How the Boston Tea Party Actually Changed Everything | Boring History

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Hey there, my exhausted friends,
go ahead and get comfy here 

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because tonight we settle into 
the Winter Harbor of 1773 

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Boston, where a quiet Act of 
rebellion in the darkness would 

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ignite a revolution. 
This is the story of how tea 

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leaves floating in cold. 
Salt, water became the most 

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expensive, political statement 
in history. 

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If you are new to the club, feel
free to follow us and leave a 

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wonderful review of what we do 
here. 

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Also tell your friends and 
family if they are struggling to

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sleep well at night and let them
know about these history, 

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stories curated for learning 
while you sleep or do chores. 

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Now, dim the light that always 
blind us when we wake up. 

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Turn on a fan for some white 
noise and let's begin. 

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The December wind cuts across 
Boston Harbor tonight, carrying 

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the smell of pine tar and salt. 
You stand on Griffin's Wharf, 

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watching three Merchant ships, 
Rock gently against their 

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Moorings, the ear is 1773 and 
somewhere in the darkness around

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you. 
History is preparing to make 

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itself heard but before we reach
that moment, Before the splash 

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of tea crates hitting Black 
Water, you need to understand 

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how a simple beverage became the
most dangerous substance in the 

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American colonies. 
Your boots crunch through. 

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November Frost, as you walk, the
cobblestone streets of Boston in

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1772 the morning air, smells 
like wood, smoke and fresh bread

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from the bakery on Milk Street 
around you. 

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The city hums with the ordinary 
business of living. 

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Cooper hammers iron Hoops onto 
Barrel staves. 

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A fish monger, calls out prices 
for codon. 

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Mackerel, two women, pause 
outside a shop window examining 

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bolts of imported fabric. 
Everything looks normal. 

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Everything feels like the world.
You have always known. 

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But underneath this ordinary 
morning, something fundamental 

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as shifted, the British Empire 
that vast, Machinery of Commerce

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and control stretching across 
Ocean's, has decided to solve a 

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problem. 
The East India Company, the 

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trading giant, that effectively 
runs British interests in Asia. 

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Sits on the edge of bankruptcy. 
17 million pounds of unsold team

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older in London, warehouse's. 
According to Thomas Hutchinson's

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correspondence, with the 
colonial office, the company 

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bleeds money while Colonial 
merchants in America thrive on 

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smuggled Dutch tea. 
The Empire needs a solution. 

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The solution Parliament decides 
will reshape your world. 

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You pour yourself tea this 
morning. 

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As you do every morning, the 
ritual feels comfortable, hot 

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water. 
Darkens. 

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The leaves Steam Rises carrying 
that particular Center of 

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Bergamot and Earth. 
The East, India company has 

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ship. 
These leaves 15,000 miles from 

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plantations in a sarm and Salon 
they traveled by Ox cart to 

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Calcutta, by merchant ship 
around the Cape of Good. 

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Hope through storms and doldrums
into London, warehouses, then 

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across the Atlantic to Boston. 
By the time they reach your cup,

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they have passed through so many
hands that the final price 

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Bears, little resemblance to 
their original value. 

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The Journey of these leaves 
tells. 

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The story of empire in miniature
Chinese workers. 

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Picked them on Mountain, slopes 
their hands moving with 

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practiced efficiency through 
rows of bushes, the leaves dried

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in Factory where the air hunk 
thick with dust and Heat. 

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British merchants inspected. 
The Harvest calculating profits 

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in ledgers that track the 
movement of goods across 

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continents. 
Ships. 

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Carried the teeth through 
Waters. 

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Patrolled by the Royal Navy 
protecting trade routes. 

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That sustained an Empire. 
At every stage, someone took a 

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cut. 
Percentage here a duty there. 

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The accumulated costs 
transformed, a simple 

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Agricultural Product into a 
luxury. 

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Good that signaled status and 
civilization Your neighbor's 

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drink tea every afternoon, the 
ritual has become so ingrained 

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in colonial life that you barely
question it. 

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Women gather in parlors to share
gossip over teacups painted with

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delicate. 
Chinese patterns, men discuss 

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business and coffee houses, 
where tea with coffee and 

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chocolate as the beverage of 
choice. 

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Even the poorest family, save 
coins to purchase a small amount

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of leaves stretching, the supply
by reusing the multiple times, 

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until the flavor, turns, bitter 
and thin. 

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T drinking marks. 
He was civilized, as British as 

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connected to a culture that 
spans the globe, but the Tea Act

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changes, the meaning of every 
cup. 

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What was once simply a beverage,
has become a political 

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statement, drinking tea now 
means accepting parliament's, 

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right to tax. 
Refusing tea means declaring 

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resistance, the choice facing 
you at breakfast, carries 

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implications, far, beyond 
personal preference. 

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This is how Empire Works Goods 
flow in patterns established by 

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law and Profit the Navigation. 
Act passed decades ago by a 

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parliament. 
You never elected dictate that 

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colonial trade must flow 
through. 

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Britain, you cannot buy tea 
directly from China. 

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You cannot purchase, 
manufactured, goods from France.

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Every transaction must pass 
through. 

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London middleman, who take their
cut and London Customs houses 

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who collect their duties. 
The system turns you into a 

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permanent customer with no 
alternative suppliers. 

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The Tea Act of 1773, which 
Parliament passes in May 

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attempts, to fix the East, India
companies, Problems by making 

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their tea cheaper than smuggled 
Dutch varieties. 

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The lore eliminates the 
middleman Merchants who normally

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sell tea in the colonies, Now, 
the company can ship directly to

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appointed agents in American 
ports. 

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The colonial Duty remains in 
place that three Pence per pound

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that has caused so much anger 
since the Townshend Acts But 

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even with the duty East, India 
Company T will cost less than 

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what you currently pay for 
smuggled leaves. 

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You hear about the new law from 
Samuel Adams who speaks in the 

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Old South meeting house with the
kind of quiet intensity that 

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makes people lean forward in 
their seats. 

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Adams has thinning hair and a 
slight Tremor in his hands. 

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That makes him seem older than 
his 50 years. but his voice 

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carries the weight of someone 
who sees patterns others Miss 

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The Tea Act, he explains is not 
really about tea. 

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It is about the principle of 
parliament's, right to tax you 

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without your consent. 
It is about whether you live as 

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subjects or citizens the meeting
house, smells like damp wall and

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nervous, sweat around, you sit 
merchants and Artisans and 

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shopkeepers and laborers. 
Some of your neighbor's for 

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decades, you know, their 
children, you buy bread from 

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their wives. 
These are not radicals or 

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revolutionaries in the dramatic 
sense. 

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They are people trying to run 
businesses and raise families in

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a city where every economic 
decision. 

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Now, carries political weight, 
John Hancock whose Merchant 

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ships dominate? 
Boston Harbor stands to speak. 

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Hancock's Fortune comes partly 
from smuggled Goods though. 

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He would phrase it differently. 
He talks about the Monopoly. 

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The Tea Act creates today, the 
East India Company controls tea 

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tomorrow. 
It might control textiles or 

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Hardware or any other commodity 
the principal he argues 

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threatened, every Merchant in 
the colonies, his argument is 

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about profit. 
Yes but also about the future 

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structure of American Commerce, 
who decides what you can buy 

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from whom. 
Outside the meeting house. 

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November Rain begins to fall. 
You can hear it pattering 

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against the windows that soft 
persistent sound of a nor'easter

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settling in for the day. 
The room grows darker as clouds,

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obscure the afternoon sun, 
someone lights additional 

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candles. 
The flickering light makes the 

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faces around. 
You look almost theatrical all 

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shadows and highlights like 
figures in a Rembrandt painting.

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The discussion continues for 
hours, some argue for patients 

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others, call for immediate 
action, the room, divides along,

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familiar lines, conservatives 
worry about antagonizing 

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Parliament, radicals. 
Insist that compromise only 

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invites further encroachment, 
The debate itself is not new. 

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You have heard these arguments 
since the Stamp Act crisis eight

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years ago, what changes now is 
the sense that the decision 

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point of approaches the East 
India company has already loaded

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ships with Tide, destined for 
Boston, New York, Philadelphia 

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and Charleston. 
When those ships arrive, you 

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will need to choose Thomas, 
Hutchinson the Royal Governor 

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makes his position. 
Clear in a letter published in 

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the Boston Gazette, the tea will
land the duties will be paid, 

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the law will be obeyed, 
Hutchinson rights with the 

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confidence of someone who 
believes Authority naturally, 

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flows downward from Parliament 
to colonies to individual 

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subjects. 
Cannot imagine that this flow 

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mic reverse, that Authority 
might derive from the consent of

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the governed, rather than the 
decree of the government. 

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His imagination shaped by 
Decades of Imperial Service, 

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cannot accommodate the future, 
that is forming in rooms like 

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this one across the colonies. 
You walk home through the rain 

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thinking about t, such a small 
thing to build a crisis around 

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yet, every great change. 
You reflect seems to start with 

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something ordinary transformed 
by context into something. 

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Extraordinary, Tea in your cup 
is Breakfast tea in a cargo, 

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hold becomes Rebellion. 
The difference. 

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Lies not in the leaves 
themselves, but in what they 

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represent parliament's, right to
tax Colonial, rights to resist, 

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the question of who owns the 
future, your house, smells like 

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the fish chowder, your wife has 
simmering over the kitchen fire,

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the warmth after cold rain feels
like Redemption. 

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Your children ask about the 
meeting. 

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You try to explain in terms, 
they can understand it is 

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difficult. 
How do you tell a child that 

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their world might change because
of dried leaves and political 

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Theory? 
How do you prepare them for the 

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possibility that their father 
might have to choose between law

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and conscience. 
That night lying in bed 

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listening to rain drum against 
roof shingles. 

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You think about the ships that 
are even now crossing the 

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Atlantic, the Dartmouth, the 
Eleanor, the beaver, Their holds

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packed with tea chests, each 
chest contains 360 pounds of 

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leaves each pound. 
Represents three Pence of Duty 

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that Parliament insists on 
collecting. 

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The mathematics of Empire, the 
arithmetic of resistance. 

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By the time you fall asleep, the
calculations of blurred into 

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dreams of ships and harbors, and
Dark Water. 

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The darkness drops Anchor Inn. 
Boston Harbor on November 28th 

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1773 you stand on Long, Wharf 
watching the ships settle in to 

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the gray water. 
She is a square rigged vessel of

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several hundred tons her Hull 
City, low under the weight of 

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her cargo. 114 chests of East, 
India Company tea, rest in her 

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whole The owner Francis Roche 
Paces, The Wharf looking 

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worried, he is a Nantucket 
Quaker caught between commercial

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interests and political reality.
His ship carries perfectly legal

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cargo that has somehow become 
Contraband in the eyes of much 

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of Boston. 
The weather has turned cold, ice

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forms in the quiet edges of the 
harbor, where water meets Shore.

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Your breath makes small clouds 
in the morning are around. 

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You other bostonians gathered to
stare at the ship. 

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No one. 
Seems quite sure what to do. 

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The Dartmouth has entered Port 
legally under British law 

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Rochester's 20 days to unload 
his cargo and pay the required 

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duties. 
He fails to do so Customs, 

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officials can seize the ship and
auction. 

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Its contents, the deadline 
creates a timeline 20 days to 

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decide the future. 
The ship rocks gently on the 

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incoming tide. 
Seabirds Circle overhead, their 

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calls echoing across the water. 
The Dartmouth looks like any 

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00:11:39,300 --> 00:11:41,800
other Merchant vessel that has 
entered this harder carrying 

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goods from England. 
Her lines are clean and 

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practical. 
A rigging shows signs of a long 

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Atlantic Crossing salt stained, 
and whether it nothing about her

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appearance, suggests the 
political crisis. 

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She represents yet, everyone 
watching knows that what happens

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to this ship and her cargo will 
determine the shape of colonial 

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resistance. 
Roch stands near the Gangplank, 

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speaking with the Harbor Master,
you can see the tension in his 

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shoulders the way he gestures 
with hands, that want to solve a

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problem, but cannot find the 
solution. 

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Here's a businessman who deals 
in facts and contracts the cargo

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in his hold is legal. 
His ship has proper 

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documentation. 
He has broken no law yet, the 

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crowd gathering on the wall, 
looks at him with Expressions 

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that range from sympathy to 
suspicion. 

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Some see him as an innocent 
Merchant caught in circumstances

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Beyond his control others. 
Wonder whether he knew what he 

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was carrying and chose profit 
over principal. 

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The afternoon light slant across
the water turning, the harbor 

232
00:12:38,800 --> 00:12:40,400
into patterns of Silver and 
Shadow. 

233
00:12:41,600 --> 00:12:44,400
Other ships, Bob at their 
Mooring their business 

234
00:12:44,400 --> 00:12:46,300
unaffected by the darkness 
arrival. 

235
00:12:47,200 --> 00:12:49,100
Fishing vessels, unload their 
catch. 

236
00:12:49,900 --> 00:12:53,800
Coastal Traders, transfer Goods 
to warehouses the ordinary 

237
00:12:53,800 --> 00:12:55,600
Commerce of a port city 
continues. 

238
00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:59,200
Despite the extraordinary 
political situation developing 

239
00:12:59,200 --> 00:13:02,300
around this single ship. 
The contrast strikes, you 

240
00:13:02,300 --> 00:13:06,300
history is happening, but most 
of Life proceeds, as normal 

241
00:13:06,300 --> 00:13:10,800
people still need to eat good. 
Still need to move the world. 

242
00:13:10,800 --> 00:13:15,400
Does not stop for revolution. 
Samuel Adams organizes a mass 

243
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:18,700
meeting at Faneuil Hall. 
The hall cannot hold the crowd 

244
00:13:18,700 --> 00:13:20,800
that arrives. 
So everyone moves to the Old 

245
00:13:20,800 --> 00:13:25,500
South meeting house, which has 
more space, 5000 people pack 

246
00:13:25,500 --> 00:13:27,700
into the building and overflow 
into the street outside. 

247
00:13:27,700 --> 00:13:30,500
This is not a small gathering of
radicals. 

248
00:13:30,500 --> 00:13:34,100
This is a significant portion of
Boston's population making their

249
00:13:34,100 --> 00:13:38,000
presence felt According to 
accounts from participants, the 

250
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,800
meeting resembles, something 
between a town assembly and a 

251
00:13:40,800 --> 00:13:43,900
religious revival. 
People speak with passion about 

252
00:13:43,900 --> 00:13:46,300
rights and duties, and the 
proper relationship between 

253
00:13:46,300 --> 00:13:49,400
citizens and government. 
The meeting resolves that the 

254
00:13:49,400 --> 00:13:52,100
team must not be unloaded the 
meeting further. 

255
00:13:52,100 --> 00:13:54,400
Resolves, that the team must be 
sent back to London. 

256
00:13:54,400 --> 00:13:57,800
The meeting appoints a committee
to watch the Dartmouth and 

257
00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:01,100
ensure, no one attempts to bring
the cargo ashore around. 

258
00:14:01,100 --> 00:14:05,000
You men volunteer for watched 
Duty, they will stand guard in 

259
00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:08,000
shifts day and night. 
Making sure the tea stays in the

260
00:14:08,008 --> 00:14:10,800
hold, where it can do no 
political damage, the commitment

261
00:14:10,800 --> 00:14:13,600
required strikes. 
You these are working men who 

262
00:14:13,600 --> 00:14:17,000
cannot afford to miss wages. 
Yet they volunteer anyway 

263
00:14:17,000 --> 00:14:21,100
principal apparently outweighs 
profit in the short term Francis

264
00:14:21,100 --> 00:14:24,400
Roche, tries to navigate 
impossible demands, the meeting 

265
00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:26,200
insists. 
The tea returned to London 

266
00:14:26,200 --> 00:14:29,300
Governor, Hutchinson refuses to 
Grant the clearance papers 

267
00:14:29,300 --> 00:14:31,000
necessary for the ship to leave 
port. 

268
00:14:31,000 --> 00:14:34,600
British law requires the duties 
to be paid before any ship. 

269
00:14:34,600 --> 00:14:38,100
Can depart Roche finds himself 
trapped between Colonial 

270
00:14:38,100 --> 00:14:39,800
resistance and Imperial 
bureaucracy. 

271
00:14:39,800 --> 00:14:42,400
He partitions. 
The governor he addresses the 

272
00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:45,100
meetings letters to the Customs 
Commissioners. 

273
00:14:45,100 --> 00:14:48,000
Nothing resolves. 
The deadlock, two more ships. 

274
00:14:48,300 --> 00:14:50,600
Arrived. 
The Eleanor on December 2nd, the

275
00:14:50,600 --> 00:14:54,100
beaver on December 15th delayed 
by smallpox among the crew. 

276
00:14:54,900 --> 00:14:57,900
Now three vessels, sit at 
Griffin's Wharf, their holds 

277
00:14:57,900 --> 00:15:03,100
collectively carrying 342 chests
of tea were approximately 18,000

278
00:15:03,100 --> 00:15:06,500
Pounds. 
The deadline Looms on December 

279
00:15:06,500 --> 00:15:08,900
the 17th. 
If the duties remain unpaid 

280
00:15:08,900 --> 00:15:12,500
Admiral Montague can order the 
custom service to seize, the 

281
00:15:12,500 --> 00:15:16,000
ships and force the tier Shore, 
The calendar has become a 

282
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:18,300
countdown. 
You attend the meeting on, 

283
00:15:18,300 --> 00:15:21,400
December the 16th. 
The last full day before the 

284
00:15:21,400 --> 00:15:25,700
deadline 7,000, people crowded 
into and around the Old South 

285
00:15:25,700 --> 00:15:27,900
Meeting House. 
The number represents nearly 

286
00:15:27,900 --> 00:15:31,600
half of Boston's population. 
Something in the air feels 

287
00:15:31,600 --> 00:15:34,300
different today. 
You can sense it in the way 

288
00:15:34,300 --> 00:15:37,100
people speak the tension in 
their shoulders. 

289
00:15:37,100 --> 00:15:39,700
The sidelong glance is the 
exchange. 

290
00:15:39,700 --> 00:15:42,500
Everyone knows the deadline 
approaches. 

291
00:15:42,500 --> 00:15:45,300
Everyone knows that talk must 
soon, give way to action. 

292
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:50,200
Francis Rock summoned before the
meeting reports, his final 

293
00:15:50,200 --> 00:15:53,700
attempt to get clearance papers 
from Governor Hutchinson He 

294
00:15:53,700 --> 00:15:56,200
wrote to the governor's Country 
House in Milton that morning. 

295
00:15:56,900 --> 00:16:01,000
Hutchinson refused to see him 
sending words through an aid 

296
00:16:01,000 --> 00:16:04,200
that the law is clear and the 
governor's position unchanged. 

297
00:16:04,200 --> 00:16:08,100
The tea cannot leave, until the 
duties are paid Roche. 

298
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:10,700
Delivers this news with the 
exhausted, tone of someone who 

299
00:16:10,700 --> 00:16:14,800
has tried everything and failed.
He is a merchant not a 

300
00:16:14,800 --> 00:16:17,000
politician. 
He wants to conduct his business

301
00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:20,600
and go home in Stead. 
He has become a minor character 

302
00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:25,400
in a much larger drama. 
Samuel Adams stands. 

303
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:29,200
The room quiet is voice carries 
to the back rows. 

304
00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:32,500
This meeting, he says, can do 
nothing more to save the 

305
00:16:32,500 --> 00:16:37,100
country. phrase, sounds almost 
ritual like a signal 

306
00:16:37,100 --> 00:16:42,000
pre-arranged around you men. 
Begin to move some head for the 

307
00:16:42,008 --> 00:16:44,500
doors, others reach for the 
disguises. 

308
00:16:44,500 --> 00:16:46,200
They have hidden under coats and
shawls. 

309
00:16:47,300 --> 00:16:50,200
In the growing darkness of a 
December evening, Boston 

310
00:16:50,200 --> 00:16:53,300
transforms. 
You follow the crowd out into 

311
00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:55,700
the street. 
The air smells like snow. 

312
00:16:55,700 --> 00:16:59,500
That has not yet Fallen. 
Someone has brought torches that

313
00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:02,200
cast jumping Shadows on building
facade's. 

314
00:17:03,100 --> 00:17:04,900
The group heading toward 
Griffin's Wharf. 

315
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:08,099
Now includes dozens of men 
dressed in rough approximation 

316
00:17:08,099 --> 00:17:11,900
of Mohawk, clothing. 
The disguises serve multiple 

317
00:17:11,900 --> 00:17:15,900
purposes, they provide symbolic.
Cover suggesting this action 

318
00:17:15,900 --> 00:17:17,700
comes from outside. 
The colonial political 

319
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:19,599
structure. 
They make individual 

320
00:17:19,599 --> 00:17:22,900
identification difficult, they 
transformed the participants 

321
00:17:22,900 --> 00:17:26,200
into a kind of theater troupe 
staging a political statement. 

322
00:17:27,099 --> 00:17:30,100
The symbolism matters. 
This will not look like a mob, 

323
00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:32,700
it will look like a carefully. 
Organized statement of 

324
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:35,800
principle. 
Griffin's Wharf, stretches into 

325
00:17:35,800 --> 00:17:38,600
Dark Water. 
The three ships Rock gently 

326
00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:41,900
against their Moorings, their 
masts making slow patterns 

327
00:17:41,900 --> 00:17:45,600
against a clouded Sky. 
You can smell the harbor salt 

328
00:17:45,600 --> 00:17:48,400
and fish and the particular 
organic Decay, that marks the 

329
00:17:48,400 --> 00:17:52,100
edge between Land and Sea. 
Someone has organized the group 

330
00:17:52,100 --> 00:17:55,500
into three divisions, one for 
each ship, the organization 

331
00:17:55,500 --> 00:17:57,500
strikes. 
You this is not chaos. 

332
00:17:57,500 --> 00:18:00,700
This is something rehearsed and 
planned executed with the 

333
00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:02,900
Precision of a military 
operation disguised. 

334
00:18:02,900 --> 00:18:06,000
To spontaneous action, the 
temperature has dropped since 

335
00:18:06,000 --> 00:18:08,100
Sunset. 
Your fingers feel stiff. 

336
00:18:08,100 --> 00:18:12,400
Inside your gloves around you, 
men stamp their feet and blow on

337
00:18:12,400 --> 00:18:15,100
their hands. 
Trying to maintain warmth while 

338
00:18:15,100 --> 00:18:19,200
waiting for the signal to begin.
The disguises varying quality. 

339
00:18:20,100 --> 00:18:23,400
Some men wear actual native 
garments acquired through trade,

340
00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:27,100
others, have improvised with 
blankets and face paint made 

341
00:18:27,100 --> 00:18:31,300
from soot mixed with Greece. 
The effect is theatrical rather 

342
00:18:31,300 --> 00:18:33,800
than convincing. 
Everyone knows, these are 

343
00:18:33,808 --> 00:18:38,000
colonists, not actual Mohawks, 
but the pretense matters, it 

344
00:18:38,000 --> 00:18:40,800
creates symbolic distance 
between the actors and the 

345
00:18:40,800 --> 00:18:43,700
action. 
Torches aluminate. 

346
00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:45,800
The Wharf with jumping yellow 
light. 

347
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:49,100
That makes Shadows danced across
building for SARS and ship 

348
00:18:49,100 --> 00:18:53,000
holes. 
Flames, hiss and pop, when drops

349
00:18:53,000 --> 00:18:56,100
of moisture, hit them, you can 
see your breath. 

350
00:18:56,100 --> 00:18:59,100
You can see the breadth of 
dozens of men around. 

351
00:18:59,100 --> 00:19:03,900
You forming small clouds in the 
cold, December are Someone cops 

352
00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:08,300
someone else, laughs nervously. 
The sound carries across the 

353
00:19:08,300 --> 00:19:11,100
water in the unusual. 
Quiet of a commercial District 

354
00:19:11,100 --> 00:19:14,700
after dark. 
You board the darkness, the deck

355
00:19:14,700 --> 00:19:16,600
Creeks, under the weight of 
multiple footsteps. 

356
00:19:16,600 --> 00:19:19,400
The ship's crew makes no attempt
to stop you. 

357
00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:22,200
They have a parently received 
instructions to stay out of the 

358
00:19:22,200 --> 00:19:25,300
way. 
Captain Hall, stands near the 

359
00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:28,300
quarter deck, watching the 
proceedings with the carefully 

360
00:19:28,300 --> 00:19:31,300
neutral expression of someone 
who wants no part of what is 

361
00:19:31,300 --> 00:19:33,500
happening, but knows better than
to interfere. 

362
00:19:34,700 --> 00:19:38,800
Ship belongs to his employer. 
T belongs to the East India 

363
00:19:38,800 --> 00:19:42,100
Company. 
His job is to transport cargo 

364
00:19:42,100 --> 00:19:46,900
not defend political principles.
He steps aside. 

365
00:19:47,800 --> 00:19:50,800
The ship smells like tar and 
hemp rope and the accumulated, 

366
00:19:50,800 --> 00:19:54,500
odors of months at sea. 
The deck board show, where 

367
00:19:54,500 --> 00:19:57,700
patterns, where Sailors of walk?
The same Roots countless times. 

368
00:19:58,700 --> 00:20:01,200
Coiled wrote ropes, Lionel 
rangements. 

369
00:20:02,000 --> 00:20:05,600
The rigging overhead forms a 
complex geometry of lines and 

370
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:09,700
pulleys designed to control 
sales that currently hang furl 

371
00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:12,700
against their yards. 
Everything speaks of 

372
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:15,200
professional seamanship and 
careful maintenance. 

373
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:19,000
The Dartmouth is a working 
vessel caught in circumstances 

374
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,400
that have nothing to do with the
business of sailing. 

375
00:20:22,100 --> 00:20:23,800
Someone finds the keys to the 
hold. 

376
00:20:24,500 --> 00:20:29,000
The hatch opens Below in the dim
space illuminated by Lantern 

377
00:20:29,000 --> 00:20:31,900
light. 
You can see the teachers stacked

378
00:20:31,900 --> 00:20:36,400
in careful rows, each chest 
measures about three feet long, 

379
00:20:36,400 --> 00:20:40,800
two feet wide, 18 inches deep. 
The wood is sturdy but not 

380
00:20:40,800 --> 00:20:43,300
elaborate. 
These are shipping containers 

381
00:20:43,300 --> 00:20:47,600
built for function rather than 
appearance together. 

382
00:20:47,600 --> 00:20:50,700
They represent months of Labor 
by workers in Chinese and 

383
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:52,800
Indian. 
Plantations, whose names you 

384
00:20:52,800 --> 00:20:55,500
will never know. 
They represent the investment of

385
00:20:55,500 --> 00:20:58,500
London Merchants, who calculated
profit margins. 

386
00:20:58,500 --> 00:21:00,500
Without considering Colonial 
politics. 

387
00:21:00,500 --> 00:21:04,400
They represent a commodity 
transformed by context into a 

388
00:21:04,400 --> 00:21:08,500
symbol The lantern light, casts 
Long Shadows, that make the 

389
00:21:08,500 --> 00:21:10,300
whole look deeper than it 
actually is. 

390
00:21:10,300 --> 00:21:13,900
You can see the breadth of men 
as they descend the ladder into 

391
00:21:13,900 --> 00:21:17,100
the cargo space. 
The cold has penetrated even 

392
00:21:17,100 --> 00:21:20,500
here below the water line, when 
normally the temperature stays 

393
00:21:20,500 --> 00:21:23,600
moderate. 
The holds smells like tea and 

394
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:26,900
wood and bilgewater the 
combination creates a 

395
00:21:26,900 --> 00:21:29,300
distinctive scent. 
You know, you will remember for 

396
00:21:29,300 --> 00:21:33,800
the rest of your life. 
The work begins men descend into

397
00:21:33,800 --> 00:21:36,800
the hold. 
They use hatchets and axes to 

398
00:21:36,800 --> 00:21:39,500
split open the chests. 
The sound of wood. 

399
00:21:39,500 --> 00:21:41,900
Splintering Echoes across the 
quiet harbor. 

400
00:21:42,600 --> 00:21:46,100
Inside each chest, tea leaves 
are packed, tight, in canvas 

401
00:21:46,100 --> 00:21:49,200
bags, the leaves themselves. 
Look almost beautiful in the 

402
00:21:49,200 --> 00:21:54,000
lantern light black tea from 
Behavior green tea from Highland

403
00:21:54,000 --> 00:21:57,700
such and Conquer varieties that 
have traveled Halfway Around the

404
00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:01,100
World to reach this moment. 
Someone have to bag onto his 

405
00:22:01,100 --> 00:22:02,600
shoulder and climbs back to the 
deck. 

406
00:22:03,500 --> 00:22:05,800
Canvas bags feel heavier than 
you expected. 

407
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,700
The wait, comes not from the tea
itself, but from the density of 

408
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:13,400
the packing, hundreds of pounds 
of leaves compressed into 

409
00:22:13,400 --> 00:22:17,600
manageable units for transport. 
Your fingers find purchase on 

410
00:22:17,600 --> 00:22:20,700
the rough fabric, the bag, 
settles onto your shoulder with 

411
00:22:20,700 --> 00:22:23,400
a solid weight that speaks of 
careful, preparation and long 

412
00:22:23,400 --> 00:22:26,200
Journeys. 
You think briefly about the 

413
00:22:26,200 --> 00:22:29,800
hands that packed this tea? 
Workers in a Chinese Factory, 

414
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,200
whose daily labor fed the 
appetite of an Empire. 

415
00:22:33,200 --> 00:22:35,800
They could not have imagined 
their product would end, its 

416
00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:39,600
Journey floating in an American 
Harbor as part of a political 

417
00:22:39,600 --> 00:22:42,500
protest. 
You grab a chest that has been 

418
00:22:42,508 --> 00:22:45,100
opened and drag it to the ship's
rail. 

419
00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:49,200
The woods scrapes against the 
deck, planking other men work 

420
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:51,700
alongside you in a rhythm that 
emerges without discussion, 

421
00:22:51,700 --> 00:22:56,300
split the chest extract, the 
bags, carry them to the rail, 

422
00:22:56,300 --> 00:23:00,700
dump, the contents into the 
harbor, the process repeats, the

423
00:23:00,700 --> 00:23:02,600
repetition creates its own 
momentum. 

424
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:06,700
Physical labor becomes 
meditation, your muscles warm, 

425
00:23:06,700 --> 00:23:10,700
despite the cold air, sweat 
forms under your shirt, the 

426
00:23:10,700 --> 00:23:17,300
motion becomes almost hypnotic 
lift, carry dump return, each 

427
00:23:17,300 --> 00:23:21,700
Cycle takes 30 seconds, you 
stopped counting after the first

428
00:23:21,700 --> 00:23:26,500
dozen trips, the work simply 
continues your back develops, an

429
00:23:26,500 --> 00:23:29,500
acre from the constant bending 
and lifting your shoulders 

430
00:23:29,500 --> 00:23:33,800
protest, the repetitive motion. 
Stopping means prolonging the 

431
00:23:33,800 --> 00:23:36,700
tasks. 
So you can continue Around you 

432
00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:38,500
other men work with similar 
determination? 

433
00:23:38,500 --> 00:23:41,900
No. 
One speaks much the occasional. 

434
00:23:41,900 --> 00:23:45,700
Instructional question, breaks 
the silence but mostly you hear 

435
00:23:45,700 --> 00:23:50,700
only the sounds of Labor wood, 
splintering footsteps on Deck, 

436
00:23:50,700 --> 00:23:55,500
the splash of tea, hitting 
water, T, hits the water with 

437
00:23:55,500 --> 00:23:58,400
sounds that vary depending on 
whether you drop hole bags or 

438
00:23:58,400 --> 00:24:01,000
loose leaves bags. 
Make a splash. 

439
00:24:01,800 --> 00:24:05,100
Loose tea creates a softer 
rustling as thousands of dried 

440
00:24:05,100 --> 00:24:06,800
leaves scatter across the 
surface. 

441
00:24:07,800 --> 00:24:10,700
The water around the ships 
begins to darken with floating 

442
00:24:10,700 --> 00:24:13,300
debris. 
Someone jokes that they are 

443
00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:15,200
making the largest pot of tea in
history. 

444
00:24:16,300 --> 00:24:19,600
Joke, Falls flat. 
This is not really funny. 

445
00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:23,500
This is destruction of property,
worth thousands of pounds. 

446
00:24:24,500 --> 00:24:27,100
This is a criminal act under 
British law. 

447
00:24:28,100 --> 00:24:31,400
Humor is nervous. 
Energy seeking release, the 

448
00:24:31,400 --> 00:24:34,200
harbor water laps against the 
hole with the gentle sound that 

449
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:37,800
ships make when moored The Tide 
is turned, you. 

450
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:40,600
Notice the current now. 
Flows outward toward the open 

451
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:44,500
ocean, the tea leaves spread 
across the surface in Patton's, 

452
00:24:44,500 --> 00:24:49,500
determined by wind and current. 
Some sink immediately, others 

453
00:24:49,500 --> 00:24:52,500
float from a moment before 
absorbing water and disappearing

454
00:24:52,500 --> 00:24:55,700
beneath the surface. 
The destruction feels both 

455
00:24:55,700 --> 00:25:00,100
massive and strangely delicate. 
You are erasing the labor of 

456
00:25:00,100 --> 00:25:02,400
thousands of people in distant 
countries. 

457
00:25:02,400 --> 00:25:05,600
You're making a political 
statement through the medium of 

458
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:09,000
ruined Commerce. 
The contradiction does not 

459
00:25:09,000 --> 00:25:11,000
Escape you. 
Your hands. 

460
00:25:11,000 --> 00:25:15,100
Develop blisters where you grip,
the rough canvas bags, you 

461
00:25:15,100 --> 00:25:17,900
shift, your grip to distribute 
the pressure differently. 

462
00:25:19,200 --> 00:25:22,800
Physical discomfort helps you 
avoid thinking too deeply about 

463
00:25:22,800 --> 00:25:26,600
what you're doing the legal 
consequences, the political 

464
00:25:26,600 --> 00:25:29,400
ramifications, the personal 
risk. 

465
00:25:30,400 --> 00:25:32,100
Better to focus on the immediate
task. 

466
00:25:32,100 --> 00:25:37,100
Lift carry dump. 
Let the motion carry you forward

467
00:25:37,100 --> 00:25:40,100
with without questioning. 
The direction on the other ship,

468
00:25:40,100 --> 00:25:43,000
similar scenes unfold. 
You can hear the sound of 

469
00:25:43,000 --> 00:25:45,600
hatchet and the splash of cargo 
hitting water. 

470
00:25:45,600 --> 00:25:48,900
The operation proceeds with 
remarkable efficiency. 

471
00:25:48,900 --> 00:25:52,500
Someone has calculated how long 
this will take. 

472
00:25:53,300 --> 00:25:56,400
Someone has organized the labor 
so that men rotate between the 

473
00:25:56,400 --> 00:25:59,200
hole and the deck preventing 
exhaustion. 

474
00:25:59,200 --> 00:26:03,400
Someone has thought through the 
details, this spontaneous action

475
00:26:03,400 --> 00:26:07,000
is not spontaneous at all. 
It is theater carefully. 

476
00:26:07,000 --> 00:26:11,200
Staged to look like passion 
three hours pass the work 

477
00:26:11,200 --> 00:26:15,400
continues in darkness lit by 
torches and lanterns your arms. 

478
00:26:15,400 --> 00:26:19,900
Ache your back, complains, the 
repetitive motion of hauling and

479
00:26:19,900 --> 00:26:22,500
dumping has worn grooves in your
consciousness. 

480
00:26:23,400 --> 00:26:26,800
You stop thinking about politics
or Empire or the consequences of

481
00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:29,800
what you're doing. 
You simply lift and carry and 

482
00:26:29,800 --> 00:26:33,000
dump. 
Physical reality of the task 

483
00:26:33,000 --> 00:26:34,900
overwhelms. 
Its symbolic meaning. 

484
00:26:35,700 --> 00:26:38,800
Admiral Montague's warship. 
The captain sits anchored 

485
00:26:38,800 --> 00:26:41,100
nearby. 
British soldiers could easily 

486
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:42,400
stop. 
What is happening? 

487
00:26:42,400 --> 00:26:46,100
They do not. 
Montague later reports that he 

488
00:26:46,100 --> 00:26:49,400
chose not to interfere because 
any action might have triggered,

489
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:52,900
a larger conflict His 
calculation speaks to the 

490
00:26:52,900 --> 00:26:55,400
careful balance, everyone 
maintains to night. 

491
00:26:56,300 --> 00:27:00,100
Colonists, destroy property, but
harm know people, the British 

492
00:27:00,100 --> 00:27:03,400
forces watch, but do not engage 
both sides. 

493
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:06,100
Understand that. 
Escalation serves no one's 

494
00:27:06,100 --> 00:27:08,700
interests. 
The performance must complete 

495
00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:13,800
itself without interruption. 
By midnight the work finishes. 

496
00:27:15,300 --> 00:27:19,700
342 chests of tea have been 
emptied into Boston Harbor. 

497
00:27:20,700 --> 00:27:24,300
The total weight of destroyed 
tea is approximately 46 tons, 

498
00:27:24,300 --> 00:27:28,300
the financial loss of the East. 
India Company will be calculated

499
00:27:28,300 --> 00:27:32,800
at 9,000 pounds equivalent to 
roughly 1 million pounds in 

500
00:27:32,800 --> 00:27:35,900
modern current currency. 
Some accounts later claimed that

501
00:27:35,900 --> 00:27:39,500
participants swept the decks 
clean and even replaced a 

502
00:27:39,500 --> 00:27:42,500
padlock, they accidentally broke
during the operation the 

503
00:27:42,500 --> 00:27:45,900
attention to detail. 
If true suggests the care 

504
00:27:45,900 --> 00:27:48,700
everyone takes to frame this as 
a political statement rather 

505
00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:53,000
than simple vandalism you return
to shore with Tea Leaves, stuck 

506
00:27:53,000 --> 00:27:55,100
to your clothes and the smell of
the harbor in your hair. 

507
00:27:56,200 --> 00:27:58,600
Hands ache. 
Your shoulders will hurt 

508
00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:02,600
tomorrow. 
Around you other participants 

509
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:06,800
dispersed into the darkness. 
Shedding disguises becoming 

510
00:28:06,800 --> 00:28:11,300
ordinary citizens again. 
No one speaks much, the action 

511
00:28:11,300 --> 00:28:15,000
has created a boundary. 
On one side, lies the world 

512
00:28:15,000 --> 00:28:19,300
where Protestant petitions and 
speeches on the other side lies,

513
00:28:19,300 --> 00:28:22,700
whatever comes next you have 
crossed that boundary. 

514
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:25,300
The tea floating in the harbor, 
ensures. 

515
00:28:25,300 --> 00:28:28,600
You cannot uncross it. 
Walking home through empty 

516
00:28:28,600 --> 00:28:30,700
streets. 
You think about what you have 

517
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:33,700
done. 
The legal term would be Riot or 

518
00:28:33,700 --> 00:28:36,700
destruction of property, the 
political term would be 

519
00:28:36,700 --> 00:28:40,600
resistant or protest. 
The historical term as not yet 

520
00:28:40,600 --> 00:28:43,600
been invented. 
Future Generations will call it 

521
00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:47,400
the Boston Tea Party a name that
makes it sound almost festive, 

522
00:28:47,400 --> 00:28:50,900
like a social Gathering rather 
than a criminal act. 

523
00:28:51,700 --> 00:28:55,900
But tonight in the cold, 
December Darkness, it simply 

524
00:28:55,900 --> 00:28:59,400
feels like a choice made. 
A line crossed. 

525
00:29:00,200 --> 00:29:02,500
Statement delivered in the 
language of broken wood and 

526
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:06,200
Scattered leaves news. 
Travels slowly across the 

527
00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:10,300
Atlantic in 1773. 
The dartmouth's owner sends word

528
00:29:10,300 --> 00:29:12,100
to London on the next available 
ship. 

529
00:29:12,100 --> 00:29:15,700
The letter, crosses notion that 
takes six weeks to Traverse and 

530
00:29:15,700 --> 00:29:18,400
good weather. 
Winter storms, can extend the 

531
00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:21,900
journey to three months. 
While the message travels East, 

532
00:29:21,900 --> 00:29:26,200
Boston waits, in a strange, 
state of suspension, you have 

533
00:29:26,200 --> 00:29:29,200
acted. 
Now you must see how the Empire 

534
00:29:29,200 --> 00:29:33,400
reacts In London Benjamin 
Franklin serves as Colonial 

535
00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:36,700
agent for Massachusetts. 
He receives reports about the 

536
00:29:36,700 --> 00:29:40,600
Tea destruction in January. 
Franklyn whose Long career has 

537
00:29:40,600 --> 00:29:43,500
been built on finding diplomatic
solutions to political problems.

538
00:29:43,500 --> 00:29:47,100
Sees immediately that this event
cannot be managed or smooth 

539
00:29:47,100 --> 00:29:49,600
over. 
He writes to friend in Boston, 

540
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:52,900
urging that the destroyed TV 
paid for the East, India, 

541
00:29:52,900 --> 00:29:55,400
Company must be compensated 
Parliament. 

542
00:29:55,400 --> 00:29:59,200
Must see Colonial willingness to
make amends Only through 

543
00:29:59,200 --> 00:30:02,100
demonstrating Contrition. 
Franklyn, argues can 

544
00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:04,200
Massachusetts avoid harsh 
punishment? 

545
00:30:05,300 --> 00:30:08,200
But franklyn's, moderate voice 
gets drowned out by others. 

546
00:30:09,100 --> 00:30:11,500
Lord North. 
The Prime Minister views, the 

547
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:14,100
Boston Tea destruction, as a 
direct challenge to 

548
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:16,600
parliamentary Authority. 
King George. 

549
00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:20,400
The third reading reports in his
private Chambers writes that the

550
00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:23,200
colonists must be made to 
understand who governs the 

551
00:30:23,200 --> 00:30:27,200
empire The language used in 
parliamentary debates reveals 

552
00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:30,500
the mindset of men who cannot 
imagine that their Authority 

553
00:30:30,500 --> 00:30:34,400
might be questioned. they speak 
of Boston, as one might speak of

554
00:30:34,400 --> 00:30:37,400
a disobedient child, who 
requires firm, discipline, 

555
00:30:37,400 --> 00:30:42,700
Parliament passes, a series of 
laws in the spring of 1774, the 

556
00:30:42,700 --> 00:30:46,600
First to the Boston Port act 
closest Boston Harbor to all 

557
00:30:46,608 --> 00:30:50,100
comers until the destroyed 
tears, paid for the effective 

558
00:30:50,100 --> 00:30:53,800
date is June 1st. 
The law means that no ships can 

559
00:30:53,800 --> 00:30:57,000
enter or leave. 
No Goods can be imported or 

560
00:30:57,000 --> 00:31:01,000
exported the city's. 
Economy will strangle Governor 

561
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:04,000
Hutchinson estimates that 
Boston's trade employs several 

562
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:07,700
thousand workers directly and 
supports countless others 

563
00:31:07,700 --> 00:31:10,700
indirectly. 
Closing, the port means 

564
00:31:10,700 --> 00:31:15,500
unemployment, hunger and 
economic collapse Parliament. 

565
00:31:15,500 --> 00:31:18,000
Intends this suffering, as 
punishment, and warning. 

566
00:31:19,000 --> 00:31:23,100
The Massachusetts Government Act
follows this law, fundamentally 

567
00:31:23,100 --> 00:31:25,200
restructures how the colony 
operates. 

568
00:31:25,800 --> 00:31:29,100
The elected council is abolished
and replaced with one appointed 

569
00:31:29,100 --> 00:31:32,800
by the crown. 
Town meetings, the foundation of

570
00:31:32,800 --> 00:31:35,400
a New England. 
Political life are restricted to

571
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:39,400
one per year and only with the 
governor's permission the law 

572
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:41,000
strikes. 
At the heart of colonial 

573
00:31:41,000 --> 00:31:44,500
self-governance, it says that 
Massachusetts cannot be trusted 

574
00:31:44,500 --> 00:31:47,900
to manage its own Affairs. 
It must be governed like a 

575
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:51,200
conquered territory. 
The administration of justice 

576
00:31:51,200 --> 00:31:55,000
act allows Royal officials 
accused of capital crimes while 

577
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:58,500
enforcing the law to be tried in
Britain rather than in The 

578
00:31:58,500 --> 00:32:01,000
Colony. 
The purposes of obvious. 

579
00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:04,100
British soldiers and Customs 
officers need protection. 

580
00:32:04,100 --> 00:32:07,600
From Colonial jury who might 
convict them out of political 

581
00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:10,500
spite. 
But to colonists, the law 

582
00:32:10,500 --> 00:32:14,600
creates a system where those who
abuse power can escape local 

583
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:18,800
Justice, it suggests that 
British lives matter more than 

584
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:23,400
Colonial lives. 
The symbolism is corrosive, a 

585
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:26,200
Quartering Act requires, 
Colonial authorities to provide 

586
00:32:26,200 --> 00:32:30,200
housing for British troops. 
Barracks proved insufficient. 

587
00:32:30,200 --> 00:32:32,400
The troops can be housed in 
private buildings. 

588
00:32:33,300 --> 00:32:36,300
The Lord does not quite Force 
colonists to cortisol soldiers 

589
00:32:36,300 --> 00:32:39,100
in their homes, but it comes 
close enough that the 

590
00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:43,000
distinction feels academic. you 
imagine red coat sleeping in the

591
00:32:43,000 --> 00:32:47,300
room where your children play 
the image disturbs you London, 

592
00:32:47,300 --> 00:32:49,200
newspapers begin calling these 
laws. 

593
00:32:49,200 --> 00:32:53,100
The coercive acts Colonial 
newspapers, rename them, the 

594
00:32:53,100 --> 00:32:56,600
Intolerable Acts. 
The different terms reflect 

595
00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:59,600
Different World Views. 
To Parliament, these are 

596
00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:02,700
measured responses to criminal 
Behavior to colonists. 

597
00:33:02,700 --> 00:33:05,700
They are collective punishment 
that ignores individual guilt or

598
00:33:05,700 --> 00:33:08,300
innocence. 
You did not personally destroy 

599
00:33:08,300 --> 00:33:11,100
any tea yet. 
You will suffer when the port 

600
00:33:11,100 --> 00:33:14,900
closes your neighbor. 
A loyalist, who condemned the 

601
00:33:14,900 --> 00:33:17,400
tea, destruction will suffer 
equally. 

