,900 --> 01:45:24,000
So your morning, pick me up 
consists of bread, perhaps some 

1904
01:45:24,000 --> 01:45:27,600
watered down wine because the 
water isn't always trustworthy 

1905
01:45:27,600 --> 01:45:30,200
and the sheer excitement of 
trying to make it through 

1906
01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:33,000
another day, in one of 
history's, most vibrant cities 

1907
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:36,900
as you pull on your tunic. 
A simple practical garment that 

1908
01:45:36,900 --> 01:45:39,100
seen better days, but still has 
some life in it. 

1909
01:45:39,100 --> 01:45:41,700
You can hear your neighbors 
beginning, their own morning 

1910
01:45:41,700 --> 01:45:45,100
routines, there's the family 
next door, arguing about whose 

1911
01:45:45,100 --> 01:45:47,700
turn it is to fetch water from 
the public fountain down the 

1912
01:45:47,700 --> 01:45:50,100
street. 
The Woman Upstairs is already at

1913
01:45:50,100 --> 01:45:54,100
her Loom, the steady quack, 
quack of her weaving, providing 

1914
01:45:54,100 --> 01:45:55,600
a rhythmic sound track to the 
morning. 

1915
01:45:56,400 --> 01:45:59,700
And somewhere below a small 
child is crying, probably 

1916
01:45:59,700 --> 01:46:02,000
because they've just discovered 
that breakfast is going to be 

1917
01:46:02,000 --> 01:46:04,700
yesterday's bread. 
Again, you're not rich, let's be

1918
01:46:04,700 --> 01:46:06,600
honest. 
You'll nowhere close to Rich but

1919
01:46:06,600 --> 01:46:08,100
you're not desperately poor 
either. 

1920
01:46:08,100 --> 01:46:11,600
You're what we might call middle
class, though that term wouldn't

1921
01:46:11,600 --> 01:46:13,100
be invented for several 
centuries. 

1922
01:46:13,100 --> 01:46:17,400
You work as a Craftsman, making 
leather goods or working metal 

1923
01:46:17,400 --> 01:46:19,700
and you earn enough to afford 
your own apartment. 

1924
01:46:19,700 --> 01:46:23,300
Some decent clothes and food 
that isn't just bread and water.

1925
01:46:23,300 --> 01:46:26,900
You might even own a book or 
two, which makes you practically

1926
01:46:26,900 --> 01:46:28,700
an intellectual by medieval 
standards. 

1927
01:46:28,700 --> 01:46:32,300
Now comes the daily challenge of
breakfast and this is where 

1928
01:46:32,300 --> 01:46:35,100
Byzantine life gets interesting 
in ways that might surprise you.

1929
01:46:35,100 --> 01:46:39,700
You see the byzantines had some 
rather peculiar ideas about when

1930
01:46:39,700 --> 01:46:42,800
and what people should eat. 
The official Christian position.

1931
01:46:42,800 --> 01:46:46,200
Was that really devout people 
should fast until noon every day

1932
01:46:46,200 --> 01:46:50,900
eating only one main meal? 
Of course, this rule was about 

1933
01:46:50,900 --> 01:46:54,200
as universally followed as speed
limits on a highway, which is to

1934
01:46:54,200 --> 01:46:58,000
say honored in the breach than 
in The Observers, your breakfast

1935
01:46:58,000 --> 01:47:02,100
is simple, but satisfying you 
have bread, not the fluffy white

1936
01:47:02,100 --> 01:47:04,800
stuff. 
We used to but a dense dark loaf

1937
01:47:04,800 --> 01:47:07,200
that could probably double as a 
weapon if necessary. 

1938
01:47:07,200 --> 01:47:10,600
This bread is your constant 
companion throughout the day. 

1939
01:47:11,400 --> 01:47:14,500
Byzantines ate bread with 
everything, dipped it in 

1940
01:47:14,500 --> 01:47:17,300
everything and used its plates 
when they ran out of actual 

1941
01:47:17,300 --> 01:47:19,500
plates. 
It was the smartphone of the 

1942
01:47:19,500 --> 01:47:23,900
Medieval World, ubiquitous 
essential and impossible to 

1943
01:47:23,900 --> 01:47:26,000
imagine life without with your 
bread. 

1944
01:47:26,000 --> 01:47:29,300
You might have some olive oil 
for dipping perhaps a handful of

1945
01:47:29,300 --> 01:47:32,100
Olives themselves. 
And if you're feeling fancy a 

1946
01:47:32,100 --> 01:47:35,400
small piece of cheese, the 
cheese is hard and salty 

1947
01:47:35,400 --> 01:47:38,600
designed to last weeks, without 
spoiling in your unrefrigerated 

1948
01:47:38,600 --> 01:47:41,500
apartment. 
Fresh milk is almost impossible 

1949
01:47:41,500 --> 01:47:43,200
to come by unless you happen to 
live next door. 

1950
01:47:43,200 --> 01:47:46,400
To someone who keeps goats and 
even then, you'd better drink it

1951
01:47:46,400 --> 01:47:48,800
fast before, it turns into 
something resembling cottage 

1952
01:47:48,800 --> 01:47:51,300
cheese with attitude. 
If you're lucky enough to have 

1953
01:47:51,300 --> 01:47:54,400
some wine left from yesterday, 
you'll mix it with water not 

1954
01:47:54,400 --> 01:47:57,300
because you're trying to be 
moderate but because undiluted 

1955
01:47:57,300 --> 01:48:01,400
wine is considered barbaric. 
The banana teens inherited this 

1956
01:48:01,400 --> 01:48:04,300
custom from the ancient Greeks 
and Romans, and they took it, 

1957
01:48:04,308 --> 01:48:07,100
seriously, drinking straight 
wine was something that 

1958
01:48:07,100 --> 01:48:11,000
barbarians did right up there 
with wearing pants and proper 

1959
01:48:11,000 --> 01:48:13,500
tunics and speaking. 
Languages that didn't sound like

1960
01:48:13,500 --> 01:48:15,900
music. 
As you eat your mentally 

1961
01:48:15,900 --> 01:48:19,500
preparing for the day ahead, 
your Workshop weights, along 

1962
01:48:19,500 --> 01:48:22,500
with the customers who will try 
to haggle down your prices, The 

1963
01:48:22,500 --> 01:48:25,300
Guild officials who will inspect
your work to make sure you're 

1964
01:48:25,300 --> 01:48:27,900
not cutting corners. 
And the tax collectors who seem 

1965
01:48:27,900 --> 01:48:30,500
to appear with the same 
regularity as sunrise and twice 

1966
01:48:30,500 --> 01:48:33,700
as much enthusiasm. 
Presenting bureaucracy was 

1967
01:48:33,708 --> 01:48:36,000
legendary in its complexity and 
thoroughness. 

1968
01:48:36,000 --> 01:48:39,100
They had forms for forms and tax
categories. 

1969
01:48:39,100 --> 01:48:40,900
That would make a modern 
accountant wheat, with 

1970
01:48:40,900 --> 01:48:43,800
frustration, the sound of the 
city grows louder, as more 

1971
01:48:43,800 --> 01:48:46,900
people Venture onto the streets,
you can hear, Merchants setting 

1972
01:48:46,900 --> 01:48:49,400
up their stalls. 
Their voices already rising in 

1973
01:48:49,400 --> 01:48:51,600
the Singsong cadences of 
salesmanship. 

1974
01:48:51,600 --> 01:48:54,600
That sound remarkably similar to
Modern Market vendors. 

1975
01:48:54,600 --> 01:48:58,800
Fresh fish caught this morning 
translation, caught sometime 

1976
01:48:58,800 --> 01:49:01,800
this week and still mostly 
edible Silk from the Orient 

1977
01:49:01,800 --> 01:49:05,500
translation, probably silk, 
definitely expensive origin. 

1978
01:49:05,500 --> 01:49:08,500
Negotiable your neighbor's are 
emerging from their Apartments. 

1979
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:11,700
Now, each beginning their own 
version of the present, in Daily

1980
01:49:11,700 --> 01:49:14,900
dance. 
The woman from upstairs nods as 

1981
01:49:14,908 --> 01:49:17,800
she passes your door, carrying 
her water jugs, toward the 

1982
01:49:17,800 --> 01:49:20,800
public fountain. 
She is dressed in a long tunic 

1983
01:49:20,800 --> 01:49:23,300
with a cloak wrapped. 
Around her shoulders, her hair 

1984
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:25,400
covered with a scarf as modesty 
demands. 

1985
01:49:26,400 --> 01:49:29,200
Her husband follows a few 
minutes later, heading toward 

1986
01:49:29,200 --> 01:49:31,000
his job. 
At one of the silk workshops 

1987
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:33,600
that make Constantinople famous 
throughout the known world. 

1988
01:49:33,600 --> 01:49:37,000
When you finally step out side 
your immediately immersed in 

1989
01:49:37,000 --> 01:49:39,200
sensory overload that makes 
modern city. 

1990
01:49:39,200 --> 01:49:43,000
Life seemed peaceful by 
comparison Constantinople in. 

1991
01:49:43,000 --> 01:49:46,400
Its Heyday was home to somewhere
between 400,000 and a million 

1992
01:49:46,400 --> 01:49:49,100
people. 
Historians argue about the exact

1993
01:49:49,100 --> 01:49:52,000
number but everyone agrees. 
It was enormous by medieval 

1994
01:49:52,000 --> 01:49:55,700
standards, all those people are 
packed into a space smaller than

1995
01:49:55,700 --> 01:49:58,700
modern Manhattan and they're all
trying to make a living, raise 

1996
01:49:58,700 --> 01:50:01,500
their families and get through 
their daily routines without 

1997
01:50:01,500 --> 01:50:04,800
getting trampled robbed or 
inadvertently involved in one of

1998
01:50:04,800 --> 01:50:07,500
the political riots that break 
out with the regularity of 

1999
01:50:07,500 --> 01:50:09,800
thunderstorms. 
The street, you live on is 

2000
01:50:09,800 --> 01:50:13,900
typical of constantinople's 
residential areas, narrow, paved

2001
01:50:13,900 --> 01:50:16,700
with stone when the city 
treasury has money for repairs 

2002
01:50:16,700 --> 01:50:19,400
and lined with buildings. 
That seem to lean toward each 

2003
01:50:19,400 --> 01:50:21,300
other like old friends sharing 
secrets. 

2004
01:50:22,400 --> 01:50:25,300
The ground floors house shops 
and workshops their owners 

2005
01:50:25,300 --> 01:50:28,800
already busy with the days work.
There's the baker, you smelled 

2006
01:50:28,800 --> 01:50:31,800
earlier his oven producing a 
steady stream of loaves that 

2007
01:50:31,800 --> 01:50:34,200
will feed half the neighborhood 
next door. 

2008
01:50:34,200 --> 01:50:37,600
A blacksmith is already heating 
his Forge, the glow visible 

2009
01:50:37,600 --> 01:50:40,000
through his open, doorway in the
ring of hammer on Anvil. 

2010
01:50:40,000 --> 01:50:41,700
Adding percussion to the morning
Symphony. 

2011
01:50:41,700 --> 01:50:45,200
The street itself is a river of 
humanity flowing in all 

2012
01:50:45,200 --> 01:50:48,000
directions. 
Merchants are leading Pac-Man's 

2013
01:50:48,000 --> 01:50:50,700
loaded with goods from every 
corner of the known world. 

2014
01:50:51,600 --> 01:50:55,200
A train of mules passes by 
loaded with silk, that might 

2015
01:50:55,200 --> 01:50:57,300
have traveled the entire Silk 
Road from China. 

2016
01:50:58,400 --> 01:51:00,900
Behind them. 
I can't filled with ampere of 

2017
01:51:00,908 --> 01:51:04,000
wine, from Greece Creeks, along 
the driver shouting at 

2018
01:51:04,000 --> 01:51:06,500
pedestrians to clear the way in 
language that would make a 

2019
01:51:06,500 --> 01:51:09,200
sailor blush water. 
Carriers move through the crowd 

2020
01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:12,100
with large ceramic vessels, 
balanced on their shoulders or 

2021
01:51:12,100 --> 01:51:15,700
loaded onto donkeys. 
Clean water is precious in a 

2022
01:51:15,700 --> 01:51:19,000
city, this size and the public 
fountains fed by Massive 

2023
01:51:19,000 --> 01:51:22,000
aqueducts, that are marvels of 
engineering are always busy. 

2024
01:51:22,000 --> 01:51:24,800
You can see people lined up at 
the fountain at the end of your 

2025
01:51:24,800 --> 01:51:27,000
street chatting with neighbors 
while they wait their turn. 

2026
01:51:27,900 --> 01:51:31,000
The fountain is more than just a
water source, it's a Social Hub,

2027
01:51:31,000 --> 01:51:35,700
the place where Newsreaders and 
marriages are, sometimes 

2028
01:51:35,700 --> 01:51:38,700
arranged between families who 
meet while their children Splash

2029
01:51:38,700 --> 01:51:40,700
in the Overflow. 
As you walk toward your 

2030
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:43,900
Workshop, you navigate around, 
piles of refuse, that won't be 

2031
01:51:43,900 --> 01:51:46,500
collected until the city 
sanitation workers, make their 

2032
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:49,900
rounds later in the day. 
Medieval cities had Waste 

2033
01:51:49,900 --> 01:51:52,600
Management systems that they 
were primitive by modern 

2034
01:51:52,600 --> 01:51:55,000
standards. 
Most people simply through their

2035
01:51:55,000 --> 01:51:57,400
garbage out their Windows aiming
for the street, rather than 

2036
01:51:57,400 --> 01:52:00,100
their neighbor's heads, though. 
Accuracy wasn't always 

2037
01:52:00,100 --> 01:52:03,500
guaranteed, the lucky ones had 
access to public latrines. 

2038
01:52:03,500 --> 01:52:06,400
While others may do with chamber
pots that were emptied into 

2039
01:52:06,400 --> 01:52:09,000
designated areas. 
Outside the city walls, the 

2040
01:52:09,000 --> 01:52:11,500
smell of cooking food, mingles 
with Less Pleasant, odors 

2041
01:52:11,500 --> 01:52:13,500
Horseman, newer, rotting 
vegetables. 

2042
01:52:13,500 --> 01:52:16,900
And the distinctive Aroma of the
Tanners workshops where animal 

2043
01:52:16,900 --> 01:52:20,500
hides a processed using methods 
that have not changed much since

2044
01:52:20,500 --> 01:52:24,400
ancient times. 
Tanning requires urine oak bark 

2045
01:52:24,400 --> 01:52:27,500
and animal fat. 
Combined in proportions, that 

2046
01:52:27,500 --> 01:52:30,300
create a stench capable of 
stopping conversations three 

2047
01:52:30,300 --> 01:52:33,300
blocks away. 
Tanners always set up shop 

2048
01:52:33,300 --> 01:52:36,200
downwind of residential areas, 
which tells you something about 

2049
01:52:36,200 --> 01:52:38,000
medieval city planning 
priorities. 

2050
01:52:38,000 --> 01:52:41,400
Your Workshop sits on a side 
street that specializes in 

2051
01:52:41,400 --> 01:52:44,000
metalworking. 
This isn't coincidence. 

2052
01:52:44,000 --> 01:52:48,200
Byzantine cities were organized 
by trade with similar Craftsman,

2053
01:52:48,200 --> 01:52:50,600
clustering together like modern 
business districts. 

2054
01:52:50,600 --> 01:52:54,900
It made sense economically and 
socially you shared techniques, 

2055
01:52:54,900 --> 01:52:57,500
borrowed tools and competed for 
customers. 

2056
01:52:57,500 --> 01:53:00,300
While maintaining the kind of 
professional camaraderie, that 

2057
01:53:00,300 --> 01:53:03,600
comes from face the same 
challenges every day, The Guild 

2058
01:53:03,600 --> 01:53:07,100
system governs every aspect of 
your working life and it's both 

2059
01:53:07,100 --> 01:53:08,900
a blessing and a bureaucratic 
nightmare. 

2060
01:53:08,900 --> 01:53:12,900
Your guild sets quality 
standards, regulates prices 

2061
01:53:12,900 --> 01:53:17,200
controls who can enter the trade
and provide a social safety net 

2062
01:53:17,200 --> 01:53:18,800
for members who fall on Hard 
Times. 

2063
01:53:18,800 --> 01:53:22,900
It'll tell you exactly how many 
apprentices you can have, what 

2064
01:53:22,900 --> 01:53:26,400
hours you can work, where you 
can set up shop and probably 

2065
01:53:26,400 --> 01:53:28,600
what you should eat for lunch if
they could get away with it 

2066
01:53:28,600 --> 01:53:31,100
today, your working on a 
commission from one of the 

2067
01:53:31,100 --> 01:53:33,108
Cities. 
Wealthy merchants a set of 

2068
01:53:33,116 --> 01:53:36,700
bronze fittings for a shipping 
vessel bronze, work requires 

2069
01:53:36,700 --> 01:53:40,700
skill, patience, and the ability
to work near a forge that turns 

2070
01:53:40,700 --> 01:53:42,700
your Workshop into a sorna even 
in winter. 

2071
01:53:43,700 --> 01:53:46,100
You heat the metal until it 
glows, like a small piece of the

2072
01:53:46,108 --> 01:53:49,600
sun, then shape it with hammers 
and tools that your grandfather 

2073
01:53:49,600 --> 01:53:52,900
probably used and that your 
grandson might inherit someday. 

2074
01:53:52,900 --> 01:53:57,200
Your Apprentice arrives shortly 
after you do a boy, of maybe 14 

2075
01:53:57,200 --> 01:54:00,300
who's been with you for two 
years now, he's passed the stage

2076
01:54:00,300 --> 01:54:03,600
of being completely useless, and
has progressed, to being only 

2077
01:54:03,600 --> 01:54:06,400
occasionally useless, which 
represents significant 

2078
01:54:06,400 --> 01:54:09,200
Improvement. 
He tends the fire organizes 

2079
01:54:09,200 --> 01:54:11,600
tools and practices. 
The basic techniques that will 

2080
01:54:11,600 --> 01:54:13,700
eventually make him a Craftsman 
in his own, right? 

2081
01:54:14,600 --> 01:54:17,500
The Apprentice system works. 
Well, it provides skilled 

2082
01:54:17,500 --> 01:54:20,300
workers for the future while 
giving young men a path out of 

2083
01:54:20,308 --> 01:54:22,100
poverty and into respectable 
trades. 

2084
01:54:22,100 --> 01:54:25,000
The work is steady and 
satisfying in a way that's hard 

2085
01:54:25,000 --> 01:54:27,000
to explain to people who've 
never created something 

2086
01:54:27,000 --> 01:54:28,900
beautiful and functional with 
their own hands. 

2087
01:54:28,900 --> 01:54:32,500
Each piece of bronze, you shake 
will Outlast You by centuries. 

2088
01:54:32,500 --> 01:54:35,900
Some of your work might end up 
in churches where it will be 

2089
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:39,200
touched by thousands of 
worshipers other pieces will 

2090
01:54:39,200 --> 01:54:40,900
travel on ships to distant 
ports. 

2091
01:54:40,900 --> 01:54:44,300
Carrying a small piece of 
Constantinople to Places, You'll

2092
01:54:44,300 --> 01:54:47,100
never see as the morning. 
Progresses customers begin 

2093
01:54:47,100 --> 01:54:49,300
arriving. 
There's the ship captain who 

2094
01:54:49,300 --> 01:54:52,200
needs repairs to his vessels 
fittings before his next Voyage 

2095
01:54:52,200 --> 01:54:55,300
to Alexandria. 
He's a weathered man with hands 

2096
01:54:55,300 --> 01:54:58,500
like leather and stories that 
grow more fantastic with each 

2097
01:54:58,500 --> 01:55:01,500
telling. 
Today, he's describing a storm 

2098
01:55:01,500 --> 01:55:04,300
off the coast of Cyprus that was
apparently sent by Poseidon 

2099
01:55:04,300 --> 01:55:08,000
himself judging by his dramatic 
gestures and increasingly 

2100
01:55:08,000 --> 01:55:11,100
creative profanity. 
A wealthy woman arrives with her

2101
01:55:11,100 --> 01:55:14,200
servant, looking for decorative,
bronze work for her Mansion. 

2102
01:55:14,200 --> 01:55:18,700
She's dressed in silk, so fine. 
It seems to move like liquid and

2103
01:55:18,700 --> 01:55:20,800
her jewelry. 
Probably costs more than you'll 

2104
01:55:20,800 --> 01:55:24,100
earn in five years, but she pays
well and doesn't argue about 

2105
01:55:24,100 --> 01:55:25,900
prices. 
So you treat her with the 

2106
01:55:25,908 --> 01:55:27,900
respect due to valued customers 
everywhere. 

2107
01:55:27,900 --> 01:55:31,500
She wants something unique. 
Something that will impress her 

2108
01:55:31,500 --> 01:55:34,400
friends at dinner parties where 
the wine flows like water. 

2109
01:55:34,400 --> 01:55:38,600
And the gossip is more valuable 
than gold by noon, the Sun as 

2110
01:55:38,600 --> 01:55:41,300
warm, the stones of the street, 
and the city, as reached his 

2111
01:55:41,300 --> 01:55:44,700
daily Crescendo of activity, 
this is when Constantinople 

2112
01:55:44,700 --> 01:55:47,800
truly comes alive. 
When the mornings tentative, 

2113
01:55:47,800 --> 01:55:51,900
Commerce explodes into the full 
throated Roar of one of the 

2114
01:55:51,900 --> 01:55:55,300
world's great trading centers, 
the main boulevards are packed 

2115
01:55:55,300 --> 01:55:58,700
with people from every corner of
the Known World, Merchants from 

2116
01:55:58,700 --> 01:56:01,600
Venice and general. 
Traders from Russia, carrying 

2117
01:56:01,600 --> 01:56:05,500
Furs and Amber spice dealers 
from India and Ceylon and 

2118
01:56:05,500 --> 01:56:08,000
diplomats from Kingdom. 
So, distant their name. 

2119
01:56:08,000 --> 01:56:11,300
Sound like poetry you take a 
break from your work to venture 

2120
01:56:11,300 --> 01:56:13,000
out for the day's main meal 
lunch. 

2121
01:56:13,000 --> 01:56:15,900
As we know it doesn't really 
exist by teams. 

2122
01:56:15,900 --> 01:56:18,800
Eat their big meal in the early 
afternoon after the mornings 

2123
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:21,300
work is done but while they're 
still plenty of daylight left. 

2124
01:56:21,900 --> 01:56:24,100
He head toward one of the 
tavernas that catered to 

2125
01:56:24,100 --> 01:56:26,000
working. 
People like yourself places 

2126
01:56:26,000 --> 01:56:29,000
where the food is, simple 
filling and reasonably priced. 

2127
01:56:29,000 --> 01:56:32,700
The Taverna you choose its near 
the Hippodrome that enormous 

2128
01:56:32,700 --> 01:56:35,700
Arena, where Constantinople 
citizens gather for chariot, 

2129
01:56:35,700 --> 01:56:39,100
races, political demonstrations,
and the occasional riot. 

2130
01:56:39,800 --> 01:56:43,100
The Hippodrome is quiet now, but
you can see vendors setting up 

2131
01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:46,200
for tonight's races, arranging 
their Wares and preparing for 

2132
01:56:46,200 --> 01:56:47,600
the crowds that will pack the 
arena. 

2133
01:56:48,600 --> 01:56:51,600
Chariot racing is more than 
entertainment in Constantinople.

2134
01:56:51,600 --> 01:56:55,500
It's a passion that divides the 
city into competing factions 

2135
01:56:55,500 --> 01:56:58,900
with the further of modern 
sports fans inside the Taverna, 

2136
01:56:58,900 --> 01:57:01,600
the air is thick with the smell 
of cooking food and animated 

2137
01:57:01,600 --> 01:57:04,700
conversation. 
The proprietor Stout man with 

2138
01:57:04,700 --> 01:57:08,500
arms like tree trunks Greeks 
regular customers by name and 

2139
01:57:08,500 --> 01:57:11,500
somehow remembers exactly how 
Everyone likes their food 

2140
01:57:11,500 --> 01:57:14,900
prepared. 
Today's offerings are written on

2141
01:57:14,900 --> 01:57:17,200
a wooden board in letters. 
Large enough to be seen through 

2142
01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:21,000
the Smoky interior. 
Lamb stew with vegetables, fish 

2143
01:57:21,000 --> 01:57:23,300
caught in the Bosphorus this 
morning bread. 

2144
01:57:23,300 --> 01:57:26,400
That still warm from the oven 
and whine from Vineyards outside

2145
01:57:26,400 --> 01:57:29,500
the city walls. 
You choose the fish fresh 

2146
01:57:29,500 --> 01:57:31,800
seafood is one of 
constantinople's great 

2147
01:57:31,800 --> 01:57:34,100
advantages. 
The city sits where two 

2148
01:57:34,100 --> 01:57:37,500
continents meet surrounded by 
water, that provides an endless 

2149
01:57:37,500 --> 01:57:41,200
supply of fish shellfish and 
other Seafood that makes its way

2150
01:57:41,200 --> 01:57:44,100
to tables throughout the city. 
The Fish is grilled over 

2151
01:57:44,100 --> 01:57:46,900
charcoal and seasoned with herbs
that grow wild on the Hills 

2152
01:57:46,900 --> 01:57:50,000
outside, Constantinople its 
simple food prepared. 

2153
01:57:50,000 --> 01:57:52,800
Well the kind of meal that 
sustains working people and 

2154
01:57:52,800 --> 01:57:54,800
keeps them coming back while you
eat. 

2155
01:57:54,800 --> 01:57:58,400
You listen to the conversation, 
swirling around you at the next 

2156
01:57:58,400 --> 01:58:01,400
table to Merchants are arguing 
about trade routes to the Black 

2157
01:58:01,400 --> 01:58:03,400
Sea. 
Their voice is rising. 

2158
01:58:03,400 --> 01:58:06,200
As they debate whether Overland 
or sea transport, offers better 

2159
01:58:06,200 --> 01:58:09,400
profits. 
Behind you a group of artists 

2160
01:58:09,400 --> 01:58:11,700
from the silk workshops are 
complaining about new 

2161
01:58:11,700 --> 01:58:15,000
regulations, from their Guild 
regulations, that apparently 

2162
01:58:15,000 --> 01:58:18,200
make no sense. 
And by people who have never 

2163
01:58:18,200 --> 01:58:21,600
actually worked with silk in 
their lives, the Taverna serves 

2164
01:58:21,600 --> 01:58:24,500
as an unofficial new center 
where information spreads faster

2165
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:27,800
than Wildfire. 
Today's Hot Topic, is a rumor 

2166
01:58:27,800 --> 01:58:31,200
that the emperor has planning 
new taxes on imported goods news

2167
01:58:31,200 --> 01:58:34,500
that has Merchants calculating 
profit margins and ordinary 

2168
01:58:34,500 --> 01:58:37,200
citizens wandering, how much 
more expensive everything is 

2169
01:58:37,200 --> 01:58:40,400
about to become. 
Someone mentions that there's 

2170
01:58:40,400 --> 01:58:43,000
trouble brewing with the 
bulgarians again, which draws 

2171
01:58:43,000 --> 01:58:44,900
knowing nods from veterans. 
Who remember? 

2172
01:58:44,900 --> 01:58:47,600
Previous conflicts with 
constantinople's Northern 

2173
01:58:47,600 --> 01:58:51,000
Neighbors after your meal? 
You return to work refreshed and

2174
01:58:51,000 --> 01:58:52,600
ready for the afternoon's 
challenges. 

2175
01:58:52,600 --> 01:58:55,700
This is typically the most 
productive part of the day for 

2176
01:58:55,700 --> 01:58:57,600
Craftsman. 
Your well-fed. 

2177
01:58:57,600 --> 01:59:00,900
The light is good and you've had
time to plan your approach to 

2178
01:59:00,900 --> 01:59:02,600
whatever project demands 
attention. 

2179
01:59:02,600 --> 01:59:05,400
The bronze fittings are taking 
shape nicely under your 

2180
01:59:05,400 --> 01:59:08,100
experience hands. 
Each piece fitting perfectly 

2181
01:59:08,100 --> 01:59:10,200
with its neighbors in the 
complex assembly. 

2182
01:59:10,200 --> 01:59:12,600
That will help keep a trading 
vessel sea worthy. 

2183
01:59:12,600 --> 01:59:15,900
Your Apprentice has returned 
from his own meal and his eager 

2184
01:59:15,900 --> 01:59:18,900
to continue learning today. 
Your teaching him, the delicate 

2185
01:59:18,900 --> 01:59:22,800
art of finishing work, the 
patient filing polishing, and 

2186
01:59:22,800 --> 01:59:26,700
adjusting that transforms rough 
bronze into pieces, worthy of a 

2187
01:59:26,708 --> 01:59:29,700
merchant ship. 
It's tedious work that requires 

2188
01:59:29,700 --> 01:59:33,100
attention to detail and steady 
hands qualities that separate 

2189
01:59:33,100 --> 01:59:35,100
true. 
Craftsmen from Mere laborers, 

2190
01:59:35,100 --> 01:59:37,800
the afternoon brings a steady 
stream of visitors to your 

2191
01:59:37,808 --> 01:59:41,300
Workshop, There's the guild 
inspector, a thin man, with 

2192
01:59:41,300 --> 01:59:44,100
sharp eyes who examines your 
work for any deviation from 

2193
01:59:44,100 --> 01:59:47,400
established standards, The Guild
takes quality control. 

2194
01:59:47,400 --> 01:59:50,700
Seriously, their reputation 
depends on maintaining standards

2195
01:59:50,700 --> 01:59:54,500
that customers throughout the 
Mediterranean can trust Single 

2196
01:59:54,500 --> 01:59:57,200
shoddy piece bearing the Guild's
Mark could damage relationships 

2197
01:59:57,200 --> 02:00:01,100
that took decades to build a 
fellow Craftsmen stops by to 

2198
02:00:01,100 --> 02:00:03,500
borrow a specialized tool and 
you spend a few minutes 

2199
02:00:03,500 --> 02:00:06,200
discussing techniques and 
sharing professional gossip. 

2200
02:00:06,800 --> 02:00:09,800
He tells you about a new method 
for creating decorative patterns

2201
02:00:09,800 --> 02:00:13,100
in bronze that he learned from a
visiting Artisan from Damascus. 

2202
02:00:13,100 --> 02:00:15,700
In return. 
You share a tip about heat 

2203
02:00:15,700 --> 02:00:18,200
treatment that produces a 
particularly attractive finish. 

2204
02:00:18,200 --> 02:00:21,300
This kind of professional 
exchange is how techniques 

2205
02:00:21,300 --> 02:00:22,900
spread and improve over the 
centuries. 

2206
02:00:22,900 --> 02:00:26,000
Late in the afternoon, you 
receive an unexpected commission

2207
02:00:26,000 --> 02:00:29,200
from a church official, who 
needs repairs to bronze fixtures

2208
02:00:29,200 --> 02:00:31,100
in one of Constantinople smaller
churches. 

2209
02:00:32,000 --> 02:00:34,000
Church workers, prestigious and 
pays well. 

2210
02:00:34,000 --> 02:00:36,800
But it also comes with the 
pressure of creating something 

2211
02:00:36,800 --> 02:00:40,400
worthy of divine service, the 
official examined, some of your 

2212
02:00:40,400 --> 02:00:43,100
previous work and not to proving
lie before describing what he 

2213
02:00:43,100 --> 02:00:45,700
needs. 
Replacements for decorative 

2214
02:00:45,700 --> 02:00:48,400
elements that were damaged when 
part of the church roof 

2215
02:00:48,400 --> 02:00:51,900
collapsed, during a recent storm
as the sun begins, its descent 

2216
02:00:51,900 --> 02:00:54,700
toward the Western Hills. 
You start thinking about closing

2217
02:00:54,700 --> 02:00:58,300
up shop for the day, But first, 
there are tools to clean and 

2218
02:00:58,300 --> 02:01:02,300
organize materials to secure 
against their plans to make for 

2219
02:01:02,300 --> 02:01:05,200
tomorrow's work. 
Your Workshop is more than just 

2220
02:01:05,200 --> 02:01:07,700
a place of business, it's your 
professional identity. 

2221
02:01:07,700 --> 02:01:11,100
The space where your skills 
transform, raw materials into 

2222
02:01:11,100 --> 02:01:14,100
useful and beautiful objects, 
the transition from our 

2223
02:01:14,100 --> 02:01:16,600
afternoon to evening and 
Constantinople is a daily 

2224
02:01:16,600 --> 02:01:20,200
spectacle that never gets old. 
Because the sun angles lower in 

2225
02:01:20,200 --> 02:01:23,300
the Western sky, it transforms 
the city's, White marble 

2226
02:01:23,300 --> 02:01:27,700
buildings into golden jewels 
that catch and reflect light in 

2227
02:01:27,700 --> 02:01:31,800
constantly changing patterns. 
The great Dome of Hagia, Sophia 

2228
02:01:31,800 --> 02:01:35,200
seems to glow from within while 
the Waters of the Golden Horn, 

2229
02:01:35,200 --> 02:01:36,800
turn the color of the molten 
bronze. 

2230
02:01:37,600 --> 02:01:40,600
Cite, that makes even the most 
jaded residents pause in their 

2231
02:01:40,600 --> 02:01:43,100
daily routines. 
You secure your workshop and 

2232
02:01:43,100 --> 02:01:45,300
begin the walk home through 
streets that are taking on their

2233
02:01:45,300 --> 02:01:48,100
evening character. 
The Urgent pace of midday 

2234
02:01:48,100 --> 02:01:51,600
Commerce gives way to something 
more relaxed and social people 

2235
02:01:51,600 --> 02:01:53,100
have time to chat with 
neighbors. 

2236
02:01:53,100 --> 02:01:56,100
Children play in the space as 
between buildings and the 

2237
02:01:56,100 --> 02:01:58,500
tavernas begin preparing for 
their evening customers. 

2238
02:01:59,400 --> 02:02:01,800
The smell of cooking food, 
drifts from Windows and 

2239
02:02:01,800 --> 02:02:05,900
doorways, a mixed of roasting 
meat, baking bread and the herbs

2240
02:02:05,900 --> 02:02:07,900
and spices that make bizant in 
Cuisine. 

2241
02:02:07,900 --> 02:02:11,200
Distinctive Street vendors 
appear with Goods, targeted at 

2242
02:02:11,200 --> 02:02:14,600
the evening crowd, hot food for 
people walking home from work 

2243
02:02:14,600 --> 02:02:16,900
oil for lamps that will soon be 
needed. 

2244
02:02:16,900 --> 02:02:20,300
As Darkness Falls and small 
luxuries that make the end of a 

2245
02:02:20,300 --> 02:02:21,600
working day. 
Feel special. 

2246
02:02:22,400 --> 02:02:25,500
A man with a portable Brazier is
roasting chestnuts that fill the

2247
02:02:25,500 --> 02:02:27,000
air with their distinctive 
aroma. 

2248
02:02:27,900 --> 02:02:31,700
A woman sells honey cakes from a
basket balanced expertly on her 

2249
02:02:31,700 --> 02:02:33,500
head. 
Her voice calling out their 

2250
02:02:33,500 --> 02:02:36,300
virtues in the rhythmic chants. 
That street vendors have 

2251
02:02:36,300 --> 02:02:39,700
probably used since cities were 
invented as you walk, you notice

2252
02:02:39,700 --> 02:02:41,900
the subtle changes that Mark the
approach of evening. 

2253
02:02:42,600 --> 02:02:45,500
Shutters are being pulled closed
on ground floor shops as 

2254
02:02:45,500 --> 02:02:47,500
Merchants secure their Wares 
against theft. 

2255
02:02:48,200 --> 02:02:50,600
Public fountains become 
gathering places where people 

2256
02:02:50,600 --> 02:02:53,400
linger to chat while filling 
their evening Water Supplies 

2257
02:02:53,400 --> 02:02:57,200
churches, begin preparing for 
Vespers their Bells, calling the

2258
02:02:57,208 --> 02:02:59,700
faithful to evening prayers with
the same insistence. 

2259
02:02:59,700 --> 02:03:02,400
They showed at dawn, the 
residential streets, take on a 

2260
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:05,000
cozy atmosphere as families 
gather for their evening meal. 

2261
02:03:05,700 --> 02:03:08,600
Through open Windows, you can 
see women preparing food while 

2262
02:03:08,600 --> 02:03:11,800
children, help with simple tasks
or play with toys carved from 

2263
02:03:11,808 --> 02:03:14,200
wood or fashioned from scraps of
cloth. 

2264
02:03:14,900 --> 02:03:18,100
Men returned from workshops and 
markets, their faces, showing 

2265
02:03:18,100 --> 02:03:21,400
the satisfaction of honest work 
completed and the anticipation 

2266
02:03:21,400 --> 02:03:24,700
of home, cooked food and family 
conversation, your own evening 

2267
02:03:24,700 --> 02:03:27,600
meal, awaits, and it's the 
social highlight of the day. 

2268
02:03:28,400 --> 02:03:31,200
If you are unmarried you might 
join other Craftsmen at one of 

2269
02:03:31,208 --> 02:03:33,900
the neighborhood to Learners 
where the food is hearty. 

2270
02:03:33,900 --> 02:03:37,200
The wine flows freely and the 
conversation ranges from 

2271
02:03:37,200 --> 02:03:39,000
professional gossip to 
philosophy. 

2272
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:41,900
If you have a family, the 
evening meal is a time for 

2273
02:03:41,900 --> 02:03:44,500
connection, for sharing the days
experiences. 

2274
02:03:44,500 --> 02:03:47,300
And for maintaining the bonds 
that hold households together. 

2275
02:03:47,300 --> 02:03:50,200
Tonight's meal, reflects the 
abundance and diversity. 

2276
02:03:50,200 --> 02:03:52,900
That make Constantinople a 
culinary Crossroads. 

2277
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:56,100
There's fresh bread. 
Of course, no Byzantine meal is 

2278
02:03:56,100 --> 02:03:58,900
complete without it. 
The bread is accompanied by 

2279
02:03:58,908 --> 02:04:00,900
olive oil. 
That was pressed from trees 

2280
02:04:00,900 --> 02:04:04,300
growing on Greek Hillside oil. 
So pure and flavorful. 

2281
02:04:04,300 --> 02:04:06,600
It seems to capture sunshine in 
liquid form. 

2282
02:04:06,600 --> 02:04:10,800
There are olives themselves, 
some small and black others, 

2283
02:04:10,800 --> 02:04:14,000
large and green each variety 
offering its own distinct 

2284
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:16,200
flavor. 
The main course might be fished 

2285
02:04:16,200 --> 02:04:18,600
stew made with the days. 
Catch from the Bosphorus 

2286
02:04:18,600 --> 02:04:21,500
seasoned with herbs and 
vegetables that grow in the 

2287
02:04:21,500 --> 02:04:25,400
gardens outside, the city walls 
or perhaps lamb, that was raised

2288
02:04:25,400 --> 02:04:27,600
on the Anatolian planes and 
butchered this morning. 

2289
02:04:28,400 --> 02:04:30,800
Prepared with the spices that 
flow through constantinople's 

2290
02:04:30,800 --> 02:04:33,200
markets from India, Persia and 
Arabia. 

2291
02:04:34,300 --> 02:04:36,700
The variety of available 
ingredients is staggering 

2292
02:04:36,700 --> 02:04:38,400
compared to what people in 
Western Europe. 

2293
02:04:38,400 --> 02:04:42,000
Can obtain Constantinople sits 
at the crossroads of trade 

2294
02:04:42,000 --> 02:04:44,700
routes that bring flavors from 
three continents to a single 

2295
02:04:44,700 --> 02:04:47,600
Marketplace. 
Wine companies, the meal mixed 

2296
02:04:47,600 --> 02:04:51,000
with water according to proper 
custom, The wine might come from

2297
02:04:51,000 --> 02:04:55,200
Vineyards in Greece, Macedonia, 
or even from vines that grow on 

2298
02:04:55,200 --> 02:04:57,300
the Hills surrounding 
Constantinople itself. 

2299
02:04:57,300 --> 02:05:01,700
It served in cups, that range 
from simple Pottery to elaborate

2300
02:05:01,700 --> 02:05:05,200
metal work, depending on the 
households, in the formality of 

2301
02:05:05,200 --> 02:05:08,300
the occasion, conversation 
during the meal covers the days 

2302
02:05:08,300 --> 02:05:11,400
of events neighborhood, gossip 
and topics of broader interest 

2303
02:05:12,300 --> 02:05:14,400
people discuss the quality of 
this year's harvest. 

2304
02:05:14,400 --> 02:05:17,900
The latest news from the 
Imperial Court and the prospects

2305
02:05:17,900 --> 02:05:21,800
for trade with distant lands. 
Politics, inevitably enters the 

2306
02:05:21,800 --> 02:05:25,200
conversation byzantines are 
passionate about politics. 

2307
02:05:25,200 --> 02:05:28,400
The way others are passionate 
about sports and everyone has 

2308
02:05:28,400 --> 02:05:31,400
opinions about The Emperor's 
policies, the competence of his 

2309
02:05:31,400 --> 02:05:34,300
advisors and the empires 
relationships with neighbors, 

2310
02:05:34,300 --> 02:05:37,500
both friendly and hostile as the
meal progresses and the wine 

2311
02:05:37,500 --> 02:05:41,000
takes effect, the conversation 
becomes more animated and wide 

2312
02:05:41,000 --> 02:05:45,000
ranging. philosophy, enters the 
discussion along with theology 

2313
02:05:45,000 --> 02:05:48,400
literature and the kind of 
speculative thinking that 

2314
02:05:48,400 --> 02:05:50,800
emerges when people have enough 
Leisure Time to consider 

2315
02:05:50,800 --> 02:05:54,200
questions Beyond immediate 
survival, this is one of the 

2316
02:05:54,200 --> 02:05:57,500
great advantages of living in 
Constantinople, the city's 

2317
02:05:57,500 --> 02:06:00,800
wealth, and sophistication 
provides space for intellectual 

2318
02:06:00,800 --> 02:06:02,700
Pursuits. 
That would be impossible in 

2319
02:06:02,700 --> 02:06:05,300
smaller poorer communities. 
As Darkness. 

2320
02:06:05,300 --> 02:06:08,700
Settles over Constantinople the 
city doesn't go to sleep it. 

2321
02:06:08,700 --> 02:06:12,800
It transforms oil lamps, begin 
flickering to life in Windows 

2322
02:06:12,800 --> 02:06:16,100
and doorways, creating pools of 
warm light that push back. 

2323
02:06:16,100 --> 02:06:18,800
The darkness. 
The wealthy neighborhoods are 

2324
02:06:18,800 --> 02:06:21,900
better lit than the poor ones, 
but even modest areas maintained

2325
02:06:21,900 --> 02:06:24,600
enough illumination to allow 
limited nighttime activity. 

2326
02:06:25,400 --> 02:06:28,800
Public areas like major streets 
and markets have torches or 

2327
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:31,600
larger oil lamps that burn 
through the night, maintained by

2328
02:06:31,600 --> 02:06:33,600
the city authorities as a public
service. 

2329
02:06:33,600 --> 02:06:37,300
The night brings its own sounds 
and rhythms church bells. 

2330
02:06:37,300 --> 02:06:40,800
Mark the hours with their bronze
voices calling the faithful to 

2331
02:06:40,800 --> 02:06:43,600
night prayers, and providing a 
temporal framework that helps 

2332
02:06:43,600 --> 02:06:47,400
people navigate The Darkness. 
Nightwatchman begin their rounds

2333
02:06:47,400 --> 02:06:49,900
their footsteps. 
Echoing off stone walls as they 

2334
02:06:49,900 --> 02:06:51,500
Patrol neighborhoods and Market 
places. 

2335
02:06:51,500 --> 02:06:55,100
They're called of all's. 
Well a warnings of fire or 

2336
02:06:55,100 --> 02:06:58,200
thieves become part of the 
nighttime soundscape taverns 

2337
02:06:58,200 --> 02:07:00,900
that cater to the evening crowd 
come alive with music 

2338
02:07:00,900 --> 02:07:04,400
conversation and the kind of 
social interaction that helps 

2339
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:06,300
people unwind from the days 
labors. 

2340
02:07:06,300 --> 02:07:10,900
Musicians, with Liars, flutes, 
and drums, provide entertainment

2341
02:07:10,900 --> 02:07:14,400
performing traditional songs, 
alongside newer, compositions 

2342
02:07:14,400 --> 02:07:17,100
that reflect the cultural mixing
that makes Constantinople 

2343
02:07:17,100 --> 02:07:19,900
unique. 
The music Blends Greek, Melodies

2344
02:07:19,900 --> 02:07:23,200
with influences from the Arab 
world Persia and the Slavic 

2345
02:07:23,200 --> 02:07:26,300
lands to the north, for those 
who can afford it the evening 

2346
02:07:26,300 --> 02:07:29,200
offers sophisticated 
entertainment. wealthy 

2347
02:07:29,200 --> 02:07:32,200
households, host dinner parties 
where guests enjoy elaborate 

2348
02:07:32,200 --> 02:07:35,300
meals while discussing 
literature philosophy and 

2349
02:07:35,300 --> 02:07:38,500
politics these gatherings might 
feature professional 

2350
02:07:38,500 --> 02:07:42,400
entertainers, musicians, 
storytellers, or even Scholars, 

2351
02:07:42,400 --> 02:07:45,600
who can discourse eloquently on 
subjects ranging from theology 

2352
02:07:45,600 --> 02:07:49,200
to mathematics? 
The conversation at such 

2353
02:07:49,200 --> 02:07:53,100
Gatherings is both intellectual 
and social serving to reinforce 

2354
02:07:53,100 --> 02:07:56,200
relationships within 
constantinople's Elite while 

2355
02:07:56,200 --> 02:07:58,200
providing forums for the 
exchange of ideas. 

2356
02:07:58,200 --> 02:08:01,400
The night also has its dangers 
and its less respectable 

2357
02:08:01,400 --> 02:08:05,000
activities, Constantinople after
dark can be dangerous for the 

2358
02:08:05,000 --> 02:08:07,800
unwary thieves operate in poorly
lit areas. 

2359
02:08:07,800 --> 02:08:11,500
Drunken arguments can escalate 
into violence and the cities 

2360
02:08:11,500 --> 02:08:14,500
like Street layout provides. 
Plenty of places for criminals 

2361
02:08:14,500 --> 02:08:17,700
to disappear. 
Most respectable citizens avoid 

2362
02:08:17,700 --> 02:08:20,700
unnecessary travel after dark. 
And those who must venture out 

2363
02:08:20,708 --> 02:08:24,200
often travel in groups or higher
guards as the evening deep in 

2364
02:08:24,200 --> 02:08:28,000
tonight, Constantinople 
gradually settles in to quieter.

2365
02:08:29,300 --> 02:08:32,500
The last customers, leave The 
Tavares Craftsman, extinguish 

2366
02:08:32,500 --> 02:08:35,500
their workshop, fires and 
families gather around their own

2367
02:08:35,500 --> 02:08:37,500
haves for the final activities 
of the day. 

2368
02:08:37,500 --> 02:08:41,000
This is the time for intimate 
conversation for reading if 

2369
02:08:41,000 --> 02:08:44,300
you're literate and can afford 
books or for the simple pleasure

2370
02:08:44,300 --> 02:08:46,900
of sitting quietly, while 
reflecting on the days of events

2371
02:08:46,900 --> 02:08:49,600
in your apartment, you prepare 
for sleep with the same 

2372
02:08:49,600 --> 02:08:51,200
practical. 
Rituals that people have 

2373
02:08:51,200 --> 02:08:54,200
followed for Millennia. 
Oil lamps were extinguished, one

2374
02:08:54,200 --> 02:08:57,600
by one leaving, perhaps a single
light burning for safety. 

2375
02:08:58,900 --> 02:09:01,600
The Brazier that provided warmth
during the day is banked 

2376
02:09:01,600 --> 02:09:04,300
carefully. 
Fire is too precious to waste 

2377
02:09:04,300 --> 02:09:06,500
but also too dangerous to leave 
unattended. 

2378
02:09:07,500 --> 02:09:10,000
Windows are shuttered against 
the night air and potential 

2379
02:09:10,000 --> 02:09:12,300
thieves though. 
In summer, they might be left. 

2380
02:09:12,300 --> 02:09:14,900
Partially open for ventilation 
your bed. 

2381
02:09:14,900 --> 02:09:18,000
Awaits with its straw mattress 
and wool blankets that provide 

2382
02:09:18,000 --> 02:09:19,500
warmth against the November 
chill. 

2383
02:09:20,400 --> 02:09:23,200
The blankets are heavy and 
practical rather than luxurious,

2384
02:09:23,200 --> 02:09:25,700
but they're clean and sufficient
for comfort. 

2385
02:09:27,500 --> 02:09:31,100
The chamber pot sits nearby for 
nighttime Necessities indoor 

2386
02:09:31,100 --> 02:09:33,900
plumbing exists in 
Constantinople but it's limited 

2387
02:09:33,900 --> 02:09:37,200
to public buildings and the 
homes of the very well as you 

2388
02:09:37,200 --> 02:09:40,000
settle into bed, the sounds of 
the city continued outside your 

2389
02:09:40,000 --> 02:09:41,900
shuttered windows, but their 
muted. 

2390
02:09:41,900 --> 02:09:44,800
Now, transformed into the 
nighttime Symphony of urban 

2391
02:09:44,800 --> 02:09:47,500
life. 
Distant church, bells Mark the 

2392
02:09:47,500 --> 02:09:51,100
passage of time night Watchman 
called their reassurance is and 

2393
02:09:51,100 --> 02:09:53,500
occasionally, you might hear the
rumble of a late cart carrying 

2394
02:09:53,500 --> 02:09:56,500
goods through the streets. 
All the voices of people walking

2395
02:09:56,500 --> 02:09:58,100
home from evening 
entertainments. 

2396
02:09:58,100 --> 02:10:00,900
The darkness that surrounds you 
is different from Modern 

2397
02:10:00,900 --> 02:10:04,500
Darkness. 
Deeper and more complete broken,

2398
02:10:04,500 --> 02:10:06,900
only by occasional, flickers of 
artificial light. 

2399
02:10:07,700 --> 02:10:11,200
There's no electric glow on the 
horizon, no constant hum of 

2400
02:10:11,200 --> 02:10:14,600
Machinery, know digital displays
marking time and glowing 

2401
02:10:14,600 --> 02:10:17,600
numbers. 
And light is truly dark making 

2402
02:10:17,600 --> 02:10:21,300
the stars above Constantinople 
shine with intensity that City 

2403
02:10:21,300 --> 02:10:24,300
dwellers today. 
Rarely experienced sleep in the 

2404
02:10:24,308 --> 02:10:26,900
Byzantine world comes with its 
own rhythms and challenges 

2405
02:10:26,900 --> 02:10:30,300
without artificial lighting. 
People naturally follow patterns

2406
02:10:30,300 --> 02:10:32,700
more closely aligned with 
sunrise and sunset. 

2407
02:10:33,300 --> 02:10:36,500
They tend to sleep longer in 
winter when days are short and 

2408
02:10:36,500 --> 02:10:39,100
wake earlier in summer, when 
Dawn arrives with the birds, 

2409
02:10:39,100 --> 02:10:42,100
your sleep might be interrupted 
by The nightwatch Calling The 

2410
02:10:42,100 --> 02:10:45,700
Hours by church bells, marking, 
midnight, prayers, or by the 

2411
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:48,200
sounds of your neighbors, 
dealing with crying children or 

2412
02:10:48,200 --> 02:10:50,600
sick, family members Dreams Come
easily. 

2413
02:10:50,600 --> 02:10:53,000
In this world, where the 
boundary between the spiritual 

2414
02:10:53,000 --> 02:10:55,500
and material seems thinner than 
in modern times. 

2415
02:10:56,200 --> 02:10:59,500
Byzantines take dreams. 
Seriously, their considered 

2416
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:03,700
messages from God, warning is a 
future events or Communications 

2417
02:11:03,700 --> 02:11:06,700
from deceased relatives. 
A particularly Vivid dream, 

2418
02:11:06,700 --> 02:11:09,000
might influence important 
decisions or send someone to 

2419
02:11:09,000 --> 02:11:11,800
consult with a priest. 
About its meaning The dream 

2420
02:11:11,800 --> 02:11:15,300
world is a real and significant 
as Waking Life, perhaps more. 

2421
02:11:15,300 --> 02:11:19,500
So the night passes quietly 
marked by the subtle sounds that

2422
02:11:19,500 --> 02:11:22,100
indicate a city at rest, but 
never completely asleep. 

2423
02:11:22,900 --> 02:11:26,800
Guard dogs, bark, occasionally 
at real or imagined threats, a 

2424
02:11:26,800 --> 02:11:30,300
baby cries in a neighboring 
apartment quickly soothed by a 

2425
02:11:30,300 --> 02:11:33,100
mother's lullaby. 
Somewhere in the distance, a 

2426
02:11:33,100 --> 02:11:35,800
drunk staggers home, singing a 
song that might be romantic or 

2427
02:11:35,800 --> 02:11:38,900
patriotic or simply 
incomprehensible as morning 

2428
02:11:38,900 --> 02:11:42,300
approaches the city begins. 
Its gradual Awakening Church 

2429
02:11:42,300 --> 02:11:45,700
bells, start their Dawn Chorus 
early now calling the faithful 

2430
02:11:45,700 --> 02:11:49,200
to morning prayers Baker's fire 
up their ovens to begin the 

2431
02:11:49,200 --> 02:11:52,200
day's bread production filling 
the air with the smell of yeast 

2432
02:11:52,200 --> 02:11:54,200
and flour. 
Transforming into sustenance 

2433
02:11:54,200 --> 02:11:57,000
water. 
Carriers begin their rounds and 

2434
02:11:57,000 --> 02:11:59,600
the clip-clop of hooves 
announces the arrival of farmers

2435
02:11:59,600 --> 02:12:01,600
bringing fresh produce from the 
countryside. 

2436
02:12:01,600 --> 02:12:05,300
You stir in your bed as familiar
sounds signal the beginning of 

2437
02:12:05,300 --> 02:12:08,200
another day. 
The cycle is about to begin. 

2438
02:12:08,200 --> 02:12:12,700
Again, the same routines, the 
same challenges, the same small 

2439
02:12:12,700 --> 02:12:15,500
Pleasures that make up daily 
life in the greatest city of the

2440
02:12:15,500 --> 02:12:18,800
Medieval World. 
But each day also, brings its 

2441
02:12:18,800 --> 02:12:22,100
own possibilities. 
Its own small Adventures, its 

2442
02:12:22,100 --> 02:12:25,300
own opportunities to create 
something, beautiful, or useful,

2443
02:12:25,300 --> 02:12:28,100
or meaningful. 
This is how life unfolds in 

2444
02:12:28,100 --> 02:12:31,100
Constantinople day after day 
season after season year. 

2445
02:12:31,100 --> 02:12:34,100
After year, The rhythms are 
ancient and comforting 

2446
02:12:34,100 --> 02:12:37,200
connecting you to generations of
people who have followed similar

2447
02:12:37,200 --> 02:12:40,600
patterns of work and rest, 
creation and Community. 

2448
02:12:40,600 --> 02:12:43,900
Your grandfather, lived this way
and your grandchildren will 

2449
02:12:43,900 --> 02:12:46,600
likely continue these same 
essential patterns long after 

2450
02:12:46,600 --> 02:12:48,400
you're gone. 
There's something deeply 

2451
02:12:48,400 --> 02:12:50,200
satisfying about this 
continuity. 

2452
02:12:50,200 --> 02:12:53,200
This sense of being part of 
something larger and more 

2453
02:12:53,200 --> 02:12:57,100
enduring than individual lives. 
Your work contributes to the 

2454
02:12:57,108 --> 02:13:00,300
city's Prosperity. 
Your taxes support the Empire's 

2455
02:13:00,300 --> 02:13:03,400
Administration, your 
participation in community life 

2456
02:13:03,400 --> 02:13:06,300
helps maintain the social fabric
that holds everything together. 

2457
02:13:07,000 --> 02:13:09,600
You're not just surviving you're
contributing to one of 

2458
02:13:09,608 --> 02:13:12,100
History's. 
Greatest civilizations, the 

2459
02:13:12,100 --> 02:13:15,200
Byzantine Empire will endure for
centuries after your lifetime 

2460
02:13:15,200 --> 02:13:18,500
maintaining traditions and 
innovations that influence the 

2461
02:13:18,500 --> 02:13:22,200
entire Medieval World. 
The techniques you use in your 

2462
02:13:22,200 --> 02:13:25,300
Workshop will be passed down 
through generations of Craftsmen

2463
02:13:25,300 --> 02:13:27,600
the goods. 
You create will Outlast your 

2464
02:13:27,600 --> 02:13:30,700
memory carrying your skills into
a future, you'll never see. 

2465
02:13:31,600 --> 02:13:35,200
The community, you helps sustain
will continue to thrive adapt 

2466
02:13:35,200 --> 02:13:39,400
and evolve long after individual
lives have ended yet for all its

2467
02:13:39,400 --> 02:13:42,300
Grandeur and historical 
significance daily life. 

2468
02:13:42,300 --> 02:13:45,400
In Constantinople comes down to 
the same fundamental human 

2469
02:13:45,400 --> 02:13:47,800
experiences. 
That people have always shared 

2470
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:51,200
the satisfaction of work. 
Well done the pleasure of 

2471
02:13:51,200 --> 02:13:54,500
sharing meals with family and 
friends, the comfort of familiar

2472
02:13:54,500 --> 02:13:56,700
routines. 
And the hope that tomorrow will 

2473
02:13:56,700 --> 02:14:00,100
bring its own small improvements
and opportunities as you drift 

2474
02:14:00,100 --> 02:14:03,000
off to sleep in your modest. 
Apartment surrounded by The 

2475
02:14:03,000 --> 02:14:06,200
Quiet Sounds of a city at rest, 
your part of something 

2476
02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:09,900
magnificent, a civilization, 
that Bridges East, and West, 

2477
02:14:09,900 --> 02:14:13,300
ancient and modern the 
Practical, and the sublime. 

2478
02:14:14,400 --> 02:14:17,600
Constantinople in its golden 
age, represents Humanity at its 

2479
02:14:17,600 --> 02:14:20,900
most creative and ambitious, a 
place where different cultures 

2480
02:14:20,900 --> 02:14:23,500
meeting mingled to create 
something entirely new. 

2481
02:14:23,500 --> 02:14:26,800
The last thing you hear before 
sleep takes you is the distant 

2482
02:14:26,800 --> 02:14:29,500
sound of church. 
Bells, marking midnight, their 

2483
02:14:29,500 --> 02:14:32,100
bronze voices carrying across 
the sleeping City like a 

2484
02:14:32,100 --> 02:14:34,300
blessing. 
Tomorrow will bring its own 

2485
02:14:34,308 --> 02:14:37,800
challenges and opportunities. 
But tonight all is well in the 

2486
02:14:37,800 --> 02:14:40,900
queen of cities, the great 
Empire sleeps peacefully under 

2487
02:14:40,900 --> 02:14:44,600
its canopy of stars, secure in 
its strength and confident in 

2488
02:14:44,600 --> 02:14:47,100
its future. 
And In This Moment drifting 

2489
02:14:47,100 --> 02:14:49,700
between waking and sleeping in a
civilization that would 

2490
02:14:49,700 --> 02:14:51,400
influence the world for a 
thousand years. 

2491
02:14:51,400 --> 02:14:55,000
You're exactly where you belong 
part of the Magnificent 

2492
02:14:55,000 --> 02:14:57,000
complicated endlessly, 
fascinating. 

2493
02:14:57,000 --> 02:15:00,100
Tapestry of human experience 
that we call daily life. 

2494
02:15:00,100 --> 02:15:04,000
In Byzantium, the bells Fade 
Into silence the city, settles 

2495
02:15:04,000 --> 02:15:07,300
into deeper rest and another day
in the life of the Byzantine 

2496
02:15:07,300 --> 02:15:10,300
Empire draws to its gentle close
tomorrow. 

2497
02:15:10,300 --> 02:15:14,200
The cycle will begin again as it
has for centuries, as it will 

2498
02:15:14,200 --> 02:15:16,800
for centuries more carrying 
forward, the dreams and 

2499
02:15:16,800 --> 02:15:20,100
Ambitions of ordinary people who
built something extraordinary 

2500
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:22,500
with their daily labors and 
their shared hopes for the 

2501
02:15:22,500 --> 02:15:25,500
future sleep. 
Well, citizen of Constantinople,

2502
02:15:25,500 --> 02:15:29,200
your city endures, your work 
matters and your life. 

2503
02:15:29,200 --> 02:15:32,300
However, modest it might seem is
part of something. 

2504
02:15:32,300 --> 02:15:35,600
Truly, Magnificent. 
The Empire rest peacefully 

2505
02:15:35,600 --> 02:15:39,500
tonight sustained by the efforts
of people like you protected by 

2506
02:15:39,500 --> 02:15:42,900
walls, built by hands, like 
yours and enriched by the daily 

2507
02:15:42,900 --> 02:15:45,000
Miracle of human, creativity and
community. 

2508
02:15:45,000 --> 02:15:48,100
That makes civilization possible
the end rest. 

2509
02:15:48,100 --> 02:15:51,500
Well, dear listener, until 
tomorrow's Journey Through Time.

2510
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:55,500
May your dreams be filled with 
the sounds of ancient bells and 

2511
02:15:55,500 --> 02:15:58,500
the satisfaction of work. 
Well done in Humanity's Greatest

2512
02:15:58,500 --> 02:16:02,400
Adventure, the simple 
Extraordinary experience of 

2513
02:16:02,408 --> 02:16:12,000
being alive in history. 
Which yourself settling into a 

2514
02:16:12,000 --> 02:16:14,700
comfortable chair on a quiet 
evening, perhaps, with a warm 

2515
02:16:14,700 --> 02:16:17,300
drink in hand as we travel back 
to a time when the world was 

2516
02:16:17,300 --> 02:16:21,000
smaller and simpler yet somehow 
more complicated all at once. 

2517
02:16:21,800 --> 02:16:24,100
You're about to witness one of 
history's, most remarkable 

2518
02:16:24,100 --> 02:16:27,400
Transformations, not Through The
Eyes Of Kings or generals. 

2519
02:16:27,400 --> 02:16:30,300
But as someone watching Ordinary
People discover, they had 

2520
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:33,200
extraordinary courage, buried 
deep inside them. 

2521
02:16:34,400 --> 02:16:37,799
It's the early 8th century and 
you find yourself in what we 

2522
02:16:37,799 --> 02:16:40,100
now. 
Call Spain, though, back then it

2523
02:16:40,100 --> 02:16:42,500
was known as Hispana to those 
who bothered with such 

2524
02:16:42,500 --> 02:16:46,000
formalities, the visigothic 
kingdom stretches, before you 

2525
02:16:46,000 --> 02:16:48,100
like a patchwork quilt that seen
better days. 

2526
02:16:48,100 --> 02:16:52,000
Some patches holding strong 
others, fraying at the edges and

2527
02:16:52,000 --> 02:16:54,200
a few that probably should have 
been replaced years ago. 

2528
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:56,900
You'd think ruling a kingdom 
would be straightforward, 

2529
02:16:56,900 --> 02:16:59,700
wouldn't you? 
After all, you sit on a throne 

2530
02:16:59,700 --> 02:17:02,500
people bow and everyone does 
what you say. 

2531
02:17:03,900 --> 02:17:06,200
But the Visigoths had managed to
turn Monica into something 

2532
02:17:06,200 --> 02:17:08,799
resembling, a particularly 
chaotic game of musical. 

2533
02:17:08,799 --> 02:17:12,500
Chairs kings came and went with 
the regularity of seasons 

2534
02:17:12,500 --> 02:17:14,900
though, with considerably less 
predictability. 

2535
02:17:15,700 --> 02:17:18,500
One day you'd have King with 
teaser on the throne, the next 

2536
02:17:18,500 --> 02:17:19,900
day. 
His rival Roderick would be 

2537
02:17:19,907 --> 02:17:21,700
measuring the Royal cushions for
size. 

2538
02:17:22,400 --> 02:17:25,900
This constant Game of Thrones 
and yes, that's exactly what it 

2539
02:17:25,900 --> 02:17:28,600
was had left. 
The kingdom of a stable as a 

2540
02:17:28,608 --> 02:17:31,900
three-legged stool on a ship 
during a storm Noble. 

2541
02:17:31,900 --> 02:17:34,000
Spent more time plotting against
each other than actually 

2542
02:17:34,000 --> 02:17:36,600
governing which meant that when 
real trouble came knocking, 

2543
02:17:36,600 --> 02:17:39,700
everyone was too busy looking 
over their shoulders, to notice 

2544
02:17:39,700 --> 02:17:43,000
the front door being kicked in. 
the irony of course, is that 

2545
02:17:43,000 --> 02:17:45,799
while the visigothic nobility 
were perfecting, the art of 

2546
02:17:45,808 --> 02:17:48,700
political backstabbing, they 
were completely missing the 

2547
02:17:48,700 --> 02:17:52,299
bigger picture unfolding to the 
South across the narrow straight

2548
02:17:52,299 --> 02:17:55,600
that separated Europe, from 
Africa forces were gathering 

2549
02:17:55,600 --> 02:17:58,799
that would change everything, 
but you know, how it is with 

2550
02:17:58,799 --> 02:18:01,799
people who are two caught up in 
their own drama, they rarely 

2551
02:18:01,799 --> 02:18:05,700
noticed, the storm clouds and 
the rain starts falling The 

2552
02:18:05,700 --> 02:18:08,400
Muslim conquest of North Africa,
had been proceeding with the 

2553
02:18:08,407 --> 02:18:11,500
kind of methodical efficiency 
that would make a Swiss, 

2554
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:16,000
clockmaker weep with joy. 
City after City region. 

2555
02:18:16,000 --> 02:18:19,500
After region, until the Islamic 
forces stood at the very edge of

2556
02:18:19,500 --> 02:18:23,100
the African continent, looking 
across, those few miles of water

2557
02:18:23,100 --> 02:18:25,200
toward Europe. 
Like a person eyeing. 

2558
02:18:25,200 --> 02:18:27,200
The last piece of chocolate cake
at a dinner party. 

2559
02:18:28,299 --> 02:18:31,400
Now you might wonder why anyone 
would want to cross a body of 

2560
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:34,400
water to conquer a land full of 
quarreling Nobles, and political

2561
02:18:34,400 --> 02:18:37,600
chaos. 
The answer as it often is in 

2562
02:18:37,600 --> 02:18:40,200
history, comes down to 
opportunity meeting ambition. 

2563
02:18:40,200 --> 02:18:43,200
The Muslim forces weren't just 
looking for new lands to 

2564
02:18:43,200 --> 02:18:45,100
conquer. 
They were looking for lands 

2565
02:18:45,100 --> 02:18:49,500
worth conquering and despite all
its internal squabbling hispania

2566
02:18:49,500 --> 02:18:52,900
was still rich in resources 
fertile in agriculture and 

2567
02:18:52,900 --> 02:18:56,000
strategically positioned at the 
crossroads of Europe and Africa.

2568
02:18:56,900 --> 02:18:59,299
Stage was set for one of those 
moments in history, when 

2569
02:18:59,299 --> 02:19:02,900
everything changes so quickly. 
That people living through, it 

2570
02:19:02,900 --> 02:19:05,500
probably felt like they were 
watching the world's most 

2571
02:19:05,500 --> 02:19:09,900
dramatic magic trick. 
One moment you have the familiar

2572
02:19:09,900 --> 02:19:13,000
chaos of visigothic politics 
with its predictable. 

2573
02:19:13,000 --> 02:19:16,799
Unpredictability The next 
moment, everything you thought 

2574
02:19:16,799 --> 02:19:20,200
you knew about power religion 
and daily life is turned 

2575
02:19:20,208 --> 02:19:23,799
completely upside down. but 
here's what makes this story 

2576
02:19:23,799 --> 02:19:26,600
particularly fascinating from 
our cozy, Vantage points, 

2577
02:19:26,600 --> 02:19:30,000
centuries later, the people 
living through these changes 

2578
02:19:30,000 --> 02:19:32,299
didn't know, they were 
witnessing the end of one era 

2579
02:19:32,299 --> 02:19:35,600
and the beginning of another 
They were just trying to get 

2580
02:19:35,600 --> 02:19:39,500
through each day, make sense of 
rapidly changing circumstances 

2581
02:19:39,500 --> 02:19:42,700
and figure out how to protect 
themselves and their families in

2582
02:19:42,700 --> 02:19:45,500
a world that suddenly seemed a 
lot less predictable than it had

2583
02:19:45,500 --> 02:19:48,800
been the week before. 
The Reconquista that century is 

2584
02:19:48,800 --> 02:19:51,200
long process of Christian 
kingdoms gradually reclaiming. 

2585
02:19:51,200 --> 02:19:54,800
The Iberian Peninsula wasn't 
born in a single moment of 

2586
02:19:54,800 --> 02:19:58,800
inspiration or divine revelation
it emerged slowly organically 

2587
02:19:58,800 --> 02:20:02,900
from the accumulated frustration
and determination of people who 

2588
02:20:02,900 --> 02:20:06,000
found themselves living under 
foreign Rule and decided. 

2589
02:20:06,000 --> 02:20:09,400
Sometimes one person at a time 
that they weren't going to 

2590
02:20:09,400 --> 02:20:13,100
accept this as their permanent 
reality, as you settled deeper 

2591
02:20:13,100 --> 02:20:15,200
into your chair. 
Imagine yourself as one of those

2592
02:20:15,200 --> 02:20:18,100
people watching the old world 
crumble and wandering. 

2593
02:20:18,100 --> 02:20:20,400
What kind of new world might 
rise from its ashes? 

2594
02:20:21,400 --> 02:20:24,900
Because that's exactly where our
Story begins not with the end, 

2595
02:20:24,900 --> 02:20:26,700
but with the ending that became 
a beginning. 

2596
02:20:27,300 --> 02:20:29,900
In seven, eleven, if you live 
near southern Spain, you may 

2597
02:20:29,900 --> 02:20:32,600
have seen something odd on the 
horizon ship's. 

2598
02:20:33,500 --> 02:20:36,100
There were actually quite a few 
ships and none of them were 

2599
02:20:36,100 --> 02:20:38,000
flying. 
Any flags that you recognized, 

2600
02:20:38,000 --> 02:20:41,500
this Fleet wasn't the usual 
Merchant traffic or the 

2601
02:20:41,500 --> 02:20:44,100
occasional Viking, raid that 
everyone had learned to treat as

2602
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:45,700
just another Tuesday 
inconvenience. 

2603
02:20:46,400 --> 02:20:50,000
The scene was something entirely
different, the fleet approaching

2604
02:20:50,000 --> 02:20:53,400
your Shores, belonged to Tariq 
Ivan, Ziad, whose name would 

2605
02:20:53,400 --> 02:20:55,700
become so associated. 
With this moment that the rocky 

2606
02:20:55,700 --> 02:20:59,100
outcrop where he landed 
Gibraltar literally means jabal 

2607
02:20:59,100 --> 02:21:02,000
Tariq or tariq's Mountain. 
It's one of those perfect 

2608
02:21:02,000 --> 02:21:04,700
historical coincidences that 
makes you wonder if someone 

2609
02:21:04,700 --> 02:21:06,700
somewhere has a sense of humor 
about these things. 

2610
02:21:06,700 --> 02:21:10,100
Now, if you were a military 
strategist sitting in your 

2611
02:21:10,100 --> 02:21:13,500
favorite armchair, you might 
assume that conquering an entire

2612
02:21:13,500 --> 02:21:17,400
Kingdom would require vast 
armies years of planning and 

2613
02:21:17,400 --> 02:21:19,900
Logistics that would make a 
modern supply chain manager 

2614
02:21:19,900 --> 02:21:23,400
breakout in hives. 
But Tarik, had something perhaps

2615
02:21:23,400 --> 02:21:25,200
more valuable than massive 
numbers. 

2616
02:21:25,200 --> 02:21:29,600
He had timing determination and 
an opponent that was essentially

2617
02:21:29,600 --> 02:21:33,400
doing half the work for him. 
The visigothic Kingdom at this 

2618
02:21:33,400 --> 02:21:36,500
moment was like a house with a 
beautiful facade, but termites 

2619
02:21:36,500 --> 02:21:39,400
in the foundation. 
King Roderick was dealing with 

2620
02:21:39,400 --> 02:21:42,000
rebellion in the north. 
Noble families were still 

2621
02:21:42,008 --> 02:21:44,100
playing their endless game of 
political chess. 

2622
02:21:44,100 --> 02:21:46,700
And the Army was scattered 
across the peninsula, dealing 

2623
02:21:46,700 --> 02:21:50,000
with various internal squabbles.
It was rather like trying to 

2624
02:21:50,000 --> 02:21:52,400
defend your home from burglars. 
While your family, is having 

2625
02:21:52,400 --> 02:21:53,700
allowed argument to the living 
room. 

2626
02:21:53,700 --> 02:21:57,400
Tarek's initial force was 
relatively modest somewhere 

2627
02:21:57,400 --> 02:22:01,200
between 7,000 and 12,000 men 
depending on which historical 

2628
02:22:01,200 --> 02:22:04,700
account you trust. 
These weren't just random 

2629
02:22:04,700 --> 02:22:06,300
soldiers looking for adventure, 
though. 

2630
02:22:07,100 --> 02:22:09,400
They were experienced fighters 
who had already proven 

2631
02:22:09,400 --> 02:22:12,500
themselves in the conquest of 
North Africa and they brought 

2632
02:22:12,500 --> 02:22:16,100
with them, something, the 
visigothic forces lacked, Unity 

2633
02:22:16,100 --> 02:22:18,800
of purpose, and a command 
structure that actually 

2634
02:22:18,800 --> 02:22:22,000
functioned, The Landing itself 
must have been one of those 

2635
02:22:22,000 --> 02:22:25,200
surreal moments in history, 
picture yourself as a local 

2636
02:22:25,200 --> 02:22:28,700
fishermen, going about your 
normal morning routine when 

2637
02:22:28,700 --> 02:22:31,700
suddenly the bay fills with 
foreign ships disgorging 

2638
02:22:31,700 --> 02:22:34,200
thousands of armed, men who 
clearly aren't there for the 

2639
02:22:34,208 --> 02:22:37,800
local tourism opportunities. 
You'd probably spend a few 

2640
02:22:37,808 --> 02:22:39,600
moments wondering if you were 
still dreaming. 

2641
02:22:39,600 --> 02:22:42,900
Then realized the moment was 
definitely one of those days 

2642
02:22:42,900 --> 02:22:44,800
when staying home might have 
been the better choice. 

2643
02:22:45,600 --> 02:22:47,400
What happened? 
Next demonstrates, one of 

2644
02:22:47,400 --> 02:22:50,400
History's recurring themes. 
Sometimes the outcome of 

2645
02:22:50,408 --> 02:22:53,900
momentous events, depends Less 
on Grand strategy and more on 

2646
02:22:53,900 --> 02:22:58,000
basic human psychology. 
When news of the landing reached

2647
02:22:58,000 --> 02:23:00,900
King Roderick, he did what any 
reasonable Monarch would do. 

2648
02:23:01,800 --> 02:23:04,500
He gathered his forces and 
marched South to deal with this 

2649
02:23:04,500 --> 02:23:08,100
invasion. 
Problem, was that Gathering his 

2650
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:11,400
forces in a politically 
fractured Kingdom, meant trying 

2651
02:23:11,400 --> 02:23:14,200
to assemble an army from Nobles 
who were entirely sure they 

2652
02:23:14,200 --> 02:23:18,300
wanted him to succeed. 
The Battle of guadalete fought 

2653
02:23:18,300 --> 02:23:21,700
sometime in July 7-Eleven became
one of those encounters that 

2654
02:23:21,700 --> 02:23:25,400
historians described with words 
like decisive and pivotal which 

2655
02:23:25,400 --> 02:23:28,200
are academic ways of saying 
everything changed rapidly. 

2656
02:23:29,100 --> 02:23:33,000
Roger's Army was larger on paper
but paper armies and real armies

2657
02:23:33,000 --> 02:23:36,200
are two very different things. 
When your troops include people 

2658
02:23:36,200 --> 02:23:39,800
who might actually prefer to see
you lose military mathematics 

2659
02:23:39,800 --> 02:23:41,600
becomes considerably more 
complicated. 

2660
02:23:42,600 --> 02:23:45,500
The battle itself was less a 
Clash of Titans and more like 

2661
02:23:45,500 --> 02:23:47,300
watching a carefully stacked 
House of Cards. 

2662
02:23:47,300 --> 02:23:50,300
Encounter a sudden Breeze, 
roderick's forces didn't just 

2663
02:23:50,300 --> 02:23:53,600
lose, they collapsed with the 
kind of spectacular completeness

2664
02:23:53,600 --> 02:23:56,300
that makes military historian. 
Shake their heads in a 

2665
02:23:56,300 --> 02:23:59,300
amazement, the king himself 
disappeared during the fighting 

2666
02:23:59,300 --> 02:24:02,200
and while various stories 
emerged about his fate, the 

2667
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:05,400
Practical result was the same. 
The visigothic kingdom had just 

2668
02:24:05,400 --> 02:24:07,200
lost. 
Its head, literally or 

2669
02:24:07,200 --> 02:24:09,600
figuratively. 
But here's where the story 

2670
02:24:09,600 --> 02:24:11,800
becomes, particularly 
captivating from your 

2671
02:24:11,800 --> 02:24:15,300
comfortable evening perspective.
The speed of what followed 

2672
02:24:15,300 --> 02:24:17,300
defied all reasonable 
expectations. 

2673
02:24:17,300 --> 02:24:21,100
Within a few years Muslim forces
had swept across most of the 

2674
02:24:21,100 --> 02:24:24,200
Iberian Peninsula, with a 
swiftness that seems almost 

2675
02:24:24,200 --> 02:24:26,200
impossible until you remember 
that. 

2676
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:27,600
They weren't just conquering 
territory. 

2677
02:24:27,600 --> 02:24:31,600
They were often being invited in
by local population who saw them

2678
02:24:31,600 --> 02:24:33,800
as preferable to the chaos of 
visigothic rule. 

2679
02:24:34,700 --> 02:24:37,600
The result wasn't the Hollywood 
version of Conquest with 

2680
02:24:37,600 --> 02:24:40,100
dramatic sieges and heroic last 
stands. 

2681
02:24:40,100 --> 02:24:43,300
This was Conquest through 
administrative competence 

2682
02:24:43,300 --> 02:24:46,700
religious tolerance and the 
simple appeal of stable 

2683
02:24:46,700 --> 02:24:50,700
Government after Decades of 
political turmoil, Sometimes the

2684
02:24:50,700 --> 02:24:53,100
most revolutionary changes 
happen, not through dramatic 

2685
02:24:53,100 --> 02:24:56,000
confrontation, but through 
offering people something they 

2686
02:24:56,000 --> 02:24:58,900
didn't even realize they wanted 
predictability. 

2687
02:24:58,900 --> 02:25:02,000
Imagine waking up one morning to
discover that everything 

2688
02:25:02,000 --> 02:25:05,000
familiar about your world has 
been quietly rearranged while 

2689
02:25:05,000 --> 02:25:07,900
you slept. 
The same Mountain, Still frame, 

2690
02:25:07,900 --> 02:25:10,600
The Horizon, and the Same 
Rivers, still float toward the 

2691
02:25:10,600 --> 02:25:12,800
sea. 
But suddenly there are new 

2692
02:25:12,800 --> 02:25:16,800
rules, new rulers, a new ways of
doing things that everyone is 

2693
02:25:16,800 --> 02:25:18,200
expected to learn rather 
quickly. 

2694
02:25:18,200 --> 02:25:21,000
This is essentially what 
happened to the people of 

2695
02:25:21,008 --> 02:25:24,000
hispania as Muslim rules settled
over the peninsula, like a new 

2696
02:25:24,000 --> 02:25:26,600
season. 
But unlike the harsh winter of 

2697
02:25:26,600 --> 02:25:29,400
Conquest, that many might have 
expected, what? 

2698
02:25:29,400 --> 02:25:33,000
Actually emerged was something 
surprisingly manageable. 

2699
02:25:33,800 --> 02:25:36,500
The new rule is it turned out 
were excellent at the mundane 

2700
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:38,000
business of actually running 
things. 

2701
02:25:38,000 --> 02:25:41,600
You see the Maya had caliphate 
had learned something that many 

2702
02:25:41,600 --> 02:25:43,500
conquerors throughout history 
seemed to miss. 

2703
02:25:44,400 --> 02:25:47,000
Destroying everything, you've 
just conquered is rather like 

2704
02:25:47,000 --> 02:25:50,400
Burning Down The House. 
You've just bought instead, they

2705
02:25:50,400 --> 02:25:52,700
brought with them, a 
sophisticated administrative 

2706
02:25:52,700 --> 02:25:55,600
system that had been refined 
through governing diverse 

2707
02:25:55,600 --> 02:25:59,100
populations across a vast 
territory, stretching from Spain

2708
02:25:59,100 --> 02:26:01,800
to Central Asia. 
The Christian and Jewish 

2709
02:26:01,808 --> 02:26:05,500
populations found themselves 
classified as Demi protected, 

2710
02:26:05,500 --> 02:26:08,100
people who could continue 
practicing their religions in 

2711
02:26:08,100 --> 02:26:11,400
exchange for paying additional 
taxes and accepting certain 

2712
02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:15,100
legal restrictions. 
Now, before you start thinking 

2713
02:26:15,100 --> 02:26:18,300
this Arrangement, sounds 
wonderfully tolerant by modern 

2714
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:20,400
standards. 
Remember that religious 

2715
02:26:20,400 --> 02:26:23,300
tolerance in the 8th century was
rather like air conditioning in 

2716
02:26:23,300 --> 02:26:26,600
the desert rare enough that you 
appreciated it when you found 

2717
02:26:26,600 --> 02:26:28,500
it. 
Even if it wasn't quite what 

2718
02:26:28,500 --> 02:26:31,500
you'd get at home. 
For many people, daily life 

2719
02:26:31,500 --> 02:26:34,100
under the new system was 
actually an improvement over the

2720
02:26:34,100 --> 02:26:38,300
chaos of late visigothic rule. 
Trade, flourished, cities, grew 

2721
02:26:38,300 --> 02:26:42,800
and the famous conventia. 
Coexistence of Christian Muslim 

2722
02:26:42,800 --> 02:26:45,900
and Jewish communities began to 
develop in ways that would make 

2723
02:26:45,900 --> 02:26:49,000
medieval Iberia one of the most 
culturally Rich regions in 

2724
02:26:49,000 --> 02:26:52,500
Europe. but here's where human 
nature, asserts itself in ways 

2725
02:26:52,500 --> 02:26:56,100
that are both predictable and 
touching people adapt, but they 

2726
02:26:56,100 --> 02:27:00,500
also remember In countless small
ways the Concord population 

2727
02:27:00,500 --> 02:27:03,800
maintained connections to their 
previous identity while learning

2728
02:27:03,800 --> 02:27:07,000
to navigate their new reality. 
They spoke Arabic in the 

2729
02:27:07,008 --> 02:27:09,200
marketplace but might still pray
in Latin at home. 

2730
02:27:09,200 --> 02:27:12,600
They adopted new architectural 
Styles while preserving old 

2731
02:27:12,600 --> 02:27:15,000
family traditions, they learned 
new skills. 

2732
02:27:15,000 --> 02:27:16,900
While teaching their children 
old stories. 

2733
02:27:16,900 --> 02:27:20,300
This cultural blending created. 
Something unprecedented in 

2734
02:27:20,300 --> 02:27:23,100
medieval Europe. 
A society, where a Christian 

2735
02:27:23,100 --> 02:27:26,100
Merchants might do business with
a Muslim banker while discussing

2736
02:27:26,100 --> 02:27:29,100
philosophy with a Jewish 
scholar, and nobody thought this

2737
02:27:29,100 --> 02:27:32,700
was particularly remarkable. 
It was rather like living in one

2738
02:27:32,700 --> 02:27:35,000
of those modern neighborhoods 
where everyone's from somewhere 

2739
02:27:35,000 --> 02:27:38,700
else except with more swords and
considerably less Plumbing. 

2740
02:27:40,000 --> 02:27:43,400
The new rulers established their
Capital at Cordoba which under 

2741
02:27:43,400 --> 02:27:45,600
their guidance would become one 
of the largest and most 

2742
02:27:45,600 --> 02:27:49,300
sophisticated cities in Europe. 
They built schools, libraries 

2743
02:27:49,300 --> 02:27:52,500
and Workshops the improved 
agricultural techniques and 

2744
02:27:52,500 --> 02:27:56,200
expanded trade networks, they 
even maintained an expanded, the

2745
02:27:56,200 --> 02:27:59,100
Roman infrastructure, they 
inherited, which showed a 

2746
02:27:59,100 --> 02:28:01,800
refreshing appreciation for good
engineering regardless of its 

2747
02:28:01,800 --> 02:28:04,500
Origins. 
Yet beneath the surface of 

2748
02:28:04,500 --> 02:28:07,500
accommodation and progress. 
Something else was quietly 

2749
02:28:07,500 --> 02:28:10,700
taking route. 
In the mountainous regions of 

2750
02:28:10,700 --> 02:28:13,900
the north where the conquest to 
be less complete and Central 

2751
02:28:13,900 --> 02:28:17,600
Authority, was weaker small 
communities of Christians began 

2752
02:28:17,600 --> 02:28:20,200
to develop what we might call 
Selective Amnesia about their 

2753
02:28:20,200 --> 02:28:22,800
new reality. 
They remembered the Old Kingdom,

2754
02:28:22,800 --> 02:28:26,500
the old faith and the old ways 
of doing things, and they began 

2755
02:28:26,500 --> 02:28:29,400
to nurture the idea that their 
current situation might not be 

2756
02:28:29,400 --> 02:28:32,500
permanent. 
These weren't grand gestures of 

2757
02:28:32,500 --> 02:28:35,500
defiance or dramatic 
Declarations of Independence. 

2758
02:28:36,600 --> 02:28:39,900
They were the quiet, persistent 
activities of people who had 

2759
02:28:39,900 --> 02:28:42,600
decided that while they might 
have to accept foreign rule, 

2760
02:28:42,600 --> 02:28:45,500
they didn't have to like it or 
consider it legitimate. 

2761
02:28:46,800 --> 02:28:49,700
They maintained their own 
religious practices, preserve 

2762
02:28:49,700 --> 02:28:52,200
their own legal traditions, and 
most importantly told their 

2763
02:28:52,200 --> 02:28:55,200
children, stories about how 
things used to be and how they 

2764
02:28:55,200 --> 02:28:58,400
might be again. 
The irony, of course, is that 

2765
02:28:58,400 --> 02:29:01,000
the very tolerant and 
administrative competence that 

2766
02:29:01,000 --> 02:29:03,900
made Muslim rule. 
Bearable also provided the space

2767
02:29:03,900 --> 02:29:07,800
for this quiet, resistance to 
develop, A harsher system might 

2768
02:29:07,800 --> 02:29:11,200
have Stamped Out Christian 
identity entirely while a more 

2769
02:29:11,200 --> 02:29:12,900
chaotic. 
One might have left people to 

2770
02:29:12,900 --> 02:29:15,300
focused on simple survival to 
think about political 

2771
02:29:15,300 --> 02:29:18,500
Alternatives, instead the 
Concord population found 

2772
02:29:18,500 --> 02:29:21,400
themselves in the historically 
unusual position of being 

2773
02:29:21,400 --> 02:29:23,900
governed by people who are 
genuinely better at governing 

2774
02:29:23,900 --> 02:29:27,400
than their previous rulers while
still maintaining the cycle and 

2775
02:29:27,400 --> 02:29:30,300
cultural resources to imagine 
eventual liberation. 

2776
02:29:31,400 --> 02:29:34,200
It was rather like being in a 
very comfortable prison run by 

2777
02:29:34,200 --> 02:29:36,800
thoughtful wardens. 
You might appreciate the 

2778
02:29:36,800 --> 02:29:38,800
amenities while still planning 
your eventual. 

2779
02:29:38,800 --> 02:29:42,300
Escape this quiet persistence in
the northern mountains would be 

2780
02:29:42,300 --> 02:29:45,100
one of history's. 
Most patient Investments planted

2781
02:29:45,100 --> 02:29:47,900
by people who might never live 
to see its Harvest, but who 

2782
02:29:47,900 --> 02:29:50,000
maintained faith that someone 
someday would. 

2783
02:29:50,000 --> 02:29:52,600
Let's take a moment to 
appreciate one of history's. 

2784
02:29:52,600 --> 02:29:56,600
Most delightful irony is the 
reconquest of Iberia began not 

2785
02:29:56,600 --> 02:29:59,700
with a Grand Army or divine 
revelation, but with what was 

2786
02:29:59,700 --> 02:30:03,800
essentially a tax dispute that 
got wildly out of hand, you have

2787
02:30:03,800 --> 02:30:05,800
to admire the very human scale 
of it. 

2788
02:30:05,800 --> 02:30:08,700
All is rather like discovering 
that the American Revolution 

2789
02:30:08,700 --> 02:30:11,400
started because someone got 
really annoyed about the price 

2790
02:30:11,400 --> 02:30:14,300
of tea. 
In the Austrian mountains of 

2791
02:30:14,300 --> 02:30:19,200
Northern Spain around the year. 
718, a visigothic nobleman named

2792
02:30:19,200 --> 02:30:21,500
Palio was dealing with the kind 
of problem that would be 

2793
02:30:21,500 --> 02:30:24,000
familiar to anyone who's ever 
had a disagreement with the 

2794
02:30:24,000 --> 02:30:27,100
local authorities. 
The Muslim Governors wanted him 

2795
02:30:27,100 --> 02:30:29,200
to pay tribute and acknowledge 
their Authority. 

2796
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:32,800
Polio for reasons that probably 
made perfect sense to him at the

2797
02:30:32,800 --> 02:30:37,200
time decided, he'd rather not 
now, under normal circumstances,

2798
02:30:37,200 --> 02:30:40,100
this kind of local disagreement 
would be resolved quickly and 

2799
02:30:40,100 --> 02:30:44,600
decisively in favor of whoever 
had the bigger Army, But the 

2800
02:30:44,608 --> 02:30:48,100
Assyrian mountains weren't 
normal circumstances they were 

2801
02:30:48,100 --> 02:30:50,400
the Medieval equivalent of 
trying to govern a region made 

2802
02:30:50,400 --> 02:30:54,200
entirely of natural fortresses. 
The train was so rugged that 

2803
02:30:54,200 --> 02:30:55,900
sending large military forces 
into. 

2804
02:30:55,900 --> 02:30:58,700
It was rather like trying to 
organize a parade in a maze 

2805
02:30:58,700 --> 02:31:02,400
players initial Act of defiance 
was probably witnessed by fewer 

2806
02:31:02,400 --> 02:31:05,500
people than typically attend a 
modern city council meeting. 

2807
02:31:06,600 --> 02:31:10,600
He gathered a small group of 
supporters accounts of vary, but

2808
02:31:10,600 --> 02:31:14,500
we're talking dozens, not 
thousands and retreated to a 

2809
02:31:14,500 --> 02:31:17,700
cave called covadonga. 
From a military perspective, the

2810
02:31:17,700 --> 02:31:20,300
event looked like the kind of 
Last Stand that usually ends 

2811
02:31:20,300 --> 02:31:22,700
with historians writing. 
Sympathetic, footnotes about 

2812
02:31:22,700 --> 02:31:27,200
brave, but doomed resistance The
Muslim Force sent to deal with 

2813
02:31:27,200 --> 02:31:30,200
this minor irritation was 
probably expecting what their 

2814
02:31:30,200 --> 02:31:33,900
commanders back in Cordoba were 
expecting a brief expedition to 

2815
02:31:33,900 --> 02:31:35,700
arrest some troublemakers and 
restore order. 

2816
02:31:35,700 --> 02:31:39,600
Instead, they found themselves 
attempting to dislodge determine

2817
02:31:39,600 --> 02:31:42,300
Defenders from positions. 
Seemingly destined for such 

2818
02:31:42,300 --> 02:31:46,100
stubborn resistance. 
The Battle of covadonga fought 

2819
02:31:46,100 --> 02:31:49,700
sometime around 7:22, was the 
kind of encounter that looks 

2820
02:31:49,700 --> 02:31:52,800
insignificant in the moment. 
But grows in important with the 

2821
02:31:52,800 --> 02:31:55,700
passing year. 
The Muslim Force Was Defeated 

2822
02:31:55,700 --> 02:31:59,800
not destroyed but defeated 
enough that they withdrew rather

2823
02:31:59,800 --> 02:32:02,200
than continue what was turning 
into an expensive and 

2824
02:32:02,200 --> 02:32:04,300
embarrassing exercise in 
Mountain Warfare. 

2825
02:32:05,300 --> 02:32:08,700
From Palio's perspective, he had
successfully defended his home 

2826
02:32:08,700 --> 02:32:12,200
and maintained his independence.
From the Muslim Governor's 

2827
02:32:12,200 --> 02:32:14,400
perspective, they had bigger 
concerns than chasing a few 

2828
02:32:14,408 --> 02:32:17,600
Rebels through mountains that 
seemed designed to make military

2829
02:32:17,600 --> 02:32:19,300
operations as difficult as 
possible. 

2830
02:32:20,200 --> 02:32:22,800
From history's perspective, 
something had just begun that 

2831
02:32:22,800 --> 02:32:24,700
would continue for the next 
seventh centuries. 

2832
02:32:25,600 --> 02:32:28,200
What makes this moment 
particularly fascinating, is how

2833
02:32:28,200 --> 02:32:30,900
ordinary it must have seen to 
almost everyone involved. 

2834
02:32:31,600 --> 02:32:33,700
Palio wasn't proclaiming 
himself, the champion of 

2835
02:32:33,708 --> 02:32:36,900
Christendom or announcing a 
divinely inspired mission to 

2836
02:32:36,900 --> 02:32:40,300
reconquer Iberia. 
He was simply a man who decided 

2837
02:32:40,300 --> 02:32:43,000
he preferred his traditional way
of life to the new management 

2838
02:32:43,000 --> 02:32:46,000
and who happened to live in 
terrain that made his preference

2839
02:32:46,000 --> 02:32:48,800
military viable. 
The victory at cover donger, 

2840
02:32:48,800 --> 02:32:50,800
became something more than a 
military success. 

2841
02:32:50,800 --> 02:32:54,700
It became proof that Muslim rule
wasn't inevitable or permanent. 

2842
02:32:55,600 --> 02:32:57,700
Words spread through the 
Christian communities that 

2843
02:32:57,700 --> 02:32:59,300
remained scattered across the 
peninsula. 

2844
02:33:00,200 --> 02:33:03,700
Carried by Merchants pilgrims 
and that most effective of 

2845
02:33:03,700 --> 02:33:06,400
medieval communication networks 
gossip. 

2846
02:33:07,800 --> 02:33:10,500
But here's what makes pelayo's 
story particularly relevant to 

2847
02:33:10,500 --> 02:33:13,800
your evening contemplation? 
He didn't succeed because he had

2848
02:33:13,800 --> 02:33:16,700
a master plan or Divine 
Assistance or Superior military 

2849
02:33:16,700 --> 02:33:19,600
technology, he succeeded because
he was stubborn. 

2850
02:33:19,600 --> 02:33:23,300
He picked his ground carefully 
and he was willing to accept a 

2851
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:24,800
very modest definition of 
success. 

2852
02:33:26,200 --> 02:33:29,200
Occasionally, the most important
historical changes begin with 

2853
02:33:29,200 --> 02:33:31,200
someone simply saying, no, and 
meaning it. 

2854
02:33:32,200 --> 02:33:34,500
The kingdom of Asturias that 
emerged from this mountain, 

2855
02:33:34,500 --> 02:33:38,100
rebellion was Tiny poor and 
surrounded by much, more 

2856
02:33:38,100 --> 02:33:41,300
powerful, Neighbors. 
By any reasonable measure. 

2857
02:33:41,300 --> 02:33:44,800
It should have been a historical
footnote, one of those brief 

2858
02:33:44,800 --> 02:33:47,500
moments of Independence, that 
gets absorbed back into the 

2859
02:33:47,500 --> 02:33:51,400
larger political reality. 
Instead, it became the seed from

2860
02:33:51,400 --> 02:33:55,200
which the entire Reconquista 
would have eventually grow This 

2861
02:33:55,200 --> 02:33:58,900
episode suggests something, both
encouraging and slightly absurd 

2862
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:02,000
about human nature. 
Sometimes the most significant 

2863
02:34:02,000 --> 02:34:05,600
changes in history, begin with 
people who have no idea, they're

2864
02:34:05,600 --> 02:34:07,900
making history. 
They're just dealing with their 

2865
02:34:07,900 --> 02:34:11,600
immediate circumstances making 
the best decisions they can with

2866
02:34:11,600 --> 02:34:14,500
the information, they have and 
refusing to accept situations, 

2867
02:34:14,500 --> 02:34:18,400
they find unacceptable player 
probably went to sleep each 

2868
02:34:18,400 --> 02:34:21,600
night, thinking about practical 
problems, Food Supplies, 

2869
02:34:21,600 --> 02:34:24,700
defensive positions, and keeping
his small band of followers, 

2870
02:34:24,700 --> 02:34:28,000
motivated and organized. 
He almost certainly didn't 

2871
02:34:28,000 --> 02:34:31,000
imagine that he was launching a 
centuries-long process that 

2872
02:34:31,000 --> 02:34:33,200
would reshape the entire Iberian
Peninsula. 

2873
02:34:33,200 --> 02:34:36,800
He was just a man trying to 
preserve his way of life in a 

2874
02:34:36,800 --> 02:34:38,000
world that had changed around 
him. 

2875
02:34:38,000 --> 02:34:40,900
Imagine a garden, where 
aggressive weeds of completely 

2876
02:34:40,900 --> 02:34:44,800
overtaken the original flowers, 
but then, if you look carefully 

2877
02:34:44,800 --> 02:34:47,900
in the corners and along the 
edges, you start to notice small

2878
02:34:47,900 --> 02:34:49,400
shoots pushing up through the 
soil. 

2879
02:34:49,400 --> 02:34:52,600
The old plants, haven't died. 
They've just been growing 

2880
02:34:52,600 --> 02:34:54,900
quietly in places where the 
weeds couldn't reach them. 

2881
02:34:54,900 --> 02:34:57,700
This is essentially, what was 
happening in the northern 

2882
02:34:57,700 --> 02:35:00,500
regions of Iberia during the 
early centuries of Muslim rule, 

2883
02:35:01,300 --> 02:35:04,800
The kingdom of Asturias emerging
from pelio's successful 

2884
02:35:04,800 --> 02:35:08,800
Mountain, rebellion was rather 
like a medieval startup small 

2885
02:35:08,800 --> 02:35:12,900
Scrappy and operating with the 
kind of lean efficiency that 

2886
02:35:12,900 --> 02:35:15,400
comes from having absolutely no 
choice in the matter. 

2887
02:35:16,500 --> 02:35:19,800
The early in King's ruled over a
territory that was mostly rocks 

2888
02:35:19,800 --> 02:35:21,800
trees. 
And people who had gotten very 

2889
02:35:21,800 --> 02:35:23,500
good at making, do with limited 
resources. 

2890
02:35:24,500 --> 02:35:27,100
But what makes their story 
particularly endearing is that 

2891
02:35:27,100 --> 02:35:30,300
they transformed their poverty 
into a strength rather than a 

2892
02:35:30,300 --> 02:35:32,600
weakness? 
Since they couldn't compete with

2893
02:35:32,600 --> 02:35:36,000
the wealth and sophistication of
Muslim idea, they position 

2894
02:35:36,000 --> 02:35:38,800
themselves as the authentic, 
keepers of the old traditions, 

2895
02:35:38,800 --> 02:35:42,500
they were the original article, 
the Vintage Christian kingdom, 

2896
02:35:42,500 --> 02:35:46,900
aged a perfect in Mountain caves
and seasoned with genuine 

2897
02:35:46,900 --> 02:35:50,800
suffering. 
King Alfonso, the first ruling 

2898
02:35:50,800 --> 02:35:53,500
in the early 8th Century 
perfected, what we might call 

2899
02:35:53,500 --> 02:35:57,500
The Liberation through 
depopulation strategy, he would 

2900
02:35:57,500 --> 02:35:59,900
launch raids into the 
territories between his kingdom 

2901
02:35:59,900 --> 02:36:03,300
and the main Muslim settlements,
not to conquer, and hold ground.

2902
02:36:03,300 --> 02:36:06,600
But to convince the Christian 
populations, in those areas to 

2903
02:36:06,600 --> 02:36:08,400
pack up and move north to his 
kingdom. 

2904
02:36:08,400 --> 02:36:11,800
It was rather like being a 
medieval real estate agent who 

2905
02:36:11,800 --> 02:36:16,200
sales pitch was come in our 
beautiful mountains, where the 

2906
02:36:16,200 --> 02:36:19,500
scenery is spectacular and 
nobody will try to convert you 

2907
02:36:19,500 --> 02:36:22,800
to Islam. 
This policy had the delightful 

2908
02:36:22,800 --> 02:36:25,500
side effect of creating a 
no-man's land between Christian 

2909
02:36:25,500 --> 02:36:27,900
and Muslim territories. 
A buffer zone. 

2910
02:36:27,900 --> 02:36:30,400
That was difficult for either 
side to control, but which 

2911
02:36:30,400 --> 02:36:32,500
served as an excellent training 
ground for the kind of 

2912
02:36:32,500 --> 02:36:35,400
small-scale warfare that 
mountain kingdoms do best. 

2913
02:36:36,400 --> 02:36:39,400
The Assyrians became experts at 
what we'd Now, call Guerrilla 

2914
02:36:39,400 --> 02:36:42,700
tactics, though they probably 
just thought of it as how you 

2915
02:36:42,700 --> 02:36:44,200
fight when you can't afford to 
lose. 

2916
02:36:45,300 --> 02:36:48,200
Meanwhile, Leon emerged as the 
Kingdom's, New Capital. 

2917
02:36:48,200 --> 02:36:51,300
When the king's decided that 
ruling from Mountain caves, 

2918
02:36:51,300 --> 02:36:55,200
while romantically authentic was
becoming impractical as their 

2919
02:36:55,200 --> 02:36:58,800
territory expanded. 
Leon offered the radical luxury 

2920
02:36:58,800 --> 02:37:01,400
of being a place where you could
hold Court without worrying 

2921
02:37:01,400 --> 02:37:03,200
about the ceiling dripping on 
your crown. 

2922
02:37:04,000 --> 02:37:07,400
The really clever part of the 
Assyrian strategy was cultural 

2923
02:37:07,400 --> 02:37:10,400
as well as military. 
They positioned themselves as 

2924
02:37:10,400 --> 02:37:13,500
the continuation of the 
visigothic Kingdom, not its 

2925
02:37:13,500 --> 02:37:16,500
successes, but literally the 
same Kingdom that a temporarily 

2926
02:37:16,500 --> 02:37:19,500
lost most of its territory. 
Their approach wasn't just 

2927
02:37:19,500 --> 02:37:22,000
propaganda. 
It was a comprehensive 

2928
02:37:22,000 --> 02:37:24,400
rebranding effort that would 
make modern Marketing. 

2929
02:37:24,400 --> 02:37:26,200
Executives, weep with 
admiration. 

2930
02:37:27,100 --> 02:37:31,100
They maintained visigothic legal
codes preserved Latin literacy 

2931
02:37:31,100 --> 02:37:34,700
and most importantly developed, 
what we might call the we never 

2932
02:37:34,700 --> 02:37:38,600
really left narrative. 
According to this version of 

2933
02:37:38,600 --> 02:37:42,000
events, the kingdom of Asturias 
wasn't a new political entity, 

2934
02:37:42,000 --> 02:37:45,000
but rather than the visigothic 
kingdom in temporary exile, 

2935
02:37:45,000 --> 02:37:47,900
waiting for the right moment to 
reclaim its inheritance. 

2936
02:37:47,900 --> 02:37:52,000
This narrative was particularly 
powerful because it transformed 

2937
02:37:52,000 --> 02:37:54,500
what could have been considered 
a series of Border raids and 

2938
02:37:54,500 --> 02:37:58,200
minor territorial expansion into
something much more significant.

2939
02:37:59,000 --> 02:38:01,400
The systematic recovery of 
stolen property. 

2940
02:38:02,600 --> 02:38:06,000
When asturian forces captured a 
town or Valley, they weren't 

2941
02:38:06,000 --> 02:38:09,300
conquering new territory, they 
were liberating occupied land 

2942
02:38:09,300 --> 02:38:11,300
and restoring it to its rightful
rulers. 

2943
02:38:11,300 --> 02:38:14,600
The psychological impact of this
approach was considerable 

2944
02:38:14,600 --> 02:38:18,600
Christian population throughout 
Iberia now, had a focal point 

2945
02:38:18,600 --> 02:38:21,600
for their identity and 
aspirations, the kingdom of 

2946
02:38:21,600 --> 02:38:24,900
Asturias proved that Christian 
rule was still possible still 

2947
02:38:24,900 --> 02:38:29,600
viable and most importantly 
still expanding Every asturian 

2948
02:38:29,600 --> 02:38:32,400
Victory, regardless of its 
magnitude demonstrated that the 

2949
02:38:32,400 --> 02:38:34,600
Muslim Conquest was not the 
Final Chapter. 

2950
02:38:35,400 --> 02:38:38,700
But perhaps the most remarkable 
aspect of this early period was 

2951
02:38:38,700 --> 02:38:41,400
how the asturian approached to 
reconquest was fundamentally 

2952
02:38:41,400 --> 02:38:42,900
different from what we might 
expect. 

2953
02:38:43,800 --> 02:38:47,200
Their strategy wasn't driven by 
religious fanaticism or ethnic 

2954
02:38:47,200 --> 02:38:49,300
hatred. 
It was driven by the much, more 

2955
02:38:49,300 --> 02:38:51,900
practical desire to live 
according to familiar laws and 

2956
02:38:51,900 --> 02:38:54,800
customs. 
The austrians didn't spend a lot

2957
02:38:54,808 --> 02:38:57,400
of time denouncing Islam. 
They spent their time 

2958
02:38:57,400 --> 02:38:59,800
demonstrating that Christian 
rule, could be effective 

2959
02:38:59,800 --> 02:39:04,300
protective and worth supporting 
They were all so remarkably 

2960
02:39:04,300 --> 02:39:08,100
pragmatic about their goals. 
Rather than declaring their 

2961
02:39:08,100 --> 02:39:11,100
intention to reconquer, the 
entire Peninsula, which would 

2962
02:39:11,100 --> 02:39:13,900
have sounded rather absurd 
coming from rule of a mountain 

2963
02:39:13,900 --> 02:39:16,900
Kingdom, they focused on the 
achievable objective of 

2964
02:39:16,900 --> 02:39:20,700
expanding their territory, bit 
by bit Valley by Valley 

2965
02:39:20,700 --> 02:39:24,400
Mountain, by Mountain. 
This patience and pragmatism 

2966
02:39:24,400 --> 02:39:27,600
would prove to be one of their 
greatest strengths. while other 

2967
02:39:27,600 --> 02:39:30,900
medieval kingdoms Rose and fell 
through over ambitious expansion

2968
02:39:30,900 --> 02:39:34,300
or internal conflict, the 
Assyrians built something 

2969
02:39:34,300 --> 02:39:37,900
sustainable Christian kingdom 
that grew stronger rather than 

2970
02:39:37,900 --> 02:39:41,100
weaker over time and that would 
eventually become the foundation

2971
02:39:41,100 --> 02:39:44,000
for much larger. 
A conquest efforts by the 9th 

2972
02:39:44,000 --> 02:39:46,800
and 10th centuries. 
Palios persistent refusal to pay

2973
02:39:46,800 --> 02:39:48,800
taxes. 
Had transformed into a situation

2974
02:39:48,800 --> 02:39:52,700
that was beginning to cause the 
Muslim rulers of Iberia genuine 

2975
02:39:52,700 --> 02:39:56,100
discomfort is rather like 
watching a small crack, in a 

2976
02:39:56,100 --> 02:39:58,200
wall gradually. 
Expand Until you realize the 

2977
02:39:58,200 --> 02:39:59,700
whole structure might need 
attention. 

2978
02:40:01,200 --> 02:40:03,900
The kingdom of Asturias had been
quietly but persistently 

2979
02:40:03,900 --> 02:40:07,500
expanding and by now it was no 
longer accurate to describe it 

2980
02:40:07,500 --> 02:40:10,900
as a minor Mountain Rebellion 
under King's like Alfonso the 

2981
02:40:10,900 --> 02:40:13,400
second and Alfonso. 
The third, the kingdom had 

2982
02:40:13,400 --> 02:40:16,100
developed from a desperate 
refugee camp in to a functioning

2983
02:40:16,100 --> 02:40:19,800
medieval state with its own 
economy, military organization, 

2984
02:40:19,800 --> 02:40:22,700
and most importantly, a clear 
sense of mission. 

2985
02:40:23,600 --> 02:40:25,500
Alfonso. 
The third, who ruled in the late

2986
02:40:25,500 --> 02:40:28,100
night century, was particularly 
good at what we might call 

2987
02:40:28,100 --> 02:40:31,100
expansion with style. 
He didn't just conquer 

2988
02:40:31,100 --> 02:40:33,700
territory. 
He established cities, built 

2989
02:40:33,700 --> 02:40:36,600
churches, and created the kind 
of infrastructure that made 

2990
02:40:36,600 --> 02:40:40,100
people want to stay rather than 
flee at the first opportunity. 

2991
02:40:41,300 --> 02:40:44,500
City is like Zamora and Torah 
weren't just military outposts. 

2992
02:40:44,500 --> 02:40:48,100
They were statements of 
permanents announcements that 

2993
02:40:48,100 --> 02:40:50,300
Christian rule was back and 
intended to stay. 

2994
02:40:51,200 --> 02:40:53,500
But what's particularly 
fascinating about this period? 

2995
02:40:53,500 --> 02:40:56,400
Is that the Christian kingdoms 
were acquiring, the same 

2996
02:40:56,400 --> 02:41:00,800
patients and strategic thinking 
that had made Muslim rules so 

2997
02:41:00,800 --> 02:41:02,900
successful. 
They weren't just fighting 

2998
02:41:02,900 --> 02:41:05,300
battles. 
They were building institutions 

2999
02:41:05,300 --> 02:41:08,400
establishing trade networks. 
And most importantly, creating 

3000
02:41:08,400 --> 02:41:11,300
the administrative Machinery, 
that could govern an expanding 

3001
02:41:11,300 --> 02:41:15,000
territory. 
The really clever Innovation was

3002
02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:17,600
the development of what 
historians called the reconquest

3003
02:41:17,600 --> 02:41:21,100
ideology, a systematic 
intellectual framework, that 

3004
02:41:21,100 --> 02:41:24,500
transformed military expansion 
into a sacred mission. 

3005
02:41:25,300 --> 02:41:27,600
The mission wasn't just about 
recovering lost territory 

3006
02:41:27,600 --> 02:41:30,000
anymore. 
It was about fulfilling a Divine

3007
02:41:30,000 --> 02:41:32,800
mandate to restore Christian 
rule to the entire peninsula. 

3008
02:41:33,800 --> 02:41:36,900
It was brilliant marketing that 
gave every border Skirmish 

3009
02:41:36,900 --> 02:41:40,300
Cosmic significant. 
This ideological framework had 

3010
02:41:40,300 --> 02:41:42,900
the additional advantage of 
attracting support from Beyond 

3011
02:41:42,900 --> 02:41:45,800
the peninsula. 
Christian kingdoms across Europe

3012
02:41:45,800 --> 02:41:48,600
began to see the Iberian 
reconquest as part of their own 

3013
02:41:48,600 --> 02:41:52,500
spiritual Mission, which meant 
that French, Italian, and other 

3014
02:41:52,500 --> 02:41:55,400
European Knights started 
arriving to help with what they 

3015
02:41:55,408 --> 02:41:59,400
saw as a holy war against Islam.
These foreign volunteers brought

3016
02:41:59,400 --> 02:42:01,000
more than just military 
assistance. 

3017
02:42:01,000 --> 02:42:04,700
They brought new military 
techniques, financial resources.

3018
02:42:04,700 --> 02:42:08,000
And most importantly, they 
brought the sense that the Rick 

3019
02:42:08,000 --> 02:42:10,700
on Twista was part of a larger 
European Christian identity. 

3020
02:42:10,700 --> 02:42:14,300
What did began as a local 
dispute over governance was 

3021
02:42:14,300 --> 02:42:16,900
gradually becoming part of the 
Great cultural and religious 

3022
02:42:16,900 --> 02:42:19,500
confrontation between 
Christianity and Islam. 

3023
02:42:20,500 --> 02:42:24,100
Meanwhile Muslim, Iberia was 
discovering that success can 

3024
02:42:24,100 --> 02:42:27,200
create its own problems. 
The efficiency and prosperity 

3025
02:42:27,200 --> 02:42:30,200
that had made a landless the 
Envy of Europe had also made it 

3026
02:42:30,200 --> 02:42:33,300
somewhat complacent. 
For so long the Christian 

3027
02:42:33,300 --> 02:42:36,400
Kingdoms in the north were 
viewed as minor irritations and 

3028
02:42:36,400 --> 02:42:39,500
when they began to pose a 
genuine threat, the response was

3029
02:42:39,500 --> 02:42:42,000
often delayed. 
The umayyad caliphate was also 

3030
02:42:42,000 --> 02:42:44,900
dealing with internal pressures 
that diverted attention and 

3031
02:42:44,900 --> 02:42:46,600
resources from the northern 
Frontier. 

3032
02:42:47,400 --> 02:42:51,200
Political succession disputes 
Regional rebellions and the 

3033
02:42:51,200 --> 02:42:54,700
constant challenge of governing,
a diverse population that the 

3034
02:42:54,700 --> 02:42:57,400
military focused needed to 
contain Christian expansion. 

3035
02:42:57,400 --> 02:43:00,200
Wasn't always available when and
where it was needed. 

3036
02:43:01,100 --> 02:43:04,000
By the 10th Century, the balance
of power was shifting in ways 

3037
02:43:04,000 --> 02:43:06,300
that would have seemed 
impossible two centuries 

3038
02:43:06,300 --> 02:43:09,500
earlier. 
The Christian kingdoms weren't 

3039
02:43:09,500 --> 02:43:12,700
just surviving, they were 
beginning to thrive, they had 

3040
02:43:12,700 --> 02:43:16,000
developed their own military 
innovations, established secure 

3041
02:43:16,000 --> 02:43:19,100
economic bases. 
And most importantly, they had 

3042
02:43:19,100 --> 02:43:22,000
created a political and cultural
identity that was attracting 

3043
02:43:22,000 --> 02:43:23,800
support from across Christian 
Europe. 

3044
02:43:24,600 --> 02:43:27,800
The cycle transformational was 
perhaps even more significant 

3045
02:43:27,800 --> 02:43:30,300
than the military one. 
Christian population. 

3046
02:43:30,300 --> 02:43:33,000
Throughout Iberia. 
Now, had concrete evidence that 

3047
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:36,600
Muslim rule wasn't permanent or 
inevitable, Every Christian 

3048
02:43:36,600 --> 02:43:40,200
Victory, every recovered City. 
Every successful campaign was 

3049
02:43:40,200 --> 02:43:43,100
proof, that change was possible 
and that supporting the 

3050
02:43:43,100 --> 02:43:46,800
reconquest might be a winning 
strategy rather than a hopeless 

3051
02:43:46,800 --> 02:43:49,500
gesture. 
This shift in perception created

3052
02:43:49,500 --> 02:43:53,000
a feedback loop that accelerated
the process As Christian 

3053
02:43:53,000 --> 02:43:56,100
kingdoms became more successful,
they attracted more support, 

3054
02:43:56,100 --> 02:43:59,500
which made them more successful 
which attracted more support. 

3055
02:44:00,800 --> 02:44:03,500
The momentum that had been 
building slowly for Generations,

3056
02:44:03,500 --> 02:44:05,300
was beginning to reach critical 
mass. 

3057
02:44:05,300 --> 02:44:08,900
The Reconquista was transforming
from a local mountain Rebellion 

3058
02:44:08,900 --> 02:44:12,700
into a peninsula wide movement 
with international support and 

3059
02:44:12,700 --> 02:44:16,100
religious legitimacy. 
What had once seemed like an 

3060
02:44:16,100 --> 02:44:19,900
Impossible, Dream, the complete 
recovery of Christian rule over 

3061
02:44:19,900 --> 02:44:22,700
Iberia was beginning to look 
like an achievable. 

3062
02:44:22,700 --> 02:44:26,600
If long-term objective But 
perhaps most importantly, the 

3063
02:44:26,600 --> 02:44:29,100
Christian kingdoms had learned 
something crucial about the 

3064
02:44:29,100 --> 02:44:32,700
nature of his historical change.
Sometimes the most effective way

3065
02:44:32,700 --> 02:44:34,800
to transform the world is to 
start. 

3066
02:44:34,800 --> 02:44:38,700
Small, stay focused and maintain
consistent pressure over very 

3067
02:44:38,700 --> 02:44:41,400
long periods of time. 
They had mastered the art of 

3068
02:44:41,400 --> 02:44:44,400
strategic patience. 
As you sit here in the gentle 

3069
02:44:44,400 --> 02:44:46,900
quiet of evening. 
Imagine yourself, looking back 

3070
02:44:46,900 --> 02:44:49,800
across the seventh, centuries 
that stretched between Palio's 

3071
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:52,200
first defiant. 
Stand in the mountains and the 

3072
02:44:52,208 --> 02:44:56,500
final surrender of Grenada in 
4992, it's rather like watching 

3073
02:44:56,500 --> 02:44:59,300
time-lapse photography of a 
garden where flowers that were 

3074
02:44:59,308 --> 02:45:01,800
planted in Spring don't Bloom 
until the following winter. 

3075
02:45:02,700 --> 02:45:04,700
Except the seasons lasted for 
Generations. 

3076
02:45:05,800 --> 02:45:08,800
The Reconquista that began with 
a tax disputed, become something

3077
02:45:08,800 --> 02:45:12,100
unprecedented in medieval 
history, a sustained 

3078
02:45:12,100 --> 02:45:15,200
multi-generational project that 
transformed not just the 

3079
02:45:15,200 --> 02:45:18,700
political map of Iberia, but the
very identity of European 

3080
02:45:18,700 --> 02:45:22,300
Christianity. 
What started as a simple refusal

3081
02:45:22,300 --> 02:45:25,100
to accept, foreign rule, had 
evolved into a defining, 

3082
02:45:25,100 --> 02:45:28,100
characteristic of Spanish, and 
Portuguese culture, that would 

3083
02:45:28,100 --> 02:45:31,100
influence their approach to 
everything from exploration, to 

3084
02:45:31,100 --> 02:45:34,200
Empire Building. 
By the 11th century. 

3085
02:45:34,200 --> 02:45:36,900
The momentum that had been 
building for centuries was 

3086
02:45:36,900 --> 02:45:38,700
beginning to produce dramatic 
results. 

3087
02:45:39,600 --> 02:45:42,100
Capture of Toledo in 1085, by 
Alfonso. 

3088
02:45:42,100 --> 02:45:45,100
The sixth of Castile was one of 
those moments when everyone 

3089
02:45:45,100 --> 02:45:47,400
involved probably sensed. 
They were participating in 

3090
02:45:47,400 --> 02:45:50,700
something historically 
significant Toledo wasn't just 

3091
02:45:50,700 --> 02:45:53,500
another city. 
It was the ancient capital of 

3092
02:45:53,500 --> 02:45:57,000
visigothic Spain, the symbolic 
heart of the Kingdom that the 

3093
02:45:57,000 --> 02:46:01,000
Christian rulers claimed to be 
restoring, Fall of Toledo, 

3094
02:46:01,000 --> 02:46:03,800
demonstrated something that 
military theorists still studied

3095
02:46:03,800 --> 02:46:06,600
today. 
How psychological Victory is can

3096
02:46:06,600 --> 02:46:10,100
be more important than purely 
military ones, the conquest of 

3097
02:46:10,100 --> 02:46:12,400
this city didn't just add 
territory to the Christian 

3098
02:46:12,400 --> 02:46:14,600
kingdoms. 
It proved that, even the most 

3099
02:46:14,600 --> 02:46:17,300
seemingly secure Muslim 
strongholds could be taken by 

3100
02:46:17,300 --> 02:46:20,900
patient determined forces who 
were willing to play the long 

3101
02:46:20,900 --> 02:46:23,900
game. 
But perhaps the most remarkable 

3102
02:46:23,900 --> 02:46:27,300
aspect of the Reconquista 
ultimate success was how it 

3103
02:46:27,300 --> 02:46:29,800
maintained its essential 
character across those seven 

3104
02:46:29,800 --> 02:46:32,300
centuries. 
The same qualities that had made

3105
02:46:32,308 --> 02:46:36,500
paleos Rebellion, successful 
stubbornness strategic patience 

3106
02:46:36,500 --> 02:46:39,400
and the ability to turn 
disadvantages into advantages 

3107
02:46:39,400 --> 02:46:42,400
remained Central to the 
Christian approach throughout 

3108
02:46:42,400 --> 02:46:45,700
the entire process. 
The Christian kingdoms learned 

3109
02:46:45,700 --> 02:46:48,000
to cooperate when necessary, 
while maintaining their 

3110
02:46:48,000 --> 02:46:51,300
independence to adopt new 
military Technologies, while 

3111
02:46:51,300 --> 02:46:53,000
preserving their cultural 
identity. 