602
00:33:18,600 --> 00:33:23,200
Punishment makes no distinction,
it targets an entire city and 

603
00:33:23,200 --> 00:33:26,300
entire Colony. 
As if political disagreement can

604
00:33:26,300 --> 00:33:30,400
be cured through economic 
strangulation General, Thomas 

605
00:33:30,400 --> 00:33:33,700
Gage arrives in Boston, in May 
to replace Hutchinson as 

606
00:33:33,700 --> 00:33:36,500
governor. 
Gage is a military man who 

607
00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:38,100
served in the French and Indian 
War. 

608
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:42,100
He married an American woman, he
owned property in New York. 

609
00:33:43,600 --> 00:33:45,400
By the standards of British 
officers. 

610
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:49,100
He knows the colonies, well, but
he arrives with a mandate to 

611
00:33:49,100 --> 00:33:51,800
enforce laws that cannot be 
enforced without violence. 

612
00:33:52,500 --> 00:33:54,800
His position is impossible from 
the start. 

613
00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:58,708
The commands 4,000 troops in a 
city that views them as an 

614
00:33:58,716 --> 00:34:01,600
occupying Army. 
He must close the port and 

615
00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:03,900
restructure the government while
maintaining order. 

616
00:34:04,700 --> 00:34:07,100
The mathematics of his 
situation, do not add up. 

617
00:34:07,700 --> 00:34:10,400
June 1st arrives. 
The port closes. 

618
00:34:11,199 --> 00:34:13,900
Ships, that were loading or 
unloading when the deadline hit 

619
00:34:13,900 --> 00:34:17,000
must leave immediately. 
Cargo meant for Boston. 

620
00:34:17,000 --> 00:34:20,300
Sits in holds or on walls going 
nowhere. 

621
00:34:21,199 --> 00:34:25,100
Merchants cannot sell Goods. 
They cannot receive Artisans 

622
00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:28,500
cannot work without materials. 
The economy begins its 

623
00:34:28,500 --> 00:34:32,300
contraction charitable donations
arrive, from other colonies. 

624
00:34:32,300 --> 00:34:37,900
Rice from South Carolina money 
from Philadelphia grain from 

625
00:34:37,900 --> 00:34:40,699
Virginia. 
The support matters. 

626
00:34:40,699 --> 00:34:44,000
Both practically and 
symbolically you're not alone. 

627
00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:46,500
Other colonies. 
See your suffering as their 

628
00:34:46,500 --> 00:34:50,500
concern. the coercive acts 
intended to isolate 

629
00:34:50,500 --> 00:34:53,199
Massachusetts have instead 
United, the colonies in 

630
00:34:53,199 --> 00:34:56,500
opposition, The first week of 
the port closure brings a 

631
00:34:56,500 --> 00:35:00,500
strange quiet to the Waterfront.
The normal sounds of Commerce of

632
00:35:00,500 --> 00:35:03,200
stopped. 
No longshoreman shouting 

633
00:35:03,200 --> 00:35:05,700
instructions. 
No cars rolling. 

634
00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:08,400
Over cobblestones carrying goods
to warehouses. 

635
00:35:08,400 --> 00:35:11,000
No ship's Bells, mocking the 
hours. 

636
00:35:11,000 --> 00:35:14,500
The wars that were always 
crowded with activity. 

637
00:35:14,500 --> 00:35:18,700
Now, stand nearly empty, goals, 
Still Circle overhead, but they 

638
00:35:18,708 --> 00:35:23,100
find fewer scraps to scavenge 
Fishing fleet can still operate,

639
00:35:23,100 --> 00:35:26,700
but everything else is ceased, 
you walk through the market 

640
00:35:26,700 --> 00:35:30,100
district and see the impact 
everywhere shops that sold 

641
00:35:30,100 --> 00:35:32,000
imported goods of closed their 
doors. 

642
00:35:32,800 --> 00:35:35,800
Some owners of painted signs 
explaining they will reopen. 

643
00:35:35,800 --> 00:35:39,300
When the port does others have 
simply locked up and left 

644
00:35:39,300 --> 00:35:42,500
unwilling to wait for a 
resolution that might never come

645
00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:46,200
the grocer Who Sold sugar and 
coffee and tea now has empty 

646
00:35:46,200 --> 00:35:48,900
shelves. 
The cloth Merchant who displayed

647
00:35:48,900 --> 00:35:53,500
bolts of English wool and Indian
cotton has nothing to sell the 

648
00:35:53,500 --> 00:35:56,100
hardware store that carried 
tools, manufactured, in 

649
00:35:56,100 --> 00:35:58,000
Birmingham, sits, dark, and 
shuttered. 

650
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:02,100
Your neighbor, a Cooper who made
barrels for merchants to ship. 

651
00:36:02,100 --> 00:36:05,300
Goods has no work. 
The barrels. 

652
00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:08,500
He crafted so carefully now 
stack unused in his Workshop. 

653
00:36:09,300 --> 00:36:11,500
He cannot sell them because no 
one is shipping anything. 

654
00:36:11,500 --> 00:36:15,000
He cannot afford to make more 
because he has no customers. 

655
00:36:15,800 --> 00:36:19,400
His family, which includes four 
children, and his elderly mother

656
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:22,900
depends on his income. 
You watch him growth thinner as 

657
00:36:22,900 --> 00:36:26,200
some of progresses his wife 
takes and sowing to earn a few 

658
00:36:26,208 --> 00:36:28,800
coins. 
Their oldest son, barely 15 

659
00:36:28,800 --> 00:36:33,100
looks for any kind of work. 
The port closure is not an 

660
00:36:33,100 --> 00:36:37,300
abstraction for them, it is 
hunger and fear and the slower 

661
00:36:37,300 --> 00:36:38,700
erosion of everything they 
built. 

662
00:36:39,700 --> 00:36:42,700
The soup kitchens organized by 
churches and committees, serve 

663
00:36:42,700 --> 00:36:46,300
hundreds of people daily. 
You volunteer there on Thursdays

664
00:36:46,300 --> 00:36:50,300
later Ling broth into bowls held
by hands that shake from 

665
00:36:50,300 --> 00:36:52,700
weakness. 
Some of the people in line you 

666
00:36:52,700 --> 00:36:57,200
recognize former shopkeepers 
Dock Workers Craftsman. 

667
00:36:57,200 --> 00:37:00,400
Whose trades depended on commas 
that no longer exists. 

668
00:37:01,100 --> 00:37:02,700
They thank you quietly for the 
food. 

669
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:06,300
The Gratitude feels 
uncomfortable you're not saving 

670
00:37:06,300 --> 00:37:08,300
them your barely keeping them 
alive. 

671
00:37:08,300 --> 00:37:11,500
While the political crisis plays
out in meetings and letters, you

672
00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:15,500
cannot control you attend 
meetings, in defiance of new law

673
00:37:15,500 --> 00:37:18,200
limiting assembly. 
The Gathering is now carry 

674
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:22,200
additional risk. simply being 
present constitutes a crime, 

675
00:37:22,200 --> 00:37:25,700
under the Massachusetts, 
Government Act, Yet people come 

676
00:37:25,700 --> 00:37:30,600
anyway, the meetings have a 
different character before you 

677
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:34,000
debated, whether to resist. 
Now, you discuss how to survive 

678
00:37:34,000 --> 00:37:36,200
resistance. 
The questions of become 

679
00:37:36,200 --> 00:37:40,600
practical, how to organize food 
distribution, how to coordinate 

680
00:37:40,600 --> 00:37:43,000
with other colonies. 
How to prepare for the 

681
00:37:43,000 --> 00:37:45,400
possibility that words might 
give way to weapons. 

682
00:37:46,400 --> 00:37:48,600
Samuel Adams speaks with greater
urgency. 

683
00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:52,200
Now his rhetoric has always 
tended toward warnings about 

684
00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:54,900
tyranny. 
Current events have proven him 

685
00:37:54,900 --> 00:37:58,100
correct. 
He does not gloat instead. 

686
00:37:58,100 --> 00:38:01,300
He pushes for action. 
Massachusetts must send 

687
00:38:01,300 --> 00:38:04,700
delegates to a continental 
congress where all colonies can 

688
00:38:04,700 --> 00:38:06,800
coordinate their response to 
British policy. 

689
00:38:07,500 --> 00:38:11,600
The Proposal itself is radical a
continental congress, suggests a

690
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:15,200
continental identity, it implies
that Colonial interests might 

691
00:38:15,200 --> 00:38:19,200
supersede Imperial loyalty. 
The language of Independence has

692
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:23,000
not yet been spoken aloud. 
But it hovers in the room like 

693
00:38:23,000 --> 00:38:25,000
smoke from a fire. 
Not quite visible. 

694
00:38:25,900 --> 00:38:27,200
Your wife worries about the 
future. 

695
00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:31,500
She measures flower and counts 
coins and calculates how long 

696
00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:34,200
your savings will last if the 
port remains closed. 

697
00:38:35,200 --> 00:38:39,200
Her concerns are immediate and 
practical political Theory does 

698
00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:42,400
not feed. 
Children principles do not pay 

699
00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:45,100
rent. 
The gap between abstract rights 

700
00:38:45,100 --> 00:38:47,400
and daily survival creates its 
own pressure. 

701
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:51,600
You support the resistance in 
principle, but principal taste 

702
00:38:51,600 --> 00:38:53,200
thin when your family goes 
hungry. 

703
00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:56,600
Governor Gage attempts to 
implement the new government 

704
00:38:56,600 --> 00:38:58,800
structure. 
He appoints counselors to 

705
00:38:58,800 --> 00:39:02,300
replace the elected ones. 
Many appointees, resign almost 

706
00:39:02,300 --> 00:39:04,900
immediately, when their 
neighbor's son them some to 

707
00:39:04,900 --> 00:39:07,100
Boston, where British troops can
protect them. 

708
00:39:07,100 --> 00:39:13,000
The resistance takes many forms,
no violence, no threats, simply 

709
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:17,200
a complete social withdrawal, 
Pointed officials, find 

710
00:39:17,200 --> 00:39:19,200
themselves unable to conduct 
business. 

711
00:39:20,100 --> 00:39:23,700
Shops refuse to serve them 
churches, asked them not to 

712
00:39:23,700 --> 00:39:27,000
attend Services. 
Their children are excluded from

713
00:39:27,000 --> 00:39:29,500
play, the enforcement of 
collective. 

714
00:39:29,500 --> 00:39:33,500
Disapproval proved remarkably 
effective, Gauge sends 

715
00:39:33,500 --> 00:39:36,100
Expeditions into the 
countryside, to seize weapons 

716
00:39:36,100 --> 00:39:38,000
and gunpowder stored in 
colonial. 

717
00:39:38,000 --> 00:39:40,600
Armies. 
Each Expedition, generates 

718
00:39:40,600 --> 00:39:43,800
rumors of violence. 
The rumor spread faster than the

719
00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:46,000
truth. 
You hear that British troops 

720
00:39:46,000 --> 00:39:49,400
fired on civilians. 
In Lexington, the report proves 

721
00:39:49,400 --> 00:39:52,900
false, but the fact that people 
believe it reveals the state of 

722
00:39:52,900 --> 00:39:57,500
tension, everyone expects 
violence, the expectation makes 

723
00:39:57,500 --> 00:40:02,800
violence more likely fear feeds 
on itself, Autumn arrives, the 

724
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:06,300
leaves, turn color and fall. 
Winter approaches, the port 

725
00:40:06,300 --> 00:40:09,300
remains closed occupation 
continues. 

726
00:40:09,300 --> 00:40:12,500
You have lived through 8 months 
of collective punishment, for an

727
00:40:12,508 --> 00:40:15,400
act of resistance you supported,
but did not personally commit. 

728
00:40:16,300 --> 00:40:18,900
the experience has changed how 
you think about Authority, 

729
00:40:18,900 --> 00:40:23,100
Parliament claims the right to 
govern you But what does that 

730
00:40:23,100 --> 00:40:26,000
mean? 
If it rests only on Force rather

731
00:40:26,000 --> 00:40:30,400
than consent, Government derives
its legitimacy from the people, 

732
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:34,300
then government that ignores the
people has no legitimacy. 

733
00:40:35,100 --> 00:40:38,600
The thought feels dangerous even
in the privacy of your own mind.

734
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:43,400
The First Continental Congress 
convenes in Philadelphia in 

735
00:40:43,400 --> 00:40:48,700
September 1774. 56 delegates 
from 12 colonies gather at 

736
00:40:48,700 --> 00:40:52,300
Carpenters Hall only Georgia 
declines to send Representatives

737
00:40:52,300 --> 00:40:56,200
the Gathering itself represents 
something new in colonial 

738
00:40:56,200 --> 00:40:58,700
history. 
These men have come together not

739
00:40:58,700 --> 00:41:02,900
to petition Parliament but to 
coordinate resistance, they 

740
00:41:02,900 --> 00:41:05,500
represent different colonies 
with different economies and 

741
00:41:05,500 --> 00:41:08,400
different relationships to 
Britain and yet they meet as 

742
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:10,300
equals to discuss common 
problems. 

743
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:13,100
The journey to Philadelphia for 
the Massachusetts. 

744
00:41:13,100 --> 00:41:15,900
Delegates takes nearly two weeks
by horse and carriage. 

745
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:19,100
They traveled through 
Connecticut to New York, where 

746
00:41:19,100 --> 00:41:21,000
people gather to hear news from 
Boston. 

747
00:41:21,800 --> 00:41:24,800
Delegates speaking taverns and 
churches about the port closure 

748
00:41:24,800 --> 00:41:28,000
and military occupation. 
There are audience listens with 

749
00:41:28,000 --> 00:41:30,700
Expressions, that makes sympathy
and self-interest. 

750
00:41:31,800 --> 00:41:33,700
What happens to Massachusetts 
today? 

751
00:41:33,700 --> 00:41:35,600
Might happen to other colonists 
tomorrow. 

752
00:41:36,600 --> 00:41:40,000
The understanding creates 
solidarity born not from Pure 

753
00:41:40,000 --> 00:41:44,000
altruism, but from recognition 
of shared vulnerability. 

754
00:41:45,500 --> 00:41:49,300
Carpenters Hall in Philadelphia 
is a modest two-story brick 

755
00:41:49,300 --> 00:41:52,600
building chosen specifically 
because it is not a government 

756
00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:55,300
structure. 
The delegates want to make clear

757
00:41:55,300 --> 00:41:59,000
their acting outside official 
Colonial channels inside the 

758
00:41:59,000 --> 00:42:02,200
room smell like fresh plaster 
and sawdust from recent 

759
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:04,300
renovations. 
Windows. 

760
00:42:04,300 --> 00:42:07,900
Let in September Sunshine, that 
illuminates dust moats floating 

761
00:42:07,900 --> 00:42:10,000
in the air, the furniture is 
simple. 

762
00:42:10,000 --> 00:42:13,800
Wooden chairs arranged in rows a
table at the front where 

763
00:42:13,800 --> 00:42:15,400
speakers can address the 
assembly. 

764
00:42:16,300 --> 00:42:19,100
Nothing about the setting 
suggests the historical weight 

765
00:42:19,100 --> 00:42:22,400
of what will happen here. 
The Massachusetts delegation 

766
00:42:22,400 --> 00:42:24,900
include Samuel Adams and his 
younger cousin John. 

767
00:42:25,900 --> 00:42:28,900
Adams keeps a detailed diary of 
the proceedings. 

768
00:42:28,900 --> 00:42:32,700
His entries revealed, both the 
heist stakes and the mundane 

769
00:42:32,700 --> 00:42:34,100
reality of political 
organization. 

770
00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:37,200
Delegates, argue over 
procedures. 

771
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:41,100
They disagree about goals. 
Someone reconciliation with 

772
00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:44,000
Britain other sea Independence 
as inevitable. 

773
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:46,000
Even if they cannot yet, say to 
allowed. 

774
00:42:46,800 --> 00:42:51,200
The debate stretch for hours. 
The compromises comes slowly 

775
00:42:51,200 --> 00:42:54,200
democracy at turns out is 
inefficient. 

776
00:42:55,100 --> 00:42:57,700
But the alternative is someone 
making decisions for you. 

777
00:42:58,600 --> 00:43:01,400
Southern delegates arrived with 
different concerns than their 

778
00:43:01,400 --> 00:43:04,600
Northern counterparts. 
South Carolina's economy. 

779
00:43:04,600 --> 00:43:07,100
Depends on rice and indigo 
exports to Britain. 

780
00:43:07,800 --> 00:43:10,900
Virginia's tobacco Planters have
deep commercial ties to London. 

781
00:43:10,900 --> 00:43:14,800
Merchants these colonies have 
less interest in cutting trade 

782
00:43:14,800 --> 00:43:16,600
relationships than in reforming 
them. 

783
00:43:17,500 --> 00:43:20,500
The tension between radical New 
England, and conservative, South

784
00:43:20,500 --> 00:43:25,100
creates constant negotiation. 
Every resolution must satisfy 

785
00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:27,600
delegates, who want to push 
forward and those who want to 

786
00:43:27,608 --> 00:43:31,000
pull back. 
The resulting documents reflect 

787
00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:33,100
compromise. 
That leaves everyone partially 

788
00:43:33,100 --> 00:43:36,000
dissatisfied. 
Joseph Galloway of Pennsylvania 

789
00:43:36,000 --> 00:43:40,000
proposes, a plan for Colonial 
Union under British sovereignty,

790
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:43,500
his scheme would create an 
American Parliament, that could 

791
00:43:43,508 --> 00:43:45,800
veto British laws affecting the 
colonies. 

792
00:43:46,600 --> 00:43:49,200
The Proposal attracts support 
from moderates who see it as a 

793
00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:51,100
middle path between submission 
and Rebellion. 

794
00:43:52,300 --> 00:43:54,800
But radicals, argue it concedes 
too much. 

795
00:43:55,900 --> 00:43:59,100
The debate over Galloway's plan 
consumed, several days of 

796
00:43:59,100 --> 00:44:02,200
session time. 
Ultimately, the Congress rejects

797
00:44:02,200 --> 00:44:05,500
it by a narrow vote. 
The rejection signals that 

798
00:44:05,500 --> 00:44:08,800
reconciliation within the 
existing Imperial structure has 

799
00:44:08,800 --> 00:44:11,500
become impossible. 
Patrick Henry of Virginia makes 

800
00:44:11,500 --> 00:44:14,200
a speech that delegates. 
Remember for years afterward. 

801
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:17,400
He declares that the 
distinctions between Virginia 

802
00:44:17,400 --> 00:44:21,100
and Pennsylvania and New 
englanders no longer matter. 

803
00:44:21,100 --> 00:44:23,600
They are not members of 
different colonies. 

804
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:27,300
They are Americans. 
The term itself is new in this 

805
00:44:27,300 --> 00:44:31,800
political context before 
Colonial identity remained 

806
00:44:31,800 --> 00:44:37,000
primary, you are a Bostonian or 
a New Yorker, or a Virginia. the

807
00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:41,100
idea of a continental identity 
of being American rather than 

808
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:45,100
British subjects who happen to 
live in America represents a 

809
00:44:45,100 --> 00:44:49,300
fundamental shift in how people 
imagined themselves, the 

810
00:44:49,300 --> 00:44:53,600
Congress adopts, the Suffolk 
resolves declaration by 

811
00:44:53,600 --> 00:44:56,700
Massachusetts delegates, that 
call the coercive acts 

812
00:44:56,700 --> 00:44:59,100
unconstitutional and not to be 
obeyed. 

813
00:44:59,800 --> 00:45:03,600
The vote endorses Massachusetts 
resistance, more importantly, at

814
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:07,500
links that resistance to a 
broader Colonial cause you're no

815
00:45:07,508 --> 00:45:12,200
longer alone your suffering and 
your Defiance have been adopted 

816
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:14,100
by representatives from 
colonies. 

817
00:45:14,100 --> 00:45:17,400
You have never visited the 
symbolic support matters. 

818
00:45:18,300 --> 00:45:21,400
But symbols do not feed families
or prevent the economic 

819
00:45:21,400 --> 00:45:25,400
Stranglehold of a closed port. 
The Continental Association 

820
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:29,000
emerges from the Congress as its
most concrete Chief movement. 

821
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:32,700
The agreement creates a complete
boycott of British goods. 

822
00:45:33,900 --> 00:45:36,200
Nothing imported, from Britain 
can be sold. 

823
00:45:36,200 --> 00:45:40,500
Nothing exported to Britain can 
be shipped the boycott will 

824
00:45:40,508 --> 00:45:43,900
begin in December. 
It includes detailed enforcement

825
00:45:43,900 --> 00:45:48,100
mechanisms each County and town 
must elect committees to inspect

826
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:53,000
merchants and ensure compliance.
Violators will be publicly named

827
00:45:53,000 --> 00:45:55,600
their names will be published in
newspapers. 

828
00:45:55,600 --> 00:45:58,900
Social pressure will enforce 
Economic Policy. 

829
00:45:58,900 --> 00:46:02,700
You serve on the enforcement 
committee for your District, the

830
00:46:02,700 --> 00:46:05,300
work, proves more complicated 
than anticipated. 

831
00:46:05,300 --> 00:46:10,400
What counts as a British good. 
What about items manufactured in

832
00:46:10,400 --> 00:46:12,100
Britain but ship through other 
countries. 

833
00:46:13,000 --> 00:46:15,100
What about Goods already in 
warehouses? 

834
00:46:15,100 --> 00:46:18,500
When the boycott Begins the 
committee meets weekly to debate

835
00:46:18,500 --> 00:46:21,200
these questions. 
You make decisions that affect 

836
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:24,600
your neighbor's livelihoods. 
The responsibility weighs on you

837
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:28,600
this is not abstract politics. 
This is whether the merchant 

838
00:46:28,600 --> 00:46:31,500
down the street can sell is 
inventory or goes bankrupt. 

839
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:35,200
Some people cheat they hide 
British goods. 

840
00:46:35,200 --> 00:46:39,400
They falsify manifests, they 
sell forbidden items through 

841
00:46:39,400 --> 00:46:41,800
complicated Arrangements that 
obscure the origin. 

842
00:46:43,000 --> 00:46:44,800
Your committee investigates 
complaints. 

843
00:46:44,800 --> 00:46:48,800
You inspect warehouses. 
You question Merchants who 

844
00:46:48,800 --> 00:46:50,600
suddenly have inventory? 
They cannot explain. 

845
00:46:51,600 --> 00:46:54,700
The process feels uncomfortable,
you're enforcing rules on 

846
00:46:54,700 --> 00:46:57,400
people, you know, but the 
alternative is letting the 

847
00:46:57,400 --> 00:47:00,500
boycott fail, which means 
letting Massachusetts stand 

848
00:47:00,500 --> 00:47:03,900
alone against British power, the
British military presence in 

849
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:08,400
Boston increases general, Gage 
receives reinforcements more 

850
00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:11,100
troops arrived on transport 
ships that can enter the harbor 

851
00:47:11,100 --> 00:47:13,900
despite the port closure. 
Because military vessels are 

852
00:47:13,900 --> 00:47:18,000
exempt from the ban on Commerce,
the soldiers drill on Boston. 

853
00:47:18,000 --> 00:47:20,500
Common. 
They marched through streets. 

854
00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:24,700
They occupy the city. 
In fact, if not yet in name, the

855
00:47:24,700 --> 00:47:27,600
message is clear. 
Britain has the force to compel 

856
00:47:27,600 --> 00:47:29,700
obedience. 
The question is where the 

857
00:47:29,708 --> 00:47:31,900
colonists have the will to 
resist Force. 

858
00:47:32,600 --> 00:47:37,800
Spring comes to Massachusetts in
1775 the ground Thor's Farmers 

859
00:47:37,800 --> 00:47:42,000
begin planting life continues. 
Despite political crisis because

860
00:47:42,000 --> 00:47:45,400
life was continues. 
Children need feeding. 

861
00:47:45,900 --> 00:47:48,800
Crops need sewing. 
The ordinary demands of 

862
00:47:48,800 --> 00:47:50,800
existence. 
Do not pause for revolution. 

863
00:47:50,800 --> 00:47:54,200
You work your land and attend 
your committee meetings and 

864
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:56,700
watch British patrols March past
your house. 

865
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:01,200
The competing demands create a 
strange, double Consciousness. 

866
00:48:01,200 --> 00:48:04,200
You are a farmer and a 
revolutionary. 

867
00:48:05,100 --> 00:48:07,700
Family man and a potential 
Rebel. 

868
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:12,400
The roles have not yet separated
rumors circulate about British 

869
00:48:12,400 --> 00:48:15,600
plans to seize the gunpowder and
weapons stored in Concord. 

870
00:48:16,300 --> 00:48:19,600
The military stores represent 
the colonies ability to defend 

871
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:24,100
itself If gauge seizes them. 
Massachusetts becomes helpless. 

872
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:27,200
The provincial Congress, meeting
illegally because the new 

873
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:30,400
government acted for bids, it 
organizers and network of 

874
00:48:30,400 --> 00:48:34,900
Messengers to warn if British 
troops moving Force, Paul Revere

875
00:48:34,900 --> 00:48:38,400
a silversmith, you know slightly
helps coordinate the warning 

876
00:48:38,400 --> 00:48:41,200
system. 
The preparations fill both 

877
00:48:41,200 --> 00:48:45,200
necessary and surreal. 
Your planning to resist the army

878
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:49,700
of your own government. 
April 18th arrives, British 

879
00:48:49,700 --> 00:48:53,200
troops begin, moving out of 
Boston after dark the warning 

880
00:48:53,200 --> 00:48:57,400
system, activates ride a cross, 
the countryside carrying news 

881
00:48:57,400 --> 00:48:59,600
that the regulars are Marching 
toward conquered. 

882
00:48:59,600 --> 00:49:04,700
You hear the alarm around 
midnight church bells ring, you 

883
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:08,600
rise from bed and dress quickly 
your musket hangs over the 

884
00:49:08,600 --> 00:49:12,400
fireplace where it is hung for 
years, used for hunting and now 

885
00:49:12,400 --> 00:49:14,000
possibly for something else 
entirely. 

886
00:49:14,900 --> 00:49:17,600
You check the powder and shot 
your hands. 

887
00:49:17,600 --> 00:49:21,300
Shakes slightly fear or 
excitement or simply the body's 

888
00:49:21,300 --> 00:49:25,100
response to Adrenaline. 
You cannot tell which Lexington 

889
00:49:25,100 --> 00:49:30,400
Green lies quiet in the dawn 
light of April 19th. 1775. 

890
00:49:30,400 --> 00:49:34,400
Do you covers the grass birds, 
sing their morning songs? 

891
00:49:34,400 --> 00:49:38,000
Approximately 70, Colonial 
militia have gathered on the 

892
00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:41,500
common cold out by the alarm 
system that activated in the 

893
00:49:41,500 --> 00:49:43,700
night. 
These are not soldiers. 

894
00:49:43,700 --> 00:49:47,800
They are farmers and craftsmen 
who drill occasionally and hope 

895
00:49:47,800 --> 00:49:51,500
never to actually fight. 
They carry hunting muskets and 

896
00:49:51,500 --> 00:49:55,400
ancient weapons inherited from 
their fathers against them, 

897
00:49:55,400 --> 00:49:59,300
March, 700 British regulars, 
professional Soldiers with 

898
00:49:59,300 --> 00:50:01,100
military training and 
discipline. 

899
00:50:01,900 --> 00:50:05,100
The militia assembles in two 
ragged lines, facing the road 

900
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:09,200
where the British column will 
appear you stand in the second 

901
00:50:09,200 --> 00:50:12,100
row, your musket feeling heavier
than it did. 

902
00:50:12,100 --> 00:50:15,600
When you left home, three hours 
ago, the weapon is hunting 

903
00:50:15,600 --> 00:50:18,100
piece. 
You have owned for 10 years, you

904
00:50:18,100 --> 00:50:20,800
know, its quirks. 
The trigger pulls slightly to 

905
00:50:20,800 --> 00:50:23,700
the left. 
Powder-pan sometimes fails to 

906
00:50:23,700 --> 00:50:27,200
ignite in damp, whether you've 
killed deer and turkey with this

907
00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:30,200
gun, you have never pointed it 
at another human being. 

908
00:50:31,400 --> 00:50:33,600
Thought of doing. 
So now makes your hand shake 

909
00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:37,700
slightly, the men around you, 
your neighbors, the blacksmith, 

910
00:50:37,700 --> 00:50:41,300
whose shoes your horse, stands, 
your left, The Miller who grinds

911
00:50:41,300 --> 00:50:44,900
your grain is three positions 
down the line, you know, their 

912
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:47,500
wives and children. 
You have shared meals at their 

913
00:50:47,500 --> 00:50:49,600
tables. 
Now, you stand together, waiting

914
00:50:49,600 --> 00:50:52,300
for British soldiers, to arrive 
and demand, you disperse. 

915
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:55,400
The Surreal quality of the 
moment keeps hitting you in 

916
00:50:55,400 --> 00:50:58,600
waves. 
This is Lexington, this is home.

917
00:50:58,600 --> 00:51:00,400
This should not be happening 
here. 

918
00:51:00,400 --> 00:51:04,300
The Eastern Sky lightens from 
Black to gray to pale blue. 

919
00:51:05,300 --> 00:51:08,800
The temperature remains cold, 
April in Massachusetts, not yet 

920
00:51:08,800 --> 00:51:12,900
warm enough for Comfort at dawn,
your breath makes small clouds, 

921
00:51:12,900 --> 00:51:15,400
your feet hurt from standing on 
ground. 

922
00:51:15,400 --> 00:51:18,800
Still hard with Winter Frost. 
Someone coughs. 

923
00:51:19,400 --> 00:51:21,900
The sound seems too loud in the 
quiet morning. 

924
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:27,400
Captain Parker walks the line 
speaking quietly to individual 

925
00:51:27,400 --> 00:51:30,000
militia men? 
His words are too soft for you 

926
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:32,800
to hear from your position, but 
you can see the effect, they 

927
00:51:32,800 --> 00:51:37,600
have men, stand straighter 
grips, tighten on muskets, fear 

928
00:51:37,600 --> 00:51:40,800
remains visible in phases, but 
determination overlays it 

929
00:51:40,800 --> 00:51:46,000
Captain, John Parker commands, 
the Lexington militia He's 45 

930
00:51:46,000 --> 00:51:49,300
years old, a veteran of the 
French and Indian War dying 

931
00:51:49,300 --> 00:51:53,300
slowly of tuberculosis. 
He tells his men to stand their 

932
00:51:53,300 --> 00:51:55,800
ground but not to fire unless 
fired upon. 

933
00:51:57,300 --> 00:52:01,300
The instruction reflects the 
impossible situation, you cannot

934
00:52:01,300 --> 00:52:03,200
disperse without looking 
cowardly. 

935
00:52:03,200 --> 00:52:06,000
You cannot attack without 
committing treason. 

936
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:10,200
You can only stand and wait and 
hope that British officers show 

937
00:52:10,200 --> 00:52:13,200
restraint. 
The Sound reaches you before the

938
00:52:13,200 --> 00:52:18,600
site, the measured Tramp of 
boots on packed Earth. jingle of

939
00:52:18,600 --> 00:52:23,100
equipment, the low murmur of 
commands passing down a column 

940
00:52:23,900 --> 00:52:26,800
Then the British soldiers come 
into view around the bend in the

941
00:52:26,800 --> 00:52:30,200
road. 
They March in formation, the red

942
00:52:30,208 --> 00:52:33,900
coat bright, even in the door 
and light their muskets, carry. 

943
00:52:33,900 --> 00:52:36,700
Fixed bayonets that catch glints
of Sunrise. 

944
00:52:36,700 --> 00:52:40,000
They look professional and 
confident, and vastly more 

945
00:52:40,000 --> 00:52:44,300
numerous than you realize, 700 
men could be Major John Pitts, 

946
00:52:44,300 --> 00:52:47,500
Ken leads the British Advanced 
column, he is a marine office 

947
00:52:47,500 --> 00:52:50,200
and known for relatively decent 
treatment of Colonials. 

948
00:52:50,200 --> 00:52:54,400
He rides onto the green shouting
for the militia to disperse his 

949
00:52:54,400 --> 00:52:58,700
voice carries across the open 
ground You cannot make out every

950
00:52:58,700 --> 00:53:02,200
word but the meaning is clear, 
leave now go home. 

951
00:53:02,200 --> 00:53:06,700
Do not make this conflict. 
Some men in the militia line, 

952
00:53:06,700 --> 00:53:09,800
begin to move obeying, the 
command, others hesitate 

953
00:53:09,800 --> 00:53:13,900
unwilling to retreat but unsure 
what else to do the line waivers

954
00:53:13,900 --> 00:53:17,500
without breaking completely the 
exact sequence of what happens. 

955
00:53:17,500 --> 00:53:19,400
Next will be debated for 
centuries. 

956
00:53:19,400 --> 00:53:22,800
Someone fires. 
No one can later say with 

957
00:53:22,800 --> 00:53:26,000
certainty, whether the shot 
comes from the British line, the

958
00:53:26,000 --> 00:53:29,800
colonial militia or a spectator 
watching from nearby buildings 

959
00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:34,000
but the sound of that first shot
breaks the stale, mate, the 

960
00:53:34,000 --> 00:53:37,100
crack of a musket in cold 
morning, air is a sharp sound 

961
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:39,300
that Echoes off buildings and 
Fades slowly. 

962
00:53:40,500 --> 00:53:43,000
For a moment. 
Perhaps two seconds, nobody 

963
00:53:43,000 --> 00:53:47,500
moves, then British offers begin
shouting orders, the soldiers, 

964
00:53:47,500 --> 00:53:50,400
trained to respond without 
thinking, fire a volley. 

965
00:53:51,500 --> 00:53:55,600
Hound is enormous dozens of 
muskets, discharging 

966
00:53:55,600 --> 00:53:59,900
simultaneously creates a wall of
noise that physically impact you

967
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:05,100
white smoke billows across the 
Green obscuring Vision, you 

968
00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:06,800
cannot see the British line 
anymore. 

969
00:54:06,800 --> 00:54:11,600
You cannot see much of anything.
The militia outnumbered 10 to 1 

970
00:54:11,600 --> 00:54:14,900
begin to scatter some returned 
fire as they retreat. 

971
00:54:15,700 --> 00:54:20,100
The engagement lasts 15 minutes 
When the Smoke Clears 8 

972
00:54:20,100 --> 00:54:22,900
colonists like dead on the green
10. 

973
00:54:22,900 --> 00:54:26,200
More are wounded British 
casualties are minimal one 

974
00:54:26,200 --> 00:54:30,200
soldier slightly wounded, the 
disproportion tells the story. 

975
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:33,600
This was not a battle. 
This was a massacre that 

976
00:54:33,600 --> 00:54:35,700
happened to occur during an 
armed confrontation. 

977
00:54:35,700 --> 00:54:40,400
You run toward the cover of a 
nearby stone wall, a musket ball

978
00:54:40,400 --> 00:54:42,700
passes, close enough that you 
hear it, Buzz through the air 

979
00:54:42,700 --> 00:54:46,200
like an angry insect. 
The sound is distinctive and 

980
00:54:46,200 --> 00:54:49,100
terrifying. 
You do not stop running until 

981
00:54:49,100 --> 00:54:52,500
you reach the wall and drop 
behind it gasping for breath. 

982
00:54:53,200 --> 00:54:56,400
Your hands shake so badly. 
You nearly drop your musket 

983
00:54:56,400 --> 00:55:00,400
around you other militiamen. 
Take cover or flee entirely. 

984
00:55:01,300 --> 00:55:04,300
Some lie on the ground, not 
moving, you force yourself. 

985
00:55:04,300 --> 00:55:07,800
Not to look too closely. 
At the body is looking means 

986
00:55:07,800 --> 00:55:11,600
recognizing faces. 
Recognition means grief. 

987
00:55:12,300 --> 00:55:16,000
Grief means paralysis. 
You need to keep moving. 

988
00:55:17,000 --> 00:55:20,300
The British column continues to 
Concord their mission is to 

989
00:55:20,300 --> 00:55:23,900
seize the military supply store 
there, but the alarm has given 

990
00:55:23,908 --> 00:55:26,700
Concord time to hide or 
dispersed most of the weapons. 

991
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:32,000
British soldiers searched houses
and barns they find little they 

992
00:55:32,000 --> 00:55:34,100
burn some supplies. 
They cannot carry away. 

993
00:55:35,500 --> 00:55:38,600
Smoke from the burning 
buildings, Rises into the spring

994
00:55:38,600 --> 00:55:41,700
sky. 
Colonial militia, gather on the 

995
00:55:41,700 --> 00:55:44,400
Hills surrounding Concord by 
mid-morning. 

996
00:55:44,400 --> 00:55:47,600
Several hundred men have arrived
from neighboring towns the 

997
00:55:47,600 --> 00:55:50,800
Outnumber, the British now. 
At the North Bridge militia 

998
00:55:50,800 --> 00:55:54,400
engaged British troops guarding.
The crossing, this fight is 

999
00:55:54,400 --> 00:55:58,100
different from Lexington, the 
Colonials hold numeric advantage

1000
00:55:58,100 --> 00:56:02,700
and defensive position. 
A fire in formation, they reload

1001
00:56:02,700 --> 00:56:06,400
and fire again, British soldiers
fall the British troops at the 

1002
00:56:06,408 --> 00:56:08,700
bridge Retreat. 
Back toward the main force in 

1003
00:56:08,700 --> 00:56:11,400
town center. 
You reached North Bridge around 

1004
00:56:11,400 --> 00:56:15,500
10:00 your lungs burn from 
running, the fight is already 

1005
00:56:15,500 --> 00:56:18,300
over. 
Bodies in Red Coats near the 

1006
00:56:18,308 --> 00:56:21,000
bridge. 
Colonial militiamen stand in 

1007
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:23,800
groups talking in the shocked 
tones of men who have just 

1008
00:56:23,800 --> 00:56:27,600
killed other men. 
Nobody celebrates the mood is 

1009
00:56:27,600 --> 00:56:28,800
grim. 
And determined. 

1010
00:56:28,800 --> 00:56:34,600
This is become real. become War,
the abstraction of Politics as 

1011
00:56:34,600 --> 00:56:38,000
transformed into bleeding 
corpses and the smell of 

1012
00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:41,900
gunpowder The British begin 
their March back to Boston 

1013
00:56:41,900 --> 00:56:44,300
around noon. 
The return Journey becomes a 

1014
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:47,100
nightmare. 
Colonial militia line, the route

1015
00:56:47,100 --> 00:56:50,700
firing from behind walls and 
trees and buildings British 

1016
00:56:50,700 --> 00:56:52,700
soldiers trained for European 
Warfare? 

1017
00:56:52,700 --> 00:56:56,800
Where armies meet in Open 
Fields, find themselves unable 

1018
00:56:56,800 --> 00:56:59,700
to engage an enemy. 
They rarely see, they March, 

1019
00:56:59,700 --> 00:57:03,400
they fall, they cannot stop to 
fight because stopping means 

1020
00:57:03,400 --> 00:57:06,300
being surrounded. 
The countryside has become 

1021
00:57:06,300 --> 00:57:09,100
hostile. 
Every wall might hide a musket, 

1022
00:57:09,100 --> 00:57:11,600
every tree line might conceal 
militia. 

1023
00:57:12,500 --> 00:57:16,400
You watch the British column 
Retreat past your position Red 

1024
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:20,400
Coats, March in formation 
despite taking fire officers, 

1025
00:57:20,400 --> 00:57:23,300
struggle to maintain discipline 
as soldiers panic and want to 

1026
00:57:23,300 --> 00:57:26,100
run. 
Some Red Coats break for nation 

1027
00:57:26,100 --> 00:57:29,400
to charge their attackers, the 
attacks succeed in the moment, 

1028
00:57:29,400 --> 00:57:31,700
but leave the soldiers, isolated
and vulnerable. 

1029
00:57:32,700 --> 00:57:34,600
Bodies in Red Coats, got the 
road. 

1030
00:57:35,500 --> 00:57:38,600
Professional armies being 
defeated not by Superior Force 

1031
00:57:38,600 --> 00:57:41,500
by tactics. 
They have no training to counter

1032
00:57:42,400 --> 00:57:45,100
British reinforcements arrived 
from Boston and with artillery, 

1033
00:57:45,100 --> 00:57:48,500
the Canon fire creates space for
the retreating column to 

1034
00:57:48,500 --> 00:57:51,200
organize. 
But even with reinforcements, 

1035
00:57:51,200 --> 00:57:52,900
the March remains are running 
battle. 

1036
00:57:53,700 --> 00:57:57,000
By the time, the British reached
the safety of Charlestown neck, 

1037
00:57:57,000 --> 00:58:00,800
near Boston, they have suffered 
273 casualties. 

1038
00:58:01,700 --> 00:58:05,800
Colonial losses total 93 the 
mathematics of the day, favor 

1039
00:58:05,800 --> 00:58:08,700
the colonists. 
But more important than numbers 

1040
00:58:08,700 --> 00:58:11,000
is. 
The fact that militia ordinary 

1041
00:58:11,000 --> 00:58:14,700
men with minimal training stood 
against British regulars and one

1042
00:58:14,700 --> 00:58:18,800
he returned home as evening 
Falls, your musket has been 

1043
00:58:18,800 --> 00:58:21,700
fired, your Powder Horn is 
nearly empty. 

1044
00:58:21,700 --> 00:58:26,300
You are alive others from your 
town are not the names of the 

1045
00:58:26,300 --> 00:58:28,100
Dead will be read in church on 
Sunday. 

1046
00:58:28,100 --> 00:58:33,400
Their families will mourn. 
But to night exhausted and still

1047
00:58:33,400 --> 00:58:37,600
shaking from combat adrenaline, 
you simply feel relieved to see 

1048
00:58:37,600 --> 00:58:39,800
your house still standing in 
your family safe. 

1049
00:58:40,700 --> 00:58:43,700
News of Lexington and Concord 
spreads through the colonies 

1050
00:58:43,700 --> 00:58:47,900
faster than any previous event. 
Ride as carry a count South and 

1051
00:58:47,900 --> 00:58:50,600
West newspapers publish 
iwitness. 

1052
00:58:50,600 --> 00:58:53,300
Reports. 
The story grows in the telling 

1053
00:58:53,300 --> 00:58:57,300
each retelling emphasizes 
British aggression and Colonial 

1054
00:58:57,300 --> 00:59:00,000
heroism. 
The proper Gander value of the 

1055
00:59:00,000 --> 00:59:03,400
days of events becomes clear 
immediately British soldiers. 

1056
00:59:03,400 --> 00:59:07,000
Fired on citizens, colonists 
defended their homes and 

1057
00:59:07,000 --> 00:59:09,900
families. 
The Narrative fits perfectly 

1058
00:59:09,900 --> 00:59:12,900
into the framework of resistance
that has been building since the

1059
00:59:12,900 --> 00:59:16,300
Tea Act. 
The second continental congress 

1060
00:59:16,300 --> 00:59:19,700
convenes in Philadelphia in May.
The delegates. 

1061
00:59:19,700 --> 00:59:23,000
Now face a reality that has 
moved Beyond boycotts and 

1062
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:27,000
petitions, Colonial militia have
fought British regulars. 

1063
00:59:27,000 --> 00:59:31,300
Blood has been shed The question
is no longer whether to resist 

1064
00:59:31,300 --> 00:59:35,400
but how to organize resistance, 
John Adams, proposes that 

1065
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:38,100
Congress adopt, the militia 
forces gathering around Boston. 

1066
00:59:38,100 --> 00:59:42,600
As a continental army, the 
motion passes George Washington.

1067
00:59:42,600 --> 00:59:46,000
A Virginia delegate with 
military experience from the 

1068
00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:49,400
French and Indian War. 
Is appointed Commander in Chief.

1069
00:59:49,400 --> 00:59:52,900
You watch Washington arrived in 
Cambridge to take command in 

1070
00:59:52,900 --> 00:59:55,700
July, he rides a magnificent 
horse. 

1071
00:59:55,700 --> 00:59:59,000
And where his old military 
uniform, he looks like what he 

1072
00:59:59,000 --> 01:00:03,300
is a Virginia planter who never 
wanted War, but except Duty when

1073
01:00:03,300 --> 01:00:08,200
called His appointment sends a 
message, this is not just 

1074
01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:12,200
Massachusetts defending itself. 
This is a continental effort, 

1075
01:00:12,200 --> 01:00:14,400
Virginia's. 
Most prominent citizen has 

1076
01:00:14,400 --> 01:00:17,300
committed to Leading forces. 
Primarily composed of New 

1077
01:00:17,300 --> 01:00:20,300
England farmers, Symbolism 
matters. 

1078
01:00:20,300 --> 01:00:23,900
The Siege of Boston continues 
through some summer and fall 

1079
01:00:23,900 --> 01:00:27,700
British troops. 
Hold the city Colonial forces 

1080
01:00:27,700 --> 01:00:31,000
surrounded. 
Neither side has the strength to

1081
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:35,000
force her to decisive action. 
The stalemate creates a strange 

1082
01:00:35,000 --> 01:00:39,200
situation where War exists in 
fact, but not in name. 

1083
01:00:39,200 --> 01:00:42,100
Congress has not declared 
independence. 

1084
01:00:42,100 --> 01:00:45,500
King, George has not declared 
the colonies in Rebellion. 

1085
01:00:45,500 --> 01:00:49,200
Everyone pretends that 
reconciliation remains possible 

1086
01:00:49,200 --> 01:00:51,700
while preparing for the war. 
They know is coming. 

1087
01:00:52,600 --> 01:00:54,400
You serve in the militia 
companies. 

1088
01:00:54,400 --> 01:00:58,300
That rotate through Siege Duty, 
the work is mostly boring. 

1089
01:00:58,300 --> 01:01:02,800
You dig trenches, you stand. 
Watch you wait, occasionally 

1090
01:01:02,800 --> 01:01:06,200
there is skirmishing British. 
Patrols venture out. 

1091
01:01:06,200 --> 01:01:10,500
Colonial forces, exchange fire. 
People die in these small 

1092
01:01:10,500 --> 01:01:12,200
encounters. 
Their deaths. 

1093
01:01:12,200 --> 01:01:14,900
No less final for occurring, 
outside a major battle. 

1094
01:01:15,700 --> 01:01:19,300
But mostly The Siege means 
sitting in Camp writing letters 

1095
01:01:19,300 --> 01:01:22,600
home and wondering how long this
can continue. 

1096
01:01:23,600 --> 01:01:28,500
Winter 1775 brings both hardship
and a strange kind of clarity. 

1097
01:01:28,500 --> 01:01:31,200
You cannot maintain a Siege 
forever. 

1098
01:01:31,200 --> 01:01:35,300
Either the British must leave 
Boston or the Continental Army 

1099
01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:37,900
must force them out. 
Or someone must negotiate a 

1100
01:01:37,900 --> 01:01:41,400
settlement. 
First Option requires British 

1101
01:01:41,400 --> 01:01:45,600
leadership to admit defeat the 
second option requires resources

1102
01:01:45,600 --> 01:01:48,400
and training. 
The Continental Army lacks the 

1103
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:51,400
third option requires both sides
to compromise. 