3112
02:46:53,000 --> 02:46:57,600
And most importantly, to think, 
in terms of generations, rather 

3113
02:46:57,600 --> 02:47:01,200
than immediate results, they 
created institutions that could 

3114
02:47:01,200 --> 02:47:05,300
survive individual defeats 
economic, setbacks and political

3115
02:47:05,300 --> 02:47:07,300
changes because they were built 
around the idea. 

3116
02:47:07,300 --> 02:47:10,200
That temporary setbacks would 
just that temporary. 

3117
02:47:11,400 --> 02:47:14,300
The final centuries of the 
Reconquista were marked by the 

3118
02:47:14,300 --> 02:47:16,000
consolidation of Christian 
power. 

3119
02:47:16,000 --> 02:47:19,900
Under the unified, crowns of 
Castile, and Aragon the marriage

3120
02:47:19,900 --> 02:47:23,300
of Isabella and Ferdinand, in 
1469, created the political 

3121
02:47:23,300 --> 02:47:25,100
Unity, that could finally 
complete. 

3122
02:47:25,100 --> 02:47:28,000
What polio had begun in the 
mountains of Asturias. 

3123
02:47:28,900 --> 02:47:31,300
It's one of History's neat. 
Symmetries that a movement that 

3124
02:47:31,300 --> 02:47:34,200
began with one stubborn 
individual would be completed by

3125
02:47:34,200 --> 02:47:36,800
the Strategic Alliance of two 
determined monologues. 

3126
02:47:36,800 --> 02:47:40,600
The surrender of Grenada in 1492
marked, not just the end of 

3127
02:47:40,608 --> 02:47:44,400
Muslim rule in Iberia, But the 
completion of one of the longest

3128
02:47:44,400 --> 02:47:47,300
and most successful military 
campaigns in European history. 

3129
02:47:48,300 --> 02:47:51,600
What makes it particularly 
remarkable is that it succeeded 

3130
02:47:51,600 --> 02:47:54,400
not through overwhelming force 
or brilliant strategy. 

3131
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:58,200
But through the simple expedient
of refusing to give up and 

3132
02:47:58,200 --> 02:48:01,600
consistently working toward a, 
clearly defined goal across 

3133
02:48:01,600 --> 02:48:04,800
multiple centuries. 
The legacy of the Reconquista 

3134
02:48:04,800 --> 02:48:08,200
extends far beyond the borders 
of Spain and Portugal the 

3135
02:48:08,200 --> 02:48:10,900
experience of successfully 
recovering lost territory 

3136
02:48:10,900 --> 02:48:14,100
through sustained effort, 
created a cultural confidence 

3137
02:48:14,100 --> 02:48:15,800
that would fuel the age of 
exploration. 

3138
02:48:16,900 --> 02:48:20,000
The same kingdoms that has spent
centuries learning to expand 

3139
02:48:20,000 --> 02:48:22,000
their territory. 
Step by step would soon be 

3140
02:48:22,000 --> 02:48:24,200
applying those lessons to Global
Empire Building. 

3141
02:48:25,700 --> 02:48:28,500
More fundamentally the 
Reconquista demonstrated 

3142
02:48:28,500 --> 02:48:30,900
something encouraging about 
human persistence and the 

3143
02:48:30,900 --> 02:48:34,200
possibility of long-term. 
Change it showed that even the 

3144
02:48:34,200 --> 02:48:36,800
most seemingly permanent 
political Arrangements can be 

3145
02:48:36,800 --> 02:48:39,900
transformed by people who are 
willing to start small, stay 

3146
02:48:39,900 --> 02:48:42,800
focused and maintain their 
efforts across multiple 

3147
02:48:42,800 --> 02:48:45,700
generation's As you can consider
this story from your 

3148
02:48:45,700 --> 02:48:49,100
comfortable, modern perspective,
perhaps the most relevant lesson

3149
02:48:49,100 --> 02:48:52,100
is how Ordinary People faced 
with circumstances. 

3150
02:48:52,100 --> 02:48:56,200
They found unacceptable created,
extraordinary change through the

3151
02:48:56,200 --> 02:48:58,300
simple. 
Expedient of refusing to accept 

3152
02:48:58,300 --> 02:49:02,000
that those circumstances were 
permanent He didn't need special

3153
02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:05,500
advantages or dramatic gestures,
they just needed patience 

3154
02:49:05,500 --> 02:49:09,100
persistence and the willingness 
to think beyond their lifetimes,

3155
02:49:09,100 --> 02:49:12,000
the birth of the Reconquista 
reminds us that some of 

3156
02:49:12,000 --> 02:49:13,200
history's. 
Most significant 

3157
02:49:13,200 --> 02:49:16,300
Transformations, begin not with 
grand declarations or 

3158
02:49:16,300 --> 02:49:19,800
revolutionary moments but with 
individuals who simply decide 

3159
02:49:19,800 --> 02:49:22,500
that their current situation 
doesn't have to be their 

3160
02:49:22,500 --> 02:49:25,900
permanent reality, sometimes the
most powerful force in human 

3161
02:49:25,900 --> 02:49:29,200
history is just the quiet 
determination to make tomorrow 

3162
02:49:29,200 --> 02:49:32,200
different from today. 
Sustained over enough tomorrow's

3163
02:49:32,200 --> 02:49:36,000
to make a difference that lasts 
and with that thought perhaps 

3164
02:49:36,000 --> 02:49:38,700
it's time to let this story 
settle into your evening quiet. 

3165
02:49:39,500 --> 02:49:42,000
Carrying with it. 
The gentle reminder that, even 

3166
02:49:42,000 --> 02:49:44,400
the longest journey is begin 
with someone taking the first 

3167
02:49:44,400 --> 02:49:52,400
step. 
To yourself on the front, porch 

3168
02:49:52,400 --> 02:49:57,400
of a house, and a small town in 
America on October 30th 1909. 

3169
02:49:57,400 --> 02:50:01,300
It's about 5:00 in the evening 
and the light in the fall. 

3170
02:50:01,300 --> 02:50:04,300
Has that special quality? 
That photographers spend their 

3171
02:50:04,300 --> 02:50:08,600
whole lives, trying to get gold 
and slanting, making everything 

3172
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:11,400
it touches look like it belongs 
in a painting, you'd find in 

3173
02:50:11,400 --> 02:50:14,100
your grandma's parlor. 
The air is cool. 

3174
02:50:14,100 --> 02:50:17,100
Like it is in October which 
makes you happy to have a 

3175
02:50:17,100 --> 02:50:20,000
cardigan or wool jacket. 
But not so cold that you need to

3176
02:50:20,000 --> 02:50:23,000
hurry inside. 
You can't make the smell in the 

3177
02:50:23,008 --> 02:50:26,100
air artificially. 
To mix of wood, smoke from 

3178
02:50:26,100 --> 02:50:29,400
someone's chimney, and the 
earthy smell of leaves that fell

3179
02:50:29,400 --> 02:50:31,000
yesterday and got wet in the 
rain. 

3180
02:50:31,900 --> 02:50:34,900
Underneath It All. 
There's that smell of autumn 

3181
02:50:34,900 --> 02:50:38,200
that can't be put into words, 
you could be in any number of 

3182
02:50:38,200 --> 02:50:43,400
towns like Oberlin Ohio, Concord
Massachusetts, or Galesburg, 

3183
02:50:43,400 --> 02:50:47,100
Illinois. 
In 1909 these towns. 

3184
02:50:47,100 --> 02:50:49,800
All had tree-lined streets with 
Maples that were putting on 

3185
02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:53,100
their annual firework show of 
color, how houses that were 

3186
02:50:53,108 --> 02:50:56,100
close enough to feel like 
neighbors, but far enough apart 

3187
02:50:56,100 --> 02:50:59,200
for privacy. 
And a pace of life, that modern 

3188
02:50:59,200 --> 02:51:03,400
people would find either 
relaxing or maddeningly slow 

3189
02:51:03,400 --> 02:51:07,300
depending on their mood. 
Most of the house is on your 

3190
02:51:07,300 --> 02:51:10,600
street are made of wood and a 
painted insensible colors like 

3191
02:51:10,600 --> 02:51:13,900
white gray or sometimes a bold 
cream. 

3192
02:51:14,900 --> 02:51:16,700
These are not the perfectly 
restored. 

3193
02:51:16,700 --> 02:51:19,500
Victorian homes, you see in 
historic districts today. 

3194
02:51:19,500 --> 02:51:23,200
These are homes that people live
in and some of them need a 

3195
02:51:23,200 --> 02:51:26,200
little paint touch up While 
others have porches that sack a 

3196
02:51:26,208 --> 02:51:27,600
little in the middle from years 
of use. 

3197
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:32,400
But they're all well taken care 
of with walkways that are swept 

3198
02:51:32,400 --> 02:51:35,100
and windows that catch the 
evening light like Amber. 

3199
02:51:35,800 --> 02:51:40,200
The big party that October 31st 
1909 would become wasn't yet a 

3200
02:51:40,200 --> 02:51:42,800
big deal. 
People still called it Halloween

3201
02:51:42,800 --> 02:51:46,500
or Halloween, which is a cute 
old-fashioned way to say it. 

3202
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:50,000
But it wasn't a day that needed 
to be planned weeks in advance 

3203
02:51:50,000 --> 02:51:53,200
or taken off work. 
Kids went to school like usual 

3204
02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:57,200
adults went about their daily 
lives and the parties that night

3205
02:51:57,200 --> 02:52:00,300
mostly took place in homes and 
church, social halls, and of 

3206
02:52:00,300 --> 02:52:02,700
turning entire neighborhoods 
into haunted displays. 

3207
02:52:03,600 --> 02:52:07,200
At this time of day, the streets
of starting to quiet down, men 

3208
02:52:07,200 --> 02:52:09,700
are coming home from work stores
and offices. 

3209
02:52:09,700 --> 02:52:12,800
They are walking home because in
a town like this, most things 

3210
02:52:12,800 --> 02:52:17,000
are close enough to walk to 
Their dressed up in suits but 

3211
02:52:17,000 --> 02:52:18,400
not because it's a special 
occasion. 

3212
02:52:19,300 --> 02:52:20,900
That's just what men want to 
work. 

3213
02:52:20,900 --> 02:52:25,400
They wore dark will suits with 
vests pocket watches on chains 

3214
02:52:25,400 --> 02:52:28,900
and hats that they would hang on
Coach racks as soon as they got 

3215
02:52:28,900 --> 02:52:31,400
home. 
Women can be seen through lit 

3216
02:52:31,400 --> 02:52:34,300
Windows moving around their 
kitchens in the strange, dance 

3217
02:52:34,300 --> 02:52:38,300
of making dinner. 
In 1909 cooking dinner didn't 

3218
02:52:38,300 --> 02:52:41,800
mean following an online recipe 
or reheating something from the 

3219
02:52:41,800 --> 02:52:46,100
store it was a big deal that 
needed constant attention coal 

3220
02:52:46,100 --> 02:52:49,500
or wood stoves ingredients that 
have been picked out the day 

3221
02:52:49,500 --> 02:52:53,100
before or that morning and 
skills that took years to learn 

3222
02:52:53,100 --> 02:52:55,400
and were passed down through 
generations. 

3223
02:52:55,400 --> 02:52:59,300
Like family heirlooms The kids 
are all excited and this is 

3224
02:52:59,300 --> 02:53:01,000
where Halloween starts to show 
itself. 

3225
02:53:01,000 --> 02:53:04,200
Their parents are trying to keep
them calm until after dinner, 

3226
02:53:04,200 --> 02:53:07,400
there will be parties tonight 
after dinner and the dishes are 

3227
02:53:07,400 --> 02:53:10,300
done, not the kind you're 
thinking of with loud music and 

3228
02:53:10,300 --> 02:53:14,200
lots of people, you don't know. 
These are gatherings in parlors 

3229
02:53:14,200 --> 02:53:17,700
and church basements where games
will be played, fortunes will be

3230
02:53:17,700 --> 02:53:21,200
told and the line between the 
normal world and something, a 

3231
02:53:21,200 --> 02:53:23,300
little stranger will seem to 
blur for a few hours. 

3232
02:53:23,300 --> 02:53:26,500
You can tell it's full from the 
porch as the evening gets 

3233
02:53:26,500 --> 02:53:28,300
darker. 
There are things that make it 

3234
02:53:28,308 --> 02:53:31,100
clear that this is full no 
matter what year it is. 

3235
02:53:31,100 --> 02:53:33,300
There are pumpkins on the 
porches. 

3236
02:53:33,300 --> 02:53:36,400
These are not the carved 
jack-o-lanterns that will become

3237
02:53:36,400 --> 02:53:39,300
popular later. 
Instead, they are whole 

3238
02:53:39,300 --> 02:53:42,000
pumpkins, some of which are 
quite large that were bought 

3239
02:53:42,000 --> 02:53:45,200
from local farms to be used as 
decorations and eaten later. 

3240
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:49,600
Some might have simple faces 
carved into them, but just as 

3241
02:53:49,600 --> 02:53:52,800
many are left hole. 
The orange color is enough to 

3242
02:53:52,800 --> 02:53:56,400
make them look like Christmas. 
People of Tide corn stalks to 

3243
02:53:56,408 --> 02:53:59,100
the railings of their porches 
and the posts of their fences. 

3244
02:53:59,100 --> 02:54:02,200
There are already dry and 
rustling in the light evening 

3245
02:54:02,200 --> 02:54:05,100
Breeze. 
Making a sound that is both sad 

3246
02:54:05,100 --> 02:54:08,800
and somehow comforting. some 
homes, have put them together in

3247
02:54:08,800 --> 02:54:12,000
shocks, which are tent, like, 
structures that farmers, using 

3248
02:54:12,000 --> 02:54:16,000
Fields, but a smaller for 
decoration You might also see 

3249
02:54:16,000 --> 02:54:19,800
gourds in different shapes, 
Autumn Leaves tied together in 

3250
02:54:19,800 --> 02:54:23,500
bundles and maybe some pots with
late blooming, chrysanthemums in

3251
02:54:23,500 --> 02:54:26,200
them. 
The decorations from 1909 are 

3252
02:54:26,200 --> 02:54:29,400
handmade seasonal and temporary,
which shows a different way of 

3253
02:54:29,400 --> 02:54:32,800
thinking about material Goods. 
There are no plastic or 

3254
02:54:32,800 --> 02:54:36,600
mass-produced items here. 
Everything has been made bought 

3255
02:54:36,600 --> 02:54:40,400
or found locally. 
These decorations won't be put 

3256
02:54:40,400 --> 02:54:42,300
away in labeled storage bins for
next year. 

3257
02:54:42,300 --> 02:54:47,100
When November comes, in Stead, 
they'll be composted burned or 

3258
02:54:47,100 --> 02:54:50,100
return to the ground. 
And new ones will be made in 

3259
02:54:50,100 --> 02:54:52,700
October. 
When it starts to get dark, 

3260
02:54:52,700 --> 02:54:56,500
which happens around 6:00 in 
late, October 1909 with without 

3261
02:54:56,500 --> 02:54:59,600
daylight, saving time. 
You can see candles being lit 

3262
02:54:59,600 --> 02:55:03,700
and windows in 1909. 
There are electric light's, but 

3263
02:55:03,700 --> 02:55:06,300
they aren't everywhere, 
especially in small towns and 

3264
02:55:06,300 --> 02:55:08,900
rural areas. 
A lot of homes, still, use 

3265
02:55:08,900 --> 02:55:12,000
gaslights or kerosene lamps, 
even homes with their 

3266
02:55:12,000 --> 02:55:14,600
electricity, might choose 
candles to night to set the mood

3267
02:55:15,400 --> 02:55:19,100
These aren't the fake flameless 
LED candles you have now or even

3268
02:55:19,100 --> 02:55:21,500
the centered candles that come 
in pretty jars. 

3269
02:55:22,400 --> 02:55:25,600
These candles are made of Tallow
or beeswax and some are 

3270
02:55:25,600 --> 02:55:27,000
hand-dipped While others a 
molded. 

3271
02:55:27,700 --> 02:55:29,500
They all give off a warm 
slightly. 

3272
02:55:29,500 --> 02:55:31,800
Flickering light. 
That makes every room look like 

3273
02:55:31,800 --> 02:55:35,700
a painting by a Dutch Master. 
The light doesn't fill rooms 

3274
02:55:35,700 --> 02:55:40,100
like, electric bulbs do instead.
It makes pools of light 

3275
02:55:40,100 --> 02:55:43,400
surrounded by Soft Shadows, 
which makes homes, look, both 

3276
02:55:43,400 --> 02:55:47,000
cozy and mysterious. 
To get a better idea of what 

3277
02:55:47,000 --> 02:55:50,800
Halloween meant in 1909. 
You need to go back even further

3278
02:55:50,800 --> 02:55:54,300
in time to when this night had 
other names and served other 

3279
02:55:54,300 --> 02:55:56,900
purposes. 
Don't worry, this won't be a 

3280
02:55:56,900 --> 02:56:00,200
boring history class. 
Think of it more, like figuring 

3281
02:56:00,200 --> 02:56:03,000
out the layers of tradition that
have built up on this date over 

3282
02:56:03,000 --> 02:56:07,900
time like rings on a tree. each 
layer adds meaning without 

3283
02:56:07,900 --> 02:56:12,500
completely erasing what came 
before it Like many stories from

3284
02:56:12,500 --> 02:56:14,900
October. 
This one starts with the ancient

3285
02:56:14,900 --> 02:56:17,500
Celts who lived in what is now 
Ireland? 

3286
02:56:17,500 --> 02:56:21,100
Scotland, Wales and parts of 
France, thousands of years ago. 

3287
02:56:22,100 --> 02:56:25,900
Saman was a festival that people
pronounced seiyuu in like the 

3288
02:56:25,900 --> 02:56:29,700
female pig, not Samhain, which 
is what most people think. 

3289
02:56:31,100 --> 02:56:34,600
The cells thought of winter as a
time of death, just like they 

3290
02:56:34,600 --> 02:56:36,500
thought of spring as a time of 
life. 

3291
02:56:37,500 --> 02:56:40,100
Samhain marked the end of the 
harvest season and the start of 

3292
02:56:40,100 --> 02:56:42,600
winter. 
But from your cozy spot in the 

3293
02:56:42,608 --> 02:56:45,400
present, here's what makes 
samane interesting. 

3294
02:56:45,400 --> 02:56:47,900
It wasn't mostly a scary 
holiday. 

3295
02:56:47,900 --> 02:56:50,900
Yes. 
The Celts thought that the line 

3296
02:56:50,900 --> 02:56:53,800
between the living world and the
world of the Dead became less 

3297
02:56:53,800 --> 02:56:57,700
clear on this night. 
Yes, they believed that Spirits 

3298
02:56:57,700 --> 02:57:01,800
could cross over but they didn't
respond with fear instead. 

3299
02:57:01,800 --> 02:57:05,500
They were friendly but careful. 
They left food out for 

3300
02:57:05,500 --> 02:57:09,600
wandering, Spirits lip, bonfires
to help The Souls of the Dead, 

3301
02:57:09,600 --> 02:57:12,700
find their way and were happy to
be able to talk to their 

3302
02:57:12,700 --> 02:57:15,500
ancestors who had died. 
Picture this. 

3303
02:57:15,500 --> 02:57:19,100
Once a year, the barrier between
you and your beloved 

3304
02:57:19,100 --> 02:57:22,100
grandmother, who died becomes. 
So thin that she can come over 

3305
02:57:22,100 --> 02:57:24,300
for dinner. 
You wouldn't lock the doors in 

3306
02:57:24,300 --> 02:57:28,100
fear instead, you'd set an extra
place at the table and hope 

3307
02:57:28,100 --> 02:57:30,100
she'd share her knowledge with 
you on more time. 

3308
02:57:30,800 --> 02:57:33,600
That was more like the spirit of
Sammy and the scary Halloween. 

3309
02:57:33,600 --> 02:57:36,900
We know today. 
As Christianity spread through 

3310
02:57:36,900 --> 02:57:40,500
Celtic lands, which took 
hundreds of years and wasn't a 

3311
02:57:40,500 --> 02:57:43,700
single dramatic conversion. 
Moment the church did something 

3312
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:46,900
smart that they had done with 
many Pagan festivals. 

3313
02:57:47,800 --> 02:57:51,100
Instead of trying to get rid of 
Som Hein completely, they just 

3314
02:57:51,100 --> 02:57:53,900
took it in and made All Saints 
Day on November 1st and All 

3315
02:57:53,900 --> 02:57:57,900
Souls day on November 2nd. 
All Hallows Eve was the night 

3316
02:57:57,900 --> 02:58:02,200
before All Saints Day. 
Over time, it became Halloween. 

3317
02:58:03,200 --> 02:58:06,200
this Christian layer didn't get 
rid of the older traditions in 

3318
02:58:06,200 --> 02:58:10,100
Stead, it baptized them, giving 
them new meanings while the old 

3319
02:58:10,100 --> 02:58:13,600
ones still echoed underneath It 
became a Christian tradition to 

3320
02:58:13,600 --> 02:58:16,600
like candles for the dead, but 
it wasn't that different from 

3321
02:58:16,600 --> 02:58:19,800
the Celtic bonfires. 
The idea that the dead was 

3322
02:58:19,800 --> 02:58:23,400
somehow closer on this night 
stayed the same, but it was seen

3323
02:58:23,400 --> 02:58:24,800
through a different religious 
lens. 

3324
02:58:24,800 --> 02:58:29,200
When these Customs got to 
America mostly through Irish and

3325
02:58:29,200 --> 02:58:31,200
Scottish immigrants in the 
1800s. 

3326
02:58:31,200 --> 02:58:33,900
They had already changed a 
little from where they came 

3327
02:58:33,900 --> 02:58:36,100
from. 
The immigrants brought memories 

3328
02:58:36,100 --> 02:58:38,600
of home that were part real 
folk, practice and part 

3329
02:58:38,600 --> 02:58:42,900
romanticized, nostalgia. 
They remembered the parties, the

3330
02:58:42,900 --> 02:58:47,000
game's the fortune telling, and 
the general feeling that this 

3331
02:58:47,000 --> 02:58:50,700
night was special, even if they 
weren't sure why, it had started

3332
02:58:50,700 --> 02:58:54,600
Halloween in America is still 
figuring out who it is in 1909. 

3333
02:58:54,600 --> 02:58:58,200
It won't be a holiday for kids 
to get candy, until the 1950s. 

3334
02:58:58,200 --> 02:59:02,700
Instead, it's mostly an evening 
for teens and young adults to 

3335
02:59:02,700 --> 02:59:05,200
hang out, play games. 
And most importantly, tell 

3336
02:59:05,200 --> 02:59:09,000
fortunes about love. one of the 
most common beliefs about 

3337
02:59:09,008 --> 02:59:12,200
Halloween, which has changed 
over time, is that it was a good

3338
02:59:12,200 --> 02:59:14,400
night to find out what your love
life would be like, in the 

3339
02:59:14,408 --> 02:59:18,300
future people who celebrated 
Halloween in 1909, probably 

3340
02:59:18,300 --> 02:59:21,100
didn't know much about some 
Maine's history, all the 

3341
02:59:21,100 --> 02:59:23,900
complicated theological talks 
that went on in the medieval 

3342
02:59:23,900 --> 02:59:27,300
Church They know that their 
grandparents and parents 

3343
02:59:27,300 --> 02:59:30,700
celebrated this night that there
are certain things you do on 

3344
02:59:30,700 --> 02:59:33,900
Halloween, and that there's 
something nice and mysterious 

3345
02:59:33,900 --> 02:59:35,700
about a night. 
When you look into the future 

3346
02:59:35,700 --> 02:59:40,200
and realize that the world might
be Stranger Than it, seems you 

3347
02:59:40,200 --> 02:59:43,600
could say that this is Halloween
in the middle of a change, it 

3348
02:59:43,600 --> 02:59:47,000
has changed a lot since it's 
folks that it hasn't yet become 

3349
02:59:47,000 --> 02:59:48,900
the commercial Powerhouse of 
your time. 

3350
02:59:48,900 --> 02:59:52,500
It lives in this interesting 
middle ground where folk 

3351
02:59:52,500 --> 02:59:56,400
Traditions mixed with Victorian 
parlor games, rural Harvest 

3352
02:59:56,400 --> 03:00:00,600
celebrations, mixed with Urban 
social entertainment, and real 

3353
03:00:00,600 --> 03:00:04,100
belief in the Supernatural turns
into playful Superstition. 

3354
03:00:04,100 --> 03:00:09,100
Once the sun goes down in your 
1909 neighborhood, the real work

3355
03:00:09,100 --> 03:00:10,500
of getting ready for Halloween 
begins. 

3356
03:00:10,500 --> 03:00:14,400
Inside the houses, this is where
you'd see how people celebrated 

3357
03:00:14,400 --> 03:00:18,400
holidays in the past compared to
now, There are no costume shops 

3358
03:00:18,400 --> 03:00:22,400
know places to buy a lot of 
pre-made decorations and no 

3359
03:00:22,400 --> 03:00:26,000
party supply warehouses. 
You have to make everything by 

3360
03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:29,800
hand for tonight to be special 
and making things is part of the

3361
03:00:29,800 --> 03:00:33,200
celebration itself. 
Let's take a look inside a 

3362
03:00:33,200 --> 03:00:34,600
normal home. 
That is hosting a Halloween 

3363
03:00:34,600 --> 03:00:37,100
party. 
The Parlor has changed. 

3364
03:00:37,100 --> 03:00:41,200
If you don't know what a parlor 
is, it's the formal sitting room

3365
03:00:41,200 --> 03:00:45,000
where guests were entertained. 
In homes of working class or 

3366
03:00:45,000 --> 03:00:47,700
middle class people. 
This might be the only room 

3367
03:00:47,700 --> 03:00:50,700
besides bedrooms, that is used 
for both everyday, living and 

3368
03:00:50,700 --> 03:00:53,600
special events. 
In wealthier homes. 

3369
03:00:53,600 --> 03:00:57,500
The Parlor was used for guests 
while the family used to less 

3370
03:00:57,500 --> 03:00:59,400
formal sitting room for everyday
life. 

3371
03:00:59,400 --> 03:01:02,700
The everyday Furniture has been 
moved around to make more room 

3372
03:01:02,700 --> 03:01:06,000
for tonight's Gathering. 
The heavier, pollster chairs, 

3373
03:01:06,000 --> 03:01:09,200
and settees, which are made to 
last for generations and weigh 

3374
03:01:09,200 --> 03:01:11,700
about as much as modern cars 
have been pushed back against 

3375
03:01:11,700 --> 03:01:14,200
the walls. 
The middle of the room is open 

3376
03:01:14,200 --> 03:01:17,600
for games that might require 
some movement but not too much. 

3377
03:01:18,400 --> 03:01:22,400
Keep in mind that this is 9909 
and Victorian manners are still 

3378
03:01:22,400 --> 03:01:25,500
affecting how people act even 
though the Edwardian era is 

3379
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:26,900
making things a little more 
relaxed. 

3380
03:01:27,700 --> 03:01:30,600
The decoration show both 
creativity and lack of it. 

3381
03:01:31,500 --> 03:01:34,200
Black and orange construction. 
Paper chains, hang from the 

3382
03:01:34,200 --> 03:01:36,500
corners and loop across the 
ceiling. 

3383
03:01:37,300 --> 03:01:41,100
Someone probably the teenage 
daughter of the house and her 

3384
03:01:41,100 --> 03:01:44,500
younger siblings, spent the 
afternoon, cutting strips of 

3385
03:01:44,500 --> 03:01:48,700
paper, making them into circles 
and sticking them together with 

3386
03:01:48,700 --> 03:01:51,900
flour paste. 
Some of the circles in the 

3387
03:01:51,900 --> 03:01:54,800
chains are more perfect than 
others, which gives them the 

3388
03:01:54,800 --> 03:01:57,300
Charming imperfection of things 
made by hand. 

3389
03:01:57,300 --> 03:02:01,400
There are cutouts of black cats 
witches on broomsticks and 

3390
03:02:01,400 --> 03:02:05,200
Crescent moons on the walls. 
these were probably copied from 

3391
03:02:05,200 --> 03:02:08,800
templates in women's magazines, 
like, Ladies Home Journal or 

3392
03:02:08,800 --> 03:02:12,100
woman's Home Companion, which 
often had craft projects for 

3393
03:02:12,100 --> 03:02:16,800
holidays The Silhouettes are 
simple and easy to recognize and

3394
03:02:16,800 --> 03:02:19,700
they make the room feel festive 
without being too scaredy. 

3395
03:02:21,200 --> 03:02:24,200
This decoration is meant to make
you feel playful and mysterious 

3396
03:02:24,200 --> 03:02:27,700
not scared. 
The Jacqueline is probably the 

3397
03:02:27,700 --> 03:02:31,800
most atmospheric decoration, but
in 1909 it might have been a 

3398
03:02:31,800 --> 03:02:35,000
turn at plantain or a hollowed 
out gourd in state of a pumpkin.

3399
03:02:36,200 --> 03:02:39,700
The custom of carving vegetables
until Landon started in Ireland,

3400
03:02:39,700 --> 03:02:43,300
and Scotland, where they used 
turnips and rutabagas at first. 

3401
03:02:44,500 --> 03:02:48,300
Irish immigrants brought the 
tradition to America and found 

3402
03:02:48,300 --> 03:02:51,800
that pumpkins worked even better
because they were bigger softer 

3403
03:02:51,800 --> 03:02:55,800
and easier to carve the 
Jacqueline on the table or 

3404
03:02:55,800 --> 03:02:58,600
mantle piece has a face. 
That is more funny than scary. 

3405
03:02:59,500 --> 03:03:03,700
The features are simple, a 
triangular nose, and eyes a 

3406
03:03:03,700 --> 03:03:06,900
gap-toothed grin, and a lot of 
patience and a strong knife. 

3407
03:03:07,700 --> 03:03:10,900
A candle flickers inside making 
the face look like it's moving 

3408
03:03:10,900 --> 03:03:14,400
and dancing in the low light. 
The smell of slightly burnt. 

3409
03:03:14,400 --> 03:03:17,400
Pumpkin flesh. 
Adds to the mood mixing with the

3410
03:03:17,400 --> 03:03:21,100
other smells of the night. 
King of smells the house is full

3411
03:03:21,100 --> 03:03:23,600
of them, which might be too much
for someone who is used to 

3412
03:03:23,600 --> 03:03:26,000
Modern air conditioning and 
places that don't smell. 

3413
03:03:27,000 --> 03:03:28,900
The smell of wood smoke from the
stove. 

3414
03:03:28,900 --> 03:03:32,400
The Tang of apples from a bowl 
waiting to be used in the 

3415
03:03:32,400 --> 03:03:36,100
evening's game. 
The sweet spicy smell of cider 

3416
03:03:36,100 --> 03:03:39,100
warming on the stove and the 
smell of a house that has been 

3417
03:03:39,100 --> 03:03:41,000
closed up against the cooling 
evening. 

3418
03:03:41,800 --> 03:03:46,100
It's a mix of wood fabric old 
paper and people living there 

3419
03:03:46,100 --> 03:03:48,100
that isn't bad. 
But his very alive. 

3420
03:03:48,900 --> 03:03:50,500
People are getting ready for the
snacks. 

3421
03:03:50,500 --> 03:03:52,700
That will be served later in the
dining room or kitchen. 

3422
03:03:52,700 --> 03:03:56,700
This isn't a full meal. 
Guess would have eaten dinner at

3423
03:03:56,700 --> 03:04:00,500
home before coming in? 
It's what people of this time 

3424
03:04:00,500 --> 03:04:04,800
called light refreshments This 
usually means cider, both 

3425
03:04:04,800 --> 03:04:08,500
regular, and maybe some spike 
for the adults cookies or small 

3426
03:04:08,500 --> 03:04:12,400
cakes, Candy, Apple's popcorn 
balls, and maybe roasted nuts. 

3427
03:04:13,400 --> 03:04:16,900
The kitchen is a place where 
people work, hard the stove, 

3428
03:04:16,900 --> 03:04:20,000
whether it's a cold range, or 
one of the newer gas models has 

3429
03:04:20,000 --> 03:04:22,800
been going for hours, keeping 
the right temperature for each 

3430
03:04:22,808 --> 03:04:27,000
dish. 
In 1909 baking was more like 

3431
03:04:27,000 --> 03:04:30,500
chemistry done by Instinct and 
experienced and following exact 

3432
03:04:30,500 --> 03:04:33,400
recipes. 
A woman who has been in charge 

3433
03:04:33,408 --> 03:04:35,500
of a household. 
For years, can tell if the oven 

3434
03:04:35,500 --> 03:04:38,000
is at the right temperature by 
how quickly a piece of paper 

3435
03:04:38,008 --> 03:04:40,400
Browns. 
She can also tell if bread is 

3436
03:04:40,400 --> 03:04:44,000
done by the sound, it makes when
tapped on the bottom Treats 

3437
03:04:44,000 --> 03:04:46,900
being made based on both 
tradition and what is going on 

3438
03:04:46,900 --> 03:04:50,600
in farming in October. 
Apples are a big part of this 

3439
03:04:50,600 --> 03:04:53,000
time of year because it's the 
height of apple season. 

3440
03:04:53,000 --> 03:04:56,300
And they've been a big part of 
Halloween for years. 

3441
03:04:56,300 --> 03:04:59,800
Some apples are being Candy by 
dipping them in a mixture of 

3442
03:04:59,808 --> 03:05:03,700
sugar, corn syrup and red food 
coloring, and then letting them 

3443
03:05:03,700 --> 03:05:07,400
Harden on waxed paper. 
It's a sticky and what difficult

3444
03:05:07,400 --> 03:05:09,800
process that makes treats that 
are so sweet. 

3445
03:05:09,800 --> 03:05:12,000
They hurt your teeth and so 
hard. 

3446
03:05:12,000 --> 03:05:13,300
You have to work hard to chew 
them. 

3447
03:05:13,300 --> 03:05:16,000
Some apples are meant for games 
and eating. 

3448
03:05:16,000 --> 03:05:20,000
They've been polished until they
shine and put in a big metal tub

3449
03:05:20,000 --> 03:05:22,400
or wooden barrel. 
That will be filled with water 

3450
03:05:22,400 --> 03:05:25,200
for apple bobbing. 
This is one of the most 

3451
03:05:25,200 --> 03:05:28,200
traditional and popular 
Halloween activities, even 

3452
03:05:28,200 --> 03:05:30,100
though it's hard and not very 
dignified. 

3453
03:05:30,100 --> 03:05:32,900
A big pot on the stove is making
popcorn. 

3454
03:05:32,900 --> 03:05:36,600
The kernels were bought in bulk 
from a general store and I kept 

3455
03:05:36,600 --> 03:05:39,100
in a jar in the pantry. 
You have to keep an eye on the 

3456
03:05:39,108 --> 03:05:41,400
pot and shake it. 
Hard to keep the popcorn from 

3457
03:05:41,400 --> 03:05:45,200
burning in 1909. 
After they pop, the fluffy white

3458
03:05:45,200 --> 03:05:48,000
kernels will be shaped into 
balls and held together with 

3459
03:05:48,000 --> 03:05:51,400
molasses or sugar syrup. 
These treats are part candy 

3460
03:05:51,400 --> 03:05:55,500
Parts, snack, and all seasonal. 
Usually more than one generation

3461
03:05:55,500 --> 03:05:57,300
works together to make these 
drinks. 

3462
03:05:58,100 --> 03:05:59,900
The grandmother of the house 
might be in charge. 

3463
03:05:59,908 --> 03:06:02,900
While a daughter, does the 
harder work, the kids can help 

3464
03:06:02,900 --> 03:06:06,100
with easy tasks like polishing 
apples or counting out cookies 

3465
03:06:06,100 --> 03:06:09,300
onto serving plates. 
Even getting ready is a kind of 

3466
03:06:09,300 --> 03:06:12,600
visit since family members work 
together and talk about the days

3467
03:06:12,600 --> 03:06:16,500
of events, gossip and opinions. 
As the time for guests to 

3468
03:06:16,508 --> 03:06:20,600
arrived draws near, probably 
around 7 or 7:30 in the evening.

3469
03:06:20,600 --> 03:06:23,600
A final check of the preparation
is made. 

3470
03:06:23,600 --> 03:06:27,900
Are there enough seats is the 
jack-o-lantern in a place where 

3471
03:06:27,900 --> 03:06:32,000
people can see it, but not 
accidentally, knock it over the 

3472
03:06:32,000 --> 03:06:35,100
game set up is the fire in the 
fireplace. 

3473
03:06:35,100 --> 03:06:37,500
Keeping the room warm without 
making it too hot. 

3474
03:06:38,400 --> 03:06:40,100
The house is ready, as it's 
going to get. 

3475
03:06:40,100 --> 03:06:43,100
It's changed from how it usually
looks into something special. 

3476
03:06:44,000 --> 03:06:46,400
The change isn't big. 
No one would think this is 

3477
03:06:46,400 --> 03:06:49,400
anything other than a nice 
middle-class home, but there is 

3478
03:06:49,400 --> 03:06:52,700
a purpose behind it. 
And it seems like effort has 

3479
03:06:52,700 --> 03:06:55,300
been made to make the place feel
right for this mysterious 

3480
03:06:55,300 --> 03:06:58,700
Knight. 
As guests start to arrive 

3481
03:06:58,700 --> 03:07:01,400
walking through the darkening 
streets because most people live

3482
03:07:01,400 --> 03:07:04,900
close enough that they don't 
need cars, the real heart of a 

3483
03:07:04,900 --> 03:07:07,800
1909 Halloween party starts to 
show itself. 

3484
03:07:08,800 --> 03:07:12,200
This is a night mostly for 
games, but not just any games. 

3485
03:07:12,200 --> 03:07:15,400
These games are meant to show 
you what your romantic future 

3486
03:07:15,400 --> 03:07:19,000
will be like these days 
Halloween is less about 

3487
03:07:19,000 --> 03:07:22,400
costumes, and candy and more 
about young people, trying to 

3488
03:07:22,408 --> 03:07:25,800
figure out who they might marry 
You need to know what's going on

3489
03:07:25,800 --> 03:07:28,300
in society to understand why 
this is so important. 

3490
03:07:29,400 --> 03:07:33,100
Romantic relationships in 1909 
were both more limited and more 

3491
03:07:33,100 --> 03:07:36,700
important than they are now. 
Young men and women didn't date.

3492
03:07:36,700 --> 03:07:39,800
A lot of people at once lived 
together before, getting married

3493
03:07:39,800 --> 03:07:42,700
or spend years, trying to figure
out what they wanted. 

3494
03:07:43,700 --> 03:07:46,600
Courtship was a serious matter 
that had real effects on 

3495
03:07:46,600 --> 03:07:49,700
people's lives and finances. 
And marriage was the most 

3496
03:07:49,700 --> 03:07:52,800
important thing that happened to
most people, especially women. 

3497
03:07:53,700 --> 03:07:56,500
So an evening of games that 
might show you your romantic 

3498
03:07:56,500 --> 03:07:59,700
future wasn't just a fun way to 
pass the time. 

3499
03:07:59,700 --> 03:08:03,300
It was a way to deal with a real
worry through the socially 

3500
03:08:03,300 --> 03:08:05,700
acceptable form of light-hearted
superstition. 

3501
03:08:06,700 --> 03:08:09,400
No one really thought that 
bobbing for apples could tell 

3502
03:08:09,400 --> 03:08:12,000
them who their future spouse 
would be, but no one really 

3503
03:08:12,000 --> 03:08:15,100
didn't believe it either. 
It was in that comfortable space

3504
03:08:15,100 --> 03:08:19,200
between what is certain? 
And what is possible that makes 

3505
03:08:19,200 --> 03:08:22,000
folklore work. 
The host family greets, the 

3506
03:08:22,000 --> 03:08:24,400
first guests at the door and for
a brief moment. 

3507
03:08:24,400 --> 03:08:27,600
People move from the cold, 
October night to the warm candle

3508
03:08:27,600 --> 03:08:31,400
in side people, take off their 
coats and hang them on the coat 

3509
03:08:31,400 --> 03:08:33,700
tree. 
And the hall hats are carefully.

3510
03:08:33,700 --> 03:08:36,800
Put on the right surface. 
Is people greet each other 

3511
03:08:36,800 --> 03:08:40,600
properly, which may seem stiff 
to Modern people, but gives 

3512
03:08:40,600 --> 03:08:43,000
social interactions are 
comfortable structure. 

3513
03:08:43,800 --> 03:08:46,400
Most of the guests, a young 
people in their late, teens and 

3514
03:08:46,400 --> 03:08:49,500
early 20s. 
But some older friends or family

3515
03:08:49,500 --> 03:08:52,400
members might come along to keep
an eye on them or just because 

3516
03:08:52,400 --> 03:08:55,900
Community social events on his 
age segregated as they will be 

3517
03:08:55,900 --> 03:08:57,900
later. 
Everyone is wearing their best 

3518
03:08:57,900 --> 03:09:02,100
clothes which aren't fancy 
formal clothes but nice a day or

3519
03:09:02,100 --> 03:09:04,600
evening clothes that show 
respect for the event and the 

3520
03:09:04,608 --> 03:09:07,300
hosts. 
The game start, when enough 

3521
03:09:07,300 --> 03:09:09,000
people are there to make a real 
party. 

3522
03:09:09,000 --> 03:09:13,200
And the first game is almost 
always apple bobbing, which is 

3523
03:09:13,200 --> 03:09:16,200
an old game that somehow 
manages, to be both silly and 

3524
03:09:16,200 --> 03:09:18,200
serious. 
At the same time, the apples are

3525
03:09:18,200 --> 03:09:20,800
floating on the surface of the 
big tub or barrel of water. 

3526
03:09:20,800 --> 03:09:24,200
They bob up and down slowly 
making them look like they are 

3527
03:09:24,200 --> 03:09:27,300
easy to catch. 
The rule is simple. 

3528
03:09:27,300 --> 03:09:31,200
You can only catch an apple with
your mouth, not your hands. 

3529
03:09:31,900 --> 03:09:35,000
The truth is that it's a lot 
harder, especially when you 

3530
03:09:35,008 --> 03:09:38,300
think about how strict fashion 
and propriety were in 1909. 

3531
03:09:39,600 --> 03:09:43,300
The young women wear blouses or 
dresses with high collars and 

3532
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:47,400
fancy fronts that absolutely 
cannot get wet without causing 

3533
03:09:47,400 --> 03:09:51,100
real social problems. 
The young men wear collars that 

3534
03:09:51,100 --> 03:09:54,100
will Wilt right away. 
If they get wet ruining the 

3535
03:09:54,100 --> 03:09:57,900
carefully, starched look, they 
had before So the game is all 

3536
03:09:57,900 --> 03:10:00,600
about trying to keep your 
dignity while you dunk your face

3537
03:10:00,600 --> 03:10:04,000
into cold water and Chase 
slippery apples around with your

3538
03:10:04,000 --> 03:10:06,600
teeth. 
The first Brave person to try 

3539
03:10:06,600 --> 03:10:10,200
usually walks up to the tub with
confidence, but that confidence 

3540
03:10:10,200 --> 03:10:12,200
quickly Fades after the first 
try. 

3541
03:10:13,000 --> 03:10:16,500
The Apple moves away just as 
your mouth gets to it, pushed by

3542
03:10:16,500 --> 03:10:19,800
the ripples, your own movement 
makes you come up sputtering. 

3543
03:10:19,800 --> 03:10:23,400
And your friends laugh at you, 
your hair is wet and your pride 

3544
03:10:23,400 --> 03:10:26,700
is a little hurt. 
But social pressure and real 

3545
03:10:26,700 --> 03:10:29,900
fun, make you want to try again.
And if you're lucky, you're 

3546
03:10:29,900 --> 03:10:32,400
persistent, you finally win with
an apple in your mouth. 

3547
03:10:33,200 --> 03:10:35,800
Tradition says that the first 
person to Bob, an apple will be 

3548
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:37,500
the first person in the group to
get married. 

3549
03:10:38,200 --> 03:10:41,200
This is where the Romantic 
fortune-telling part comes from.

3550
03:10:42,100 --> 03:10:45,100
It doesn't really matter. 
If anyone believes this, the 

3551
03:10:45,100 --> 03:10:48,300
attempt is Fun. 
The success is a small win and 

3552
03:10:48,300 --> 03:10:50,900
the prophecy gives you something
to laugh about for the rest of 

3553
03:10:50,900 --> 03:10:53,800
the night. 
Another fun game is to hang 

3554
03:10:53,800 --> 03:10:56,800
Donuts or apples on strings that
are attached to a rod or the 

3555
03:10:56,808 --> 03:10:59,100
ceiling. 
People have to wait the treat 

3556
03:10:59,100 --> 03:11:02,100
that is hanging without using 
their hands, which is harder 

3557
03:11:02,100 --> 03:11:04,300
than it sounds because the 
target moves away. 

3558
03:11:04,300 --> 03:11:06,900
With each bite. 
The good thing about this game 

3559
03:11:06,900 --> 03:11:10,500
is that it keeps everyone's 
clothes mostly dry while still 

3560
03:11:10,500 --> 03:11:13,900
being funny and hard. 
There are also quieter more 

3561
03:11:13,900 --> 03:11:16,900
mysterious games that use real 
divination instead of just 

3562
03:11:16,900 --> 03:11:20,600
playing to win. 
One of the oldest ones is to sit

3563
03:11:20,600 --> 03:11:22,300
in a dark room in front of a 
mirror. 

3564
03:11:22,300 --> 03:11:25,700
Eat an apple by candlelight. 
And look over your shoulder. 

3565
03:11:25,700 --> 03:11:27,700
Into the mirror, as midnight 
approaches. 

3566
03:11:28,900 --> 03:11:31,900
People say that if you look in 
there, you will see the face of 

3567
03:11:31,900 --> 03:11:35,200
your future spouse. 
Not many people take this ritual

3568
03:11:35,200 --> 03:11:38,900
seriously, they usually laugh, 
make nervous jokes and feel 

3569
03:11:38,900 --> 03:11:40,600
better when nothing strange 
happens. 

3570
03:11:41,400 --> 03:11:44,300
But the attempt shows that 
Halloween is supposed to be a 

3571
03:11:44,300 --> 03:11:46,500
night when the normal rules are 
broken and you might see 

3572
03:11:46,500 --> 03:11:50,400
something Beyond normal reality.
Putting nuts on the half of the 

3573
03:11:50,400 --> 03:11:52,200
fireplace. 
Is another way to tell the 

3574
03:11:52,200 --> 03:11:55,100
future. 
Two nuts are named after a 

3575
03:11:55,100 --> 03:11:58,700
couple and as they heat up their
behavior is supposed to show, 

3576
03:11:58,700 --> 03:12:00,600
what will happen in the future 
of the relationship. 

3577
03:12:00,600 --> 03:12:04,500
The relationship will be good if
the nuts burn quietly next to 

3578
03:12:04,500 --> 03:12:07,300
each other. 
If they pop and jump apart, the 

3579
03:12:07,300 --> 03:12:11,000
love is over. 
Fact that nutty behavior when 

3580
03:12:11,000 --> 03:12:13,900
heated probably has more to do 
with moisture content than 

3581
03:12:13,900 --> 03:12:17,100
mystical Revelation, doesn't 
make anyone less interested in 

3582
03:12:17,100 --> 03:12:20,100
seeing their romantic future. 
Supposedly revealed in little 

3583
03:12:20,100 --> 03:12:23,200
explosion. 
Another way to tell the future 

3584
03:12:23,200 --> 03:12:26,300
is to peel apples. 
The goal is to peel an apple in 

3585
03:12:26,300 --> 03:12:30,200
one long on broken strip of skin
and then throw the peel over 

3586
03:12:30,200 --> 03:12:33,100
your shoulder. 
The way, the peel lands is said 

3587
03:12:33,100 --> 03:12:35,800
to make the first letter of your
future spouse's name. 

3588
03:12:36,700 --> 03:12:38,900
You need to be good at peeling 
apples and have a lot of 

3589
03:12:38,908 --> 03:12:41,900
imagination to figure out what 
the shape's mean since they 

3590
03:12:41,900 --> 03:12:45,500
don't usually look like letters.
In between these more 

3591
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:48,600
traditional activities, people 
play card games and parlor 

3592
03:12:48,600 --> 03:12:53,000
games, people play games like 
charades Progressive Euchre, and

3593
03:12:53,000 --> 03:12:55,000
other guessing games that were 
popular at the time. 

3594
03:12:56,100 --> 03:12:58,300
The games are meant to help 
people who don't know each other

3595
03:12:58,308 --> 03:13:01,800
well get to know each other 
better, they are social not 

3596
03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:05,000
solitary and competitive but not
cutthroat. 

3597
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:08,600
The entertainment for the 
evening, shows a different way 

3598
03:13:08,600 --> 03:13:11,008
of dealing with boredom and fun 
than you're used to. 

3599
03:13:11,900 --> 03:13:17,400
When conversation slows down in 
1909, there are no TVs phones or

3600
03:13:17,400 --> 03:13:19,800
Internet. 
To look at people have learned 

3601
03:13:19,800 --> 03:13:22,700
how to make entertainment 
instead of just watching it and 

3602
03:13:22,700 --> 03:13:24,900
they have the skills and 
patience to do things that 

3603
03:13:24,900 --> 03:13:26,900
require a lot of focus and 
engagement. 

3604
03:13:27,900 --> 03:13:31,100
This means that charades which 
might seem old-fashioned or 

3605
03:13:31,100 --> 03:13:34,400
boring to someone who is used to
constant digital stimulation. 

3606
03:13:34,400 --> 03:13:38,200
Can be really fun when it's the 
only thing to do and the 

3607
03:13:38,200 --> 03:13:42,700
audience is good at both acting 
and guessing The slow pace of 

3608
03:13:42,700 --> 03:13:45,300
the evening, getting games 
ready, playing them and 

3609
03:13:45,300 --> 03:13:49,000
finishing them. 
Those nice in stead of boring 

3610
03:13:49,000 --> 03:13:51,700
because no one is always 
comparing it to faster. 

3611
03:13:51,700 --> 03:13:56,100
Pace options as the evening goes
on and the parlor games come to 

3612
03:13:56,100 --> 03:13:58,800
a natural end. 
Someone suggests one of the most

3613
03:13:58,800 --> 03:14:02,200
popular Halloween traditions of 
the time a walk through the 

3614
03:14:02,200 --> 03:14:04,800
night. 
This wasn't a planned event, 

3615
03:14:04,800 --> 03:14:08,600
like trick-or-treating would 
later become instead it was an 

3616
03:14:08,600 --> 03:14:11,600
unplanned trip into the dark. 
That served many purposes at 

3617
03:14:11,600 --> 03:14:14,900
once. 
For the teens at the party, a 

3618
03:14:14,900 --> 03:14:18,100
night walk, gave them something 
rare in a time when adults were 

3619
03:14:18,100 --> 03:14:19,700
always watching them some 
privacy. 

3620
03:14:20,600 --> 03:14:22,200
Chaperones might go with the 
group. 

3621
03:14:22,200 --> 03:14:25,800
But once everyone was spread out
along a dark Country Road or 

3622
03:14:25,800 --> 03:14:29,000
Village Street, couples could 
drift apart a little and have 

3623
03:14:29,000 --> 03:14:32,000
short conversations without old 
people watching every move. 

3624
03:14:32,600 --> 03:14:36,300
It wasn't exactly scandalous but
it was a rare chance to be alone

3625
03:14:36,300 --> 03:14:38,600
with someone in a world where 
most courtship happened in 

3626
03:14:38,600 --> 03:14:40,900
public. 
The group meets in the front 

3627
03:14:40,900 --> 03:14:43,300
hall and gets their coats and 
wraps from where they left them 

3628
03:14:43,300 --> 03:14:46,100
earlier. 
The women put on wool cloaks or 

3629
03:14:46,108 --> 03:14:50,200
coats and sometimes shawls to 
keep warm the men put on their 

3630
03:14:50,200 --> 03:14:54,000
suits and overcoats as well as 
the hats that no respectable 

3631
03:14:54,000 --> 03:14:58,300
person would go outside without 
someone like to land in either 

3632
03:14:58,300 --> 03:15:00,900
an oil lamp or a flash light if 
they are lucky enough to have 

3633
03:15:00,900 --> 03:15:05,700
one of those newfangled devices.
the moon if it is visible, all 

3634
03:15:05,700 --> 03:15:09,500
so provides a light, once your 
eyes get used to it, Going 

3635
03:15:09,500 --> 03:15:11,600
outside is like going to A Whole
New World. 

3636
03:15:12,800 --> 03:15:15,900
The ear has that crisp clear 
quality that Autumn nights have 

3637
03:15:15,900 --> 03:15:18,400
and the temperature has dropped 
a lot since sunset. 

3638
03:15:19,300 --> 03:15:23,000
The cold feels good instead of 
bad, when you breathe, you make 

3639
03:15:23,000 --> 03:15:25,100
small clouds that quickly 
disappear. 

3640
03:15:26,000 --> 03:15:29,100
The smells from earlier in the 
evening like wood smoke and damp

3641
03:15:29,100 --> 03:15:32,400
leaves have gotten stronger. 
You might even be able to smell 

3642
03:15:32,400 --> 03:15:35,400
Frost even though it hasn't 
gotten cold enough yet. 

3643
03:15:36,300 --> 03:15:39,800
It's hard to imagine how dark it
was in 1909 in most places 

3644
03:15:39,800 --> 03:15:42,300
today. 
There aren't any street lights 

3645
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:45,900
in neighborhoods, porch lights. 
That stay on all night or 

3646
03:15:45,900 --> 03:15:48,400
shopping centers, or Office 
Buildings that give off light. 

3647
03:15:49,300 --> 03:15:52,100
The windows of individual homes,
let in warm light. 

3648
03:15:52,900 --> 03:15:55,800
But these little spots of light 
only make the darkness around 

3649
03:15:55,800 --> 03:16:00,300
them seem deeper. 
Skies, clear, the stars are 

3650
03:16:00,300 --> 03:16:02,600
beautiful. 
Lots of light that people in 

3651
03:16:02,600 --> 03:16:06,700
your time usually only see in 
planetariums The group leaves 

3652
03:16:06,700 --> 03:16:08,800
without a specific destination 
in mind. 

3653
03:16:08,800 --> 03:16:12,400
They walk along streets and 
paths that everyone knows during

3654
03:16:12,400 --> 03:16:14,600
the day, but that look different
at night. 

3655
03:16:15,400 --> 03:16:18,900
Landmarks that are easy to find.
Turn into strange shapes. 

3656
03:16:19,900 --> 03:16:22,700
The tree that marks the edge of 
someone's property, becomes a 

3657
03:16:22,708 --> 03:16:26,100
shadowy figure against the sky, 
which is a little lighter. 

3658
03:16:26,100 --> 03:16:30,000
You don't notice the fence you 
pass every day until you trip 

3659
03:16:30,000 --> 03:16:31,500
over it and need to pay 
attention to. 

3660
03:16:31,500 --> 03:16:34,600
It voice is sound different at 
night than they do during the 

3661
03:16:34,600 --> 03:16:37,400
day, they sound clearer and 
farther away. 

3662
03:16:38,700 --> 03:16:41,500
The group's talking makes a 
bubble of human sound. 

3663
03:16:41,500 --> 03:16:43,600
That is surrounded by the sounds
of the night. 

3664
03:16:43,600 --> 03:16:47,700
Like the rustling of leaves, The
Barking, of a dog in the 

3665
03:16:47,700 --> 03:16:52,500
distance, the hooting of an owl 
and the wind moving through bare

3666
03:16:52,500 --> 03:16:54,200
branches with a sound like 
running water. 

3667
03:16:55,800 --> 03:16:57,500
These natural sounds aren't 
scary. 

3668
03:16:57,500 --> 03:17:01,500
They're more like friends. 
Reminding us that the dark is 

3669
03:17:01,500 --> 03:17:03,600
full of life going about its 
business. 

3670
03:17:04,600 --> 03:17:07,100
While the group is walking, 
someone might tell ghost stories

3671
03:17:07,100 --> 03:17:11,300
or stories about the area. 
In 1909 every town had these 

3672
03:17:11,300 --> 03:17:14,900
things the house where someone 
died in a strange way 50 years 

3673
03:17:14,900 --> 03:17:18,100
ago the crossroads where a 
headless horseman is said to 

3674
03:17:18,100 --> 03:17:21,500
ride Washington. 
Irving story was published in 

3675
03:17:21,500 --> 03:17:25,400
1820 and had become very popular
and the cemetery where lights 

3676
03:17:25,400 --> 03:17:29,100
are sometimes seen floating 
among the graves These stories 

3677
03:17:29,100 --> 03:17:32,300
aren't meant to scare you. 
Remember, it's a gentle 

3678
03:17:32,300 --> 03:17:34,900
Halloween. 
They're meant to remind you, 

3679
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:37,100
that there might be mysteries in
the world that you don't see 

3680
03:17:37,100 --> 03:17:40,500
every day. 
Storyteller talks in a low 

3681
03:17:40,508 --> 03:17:44,200
voice, not to scare everyone but
because it seems right to talk 

3682
03:17:44,200 --> 03:17:45,900
quietly about these things in 
the dark. 

3683
03:17:47,000 --> 03:17:49,800
The people who hear it. 
Laugh nervously and shiver a 

3684
03:17:49,800 --> 03:17:52,300
lot. 
Showing fear more than feeling 

3685
03:17:52,300 --> 03:17:55,100
it. 
If the group goes past a 

3686
03:17:55,100 --> 03:17:58,500
cemetery which is often close to
homes in small towns, they might

3687
03:17:58,500 --> 03:18:01,600
stop at the fence, not to go in 
because that would be 

3688
03:18:01,608 --> 03:18:05,400
disrespectful to the dead, but 
to recognize the place and maybe

3689
03:18:05,400 --> 03:18:07,400
think of friends and family who 
are buried there. 

3690
03:18:08,200 --> 03:18:11,100
The victorians and edwardians 
had a complicated relationship 

3691
03:18:11,100 --> 03:18:13,700
with death. 
They were more familiar with it 

3692
03:18:13,700 --> 03:18:16,400
than people today because it 
happened at home instead of in 

3693
03:18:16,400 --> 03:18:17,900
hospitals and the death rate was
higher. 

3694
03:18:17,900 --> 03:18:20,400
They were also more sentimental 
about it. 

3695
03:18:20,400 --> 03:18:23,600
The walk could take you to a 
place that is important to the 

3696
03:18:23,600 --> 03:18:27,400
area like a Hilltop with a view 
of the countryside, a bridge 

3697
03:18:27,400 --> 03:18:30,900
over a stream or a big old tree 
that has been a landmark for 

3698
03:18:30,900 --> 03:18:34,000
Generations. 
These places the group might 

3699
03:18:34,000 --> 03:18:38,700
stop not for any planned reason,
but just to enjoy the night, the

3700
03:18:38,700 --> 03:18:42,500
October are and being young 
alive and part of a community. 

3701
03:18:43,800 --> 03:18:46,300
This nightwalk gives some of the
group a chance to think about 

3702
03:18:46,300 --> 03:18:49,400
the deeper, meaning of 
Halloween, it's easier to 

3703
03:18:49,400 --> 03:18:52,800
believe that the veil Between 
Worlds is really thinner and 

3704
03:18:52,800 --> 03:18:55,700
that those who have died a 
really closer when you stand in 

3705
03:18:55,700 --> 03:18:59,000
the dark Under the Stars, these 
thoughts don't have to be 

3706
03:18:59,000 --> 03:19:01,400
scaredy. 
It's comforting rather than 

3707
03:19:01,400 --> 03:19:04,100
scary to think that your 
grandmother or a friend who has 

3708
03:19:04,100 --> 03:19:08,500
passed away, might be nearby. 
The Practical parts of the 

3709
03:19:08,500 --> 03:19:10,100
Walker Charming in their own 
way. 

3710
03:19:10,800 --> 03:19:13,800
Women walk through the dark 
while wearing long skirts that 

3711
03:19:13,800 --> 03:19:17,100
get caught on plants and shoes 
that aren't meant for rough 

3712
03:19:17,100 --> 03:19:19,900
ground. 
Men offer their arms to help 

3713
03:19:19,900 --> 03:19:23,700
women over hard places, which is
both practical and romantic. 

3714
03:19:24,500 --> 03:19:27,300
The person carrying the land and
becomes important for a short 

3715
03:19:27,308 --> 03:19:30,800
time, they hold the light that 
keeps everyone on the path and 

3716
03:19:30,808 --> 03:19:34,200
draw the group's attention, 
eventually the group goes home 

3717
03:19:34,200 --> 03:19:35,800
because it's too cold. 
It's too late. 

3718
03:19:35,800 --> 03:19:38,200
Or they're just too tired from 
all the fun. 

3719
03:19:38,200 --> 03:19:40,800
They have that night. 
The walk back. 

3720
03:19:40,800 --> 03:19:44,300
Often seemed short of the walk 
out, which is what happens when 

3721
03:19:44,300 --> 03:19:47,500
you walk home. 
People might be talking less now

3722
03:19:47,500 --> 03:19:50,700
and thinking more and the energy
from early in the evening as 

3723
03:19:50,700 --> 03:19:52,600
turned into satisfied, 
tiredness. 

3724
03:19:53,600 --> 03:19:57,200
As they get closer to the house 
with the party started, the warm

3725
03:19:57,200 --> 03:19:58,900
light coming through the windows
looks. 

3726
03:19:58,900 --> 03:20:01,800
Especially inviting after being 
in the dark for a while. 

3727
03:20:02,700 --> 03:20:05,300
The group is grateful for the 
warmth and light when they come 

3728
03:20:05,300 --> 03:20:08,700
back in, especially since it's 
so cold and dark outside. 

3729
03:20:10,600 --> 03:20:14,200
This change from dark to light 
and cold to warm is small. 

3730
03:20:15,000 --> 03:20:17,700
But it touches on something. 
Deep down that makes a home, 

3731
03:20:17,700 --> 03:20:22,900
feel like a safe place. 
Once back in the warm house with

3732
03:20:22,900 --> 03:20:26,700
cold cheeks and hair that have 
been messed up by the wind the 

3733
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:29,600
conversation often turns to the 
spooky parts of Halloween. 

3734
03:20:30,700 --> 03:20:34,300
But in 1909 beliefs in the 
Supernatural are in a strange 

3735
03:20:34,300 --> 03:20:38,100
Place between real faith and fun
between old-fashioned beliefs 

3736
03:20:38,100 --> 03:20:42,100
and new fashion doubt. 
You should know that 1909 is an 

3737
03:20:42,100 --> 03:20:44,500
interesting time in history for 
people who believe in the 

3738
03:20:44,508 --> 03:20:47,300
Supernatural. 
This is an age of growing 

3739
03:20:47,300 --> 03:20:51,700
scientific knowledge, widespread
education and technological 

3740
03:20:51,700 --> 03:20:54,100
progress. 
That is changing how people live

3741
03:20:54,100 --> 03:20:57,900
every day. 
Spiritualism, the idea that the 

3742
03:20:57,900 --> 03:20:59,400
dead can talk to the living 
through. 

3743
03:20:59,400 --> 03:21:04,100
Mediums was very popular in the 
late 1800s, and still has a lot 

3744
03:21:04,100 --> 03:21:06,900
of followers. 
The ghost stories and Gothic 

3745
03:21:06,900 --> 03:21:09,300
literature of the last 100 years
have made. 

3746
03:21:09,300 --> 03:21:13,500
Supernatural, encounters seem 
very romantic as a result. 

3747
03:21:13,508 --> 03:21:17,000
Most educated people in 1909. 
Don't really believe in the 

3748
03:21:17,000 --> 03:21:20,600
Halloween superstitions but they
don't completely disbelieve them

3749
03:21:20,600 --> 03:21:22,200
either. 
You might not believe in 

3750
03:21:22,200 --> 03:21:25,800
astrology but you still know 
your zodiac sign and feel good. 

3751
03:21:25,800 --> 03:21:27,700
When your horoscope says, good 
things are coming. 

3752
03:21:28,600 --> 03:21:31,100
The Supernatural is one of those
things that probably aren't 

3753
03:21:31,100 --> 03:21:34,400
real, but could be and it's fun 
to think about the many way. 

3754
03:21:35,300 --> 03:21:39,300
In 1909 Halloween folklore was 
mostly about spirits of the 

3755
03:21:39,300 --> 03:21:42,200
Dead, not demons or other evil 
beings. 

3756
03:21:42,900 --> 03:21:45,600
People believe that the Knight 
is a time when people who have 

3757
03:21:45,600 --> 03:21:49,200
died can come back to see the 
people and places they loved in 

3758
03:21:49,208 --> 03:21:52,300
life. 
Instead of being scary, this is 

3759
03:21:52,300 --> 03:21:55,100
usually shown as a soft. 
Even beautiful chance. 

3760
03:21:55,100 --> 03:21:59,200
The custom of leaving food for 
the dead, which goes back to 

3761
03:21:59,200 --> 03:22:02,300
Celtic. 
Sam Hine is still going on, but 

3762
03:22:02,300 --> 03:22:05,800
in a less strict way. 
Some families might set a place 

3763
03:22:05,800 --> 03:22:09,000
at the table or put out a plate 
of treats to show that their 

3764
03:22:09,000 --> 03:22:11,300
loved ones, who have passed 
away, a welcome to come by if 

3765
03:22:11,300 --> 03:22:14,200
they want to. 
You don't do this out of fear or

3766
03:22:14,200 --> 03:22:17,600
dread you do it out of the same.
Kindness, you would show to live

3767
03:22:17,600 --> 03:22:19,800
in relatives who might stop by 
without warning. 

3768
03:22:21,400 --> 03:22:24,300
The stories told at Halloween 
parties are more likely to be 

3769
03:22:24,300 --> 03:22:27,600
sad and scaredy. 
Someone might tell a story about

3770
03:22:27,600 --> 03:22:31,200
a grandmother who died and whose
favorite perfume was in her old 

3771
03:22:31,200 --> 03:22:35,100
room on Halloween night. 
Or about a father, who died and 

3772
03:22:35,100 --> 03:22:38,000
whose pocket watch, which had 
stopped at the moment of his 

3773
03:22:38,000 --> 03:22:41,700
death rang, once at midnight on 
All Hallows, Eve for no reason. 

3774
03:22:42,600 --> 03:22:46,100
These stories talk about loss 
and grief, but they also say 

3775
03:22:46,100 --> 03:22:49,700
that love lives on after death. 
The Ghost and Halloween stories 

3776
03:22:49,700 --> 03:22:53,300
from 1909 aren't the evil ghosts
that show up in later, horror 

3777
03:22:53,300 --> 03:22:55,600
stories. 
They're more like kind spirits 

3778
03:22:55,600 --> 03:22:58,200
who might help or comfort you if
you treat them with respect. 

3779
03:22:59,500 --> 03:23:02,208
The fortune telling games that 
were played earlier in the 

3780
03:23:02,216 --> 03:23:04,900
evening seemed to call on the 
spirits as sources of 

3781
03:23:04,900 --> 03:23:08,200
information about the future, 
when you look in the mirror and 

3782
03:23:08,200 --> 03:23:11,500
hope to see your future spouse, 
you're asking the spirits to 

3783
03:23:11,500 --> 03:23:15,100
show you what they know, even 
the scary parts of Halloween. 

3784
03:23:15,100 --> 03:23:17,900
These days are very mild 
compared to what they used to 

3785
03:23:17,900 --> 03:23:20,300
be. 
There are black cats and witches

3786
03:23:20,300 --> 03:23:23,600
in the decorations, but they are
more stylized and decorative 

3787
03:23:23,600 --> 03:23:26,500
than scaredy. 
The witch on a broomstick isn't 

3788
03:23:26,500 --> 03:23:30,600
a bad old woman, who eats kids, 
she's a symbol of folk magic and

3789
03:23:30,600 --> 03:23:34,300
wisdom from the countryside. 
The black cat isn't a sign of 

3790
03:23:34,300 --> 03:23:36,800
bad luck. 
It's a creature that is linked 

3791
03:23:36,800 --> 03:23:40,400
to mystery and the line between 
home and Wild Spaces. 

3792
03:23:41,300 --> 03:23:44,300
Most of the time, the local 
Legends told at night, of about 

3793
03:23:44,300 --> 03:23:48,200
strange things that happened. 
Not real horror The light in the

3794
03:23:48,208 --> 03:23:50,500
cemetery, could be Spirits or 
Marsh gas. 

3795
03:23:51,300 --> 03:23:53,600
The fact that it's not clear 
what they are is part of what 

3796
03:23:53,600 --> 03:23:56,300
makes them. 
Interesting, the strange sounds 

3797
03:23:56,300 --> 03:23:59,300
near The Old Mill, could be 
ghosts or the wind and one's 

3798
03:23:59,300 --> 03:24:02,000
imagination. 
The fact that we don't know, for

3799
03:24:02,000 --> 03:24:05,000
sure is what makes the story 
interesting instead of just 

3800
03:24:05,000 --> 03:24:08,100
scary. 
Halloween also has a lot of what

3801
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:09,700
we might call protective 
folklore. 

3802
03:24:09,700 --> 03:24:12,900
There are ideas about how to 
tell the future and there are 

3803
03:24:12,900 --> 03:24:15,700
also ideas about how to keep 
yourself safe from bad things 

3804
03:24:15,700 --> 03:24:19,500
that might happen on this night.
Evil spirits will be confused if

3805
03:24:19,500 --> 03:24:20,800
you turn your clothes inside 
out. 

3806
03:24:21,600 --> 03:24:24,000
Having a little salt in your 
pocket will keep you safe. 

3807
03:24:24,800 --> 03:24:28,100
Walking around your house in the
direction of the Sun clockwise 

3808
03:24:28,100 --> 03:24:32,200
before bed will keep it safe. 
These protective Customs are 

3809
03:24:32,200 --> 03:24:36,300
done with a wink and a smile as 
if to say just in case and they 

3810
03:24:36,300 --> 03:24:39,400
don't cost anything and might 
help you don't really believe 

3811
03:24:39,400 --> 03:24:42,700
that these things matter but the
ritual of acknowledging them 

3812
03:24:42,700 --> 03:24:45,700
connects you to generations of 
people who found comfort in 

3813
03:24:45,700 --> 03:24:49,600
these small protective gestures.
It's like how you might avoid 

3814
03:24:49,600 --> 03:24:53,200
walking under ladders or feel a 
small superstitious pleasure in 

3815
03:24:53,200 --> 03:24:58,100
finding a penny heads up. 
In 1909 Halloween had more 

3816
03:24:58,100 --> 03:25:00,300
religious meaning than it does. 
Now when it is more 

3817
03:25:00,300 --> 03:25:06,100
commercialized, The name itself,
All Hallows Eve which means the 

3818
03:25:06,100 --> 03:25:09,200
night before. 
All Saints Day keeps the link to

3819
03:25:09,200 --> 03:25:13,200
Christian tradition even though 
the holiday has many older Pagan

3820
03:25:13,200 --> 03:25:15,400
elements. 
Some families. 

3821
03:25:15,400 --> 03:25:18,000
Go to special church services on
November 1st. 

3822
03:25:18,000 --> 03:25:21,100
To remember Saints and family 
members who have died. 

3823
03:25:21,900 --> 03:25:24,600
This makes Halloween part of a 
longer time of remembering and 

3824
03:25:24,600 --> 03:25:27,800
spiritual reflection. 
Most people don't seem to mind 

3825
03:25:27,800 --> 03:25:30,100
that Christian and non-Christian
elements live together. 

3826
03:25:31,100 --> 03:25:33,600
The Christian calendar has 
always been open to including 

3827
03:25:33,600 --> 03:25:35,700
local customs and folk 
practices. 

3828
03:25:37,000 --> 03:25:40,900
By 1909 this mixing of cultures 
is so common that most people 

3829
03:25:40,900 --> 03:25:44,500
don't even think about it. 
You can honor, Christian Saints 

3830
03:25:44,500 --> 03:25:48,000
and also Bob for apples to see 
what your love life will be like

3831
03:25:48,000 --> 03:25:49,800
in the future without any 
problems. 

3832
03:25:50,500 --> 03:25:53,400
The lack of light adds to the 
supernatural feel of the night. 

3833
03:25:54,400 --> 03:25:57,300
He keep in mind that electric 
lights aren't common yet and 

3834
03:25:57,300 --> 03:25:59,500
even where they are people don't
use them very often. 

3835
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:03,800
There are candles oil lamps and 
maybe even the light from the 

3836
03:26:03,800 --> 03:26:07,400
fireplace in The Parlor. 
This makes the kind of lighting 

3837
03:26:07,400 --> 03:26:09,900
that filmmakers spend a lot of 
money trying to copy. 

3838
03:26:10,800 --> 03:26:15,000
Shadows, that change and move. 
Faces that come out of the dark 

3839
03:26:15,000 --> 03:26:18,300
and into pools of light and 
corners of rooms that stay 

3840
03:26:18,300 --> 03:26:21,400
mysterious. 
In this light is easy to think 

3841
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:23,100
that you might see something 
strange. 

3842
03:26:24,000 --> 03:26:26,800
Shadow that moves in a strange 
way, could be an effect of the 

3843
03:26:26,800 --> 03:26:29,000
candlelight or it could be 
something else. 

3844
03:26:29,800 --> 03:26:32,700
That feeling of being there, 
when you're alone in dark room, 

3845
03:26:32,700 --> 03:26:35,600
Could Be Your Mind Playing 
Tricks on you or it could be a 

3846
03:26:35,600 --> 03:26:40,000
loved one who has passed away 
checking in. the uncertainty is 

3847
03:26:40,000 --> 03:26:44,100
part of the experience, and it 
seems that most people in 1909 

3848
03:26:44,100 --> 03:26:47,500
are happy to leave it that way 
instead of insisting, on either 

3849
03:26:47,500 --> 03:26:51,800
total belief, or total doubt, 
the fact that people in 1909 

3850
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:54,500
were more comfortable with not 
knowing about the supernatural 

3851
03:26:54,500 --> 03:26:57,600
shows, a bigger cultural 
difference between then and now,

3852
03:26:58,900 --> 03:27:02,400
In today's world, there is a lot
of pressure to put things into 

3853
03:27:02,400 --> 03:27:05,800
one of two groups, 
scientifically proven facts or 

3854
03:27:05,800 --> 03:27:10,500
superstitions that aren't true. 
But in 1909 people are more 

3855
03:27:10,508 --> 03:27:12,100
okay. 
With the idea that something's 

3856
03:27:12,100 --> 03:27:15,900
can't be known that mystery has 
value and that not everything 

3857
03:27:15,900 --> 03:27:18,000
needs to be explained or 
explained away. 

3858
03:27:19,000 --> 03:27:22,000
As the night goes on and people 
settle into comfy chairs with 

3859
03:27:22,000 --> 03:27:25,200
cups of warm side, her the 
conversation might turn to the 

3860
03:27:25,208 --> 03:27:29,200
idea of thin places which are 
places where the line between 

3861
03:27:29,200 --> 03:27:30,600
the normal world and something 
else. 

3862
03:27:30,600 --> 03:27:35,000
Seems to be very thin, there are
such places in every town, the 

3863
03:27:35,000 --> 03:27:39,000
old churchyard, the crossroads 
at the edge of town, the ancient

3864
03:27:39,000 --> 03:27:42,200
tree, that was already old when 
the first settlers came and the 

3865
03:27:42,200 --> 03:27:45,200
spring that never freezes. 
Even in the coldest winter 

3866
03:27:46,200 --> 03:27:48,400
People don't think these thin 
places are dangerous. 

3867
03:27:48,400 --> 03:27:51,800
Instead, they think they are 
special and should be respected 

3868
03:27:51,800 --> 03:27:55,000
and given attention. 
People don't stay away from 

3869
03:27:55,000 --> 03:27:57,800
them. 
Instead they go to them knowing 

3870
03:27:57,800 --> 03:27:59,600
that they might find something 
strange there. 

3871
03:28:00,600 --> 03:28:03,700
Halloween is a time when people 
believed that the veil Between 

3872
03:28:03,700 --> 03:28:07,100
Worlds gets thinner. 
This makes the whole night feel 

3873
03:28:07,100 --> 03:28:09,200
like a thin time when Anything 
Could Happen. 

3874
03:28:10,400 --> 03:28:12,500
The party is now in its last 
phase. 

3875
03:28:12,500 --> 03:28:16,300
The calm time before midnight 
when everyone is tired, but not 

3876
03:28:16,300 --> 03:28:20,000
too tired to have fun. 
The group has enjoyed the snacks

3877
03:28:20,000 --> 03:28:24,500
played the game and had their 
fortunes told with varying 

3878
03:28:24,500 --> 03:28:26,800
levels of faith in how accurate 
they were. 

3879
03:28:27,600 --> 03:28:30,200
Then they went outside into the 
October night and came back 

3880
03:28:30,200 --> 03:28:33,200
safely. 
This is the time for quieter 

3881
03:28:33,200 --> 03:28:36,000
activities. 
Talking that has become more 

3882
03:28:36,000 --> 03:28:39,300
personal as the night went on 
and people let their guard down 

3883
03:28:39,300 --> 03:28:42,700
and for thinking about what 
Halloween means beyond the games

3884
03:28:42,700 --> 03:28:46,000
and traditions, if the family is
Rich enough to have a piano, 

3885
03:28:46,000 --> 03:28:49,200
someone might be playing soft 
music that fits the time of day.

3886
03:28:50,000 --> 03:28:52,900
There are both popular songs 
from the time and older songs 

3887
03:28:52,900 --> 03:28:54,500
that have been passed down 
through the years. 

3888
03:28:54,500 --> 03:28:58,900
If you listen to music from 
1909, it will sound very old 

3889
03:28:58,900 --> 03:29:02,200
fashioned to you. 
The lyrics are sentimental and 

3890
03:29:02,200 --> 03:29:05,600
The Melodies are simple, showing
how people thought in the 

3891
03:29:05,608 --> 03:29:08,300
Victorian era. 
But with a more positive view of

3892
03:29:08,308 --> 03:29:12,500
the Edwardian era but in this 
case, with the October night, 

3893
03:29:12,500 --> 03:29:15,200
pressing against the windows and
the candles burning low, in 

3894
03:29:15,208 --> 03:29:19,500
their holders, The music does 
its job of setting the mood and 

3895
03:29:19,500 --> 03:29:22,500
giving people something to do 
with their attention, that isn't

3896
03:29:22,500 --> 03:29:25,300
as demanding as games or deep 
conversation. 

3897
03:29:26,300 --> 03:29:29,300
Some guests have already left 
especially those who have to 

3898
03:29:29,300 --> 03:29:31,700
walk along way home or who 
strict parents are waiting up 

3899
03:29:31,708 --> 03:29:34,600
for them. 
The elaborate politeness rituals

3900
03:29:34,600 --> 03:29:37,300
of the time. 
Mark, their departures thanking,

3901
03:29:37,300 --> 03:29:40,200
their hosts several times, 
putting on their outdoor clothes

3902
03:29:40,200 --> 03:29:44,100
making last jokes and promising 
to see each other soon at church

3903
03:29:44,100 --> 03:29:47,200
or around town. 
Those who are still, there are 

3904
03:29:47,200 --> 03:29:49,900
the strong ones. 
The ones who haven't quite let 

3905
03:29:49,900 --> 03:29:51,600
go of the magic of the night 
yet. 

3906
03:29:52,600 --> 03:29:55,700
The mother of the host family 
might be in the kitchen quietly,

3907
03:29:55,700 --> 03:29:58,300
starting to clean up the mess 
that can't wait until morning. 

3908
03:29:59,200 --> 03:30:02,700
She might be putting away food. 
That will spoil washing cups and

3909
03:30:02,700 --> 03:30:05,300
plates and banking the fire in 
the stove. 

3910
03:30:06,400 --> 03:30:09,700
This work is done without 
complaint or martyrdom, just 

3911
03:30:09,700 --> 03:30:11,100
because it's part of being a 
host. 

3912
03:30:12,500 --> 03:30:15,400
There will be more cleaning up 
in the morning but the worst of 

3913
03:30:15,400 --> 03:30:17,100
it can be done. 
Now, while guests are still 

3914
03:30:17,108 --> 03:30:20,400
there but busy, if there are any
younger kids in the house, they 

3915
03:30:20,400 --> 03:30:23,900
have long since gone to bed, 
however, they may still be awake

3916
03:30:23,900 --> 03:30:26,500
in their rooms. 
Trying to stay alert for any 

3917
03:30:26,500 --> 03:30:29,900
Supernatural visits or just 
excited by the strange. 

3918
03:30:29,900 --> 03:30:31,900
Sounds of a party going on late 
Into the Night. 

3919
03:30:32,800 --> 03:30:36,300
They will remember this night in
their own way, the strange 

3920
03:30:36,300 --> 03:30:40,700
Shadows cast by the candlelight,
the guests laughter, the special

3921
03:30:40,700 --> 03:30:43,100
snacks. 
They got to eat before bed and 

3922
03:30:43,100 --> 03:30:45,700
the feeling that something 
important and magical was going 

3923
03:30:45,700 --> 03:30:48,800
on, even though they were not 
old enough to fully take part. 

3924
03:30:50,100 --> 03:30:53,100
As the clock, whether it's a 
mantle piece clock, a wall clock

3925
03:30:53,100 --> 03:30:55,900
or someone's pocket. 
Watch gets closer to midnight 

3926
03:30:55,900 --> 03:30:58,100
people. 
Often take a moment to 

3927
03:30:58,100 --> 03:31:01,000
acknowledge it. 
Halloween night is traditionally

3928
03:31:01,000 --> 03:31:04,500
the most powerful time of the 
year and midnight is when the 

3929
03:31:04,500 --> 03:31:08,200
veil Between Worlds is thinnest.
Spirits are most likely to be 

3930
03:31:08,200 --> 03:31:11,500
present and divination is most 
likely to be accurate. 

3931
03:31:12,500 --> 03:31:14,900
The group might stand by a 
window and look out at the 

3932
03:31:14,900 --> 03:31:17,400
night, which is now very still 
and dark. 

3933
03:31:18,300 --> 03:31:21,800
As families go to bed, most of 
the lights in nearby houses of 

3934
03:31:21,800 --> 03:31:24,800
gone out. 
If you can see the moon, it has 

3935
03:31:24,800 --> 03:31:27,800
moved to cross the sky. 
Since the party started, the 

3936
03:31:27,800 --> 03:31:29,200
wind could have gotten stronger 
or weaker. 

3937
03:31:29,200 --> 03:31:32,100
The temperature has definitely 
dropped even more. 

3938
03:31:32,100 --> 03:31:36,500
And by morning, there will 
probably be frost In some places

3939
03:31:36,500 --> 03:31:38,400
people, have a tradition of 
being quiet. 

3940
03:31:38,400 --> 03:31:41,900
When the clock, strikes midnight
and listening for sounds that 

3941
03:31:41,900 --> 03:31:46,200
might not be from this world. 
We do this with Open Hearts, not

3942
03:31:46,200 --> 03:31:49,800
scared ones, because we know 
that if Spirits are around, this

3943
03:31:49,800 --> 03:31:53,000
is when they might show 
themselves, the silence is 

3944
03:31:53,000 --> 03:31:56,100
friendly not tense. 
And the only sound is the 

3945
03:31:56,100 --> 03:31:58,400
clock's mechanism. 
Getting ready to strike 12. 

3946
03:31:59,300 --> 03:32:02,200
When the clock strikes midnight,
there is often a small 

3947
03:32:02,200 --> 03:32:04,500
Collective. 
Exhale as if everyone has 

3948
03:32:04,500 --> 03:32:09,100
crossed a line this can be 
marked by Chimes bells or just 

3949
03:32:09,100 --> 03:32:11,500
the quiet agreement of those, 
checking their watches. 

3950
03:32:12,400 --> 03:32:15,400
All Saints Day as started, which
means that Halloween is over. 

3951
03:32:15,400 --> 03:32:19,500
The magical time is over. 
And while people were aware of 

3952
03:32:19,500 --> 03:32:23,100
and welcome the spirits, no one 
seems to be upset that, nothing 

3953
03:32:23,100 --> 03:32:27,300
dramatic, or Supernatural 
happened. what matted was the 

3954
03:32:27,300 --> 03:32:31,500
possibility being open to the 
unknown rather than the knowing 

3955
03:32:31,500 --> 03:32:35,400
it Someone might raise a glass 
with the last of the cider or 

3956
03:32:35,400 --> 03:32:38,200
other drink. 
The toast could be to All Saints

3957
03:32:38,200 --> 03:32:41,900
to friend, who can't be there to
the winter that everyone needs 

3958
03:32:41,900 --> 03:32:44,400
to get ready for, or just to the
success. 

3959
03:32:44,400 --> 03:32:47,700
Of the Knights of events people 
raise their glasses or cups and 

3960
03:32:47,700 --> 03:32:50,200
drink the toast, which makes the
party feel like it's over. 

3961
03:32:50,200 --> 03:32:53,800
Now is when the last departures 
really start. 

3962
03:32:54,500 --> 03:32:58,000
Even the most dedicated party 
goers know that the night has 

3963
03:32:58,000 --> 03:33:00,300
come to an end. 
And that tomorrow technically 

3964
03:33:00,300 --> 03:33:05,000
today will come soon with its 
demands of work school and other

3965
03:33:05,000 --> 03:33:08,500
daily tasks. 
The front door opens several 

3966
03:33:08,500 --> 03:33:12,100
times to let groups of guests 
out into the night each time 

3967
03:33:12,100 --> 03:33:15,500
they say thank you and goodbye 
and remind everyone about 

3968
03:33:15,500 --> 03:33:18,800
upcoming community events. 
For the host family. 

3969
03:33:18,800 --> 03:33:22,700
There is a strange mix of 
tiredness and happiness that 

3970
03:33:22,700 --> 03:33:24,800
comes from having successfully 
entertained. 

3971
03:33:25,800 --> 03:33:29,300
The house is a mess, the candles
are almost out and there are 

3972
03:33:29,300 --> 03:33:32,500
still work to be done but the 
evening did what it was supposed

3973
03:33:32,500 --> 03:33:35,500
to do. 
Bring people together on a 

3974
03:33:35,500 --> 03:33:39,100
tradition, acknowledgment 
mystery and give young people a 

3975
03:33:39,100 --> 03:33:41,400
chance to hang out in a safe 
structured way. 

3976
03:33:43,000 --> 03:33:45,200
When the last guests leave for 
the night, the house becomes 

3977
03:33:45,200 --> 03:33:48,900
quiet in a different way. 
It's not the quiet of waiting 

3978
03:33:48,900 --> 03:33:52,500
for the party to start. 
It's the quiet of an event that 

3979
03:33:52,500 --> 03:33:55,900
is ended. 
The parents and maybe some older

3980
03:33:55,900 --> 03:33:58,000
children, who helped host the 
party start. 

3981
03:33:58,000 --> 03:34:01,900
The process of turning the house
back in to a home This process 

3982
03:34:01,900 --> 03:34:04,300
has its own. 
Calm Rhythm, one by one, the 

3983
03:34:04,300 --> 03:34:06,800
candles, go out and the light 
gets dimmer and dimmer until. 

3984
03:34:06,800 --> 03:34:10,600
There are only one or two lamps 
left to work by Decorations will

3985
03:34:10,600 --> 03:34:13,200
stay up for now. 
They'll come down tomorrow or in

3986
03:34:13,200 --> 03:34:15,500
the next few days. 
Furniture. 

3987
03:34:15,500 --> 03:34:18,300
On the other hand is starting to
move back to its normal places. 

3988
03:34:19,200 --> 03:34:21,900
The cushions are fluffed. 
The windows are checked to make 

3989
03:34:21,900 --> 03:34:23,900
sure they're properly. 
Latched against the night. 

3990
03:34:23,900 --> 03:34:26,700
Are the front door is locked 
with the solid sound. 

3991
03:34:26,700 --> 03:34:29,200
That lets everyone know the 
house is ready for sleep. 

3992
03:34:30,100 --> 03:34:32,500
The last cleaning in the kitchen
is done quickly because of 

3993
03:34:32,500 --> 03:34:36,200
years, of practice, the stove, 
heats the water for washing 

3994
03:34:36,200 --> 03:34:39,700
dishes and the towels that have 
been warming up nearby dry them 

3995
03:34:39,700 --> 03:34:42,400
off. 
Then the dishes are put back in 

3996
03:34:42,400 --> 03:34:45,800
their places in the cupboards. 
The leftover food is looked at 

3997
03:34:45,800 --> 03:34:48,700
to see what can be saved. 
What should be eaten tomorrow 

3998
03:34:48,700 --> 03:34:51,800
and what can be given to the 
chickens if the family has them 

3999
03:34:52,800 --> 03:34:56,000
In a world where most families 
live much closer to the edge of 

4000
03:34:56,000 --> 03:34:59,900
subsistence than we do today. 
There was no such thing as 

4001
03:34:59,900 --> 03:35:02,400
waste. 
The mother of the house, does 

4002
03:35:02,400 --> 03:35:05,600
one last check of the rooms 
where guests are making sure 

4003
03:35:05,600 --> 03:35:09,000
there are no forgotten items 
that the candles are really out 

4004
03:35:09,000 --> 03:35:12,300
and don't pose a fire risk that 
she knows what needs to be done 

4005
03:35:12,300 --> 03:35:15,400
in the morning. 
This isn't obsessive kit taking,

4006
03:35:15,400 --> 03:35:18,500
it's just the responsible 
oversight that comes with 

4007
03:35:18,500 --> 03:35:21,900
running a household. 
It requires a lot more attention

4008
03:35:21,900 --> 03:35:24,900
to safety and maintenance than 
modern conveniences do. 

4009
03:35:25,700 --> 03:35:29,600
The father might go outside one 
last time before bed partly to 

4010
03:35:29,600 --> 03:35:32,400
make sure everything is safe and
partly for that private moment 

4011
03:35:32,400 --> 03:35:36,300
under the October stars. 
That men of his age liked He 

4012
03:35:36,300 --> 03:35:39,500
might smoke one last pipe on the
porch or in the yard thinking 

4013
03:35:39,500 --> 03:35:43,200
about the night and the season. 
Everyone can feel that winter is

4014
03:35:43,200 --> 03:35:47,000
coming in the cold and night air
There are still things to do to 

4015
03:35:47,000 --> 03:35:51,600
get ready, hang storm, windows, 
split and stack wood and get the

4016
03:35:51,600 --> 03:35:53,700
garden beds. 
Ready for their winter sleep. 

4017
03:35:55,100 --> 03:35:58,500
Climbing the stairs, to bed. 
Most of the time, bedrooms, were

4018
03:35:58,500 --> 03:36:00,500
upstairs and houses with a 
second floor. 

4019
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:03,300
In 1909, made me feel good about
the day. 

4020
03:36:04,400 --> 03:36:06,100
Stairs might Creek with 
familiar. 

4021
03:36:06,100 --> 03:36:10,200
Sounds the banister, feels 
smooth and your hand and the 

4022
03:36:10,208 --> 03:36:13,800
Darkness of the upstairs, feels 
cozy and stead of strange, now 

4023
03:36:13,800 --> 03:36:17,800
that Halloween is over. 
By today's standards, bedrooms 

4024
03:36:17,800 --> 03:36:21,600
were cold in 1909. 
Most homes don't have Central 

4025
03:36:21,600 --> 03:36:24,800
Heating. 
Downstairs rooms might be warmed

4026
03:36:24,800 --> 03:36:28,500
by stoves or fireplaces but 
upstairs rooms get most of their

4027
03:36:28,500 --> 03:36:32,000
heat from the rising warmth of 
daytime fires, which as long 

4028
03:36:32,008 --> 03:36:34,100
since gone away on a late 
October night. 

4029
03:36:35,000 --> 03:36:38,600
People expect bedrooms to be 
cold and they are for sleeping 

4030
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:41,400
not lounging around. 
Getting ready for bed. 

4031
03:36:41,400 --> 03:36:45,100
Includes both cleaning up and 
relaxing, rituals people wash 

4032
03:36:45,100 --> 03:36:48,200
their faces, by pouring water 
from a picture into a basin. 

4033
03:36:48,800 --> 03:36:51,500
Indoor plumbing is common in 
cities but not everywhere. 

4034
03:36:52,200 --> 03:36:54,700
Tooth powder or paste is used to
clean teeth. 

4035
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:59,200
Women, especially do the ritual 
of brushing their hair 100 

4036
03:36:59,200 --> 03:37:01,800
times, which was thought to be 
good for hair health. 

4037
03:37:02,500 --> 03:37:05,400
Taking off clothes carefully and
either folding them up to where 

4038
03:37:05,400 --> 03:37:07,700
again if they're clean enough or
putting them in the laundry. 

4039
03:37:08,500 --> 03:37:13,100
In 1909, nightclubs were heavy, 
women wore long, nightgowns men 

4040
03:37:13,100 --> 03:37:16,200
were nightshirts, and they might
have sleeping caps and bed 

4041
03:37:16,200 --> 03:37:18,800
socks. 
When it was cold, people sleep 

4042
03:37:18,800 --> 03:37:21,300
with more clothes on than your 
used to partly, because it's 

4043
03:37:21,300 --> 03:37:24,700
cold and partly because modesty 
standards apply even when you're

4044
03:37:24,700 --> 03:37:29,100
sleeping, Earlier, in the day, 
the bed was made with smooth 

4045
03:37:29,100 --> 03:37:32,500
sheets and arrange blankets, and
quilts were added, or taken 

4046
03:37:32,500 --> 03:37:35,400
away, depending on the season. 
When you slip between the 

4047
03:37:35,400 --> 03:37:38,600
sheets, they are cold at first, 
but will warm up from your body 

4048
03:37:38,600 --> 03:37:41,200
heat? 
For a moment, your body can 

4049
03:37:41,200 --> 03:37:44,700
finally rest after hours of 
standing walking and Performing 

4050
03:37:44,700 --> 03:37:47,900
social. 
The pillow is just write, the 

4051
03:37:47,900 --> 03:37:51,500
blankets are heavy and warm and 
the bedroom is completely dark 

4052
03:37:51,500 --> 03:37:53,800
in a way that modern people 
don't often experience. 

4053
03:37:53,800 --> 03:37:58,400
There are no LED lights from 
Electronics, no street lights, 

4054
03:37:58,400 --> 03:38:01,700
shining through the curtains and
no ambient Urban light. 

4055
03:38:03,000 --> 03:38:06,600
In this darkness and quiet. 
Thoughts might go back over the 

4056
03:38:06,600 --> 03:38:11,000
events of the evening. 
The games and laughter the talks

4057
03:38:11,000 --> 03:38:14,500
and flirting, the time spent 
outside under the stars, 

4058
03:38:14,500 --> 03:38:18,000
realizing that life may be more 
mysterious than it seems and the

4059
03:38:18,000 --> 03:38:19,800
comfort of community and 
tradition. 

4060
03:38:20,700 --> 03:38:23,900
These thoughts mix with the 
start of dreams as 

4061
03:38:23,900 --> 03:38:26,800
Consciousness. 
Lets go and sleep come. 

4062
03:38:28,400 --> 03:38:32,400
Morning comes like it does in 
November late and unwilling with

4063
03:38:32,400 --> 03:38:34,400
gray light. 
That seems to come from the air 

4064
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:36,700
itself instead of from a 
specific Direction. 

4065
03:38:37,900 --> 03:38:40,700
The first person to wake up has 
to start the fire again by 

4066
03:38:40,700 --> 03:38:44,500
cleaning out the ashes, putting 
down new kindling and coaxing 

4067
03:38:44,500 --> 03:38:48,200
Flames from Embers or matches. 
This will gradually build the 

4068
03:38:48,200 --> 03:38:50,300
fire that will warm the house 
and cook breakfast. 

4069
03:38:51,400 --> 03:38:53,800
The light on November 1st shows 
that the house is still 

4070
03:38:53,800 --> 03:38:56,900
decorated for Halloween. 
But in the light of day, the 

4071
03:38:56,900 --> 03:38:59,700
decorations looked less 
mysterious and more like what 

4072
03:38:59,700 --> 03:39:02,700
they are. 
Paper and vegetables arrange for

4073
03:39:02,700 --> 03:39:05,600
a short time. 
These decorations will be taken 

4074
03:39:05,600 --> 03:39:09,100
down in the next day or two. 
You could cut the pumpkin up for

4075
03:39:09,100 --> 03:39:12,800
pies or stews, the paper 
decorations will be carefully 

4076
03:39:12,800 --> 03:39:15,300
taken down and either stored or 
burned in the stove. 

4077
03:39:15,300 --> 03:39:17,300
Since new ones will be needed 
next year. 

4078
03:39:17,300 --> 03:39:20,400
Anyway. 
But today, All Saints Day for 

4079
03:39:20,400 --> 03:39:23,200
those who follow the religious 
calendar, there's no need to 

4080
03:39:23,208 --> 03:39:25,100
break up the magic from last 
night, right away. 

4081
03:39:26,200 --> 03:39:28,400
Every day people have to make 
and eat breakfast. 

4082
03:39:28,400 --> 03:39:31,500
Do their chores and go back to 
their normal lives. 

4083
03:39:32,300 --> 03:39:35,200
But the memory of the party is 
still fresh giving, people 

4084
03:39:35,200 --> 03:39:36,800
something to talk about at 
breakfast. 

4085
03:39:36,800 --> 03:39:41,200
And when they run into neighbors
and Friends during the day, On 

4086
03:39:41,200 --> 03:39:44,200
November 1st, the town feels a 
little different than it did on 

4087
03:39:44,200 --> 03:39:47,500
October 31st. 
But someone looking in from the 

4088
03:39:47,500 --> 03:39:50,100
outside might have a hard time 
figuring out what has changed. 

4089
03:39:51,200 --> 03:39:54,700
It's partly because the calendar
is changed to a new monthly 

4090
03:39:54,700 --> 03:39:57,300
because the weather is getting 
colder and partly. 

4091
03:39:57,300 --> 03:40:01,100
Because the feeling that a 
holiday, no matter how small has

4092
03:40:01,100 --> 03:40:04,100
come and gone and taken, its 
special quality with it. 

4093
03:40:05,000 --> 03:40:07,400
People who went to Halloween 
parties, the night before might 

4094
03:40:07,400 --> 03:40:10,800
be a little tired from staying 
up later than usual, but it's a 

4095
03:40:10,800 --> 03:40:13,600
nice tiredness that comes from 
having fun with friends rather 

4096
03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:17,100
than from stress or worry. 
People talk about different 

4097
03:40:17,100 --> 03:40:19,600
parties at work and school. 
Share. 

4098
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:22,500
Funny stories, wonder if the 
fortune-telling games were 

4099
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:25,100
right. 
And teased those, whose romantic

4100
03:40:25,100 --> 03:40:29,400
Futures were supposedly revealed
by apples nuts, or looking in a 

4101
03:40:29,408 --> 03:40:32,700
mirror for those who go the 
church service on All Saints Day

4102
03:40:32,700 --> 03:40:35,200
is a more serious Counterpoint 
to the fun of Halloween. 

4103
03:40:36,200 --> 03:40:40,100
This day is for remembering the 
dead, recognizing the communion 

4104
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:43,400
of saints and thinking about 
death and faith. 

4105
03:40:44,600 --> 03:40:47,400
There may be prayers for the 
dead hymns that talk about 

4106
03:40:47,400 --> 03:40:49,500
eternal life and meeting again 
in heaven. 

4107
03:40:49,500 --> 03:40:52,500
And the reading of the names of 
church members who died in the 

4108
03:40:52,508 --> 03:40:55,300
past year. 
There is no conflict between the

4109
03:40:55,300 --> 03:40:58,600
games from last night and the 
seriousness of this morning. 

4110
03:40:59,600 --> 03:41:02,400
Halloween and All Saints Day are
both ways to remember the Dead 

4111
03:41:02,400 --> 03:41:06,400
Halloween, does this with fun. 
And hope, while All Saints Day, 

4112
03:41:06,400 --> 03:41:10,000
does it with respect and prayer?
Both of them, know that death 

4113
03:41:10,000 --> 03:41:12,600
doesn't end a relationship. 
It just changes it. 

4114
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:15,600
As November 1st goes on into the
afternoon. 

4115
03:41:15,600 --> 03:41:19,100
And evening, the change of 
seasons becomes more obvious. 

4116
03:41:20,100 --> 03:41:24,400
Son sets noticeably earlier than
it did just a few weeks ago even

4117
03:41:24,400 --> 03:41:26,400
though it is already low in the 
sky at noon. 

4118
03:41:27,700 --> 03:41:30,400
The evening comes on with that 
special kind of November 

4119
03:41:30,400 --> 03:41:33,800
darkness that isn't as golden as
October's but is more complete. 

4120
03:41:34,700 --> 03:41:38,400
This kind of Darkness will last 
for the next few months farmers 

4121
03:41:38,400 --> 03:41:40,500
and people with Gardens are 
getting ready for winter. 

4122
03:41:41,500 --> 03:41:43,600
Before a killing Frost ends, the
growing season. 

4123
03:41:43,600 --> 03:41:46,300
The last Hardy vegetables need 
to be picked. 

4124
03:41:46,300 --> 03:41:49,300
You need to dig up and store, 
root vegetables. 

4125
03:41:49,300 --> 03:41:51,600
Like turnips, carrots and 
potatoes. 

4126
03:41:51,600 --> 03:41:55,600
You need to get rid of any dead 
plants in your garden beds. 

4127
03:41:55,600 --> 03:41:58,500
You can either add them to 
compost, piles or let them break

4128
03:41:58,500 --> 03:42:02,100
down over the winter. 
Change from October to November 

4129
03:42:02,100 --> 03:42:03,900
helps. 
People get ready for the 

4130
03:42:03,900 --> 03:42:06,100
holidays. 
There will be a series of 

4131
03:42:06,100 --> 03:42:09,500
holidays, coming up, 
Thanksgiving Christmas and New 

4132
03:42:09,500 --> 03:42:12,000
Year's. 
These will break up the dark 

4133
03:42:12,000 --> 03:42:15,800
months but on November 1st, 
those holidays still seem far 

4134
03:42:15,800 --> 03:42:18,500
away. 
For now, the main thing to do is

4135
03:42:18,500 --> 03:42:22,300
get used to the fact that winter
means shorter days, Colder 

4136
03:42:22,300 --> 03:42:24,500
Weather and having to spend more
time inside. 

4137
03:42:25,500 --> 03:42:27,400
Family start to think about 
winter projects. 

4138
03:42:27,400 --> 03:42:30,200
Well things they can do when 
they can't work out side. 

4139
03:42:30,200 --> 03:42:34,300
Women might plan sowing 
projects, like making quilts 

4140
03:42:34,300 --> 03:42:39,100
fixing or changing clothes, or 
making new clothes during the 

4141
03:42:39,100 --> 03:42:40,700
winter. 
When they have to stay inside, 

4142
03:42:40,700 --> 03:42:43,600
men might have to fix things 
sharp and tools or finish 

4143
03:42:43,600 --> 03:42:47,700
projects in Barns or workshops. 
Kids know that school days will 

4144
03:42:47,700 --> 03:42:50,900
start and end in the dark. 
And that recess might be too 

4145
03:42:50,900 --> 03:42:52,700
cold for them to play outside 
comfortably. 

4146
03:42:53,700 --> 03:42:57,200
As the months get darker 
remembering Halloween night is a

4147
03:42:57,200 --> 03:43:00,300
bright spot to look back on the 
games, the laughter. 

4148
03:43:00,300 --> 03:43:04,100
And the time spent under the 
stars in October, all become 

4149
03:43:04,100 --> 03:43:08,000
stories that can be told again 
and again and private memories, 

4150
03:43:08,000 --> 03:43:11,100
that can be enjoyed. 
Depending on your mood and 

4151
03:43:11,100 --> 03:43:13,900
beliefs, the predictions made by
fortune. 

4152
03:43:13,900 --> 03:43:17,800
Tellers can be funny or serious.
The party helped people feel 

4153
03:43:17,800 --> 03:43:20,700
like they were part of a 
community which makes the coming

4154
03:43:20,700 --> 03:43:22,000
winter. 
Feel less lonely. 

4155
03:43:22,700 --> 03:43:25,300
Now that it's been over 100 
years since that Halloween night

4156
03:43:25,300 --> 03:43:29,200
in 1909, it's worth thinking 
about what was lost and what was

4157
03:43:29,200 --> 03:43:31,800
kept as Halloween changed into 
the holiday. 

4158
03:43:31,800 --> 03:43:35,800
You know, today in many ways 
Halloween 1909 was the end of an

4159
03:43:35,800 --> 03:43:37,800
era. 
It was the last time, the 

4160
03:43:37,800 --> 03:43:41,100
holiday kept its folk character 
before commercial interests, 

4161
03:43:41,100 --> 03:43:43,100
changed it into something 
completely different. 

4162
03:43:44,400 --> 03:43:49,000
At first, the change happened 
Slowly by the 1920s Halloween 

4163
03:43:49,000 --> 03:43:52,800
was becoming more about kids. 
Schools and Community groups 

4164
03:43:52,800 --> 03:43:55,200
were throwing parties that were 
like the ones that happened in 

4165
03:43:55,200 --> 03:43:59,100
homes in 1909 but they were more
organized and less mysterious 

4166
03:43:59,100 --> 03:44:02,000
trick or treating. 
As we know it started in the 

4167
03:44:02,000 --> 03:44:05,100
1930s but it didn't become 
popular until after World War 

4168
03:44:05,108 --> 03:44:09,000
Two. 
In the 1950s Halloween, became a

4169
03:44:09,000 --> 03:44:12,000
candy holiday for kids with 
store-bought costumes and 

4170
03:44:12,000 --> 03:44:15,100
decorations. 
Every change had its pros and 

4171
03:44:15,100 --> 03:44:18,400
cons Halloween today. 
Reaches more people gives 

4172
03:44:18,400 --> 03:44:22,100
millions of kids fun memories 
and makes people really happy 

4173
03:44:22,100 --> 03:44:25,400
and excited. but when folk 
Traditions turned into a 

4174
03:44:25,408 --> 03:44:29,600
commercial holiday, something 
was lost the real sense of 

4175
03:44:29,608 --> 03:44:32,400
Mystery. 
The connection to ancestors and 

4176
03:44:32,400 --> 03:44:35,800
traditions that go back. 
Hundreds of years and the focus 

4177
03:44:35,800 --> 03:44:39,200
on fortune telling and romantic 
Futures that made Halloween 

4178
03:44:39,200 --> 03:44:43,400
special for young adults. 
Halloween of 1909 was a part of 

4179
03:44:43,408 --> 03:44:47,300
a cultural history that could 
not last it needed a slow pace 

4180
03:44:47,300 --> 03:44:50,600
of life so that people could 
make decorations by hand and 

4181
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:53,300
play long games. 
It needed communities. 

4182
03:44:53,300 --> 03:44:56,100
That were small enough for most 
people to know each other and 

4183
03:44:56,100 --> 03:44:58,100
feel comfortable meeting in 
homes. 

4184
03:44:58,100 --> 03:45:01,900
It needed a connection to 
Darkness and the supernatural 

4185
03:45:01,900 --> 03:45:04,800
that more electricity and 
Science Education would weaken 

4186
03:45:04,800 --> 03:45:08,500
it needed a social structure for
dating and marriage that were 

4187
03:45:08,500 --> 03:45:10,900
changed because of how gender 
roles and romantic Freedom 

4188
03:45:10,900 --> 03:45:14,800
changed in the 20th century. 
But the main ideas behind 

4189
03:45:14,800 --> 03:45:18,300
Halloween in 1909 are still 
there in modern version of the 

4190
03:45:18,300 --> 03:45:21,400
holiday. 
The desire to play with fear in 

4191
03:45:21,400 --> 03:45:25,200
a safe way, the appeal of 
changing through costumes, the 

4192
03:45:25,200 --> 03:45:28,900
joy of celebrating the seasons, 
and the recognition that the 

4193
03:45:28,900 --> 03:45:31,000
line between life and death 
needs to be respected. 

4194
03:45:32,000 --> 03:45:35,000
All of these things are still 
around, but in different ways. 

4195
03:45:36,100 --> 03:45:38,700
The fortune-telling games that 
were such a big part of 

4196
03:45:38,708 --> 03:45:41,300
Halloween in 1909, are mostly 
gone now. 

4197
03:45:42,000 --> 03:45:45,300
This is because people's views 
on marriage have changed people.

4198
03:45:45,300 --> 03:45:48,300
Move around more and people are 
less likely to believe in 

4199
03:45:48,300 --> 03:45:51,100
divination. 
But their Spirit lives on, in 

4200
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:53,800
the silly superstitions that 
still surround Halloween. 

4201
03:45:53,800 --> 03:45:56,900
Like the idea that some costumes
bring good luck. 

4202
03:45:56,900 --> 03:46:00,700
The rituals that go along with 
eating candy and the small 

4203
03:46:00,700 --> 03:46:03,300
thrill of staying up late and 
walking around neighborhoods 

4204
03:46:03,300 --> 03:46:06,300
after Dark. 
Modern Halloween events like 

4205
03:46:06,300 --> 03:46:09,800
Harvest festivals at churches. 
School parties neighborhood 

4206
03:46:09,800 --> 03:46:12,400
trick or treating roots that get
people out of their homes at the

4207
03:46:12,400 --> 03:46:15,100
same time. 
Have kept the focus on community

4208
03:46:15,100 --> 03:46:17,000
Gathering. 
Even adult. 

4209
03:46:17,000 --> 03:46:20,600
Halloween parties are like the 
social events of 1909, but with 

4210
03:46:20,600 --> 03:46:23,800
less fortune telling and more 
cost Tunes, the link to the 

4211
03:46:23,808 --> 03:46:26,300
supernatural has changed instead
of going away. 

4212
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:31,500
Modern Halloween focuses on fake
scares, like haunted houses, 

4213
03:46:31,500 --> 03:46:34,800
horror movies and scary 
decorations. 

4214
03:46:34,800 --> 03:46:39,600
Instead of real interactions 
with the idea of spirits, But 

4215
03:46:39,600 --> 03:46:42,900
even though commercial horror is
scary, there are still a 

4216
03:46:42,900 --> 03:46:45,100
recognition that death deserves 
to be remembered. 

4217
03:46:45,800 --> 03:46:48,700
That the Line Between Worlds can
be playfully crossed. 

4218
03:46:49,400 --> 03:46:52,300
And that darkness and mystery 
are a part of Being Human. 

4219
03:46:53,100 --> 03:46:55,400
From your point of view. 
The most interesting thing about

4220
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:57,900
Halloween 1909 is how gentle it 
is. 

4221
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:01,600
The spirits were nice. 
The darkness was friendly. 

4222
03:47:02,300 --> 03:47:05,900
Fortune telling was more fun 
than serious and the celebration

4223
03:47:05,900 --> 03:47:09,400
brought people of all ages and 
interests together in stead of 

4224
03:47:09,408 --> 03:47:12,900
separating them. 
It was a holiday that recognized

4225
03:47:12,900 --> 03:47:16,600
mystery without requiring 
belief, that respected tradition

4226
03:47:16,600 --> 03:47:20,600
without being strict about it 
and that made room for love hope

4227
03:47:20,600 --> 03:47:24,700
and connection with others. 
This gentleman shows that people

4228
03:47:24,700 --> 03:47:26,900
in this culture, had a different
view of fear and the 

4229
03:47:26,908 --> 03:47:29,500
supernatural than they did later
in the 20th century. 

4230
03:47:30,700 --> 03:47:33,500
Even though people say, the 
Victorian and Edwardian here as 

4231
03:47:33,500 --> 03:47:36,600
were very strict, they were 
actually very open about death 

4232
03:47:36,600 --> 03:47:39,500
and spirits. 
People talked about death fairly

4233
03:47:39,500 --> 03:47:42,800
openly and it was a part of life
through mourning rituals and 

4234
03:47:42,800 --> 03:47:46,000
Memorial practices. 
The thought that the dead might 

4235
03:47:46,000 --> 03:47:49,900
come back for a visit wasn't 
scaredy, it was comforting, it 

4236
03:47:49,900 --> 03:47:52,400
was like saying that love and 
connection live on after death. 

4237
03:47:53,200 --> 03:47:56,200
By making death a medical issue 
and taking it out of the home 

4238
03:47:56,200 --> 03:47:58,900
culture. 
In the later 20th century made 

4239
03:47:58,900 --> 03:48:00,900
it both less familiar and more 
scary. 

4240
03:48:01,900 --> 03:48:03,700
Halloween changed to reflect 
this. 

4241
03:48:04,600 --> 03:48:08,000
Becoming more about fear and 
horror than about gentle mystery

4242
03:48:08,000 --> 03:48:11,100
and Family Ties. 
People stopped being careful 

4243
03:48:11,100 --> 03:48:13,500
about the Supernatural and 
started to be afraid of it. 

4244
03:48:14,400 --> 03:48:16,300
Spirits turned into scary 
beings. 

4245
03:48:16,300 --> 03:48:18,000
Instead of loved ones coming 
back. 

4246
03:48:19,600 --> 03:48:23,000
But that October night in 1909, 
when we spent time together, 

4247
03:48:23,000 --> 03:48:25,800
Halloween was still the same as 
it had always been. 

4248
03:48:25,800 --> 03:48:29,000
It was a night for young people 
to dream about their romantic 

4249
03:48:29,000 --> 03:48:32,700
futures for communities to come 
together in warmth and light. 

4250
03:48:32,700 --> 03:48:36,500
While acknowledging the cold 
Darkness outside for traditions 

4251
03:48:36,500 --> 03:48:40,200
to be honored and passed on and 
for the possibility of mystery 

4252
03:48:40,200 --> 03:48:42,100
to be acknowledged with without 
needing proof. 

4253
03:48:43,100 --> 03:48:46,600
As you get ready for bed with 
your own October night, pressing

4254
03:48:46,600 --> 03:48:49,800
against your windows, think 
about what parts of that 

4255
03:48:49,800 --> 03:48:53,300
Halloween in 1909 might be worth
keeping or getting back. 

4256
03:48:54,500 --> 03:48:57,600
Not in a nostalgic way that 
tries to bring back the past. 

4257
03:48:58,500 --> 03:49:01,300
Because that passed had its own 
problems and limitations that we

4258
03:49:01,300 --> 03:49:05,100
shouldn't romanticize. 
Instead we should think about 

4259
03:49:05,100 --> 03:49:08,300
what human needs those 
Traditions met and how those 

4260
03:49:08,300 --> 03:49:12,500
needs might still be relevant. 
The decorations made by hand in 

4261
03:49:12,500 --> 03:49:15,100
1909 were both necessary and 
creative. 

4262
03:49:15,800 --> 03:49:18,400
In a world where holiday 
decorations are made in 

4263
03:49:18,400 --> 03:49:21,700
factories, the idea of making 
your own decorations, even 

4264
03:49:21,700 --> 03:49:25,900
simple ones is appealing. 
For example, cutting out shapes 

4265
03:49:25,900 --> 03:49:30,500
from paper, carving pumpkins, 
with care and arranging Autumn 

4266
03:49:30,500 --> 03:49:33,200
Leaves and corn, stalks into a 
rangements that celebrate the 

4267
03:49:33,200 --> 03:49:36,500
season. 
The fortune telling games were 

4268
03:49:36,500 --> 03:49:40,000
Silly and fun. 
But they had a point to remind 

4269
03:49:40,000 --> 03:49:43,300
people that the future is 
unknown, and to give them a 

4270
03:49:43,300 --> 03:49:46,400
chance to think about their 
hopes and dreams in a fun way. 

4271
03:49:47,600 --> 03:49:50,400
We don't often let ourselves 
play with uncertainty like this 

4272
03:49:50,400 --> 03:49:53,300
because modern life is so 
focused on planning and control.

4273
03:49:54,300 --> 03:49:57,400
There may be Merit in Pursuits 
that Amalgamated Amusement with 

4274
03:49:57,400 --> 03:49:59,800
mild contemplation of our 
aspirations. 

4275
03:50:00,800 --> 03:50:04,300
The night walks of 1909, made it
possible to experience darkness,

4276
03:50:04,300 --> 03:50:07,000
which is becoming less common in
Modern Life. 

4277
03:50:07,900 --> 03:50:10,900
When was the last time you 
walked in real darkness without 

4278
03:50:10,900 --> 03:50:14,200
streetlights flashlights or 
phone screens? 

4279
03:50:14,200 --> 03:50:17,500
When was the last time you felt 
what it was like to be a human 

4280
03:50:17,500 --> 03:50:21,300
being for thousands of years. 
It's good for you to get away 

4281
03:50:21,300 --> 03:50:24,500
from artificial light every now 
and then and experience the 

4282
03:50:24,500 --> 03:50:26,300
natural rhythms of day and 
night. 

4283
03:50:27,200 --> 03:50:31,000
The community aspect of 
Halloween, in 1909 met people's 

4284
03:50:31,000 --> 03:50:33,700
needs for connection, and 
belonging that don't go away 

4285
03:50:33,700 --> 03:50:36,000
just because we have social 
media and texting. 

4286
03:50:37,100 --> 03:50:40,000
Even in our connected age, it 
still worth it to share physical

4287
03:50:40,000 --> 03:50:43,300
space play games together and 
make memories in real time 

4288
03:50:43,300 --> 03:50:45,900
instead of writing them down and
posting them later. 

4289
03:50:46,700 --> 03:50:49,600
The most important thing about 
the 1909 Halloween is its 

4290
03:50:49,600 --> 03:50:51,100
relationship with the 
supernatural. 

4291
03:50:51,100 --> 03:50:55,300
It was open to possibilities, 
without needing to be sure and 

4292
03:50:55,300 --> 03:50:57,700
it accepted mystery without 
being scared of it. 

4293
03:50:58,600 --> 03:51:01,200
This is a good way to deal with 
the unknowns in life. 

4294
03:51:01,200 --> 03:51:04,300
We live in a time when 
everything needs proof and 

4295
03:51:04,300 --> 03:51:08,200
evidence which is useful in some
situations but not in others. 

4296
03:51:09,100 --> 03:51:14,200
Some experience is such as love 
beauty meaning, and the 

4297
03:51:14,200 --> 03:51:16,600
potential for something Beyond 
every day reality. 

4298
03:51:17,500 --> 03:51:22,000
Elude empirical validation yet 
remained significant to human 

4299
03:51:22,000 --> 03:51:27,000
existence that Halloween night 
in 1909 with its candles and 

4300
03:51:27,000 --> 03:51:30,800
cider games. 
And Gatherings walks in the dark

4301
03:51:30,800 --> 03:51:32,900
of October and back to the warm 
light. 

4302
03:51:32,900 --> 03:51:36,300
And the idea that Spirits might 
be near without being scared, 

4303
03:51:36,300 --> 03:51:40,800
was a way of being in the world 
focused on connection Community 

4304
03:51:40,800 --> 03:51:45,000
mystery and gentle Joy, you 
might picture yourself at that 

4305
03:51:45,000 --> 03:51:48,400
1909 party. 
As you fall asleep after coming 

4306
03:51:48,400 --> 03:51:51,700
in from the cold night, you can 
feel the warmth of the Parlor. 

4307
03:51:51,700 --> 03:51:54,900
Apple cider has a sharp 
sweetness that you can taste. 

4308
03:51:55,800 --> 03:51:58,500
Listen to the laughter, someone 
tries to Bob for apples with 

4309
03:51:58,500 --> 03:52:02,600
more enthusiasm than skill. 
You can see the candles 

4310
03:52:02,600 --> 03:52:05,400
flickering and the Shadows 
dancing on the walls that are 

4311
03:52:05,400 --> 03:52:08,700
covered in hand cut paper. 
You can smell the wood smoke. 

4312
03:52:08,700 --> 03:52:11,300
The full are. 
And that hard to describe smell 

4313
03:52:11,300 --> 03:52:12,800
of a house full of people 
celebrating. 

4314
03:52:13,800 --> 03:52:17,700
You're part of a tradition that 
goes back, hundreds of years, it

4315
03:52:17,700 --> 03:52:21,300
connects you to the Celts Who 
lit, bonfires at Samhain the 

4316
03:52:21,300 --> 03:52:24,000
Christians who prayed for the 
dead on All Hallows Eve. 

4317
03:52:24,000 --> 03:52:27,300
The fortune tellers who looked 
into mirrors in the Victorian 

4318
03:52:27,300 --> 03:52:31,300
era, the 1909 Gathering where 
young people laughed and played 

4319
03:52:31,300 --> 03:52:35,100
and hoped for happy Futures. 
And every Halloween celebration 

4320
03:52:35,100 --> 03:52:39,000
that has recognized that mystery
and darkness and the chance to 

4321
03:52:39,000 --> 03:52:41,200
connect with others beyond the 
normal world. 

4322
03:52:42,800 --> 03:52:46,800
November will keep moving toward
winter tomorrow but tonight in 

4323
03:52:46,800 --> 03:52:50,200
the space between waking and 
sleeping, you can rest in the 

4324
03:52:50,200 --> 03:52:54,700
kind Spirit of that Halloween in
1909 when Spirits were friendly,

4325
03:52:54,700 --> 03:52:59,500
Darkness was kind and the future
was uncertain, but full of Hope.

4326
03:53:00,300 --> 03:53:03,700
sleep well, surrounded by the 
customs of those who came before

4327
03:53:03,700 --> 03:53:07,100
and those who will come after 
These Customs can connect as a 

4328
03:53:07,108 --> 03:53:09,800
cross time because we all need 
to Mark the changing of the 

4329
03:53:09,800 --> 03:53:14,200
seasons gather together to stay 
warm against the cold, hope for 

4330
03:53:14,200 --> 03:53:17,100
good things to come. 
And remember that the world may 

4331
03:53:17,100 --> 03:53:20,200
hold more mystery and Magic than
we see in our daily lives. 