1104
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:55,900
None seem likely George 
Washington orders Henry. 

1105
01:01:55,900 --> 01:01:58,400
Knox to bring artillery from 
fought to conderoga. 

1106
01:01:59,100 --> 01:02:03,200
Notch accomplishes, this 
impossible, task dragging Canon 

1107
01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:05,500
through winter mountains and 
across frozen rivers. 

1108
01:02:05,500 --> 01:02:10,700
The artillery arrives in Boston.
In January 1776, Washington 

1109
01:02:10,700 --> 01:02:12,900
positions. 
The guns on Dorchester Heights. 

1110
01:02:12,900 --> 01:02:17,300
Overlooking the city. from this 
position, he can bombard British

1111
01:02:17,300 --> 01:02:21,400
positions General Howe now, 
commanding British forces, faces

1112
01:02:21,400 --> 01:02:25,000
a choice The heights which means
fighting uphill against 

1113
01:02:25,000 --> 01:02:29,600
entrenched artillery or evacuate
Boston he chooses of evacuation 

1114
01:02:29,600 --> 01:02:35,900
March 7th. 1776 British ships 
load troops and Equipment, 

1115
01:02:35,900 --> 01:02:39,700
loyalists family who fear 
reprisal if they stay crowd onto

1116
01:02:39,700 --> 01:02:42,700
vessels, the harbor fills with 
transport ships. 

1117
01:02:42,700 --> 01:02:46,400
Making ready to sail you stand 
on Dorchester, Heights, watching

1118
01:02:46,400 --> 01:02:49,500
the evacuation? 
After almost two years of 

1119
01:02:49,500 --> 01:02:53,208
occupation British forces are 
leaving Boston, they are not 

1120
01:02:53,216 --> 01:02:56,000
leaving because they want to. 
They are leaving because 

1121
01:02:56,000 --> 01:02:58,700
maintaining control requires 
more cost than the city is 

1122
01:02:58,700 --> 01:03:02,100
worth. 
The calculation speaks volumes 

1123
01:03:02,100 --> 01:03:03,600
about where this conflict is 
heading. 

1124
01:03:04,200 --> 01:03:07,600
The British Fleet sails out of 
Boston, Harbour carrying 11,000 

1125
01:03:07,600 --> 01:03:12,100
people soldiers, Sailors, and 
Loyalists civilians, who have 

1126
01:03:12,100 --> 01:03:15,800
chosen to abandon their homes, 
rather than live under what they

1127
01:03:15,800 --> 01:03:20,600
assume will be Rebel control. 
The ships head for Halifax, Nova

1128
01:03:20,600 --> 01:03:24,400
Scotia from there, the British 
will regroup and launch new 

1129
01:03:24,400 --> 01:03:26,600
campaigns aimed crushing the 
Rebellion. 

1130
01:03:27,700 --> 01:03:30,200
For. 
Now, for this moment, Boston is 

1131
01:03:30,200 --> 01:03:33,600
free. 
The occupation has ended you 

1132
01:03:33,600 --> 01:03:37,000
walk through the city and the 
days after evacuation the 

1133
01:03:37,000 --> 01:03:40,100
British left damage and 
disorder, buildings have been 

1134
01:03:40,108 --> 01:03:43,900
torn down for firewood supplies 
have been destroyed to prevent 

1135
01:03:43,900 --> 01:03:47,200
their capture. 
But the city still stands more 

1136
01:03:47,200 --> 01:03:51,500
importantly, it stands as free 
territory, the Continental Army,

1137
01:03:51,500 --> 01:03:55,400
marches into cheering crowds, 
the symbolism feels almost 

1138
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:58,400
overwhelming. 
Force, that did not exist. 

1139
01:03:58,400 --> 01:04:01,800
Two years ago has driven out the
army of the most powerful Empire

1140
01:04:01,800 --> 01:04:04,800
on Earth. 
The tea that floated in Boston 

1141
01:04:04,800 --> 01:04:10,000
Harbor in December, 1773 set in 
motion, a chain of events, that 

1142
01:04:10,000 --> 01:04:13,200
no one fully intended, 
Parliament wanted to punish 

1143
01:04:13,200 --> 01:04:16,900
Boston for destroying property. 
The punishment United, the 

1144
01:04:16,900 --> 01:04:20,800
colonies in opposition. 
Colonial Unity led to organized 

1145
01:04:20,800 --> 01:04:25,700
resistance organized resistance 
led to armed conflict Armed 

1146
01:04:25,700 --> 01:04:28,400
conflict is leading towards 
something that still has no 

1147
01:04:28,400 --> 01:04:31,100
name, but increasingly looks 
like Independence. 

1148
01:04:32,000 --> 01:04:36,200
The chain of causation reveals 
how Empires fall, not through 

1149
01:04:36,200 --> 01:04:39,500
single catastrophic failures but
through accumulated 

1150
01:04:39,500 --> 01:04:43,300
misjudgments, that compound 
until the system collapses under

1151
01:04:43,300 --> 01:04:47,100
its own contradictions. 
T Act was meant to save the East

1152
01:04:47,100 --> 01:04:49,600
India Company and reassert 
parliamentary Authority. 

1153
01:04:50,700 --> 01:04:54,800
Achieved neither goal. 
Instead, it created a crisis 

1154
01:04:54,800 --> 01:04:56,900
that exposed the fundamental 
floor. 

1155
01:04:56,900 --> 01:05:00,900
In the Imperial relationship, 
Britain wanted colony to remain 

1156
01:05:00,900 --> 01:05:04,600
commercially dependent, but 
politically subordinate, The 

1157
01:05:04,600 --> 01:05:07,700
colonies wanted the economic 
benefits of Empire without the 

1158
01:05:07,700 --> 01:05:12,000
political costs of subjugation. 
These desires were incompatible 

1159
01:05:12,000 --> 01:05:16,100
something, had to give you think
back to that December night when

1160
01:05:16,100 --> 01:05:20,400
you helped empty tea chests in 
to Dark Water, The action seemed

1161
01:05:20,400 --> 01:05:24,100
almost the actor of the time a 
grand gesture, unlike to change 

1162
01:05:24,100 --> 01:05:28,500
anything fundamental. small 
actions can have consequences 

1163
01:05:28,500 --> 01:05:33,200
that Ripple outward in ways 
impossible to predict The tea 

1164
01:05:33,200 --> 01:05:34,600
protest was meant to be a 
statement. 

1165
01:05:35,400 --> 01:05:39,900
Instead, it became a catalyst. 
the protest itself was carefully

1166
01:05:39,900 --> 01:05:44,800
calibrated Destroy the tea to 
prevent its sale, but harm no 

1167
01:05:44,800 --> 01:05:48,300
person and damage, no property 
beyond the cargo. 

1168
01:05:49,500 --> 01:05:52,600
The discipline showed that this 
was political theater rather 

1169
01:05:52,600 --> 01:05:56,200
than mob violence. 
But theater, when performed on 

1170
01:05:56,200 --> 01:05:58,700
the stage of History can have 
real consequences. 

1171
01:05:58,700 --> 01:06:03,200
The British government unable to
distinguish between political 

1172
01:06:03,200 --> 01:06:06,800
statement and criminal Riot 
responded with overwhelming 

1173
01:06:06,800 --> 01:06:09,500
Force. 
The response, radicalized 

1174
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:12,000
colonists who might otherwise 
have remained loyal. 

1175
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:16,200
Each escalation by Britain, 
created a counter escalation by 

1176
01:06:16,200 --> 01:06:18,600
the colonies. 
The spiral became 

1177
01:06:18,600 --> 01:06:21,300
self-sustaining standing in your
Fields. 

1178
01:06:21,300 --> 01:06:24,700
Now watching summer crops grow 
in soil of worked for decades. 

1179
01:06:24,700 --> 01:06:28,200
You Marvel at how quickly The 
Familiar world has changed. 

1180
01:06:28,200 --> 01:06:31,500
Three years ago, you were a 
British subject who sometimes 

1181
01:06:31,500 --> 01:06:35,900
grumbled about taxes today, you 
are a revolutionary Who has 

1182
01:06:35,900 --> 01:06:39,800
fought against British soldiers.
The transformation, feels both 

1183
01:06:39,800 --> 01:06:43,200
natural and impossible. 
How did you get here? 

1184
01:06:43,200 --> 01:06:47,000
What series of decisions LED 
from drinking tea at breakfast 

1185
01:06:47,000 --> 01:06:51,000
to shooting at Redcoats? 
The answer involves thousands of

1186
01:06:51,000 --> 01:06:54,800
individual choices by thousands 
of people across 13 colonies. 

1187
01:06:54,800 --> 01:06:58,300
No single person decided to 
start a revolution. 

1188
01:06:58,300 --> 01:07:03,600
Instead, millions of small acts 
of resistance accumulated into 

1189
01:07:03,600 --> 01:07:05,800
something that looked like 
coordinated Rebellion. 

1190
01:07:06,500 --> 01:07:09,700
You destroyed tea. 
Your neighbor refused to buy 

1191
01:07:09,700 --> 01:07:12,900
British goods. 
Someone else, sheltered a desert

1192
01:07:12,900 --> 01:07:17,400
from the British army, each 
action alone mental together. 

1193
01:07:17,400 --> 01:07:21,100
They meant everything, the 
British never understood this, 

1194
01:07:21,100 --> 01:07:25,200
they kept looking for leaders to
arrest or conspirators to hang. 

1195
01:07:25,200 --> 01:07:28,900
They could not grasp that the 
resistance was too diffused into

1196
01:07:28,900 --> 01:07:31,300
capitate, it was not a 
conspiracy. 

1197
01:07:31,300 --> 01:07:34,800
It was a social movement that 
emerged from shared Grievances 

1198
01:07:34,800 --> 01:07:38,500
and mutual support. 
Cutting off one leader. 

1199
01:07:38,500 --> 01:07:40,400
Simply meant others would step 
forward. 

1200
01:07:41,200 --> 01:07:42,900
The Hydra had too many heads to 
kill. 

1201
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:47,600
History will remember the big 
moments the Boston Tea Party? 

1202
01:07:48,600 --> 01:07:51,100
Lexington and Concord Bunker 
Hill. 

1203
01:07:52,400 --> 01:07:56,800
But revolution's from countless 
forgotten, acts the merchant who

1204
01:07:56,800 --> 01:08:00,200
broke his contract with London 
suppliers, the printer who 

1205
01:08:00,208 --> 01:08:02,600
published pamphlets criticizing 
the king. 

1206
01:08:02,600 --> 01:08:07,000
The woman who made bullets from 
melted pewter the farmer who 

1207
01:08:07,000 --> 01:08:11,600
gave food to militia men. 
These individual contributions 

1208
01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:15,000
do not get commemorated with 
monuments or taught in schools 

1209
01:08:15,000 --> 01:08:18,700
yet without them the famous 
battles would never have 

1210
01:08:18,700 --> 01:08:22,399
occurred. 
The Continental Congress debates

1211
01:08:22,399 --> 01:08:27,200
Independence through the spring 
of 1776, Thomas, Paine 

1212
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:28,800
Publishers common sense in 
January. 

1213
01:08:28,800 --> 01:08:32,200
A pamphlet that argues and clear
language that hereditary 

1214
01:08:32,200 --> 01:08:34,899
monarchy is absurd, in that 
America should govern itself. 

1215
01:08:36,700 --> 01:08:42,300
Pamphlet sells 150,000 copies in
three months. ideas, that seemed

1216
01:08:42,300 --> 01:08:46,200
radical a year ago now appear, 
almost obvious If Government 

1217
01:08:46,200 --> 01:08:48,800
derives, its Authority, from the
consent of the government. 

1218
01:08:48,800 --> 01:08:52,600
And if the government do not 
consent, then government has no 

1219
01:08:52,600 --> 01:08:57,700
legitimate Authority. 
The logic once accepted leads in

1220
01:08:57,707 --> 01:09:03,500
Everett to bleed to separation. 
July. 4th, 1776. 

1221
01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:08,700
The Continental Congress adopts,
the declaration of independence.

1222
01:09:09,600 --> 01:09:12,200
The document list grievances 
against King George and 

1223
01:09:12,200 --> 01:09:15,300
Parliament. 
Many of the complaints traced 

1224
01:09:15,300 --> 01:09:18,500
directly to the coercive acts 
passed in response to the Boston

1225
01:09:18,500 --> 01:09:21,200
Tea Party. 
Closed Port. 

1226
01:09:21,200 --> 01:09:26,200
The restructured, government. 
Quartering of troops the denial 

1227
01:09:26,200 --> 01:09:30,200
of trial by jury. 
Actions taken to punish 

1228
01:09:30,200 --> 01:09:33,399
Massachusetts for destroying tea
of the justification for 

1229
01:09:33,399 --> 01:09:36,399
revolution. 
The Declaration, read publicly 

1230
01:09:36,399 --> 01:09:39,700
embossed in a few days later. 
The words sound strange. 

1231
01:09:40,500 --> 01:09:42,899
They describe rights as 
self-evident, that previous 

1232
01:09:42,899 --> 01:09:45,600
generations would have 
considered radical philosophy. 

1233
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:48,899
Claim that people have the right
to abolish governments, that 

1234
01:09:48,899 --> 01:09:50,399
become destructive of their 
rights. 

1235
01:09:51,100 --> 01:09:54,400
Claim is not new English. 
Political theory has discussed 

1236
01:09:54,400 --> 01:09:58,100
similar ideas for centuries, but
theory is different from action.

1237
01:09:59,000 --> 01:10:02,100
This declaration turns 
philosophy into political fact. 

1238
01:10:02,100 --> 01:10:05,400
It says that Americans will 
govern themselves or Die. 

1239
01:10:05,400 --> 01:10:07,700
Tryin the war continues for 
seven. 

1240
01:10:07,700 --> 01:10:10,900
More years, British armies 
occupying, New York, Phila 

1241
01:10:10,900 --> 01:10:14,000
Delphia Charleston. 
And American forces suffered 

1242
01:10:14,000 --> 01:10:17,700
defeats and near disaster. 
The struggle involves more 

1243
01:10:17,700 --> 01:10:22,400
Bloodshed more hardship, more 
sacrificed than anyone imagined 

1244
01:10:22,400 --> 01:10:26,800
in 1773. 
But the trajectory established 

1245
01:10:26,800 --> 01:10:30,800
by the tea protest continues, 
the colonies of chosen 

1246
01:10:30,800 --> 01:10:33,500
Independence. 
Whether they can achieve it, 

1247
01:10:33,500 --> 01:10:36,600
remains uncertain, but the 
choice has been made. 

1248
01:10:36,600 --> 01:10:39,300
You survived the war. 
Many do not. 

1249
01:10:40,300 --> 01:10:43,500
You see, friends dive disease in
military camps, you see 

1250
01:10:43,500 --> 01:10:46,300
Neighbors killed in battles, 
whose names become famous, 

1251
01:10:46,300 --> 01:10:50,900
Bunker, Hill, Trenton, Saratoga 
Yorktown. 

1252
01:10:51,600 --> 01:10:55,400
Each battle is a story. 
Each story is a price paid for 

1253
01:10:55,408 --> 01:10:59,300
the independence, declared in 
1776 and finally secured in 

1254
01:10:59,300 --> 01:11:02,200
1783. 
Looking back from the 

1255
01:11:02,200 --> 01:11:05,900
perspective of Peace, you try to
understand how T became 

1256
01:11:05,900 --> 01:11:08,500
Revolution. 
The connection is not obvious. 

1257
01:11:08,500 --> 01:11:12,000
The Tea Act was about Commerce 
and Monopoly. 

1258
01:11:12,600 --> 01:11:15,100
The resistance was about 
principal and rights. 

1259
01:11:15,900 --> 01:11:19,900
The gap between cores and 
effect, seems almost absurd yet.

1260
01:11:19,900 --> 01:11:22,800
History, often Works through 
such disproportionate 

1261
01:11:22,800 --> 01:11:25,900
relationships. 
Small cores is have larger 

1262
01:11:25,900 --> 01:11:29,200
effects when conditions are 
right and conditions in the 

1263
01:11:29,200 --> 01:11:32,600
colonies in 1773 were very 
writing, indeed. 

1264
01:11:33,400 --> 01:11:35,300
Britain never understood what it
was fighting. 

1265
01:11:35,300 --> 01:11:38,500
British leadership saw the 
conflicts as a problem of 

1266
01:11:38,500 --> 01:11:41,800
maintaining order. 
Punish, the troublemakers, 

1267
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:45,000
demonstrate Authority, Force 
compliance. 

1268
01:11:45,000 --> 01:11:48,400
The strategy might have worked 
against people who saw 

1269
01:11:48,400 --> 01:11:51,800
themselves as subjects. 
It failed against people who had

1270
01:11:51,800 --> 01:11:54,900
come to see themselves as 
Citizens with rights rather than

1271
01:11:54,900 --> 01:11:59,400
subjects with privileges. the 
difference is subtle, but 

1272
01:11:59,400 --> 01:12:03,300
absolute the Boston Tea Party 
changed, everything. 

1273
01:12:03,300 --> 01:12:07,400
Not because destroying tea was 
inherently significant, but 

1274
01:12:07,400 --> 01:12:12,000
because the destruction revealed
a truth, Colonial Americans 

1275
01:12:12,000 --> 01:12:15,600
would resist Imperial Authority.
Even at the cost of economic 

1276
01:12:15,600 --> 01:12:20,900
hardship and Military conflict. 
Once revealed, that truth could 

1277
01:12:20,900 --> 01:12:23,800
not be hidden again. 
Every British attempt to 

1278
01:12:23,808 --> 01:12:26,500
reassert control only 
strengthened Colonial, 

1279
01:12:26,500 --> 01:12:30,400
determination to resist. 
The spiral led to Independence, 

1280
01:12:30,400 --> 01:12:33,300
you sit on your porch on a 
summer evening. 

1281
01:12:33,300 --> 01:12:38,100
In 1790, the Constitution has 
been ratified George Washington 

1282
01:12:38,100 --> 01:12:41,500
serves as president. 
The experiment in 

1283
01:12:41,500 --> 01:12:44,600
self-government continues 
despite doubts, and difficulties

1284
01:12:44,600 --> 01:12:49,000
your children, born during the 
War years have no memory of 

1285
01:12:49,000 --> 01:12:52,800
British rule to their American 
independence is simply how 

1286
01:12:52,800 --> 01:12:55,000
things are? 
They cannot imagine another 

1287
01:12:55,000 --> 01:12:59,000
reality, but you remember. 
You remember tea floating in 

1288
01:12:59,000 --> 01:13:01,600
Dark Water. 
You remember meeting where 

1289
01:13:01,600 --> 01:13:05,500
Ordinary People, debated? 
Extraordinary, questions, you 

1290
01:13:05,500 --> 01:13:06,700
remember the night? 
March to Lexington? 

1291
01:13:06,700 --> 01:13:09,800
You remember standing on 
Dorchester Heights, watching 

1292
01:13:09,800 --> 01:13:14,100
British ships, Sail Away. 
The memories carry weight 

1293
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:17,600
because you know how unlikely 
all of it was history, feels 

1294
01:13:17,600 --> 01:13:19,200
inevitable when Looking 
Backward. 

1295
01:13:20,000 --> 01:13:23,400
Forward. 
Everything was uncertain victory

1296
01:13:23,400 --> 01:13:27,100
was never guaranteed. 
Independence, might have failed 

1297
01:13:27,100 --> 01:13:30,200
experiment, could have collapsed
yet. 

1298
01:13:30,200 --> 01:13:33,100
Here you are. 
Citizen of a republic that 

1299
01:13:33,100 --> 01:13:36,300
exists because people were 
willing to destroy tea rather 

1300
01:13:36,300 --> 01:13:38,300
than accept taxation without 
representation. 

1301
01:13:39,600 --> 01:13:43,400
The chain of causation still 
seems improbable but in probable

1302
01:13:43,400 --> 01:13:46,400
things happen. 
Small actions have large 

1303
01:13:46,400 --> 01:13:49,200
consequences. 
T dumped in a harbor. 

1304
01:13:49,200 --> 01:13:52,900
Can change the world. 
Well, my tired dumpling's. 

1305
01:13:52,900 --> 01:13:57,300
We have followed 342 TT chests 
from London warehouse's to 

1306
01:13:57,300 --> 01:13:59,800
Boston. 
Harbor to the foundation of a 

1307
01:13:59,800 --> 01:14:02,900
Nation tomorrow. 
Consider the moments in your own

1308
01:14:02,900 --> 01:14:05,300
life when small choices led to 
unexpected. 

1309
01:14:05,300 --> 01:14:08,500
Transformations for tonight, 
rest. 

1310
01:14:09,500 --> 01:14:12,800
Knowing that history is made by 
ordinary people making decisions

1311
01:14:12,800 --> 01:14:16,200
they believe a right. 
Even when outcomes remain 

1312
01:14:16,200 --> 01:14:19,700
uncertain. 
If you enjoyed this journey 

1313
01:14:19,700 --> 01:14:24,200
through a winter night, in 1773 
the share button exists for 

1314
01:14:24,208 --> 01:14:27,100
precisely that purpose now 
sleep. 

1315
01:14:27,100 --> 01:14:33,400
Well, It is 1913 in Detroit. 
Michigan. 

1316
01:14:34,700 --> 01:14:38,100
City hums with a new kind of 
energy as factories rise along, 

1317
01:14:38,100 --> 01:14:41,800
the Riverbanks and thousands of 
workers pour into the automotive

1318
01:14:41,800 --> 01:14:44,800
plants each morning. 
You are one of them living 

1319
01:14:44,800 --> 01:14:47,100
through the moment. 
When the automobile transforms 

1320
01:14:47,100 --> 01:14:50,600
from a luxury curiosity into 
something that will reshape the 

1321
01:14:50,600 --> 01:14:53,600
entire world. 
You wake before the sun rises, 

1322
01:14:53,600 --> 01:14:57,300
the room is cold and the air 
smells like coal, smoke from the

1323
01:14:57,300 --> 01:15:00,300
furnace down stairs. 
Your boarding house, sits three 

1324
01:15:00,300 --> 01:15:01,800
blocks from the Ford Highland 
Park. 

1325
01:15:01,800 --> 01:15:05,200
Plant close enough, that you can
hear the factory whistle, even 

1326
01:15:05,200 --> 01:15:08,400
through closed windows. 
The sound cuts through the 

1327
01:15:08,400 --> 01:15:12,000
Darkness at 5 in the morning 
sharp and insistent, you swing 

1328
01:15:12,000 --> 01:15:14,000
your legs out of bed and your 
feet touch, the cold 

1329
01:15:14,000 --> 01:15:16,800
floorboards, the chill runs up 
through your ankles. 

1330
01:15:17,800 --> 01:15:19,700
Winter Mornings. 
In Detroit, have a particular 

1331
01:15:19,700 --> 01:15:22,900
bike to the kind that makes you 
move quickly, just to generate 

1332
01:15:22,900 --> 01:15:26,500
warmth, you reach for your work 
clothes, hung on the back of the

1333
01:15:26,500 --> 01:15:29,900
door where they drive overnight.
Sure to stiff from yesterday, 

1334
01:15:29,900 --> 01:15:32,300
sweat and machine oil? 
You pull it on. 

1335
01:15:32,300 --> 01:15:34,800
Anyway, everyone's work clothes 
smell like this. 

1336
01:15:34,800 --> 01:15:38,600
After a few weeks the center of 
metal and grease becomes part of

1337
01:15:38,600 --> 01:15:42,800
your skin part of your identity.
You button the shirt and reach 

1338
01:15:42,800 --> 01:15:45,400
for your trousers. 
It canvas material that can 

1339
01:15:45,400 --> 01:15:47,200
withstand Sparks and sharp 
edges. 

1340
01:15:47,200 --> 01:15:50,500
Your hands move through this 
routine without much thought. 

1341
01:15:51,500 --> 01:15:54,100
You have done this same sequence
of movements for six months. 

1342
01:15:54,100 --> 01:15:56,700
Now, ever since you arrived from
the farm in Ohio. 

1343
01:15:57,600 --> 01:16:00,000
The rhythms of factory life have
replaced the rhythms of 

1344
01:16:00,000 --> 01:16:03,300
agricultural Seasons, instead of
roosters and cattle. 

1345
01:16:03,300 --> 01:16:05,300
You wake to whistles and street 
cars. 

1346
01:16:05,300 --> 01:16:08,400
You cold water on your face from
the Basin by the window. 

1347
01:16:09,400 --> 01:16:11,400
Shock of it helps clear the fog 
from your mind. 

1348
01:16:12,200 --> 01:16:15,000
Through the glass, you can see 
other boarding houses other 

1349
01:16:15,000 --> 01:16:18,000
windows glowing with Lamplight, 
as dozens of men, prepare for 

1350
01:16:18,000 --> 01:16:21,100
the same shift. 
The city is Waking Up In Waves 

1351
01:16:21,100 --> 01:16:24,600
neighborhood by neighborhood. 
Downstairs in the kitchen. 

1352
01:16:24,600 --> 01:16:26,700
Mrs. O'Brien has already set out
breakfast. 

1353
01:16:27,600 --> 01:16:30,200
She runs the boarding house with
German Precision even though she

1354
01:16:30,200 --> 01:16:31,900
is Irish. 
Coffee. 

1355
01:16:31,900 --> 01:16:34,000
Steams in a large pot on the 
stove. 

1356
01:16:34,000 --> 01:16:38,200
The smell fills the narrow Hall.
Way you grab a Tin Cup and pour 

1357
01:16:38,200 --> 01:16:40,500
yourself some? 
The heat spreading through your 

1358
01:16:40,500 --> 01:16:44,500
fingers, the other borders 
Shuffle, in one by one, nobody 

1359
01:16:44,500 --> 01:16:48,200
talks much this early there is 
just the sound of spoons against

1360
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:52,200
bowls cups being refilled, 
chairs, scraping against LOL. 

1361
01:16:52,200 --> 01:16:55,800
You eat quickly oatmeal with a 
splash of milk and a piece of 

1362
01:16:55,800 --> 01:16:58,800
bread with butter. 
The food is plain but filling 

1363
01:16:58,800 --> 01:17:02,400
designed to carry you through to
the lunch break you finish 

1364
01:17:02,400 --> 01:17:04,600
eating, and grab your coat from 
The Hook by the door. 

1365
01:17:05,500 --> 01:17:08,100
The fabric is worn at the elbows
and the pockets sag from 

1366
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:11,100
carrying wrenches and 
screwdrivers you step outside 

1367
01:17:11,100 --> 01:17:14,200
into the pre-dawn darkness. 
The cold air hits you 

1368
01:17:14,200 --> 01:17:16,500
immediately. 
You can see your breath in thick

1369
01:17:16,500 --> 01:17:18,700
clouds. 
The street is already busy with 

1370
01:17:18,700 --> 01:17:20,400
workers heading toward the 
factories. 

1371
01:17:20,400 --> 01:17:24,400
Some Walk Alone, others in small
groups, everyone moves with 

1372
01:17:24,400 --> 01:17:29,000
purpose, being late, means 
losing pay or worse, The factory

1373
01:17:29,000 --> 01:17:32,000
runs on strict schedules. 
Each minute is accounted for 

1374
01:17:32,000 --> 01:17:34,100
you. 
Join the stream of men walking 

1375
01:17:34,100 --> 01:17:37,200
North toward Highland Park. 
The sound of boots on pavement. 

1376
01:17:37,200 --> 01:17:39,800
Creates a steady Rhythm. 
Someone coughs. 

1377
01:17:40,500 --> 01:17:44,100
Streetcar clangs its Bell to 
blocks over dog's bark from 

1378
01:17:44,100 --> 01:17:47,100
behind fences. 
The city is Industrial now in 

1379
01:17:47,100 --> 01:17:50,400
ways that still surprise, you 
sometimes just five years ago. 

1380
01:17:50,400 --> 01:17:52,100
This neighborhood was mostly 
empty. 

1381
01:17:52,100 --> 01:17:55,200
Lots and farmland. 
The sky begins to lighten as you

1382
01:17:55,200 --> 01:17:57,600
walk. 
The darkness shifts from black 

1383
01:17:57,600 --> 01:18:00,800
to deep blue to Gray. 
You can make out the shape of 

1384
01:18:00,800 --> 01:18:04,500
other walkers more clearly now, 
familiar faces and in greeting. 

1385
01:18:04,500 --> 01:18:08,300
He recognized the man who works 
two stations down from yours on 

1386
01:18:08,300 --> 01:18:11,100
the line. 
He has a thick mustache, that 

1387
01:18:11,100 --> 01:18:13,300
always seems to collect metal 
dust by midday. 

1388
01:18:13,300 --> 01:18:16,000
The factory comes into view as 
you round the corner onto 

1389
01:18:16,000 --> 01:18:18,900
Woodward Avenue, the building 
sprawls across several city 

1390
01:18:18,900 --> 01:18:23,200
blocks, a massive structure of 
brick and steel and glass Smoke 

1391
01:18:23,200 --> 01:18:26,600
Stacks, rise like monuments. 
Even from here, you can hear the

1392
01:18:26,600 --> 01:18:29,800
hum of Machinery, the plant runs
around the clock now. 

1393
01:18:29,800 --> 01:18:33,500
Three shifts, keep the assembly 
line moving, you join the crowd 

1394
01:18:33,500 --> 01:18:36,900
at the main gate, the guard 
checks faces as people pass 

1395
01:18:36,900 --> 01:18:39,200
through. 
He knows most workers by sight 

1396
01:18:39,200 --> 01:18:42,800
but still maintains, the ritual 
of inspection company rules. 

1397
01:18:42,800 --> 01:18:47,000
Everything at Ford has rules. 
You file past him into the yard.

1398
01:18:47,000 --> 01:18:50,200
The yard is enormous bigger than
any bar you ever saw back in 

1399
01:18:50,200 --> 01:18:52,800
Ohio. 
Railroad tracks, Kris Kross, the

1400
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:55,700
space Freight cars. 
It waiting to be unloaded or 

1401
01:18:55,700 --> 01:19:00,600
filled materials arrive, 
constantly steal rubber glass 

1402
01:19:00,600 --> 01:19:04,200
leather, everything needed to 
build, automobiles flows into 

1403
01:19:04,200 --> 01:19:05,900
the place, like Rivers 
converging. 

1404
01:19:06,700 --> 01:19:10,000
You head toward the entrance for
your section, other workers peel

1405
01:19:10,000 --> 01:19:12,900
off toward different buildings. 
The plant is organized like a 

1406
01:19:12,908 --> 01:19:15,100
small City. 
Each department handling 

1407
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:19,500
specific tasks Foundry workers. 
Go One Direction paint shop 

1408
01:19:19,500 --> 01:19:21,400
workers. 
Go another you work on the 

1409
01:19:21,400 --> 01:19:24,000
chassis assembly line. 
So you head toward building 3 

1410
01:19:24,900 --> 01:19:28,300
The time clock station stands, 
just inside the door, you pull 

1411
01:19:28,300 --> 01:19:30,700
your card from the rack and 
slide it into the machine. 

1412
01:19:30,700 --> 01:19:34,900
The mechanism stamps, the time 
with a satisfying chunk 552. 

1413
01:19:34,900 --> 01:19:38,700
Mm, 8 minutes to spare you 
return, the card to its slot and

1414
01:19:38,700 --> 01:19:41,700
continue toward the floor. 
The locker room, smells like 

1415
01:19:41,700 --> 01:19:43,600
sweat and oil, and cigarette 
smoke. 

1416
01:19:43,600 --> 01:19:46,600
You open your assigned locker 
and stash your coat, and lunch 

1417
01:19:46,600 --> 01:19:48,700
pail. 
Some men are already changing 

1418
01:19:48,700 --> 01:19:50,700
into their work. 
Aprons others. 

1419
01:19:50,700 --> 01:19:53,500
Sit on benches smoking, one last
cigarette before the shift 

1420
01:19:53,500 --> 01:19:56,200
Begins, the chatter is low and 
sporadic. 

1421
01:19:56,200 --> 01:19:58,900
You on your leather apron and 
grab your gloves. 

1422
01:19:58,900 --> 01:20:02,100
The gloves are warned smooth in 
places where you grip tools 

1423
01:20:02,100 --> 01:20:04,100
repeatedly. 
They fit like a second skin. 

1424
01:20:04,100 --> 01:20:06,400
Now you learned early on that 
good gloves. 

1425
01:20:06,400 --> 01:20:09,500
Make all the difference blisters
and cuts slow you down. 

1426
01:20:10,600 --> 01:20:13,600
The former appears in the 
doorway calls out, time to 

1427
01:20:13,600 --> 01:20:16,600
start. 
The men, stub out, cigarettes 

1428
01:20:16,600 --> 01:20:18,700
and clothes, lockers, and file 
toward the factory floor. 

1429
01:20:19,600 --> 01:20:21,000
The Casual atmosphere of 
evaporates. 

1430
01:20:21,000 --> 01:20:24,900
Everyone knows what comes next 
eight hours of continuous motion

1431
01:20:24,900 --> 01:20:28,300
8 hours of the line, you walk 
through the double doors and 

1432
01:20:28,300 --> 01:20:30,100
onto the floor. 
The noise hits. 

1433
01:20:30,100 --> 01:20:33,700
You like a physical Force, 
machinery, clangs and hisses and

1434
01:20:33,708 --> 01:20:36,800
Roars metal, strike's metal in 
rhythmic percussion. 

1435
01:20:36,800 --> 01:20:40,400
Conveyor belts Rumble. 
The sound is so constant that 

1436
01:20:40,400 --> 01:20:43,700
after a while you stop hearing 
individual noises it all Blends 

1437
01:20:43,700 --> 01:20:45,900
into one massive industrial 
Symphony. 

1438
01:20:47,100 --> 01:20:50,400
The assembly line stretches the 
length of the building partially

1439
01:20:50,400 --> 01:20:52,700
assembled chassis move past on 
the conveyor system. 

1440
01:20:52,700 --> 01:20:56,400
Progressing from bare frames to 
nearly complete automobiles. 

1441
01:20:56,400 --> 01:21:00,300
Each worker has a specific 
station, a specific task to 

1442
01:21:00,300 --> 01:21:03,400
perform as each chassis. 
By you, take your position at 

1443
01:21:03,400 --> 01:21:05,900
station 47. 
Your job is to install. 

1444
01:21:05,900 --> 01:21:08,500
The steering column and connect 
it to the front axle assembly. 

1445
01:21:08,500 --> 01:21:13,100
The same task repeated hundreds 
of times each day, you have done

1446
01:21:13,100 --> 01:21:15,900
it so many times that your hands
know the movements without 

1447
01:21:15,900 --> 01:21:18,500
conscious thought. 
The line starts moving. 

1448
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:22,100
The first chassis of the day, 
approaches your station, you 

1449
01:21:22,100 --> 01:21:23,500
reach for your tools and get 
ready. 

1450
01:21:23,500 --> 01:21:27,100
Another day has begun. 
The chassis arrives at your 

1451
01:21:27,100 --> 01:21:28,700
station. 
Moving at walking pace. 

1452
01:21:28,700 --> 01:21:31,700
The conveyor never stops. 
Never hesitates. 

1453
01:21:31,700 --> 01:21:35,000
You have exactly one minute and 
20 seconds to complete your 

1454
01:21:35,000 --> 01:21:36,900
tasks. 
Before the next chassis arrives,

1455
01:21:36,900 --> 01:21:39,700
the timing is precise Ford's 
Engineers. 

1456
01:21:39,700 --> 01:21:41,300
Calculated it down to the 
second. 

1457
01:21:41,300 --> 01:21:44,000
You grab the steering column 
from the bin beside your 

1458
01:21:44,000 --> 01:21:46,300
station. 
The metal is cold even through 

1459
01:21:46,300 --> 01:21:49,400
your gloves, you position it in 
the mounting bracket and thread.

1460
01:21:49,400 --> 01:21:52,300
The first bolt, your wrench 
tightens it in three quick 

1461
01:21:52,300 --> 01:21:56,300
turns, the motion is automatic 
now, right hand reaches for the 

1462
01:21:56,300 --> 01:22:00,100
Bolt left hand steadies, the 
column right hand tightens next 

1463
01:22:00,100 --> 01:22:04,000
Bolt, the chassis moves forward.
You walk alongside it staying in

1464
01:22:04,008 --> 01:22:07,100
rhythm with the belt. 
This is the trick of assembly 

1465
01:22:07,100 --> 01:22:09,900
line work. 
You cannot fight the pace, you 

1466
01:22:09,900 --> 01:22:13,400
must become part of it. 
Your body, learns to match the 

1467
01:22:13,400 --> 01:22:16,100
speed. 
Exactly, stepping and reaching 

1468
01:22:16,100 --> 01:22:19,600
and turning in time with the 
machinery, 4 bolts, secure the 

1469
01:22:19,600 --> 01:22:22,500
column, then you can connect the
steering linkage to the front 

1470
01:22:22,500 --> 01:22:25,100
axle assembly. 
The parts fit together with 

1471
01:22:25,100 --> 01:22:28,400
satisfying, clicks and snaps. 
Everything is standardized. 

1472
01:22:28,400 --> 01:22:31,700
Now, every Model T uses the same
components? 

1473
01:22:31,700 --> 01:22:34,900
No, custom fitting required. 
No adjustments needed. 

1474
01:22:34,900 --> 01:22:37,500
Just assembly, you finish and 
step back. 

1475
01:22:38,200 --> 01:22:40,700
The chassis continues down the 
line to the next station. 

1476
01:22:40,700 --> 01:22:43,700
Where another worker will 
install the dashboard behind 

1477
01:22:43,700 --> 01:22:45,300
you. 
The next chassis has already 

1478
01:22:45,300 --> 01:22:47,700
arrived. 
You turn and start the process 

1479
01:22:47,700 --> 01:22:51,600
again. 
Reach position bolt tighten, 

1480
01:22:51,600 --> 01:22:57,000
walk and turn and reach again. 
The work has a meditative 

1481
01:22:57,000 --> 01:23:00,800
quality once you settle into it.
The repetition empties your mind

1482
01:23:00,800 --> 01:23:03,800
of other thoughts, there is only
the tasks, the motion, the 

1483
01:23:03,800 --> 01:23:07,400
Rhythm, some men, hate this 
aspect of the line, they say, it

1484
01:23:07,400 --> 01:23:10,200
makes them feel like machines 
themselves others, find it. 

1485
01:23:10,200 --> 01:23:14,600
Soothing no decisions to make. 
No, uncertain is just the work. 

1486
01:23:15,500 --> 01:23:18,500
You fall into that Rhythm. 
Now, chassis after chassis 

1487
01:23:18,500 --> 01:23:22,400
passes through your hands, the 
numbers pile up, 10 completed 

1488
01:23:22,400 --> 01:23:27,300
2030, your muscles, warm with 
the effort, sweat begins to form

1489
01:23:27,300 --> 01:23:29,000
despite the cool air in the 
building. 

1490
01:23:29,900 --> 01:23:33,300
The factory is not heated in 
Winter and not cooled in summer.

1491
01:23:34,000 --> 01:23:35,800
Temperature control would be too
expensive. 

1492
01:23:35,800 --> 01:23:38,900
The noise around you becomes 
background texture. 

1493
01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:41,100
You can distinguish between 
sounds. 

1494
01:23:41,100 --> 01:23:44,300
Now, the hiss of the pneumatic 
tools at the next station. 

1495
01:23:45,200 --> 01:23:48,600
Clang of metal Parts being 
dropped into bins, the rumble of

1496
01:23:48,608 --> 01:23:51,100
the overhead crane moving 
materials, across the building, 

1497
01:23:51,100 --> 01:23:54,900
the shouts of Foreman calling 
out instructions or Corrections.

1498
01:23:55,900 --> 01:23:57,200
Occasionally something goes 
wrong. 

1499
01:23:58,000 --> 01:24:01,400
A bolt threads incorrectly 
apart, does not fit quite right?

1500
01:24:01,400 --> 01:24:03,700
Quite, you have to signal for 
help. 

1501
01:24:03,700 --> 01:24:06,200
The line does not stop for 
individual problems. 

1502
01:24:06,200 --> 01:24:09,100
A relief worker fills in at your
station, while you fix the 

1503
01:24:09,100 --> 01:24:13,100
issue, then you jump back in and
catch up, falling behind, is not

1504
01:24:13,100 --> 01:24:16,400
acceptable. 
The line is Relentless, you work

1505
01:24:16,400 --> 01:24:19,600
alongside men from everywhere. 
The man to your left, came from 

1506
01:24:19,600 --> 01:24:22,500
Poland three years ago. 
He speaks broken English but his

1507
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,600
hands are skilled and fast the 
man on your right. 

1508
01:24:25,600 --> 01:24:28,300
Grew up in Kentucky and moved. 
North looking for factory wages 

1509
01:24:28,300 --> 01:24:30,700
down the line. 
There are Italians and Irish and

1510
01:24:30,700 --> 01:24:33,700
Germans and Greeks. 
Detroit has become a magnet for 

1511
01:24:33,700 --> 01:24:37,400
anyone willing to work hard. the
demographic of the factory floor

1512
01:24:37,400 --> 01:24:40,800
would have been Unthinkable just
to generation ago, Farm boys, 

1513
01:24:40,800 --> 01:24:44,500
work beside recent immigrants, 
white men work beside black men 

1514
01:24:44,500 --> 01:24:48,100
who migrated from the south The 
assembly line does not care 

1515
01:24:48,100 --> 01:24:50,600
about background. 
It only cares about output. 

1516
01:24:50,600 --> 01:24:53,600
Can you keep Pace? 
Can you do the job? 

1517
01:24:53,600 --> 01:24:57,500
That is all that matters. 
This mixing creates tension. 

1518
01:24:57,500 --> 01:25:00,800
Sometimes people bring their 
prejudices with them, but the 

1519
01:25:00,800 --> 01:25:02,600
work itself creates a kind of 
equality. 

1520
01:25:02,600 --> 01:25:05,100
Everyone is reduced to the same 
function. 

1521
01:25:05,100 --> 01:25:09,100
Everyone serves the line old 
social, hierarchies mean, less 

1522
01:25:09,100 --> 01:25:13,100
in this new industrial world. 
The foreman walks past your 

1523
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:14,900
station. 
He carries a clipboard and 

1524
01:25:14,900 --> 01:25:16,900
watches everything with sharp 
eyes. 

1525
01:25:17,800 --> 01:25:20,500
Foreman are promoted from the 
line chosen for their 

1526
01:25:20,500 --> 01:25:22,400
reliability and attention to 
detail. 

1527
01:25:22,400 --> 01:25:26,500
This one worked his way up. 
Over two years, he knows every 

1528
01:25:26,500 --> 01:25:28,700
job on this section because he 
is done them all himself. 

1529
01:25:29,700 --> 01:25:32,700
He stops and watches. 
You complete a chassis, you feel

1530
01:25:32,700 --> 01:25:34,300
his eyes on you, but do not 
change. 

1531
01:25:34,300 --> 01:25:36,700
Your pace showing off, leads to 
mistakes. 

1532
01:25:36,700 --> 01:25:39,300
Maintaining steady. 
Rhythm is, what earns approval? 

1533
01:25:40,100 --> 01:25:41,900
He makes a note on his clipboard
and moves on. 

1534
01:25:42,700 --> 01:25:46,200
You breathe a little easier. 
No Corrections needed the 

1535
01:25:46,200 --> 01:25:49,800
morning progresses in this way. 
Time loses, its usual shape. 

1536
01:25:49,800 --> 01:25:53,400
You cannot check a watch while 
working, the only markers of the

1537
01:25:53,400 --> 01:25:56,100
chassis themselves. 
Each one represents one minute 

1538
01:25:56,100 --> 01:26:00,200
and 20 seconds of your life. 
You count them unconsciously 50 

1539
01:26:00,200 --> 01:26:04,200
completed 75 100. 
Your hands develop their own 

1540
01:26:04,200 --> 01:26:07,900
intelligence muscle memory 
guides, every movement, reach 

1541
01:26:07,900 --> 01:26:10,800
without looking grab the right 
size wrench without checking 

1542
01:26:10,800 --> 01:26:14,300
thread bolts blind because you 
know exactly where the holes 

1543
01:26:14,300 --> 01:26:16,100
are. 
This physical knowledge. 

1544
01:26:16,100 --> 01:26:19,000
Cannot be taught in words. 
It only comes through thousands 

1545
01:26:19,000 --> 01:26:22,200
of repetitions. 
Sometimes your mind wanders, 

1546
01:26:22,200 --> 01:26:25,500
even as your hands continue 
working, you think about letters

1547
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:28,000
from home, your mother wants to 
know when you will visit. 

1548
01:26:28,000 --> 01:26:30,800
You think about the money 
accumulating in your savings 

1549
01:26:30,800 --> 01:26:36,200
account, 5 dollars a day. 
That is what Ford pays now, more

1550
01:26:36,200 --> 01:26:37,900
than twice. 
What most factories offer? 

1551
01:26:37,900 --> 01:26:42,200
You think about what that money 
will buy a house someday a 

1552
01:26:42,200 --> 01:26:45,200
future? 
Five dollar day changed, 

1553
01:26:45,200 --> 01:26:47,400
everything. 
When Ford announced it last year

1554
01:26:47,400 --> 01:26:51,200
workers flooded, to Detroit from
across the country, the 

1555
01:26:51,200 --> 01:26:53,900
newspapers called it 
revolutionary critics called it 

1556
01:26:53,900 --> 01:26:56,300
Reckless. 
But Ford understood something 

1557
01:26:56,300 --> 01:26:59,900
fundamental pay work as well. 
And they will buy the products, 

1558
01:26:59,900 --> 01:27:02,100
they make turn workers into 
customers. 

1559
01:27:02,100 --> 01:27:05,300
Expand the market, you are proof
of that theory. 

1560
01:27:05,300 --> 01:27:09,000
Six months ago, you could never 
have imagined owning an 

1561
01:27:09,000 --> 01:27:10,500
automobile. 
Now, you think about it 

1562
01:27:10,500 --> 01:27:13,500
regularly, maybe in another 
year, maybe when you've saved 

1563
01:27:13,500 --> 01:27:17,200
enough, A Model T cost about six
months salary. 

1564
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:20,800
Now expensive but not 
impossible, not for someone 

1565
01:27:20,800 --> 01:27:24,800
earning five dollars a day. 
The line continues more chassis 

1566
01:27:24,800 --> 01:27:27,600
passed through your station. 
The work is hard on the body. 

1567
01:27:27,600 --> 01:27:30,400
Your shoulders ache from the 
repeated motions. 