4332
03:53:25,800 --> 03:53:30,000
Imagine America in 1928 a nation
that had figured out the key to 

4333
03:53:30,000 --> 03:53:33,900
Eternal Bliss. 10 years, had 
passed since the Great War and 

4334
03:53:33,900 --> 03:53:35,800
Americans had a renewed sense of
hope. 

4335
03:53:35,800 --> 03:53:39,300
After that horrific struggle, 
everyone was invited to a party 

4336
03:53:39,300 --> 03:53:42,500
that seemed to have been planned
by the entire country and lasted

4337
03:53:42,500 --> 03:53:46,100
for years the sound of jazz 
leaking from Speakeasy doors 

4338
03:53:46,100 --> 03:53:47,600
filled. 
The night are in the cities 

4339
03:53:47,600 --> 03:53:50,500
where electric lights painted 
the streets, in warm yellow 

4340
03:53:50,500 --> 03:53:52,500
pools. 
Thank you very much. 

4341
03:53:52,500 --> 03:53:55,800
Women who had worked in offices 
and factories during the War 

4342
03:53:55,800 --> 03:53:59,000
years had found that they really
enjoyed being independent and 

4343
03:53:59,000 --> 03:54:02,200
making their own decisions. 
They danced the Charleston with 

4344
03:54:02,200 --> 03:54:03,100
a freedom. 
That would have been 

4345
03:54:03,100 --> 03:54:06,900
unimaginable only a few years 
ago Bob their hair cut their 

4346
03:54:06,900 --> 03:54:09,400
skirt short and scandalized 
their mothers. 

4347
03:54:09,400 --> 03:54:12,100
The are literally smelled of 
prosperity. 

4348
03:54:12,100 --> 03:54:16,100
It was the aroma of brand new 
cars coming off, Henry Ford's 

4349
03:54:16,100 --> 03:54:18,600
production lines, and the new 
leather of the seats in the 

4350
03:54:18,600 --> 03:54:20,200
Model. 
T that regular families could 

4351
03:54:20,200 --> 03:54:23,100
now afford. 
With a machine that would have 

4352
03:54:23,100 --> 03:54:24,900
seemed like magic to his 
grandfather. 

4353
03:54:25,700 --> 03:54:27,700
A farmer's son. 
Could enter a dealership and 

4354
03:54:27,700 --> 03:54:30,200
drive out. 
Making them temples of the new 

4355
03:54:30,200 --> 03:54:33,100
American Dream. 
America's new National Pastime 

4356
03:54:33,100 --> 03:54:36,500
was the stock market Housewives,
talked about their portfolio's 

4357
03:54:36,500 --> 03:54:38,400
over afternoon tea with the same
further. 

4358
03:54:38,400 --> 03:54:41,500
They used to save for talking 
about their Gardens and barber 

4359
03:54:41,500 --> 03:54:44,600
shops were humming with advice 
on which stocks to purchase it 

4360
03:54:44,600 --> 03:54:48,000
appeared, so straightforward and
infallible, you purchased stocks

4361
03:54:48,000 --> 03:54:51,700
they increase in value and you 
profited, The fact that even 

4362
03:54:51,700 --> 03:54:54,200
Wall Street shoe, shine boys 
were giving stock advice should 

4363
03:54:54,200 --> 03:54:57,200
have been a red flag but for 
some reason it seemed like 

4364
03:54:57,200 --> 03:55:01,100
evidence that Prosperity turned 
into democracy Main Street was 

4365
03:55:01,100 --> 03:55:04,100
flourishing in small towns. 
All over the nation to the 

4366
03:55:04,108 --> 03:55:07,100
extent that later paintings by 
Norman Rockwell resembled 

4367
03:55:07,100 --> 03:55:10,700
documentary photography. the 
newest electric appliances were 

4368
03:55:10,700 --> 03:55:13,700
added to hardware stores, 
inventory, big city, fashion 

4369
03:55:13,700 --> 03:55:16,900
reached Rural America, when 
department stores installed 

4370
03:55:16,900 --> 03:55:19,700
plate, glass, windows to 
Showcase ready-made, dresses, 

4371
03:55:19,700 --> 03:55:23,200
and suits, Why wouldn't the 
president of the local bank? 

4372
03:55:23,200 --> 03:55:25,300
Be the most well-liked 
individual in town. 

4373
03:55:26,100 --> 03:55:28,600
People who thought economic 
growth was as Dependable as 

4374
03:55:28,600 --> 03:55:31,100
Sunrise were casually trusting 
Banks to make loans. 

4375
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:35,300
The nation had been miraculously
connected by radio in the 

4376
03:55:35,300 --> 03:55:37,700
evening's families would 
congregate around their wooden 

4377
03:55:37,700 --> 03:55:41,100
philco sets to listen to shows 
that help them understand the 

4378
03:55:41,100 --> 03:55:45,500
broader Narrative of America 
comedy shows from Chicago, Jazz 

4379
03:55:45,500 --> 03:55:49,000
from New York and a feeling that
the entire nation was taking 

4380
03:55:49,000 --> 03:55:50,500
part in something. 
Amazing. 

4381
03:55:50,500 --> 03:55:53,500
And unprecedented were all 
brought about by the radio 

4382
03:55:53,500 --> 03:55:55,700
farmers. 
Were finally starting to benefit

4383
03:55:55,700 --> 03:55:58,500
from the country's Prosperity 
after struggling for the 

4384
03:55:58,500 --> 03:56:01,900
majority of the decade. 
Agriculture was becoming more 

4385
03:56:01,900 --> 03:56:04,900
like modern industry, thanks to 
mechanization, which was 

4386
03:56:04,900 --> 03:56:08,700
replacing back-breaking labor. 
A new tractor allowed a farmer 

4387
03:56:08,700 --> 03:56:11,600
to work land that only a 
generation ago would have taken 

4388
03:56:11,600 --> 03:56:14,600
a dozen men. 
Farm wives were learning the 

4389
03:56:14,600 --> 03:56:17,000
magic of electric vacuum 
cleaners, and washing machines. 

4390
03:56:17,000 --> 03:56:20,000
And Rural electrification. 
Programs were starting to 

4391
03:56:20,000 --> 03:56:22,800
install power lines in places 
that had never had electric 

4392
03:56:22,800 --> 03:56:25,800
lights, the credit system had 
developed to the point where it 

4393
03:56:25,800 --> 03:56:27,500
seemed reasonable to purchase 
nearly anything. 

4394
03:56:28,700 --> 03:56:31,700
Buy now, pay later was more than
just a catchphrase. 

4395
03:56:31,700 --> 03:56:35,200
It was a way of thinking that 
represented America's optimism 

4396
03:56:35,200 --> 03:56:38,800
about its economic future. 
Instead of saving months to 

4397
03:56:38,800 --> 03:56:41,800
purchase a refrigerator, you 
could take it home today and pay

4398
03:56:41,800 --> 03:56:44,700
for it over time. 
After all, there were plenty of 

4399
03:56:44,700 --> 03:56:48,700
jobs wages were increasing and 
the Future Would undoubtedly be 

4400
03:56:48,700 --> 03:56:51,500
more prosperous than the present
confident that their growing 

4401
03:56:51,500 --> 03:56:53,100
incomes would make the monthly 
payments. 

4402
03:56:53,100 --> 03:56:56,600
Manageable young couples were 
purchasing homes with down 

4403
03:56:56,600 --> 03:56:59,200
payments that would seem 
Impossible by today's standards.

4404
03:57:00,000 --> 03:57:03,500
On the outskirts of cities, 
neighborhoods were emerging with

4405
03:57:03,500 --> 03:57:06,100
streetcar lines, connecting 
them, and modest homes that 

4406
03:57:06,100 --> 03:57:09,100
symbolized upward Mobility for 
families whose parents had 

4407
03:57:09,100 --> 03:57:11,500
previously lived in Hard, 
Scrabble, Farms, or tenements. 

4408
03:57:11,500 --> 03:57:14,400
This optimism across the country
was mirrored in the 

4409
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:17,400
entertainment sector Hollywood 
was making films. 

4410
03:57:17,400 --> 03:57:20,000
That praise the achievements and
inventiveness of Americans. 

4411
03:57:20,000 --> 03:57:23,500
As if human endurance itself, 
was growing along with the 

4412
03:57:23,500 --> 03:57:26,400
economy dance, marathon's 
attracted audiences, who 

4413
03:57:26,400 --> 03:57:28,800
marveled at couples, who could 
dance for days. 

4414
03:57:29,800 --> 03:57:32,100
With figures, like Babe Ruth, 
representing a sort of 

4415
03:57:32,100 --> 03:57:34,200
exaggerated American success 
story. 

4416
03:57:34,200 --> 03:57:38,100
Professional sports was starting
to take off the confidence of 

4417
03:57:38,100 --> 03:57:40,300
the time was even reflected in 
fashion. 

4418
03:57:40,900 --> 03:57:43,100
While women's clothing 
celebrated, a new kind of 

4419
03:57:43,108 --> 03:57:46,500
freedom and Mobility, men's 
suits became more relaxed and 

4420
03:57:46,500 --> 03:57:48,000
comfortable. 
Simple. 

4421
03:57:48,000 --> 03:57:51,400
Elegant designs replaced, the 
constricting corsets and ornate 

4422
03:57:51,400 --> 03:57:54,600
dresses of earlier Generations. 
Enabling the active Lifestyles 

4423
03:57:54,600 --> 03:57:57,400
that Prosperity was enabling 
most significantly though. 

4424
03:57:57,400 --> 03:58:00,900
Americans, in 1928 had grown to 
have an unwavering faith in 

4425
03:58:00,900 --> 03:58:04,100
progress itself. 
Problems were being solved by 

4426
03:58:04,100 --> 03:58:06,600
technology more quickly than 
they could be created. 

4427
03:58:06,600 --> 03:58:10,100
Everything from manufacturing to
Medicine was being revealed by 

4428
03:58:10,100 --> 03:58:12,600
science. 
Like a train that had left the 

4429
03:58:12,600 --> 03:58:15,600
station and could not be stopped
the future appeared, not only 

4430
03:58:15,600 --> 03:58:18,700
bright, but inevitable in its 
brightness at the time. 

4431
03:58:18,700 --> 03:58:22,400
It didn't feel naive, but this 
wasn't naive optimism either. 

4432
03:58:23,300 --> 03:58:26,300
The prosperity of the United 
States was actually demonstrated

4433
03:58:26,300 --> 03:58:28,700
in Innovations were changing 
Every Day. 

4434
03:58:28,700 --> 03:58:31,500
Life at a rate that left even 
the most astute. 

4435
03:58:31,500 --> 03:58:35,600
Observers speechless production 
was up and unemployment was low.

4436
03:58:36,500 --> 03:58:39,600
The majority of Americans. 
In 1928 would have regarded you 

4437
03:58:39,600 --> 03:58:42,400
with the Curtis confusion, 
typically reserved for those who

4438
03:58:42,400 --> 03:58:43,900
asserted that the Earth was 
flat. 

4439
03:58:43,900 --> 03:58:47,300
If you had suggested that their 
economic system was unstable or 

4440
03:58:47,300 --> 03:58:49,700
unsustainable. 
Of course, the warning signs 

4441
03:58:49,700 --> 03:58:52,700
were there, Farm prices were 
declining due to agricultural. 

4442
03:58:52,700 --> 03:58:56,300
Overproduction incomes were not 
keeping up with the rate of 

4443
03:58:56,308 --> 03:59:00,100
increase in Consumer Debt. 
The stock market was acting in a

4444
03:59:00,100 --> 03:59:01,700
way that was speculative enough 
to worry. 

4445
03:59:01,700 --> 03:59:04,700
Experienced investors. 
However, these appear to be 

4446
03:59:04,708 --> 03:59:07,600
small technical problems, that 
could be readily fixed by the 

4447
03:59:07,600 --> 03:59:11,000
same American resourcefulness 
that had resolved, all the other

4448
03:59:11,000 --> 03:59:14,100
issues. 
As 1929 got underway, the 

4449
03:59:14,100 --> 03:59:16,700
majority of Americans were 
making plans for what appeared 

4450
03:59:16,700 --> 03:59:18,000
to be a better future than the 
one. 

4451
03:59:18,000 --> 03:59:20,400
They were living in. 
At the time one that was more 

4452
03:59:20,400 --> 03:59:24,100
prosperous, more comfortable and
full of opportunities that would

4453
03:59:24,100 --> 03:59:25,700
make rising in the morning and 
Adventure. 

4454
03:59:25,700 --> 03:59:28,900
Rather than a chore, the crisp 
autumn whether that typically 

4455
03:59:28,900 --> 03:59:32,300
made, people feel energized, and
optimistic arrived in New York. 

4456
03:59:32,300 --> 03:59:37,100
In October 1929, the city had 
that strange Clarity that comes 

4457
03:59:37,100 --> 03:59:40,100
with the first cool days. 
After a long summer, and the 

4458
03:59:40,100 --> 03:59:43,000
leaves in Central Park were 
turning brilliant shades of red 

4459
03:59:43,000 --> 03:59:47,200
and gold with men in dark suits.
Moving with purpose down winding

4460
03:59:47,200 --> 03:59:49,200
streets. 
The Familiar sounds of 

4461
03:59:49,200 --> 03:59:52,100
construction and traffic, and 
the comforting bustle of a 

4462
03:59:52,100 --> 03:59:54,400
financial district. 
That seemed to operate on pure 

4463
03:59:54,400 --> 03:59:56,900
confidence. 
Wall Street appeared exactly as 

4464
03:59:56,900 --> 03:59:59,700
it had for months. 
However, if you had been 

4465
03:59:59,700 --> 04:00:02,400
listening carefully, that 
October you may have observed 

4466
04:00:02,400 --> 04:00:04,100
minor shifts in the daily 
routine. 

4467
04:00:05,200 --> 04:00:08,200
Restaurant conversations were a 
little different now, still 

4468
04:00:08,200 --> 04:00:10,400
hopeful, but with a hint of 
worried that had not been 

4469
04:00:10,400 --> 04:00:13,800
present during the summer, like,
a normally dependable car that 

4470
04:00:13,800 --> 04:00:16,300
had begun to make strange noises
stock prices. 

4471
04:00:16,300 --> 04:00:19,400
Had been acting strangely 
dropping sharply and then Rising

4472
04:00:19,400 --> 04:00:23,100
again the morning of Thursday, 
October 24th started out in 

4473
04:00:23,100 --> 04:00:25,100
Manhattan. 
Just like any other full morning

4474
04:00:25,100 --> 04:00:28,800
from subway, stations office 
workers came out with newspapers

4475
04:00:28,800 --> 04:00:32,200
that contained the typical mix 
of social gossip sports scores 

4476
04:00:32,200 --> 04:00:35,400
and political news. 
There were some alarming figures

4477
04:00:35,400 --> 04:00:38,200
in the financial pages but 
nothing that would have seemed 

4478
04:00:38,200 --> 04:00:42,300
disastrous to the untrained eye.
The majority of people were not 

4479
04:00:42,300 --> 04:00:44,800
as interested in the technical 
aspects of stock market 

4480
04:00:44,800 --> 04:00:48,200
fluctuations, as they were in 
the latest Hollywood scandals or

4481
04:00:48,200 --> 04:00:51,700
the World Series. 
However, something extraordinary

4482
04:00:51,700 --> 04:00:54,300
was taking place in the New York
Stock Exchange. 

4483
04:00:55,300 --> 04:00:57,900
Sales orders were coming in more
quickly than the system could 

4484
04:00:57,900 --> 04:01:00,600
handle them. 
There was a growing franticness 

4485
04:01:00,600 --> 04:01:02,200
to The Familiar sound of 
trading. 

4486
04:01:02,200 --> 04:01:05,000
The mechanical clicking of 
ticker tape machines and the 

4487
04:01:05,000 --> 04:01:07,800
voice is calling out prices by 
mid-morning. 

4488
04:01:07,800 --> 04:01:10,600
The market was unable to operate
normally due to the overwhelming

4489
04:01:10,600 --> 04:01:13,900
selling pressure, the mechanical
Wonder's known as ticker tape 

4490
04:01:13,900 --> 04:01:17,200
machines, which had provided 
America with stock price updates

4491
04:01:17,200 --> 04:01:21,600
started to deteriorate rapidly. 
Crowds gathered around the 

4492
04:01:21,608 --> 04:01:25,000
slow-moving tape in brokerage 
offices, Across the Nation to 

4493
04:01:25,000 --> 04:01:28,600
watch their Investments vanish 
in real time, due to the delay. 

4494
04:01:28,600 --> 04:01:31,800
Stock prices were frequently 
significantly out of date. 

4495
04:01:31,800 --> 04:01:34,600
By the time they were seen. 
Imagine seeing grown men looking

4496
04:01:34,600 --> 04:01:37,800
at ticker tape in a general 
store in Iowa or a barbershop in

4497
04:01:37,800 --> 04:01:40,200
Detroit with the expressions of 
those who have just been in a 

4498
04:01:40,208 --> 04:01:44,100
car accident. 
Like Morning, Mist, the informal

4499
04:01:44,100 --> 04:01:46,800
confidence that had defined 
stock market conversations for 

4500
04:01:46,800 --> 04:01:50,100
years vanished. 
What started out as discussions 

4501
04:01:50,100 --> 04:01:53,000
about which stocks to purchase 
turned into urgent. 

4502
04:01:53,000 --> 04:01:56,300
Whispered consultations about 
whether to sell it was 

4503
04:01:56,300 --> 04:01:59,300
heartbreaking and surreal to 
watch the human drama unfold in 

4504
04:01:59,300 --> 04:02:02,100
brokerage offices. 
Well, dressed businessman, who 

4505
04:02:02,100 --> 04:02:04,100
had come feeling Rich that 
morning found their paper 

4506
04:02:04,100 --> 04:02:07,300
profits gone by lunchtime. 
Clients would call secretaries 

4507
04:02:07,300 --> 04:02:09,700
in a panic asking. 
If the numbers they were seeing 

4508
04:02:09,700 --> 04:02:12,600
were legitimate as it turned 
out, black Thursday was like 

4509
04:02:12,600 --> 04:02:15,200
witnessing a masterfully, 
composed Symphony, fall apart 

4510
04:02:15,200 --> 04:02:18,300
into Anarchy. 
When put to the test by real 

4511
04:02:18,300 --> 04:02:20,700
Panic, the financial system that
had appeared. 

4512
04:02:20,700 --> 04:02:24,200
So stable and predictable turned
out to be surprisingly brittle. 

4513
04:02:25,200 --> 04:02:26,700
As they went about their daily 
lives. 

4514
04:02:26,700 --> 04:02:29,600
However, the majority of 
American saw the day not as an 

4515
04:02:29,600 --> 04:02:32,900
immediate crisis but as a 
distant Rumble of trouble, a 

4516
04:02:32,900 --> 04:02:35,200
brief reprieve and a glimmer of 
hope that maybe the worst was 

4517
04:02:35,200 --> 04:02:36,800
over, were brought about by The 
Weeknd. 

4518
04:02:37,700 --> 04:02:40,400
Financial leaders made 
comforting claims in newspapers 

4519
04:02:40,400 --> 04:02:43,100
that the markets fundamentals 
were still stable. 

4520
04:02:43,800 --> 04:02:46,900
The administration of President 
Hoover made optimistic forecasts

4521
04:02:46,900 --> 04:02:48,700
regarding the disruptions 
transient nature. 

4522
04:02:49,500 --> 04:02:52,600
That weekend a lot of Americans 
convinced themselves that the 

4523
04:02:52,600 --> 04:02:55,700
markets actions had been an 
anomaly rather than a warning. 

4524
04:02:55,700 --> 04:02:59,100
However, any last Illusions 
regarding the crisis transient 

4525
04:02:59,100 --> 04:03:00,400
nature were destroyed on 
Tuesday. 

4526
04:03:00,400 --> 04:03:05,000
October, the 29th also known as 
Black Tuesday With even more 

4527
04:03:05,000 --> 04:03:07,100
Vigor. 
The selling that had started the

4528
04:03:07,100 --> 04:03:11,200
week before resumed, this time, 
there was no comeback know, 

4529
04:03:11,200 --> 04:03:14,800
rally in the afternoon to boost 
Spirits, millions of frantic 

4530
04:03:14,800 --> 04:03:16,700
decisions to sell at any price 
caused. 

4531
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:20,200
The market to Simply collapse 
crowds gathered outside Banks 

4532
04:03:20,200 --> 04:03:22,100
and brokerage houses in American
cities. 

4533
04:03:22,100 --> 04:03:25,000
Not to make investment 
decisions, but to learn what was

4534
04:03:25,000 --> 04:03:28,900
happening to their life savings.
People appeared stunned rather 

4535
04:03:28,900 --> 04:03:31,700
than angry as if they were 
processing information that 

4536
04:03:31,700 --> 04:03:34,100
didn't fit with their conception
of how the world worked. 

4537
04:03:35,200 --> 04:03:37,600
The atmosphere was remarkably 
quiet for such large. 

4538
04:03:37,600 --> 04:03:40,000
Gatherings black Tuesday's human
cost. 

4539
04:03:40,000 --> 04:03:42,100
Wasn't immediately. 
Evident in Striking ways? 

4540
04:03:42,100 --> 04:03:45,000
Most people didn't tear up 
stocks, certificates, or jump 

4541
04:03:45,000 --> 04:03:47,700
out of Windows. 
Rather, they returned home to 

4542
04:03:47,700 --> 04:03:49,500
dinner. 
Tables with quiet, unsure 

4543
04:03:49,500 --> 04:03:52,300
conversations. 
Youngsters felt that something 

4544
04:03:52,300 --> 04:03:55,600
significant had changed, but 
they weren't sure what it was 

4545
04:03:55,600 --> 04:03:58,900
rather than being dramatic. 
The first indication of trouble,

4546
04:03:58,900 --> 04:04:02,800
for many families was pragmatic.
The father put off buying a new 

4547
04:04:02,808 --> 04:04:05,800
car indefinitely. 
The mother decided her old 

4548
04:04:05,800 --> 04:04:08,500
winter coat would last another 
season after shopping for a new 

4549
04:04:08,508 --> 04:04:10,700
one. 
Budgets for small luxury 

4550
04:04:10,700 --> 04:04:14,300
purchases such as movie tickets 
flowers for the table and candy 

4551
04:04:14,300 --> 04:04:17,800
for the kids were subtly cut. 
Perhaps, even more important 

4552
04:04:17,800 --> 04:04:20,600
than the immediate financial 
harm, was the psychological toll

4553
04:04:20,600 --> 04:04:24,300
for years, Americans had assumed
that their economic system was 

4554
04:04:24,300 --> 04:04:27,600
fundamentally sound. 
And that short-term set backs 

4555
04:04:27,600 --> 04:04:31,000
were always followed by recovery
that basic premise was called, 

4556
04:04:31,000 --> 04:04:33,600
into question, by Black Tuesday.
In ways that would change 

4557
04:04:33,600 --> 04:04:36,800
people's perspectives on money 
security and the future. 

4558
04:04:36,800 --> 04:04:38,700
Thank tellers were asked 
questions. 

4559
04:04:38,700 --> 04:04:41,800
They were unable to respond to 
after years of urging clients to

4560
04:04:41,800 --> 04:04:43,400
put their savings into the stock
market. 

4561
04:04:44,500 --> 04:04:47,700
How do you tell a depositor that
their money which they believed 

4562
04:04:47,700 --> 04:04:50,600
was growing safely and 
conservative Investments as just

4563
04:04:50,600 --> 04:04:53,000
disappeared? 
Give them that the experts were.

4564
04:04:53,000 --> 04:04:55,900
So utterly mistaken about what 
was feasible, how can one 

4565
04:04:55,900 --> 04:04:58,000
continue to have faith in 
financial institutions? 

4566
04:04:58,000 --> 04:05:01,900
Suddenly small business owners 
who had grown their operations 

4567
04:05:01,900 --> 04:05:04,700
on the basis of easy credit were
exposed and overburdened. 

4568
04:05:05,600 --> 04:05:08,500
After stocking up for the 
holidays, the corner grocer 

4569
04:05:08,500 --> 04:05:11,000
found that consumers were 
suddenly much more frugal with 

4570
04:05:11,000 --> 04:05:13,900
their money. 
As prospective buyers decided 

4571
04:05:13,900 --> 04:05:16,700
that perhaps their old cars 
would last a few more years, the

4572
04:05:16,700 --> 04:05:18,400
local car. 
Dealer watched his showroom, 

4573
04:05:18,400 --> 04:05:21,900
empty, the psychological effects
of the crash were felt even by 

4574
04:05:21,900 --> 04:05:25,500
those who had not made direct 
stock market Investments, What 

4575
04:05:25,500 --> 04:05:27,600
other presumptions about 
contemporary life? 

4576
04:05:27,600 --> 04:05:31,100
Might be just as faulty if the 
experts could be so mistaken 

4577
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:33,800
about something as basic as the 
stability of the market. 

4578
04:05:34,600 --> 04:05:37,400
A more cautious and certain 
approach to planing and spending

4579
04:05:37,400 --> 04:05:41,000
started to replace the confident
optimism that are defined the 

4580
04:05:41,000 --> 04:05:44,700
1920s in many respects, the week
of the crash signaled, the end 

4581
04:05:44,700 --> 04:05:47,600
of an era, it went beyond the 
fact that some investors had 

4582
04:05:47,600 --> 04:05:50,000
lost money or that stock, prices
are dropped. 

4583
04:05:50,700 --> 04:05:52,700
In ways that would impact 
American culture for 

4584
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:56,000
Generations, the entire system 
of presumptions regarding 

4585
04:05:56,000 --> 04:05:59,300
American Prosperity, the 
correlation between effort and 

4586
04:05:59,308 --> 04:06:02,600
reward and the validity of 
progress itself had been called 

4587
04:06:02,600 --> 04:06:05,900
into question. 
In late 1929, New York City was 

4588
04:06:05,900 --> 04:06:09,400
like a patient recuperating from
major surgery, still breathing, 

4589
04:06:09,400 --> 04:06:12,800
still functioning but moving 
more cautiously questioning 

4590
04:06:12,800 --> 04:06:16,100
every sensation. 
From a distance, the city 

4591
04:06:16,100 --> 04:06:19,800
appeared identical, the same 
tool skyscrapers gleaming in the

4592
04:06:19,808 --> 04:06:23,000
Morning, Light the same streams 
of traffic rushing through 

4593
04:06:23,000 --> 04:06:26,700
streets that resembled Canyon's 
and the same Vitality that had 

4594
04:06:26,700 --> 04:06:30,100
always made Manhattan seem like 
the center of the universe, the 

4595
04:06:30,100 --> 04:06:31,600
changes, however, were 
everywhere. 

4596
04:06:31,600 --> 04:06:35,100
If you knew how to look, 
Previously bustling with stock 

4597
04:06:35,100 --> 04:06:36,700
tips. 
The shoe shine stands. 

4598
04:06:36,700 --> 04:06:39,300
Now provided services in almost 
complete silence. 

4599
04:06:40,300 --> 04:06:41,900
During what should have been 
peak hours. 

4600
04:06:41,900 --> 04:06:44,500
The upscale lunch restaurants 
that have been crowded with 

4601
04:06:44,500 --> 04:06:46,500
diners with expense accounts 
were left empty. 

4602
04:06:47,400 --> 04:06:49,900
People appeared to be moving 
with purpose, but unsure of 

4603
04:06:49,900 --> 04:06:52,900
their destinations as evidence 
by the altered rhythm of foot 

4604
04:06:52,900 --> 04:06:56,400
traffic which was less assured 
and more hurried, the Upper East

4605
04:06:56,400 --> 04:06:58,100
Side. 
Apartment complex is started to 

4606
04:06:58,100 --> 04:07:00,600
narrate Tales of subdued 
economic turmoil. 

4607
04:07:01,500 --> 04:07:04,200
Families who had relocated to 
larger Apartments during the 

4608
04:07:04,200 --> 04:07:07,200
boom years were forced to either
look for smaller Apartments. 

4609
04:07:07,200 --> 04:07:10,400
They could truly afford or 
bargain with landlords for lower

4610
04:07:10,400 --> 04:07:12,900
rent. 
The lavish dinner parties that 

4611
04:07:12,900 --> 04:07:17,300
had characterized social life in
the 1920s, either shrink in size

4612
04:07:17,300 --> 04:07:20,500
became more straightforward 
events, or vanished, completely 

4613
04:07:20,500 --> 04:07:23,800
using the money from investment,
her late husband had made in 

4614
04:07:23,800 --> 04:07:27,900
railroad stocks, Martha Wilson, 
let's call a Martha but she 

4615
04:07:27,900 --> 04:07:30,800
could have been any of thousands
of women in similar situations. 

4616
04:07:32,300 --> 04:07:35,100
Her apartment on his 73rd, 
Street featured, Windows 

4617
04:07:35,100 --> 04:07:37,800
overlooking, a tree line street,
that felt like a Haven in the 

4618
04:07:37,800 --> 04:07:40,800
middle of the city, a dormant, 
an elevator service. 

4619
04:07:41,600 --> 04:07:43,900
She'd gone shopping at 
Bloomingdale's in the mornings 

4620
04:07:43,900 --> 04:07:47,500
to ladies, luncheons in the 
afternoons and to the Opera or 

4621
04:07:47,500 --> 04:07:51,400
theater in the evenings, by 
December 1929, Martha was 

4622
04:07:51,400 --> 04:07:54,100
learning that railroad stocks 
were no longer a consistent 

4623
04:07:54,100 --> 04:07:56,900
source of income. 
Her first economy was firing her

4624
04:07:56,900 --> 04:08:00,200
housekeeper, a difficult choice 
that required not only careful 

4625
04:08:00,200 --> 04:08:02,900
budgeting, but also the 
realization that she would need 

4626
04:08:02,900 --> 04:08:05,000
to make significant changes to 
her way of life. 

4627
04:08:05,900 --> 04:08:08,200
She learned how to manage 
household chores that she had 

4628
04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:11,300
never thought of as part of her 
duties and how to prepare meals.

4629
04:08:11,300 --> 04:08:14,500
That she'd previously taken for 
granted perhaps more challenging

4630
04:08:14,500 --> 04:08:17,100
than the Practical adjustments. 
Was the psychological shift, 

4631
04:08:17,100 --> 04:08:20,000
Martha had to balance her 
perception of herself as a 

4632
04:08:20,008 --> 04:08:22,600
self-sufficient woman with the 
fact that she was now 

4633
04:08:22,600 --> 04:08:26,300
meticulously planning her 
grocery budget and determining 

4634
04:08:26,300 --> 04:08:28,600
whether she could afford a cab 
or if she would have to take the

4635
04:08:28,600 --> 04:08:32,200
subway She was no longer able to
afford the social activities 

4636
04:08:32,200 --> 04:08:35,200
that had shaped her days. 
The financial district downtown 

4637
04:08:35,200 --> 04:08:37,100
was acclimating to a new 
reality. 

4638
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:40,300
With the Grim resolve that New 
Yorkers had always displayed 

4639
04:08:40,300 --> 04:08:45,000
during times of crisis, Just 
months before brokerage firms, 

4640
04:08:45,000 --> 04:08:48,300
that had hired dozens of Clerks 
and Runners were forced to lay 

4641
04:08:48,300 --> 04:08:50,400
off employees, who had seemed 
indispensable. 

4642
04:08:50,400 --> 04:08:53,700
The survivors processed the 
paperwork of an economy that was

4643
04:08:53,700 --> 04:08:57,200
Contracting rather than growing 
while putting in more hours for 

4644
04:08:57,200 --> 04:09:00,400
the same pay, with the Practical
urgency of people whose rent was

4645
04:09:00,408 --> 04:09:03,000
due next month. 
Young men who had come to New 

4646
04:09:03,000 --> 04:09:04,400
York with hopes of becoming 
wealthy. 

4647
04:09:04,400 --> 04:09:08,000
On Wall Street, were forced to 
re-evaluate their career plans. 

4648
04:09:08,000 --> 04:09:11,500
Some brought Tales of urban 
Adventures that ended more 

4649
04:09:11,500 --> 04:09:13,700
suddenly than they had 
anticipated back to their 

4650
04:09:13,700 --> 04:09:16,600
hometowns. 
Others chose to stay and adjust 

4651
04:09:16,608 --> 04:09:19,700
accepting positions that paid 
less than they had hoped for, 

4652
04:09:19,700 --> 04:09:22,700
but gave them the stable income 
that had suddenly gained more 

4653
04:09:22,700 --> 04:09:25,000
value than the prospect of 
extraordinary success. 

4654
04:09:25,000 --> 04:09:28,500
As consumers became more frugal 
with their spending, the 

4655
04:09:28,500 --> 04:09:31,000
entertainment sector, which had 
appeared to be immune to the 

4656
04:09:31,000 --> 04:09:34,400
recession during the boom 
started to suffer Broadway 

4657
04:09:34,400 --> 04:09:36,400
Theater. 
That had anticipated packed 

4658
04:09:36,400 --> 04:09:39,700
House's to provide matinee 
specials, and discounted 

4659
04:09:39,700 --> 04:09:43,000
tickets, double features, and 
prize Knights were introduced by

4660
04:09:43,000 --> 04:09:46,100
movie theaters in an attempt, to
attract Patron's, who now 

4661
04:09:46,100 --> 04:09:49,000
considered entertainment to be a
luxury rather than a need 

4662
04:09:49,000 --> 04:09:51,500
restaurants in the city, 
adjusted with the kind of 

4663
04:09:51,500 --> 04:09:53,900
inventiveness, that is 
frequently stimulated by 

4664
04:09:53,900 --> 04:09:57,000
economic pressure. 
Restaurants that have 

4665
04:09:57,000 --> 04:10:00,300
established their reputations on
pricing ingredients and ornate. 

4666
04:10:00,300 --> 04:10:03,900
Presentation started serving 
simpler food a cost that 

4667
04:10:03,900 --> 04:10:07,900
mirrored the lower incomes of 
their patrons. that had 

4668
04:10:07,900 --> 04:10:10,500
prospered during the prohibition
era, discovered that when 

4669
04:10:10,500 --> 04:10:13,800
people's disposable income 
decreased even illegal drinking 

4670
04:10:13,800 --> 04:10:16,900
became more cost-conscious 
department stores, such as 

4671
04:10:16,900 --> 04:10:19,900
Macy's and gimbals, turned into 
research labs to study, how 

4672
04:10:19,900 --> 04:10:23,100
consumer Behavior shifts when 
caution replaces optimism 

4673
04:10:24,000 --> 04:10:27,300
Consumers, who used to peruse 
Goods at leisure and buy things 

4674
04:10:27,300 --> 04:10:29,200
on a whim? 
Rather, than out of necessity 

4675
04:10:29,200 --> 04:10:32,700
have turned into targeted buyers
with meticulous budgets and 

4676
04:10:32,700 --> 04:10:36,500
lists Sales, Clarks discovered 
that value and Longevity were 

4677
04:10:36,500 --> 04:10:38,300
more important than style and 
Novelty. 

4678
04:10:38,300 --> 04:10:42,200
The city's extensive network of 
small businesses including 

4679
04:10:42,200 --> 04:10:45,900
family on eateries neighborhood.
Barber shops and Corner Grocery 

4680
04:10:45,900 --> 04:10:50,100
Stores, saw the crashes are slow
tightening rather than an Abrupt

4681
04:10:50,100 --> 04:10:53,100
disaster. 
Once prompted Bill payers 

4682
04:10:53,100 --> 04:10:56,400
started, requesting credit 
extensions, specialty item 

4683
04:10:56,400 --> 04:10:57,800
orders. 
Decrease as consumers, 

4684
04:10:57,800 --> 04:11:01,500
prioritized Necessities, like 
Steam from the subway greats, 

4685
04:11:01,500 --> 04:11:04,700
the sporadic Prosperity that had
sustained thousands of small 

4686
04:11:04,700 --> 04:11:08,000
businesses started to dissipate 
people who had previously used 

4687
04:11:08,000 --> 04:11:11,600
taxes now, shared buses. 
And subway cars with a wider 

4688
04:11:11,600 --> 04:11:15,000
range of the City's population 
making public transportation a 

4689
04:11:15,000 --> 04:11:18,700
more democratic experience. 
As economic necessity, brought 

4690
04:11:18,700 --> 04:11:21,300
people together, who might have 
previously traveled in different

4691
04:11:21,300 --> 04:11:24,300
spheres, the subway system, 
which had always been a great 

4692
04:11:24,308 --> 04:11:27,700
equalizer became even more. 
So as a free venue for 

4693
04:11:27,700 --> 04:11:30,800
recreation, and Entertainment 
Central Park, gained new 

4694
04:11:30,800 --> 04:11:34,000
importance, Families that had 
previously spent weekends at 

4695
04:11:34,000 --> 04:11:36,700
pricey entertainment. 
Venues learned to enjoy easy, 

4696
04:11:36,700 --> 04:11:39,500
picnics and strolls along the 
parks Meandering paths 

4697
04:11:39,500 --> 04:11:43,100
conversations about jobs 
prospects and the uncertain 

4698
04:11:43,100 --> 04:11:45,100
future that everyone was 
attempting to navigate. 

4699
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:48,300
Took place on the park benches 
informally communities of 

4700
04:11:48,300 --> 04:11:50,800
immigrants who had historically 
made up the majority of the 

4701
04:11:50,800 --> 04:11:54,100
city's Workforce, especially 
susceptible to changes in the 

4702
04:11:54,100 --> 04:11:57,200
economy increased demand and 
dwindling resources. 

4703
04:11:57,200 --> 04:12:00,700
Put pressure on the networks of 
mutual support that had helped 

4704
04:12:00,700 --> 04:12:04,000
newcomers established themselves
and factory jobs that had 

4705
04:12:04,000 --> 04:12:06,300
offered stable employment 
started to disappear. 

4706
04:12:06,300 --> 04:12:10,200
However, even in the face of 
Crisis New York's fundamental 

4707
04:12:10,200 --> 04:12:13,900
qualities, its adaptability its 
resilience and its unwavering 

4708
04:12:13,900 --> 04:12:17,000
refusal to let circumstances win
began to show. 

4709
04:12:17,900 --> 04:12:21,200
New goods were discovered for 
Street vendors to sell in the 

4710
04:12:21,208 --> 04:12:23,400
evolving economy on 
entrepreneurs found 

4711
04:12:23,400 --> 04:12:26,700
opportunities. 
The city that had established a 

4712
04:12:26,700 --> 04:12:30,000
reputation for Ingenuity and 
ambition started the process of 

4713
04:12:30,000 --> 04:12:32,900
redefining itself for a world, 
that was becoming less certain 

4714
04:12:32,900 --> 04:12:36,000
the people navigating the 
streets Below had learned some 

4715
04:12:36,000 --> 04:12:38,500
hard lessons about the 
distinction between appearance 

4716
04:12:38,500 --> 04:12:42,000
and reality between fleeting 
prosperity and long-term 

4717
04:12:42,000 --> 04:12:45,400
security. 
But the skyline still soared 

4718
04:12:45,400 --> 04:12:48,400
toward heaven with the same bold
confidence. 

4719
04:12:49,100 --> 04:12:52,000
Although New York was still New 
York, it was evolving into a 

4720
04:12:52,000 --> 04:12:53,900
more deliberate cautious form of
itself. 

4721
04:12:53,900 --> 04:12:56,800
There was little you could do, 
but prepare as best, you could, 

4722
04:12:56,800 --> 04:12:58,700
and hope your preparations would
be sufficient. 

4723
04:12:58,700 --> 04:13:02,400
When the crash struck Rural 
America like a slow-moving storm

4724
04:13:02,400 --> 04:13:05,800
system The rural experience was 
more akin to watching. 

4725
04:13:05,800 --> 04:13:10,000
Water slowly drained from a 
bathtub steady and unrelenting 

4726
04:13:10,000 --> 04:13:13,700
but not necessarily disastrous 
on any given day in contrast to 

4727
04:13:13,700 --> 04:13:18,400
the dramatic immediate impact on
Wall Street in 1929, Tom 

4728
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:21,300
Henderson who could speak for 
any of the thousands of farmers 

4729
04:13:21,300 --> 04:13:24,400
in the midwest had been 
cautiously optimistic about his 

4730
04:13:24,400 --> 04:13:27,000
future. 
Harvest season had shown the 

4731
04:13:27,000 --> 04:13:29,500
value of the new track to. 
He had purchased on credit the 

4732
04:13:29,500 --> 04:13:33,400
year before and his farm outside
of Topeka Kansas had been 

4733
04:13:33,400 --> 04:13:36,900
yielding respectable corn and 
wheat crops, Give their recent 

4734
04:13:36,900 --> 04:13:39,500
success. 
His wife, Sarah had been 

4735
04:13:39,508 --> 04:13:42,500
discussing improvements, like, 
installing indoor plumbing and 

4736
04:13:42,500 --> 04:13:45,400
possibly electricity. 
It was the weekly trip to town 

4737
04:13:45,400 --> 04:13:48,400
for male and supplies that 
brought the crash to Tom's Farm.

4738
04:13:48,400 --> 04:13:50,800
Not ticker tape or desperate 
phone calls. 

4739
04:13:50,800 --> 04:13:54,300
The banker who had granted Tom's
track to loan, gave him a phony 

4740
04:13:54,300 --> 04:13:57,500
smile and said they might want 
to talk about adjusting the 

4741
04:13:57,500 --> 04:14:00,100
payment schedule to reflect the 
state of the economy. 

4742
04:14:00,900 --> 04:14:03,900
The conversation was courteous 
even friendly. 

4743
04:14:03,900 --> 04:14:07,800
There was a subliminal message 
that Tom's financial status had 

4744
04:14:07,800 --> 04:14:11,000
deteriorated overnight cautious 
discussions about what was 

4745
04:14:11,000 --> 04:14:13,900
happening in the cities and what
it might mean for Rural 

4746
04:14:13,900 --> 04:14:16,800
communities replaced, the 
weather and crop prices that had

4747
04:14:16,800 --> 04:14:18,900
previously dominated 
conversations at the General 

4748
04:14:18,900 --> 04:14:22,000
Store. 
In private, the storekeeper who 

4749
04:14:22,000 --> 04:14:24,800
gave credit to the majority of 
his farming clients was 

4750
04:14:24,800 --> 04:14:27,200
concerned about the number of 
accounts that might become 

4751
04:14:27,200 --> 04:14:30,700
challenging to collect. 
However knowing that rural 

4752
04:14:30,700 --> 04:14:33,100
communities relied on Mutual 
trust and support. 

4753
04:14:33,100 --> 04:14:37,000
He kept his worries to himself, 
Sarah Henderson, felt the impact

4754
04:14:37,000 --> 04:14:39,700
of the crash through a gradual 
Titan of the household budget. 

4755
04:14:39,700 --> 04:14:42,100
That required constant small 
adjustments. 

4756
04:14:43,100 --> 04:14:46,300
The chicago-based magazines, she
subscribed to ended up being an 

4757
04:14:46,300 --> 04:14:49,700
unnecessary expense. 
New kitchen, curtain plans were 

4758
04:14:49,700 --> 04:14:53,500
put on hold indefinitely. 
The family's routine, gradually 

4759
04:14:53,500 --> 04:14:56,900
vanished, along with the little 
Comforts that had made Farm life

4760
04:14:56,900 --> 04:15:00,700
more enjoyable such as Stormborn
cookies for the kids, a new 

4761
04:15:00,708 --> 04:15:04,200
dress for church and sporadic 
outings to the county seat for 

4762
04:15:04,200 --> 04:15:06,700
entertainment. 
The rhythm of Rural Life served 

4763
04:15:06,700 --> 04:15:09,500
as a sort of buffer, against the
sharp, fluctuation of the urban 

4764
04:15:09,500 --> 04:15:13,100
economic crisis, regardless of 
the state of stock prices 

4765
04:15:13,100 --> 04:15:15,800
Farmers. 
Still had to milk, cows twice a 

4766
04:15:15,800 --> 04:15:17,900
day. 
In accordance with natural 

4767
04:15:17,900 --> 04:15:20,700
cycles that had little to do 
with human economic systems, 

4768
04:15:20,700 --> 04:15:24,000
crops still had to be planted in
the spring and harvested in the 

4769
04:15:24,000 --> 04:15:26,600
fall. 
During a period, when many City 

4770
04:15:26,600 --> 04:15:29,700
dwellers felt totally 
disoriented this routine offered

4771
04:15:29,700 --> 04:15:33,600
both stability and perspective. 
However, in ways that earlier 

4772
04:15:33,600 --> 04:15:35,400
generations of farmers might not
have noticed. 

4773
04:15:35,400 --> 04:15:39,300
The crash also revealed rural 
America's growing Reliance on 

4774
04:15:39,300 --> 04:15:42,600
the larger National economy 
Tom's corn was now used in 

4775
04:15:42,600 --> 04:15:46,200
commodity markets that spanned 
the continent, not just defeat 

4776
04:15:46,200 --> 04:15:49,400
his family in the neighborhood 
individual Farms experience. 

4777
04:15:49,400 --> 04:15:52,100
The repercussions of those 
markets contraction with 

4778
04:15:52,100 --> 04:15:55,700
unexpected force and speed the 
tension of the larger Financial 

4779
04:15:55,700 --> 04:15:59,300
systems started to be reflected 
in the local bank which had 

4780
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:02,200
previously appeared to be such a
pillar of community stability. 

4781
04:16:02,200 --> 04:16:05,600
The bank president was torn 
between the human needs of his 

4782
04:16:05,600 --> 04:16:09,100
community and the increasingly 
strict requirements of banking 

4783
04:16:09,100 --> 04:16:10,900
regulations and economic 
reality. 

4784
04:16:11,900 --> 04:16:14,900
He knew most of his customers 
personally and had granted loans

4785
04:16:14,900 --> 04:16:17,000
based on character, as much as 
collateral. 

4786
04:16:17,000 --> 04:16:19,600
Small town business owners, 
found that their clients 

4787
04:16:19,600 --> 04:16:22,400
spending habits had changed in 
minor, but important ways. 

4788
04:16:22,400 --> 04:16:25,400
The owner of the hardware store 
observed that farmers were 

4789
04:16:25,400 --> 04:16:28,100
fixing their equipment more 
frequently rather than replacing

4790
04:16:28,100 --> 04:16:30,600
it in stead of buying ready-made
clothing. 

4791
04:16:30,600 --> 04:16:33,400
The dress shop discovered that 
women were buying fabric to make

4792
04:16:33,400 --> 04:16:35,900
their own clothes. 
Although these were not 

4793
04:16:35,900 --> 04:16:38,200
significant changes, they did 
reflect a move towards 

4794
04:16:38,200 --> 04:16:41,600
self-sufficiency and a waning 
faith in future Prosperity. 

4795
04:16:41,600 --> 04:16:45,000
The Henderson children's 
one-room schoolhouse served as a

4796
04:16:45,000 --> 04:16:47,300
window into the impact of the 
crash on rural families. 

4797
04:16:48,000 --> 04:16:49,900
Youngsters started to wear older
clothing. 

4798
04:16:49,900 --> 04:16:53,300
Bring simpler lunches and engage
in fewer activities that cost 

4799
04:16:53,300 --> 04:16:55,900
money. 
The teacher, who frequently 

4800
04:16:55,900 --> 04:16:59,200
bordered with local families 
turned into an unofficial social

4801
04:16:59,200 --> 04:17:01,600
worker, who was able to 
identify, which kids might be 

4802
04:17:01,600 --> 04:17:04,700
lacking proper clothing or food 
after urging Farmers to 

4803
04:17:04,700 --> 04:17:07,600
modernize and expand their 
operations during the 1920s. 

4804
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:11,100
Agricultural Extension, agents 
found themselves providing a 

4805
04:17:11,100 --> 04:17:15,600
variety of advice in late 1929. 
Efficiency in conservation 

4806
04:17:15,600 --> 04:17:18,100
became more important than 
expansion and innovation. 

4807
04:17:19,100 --> 04:17:21,500
Farmers were now urged to 
diversify and make sure they 

4808
04:17:21,500 --> 04:17:24,000
could provide for their 
families, regardless of market 

4809
04:17:24,000 --> 04:17:27,200
conditions, after previously 
being urged to focus on cash. 

4810
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:30,100
Crops a Lifeline for information
and emotional support. 

4811
04:17:30,100 --> 04:17:33,300
The rural telephone system was 
still relatively new in many 

4812
04:17:33,300 --> 04:17:36,900
places party line's buzzed with 
conversation about who was 

4813
04:17:36,900 --> 04:17:40,000
struggling, who might need help 
and how communities could 

4814
04:17:40,000 --> 04:17:43,000
support their members. 
Through uncertain times, the 

4815
04:17:43,000 --> 04:17:45,900
local exchanges operator took on
the role of an unofficial 

4816
04:17:45,900 --> 04:17:49,300
Community coordinator bringing 
together those in need of help. 

4817
04:17:49,300 --> 04:17:52,700
And those who might be able to 
offer it Church, congregations 

4818
04:17:52,700 --> 04:17:55,100
discovered that they were taking
on more responsibilities as 

4819
04:17:55,100 --> 04:17:57,400
networks of practical and 
spiritual support. 

4820
04:17:58,500 --> 04:18:00,900
While prayers for economic 
recovery were offered during 

4821
04:18:00,900 --> 04:18:03,700
Sunday Services. 
The real work took place in 

4822
04:18:03,700 --> 04:18:06,400
Fellowship halls and church 
basements where local 

4823
04:18:06,400 --> 04:18:09,300
communities arranged clothing, 
exchanges, food drives and 

4824
04:18:09,300 --> 04:18:11,000
unofficial job placement 
services. 

4825
04:18:11,900 --> 04:18:14,400
The minister frequently turned 
into a financial advisor, 

4826
04:18:14,400 --> 04:18:17,900
assisting families in making 
tough choices regarding debt and

4827
04:18:17,900 --> 04:18:20,600
expenditure country, doctors 
found that their patients were 

4828
04:18:20,600 --> 04:18:22,900
delaying medical care. 
That wasn't absolutely necessary

4829
04:18:22,900 --> 04:18:27,000
paying for services with labor 
or produce, instead of money and

4830
04:18:27,000 --> 04:18:30,500
using folk medicine and home 
remedies more and more The 

4831
04:18:30,500 --> 04:18:32,600
doctors around grew longer and 
more intricate. 

4832
04:18:32,600 --> 04:18:35,100
As he struck a balance between 
his knowledge of his patient's 

4833
04:18:35,100 --> 04:18:37,900
financial constraints and 
Professional Medical judgment. 

4834
04:18:37,900 --> 04:18:41,200
The local newspaper, which had 
Chronicle, the community's 

4835
04:18:41,200 --> 04:18:44,800
prosperity during the boom years
began to focus more on practical

4836
04:18:44,800 --> 04:18:46,700
advice and Community 
cooperation. 

4837
04:18:47,500 --> 04:18:51,000
Once praising modernization and 
progress editorial Pages. 

4838
04:18:51,000 --> 04:18:53,800
Now, highlighted the benefits of
self-reliance Thrift and 

4839
04:18:53,800 --> 04:18:57,000
camaraderie. 
Reports of lavish parties, gave 

4840
04:18:57,000 --> 04:18:58,900
way to stories about 
collaborative efforts and 

4841
04:18:58,900 --> 04:19:01,300
community service projects in 
Social columns. 

4842
04:19:01,300 --> 04:19:05,100
However, the reaction of Rural 
America to the crash also, 

4843
04:19:05,100 --> 04:19:07,900
demonstrated advantages that 
Urban regions occasionally 

4844
04:19:07,900 --> 04:19:10,400
lacked. 
Farming communities had always 

4845
04:19:10,408 --> 04:19:13,500
been aware of economic 
uncertainty, they lived in 

4846
04:19:13,500 --> 04:19:16,100
constant fear that their 
prosperity could be drastically 

4847
04:19:16,100 --> 04:19:18,800
impacted by uncontrollable 
Market forces illness. 

4848
04:19:18,800 --> 04:19:22,600
And whether they had developed 
resilience and adaptability, as 

4849
04:19:22,600 --> 04:19:24,700
a result of this experience, 
which helped them when the 

4850
04:19:24,700 --> 04:19:28,300
overall economy collapsed. 
The customs of rural life such 

4851
04:19:28,300 --> 04:19:32,400
as quilting, bees barn raisings 
and harvest cooperatives gained 

4852
04:19:32,400 --> 04:19:34,500
new importance as economic 
necessities. 

4853
04:19:35,900 --> 04:19:39,100
When resources became limited 
but labor and camaraderie were 

4854
04:19:39,100 --> 04:19:42,200
plentiful communities that had 
appeared to be moving away, from

4855
04:19:42,200 --> 04:19:44,200
these Antiquated, Customs found 
their value. 

4856
04:19:44,200 --> 04:19:46,300
Again. 
During this time children, who 

4857
04:19:46,300 --> 04:19:48,700
grew up on farms, learned 
lessons about Community 

4858
04:19:48,700 --> 04:19:51,000
cooperation, and 
self-sufficiency, that would 

4859
04:19:51,000 --> 04:19:52,800
shape their entire outlook on 
life. 

4860
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:55,800
They witnessed their parents 
handled tough choices with 

4861
04:19:55,800 --> 04:19:59,800
Grace, adjust to uncontrollable 
situations and hold on to hope 

4862
04:19:59,800 --> 04:20:03,100
for better days while navigating
the realities of the present in 

4863
04:20:03,100 --> 04:20:05,200
the months. 
After the crash, the ability of 

4864
04:20:05,200 --> 04:20:08,400
regular Americans to innovate 
adapt and maintain their dignity

4865
04:20:08,400 --> 04:20:12,300
in the face of unimaginable 
adversity was made evident. 

4866
04:20:13,200 --> 04:20:17,800
In late 1929 and early 1930. 
Millions of people were subtly 

4867
04:20:17,800 --> 04:20:20,800
reimagining their everyday 
lives, with a creativity born of

4868
04:20:20,800 --> 04:20:24,200
necessity, but it wasn't as 
dramatic or newsworthy as bread 

4869
04:20:24,200 --> 04:20:28,300
lines and bank failures would 
later become Eleanor Murphy, a 

4870
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:29,500
secretary in an insurance 
office. 

4871
04:20:29,500 --> 04:20:32,800
In Detroit, found that her small
Investment Portfolio. 

4872
04:20:32,800 --> 04:20:35,600
Suddenly had far less value than
her clerical skills. 

4873
04:20:36,600 --> 04:20:39,200
Those who stayed had to perform 
the duties of two or three 

4874
04:20:39,208 --> 04:20:42,000
people as companies started to 
lay off employees. 

4875
04:20:42,900 --> 04:20:45,900
Even though Elena's days grew 
longer and more demanding, she 

4876
04:20:45,900 --> 04:20:47,900
was thankful for her stable job 
at a time. 

4877
04:20:47,908 --> 04:20:51,100
When many others were losing 
theirs, she increased her typing

4878
04:20:51,100 --> 04:20:54,900
speed learned shorthand and 
became indispensable by taking 

4879
04:20:54,900 --> 04:20:57,700
on tasks that had previously, 
been split among several 

4880
04:20:57,700 --> 04:21:00,500
employees her evenings. 
Which she used to spend with 

4881
04:21:00,500 --> 04:21:03,200
friends at restaurants, or 
movies were now devoted to 

4882
04:21:03,200 --> 04:21:06,700
household engineering, figuring 
out, how to stretch her, pay to 

4883
04:21:06,700 --> 04:21:08,400
pay for things that used to seem
doable. 

4884
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:11,500
She discovered, how to make 
economical and nourishing meals,

4885
04:21:11,500 --> 04:21:13,900
how to repair rather than buy 
new clothes. 

4886
04:21:13,900 --> 04:21:16,800
And how to find entertainment 
that didn't require her to spend

4887
04:21:16,800 --> 04:21:18,200
money. 
She needed for groceries and 

4888
04:21:18,208 --> 04:21:21,400
rent the apartment complex. 
Were Eleanor lived turned into a

4889
04:21:21,400 --> 04:21:23,400
miniature example of urban 
adaptation. 

4890
04:21:24,100 --> 04:21:26,900
Once Court your strangers, 
neighbors started to work 

4891
04:21:26,900 --> 04:21:29,100
together in little. 
But significant ways, 

4892
04:21:29,100 --> 04:21:32,600
alterations were provided by a 
person with a sewing machine. 

4893
04:21:32,600 --> 04:21:35,200
After losing his job as a shoe 
salesman. 

4894
04:21:35,200 --> 04:21:38,200
Another tenant started fixing 
shoes for the buildings 

4895
04:21:38,200 --> 04:21:42,000
occupants, a woman whose husband
was on business established a 

4896
04:21:42,000 --> 04:21:44,400
small laundry service. 
Drying her clothes on the 

4897
04:21:44,408 --> 04:21:47,100
building's roof and in the 
bathtub of her apartment. 

4898
04:21:47,100 --> 04:21:50,700
The Kowalski family in Chicago 
found that in order to thrive in

4899
04:21:50,700 --> 04:21:53,900
the shifting economic climate, 
their modest grocery store had 

4900
04:21:53,900 --> 04:21:56,800
to change Stefan. 
Kowalski had established his 

4901
04:21:56,800 --> 04:22:00,400
company by offering a community 
of working-class families, high 

4902
04:22:00,400 --> 04:22:02,100
quality goods, and amiable 
service. 

4903
04:22:02,100 --> 04:22:06,300
He adjusted by providing credit 
taking barter agreements and 

4904
04:22:06,300 --> 04:22:09,100
carrying less costly substitutes
for the name brand Goods that 

4905
04:22:09,100 --> 04:22:11,100
had been his staple as his 
clients. 

4906
04:22:11,100 --> 04:22:14,700
In comes grew less consistent in
ways that surprise both of them 

4907
04:22:14,700 --> 04:22:16,900
Annika. 
Wolski who had previously 

4908
04:22:16,900 --> 04:22:19,600
concentrated on running the home
while Stefan operated, the 

4909
04:22:19,600 --> 04:22:21,700
store, joined him as a business 
partner. 

4910
04:22:22,600 --> 04:22:25,300
Despite having to make tough 
choices regarding pricing and 

4911
04:22:25,300 --> 04:22:28,200
credit due to economic pressure.
She found a knack for 

4912
04:22:28,200 --> 04:22:31,200
bookkeeping and customer service
that allowed the store to keep 

4913
04:22:31,200 --> 04:22:34,600
its ties to the community. 
Their kids gained hands on 

4914
04:22:34,600 --> 04:22:37,800
experience in business, and the 
realities of financial hardship 

4915
04:22:37,800 --> 04:22:39,300
by learning to work in the 
store. 

4916
04:22:39,300 --> 04:22:42,200
After school, an unofficial 
economy, built on cooperation 

4917
04:22:42,200 --> 04:22:45,200
and Innovative problem, solving 
emerged in the area, surrounding

4918
04:22:45,200 --> 04:22:48,800
the Kowalski store. 
Mrs. O'Brien began taking in 

4919
04:22:48,800 --> 04:22:51,300
laundry and doing repairs. 
After her husband was fired from

4920
04:22:51,300 --> 04:22:54,100
the steel mill. 
The Rossi family grew a garden 

4921
04:22:54,100 --> 04:22:56,200
in their backyard and started 
selling vegetables. 

4922
04:22:56,200 --> 04:22:59,400
An unofficial garage was 
established in the alley behind 

4923
04:22:59,400 --> 04:23:02,700
his apartment building by Mr. 
Johnson, a laid-off mechanic, 

4924
04:23:02,700 --> 04:23:05,200
who fixed cars and bicycles for 
Neighbors, who paid him with 

4925
04:23:05,208 --> 04:23:08,500
food, small loans, or Promises 
of future work children. 

4926
04:23:08,500 --> 04:23:11,100
Displayed the extraordinary 
resilience that frequently 

4927
04:23:11,100 --> 04:23:13,900
defines young people facing 
adversity as they adjusted to 

4928
04:23:13,900 --> 04:23:17,600
the changing circumstances. 
They learned to find Amusement 

4929
04:23:17,600 --> 04:23:20,900
in small Pleasures, created 
games that didn't require store 

4930
04:23:20,900 --> 04:23:23,700
bought toys and gradually 
realized that their families. 

4931
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:26,200
Less fortunate circumstances 
meant they had to be more 

4932
04:23:26,200 --> 04:23:29,100
responsible and less demanding 
than they might have been in 

4933
04:23:29,100 --> 04:23:32,400
more prosperous times families 
who believed that education was 

4934
04:23:32,400 --> 04:23:35,000
the key to better opportunities 
for their kids, placed an even 

4935
04:23:35,008 --> 04:23:38,700
greater value on education. 
Even in situations where 

4936
04:23:38,700 --> 04:23:40,400
immediate income would have been
useful. 

4937
04:23:40,400 --> 04:23:43,500
Parents who had previously 
thought about letting older 

4938
04:23:43,500 --> 04:23:46,100
children, drop out of school to 
pursue employment opportunities.

4939
04:23:46,100 --> 04:23:49,700
Now, insisted that education was
an investment that couldn't be 

4940
04:23:49,700 --> 04:23:52,500
compromised. 
In addition to being Educators 

4941
04:23:52,500 --> 04:23:55,900
teachers, also became social 
workers and Community counselors

4942
04:23:55,900 --> 04:23:59,300
assisting families in overcoming
the psychological and practical 

4943
04:23:59,300 --> 04:24:03,200
difficulties brought on by 
unstable economic conditions, as

4944
04:24:03,200 --> 04:24:05,800
people looked for free 
entertainment and education 

4945
04:24:05,800 --> 04:24:08,900
Library. 
Saw a Resurgence once mostly 

4946
04:24:08,900 --> 04:24:10,700
used by academics and 
researchers. 

4947
04:24:10,700 --> 04:24:13,500
The reading rooms were now open 
to family searching for 

4948
04:24:13,500 --> 04:24:17,300
inexpensive evening, activities 
library programs, grew to 

4949
04:24:17,300 --> 04:24:20,100
include useful workshops on 
subjects like cooking, budgeting

4950
04:24:20,100 --> 04:24:24,000
and home repair and Librarians 
became informal counselors on 

4951
04:24:24,000 --> 04:24:26,200
everything from household 
management to job. 

4952
04:24:26,200 --> 04:24:29,800
Hunting tactics congregations of
religious people became more and

4953
04:24:29,800 --> 04:24:32,500
more significant as hubs for 
both practical and spiritual 

4954
04:24:32,500 --> 04:24:35,800
support. 
Food, pantries, clothing drives 

4955
04:24:35,800 --> 04:24:39,300
and job placement Services, were
arranged by Churches synagogues 

4956
04:24:39,300 --> 04:24:43,000
and other places of worship. 
Religious communities became 

4957
04:24:43,000 --> 04:24:44,800
test sites for the type of 
mutual Aid. 

4958
04:24:44,800 --> 04:24:47,100
That would eventually be 
codified in government programs 

4959
04:24:47,100 --> 04:24:49,000
and religious leaders found 
themselves. 

4960
04:24:49,000 --> 04:24:51,900
Advising families on matters of 
both financial and spiritual 

4961
04:24:51,900 --> 04:24:54,300
concern, local businesses, that 
survive. 

4962
04:24:54,300 --> 04:24:57,700
The initial shock of the crash 
did so by developing closer 

4963
04:24:57,700 --> 04:24:59,800
relationships with their 
customers and communities? 

4964
04:25:00,700 --> 04:25:03,900
Men began exchanging information
about job openings at the corner

4965
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:07,300
Barber Shop which evolved into 
an unofficial Employment Agency.

4966
04:25:07,300 --> 04:25:10,300
Regular patrons were given 
credit at the neighborhood 

4967
04:25:10,300 --> 04:25:13,000
Diner, which also served as 
Gathering Spot for those 

4968
04:25:13,000 --> 04:25:15,000
planning community service 
initiatives. 

4969
04:25:16,000 --> 04:25:18,500
In order to provide the social 
services that larger 

4970
04:25:18,500 --> 04:25:21,500
corporations were unable or 
unwilling to provide small 

4971
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:24,000
businesses, learn to operate on 
thinner, margins. 

4972
04:25:24,000 --> 04:25:27,500
Specifically, women found that 
the crisis had created new 

4973
04:25:27,500 --> 04:25:29,100
chances for initiative and 
Leadership. 

4974
04:25:30,100 --> 04:25:32,300
Whether through formal 
employment or The Unofficial 

4975
04:25:32,300 --> 04:25:36,000
economy of food, preparation 
small-scale manufacturing and 

4976
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:39,400
domestic Services, many became 
the main providers for their 

4977
04:25:39,400 --> 04:25:43,500
families, cooking sewing and 
managing the home skills that 

4978
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:45,900
had been viewed as women's work 
in prosperous times. 

4979
04:25:45,900 --> 04:25:49,900
All of a sudden became important
economic assets though, subtle 

4980
04:25:49,900 --> 04:25:52,700
the cultural shift was 
significant, what could be 

4981
04:25:52,700 --> 04:25:55,600
referred to as conspicuous 
competence replaced? 

4982
04:25:55,600 --> 04:25:57,700
The conspicuous consumption that
had defined. 

4983
04:25:57,700 --> 04:26:01,600
The 1920s people took pride in 
their capacity, to get by on 

4984
04:26:01,600 --> 04:26:04,900
less to come up with innovative 
solutions to real world issues 

4985
04:26:04,900 --> 04:26:08,200
and to preserve their sense of 
self and Community, despite less

4986
04:26:08,200 --> 04:26:11,900
favorable circumstances, once 
centered on social activities, 

4987
04:26:11,900 --> 04:26:15,000
neighborhood organizations 
started to focus on practical 

4988
04:26:15,000 --> 04:26:18,300
needs, Co-operative buying 
groups were established by 

4989
04:26:18,300 --> 04:26:21,900
women's clubs in order to obtain
better deals on household goods 

4990
04:26:21,900 --> 04:26:24,900
and groceries. 
Fraternal groups for men 

4991
04:26:24,900 --> 04:26:27,700
developed into networks for 
exchanging job, openings and 

4992
04:26:27,700 --> 04:26:29,100
planning. 
Volunteer projects in the 

4993
04:26:29,108 --> 04:26:33,100
community potluck dinners 
amateur, theatrical Productions 

4994
04:26:33,100 --> 04:26:34,500
and other recreational 
activities. 

4995
04:26:34,500 --> 04:26:38,700
That prioritize participation 
over consumption replaced costly

4996
04:26:38,700 --> 04:26:41,000
entertainment. 
As the primary social activity. 

4997
04:26:41,000 --> 04:26:43,100
Families. 
Split up by the pursuit of 

4998
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:46,200
employment and opportunity were 
reunited by the Postal Service. 

4999
04:26:47,100 --> 04:26:50,200
Letters, contained useful 
information about jobs, living 

5000
04:26:50,200 --> 04:26:53,800
conditions in various cities and
survival tactics that had worked

5001
04:26:53,800 --> 04:26:57,400
in other communities. 
In addition to personal news in 

5002
04:26:57,400 --> 04:27:00,400
times of uncertainty, the custom
of sending and receiving 

5003
04:27:00,400 --> 04:27:02,300
letters. 
Offered emotional support that 

5004
04:27:02,300 --> 04:27:05,500
kept people, connected, and 
hopeful the new reality, even 

5005
04:27:05,500 --> 04:27:08,200
affected fashion. 
Instead of replacing their 

5006
04:27:08,200 --> 04:27:11,600
entire wardrobe, women, learn to
update it with accessories and 

5007
04:27:11,600 --> 04:27:15,000
alterations men carefully 
repairs and maintained their 

5008
04:27:15,000 --> 04:27:19,100
suits to extend their lifespan. 
Classic Styles, and practical 

5009
04:27:19,100 --> 04:27:22,100
considerations became the focus 
of fashion magazines that had 

5010
04:27:22,100 --> 04:27:25,100
previously encouraged constant 
change and Novelty in the 

5011
04:27:25,100 --> 04:27:28,100
immediate aftermath of the crash
American showed greater 

5012
04:27:28,100 --> 04:27:32,400
resourcefulness Community spirit
and adaptability than the 1920s 

5013
04:27:32,400 --> 04:27:35,700
Prosperity had demanded. 
Qualities that had always 

5014
04:27:35,700 --> 04:27:39,000
existed but had been obscured by
the ease and optimism of the 

5015
04:27:39,008 --> 04:27:41,200
boom years were brought to light
by the crisis. 

5016
04:27:41,200 --> 04:27:44,800
Shock can be absorbed by culture
and turned into something that 

5017
04:27:44,800 --> 04:27:48,800
makes sense of the experience. 
American culture underwent a 

5018
04:27:48,800 --> 04:27:51,600
subtle but profound 
transformation in the months 

5019
04:27:51,600 --> 04:27:55,200
after the crash not immediately 
not drastically but with the 

5020
04:27:55,208 --> 04:27:58,600
kind of slow change that only 
becomes apparent in hindsight 

5021
04:27:58,600 --> 04:28:03,000
exuberant Jazz, upbeat dance, 
tunes and songs that celebrated 

5022
04:28:03,000 --> 04:28:05,700
Youth and prosperity. 
The music that had characterized

5023
04:28:05,700 --> 04:28:09,400
the 1920s started to sound a 
little out of step with the 

5024
04:28:09,400 --> 04:28:11,000
prevailing sentiment in the 
country. 

5025
04:28:11,000 --> 04:28:14,100
Having always been Keen 
observers of public opinion. 

5026
04:28:14,100 --> 04:28:17,300
Musicians and songwriters began 
to produce music that 

5027
04:28:17,300 --> 04:28:19,200
represented a wide range of 
emotions. 

5028
04:28:20,000 --> 04:28:22,700
The blues influenced Melodies 
that acknowledged, struggle 

5029
04:28:22,700 --> 04:28:25,900
while retaining hope replaced 
the brassy confidence of early 

5030
04:28:25,900 --> 04:28:29,400
jazz radio programming was 
remarkably sensitive to the 

5031
04:28:29,400 --> 04:28:32,600
shifting circumstances of its 
listeners, programs that 

5032
04:28:32,600 --> 04:28:36,300
provided helpful advice, amateur
Talent, competitions, involving 

5033
04:28:36,300 --> 04:28:39,500
regular people and serialized 
dramas that addressed family 

5034
04:28:39,500 --> 04:28:41,600
issues, and Community 
collaboration, gradually 

5035
04:28:41,600 --> 04:28:44,100
supplanted shows that had 
previously concentrated on 

5036
04:28:44,100 --> 04:28:46,200
glitzy, Lifestyles and pricy 
entertainment. 

5037
04:28:47,300 --> 04:28:50,300
The radio evolved into a mirror 
reflecting, the experience of 

5038
04:28:50,300 --> 04:28:53,600
its listeners rather than a 
window into an idealized world 

5039
04:28:53,600 --> 04:28:57,200
Hollywood, which had made its 
name on glitzy fantasies and 

5040
04:28:57,200 --> 04:29:00,200
Escapist entertainment. 
Started making movies that 

5041
04:29:00,200 --> 04:29:03,100
addressed viewers, who are 
facing Financial instability? 

5042
04:29:03,800 --> 04:29:06,300
Movies about regular people. 
Dealing with extraordinary, 

5043
04:29:06,300 --> 04:29:09,700
challenges joined the late 
1920s, sophisticated comedies, 

5044
04:29:09,700 --> 04:29:12,900
and romantic dramas, while 
audiences still desired 

5045
04:29:12,900 --> 04:29:15,300
entertainment. 
They also desired stories that 

5046
04:29:15,300 --> 04:29:17,800
took into account the realities 
of their everyday lives. 

5047
04:29:17,800 --> 04:29:21,500
The time started to be reflected
in literature, in both overt and

5048
04:29:21,500 --> 04:29:24,200
covert ways. 
Stories about successful 

5049
04:29:24,200 --> 04:29:27,400
businesses and affluent 
socialites gave away to stories 

5050
04:29:27,400 --> 04:29:29,800
about Community collaboration 
and family. 

5051
04:29:29,800 --> 04:29:33,300
Resiliency, in popular 
magazines, fiction, that 

5052
04:29:33,300 --> 04:29:35,900
examined, the psychological and 
social effects of economic 

5053
04:29:35,900 --> 04:29:39,000
upheaval was added to the 
adventure, tales, and romantic 

5054
04:29:39,000 --> 04:29:42,500
fantasies that had dominated 
magazine stands newspapers. 

5055
04:29:42,500 --> 04:29:45,100
Now offer readers, helpful 
advice for navigating uncertain 

5056
04:29:45,100 --> 04:29:47,200
times rather than just reporting
on events. 

5057
04:29:48,200 --> 04:29:51,000
Once investment focused 
Financial Pages. 

5058
04:29:51,000 --> 04:29:53,800
Started to provide guidance on 
debt management and budgeting 

5059
04:29:54,500 --> 04:29:56,900
Stories about family 
resourcefulness and Community, 

5060
04:29:56,900 --> 04:30:00,500
cooperation started to appear on
social pages that had previously

5061
04:30:00,500 --> 04:30:03,100
documented lavish parties and 
costly entertainment. 

5062
04:30:03,100 --> 04:30:06,000
The advertising industry which 
had mastered the art of 

5063
04:30:06,008 --> 04:30:09,700
generating consumer goods, 
desire had to come up with new 

5064
04:30:09,700 --> 04:30:12,300
tactics for audiences. 
That prioritized necessity over 

5065
04:30:12,300 --> 04:30:15,800
luxury instead of focusing on 
status and Novelty, 

5066
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:18,700
advertisement started to 
highlight practical benefits 

5067
04:30:18,700 --> 04:30:23,000
value and durability. it was 
necessary to reframe the cycle 

5068
04:30:23,000 --> 04:30:26,300
of appeals that had worked so 
well, in prosperous times, for 

5069
04:30:26,300 --> 04:30:28,800
consumers, who were becoming 
more frugal with their spending 

5070
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:32,300
while still emphasizing Beauty 
and style fashion magazines 

5071
04:30:32,300 --> 04:30:34,500
started to highlight 
affordability and adaptability 

5072
04:30:35,600 --> 04:30:37,800
Features on how to update 
existing wardrobes. 

5073
04:30:37,800 --> 04:30:40,800
So at home and take care of 
clothing, counterbalanced 

5074
04:30:40,800 --> 04:30:44,600
articles about pricey designer 
clothing, the fashion industry 

5075
04:30:44,600 --> 04:30:47,300
found that readers might be more
interested in originality and 

5076
04:30:47,300 --> 04:30:50,500
inventiveness in the newest 
style, from New York or Paris 

5077
04:30:50,500 --> 04:30:54,200
Sports continued, to be popular,
but their cultural connotations 

5078
04:30:54,200 --> 04:30:56,900
changed. 
Heroes and entertainment from 

5079
04:30:56,900 --> 04:30:59,600
professional sports. 
Persisted, the amateur and 

5080
04:30:59,600 --> 04:31:02,200
Community, sports that 
prioritize involvement over, 

5081
04:31:02,200 --> 04:31:06,400
spectatorship gained popularity,
Basketball teams, local, 

5082
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:09,000
baseball, leagues, and other 
community, Sports initiatives 

5083
04:31:09,000 --> 04:31:12,800
gained importance, as places to 
socialize, and have fun in ways 

5084
04:31:12,800 --> 04:31:14,900
that would become increasingly 
clear, in the years that 

5085
04:31:14,900 --> 04:31:18,100
followed art reflected the 
shifting times. 

5086
04:31:18,700 --> 04:31:22,400
In the affluent. 1920s artists 
who had been experimenting with 

5087
04:31:22,400 --> 04:31:25,700
abstract and experimental forms 
started producing more 

5088
04:31:25,700 --> 04:31:27,900
approachable art. 
That was more closely related to

5089
04:31:27,900 --> 04:31:31,000
Everyday Life. 
While artistic Expressions that 

5090
04:31:31,000 --> 04:31:33,600
addressed broader audiences 
about common experiences of 

5091
04:31:33,600 --> 04:31:37,500
Challenge and adaptation replace
the avant-garde, it did not 

5092
04:31:37,500 --> 04:31:40,200
vanish. 
While theater continued to be a 

5093
04:31:40,200 --> 04:31:41,600
significant entertainment 
medium. 

5094
04:31:41,600 --> 04:31:45,500
It started to tackle new issues 
and themes Productions. 

5095
04:31:45,500 --> 04:31:48,800
That examined, family, Dynamics,
Community relationships. 

5096
04:31:48,800 --> 04:31:52,300
And the cycle effects of 
economic change, joined plays 

5097
04:31:52,300 --> 04:31:55,600
that had previously concentrated
on sophisticated urban life and 

5098
04:31:55,600 --> 04:31:59,100
social satire, as more people 
looked for Creative outlets and 

5099
04:31:59,100 --> 04:32:01,400
entertainment that didn't 
require large sums of money 

5100
04:32:01,400 --> 04:32:03,700
Community. 
Theater groups became more 

5101
04:32:03,700 --> 04:32:07,100
active education began to 
emphasize practical skills 

5102
04:32:07,100 --> 04:32:09,000
alongside traditional academic 
subjects. 

5103
04:32:09,800 --> 04:32:11,700
To help students deal with an 
uncertain. 

5104
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:14,800
Economic future schools, added 
courses and small business 

5105
04:32:14,800 --> 04:32:18,000
operations, household 
management, and other subjects 

5106
04:32:18,000 --> 04:32:22,100
to their vocational programs. 
It was renewed emphasis on and 

5107
04:32:22,100 --> 04:32:25,800
support for the idea that 
education should not only refine

5108
04:32:25,800 --> 04:32:29,000
culture, but also prepare 
students for success in the real

5109
04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:32,500
world, Community organizations 
found that their function had 

5110
04:32:32,500 --> 04:32:35,600
broadened to Encompass cultural 
programming and practical 

5111
04:32:35,600 --> 04:32:38,100
assistance, in addition to 
social activities. 

5112
04:32:39,000 --> 04:32:41,800
Home, economics, and financial 
management lectures were 

5113
04:32:41,800 --> 04:32:44,800
arranged by women's clubs. 
Seminars on Business 

5114
04:32:44,800 --> 04:32:47,200
Development, and job training 
were sponsored by men's 

5115
04:32:47,200 --> 04:32:50,700
fraternal organizations 
congregations expanded, their 

5116
04:32:50,700 --> 04:32:54,100
traditional spiritual mission to
include Community, Education and

5117
04:32:54,100 --> 04:32:56,900
Social Services, even the 
definition of leisure was 

5118
04:32:56,900 --> 04:32:59,800
changing. 
Leisure in the affluent. 1920s 

5119
04:32:59,800 --> 04:33:02,900
had frequently meant spending 
money on entertainment, dining 

5120
04:33:02,900 --> 04:33:06,700
out, and the newest technology 
or Fashions participation. 

5121
04:33:06,700 --> 04:33:09,900
Became the new definition of 
leisure creating rather than 

5122
04:33:09,900 --> 04:33:13,700
merely consuming playing games 
rather than merely watching and 

5123
04:33:13,700 --> 04:33:16,000
producing music rather than 
merely listening to it. 

5124
04:33:16,000 --> 04:33:19,200
There was a Resurgence of 
entertainment at home reading 

5125
04:33:19,200 --> 04:33:21,200
aloud playing cards and getting 
together. 

5126
04:33:21,200 --> 04:33:24,300
Around the piano for casual 
concerts were all enjoyed Again 

5127
04:33:24,300 --> 04:33:27,800
by families. 
Cooking from scratch, needlework

5128
04:33:27,800 --> 04:33:31,800
Woodworking and gardening skills
that had seemed outdated during 

5129
04:33:31,800 --> 04:33:35,599
the Jazz era regain their status
as both useful, necessities and 

5130
04:33:35,599 --> 04:33:38,900
sources of fulfillment. 
Individual success material 

5131
04:33:38,900 --> 04:33:42,500
accumulation and competitive 
achievement values that had 

5132
04:33:42,500 --> 04:33:45,400
characterized American culture. 
During the boom years were not 

5133
04:33:45,408 --> 04:33:48,400
lost but they were replaced by a
fresh appreciation of 

5134
04:33:48,400 --> 04:33:53,400
collaboration frugal living and 
Community cohesion. from getting

5135
04:33:53,400 --> 04:33:56,500
ahead to getting through and 
from making it big to making do 

5136
04:33:56,500 --> 04:34:00,099
the cultural narrative started 
to change in order to reflect 

5137
04:34:00,099 --> 04:34:03,900
the new realities language 
itself changed The terms 

5138
04:34:03,900 --> 04:34:09,000
economy, Thrift of conservation,
and cooperation, which had 

5139
04:34:09,000 --> 04:34:12,599
seemed meaningless in prosperous
times, gained new significance 

5140
04:34:12,599 --> 04:34:14,700
and urgency as they entered 
common speech. 

5141
04:34:15,599 --> 04:34:18,000
The language of mutual support 
and careful management. 

5142
04:34:18,000 --> 04:34:19,700
Replace. 
The language of Plenty 

5143
04:34:19,700 --> 04:34:22,599
children's culture was 
particularly inventive in its 

5144
04:34:22,599 --> 04:34:26,400
adaptation, versions of games. 
And toys, that could be made at 

5145
04:34:26,400 --> 04:34:28,200
home using readily available 
materials. 

5146
04:34:28,200 --> 04:34:31,200
Took the place of those that had
previously depended on 

5147
04:34:31,200 --> 04:34:35,500
manufactured materials, themes 
of family collaboration, civic 

5148
04:34:35,500 --> 04:34:38,200
duty, and finding joy, in small 
Pleasures. 

5149
04:34:38,200 --> 04:34:41,400
Rather than far-flung Adventures
or pricy belonging started to 

5150
04:34:41,400 --> 04:34:44,500
appear in children's literature.
The new culture was not wholly, 

5151
04:34:44,500 --> 04:34:48,300
Grim, or gloomy Americans had 
always been exceptionally Adept,

5152
04:34:48,300 --> 04:34:50,200
at finding humor, in trying 
situations. 

5153
04:34:50,200 --> 04:34:53,700
And in the years, after the 
crash, a certain type of Comedy 

5154
04:34:53,700 --> 04:34:56,900
emerged that recognized 
adversity without allowing it to

5155
04:34:56,900 --> 04:34:59,599
defeat it. 
Jokes about Frugal spending 

5156
04:34:59,599 --> 04:35:03,300
Ingenuity and surviving on, less
became a means of coping with 

5157
04:35:03,300 --> 04:35:06,500
challenging situations, while 
preserving Spirits during the 

5158
04:35:06,500 --> 04:35:10,000
modernizing 1920s, folk 
Traditions that had appeared to 

5159
04:35:10,000 --> 04:35:13,700
be fading gained new significant
song's, tales and traditions 

5160
04:35:13,700 --> 04:35:17,000
that stressed communal values. 
And Common Sense were brought 

5161
04:35:17,000 --> 04:35:18,900
back to life and modified for 
the modern era. 

5162
04:35:19,599 --> 04:35:22,300
During uncertain times, the 
cultural Legacy that had 

5163
04:35:22,300 --> 04:35:25,900
appeared Antiquated during the 
Jazz era offered continuity and 

5164
04:35:25,900 --> 04:35:28,099
stability. 
As National Consumer culture 

5165
04:35:28,099 --> 04:35:31,300
became less accessible to many 
families Regional cultures 

5166
04:35:31,300 --> 04:35:35,000
gained importance after being 
eclipsed by national Brands and 

5167
04:35:35,008 --> 04:35:39,099
mass-produced entertainment. 
Local Customs Regional Cuisine 

5168
04:35:39,099 --> 04:35:42,200
and Community practices. 
Once again, gained importance of

5169
04:35:42,200 --> 04:35:45,400
sources of continuity and 
identity during this time, 

5170
04:35:45,400 --> 04:35:48,200
cultural institutions that were 
able to adapt to new ways of 

5171
04:35:48,200 --> 04:35:50,599
serving their communities. 
While retaining their 

5172
04:35:50,599 --> 04:35:53,900
fundamental qualities were the 
ones that survived and prospered

5173
04:35:53,900 --> 04:35:57,700
museums offered free or low-cost
educational programs. 

5174
04:35:58,500 --> 04:36:01,200
Concert Halls served as places 
for the community to come 

5175
04:36:01,200 --> 04:36:03,599
together. 
Libraries now, offer both 

5176
04:36:03,599 --> 04:36:06,500
cultural and practical resources
as part of their expanded 

5177
04:36:06,500 --> 04:36:10,099
Services, the cultural change 
even started to show in the way 

5178
04:36:10,099 --> 04:36:13,700
community's looked simpler more 
functional storefronts replaced,

5179
04:36:13,700 --> 04:36:16,500
the ornate commercial displays 
that are defined the boom years,

5180
04:36:17,300 --> 04:36:20,099
As people looked for free or 
low-cost places to relax and 

5181
04:36:20,099 --> 04:36:23,200
socialize public spaces were 
kept up and used more 

5182
04:36:23,200 --> 04:36:26,500
frequently, American society 
would ultimately undergo a 

5183
04:36:26,500 --> 04:36:29,700
fundamental transformation, as a
result of the cultural shifts 

5184
04:36:29,700 --> 04:36:31,599
that started in the months after
the crash. 

5185
04:36:32,400 --> 04:36:34,400
A more complex culture was 
replacing. 

5186
04:36:34,400 --> 04:36:38,700
The individualistic consumer 
culture of the 1920s one that 

5187
04:36:38,700 --> 04:36:41,900
preserved American inventiveness
and optimism while embracing 

5188
04:36:41,900 --> 04:36:45,400
lessons about collaboration 
environmental preservation, and 

5189
04:36:45,400 --> 04:36:49,099
the value of community support, 
in trying times, this cultural 

5190
04:36:49,099 --> 04:36:52,700
change wasn't quick or 
consistent communities varied in

5191
04:36:52,707 --> 04:36:54,500
how, and how quickly they 
adapted. 

5192
04:36:54,500 --> 04:36:58,700
However, the general Trend was 
evident American culture was 

5193
04:36:58,700 --> 04:37:01,700
growing more realistic grounded 
and centered on the kinds of 

5194
04:37:01,707 --> 04:37:05,599
principles that enable societies
to withstand adversity while 

5195
04:37:05,599 --> 04:37:08,400
preserving, their core identity 
and optimism for the future. 

5196
04:37:08,400 --> 04:37:11,900
Americans were experiencing, 
what many still hoped would be a

5197
04:37:11,900 --> 04:37:15,700
brief economic adjustment, as 
1930, got underway rather, than 

5198
04:37:15,700 --> 04:37:17,700
the start of a 10 year 
transformation. 

5199
04:37:18,700 --> 04:37:22,099
Although the crashes immediate 
Panic had passed, the underlying

5200
04:37:22,099 --> 04:37:25,000
changes at his sparked, were 
beginning to take hold, and 

5201
04:37:25,000 --> 04:37:27,800
would alter American Society for
many generations to come 

5202
04:37:27,800 --> 04:37:30,000
ordinary. 
People were already establishing

5203
04:37:30,000 --> 04:37:32,300
The Unofficial networks and 
adaptations that would 

5204
04:37:32,300 --> 04:37:34,400
eventually impact official 
government programs. 

5205
04:37:34,400 --> 04:37:38,099
Even as the legislative and 
policy responses to the crash 

5206
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:42,300
were still in their infancy. 
Local job, sharing agreements 

5207
04:37:42,300 --> 04:37:45,500
neighborhood, Mutual Aid, 
organizations and Community Food

5208
04:37:45,500 --> 04:37:47,700
cooperatives. 
We're all developing naturally 

5209
04:37:47,700 --> 04:37:49,900
out of the pressing needs of 
those attempting to support 

5210
04:37:49,900 --> 04:37:53,500
their families and communities, 
a family doctor in Columbus Ohio

5211
04:37:53,500 --> 04:37:56,900
named Dr. James Harrison found 
himself treating, not only 

5212
04:37:56,900 --> 04:38:00,200
physical ailments, but also the 
mental anguish brought on by 

5213
04:38:00,200 --> 04:38:03,900
unstable economic conditions. 
He had never seen so many 

5214
04:38:03,900 --> 04:38:06,900
patients suffering from 
depression, and anxiety and 

5215
04:38:06,900 --> 04:38:10,000
insomnia. 
However, he also noticed that 

5216
04:38:10,000 --> 04:38:12,400
people were adjusting to their 
altered circumstances with 

5217
04:38:12,400 --> 04:38:16,099
Incredible inventiveness and 
resilience Dr. Harrison started 

5218
04:38:16,099 --> 04:38:18,200
to realize that his 
responsibilities went beyond 

5219
04:38:18,200 --> 04:38:21,599
providing standard medical care.
He ended up acting as an 

5220
04:38:21,599 --> 04:38:24,099
informal social worker for 
families, whose issues were as 

5221
04:38:24,099 --> 04:38:27,000
much Financial as medical 
advising them on financial 

5222
04:38:27,000 --> 04:38:29,800
choices that had an impact on 
their health and putting 

5223
04:38:29,800 --> 04:38:31,500
patients in touch with local 
resources. 

5224
04:38:32,500 --> 04:38:35,400
Professionals Across the Nation,
were replicating, his experience

5225
04:38:35,400 --> 04:38:37,599
finding that the crash had 
dissolved. 

5226
04:38:37,599 --> 04:38:40,400
The conventional lines between 
various forms of support and 

5227
04:38:40,400 --> 04:38:43,400
service the business Community, 
was gaining knowledge that would

5228
04:38:43,400 --> 04:38:45,500
impact American trade for many 
years to come. 

5229
04:38:46,300 --> 04:38:48,500
Businesses that made it through 
the initial shock. 

5230
04:38:48,500 --> 04:38:52,200
Found that Community ties and 
Customer, Loyalty were more 

5231
04:38:52,207 --> 04:38:55,500
valuable than they had thought 
during the boom years companies 

5232
04:38:55,500 --> 04:38:57,800
that had only concentrated on 
increasing profits. 

5233
04:38:57,800 --> 04:39:00,400
Had to adjust to a new 
environment where enduring 

5234
04:39:00,400 --> 04:39:03,200
connections and Community 
standing were more important 

5235
04:39:03,200 --> 04:39:06,500
than immediate profits. 
Particularly local banks were 

5236
04:39:06,500 --> 04:39:08,900
learning that their contribution
to the community went well 

5237
04:39:08,900 --> 04:39:12,400
beyond straightforward business.
Dealings during uncertain, times

5238
04:39:12,400 --> 04:39:15,099
Bank, presidents found 
themselves acting as unofficial 

5239
04:39:15,099 --> 04:39:18,800
economic advisors coordinators 
of Community Development and 

5240
04:39:18,800 --> 04:39:22,200
sources of stability banks. 
That recognize their role as 

5241
04:39:22,200 --> 04:39:25,000
Community institutions rather 
than solely as profit. 

5242
04:39:25,000 --> 04:39:28,400
Making businesses were the ones 
that made it through fundamental

5243
04:39:28,400 --> 04:39:31,000
issues regarding their function 
in preparing youth for an 

5244
04:39:31,000 --> 04:39:33,500
uncertain future. 
With starting to be raised by 

5245
04:39:33,500 --> 04:39:36,900
educational institutions. 
The Practical and Vocational 

5246
04:39:36,900 --> 04:39:39,900
programs of schools that have 
previously concentrated on 

5247
04:39:39,900 --> 04:39:42,900
academic, preparation for White 
Collar, jobs were being 

5248
04:39:42,900 --> 04:39:46,100
expanded, curricular that 
prioritized theoretical 

5249
04:39:46,100 --> 04:39:48,800
knowledge over practical skills 
were being re-examined by 

5250
04:39:48,800 --> 04:39:52,300
universities, the crash made 
clear how inadequate academic 

5251
04:39:52,300 --> 04:39:55,200
education is at Preparing? 
People for economic uncertainty.

5252
04:39:56,000 --> 04:39:58,400
Students and their families were
calling for more Hands-On 

5253
04:39:58,400 --> 04:40:00,800
training. 
A greater focus on skills that 

5254
04:40:00,800 --> 04:40:04,400
would be useful in any economic 
climate and improved Readiness 

5255
04:40:04,400 --> 04:40:07,200
for the kind of resilience and 
adaptability that the shifting 

5256
04:40:07,200 --> 04:40:10,300
economy appeared, demand labor 
groups were shifting, their 

5257
04:40:10,300 --> 04:40:13,200
priorities from wage talks and 
working conditions to more 

5258
04:40:13,200 --> 04:40:16,100
General issues like job security
and the well-being of the 

5259
04:40:16,108 --> 04:40:19,400
community. 
As the number of unemployed and 

5260
04:40:19,400 --> 04:40:22,900
underemployed workers started to
rise union leaders found 

5261
04:40:22,900 --> 04:40:26,000
themselves fighting not only for
their existing members, but also

5262
04:40:26,000 --> 04:40:30,000
for these newcomers, work itself
was being redefined the 

5263
04:40:30,000 --> 04:40:32,600
employment, expectations, and 
career Pathways that had 

5264
04:40:32,600 --> 04:40:36,100
appeared stable in the 1920s 
were turning out to be more 

5265
04:40:36,100 --> 04:40:37,800
brittle than anyone had 
expected. 

5266
04:40:38,800 --> 04:40:42,400
Employees were being taught to 
acquire a variety of skills to 

5267
04:40:42,400 --> 04:40:45,000
think of their careers in terms 
of flexibility rather than 

5268
04:40:45,000 --> 04:40:48,500
straight line advancement and to
see job security as something 

5269
04:40:48,500 --> 04:40:50,200
they had to create rather than 
something. 

5270
04:40:50,200 --> 04:40:53,500
Their employers would offer as a
result of Shifting social norms 

5271
04:40:53,500 --> 04:40:56,500
and economic necessity. 
Women's roles in families and 

5272
04:40:56,500 --> 04:40:59,700
communities were growing. 
Women who had never thought of 

5273
04:40:59,700 --> 04:41:01,500
working outside. 
The home were learning how to 

5274
04:41:01,500 --> 04:41:04,500
make money women who had 
previously worked were staying 

5275
04:41:04,500 --> 04:41:07,100
in the workforce longer, or 
going back to work when their 

5276
04:41:07,100 --> 04:41:10,500
family's financial situation. 
Demanded it has everyone had to 

5277
04:41:10,500 --> 04:41:13,300
contribute in whatever way they 
could due to economic pressure, 

5278
04:41:13,300 --> 04:41:16,200
the traditional division of 
labor within families was 

5279
04:41:16,200 --> 04:41:19,500
becoming less rigid. 
Men were forced to learn skills.

5280
04:41:19,500 --> 04:41:21,800
That had previously been viewed 
as the domain of women. 

5281
04:41:21,800 --> 04:41:25,100
Women's roles were extended 
Beyond traditional household 

5282
04:41:25,100 --> 04:41:28,300
management, and children were 
given greater responsibility, 

5283
04:41:28,300 --> 04:41:30,300
community. 
And religious groups were 

5284
04:41:30,300 --> 04:41:33,100
creating new services and 
programs that would eventually 

5285
04:41:33,100 --> 04:41:36,000
serve as models for social 
programs run by the government. 

5286
04:41:36,900 --> 04:41:40,400
Churches were setting up systems
for food, distribution family, 

5287
04:41:40,400 --> 04:41:44,200
counseling and employment 
networks Cooperative businesses,

5288
04:41:44,200 --> 04:41:48,200
skill, sharing initiatives, and 
networks of mutual support, were

5289
04:41:48,200 --> 04:41:51,300
being established by Community 
organizations, to help people 

5290
04:41:51,300 --> 04:41:54,300
retain their dignity, while 
getting Aid, a more realistic 

5291
04:41:54,300 --> 04:41:57,300
view of Technologies role in 
Social and economic stability, 

5292
04:41:57,300 --> 04:42:00,800
was tempering, the technological
optimism that had defined the 

5293
04:42:00,800 --> 04:42:05,100
1920s, instead of just making 
life more exciting or opulent 

5294
04:42:05,100 --> 04:42:08,100
people were learning to value 
innovation that made life, more 

5295
04:42:08,100 --> 04:42:11,600
economical and efficient. 
Technology is a useful tool 

5296
04:42:11,600 --> 04:42:13,400
replaced technology as a 
spectacle. 

5297
04:42:13,400 --> 04:42:16,200
A change in agriculture was 
starting, that would eventually 

5298
04:42:16,200 --> 04:42:19,100
change Rural. 
America farmers were learning to

5299
04:42:19,100 --> 04:42:22,500
think of themselves as part of 
larger economic systems, rather 

5300
04:42:22,500 --> 04:42:26,000
than as independent operators, 
to diversify their crops and 

5301
04:42:26,000 --> 04:42:29,000
sources of income. 
And to use scientific methods to

5302
04:42:29,000 --> 04:42:32,100
improve efficiency, rather than 
just increased production, New 

5303
04:42:32,100 --> 04:42:34,900
Perspectives on agricultural 
policy and rural development 

5304
04:42:34,900 --> 04:42:38,000
were necessary as a result of 
the Ashes demonstration of the 

5305
04:42:38,000 --> 04:42:40,400
interdependence of the rural and
urban economies. 

5306
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:43,400
Farmers were coming to 
understand that the health of 

5307
04:42:43,400 --> 04:42:46,100
the larger economy, which 
brought their goods and met, 

5308
04:42:46,100 --> 04:42:49,200
their needs was just as 
important to their success as 

5309
04:42:49,200 --> 04:42:51,600
their own hard. 
Work lessons learned from the 

5310
04:42:51,600 --> 04:42:53,800
crash, regarding the 
significance of community. 

5311
04:42:53,800 --> 04:42:57,500
Self-sufficiency, an economic 
resilience were starting to be 

5312
04:42:57,500 --> 04:42:59,800
reflected in urban planning and 
Community Development. 

5313
04:43:01,000 --> 04:43:03,700
Communities were starting to 
consider how to preserve vital 

5314
04:43:03,700 --> 04:43:06,600
services and economic 
opportunities during times of 

5315
04:43:06,600 --> 04:43:10,400
diminished prosperity and cities
were re-evaluating development 

5316
04:43:10,400 --> 04:43:12,800
patterns. 
That had prioritized growth over

5317
04:43:12,800 --> 04:43:16,100
sustainability values. 
And expectations were changing 

5318
04:43:16,100 --> 04:43:19,000
more fundamentally as a result 
of the cultural changes that had

5319
04:43:19,000 --> 04:43:23,100
started right after the crash. 
The 1920s individualistic 

5320
04:43:23,100 --> 04:43:26,400
success culture was giving way 
to a more nuanced view of 

5321
04:43:26,408 --> 04:43:28,900
success, that encompassed not 
only material success. 

5322
04:43:28,900 --> 04:43:31,900
But also family stability, 
personal resilience and 

5323
04:43:31,900 --> 04:43:34,600
community service. 
These changes weren't happening 

5324
04:43:34,600 --> 04:43:38,200
consistently or without 
opposition, many Americans still

5325
04:43:38,200 --> 04:43:40,300
held out. 
Hope that the crash was merely a

5326
04:43:40,300 --> 04:43:43,500
brief disruption of regular 
Prosperity, rather than a 

5327
04:43:43,500 --> 04:43:45,200
significant change in the state 
of the economy. 

5328
04:43:45,200 --> 04:43:49,000
However, the changes people were
making in their daily lives. 

5329
04:43:49,000 --> 04:43:51,900
Were establishing new norms and 
expectations, that would have an

5330
04:43:51,900 --> 04:43:54,900
impact on American culture. 
Long after the economy had 

5331
04:43:54,900 --> 04:43:58,300
improved eventually, the social 
programs business practices and 

5332
04:43:58,300 --> 04:44:00,700
cultural values that would 
define American Society. 

5333
04:44:00,700 --> 04:44:04,600
For the remainder of the 20th 
century would Sprout from the 

5334
04:44:04,600 --> 04:44:07,900
seeds sown during this time of 
adaptation and adjustment. 

5335
04:44:08,900 --> 04:44:11,500
Formal social safety nets would 
develop from The Unofficial 

5336
04:44:11,500 --> 04:44:14,400
networks of support. 
Corporate policies would 

5337
04:44:14,400 --> 04:44:17,100
eventually adopt the business 
practices that prioritized 

5338
04:44:17,100 --> 04:44:20,300
Community Connection. 
Instead of being the exception 

5339
04:44:20,300 --> 04:44:23,600
educational methods, that struck
a balance between theoretical 

5340
04:44:23,600 --> 04:44:25,900
knowledge and Real World 
Experience, would become the 

5341
04:44:25,900 --> 04:44:28,500
standard. 
Most significantly American 

5342
04:44:28,500 --> 04:44:31,000
Americans were learning that 
security and prosperity were not

5343
04:44:31,000 --> 04:44:32,300
something to be taken for 
granted. 

5344
04:44:33,300 --> 04:44:36,000
But they were also learning that
their society had reserves of 

5345
04:44:36,008 --> 04:44:40,300
creativity resilience and 
support for one another that 

5346
04:44:40,300 --> 04:44:42,700
could enable them to deal with 
uncertainty while preserving 

5347
04:44:42,700 --> 04:44:44,800
their core beliefs and 
aspirations for the future. 

5348
04:44:44,800 --> 04:44:47,400
As we come to the end of this 
pivotal time. 

5349
04:44:47,400 --> 04:44:50,400
It's important to consider how 
the everyday experience of the 

5350
04:44:50,400 --> 04:44:54,400
1929 crash and its immediate 
aftermath continue to impact 

5351
04:44:54,400 --> 04:44:58,300
American Life in both overt and 
covert ways, some reverberating 

5352
04:44:58,300 --> 04:45:00,800
into our own era and others 
lasting for decades. 

5353
04:45:00,800 --> 04:45:03,508
The lessons learned from the 
crashed stayed with the 

5354
04:45:03,516 --> 04:45:06,900
generation that experienced it. 
As adults, they became the 

5355
04:45:06,900 --> 04:45:09,600
parents who prioritized 
Financial stability over 

5356
04:45:09,600 --> 04:45:12,800
Financial opportunity. 
Insisted that their kids acquire

5357
04:45:12,800 --> 04:45:16,100
practical skills and saved money
instead of spending it. 

5358
04:45:16,900 --> 04:45:18,500
These were the grandparents who 
maintained. 

5359
04:45:18,500 --> 04:45:21,000
Well stopped pantries, who 
didn't discard anything? 

5360
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:24,200
That might come in handy later 
and who defined success not by 

5361
04:45:24,200 --> 04:45:27,400
material possessions? 
But by security, these values 

5362
04:45:27,400 --> 04:45:30,100
were complexly internalized. 
By their children who grew up 

5363
04:45:30,108 --> 04:45:34,200
during the Great Depression. 
By emphasizing consistent work 

5364
04:45:34,200 --> 04:45:36,600
prudent spending and long-term 
planning. 

5365
04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:41,100
Some people adopted the lessons 
of caution and Thrift and became

5366
04:45:41,100 --> 04:45:43,200
the Cornerstone of America's 
post-war Prosperity. 

5367
04:45:43,200 --> 04:45:46,300
Others rebelled against what 
they perceived as overly 

5368
04:45:46,300 --> 04:45:48,900
cautious behavior. 
And they went on to become the 

5369
04:45:48,900 --> 04:45:51,300
Risk Takers and entrepreneurs 
who propelled American 

5370
04:45:51,300 --> 04:45:53,800
innovation. 
In the mid-1900s, modern 

5371
04:45:53,800 --> 04:45:56,800
American Social and economic 
policy was ultimately on the 

5372
04:45:56,800 --> 04:45:59,500
institutional reforms that 
started in the months after the 

5373
04:45:59,500 --> 04:46:02,200
crash. 
Formal social safety nets 

5374
04:46:02,200 --> 04:46:04,700
developed from unofficial 
Community Support Networks. 

5375
04:46:05,400 --> 04:46:08,500
Business strategies that 
prioritize community service and

5376
04:46:08,500 --> 04:46:11,100
customer relationships evolved 
into accepted methods of 

5377
04:46:11,100 --> 04:46:14,500
corporate governance. 
American public education was 

5378
04:46:14,500 --> 04:46:17,100
modeled after educational 
innovations, that struck a 

5379
04:46:17,100 --> 04:46:19,600
balance between academic and 
practical training, the 

5380
04:46:19,600 --> 04:46:21,400
regulatory Frameworks that 
arose. 

5381
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:24,500
As a direct result of the crash 
included, Federal Insurance 

5382
04:46:24,500 --> 04:46:28,600
programs Securities, oversight, 
and banking regulation, however,

5383
04:46:28,600 --> 04:46:32,300
the informal adaptations made by
Regular People in the immediate 

5384
04:46:32,300 --> 04:46:36,100
aftermath of the crisis served 
as the basis for these official 

5385
04:46:36,100 --> 04:46:38,800
policies. 
A fundamental shift in American 

5386
04:46:38,800 --> 04:46:41,400
values, that affected everything
from family structures. 

5387
04:46:41,400 --> 04:46:45,000
To artistic expression was a 
result of the cultural shifts 

5388
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:49,800
that started in 1929. 
A more complex culture emerged 

5389
04:46:49,800 --> 04:46:51,900
from the consumer culture of the
1920s. 

5390
04:46:51,900 --> 04:46:55,100
While that incorporated lessons 
about the value of community 

5391
04:46:55,100 --> 04:46:58,400
conservation and mutual support 
while retaining American 

5392
04:46:58,400 --> 04:47:01,800
optimism and inventiveness this 
era, gave rise to literature 

5393
04:47:01,800 --> 04:47:05,200
music and art that reflected 
themes that would reverberate 

5394
04:47:05,200 --> 04:47:08,700
across American society. 
The value of family and 

5395
04:47:08,700 --> 04:47:11,200
Community ties the Dignity of 
routine labor. 

5396
04:47:11,200 --> 04:47:14,700
The fortitude of individuals 
confronting extraordinary 

5397
04:47:14,700 --> 04:47:18,200
adversity and the potential for 
finding fulfillment and meaning 

5398
04:47:18,200 --> 04:47:21,100
in situations that did not 
involve material abundance 

5399
04:47:21,100 --> 04:47:25,200
communities responses to the 
crash buried by region, which 

5400
04:47:25,200 --> 04:47:28,300
led to long-lasting differences 
in American social and political

5401
04:47:28,300 --> 04:47:31,000
culture. 
Communities, that established 

5402
04:47:31,000 --> 04:47:35,000
robust customs of mutual Aid and
Community collaboration served 

5403
04:47:35,000 --> 04:47:37,300
as the Cornerstone for 
Collective action and the 

5404
04:47:37,300 --> 04:47:41,000
support of social programs. 
American traditions of 

5405
04:47:41,000 --> 04:47:44,100
Entrepreneurship and personal 
accountability have persisted 

5406
04:47:44,100 --> 04:47:46,600
because of regions that 
prioritized individual 

5407
04:47:46,600 --> 04:47:50,800
adaptation and self-reliance, 
modern macroeconomic policy, 

5408
04:47:50,800 --> 04:47:53,300
eventually grew out of the 
economic theories and methods 

5409
04:47:53,300 --> 04:47:55,100
that arose from the crashes 
analysis. 

5410
04:47:55,900 --> 04:47:58,500
For many years. 
Government policy was shaped by 

5411
04:47:58,508 --> 04:48:01,500
the realization that economic 
systems needed active 

5412
04:48:01,500 --> 04:48:04,400
management. 
As a straightforward essay Fair 

5413
04:48:04,400 --> 04:48:06,900
methods. 
It became a fundamental premise 

5414
04:48:06,900 --> 04:48:09,700
of American political discourse 
that the well-being of 

5415
04:48:09,700 --> 04:48:12,400
individuals and communities was 
linked to the stability of the 

5416
04:48:12,400 --> 04:48:15,500
economy as a whole the 
spectacular but unworkable 

5417
04:48:15,500 --> 04:48:18,600
technological advancements of 
the boom years were frequently 

5418
04:48:18,600 --> 04:48:21,500
outperformed by those that arose
During the period of economic 

5419
04:48:21,500 --> 04:48:24,000
constraint in terms of 
durability and usefulness. 

5420
04:48:24,900 --> 04:48:27,300
Post-crash Innovations. 
Emphasis on Effectiveness 

5421
04:48:27,300 --> 04:48:30,900
robustness and real world. 
Use became a defining 

5422
04:48:30,900 --> 04:48:33,300
characteristic of American 
technological advancement. 

5423
04:48:33,300 --> 04:48:36,600
Additionally, the crash had a 
long-lasting impact on American 

5424
04:48:36,600 --> 04:48:40,100
perceptions of risk and security
The relationship between 

5425
04:48:40,100 --> 04:48:43,000
opportunity and danger was 
better understood by the 

5426
04:48:43,008 --> 04:48:46,900
generation that experienced. 
The immediate aftermath The 

5427
04:48:46,900 --> 04:48:49,500
improved their ability to spot 
early indicators of economic 

5428
04:48:49,500 --> 04:48:52,900
instability and strengthen their
resolve to keep reserves and 

5429
04:48:52,900 --> 04:48:56,100
backup plans in place in case of
emergencies libraries that 

5430
04:48:56,108 --> 04:49:00,800
extended their services churches
that created social programs and

5431
04:49:00,800 --> 04:49:04,200
schools, that balanced academic 
and practical education were 

5432
04:49:04,200 --> 04:49:07,400
among the community institutions
that successfully adjusted to 

5433
04:49:07,408 --> 04:49:11,400
the post-crash environment. 
These institutions became models

5434
04:49:11,400 --> 04:49:14,000
that impacted institutional 
Development Across the United 

5435
04:49:14,000 --> 04:49:17,000
States. 
Americans learned from the crash

5436
04:49:17,000 --> 04:49:19,700
that their most valuable 
institutions were those that 

5437
04:49:19,700 --> 04:49:21,700
could change to meet the needs 
of the community. 

5438
04:49:21,700 --> 04:49:25,500
In both prosperous and 
challenging times the Crashers 

5439
04:49:25,500 --> 04:49:28,900
Global ramifications and the US 
response to it created trends, 

5440
04:49:28,900 --> 04:49:31,500
that would shape US foreign 
policy for many years to come. 

5441
04:49:32,300 --> 04:49:34,900
If fundamental tenet of American
foreign policy, is the 

5442
04:49:34,900 --> 04:49:38,000
recognition of the link between 
Global and domestic economic 

5443
04:49:38,000 --> 04:49:40,800
stability. 
Everything from trade policy to 

5444
04:49:40,800 --> 04:49:43,900
International Development. 
Initiatives was impacted by the 

5445
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:46,500
realization that American 
Prosperity was partially 

5446
04:49:46,500 --> 04:49:48,600
dependent on the state of the 
world economy. 

5447
04:49:48,600 --> 04:49:51,900
Long-lasting alterations in 
American gender roles and family

5448
04:49:51,900 --> 04:49:55,300
structures influenced by the 
crash and its aftermath 

5449
04:49:56,200 --> 04:49:58,900
long-term shifts in perceptions 
of women's potential and 

5450
04:49:58,900 --> 04:50:02,200
opportunities were influenced by
the economic necessity that 

5451
04:50:02,200 --> 04:50:04,900
forced women to assume larger 
roles in both families and 

5452
04:50:04,900 --> 04:50:08,000
communities. 
More adaptable views of gender, 

5453
04:50:08,000 --> 04:50:11,200
norms, and family duties. 
Resulted from the experiences of

5454
04:50:11,200 --> 04:50:14,100
men, whose traditional roles as 
the main Breadwinners were 

5455
04:50:14,100 --> 04:50:17,100
called into question by economic
conditions, although not 

5456
04:50:17,100 --> 04:50:20,000
entirely understood at the time.
The crashes affects on the 

5457
04:50:20,000 --> 04:50:24,200
noteworthy early. 
Recognition of the significance 

5458
04:50:24,200 --> 04:50:27,000
of sustainable resource, use was
aided by the emphasis on 

5459
04:50:27,000 --> 04:50:30,200
efficiency and conservation that
resulted from economic 

5460
04:50:30,200 --> 04:50:32,900
necessity. 
Atoms that would later impact, 

5461
04:50:32,900 --> 04:50:36,200
Agricultural and environmental 
policy were established by the 

5462
04:50:36,200 --> 04:50:39,400
local food production and 
consumption that became 

5463
04:50:39,400 --> 04:50:41,000
necessary. 
During times of economic 

5464
04:50:41,000 --> 04:50:44,200
hardship, most significantly the
crash showed that American 

5465
04:50:44,200 --> 04:50:47,300
society had extraordinary 
reserves of fortitude in genuity

5466
04:50:47,300 --> 04:50:50,000
and camaraderie, that could be 
called upon in emergency 

5467
04:50:50,000 --> 04:50:53,900
situations as models for how 
communities could handle future 

5468
04:50:53,900 --> 04:50:57,400
difficulties, The Unofficial 
networks and adaptable tactics 

5469
04:50:57,400 --> 04:51:00,100
that developed in the months 
after the crash became an 

5470
04:51:00,100 --> 04:51:03,700
enduring component of American 
Social infrastructure, the tales

5471
04:51:03,700 --> 04:51:07,100
of Dr. Harrison the Kowski. 
Family, Eleanor Murphy and Tom 

5472
04:51:07,100 --> 04:51:09,900
and Sarah Henderson, weren't 
particularly noteworthy or 

5473
04:51:09,900 --> 04:51:12,300
unique. 
They symbolized the experience 

5474
04:51:12,300 --> 04:51:15,000
of millions of Americans who 
learned that they could adjust 

5475
04:51:15,000 --> 04:51:16,800
to situations. 
They never would have thought 

5476
04:51:16,800 --> 04:51:20,300
possible, finding dignity. 
And meaning in situations that 

5477
04:51:20,300 --> 04:51:22,900
contradicted their fundamental 
beliefs about safety and 

5478
04:51:22,900 --> 04:51:25,900
prosperity. 
Their experience is wearing in 

5479
04:51:25,900 --> 04:51:29,200
the collective memory of 
Americans helping to foster a 

5480
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:31,400
national awareness that the 
welfare of the community in 

5481
04:51:31,700 --> 04:51:35,300
Vigil, success were closely 
related, that Prosperity could 

5482
04:51:35,300 --> 04:51:38,600
not be taken for granted, but 
could be restored with hard work

5483
04:51:38,600 --> 04:51:41,700
and collaboration and that the 
most valuable assets of any 

5484
04:51:41,700 --> 04:51:46,400
society with a moral fiber 
inventiveness and camaraderie of

5485
04:51:46,400 --> 04:51:50,600
its members, think about how the
1929 crash story relates to your

5486
04:51:50,600 --> 04:51:54,100
own life, in both overt and 
covert ways, as you curl up 

5487
04:51:54,100 --> 04:51:57,800
deeper under your blanket, and 
feel the soft weight of sleep, 

5488
04:51:57,800 --> 04:52:02,000
starting to take you over. 
The circumstances that the 

5489
04:52:02,000 --> 04:52:05,200
people we met tonight, Eleanor 
learning to stretch a salary. 

5490
04:52:05,200 --> 04:52:09,200
Tom Henderson renegotiating his 
farm loans, the kowalskis 

5491
04:52:09,200 --> 04:52:12,600
adjusting their small business, 
and Dr. Harrison deepening. 

5492
04:52:12,600 --> 04:52:15,700
His understanding of community 
service, had to deal with. 

5493
04:52:15,700 --> 04:52:20,000
Were unprecedented for them, but
they were all familiar to anyone

5494
04:52:20,000 --> 04:52:23,100
who has ever experienced, 
economic uncertainty, their 

5495
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:26,000
narrative serves as a reminder 
that community support and 

5496
04:52:26,000 --> 04:52:29,300
personal resiliency are not 
merely historical Oddities but 

5497
04:52:29,300 --> 04:52:32,900
rather essential needs. 
Anyone managing the intricacies 

5498
04:52:32,900 --> 04:52:35,600
of contemporary economic, life 
can still benefit from The 

5499
04:52:35,600 --> 04:52:38,700
Unofficial networks of support 
for one another, the Innovative 

5500
04:52:38,700 --> 04:52:41,800
responses to shifting conditions
and the harmony between 

5501
04:52:41,800 --> 04:52:45,000
individual initiative and group 
responsibility that developed in

5502
04:52:45,000 --> 04:52:48,800
the wake of the crash, the 1929 
crash was more than just a 

5503
04:52:48,800 --> 04:52:51,900
historical occurrence. 
It was a manifestation of human 

5504
04:52:51,900 --> 04:52:55,700
adaptability and vulnerability. 
Fragility was brought about by 

5505
04:52:55,700 --> 04:52:58,900
the same forces that brought 
about Prosperity but the same 

5506
04:52:58,908 --> 04:53:02,200
Ingenuity and collaboration that
enabled people to weather the 

5507
04:53:02,200 --> 04:53:05,900
crisis also set the stage for 
stability and expansion in the 

5508
04:53:05,908 --> 04:53:08,200
future. 
As you fall asleep, you may 

5509
04:53:08,200 --> 04:53:11,200
dream of farmers looking through
their account books by Lamplight

5510
04:53:11,200 --> 04:53:14,300
of ticker tape machines. 
Clicking out their cryptic 

5511
04:53:14,300 --> 04:53:18,000
messages or a families huddled 
Around Radio sets that provided 

5512
04:53:18,000 --> 04:53:21,900
both reassuring entertainment 
and upsetting news these dreams 

5513
04:53:21,900 --> 04:53:23,600
link you to an ongoing, American
narrative. 

5514
04:53:23,600 --> 04:53:26,500
Concerning the interplay between
personal aspirations and the 

5515
04:53:26,500 --> 04:53:29,600
well-being of the community 
material wealth and personal 

5516
04:53:29,600 --> 04:53:32,900
safety, and the promises of 
advancement and the realities of

5517
04:53:32,900 --> 04:53:35,900
human Frailty. 
We can learn from the 1929 

5518
04:53:35,900 --> 04:53:37,600
crash. 
That economic systems are 

5519
04:53:37,600 --> 04:53:40,000
ultimately human constructs. 
That represent Human 

5520
04:53:40,000 --> 04:53:43,600
Relationships values and 
decisions those who survived the

5521
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:46,100
crash learn that their most 
valuable assets were not their 

5522
04:53:46,100 --> 04:53:48,900
money, but rather their 
abilities connections and 

5523
04:53:48,900 --> 04:53:52,200
ability to support one another 
The significance of these 

5524
04:53:52,200 --> 04:53:54,700
resources has not changed since 
1929. 

5525
04:53:54,700 --> 04:53:57,600
You will be carrying on the 
narrative that started long 

5526
04:53:57,600 --> 04:54:00,600
before the crash and will 
continue long after our present 

5527
04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:02,200
economic difficulties are 
resolved. 

5528
04:54:02,200 --> 04:54:05,300
When you wake up tomorrow and 
examine your own financial 

5529
04:54:05,300 --> 04:54:09,200
status, make your own financial 
decisions and engage in your own

5530
04:54:09,200 --> 04:54:12,200
Community networks. 
The crash serves as a reminder 

5531
04:54:12,200 --> 04:54:15,000
that Prosperity is a state that 
needs ongoing care and 

5532
04:54:15,000 --> 04:54:16,800
attention. 
Rather than a destination 

5533
04:54:16,800 --> 04:54:21,000
security comes from building the
institutions connections and 

5534
04:54:21,000 --> 04:54:24,600
abilities that will enable us to
deal with any situation that may

5535
04:54:24,600 --> 04:54:26,800
arise. 
Not from a massing wealth. 

5536
04:54:26,800 --> 04:54:29,000
The crash is most significant 
lesson though. 

5537
04:54:29,000 --> 04:54:34,000
Maybe that people are incredibly
resilient inventive and adaptive

5538
04:54:34,000 --> 04:54:37,400
when they cooperate, anyone 
dealing with uncertainty, or 

5539
04:54:37,400 --> 04:54:40,000
change can learn from The 
Unofficial support systems 

5540
04:54:40,000 --> 04:54:43,900
innovative solutions to real 
world issues and the harmony 

5541
04:54:43,900 --> 04:54:46,400
between individual initiative 
and group collaboration. 

5542
04:54:46,400 --> 04:54:50,000
That arose following the crash, 
you can rest easy knowing that 

5543
04:54:50,000 --> 04:54:52,100
you're a part of the ongoing. 
In human Narrative of 

5544
04:54:52,100 --> 04:54:55,500
adaptability fortitude and 
camaraderie, although, the 

5545
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:58,400
difficulties you encounter are 
personal, you're connected to 

5546
04:54:58,400 --> 04:55:01,300
everyone who has ever had to 
adjust to situations beyond 

5547
04:55:01,300 --> 04:55:04,500
their Direct Control by the 
resources, you have creativity, 

5548
04:55:04,500 --> 04:55:08,700
relationships Community 
connections, and the collective 

5549
04:55:08,700 --> 04:55:10,900
knowledge of others who have 
encountered comparable 

5550
04:55:10,900 --> 04:55:13,200
difficulties. 
The fact that people have always

5551
04:55:13,200 --> 04:55:17,100
managed to survive, adapt, and 
even flourish in situations that

5552
04:55:17,100 --> 04:55:20,000
at first glance seemed 
insurmountable, maybe the most 

5553
04:55:20,000 --> 04:55:24,800
consoling realization of all. 
The people of 1929 had no idea 

5554
04:55:24,800 --> 04:55:28,200
how their story would turn out, 
but they handled it with honor 

5555
04:55:28,200 --> 04:55:32,100
in genuity and camaraderie which
enabled them to rise above the 

5556
04:55:32,100 --> 04:55:35,100
rubble of what they had lost and
create something better, your 

5557
04:55:35,100 --> 04:55:38,100
ability to adjust, support and 
receive support from the 

5558
04:55:38,100 --> 04:55:40,400
communities. 
You're a part of is how their 

5559
04:55:40,400 --> 04:55:44,800
story lives on in yours. sweet 
dreams and may you rest in the 

5560
04:55:44,800 --> 04:55:48,100
knowledge that we still possess 
the human ability to bounce back

5561
04:55:48,100 --> 04:55:57,100
and the resiliency that kept our
four Bears going Albert Einstein

5562
04:55:57,100 --> 04:56:01,600
was born on March 14th, 1879 in 
the modest city of all in the 

5563
04:56:01,600 --> 04:56:05,800
German Empire, his father, 
Herman managed small, electric 

5564
04:56:05,800 --> 04:56:09,100
chemical Ventures and his mother
Pauline nurtured. 