1568
01:27:30,400 --> 01:27:33,000
Your back complains from the 
constant bending and 

1569
01:27:33,000 --> 01:27:36,700
straightening your hands, cramp 
around the wrench, but you push 

1570
01:27:36,700 --> 01:27:40,800
through everyone pushes through 
stopping means losing your spot.

1571
01:27:40,800 --> 01:27:44,500
Losing your spot means losing 
this wage around you, the 

1572
01:27:44,500 --> 01:27:48,300
factory floor is a landscape of 
focused efforts of men 

1573
01:27:48,300 --> 01:27:50,200
performing, hundreds of 
different tasks. 

1574
01:27:50,200 --> 01:27:53,100
Each person is component in a 
larger machine. 

1575
01:27:53,100 --> 01:27:55,300
The metaphor is obvious, but all
so true. 

1576
01:27:55,300 --> 01:27:58,400
The assembly line only works 
when every part functions 

1577
01:27:58,400 --> 01:28:02,700
correctly, Remove one worker and
the whole system falters. 

1578
01:28:02,700 --> 01:28:06,200
This is what Henry? 
Ford perfected, not the 

1579
01:28:06,200 --> 01:28:09,300
automobile itself. 
Other companies made cars before

1580
01:28:09,300 --> 01:28:12,100
Ford. 
But Ford created the system that

1581
01:28:12,100 --> 01:28:15,600
could produce automobiles at 
unprecedented scale and speed. 

1582
01:28:16,300 --> 01:28:19,200
He broke down the complex 
process of building a car into 

1583
01:28:19,200 --> 01:28:22,800
simple repeatable tasks. 
Then he arranged those tasks in 

1584
01:28:22,800 --> 01:28:26,400
sequence and set them in motion.
The result is efficiency that 

1585
01:28:26,400 --> 01:28:29,100
seems almost magical a complete 
Model. 

1586
01:28:29,100 --> 01:28:31,500
T rolls off the line every 93 
minutes. 

1587
01:28:31,500 --> 01:28:35,400
Now just a few years ago, it 
took 12 hours to build one car. 

1588
01:28:35,400 --> 01:28:39,100
The Improvement is staggering 
production has increased 50 

1589
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:42,400
times, over costs of dropped 
prices of Fallen. 

1590
01:28:42,400 --> 01:28:46,200
More people can afford. 
Automobiles demand increases, 

1591
01:28:46,200 --> 01:28:49,300
the factory expands more workers
are hired. 

1592
01:28:49,300 --> 01:28:52,700
The cycle continues, you are 
living in side this 

1593
01:28:52,700 --> 01:28:55,400
transformation. 
You are part of the machine that

1594
01:28:55,400 --> 01:28:59,400
is changing how things are made.
The implications stretch far 

1595
01:28:59,400 --> 01:29:02,400
beyond automobiles, other 
Industries are watching and 

1596
01:29:02,400 --> 01:29:05,000
learning the assembly. 
Line method will spread to 

1597
01:29:05,000 --> 01:29:08,700
Furniture factories. 
Appliance manufacturers textile 

1598
01:29:08,700 --> 01:29:11,300
mills. 
The entire industrial world is 

1599
01:29:11,300 --> 01:29:14,600
being reshaped by what happens 
here in Highland Park but those 

1600
01:29:14,600 --> 01:29:16,700
large historical forces feel 
distant. 

1601
01:29:16,700 --> 01:29:19,700
When you are focused on the 
chassis in front of you right 

1602
01:29:19,700 --> 01:29:23,600
now, there is only the immediate
reality, the steering column the

1603
01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:27,700
bolts, the wrench, the next 
chassis, arriving, The work 

1604
01:29:27,708 --> 01:29:29,900
continues without pause the 
lunch. 

1605
01:29:29,900 --> 01:29:33,200
Whistle blows at noon the sound 
cuts, through the factory noise 

1606
01:29:33,200 --> 01:29:36,700
and everyone stops immediately 
the lines shudders to a halt. 

1607
01:29:36,700 --> 01:29:39,900
You step back from your station 
and roll your shoulders feeling 

1608
01:29:39,900 --> 01:29:43,900
the muscles protest. 8 hours. 
Suddenly feels very long. 

1609
01:29:43,900 --> 01:29:47,000
When you're only halfway through
you walk to the locker room with

1610
01:29:47,000 --> 01:29:50,000
the others, the crowd moves, 
slowly, everyone tired already. 

1611
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:53,700
You retrieve your lunch pail and
find a spot in the break area. 

1612
01:29:53,700 --> 01:29:57,600
Some men, go outside to eat, you
prefer staying inside, where it 

1613
01:29:57,600 --> 01:29:59,500
is. 
Slightly warmer you open the 

1614
01:29:59,500 --> 01:30:02,500
pale and put out your lunch. 
Sandwich with cheese, and 

1615
01:30:02,500 --> 01:30:06,400
leftover sausage, and apple, a 
cookie that misses O'Brien 

1616
01:30:06,400 --> 01:30:10,900
packed you eat methodically. 
Not tasting, much food is fuel, 

1617
01:30:10,900 --> 01:30:12,900
you need calories to keep 
working. 

1618
01:30:13,800 --> 01:30:15,800
Around you men talk in low 
voices. 

1619
01:30:15,800 --> 01:30:19,300
Some complain about aches and 
pains others discuss. 

1620
01:30:19,300 --> 01:30:21,900
We can plan a few read 
newspapers. 

1621
01:30:21,900 --> 01:30:24,100
You notice that most 
conversations. 

1622
01:30:24,100 --> 01:30:27,200
Stay superficial, real 
friendships are hard to form in 

1623
01:30:27,200 --> 01:30:29,500
a place like this. 
Everyone is too tired. 

1624
01:30:29,500 --> 01:30:32,100
Everyone just wants to finish 
the shift and go home. 

1625
01:30:33,200 --> 01:30:36,600
You think about Henry Ford while
you eat the man is a legend, 

1626
01:30:36,608 --> 01:30:39,600
even among people who work in 
his factories, he walks the 

1627
01:30:39,600 --> 01:30:43,500
floor, sometimes appearing 
without warning tall, and thin 

1628
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:46,800
with intense eyes. 
He watches everything but rarely

1629
01:30:46,800 --> 01:30:51,200
speaks workers, both admire and 
fear Him Ford's philosophy. 

1630
01:30:51,200 --> 01:30:54,600
Shapes every aspect of the 
plant, he believes in efficiency

1631
01:30:54,600 --> 01:30:58,100
Above All Else. 
Waste is the enemy wasted motion

1632
01:30:58,100 --> 01:31:01,800
wasted materials wasted time, 
everything must serve 

1633
01:31:01,808 --> 01:31:03,900
production. 
The factory is designed around 

1634
01:31:03,900 --> 01:31:06,400
this principle materials flow in
One Direction. 

1635
01:31:06,400 --> 01:31:08,900
Assembly progresses in a 
straight line. 

1636
01:31:08,900 --> 01:31:13,400
No backtracking, no redundancy. 
The five dollar day was 

1637
01:31:13,400 --> 01:31:16,300
controversial even within the 
company, Ford's business 

1638
01:31:16,300 --> 01:31:18,800
partners in a posed. 
It, they thought it would 

1639
01:31:18,800 --> 01:31:22,700
bankrupt the operation, but Ford
insisted he understood that high

1640
01:31:22,700 --> 01:31:25,000
wages would reduce turnover 
training. 

1641
01:31:25,000 --> 01:31:28,300
New workers is expensive. 
Keeping experienced workers is 

1642
01:31:28,300 --> 01:31:29,400
cheaper. 
The math. 

1643
01:31:29,400 --> 01:31:31,800
Works out there. 
Were conditions attached to the 

1644
01:31:31,800 --> 01:31:35,400
five dollar day workers had to 
maintain certain standards of 

1645
01:31:35,400 --> 01:31:38,700
behavior and living the company 
sent inspectors to check home 

1646
01:31:38,700 --> 01:31:41,100
conditions. 
They wanted to see clean houses.

1647
01:31:41,100 --> 01:31:45,700
So perhaps stable families The 
intrusion angered many workers, 

1648
01:31:45,700 --> 01:31:48,200
but most accepted it as the 
price of higher pay. 

1649
01:31:48,200 --> 01:31:50,500
You pass the inspection without 
trouble. 

1650
01:31:50,500 --> 01:31:52,300
Your boarding house is 
respectable. 

1651
01:31:52,300 --> 01:31:54,500
You do not drink excessively 
you. 

1652
01:31:54,500 --> 01:31:57,900
Send money home to your family. 
The inspector marked you as 

1653
01:31:57,900 --> 01:32:01,000
qualified. 
The full wage was approved this 

1654
01:32:01,000 --> 01:32:04,400
paternalistic approach bothers. 
Some people they say, Ford is 

1655
01:32:04,400 --> 01:32:07,300
trying to control workers even 
outside the factory, but others 

1656
01:32:07,300 --> 01:32:10,600
appreciate the structure, many 
workers came from chaotic 

1657
01:32:10,600 --> 01:32:13,200
situations, the stability feels 
good. 

1658
01:32:13,200 --> 01:32:16,400
Even if it comes with 
requirements, The lunch break is

1659
01:32:16,400 --> 01:32:20,100
only 30 minutes, time passes 
quickly, you finish eating and 

1660
01:32:20,100 --> 01:32:22,800
use the washroom. 
The facilities are surprisingly.

1661
01:32:22,800 --> 01:32:26,000
Modern Ford insisted on clean 
bathrooms with running water. 

1662
01:32:26,000 --> 01:32:30,000
Another unusual feature, most 
Factory is barely provide out 

1663
01:32:30,000 --> 01:32:33,800
houses you return to the floor 
as the warning Bell Rings, five,

1664
01:32:33,800 --> 01:32:36,200
minutes until restart. 
You take your position at 

1665
01:32:36,200 --> 01:32:39,800
station 47 other workers Shuffle
into place along the line. 

1666
01:32:39,800 --> 01:32:42,600
The foreman walks through 
checking that everyone is ready.

1667
01:32:42,600 --> 01:32:46,100
The line lurches back into 
motion, the afternoon shift 

1668
01:32:46,100 --> 01:32:50,300
Begins, the workers identical to
the morning, same chassis, same 

1669
01:32:50,300 --> 01:32:54,100
task, same rhythm. 
But the afternoon feels heavy 

1670
01:32:54,100 --> 01:32:56,700
somehow. 
Fatigue makes everything harder.

1671
01:32:56,700 --> 01:33:00,000
Your muscles are less. 
Responsive your attention wants 

1672
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:02,500
to drift. 
You force yourself to focus. 

1673
01:33:03,400 --> 01:33:06,300
Mistakes happen. 
When concentration slips a 

1674
01:33:06,300 --> 01:33:08,500
chassis moves past with 
improperly installed steering. 

1675
01:33:08,500 --> 01:33:10,900
The foreman catches. 
It three stations down. 

1676
01:33:10,900 --> 01:33:12,700
He walks back to find. 
Who did it? 

1677
01:33:12,700 --> 01:33:15,700
The culprit is a young man who 
only started last week. 

1678
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:18,900
The foreman does not yell but 
his disappointment is clear. 

1679
01:33:18,900 --> 01:33:22,200
The mistake will be noted you're
more careful with the next 

1680
01:33:22,200 --> 01:33:24,400
chassis. 
Triple check every bolt. 

1681
01:33:24,400 --> 01:33:27,800
Make sure the linkage connection
is solid, do not give the form 

1682
01:33:27,800 --> 01:33:31,200
in any reason to look your way. 
Staying invisible is the goal, 

1683
01:33:31,200 --> 01:33:35,000
good workers Fade Into the 
background problem workers draw.

1684
01:33:35,000 --> 01:33:38,700
Attention the hours crawled by 
you count, chassis to Mark 

1685
01:33:38,700 --> 01:33:45,200
progress, 200 200, 250, 300 each
number is a small victory, each 

1686
01:33:45,200 --> 01:33:47,500
completed unit brings, you 
closer to the end of shift, 

1687
01:33:47,500 --> 01:33:51,100
whistle around you, the factory 
maintains, its Relentless Pace, 

1688
01:33:51,100 --> 01:33:55,800
the noise, never diminishes the 
motion, never stops the building

1689
01:33:55,800 --> 01:34:00,000
itself, seems alive a massive 
organism dedicated to a single 

1690
01:34:00,000 --> 01:34:05,500
purpose, building automobiles 
more and more Automobiles, and 

1691
01:34:05,500 --> 01:34:08,400
endless stream of black model, 
T's rolling toward the shipping 

1692
01:34:08,400 --> 01:34:12,200
dock Henry Ford wanted his car 
to be affordable for the average

1693
01:34:12,200 --> 01:34:16,900
worker he succeeded the Model T 
now costs less than $300 

1694
01:34:16,900 --> 01:34:19,700
farmers. 
Can buy them, shopkeepers can 

1695
01:34:19,700 --> 01:34:23,100
buy them Factory workers, can 
buy them, the automobile is 

1696
01:34:23,100 --> 01:34:26,000
becoming Democratic. 
This democratization changes 

1697
01:34:26,000 --> 01:34:29,700
Society in ways, both obvious, 
and subtle people can travel 

1698
01:34:29,700 --> 01:34:33,400
farther. 
Rural isolation decreases dating

1699
01:34:33,400 --> 01:34:36,100
habits shift when young. 
People have cars shopping, 

1700
01:34:36,100 --> 01:34:39,500
patterns, change entire 
Industries, spring up to support

1701
01:34:39,500 --> 01:34:43,300
autumnal ownership. 
Gas stations repair, shops 

1702
01:34:43,300 --> 01:34:46,400
Parts, suppliers, road, 
construction companies. 

1703
01:34:46,400 --> 01:34:48,700
You are part of this 
transformation, whether you 

1704
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:52,400
realize it or not every steering
column, you install helps move 

1705
01:34:52,400 --> 01:34:55,600
the world a little bit further 
into the automotive age, the 

1706
01:34:55,600 --> 01:34:57,800
work feels repetitive and small 
in the moment. 

1707
01:34:58,600 --> 01:35:01,400
But multiply your efforts by 
thousands of workers across 

1708
01:35:01,400 --> 01:35:04,700
three shifts every day and the 
impact becomes enormous. 

1709
01:35:04,700 --> 01:35:08,800
This is Ford's genius. 
He created a system that turned 

1710
01:35:08,800 --> 01:35:11,200
individual. 
Small actions into massive 

1711
01:35:11,200 --> 01:35:14,500
Collective output. 
No single worker, builds a car, 

1712
01:35:15,100 --> 01:35:18,300
But together you build hundreds 
the whole is greater than the 

1713
01:35:18,300 --> 01:35:21,200
summer of its parts. 
The assembly line makes this 

1714
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:23,300
possible. 
The factory has a particular 

1715
01:35:23,300 --> 01:35:26,000
smell that you notice most, when
you first arrive each morning 

1716
01:35:26,000 --> 01:35:30,000
and when you step outside at the
end of shift metal and oil and 

1717
01:35:30,000 --> 01:35:32,700
sweat combined into something, 
uniquely Industrial. 

1718
01:35:33,500 --> 01:35:37,100
The scent clings to your clothes
and skin you carry at home with 

1719
01:35:37,100 --> 01:35:39,800
you. 
Mrs. O'Brien sometimes complains

1720
01:35:39,800 --> 01:35:42,000
that the borders, make the whole
house smell, like the factory. 

1721
01:35:42,000 --> 01:35:44,500
The sounds of the plant create 
their own language. 

1722
01:35:44,500 --> 01:35:48,100
You learn to interpret different
noises, the pneumatic wrench 

1723
01:35:48,100 --> 01:35:50,800
makes a specific wine when it is
working correctly. 

1724
01:35:51,800 --> 01:35:53,600
The different sound means 
something is wrong. 

1725
01:35:53,600 --> 01:35:57,800
The conveyor belt rumbles at a 
steady frequency, any variation 

1726
01:35:57,800 --> 01:36:00,600
indicates a problem, the 
overhead cranes, grown. 

1727
01:36:00,600 --> 01:36:02,600
When moving heavy loads, you 
notice? 

1728
01:36:02,600 --> 01:36:04,200
They alert when you hear that 
groan. 

1729
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:08,200
Machine sounds mixed with human 
sounds Foreman. 

1730
01:36:08,200 --> 01:36:10,600
Shout instructions workers, call
out. 

1731
01:36:10,600 --> 01:36:14,000
Warnings, someone drops a wrench
and it clangs against concrete. 

1732
01:36:14,900 --> 01:36:16,900
Laughter erupts from somewhere 
down the line. 

1733
01:36:16,900 --> 01:36:20,900
Even in this industrial 
environments of humanity break 

1734
01:36:20,900 --> 01:36:24,600
through your hands. 
Tell their own story, calluses, 

1735
01:36:24,600 --> 01:36:28,500
form in specific patterns, based
on how you grip tools, the skin 

1736
01:36:28,500 --> 01:36:29,900
on your palms is thick and 
tough. 

1737
01:36:29,900 --> 01:36:33,500
Your fingernails are perpetually
edged with Grime, no matter how 

1738
01:36:33,500 --> 01:36:36,300
hard you scrub, these are marks 
of your profession. 

1739
01:36:37,100 --> 01:36:40,300
Badge of a factory worker the 
temperature on the floor varies 

1740
01:36:40,300 --> 01:36:42,400
by season, but is never truly 
comfortable. 

1741
01:36:43,200 --> 01:36:45,800
Winter brings cold that seeps 
through the concrete and makes 

1742
01:36:45,800 --> 01:36:49,500
metal painful to touch summer. 
Brings heat that has no way to 

1743
01:36:49,500 --> 01:36:52,600
escape the big windows can be 
opened but they do little 

1744
01:36:52,600 --> 01:36:55,900
hundreds of bodies and running 
machines generate tremendous 

1745
01:36:55,900 --> 01:36:58,500
warmth. 
You learn to dress in layers 

1746
01:36:58,500 --> 01:37:01,100
during winter, start with long 
underwear. 

1747
01:37:01,100 --> 01:37:05,200
Had a heavy shirt, the work will
warm you up at the first hour is

1748
01:37:05,200 --> 01:37:08,000
brutal in summer. 
You wear as little as safety 

1749
01:37:08,000 --> 01:37:11,600
allows, the heat becomes 
oppressive by afternoon, some 

1750
01:37:11,600 --> 01:37:14,200
men pour water over their heads 
during breaks, just to cool 

1751
01:37:14,208 --> 01:37:16,600
down. 
The light inside. 

1752
01:37:16,600 --> 01:37:19,600
The factory comes from both 
windows, and electric bulbs, 

1753
01:37:19,600 --> 01:37:22,900
Ford invested, heavily and 
lighting proper illumination, 

1754
01:37:22,900 --> 01:37:26,400
reduces mistakes and injuries. 
The building has more windows 

1755
01:37:26,400 --> 01:37:29,400
than typical factories. 
Natural light is cheaper than 

1756
01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:33,300
electricity, The combination of 
sunlight and artificial light 

1757
01:37:33,300 --> 01:37:36,900
creates a strange quality 
Shadows Fall in unexpected, 

1758
01:37:36,900 --> 01:37:39,100
directions dust hangs in the 
air. 

1759
01:37:39,100 --> 01:37:41,600
Fine, metal particles drift 
through the space. 

1760
01:37:41,600 --> 01:37:45,400
You can see them in the light 
beams they coat every surface 

1761
01:37:45,400 --> 01:37:49,700
workers, breathe this dust all 
day some developed coughs that 

1762
01:37:49,700 --> 01:37:52,900
never quite go away. 
The company doctor says it is 

1763
01:37:52,900 --> 01:37:54,500
harmless, but workers are not so
sure. 

1764
01:37:55,300 --> 01:37:57,800
Floor itself is concrete swept 
clean. 

1765
01:37:57,800 --> 01:38:01,200
Multiple times per shift. 
Any debris on the floor? 

1766
01:38:01,200 --> 01:38:04,600
Is a safety hazard dropped Parts
could cause someone to slip. 

1767
01:38:05,400 --> 01:38:09,100
Spilled oil, creates dangerous 
patches forming a strict about 

1768
01:38:09,100 --> 01:38:11,700
housekeeping. 
Everything must stay clean, and 

1769
01:38:11,700 --> 01:38:14,800
organized. 
Safety is emphasized more at the

1770
01:38:14,800 --> 01:38:17,600
other factories. 
You've heard about guards cover,

1771
01:38:17,600 --> 01:38:20,800
most moving Parts. 
Warning, signs Mark, dangerous 

1772
01:38:20,800 --> 01:38:24,100
areas, workers received basic 
training, on accident, 

1773
01:38:24,100 --> 01:38:26,800
prevention. 
Still injuries happen. 

1774
01:38:26,800 --> 01:38:29,500
A hand crushed between moving 
Parts. 

1775
01:38:29,500 --> 01:38:34,000
A foot run, over by a materials.
Cart burns from Hot Metal. 

1776
01:38:34,000 --> 01:38:36,100
The work is inherently 
dangerous. 

1777
01:38:36,100 --> 01:38:36,800
No matter. 
What? 

1778
01:38:36,800 --> 01:38:39,500
Precautions are taking, you have
been lucky so far. 

1779
01:38:40,400 --> 01:38:42,900
Just minor cuts and bruises 
nothing serious. 

1780
01:38:42,900 --> 01:38:46,700
You try to stay alert and 
careful but fatigue makes 

1781
01:38:46,700 --> 01:38:50,100
everyone careless of eventually.
That is when accidents happen. 

1782
01:38:51,000 --> 01:38:54,300
Late in the shift when attention
wanders when hands move 

1783
01:38:54,300 --> 01:38:56,200
automatically without conscious 
guidance. 

1784
01:38:57,000 --> 01:39:00,400
That is the dangerous time. 
The Rhythm Of The Line creates a

1785
01:39:00,400 --> 01:39:03,100
kind of Trance State. 
You can lose yourself in the 

1786
01:39:03,100 --> 01:39:05,900
repetition minutes pass with our
awareness. 

1787
01:39:05,900 --> 01:39:09,000
You can complete chassis after 
chassis with no memory of the 

1788
01:39:09,000 --> 01:39:11,900
individual units. 
This mental absence is both 

1789
01:39:11,900 --> 01:39:15,600
blessing and curse. 
It makes time pass faster, but 

1790
01:39:15,600 --> 01:39:18,300
also increases risk. 
Some workers. 

1791
01:39:18,308 --> 01:39:21,700
Try to break the monotony with 
small variations, they develop 

1792
01:39:21,700 --> 01:39:25,000
personal techniques for their 
tasks slightly different grip on

1793
01:39:25,008 --> 01:39:27,000
a wrench. 
A particular way of positioning 

1794
01:39:27,000 --> 01:39:30,800
Parts, these tiny acts of 
individuality matter in a system

1795
01:39:30,800 --> 01:39:33,000
designed to eliminate individual
variation. 

1796
01:39:33,000 --> 01:39:36,300
They remind you that you're 
still human, not just a 

1797
01:39:36,300 --> 01:39:38,200
component. 
In the machine, the company 

1798
01:39:38,200 --> 01:39:42,000
discourages such variations 
standardization is everything 

1799
01:39:42,000 --> 01:39:45,800
the right way to do each job has
been determined by time studies,

1800
01:39:45,800 --> 01:39:48,400
and efficiency. 
Experts deviation from the 

1801
01:39:48,400 --> 01:39:52,000
approved method is not permitted
but workers find ways to assert 

1802
01:39:52,000 --> 01:39:55,100
themselves anyway. 
Small rebellions that management

1803
01:39:55,100 --> 01:39:59,100
mostly ignores as long as output
remains steady your body adapts 

1804
01:39:59,100 --> 01:40:02,100
to the work over time. 
Muscles develop in specific 

1805
01:40:02,100 --> 01:40:04,700
areas. 
Your right arm is noticeably 

1806
01:40:04,700 --> 01:40:07,500
stronger from wielding, the 
wrench, your grip strength has 

1807
01:40:07,500 --> 01:40:09,800
increased. 
You can walk further without 

1808
01:40:09,800 --> 01:40:12,300
tiring the job makes you 
physically harder. 

1809
01:40:12,300 --> 01:40:15,600
Even as it wears you down, 
mentally evening approaches. 

1810
01:40:15,600 --> 01:40:18,800
But you cannot see the sun from 
inside the building you judge 

1811
01:40:18,800 --> 01:40:21,300
time by the quality of light, 
filtering Through the Windows, 

1812
01:40:21,300 --> 01:40:25,700
the afternoon shifts from Bright
to Golden to gray Shadows length

1813
01:40:25,700 --> 01:40:28,500
and your stomach, reminds you 
that lunch was hours ago. 

1814
01:40:28,500 --> 01:40:32,000
You ignore the hunger The end of
shift is closed. 

1815
01:40:32,000 --> 01:40:33,900
Now, the last hour is always the
hardest. 

1816
01:40:33,900 --> 01:40:38,000
Your body knows that rest is 
near every minute feels longer 

1817
01:40:38,000 --> 01:40:41,600
every chassis takes more effort,
but you maintain your pace 

1818
01:40:41,600 --> 01:40:45,800
slowing down in the final our 
invites scrutiny, better to push

1819
01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:48,400
through and finish strong. 
The end of shift whistle. 

1820
01:40:48,400 --> 01:40:51,800
Finally sounds at 6 p.m. the 
line stops, and the entire 

1821
01:40:51,800 --> 01:40:54,800
Factory seems to Exhale. 
You step back from your station,

1822
01:40:54,800 --> 01:40:59,100
and stretch your spine, cracks 
your shoulders, burn your hands 

1823
01:40:59,100 --> 01:41:01,400
ache, but you made it through 
another day. 

1824
01:41:02,600 --> 01:41:05,600
The crowd moves toward the time,
clock station, your retrieve, 

1825
01:41:05,600 --> 01:41:10,800
your card, and Stamp Out. 6:02 
p.m. the two minute delay is 

1826
01:41:10,800 --> 01:41:12,500
from the walk and the crowd at 
the clock. 

1827
01:41:12,500 --> 01:41:16,100
Those two minutes are not paid, 
but complaining about it would 

1828
01:41:16,100 --> 01:41:19,100
be pointless. 
That is just how it works. 

1829
01:41:19,100 --> 01:41:21,700
You collect your coat and lunch 
pail from the locker. 

1830
01:41:21,700 --> 01:41:25,000
The room fills with tired, men 
changing clothes and preparing 

1831
01:41:25,000 --> 01:41:27,300
to leave. 
The atmosphere is different from

1832
01:41:27,300 --> 01:41:30,300
the morning. 
Now, there is relief, a sense of

1833
01:41:30,300 --> 01:41:34,000
accomplishment, 12 hours, and 
the starts again, at feels like 

1834
01:41:34,000 --> 01:41:37,300
a lifetime right now, you step 
outside into the evening, are 

1835
01:41:37,300 --> 01:41:40,200
the cold feels good after the 
stale warmth of the factory? 

1836
01:41:41,200 --> 01:41:43,500
You take a deep breath and start
walking toward home. 

1837
01:41:44,300 --> 01:41:46,600
The streets are busy with 
workers, leaving the day shift, 

1838
01:41:46,600 --> 01:41:50,000
thousands of men, flood out of 
the plant and dispersed into the

1839
01:41:50,008 --> 01:41:53,700
surrounding neighborhoods. 
Some men had to taverns drinking

1840
01:41:53,700 --> 01:41:56,600
after work is common. 
The bars near the factory do 

1841
01:41:56,600 --> 01:41:59,700
good business between shifts, 
you occasionally, join them but 

1842
01:41:59,700 --> 01:42:03,600
not tonight you're too tired you
just want food and bed. 

1843
01:42:04,500 --> 01:42:07,800
The walk home takes 15 minutes. 
Your legs are heavy but the 

1844
01:42:07,800 --> 01:42:10,400
movement feels good after 
standing mostly in one place all

1845
01:42:10,400 --> 01:42:11,800
day. 
Other workers. 

1846
01:42:11,800 --> 01:42:15,000
Walk in the same direction you 
fall into step with a group 

1847
01:42:15,000 --> 01:42:18,000
heading your way. 
Nobody talks much everyone is 

1848
01:42:18,000 --> 01:42:20,200
too tired. 
You think about the social 

1849
01:42:20,200 --> 01:42:21,900
structure of the factory as you 
walk? 

1850
01:42:21,900 --> 01:42:24,700
There are clear hierarchies, but
they are different from 

1851
01:42:24,700 --> 01:42:27,800
traditional class systems. 
Foreman hold more power than 

1852
01:42:27,800 --> 01:42:31,100
line workers, skilled Tradesmen,
who maintain Machinery, earn 

1853
01:42:31,100 --> 01:42:34,200
more than the assembly workers 
office staff for separate 

1854
01:42:34,200 --> 01:42:37,200
entirely white collar workers, 
who rarely interact with the 

1855
01:42:37,200 --> 01:42:40,000
floor. 
But within the assembly workers,

1856
01:42:40,000 --> 01:42:43,300
there is a kind of equality. 
You all do similar work for 

1857
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:46,700
similar pay, background matters 
less than reliability. 

1858
01:42:46,700 --> 01:42:50,400
The Immigrant from Poland is 
judged by his output, not his 

1859
01:42:50,400 --> 01:42:52,400
accent. 
The black man from Georgia is 

1860
01:42:52,400 --> 01:42:55,400
measured by his speed and 
accuracy, not his skin color. 

1861
01:42:55,400 --> 01:42:59,500
The system is far from perfect, 
but it offers opportunities that

1862
01:42:59,500 --> 01:43:01,200
would be impossible in other 
contexts. 

1863
01:43:01,200 --> 01:43:05,900
This industrial mixing creates 
new social patterns workers form

1864
01:43:05,900 --> 01:43:09,800
friendships across ethnic lines.
They share lunch together, they 

1865
01:43:09,800 --> 01:43:13,800
help each other learn the work. 
Common experience creates bonds 

1866
01:43:13,800 --> 01:43:17,700
that transcend old division's 
not always Prejudice does not 

1867
01:43:17,700 --> 01:43:20,400
disappear. 
But it's softens in the shared 

1868
01:43:20,400 --> 01:43:23,500
struggle of factory life. 
The Boarding House appears 

1869
01:43:23,500 --> 01:43:25,600
ahead? 
You climb the steps and enter 

1870
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:27,900
the warm interior. 
The smell of cooking. 

1871
01:43:27,900 --> 01:43:31,200
Fills, the hallway. 
Mrs. O'Brien is preparing for 

1872
01:43:31,200 --> 01:43:35,100
her borders student night, you 
can tell from the center of beef

1873
01:43:35,100 --> 01:43:37,500
and potatoes. 
You wash up in the bathroom 

1874
01:43:37,500 --> 01:43:41,500
scrubbing away, the worst of the
grime, the water in the basement

1875
01:43:41,500 --> 01:43:45,100
turns gray you dry, your face 
and hands and head to the dining

1876
01:43:45,100 --> 01:43:47,000
room. 
Several other borders are 

1877
01:43:47,000 --> 01:43:49,300
already seated. 
They not in greeting, as you 

1878
01:43:49,300 --> 01:43:53,300
take your usual chair. 
Mrs. O'Brien serves the stew 

1879
01:43:53,300 --> 01:43:56,600
family style. 
Everyone helps themselves Food 

1880
01:43:56,600 --> 01:43:59,500
is simple but good. 
You eat hungrily sopping up 

1881
01:43:59,508 --> 01:44:03,100
gravy with bread conversation 
around the table is sporadic. 

1882
01:44:03,100 --> 01:44:06,700
Everyone is tired but there is 
comfort in the shared meal. 

1883
01:44:07,400 --> 01:44:10,700
After dinner, you Retreat to 
your room, the space is small, 

1884
01:44:10,700 --> 01:44:14,700
but private, a bed, a dresser a 
chair by the window. 

1885
01:44:14,700 --> 01:44:17,900
You hang up, your work clothes 
and change into cleaner, 

1886
01:44:17,900 --> 01:44:20,500
trousers, and shirt. 
Then you sit in the chair and 

1887
01:44:20,500 --> 01:44:23,600
look out at the street. 
Evening in Detroit has its own 

1888
01:44:23,600 --> 01:44:27,000
character street lights. 
Flicker on people, move past on 

1889
01:44:27,000 --> 01:44:29,900
their way to various 
destinations a car rattles by 

1890
01:44:29,900 --> 01:44:32,100
one of the few private 
automobiles in this 

1891
01:44:32,100 --> 01:44:34,800
neighborhood. 
Most workers, still walk or take

1892
01:44:34,800 --> 01:44:38,000
street cars, but that is 
changing every month. 

1893
01:44:38,000 --> 01:44:39,600
You see more cars on the 
streets. 

1894
01:44:39,600 --> 01:44:42,600
You think about buying one 
yourself, a model team black, 

1895
01:44:42,600 --> 01:44:45,800
the standard configuration it 
would cost about six months 

1896
01:44:45,800 --> 01:44:47,300
wages at your current savings 
rate. 

1897
01:44:47,300 --> 01:44:50,000
But it would open up 
possibilities, you could visit 

1898
01:44:50,000 --> 01:44:53,100
family in Ohio, more easily, you
could drive to other parts of 

1899
01:44:53,100 --> 01:44:55,700
the city, the freedom appeals to
you for. 

1900
01:44:55,700 --> 01:44:57,300
Now, you save your money 
carefully. 

1901
01:44:57,300 --> 01:45:00,900
Five dollars a day minus room 
and board and expenses leaves 

1902
01:45:00,900 --> 01:45:02,600
about three dollars that you can
save. 

1903
01:45:03,400 --> 01:45:06,400
That adds up to around 90 
dollars per month, if you are 

1904
01:45:06,400 --> 01:45:08,600
disciplined. 
In six months, you would have 

1905
01:45:08,600 --> 01:45:11,700
enough for a car or enough for a
down payment, on a house. 

1906
01:45:11,700 --> 01:45:14,100
The choice will have to be made 
eventually. 

1907
01:45:15,000 --> 01:45:16,900
The factory shapes your entire 
life. 

1908
01:45:16,900 --> 01:45:20,200
Even when you are not there, 
your Social Circle consists 

1909
01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:23,400
mostly of other Factory workers 
your schedule revolves around 

1910
01:45:23,400 --> 01:45:27,700
shift times your body adapts to 
the physical demands, your 

1911
01:45:27,700 --> 01:45:29,500
thoughts, return constantly to 
the work. 

1912
01:45:29,500 --> 01:45:32,400
The assembly line becomes the 
organizing principle of your 

1913
01:45:32,400 --> 01:45:35,800
existence some workers. 
Resist, this total absorption, 

1914
01:45:35,800 --> 01:45:38,800
they maintain hobbies and 
interests outside the factory. 

1915
01:45:38,800 --> 01:45:41,700
They read books, they attend 
church socially. 

1916
01:45:41,700 --> 01:45:44,700
They played baseball on 
weekends, these activities 

1917
01:45:44,700 --> 01:45:47,400
provide balance and prevent the 
factory from consuming 

1918
01:45:47,400 --> 01:45:50,900
everything you admire that but 
struggle to find energy for it. 

1919
01:45:50,900 --> 01:45:55,000
After a Towers on the line, you 
mostly just want to rest reading

1920
01:45:55,000 --> 01:45:58,400
makes your eyes hurt, social 
activities require effort. 

1921
01:45:58,400 --> 01:46:02,100
You do not have Baseball sounds 
appealing but your body needs 

1922
01:46:02,100 --> 01:46:04,800
recovery time. 
The work takes everything you 

1923
01:46:04,800 --> 01:46:08,400
have to give This is the reality
that critics of the assembly 

1924
01:46:08,400 --> 01:46:12,900
line, do not understand. $5 
wages generous, but it is earned

1925
01:46:12,900 --> 01:46:14,100
through complete physical 
commitment. 

1926
01:46:14,100 --> 01:46:18,100
Ford pays well because he 
demands total effort, there is 

1927
01:46:18,108 --> 01:46:19,700
no coasting on the assembly 
line. 

1928
01:46:19,700 --> 01:46:22,100
Every minute is productive or 
you lose your spot. 

1929
01:46:22,100 --> 01:46:24,700
The long-term effects concern 
you sometimes. 

1930
01:46:24,700 --> 01:46:27,900
Will your body, hold up. 
Can you do this work for years 

1931
01:46:27,900 --> 01:46:30,800
or will it break you down? 
You see older workers in their 

1932
01:46:30,800 --> 01:46:34,700
40s and 50s who move stiffly and
Grimace with pain, is that your 

1933
01:46:34,700 --> 01:46:36,600
future? 
Or will you find a way to 

1934
01:46:36,600 --> 01:46:39,700
advance into a less physical 
role form and positions open 

1935
01:46:39,700 --> 01:46:42,400
occasionally, skilled 
maintenance, jobs, pay better, 

1936
01:46:42,400 --> 01:46:45,800
and are less demanding 
physically, Office work exists 

1937
01:46:45,800 --> 01:46:48,300
for those with education. 
There are paths forward if you 

1938
01:46:48,300 --> 01:46:51,600
can position yourself correctly 
but competition is intense 

1939
01:46:51,600 --> 01:46:54,600
thousands of workers. 
All want the same limited 

1940
01:46:54,600 --> 01:46:58,300
opportunities for now you focus 
on doing your job well and 

1941
01:46:58,300 --> 01:47:02,200
staying employed Security feels 
more important than advancement.

1942
01:47:02,200 --> 01:47:05,700
The five dollar wage is more 
than you ever made before. 

1943
01:47:05,700 --> 01:47:08,000
Keeping that wage is the 
priority. 

1944
01:47:08,000 --> 01:47:11,400
Everything else can wait, you 
pull out a piece of paper and 

1945
01:47:11,400 --> 01:47:14,200
write a letter to your mother. 
You tell her about the work in 

1946
01:47:14,200 --> 01:47:16,900
general terms, you do not 
mention the fatigue or the 

1947
01:47:16,900 --> 01:47:19,900
danger, you emphasize the good 
pay and the opportunities. 

1948
01:47:19,900 --> 01:47:23,000
You send her money regularly, 20
dollars this month. 

1949
01:47:23,800 --> 01:47:26,600
She writes back with news from 
home and expressions of pride, 

1950
01:47:26,600 --> 01:47:29,400
your family thinks you are part 
of something important. 

1951
01:47:29,400 --> 01:47:33,400
They see the factory job as a 
step up from farm work, they are

1952
01:47:33,408 --> 01:47:35,800
right in many ways. 
The wages are better. 

1953
01:47:35,808 --> 01:47:39,400
The future seems more secure, 
but they do not understand the 

1954
01:47:39,400 --> 01:47:43,300
cost, the physical toll, the 
mental monotony, the loss of 

1955
01:47:43,300 --> 01:47:47,700
autonomy Still you would not 
trade it, the alternative is 

1956
01:47:47,700 --> 01:47:50,500
returning to the farm where 
wages are minimal and the future

1957
01:47:50,500 --> 01:47:53,700
is limited or finding work in 
some other Factory, that pays 

1958
01:47:53,700 --> 01:47:57,800
less and treats work as worse. 
Ford may be demanding, but the 

1959
01:47:57,800 --> 01:48:01,300
company is also more Progressive
than most the five dollar day 

1960
01:48:01,300 --> 01:48:05,000
proof that the attention to 
safety proves it the modern 

1961
01:48:05,000 --> 01:48:07,900
facilities prove it. 
You finish the letter and seal 

1962
01:48:07,900 --> 01:48:10,100
it in an envelope. 
You will mail it tomorrow on the

1963
01:48:10,108 --> 01:48:12,600
way to work then you undress and
climb into bed. 

1964
01:48:12,600 --> 01:48:16,200
The mattress feels wonderful, 
your body, relaxes into it. 

1965
01:48:17,400 --> 01:48:20,500
You close your eyes and sleep 
comes quickly to tomorrow will 

1966
01:48:20,500 --> 01:48:24,400
be the same weight Before Dawn. 
Walk to the factory Aid hours on

1967
01:48:24,400 --> 01:48:28,000
the line. 
Walk home, eat sleep, the cycle 

1968
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:30,300
repeats, But you are building 
something. 

1969
01:48:30,300 --> 01:48:34,600
Saving money, creating a future.
The repetition has purpose even 

1970
01:48:34,600 --> 01:48:37,600
when it feels meaningless. 
Sunday is your day off. 

1971
01:48:37,600 --> 01:48:41,800
You wake naturally no alarm 
needed the luxury of sleeping 

1972
01:48:41,800 --> 01:48:45,500
and the Sun is fully up. 
Feels almost decadent you 

1973
01:48:45,500 --> 01:48:47,800
stretch and take your time 
getting dressed. 

1974
01:48:48,500 --> 01:48:50,300
Today you wear your good 
clothes. 

1975
01:48:51,000 --> 01:48:53,700
Clean shirt with no oil stains, 
trousers. 

1976
01:48:53,700 --> 01:48:56,700
That still hold a crease. 
You eat a leisurely breakfast 

1977
01:48:56,700 --> 01:49:00,500
while reading the newspaper Mrs.
O'Brien provides, the Detroit 

1978
01:49:00,500 --> 01:49:03,200
papers are full of stories about
the automotive industry, 

1979
01:49:03,200 --> 01:49:06,500
production numbers, new 
factories opening expansion 

1980
01:49:06,500 --> 01:49:09,000
plans. 
The city is booming in ways that

1981
01:49:09,000 --> 01:49:12,300
seem almost unbelievable Just 10
years ago. 

1982
01:49:12,300 --> 01:49:15,800
Detroit was a mid-sized. 
Manufacturing city known mainly 

1983
01:49:15,800 --> 01:49:19,300
for stoves and railroad cars. 
The population was around. 

1984
01:49:19,300 --> 01:49:23,800
300,000 now it approaches 
600,000 and grows larger every 

1985
01:49:23,800 --> 01:49:27,200
month people pour in from 
everywhere, seeking factory jobs

1986
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:30,900
the city cannot build housing 
fast enough this rapid growth 

1987
01:49:30,900 --> 01:49:33,800
creates chaos streets that were 
dirt paths. 

1988
01:49:33,800 --> 01:49:37,400
Five years ago now carry heavy 
traffic neighborhood spring up 

1989
01:49:37,400 --> 01:49:40,900
overnight speculators buy 
Farmland on the outskirts and 

1990
01:49:40,900 --> 01:49:44,500
subdivide it into Lots. 
Builders throw up houses, as 

1991
01:49:44,500 --> 01:49:48,800
fast as possible quality varies 
wildly the automotive, industry 

1992
01:49:48,800 --> 01:49:51,200
drives. 
All of this Ford is the largest 

1993
01:49:51,208 --> 01:49:54,200
employer but dozens of other 
companies also build cars in 

1994
01:49:54,200 --> 01:49:57,000
Detroit. 
Packard Dodge, Cadillac 

1995
01:49:57,000 --> 01:49:59,800
Studebaker. 
Each company runs its own 

1996
01:49:59,800 --> 01:50:03,300
factories and employs thousands 
competition is fierce. 

1997
01:50:03,300 --> 01:50:06,300
Innovation is constant. 
The industry evolves 

1998
01:50:06,300 --> 01:50:09,000
month-by-month. 
You decide to walk down town and

1999
01:50:09,000 --> 01:50:12,300
see the city on your day off. 
The weather is cold but clear. 

2000
01:50:12,300 --> 01:50:15,800
Perfect for exploring you bundle
up and set out. 

2001
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:19,000
The walk takes about 40 minutes 
from your boarding house. 

2002
01:50:19,000 --> 01:50:22,400
You do not mind after a week of 
standing in one spot. 

2003
01:50:22,400 --> 01:50:24,000
Covering some distance feels 
good. 

2004
01:50:24,800 --> 01:50:28,300
Downtown Detroit is transformed 
new buildings, rise on every 

2005
01:50:28,300 --> 01:50:31,600
block, the streets, Buzz with 
activity, even on Sunday. 

2006
01:50:32,500 --> 01:50:35,200
Shops to display Goods in 
elaborate window Arrangements. 

2007
01:50:35,200 --> 01:50:39,100
Restaurants advertised special 
dinners movie theater's promise,

2008
01:50:39,100 --> 01:50:42,100
the latest films. 
The city feels alive with 

2009
01:50:42,100 --> 01:50:44,600
possibility. 
You window shop for a while. 

2010
01:50:44,600 --> 01:50:48,400
Looking at things, you cannot 
quite afford yet a nice suit in 

2011
01:50:48,400 --> 01:50:50,500
a haberdashery window leather 
shoes. 

2012
01:50:50,500 --> 01:50:53,500
That would last for years. 
A wristwatch with a second hand.

2013
01:50:54,300 --> 01:50:56,600
These items represent the life. 
You're working toward 

2014
01:50:56,600 --> 01:51:02,100
middle-class respectability 
Comfort stability, The 

2015
01:51:02,100 --> 01:51:06,100
automotive has created a new 
class of prosperous workers men 

2016
01:51:06,100 --> 01:51:08,900
who earn enough to buy houses 
and furniture and even 

2017
01:51:08,900 --> 01:51:12,400
automobiles this worker 
Prosperity is unprecedented. 

2018
01:51:12,400 --> 01:51:14,500
Factory workers were 
traditionally poor. 

2019
01:51:14,500 --> 01:51:17,900
They lived in slums and 
struggled to survive, but the 

2020
01:51:17,900 --> 01:51:19,800
five-dollar day changed that 
equation. 

2021
01:51:20,800 --> 01:51:23,900
You see evidence of this new 
Prosperity everywhere workers 

2022
01:51:23,900 --> 01:51:26,600
dressed in good clothes, 
families, shopping together. 

2023
01:51:26,600 --> 01:51:28,900
Children, who look? 
Well-fed and healthy. 

2024
01:51:28,900 --> 01:51:32,000
This is what Ford's wage 
Revolution accomplished. 

2025
01:51:32,000 --> 01:51:34,900
It lifted thousands of workers 
into something, resembling 

2026
01:51:34,900 --> 01:51:38,800
middle class life, critics 
argue, that Ford byes work a 

2027
01:51:38,800 --> 01:51:42,100
loyalty with high wages that the
paternalistic company policies 

2028
01:51:42,100 --> 01:51:45,700
are mounted to control. 
They are not entirely wrong, but

2029
01:51:45,700 --> 01:51:48,700
workers mostly do not care about
the theoretical concerns. 