5565
04:56:09,100 --> 04:56:11,800
A love of Music. 
Contrary to later myths, he 

5566
04:56:11,800 --> 04:56:13,100
wasn't a poor student. 
Rather. 

5567
04:56:13,100 --> 04:56:16,600
He disliked wrote memorization 
and preferred exploring ideas on

5568
04:56:16,600 --> 04:56:19,700
his own at age 5. 
He received a simple compass. 

5569
04:56:20,500 --> 04:56:24,200
It's unwavering needle Guided by
an unseen Force, left him 

5570
04:56:24,200 --> 04:56:27,700
Spellbound hinting at Hidden 
laws in nature in school. 

5571
04:56:27,700 --> 04:56:30,900
He often seemed preoccupied 
building intricate houses of 

5572
04:56:30,900 --> 04:56:33,900
cards or lost in thought though,
teachers labeled him 

5573
04:56:33,900 --> 04:56:36,700
indifferent, he was quietly. 
Constructing mental pictures 

5574
04:56:36,700 --> 04:56:40,600
that reached far beyond mundane 
lessons music also shaped his 

5575
04:56:40,600 --> 04:56:42,700
early life. 
Pauline insisted he learned 

5576
04:56:42,700 --> 04:56:46,800
violin and though, reluctant at 
first, he found a kinship with 

5577
04:56:46,800 --> 04:56:50,900
Mozart's compositions This link 
between artistic Harmony and 

5578
04:56:50,900 --> 04:56:54,500
orderly principles of the 
universe captivated him even as 

5579
04:56:54,500 --> 04:56:57,100
a child, he sensed that 
creativity and logic could 

5580
04:56:57,100 --> 04:57:01,100
co-exist productively. 
His family's moves first to 

5581
04:57:01,100 --> 04:57:03,900
Munich then to Italy, created in
him. 

5582
04:57:03,900 --> 04:57:07,400
A sense of displacement rather 
than fitting snugly into any 

5583
04:57:07,400 --> 04:57:09,200
single cultural or academic 
mold. 

5584
04:57:09,200 --> 04:57:13,000
He became an observer 
questioning, everything around 

5585
04:57:13,000 --> 04:57:15,200
him during a stint at a 
Catholic. 

5586
04:57:15,200 --> 04:57:18,300
Elementary school, he briefly 
embraced religious devotion, 

5587
04:57:19,100 --> 04:57:21,800
Yet, he soon gravitated toward a
more personal sense. 

5588
04:57:21,800 --> 04:57:26,500
Of wonder One Unbound by strict 
Doctrine later, he would speak 

5589
04:57:26,500 --> 04:57:30,500
of a cosmic religious feeling a 
reverence for the unfathomable 

5590
04:57:30,500 --> 04:57:34,200
mysteries of existence. 
The German educational system 

5591
04:57:34,200 --> 04:57:36,000
clashed with his inquisitive 
spirit. 

5592
04:57:36,900 --> 04:57:40,900
Teachers focused on memorization
while Einstein was enthralled by

5593
04:57:40,908 --> 04:57:44,000
independent exploration. 
He pulled over geometry and 

5594
04:57:44,000 --> 04:57:48,100
calculus texts in his free time.
Often outpacing his peers and 

5595
04:57:48,100 --> 04:57:51,900
conceptual understanding one 
tutor noticed his knack for 

5596
04:57:51,900 --> 04:57:55,200
dissecting problems from 
multiple angles, an early sign 

5597
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:57,500
of the thought experiments. 
He would later make famous. 

5598
04:57:57,500 --> 04:58:00,900
Meanwhile Herman's business 
Pursuits, met with limited 

5599
04:58:00,900 --> 04:58:03,800
success adding Financial strain 
to the household. 

5600
04:58:04,700 --> 04:58:07,800
Yet in that uncertainty, 
Einstein found pockets of 

5601
04:58:07,800 --> 04:58:10,300
Freedom. 
His parents rarely scolded him 

5602
04:58:10,300 --> 04:58:13,100
for daydreaming. 
Instead, they recognized his 

5603
04:58:13,100 --> 04:58:15,000
inclination to probe and 
analyze. 

5604
04:58:15,900 --> 04:58:19,600
When he built Kart Towers, it 
was more than play, he studied 

5605
04:58:19,600 --> 04:58:23,300
balanced structure and 
resilience qualities, he would 

5606
04:58:23,300 --> 04:58:27,100
apply to his theoretical work. 
Overlooked details of his youth 

5607
04:58:27,100 --> 04:58:29,100
further, illustrate his 
distinctive perspective. 

5608
04:58:30,300 --> 04:58:32,900
He once spent hours, trying to 
visualize how a beam of light 

5609
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:34,900
might appear, if one could race 
alongside it. 

5610
04:58:35,700 --> 04:58:38,500
These musings were embryonic 
glimpses of the relativity. 

5611
04:58:38,500 --> 04:58:42,400
He would formalize years later. 
Far from Mere fanciful flights. 

5612
04:58:42,400 --> 04:58:45,400
They were training ground from 
mind unafraid to question 

5613
04:58:45,400 --> 04:58:49,500
conventional frame of reference.
Another seldom noted aspect was 

5614
04:58:49,500 --> 04:58:52,800
his relationship with language 
raised in a multilingual 

5615
04:58:52,800 --> 04:58:56,900
environment German at home 
occasionally Italian outside, he

5616
04:58:56,900 --> 04:59:00,100
developed a nuanced, 
appreciation for Words later in 

5617
04:59:00,100 --> 04:59:01,800
life. 
He would craft carefully, 

5618
04:59:01,800 --> 04:59:04,700
balanced scientific papers where
Clarity took precedence over 

5619
04:59:04,700 --> 04:59:09,100
flourish. but as a boy, he 
simply recognized that words 

5620
04:59:09,100 --> 04:59:13,400
were imperfect vessels for ideas
sparking, a habit of visualizing

5621
04:59:13,400 --> 04:59:17,100
Concepts to grasp the more 
deeply By his early teens 

5622
04:59:17,100 --> 04:59:20,600
Einstein grew increasingly 
restless with formal schooling. 

5623
04:59:20,600 --> 04:59:24,300
The Lewis Paul gymnasium in 
Munich with its strict regiment,

5624
04:59:24,300 --> 04:59:28,600
clashed with his burgeoning 
interests feeling stifled, he 

5625
04:59:28,600 --> 04:59:31,700
began to defy conventional 
academic paths in a decision 

5626
04:59:31,700 --> 04:59:35,100
that alarmed his teachers. 
He left school before graduation

5627
04:59:35,100 --> 04:59:36,500
and followed his family to 
Italy. 

5628
04:59:36,500 --> 04:59:39,800
To sum it looked like a rash 
move yet. 

5629
04:59:39,800 --> 04:59:42,400
It was an act of 
self-determination fueled by a 

5630
04:59:42,400 --> 04:59:43,800
longing to learn without 
constraint. 

5631
04:59:44,600 --> 04:59:48,000
During this period, he explored 
philosophy as well, delving into

5632
04:59:48,000 --> 04:59:51,300
accounts works and pondering the
nature of reality, such 

5633
04:59:51,300 --> 04:59:53,800
reading's reinforced his 
conviction, that genuine 

5634
04:59:53,800 --> 04:59:56,200
understanding required, more 
than reciting facts. 

5635
04:59:56,200 --> 04:59:59,700
He craved first-hand, encounters
with the puzzles of the Universe

5636
04:59:59,700 --> 05:00:02,600
from the motion of planets to 
the properties of light. 

5637
05:00:03,600 --> 05:00:06,300
Though his childhood did not 
revolve solely around science, 

5638
05:00:06,300 --> 05:00:10,400
he played violin enjoyed walks 
and showed flashes of humour. 

5639
05:00:10,400 --> 05:00:12,700
It was imbued with a special 
kind of curiosity. 

5640
05:00:12,700 --> 05:00:15,600
He was neither the hapless 
student nor the overnight 

5641
05:00:15,600 --> 05:00:19,600
Prodigy that later, narratives 
would portray instead, he was a 

5642
05:00:19,600 --> 05:00:22,500
reflective somewhat solitary 
child who found, meaning in 

5643
05:00:22,500 --> 05:00:26,200
probing life's deeper questions,
his early experience is compass 

5644
05:00:26,200 --> 05:00:29,700
in Hand cards, neatly stacked 
violin tucked under his chin, 

5645
05:00:29,700 --> 05:00:31,800
crystallized into the core of a 
worldview. 

5646
05:00:31,800 --> 05:00:34,100
That would soon turn the 
scientific World on its head. 

5647
05:00:34,100 --> 05:00:38,000
Ultimately the disparate strands
of his youth would unite in a 

5648
05:00:38,000 --> 05:00:39,700
bold questioning of the 
established order. 

5649
05:00:40,400 --> 05:00:43,000
Few recognized how far his 
curiosity would carry him. 

5650
05:00:44,000 --> 05:00:47,000
Einstein's choice to abandon the
Lewis, Paul gymnasium, before 

5651
05:00:47,000 --> 05:00:50,900
graduating startled his teachers
but he felt stifled by rote 

5652
05:00:50,900 --> 05:00:53,800
drills. 
He rejoined, his family in Milan

5653
05:00:53,800 --> 05:00:55,700
where Herman hoped to save his 
faltering business. 

5654
05:00:55,700 --> 05:01:00,400
Finally freed from rigid, school
routines, Einstein studied math 

5655
05:01:00,400 --> 05:01:03,400
and philosophy on his own 
devouring Cuts. 

5656
05:01:03,400 --> 05:01:05,900
Works nurturing an obsession 
with the universe's hidden 

5657
05:01:05,900 --> 05:01:08,600
structure. 
Still the need for formal 

5658
05:01:08,600 --> 05:01:12,700
credentials loomed in. 1895 he 
applied to the Swiss Federal 

5659
05:01:12,700 --> 05:01:15,800
Polytechnic in Zurich known for 
its Forward Thinking curriculum.

5660
05:01:16,800 --> 05:01:20,300
Although he excelled in math and
physics, he flunked the entrance

5661
05:01:20,300 --> 05:01:24,300
exams other parts undeterred. 
He spent a transformative year 

5662
05:01:24,300 --> 05:01:27,000
at the cantonal school in aarau 
Switzerland. 

5663
05:01:28,000 --> 05:01:32,100
This school's Progressive, ethos
welcomed curiosity and debate an

5664
05:01:32,100 --> 05:01:35,200
environment in which Einstein 
thrived living with the winter 

5665
05:01:35,200 --> 05:01:37,900
layer family. 
He formed close bonds. 

5666
05:01:37,900 --> 05:01:41,900
He briefly romanced their 
daughter Marie, but also made 

5667
05:01:41,900 --> 05:01:45,000
lifelong friendships armed with 
improved preparation. 

5668
05:01:45,600 --> 05:01:49,200
He passed the Polytechnic 
entrance exam in 1896 and 

5669
05:01:49,200 --> 05:01:51,400
pursued a teaching diploma in 
math and physics. 

5670
05:01:52,200 --> 05:01:56,100
Zurich's intellectual pulse 
invigorated him by day, he 

5671
05:01:56,100 --> 05:01:59,100
endured lectures by night. 
He wrestled with scientific 

5672
05:01:59,100 --> 05:02:02,500
texts or debated Theory and 
cafes lesson through all with 

5673
05:02:02,500 --> 05:02:04,900
note-taking. 
You favored Independence study 

5674
05:02:04,900 --> 05:02:06,900
though. 
He admired some professors 

5675
05:02:06,900 --> 05:02:11,100
others, saw him as dismissive 
and unruly reputation, that 

5676
05:02:11,100 --> 05:02:12,900
would later cost him solid 
references. 

5677
05:02:13,800 --> 05:02:17,200
During this period Einstein 
MetLife marriage, the only woman

5678
05:02:17,200 --> 05:02:21,400
in their physics cohort, she was
bright and tenacious undeterred 

5679
05:02:21,400 --> 05:02:23,800
by an academic world. 
Largely unwelcoming to women. 

5680
05:02:24,600 --> 05:02:27,100
Their bond in to twined 
intellectual exchange, and 

5681
05:02:27,100 --> 05:02:30,600
romantic attraction. letters 
between them, reveal Lively 

5682
05:02:30,600 --> 05:02:33,900
dialogues about abstract science
and the deeper questions of 

5683
05:02:33,900 --> 05:02:37,300
existence, Critics. 
Sometimes question, the extent 

5684
05:02:37,300 --> 05:02:40,900
of maleva contributions to 
Einstein's, early work, But it 

5685
05:02:40,908 --> 05:02:43,900
certain she engaged in 
stimulating discussions, at a 

5686
05:02:43,900 --> 05:02:47,600
formative time in his career, 
Einstein graduated in 1900. 

5687
05:02:47,600 --> 05:02:50,000
Despite his clear gift for 
physics? 

5688
05:02:50,000 --> 05:02:54,400
Job prospects were scarce 
dismissed by some professors as 

5689
05:02:54,400 --> 05:02:57,000
headstrong. 
He received only lukewarm 

5690
05:02:57,000 --> 05:02:59,600
recommendations over the next 
two years. 

5691
05:02:59,600 --> 05:03:03,400
He subsisted on tutoring gigs 
and part-time teaching roles, 

5692
05:03:03,400 --> 05:03:06,800
struggling to pay rent. 
Meanwhile, his relationship with

5693
05:03:06,800 --> 05:03:10,800
Malaysia grew more serious. 
They had a daughter liezel whose

5694
05:03:10,800 --> 05:03:13,700
fate remains one of the murkiest
aspects of Einstein's life 

5695
05:03:13,700 --> 05:03:16,900
records suggests. 
She may have been adopted but 

5696
05:03:16,900 --> 05:03:20,500
details are sparse Financial 
anxiety in order to him and 

5697
05:03:20,500 --> 05:03:23,000
paternal disapproval of Malaysia
added stress. 

5698
05:03:23,000 --> 05:03:26,900
Yet his scientific passion, 
never dimmed, whenever he found 

5699
05:03:26,900 --> 05:03:29,600
a spare. 
Our Einstein tackled research 

5700
05:03:29,600 --> 05:03:33,400
problems in thermodynamics or 
statistical mechanics, despite 

5701
05:03:33,400 --> 05:03:36,300
their lack of widespread 
attention, the small papers, 

5702
05:03:36,300 --> 05:03:39,200
demonstrated Einstein's capacity
to critically examine 

5703
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:42,600
conventional assumptions. 
A modest Beacon of stability 

5704
05:03:42,600 --> 05:03:46,200
arrived in 1902. 
Einstein secured a post as a 

5705
05:03:46,200 --> 05:03:49,900
technical expert third class at 
the Swiss patent office in Byrne

5706
05:03:49,900 --> 05:03:51,800
while. 
Many might view patent reviewing

5707
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:55,100
as mundane the job offered a 
predictable schedule and a 

5708
05:03:55,100 --> 05:03:58,900
steady wage precisely what he 
needed. crucially, it also left 

5709
05:03:58,900 --> 05:04:01,800
him mental space, for 
independent thought, Far from 

5710
05:04:01,800 --> 05:04:04,400
being a lull. 
This period set the stage for 

5711
05:04:04,400 --> 05:04:05,800
his most significant 
breakthroughs. 

5712
05:04:06,600 --> 05:04:09,800
Burn itself was unassuming but 
it possessed an understated 

5713
05:04:09,800 --> 05:04:13,700
cultural Vitality. 
Einstein ever sociable in an 

5714
05:04:13,700 --> 05:04:15,600
understated way. 
Found a small circle of 

5715
05:04:15,600 --> 05:04:18,900
like-minded acquaintances. 
They shared books, debated 

5716
05:04:18,900 --> 05:04:21,900
philosophical, ideas, and 
sometimes playfully referred to 

5717
05:04:21,900 --> 05:04:24,300
themselves as the Olympia 
Academy. 

5718
05:04:25,100 --> 05:04:27,700
The groups, informal Spirit 
aligned perfectly with 

5719
05:04:27,700 --> 05:04:30,100
Einstein's. 
Own approach, free wheeling. 

5720
05:04:30,100 --> 05:04:33,200
Yet anchored by a deep respect 
for rational inquiry. 

5721
05:04:33,200 --> 05:04:37,300
Meanwhile, his personal life, 
moved forward, he and Malaysia 

5722
05:04:37,300 --> 05:04:40,600
married in 1903. 
Hoping to create a steel home. 

5723
05:04:40,600 --> 05:04:44,200
A union was hardly perfect 
fraught with the usual 

5724
05:04:44,200 --> 05:04:47,300
challenges of newlyweds. 
Compounded by Einstein's 

5725
05:04:47,300 --> 05:04:49,700
preoccupation with science and 
ongoing money worries. 

5726
05:04:50,700 --> 05:04:53,700
Still having a supportive 
partner with a keen interest in 

5727
05:04:53,700 --> 05:04:55,600
physics. 
Likely encouraged his 

5728
05:04:55,600 --> 05:04:58,100
intellectual wandering during 
these formative years. 

5729
05:04:59,200 --> 05:05:03,600
Between 1902 and 1904 Einstein 
churned through patent 

5730
05:05:03,600 --> 05:05:07,900
applications, by day, evaluating
new inventions for novelty and 

5731
05:05:07,900 --> 05:05:11,400
feasibility at night. 
He scribbled equations and 

5732
05:05:11,400 --> 05:05:13,500
chased the big questions that 
had haunted him. 

5733
05:05:13,500 --> 05:05:17,000
Since childhood, the nature of 
light the structure of time and 

5734
05:05:17,000 --> 05:05:20,100
whether the cosmos had 
fundamental certainties little 

5735
05:05:20,100 --> 05:05:23,700
did anyone suspect that his 
quiet hours in Burn would yield 

5736
05:05:23,700 --> 05:05:26,900
a series of scientific papers 
that would upend centuries of 

5737
05:05:26,908 --> 05:05:30,300
accepted physics and elevator 
once errant student to the front

5738
05:05:30,300 --> 05:05:32,800
ranks of modern science in a few
years. 

5739
05:05:32,800 --> 05:05:36,700
He would unleash a torrent of 
revolutionary ideas proving that

5740
05:05:36,700 --> 05:05:41,700
unorthodox paths can lead to 
remarkable destinations Settled 

5741
05:05:41,700 --> 05:05:43,200
at the Swiss patent office in 
Bourne. 

5742
05:05:43,200 --> 05:05:46,400
Einstein was officially a Clarke
reviewing applications for new 

5743
05:05:46,400 --> 05:05:50,100
inventions unofficially, he was 
a theorist probing, the bedroom 

5744
05:05:50,100 --> 05:05:52,600
of physics, the job's 
predictable routine. 

5745
05:05:52,600 --> 05:05:56,200
Left him, time to explore the 
mysteries of light motion and 

5746
05:05:56,200 --> 05:05:59,100
energy questions that had him 
since childhood. 

5747
05:05:59,100 --> 05:06:01,900
His personal life had stabilized
somewhat. 

5748
05:06:01,900 --> 05:06:06,400
He in Malaysia now, married 
lived modestly mindful of every 

5749
05:06:06,400 --> 05:06:11,700
expense Their son Hans Albert 
born in 1904 added new 

5750
05:06:11,700 --> 05:06:15,700
responsibilities, own physics. 
Background made her a supportive

5751
05:06:15,700 --> 05:06:18,200
Confidant for Einstein's musics 
though. 

5752
05:06:18,200 --> 05:06:20,400
The precise scope of her 
influence remains debated. 

5753
05:06:21,300 --> 05:06:24,800
In 1905. 
Einstein Unleashed four seminal 

5754
05:06:24,800 --> 05:06:28,300
papers in annaland are physic 
the first explain the 

5755
05:06:28,300 --> 05:06:32,200
photoelectric effect by treating
light as particles helping seed,

5756
05:06:32,200 --> 05:06:34,000
the future field of quantum 
mechanics. 

5757
05:06:35,000 --> 05:06:38,700
Next came his work on Brownian 
motion using statistics to 

5758
05:06:38,700 --> 05:06:40,800
confirm the existence of atoms 
and molecules. 

5759
05:06:40,800 --> 05:06:45,300
Then in his special theory of 
relativity he shattered the old 

5760
05:06:45,300 --> 05:06:49,000
notion of absolute time 
proposing that simultaneity 

5761
05:06:49,000 --> 05:06:52,600
depends on an observer's motion 
finally in a spare. 

5762
05:06:52,600 --> 05:06:57,100
But dazzling note, he offered E 
equals MC is squared revealing 

5763
05:06:57,100 --> 05:07:01,000
the profound equivalents of mass
and energy at first these 

5764
05:07:01,000 --> 05:07:04,200
radical ideas. 
Mixed responses some Scholars 

5765
05:07:04,200 --> 05:07:08,100
found them to speculative others
grasped their seismic potential.

5766
05:07:08,900 --> 05:07:12,800
Over time the consensus grew 
Einstein had transformed physics

5767
05:07:12,800 --> 05:07:16,100
from the inside out, his 
reputation slowly spread. 

5768
05:07:16,100 --> 05:07:20,800
Though he remained a patent 
class until 1909 yearned for an 

5769
05:07:20,800 --> 05:07:23,500
academic post, but faced 
challenges, he lacked the usual 

5770
05:07:23,500 --> 05:07:26,800
pedigrees and some professors 
gave tepid recommendations. 

5771
05:07:26,800 --> 05:07:29,900
Eventually the University of 
Zurich appointed him as a 

5772
05:07:29,900 --> 05:07:32,800
lecturer opening the door to 
more formal scientific 

5773
05:07:32,800 --> 05:07:35,400
community. 
Believer, managed their growing 

5774
05:07:35,400 --> 05:07:38,100
family, which now included a 
second son. 

5775
05:07:38,100 --> 05:07:42,200
Edward while Einstein wrestled 
with teaching duties and ongoing

5776
05:07:42,200 --> 05:07:46,400
research, But their marriage 
started to show cracks strained 

5777
05:07:46,400 --> 05:07:49,200
by the financial pressures and 
Einstein's single-minded 

5778
05:07:49,200 --> 05:07:52,600
Devotion to work. 
Despite domestic tension his 

5779
05:07:52,600 --> 05:07:54,200
scientific profile Rose, 
swiftly. 

5780
05:07:55,100 --> 05:07:58,600
Younger physicists Marvel at his
knack for taking early insights 

5781
05:07:58,600 --> 05:08:02,600
such as those from hendrik, 
lorentz and Honore and unifying 

5782
05:08:02,600 --> 05:08:06,300
them into a cohesive vision. 
The outcome was more than a 

5783
05:08:06,300 --> 05:08:10,300
patchwork of theories, it was a 
radical recasting of how energy 

5784
05:08:10,300 --> 05:08:15,700
space and time interlock. 
He left Bern for Zurich in 1909,

5785
05:08:15,700 --> 05:08:19,300
then moved to Prague in 1911 for
another professorship. 

5786
05:08:20,300 --> 05:08:23,300
Believer followed, but the 
demands of uprooting and the 

5787
05:08:23,300 --> 05:08:25,900
complexities of raising children
chipped away at their 

5788
05:08:25,900 --> 05:08:29,700
partnership in Prague. 
Einstein refined his thoughts on

5789
05:08:29,700 --> 05:08:33,200
gravity hinting at a broader 
framework to come though. 

5790
05:08:33,200 --> 05:08:35,500
Overshadowed by cultural and 
political tensions. 

5791
05:08:35,500 --> 05:08:39,000
In the austro-hungarian Empire, 
the city still offered pockets 

5792
05:08:39,000 --> 05:08:42,100
of intellectual ferment. 
Einstein found colleagues 

5793
05:08:42,100 --> 05:08:44,500
intrigued by his work and critic
skeptical of it. 

5794
05:08:44,500 --> 05:08:47,900
He thrived on debate defending 
his theories with calm 

5795
05:08:47,900 --> 05:08:52,100
conviction by 1912, who was back
in Zurich at the Polytechnic. 

5796
05:08:52,100 --> 05:08:55,600
Now, as a professor, this time 
he delved deeper into the 

5797
05:08:55,600 --> 05:08:58,400
mathematics needed to extend 
relativity to gravitational 

5798
05:08:58,400 --> 05:09:00,800
fields. 
His collaboration with 

5799
05:09:00,800 --> 05:09:04,500
mathematician Marcel, grossmann 
was vital laying the groundwork 

5800
05:09:04,500 --> 05:09:06,600
for what would become the 
general theory of relativity? 

5801
05:09:07,700 --> 05:09:10,700
While special relativity had 
reconfigured space and time on a

5802
05:09:10,700 --> 05:09:13,100
flat stage. 
Einstein, now aimed to show how 

5803
05:09:13,100 --> 05:09:16,700
massive objects could warp that 
stage itself in parallel 

5804
05:09:16,700 --> 05:09:20,300
tensions at home, worsened. 
Millie's, hopes for her own, 

5805
05:09:20,300 --> 05:09:23,500
scientific contributions had 
faded into domestic obligations 

5806
05:09:23,500 --> 05:09:26,600
Einstein's growing. 
Fame, meant invitations to speak

5807
05:09:26,600 --> 05:09:30,800
and collaborate pulling him away
for extended periods at times 

5808
05:09:30,800 --> 05:09:33,200
letters. 
Reveal a coldness creeping into 

5809
05:09:33,200 --> 05:09:36,900
their marriage, he could be 
absent, minded impatient and 

5810
05:09:36,900 --> 05:09:39,500
increasingly dismissive of 
malays as emotional needs. 

5811
05:09:39,500 --> 05:09:43,600
The personal costs of Genius 
were mounting even if the 

5812
05:09:43,600 --> 05:09:47,500
broadest world was beginning to 
admire him as a visionary By the

5813
05:09:47,500 --> 05:09:50,000
end of 1912 Einstein's. 
Ambitions were clear. 

5814
05:09:50,000 --> 05:09:53,500
He had cemented a reputation as 
the Mind behind special 

5815
05:09:53,500 --> 05:09:56,200
relativity, and he was on the 
cusp of unveiling, a more 

5816
05:09:56,208 --> 05:09:59,700
comprehensive framework to 
explain gravity University's 

5817
05:09:59,700 --> 05:10:02,700
courted him and scientific 
societies began to Lord his 

5818
05:10:02,700 --> 05:10:05,200
insights. 
Yet beneath this rise like 

5819
05:10:05,200 --> 05:10:08,300
private Discord. 
Tension's that would escalate 

5820
05:10:08,300 --> 05:10:12,000
once his career carried him to 
Berlin for now though I 

5821
05:10:12,000 --> 05:10:14,100
Einstein's path, LED an 
extremely toward one of the 

5822
05:10:14,108 --> 05:10:17,800
greatest intellectual Feats in 
history fueled by that same 

5823
05:10:17,800 --> 05:10:20,500
Restless curiosity, that once 
made him walk away from 

5824
05:10:20,500 --> 05:10:24,700
gymnasium classes and questions,
the simplest of nature despite 

5825
05:10:24,700 --> 05:10:26,800
term oil. 
His momentum was Unstoppable. 

5826
05:10:28,400 --> 05:10:32,200
The stage was set for him to 
finalize a theory of gravity, a 

5827
05:10:32,200 --> 05:10:35,000
masterpiece that would reshape 
Humanities view of the cosmos. 

5828
05:10:36,200 --> 05:10:40,200
In 1913 the Prussian Academy of 
Sciences in Berlin Bays, 

5829
05:10:40,200 --> 05:10:43,500
beckoned Albert Einstein with a 
prestigious post that required 

5830
05:10:43,500 --> 05:10:47,200
minimal teaching. 
By 1914 he was in the German 

5831
05:10:47,200 --> 05:10:50,900
Capital poised to perfect his 
theory of gravity yet the move 

5832
05:10:50,900 --> 05:10:53,100
magnified personal and political
tensions. 

5833
05:10:53,100 --> 05:10:56,800
His marriage to maleva was 
fracturing and Europe, stood on 

5834
05:10:56,800 --> 05:10:59,500
the brink of War. 
A pacifist at heart. 

5835
05:10:59,500 --> 05:11:03,000
Einstein found himself at odds, 
with the fervent nationalism 

5836
05:11:03,000 --> 05:11:06,100
gripping, Germany unperturbed by
the storm outside. 

5837
05:11:06,100 --> 05:11:09,600
He pushed forward on general 
relativity, aided by 

5838
05:11:09,600 --> 05:11:13,000
mathematician Marcel, grossmann 
Their goal was to show that 

5839
05:11:13,000 --> 05:11:16,800
gravity arose from curved 
space-time a radical notion 

5840
05:11:16,800 --> 05:11:21,400
demanding complex tense or 
calculus by 1915, Einstein had, 

5841
05:11:21,400 --> 05:11:24,000
refined the field equations 
describing how massive form 

5842
05:11:24,000 --> 05:11:26,700
space-time and how that 
curvature dictates motion. 

5843
05:11:27,900 --> 05:11:30,300
A Triumph soon. 
Followed the new Theory 

5844
05:11:30,300 --> 05:11:33,500
explained, Mercury's orbital 
quirks better than Newtonian 

5845
05:11:33,500 --> 05:11:36,900
physics. 
Overjoyed Einstein wrote to a 

5846
05:11:36,900 --> 05:11:39,900
friend that is heart shivered 
upon seeing the data aligned 

5847
05:11:39,900 --> 05:11:43,000
with his calculations, but his 
personal world was unraveling 

5848
05:11:43,900 --> 05:11:47,600
Maleva struggled in Berlin, 
stifling atmosphere and felt 

5849
05:11:47,600 --> 05:11:51,300
increasingly isolated. 
Meanwhile Einstein grew close to

5850
05:11:51,308 --> 05:11:55,400
his cousin Elsa louvain tile 
letters, show me levers, Despair

5851
05:11:55,400 --> 05:11:56,900
and Einstein's emotional 
withdrawal. 

5852
05:11:56,900 --> 05:11:59,900
She took their sons back to 
Switzerland and the marriage 

5853
05:11:59,900 --> 05:12:02,200
ended in divorce. 
He later wed. 

5854
05:12:02,200 --> 05:12:04,800
Elsa igniting gossip about his 
private life. 

5855
05:12:05,900 --> 05:12:08,200
Even as general relativity 
gained traction, among 

5856
05:12:08,200 --> 05:12:11,200
physicists, his personal 
reputation became fodder for 

5857
05:12:11,200 --> 05:12:15,000
public speculation. 
World War 1 had also splintered 

5858
05:12:15,000 --> 05:12:18,200
scientific exchanges while many 
German intellectuals. 

5859
05:12:18,200 --> 05:12:20,900
In the war Einstein stood nearly
alone. 

5860
05:12:20,900 --> 05:12:25,400
Signing anti-war petitions and 
voicing pacifist views, his 

5861
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:27,100
stance stirred resentment at 
home. 

5862
05:12:27,900 --> 05:12:30,900
Still foreign scientists such as
the British astronomer Arthur 

5863
05:12:30,900 --> 05:12:34,100
Edington recognized, the 
significance of Einstein's Work,

5864
05:12:34,100 --> 05:12:37,800
edington's 1990, Eclipse, 
Expedition tested, whether 

5865
05:12:37,800 --> 05:12:40,100
Starlight passing near the sun 
would bend, according to 

5866
05:12:40,108 --> 05:12:42,900
Einstein's predictions, the 
measurements matched, 

5867
05:12:42,900 --> 05:12:46,300
electrifying the global press, 
and to throwing Newton in, the 

5868
05:12:46,300 --> 05:12:50,200
public eye overnight, Einstein 
became a symbol of modern 

5869
05:12:50,200 --> 05:12:53,300
genius. 
Newspapers everywhere, featured.

5870
05:12:53,300 --> 05:12:57,400
His thoughtful gaze and unruly 
hair invitations, rained down 

5871
05:12:57,408 --> 05:13:00,800
from universities and societies.
While he believed in Sharing 

5872
05:13:00,800 --> 05:13:04,700
knowledge openly, he disliked 
the frenzied attention and grew 

5873
05:13:04,700 --> 05:13:08,700
uneasy with Germany's renewed 
nationalism post-war turmoil, 

5874
05:13:08,700 --> 05:13:12,500
fanned political flames and 
Einstein's pacifism Drew ire 

5875
05:13:12,500 --> 05:13:15,900
from right-wing groups. 
Nevertheless, the validation of 

5876
05:13:15,900 --> 05:13:18,700
general relativity, cemented his
place at the scientific 

5877
05:13:18,700 --> 05:13:21,700
hierarchy. 
Even Skeptics admitted that his 

5878
05:13:21,700 --> 05:13:24,100
calculations matched observable 
reality in a way. 

5879
05:13:24,100 --> 05:13:27,700
No previous Theory could with 
malays in Zurich caring for 

5880
05:13:27,700 --> 05:13:30,800
their sons, Einstein found, both
freedom and loneliness. 

5881
05:13:30,800 --> 05:13:35,400
He married Elsa in 1919 relying 
on her to manage his crowded 

5882
05:13:35,400 --> 05:13:37,600
schedule and mitigate public 
demands. 

5883
05:13:37,600 --> 05:13:41,900
As the 1920s donned Einstein, 
was heralded as a Visionary, 

5884
05:13:41,900 --> 05:13:44,900
whose equations recast, the 
universe as a pliable fabric 

5885
05:13:44,900 --> 05:13:48,400
shape by energy and mass. 
These Notions paved the way for 

5886
05:13:48,400 --> 05:13:51,200
Cosmic models, that would soon. 
Suggest an expanding Universe 

5887
05:13:51,200 --> 05:13:55,500
involving astronomers like Edwin
Hubble Initially, Einstein 

5888
05:13:55,500 --> 05:13:59,400
proposed a cosmological constant
to keep the universe static but 

5889
05:13:59,400 --> 05:14:02,500
later deemed that idea a 
mistake, a rare admission of 

5890
05:14:02,500 --> 05:14:05,100
error from a man idolized for 
brilliant. 

5891
05:14:05,900 --> 05:14:08,500
Meanwhile, he turned his 
attention back to Quantum 

5892
05:14:08,500 --> 05:14:10,800
Mechanics. 
A field hidden inadvertently 

5893
05:14:10,800 --> 05:14:12,700
sparked with his photoelectric 
paper. 

5894
05:14:13,600 --> 05:14:16,300
Newcomers like Werner Heisenberg
and Erwin Schrodinger. 

5895
05:14:16,300 --> 05:14:19,600
Advanced ideas that clashed with
Einstein's comfort zone. 

5896
05:14:20,300 --> 05:14:22,500
He balked at the probabilistic 
nature, they proposed. 

5897
05:14:22,500 --> 05:14:25,800
Insisting, there must be a 
deeper deterministic layer. 

5898
05:14:26,900 --> 05:14:30,500
Thus began the famed series of 
debates with Niels Bohr with 

5899
05:14:30,500 --> 05:14:33,400
Einstein challenging, the notion
that reality might hinge on 

5900
05:14:33,400 --> 05:14:37,200
randomness. 
By mid-decade Einstein's travel,

5901
05:14:37,200 --> 05:14:40,800
schedule the looned, he turned 
the United States and parts of 

5902
05:14:40,808 --> 05:14:45,400
Europe, drawing huge, crowds 
Statesman celebrities and fellow

5903
05:14:45,400 --> 05:14:48,000
Scholars courted, his presence 
in Germany. 

5904
05:14:48,000 --> 05:14:51,100
However, he faced mounting 
hostility from nationalist, 

5905
05:14:51,100 --> 05:14:53,500
factions who died in his 
theories, as Jewish science. 

5906
05:14:54,600 --> 05:14:58,100
Unfazed. 
He pressed on confident that 

5907
05:14:58,100 --> 05:15:00,800
empirical evidence would Outlast
Prejudice. 

5908
05:15:00,800 --> 05:15:04,100
His personal realm. 
Now Tethered to Elsa offered 

5909
05:15:04,100 --> 05:15:08,300
stability, she shielded him from
ceaseless demands allowing him 

5910
05:15:08,300 --> 05:15:09,900
to pursue his ideas and 
relative. 

5911
05:15:09,900 --> 05:15:12,700
Peace. 
Yet the creeping political tide 

5912
05:15:12,700 --> 05:15:14,800
would soon overshadow even 
Einstein's lofty. 

5913
05:15:14,800 --> 05:15:19,100
Pursuits at the dawn of the next
decade, Einstein found himself a

5914
05:15:19,100 --> 05:15:22,200
global icon yet behind that 
Fame, lady deeper struggles and 

5915
05:15:22,200 --> 05:15:24,200
fresh challenges that would 
shape his destiny. 

5916
05:15:25,200 --> 05:15:29,300
The 1920s were a whirlwind 
frying, blending scientific 

5917
05:15:29,300 --> 05:15:31,400
Milestones with Worldwide 
acclaim. 

5918
05:15:32,000 --> 05:15:34,900
Ever the Restless thinker. 
He spent these years grappling 

5919
05:15:34,900 --> 05:15:37,300
with quantum theory while 
maintaining his fascination with

5920
05:15:37,308 --> 05:15:40,000
relativity. 
Though, his general theory of 

5921
05:15:40,000 --> 05:15:41,600
relativity was universally 
hailed. 

5922
05:15:41,600 --> 05:15:44,900
He grew increasingly uneasy 
about the indeterminate flavor 

5923
05:15:44,900 --> 05:15:48,500
of quantum mechanics to him. 
The idea that fundamental 

5924
05:15:48,500 --> 05:15:52,100
processes could be governed by 
pure chance, seemed incomplete 

5925
05:15:52,100 --> 05:15:56,800
Einstein's Public Image soared 
as he told Europe and North 

5926
05:15:56,800 --> 05:15:59,500
America. 
Lecture Halls overflowed 

5927
05:15:59,500 --> 05:16:03,400
audience's were drawn, not just 
to his ideas but also to his 

5928
05:16:03,400 --> 05:16:07,700
Persona rumpled suits, 
mischievous humor and an aura of

5929
05:16:07,708 --> 05:16:11,000
introspective brilliance. 
Journalists clamored for 

5930
05:16:11,008 --> 05:16:14,900
interviews often distorting his 
words into simplistic sound 

5931
05:16:14,900 --> 05:16:18,300
bites, despite Elsa's best 
efforts to safeguard his 

5932
05:16:18,300 --> 05:16:20,400
privacy. 
The Cult of Personality grew 

5933
05:16:21,300 --> 05:16:24,000
Politicians hoped his presence 
would lend Prestige to their 

5934
05:16:24,000 --> 05:16:27,600
events and luminaries from other
fields sought his endorsement 

5935
05:16:27,600 --> 05:16:31,600
beneath the accolades Einstein 
remained wary of Fame. 

5936
05:16:32,300 --> 05:16:34,900
He believed that genuine 
Discovery flourished in quiet 

5937
05:16:34,900 --> 05:16:38,200
reflection, not in the spotlight
whenever possible. 

5938
05:16:38,200 --> 05:16:41,600
He escaped to the Alps or the 
countryside reveling and 

5939
05:16:41,600 --> 05:16:44,400
Mountain walks and violin 
practice music. 

5940
05:16:44,400 --> 05:16:47,300
Provided a counterbalance to the
rigors of theoretical work, 

5941
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:51,000
reinforcing his belief that Art 
and Science shared a quest for 

5942
05:16:51,000 --> 05:16:54,000
harmony. 
Meanwhile in academic circles, 

5943
05:16:54,000 --> 05:16:58,300
the quantum Revolution thundered
on physicists like Niels, Bohr 

5944
05:16:58,300 --> 05:17:02,200
Werner, Heisenberg and Max born 
that probabilities, lay at the 

5945
05:17:02,208 --> 05:17:05,700
heart of physical reality. 
Einstein countered that God does

5946
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:08,800
not play dice questioning. 
Whether Randomness was the final

5947
05:17:08,800 --> 05:17:11,600
word. 
Their debates polite yet 

5948
05:17:11,600 --> 05:17:16,200
intense, fueled a new era of 
theoretical exploration. the 

5949
05:17:16,200 --> 05:17:19,400
young Quantum guard, revered 
Einstein's contributions, but 

5950
05:17:19,400 --> 05:17:22,200
insisted that his skepticism 
missed the theories core 

5951
05:17:22,200 --> 05:17:26,500
Elegance At the same time, 
Europe was experiencing social 

5952
05:17:26,500 --> 05:17:29,100
and political upheavals in the 
aftermath of World War 1. 

5953
05:17:30,400 --> 05:17:32,800
Germany is bimar Republic, 
veered between fragile 

5954
05:17:32,800 --> 05:17:34,300
democracy. 
And looming chaos, 

5955
05:17:34,300 --> 05:17:36,800
hyperinflation devastated, the 
middle class. 

5956
05:17:37,900 --> 05:17:40,500
Streamers factions, including 
the nascent nuts Nazi party 

5957
05:17:40,500 --> 05:17:44,100
exploited, economic despair, 
promoting xenophobia, and 

5958
05:17:44,100 --> 05:17:47,600
anti-Semitism, Einstein, as a 
Jewish intellectual of an 

5959
05:17:47,600 --> 05:17:51,000
outspoken pacifist, became a 
prime target for nationalists. 

5960
05:17:51,700 --> 05:17:55,100
Hate mail arrived with 
disturbing regularity, accusing 

5961
05:17:55,100 --> 05:17:58,600
him of undermining Germany. 
Scientific Heritage despite 

5962
05:17:58,600 --> 05:18:01,000
these threats Einstein refused 
to hide. 

5963
05:18:01,000 --> 05:18:03,900
He rallied for disarmament and 
international cooperation 

5964
05:18:03,900 --> 05:18:07,100
endorsing Pacific. 
Causes that were deeply 

5965
05:18:07,100 --> 05:18:08,800
unpopular among nationalist 
circles. 

5966
05:18:08,800 --> 05:18:13,100
His celebrity magnified, the 
visibility of his stance, making

5967
05:18:13,100 --> 05:18:15,000
him a lightning rod for 
political hatred. 

5968
05:18:15,800 --> 05:18:18,700
Some colleagues implored him to 
be more guarded, but he believed

5969
05:18:18,700 --> 05:18:22,800
moral convictions, outweighed, 
personal safety. in 1922 

5970
05:18:22,800 --> 05:18:26,600
Einstein was awarded the Nobel 
Prize in physics, not for 

5971
05:18:26,600 --> 05:18:29,700
relativity, surprisingly, but 
for his earlier explanation of 

5972
05:18:29,700 --> 05:18:34,300
the photoelectric effect, By 
then the Nobel committee had 

5973
05:18:34,300 --> 05:18:37,600
become weary of the ongoing 
debates about relativity yet. 

5974
05:18:37,600 --> 05:18:40,100
They could not ignore his 
contributions to Quantum Theory.

5975
05:18:40,100 --> 05:18:44,308
When news arrived, Einstein was 
traveling in Asia, embarked on a

5976
05:18:44,316 --> 05:18:47,600
tour that took him to Japan 
where he was met by enthralled 

5977
05:18:47,600 --> 05:18:51,200
crowds and showered with gifts 
notes, from that trip reveal a 

5978
05:18:51,200 --> 05:18:54,500
man torn between gratitude for 
the adulation and a desire for 

5979
05:18:54,500 --> 05:18:57,200
solitude. 
Upon returning to Germany, 

5980
05:18:57,200 --> 05:19:00,900
Einstein found the political 
climate darker, the early 

5981
05:19:00,900 --> 05:19:04,300
stirring of Nazi ideology were 
creeping into University's and 

5982
05:19:04,300 --> 05:19:06,800
public discourse. 
Although he tried to remain 

5983
05:19:06,800 --> 05:19:10,300
above Petty bickering, vicious 
attacks on his ungermann physics

5984
05:19:10,300 --> 05:19:13,400
intensified right wing 
publication's branded 

5985
05:19:13,400 --> 05:19:16,100
relativity, a hoax. 
Some of his lectures were 

5986
05:19:16,100 --> 05:19:18,800
disrupted by hostile, 
demonstrators and rumors of 

5987
05:19:18,800 --> 05:19:23,600
assassination, plots circulated,
Elsa deeply concerned urged him 

5988
05:19:23,600 --> 05:19:26,800
to consider emigrating yet. 
Einstein hesitated. 

5989
05:19:26,800 --> 05:19:30,300
He felt a profound connection to
German speaking intellectual 

5990
05:19:30,300 --> 05:19:32,600
life. 
Despite recognizing its 

5991
05:19:32,600 --> 05:19:35,300
dangerous currents. 
He also clung to the hope that 

5992
05:19:35,300 --> 05:19:37,800
reason and Goodwill might 
Prevail. 

5993
05:19:37,800 --> 05:19:41,400
We're not in Tangled in 
politics, he continued refining,

5994
05:19:41,400 --> 05:19:45,000
his approach to Quantum puzzles,
He developed thought experiments

5995
05:19:45,000 --> 05:19:47,400
aimed at exposing hidden 
variables or revealing 

5996
05:19:47,400 --> 05:19:49,100
contradictions in the quantum 
framework. 

5997
05:19:49,800 --> 05:19:52,300
Each new exchange with bore 
underscored. 

5998
05:19:52,300 --> 05:19:55,000
The chasm between Einstein's 
quest for determinism and the 

5999
05:19:55,000 --> 05:19:59,200
Copenhagen schools acceptance of
uncertainty by the late 1920s 

6000
05:19:59,200 --> 05:20:03,000
Einstein's stature had grown 
colossal but so had his 

6001
05:20:03,000 --> 05:20:05,100
disillusionment with Europe's 
volatile mood. 

6002
05:20:05,700 --> 05:20:09,000
Whispers of an eventual 
departure grew louder in public.

6003
05:20:09,000 --> 05:20:11,700
He spoke calmly about the 
spiritual crisis. 

6004
05:20:11,700 --> 05:20:15,700
Afflicting the continent. 
Privately he pondered where his 

6005
05:20:15,700 --> 05:20:18,900
future, lay the man who had once
roamed Italy in his youth, 

6006
05:20:18,900 --> 05:20:22,900
yearning for free thought. 
Again stood, at a Crossroads, 

6007
05:20:24,000 --> 05:20:28,200
When Adolf Hitler Rose to power 
in 1933 Einstein's predicament 

6008
05:20:28,200 --> 05:20:32,100
crystallized, the Nazis targeted
Jewish scientists as scapegoats 

6009
05:20:32,100 --> 05:20:35,000
accusing them of corrupting 
German culture. 

6010
05:20:36,100 --> 05:20:39,200
For Einstein an international 
admired thinker yet domestic 

6011
05:20:39,200 --> 05:20:42,000
Pariah remaining in Germany 
became untenable. 

6012
05:20:42,700 --> 05:20:45,800
Acting on Elsa's urging and his 
own sense of imminent, danger. 

6013
05:20:45,800 --> 05:20:49,000
He left bill in for what would 
become a permanent exile. 

6014
05:20:49,800 --> 05:20:52,100
Stopping briefly in Europe. 
You know, he announced his 

6015
05:20:52,108 --> 05:20:53,700
resignation from the Prussian 
Academy. 

6016
05:20:53,700 --> 05:20:56,400
The move was both symbolic and 
pragmatic. 

6017
05:20:56,400 --> 05:20:59,400
He refused to serve an 
institution bent on persecuting 

6018
05:20:59,400 --> 05:21:01,400
him. 
Although his name still 

6019
05:21:01,400 --> 05:21:03,500
commanded, respect abroad in 
Germany. 

6020
05:21:03,500 --> 05:21:07,100
His books were publicly burned 
and officials seized his assets.

6021
05:21:07,100 --> 05:21:11,200
Nazi propaganda labeled him. 
The arch enemy of true science 

6022
05:21:11,200 --> 05:21:16,000
unfazed by personal attacks, 
Einstein worried about friends 

6023
05:21:16,000 --> 05:21:18,500
and colleagues trapped in a 
regime that suppress free 

6024
05:21:18,500 --> 05:21:20,700
thought. 
He soon found refuge in the 

6025
05:21:20,708 --> 05:21:23,700
United States, accepting an 
appointment at the newly 

6026
05:21:23,700 --> 05:21:26,800
established Institute for 
advanced study in Princeton New 

6027
05:21:26,800 --> 05:21:29,700
Jersey, Princeton offered 
Serenity and intellectual 

6028
05:21:29,700 --> 05:21:32,100
autonomy with no formal teaching
duties. 

6029
05:21:32,100 --> 05:21:35,700
The institutes wooded campus and
quiet community reminded 

6030
05:21:35,700 --> 05:21:38,100
Einstein of the Tranquility. 
He wants treasured in 

6031
05:21:38,100 --> 05:21:40,700
Switzerland. 
He took up residence in a modest

6032
05:21:40,700 --> 05:21:44,000
house on Mercer Street. 
Where Curious townsfolk would 

6033
05:21:44,000 --> 05:21:48,900
spot him on daily walks unruly 
hair, piping hand lost in 

6034
05:21:48,900 --> 05:21:52,600
reflection. 
Yet, Exile weighed on him, the 

6035
05:21:52,600 --> 05:21:55,700
grateful for safety. 
He missed the vibrant cafes of 

6036
05:21:55,700 --> 05:21:58,900
Europe and lamented the plight 
of Jewish refugees barred from 

6037
05:21:58,900 --> 05:22:02,000
many countries. 
He became an outspoken advocate 

6038
05:22:02,000 --> 05:22:04,000
for civil rights and 
international cooperation. 

6039
05:22:05,000 --> 05:22:07,200
Determined to counter the Nazi 
threat. 

6040
05:22:07,900 --> 05:22:10,500
He supported various relief 
organizations, assisting 

6041
05:22:10,500 --> 05:22:13,900
displaced Scholars letters from 
this period reflect a mix of 

6042
05:22:13,908 --> 05:22:18,200
relief, sorrow and moral urgency
scientifically. 

6043
05:22:18,200 --> 05:22:21,400
Einstein, continued to question 
the underpinnings of quantum 

6044
05:22:21,400 --> 05:22:23,900
mechanics. 
He collaborated with Boris 

6045
05:22:23,900 --> 05:22:28,000
podolsky and Nathan Rosen on the
famous 1935 epr, Paradox 

6046
05:22:28,000 --> 05:22:31,200
asserting that quantum theory 
was incomplete. 

6047
05:22:31,200 --> 05:22:34,600
This paper challenged the 
Copenhagen interpretation by 

6048
05:22:34,600 --> 05:22:38,300
suggesting that spooky action at
a distance conflicted with the 

6049
05:22:38,300 --> 05:22:41,600
principles of locality and 
realism though intended to 

6050
05:22:41,600 --> 05:22:43,300
reveal quantum mechanics 
shortcomings. 

6051
05:22:43,300 --> 05:22:47,200
The paper instead, paved the way
for future breakthroughs in 

6052
05:22:47,200 --> 05:22:51,200
quantum, entanglement research, 
ironically fueling the very 

6053
05:22:51,200 --> 05:22:57,400
field Einstein doubted meanwhile
Global tensions escalated as 

6054
05:22:57,400 --> 05:23:01,400
Nazi Germany, expanded its 
military Ambitions, Einstein was

6055
05:23:01,400 --> 05:23:04,200
drawn into geopolitical 
concerns, he had tried to avoid 

6056
05:23:05,100 --> 05:23:06,300
Friends. 
Cautioned him about the 

6057
05:23:06,308 --> 05:23:09,400
possibility of an atomic bomb. 
Highlighting, the dire 

6058
05:23:09,400 --> 05:23:12,200
consequences of Hitler's regime,
managed to harness nuclear. 

6059
05:23:12,200 --> 05:23:15,800
Efficient first, ironically it 
was Einstein's own mass energy, 

6060
05:23:15,800 --> 05:23:18,600
equivalents E equals MC square. 
That foreshadowed the 

6061
05:23:18,608 --> 05:23:22,300
destructive power of splitting 
the atom Alarmed by such 

6062
05:23:22,300 --> 05:23:24,900
Prospect. 
He allowed Hungarian emigres 

6063
05:23:24,900 --> 05:23:27,200
physicist. 
Leo, silard to draft a letter in

6064
05:23:27,200 --> 05:23:30,300
1939. 
Alerting US President Franklin, 

6065
05:23:30,300 --> 05:23:33,100
D, Roosevelt to the possibility 
of a German Atomic program. 

6066
05:23:34,100 --> 05:23:37,400
This letter bearing Einstein's 
signature catalyzed the 

6067
05:23:37,400 --> 05:23:40,200
Manhattan Project, though, 
Einstein himself never worked 

6068
05:23:40,200 --> 05:23:44,500
directly on Atomic weapons. 
Regret haunted him in later 

6069
05:23:44,500 --> 05:23:46,700
Recollections. 
He lamented that had. 

6070
05:23:46,700 --> 05:23:49,200
He foreseen the scale of 
Devastation nuclear arms would 

6071
05:23:49,200 --> 05:23:51,200
bring. 
He might never have signed the 

6072
05:23:51,200 --> 05:23:54,200
warning yet at the time 
Einstein's. 

6073
05:23:54,200 --> 05:23:56,300
Pacifist. 
Leanings clashed with real 

6074
05:23:56,300 --> 05:23:59,500
politic a painful contradiction.
He carried to the end of his 

6075
05:23:59,500 --> 05:24:02,600
life. 
Princeton gradually became home.

6076
05:24:02,600 --> 05:24:05,600
Einstein strolled its streets in
tattered sweaters. 

6077
05:24:05,600 --> 05:24:08,900
Occasionally offering an 
impromptu violin performance for

6078
05:24:08,900 --> 05:24:11,400
friends. 
You feel did letters from admire

6079
05:24:11,400 --> 05:24:14,800
as worldwide often replying with
brief but thoughtful notes 

6080
05:24:15,600 --> 05:24:19,000
Photos from the era show, a 
gentle face figure equal parts 

6081
05:24:19,000 --> 05:24:22,900
grandfather and inscrutable. 
He advised youngest scientists 

6082
05:24:22,900 --> 05:24:25,800
although his own research 
shifted away from mainstream 

6083
05:24:25,800 --> 05:24:29,400
physics fixated on unifying 
gravity with electromagnetic 

6084
05:24:29,400 --> 05:24:31,500
forces. 
He pursued a theory of 

6085
05:24:31,500 --> 05:24:34,400
everything that increasingly 
isolated him from The Cutting 

6086
05:24:34,400 --> 05:24:38,100
Edge, work on Quantum, Fields 
outside, the academic sphere, 

6087
05:24:38,100 --> 05:24:40,500
Einstein gained a voice in 
public debates. 

6088
05:24:40,500 --> 05:24:44,500
He spoke out Against Racism. 
In America comparing it to the 

6089
05:24:44,500 --> 05:24:47,800
anti-jewish sentiments. 
He had witnessed in Europe, He 

6090
05:24:47,800 --> 05:24:50,200
supported civil rights activists
and forged friendships with 

6091
05:24:50,200 --> 05:24:53,300
prominent black leaders despite 
the era's pervasive 

6092
05:24:53,300 --> 05:24:56,300
discrimination. 
Occasionally, he faced criticism

6093
05:24:56,300 --> 05:24:59,700
for meddling and social issues 
rather than sticking to science.

6094
05:25:00,600 --> 05:25:03,900
But Einstein considered moral 
responsibility Inseparable from 

6095
05:25:03,900 --> 05:25:07,200
intellectual freedom. 
As World War Two raged 

6096
05:25:07,200 --> 05:25:10,000
Einstein's heartbreak was 
twofold, Germany. 

6097
05:25:10,000 --> 05:25:14,100
Once his intellectual cradle had
become a synonym for barbarity, 

6098
05:25:14,100 --> 05:25:17,400
while the Allies were forced to 
develop weapons of unprecedented

6099
05:25:17,400 --> 05:25:20,300
lethality. 
He could only watch from afar 

6100
05:25:20,300 --> 05:25:23,200
offering moral support and 
condemnation of fascist 

6101
05:25:23,200 --> 05:25:26,100
ideologies. 
In the aftermath of World War 

6102
05:25:26,100 --> 05:25:28,900
Two Albert, Einstein status as a
global icon. 

6103
05:25:28,900 --> 05:25:32,800
Solidified Yet his latter years 
were marked by reflection in a 

6104
05:25:32,800 --> 05:25:36,100
sense of unresolved questions. 
Despite pushing physics towards 

6105
05:25:36,100 --> 05:25:39,000
quantum theory, he remained 
resistant to its probabilistic 

6106
05:25:39,000 --> 05:25:42,100
core. 
Though, the Manhattan Project 

6107
05:25:42,100 --> 05:25:45,800
had validated the destructive 
potential of equals mc squared. 

6108
05:25:47,300 --> 05:25:49,000
It also weighed heavily on his 
conscience. 

6109
05:25:50,200 --> 05:25:52,900
He loathed the arms race that 
followed and spoke openly 

6110
05:25:52,900 --> 05:25:56,400
against nuclear proliferation. 
Living in Prince tan. 

6111
05:25:57,200 --> 05:26:00,400
He continued his quest for a 
unified field Theory, an 

6112
05:26:00,400 --> 05:26:02,600
ambitious bid to reconcile 
electromagnetism. 

6113
05:26:02,600 --> 05:26:05,800
And gravity under one framework,
he toiled over complex 

6114
05:26:05,800 --> 05:26:08,900
equations, convinced that nature
possessed an underlying 

6115
05:26:08,900 --> 05:26:13,200
simplicity Critics, meanwhile, 
argue that he was out of touch 

6116
05:26:13,200 --> 05:26:17,100
with emerging Quantum field, 
theories, undeterred Einstein 

6117
05:26:17,100 --> 05:26:20,600
pursued his unification program,
almost in solitude, like in 

6118
05:26:20,600 --> 05:26:23,300
himself, to a lone traveler on a
Winding Road. 

6119
05:26:24,000 --> 05:26:27,600
Younger physicists acknowledged 
his genius but often parted ways

6120
05:26:27,600 --> 05:26:30,400
with his methods. 
Embracing instead the quantum 

6121
05:26:30,400 --> 05:26:33,600
approach, he had always found on
settling Beyond science, 

6122
05:26:33,600 --> 05:26:36,500
Einstein's voice resonated in 
global debates. 

6123
05:26:36,500 --> 05:26:39,900
He championed a super national 
government to curb the risk of 

6124
05:26:39,900 --> 05:26:42,900
nuclear war, advocating 
collective security over 

6125
05:26:42,900 --> 05:26:45,900
nationalism. 
Despite controversies many 

6126
05:26:45,900 --> 05:26:49,600
admired, his stance seeing him a
moral compass shaped by 

6127
05:26:49,600 --> 05:26:51,800
first-hand experience of 
authoritarianism. 

6128
05:26:51,800 --> 05:26:53,800
He wrote letters to world 
leaders. 

6129
05:26:53,800 --> 05:26:57,700
Sometimes scoring partial 
victories, often meeting polite 

6130
05:26:57,700 --> 05:27:00,700
in difference. 
Yeti pressed on believing that 

6131
05:27:00,700 --> 05:27:03,900
scientific Insight conferred 
duty to safeguard Humanity from 

6132
05:27:03,900 --> 05:27:06,800
its inventions. 
His private life in Princeton 

6133
05:27:06,800 --> 05:27:10,000
had a gentle routine. 
Each morning brought a steady 

6134
05:27:10,000 --> 05:27:11,900
stream of letters. 
Seeking his opinion on 

6135
05:27:11,900 --> 05:27:14,400
everything from cosmic theories 
to personal woes. 

6136
05:27:15,200 --> 05:27:18,200
He obliged when he could, but 
dismissed frivolous requests 

6137
05:27:18,200 --> 05:27:21,500
afternoons, often involved, 
slow, walks or reading classical

6138
05:27:21,500 --> 05:27:23,700
literature. 
Evenings, might find him 

6139
05:27:23,700 --> 05:27:26,100
improvising on the violin 
seeking solace in music. 

6140
05:27:26,100 --> 05:27:29,000
Structured, Freedom friends, 
found him warm. 

6141
05:27:29,000 --> 05:27:32,000
But occasionally aloof an 
introvert, who valued genuine 

6142
05:27:32,000 --> 05:27:35,300
conversation, yet disdained, 
Small Talk, else's death in 

6143
05:27:35,308 --> 05:27:38,800
1936, had left an emotional Gap 
that he filled through 

6144
05:27:38,800 --> 05:27:42,700
companionship with his 
stepdaughter Margo and a circle 

6145
05:27:42,700 --> 05:27:46,100
of close confidants. 
His older son hands, Albert 

6146
05:27:46,100 --> 05:27:49,800
pursued, an engineering career. 
While younger son, Edward 

6147
05:27:49,800 --> 05:27:52,800
battled health challenges that 
Einstein struggled to comprehend

6148
05:27:52,800 --> 05:27:55,700
but he remains stared fast in 
providing financial and 

6149
05:27:55,700 --> 05:28:00,700
emotional support from afar. 
As the Cold War, donned Einstein

6150
05:28:00,700 --> 05:28:03,100
found himself in a complicated 
political environment. 