2030
01:51:48,700 --> 01:51:51,300
They care about feeding their 
families and having decent 

2031
01:51:51,300 --> 01:51:54,100
lives. 
The five-dollar wage makes that 

2032
01:51:54,100 --> 01:51:56,600
possible. 
Not a small restaurant for 

2033
01:51:56,600 --> 01:52:00,000
lunch, a real sit-down meal in 
stead of the quick lunches, you 

2034
01:52:00,000 --> 01:52:04,000
eat at the factory. 
The menu offers choices, you 

2035
01:52:04,000 --> 01:52:07,100
order roast chicken with 
potatoes and vegetables, coffee 

2036
01:52:07,100 --> 01:52:10,400
and a slice of pie for dessert, 
the whole meal cost, more than a

2037
01:52:10,400 --> 01:52:12,900
week of groceries, but you 
justify it as a Sunday treat. 

2038
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:16,100
The restaurant is full of other 
Factory workers enjoying their 

2039
01:52:16,100 --> 01:52:19,100
day off you recognize a few 
faces from the plant. 

2040
01:52:19,100 --> 01:52:22,200
They not in greeting, but 
everyone maintains polite 

2041
01:52:22,200 --> 01:52:25,200
distance the factory hierarchy 
extends into social life 

2042
01:52:25,200 --> 01:52:27,400
workers. 
Do not presume friendship just 

2043
01:52:27,400 --> 01:52:29,000
because they work for the same 
company. 

2044
01:52:29,900 --> 01:52:33,000
After lunch, you walk to the 
riverfront, the Detroit river 

2045
01:52:33,000 --> 01:52:37,200
separates the city from Canada. 
Ships move up and down carrying 

2046
01:52:37,200 --> 01:52:39,200
goods. 
The water is gray under the 

2047
01:52:39,200 --> 01:52:41,900
winter Sky. 
You stand and watch for a while 

2048
01:52:41,900 --> 01:52:44,100
enjoying the open space and 
fresh air. 

2049
01:52:44,800 --> 01:52:46,600
This is one thing you miss about
Farm Life. 

2050
01:52:46,600 --> 01:52:49,400
The Open Sky, the sense of 
space. 

2051
01:52:49,400 --> 01:52:53,300
The factory floor is vast 
putting clothes you spend all 

2052
01:52:53,300 --> 01:52:56,700
week under artificial light 
breathing recycled are standing 

2053
01:52:56,700 --> 01:52:59,300
by the river on Sunday, helps 
balance that confinement. 

2054
01:52:59,300 --> 01:53:03,300
Other people walk along the 
riverfront couples holding hands

2055
01:53:03,300 --> 01:53:07,200
families with children. 
Old men, feeding Birds, the 

2056
01:53:07,200 --> 01:53:09,700
diversity of the crowd, reflects
the changing City. 

2057
01:53:10,700 --> 01:53:13,800
Troy's is becoming a genuine 
metropolis, a place where 

2058
01:53:13,800 --> 01:53:16,000
different kinds of people lives 
side by side. 

2059
01:53:16,000 --> 01:53:19,800
You think about bringing someone
to the river, front someday a 

2060
01:53:19,800 --> 01:53:21,800
woman. 
Perhaps you have not had much 

2061
01:53:21,800 --> 01:53:25,200
time or energy for romance since
moving to Detroit the work 

2062
01:53:25,200 --> 01:53:27,800
consumes too much. 
But you would like to have a 

2063
01:53:27,800 --> 01:53:31,400
family, eventually, A Home of 
your own, the normal markers of 

2064
01:53:31,400 --> 01:53:33,700
adult life. 
For now, those dreams remain 

2065
01:53:33,700 --> 01:53:37,100
distant, you're still 
establishing yourself, building 

2066
01:53:37,100 --> 01:53:41,300
savings, learning the city. 
Romance can wait until you have 

2067
01:53:41,308 --> 01:53:44,200
more stability. 
That is the Practical approach 

2068
01:53:44,200 --> 01:53:46,400
though. 
Sometimes you feel the weight of

2069
01:53:46,408 --> 01:53:50,000
loneliness the afternoon passes 
pleasantly, you explore 

2070
01:53:50,000 --> 01:53:52,700
different neighborhoods. 
You see the mansions on Boston 

2071
01:53:52,700 --> 01:53:56,500
Boulevard, where automotive 
executives live enormous houses 

2072
01:53:56,500 --> 01:53:58,500
with manicured, Lawns and 
expensive. 

2073
01:53:58,500 --> 01:54:00,800
Automobiles parked in circular 
driveways. 

2074
01:54:00,800 --> 01:54:04,900
This is where the real welfare 
accumulates Factory wages are 

2075
01:54:04,900 --> 01:54:06,500
good. 
But ownership is where fortunes 

2076
01:54:06,500 --> 01:54:09,000
are made. 
Henry Ford is one of the richest

2077
01:54:09,000 --> 01:54:11,400
men in America. 
Now, his personal wealth is 

2078
01:54:11,400 --> 01:54:14,400
estimated in the 10s of 
millions, that money comes from 

2079
01:54:14,400 --> 01:54:16,000
building and selling 
automobiles. 

2080
01:54:16,000 --> 01:54:19,600
Every Model T that rolls off the
line adds to his fortune, you 

2081
01:54:19,600 --> 01:54:22,600
helped build those cars. 
Your labor creates his wealth. 

2082
01:54:22,600 --> 01:54:26,300
The relationship is clear and 
undeniable some workers resent. 

2083
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:29,200
This dynamic they argue that 
labor should share more of the 

2084
01:54:29,208 --> 01:54:31,900
profits. 
Union organizers occasionally 

2085
01:54:31,900 --> 01:54:34,900
appear near the factory Gates 
handing out pamphlets and making

2086
01:54:34,900 --> 01:54:38,000
speeches. 
Ford opposes unions vigorously. 

2087
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:41,100
He believes the five Dollar wage
makes unions. 

2088
01:54:41,100 --> 01:54:43,900
Unnecessary, most workers. 
Agree with him. 

2089
01:54:43,900 --> 01:54:46,300
Why organized when pay is 
already good. 

2090
01:54:47,000 --> 01:54:50,800
But not everyone is satisfied. 
Some workers want more control 

2091
01:54:50,800 --> 01:54:54,300
over working conditions, more 
say in how the factory operates,

2092
01:54:54,300 --> 01:54:57,000
more security against arbitrary 
firing. 

2093
01:54:57,000 --> 01:55:00,800
These concerns are legitimate. 
Even if Union organizing remains

2094
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:04,500
minimal, you have mixed feelings
about unions the higher wages 

2095
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:06,100
and better conditions would be 
welcome. 

2096
01:55:06,100 --> 01:55:08,600
You also worry about conflict 
with management. 

2097
01:55:08,600 --> 01:55:12,400
Getting fired, would be 
devastating better to keep your 

2098
01:55:12,400 --> 01:55:15,300
head down and do the work. 
That is the safer path. 

2099
01:55:15,300 --> 01:55:18,200
Evening approaches the winter 
sunsets early. 

2100
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:20,400
You start walking back toward 
the boarding house. 

2101
01:55:20,400 --> 01:55:22,500
The temperature drops as 
darkness. 

2102
01:55:22,500 --> 01:55:25,700
Comes you move quickly to stay 
warm other people. 

2103
01:55:25,700 --> 01:55:27,200
Hurry, past on their own 
errands. 

2104
01:55:27,200 --> 01:55:31,500
The city does not slow down just
because the sun sets, you arrive

2105
01:55:31,500 --> 01:55:33,800
home as Mrs. O'Brien is setting 
out Sunday dinner. 

2106
01:55:33,800 --> 01:55:36,800
This is the best meal of the 
week roast beef. 

2107
01:55:36,800 --> 01:55:39,900
With all the accompaniments the 
borders gather and eat. 

2108
01:55:39,900 --> 01:55:42,200
Together conversation is more 
relaxed on Sunday. 

2109
01:55:42,200 --> 01:55:44,900
Evening's the next workday is 
still hours away. 

2110
01:55:44,900 --> 01:55:49,400
Everyone can afford to relax a 
little After dinner, you Retreat

2111
01:55:49,400 --> 01:55:50,700
to your room and read for a 
while. 

2112
01:55:50,700 --> 01:55:53,700
You have a book about the 
history of Machinery, it 

2113
01:55:53,700 --> 01:55:56,100
interests you to understand the 
context of your work. 

2114
01:55:56,100 --> 01:55:58,600
The assembly line did not appear
from nowhere. 

2115
01:55:58,600 --> 01:56:01,500
It evolved from early 
manufacturing methods, 

2116
01:56:01,500 --> 01:56:05,000
understanding the evolution 
helped you see your place in a 

2117
01:56:05,000 --> 01:56:08,900
larger story you read until your
eyes grow heavy, then you set 

2118
01:56:08,900 --> 01:56:13,000
the book aside and prepare for 
bed, Tomorrow's Monday back to 

2119
01:56:13,000 --> 01:56:17,200
the factory, back to the line, 
the cycle begins again, but 

2120
01:56:17,200 --> 01:56:20,800
Sunday, provided a break, a 
reminder that life exists beyond

2121
01:56:20,800 --> 01:56:23,600
the factory walls. 
That helps you face the weaker 

2122
01:56:23,600 --> 01:56:25,900
head. 
Monday morning arrives like all 

2123
01:56:25,900 --> 01:56:30,100
the others, the whistle blows 
you wake and dress and eat and 

2124
01:56:30,100 --> 01:56:33,100
walk to the factory. 
The routine is so familiar. 

2125
01:56:33,100 --> 01:56:37,000
Now that you barely notice the 
individual steps, your body 

2126
01:56:37,000 --> 01:56:40,200
moves through the sequence 
automatically the day shift 

2127
01:56:40,208 --> 01:56:42,400
begins. 
You take your position at 

2128
01:56:42,400 --> 01:56:46,000
station, 47. 
The line starts moving chassis 

2129
01:56:46,000 --> 01:56:49,300
after chassis passes through 
your hands reach and bolt and 

2130
01:56:49,300 --> 01:56:51,900
tighten and move. 
The rhythm is unchanged. 

2131
01:56:51,900 --> 01:56:55,700
The work is identical. 
Another week begins, but 

2132
01:56:55,700 --> 01:56:58,800
something feels different today.
Maybe it is the Sunday rest. 

2133
01:56:58,800 --> 01:57:01,700
Maybe it is the time you spent 
exploring the city. 

2134
01:57:01,700 --> 01:57:05,600
What ever the reason you see the
work with slightly fresher eyes,

2135
01:57:05,600 --> 01:57:08,500
you notice details? 
That usually blur into 

2136
01:57:08,500 --> 01:57:12,200
background The man working, two 
stations ahead has developed a 

2137
01:57:12,200 --> 01:57:15,500
limp. 
Favors his left leg and injury 

2138
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:19,300
perhaps or just the accumulated 
strain of months on the line. 

2139
01:57:19,300 --> 01:57:23,200
He keeps working though showing 
weakness, invites replacement. 

2140
01:57:23,200 --> 01:57:26,900
You make a mental note to watch 
your own body more carefully. 

2141
01:57:26,900 --> 01:57:29,600
The woman who delivers parts to 
your station moves, with 

2142
01:57:29,600 --> 01:57:32,900
practice deficiency. 
Yes, women work in the factory 

2143
01:57:32,900 --> 01:57:35,100
too. 
Not on the assembly line itself,

2144
01:57:35,100 --> 01:57:39,600
but in supporting roles Parts, 
delivery Quality Inspection, 

2145
01:57:39,600 --> 01:57:43,400
administrative tasks, Ford 
employees, women more readily 

2146
01:57:43,400 --> 01:57:46,400
than most companies. 
Another Progressive policy that 

2147
01:57:46,400 --> 01:57:49,700
sets the company apart. 
She sets down a bin of steering 

2148
01:57:49,700 --> 01:57:51,400
columns and takes away the empty
bin. 

2149
01:57:52,200 --> 01:57:56,000
The Exchange happens in seconds.
She does not speak and neither 

2150
01:57:56,000 --> 01:57:57,500
do you. 
There is no time for 

2151
01:57:57,500 --> 01:58:00,000
conversation, but you appreciate
her competence. 

2152
01:58:00,000 --> 01:58:03,100
The supply chain must work 
perfectly or the line stops. 

2153
01:58:03,100 --> 01:58:06,100
She ensures that your station 
never runs out of parts. 

2154
01:58:07,200 --> 01:58:11,100
The morning passes, lunch comes 
and goes the afternoon shift. 

2155
01:58:11,100 --> 01:58:13,400
Begins your back in the familiar
rhythm. 

2156
01:58:14,500 --> 01:58:16,800
But your mind keeps returning to
larger questions. 

2157
01:58:17,700 --> 01:58:20,500
How long will you do this work? 
What comes next? 

2158
01:58:21,500 --> 01:58:23,400
Is there a future beyond the 
assembly line? 

2159
01:58:23,400 --> 01:58:25,800
These questions have no easy 
answers. 

2160
01:58:25,800 --> 01:58:28,400
Some workers. 
Stay on the line for years. 

2161
01:58:28,400 --> 01:58:32,400
Even decades. they make peace 
with the monotony and focus on 

2162
01:58:32,400 --> 01:58:35,800
the steady paycheck, others move
into skilled trades, or 

2163
01:58:35,800 --> 01:58:39,000
supervisory roles A few leave 
for different Industries 

2164
01:58:39,000 --> 01:58:43,100
entirely there is no single 
path, you think about the skills

2165
01:58:43,100 --> 01:58:46,500
you're developing manual 
dexterity mechanical 

2166
01:58:46,500 --> 01:58:50,300
understanding the ability to 
work precisely under time 

2167
01:58:50,300 --> 01:58:52,400
pressure. 
These skills could transfer to 

2168
01:58:52,400 --> 01:58:56,600
other roles tool and die maker. 
Perhaps machine repair 

2169
01:58:56,600 --> 01:58:59,400
technician jobs. 
That pay even better than 

2170
01:58:59,400 --> 01:59:02,400
assembly work and offer more 
autonomy, but those positions 

2171
01:59:02,400 --> 01:59:05,000
require additional training, you
would need to study. 

2172
01:59:05,000 --> 01:59:07,400
Take classes invest time and 
money. 

2173
01:59:07,400 --> 01:59:10,600
That feels overwhelming when 
you're already working 8-hour 

2174
01:59:10,600 --> 01:59:12,800
days. 
Still it might be necessary. 

2175
01:59:12,800 --> 01:59:16,500
You cannot imagine doing this 
exact job for the rest of your 

2176
01:59:16,500 --> 01:59:19,500
working life. 
Form an appears at your station.

2177
01:59:19,500 --> 01:59:21,600
He watches. 
You complete a chassis. 

2178
01:59:21,600 --> 01:59:25,400
You maintain steady pace and 
clean technique, he nods 

2179
01:59:25,400 --> 01:59:27,800
approval and moves on. 
Small moments. 

2180
01:59:27,800 --> 01:59:31,000
Like this matter, building a 
reputation for reliability 

2181
01:59:31,000 --> 01:59:34,900
creates opportunities when 
skilled positions open Foreman. 

2182
01:59:34,900 --> 01:59:37,300
Remember the workers who 
consistently perform well. 

2183
01:59:38,400 --> 01:59:41,100
The afternoon continues, you 
fall back into the 

2184
01:59:41,100 --> 01:59:54,100
semi-transition while you work. 
He wanted to make automobiles 

2185
01:59:54,100 --> 01:59:57,200
accessible to everyone to 
transform American life, through

2186
01:59:57,200 --> 01:59:59,800
mass production. 
He succeeded beyond what? 

2187
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:00,900
Anyone? 
Thought possible. 

2188
02:00:00,900 --> 02:00:05,100
The Model T changed everything. 
It brought Mobility to Millions 

2189
02:00:05,100 --> 02:00:08,000
it reshaped cities and 
Countryside alike. 

2190
02:00:08,000 --> 02:00:10,300
Your role in this transformation
is small. 

2191
02:00:10,300 --> 02:00:14,700
But real every steering column 
you install is essential, remove

2192
02:00:14,700 --> 02:00:17,700
your work and the car does not 
function multiplied. 

2193
02:00:17,700 --> 02:00:20,400
Your contribution by all the 
other workers and the full scope

2194
02:00:20,400 --> 02:00:23,000
becomes clear. 
Together, you are building the 

2195
02:00:23,000 --> 02:00:26,500
future, this thought provides 
meaning to the repetitive work. 

2196
02:00:26,500 --> 02:00:30,200
You're not just tightening bolts
your participating in something 

2197
02:00:30,200 --> 02:00:32,800
larger. 
The Industrial Revolution is not

2198
02:00:32,800 --> 02:00:34,600
just an abstract, historical 
force. 

2199
02:00:34,600 --> 02:00:39,000
It is this this Factory. 
This assembly line, these 

2200
02:00:39,000 --> 02:00:41,200
specific actions performed by 
real people. 

2201
02:00:42,100 --> 02:00:44,900
The philosophical perspective 
helps but does not eliminate the

2202
02:00:44,900 --> 02:00:48,600
fatigue, your body still aches, 
your mind still want to escape. 

2203
02:00:49,500 --> 02:00:52,200
But understanding the broader 
context, makes the immediate 

2204
02:00:52,200 --> 02:00:55,400
difficulties more bearable. 
Purpose transforms suffering 

2205
02:00:55,400 --> 02:00:58,100
into something meaningful, the 
end of shift whistle. 

2206
02:00:58,100 --> 02:01:01,300
Finally sounds you complete your
last chassis of the day and step

2207
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:04,500
back from the line. 
Another day finished another 

2208
02:01:04,500 --> 02:01:07,300
small increment of progress 
towards your future goals. 

2209
02:01:07,300 --> 02:01:10,400
You clean your station and head 
to the locker room. 

2210
02:01:11,800 --> 02:01:15,200
The walk home passes in the 
usual way tired workers moving 

2211
02:01:15,200 --> 02:01:18,500
through darkening streets, you 
arrive at the boarding house and

2212
02:01:18,500 --> 02:01:21,800
go through the evening. 
Routine dinner wash up a few 

2213
02:01:21,800 --> 02:01:25,300
minutes of reading then bed. 
As you lie in the darkness, 

2214
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:27,300
waiting for sleep. 
You think about the bigger 

2215
02:01:27,300 --> 02:01:29,700
picture? 
Troy is being built right now. 

2216
02:01:30,500 --> 02:01:34,100
The automotive industry is 
creating a new kind of City, a 

2217
02:01:34,100 --> 02:01:37,900
new kind of economy, a new kind 
of life, you are part of that 

2218
02:01:37,900 --> 02:01:41,300
creation, whether you fully 
realize it or not, the assembly 

2219
02:01:41,300 --> 02:01:43,800
line will spread other 
Industries will adopt. 

2220
02:01:43,800 --> 02:01:46,000
The methods. 
Pioneered here production will 

2221
02:01:46,000 --> 02:01:49,000
become faster and cheaper 
consumer goods will become more.

2222
02:01:49,000 --> 02:01:51,400
Abundant standards of living 
will rise. 

2223
02:01:51,400 --> 02:01:54,000
All of this flows from the 
innovation's happening in 

2224
02:01:54,000 --> 02:01:57,100
Detroit, right now. 
But there will be costs too. 

2225
02:01:57,100 --> 02:02:00,300
The dehumanizing aspects of 
assembly line work will affect 

2226
02:02:00,300 --> 02:02:03,100
Millions. 
The environmental impact of mass

2227
02:02:03,100 --> 02:02:05,700
automobile ownership will 
reshape the landscape. 

2228
02:02:05,700 --> 02:02:08,200
Urban sprawl will consume 
Farmland. 

2229
02:02:08,200 --> 02:02:11,100
These consequences are not yet 
visible but they are coming. 

2230
02:02:11,100 --> 02:02:14,300
You cannot see that far ahead. 
You can only see tomorrow, 

2231
02:02:14,300 --> 02:02:18,200
another shift at the factory 
another day of repetitive work. 

2232
02:02:18,200 --> 02:02:22,800
Another small addition to your 
savings one day at a time that 

2233
02:02:22,800 --> 02:02:26,800
is all anyone can manage sleep. 
Finally comes your last 

2234
02:02:26,800 --> 02:02:28,700
conscious thought is of the 
morning whistle. 

2235
02:02:28,700 --> 02:02:30,600
It will sound in just a few 
hours. 

2236
02:02:30,600 --> 02:02:34,000
The cycle will begin again, but 
For now, you rest. 

2237
02:02:35,300 --> 02:02:38,700
The factory releases its hold, 
the assembly line stops moving 

2238
02:02:38,700 --> 02:02:43,000
the noise Fades, there is only 
darkness and silence and the 

2239
02:02:43,000 --> 02:02:46,900
Deep Sleep of exhausted muscles.
Tomorrow will bring the same 

2240
02:02:46,900 --> 02:02:50,100
work. 
The same routine, the same 

2241
02:02:50,100 --> 02:02:53,300
Rhythm but you will face it. 
As you have faced all the days 

2242
02:02:53,300 --> 02:02:56,400
before with determination with 
resilience. 

2243
02:02:57,300 --> 02:03:00,400
With the knowledge that this 
work, however, difficult is 

2244
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:04,400
building something. 
Your future, your city, your 

2245
02:03:04,400 --> 02:03:07,900
world. 
The early Automotive workers of 

2246
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:09,600
Detroit are creating the 20th 
century. 

2247
02:03:09,600 --> 02:03:14,500
You are one of them that matters
that will always matter, no 

2248
02:03:14,500 --> 02:03:18,000
matter how tired you get or how 
monotonous the work becomes that

2249
02:03:18,000 --> 02:03:21,100
fundamental truth remains, you 
are building the future. 

2250
02:03:21,100 --> 02:03:30,600
One steering column at a time. 
In the tumultuous years, 

2251
02:03:30,600 --> 02:03:34,000
following the French Revolution 
when Paris streets still echoed 

2252
02:03:34,000 --> 02:03:37,200
with recent upheaval and Society
reinvented itself. 

2253
02:03:37,200 --> 02:03:41,200
Daily two unlikely Souls found 
each other amidst the chaos 

2254
02:03:42,000 --> 02:03:45,600
Their love story would reshape 
an Empire influenced the fate of

2255
02:03:45,600 --> 02:03:49,500
Nations and endure beyond the 
grandest Ambitions of power. 

2256
02:03:50,500 --> 02:03:54,700
You're about to witness how 
passion politics and profound 

2257
02:03:54,700 --> 02:03:57,400
affection intertwined. 
In one of history's, most 

2258
02:03:57,400 --> 02:04:01,300
compelling romance's. 
You step into Paris in the 

2259
02:04:01,300 --> 02:04:05,800
Autumn of 1795 and the city 
feels like it's still catching 

2260
02:04:05,800 --> 02:04:08,700
its breath off to the 
revolution's violent convulsion.

2261
02:04:09,600 --> 02:04:13,300
The streets carry a peculiar mix
of weariness and excitement. 

2262
02:04:14,300 --> 02:04:17,000
Former Aristocrats walk past. 
Newly wealthy. 

2263
02:04:17,000 --> 02:04:21,300
Merchants each pretending not to
notice the other Women have 

2264
02:04:21,300 --> 02:04:24,700
adopted simpler Fashions. 
Out of necessity though. 

2265
02:04:24,700 --> 02:04:26,900
Some are beginning to experiment
again with luxury. 

2266
02:04:26,900 --> 02:04:31,100
Now that the worst Terrors of 
past, yes, males of roasting 

2267
02:04:31,100 --> 02:04:34,000
chestnuts from Street vendors 
and the ever-present scent of 

2268
02:04:34,008 --> 02:04:35,900
cold smoke from thousands of 
chimneys. 

2269
02:04:36,700 --> 02:04:40,000
Underneath It, All linger, 
something else, something harder

2270
02:04:40,000 --> 02:04:42,600
to name. 
Perhaps, it's the smell of fear.

2271
02:04:42,600 --> 02:04:46,100
Finally, fading or hope 
tentatively returning. 

2272
02:04:46,900 --> 02:04:49,400
The buildings themselves, tell 
stories of survival. 

2273
02:04:50,200 --> 02:04:53,000
Somehow houses still bear marks 
from revolutionary violence, 

2274
02:04:53,000 --> 02:04:57,900
bullet holes, pocks certain for 
SARS other structures display. 

2275
02:04:57,900 --> 02:05:01,100
Hasty repairs where doors were 
smashed in during searches for 

2276
02:05:01,100 --> 02:05:05,900
Aristocrats or hoarded grain. 
But life persists with stubborn 

2277
02:05:05,900 --> 02:05:09,200
determination shop windows 
display Goods, again. 

2278
02:05:10,200 --> 02:05:12,700
A phase fill with customers 
debating politics and 

2279
02:05:12,700 --> 02:05:15,500
philosophy. 
Street performers, entertain 

2280
02:05:15,500 --> 02:05:18,100
crowds that actually have a few 
coins to spare. 

2281
02:05:19,000 --> 02:05:22,000
In one of the elegant townhouses
that survived the revolution's 

2282
02:05:22,000 --> 02:05:26,500
fury, you notice a gathering 
taking place the salon belongs 

2283
02:05:26,500 --> 02:05:29,600
to Paul Barris. 
One of the five directors who 

2284
02:05:29,600 --> 02:05:33,400
now governance through a 
complicated system designed to 

2285
02:05:33,400 --> 02:05:36,200
prevent any one person from 
Gaining too much power. 

2286
02:05:37,100 --> 02:05:40,600
Tonight, the rooms glow with 
Candlelight that reflect off 

2287
02:05:40,600 --> 02:05:43,700
polished wood and the few 
remaining mirrors that weren't 

2288
02:05:43,700 --> 02:05:47,500
smashed during the terror, the 
guests represent the New France 

2289
02:05:47,500 --> 02:05:51,300
in all its contradictions. 
Military Officers in slightly 

2290
02:05:51,300 --> 02:05:54,600
worn uniforms mingle with 
politicians in fashionable 

2291
02:05:54,600 --> 02:05:57,400
coats. 
Few survivors of the old 

2292
02:05:57,400 --> 02:06:00,600
nobility who've learned to adapt
stand near former 

2293
02:06:00,600 --> 02:06:03,500
revolutionaries, who sent their 
friends to the guillotine. 

2294
02:06:04,400 --> 02:06:07,300
The conversation flows in 
multiple directions at once. 

2295
02:06:08,200 --> 02:06:10,800
Someone discusses the latest 
player at the comedy France. 

2296
02:06:12,100 --> 02:06:15,000
Another group debates, military 
strategy, in the war against 

2297
02:06:15,000 --> 02:06:19,100
Austria, a cluster near the 
fireplace gossips, about who's 

2298
02:06:19,100 --> 02:06:22,600
rising in the new government and
whose falling from favor. 

2299
02:06:23,500 --> 02:06:27,600
The room hums with ambition and 
calculation disguised a social 

2300
02:06:27,600 --> 02:06:31,100
pleasantry among the guests, You
observe a woman in her early 

2301
02:06:31,100 --> 02:06:32,700
30s. 
Who seems to move through the 

2302
02:06:32,700 --> 02:06:34,700
room like water finding its 
path. 

2303
02:06:35,600 --> 02:06:38,000
Her name is Rose De Bohan a 
though. 

2304
02:06:38,000 --> 02:06:40,000
She will soon become known to 
history as Josephine. 

2305
02:06:40,800 --> 02:06:43,700
She wears a simple white muslin 
dress, that somehow appears more

2306
02:06:43,700 --> 02:06:45,700
elegant than the fancier gowns 
around her. 

2307
02:06:46,800 --> 02:06:49,400
The fabric drapes in the 
classical style, that's becoming

2308
02:06:49,400 --> 02:06:52,600
fashionable. 
Suggesting ancient Greek statues

2309
02:06:52,600 --> 02:06:55,300
rather than the elaborate 
constructions of the old regime.

2310
02:06:55,300 --> 02:06:59,000
Her dark hair falls in the 
fashionable loose curls of the 

2311
02:06:59,008 --> 02:07:03,800
Day, held back with a simple 
ribbon. what strikes you most is

2312
02:07:03,800 --> 02:07:07,600
how she listens when someone 
speaks to her, she gives them 

2313
02:07:07,600 --> 02:07:12,000
her complete attention, her dark
eyes, focused her head tilted 

2314
02:07:12,000 --> 02:07:15,600
slightly to indicate genuine 
interest each person. 

2315
02:07:15,600 --> 02:07:18,700
She engages feels as though, 
their words, matter profoundly. 

2316
02:07:20,100 --> 02:07:22,300
Her hands move gracefully as she
gestures. 

2317
02:07:22,300 --> 02:07:24,900
And you notice she wears very 
little jewelry. 

2318
02:07:25,800 --> 02:07:29,500
A simple gold bracelet catches 
the candlelight, the restraint 

2319
02:07:29,500 --> 02:07:32,300
is calculated too much jewelry, 
would suggest. 

2320
02:07:32,300 --> 02:07:35,100
She's trying to hard or doesn't 
understand the current political

2321
02:07:35,100 --> 02:07:38,900
climate Too little would make 
her seem poor or unimportant. 

2322
02:07:39,900 --> 02:07:44,000
She's found the perfect balance.
She does in most things her 

2323
02:07:44,000 --> 02:07:47,200
story already contains enough 
drama for several lifetimes 

2324
02:07:47,200 --> 02:07:49,300
though. 
Most people at this Gathering 

2325
02:07:49,300 --> 02:07:56,100
know, only fragments of it. 
Born marry Yosef Rose Tasha de 

2326
02:07:56,100 --> 02:07:59,700
la, pazuri on the Caribbean 
island of Martinique to a sugar 

2327
02:07:59,708 --> 02:08:02,300
Plantation. 
Family, she married young to 

2328
02:08:02,300 --> 02:08:06,200
Alexandra, Dubai and came to 
France full of dreams about 

2329
02:08:06,200 --> 02:08:09,500
Parisian Society. 
The reality, proved more 

2330
02:08:09,500 --> 02:08:11,700
complicated than her Island 
fantasies. 

2331
02:08:11,700 --> 02:08:15,000
Her husband turned out to be 
difficult and unfaithful. 

2332
02:08:15,900 --> 02:08:20,400
They separated then came the 
revolution which swept through 

2333
02:08:20,400 --> 02:08:23,400
France like a cleansing. 
Fire that burned, everything 

2334
02:08:23,400 --> 02:08:29,300
guilty and innocent alike. 
Terror imprisoned her in Lecom, 

2335
02:08:29,300 --> 02:08:32,400
a former Convent turned holding 
cell for those awaiting the 

2336
02:08:32,400 --> 02:08:36,000
guillotine. 
Months in a crowded sell never 

2337
02:08:36,000 --> 02:08:39,300
knowing if tomorrow would bring 
release or death. she watched 

2338
02:08:39,300 --> 02:08:42,500
her first husband go to the 
scaffold, his head falling into 

2339
02:08:42,500 --> 02:08:47,300
the basket while she waited her 
turn but Maximilian robes beer 

2340
02:08:47,300 --> 02:08:50,600
fell before her name came up on 
the execution list and suddenly 

2341
02:08:50,600 --> 02:08:54,200
the prison doors opened She 
emerged into a Paris, 

2342
02:08:54,200 --> 02:08:58,100
transformed yet again, with new 
opportunities for those clever 

2343
02:08:58,100 --> 02:09:01,600
and brave enough, to seize them.
Now, she lives carefully, 

2344
02:09:01,600 --> 02:09:04,200
raising her, two children from 
that first marriage. 

2345
02:09:05,300 --> 02:09:08,600
Hortense is 12 pretty and 
musically talented. 

2346
02:09:08,600 --> 02:09:12,600
Eugene is 14, serious minded and
loyal. 

2347
02:09:13,500 --> 02:09:16,600
They remember their father, but 
there are adapting to this new 

2348
02:09:16,600 --> 02:09:19,000
world where survival requires 
flexibility. 

2349
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:22,300
Joseph in navigates The 
Dangerous Waters of 

2350
02:09:22,300 --> 02:09:25,900
post-revolutionary society with 
skills learned through 

2351
02:09:25,900 --> 02:09:28,800
necessity. 
She knows how to read people 

2352
02:09:28,800 --> 02:09:33,500
when to speak and when to listen
how to make a self useful 

2353
02:09:33,500 --> 02:09:37,000
without seeming desperate for 
finances are precarious. 

2354
02:09:37,000 --> 02:09:40,600
Despite her elegant appearance, 
she's renting the house on Rush 

2355
02:09:40,600 --> 02:09:43,500
on train and some months the 
rent comes due before the money 

2356
02:09:43,500 --> 02:09:46,200
arrives. 
She's received a small pension 

2357
02:09:46,200 --> 02:09:49,100
as the Widow of a general but it
doesn't stretch as far as 

2358
02:09:49,100 --> 02:09:51,200
needed. 
She's learned to make a single 

2359
02:09:51,200 --> 02:09:53,700
dress appear new through 
different accessories. 

2360
02:09:53,700 --> 02:09:57,200
She borrows jewelry from friends
for important occasions. 

2361
02:09:57,200 --> 02:09:59,700
She's mastered. 
The art of appearing more 

2362
02:09:59,700 --> 02:10:03,000
prosperous than she actually is.
Cross the room. 

2363
02:10:03,000 --> 02:10:06,700
You notice a thin Young office 
sir who looks decidedly out of 

2364
02:10:06,700 --> 02:10:09,400
place among the polished 
politicians and elegant women 

2365
02:10:10,700 --> 02:10:14,900
Napoleon Bonaparte is 26 years 
old and resemble someone who 

2366
02:10:14,900 --> 02:10:17,800
forgot to eat regular meals, 
while studying military tactics 

2367
02:10:17,800 --> 02:10:21,100
until three in the morning. 
His uniform while clean and 

2368
02:10:21,100 --> 02:10:23,700
properly buttoned. 
Hangs a bit Loosely on his spare

2369
02:10:23,700 --> 02:10:26,700
frame. 
His hair is on fashionably long 

2370
02:10:26,700 --> 02:10:30,200
and often Falls across his 
forehead, which annoys him, but 

2371
02:10:30,200 --> 02:10:33,400
not enough to visit a barber. 
Unlike the other guests who chat

2372
02:10:33,400 --> 02:10:37,200
easily about trivial matters. 
He stands apart watching every 

2373
02:10:37,200 --> 02:10:40,600
one with intense gray eyes. 
That seemed to catalog and 

2374
02:10:40,600 --> 02:10:44,200
analyze every detail. 
His posture suggests someone 

2375
02:10:44,200 --> 02:10:48,200
ready to flee at any moment. 
Shifts his weight from foot to 

2376
02:10:48,200 --> 02:10:50,900
foot. 
His hands move restlessly, 

2377
02:10:50,900 --> 02:10:55,400
sometimes touching his sword 
hilt, sometimes clasping behind 

2378
02:10:55,400 --> 02:10:59,800
his back, never quite settling. 
When someone tries to engage him

2379
02:10:59,800 --> 02:11:02,900
in small, talk about the weather
or fashion, he responds with 

2380
02:11:02,908 --> 02:11:06,300
Kurt factual observations that 
kill the conversation, dead. 

2381
02:11:07,000 --> 02:11:10,600
He simply doesn't understand how
to discuss nothing gracefully. 

2382
02:11:11,800 --> 02:11:15,400
Napoleon grew up on Corsica that
rugged Island where family 

2383
02:11:15,400 --> 02:11:18,500
loyalty runs deeper than any 
political allegiance and where 

2384
02:11:18,500 --> 02:11:20,500
blood feuds can span 
Generations. 

2385
02:11:20,500 --> 02:11:24,800
The island only became Frenchie 
year before his birth so he 

2386
02:11:24,800 --> 02:11:27,900
considers himself Corso 
confessed, French second. 

2387
02:11:28,800 --> 02:11:31,900
He speaks French with an accent 
that immediately marked him was 

2388
02:11:31,900 --> 02:11:35,400
an outsider in Paris Society. 
He pronounces his arms 

2389
02:11:35,400 --> 02:11:38,900
differently, he uses phrases 
that sound slightly foreign 

2390
02:11:39,800 --> 02:11:41,400
People sometimes ask him to 
repeat himself. 

2391
02:11:41,400 --> 02:11:44,800
He hates it. 
He's brilliant with artillery 

2392
02:11:44,800 --> 02:11:48,500
and Military strategy, but 
utterly hopeless at small talk 

2393
02:11:48,500 --> 02:11:52,200
and social graces. 
He can calculate rejecters in 

2394
02:11:52,200 --> 02:11:55,700
his head and predict where an 
enemy Army will move three days.

2395
02:11:55,700 --> 02:12:00,000
Hence, You cannot remember which
Fork to use at a formal dinner. 

2396
02:12:00,700 --> 02:12:04,800
He reads voraciously in multiple
languages, devouring books on 

2397
02:12:04,800 --> 02:12:07,800
history, philosophy mathematics 
and warfare. 

2398
02:12:08,600 --> 02:12:12,000
Just weeks ago, he helped put 
down a royalist Uprising in 

2399
02:12:12,000 --> 02:12:14,300
Paris. 
Using his cannons to scatter. 

2400
02:12:14,300 --> 02:12:17,500
The rebels attempting, to 
overthrow the government, This 

2401
02:12:17,500 --> 02:12:20,900
success earned in promotion to 
General and the notice of 

2402
02:12:20,908 --> 02:12:24,200
powerful men like barrus, but it
hasn't talked him how to 

2403
02:12:24,200 --> 02:12:28,200
navigate a fancy salon. 
The other guests instinctively 

2404
02:12:28,200 --> 02:12:30,700
census discomfort and mostly 
avoid him. 

2405
02:12:30,700 --> 02:12:35,100
He's useful in a crisis, 
clearly, but he is also strange 

2406
02:12:35,100 --> 02:12:37,900
and intense in ways that make 
polite conversation difficult. 

2407
02:12:38,800 --> 02:12:42,200
To let him stand by himself, 
near the bookshelf, examining 

2408
02:12:42,200 --> 02:12:45,200
the spines with more interest 
than he shows the actual people 

2409
02:12:45,200 --> 02:12:48,100
in the room. 
You watch as Bears playing 

2410
02:12:48,100 --> 02:12:51,400
Matchmaker with the subtlety of 
a man who enjoys manipulating 

2411
02:12:51,400 --> 02:12:54,200
others for their own good 
engineers and introduction. 

2412
02:12:55,600 --> 02:12:59,100
He's noticed Napoleon's 
isolation and Josephine's Grace 

2413
02:12:59,100 --> 02:13:02,400
and some instinct tells him 
these two might complement each 

2414
02:13:02,400 --> 02:13:05,200
other. 
He guides Napoleon over to where

2415
02:13:05,200 --> 02:13:08,600
Josephine stands examining a 
painting of a pastoral scene, 

2416
02:13:08,600 --> 02:13:11,300
all soft clouds, and grazing 
sheep. 

2417
02:13:12,100 --> 02:13:15,100
The young officer, tries to Bow 
graceful and nearly trips. 

2418
02:13:15,100 --> 02:13:18,600
Over his own sword, the weapon 
clatters, against a chair leg, 

2419
02:13:19,200 --> 02:13:22,900
Two nearby conversations, pauses
heads turned to see what caused 

2420
02:13:22,900 --> 02:13:27,400
the noise Napoleon's face 
flushes with embarrassment, but 

2421
02:13:27,400 --> 02:13:30,300
Josephine's mouth. 
Curves into a smile that somehow

2422
02:13:30,300 --> 02:13:32,400
manages to be amused without 
being mocking. 

2423
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:36,100
It's the smile of someone who's 
witnessed far too many awkward 

2424
02:13:36,100 --> 02:13:37,500
moments to be bothered by one 
more. 

2425
02:13:37,500 --> 02:13:41,400
And who finds human imperfection
in Dearing rather than 

2426
02:13:41,400 --> 02:13:44,400
contemptible. 
Paris makes the introduction 

2427
02:13:44,400 --> 02:13:47,100
with practiced ease, then, 
drifts away to other 

2428
02:13:47,100 --> 02:13:48,900
conversations leaving them 
together. 

2429
02:13:49,800 --> 02:13:52,200
And uncomfortable silence 
threatened to develop. 

2430
02:13:53,000 --> 02:13:56,000
Josephine experienced in 
rescuing failing, social 

2431
02:13:56,000 --> 02:14:00,000
situations, Arsenal. 
Napoleon about the painting Does

2432
02:14:00,000 --> 02:14:03,900
he like pastoral scenes as he 
spent time in the countryside? 

2433
02:14:05,400 --> 02:14:09,700
The question opens a Floodgate. 
Napoleon begins to talk and 

2434
02:14:09,700 --> 02:14:11,200
something shifts in the rooms 
energy. 

2435
02:14:12,100 --> 02:14:15,900
He tells her about Corsica about
the mountains and the Sea about 

2436
02:14:15,900 --> 02:14:18,600
terrain and how it shapes 
military strategy. 

2437
02:14:19,400 --> 02:14:22,700
Then somehow he's discussing 
Italy about his theories on 

2438
02:14:22,700 --> 02:14:26,500
warfare about how ancient 
generals used geography to their

2439
02:14:26,500 --> 02:14:29,800
advantage. 
His hands move as he speaks 

2440
02:14:29,800 --> 02:14:32,300
tracing. 
Invisible battle formations in 

2441
02:14:32,300 --> 02:14:35,500
the air. 
Most people find his intensity 

2442
02:14:35,500 --> 02:14:38,900
overwhelming like standing too 
close to a fire but Josephine 

2443
02:14:38,900 --> 02:14:41,700
liens in slightly genuinely 
interested. 

2444
02:14:42,600 --> 02:14:44,100
She asks, him questions that 
show. 

2445
02:14:44,100 --> 02:14:47,000
She's actually following his 
complicated explanations. 

2446
02:14:47,800 --> 02:14:49,900
She mentions a book. 
She read about Hannibal 

2447
02:14:49,900 --> 02:14:51,400
crossing, the Alps, with 
elephants. 

2448
02:14:52,200 --> 02:14:55,100
Did Napoleon think that was 
militarily sound or just 

2449
02:14:55,100 --> 02:14:56,900
dramatic? 
Napoleon. 

2450
02:14:56,900 --> 02:14:59,300
Looks at her as though. 
She just revealed herself to be 

2451
02:14:59,300 --> 02:15:01,400
a fellow member of some secret 
society. 

2452
02:15:02,300 --> 02:15:07,200
He spent years being dismissed 
as two serious two intents to 

2453
02:15:07,200 --> 02:15:10,400
focused on matters that polite 
Society considers boring. 

2454
02:15:11,400 --> 02:15:13,400
Here's someone actually engaging
with his ideas. 

2455
02:15:13,400 --> 02:15:17,200
He explains his theory about 
Hannibal's campaign with growing

2456
02:15:17,200 --> 02:15:19,600
enthusiasm. 
He's forgotten to be 

2457
02:15:19,600 --> 02:15:23,500
self-conscious, he's in his 
element now, discussing tactics 

2458
02:15:23,500 --> 02:15:26,900
and strategy. 
Josephine watches his face, 

2459
02:15:26,900 --> 02:15:30,300
transformed, the awkward 
comfortable young man, 

2460
02:15:30,300 --> 02:15:35,300
disappears, replaced by someone,
confident and passionate She 

2461
02:15:35,308 --> 02:15:38,500
sees intelligence flashing, 
those gray, eyes along with 

2462
02:15:38,500 --> 02:15:42,800
something else. 
Hunger ambition a desire to 

2463
02:15:42,800 --> 02:15:46,600
prove himself that burns like a 
forge from a man who spends most

2464
02:15:46,600 --> 02:15:49,500
of his time with soldiers and 
feels perpetually out of place 

2465
02:15:49,500 --> 02:15:52,700
and civilian life. 
Finding someone who engages with

2466
02:15:52,700 --> 02:15:55,400
his ideas feels like, 
discovering water in the desert.

2467
02:15:56,200 --> 02:16:00,800
He's been so lonely though, he'd
never admit, it lonely in Paris 

2468
02:16:00,800 --> 02:16:04,200
lonely in the Army, lonely and 
rooms full of people who don't 

2469
02:16:04,200 --> 02:16:08,100
understand him. suddenly, he's 
not lonely, at least for this 

2470
02:16:08,100 --> 02:16:12,700
moment, and it's intoxicating 
Josephine for her part. 

2471
02:16:12,700 --> 02:16:15,700
Recognizes something in this 
awkward Young office sir. 

2472
02:16:16,400 --> 02:16:19,700
She spent years learning to read
people's potential beneath their

2473
02:16:19,700 --> 02:16:22,900
surface presentation. 
It is a survival skill. 

2474
02:16:23,800 --> 02:16:27,400
During the terror, she learned 
to identify which guards might 

2475
02:16:27,400 --> 02:16:30,300
be bribed, which fellow 
prisoners might betray you. 

2476
02:16:30,300 --> 02:16:34,900
Which officials might show 
Mercy. after her release, she 

2477
02:16:34,900 --> 02:16:38,100
learned to spot who was rising 
in the new government and who 

2478
02:16:38,100 --> 02:16:41,500
was falling She's developed an 
instinct for potential. 

2479
02:16:41,500 --> 02:16:45,700
She sees past his ill-fitting, 
uniform and Social Clubs in us 

2480
02:16:45,700 --> 02:16:48,400
to Glimpse, the fierce 
intelligence and ambition 

2481
02:16:48,400 --> 02:16:52,600
burning underneath She notices 
how other people in the room 

2482
02:16:52,600 --> 02:16:56,100
occasionally glances way with a 
mix of weariness and respect. 

2483
02:16:57,299 --> 02:17:00,600
this strange Corsican clearly 
matters to powerful people like 

2484
02:17:00,600 --> 02:17:04,100
beerus, She also notices 
something the other cell on 

2485
02:17:04,100 --> 02:17:07,200
guests Miss. 
When Napoleon looks at her, he 

2486
02:17:07,200 --> 02:17:09,700
doesn't see a widow trying to 
survive in difficult times. 

2487
02:17:09,700 --> 02:17:14,400
He sees someone worthy of 
building Empires for The evening

2488
02:17:14,400 --> 02:17:18,600
grows late and the candles burn 
lower in their holders, creating

2489
02:17:18,600 --> 02:17:20,700
deeper shadows in the corners of
the room. 

2490
02:17:21,700 --> 02:17:25,299
The other guests begin to drift 
away calling for their carriages

2491
02:17:25,299 --> 02:17:29,299
making plans for future. 
Gatherings saying, elaborate 

2492
02:17:29,299 --> 02:17:32,100
goodbyes. 
But Napoleon and Josephine 

2493
02:17:32,100 --> 02:17:35,900
remain in conversation. 
They've moved to a city near one

2494
02:17:35,900 --> 02:17:39,900
of the tall Windows overlooking,
the street outside Paris settles

2495
02:17:39,900 --> 02:17:43,200
into its nighttime rhythms 
lamplighters make their rounds, 

2496
02:17:43,200 --> 02:17:46,700
the sound of carriages on 
cobblestones Echo up from the 

2497
02:17:46,700 --> 02:17:49,299
street. 
The night air carries a chill 

2498
02:17:49,299 --> 02:17:52,400
that makes the warmth inside. 
More welcome, they've moved 

2499
02:17:52,400 --> 02:17:56,500
Beyond military history. 
Now, Napoleon asks about her 

2500
02:17:56,500 --> 02:18:00,000
children his whole demeanor 
softens when she describes 

2501
02:18:00,000 --> 02:18:03,700
Hortense, is musical talent and 
Eugene's seriousness. 

2502
02:18:04,600 --> 02:18:07,299
He tells her about his own 
family, his complicated 

2503
02:18:07,299 --> 02:18:10,100
relationship, with his mother 
who both loves and criticizes 

2504
02:18:10,100 --> 02:18:14,200
him. his siblings who depend on 
him financially, even as they 

2505
02:18:14,200 --> 02:18:17,799
mock his provincial manners, 
there's vulnerability in this 

2506
02:18:17,799 --> 02:18:21,900
sharing that surprises them 
both, Josephine finds herself 

2507
02:18:21,900 --> 02:18:26,500
genuinely Charmed. 
Yes, he's strange and awkward 

2508
02:18:26,500 --> 02:18:30,200
and far too intense. 
But he's also brilliant and 

2509
02:18:30,200 --> 02:18:32,799
oddly innocent despite his 
military achievements. 

2510
02:18:32,799 --> 02:18:37,200
When he talks about his dreams 
for France about making the 

2511
02:18:37,200 --> 02:18:40,600
country strong and prosperous 
about earning Glory through 

2512
02:18:40,600 --> 02:18:43,400
great Deeds. 
There's a purity to his 

2513
02:18:43,400 --> 02:18:47,200
ambition, that's refreshing. 
He's not cynical like most of 

2514
02:18:47,200 --> 02:18:49,600
the men. 
She knows he actually believes 

2515
02:18:49,600 --> 02:18:51,400
in something Beyond personal 
advancement. 

2516
02:18:52,299 --> 02:18:56,400
Napoleon meanwhile is falling 
hopelessly in love every smile. 

2517
02:18:56,400 --> 02:18:59,100
She gives him, feels like a gift
the way. 

2518
02:18:59,100 --> 02:19:02,400
She listens really listens, 
makes him want to tell her 

2519
02:19:02,400 --> 02:19:04,799
everything. 
He wants to impress her with his

2520
02:19:04,799 --> 02:19:07,200
knowledge protector from 
hardship. 

2521
02:19:07,200 --> 02:19:11,299
Give her everything she deserves
He's read about love in books 

2522
02:19:11,299 --> 02:19:15,600
but this is the first time, he's
felt it and it overwhelms him 

2523
02:19:15,600 --> 02:19:19,500
with its intensity. 
When they finally part ways, as 

2524
02:19:19,500 --> 02:19:22,700
the Gathering breaks up 
Napoleon, bows, over hand with 

2525
02:19:22,700 --> 02:19:24,700
more grace than his earlier 
attempt. 

2526
02:19:25,500 --> 02:19:27,000
He asked permission to call on 
her. 

2527
02:19:27,000 --> 02:19:31,000
She grants it giving him her 
address on Rush on terrine. 

2528
02:19:31,700 --> 02:19:34,600
She watches him. 
Leave noticing how he glances 

2529
02:19:34,600 --> 02:19:37,000
back twice before disappearing 
Into the Night. 

2530
02:19:37,900 --> 02:19:40,600
She's not sure what to make of 
this strange young General, but 

2531
02:19:40,600 --> 02:19:43,900
she's intrigued. 
Over the following weeks, 

2532
02:19:43,900 --> 02:19:47,400
Napoleon becomes a regular 
visitor to Josephine's modest 

2533
02:19:47,400 --> 02:19:49,900
home. 
He might see him arriving at odd

2534
02:19:49,900 --> 02:19:51,400
hours whenever his military 
duties. 

2535
02:19:51,400 --> 02:19:55,700
Now, he brings books, he thinks 
she'll enjoy carefully selected 

2536
02:19:55,700 --> 02:19:58,900
from his own collection He 
brings flowers purchased from 

2537
02:19:58,900 --> 02:20:02,600
Street vendors, usually choosing
them with more enthusiasm than 

2538
02:20:02,600 --> 02:20:03,800
aesthetic. 
Judgment. 

2539
02:20:04,800 --> 02:20:06,900
Josephine. 
Learns to appreciate the gesture

2540
02:20:06,900 --> 02:20:08,900
even when the bouquets are 
slightly lopsided. 

2541
02:20:10,200 --> 02:20:12,500
Her children view. 
This new visitor with initial 

2542
02:20:12,500 --> 02:20:15,400
suspicion. 
Or tense and Dwayne remember 

2543
02:20:15,400 --> 02:20:18,800
their father, not eager to see 
their mother with another man. 

2544
02:20:19,600 --> 02:20:21,600
But Napoleon wins them over 
gradually. 

2545
02:20:22,400 --> 02:20:25,300
He treats, you Jane like a young
man rather than a child 

2546
02:20:25,300 --> 02:20:27,700
discussing military matters. 
Seriously. 

2547
02:20:29,400 --> 02:20:32,700
He brings whole tense sheet 
music and listens attentively. 

2548
02:20:32,700 --> 02:20:35,800
When she plays the piano, he 
doesn't try to replace their 

2549
02:20:35,800 --> 02:20:40,200
father instead, he offers 
friendship and genuine interest 

2550
02:20:40,200 --> 02:20:44,100
in their lives. 
The house on Rush on terrain is 

2551
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:46,900
small but Josephine has made it 
Charming through clever 

2552
02:20:46,900 --> 02:20:49,400
decoration. 
She's draped Fabrics to hide 

2553
02:20:49,400 --> 02:20:52,100
Warren Furniture. 
She's arranged her few. 

2554
02:20:52,100 --> 02:20:55,000
Good pieces to maximum effect. 
Fresh flowers. 

2555
02:20:55,000 --> 02:20:57,300
Always fill the vases when she 
can afford them. 

2556
02:20:58,000 --> 02:21:01,400
The rooms smell of beeswax 
polish and the lavender. 

2557
02:21:01,400 --> 02:21:05,200
She uses to send her Linens. 
It's not Grand, but it's 

2558
02:21:05,200 --> 02:21:09,400
welcoming and Napoleon find it. 
Infinitely preferable to his own

2559
02:21:09,400 --> 02:21:13,300
sparse Bachelor, quarters. 
He's falling in love with the 

2560
02:21:13,300 --> 02:21:16,900
desperation of someone who never
expected to find such feelings. 

2561
02:21:17,700 --> 02:21:21,700
Every moment away from her feels
wasted, he thinks about her 

2562
02:21:21,700 --> 02:21:23,900
constantly during military 
meetings. 

2563
02:21:23,900 --> 02:21:26,200
He sees something that reminds 
him of her. 

2564
02:21:26,200 --> 02:21:28,200
And his first thought is to 
share it with her. 

2565
02:21:29,000 --> 02:21:32,500
He writes her letters sometimes 
two or three a day filled with 

2566
02:21:32,500 --> 02:21:35,200
passionate declaration that 
would embarrass him if he 

2567
02:21:35,200 --> 02:21:36,700
stopped to think about the 
rationality. 

2568
02:21:37,500 --> 02:21:40,300
But he doesn't think rationally,
where Josephine is concerned. 

2569
02:21:40,300 --> 02:21:45,000
He spent his entire life being 
rational, calculating strategic,

2570
02:21:46,000 --> 02:21:49,100
With her all those careful 
defenses crumble. 

2571
02:21:49,100 --> 02:21:51,900
He pulls out his heart in 
letters that makes military 

2572
02:21:51,900 --> 02:21:55,300
updates with Declarations of 
love, he tells her, she's 

2573
02:21:55,300 --> 02:21:57,700
invaded, his thoughts, like an 
occupying Army. 

2574
02:21:58,600 --> 02:22:02,000
He says her smile haunts him 
more effectively than any 

2575
02:22:02,000 --> 02:22:04,800
ghosts. 
He complains bitterly when her 

2576
02:22:04,800 --> 02:22:07,100
responses arrived less 
frequently than his letters? 

2577
02:22:08,500 --> 02:22:12,400
Josephine approaches the 
relationship more cautiously Six

2578
02:22:12,400 --> 02:22:15,600
years older and has learned the 
hard way that survival requires 

2579
02:22:15,600 --> 02:22:19,300
careful choices. 
Napoleon is clearly talented and

2580
02:22:19,300 --> 02:22:23,700
rising in importance but he's 
also poor intense and socially 

2581
02:22:23,700 --> 02:22:27,600
awkward in ways that could limit
his advancement Her friend think

2582
02:22:27,600 --> 02:22:30,900
she's making a mistake. 
Why would an elegant 

2583
02:22:30,900 --> 02:22:35,000
sophisticated woman Tire self to
the strange Corsican officer, 

2584
02:22:35,000 --> 02:22:37,200
who owns more books than changes
of clothing? 

2585
02:22:38,100 --> 02:22:41,200
They meet for walks in theory 
Garden's, when weather permits 

2586
02:22:41,200 --> 02:22:44,800
the garden's provide neutral 
ground away from both their 

2587
02:22:44,800 --> 02:22:47,000
homes. 
They stroll along the gravel 

2588
02:22:47,000 --> 02:22:49,000
paths between carefully trimmed 
Hedges. 

2589
02:22:49,000 --> 02:22:53,300
Autumn Leaves, crunch under 
their feet, Napoleon talks about

2590
02:22:53,300 --> 02:22:56,600
his plans for military reform 
while Josephine occasionally 

2591
02:22:56,600 --> 02:22:58,500
steers him towards less weighty 
topics. 

2592
02:22:59,300 --> 02:23:01,700
She points out the changing 
colors of the trees. 

2593
02:23:02,500 --> 02:23:05,800
She comments on other walkers, 
fashion choices, teaching him by

2594
02:23:05,800 --> 02:23:07,500
example. 
How to make Pleasant 

2595
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:09,400
conversation about trivial 
matters. 

2596
02:23:10,200 --> 02:23:13,200
Sometimes they sit on benches 
watching fountains that still 

2597
02:23:13,200 --> 02:23:16,100
function, despite years of 
revolutionary neglect. 

2598
02:23:16,900 --> 02:23:21,600
Napoleon continues talking, but 
now he also listens, he asks 

2599
02:23:21,600 --> 02:23:24,500
about her childhood in 
Martinique, and she describes 

2600
02:23:24,500 --> 02:23:28,300
Island life with such vivid 
detail that he can almost smell 

2601
02:23:28,300 --> 02:23:30,900
the tropical flowers and feel 
the Caribbean Sun. 

2602
02:23:30,900 --> 02:23:34,400
She makes him laugh with stories
about the monkeys that used to 

2603
02:23:34,408 --> 02:23:38,100
still fruit from her family's 
trees and the parrots that 

2604
02:23:38,100 --> 02:23:40,500
learned to mimic her, 
grandmother scolding voice 

2605
02:23:41,800 --> 02:23:45,200
Something about Napoleon touches
her heart, despite her initial 

2606
02:23:45,200 --> 02:23:48,700
caution. 
His absolute devotion feels 

2607
02:23:48,700 --> 02:23:53,000
refreshing after years of 
navigating relationships based 

2608
02:23:53,000 --> 02:23:56,500
on advantage and survival, the 
men, she's known since the 

2609
02:23:56,500 --> 02:23:58,900
revolution view relationships as
transactions. 

2610
02:23:58,900 --> 02:24:01,700
They calculate what they can 
gain from any connection. 

2611
02:24:02,600 --> 02:24:06,800
Napoleon doesn't calculate, he 
just loves completely and over. 

2612
02:24:08,300 --> 02:24:10,900
When he looks at her, she feels 
seen in a way. 

2613
02:24:10,900 --> 02:24:14,300
She hasn't experienced since 
before the Revolution shattered,

2614
02:24:14,300 --> 02:24:17,100
her first life. 
His awkwardness around others 

2615
02:24:17,100 --> 02:24:18,400
disappears. 
When they're alone. 

2616
02:24:18,400 --> 02:24:21,900
He makes a laugh with his 
observations about the pompous 

2617
02:24:21,900 --> 02:24:25,900
politicians and social climbers.
They encounter he can perfectly 

2618
02:24:25,900 --> 02:24:29,300
mimic beerus self-important 
manner, or the affected speech 

2619
02:24:29,300 --> 02:24:33,200
of the new Rich who tried too 
hard to sound cultured His 

2620
02:24:33,200 --> 02:24:35,600
impression of the Austrian 
Ambassador at a recent reception

2621
02:24:35,600 --> 02:24:39,300
as her laughing so hard, she has
to wipe tears from her eyes. 

2622
02:24:39,300 --> 02:24:42,500
There's all the Practical matter
that Josephine needs to 

2623
02:24:42,500 --> 02:24:45,200
stability. 
She has children to raise and 

2624
02:24:45,208 --> 02:24:48,500
limited resources. 
The pension, she receives is 

2625
02:24:48,500 --> 02:24:51,400
unreliable. 
And she's exhausted from 

2626
02:24:51,400 --> 02:24:55,000
constantly worrying about money.
Napoleon, despite his current 

2627
02:24:55,000 --> 02:24:56,900
lack of wealth. 
Clearly, possesses a brilliant 

2628
02:24:56,900 --> 02:24:59,300
future. 
She's not naive about this 

2629
02:24:59,300 --> 02:25:02,800
calculation but it exists 
alongside genuine affection. 

2630
02:25:03,900 --> 02:25:06,300
Just relationships. 
She's learned balance both, 

2631
02:25:06,300 --> 02:25:09,600
heart and head. 
Lava loan, won't pay rent or 

2632
02:25:09,600 --> 02:25:13,500
feed children, but money without
affection, creates its own 

2633
02:25:13,500 --> 02:25:16,700
misery. 
Her friends, noticed the change 

2634
02:25:16,700 --> 02:25:19,500
in her. 
She seems lighter younger. 

2635
02:25:20,100 --> 02:25:24,200
She smiles more easily. 
When Napoleon's name comes up in

2636
02:25:24,200 --> 02:25:27,200
conversation, her whole face 
offenses. 

2637
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:30,000
He tries to be practical and 
measured. 

2638
02:25:30,600 --> 02:25:35,100
But her heart has other ideas. 
She's falling in love too though

2639
02:25:35,100 --> 02:25:38,600
in her own way, more slowly and 
carefully than his passionate 

2640
02:25:38,600 --> 02:25:43,300
plunge. 
By late 1795, they're spending 

2641
02:25:43,300 --> 02:25:45,100
nearly every free moment 
together. 

2642
02:25:45,900 --> 02:25:47,900
Napoleon's military 
responsibilities. 

2643
02:25:47,900 --> 02:25:51,900
Keep him busy, but he arranges 
his schedule to maximize time 

2644
02:25:51,900 --> 02:25:55,600
with Josephine. 
He neglects sleep, he works 

2645
02:25:55,600 --> 02:25:59,700
through meals anything to create
hours, he can spend with her his

2646
02:25:59,700 --> 02:26:02,600
fellow officers, noticed their 
commanders distraction and make 

2647
02:26:02,600 --> 02:26:05,200
knowing jokes. 
They've never seen the serious 

2648
02:26:05,200 --> 02:26:09,100
young corsicans. 
So obviously besotted In the 

2649
02:26:09,100 --> 02:26:14,200
cold January of 1796, they marry
in a brief, civil ceremony to 

2650
02:26:14,200 --> 02:26:17,300
municipal building. 
The revolution of polished 

2651
02:26:17,300 --> 02:26:20,200
religious marriage. 
So civil ceremonies have become 

2652
02:26:20,200 --> 02:26:23,000
the norm. 
The room is bare and official 

2653
02:26:23,000 --> 02:26:26,600
looking nothing, like the grand 
Church, wedding's Josephine 

2654
02:26:26,600 --> 02:26:28,000
might have imagined in her 
youth. 

2655
02:26:29,000 --> 02:26:32,300
Few Witnesses, attend the 
official who performs the 

2656
02:26:32,300 --> 02:26:33,800
ceremony rushes through the 
words. 

2657
02:26:33,800 --> 02:26:38,000
Clearly eager to move on to his 
next appointment Napoleon 

2658
02:26:38,000 --> 02:26:39,600
arrives. 
Late because he's been working 

2659
02:26:39,600 --> 02:26:41,900
on last minute details for his 
upcoming command. 

2660
02:26:42,700 --> 02:26:46,200
He's been appointed to lead the 
army of Italy and the departure 

2661
02:26:46,200 --> 02:26:49,800
date Looms. 
Josephine Waits with growing 

2662
02:26:49,800 --> 02:26:52,300
anxiety. 
Wondering if he's changed his 

2663
02:26:52,300 --> 02:26:54,700
mind. 
When he finally bursts through 

2664
02:26:54,700 --> 02:26:58,500
the door breathless and 
apologetic, she feels relief, 

2665
02:26:58,500 --> 02:27:01,600
flood through her Josephine, 
lies about her age on the 

2666
02:27:01,600 --> 02:27:05,800
paperwork making herself, four 
years, younger Napoleon adds two

2667
02:27:05,800 --> 02:27:08,800
years to his age. 
They're both presenting slightly

2668
02:27:08,800 --> 02:27:12,200
edited versions of themselves 
which seems fitting for two 

2669
02:27:12,200 --> 02:27:14,900
people who will spend their 
marriage, Reinventing reality 

2670
02:27:14,900 --> 02:27:17,300
together. 
The official doesn't care about 

2671
02:27:17,300 --> 02:27:20,200
the discrepancies. 
He's processed dozens of 

2672
02:27:20,208 --> 02:27:23,000
marriage is today. 
And will process dozens more 

2673
02:27:23,000 --> 02:27:26,100
tomorrow. 
The wedding night takes place in

2674
02:27:26,100 --> 02:27:29,700
Josephine's home on Rush on 
train and you might imagine it 

2675
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:32,400
as tender and passionate. 
Despite the odd circumstances, 

2676
02:27:32,400 --> 02:27:36,000
her children are staying with 
friends, giving them privacy 

2677
02:27:36,000 --> 02:27:40,200
Napoleon has to leave in just 
days to take command of the army

2678
02:27:40,200 --> 02:27:43,100
of Italy. 
This campaign represents his 

2679
02:27:43,100 --> 02:27:45,400
first, major independent 
command. 

2680
02:27:45,400 --> 02:27:49,800
The chance he's been waiting for
his entire career But now 

2681
02:27:49,800 --> 02:27:51,900
leaving feels impossibly 
difficult. 

2682
02:27:51,900 --> 02:27:56,700
He spent years preparing for 
military glory, and suddenly all

2683
02:27:56,700 --> 02:27:58,900
he wants is to stay in bed with 
his new wife. 

2684
02:27:58,900 --> 02:28:02,500
They talked through much of the 
night Napoleon tells are about 

2685
02:28:02,500 --> 02:28:04,300
his plans for the Italian 
campaign. 

2686
02:28:05,200 --> 02:28:08,000
Josephine listens occasionally 
asking questions? 

2687
02:28:08,000 --> 02:28:11,100
That show, she understands more 
about military matters than most

2688
02:28:11,100 --> 02:28:13,700
civilians. 
She's learned by paying 

2689
02:28:13,700 --> 02:28:17,200
attention by reading by being 
curious about the world. 

2690
02:28:18,200 --> 02:28:21,800
He's grateful for this. 
He can be fully himself with her

2691
02:28:21,800 --> 02:28:26,000
discussing tactics and strategy 
without having to simplify or 

2692
02:28:26,000 --> 02:28:29,500
explain. 
He tells him about her fears. 

2693
02:28:30,400 --> 02:28:35,000
What if something happens to him
or is dangerous and Generals die

2694
02:28:35,000 --> 02:28:39,000
like common soldiers, he 
promises to be careful to come 

2695
02:28:39,000 --> 02:28:43,300
back to her to write constantly.
She makes him promise to eat 

2696
02:28:43,300 --> 02:28:46,300
properly and get enough sleep 
knowing he'll probably break 

2697
02:28:46,300 --> 02:28:49,500
both promises. 
They make plans for the future 

2698
02:28:49,500 --> 02:28:53,400
where they live, when he 
returns, how they'll raise the 

2699
02:28:53,400 --> 02:28:56,100
children. 
What kind of Life they'll Build 

2700
02:28:56,100 --> 02:28:59,500
Together. 
Josephine gives him a small 

2701
02:28:59,500 --> 02:29:01,300
portrait of herself to carry 
with him. 

2702
02:29:01,300 --> 02:29:05,600
It's painted on Ivory and small 
enough to fit in his pocket, the

2703
02:29:05,600 --> 02:29:08,100
artist captured her gentle 
expression and dark eyes. 

2704
02:29:09,200 --> 02:29:13,000
Napoleon treats, this miniature 
like a religious Relic, he holds

2705
02:29:13,000 --> 02:29:16,200
it up in the candlelight 
memorizing every detail. 

2706
02:29:17,100 --> 02:29:19,900
Throughout the Italian campaign,
he'll sleep with it near his 

2707
02:29:19,900 --> 02:29:23,600
heart, talk to it when alone in 
his tent and show it to his 

2708
02:29:23,600 --> 02:29:26,600
officers who have learned not to
mock their commanders romantic 

2709
02:29:26,600 --> 02:29:29,700
obsession. 
The morning, he departs. 

2710
02:29:29,700 --> 02:29:32,300
Paris still lies, wrapped in 
Winter Darkness. 

2711
02:29:33,400 --> 02:29:37,300
Sun Won't rise for another hour.
Frost covers the windows in 

2712
02:29:37,300 --> 02:29:41,300
delicate patterns, Napoleon 
dresses in his uniform while 

2713
02:29:41,300 --> 02:29:44,700
Josephine watches from the bed 
wrapped in blankets against the 

2714
02:29:44,700 --> 02:29:47,700
cold. 
They've said their goodbyes 

2715
02:29:47,700 --> 02:29:51,100
multiple times already but it 
doesn't make The Parting easier.

2716
02:29:51,900 --> 02:29:55,200
You might see Josephine standing
at a window watching Napoleon's,

2717
02:29:55,200 --> 02:29:56,800
Carriage disappeared down the 
street. 

2718
02:29:57,700 --> 02:30:00,900
She's wearing only a nightgown 
and shawl and the cold from the 

2719
02:30:00,900 --> 02:30:05,000
window glass makes a shiver. 
Prying which surprises her. 

2720
02:30:05,000 --> 02:30:07,900
She said goodbye to men before 
without much emotion. 

2721
02:30:08,900 --> 02:30:11,800
She watched her first husband, 
leave without tears, but this 

2722
02:30:11,800 --> 02:30:14,700
feels different. 
She touches the window glass 

2723
02:30:14,700 --> 02:30:17,200
still cold from the night and 
wonders. 

2724
02:30:17,200 --> 02:30:19,300
What she's gotten herself into 
by marrying. 

2725
02:30:19,300 --> 02:30:22,700
This intense young General who 
looks at her, like she hung the 

2726
02:30:22,700 --> 02:30:26,200
Moon. 
Napoleon rides South toward 

2727
02:30:26,200 --> 02:30:29,900
Italy in his destiny. 
But his heart remains in Paris. 

2728
02:30:30,800 --> 02:30:32,800
The journey takes days over 
rough. 

2729
02:30:32,800 --> 02:30:37,100
Winter roads. 
Carriage jolts and sways he 

2730
02:30:37,100 --> 02:30:39,900
tries to read military reports 
but keeps finding his thoughts 

2731
02:30:39,900 --> 02:30:43,300
drifting, back to Josephine. 
What is she doing right now? 

2732
02:30:44,500 --> 02:30:47,900
Thinking of him. 
Does she miss him as much as he 

2733
02:30:47,900 --> 02:30:51,100
misses her? 
The letters begin immediately. 

2734
02:30:51,900 --> 02:30:55,200
He writes to her constantly 
sometimes on Horseback, 

2735
02:30:55,200 --> 02:30:58,700
sometimes by candlelight in 
whatever rough accommodation, 

2736
02:30:58,700 --> 02:31:01,200
the Army provides. 
His handwriting never 

2737
02:31:01,200 --> 02:31:04,900
particularly neat becomes almost
eligible when he's writing 

2738
02:31:04,900 --> 02:31:07,400
quickly. 
Try to get all his thoughts onto

2739
02:31:07,400 --> 02:31:11,300
paper before the next military 
crisis demands his attention. 

2740
02:31:12,200 --> 02:31:14,300
His letters overflow with 
passion. 

2741
02:31:14,300 --> 02:31:17,100
That would seem ridiculous if it
weren't so genuine. 

2742
02:31:17,900 --> 02:31:19,900
He tells her she haunts his 
dreams. 

2743
02:31:19,900 --> 02:31:23,000
He describes how the thought of 
her smile sustains him through 

2744
02:31:23,000 --> 02:31:26,500
difficult days. 
He complains bitterly when her 

2745
02:31:26,500 --> 02:31:30,100
letters arrived less frequently 
than his, he accuses her of not 

2746
02:31:30,100 --> 02:31:31,700
loving him as much as he loves 
her. 

2747
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:35,500
He apologizes for the 
accusations in the next letter, 

2748
02:31:35,500 --> 02:31:38,500
then make the same complaints 
again a day later. 

2749
02:31:39,400 --> 02:31:42,000
You can imagine these letters 
traveling back and forth across 

2750
02:31:42,000 --> 02:31:45,500
France and into Italy. 
The couriers carrying them have 

2751
02:31:45,500 --> 02:31:48,000
no idea their transporting some 
of the most passionate 

2752
02:31:48,000 --> 02:31:51,300
correspondence in history. 
They're just doing their job 

2753
02:31:51,300 --> 02:31:56,000
delivering mail for the Army 
Napoleon's letters, come bundled

2754
02:31:56,000 --> 02:31:58,000
with official military, 
dispatches. 

2755
02:31:58,000 --> 02:32:02,400
Sometimes he marks them urgent 
abusing his authority to ensure 

2756
02:32:02,400 --> 02:32:05,800
they travel quickly. 
Napoleon's handwriting grows 

2757
02:32:05,800 --> 02:32:07,900
Messier, when he's particularly 
emotional. 

2758
02:32:08,700 --> 02:32:12,500
He covers pages with endearments
complaints about her silence 

2759
02:32:12,500 --> 02:32:17,200
military updates, mixed with 
romantic declaration and plans 

2760
02:32:17,200 --> 02:32:21,000
for their future together. 
He signs them with elaborate 

2761
02:32:21,000 --> 02:32:25,300
expressions of love. 
He uses every term of endearment

2762
02:32:25,300 --> 02:32:30,400
he can think of some in French, 
some an Italian, some he seems 

2763
02:32:30,400 --> 02:32:34,400
to invent on the spot. 
Josephine's letters back to him 

2764
02:32:34,400 --> 02:32:38,800
are affectionate, but less 
frequent and less intense. 

2765
02:32:40,000 --> 02:32:42,000
She writes about daily life in 
Paris. 

2766
02:32:42,800 --> 02:32:46,000
She describes party, she's 
attended and people she's met. 

2767
02:32:46,800 --> 02:32:49,300
She assures him of her love and 
tells him to be careful. 

2768
02:32:50,500 --> 02:32:52,900
But her letters lack, the 
fevered passion of his 

2769
02:32:52,900 --> 02:32:55,400
correspondence. 
She loves Napoleon. 

2770
02:32:55,400 --> 02:32:58,700
But she doesn't share his 
capacity for total romantic 

2771
02:32:58,700 --> 02:33:01,800
obsession. 
She's managing life in Paris, 

2772
02:33:01,800 --> 02:33:05,600
raising her children and trying 
to maintain her position in 

2773
02:33:05,600 --> 02:33:10,700
society or tense needs music, 
lessons and new dresses, Eugene 

2774
02:33:10,700 --> 02:33:13,000
is thinking about a military 
career and needs guidance. 

2775
02:33:14,200 --> 02:33:16,800
The house on Rouge on train 
requires constant maintenance 

2776
02:33:16,800 --> 02:33:19,800
that she can barely afford. 
Her days. 

2777
02:33:19,800 --> 02:33:22,700
Filled with practical concerns, 
that leave little energy for 

2778
02:33:22,700 --> 02:33:26,300
writing passionate love letters.
This imbalance will characterize

2779
02:33:26,300 --> 02:33:28,000
their relationship throughout 
their marriage. 

2780
02:33:28,700 --> 02:33:32,000
He loves with the single-minded 
intensity, he brings to military

2781
02:33:32,000 --> 02:33:37,300
campaigns when Napoleon Love's. 
He loves completely exclusively 

2782
02:33:37,300 --> 02:33:41,200
obsessively. 
She loves more moderately, more 

2783
02:33:41,200 --> 02:33:44,700
practically with warm affection 
and burning passion. 

2784
02:33:45,700 --> 02:33:48,700
Cares for him deeply but she 
also cares about many other 

2785
02:33:48,700 --> 02:33:50,900
things. 
He can barely think about 

2786
02:33:50,900 --> 02:33:55,900
anything except her. 
Meanwhile in Italy Napoleon is 

2787
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:58,200
revolutionizing Warfare and 
becoming famous. 

2788
02:33:59,200 --> 02:34:01,400
He takes command of an army 
that's in terrible condition. 

2789
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:06,600
The soldiers have been paid in 
months, their hungry Racket and 

2790
02:34:06,600 --> 02:34:09,300
demoralized. 
There are equipment is worn out 

2791
02:34:09,300 --> 02:34:14,100
their boots have holes, many are
barefoot They look at their new 

2792
02:34:14,100 --> 02:34:18,400
Young Commander with skepticism.
What can this skinny Corsican do

2793
02:34:18,408 --> 02:34:19,900
for them? 
That the previous commanders 

2794
02:34:19,900 --> 02:34:22,700
couldn't? 
everything, as it turns out, 

2795
02:34:23,900 --> 02:34:26,500
Napoleon immediately begins to 
transform the Army. 

2796
02:34:26,500 --> 02:34:30,500
He secures pay for the troops. 
Arranges for Food Supplies. 

2797
02:34:30,500 --> 02:34:34,900
He gives them inspiring speeches
about glory and plunder waiting 

2798
02:34:34,900 --> 02:34:37,800
in Italy. 
Most importantly, he gives them 

2799
02:34:37,800 --> 02:34:41,700
victories. within weeks of 
taking command he's won, his 

2800
02:34:41,700 --> 02:34:44,900
first battle against the 
austrians, then another, then 

2801
02:34:44,900 --> 02:34:48,700
another Suddenly, this ragtag 
force is, Conquering Northern 

2802
02:34:48,700 --> 02:34:52,200
Italy, he uses speed and 
surprise As Weapons. 

2803
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:55,300
He moves his army faster than 
anyone expects. 

2804
02:34:55,300 --> 02:34:57,400
He hits the enemy where they're 
weakest. 

2805
02:34:57,400 --> 02:35:00,800
He divides enemy forces and 
defeats them, piecemeal before 

2806
02:35:00,800 --> 02:35:04,300
they can unite against him. 
He makes decisions so quickly. 

2807
02:35:04,300 --> 02:35:06,700
His opponents can't adapt their 
plans fast enough. 

2808
02:35:06,700 --> 02:35:10,000
His office has struggled to keep
up with his mental Pace. 

2809
02:35:10,000 --> 02:35:13,300
He sees possibilities and 
opportunities that others Miss 

2810
02:35:13,300 --> 02:35:16,900
entirely his soldiers, who 
started out skeptical of this 

2811
02:35:16,900 --> 02:35:19,500
young Corsican officer, begin to
worship Him. 

2812
02:35:19,500 --> 02:35:22,800
He leads from the front sharing 
their dangers rather than 

2813
02:35:22,800 --> 02:35:25,900
directing from the rear. 
He sleeps in the same rough 

2814
02:35:25,900 --> 02:35:29,200
conditions, they endure, he 
knows many of the name. 

2815
02:35:29,200 --> 02:35:32,800
When he rides past they cheer 
they call him the little 

2816
02:35:32,800 --> 02:35:37,000
Corporal affectionately, noting 
his relative lack of height and 

2817
02:35:37,000 --> 02:35:40,600
his hands on command style. 
They trust him to lead them to 

2818
02:35:40,600 --> 02:35:43,200
Victory and he rarely 
disappoints. 

2819
02:35:43,200 --> 02:35:47,700
The victory is bring both glory 
and plunder, Italian cities, 

2820
02:35:47,700 --> 02:35:51,400
surrender and pay tribute, the 
Army sees his art treasures and 

2821
02:35:51,400 --> 02:35:54,700
wealth, the soldiers, get their 
share, and suddenly their 

2822
02:35:54,700 --> 02:35:58,400
enthusiastically following this 
General, who's making them rich 

2823
02:35:58,400 --> 02:36:02,600
and famous Napoleon sends the 
best art and the most valuable 

2824
02:36:02,600 --> 02:36:06,400
plunder back to Paris, helping 
establish his reputation there 

2825
02:36:06,400 --> 02:36:10,100
as a Conquering Hero. 
News of his victories reaches 

2826
02:36:10,100 --> 02:36:13,100
Paris, Through official 
dispatches and newspapers. 

2827
02:36:13,100 --> 02:36:17,200
The directory, the five-man 
executive ruling France is both 

2828
02:36:17,208 --> 02:36:20,300
pleased and nervous. 
They wanted someone to defeat 

2829
02:36:20,300 --> 02:36:23,200
the austrians in Italy and 
Napoleon is certainly doing 

2830
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:26,000
that. 
But his growing Fame makes him 

2831
02:36:26,000 --> 02:36:28,200
potentially dangerous. 
Successful. 

2832
02:36:28,200 --> 02:36:30,800
Generals sometimes become 
ambitious politicians. 

2833
02:36:31,500 --> 02:36:34,900
Still for now they're happy to 
create credit for his victories.

2834
02:36:35,700 --> 02:36:38,400
Joseph and finds herself Famous 
by association. 

2835
02:36:39,300 --> 02:36:42,000
She's invited to fanciest 
salons, treated with more 

2836
02:36:42,000 --> 02:36:44,400
respect, sought out for her 
opinions. 

2837
02:36:45,300 --> 02:36:48,100
People who previously dismissed 
her, as a widow of Uncertain 

2838
02:36:48,100 --> 02:36:51,800
means now caught her favor. 
She is the wife of France's most

2839
02:36:51,800 --> 02:36:55,000
celebrated General. 
She discovers that being married

2840
02:36:55,000 --> 02:36:59,100
to genius and success even at a 
distance provides its own 

2841
02:36:59,100 --> 02:37:01,500
Rewards. 
You might picture her reading 

2842
02:37:01,500 --> 02:37:04,600
his letters in her dressing 
room, seated at her vanity 

2843
02:37:04,600 --> 02:37:09,300
surrounded by the simple luxury.
She's accumulated Her face shows

2844
02:37:09,300 --> 02:37:12,300
a mix of tenderness and 
exasperation as she works 

2845
02:37:12,300 --> 02:37:13,800
through the latest packet of 
letters. 

2846
02:37:13,800 --> 02:37:17,100
There are five of them all 
written within a three-day 

2847
02:37:17,100 --> 02:37:21,500
period, he's demanding, she come
to Italy to join him, he's 

2848
02:37:21,500 --> 02:37:25,000
jealous of every man, she might 
speak to in Paris, he's 

2849
02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:28,300
declaring that life without her 
is meaningless even as he's 

2850
02:37:28,300 --> 02:37:32,600
conquering half of Italy. 
She writes back with soothing 

2851
02:37:32,600 --> 02:37:36,500
words and practical delays. 
She'll come when she can, she 

2852
02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:40,300
promises when the children are 
settled, when travel is safer, 

2853
02:37:40,300 --> 02:37:43,900
when she's finished attending to
necessary matters in Paris. 

2854
02:37:44,900 --> 02:37:47,600
She doesn't mention that she's 
not particularly eager to trade,

2855
02:37:47,600 --> 02:37:50,600
her comfortable, life in Paris 
for the uncertainties of 

2856
02:37:50,600 --> 02:37:53,300
following an army through Italy.
Truth. 

2857
02:37:54,100 --> 02:37:57,100
Josephine is enjoying Paris more
than she has in years. 

2858
02:37:58,100 --> 02:38:02,100
She's become a fashion leader. 
Women copy her style, her 

2859
02:38:02,100 --> 02:38:06,000
hairstyles, a way of draping 
shawls in the classical manner. 

2860
02:38:06,700 --> 02:38:09,200
She's learned to move in the 
highest circle with ease. 

2861
02:38:09,200 --> 02:38:13,800
Her Salon has become important 
in Paris Society artists, 

2862
02:38:13,800 --> 02:38:18,600
writers and politicians gather 
at her home, she has influence 

2863
02:38:18,600 --> 02:38:23,600
and independents, Italy means 
Dusty Rhodes, military camps and

2864
02:38:23,600 --> 02:38:26,600
uncertainty. 
It means following an army that 

2865
02:38:26,600 --> 02:38:30,800
could face defeat at any time. 
It means living in requisitioned

2866
02:38:30,800 --> 02:38:34,100
buildings with limited Comforts.
It means being constantly 

2867
02:38:34,100 --> 02:38:36,200
surrounded by soldiers and 
Military matters. 

2868
02:38:37,000 --> 02:38:40,000
Paris means Comfort society and 
Independence. 

2869
02:38:40,700 --> 02:38:44,100
She can manage her own schedule.
See her friends and enjoy 

2870
02:38:44,100 --> 02:38:47,600
cultural life. 
She loves Napoleon but she's not

2871
02:38:47,600 --> 02:38:49,900
eager to trade her life, for his
military world. 

2872
02:38:50,600 --> 02:38:54,100
Eventually though, his pleading 
becomes impossible to ignore. 

2873
02:38:54,900 --> 02:38:57,800
He writes that he cannot 
function without her, he 

2874
02:38:57,800 --> 02:39:00,600
threatens to abandon the 
campaign, and returned to Paris.

2875
02:39:00,600 --> 02:39:04,400
If she doesn't come, he sent his
brother to a scorta safely. 

2876
02:39:06,200 --> 02:39:08,400
Pressure builds and til she 
finally agrees. 

2877
02:39:09,400 --> 02:39:13,500
In the summer of 1796, she 
Begins the journey to Italy. 

2878
02:39:14,600 --> 02:39:16,300
Trip takes weeks over rough 
roads. 

2879
02:39:16,300 --> 02:39:19,900
Her carriage jostles over 
mountain passes and through 

2880
02:39:19,900 --> 02:39:22,600
territories, recently, conquered
by Napoleon's Army. 

2881
02:39:23,300 --> 02:39:26,600
The Alps, proved particularly 
challenging, the roads are 

2882
02:39:26,600 --> 02:39:29,500
narrow and steep. 
Some time, she has to get out on

2883
02:39:29,500 --> 02:39:32,200
walk while servants guide the 
horses carefully around 

2884
02:39:32,200 --> 02:39:35,700
dangerous curves. 
She brings cases of elegant 

2885
02:39:35,700 --> 02:39:39,500
clothes because she refuses to 
appear in Italy looking like a 

2886
02:39:39,500 --> 02:39:42,300
camp follower. 
She brings her lap, dog. 

2887
02:39:42,300 --> 02:39:46,200
Fortune a small pug who hates 
Napoleon and will continue to 

2888
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:48,600
hate him throughout their 
marriage, occasionally, 

2889
02:39:48,600 --> 02:39:52,600
expressing this hatred by 
biting, the generals ankles The 

2890
02:39:52,600 --> 02:39:54,900
journey gives her time to think 
about what she's doing. 

2891
02:39:54,900 --> 02:39:57,600
She's leaving behind her 
comfortable, life to join her 

2892
02:39:57,600 --> 02:40:00,700
husband in a war zone. 
It's romantic in a way. 

2893
02:40:00,708 --> 02:40:03,900
But it's also inconvenient and 
potentially dangerous. 

2894
02:40:04,700 --> 02:40:06,900
What if the military situation 
changes? 

2895
02:40:06,900 --> 02:40:09,400
What if Napoleon's luck Runs 
Out? 

2896
02:40:10,500 --> 02:40:13,800
Putting herself at risk by 
making this journey and for what

2897
02:40:13,800 --> 02:40:16,900
to satisfy her husband's 
romantic needs. 

2898
02:40:17,800 --> 02:40:21,000
But she is also curious. 
She wants to see this new 

2899
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:22,900
Napoleon. 
Everyone talks about. 

2900
02:40:24,500 --> 02:40:26,800
The dispatchers reaching Paris 
described him. 

2901
02:40:26,808 --> 02:40:30,400
As a military genius, the 
newspapers prince stories about 

2902
02:40:30,400 --> 02:40:32,900
His Brilliant tactics and 
inspiring leadership. 

2903
02:40:33,900 --> 02:40:37,200
She wants to see first hand, how
the awkward offer, who tripped 

2904
02:40:37,200 --> 02:40:40,800
over his sword has transformed 
into a conquering General. 

2905
02:40:41,800 --> 02:40:43,500
There were Union takes place in 
Milan. 

2906
02:40:43,500 --> 02:40:47,800
In July Napoleon has taken over 
one of the grand palaces for his

2907
02:40:47,800 --> 02:40:51,600
headquarters, when a carriage 
finally pulls up after weeks of 

2908
02:40:51,600 --> 02:40:54,100
travel. 
He rushes out like a young boy 

2909
02:40:54,100 --> 02:40:55,800
rather than a Commanding 
General. 

2910
02:40:56,700 --> 02:40:59,400
He Embraces her before she's 
fully out of the carriage. 

2911
02:40:59,400 --> 02:41:03,600
He's babbling in Italian, French
and Corsican all mixed together.

2912
02:41:04,500 --> 02:41:08,000
His staff watches with barely 
concealed Amusement, as their 

2913
02:41:08,000 --> 02:41:11,700
fearsome Commander reduces 
himself to incoherent Joy. 

2914
02:41:12,800 --> 02:41:16,200
The reunion is everything 
Napoleon hoped for and slightly 

2915
02:41:16,200 --> 02:41:20,400
overwhelming for Josephine. 
Cancels military plans to spend 

2916
02:41:20,400 --> 02:41:23,200
time with her. 
He gives orders that, he's not 

2917
02:41:23,200 --> 02:41:26,100
to be disturbed unless the 
French army faces imminent 

2918
02:41:26,100 --> 02:41:28,600
destruction. 
His officers learned to schedule

2919
02:41:28,600 --> 02:41:31,500
important meetings for times 
when Josephine is occupied 

2920
02:41:31,500 --> 02:41:35,200
elsewhere, perhaps napping, or 
writing letters, or exploring 

2921
02:41:35,200 --> 02:41:38,500
the palace Gardens. 
The Commanding General who 

2922
02:41:38,500 --> 02:41:41,500
terrorizes Austrian armies 
becomes almost silly in his 

2923
02:41:41,500 --> 02:41:44,800
Devotion to his wife. 
He follows her around like an 

2924
02:41:44,800 --> 02:41:47,600
adoring puppy. 
He wants to show her everything 

2925
02:41:47,600 --> 02:41:50,500
he's accomplished. 
He takes her to see captured 

2926
02:41:50,500 --> 02:41:53,100
cities and points out his 
strategic brilliantes. 

2927
02:41:53,900 --> 02:41:56,800
He introduces her to his 
officers with obvious Pride. 

2928
02:41:57,700 --> 02:42:00,500
This is my wife. 
His whole demeanor says, isn't 

2929
02:42:00,500 --> 02:42:04,500
she magnificent? 
Josephine sees Italy Through The

2930
02:42:04,500 --> 02:42:07,900
Eyes of comfort and Aesthetics 
rather than military conquest. 

2931
02:42:07,900 --> 02:42:12,200
She noticed as the art, the 
architecture, the garden's that 

2932
02:42:12,200 --> 02:42:15,600
survived despite the war. 
Northern Italy. 

2933
02:42:15,600 --> 02:42:18,600
And summer is beautiful. 
The light has a particular 

2934
02:42:18,600 --> 02:42:20,400
quality. 
That makes everything look 

2935
02:42:20,400 --> 02:42:24,400
slightly golden The smell of 
olive Groves and lemon trees, 

2936
02:42:24,400 --> 02:42:28,100
perfumes the air. 
Ancient Villas dot, the 

2937
02:42:28,100 --> 02:42:32,400
hillside, the people, despite 
being conquered maintain a 

2938
02:42:32,400 --> 02:42:34,200
warmth and style that appeals to
her. 

2939
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:39,000
Napoleon shows her palaces, his 
requisitioning, their rooms 

2940
02:42:39,000 --> 02:42:41,300
filled with renissance art, and 
Baroque furniture. 

2941
02:42:42,200 --> 02:42:45,300
Descending, much of it back to 
Paris creating what will become 

2942
02:42:45,300 --> 02:42:48,300
the Louvre collection? 
He points out particular 

2943
02:42:48,300 --> 02:42:49,900
paintings. 
He thinks she'll enjoy. 

2944
02:42:49,900 --> 02:42:54,200
Here's a Madonna by Raphael. 
There's a landscape by one of 

2945
02:42:54,200 --> 02:42:57,100
the Venetian Masters. 
Look at how they've used 

2946
02:42:57,100 --> 02:43:00,600
lightning Shadow, he's learning 
to appreciate art, not just as 

2947
02:43:00,600 --> 02:43:03,900
plunder, but as beautiful 
objects worth preserving. 

2948
02:43:05,100 --> 02:43:07,800
She helped him understand the 
cultural significance of what. 

2949
02:43:07,800 --> 02:43:11,400
He's conquering, teaching him to
see Italy as more than just 

2950
02:43:11,400 --> 02:43:15,000
strategic territory. she 
explains the history of the 

2951
02:43:15,000 --> 02:43:19,000
various City, State's, the 
artistic movements, the literary

2952
02:43:19,000 --> 02:43:22,600
traditions, She's better 
educated in these matters than 

2953
02:43:22,600 --> 02:43:25,100
he is despite his voracious 
reading. 

2954
02:43:26,000 --> 02:43:28,500
His education focused on 
military history and 

2955
02:43:28,500 --> 02:43:32,200
Mathematics, hers included 
literature music and art. 

2956
02:43:32,200 --> 02:43:35,100
They establish a pattern that 
will repeat throughout their 

2957
02:43:35,100 --> 02:43:38,200
marriage. 
Napoleon focuses on glory and 

2958
02:43:38,200 --> 02:43:41,900
Empire, Josephine creates Beauty
and social connection. 

2959
02:43:41,900 --> 02:43:45,800
He needs her as an anchor to the
normal World Beyond military 

2960
02:43:45,800 --> 02:43:47,800
campaigns, and political 
ambitions. 