6151
05:28:03,900 --> 05:28:08,100
Paradoxically the FBI kept files
on him viewing his pacifist, 

6152
05:28:08,100 --> 05:28:11,800
leanings and Global Outlook. 
As potentially subversive rumors

6153
05:28:11,800 --> 05:28:14,300
circulated that he was 
sympathetic to communist causes 

6154
05:28:14,300 --> 05:28:16,800
though, he consistently 
denounced star and his 

6155
05:28:16,800 --> 05:28:21,000
depression instead, Einstein 
championed Universal human 

6156
05:28:21,000 --> 05:28:25,300
rights, he grew vocally critical
of McCarthyism branding it in 

6157
05:28:25,300 --> 05:28:26,600
assault, on intellectual 
Freedom. 

6158
05:28:26,600 --> 05:28:29,200
Akin to the political witch 
hunts, he had fled in Germany. 

6159
05:28:30,000 --> 05:28:33,800
By the early 1950s health 
issues, nudged him toward a 

6160
05:28:33,800 --> 05:28:37,100
quieter pace? 
Yet his mind remained agile, and

6161
05:28:37,100 --> 05:28:40,300
he sometimes engaged in public 
letters, urging scientists to 

6162
05:28:40,300 --> 05:28:44,100
unite for peaceful Endeavors. 
He admired younger luminaries 

6163
05:28:44,100 --> 05:28:46,800
like Kurt girdle and conversed 
with them about the nature of 

6164
05:28:46,800 --> 05:28:49,600
logic and Mathematics. 
But he found little common 

6165
05:28:49,600 --> 05:28:51,700
ground with the new wave of 
particle physics. 

6166
05:28:51,700 --> 05:28:55,700
Students worldwide still saw him
as an emblem of pure genius, 

6167
05:28:55,700 --> 05:28:58,400
while Einstein himself 
downplayed personal accolades. 

6168
05:28:58,400 --> 05:29:01,700
Insisting, he had simply 
followed his curiosity wherever 

6169
05:29:01,700 --> 05:29:05,900
it led. 
In 1955 Einstein experience in 

6170
05:29:05,900 --> 05:29:08,900
internal bleeding from an 
abdominal aneurysm though. 

6171
05:29:08,900 --> 05:29:12,400
Doctors recommended surgery, he 
refused to declaring that. 

6172
05:29:12,400 --> 05:29:15,500
It was his time to go with 
dignity true to form. 

6173
05:29:15,500 --> 05:29:18,000
He spent his final days, 
revising a speech, he intended 

6174
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:21,500
to deliver for Israel's 7th, 
anniversary reflecting his 

6175
05:29:21,500 --> 05:29:24,200
long-standing support for Jewish
communities while advocating, 

6176
05:29:24,200 --> 05:29:28,400
peaceful co-existence. 
He died on April 18th, 1955, 

6177
05:29:28,400 --> 05:29:31,900
leaving behind notes, and half 
finished equations in search of 

6178
05:29:31,900 --> 05:29:34,600
that. 
Elusive unified field news of 

6179
05:29:34,600 --> 05:29:36,600
his passing. 
Reverberated across the globe, 

6180
05:29:36,600 --> 05:29:39,700
world leaders and fellow 
scientists pay tribute to the 

6181
05:29:39,700 --> 05:29:43,400
man who had reshaped our 
understanding of space time and 

6182
05:29:43,400 --> 05:29:46,600
energy. 
Yet Einstein's Legacy extended 

6183
05:29:46,600 --> 05:29:49,700
Beyond equations. 
He embodied the principle that 

6184
05:29:49,708 --> 05:29:53,300
moral conviction, and 
intellectual daring can and must

6185
05:29:53,300 --> 05:29:57,200
coexist in death, he became even
more iconic. 

6186
05:29:57,200 --> 05:30:00,700
His name synonymous with 
Visionary genius and his 

6187
05:30:00,700 --> 05:30:03,500
photograph instantly 
recognizable as a totem of human

6188
05:30:03,500 --> 05:30:07,000
possibility. 
Today Einstein's, work under 

6189
05:30:07,000 --> 05:30:09,500
Goods Technologies from GPS to 
nuclear power. 

6190
05:30:10,200 --> 05:30:12,700
His debate about quantum 
mechanics, remain at the heart 

6191
05:30:12,700 --> 05:30:15,800
of physics pointing toward 
Frontiers in entanglement and 

6192
05:30:15,800 --> 05:30:18,500
information Theory. 
In that tension between 

6193
05:30:18,500 --> 05:30:21,400
breathtaking Discovery and 
ethical uncertainty lies. 

6194
05:30:21,400 --> 05:30:23,400
The fullest measure of Albert 
Einstein's. 

6195
05:30:23,400 --> 05:30:34,100
Singular complex Legacy. 
Imagine yourself waking up in 

6196
05:30:34,100 --> 05:30:38,600
ancient Rome, perhaps around 150
ad and stumbling towards your 

6197
05:30:38,608 --> 05:30:42,400
modest apartment kitchen. 
Your stomach is growling and 

6198
05:30:42,400 --> 05:30:46,000
your dreaming of scrambled eggs,
toast with butter and maybe some

6199
05:30:46,000 --> 05:30:48,600
orange juice. 
Well friend you're about to 

6200
05:30:48,600 --> 05:30:51,200
discover that Roman breakfast 
was about as exciting as 

6201
05:30:51,200 --> 05:30:53,000
watching paint dry on a human 
day. 

6202
05:30:53,000 --> 05:30:56,700
You see Romans didn't really do 
breakfast the way we think of 

6203
05:30:56,700 --> 05:30:58,500
it. 
They had something called iron, 

6204
05:30:58,500 --> 05:31:01,800
which sounds fancy Until you 
realize it was basically, 

6205
05:31:01,800 --> 05:31:04,700
whatever leftover bread you 
could find from yesterday, maybe

6206
05:31:04,700 --> 05:31:07,000
dipped in wine if you were 
feeling particularly festive, 

6207
05:31:08,400 --> 05:31:11,800
There were no eggs, benedict 
served here, just you some stale

6208
05:31:11,800 --> 05:31:14,200
bread and the faint. 
Hope that lunch might be more 

6209
05:31:14,200 --> 05:31:17,100
interesting. 
The Romans had this peculiar 

6210
05:31:17,100 --> 05:31:19,100
relationship with morning meals,
that would make modern 

6211
05:31:19,100 --> 05:31:21,900
nutritionists weep. 
They considered eating a big 

6212
05:31:21,900 --> 05:31:24,500
breakfast to be somewhat 
gluttonous like wearing pajamas 

6213
05:31:24,500 --> 05:31:26,700
to a board meeting. 
It just wasn't done. 

6214
05:31:26,700 --> 05:31:30,200
If you had any sense of dignity,
instead, they nibble on bread, 

6215
05:31:30,200 --> 05:31:33,400
perhaps some cheese if they were
lucky, and call it good enough. 

6216
05:31:34,300 --> 05:31:37,000
If you were Rich enough to have 
servants Fanning you with palm 

6217
05:31:37,000 --> 05:31:39,700
fronds, you might have had honey
on your bread or olives. 

6218
05:31:40,500 --> 05:31:45,200
But for most Romans breakfast 
was less rise and shine and more

6219
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:47,600
rise and make do with whatever's
not growing. 

6220
05:31:47,600 --> 05:31:51,300
Mold, the fascinating thing 
about Roman food culture is how 

6221
05:31:51,300 --> 05:31:54,400
backwards it seems to us. 
Now, we've got our coffee shops 

6222
05:31:54,400 --> 05:31:58,000
on every corner, our breakfast, 
burritos, and Our Endless cereal

6223
05:31:58,000 --> 05:32:01,500
aisles that stretch like 
ancient, Roman roads, But 

6224
05:32:01,500 --> 05:32:04,900
Roman's they saved their energy 
for the real meal of the day, 

6225
05:32:04,900 --> 05:32:09,000
which came much later. 
Breakfast was just fuel to get 

6226
05:32:09,000 --> 05:32:11,500
you through the mornings. 
Work, like putting just enough 

6227
05:32:11,500 --> 05:32:13,400
gas in your car, to reach the 
next station. 

6228
05:32:13,400 --> 05:32:17,000
You'd wash down, your mega 
breakfast with water, maybe some

6229
05:32:17,000 --> 05:32:20,100
diluted wine if you were feeling
fancy or if the water looked 

6230
05:32:20,100 --> 05:32:23,600
particularly suspicious that 
day, Roman water systems were 

6231
05:32:23,600 --> 05:32:25,500
impressive. 
Sure, but you still have to be 

6232
05:32:25,500 --> 05:32:27,700
careful. 
A little wine in your morning, 

6233
05:32:27,700 --> 05:32:30,700
drink wasn't about getting 
tipsy, it was about not getting 

6234
05:32:30,700 --> 05:32:33,500
sick from whatever might be 
swimming around in your cup. 

6235
05:32:34,400 --> 05:32:37,000
The bread itself would have been
darker and coarser than what 

6236
05:32:37,000 --> 05:32:39,800
we're used to today. 
Think of it as the ancient 

6237
05:32:39,800 --> 05:32:43,200
equivalent of whole grain except
it wasn't a Health Choice. 

6238
05:32:43,200 --> 05:32:46,300
It was just what happened when 
you ground wheat with primitive 

6239
05:32:46,300 --> 05:32:48,900
tools. 
Sometimes you'd find intriguing 

6240
05:32:48,900 --> 05:32:52,100
surprises in your bread like 
bits of Stone from the grinding 

6241
05:32:52,100 --> 05:32:54,500
process, Romans had strong 
teeth. 

6242
05:32:54,500 --> 05:32:58,100
Or at least they did until they 
didn't, you could get goat's 

6243
05:32:58,100 --> 05:33:01,100
milk if you lived in the country
cows milk was more of a luxury 

6244
05:33:01,100 --> 05:33:04,500
item like truffle oil or premium
vanilla extract today. 

6245
05:33:05,500 --> 05:33:07,300
Most Romans in the city would 
have looked at you. 

6246
05:33:07,300 --> 05:33:09,700
Strangely, if you suggested 
starting the day with a big 

6247
05:33:09,700 --> 05:33:12,600
glass of cold milk, it just 
wasn't part of their world. 

6248
05:33:13,700 --> 05:33:16,100
The relationship between the 
morning meal and social class 

6249
05:33:16,100 --> 05:33:20,400
was intricate and multifaceted. 
A wealthy Roman might have had 

6250
05:33:20,400 --> 05:33:22,800
slaves preparing. 
Elaborate breads with various 

6251
05:33:22,800 --> 05:33:26,100
seeds and nuts baked in. 
While a poor Roman was grateful 

6252
05:33:26,100 --> 05:33:29,000
for any bread at all. 
The disparity between the 

6253
05:33:29,000 --> 05:33:31,700
affluent and the impoverished. 
During breakfast time was 

6254
05:33:31,700 --> 05:33:34,600
comparable to the difference 
between a luxurious continental 

6255
05:33:34,600 --> 05:33:38,400
breakfast at a five-star hotel 
and a simple bowl of oatmeal 

6256
05:33:38,400 --> 05:33:42,200
five-star hotel and Amiga 
breakfast from a gas station at 

6257
05:33:42,200 --> 05:33:44,700
6:00 a.m. 
So there you are as ancient 

6258
05:33:44,700 --> 05:33:47,200
Roman finishing, your modest 
breakfast and preparing for the 

6259
05:33:47,200 --> 05:33:49,800
day ahead. 
Your stomach isn't exactly 

6260
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:52,800
singing with satisfaction but 
you're fed enough to function. 

6261
05:33:52,800 --> 05:33:57,000
The real excitement, the actual 
meal worth waiting for is still 

6262
05:33:57,000 --> 05:33:59,900
hours away. 
But don't worry when it comes, 

6263
05:33:59,900 --> 05:34:03,600
it'll be worth the wait, even if
it's not what you expect, so 

6264
05:34:03,600 --> 05:34:05,700
you've made it through your 
underworld Ming Roman breakfast.

6265
05:34:05,700 --> 05:34:07,900
And now you're wondering about 
lunch. 

6266
05:34:08,700 --> 05:34:11,900
Here's where things get 
interesting Romans had this meal

6267
05:34:11,900 --> 05:34:15,600
called prandium which was sort 
of like lunch except it wasn't 

6268
05:34:15,600 --> 05:34:17,300
really lunch the way we 
understand it. 

6269
05:34:17,300 --> 05:34:21,200
It resembled a snack with a 
sense of grandeur, think of 

6270
05:34:21,200 --> 05:34:24,600
Brandy as the middle child of 
Roman meals, overlooked 

6271
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:28,700
underappreciated and often 
forgotten entirely Most Romans 

6272
05:34:28,700 --> 05:34:30,700
would grab something quick and 
light around midday. 

6273
05:34:30,700 --> 05:34:32,800
Assuming they remembered to eat 
at all. 

6274
05:34:32,800 --> 05:34:35,800
They were busy people. 
These Romans, what were their 

6275
05:34:35,800 --> 05:34:38,300
empire building and their 
complex social hierarchies to 

6276
05:34:38,300 --> 05:34:42,300
maintain If you were a working 
class Roman, your lunch might 

6277
05:34:42,300 --> 05:34:45,400
have been a chunk of bread with 
some cheese, maybe an apple. 

6278
05:34:45,400 --> 05:34:47,900
If you were lucky enough to find
one that hadn't been claimed by 

6279
05:34:47,900 --> 05:34:51,000
someone higher up the social 
ladder, you did it quickly 

6280
05:34:51,000 --> 05:34:54,400
probably while standing and then
get back to whatever important 

6281
05:34:54,400 --> 05:34:57,300
Roman business, you had to 
attend to There were no 

6282
05:34:57,308 --> 05:34:59,900
leisurely lunch breaks, where 
co-workers would discuss the 

6283
05:34:59,900 --> 05:35:03,500
latest Gladiator matches. 
The wealthy Romans naturally had

6284
05:35:03,500 --> 05:35:05,000
a different approach to mid-day 
eating. 

6285
05:35:05,000 --> 05:35:08,900
They might have had cold meats, 
some fruit and a bit of wine. 

6286
05:35:08,900 --> 05:35:11,300
That was actually good instead 
of the stuff that could strip 

6287
05:35:11,300 --> 05:35:13,600
paint. 
But even they didn't make a big 

6288
05:35:13,600 --> 05:35:16,200
production of it. 
Lunch was like a brief 

6289
05:35:16,200 --> 05:35:20,000
intermission in the play of 
daily life acknowledged but not 

6290
05:35:20,000 --> 05:35:22,400
the main event. 
Here's something that might 

6291
05:35:22,400 --> 05:35:25,100
surprise. 
You Romans were big on cold 

6292
05:35:25,100 --> 05:35:27,300
lunches. 
This was not due to their 

6293
05:35:27,300 --> 05:35:30,900
proclivity for meal prep, but 
rather due to the impracticality

6294
05:35:30,900 --> 05:35:34,800
of preparing, a full meal in the
middle of the day, most Romans 

6295
05:35:34,800 --> 05:35:37,200
living in cities didn't have 
proper kitchens anyway. 

6296
05:35:37,200 --> 05:35:40,200
They lived in apartments that 
would make modern studio 

6297
05:35:40,200 --> 05:35:43,200
dwellers, feel positively 
spacious and cooking facilities 

6298
05:35:43,200 --> 05:35:47,400
were shared or non-existent. 
You'd find Romans eating lunch 

6299
05:35:47,400 --> 05:35:50,200
in taverns, which were scattered
throughout the cities like 

6300
05:35:50,200 --> 05:35:53,000
ancient food courts. 
These were fanciest 

6301
05:35:53,000 --> 05:35:55,500
establishments. 
Think more like a combination of

6302
05:35:55,500 --> 05:35:57,800
a gas station Daly. 
And a sports bar, minus the 

6303
05:35:57,800 --> 05:36:01,700
sports and the bar part. 
Food was cheap quick and 

6304
05:36:01,700 --> 05:36:04,300
designed to keep you going 
rather than to impress anyone. 

6305
05:36:04,300 --> 05:36:07,700
The typical Tavern lunch might 
include some hard-boiled eggs, 

6306
05:36:07,700 --> 05:36:11,800
olive bread and cheese. 
If you were feeling adventurous,

6307
05:36:11,800 --> 05:36:13,600
you might try some of the 
prepared foods. 

6308
05:36:13,600 --> 05:36:16,500
They had sitting out though. 
The concept of food safety was 

6309
05:36:16,500 --> 05:36:19,700
about as developed as their 
understanding of germs, which is

6310
05:36:19,700 --> 05:36:23,300
to say not at all. 
Fish was popular at lunch 

6311
05:36:23,300 --> 05:36:26,700
especially if you live near the 
coast, Romans had this thing for

6312
05:36:26,700 --> 05:36:30,100
fish sauce called garam, which 
was basically the catch up of 

6313
05:36:30,100 --> 05:36:33,300
the ancient world. 
They put it on everything and I 

6314
05:36:33,300 --> 05:36:36,800
mean, everything. 
Imagine if someone today decided

6315
05:36:36,800 --> 05:36:40,100
that ranch dressing should go on
every single food item that's 

6316
05:36:40,100 --> 05:36:44,300
Romans with their fish sauce. 
It was made from fermented fish 

6317
05:36:44,300 --> 05:36:48,100
and testings which sounds 
absolutely horrifying Until you 

6318
05:36:48,100 --> 05:36:50,100
realize. 
It's basically the ancestor of 

6319
05:36:50,100 --> 05:36:53,000
Worcestershire sauce if you were
traveling, your lunch options 

6320
05:36:53,000 --> 05:36:56,200
became even more limited. 
Roman roads were excellent for 

6321
05:36:56,208 --> 05:36:59,400
getting from point A to point B,
but they weren't exactly with 

6322
05:36:59,400 --> 05:37:01,900
convenient restaurants you'd 
pack some bread. 

6323
05:37:01,900 --> 05:37:04,000
Maybe some dried meat and hope 
for the best. 

6324
05:37:04,000 --> 05:37:07,300
It was the ancient equivalent of
grabbing a protein bar and 

6325
05:37:07,300 --> 05:37:09,000
hoping you'd find something 
better later. 

6326
05:37:10,200 --> 05:37:12,600
The timing of lunch was also 
flexible in a way that would 

6327
05:37:12,600 --> 05:37:16,200
confuse modern schedulers. 
Romans didn't have precise, 

6328
05:37:16,200 --> 05:37:19,300
timekeeping the way we do. 
So lunchtime was more of a 

6329
05:37:19,300 --> 05:37:22,900
general concept than a specific 
hour. you wait when you felt 

6330
05:37:22,900 --> 05:37:25,500
hungry and when he had free 
time, which sometimes meant not 

6331
05:37:25,500 --> 05:37:28,900
eating at all, What's really 
fascinating, is how Romans 

6332
05:37:28,900 --> 05:37:30,900
viewed this meal or lack 
thereof? 

6333
05:37:30,900 --> 05:37:34,700
They didn't see skipping lunch 
as a hardship or a sign of being

6334
05:37:34,700 --> 05:37:36,900
too busy. 
It was just part of life. 

6335
05:37:36,900 --> 05:37:40,200
They were saving their energy 
and appetite for the real meal 

6336
05:37:40,200 --> 05:37:42,500
of the day. 
Everything else was just keeping

6337
05:37:42,500 --> 05:37:45,400
the engine running until the 
main event that comes the fun 

6338
05:37:45,400 --> 05:37:48,600
part shopping for the evening 
meal, which was where Roman's 

6339
05:37:48,600 --> 05:37:50,100
really showed their culinary 
colors. 

6340
05:37:51,000 --> 05:37:53,800
But before you start imagining 
neat grocery store aisles and 

6341
05:37:53,808 --> 05:37:56,200
shopping carts. 
Let me paint you a picture of 

6342
05:37:56,200 --> 05:37:58,700
what food shopping actually 
looked like in ancient Rome. 

6343
05:37:58,700 --> 05:38:01,600
First, you'd head to the local 
market which was less like a 

6344
05:38:01,608 --> 05:38:04,800
modern supermarket and more like
a chaotic Festival where 

6345
05:38:04,800 --> 05:38:06,400
everyone was trying to sell you 
something. 

6346
05:38:06,400 --> 05:38:10,200
The noise alone would have been 
overwhelming vendors shouting 

6347
05:38:10,200 --> 05:38:12,800
about their Wares. 
Customers haggling over prices 

6348
05:38:12,800 --> 05:38:15,700
and animals, making whatever 
sounds animals make when they're

6349
05:38:15,700 --> 05:38:18,700
about to become dinner. 
It was like Black Friday, but 

6350
05:38:18,700 --> 05:38:22,300
every day with more chickens, 
You'd start at the bread stalls 

6351
05:38:22,300 --> 05:38:25,100
because bread was the foundation
of every Roman meal. 

6352
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:28,400
The Bakers would have their 
loaves displayed and you'd need 

6353
05:38:28,400 --> 05:38:31,000
to choose carefully. 
Some bread was better than 

6354
05:38:31,000 --> 05:38:34,200
others and you could tell a lot 
about someone social status by 

6355
05:38:34,200 --> 05:38:35,500
the quality of bread. 
They bought. 

6356
05:38:36,200 --> 05:38:39,300
White bread was for the wealthy,
darker bread was for everyone 

6357
05:38:39,300 --> 05:38:41,700
else. 
It was like a carbohydrate bass 

6358
05:38:41,700 --> 05:38:44,700
social hierarchy. 
The meat section would have been

6359
05:38:44,700 --> 05:38:49,300
an adventure in itself. 
Romans consumed, pork lamb goat 

6360
05:38:49,300 --> 05:38:52,700
and beef. 
However, beef was expensive and 

6361
05:38:52,700 --> 05:38:54,300
typically reserved for special 
occasions. 

6362
05:38:55,300 --> 05:38:58,300
You'd see whole animals hanging 
in the Stalls and the butcher 

6363
05:38:58,300 --> 05:39:00,100
would cut off whatever piece you
wanted right there. 

6364
05:39:00,100 --> 05:39:04,200
No neat packages wrapped in 
plastic, just you the Butcher 

6365
05:39:04,200 --> 05:39:07,200
and whatever animal was looking 
at you with those reproachful 

6366
05:39:07,200 --> 05:39:10,000
dead eyes. 
Poultry was popular among the 

6367
05:39:10,000 --> 05:39:13,700
Romans, especially chicken, but 
they also consumed Ducks geese 

6368
05:39:13,700 --> 05:39:16,600
and various other types of 
birds, they had a particular 

6369
05:39:16,600 --> 05:39:19,900
fondness for stuffed dormice, 
which sounds adorable Until you 

6370
05:39:19,900 --> 05:39:22,500
realize they were being stuffed 
for dinner not as toys. 

6371
05:39:23,300 --> 05:39:26,100
Romans had some interesting 
ideas about what constituted 

6372
05:39:26,100 --> 05:39:28,400
good eating. 
The fish market would have been 

6373
05:39:28,400 --> 05:39:30,500
a sensory experience you'd never
forget. 

6374
05:39:31,300 --> 05:39:34,000
Romans loved their seafood and 
they had access to both 

6375
05:39:34,000 --> 05:39:37,600
freshwater and saltwater fish. 
You'd find everything from 

6376
05:39:37,600 --> 05:39:41,000
simple sardines to elaborate 
preparations of mullet and sea 

6377
05:39:41,000 --> 05:39:42,700
bass. 
The smell would have been 

6378
05:39:42,700 --> 05:39:44,800
intense. 
Imagine the strongest fish 

6379
05:39:44,800 --> 05:39:47,900
market you've ever encountered 
then, multiply it by about 10. 

6380
05:39:49,100 --> 05:39:51,700
Vegetables were sold by farmers 
who bring their produce from the

6381
05:39:51,700 --> 05:39:54,900
countryside. 
You'd find onions, garlic leeks,

6382
05:39:54,900 --> 05:39:58,900
cabbage, turnips, and various 
greens to make those didn't 

6383
05:39:58,900 --> 05:40:01,700
exist yet, they were still 
hanging out in the Americas, 

6384
05:40:01,700 --> 05:40:04,700
waiting to be discovered. 
So Roman Cuisine was a lot less 

6385
05:40:04,700 --> 05:40:08,000
red than you might expect fruits
were seasonal Impressions, 

6386
05:40:08,000 --> 05:40:12,400
Apple's pears, grapes and figs 
were common, but citrus fruits 

6387
05:40:12,400 --> 05:40:14,900
were exotic Imports that cost 
more than most people could 

6388
05:40:14,900 --> 05:40:17,900
afford. 
If you desired an orange, it 

6389
05:40:17,900 --> 05:40:20,500
would be advisable to have the 
ancient equivalent of a trust 

6390
05:40:20,500 --> 05:40:24,600
fund. spice vendors were like 
ancient, drug dealers, but legal

6391
05:40:24,600 --> 05:40:28,100
and with better business 
licenses Pepper was incredibly 

6392
05:40:28,100 --> 05:40:30,100
valuable. 
So valuable that it was 

6393
05:40:30,100 --> 05:40:33,300
sometimes used as currency. 
Salt was essential for 

6394
05:40:33,300 --> 05:40:36,900
preserving food and Romans had 
some pretty sophisticated ideas 

6395
05:40:36,900 --> 05:40:40,300
about different types of salt. 
And their uses wine was sold 

6396
05:40:40,300 --> 05:40:42,600
everywhere and it came in 
various qualities. 

6397
05:40:42,600 --> 05:40:45,700
The excellent stuff was for 
special occasions and wealthy 

6398
05:40:45,700 --> 05:40:47,700
people. 
While the everyday wine was more

6399
05:40:47,700 --> 05:40:51,500
like alcoholic vinegar, Romans 
mixed their wine with water 

6400
05:40:51,500 --> 05:40:55,000
which was partly about taste and
partly about not falling over 

6401
05:40:55,000 --> 05:40:58,100
before dinner was finished. 
Shopping wasn't just about 

6402
05:40:58,100 --> 05:41:01,600
buying food. 
It was a social activity, you'd 

6403
05:41:01,600 --> 05:41:05,200
run into neighbor's, catch up on
gossip, and probably hear about 

6404
05:41:05,200 --> 05:41:08,600
the latest political scandals. 
The market was like Facebook, 

6405
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:12,600
but with actual faces and fewer 
privacy settings, you'd need to 

6406
05:41:12,600 --> 05:41:14,800
bring your containers for 
liquids and loose items. 

6407
05:41:14,800 --> 05:41:16,700
No. 
Convenient bottles or bags. 

6408
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:21,300
Just whatever Pottery or baskets
you could carry If you lived in 

6409
05:41:21,300 --> 05:41:23,600
one of those multi-story, 
apartment buildings and had to 

6410
05:41:23,600 --> 05:41:26,500
carry everything up narrow 
stairs, shopping became a 

6411
05:41:26,500 --> 05:41:29,400
workout in itself. 
The whole experience would have 

6412
05:41:29,400 --> 05:41:32,500
taken most of the day and you'd 
need to be a skilled negotiator 

6413
05:41:32,500 --> 05:41:35,800
to get acceptable prices. 
Romans expected, haggling the 

6414
05:41:35,808 --> 05:41:38,700
way, we expect barcodes, it was 
just part of the process. 

6415
05:41:38,700 --> 05:41:42,600
You'd start with an outrageous 
price work your way down and 

6416
05:41:42,600 --> 05:41:44,800
eventually settle on something 
that made both parties. 

6417
05:41:44,800 --> 05:41:47,200
Slightly unhappy which meant it 
was probably fair. 

6418
05:41:47,200 --> 05:41:50,300
So you've survived the market 
experience and made it home with

6419
05:41:50,300 --> 05:41:53,600
your purchases. 
Now comes the fun part actually 

6420
05:41:53,600 --> 05:41:56,700
cooking the food. 
But here's where things get 

6421
05:41:56,700 --> 05:41:59,800
really interesting because Roman
kitchens were nothing like what 

6422
05:41:59,800 --> 05:42:02,200
you're imagining. 
If you lived in a typical Roman 

6423
05:42:02,200 --> 05:42:05,400
apartment, your kitchen might 
have been a small Brazier 

6424
05:42:05,400 --> 05:42:08,000
basically a metal bowl with some
charcoal in it. 

6425
05:42:08,000 --> 05:42:10,700
That's it. 
There were no counters cabinets 

6426
05:42:10,700 --> 05:42:12,800
or refrigerators humming in the 
corner. 

6427
05:42:12,800 --> 05:42:14,800
You do your cooking crouched 
over. 

6428
05:42:14,800 --> 05:42:16,800
This tiny fire. 
Probably in a space that was 

6429
05:42:16,800 --> 05:42:18,300
barely bigger than a modern 
closet. 

6430
05:42:18,300 --> 05:42:20,800
It was like trying to prepare 
Thanksgiving dinner. 

6431
05:42:20,800 --> 05:42:23,900
Using only a Hibachi Grill. 
The smoke from your cooking 

6432
05:42:23,900 --> 05:42:26,600
fire, had to go somewhere, and 
that somewhere was usually 

6433
05:42:26,600 --> 05:42:29,300
everywhere. 
Roman Apartments weren't known 

6434
05:42:29,300 --> 05:42:32,300
for their ventilation systems. 
You'd open a window if you had 

6435
05:42:32,300 --> 05:42:34,400
one but mostly you just live 
with the smoke. 

6436
05:42:34,400 --> 05:42:38,000
Everyone smelled like cooking 
food all the time which was 

6437
05:42:38,000 --> 05:42:40,400
either Charming or horrifying 
depending on your perspective. 

6438
05:42:41,400 --> 05:42:43,900
If you were wealthy enough to 
have a proper house, you might 

6439
05:42:43,900 --> 05:42:45,800
have had a real kitchen with a 
stone half. 

6440
05:42:45,800 --> 05:42:49,200
Maybe even a small oven, but 
even these kitchens would have 

6441
05:42:49,200 --> 05:42:50,600
seen primitive by modern 
standards. 

6442
05:42:50,600 --> 05:42:54,000
The cooking area lacked running 
water and lacked knob, 

6443
05:42:54,000 --> 05:42:57,500
controlled gas burners. 
Everything was fire-based which 

6444
05:42:57,500 --> 05:42:59,500
meant it took longer and 
required more attention. 

6445
05:43:00,400 --> 05:43:03,600
Roman cooking was all about 
timing and patience you couldn't

6446
05:43:03,600 --> 05:43:06,900
just set a timer and walk away. 
You had to stay with your food 

6447
05:43:06,900 --> 05:43:10,500
watching it, adjusting the heat 
by moving, coals around and 

6448
05:43:10,500 --> 05:43:13,400
turning things by hand. 
It was like meditation. 

6449
05:43:13,400 --> 05:43:17,500
Except if you meditated wrong 
dinner burned The most common 

6450
05:43:17,500 --> 05:43:19,800
cooking vessel was a clay pot 
called an Olla. 

6451
05:43:19,800 --> 05:43:22,900
These came in various sizes and 
were used for everything from 

6452
05:43:22,900 --> 05:43:26,700
boiling water to making stews 
Romans or had Pan's. 

6453
05:43:26,700 --> 05:43:30,400
But they were made of bronze or 
iron, not the nonstick ones were

6454
05:43:30,400 --> 05:43:34,300
used to everything stuck to it, 
which made cooking an exercise 

6455
05:43:34,300 --> 05:43:38,000
in both skill and frustration. 
Spices were grounded by hand 

6456
05:43:38,000 --> 05:43:41,600
using a mortar and pestle, which
was an excellent exercise for 

6457
05:43:41,600 --> 05:43:44,300
your arms. 
But time-consuming you'd spend a

6458
05:43:44,300 --> 05:43:46,800
good portion of your cooking 
time just preparing ingredients.

6459
05:43:47,900 --> 05:43:51,500
There were no food processors, 
no pre-chopped vegetables and no

6460
05:43:51,500 --> 05:43:55,000
shortcuts every meal was earned 
through actual physical labor. 

6461
05:43:55,700 --> 05:43:59,200
Storage was another challenge 
entirely without Refrigeration. 

6462
05:43:59,200 --> 05:44:01,600
You had to be creative about 
keeping food fresh. 

6463
05:44:02,300 --> 05:44:06,000
Romans used various preservation
techniques salting smoking 

6464
05:44:06,000 --> 05:44:09,400
drying and fermentation. 
They had underground storage 

6465
05:44:09,400 --> 05:44:12,600
areas called Sally for wine and 
other perishables but these were

6466
05:44:12,600 --> 05:44:16,000
mainly for the wealthy For most 
Romans, you bought what you 

6467
05:44:16,000 --> 05:44:19,100
needed for that day's meal and 
not much more leftovers were 

6468
05:44:19,100 --> 05:44:20,700
problematic without Proper 
Storage. 

6469
05:44:20,700 --> 05:44:23,500
So you learned to prepare just 
enough food for your family. 

6470
05:44:23,500 --> 05:44:26,900
This meant shopping more 
frequently, but it also meant 

6471
05:44:26,900 --> 05:44:29,900
your food was always fresh 
water, for cooking, had to be 

6472
05:44:29,908 --> 05:44:32,000
carried from public fountains or
Wells. 

6473
05:44:32,000 --> 05:44:35,400
There was no turning on a tap. 
You'd fill your water jars and 

6474
05:44:35,400 --> 05:44:37,400
carry them home. 
Then use that water. 

6475
05:44:37,400 --> 05:44:40,100
Spare ringly. 
This approach made cooking more 

6476
05:44:40,100 --> 05:44:43,008
deliberate and less wasteful 
than modern cooking tends to be.

6477
05:44:43,800 --> 05:44:46,200
The Romans had some clever 
cooking techniques that worked 

6478
05:44:46,200 --> 05:44:50,100
around their limitations, they'd
use honey as a preservative wine

6479
05:44:50,100 --> 05:44:53,500
as a cooking liquid and various 
herbs to mask the taste of food 

6480
05:44:53,500 --> 05:44:56,700
that was starting to turn. 
They became masters of one pot, 

6481
05:44:56,700 --> 05:45:00,100
cooking out of necessity, 
creating complex flavors in 

6482
05:45:00,100 --> 05:45:02,700
simple vessels. 
Baking was usually done, 

6483
05:45:02,700 --> 05:45:05,100
communally. 
Most people didn't have ovens, 

6484
05:45:05,100 --> 05:45:07,800
so they'd prepare their bread 
dough at home and then take it 

6485
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:09,300
to a communal Bakery to be 
baked. 

6486
05:45:10,100 --> 05:45:13,000
This practice created a social 
aspect to bread making that 

6487
05:45:13,000 --> 05:45:15,100
we've completely lost in modern 
times. 

6488
05:45:16,100 --> 05:45:19,400
The timing of food preparation 
was crucial because Romans ate 

6489
05:45:19,400 --> 05:45:21,700
their main meal in the late 
afternoon or early evening. 

6490
05:45:21,700 --> 05:45:25,800
You need to start cooking hours 
before you plan to eat if you 

6491
05:45:25,800 --> 05:45:29,500
were preparing anything complex.
There was no ordering takeout. 

6492
05:45:29,500 --> 05:45:32,600
If you ran out of time, you ate 
what you managed to prepare, or 

6493
05:45:32,600 --> 05:45:35,600
you didn't eat much at all. 
Despite all these challenges 

6494
05:45:35,600 --> 05:45:39,400
Romans managed to create some 
truly sophisticated dishes, they

6495
05:45:39,400 --> 05:45:42,900
were creative resourceful, and 
surprisingly Innovative in their

6496
05:45:42,900 --> 05:45:46,100
approach to cooking. 
They had to be their survival 

6497
05:45:46,100 --> 05:45:48,800
depended on it. 
Finally, we reached the Cena, 

6498
05:45:48,800 --> 05:45:51,800
the main meal of the day and the
one Roman's actually cared about

6499
05:45:51,800 --> 05:45:55,600
this meal was where they put 
their effort, their money, and 

6500
05:45:55,600 --> 05:45:59,100
their social energy. 
If breakfast was a handshake and

6501
05:45:59,100 --> 05:46:03,100
lunch was a brief nod, dinner 
was a full embrace The timing of

6502
05:46:03,100 --> 05:46:06,700
dinner would seem strange to us.
Romans typically ate their main 

6503
05:46:06,700 --> 05:46:08,700
meal in the late afternoon or 
early evening. 

6504
05:46:08,700 --> 05:46:11,400
When the days work was done and 
there was still enough light to 

6505
05:46:11,400 --> 05:46:14,800
see what you were eating. 
This wasn't about candle At 

6506
05:46:14,800 --> 05:46:16,900
Romance. 
It was about practicality. 

6507
05:46:17,800 --> 05:46:20,900
Lamp oil was expensive and you 
wanted to enjoy your food while 

6508
05:46:20,900 --> 05:46:25,400
you could actually see it. 
For ordinary Romans dinner was a

6509
05:46:25,400 --> 05:46:28,600
simple but satisfying Affair. 
You'd gather with your family 

6510
05:46:28,600 --> 05:46:31,900
around a low table, sitting on 
stools, or benches the meal 

6511
05:46:31,900 --> 05:46:34,900
would center around bread, which
was eaten with everything and 

6512
05:46:34,900 --> 05:46:38,200
used as utensil. 
You tear off pieces and use them

6513
05:46:38,200 --> 05:46:41,300
to scoop up other foods, like an
ancient version of a dinner 

6514
05:46:41,300 --> 05:46:44,400
roll, that actually worked for 
something. the main dish was 

6515
05:46:44,400 --> 05:46:47,400
often a porridge or stew called 
pulse which was made from 

6516
05:46:47,400 --> 05:46:50,300
various grains and whatever, 
vegetables meat or fish you 

6517
05:46:50,300 --> 05:46:53,900
could afford It sounds boring a 
Romans had perfected. 

6518
05:46:53,900 --> 05:46:57,200
The art of making porridge 
fascinating, they'd had herbs 

6519
05:46:57,200 --> 05:47:00,400
spices, bits of meat, 
vegetables, and that you bitter 

6520
05:47:00,400 --> 05:47:02,400
fish sauce. 
It was like the ancient 

6521
05:47:02,400 --> 05:47:05,500
equivalent of a delicious 
risotto if rizotto were made 

6522
05:47:05,508 --> 05:47:07,100
from whatever you happen to have
on hand. 

6523
05:47:07,100 --> 05:47:11,500
If you could afford meat, it was
usually pork lamb or goat. 

6524
05:47:12,300 --> 05:47:15,400
Chicken was all so popular and 
Romans had some intriguing ways 

6525
05:47:15,400 --> 05:47:17,900
of preparing it. 
They'd stuff it with various 

6526
05:47:17,900 --> 05:47:21,200
mixtures, roast it with herbs or
cook it in wine sources, that 

6527
05:47:21,200 --> 05:47:25,100
would make modern chefs jealous.
He was maximizing flavor with 

6528
05:47:25,100 --> 05:47:28,000
few ingredients. 
Vegetables played a supporting 

6529
05:47:28,000 --> 05:47:31,100
role but an important one, 
Romans ate a lot of cabbage, 

6530
05:47:31,100 --> 05:47:33,600
onions, leeks and various 
greens. 

6531
05:47:33,600 --> 05:47:36,900
They prepared vegetables in ways
that would surprise modern Cooks

6532
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:40,500
often cooking them for much 
longer than we do today creating

6533
05:47:40,500 --> 05:47:42,900
soft flavorful dishes that were 
easy to digest. 

6534
05:47:43,900 --> 05:47:46,900
The wealthy Romans naturally had
completely different dinner 

6535
05:47:46,900 --> 05:47:49,400
experience their meals. 
Were elaborate Affairs that 

6536
05:47:49,400 --> 05:47:51,700
could last for hours and include
multiple courses. 

6537
05:47:51,700 --> 05:47:55,500
They'd recline on couches. 
Yes, they literally laid down to

6538
05:47:55,500 --> 05:47:59,800
eat, and be served by slaves who
brought course after course of 

6539
05:47:59,800 --> 05:48:03,400
increasingly exotic foods. 
Rich Romans might start with, 

6540
05:48:03,408 --> 05:48:08,400
gustatio appetizers like eggs 
olives honey, glazed ham or 

6541
05:48:08,400 --> 05:48:12,500
various Seafood preparations. 
Then came the main courses which

6542
05:48:12,500 --> 05:48:15,700
could include roasted peacock 
stuffed wild boar, or elaborate 

6543
05:48:15,700 --> 05:48:18,300
fish dishes. 
They'd finish with sweet things.

6544
05:48:18,300 --> 05:48:21,600
Like Honey, Cakes or fruit. 
The really wealthy would serve 

6545
05:48:21,600 --> 05:48:23,700
foods that were expensive. 
Not because they tasted 

6546
05:48:23,700 --> 05:48:25,700
excellent. 
But because they were rare or 

6547
05:48:25,700 --> 05:48:28,900
difficult to obtain. 
Flamingo tongues for example 

6548
05:48:28,900 --> 05:48:32,400
were a delicacy not because they
were delicious, but because they

6549
05:48:32,400 --> 05:48:36,100
were exotic and expensive. 
It was like serving gold, flake 

6550
05:48:36,100 --> 05:48:39,000
ice cream today. 
More about showing off than 

6551
05:48:39,000 --> 05:48:42,600
actual flavor. 
Wine was an essential part of 

6552
05:48:42,608 --> 05:48:44,300
dinner for everyone who could 
afford it. 

6553
05:48:45,000 --> 05:48:47,600
The Romans developed 
sophisticated ideas about why 

6554
05:48:47,600 --> 05:48:51,500
creating different types for 
various occasions, they'd mix 

6555
05:48:51,500 --> 05:48:54,100
their wine with water and 
sometimes with honey or spices, 

6556
05:48:54,100 --> 05:48:57,200
the quality of wine. 
You served set a lot about your 

6557
05:48:57,200 --> 05:48:58,800
social status and your 
hospitality. 

6558
05:48:59,900 --> 05:49:03,100
The social aspect of dinner was 
just as important as the food. 

6559
05:49:03,100 --> 05:49:06,700
This was when families came 
together, when friends visited, 

6560
05:49:06,700 --> 05:49:10,800
and when business was discussed,
Dinner was the social media of 

6561
05:49:10,800 --> 05:49:13,600
ancient Rome. 
It's where news was shared 

6562
05:49:13,600 --> 05:49:16,800
relationships were built and 
social hierarchies were 

6563
05:49:16,800 --> 05:49:20,300
reinforced Romans had specific 
etiquette around dinner. 

6564
05:49:20,300 --> 05:49:23,400
That would seem strange to us. 
They ate with their fingers, but

6565
05:49:23,400 --> 05:49:26,100
there were rules about which 
ones to use and how to use them 

6566
05:49:26,100 --> 05:49:28,200
gracefully. 
They'd wash their hands 

6567
05:49:28,200 --> 05:49:31,100
frequently throughout the meal 
and servants would bring water 

6568
05:49:31,100 --> 05:49:34,800
and towels between courses. 
The conversation at dinner was 

6569
05:49:34,800 --> 05:49:36,500
supposed to be pleasant and 
educational. 

6570
05:49:36,500 --> 05:49:39,900
Romans valued wit and 
intelligence at the dinner table

6571
05:49:39,900 --> 05:49:42,800
and a good host would guide the 
conversation to interesting 

6572
05:49:42,800 --> 05:49:45,800
topics. 
Politics, philosophy literature.

6573
05:49:45,800 --> 05:49:48,800
Anything that would stimulate 
the mind while the body was 

6574
05:49:48,800 --> 05:49:51,100
being nourished. 
After the main course is the 

6575
05:49:51,100 --> 05:49:54,200
sweet finale, arrived. 
But Roman deserts were quite 

6576
05:49:54,200 --> 05:49:55,600
different from what you might 
expect. 

6577
05:49:55,600 --> 05:49:58,000
They didn't have sugar in the 
way, we know it. 

6578
05:49:58,000 --> 05:50:00,800
That was still centuries away 
from being common in Europe 

6579
05:50:00,800 --> 05:50:05,800
instead, Romans relied on honey,
fruit, and various inventive 

6580
05:50:05,800 --> 05:50:08,300
combinations to satiate their 
sweet cravings. 

6581
05:50:09,700 --> 05:50:11,800
Honey was the star of Roman 
desserts. 

6582
05:50:11,800 --> 05:50:15,700
They used it in everything, 
drizzled over fresh fruit. 

6583
05:50:15,700 --> 05:50:19,900
Mixed into cakes and combined 
with nuts to make early versions

6584
05:50:19,900 --> 05:50:22,900
of nougat. 
Roman beekeepers were skilled 

6585
05:50:22,900 --> 05:50:25,800
Craftsmen and different types of
honey were prized for their 

6586
05:50:25,800 --> 05:50:28,600
unique flavors. 
Time honey was particularly 

6587
05:50:28,600 --> 05:50:31,800
valued and Romans would pay 
premium prices for honey from 

6588
05:50:31,800 --> 05:50:35,300
specific regions. 
Roman cakes were dense. 

6589
05:50:35,300 --> 05:50:37,800
Sweet Affairs. 
That bore little resemblance to 

6590
05:50:37,800 --> 05:50:41,400
Modern birthday cakes. 
They were made with flour, eggs,

6591
05:50:41,400 --> 05:50:44,200
honey, and various nuts or dried
fruits. 

6592
05:50:45,000 --> 05:50:48,600
One popular dessert was libum a 
cheesecake like creation that 

6593
05:50:48,600 --> 05:50:51,100
was often used in religious 
ceremonies as well as eating for

6594
05:50:51,100 --> 05:50:54,300
pleasure. 
It was Heavy rich and probably 

6595
05:50:54,300 --> 05:50:56,300
would have left, you feeling 
pleasantly stuffed. 

6596
05:50:57,100 --> 05:51:00,100
Fruit was often the simplest and
most satisfying to a meal. 

6597
05:51:00,900 --> 05:51:04,300
Romans had access to apples. 
Pears greats, figs and various 

6598
05:51:04,300 --> 05:51:06,400
berries. 
They'd sometimes cook fruit with

6599
05:51:06,400 --> 05:51:10,000
honey and wine to create compost
or they dry fruit to preserve it

6600
05:51:10,000 --> 05:51:12,600
for later. 
Use fresh fruit was seasonal and

6601
05:51:12,600 --> 05:51:15,700
pressure, making it feel special
when it appeared on the table 

6602
05:51:15,700 --> 05:51:18,600
but here's where Roman Cuisine 
gets really interesting. 

6603
05:51:18,600 --> 05:51:22,000
They ate some things that would 
make modern diners run screaming

6604
05:51:22,000 --> 05:51:25,100
from the table. 
Remember, those stuffed dourmas 

6605
05:51:25,100 --> 05:51:28,000
I mentioned earlier, Romans 
considered them a delicacy. 

6606
05:51:28,800 --> 05:51:31,000
They'd fatten up dorm in special
jars. 

6607
05:51:31,000 --> 05:51:34,200
Then stuff them with pork, pine 
nuts, and various seasonings 

6608
05:51:34,200 --> 05:51:35,100
before. 
Roasting them. 

6609
05:51:35,900 --> 05:51:39,300
It was like ancient Roman Tapas 
except with more adorable 

6610
05:51:39,300 --> 05:51:42,000
Woodland creatures. 
Romans also had a thing for 

6611
05:51:42,000 --> 05:51:43,800
organ meats, that would 
challenge even the most 

6612
05:51:43,800 --> 05:51:48,000
adventurous, modern foodie They 
ate brains kidneys, liver and 

6613
05:51:48,000 --> 05:51:51,300
various other parts of animals 
that we typically avoid these 

6614
05:51:51,300 --> 05:51:53,600
weren't poverty Foods. 
They were often considered 

6615
05:51:53,600 --> 05:51:57,300
Delicacies Roman Cooks had 
developed sophisticated ways of 

6616
05:51:57,300 --> 05:51:59,900
preparing. 
These organs often disguising 

6617
05:51:59,900 --> 05:52:02,800
their texture and enhancing 
their flavors with herbs and 

6618
05:52:02,800 --> 05:52:04,800
spices. 
Sea. 

6619
05:52:04,800 --> 05:52:06,100
Urchins were another Roman 
favorite. 

6620
05:52:06,100 --> 05:52:08,700
That might surprise you. 
They'd eat them raw like, 

6621
05:52:08,700 --> 05:52:11,300
ancient Sushi or cook them in 
various preparations. 

6622
05:52:12,700 --> 05:52:15,700
Romans living near the coast had
access to all sorts of seafood. 

6623
05:52:15,700 --> 05:52:17,200
That was both familiar and 
exotic. 

6624
05:52:18,100 --> 05:52:20,600
They did everything from simple 
sardines to elaborate 

6625
05:52:20,600 --> 05:52:24,100
preparations of eels and Rays. 
The famous Roman fish sauce. 

6626
05:52:24,100 --> 05:52:27,800
Garam deserves special mention 
because it was a ubiquitous 

6627
05:52:27,800 --> 05:52:31,400
ingredient in Roman Cuisine. 
Garam a source made from 

6628
05:52:31,400 --> 05:52:34,800
fermented phishing tests was 
considered the Umami bomb of the

6629
05:52:34,800 --> 05:52:37,300
ancient world. 
Romans put it on everything 

6630
05:52:37,300 --> 05:52:41,500
meets vegetables and even 
desserts sometimes it was salty 

6631
05:52:41,500 --> 05:52:44,400
pungent and absolutely essential
to Roman cooking. 

6632
05:52:45,400 --> 05:52:48,000
The best garam was made from 
tuner intestines and was 

6633
05:52:48,000 --> 05:52:49,700
expensive enough to be a luxury 
item. 

6634
05:52:50,600 --> 05:52:53,400
Romans also ate various birds 
that we don't typically consider

6635
05:52:53,400 --> 05:52:56,100
food today. 
He cocks swans and even 

6636
05:52:56,100 --> 05:52:58,400
ostriches appeared on Wealthy 
Roman tables. 

6637
05:52:58,400 --> 05:53:01,200
These were often prepared as 
much for spectacle. 

6638
05:53:01,200 --> 05:53:04,600
As for Taste, imagine a roasted 
peacock with its feathers 

6639
05:53:04,600 --> 05:53:08,000
replaced for presentation. 
It was the epitome of elaborate 

6640
05:53:08,000 --> 05:53:11,300
dinner theater. 
One particularly strange, Roman 

6641
05:53:11,300 --> 05:53:14,700
delicacy was molsom a drink made
from wine and honey. 

6642
05:53:14,700 --> 05:53:16,800
That was often served at the 
beginning of meals. 

6643
05:53:17,500 --> 05:53:20,200
But the Romans also made a 
version with added spices that 

6644
05:53:20,200 --> 05:53:23,100
were supposed to a digestion. 
It was like ancient 

6645
05:53:23,100 --> 05:53:26,700
Pepto-Bismol, except it was 
alcoholic and probably didn't 

6646
05:53:26,700 --> 05:53:30,200
help with digestion at all. 
The Romans Had A peculiar 

6647
05:53:30,200 --> 05:53:32,700
relationship with eggs that went
beyond simple breakfast. 

6648
05:53:32,700 --> 05:53:37,000
Fare, they'd eat eggs from 
various Birds chickens, Ducks 

6649
05:53:37,000 --> 05:53:41,200
geese, and even ostriches 
ostrich eggs, were enormous and 

6650
05:53:41,200 --> 05:53:43,800
were often prepared as shared 
dishes for special occasions. 

6651
05:53:43,800 --> 05:53:47,700
Imagine cracking, open an egg 
that could feed a family of six.

6652
05:53:48,800 --> 05:53:52,000
What's fascinating is how Romans
combined flavors in ways that 

6653
05:53:52,000 --> 05:53:55,900
would seem strange to us today? 
They'd mix sweet and savory 

6654
05:53:55,900 --> 05:53:59,000
regularly adding honey to meet 
dishes and using fruit in 

6655
05:53:59,000 --> 05:54:02,500
preparations, we'd consider 
purely Savory, they'd cook fish 

6656
05:54:02,500 --> 05:54:04,800
with fruit. 
Had honey to vegetables and 

6657
05:54:04,800 --> 05:54:07,500
create complex flavor, profiles 
that challenge, the palate. 

6658
05:54:08,200 --> 05:54:10,400
The end of a Roman dinner wasn't
just about food. 

6659
05:54:10,400 --> 05:54:13,200
It was about extending the 
social experience as long as 

6660
05:54:13,208 --> 05:54:15,700
possible. 
The meal would gradually wind 

6661
05:54:15,700 --> 05:54:20,000
down with more wine conversation
and sometimes entertainment It 

6662
05:54:20,000 --> 05:54:22,500
was the ancient equivalent of 
lingering over coffee and 

6663
05:54:22,500 --> 05:54:25,800
dessert, except with more 
reclining and fewer espresso 

6664
05:54:25,800 --> 05:54:28,800
machines as your Roman dinner, 
finally winds down and you lean 

6665
05:54:28,800 --> 05:54:31,900
back full and satisfied. 
It's worth thinking about how 

6666
05:54:31,900 --> 05:54:34,500
this ancient way of eating has 
shaped our modern world. 

6667
05:54:35,300 --> 05:54:38,000
The Romans weren't just eating. 
They were creating patterns and 

6668
05:54:38,000 --> 05:54:39,400
preferences that would 
influence. 

6669
05:54:39,400 --> 05:54:42,800
European Cuisine for centuries 
to come many of the herbs and 

6670
05:54:42,800 --> 05:54:45,500
spices Romans used are still 
essential in Mediterranean 

6671
05:54:45,500 --> 05:54:49,900
cooking today, a regular thyme 
Rosemary and Sage were Roman 

6672
05:54:49,900 --> 05:54:51,500
favorites that modern Italian 
Cooks. 

6673
05:54:51,500 --> 05:54:54,900
Still rely on the Romans 
basically created the foundation

6674
05:54:54,900 --> 05:54:57,900
for what we now, call 
Mediterranean Cuisine even 

6675
05:54:57,900 --> 05:55:01,100
though they didn't have access 
to tomatoes, potatoes, or many 

6676
05:55:01,100 --> 05:55:03,400
of the other ingredients we 
associate with the Italian food 

6677
05:55:03,400 --> 05:55:07,600
today, the Roman approached to 
Wine was revolutionary and set 

6678
05:55:07,600 --> 05:55:09,400
standards that winemakers still 
follow. 

6679
05:55:09,400 --> 05:55:14,000
They developed ideas about aging
about pairing wine with food and

6680
05:55:14,000 --> 05:55:16,400
about the social importance of 
wine that persisted today. 

6681
05:55:17,200 --> 05:55:19,700
Every time you choose a wine to 
go with dinner, your 

6682
05:55:19,700 --> 05:55:22,400
participating in a tradition 
that Romans helped to establish.

6683
05:55:23,200 --> 05:55:26,200
Roman attitudes toward communal.
Eating also shaped European 

6684
05:55:26,200 --> 05:55:28,000
culture in ways. 
We still see today. 

6685
05:55:28,600 --> 05:55:31,900
The idea that dinner should be a
social event that meals should 

6686
05:55:31,900 --> 05:55:34,500
bring people together and that 
food is about more than just 

6687
05:55:34,500 --> 05:55:36,700
nutrition. 
These are all Concepts that 

6688
05:55:36,700 --> 05:55:39,700
Romans championed, they 
understood that eating together 

6689
05:55:39,700 --> 05:55:42,600
was about building relationships
and strengthening communities. 

6690
05:55:43,300 --> 05:55:46,400
The Roman class system around 
food or established patterns 

6691
05:55:46,400 --> 05:55:48,000
that took centuries to break 
down. 

6692
05:55:48,800 --> 05:55:51,500
The idea that certain foods were
for wealthy people and others 

6693
05:55:51,500 --> 05:55:55,200
were for the poor, that food 
could be a status symbol and the

6694
05:55:55,200 --> 05:55:59,000
elaborate meals were a way to 
display wealth and power these 

6695
05:55:59,000 --> 05:56:01,300
Concepts. 
Persisted long after Rome fell, 

6696
05:56:02,300 --> 05:56:05,600
But perhaps, most importantly, 
Roman showed us that cooking is 

6697
05:56:05,600 --> 05:56:09,700
about creativity and adaptation.
They took whatever ingredients 

6698
05:56:09,700 --> 05:56:12,100
they had available and found 
ways to make them delicious. 

6699
05:56:12,100 --> 05:56:14,500
They didn't have the global 
ingredient Market. 

6700
05:56:14,500 --> 05:56:19,400
We do now, but they may do, they
were resourceful, inventive and 

6701
05:56:19,400 --> 05:56:22,000
surprisingly sophisticated in 
their approach to food. 

6702
05:56:22,800 --> 05:56:26,100
The Roman kitchen with all its 
limitations produced, some truly

6703
05:56:26,100 --> 05:56:28,900
remarkable dishes. 
They developed techniques for 

6704
05:56:28,900 --> 05:56:32,800
preserving food for combining 
flavors and for creating complex

6705
05:56:32,800 --> 05:56:34,300
meals. 
From simple ingredients. 

6706
05:56:35,000 --> 05:56:37,400
The understood. 
The cooking was both an art and 

6707
05:56:37,400 --> 05:56:39,400
a science. 
Requiring skill, patience and 

6708
05:56:39,400 --> 05:56:42,200
creativity. 
Roman eating habits. 

6709
05:56:42,200 --> 05:56:44,700
Also remind us that food culture
is always changing. 

6710
05:56:45,500 --> 05:56:47,700
What seems normal to us today? 
Would have been completely 

6711
05:56:47,700 --> 05:56:50,700
foreign to Romans just as 
they're eating habits seems 

6712
05:56:50,700 --> 05:56:53,000
strange to us. 
They adapted to their 

6713
05:56:53,000 --> 05:56:56,800
circumstances, made the most of 
their resources and created a 

6714
05:56:56,800 --> 05:56:59,000
food culture that was 
appropriate for their time and 

6715
05:56:59,000 --> 05:57:01,900
place. 
The social aspects of Roman 

6716
05:57:01,900 --> 05:57:03,900
dining. 
The conversation, the 

6717
05:57:03,900 --> 05:57:07,100
entertainment, the sense of 
community, are things we could 

6718
05:57:07,100 --> 05:57:10,900
perhaps, learn from today. 
Romans understood that meals 

6719
05:57:10,900 --> 05:57:12,900
were about more than just 
consuming calories. 

6720
05:57:12,900 --> 05:57:16,300
They were about connecting with 
other people sharing experiences

6721
05:57:16,300 --> 05:57:19,500
and creating memories. 
As you drift off to sleep 

6722
05:57:19,500 --> 05:57:22,500
tonight, full of this knowledge 
about Roman eating habits. 

6723
05:57:22,500 --> 05:57:25,400
You might find yourself thinking
differently about your meals. 

6724
05:57:25,400 --> 05:57:28,200
Every time you sit down to eat 
your participating in a 

6725
05:57:28,200 --> 05:57:30,000
tradition. 
That stretches back, thousands 

6726
05:57:30,000 --> 05:57:33,100
of years, your part of a long 
chain of people who have 

6727
05:57:33,100 --> 05:57:36,700
gathered around tables, shared 
food and used meals as a way to 

6728
05:57:36,708 --> 05:57:39,600
connect with others. 
The Romans may not have had our 

6729
05:57:39,600 --> 05:57:42,800
modern conveniences, our Global 
ingredients or are sophisticated

6730
05:57:42,800 --> 05:57:46,200
cooking equipment but they had 
something that's perhaps more 

6731
05:57:46,200 --> 05:57:48,600
valuable. 
They understood that food is 

6732
05:57:48,600 --> 05:57:52,200
about more than just nutrition. 
It's about Community creativity 

6733
05:57:52,200 --> 05:57:54,900
and the simple pleasure of 
sharing a meal with people. 

6734
05:57:54,900 --> 05:57:58,200
You care about So tomorrow 
morning, when you're having your

6735
05:57:58,200 --> 05:58:01,200
elaborate breakfast that would 
have amazed any Roman, remember 

6736
05:58:01,200 --> 05:58:03,400
that you're eating like royalty,
compared to most people 

6737
05:58:03,400 --> 05:58:07,400
throughout history and maybe 
just maybe you'll appreciate 

6738
05:58:07,400 --> 05:58:09,900
that morning meal. 
A little bit more knowing how 

6739
05:58:09,900 --> 05:58:13,500
far we've come from those simple
Roman breakfasts of bread and 

6740
05:58:13,500 --> 05:58:17,800
wine sweet dreams and may your 
meals be as satisfying as a 

6741
05:58:17,808 --> 05:58:20,100
Roman seen or minus the door 
mice.