2961
02:43:48,500 --> 02:43:52,600
When he is with her, he 
remembers his human, not just a 

2962
02:43:52,600 --> 02:43:55,400
military machine. 
She needs him as a source of 

2963
02:43:55,400 --> 02:43:57,900
power and protection in unstable
times. 

2964
02:43:58,800 --> 02:44:02,100
His success gives us security, 
she couldn't achieve on her own.

2965
02:44:02,800 --> 02:44:05,900
They complement each other in 
ways neither fully understands. 

2966
02:44:05,900 --> 02:44:10,000
He's all intensity and ambition,
she's all Grace and socially 

2967
02:44:10,000 --> 02:44:13,300
intelligence, he can outthink 
any opponent on a battlefield 

2968
02:44:13,300 --> 02:44:15,400
but gets lost in complex. 
Social situations. 

2969
02:44:15,400 --> 02:44:19,700
She can navigate the trickiest 
political gathering with ease 

2970
02:44:19,700 --> 02:44:23,100
but has no head for military 
strategy together. 

2971
02:44:23,100 --> 02:44:26,500
They form something stronger 
than either could be alone the 

2972
02:44:26,500 --> 02:44:28,800
months in Italy. 
Give them the closest thing to 

2973
02:44:28,800 --> 02:44:30,900
normal, married, life. 
They'll ever experienced. 

2974
02:44:30,900 --> 02:44:34,600
You might imagine mornings when 
they wake late in some Italian, 

2975
02:44:34,600 --> 02:44:36,600
Villa requisitioned for the 
Army's use. 

2976
02:44:37,600 --> 02:44:40,700
Sunlight streams through tall 
windows that look out on formal 

2977
02:44:40,700 --> 02:44:42,700
Gardens where fountains still 
play. 

2978
02:44:43,400 --> 02:44:46,500
The rooms smell of fresh bread, 
from the kitchens and flowers 

2979
02:44:46,500 --> 02:44:50,300
from the gardens. 
Napoleon reads dispatches while 

2980
02:44:50,300 --> 02:44:54,500
Josephine brushes, her long dark
hair at a vanity watching him in

2981
02:44:54,508 --> 02:44:57,200
the mirror. 
They take carriage rides through

2982
02:44:57,200 --> 02:45:01,000
the countryside, when military 
duties allow the roads Wind 

2983
02:45:01,000 --> 02:45:03,900
Through Vineyards heavy with 
great ripening in the Summer 

2984
02:45:03,900 --> 02:45:06,200
sun. 
They pass ancient ruins. 

2985
02:45:06,200 --> 02:45:10,300
That Napoleon insists on 
exploring Clambers over broken 

2986
02:45:10,300 --> 02:45:13,900
columns and reads inscriptions 
in Latin showing off his 

2987
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:18,400
classical education. 
Josephine watches with amusement

2988
02:45:18,400 --> 02:45:22,300
and occasional concerned for his
safety when he climbs 

2989
02:45:22,300 --> 02:45:26,500
particularly precarious 
structures, they attend dinners 

2990
02:45:26,500 --> 02:45:29,800
where local Italian ability, 
tries to ingratiate themselves 

2991
02:45:29,800 --> 02:45:32,700
with the Conqueror. 
Josephine smooth, these 

2992
02:45:32,700 --> 02:45:36,100
occasions with a social skills, 
she complements the food, 

2993
02:45:36,100 --> 02:45:39,500
admires the artwork and make 
conversation that puts people at

2994
02:45:39,500 --> 02:45:42,100
ease. 
Napoleon watches her work the 

2995
02:45:42,100 --> 02:45:45,100
room and Marvels at her ability 
to make people like her. 

2996
02:45:45,100 --> 02:45:48,900
It's a skilly entirely lacks and
deeply needs in a political 

2997
02:45:48,900 --> 02:45:51,800
wife. 
Sometimes he wakes in the night 

2998
02:45:51,800 --> 02:45:55,300
and just watches her sleep. 
He can't quite believe his 

2999
02:45:55,300 --> 02:45:57,600
fortune. 
This elegant. 

3000
02:45:57,600 --> 02:45:59,500
Beautiful woman chose to marry 
him. 

3001
02:45:59,500 --> 02:46:03,200
She left her comfortable life in
Paris to join him in Italy. 

3002
02:46:03,900 --> 02:46:07,400
She loves him despite all his 
awkwardness and intensity. 

3003
02:46:08,100 --> 02:46:11,700
He feels gratitude, so profound 
it almost frightens him. 

3004
02:46:12,400 --> 02:46:16,100
What would he do if he lost her?
He can't even contemplate the 

3005
02:46:16,100 --> 02:46:17,900
possibility without feeling 
panic. 

3006
02:46:18,600 --> 02:46:21,700
Josephine becomes pregnant 
during this time, though, shalt 

3007
02:46:21,700 --> 02:46:25,700
miscarry before the pregnancy 
Advanced as very far The loss 

3008
02:46:25,700 --> 02:46:29,500
happens quietly painfully and 
one of the Italian Villas where 

3009
02:46:29,500 --> 02:46:32,900
they're staying, the only 
doctors attend her Napoleon 

3010
02:46:32,900 --> 02:46:34,700
hovers. 
Anxiously until she tells him 

3011
02:46:34,700 --> 02:46:37,900
firmly to go deal with military 
matters and let her recover in 

3012
02:46:37,900 --> 02:46:40,300
peace. 
She has been through childbirth 

3013
02:46:40,300 --> 02:46:42,800
twice before and knows how to 
handle these matters. 

3014
02:46:43,600 --> 02:46:46,400
Neither of them, discusses this 
lost much in their letters or 

3015
02:46:46,400 --> 02:46:49,600
records. 
For Napoleon, it represents a 

3016
02:46:49,600 --> 02:46:52,100
disappointment. 
He pushes aside to focus on 

3017
02:46:52,100 --> 02:46:54,200
campaigns. 
There will be other 

3018
02:46:54,200 --> 02:46:57,300
opportunities for children. 
He tells himself, they're both 

3019
02:46:57,300 --> 02:47:01,200
young enough for Josephine who 
already has two children from 

3020
02:47:01,200 --> 02:47:03,500
her first marriage. 
It's a sadness. 

3021
02:47:03,500 --> 02:47:07,000
She processes privately. 
She's old enough to worry that 

3022
02:47:07,000 --> 02:47:08,700
future pregnancies, might not 
happen. 

3023
02:47:09,600 --> 02:47:11,800
But she doesn't share these 
worries with Napoleon. 

3024
02:47:12,500 --> 02:47:15,600
Why add to his burdens, as 
Autumn? 

3025
02:47:15,600 --> 02:47:19,500
Approaches military necessity, 
separates them again Napoleon 

3026
02:47:19,500 --> 02:47:21,400
must continue. 
His campaign deeper into 

3027
02:47:21,400 --> 02:47:24,600
Austrian territory. 
Josephine needs to return to 

3028
02:47:24,608 --> 02:47:26,800
Paris to see her children and 
manage Affairs. 

3029
02:47:26,800 --> 02:47:30,000
There, the partings, never get 
easier for him. 

3030
02:47:30,000 --> 02:47:33,700
He stands watching her, carriage
until it disappears from view. 

3031
02:47:33,700 --> 02:47:38,400
Then returns to his work with 
grim, determination, his letters

3032
02:47:38,400 --> 02:47:42,200
resume immediately as passionate
and demanding as before. 

3033
02:47:43,500 --> 02:47:46,500
Back in Paris, Josephine. 
Settles into her role. 

3034
02:47:46,500 --> 02:47:50,200
As the wife of France's most 
celebrated General, The 

3035
02:47:50,200 --> 02:47:52,700
victories in Italy of made an 
even more famous. 

3036
02:47:53,600 --> 02:47:56,200
Songs are written about him 
newspapers. 

3037
02:47:56,200 --> 02:47:58,400
Print dramatic counts of his 
battles. 

3038
02:47:58,400 --> 02:48:02,100
Political cartoon, show him as a
hero or a threat. 

3039
02:48:02,900 --> 02:48:06,600
Pending on the artist politics, 
everyone wants to meet his wife 

3040
02:48:06,600 --> 02:48:10,500
to hear her stories to bask in 
reflected Glory. 

3041
02:48:11,800 --> 02:48:15,700
She moves to a grander house on 
Ruddell of victoire the name 

3042
02:48:15,700 --> 02:48:17,600
itself. 
A piece of proper Gander about 

3043
02:48:17,600 --> 02:48:21,300
Napoleon successes, the new 
house requires extensive 

3044
02:48:21,300 --> 02:48:25,200
renovation, and decoration 
Josephine throws herself into 

3045
02:48:25,200 --> 02:48:28,700
this project within enthusiasm. 
She has an eye for design and 

3046
02:48:28,700 --> 02:48:31,800
the budget. 
Now, to indulge a taste Creates 

3047
02:48:31,800 --> 02:48:34,500
rooms that blend classical 
restraint, with comfortable 

3048
02:48:34,500 --> 02:48:37,200
luxury. 
She redecorates with the plunder

3049
02:48:37,200 --> 02:48:40,700
Napoleon sends from Italy, 
Egyptian artifacts from his 

3050
02:48:40,708 --> 02:48:42,300
looming campaign in that 
country. 

3051
02:48:43,400 --> 02:48:47,900
Italian paintings in gilded 
frames ancient Roman sculptures 

3052
02:48:47,900 --> 02:48:53,500
Persian carpets Chinese 
porcelain The house becomes a 

3053
02:48:53,500 --> 02:48:55,300
Showcase of international 
Treasures. 

3054
02:48:55,300 --> 02:48:58,800
All brought together through 
conquest and carefully arranged 

3055
02:48:58,800 --> 02:49:03,200
by Josephine's aesthetic sense. 
She becomes known for her taste 

3056
02:49:03,200 --> 02:49:06,000
and her ability to blend the 
classical with the contemporary.

3057
02:49:06,800 --> 02:49:09,600
Fashion magazines, describe her 
style in detail. 

3058
02:49:10,600 --> 02:49:13,500
Other women, try to copy her 
combination of simple dresses 

3059
02:49:13,500 --> 02:49:17,200
with exotic accessories. 
She has a gift for making the 

3060
02:49:17,200 --> 02:49:19,700
foreign seem accessible and the 
classical sea modern. 

3061
02:49:20,500 --> 02:49:22,500
Greek vast. 
Its next to a contemporary, 

3062
02:49:22,500 --> 02:49:26,500
French clock, an Egyptian, 
statue stands beside talion. 

3063
02:49:26,500 --> 02:49:30,300
Renaissance Furniture. 
It shouldn't work but somehow it

3064
02:49:30,300 --> 02:49:34,700
does, Her Salon becomes 
increasingly important in Paris 

3065
02:49:34,700 --> 02:49:39,200
political and social life 
artists writers politicians and 

3066
02:49:39,200 --> 02:49:42,800
Military Officers Gathering. 
Her drawing rooms on designated 

3067
02:49:42,800 --> 02:49:48,200
evenings the conversation flows,
easily ideas, get exchanged 

3068
02:49:48,200 --> 02:49:53,300
introductions, get made 
alliances form, Josephine 

3069
02:49:53,300 --> 02:49:57,000
presides over all of it with 
warmth and intelligence, she has

3070
02:49:57,000 --> 02:49:59,600
a gift for making people feel 
comfortable and important. 

3071
02:49:59,600 --> 02:50:02,900
She remembers details about 
people's lives and asks about 

3072
02:50:02,900 --> 02:50:06,400
the later. 
How is your son doing a military

3073
02:50:06,400 --> 02:50:08,600
school? 
Did your book, find a publisher 

3074
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:12,400
as your mother recovered from 
her illness the smaller 

3075
02:50:12,400 --> 02:50:14,300
tensions. 
Create loyalty and affection 

3076
02:50:14,300 --> 02:50:16,700
people. 
Feel valued in her presence. 

3077
02:50:16,700 --> 02:50:19,500
She introduces useful contacts 
to each other. 

3078
02:50:19,500 --> 02:50:23,000
The young painter needs. 
A patron that wealthy Merchant 

3079
02:50:23,000 --> 02:50:26,600
wants to commission, art. 
Let me introduce you the 

3080
02:50:26,600 --> 02:50:29,200
politician. 
Seeks military information that 

3081
02:50:29,200 --> 02:50:33,300
General knows exactly what's 
happening at the front Come, let

3082
02:50:33,300 --> 02:50:36,500
me make an introduction. 
She builds networks that serve 

3083
02:50:36,500 --> 02:50:40,700
both her interests and 
Napoleon's Napoleon fighting. 

3084
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:42,900
In distant lands. 
Relies on her letters to 

3085
02:50:42,900 --> 02:50:45,000
understand the political 
currents of Paris. 

3086
02:50:45,800 --> 02:50:48,600
She describes his rising in the 
government and whose falling, 

3087
02:50:48,600 --> 02:50:52,300
she explains which policies are 
popular and which are causing 

3088
02:50:52,300 --> 02:50:55,700
discontent. 
She gossips about rivalries and 

3089
02:50:55,700 --> 02:50:58,000
alliances. 
This information proves 

3090
02:50:58,000 --> 02:51:01,700
invaluable Napoleon can adjust 
his own political maneuvering 

3091
02:51:01,700 --> 02:51:06,000
based on her reports The time 
apart also allows certain 

3092
02:51:06,000 --> 02:51:09,900
complications to develop. 
Josephine is a beautiful woman 

3093
02:51:09,900 --> 02:51:13,500
living alone in a society, where
marital Fidelity is not strictly

3094
02:51:13,500 --> 02:51:16,500
observed. 
Young officers come to pay their

3095
02:51:16,500 --> 02:51:19,800
respects, to their commanders 
wife, they linger longer than 

3096
02:51:19,800 --> 02:51:24,100
necessary, the to escort her to 
the theater, they send flowers 

3097
02:51:24,100 --> 02:51:28,100
and small gifts, the attention, 
flatters her, and the loneliness

3098
02:51:28,100 --> 02:51:30,400
of Napoleon's long absence 
weighs on her. 

3099
02:51:31,100 --> 02:51:33,200
Rumors reached. 
Napoli in about her possible 

3100
02:51:33,200 --> 02:51:36,300
infidelities. 
His officers returning from 

3101
02:51:36,300 --> 02:51:40,300
Paris, bring whispered stories. 
Did you know, your wife has been

3102
02:51:40,300 --> 02:51:42,300
seen frequently with that 
Cavalry officer. 

3103
02:51:42,300 --> 02:51:44,800
She attended the Opera with him 
last week. 

3104
02:51:45,600 --> 02:51:47,300
They seemed quite familiar with 
each other. 

3105
02:51:47,300 --> 02:51:51,800
The rumors may be exaggerated or
entirely false products of 

3106
02:51:51,808 --> 02:51:55,400
gossip and Malice, well, they 
may contain elements of Truth. 

3107
02:51:56,300 --> 02:51:59,800
War makes separation inevitable,
and separation creates 

3108
02:51:59,800 --> 02:52:02,700
temptation. 
Napoleon writes, her letters, 

3109
02:52:02,700 --> 02:52:06,000
full of jealous accusations 
mixed with desperate pleas. 

3110
02:52:06,000 --> 02:52:10,400
How can she do this to him? 
Doesn't she understand that he 

3111
02:52:10,400 --> 02:52:13,900
thinks of no one but her? 
He's faithful despite 

3112
02:52:13,900 --> 02:52:17,800
opportunities and temptations. 
The least you can do is show him

3113
02:52:17,800 --> 02:52:21,700
the same loyalty. 
Then in the next paragraph, he's

3114
02:52:21,700 --> 02:52:25,500
begging her to reassure him. 
Tell him the rumors are false. 

3115
02:52:25,500 --> 02:52:29,200
Tell him she loves only him. 
He needs to hear it. 

3116
02:52:30,300 --> 02:52:33,900
Josephine denies everything and 
scolds him for believing gossip.

3117
02:52:34,600 --> 02:52:37,600
Of course, she is faithful. 
How dare he questioned her on 

3118
02:52:37,600 --> 02:52:40,700
her? 
Accusations hurt her deeply, she

3119
02:52:40,700 --> 02:52:43,700
writes she's alone in Paris 
managing everything. 

3120
02:52:43,700 --> 02:52:47,100
While he's off winning glory and
he repays her by believing 

3121
02:52:47,100 --> 02:52:50,300
malicious rumors, spread by 
people who Envy their happiness.

3122
02:52:51,300 --> 02:52:54,200
Her letters mixed genuine 
indignation with skillful 

3123
02:52:54,200 --> 02:52:59,200
deflection. truth as is often 
the case like he falls somewhere

3124
02:52:59,200 --> 02:53:03,000
between a suspicions and her 
denials Perhaps she enjoys the 

3125
02:53:03,000 --> 02:53:06,000
attention of handsome, young 
officers without letting it go 

3126
02:53:06,000 --> 02:53:08,800
too far. 
Perhaps, she's crossed lines, 

3127
02:53:08,800 --> 02:53:12,800
you shouldn't have during 
particularly lonely moments. the

3128
02:53:12,800 --> 02:53:16,700
rumors are entirely baseless 
created by enemies seeking to 

3129
02:53:16,700 --> 02:53:20,400
wound Napoleon through his 
obvious vulnerability where his 

3130
02:53:20,400 --> 02:53:23,800
wife is concerned, This 
historical record remains 

3131
02:53:23,800 --> 02:53:27,700
ambiguous and both principals, 
have good reasons to obscure the

3132
02:53:27,708 --> 02:53:31,300
truth. 
Napoleon himself remains utterly

3133
02:53:31,300 --> 02:53:35,100
faithful not from moral 
superiority, but because he's 

3134
02:53:35,100 --> 02:53:39,800
incapable of dividing his 
passions when he loves he loves 

3135
02:53:39,800 --> 02:53:42,800
completely. 
When he fights, he fights. 

3136
02:53:42,800 --> 02:53:46,500
Completely the idea of casual 
romantic Adventures while 

3137
02:53:46,500 --> 02:53:49,300
longing for Josephine's. 
Simply doesn't fit his nature. 

3138
02:53:49,300 --> 02:53:54,000
He's offered opportunities 
Victory, brings admiration and 

3139
02:53:54,000 --> 02:53:56,300
admiration. 
Sometimes comes with romantic 

3140
02:53:56,300 --> 02:53:59,200
overtures. 
But he brushes these aside 

3141
02:53:59,200 --> 02:54:02,500
without serious temptation. 
This imbalance in their 

3142
02:54:02,500 --> 02:54:07,300
relationship causes him genuine 
but he can't stop loving her any

3143
02:54:07,300 --> 02:54:08,700
more than he can. 
Stop breathing. 

3144
02:54:09,500 --> 02:54:11,900
She's become essential to his 
emotional survival. 

3145
02:54:12,800 --> 02:54:16,200
The thought of losing her 
terrifies him more than any 

3146
02:54:16,200 --> 02:54:20,500
military defeat. 
So he ends the jealousy writes, 

3147
02:54:20,500 --> 02:54:23,900
the pleading letters believes 
her reassurance is because the 

3148
02:54:23,900 --> 02:54:29,900
alternative is unbearable. 
In 1798, Napoleon convinces, the

3149
02:54:29,900 --> 02:54:32,400
government to let him lead an 
expedition to Egypt. 

3150
02:54:33,300 --> 02:54:36,600
His stated goal is to threaten 
British interests in the East 

3151
02:54:36,600 --> 02:54:39,000
and potentially open a route to 
India. 

3152
02:54:40,300 --> 02:54:45,200
His unstated goals included more
Glory studying ancient Egyptian 

3153
02:54:45,200 --> 02:54:48,600
civilization and escaping Paris 
politics for a while. 

3154
02:54:48,608 --> 02:54:51,800
The directory approves because 
they're nervous about his 

3155
02:54:51,800 --> 02:54:55,000
growing Fame and influence, 
better to have him far away, 

3156
02:54:55,000 --> 02:54:58,100
conquering Egypt the nearby 
plotting political maneuvers. 

3157
02:54:59,000 --> 02:55:02,400
Joseph in decidedly does not 
accompany him on this Expedition

3158
02:55:02,400 --> 02:55:07,500
the idea of Egypt's heat insects
and lack of Parisian and amenity

3159
02:55:07,500 --> 02:55:10,700
is holds zero appeal for her. 
She has heard enough about 

3160
02:55:10,700 --> 02:55:13,600
desert conditions to know. 
She has no interest in 

3161
02:55:13,600 --> 02:55:18,200
experience in them first hand. 
The side, her children need her 

3162
02:55:18,200 --> 02:55:21,200
in Paris, a social position 
requires her presence. 

3163
02:55:22,000 --> 02:55:25,600
Napoleon tries to convince her. 
But for, once she refuses, 

3164
02:55:25,600 --> 02:55:30,400
absolutely, he can conquer Egypt
without her, the Egyptian 

3165
02:55:30,400 --> 02:55:34,900
campaign proves both triumphant 
and difficult, Napoleon wins the

3166
02:55:34,908 --> 02:55:38,700
battle of the pyramids with his 
usual, Brilliance routing the 

3167
02:55:38,700 --> 02:55:41,500
mameluke Cavalry, that's ruled 
Egypt for centuries. 

3168
02:55:42,200 --> 02:55:46,200
He makes his famous speech about
40 centuries looking down on his

3169
02:55:46,200 --> 02:55:49,800
soldiers from the pyramids. 
He captures Cairo and begins 

3170
02:55:49,800 --> 02:55:51,400
reorganizing Egyptian 
government. 

3171
02:55:51,400 --> 02:55:54,900
He stutters Egyptian antique, 
which is with genuine 

3172
02:55:54,900 --> 02:55:58,100
Fascination bringing Scholars 
and scientists along 

3173
02:55:58,100 --> 02:56:00,900
specifically to study this 
ancient civilization. 

3174
02:56:01,700 --> 02:56:04,400
But he is also cut off from 
Europe when British Admiral 

3175
02:56:04,400 --> 02:56:07,100
Nelson destroys his Fleet at the
Battle of the Nile. 

3176
02:56:07,800 --> 02:56:10,700
The ship that brought his army 
to Egypt at the bottom of the 

3177
02:56:10,700 --> 02:56:14,400
Mediterranean. 
He stuck in his Egypt, unable to

3178
02:56:14,400 --> 02:56:18,200
return his Elite to France while
rumors about Josephine's conduct

3179
02:56:18,200 --> 02:56:21,700
in Paris drive him nearly mad 
with jealousy and hurt. 

3180
02:56:22,600 --> 02:56:25,900
The letters, take weeks to 
travel between Paris and Cairo. 

3181
02:56:25,900 --> 02:56:28,900
And when they do arrive, they 
bring little comfort. 

3182
02:56:28,900 --> 02:56:33,100
You can imagine him in Cairo 
sitting in some common deer, 

3183
02:56:33,100 --> 02:56:35,200
Palace that once belonged to the
mamluks. 

3184
02:56:35,900 --> 02:56:39,300
The rooms are opulent in an 
oriental style, completely 

3185
02:56:39,300 --> 02:56:42,900
different from European 
architecture, intricate tile 

3186
02:56:42,900 --> 02:56:46,500
work covers the walls screens of
carved wood filter. 

3187
02:56:46,500 --> 02:56:50,800
The harsh sunlight, The smell of
incense and spices drifts up 

3188
02:56:50,800 --> 02:56:54,800
from the markets below. 
But Napoleon notices, none of 

3189
02:56:54,800 --> 02:56:56,900
this beauty. 
He's trying to focus on 

3190
02:56:56,900 --> 02:57:01,000
governing Egypt while his mind 
circles obsessively around, what

3191
02:57:01,000 --> 02:57:03,700
Josephine might be doing 5,000 
miles away. 

3192
02:57:04,700 --> 02:57:06,900
Is officers. 
Noticed their Commander growing 

3193
02:57:06,900 --> 02:57:08,600
more short-tempered and 
distracted. 

3194
02:57:09,300 --> 02:57:12,100
He snaps at subordinates over 
minor mistakes. 

3195
02:57:12,100 --> 02:57:16,400
He works punishing hours as if 
exhaustion like quiet is 

3196
02:57:16,400 --> 02:57:19,500
thoughts. 
He throws himself into studying 

3197
02:57:19,500 --> 02:57:23,500
hieroglyphics and fairy onic 
history seeking Escape in 

3198
02:57:23,500 --> 02:57:26,800
ancient Mysteries. 
But thoughts of Josephine 

3199
02:57:26,800 --> 02:57:32,200
intrude, constantly, unwelcome, 
and unavoidable the heat in 

3200
02:57:32,200 --> 02:57:34,000
Cairo during summer becomes 
oppressive. 

3201
02:57:34,000 --> 02:57:37,800
Even the stone buildings that 
stay relatively cool during the 

3202
02:57:37,800 --> 02:57:39,800
day radiate stored Heat at 
night. 

3203
02:57:41,100 --> 02:57:45,800
Napoleon lies awake on sweat. 
So cheats, imagining some 

3204
02:57:45,800 --> 02:57:49,700
scenarios that taught her him. 
Josephine at the Opera with 

3205
02:57:49,708 --> 02:57:52,800
another man Josephine laughing 
at jokes. 

3206
02:57:52,800 --> 02:57:56,300
He can't hear Josephine and 
someone else's arms. 

3207
02:57:56,300 --> 02:57:59,700
He knows these thoughts are 
probably exaggerated products of

3208
02:57:59,700 --> 02:58:03,400
distance and anxiety, but 
knowing doesn't help the images 

3209
02:58:03,400 --> 02:58:05,900
haunt him. 
Anyway, eventually Napoleon 

3210
02:58:05,900 --> 02:58:09,700
makes a bold decision, He 
abandons, the Army in Egypt and 

3211
02:58:09,700 --> 02:58:13,700
slips back to France with a few 
trusted companions it's a risky 

3212
02:58:13,700 --> 02:58:15,500
move, both militarily and 
politically. 

3213
02:58:16,500 --> 02:58:19,500
If the voyage fails and British 
ships capture him, he could 

3214
02:58:19,500 --> 02:58:21,300
spend years as a prisoner of 
war. 

3215
02:58:22,100 --> 02:58:24,600
If it succeeds, but the 
government disapproves of his 

3216
02:58:24,600 --> 02:58:27,700
unauthorized departure, he could
be caught marshaled for 

3217
02:58:27,700 --> 02:58:31,000
deserting his post. 
But he doesn't care about these 

3218
02:58:31,000 --> 02:58:33,000
wrists. 
He needs to get home to 

3219
02:58:33,000 --> 02:58:36,200
Josephine. 
He needs to see her confront 

3220
02:58:36,200 --> 02:58:38,400
her. 
If necessary reassure himself of

3221
02:58:38,400 --> 02:58:40,600
her love, everything else is 
secondary. 

3222
02:58:40,600 --> 02:58:43,000
Let the Army managed without 
him. 

3223
02:58:43,000 --> 02:58:46,700
Let the politicians play, he's 
going home. 

3224
02:58:47,900 --> 02:58:51,700
The Journey Back takes weeks of 
tension, his ship must Dodge. 

3225
02:58:51,700 --> 02:58:54,700
British patrols through a 
combination of luck, careful, 

3226
02:58:54,700 --> 02:58:59,500
navigation, and favorable wins. 
The sale close to the North 

3227
02:58:59,500 --> 02:59:03,000
African Coast hoping to avoid 
the main British Fleet Roots, 

3228
02:59:03,000 --> 02:59:07,500
every sale on the horizon brings
Panic until they confirm its not

3229
02:59:07,500 --> 02:59:10,000
an enemy ship. 
Napoleon spends, the time 

3230
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:13,700
composing speeches in his mind 
planning confrontations 

3231
02:59:13,700 --> 02:59:17,900
imagining reunions. 
His emotions swing between anger

3232
02:59:17,900 --> 02:59:20,500
and longing between 
determination and anxiety. 

3233
02:59:21,400 --> 02:59:24,800
By the time he reaches French 
soil in October, 1799. 

3234
02:59:28,600 --> 02:59:31,900
He travels directly to Paris to 
their house on Rue. 

3235
02:59:31,900 --> 02:59:34,800
De la victoire barely stopping 
to rest or change clothes. 

3236
02:59:34,800 --> 02:59:39,000
He needs to see Josephine, 
immediately, he bursts into the 

3237
02:59:39,000 --> 02:59:43,300
house, only to find it, empty 
She is not there, the servants. 

3238
02:59:43,300 --> 02:59:45,200
Tell him. 
She's traveling having gone to 

3239
02:59:45,200 --> 02:59:48,100
meet him at a different port. 
They've literally passed each 

3240
02:59:48,100 --> 02:59:51,100
other on different roads like 
characters in some tragic 

3241
02:59:51,100 --> 02:59:54,800
comedy. 
Napoleon exhausted from weeks of

3242
02:59:54,808 --> 02:59:57,500
travel and emotionally raw from 
months of anxiety. 

3243
02:59:57,500 --> 03:00:02,500
Let's himself into the empty 
house and has a spectacular fit 

3244
03:00:02,500 --> 03:00:06,800
to rage and hurt. 
Storms through the rooms noting 

3245
03:00:06,800 --> 03:00:10,600
changes in decoration, finding 
evidence of her life continuing 

3246
03:00:10,600 --> 03:00:13,500
happily without him. 
He tells Josephine's children 

3247
03:00:13,500 --> 03:00:15,200
and servants that the marriage 
is over. 

3248
03:00:15,200 --> 03:00:18,200
He's done. 
He cannot continue this way. 

3249
03:00:18,200 --> 03:00:21,600
He locks himself in the bedroom 
they shared and refuses to come 

3250
03:00:21,600 --> 03:00:24,300
out. 
Refusing, food, refusing, 

3251
03:00:24,300 --> 03:00:28,500
company refusing, everything 
except his wounded pride and 

3252
03:00:28,500 --> 03:00:31,100
broken. 
Heart Josephine arrives. 

3253
03:00:31,100 --> 03:00:32,400
Home. 
The next day, to find the house 

3254
03:00:32,400 --> 03:00:34,800
in uproar and her husband 
barricaded in their room. 

3255
03:00:35,600 --> 03:00:39,300
The servants, meet her, at the 
door, with anxious reports, the 

3256
03:00:39,300 --> 03:00:42,600
general is very angry, he's 
locked himself up stairs, he 

3257
03:00:42,600 --> 03:00:45,400
said, terrible things, he's 
threatened divorce. 

3258
03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:49,400
She climbs the stairs slowly her
mind racing. 

3259
03:00:49,400 --> 03:00:53,200
She knows why He's angry the 
rumors of reached him. 

3260
03:00:53,900 --> 03:00:56,000
Now, she must face the 
consequences. 

3261
03:00:57,100 --> 03:00:59,800
Stands outside the locked door 
and pleads with him, she 

3262
03:00:59,800 --> 03:01:03,400
explains where she is being and 
why she denies the worst 

3263
03:01:03,400 --> 03:01:05,900
accusations while carefully not 
addressing others. 

3264
03:01:05,900 --> 03:01:08,600
She cries and the tears are 
genuine. 

3265
03:01:08,600 --> 03:01:12,900
She doesn't want to lose him. 
Yes, she's been foolish. 

3266
03:01:12,900 --> 03:01:15,200
Yes. 
She's enjoyed attention from 

3267
03:01:15,200 --> 03:01:17,000
other men. 
She loves him. 

3268
03:01:17,900 --> 03:01:21,100
She's always loved him. 
These other men mean nothing 

3269
03:01:21,100 --> 03:01:25,900
compared to him. 
Napoleon inside the room wants 

3270
03:01:25,900 --> 03:01:29,100
desperately to believe her but 
feels betrayed and wounded. 

3271
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:33,500
He's given her everything, his 
whole heart, his complete 

3272
03:01:33,500 --> 03:01:37,100
devotion. 
How is she repaid him by making 

3273
03:01:37,100 --> 03:01:40,200
him a laughing stock in Perris 
Society, while he conquered 

3274
03:01:40,200 --> 03:01:43,300
Egypt for France? 
The pain is physical, like 

3275
03:01:43,300 --> 03:01:46,100
someone's driven a knife into 
his chest and keeps twisting it.

3276
03:01:46,900 --> 03:01:49,700
Her daughter Hortense and son at
their voices. 

3277
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:52,500
Outside the door begging 
Napoleon to forgive their 

3278
03:01:52,500 --> 03:01:56,200
mother, they've come to love 
this intense Corsican who treats

3279
03:01:56,200 --> 03:02:00,100
them with real affection. he's 
been more of a father to them 

3280
03:02:00,100 --> 03:02:03,600
than their actual father ever 
was They don't want to lose him,

3281
03:02:03,600 --> 03:02:06,100
they understand their mother has
faults. 

3282
03:02:06,100 --> 03:02:08,300
But who doesn't He should 
forgive her. 

3283
03:02:08,308 --> 03:02:12,600
They need him. 
For hours, this continues 

3284
03:02:12,600 --> 03:02:16,500
outside the door, Josephine. 
Pours out her heart with growing

3285
03:02:16,500 --> 03:02:19,400
desperation. 
She apologizes for everything. 

3286
03:02:19,400 --> 03:02:23,600
She promises reform. 
She swears Eternal faithfulness 

3287
03:02:23,600 --> 03:02:28,500
From This Moment forward. 
Inside Napoleon's anger battles 

3288
03:02:28,500 --> 03:02:30,800
with his love. 
He wants to punish her. 

3289
03:02:30,800 --> 03:02:33,900
He wants to throw her out and 
never see her again. 

3290
03:02:35,300 --> 03:02:38,300
But he also wants to hold her 
and pretend none of this ever 

3291
03:02:38,300 --> 03:02:41,800
happened. 
Finally, sometime in the early 

3292
03:02:41,800 --> 03:02:44,300
morning hours you might hear the
lock click. 

3293
03:02:45,000 --> 03:02:47,900
The door opens slowly Josephine 
enters. 

3294
03:02:48,800 --> 03:02:52,700
Napoleon stands by the window. 
His back to her, his shoulders 

3295
03:02:52,700 --> 03:02:54,500
tense. 
What happens? 

3296
03:02:54,500 --> 03:02:58,300
Next remains private but by 
morning they've reconciled. 

3297
03:02:59,100 --> 03:03:02,000
Napoleon emerges having forgiven
everything because he cannot 

3298
03:03:02,000 --> 03:03:05,900
imagine his life without her. 
Josephine, emerges Having 

3299
03:03:05,900 --> 03:03:09,800
learned that despite his rage, 
his love for her overrides, 

3300
03:03:09,800 --> 03:03:13,800
everything else This knowledge 
is both comforting and slightly 

3301
03:03:13,800 --> 03:03:16,800
terrifying. 
This pattern of conflict and 

3302
03:03:16,800 --> 03:03:19,300
Reconciliation will repeat 
throughout their marriage, 

3303
03:03:19,300 --> 03:03:22,200
though, never quite as 
dramatically as this first. 

3304
03:03:22,200 --> 03:03:27,400
Major crisis, Napoleon's 
jealousy and Josephine's 

3305
03:03:27,400 --> 03:03:31,000
independent Clash. 
They fight they reconcile their 

3306
03:03:31,000 --> 03:03:34,500
love survives because underneath
all the drama, the genuinely 

3307
03:03:34,500 --> 03:03:37,300
need each other. 
He needs her warmth and social 

3308
03:03:37,300 --> 03:03:40,300
Grace. 
She needs his devotion and 

3309
03:03:40,300 --> 03:03:43,500
protection. 
The balance isn't always equal 

3310
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:48,200
or fair, but it functions. 
Within weeks of this reunion 

3311
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:52,200
Napoleon helps orchestrate, the 
coup of 18 brumaire that 

3312
03:03:52,200 --> 03:03:56,300
overthrows the directory. 
France, has grown tired of weak 

3313
03:03:56,300 --> 03:04:00,400
corrupt government. 
The economy, staggers the war 

3314
03:04:00,400 --> 03:04:04,300
drags on political instability 
threatens everything. 

3315
03:04:05,300 --> 03:04:08,600
Napoleon and his fellow plotters
established the consulate. 

3316
03:04:08,600 --> 03:04:12,100
Supposedly a shared leadership 
among three consoles. 

3317
03:04:12,100 --> 03:04:16,200
In reality Napoleon, quickly 
becomes, first console and 

3318
03:04:16,200 --> 03:04:20,500
effective dictator of France. 
He is 30 years old and now rules

3319
03:04:20,500 --> 03:04:22,900
the nation Josephine becomes 
first. 

3320
03:04:22,900 --> 03:04:26,700
Lady of France and Albert name. 
She moves with Napoleon into the

3321
03:04:26,708 --> 03:04:30,100
tiller's palace, where French, 
Kings once lived before the 

3322
03:04:30,100 --> 03:04:32,800
Revolution. 
The irony isn't lost on her. 

3323
03:04:32,800 --> 03:04:36,200
She grew up on a Caribbean 
Plantation, reading about their 

3324
03:04:36,200 --> 03:04:40,300
side and French royalty. survive
the revolution that destroyed 

3325
03:04:40,300 --> 03:04:43,100
that world and now lives in a 
palace with her husband 

3326
03:04:43,100 --> 03:04:47,600
wielding, royal power under a 
different title Life has a sense

3327
03:04:47,600 --> 03:04:51,100
of humor, sometimes. 
She transforms herself once 

3328
03:04:51,100 --> 03:04:53,000
again. 
This time into something 

3329
03:04:53,000 --> 03:04:56,400
approaching a queen. 
She establishes a court around 

3330
03:04:56,400 --> 03:04:59,400
herself with ladies in waiting 
and formal protocols. 

3331
03:05:00,100 --> 03:05:02,900
The rules are less rigid than 
the old monarchies, elaborate 

3332
03:05:02,900 --> 03:05:07,300
etiquette, but structure exists.
people learn when they can 

3333
03:05:07,300 --> 03:05:11,000
approach her and when they must 
wait, She holds regular 

3334
03:05:11,000 --> 03:05:13,800
audiences. 
She attends official functions. 

3335
03:05:13,800 --> 03:05:17,100
She represents France at 
diplomatic receptions. 

3336
03:05:17,100 --> 03:05:20,000
She sets fashion for all of 
France. 

3337
03:05:20,800 --> 03:05:23,700
When Josephine adopts, a new 
style of dress, or a different 

3338
03:05:23,700 --> 03:05:26,900
way of arranging hair women 
across the country, copy her 

3339
03:05:26,900 --> 03:05:30,800
within weeks. 
She has impeccable taste and the

3340
03:05:30,800 --> 03:05:34,900
confidence to make bold choices.
She introduces the high waisted 

3341
03:05:34,900 --> 03:05:37,200
Empire silhouette. 
That will dominate fashion for 

3342
03:05:37,200 --> 03:05:40,100
years. 
She popularized, specific 

3343
03:05:40,100 --> 03:05:44,100
Fabrics, certain colors 
particular ways of Drake's 

3344
03:05:44,100 --> 03:05:48,300
shoes, fashion magazines, follow
her every appearance and 

3345
03:05:48,300 --> 03:05:50,400
describe her outfits in my new 
detail. 

3346
03:05:51,500 --> 03:05:53,300
The trailer is under 
Josephine's. 

3347
03:05:53,300 --> 03:05:55,500
Influence becomes elegant, 
without being stuffy. 

3348
03:05:56,500 --> 03:05:59,400
She understands that Napoleon's 
government needs to impress 

3349
03:05:59,400 --> 03:06:02,600
foreign diplomats and 
established legitimacy. 

3350
03:06:03,400 --> 03:06:06,500
But she also remembers her own 
discomfort in the overly formal 

3351
03:06:06,500 --> 03:06:08,900
quarts of the old regime that 
she learned about through 

3352
03:06:08,900 --> 03:06:12,700
stories and books. 
She creates something new a 

3353
03:06:12,700 --> 03:06:15,600
blend of Republicans Simplicity 
and Imperial Grandeur. 

3354
03:06:15,600 --> 03:06:19,200
That suggests, France has moved 
Beyond both the ancient regime 

3355
03:06:19,200 --> 03:06:22,600
and the revolution's chaos. 
Napoleon, meanwhile Works 

3356
03:06:22,600 --> 03:06:25,700
constantly to stabilize France 
and defeat its enemies. 

3357
03:06:26,500 --> 03:06:30,800
He rises at dawn and works until
midnight most days, he reforms 

3358
03:06:30,800 --> 03:06:33,600
the legal system, creating the 
Napoleonic Code that will 

3359
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:36,900
influence lore, across Europe 
and eventually around the world.

3360
03:06:37,900 --> 03:06:41,200
He rebuilds roads and canals 
destroyed during years of 

3361
03:06:41,200 --> 03:06:44,700
revolutionary neglect. he 
negotiates treaties with 

3362
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:48,900
European powers, he plans 
military campaigns, he sleeps 

3363
03:06:48,900 --> 03:06:52,100
only a few hours a night and 
expects everyone around him to 

3364
03:06:52,100 --> 03:06:55,100
match his energy, which proves 
exhausting for his staff, 

3365
03:06:56,000 --> 03:06:59,200
Josephine provides necessary 
balance to his intense nature. 

3366
03:07:00,200 --> 03:07:03,300
When he has been working for 16 
hours, straight barely pausing 

3367
03:07:03,300 --> 03:07:05,400
to each. 
She convinces him to take a walk

3368
03:07:05,400 --> 03:07:08,000
in the garden. 
Fresh air and movement. 

3369
03:07:08,000 --> 03:07:11,700
Help clear his mind when he's 
raged at some incompetent 

3370
03:07:11,700 --> 03:07:13,700
official, until the poor man 
nearly faints. 

3371
03:07:13,700 --> 03:07:18,400
She soothes Napoleon with gentle
humor afterward, She mimics is 

3372
03:07:18,400 --> 03:07:22,100
Thundurus expression until he 
laughs despite himself when 

3373
03:07:22,100 --> 03:07:25,600
foreign ambassadors need to be 
Charmed rather than intimidated.

3374
03:07:25,600 --> 03:07:28,400
She deploys. 
Her considerable social skills. 

3375
03:07:28,400 --> 03:07:32,300
Making France, seemed civilized 
and cultured rather than just 

3376
03:07:32,300 --> 03:07:36,400
militarily powerful. 
Become indispensable to both 

3377
03:07:36,400 --> 03:07:39,800
Napoleon personally and to his 
government practically. 

3378
03:07:39,800 --> 03:07:45,000
He relies on her judgment about 
people who can be trusted, who's

3379
03:07:45,000 --> 03:07:47,500
seeking Advantage whose 
genuinely loyal. 

3380
03:07:48,500 --> 03:07:50,200
She reads people better than he 
does. 

3381
03:07:50,200 --> 03:07:53,100
Picking up social cues. 
He misses entirely. 

3382
03:07:53,100 --> 03:07:56,500
He learns to Value her 
assessments even when they 

3383
03:07:56,500 --> 03:07:58,600
contradict his own initial 
impressions. 

3384
03:07:59,300 --> 03:08:01,900
Their life. 
Develops rhythms of surprising 

3385
03:08:01,900 --> 03:08:05,900
Domesticity Despite the Imperial
Grandeur surrounding them. 

3386
03:08:07,100 --> 03:08:11,200
Napoleon sometimes reads to her 
in the evening history or 

3387
03:08:11,200 --> 03:08:14,300
classical literature. 
He has a good voice for reading 

3388
03:08:14,300 --> 03:08:17,700
and brings dramatic Flair to 
battle, descriptions or 

3389
03:08:17,700 --> 03:08:21,400
philosophical arguments. 
Josephine sketches or does 

3390
03:08:21,400 --> 03:08:24,800
needlework while listening a 
hands busy with delicate work. 

3391
03:08:24,800 --> 03:08:26,500
While her mind follows the 
narrative. 

3392
03:08:26,500 --> 03:08:29,600
She occasionally makes 
observations that surprised him 

3393
03:08:29,600 --> 03:08:32,700
with their Insight seeing 
implications in the text. 

3394
03:08:32,700 --> 03:08:36,600
He hadn't considered They take 
breakfast together, when his 

3395
03:08:36,600 --> 03:08:39,900
schedule allows, which isn't 
often but enough to establish 

3396
03:08:39,900 --> 03:08:43,600
the routine as meaningful. 
The breakfast room overlooks, 

3397
03:08:43,600 --> 03:08:48,300
the palace gardening light 
streams through tall Windows the

3398
03:08:48,300 --> 03:08:52,600
table holds fresh bread, 
preserves coffee for him and 

3399
03:08:52,600 --> 03:08:56,400
chocolate for her. 
They discussed the days planned,

3400
03:08:56,400 --> 03:09:00,400
activities Napoleon, mentions 
meetings and Military reviews. 

3401
03:09:00,400 --> 03:09:04,600
Josephine describes her schedule
of receptions and charitable 

3402
03:09:04,600 --> 03:09:07,500
visits. 
For these brief moments, they 

3403
03:09:07,500 --> 03:09:09,700
could be any married couple 
planning their day. 

3404
03:09:10,400 --> 03:09:14,100
They walk in the gardens with 
Josephine's lapdog Fortune, who 

3405
03:09:14,100 --> 03:09:16,800
was grudgingly accepted 
Napoleon's permanent presence, 

3406
03:09:16,800 --> 03:09:20,700
after years of resistance. 
The dog no longer actively tries

3407
03:09:20,700 --> 03:09:25,200
to bite Napoleon's ankles, which
represents progress, Fortune 

3408
03:09:25,200 --> 03:09:27,900
trots along beside them. 
Occasionally investigating 

3409
03:09:27,900 --> 03:09:31,000
interesting smells or chasing 
birds that land on the gravel 

3410
03:09:31,000 --> 03:09:34,000
paths. 
Napoleon tolerate, the dog for 

3411
03:09:34,000 --> 03:09:36,700
Josephine's sake, though. 
He still finds the animal 

3412
03:09:36,700 --> 03:09:39,200
ridiculous. 
The palace fills with 

3413
03:09:39,200 --> 03:09:42,200
Josephine's family, creating a 
warmth that prevents the 

3414
03:09:42,200 --> 03:09:45,500
wheelies from feeling like a 
museum, despite its formal 

3415
03:09:45,500 --> 03:09:48,400
grandeur. 
Her daughter Horton's grows into

3416
03:09:48,400 --> 03:09:51,700
a beautiful and accomplished 
young woman, talented, at music 

3417
03:09:51,700 --> 03:09:55,000
and painting. 
The sun ujjain becomes one of 

3418
03:09:55,000 --> 03:09:57,800
Napoleon's. 
Most trusted officers, proving 

3419
03:09:57,800 --> 03:10:02,500
himself, both Brave and capable.
Napoleon adopt them emotionally,

3420
03:10:02,500 --> 03:10:05,900
if not legally, treating them, 
as the children, he doesn't yet 

3421
03:10:05,900 --> 03:10:09,500
have from his own blood. 
He arranges advantageous 

3422
03:10:09,500 --> 03:10:12,600
marriages for both. 
Understanding that family, 

3423
03:10:12,600 --> 03:10:15,300
connections matter, in building 
and maintaining power. 

3424
03:10:16,400 --> 03:10:18,300
Or tents. 
Marries Napoleon's, Brother 

3425
03:10:18,300 --> 03:10:21,000
Louie. 
A match that serves political 

3426
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:24,900
purposes, but will prove unhappy
personally yugen, marries, 

3427
03:10:24,900 --> 03:10:28,900
August of Bavaria and finds 
genuine happiness, which pleases

3428
03:10:28,900 --> 03:10:32,600
both Napoleon and Josephine this
stand together at both weddings 

3429
03:10:32,600 --> 03:10:35,800
proud parents, despite the 
complicated nature of their 

3430
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:39,600
blended. 
Family in 1804, Napoleon decides

3431
03:10:39,600 --> 03:10:41,500
the time has come to Crown 
himself. 

3432
03:10:41,500 --> 03:10:45,000
Emperor of France. 
The consulate is served its 

3433
03:10:45,008 --> 03:10:47,900
purpose, stabilizing the 
government and allowing him to 

3434
03:10:47,900 --> 03:10:50,700
consolidate power. 
But he wants something more 

3435
03:10:50,700 --> 03:10:55,500
permanent more impressive. 
The title of Emperor carries 

3436
03:10:55,500 --> 03:10:57,100
weight, that first console 
Lacks. 

3437
03:10:57,900 --> 03:11:00,600
It announces to Europe. 
That France has a new leader 

3438
03:11:00,600 --> 03:11:02,400
worthy of standing among 
ancient. 

3439
03:11:02,400 --> 03:11:06,300
Monarchies, it establishes a 
Dentistry, or at least the 

3440
03:11:06,300 --> 03:11:10,400
intention of creating one. 
The coronation takes place in 

3441
03:11:10,400 --> 03:11:13,300
Notre Dame cathedral in 
December, and you can imagine 

3442
03:11:13,300 --> 03:11:15,400
the scene in all it to elaborate
grandia. 

3443
03:11:15,400 --> 03:11:19,500
The great Cathedral has been 
decorated with red velvet and 

3444
03:11:19,500 --> 03:11:23,500
gold thread for months. 
Carpenters built special 

3445
03:11:23,500 --> 03:11:26,700
platforms and seating to 
accommodate the massive crowd 

3446
03:11:26,700 --> 03:11:30,700
artists, created backdrop, 
suggesting Imperial Rome rather 

3447
03:11:30,700 --> 03:11:35,000
than Christian humility. 
Candles by the thousands, create

3448
03:11:35,000 --> 03:11:37,300
a warm glow. 
That softens the winter light 

3449
03:11:37,300 --> 03:11:40,400
filtering through stained glass 
windows depicting biblical 

3450
03:11:40,400 --> 03:11:43,200
scenes. 
The congregation includes 

3451
03:11:43,200 --> 03:11:46,900
everyone important in France and
representatives, from a cross 

3452
03:11:46,900 --> 03:11:49,900
Europe. 
Diplomats from Nations that are 

3453
03:11:49,900 --> 03:11:52,800
technically enemies, sit near 
those from Allied countries. 

3454
03:11:52,800 --> 03:11:56,400
All maintaining diplomatic 
courtesy, while assessing 

3455
03:11:56,400 --> 03:12:00,700
France's new Imperial 
pretension, The Imperial family.

3456
03:12:00,700 --> 03:12:04,300
Occupies prominent seats though.
Napoleon's mother has refused to

3457
03:12:04,300 --> 03:12:07,100
attend in protest of his 
treatment of certain relatives. 

3458
03:12:08,200 --> 03:12:11,600
Her empty chair creates a small 
Scandal that Palace officials 

3459
03:12:11,600 --> 03:12:14,400
try to ignore. 
Napoleon, where's a heavy? 

3460
03:12:14,400 --> 03:12:17,900
Red velvet cloak trimmed with 
him in an embroidered with gold 

3461
03:12:17,900 --> 03:12:23,000
and bees, his chosen symbol The 
bees represent industry and 

3462
03:12:23,000 --> 03:12:25,400
appear everywhere in Imperial 
decoration. 

3463
03:12:25,400 --> 03:12:29,700
Now his crown is specially made 
for the occasion designed to 

3464
03:12:29,700 --> 03:12:32,800
suggest Charlemagne rather than 
the more recent bourbon Kings. 

3465
03:12:33,600 --> 03:12:36,300
Every detail has been carefully.
Planned to create the right 

3466
03:12:36,300 --> 03:12:39,500
symbolic effect. 
But the most dramatic moment 

3467
03:12:39,500 --> 03:12:43,200
involves Josephine. 
Napoleon has decided she should 

3468
03:12:43,208 --> 03:12:45,900
be crowned Empress despite his 
family's objections. 

3469
03:12:45,900 --> 03:12:49,900
They argue that she's not worthy
that she's too old that she 

3470
03:12:49,900 --> 03:12:52,600
can't provide heirs. 
He overrules them. 

3471
03:12:52,600 --> 03:12:56,100
All Josephine will be Empress. 
The pope has been brought from 

3472
03:12:56,100 --> 03:12:58,700
Rome to sanctify the ceremony 
though. 

3473
03:12:58,700 --> 03:13:00,900
Everyone understands this is 
purely for show. 

3474
03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:05,500
Napoleon will actually Crown 
himself to demonstrate his power

3475
03:13:05,500 --> 03:13:09,200
comes from the people and his 
own Achievements, not from 

3476
03:13:09,200 --> 03:13:13,000
religious Authority. when the 
moment comes for Josephine to be

3477
03:13:13,000 --> 03:13:16,800
crowned, she kneels before 
Napoleon on a velvet cushion. 

3478
03:13:17,700 --> 03:13:20,800
She wears a white dress 
embroidered with gold thread and

3479
03:13:20,800 --> 03:13:24,100
diamonds designed specially for 
this occasion. 

3480
03:13:24,100 --> 03:13:27,000
Her own red velvet cloak spreads
behind her. 

3481
03:13:27,000 --> 03:13:30,100
So heavy it requires her 
sister's in law to hold the 

3482
03:13:30,100 --> 03:13:33,400
train but Napoleon sisters, who 
resent? 

3483
03:13:33,400 --> 03:13:36,100
Josephine's influence and hate 
that she is being crowned. 

3484
03:13:36,100 --> 03:13:40,200
Instead, let the train drag on 
the floor in a petty Rebellion. 

3485
03:13:41,300 --> 03:13:45,100
Napoleon sees this insulting 
Behavior immediately he turns 

3486
03:13:45,100 --> 03:13:48,200
and glares at them with such 
intensity that they quickly pick

3487
03:13:48,200 --> 03:13:51,000
up the train properly, their 
faces flushing with 

3488
03:13:51,000 --> 03:13:53,000
embarrassment at being caught in
their Spike. 

3489
03:13:54,100 --> 03:13:57,200
The moment passes quickly. 
But those watching understand 

3490
03:13:57,200 --> 03:14:01,300
the message Napoleon will not 
tolerate disrespect toward his 

3491
03:14:01,300 --> 03:14:03,400
wife, not even from his own 
family. 

3492
03:14:05,000 --> 03:14:08,100
He places the crown on her head 
with genuine tenderness 

3493
03:14:08,100 --> 03:14:10,600
momentarily. 
Forgetting the thousands 

3494
03:14:10,600 --> 03:14:13,300
watching. 
His fingers are just at 

3495
03:14:13,300 --> 03:14:16,700
carefully, making sure it sits 
correctly on her elaborately 

3496
03:14:16,700 --> 03:14:19,900
arranged hair. 
For a moment despite all the 

3497
03:14:19,900 --> 03:14:22,900
pageantry and politics. 
You see, two people who love 

3498
03:14:22,900 --> 03:14:27,300
each other She Rises as empress 
Josephine and tears. 

3499
03:14:27,300 --> 03:14:30,900
Shining in her eyes she never 
imagined growing up on a 

3500
03:14:30,900 --> 03:14:34,600
Caribbean, sugar Plantation that
she would wear a crown in Notre 

3501
03:14:34,600 --> 03:14:37,200
Dame. 
Cathedral Napoleon never 

3502
03:14:37,200 --> 03:14:41,000
imagined growing up on Corsica 
as the second son of a minor 

3503
03:14:41,000 --> 03:14:43,400
Noble family that he would place
it there. 

3504
03:14:44,600 --> 03:14:48,100
The years that follow bring both
Imperial Splendor and increasing

3505
03:14:48,100 --> 03:14:52,600
strain Napoleon fights Wars 
across Europe, winning battle 

3506
03:14:52,600 --> 03:14:56,100
after battle, redrawing maps, 
and installing relatives as 

3507
03:14:56,100 --> 03:14:58,500
kings and queens of conquered 
territories. 

3508
03:14:59,500 --> 03:15:02,000
His brother. 
Joseph becomes king of Spain. 

3509
03:15:02,800 --> 03:15:04,600
His brother Louie, rules 
Holland. 

3510
03:15:04,600 --> 03:15:07,200
His brother Jerome gets with 
failure. 

3511
03:15:08,300 --> 03:15:12,400
The Bonaparte family Rises to 
dizzying Heights on Napoleon's 

3512
03:15:12,400 --> 03:15:15,700
military, genius, though, they 
frequently proved difficult to 

3513
03:15:15,700 --> 03:15:18,200
manage and ungrateful for their 
positions. 

3514
03:15:18,900 --> 03:15:22,900
Josephine remains in Paris, 
managing the Imperial household 

3515
03:15:22,900 --> 03:15:26,800
representing France in 
Napoleon's absence and trying to

3516
03:15:26,800 --> 03:15:30,400
maintain some sense of normalcy 
in a life that grows steadily 

3517
03:15:30,400 --> 03:15:33,200
more abnormal. 
The demands on her time 

3518
03:15:33,200 --> 03:15:36,700
increased constantly, she must 
attend State functions. 

3519
03:15:36,700 --> 03:15:40,500
Host diplomatic receptions, 
patronize the Arts, visit 

3520
03:15:40,500 --> 03:15:42,800
hospitals, and orphanages, 
right? 

3521
03:15:42,800 --> 03:15:47,200
Correspondents, manage, Palace 
staff and somehow maintain the 

3522
03:15:47,200 --> 03:15:51,100
private warmth that first 
attracted Napoleon She creates a

3523
03:15:51,100 --> 03:15:55,300
court at the various palaces. 
They now occupy the trailer, he 

3524
03:15:55,300 --> 03:15:58,700
serves as their main Parisian 
residents, but there's some clue

3525
03:15:58,700 --> 03:16:01,900
Fontana blow and most precious 
to Josephine. 

3526
03:16:04,200 --> 03:16:07,000
That Chateau outside Paris 
becomes a special domain. 

3527
03:16:07,000 --> 03:16:10,900
The one place that feels truly 
hers rather than belonging to 

3528
03:16:10,900 --> 03:16:12,900
the Empire on a Poland's 
ambitions. 

3529
03:16:14,100 --> 03:16:17,700
Phil's on with guardians that 
showcase plants from around the 

3530
03:16:17,700 --> 03:16:20,700
world. 
Collects roses with particular 

3531
03:16:20,700 --> 03:16:25,700
passion, eventually growing more
than 250 varieties in her 

3532
03:16:25,700 --> 03:16:28,000
Gardens. 
The Collection becomes famous 

3533
03:16:28,000 --> 03:16:31,400
throughout Europe botanists 
travel from other countries to 

3534
03:16:31,400 --> 03:16:33,800
see it. 
She corresponds with gardeners 

3535
03:16:33,800 --> 03:16:36,900
and plant collectors. 
All were seeking new varieties 

3536
03:16:36,900 --> 03:16:40,000
to add to her rose. 
Gardens the roses at mum is on 

3537
03:16:40,000 --> 03:16:43,600
bloom in profusion each summer. 
Creating a spectacle of color 

3538
03:16:43,600 --> 03:16:47,800
and fragrance red roses climb. 
Wooden trellises built specially

3539
03:16:47,800 --> 03:16:50,900
to support them. 
White rose is spill over stone, 

3540
03:16:50,900 --> 03:16:54,100
pathways worn Smooth by 
generations of footsteps. 

3541
03:16:54,900 --> 03:16:58,300
Pink and yellow varieties. 
Filled dedicated beds arranged 

3542
03:16:58,300 --> 03:17:00,900
in geometric patterns visible, 
from the upper windows. 

3543
03:17:01,800 --> 03:17:04,700
Rare specimens, get special 
treatment in the greenhouse 

3544
03:17:04,700 --> 03:17:07,500
regardless them carefully 
through winter. 

3545
03:17:08,500 --> 03:17:11,900
Josephine employs bottomless and
gardeners from across Europe to 

3546
03:17:11,900 --> 03:17:13,400
help a cultivate this 
collection. 

3547
03:17:14,500 --> 03:17:17,600
She doesn't merely order plants,
and expect servants to manage 

3548
03:17:17,600 --> 03:17:20,100
everything. 
She involves herself directly 

3549
03:17:20,100 --> 03:17:24,800
learning Botanical names, 
understanding growing conditions

3550
03:17:24,800 --> 03:17:27,200
planning, the garden. 
Layouts herself. 

3551
03:17:28,100 --> 03:17:31,400
She walks the grounds daily. 
When weather permits checking on

3552
03:17:31,400 --> 03:17:35,600
individual plants noting, what 
needs pruning or fertilizing or 

3553
03:17:35,600 --> 03:17:38,600
transplanting. 
She has her roses painted by the

3554
03:17:38,600 --> 03:17:42,500
finest Botanical, artists of the
age, creating a visual catalog 

3555
03:17:42,500 --> 03:17:46,200
of her collection. 
Piaget's. 

3556
03:17:46,200 --> 03:17:49,400
Her favorite artist and his 
delicate watercolors capture, 

3557
03:17:49,400 --> 03:17:54,200
each variety with scientific 
accuracy and artistic Beauty. 

3558
03:17:55,000 --> 03:17:58,300
These paintings survived long 
after the actual flowers of 

3559
03:17:58,300 --> 03:18:02,200
faded preserved in albums and 
eventually published in books 

3560
03:18:02,200 --> 03:18:06,000
that spread Botanical knowledge 
throughout Europe, When Napoleon

3561
03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:09,800
returns from campaigns Maison 
provides Refuge, from the 

3562
03:18:09,800 --> 03:18:13,800
constant demands of Empire. 
He walks with Josephine through 

3563
03:18:13,800 --> 03:18:17,800
the gardens temporarily setting 
aside, the burden of ruling most

3564
03:18:17,800 --> 03:18:20,300
of Europe. 
They discussed plants and 

3565
03:18:20,300 --> 03:18:22,800
Landscaping instead of war and 
politics. 

3566
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:27,100
He teases her about her 
obsession, with roses calling 

3567
03:18:27,100 --> 03:18:31,000
her, his Rose empress. 
He's his him about his inability

3568
03:18:31,000 --> 03:18:35,100
to remember, which variety as 
witch, despite her patient temps

3569
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:37,900
to teach him. 
They sit on benches near The 

3570
03:18:37,900 --> 03:18:40,800
Fountains listening to water 
splash over carved Stone. 

3571
03:18:40,800 --> 03:18:43,900
The sound must their 
conversation from passing 

3572
03:18:43,900 --> 03:18:46,500
servants, creating islands of 
privacy. 

3573
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:51,100
They talk about matters, both 
serious and trivial What should 

3574
03:18:51,100 --> 03:18:53,000
be done about the situation in 
Spain? 

3575
03:18:53,000 --> 03:18:57,000
Did she notice how beautiful the
white rose is Bloom this year? 

3576
03:18:57,800 --> 03:19:01,300
His brother Jerome needs 
managing again the new 

3577
03:19:01,300 --> 03:19:03,200
Greenhouse needs better 
ventilation. 

3578
03:19:03,900 --> 03:19:06,800
These conversations blend the 
personal and political in ways 

3579
03:19:06,800 --> 03:19:08,700
that characterize their entire 
relationship. 

3580
03:19:10,200 --> 03:19:17,800
For brief periods at malmedy. 
The weight of Empire lifts 

3581
03:19:17,800 --> 03:19:21,000
temporarily. 
Napoleon's face loses, some of 

3582
03:19:21,008 --> 03:19:24,900
its habitual tension. 
Josephine smile comes more 

3583
03:19:24,900 --> 03:19:27,300
easily. 
These moments are precious and 

3584
03:19:27,300 --> 03:19:29,800
increasingly rare as the 
Empire's demand grow. 

3585
03:19:30,700 --> 03:19:34,300
But one topic increasingly 
Poison's, their piece and 

3586
03:19:34,300 --> 03:19:37,000
intrudes. 
Even into Mal's Garden's 

3587
03:19:37,000 --> 03:19:40,100
Napoleon needs an heir the 
Empire. 

3588
03:19:40,100 --> 03:19:43,100
He's building requires 
continuity Beyond his lifetime. 

3589
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:47,100
His brothers have children and 
Napoleon wants his own son to 

3590
03:19:47,100 --> 03:19:48,700
inherit. 
Everything. 

3591
03:19:48,700 --> 03:19:52,600
He's accomplished means nothing,
if it dies with him, he studied 

3592
03:19:52,600 --> 03:19:55,500
enough history to know that 
Empires crumble without clear 

3593
03:19:55,500 --> 03:19:58,400
succession. 
Josephine's first marriage 

3594
03:19:58,400 --> 03:20:01,000
produced two healthy children. 
Who have grown into capable 

3595
03:20:01,000 --> 03:20:04,000
adults? 
But her marriage to Napoleon. 

3596
03:20:04,800 --> 03:20:07,700
Now stretching into its 10th 
year remains childless. 

3597
03:20:09,000 --> 03:20:12,300
Whether this is due to her age 
the miscarriage, she suffered in

3598
03:20:12,300 --> 03:20:16,700
Italy, Napoleon's own potential 
fertility issues or simply bad 

3599
03:20:16,700 --> 03:20:19,600
luck becomes a source of endless
speculation and growing 

3600
03:20:19,600 --> 03:20:23,200
desperation. 
Josephine feels this pressure 

3601
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:26,500
constantly like physical weight 
pressing on her shoulders, 

3602
03:20:26,500 --> 03:20:29,700
Napoleon's mother and siblings, 
never liked her. 

3603
03:20:29,708 --> 03:20:33,000
And now have the perfect weapon 
to use against her. 

3604
03:20:33,000 --> 03:20:36,100
They whisper constantly about 
the need for divorce. 

3605
03:20:36,100 --> 03:20:40,600
They point out that Josephine is
in her mid-40s now and unlikely 

3606
03:20:40,600 --> 03:20:43,600
to produce children. 
They suggest younger women who 

3607
03:20:43,600 --> 03:20:47,100
could give an Napoleon the 
dinosaurs he needs every word 

3608
03:20:47,100 --> 03:20:50,300
reaches Josephine, through the 
palace gossip Network. 

3609
03:20:50,300 --> 03:20:52,300
She's carefully cultivated over 
the years. 

3610
03:20:53,300 --> 03:20:55,800
She tries everything she can 
think of to become pregnant. 

3611
03:20:55,800 --> 03:20:59,200
She consults doctors who 
prescribed various treatments, 

3612
03:20:59,200 --> 03:21:03,300
none effective. she prays in 
churches and chapels making 

3613
03:21:03,300 --> 03:21:06,800
Bargains with God, if she could 
just give him a polio in a son, 

3614
03:21:06,808 --> 03:21:10,000
she dedicated herself to 
charity, she'd give up her 

3615
03:21:10,000 --> 03:21:14,800
Garden's, she'd endure, anything
But the prayers go unanswered, 

3616
03:21:14,800 --> 03:21:18,600
she even consults fortune, 
tellers and folk healers 

3617
03:21:18,600 --> 03:21:20,900
Desperately, Seeking some 
solution. 

3618
03:21:22,200 --> 03:21:25,600
An old woman in Paris sells her 
an amulet guaranteed to ensure. 

3619
03:21:25,600 --> 03:21:29,600
Pregnancy Josephine, wears it 
constantly for months before 

3620
03:21:29,600 --> 03:21:33,400
finally accepting its worthless.
Another recommends, specific 

3621
03:21:33,400 --> 03:21:36,600
foods and herbs. 
Josephine follows the regime 

3622
03:21:36,600 --> 03:21:39,100
Faithfully, despite its 
unpleasant taste and 

3623
03:21:39,100 --> 03:21:42,900
inconvenience. 
Nothing works, Napoleon himself,

3624
03:21:42,900 --> 03:21:47,000
is torn between love and Duty. 
He loves Josephine deeply. 

3625
03:21:47,000 --> 03:21:50,700
She's been His companion through
his rise from obscure artillery,

3626
03:21:50,700 --> 03:21:54,200
officer to Emperor, France. 
She understands him in ways. 

3627
03:21:54,200 --> 03:21:57,100
No one else does. 
She knows when he needs 

3628
03:21:57,100 --> 03:21:59,900
encouragement and when he needs 
someone to challenge his 

3629
03:21:59,900 --> 03:22:02,100
assumptions. 
She makes him laugh. 

3630
03:22:02,900 --> 03:22:06,200
She makes him feel human the 
thought of life without her 

3631
03:22:06,200 --> 03:22:10,400
feels impossible to contemplate.
But he also believes absolutely 

3632
03:22:10,400 --> 03:22:14,500
industry and continuity. 
He studied Roman emperors and 

3633
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:17,700
Egyptian pharaohs. 
He knows what happens when 

3634
03:22:17,700 --> 03:22:23,200
succession is unclear. 
Civil War chaos. everything, 

3635
03:22:23,200 --> 03:22:26,000
he's built, could collapse in 
fighting between rival, 

3636
03:22:26,000 --> 03:22:30,100
claimants France, needs 
stability, and stability, 

3637
03:22:30,100 --> 03:22:32,700
requires a legitimate Heir from 
his own body. 

3638
03:22:33,400 --> 03:22:36,700
The conflict between personal 
love and political necessity 

3639
03:22:36,700 --> 03:22:41,500
eats at him, like a slow poison.
He becomes Moody and difficult. 

3640
03:22:41,500 --> 03:22:45,200
His temper flaring over minor 
irritations. 

3641
03:22:46,000 --> 03:22:49,700
Sometimes he's affectionate with
Josephine pulling her close and 

3642
03:22:49,700 --> 03:22:51,800
murmuring endearments other 
times. 

3643
03:22:51,800 --> 03:22:54,800
He's coldly distant, treating 
her with formal politeness, 

3644
03:22:54,800 --> 03:22:58,200
that's worse than anger. 
He's making lists of potential 

3645
03:22:58,200 --> 03:23:01,000
second wives while still sharing
a bed with his empress. 

3646
03:23:01,900 --> 03:23:05,400
The duplicity tortures him but 
he cannot see another path. 

3647
03:23:05,400 --> 03:23:09,200
Forward Josephine knows what's 
coming but feels helpless to 

3648
03:23:09,200 --> 03:23:12,000
stop it. 
She watches Napoleon's mood 

3649
03:23:12,000 --> 03:23:15,800
swing and understands their 
cause she sees him looking at 

3650
03:23:15,800 --> 03:23:19,100
her, sometimes with an 
expression of such sadness, it 

3651
03:23:19,100 --> 03:23:22,100
breaks her heart. 
He doesn't want to divorce her, 

3652
03:23:22,100 --> 03:23:26,600
but he will. she knows this with
terrible certainly, the only 

3653
03:23:26,600 --> 03:23:29,200
question is when She tries to 
delay. 

3654
03:23:29,200 --> 03:23:32,000
The inevitable. 
She makes herself indispensable.

3655
03:23:32,000 --> 03:23:35,600
She represents him beautifully 
at State functions. 

3656
03:23:35,600 --> 03:23:39,300
She manages complex diplomatic 
situations with Grace. 

3657
03:23:39,300 --> 03:23:42,600
She supports his policies 
publicly, even when she 

3658
03:23:42,600 --> 03:23:46,700
disagrees privately, She's the 
perfect Empress in every way 

3659
03:23:46,700 --> 03:23:50,000
except the one that matters. 
Most she cannot give him a son, 

3660
03:23:50,008 --> 03:23:53,200
her friends offers sympathy but 
no real Comfort. 

3661
03:23:53,200 --> 03:23:56,600
They've seen enough of politics 
and power to know that personal 

3662
03:23:56,600 --> 03:23:59,800
feelings, rarely triumph over 
dynastic, necessity. 

3663
03:24:00,600 --> 03:24:04,100
Some suggest you should accept 
the inevitable and negotiate the

3664
03:24:04,100 --> 03:24:06,100
best terms possible for her 
divorce. 

3665
03:24:06,900 --> 03:24:10,600
Others encouraged her to fight 
to make Napoleon choose 

3666
03:24:10,600 --> 03:24:12,400
explicitly between love and 
Duty. 

3667
03:24:12,400 --> 03:24:16,800
None of it helps in 1809 
matters. 

3668
03:24:16,800 --> 03:24:21,100
Finally, come to a head Napoleon
has defeated Austria again at 

3669
03:24:21,100 --> 03:24:24,400
the Battle of Wagner his 
position in Europe, feels more 

3670
03:24:24,400 --> 03:24:27,400
secure than ever. 
The Diplomatic situation. 

3671
03:24:27,400 --> 03:24:30,000
Now allows him to seek a 
marriage alliance with one of 

3672
03:24:30,000 --> 03:24:33,700
the great European dynasties. 
The time has come to make the 

3673
03:24:33,700 --> 03:24:35,700
difficult decision. 
He's been avoiding for years. 

3674
03:24:37,000 --> 03:24:40,400
One evening in November, he 
asked Josephine to come to his 

3675
03:24:40,400 --> 03:24:43,700
study after dinner. 
The request itself feels 

3676
03:24:43,700 --> 03:24:47,100
ominous, they normally spend 
evening together, without such 

3677
03:24:47,100 --> 03:24:50,500
formal summons, she knows 
immediately, what's coming. 

3678
03:24:51,500 --> 03:24:53,500
She takes extra time preparing 
herself. 

3679
03:24:54,300 --> 03:24:58,000
Choosing her dress carefully. 
Arranging her hair applying 

3680
03:24:58,000 --> 03:25:01,200
subtle Cosmetics. 
If this is to be her last night 

3681
03:25:01,200 --> 03:25:05,500
as Napoleon's wife, she'll face 
it, looking her best You can 

3682
03:25:05,508 --> 03:25:09,400
picture the scene that follows 
winter Darkness presses against 

3683
03:25:09,400 --> 03:25:13,100
the palace windows. 
Fire Burns in the fireplace 

3684
03:25:13,100 --> 03:25:16,900
crackling, softly and casting 
moving Shadows on the walls. 

3685
03:25:17,600 --> 03:25:21,000
Napoleon Paces the study unable 
to sit, still or look at 

3686
03:25:21,008 --> 03:25:24,400
Josephine directly. 
She sits very still in a chair 

3687
03:25:24,400 --> 03:25:28,000
near the fire. 
Her hands folded in her lap her 

3688
03:25:28,000 --> 03:25:30,500
face composed despite the Panic 
rising in her chest. 

3689
03:25:31,600 --> 03:25:35,300
He tells her they must divorce 
and the words come out in a rush

3690
03:25:35,300 --> 03:25:38,600
like he's afraid if he slows 
down, he'll lose his nerve. 

3691
03:25:39,300 --> 03:25:43,300
He explains about the dynasty, 
the Empire, the need for an air.

3692
03:25:44,300 --> 03:25:48,400
Is voice breaks multiple times. 
Tears, run down his face. 

3693
03:25:48,400 --> 03:25:52,100
Openly something is hardened 
veterans would struggle to 

3694
03:25:52,100 --> 03:25:55,800
imagine their improving. 
He tells her, he still loves her

3695
03:25:55,800 --> 03:25:59,900
and always will but he must do 
what Duty demands for France. 

3696
03:25:59,900 --> 03:26:04,100
She cries too though, she's had 
time to prepare for this moment.

3697
03:26:04,100 --> 03:26:07,600
She was coming when he started 
winning battles again. 

3698
03:26:07,600 --> 03:26:11,000
When his power became 
unshakable, when he no longer 

3699
03:26:11,008 --> 03:26:15,100
needed her, the way he wants did
She understands the political 

3700
03:26:15,100 --> 03:26:18,200
necessity even as it destroys 
her heart. 

3701
03:26:19,100 --> 03:26:21,700
He tells him. 
She understands she'll agree to 

3702
03:26:21,700 --> 03:26:23,300
the divorce for the good of 
France. 

3703
03:26:23,300 --> 03:26:26,400
She loves him enough to let him 
go though. 

3704
03:26:26,400 --> 03:26:30,100
The words nearly choker. 
They hold each other and cry 

3705
03:26:30,100 --> 03:26:32,200
together until neither has tears
left. 

3706
03:26:33,500 --> 03:26:37,600
The fire burns, low in the 
fireplace, the room grows cold, 

3707
03:26:37,600 --> 03:26:40,500
but neither notices. 
Their morning, the end of their 

3708
03:26:40,500 --> 03:26:42,000
marriage and the death of the 
future. 

3709
03:26:42,000 --> 03:26:45,200
They want to imagine together 
tomorrow, they'll put on their 

3710
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:48,400
public faces and manage the 
formal proceedings with dignity.

3711
03:26:49,600 --> 03:26:52,100
But tonight, they're just two 
people who love each other 

3712
03:26:52,100 --> 03:26:56,800
facing an unbearable loss. 
The formal divorce happens in 

3713
03:26:56,800 --> 03:27:00,600
December at the twillery palace,
the Imperial family gathers in 

3714
03:27:00,600 --> 03:27:03,400
the throne room. 
A space designed to impress with

3715
03:27:03,400 --> 03:27:07,500
its Grandeur but which now feels
cold and hostile Napoleon reads 

3716
03:27:07,500 --> 03:27:10,300
a statement about the separation
being necessary for the good of 

3717
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:13,300
France and his duty to provide 
for succession. 

3718
03:27:14,100 --> 03:27:17,600
His voice remains steady only 
through tremendous effort. 

3719
03:27:18,600 --> 03:27:20,800
Josephine. 
Read her own statement in a 

3720
03:27:20,800 --> 03:27:23,700
voice choked with emotion a 
green to the divorce with the 

3721
03:27:23,708 --> 03:27:27,800
same patriotic reasons. 
Then she signs the documents 

3722
03:27:27,800 --> 03:27:31,400
with shaking hands and becomes 
officially the former Empress 

3723
03:27:31,400 --> 03:27:34,900
Josephine. 
Napoleon provides generously for

3724
03:27:34,900 --> 03:27:38,700
her in the divorce settlement. 
She keeps the title of empress. 

3725
03:27:38,700 --> 03:27:41,000
Maintaining her Rank and 
dignity. 

3726
03:27:41,800 --> 03:27:44,700
She receives melamine. 
Several other properties, as her

3727
03:27:44,700 --> 03:27:49,100
personal possessions, She gets a
substantial annual income that 

3728
03:27:49,100 --> 03:27:50,600
will allow her to live in 
Comfort. 

3729
03:27:51,500 --> 03:27:55,000
He ensures, you'll want for 
nothing material, but none of 

3730
03:27:55,008 --> 03:27:58,200
this changes, the fundamental 
fact that he sending her away 

3731
03:27:58,200 --> 03:28:03,000
after 14 years of marriage. 
Josephine moves to Mama's or and

3732
03:28:03,000 --> 03:28:05,400
begins a new life as an empress 
without an emperor. 

3733
03:28:05,400 --> 03:28:09,600
She throws herself into her 
garden with renewed passion, as 

3734
03:28:09,600 --> 03:28:13,200
if beautiful flowers, can fill 
the void in Napoleon's absence 

3735
03:28:13,200 --> 03:28:16,900
create She host Gatherings for 
friends and family and her 

3736
03:28:16,900 --> 03:28:20,700
elegant drawing rooms. 
She maintains correspondence 

3737
03:28:20,700 --> 03:28:24,000
with an Empoleon who writes to 
her regularly, even as he 

3738
03:28:24,000 --> 03:28:27,800
negotiates marriage to Mary, 
Louise of Austria and Austrian 

3739
03:28:27,800 --> 03:28:30,700
arched Dutchess young enough to 
be Josephine's granddaughter, 

3740
03:28:30,700 --> 03:28:34,200
the letters between them. 
After the divorce reveal the 

3741
03:28:34,200 --> 03:28:37,100
enduring nature of their 
connection, despite its official

3742
03:28:37,100 --> 03:28:40,500
termination. 
Napoleon rights asking about her

3743
03:28:40,500 --> 03:28:43,000
health, her garden her daily 
activities. 

3744
03:28:43,000 --> 03:28:47,200
He signed his letters with 
continued affection and concern.

3745
03:28:47,200 --> 03:28:51,100
He needs to know she's well that
she is not suffering too much 

3746
03:28:51,100 --> 03:28:54,900
from their separation. 
Josephine writes back with news 

3747
03:28:54,900 --> 03:28:58,300
of mum is all and gentle 
reminders of their shared past. 

3748
03:28:59,000 --> 03:29:01,000
They've moved from passionate 
lovers to something more 

3749
03:29:01,000 --> 03:29:04,300
complex. 
A bond forged through years of 

3750
03:29:04,300 --> 03:29:07,200
shared experience that survives 
the formal ending of their 

3751
03:29:07,200 --> 03:29:09,700
marriage. 
Mary Louise arrives in France, 

3752
03:29:09,700 --> 03:29:13,600
in 1810 and Napoleon marries her
with all appropriate ceremony. 

3753
03:29:14,200 --> 03:29:18,000
The new Empress is pretty young 
and fertile in ways, Josephine. 

3754
03:29:18,000 --> 03:29:21,000
No longer can be. 
Within a year, she produces 

3755
03:29:21,000 --> 03:29:23,600
exactly what Napoleon 
desperately wanted. 

3756
03:29:23,600 --> 03:29:28,400
A son he names. 
The boy Napoleon Francois Joseph

3757
03:29:28,400 --> 03:29:31,500
Bonaparte and gives him the 
title king of Rome. 

3758
03:29:32,400 --> 03:29:36,400
Finally, Napoleon has his heir. 
finally the dynasty seemed 

3759
03:29:36,400 --> 03:29:40,700
secure but the personal cost 
haunt him in Quiet Moments when 

3760
03:29:40,700 --> 03:29:44,900
he allows himself to feel 
Josephine hears about the birth 

3761
03:29:44,900 --> 03:29:47,700
through the gossip Network. 
That still keeps her informed of

3762
03:29:47,700 --> 03:29:50,900
Palace life despite her physical
distance from it. 

3763
03:29:52,300 --> 03:29:54,900
She sends official 
congratulations through proper 

3764
03:29:54,900 --> 03:29:57,800
channels. 
Privately alone at Mal. 

3765
03:29:57,800 --> 03:30:01,300
She tends her roses and tries 
not to think about the child, 

3766
03:30:01,300 --> 03:30:04,400
that should have been hers. 
He's gracious about the new 

3767
03:30:04,400 --> 03:30:06,700
Empress in her limited public 
statements. 

3768
03:30:06,700 --> 03:30:10,100
Never speaking publicly against 
Marie Louise though. 

3769
03:30:10,100 --> 03:30:13,300
It must sting to be replaced by 
a girl barely older than her own

3770
03:30:13,308 --> 03:30:16,900
grandchildren. 
The years between the divorce 

3771
03:30:16,900 --> 03:30:19,200
and Josephine's death, proved 
bittersweet. 

3772
03:30:19,900 --> 03:30:22,500
She maintained her dignity and 
position in society. 

3773
03:30:22,500 --> 03:30:26,100
She's no longer Empress in fact,
but people still treat her with 

3774
03:30:26,108 --> 03:30:29,700
Imperial respect. 
Foreign dignitaries visiting 

3775
03:30:29,700 --> 03:30:34,300
Paris, often call on her at all.
She's become a beloved figure to

3776
03:30:34,300 --> 03:30:36,800
the French. 
People who remember her kindness

3777
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:40,400
and Grace, during her years 
beside Napoleon, Artists and 

3778
03:30:40,400 --> 03:30:42,100
writers can continue to seek 
her. 

3779
03:30:42,100 --> 03:30:46,000
Patronage her Guardians remained
famous throughout Europe and 

3780
03:30:46,000 --> 03:30:48,400
visitors come specifically to 
see the Roses. 

3781
03:30:48,400 --> 03:30:53,400
She's cultivated in the spring 
of 1814, everything changes with

3782
03:30:53,400 --> 03:30:56,100
shocking speed, Napoleon's 
empire. 

3783
03:30:56,100 --> 03:30:58,700
Which seemed Invincible for so 
many years. 

3784
03:30:58,700 --> 03:31:01,300
Suddenly crumbles under the 
weight of its own. 

3785
03:31:01,300 --> 03:31:05,300
Ambitions years of constant 
Warfare have exhausted, France's

3786
03:31:05,300 --> 03:31:08,500
Manpower and treasury. 
His enemies United against him 

3787
03:31:08,500 --> 03:31:12,600
in ways, they couldn't manage 
before the defeats Mount Russian

3788
03:31:12,600 --> 03:31:16,500
wintered, destroyed his Grand 
Army, German State's Rebellion 

3789
03:31:17,000 --> 03:31:19,700
Spain bleeds. 
His forces and guerrilla 

3790
03:31:19,700 --> 03:31:22,900
warfare. 
Paris itself comes under threat 

3791
03:31:22,900 --> 03:31:25,300
from Allied armies. 
Napoleon. 

3792
03:31:25,300 --> 03:31:28,100
Russia's back from his latest 
campaign to try to save his 

3793
03:31:28,100 --> 03:31:31,400
Capital but he fighting against 
overwhelming odds. 

3794
03:31:32,400 --> 03:31:35,700
Josephine watches events unfold 
from Melbourne with growing 

3795
03:31:35,700 --> 03:31:39,000
alarm and sadness. 
The Empire she helped build is 

3796
03:31:39,000 --> 03:31:42,000
falling apart. 
The man, she still loves despite

3797
03:31:42,000 --> 03:31:45,800
everything is facing disaster, 
Allied, armies, approached 

3798
03:31:45,800 --> 03:31:49,000
Paris, and there's nothing 
anyone can do to stop them. 

3799
03:31:49,000 --> 03:31:53,700
The Allies enter Paris in March,
1814 and the world Napoleon 

3800
03:31:53,700 --> 03:31:57,100
created ends. 
Russians are Alexander 

3801
03:31:57,100 --> 03:32:00,900
personally visits Josefina 
melisten treating her with the 

3802
03:32:00,908 --> 03:32:02,500
elaborate courtesy that 
surprises. 

3803
03:32:02,500 --> 03:32:05,200
His staff. 
He is Charmed by the former 

3804
03:32:05,200 --> 03:32:08,300
Empress finding her more 
gracious than appealing than he 

3805
03:32:08,300 --> 03:32:11,100
expected. 
They walk in her garden and she 

3806
03:32:11,100 --> 03:32:13,500
shows him her roses with quiet 
Pride. 

3807
03:32:14,200 --> 03:32:17,800
He surprisingly kind treating 
her with respect and genuine 

3808
03:32:17,800 --> 03:32:20,900
admiration. 
But the strain of these events, 

3809
03:32:20,900 --> 03:32:23,200
takes a terrible toll on 
Josephine's health. 

3810
03:32:24,100 --> 03:32:27,600
He catches a cold after walking 
in her garden with the Tsar on a

3811
03:32:27,600 --> 03:32:29,500
day when the weather was worse 
than expected. 

3812
03:32:30,500 --> 03:32:35,000
In those days before antibiotics
a cold can quickly become 

3813
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:38,500
something far more serious. 
Pneumonia develops with 

3814
03:32:38,500 --> 03:32:42,000
frightening speed. 
Her doctors try everything. 

3815
03:32:42,000 --> 03:32:45,100
They are limited, medical 
knowledge allows, but she grows 

3816
03:32:45,100 --> 03:32:47,300
steadily weaker, despite their 
efforts. 

3817
03:32:48,300 --> 03:32:51,400
Her children gather around her 
bed, as she slips in, and out of

3818
03:32:51,400 --> 03:32:54,400
consciousness. 
Or tense holds her hand and 

3819
03:32:54,400 --> 03:32:57,700
Weeps. 
You shouldn't sits nearby his 

3820
03:32:57,700 --> 03:33:00,200
face, showing the grief of 
losing the mother, who raised 

3821
03:33:00,200 --> 03:33:04,200
him through impossible times, 
her grandchildren visited Sacred

3822
03:33:04,200 --> 03:33:08,100
by some too young to fully 
understand what's happening the 

3823
03:33:08,100 --> 03:33:10,700
rooms at Melissa on filled with 
flowers, from her beloved 

3824
03:33:10,700 --> 03:33:14,200
Gardens brought inside to 
surround her with beauty one 

3825
03:33:14,200 --> 03:33:20,500
final time. 
On May 29th, 1814 Josephine dies

3826
03:33:20,500 --> 03:33:24,200
at Melissa surrounded by her 
roses and the people she loved 

3827
03:33:24,200 --> 03:33:26,700
most. 
She is 50 years old. 

3828
03:33:27,700 --> 03:33:30,100
Her last words are about 
Napoleon and the garden. 

3829
03:33:30,100 --> 03:33:32,900
She created. 
The life that began on a 

3830
03:33:32,908 --> 03:33:36,400
Caribbean Plantation and took 
her through Revolution Terror 

3831
03:33:36,400 --> 03:33:40,000
love, and Empire ends peaceful 
in the Chateau. 

3832
03:33:40,000 --> 03:33:43,700
She made her own News of her, 
death spreads quickly, through 

3833
03:33:43,700 --> 03:33:46,700
Paris. 
People genuinely mourn her 

3834
03:33:46,708 --> 03:33:49,800
passing. 
She represented a gentler side 

3835
03:33:49,800 --> 03:33:53,500
of Napoleon's empire the grace 
and beauty that balanced his 

3836
03:33:53,500 --> 03:33:56,600
ambition and Glory. 
Many, remember her personal 

3837
03:33:56,600 --> 03:33:59,300
kindness. 
She helped people quietly 

3838
03:33:59,300 --> 03:34:02,000
without making public displays 
of her charity. 

3839
03:34:02,800 --> 03:34:05,700
She remembered servants names 
and asked about their families. 

3840
03:34:05,700 --> 03:34:08,900
She made people feel valued 
regardless of their rank 

3841
03:34:08,900 --> 03:34:12,800
Napoleon forced into Exile on 
the island of Elba, learns of 

3842
03:34:12,808 --> 03:34:15,400
Josephine's death Weeks, Later 
through letters and newspapers 

3843
03:34:15,400 --> 03:34:17,800
that reach his tiny 
Mediterranean Kingdom. 

3844
03:34:19,000 --> 03:34:21,900
Shuts himself in his room for 
two days after receiving the 

3845
03:34:21,900 --> 03:34:25,000
news, his companions. 
Hear him weeping through the 

3846
03:34:25,000 --> 03:34:29,600
closed door When he finally 
emerges, he's aged visibly. 

3847
03:34:30,400 --> 03:34:32,800
The loss of Josephine seems to 
break something in him that 

3848
03:34:32,800 --> 03:34:36,900
military defeat couldn't touch. 
He says her name constantly over

3849
03:34:36,900 --> 03:34:39,700
the following weeks, remembering
their years together. 

3850
03:34:39,700 --> 03:34:42,900
Regretting the divorce, even 
though it gave him the son he 

3851
03:34:42,900 --> 03:34:45,500
wanted. 
He talks to anyone who will 

3852
03:34:45,500 --> 03:34:49,700
listen about Josephine, how 
beautiful she was, how graceful 

3853
03:34:49,700 --> 03:34:52,300
how she made him feel when they 
were together. 

3854
03:34:53,200 --> 03:34:56,500
His guards and servants, learn 
to recognize when the emperor 

3855
03:34:56,500 --> 03:35:00,000
needs to talk about his first 
wife and to listen patiently to 

3856
03:35:00,000 --> 03:35:02,900
stories. 
They've heard before He keeps a 

3857
03:35:02,900 --> 03:35:04,900
lock of her hair. 
Carefully preserved in a special

3858
03:35:04,908 --> 03:35:07,100
box. 
He carries the portrait. 

3859
03:35:07,100 --> 03:35:10,500
She gave him during the Italian 
campaign, the same miniature, he

3860
03:35:10,500 --> 03:35:13,900
treasured throughout his 
military campaigns. during his 

3861
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:18,600
100 days of return to power, in 
1815 after escaping from Elba, 

3862
03:35:18,600 --> 03:35:23,400
he visits males, all and walks 
through her Garden Alone He 

3863
03:35:23,400 --> 03:35:26,600
touches the Roses, she planted 
smells their fragrance and lets 

3864
03:35:26,600 --> 03:35:31,200
himself remember happier times. 
After Waterloo and his final 

3865
03:35:31,200 --> 03:35:34,800
exile to Saint Helena that 
remote island in the South 

3866
03:35:34,800 --> 03:35:36,400
Atlantic. 
Where he'll spend his last 

3867
03:35:36,400 --> 03:35:39,100
years. 
He speaks of Josephine often to 

3868
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:43,000
his small circle of companions. 
They write down his reminisces 

3869
03:35:43,000 --> 03:35:46,900
preserving, his memories of 
their relationship in his will. 

3870
03:35:46,900 --> 03:35:50,300
He requested to be buried next 
to her at though? 

3871
03:35:50,300 --> 03:35:51,900
This final wishes isn't 
fulfilled. 

3872
03:35:53,000 --> 03:35:56,600
The British Berry on Saint 
Helena when he dies in 1821. 

3873
03:35:57,400 --> 03:36:01,100
Only decades later will his 
remains returned to France, to 

3874
03:36:01,100 --> 03:36:04,500
lie in state at Lisa lead, 
rather than beside your 

3875
03:36:04,500 --> 03:36:08,100
Josephine's, grave, the legacy 
of Napoleon and Josephine's. 

3876
03:36:08,100 --> 03:36:11,500
Love Story extends far beyond 
their own life times, touching 

3877
03:36:11,500 --> 03:36:15,600
aspects of culture art and 
society and ways neither could 

3878
03:36:15,600 --> 03:36:19,700
have predicted Passionate 
letters, survived carefully 

3879
03:36:19,700 --> 03:36:22,800
preserved, first by family 
members, and later by museums 

3880
03:36:22,800 --> 03:36:25,900
and archives. 
These letters offer intimate 

3881
03:36:25,900 --> 03:36:28,500
glimpses into their 
relationship, revealing the 

3882
03:36:28,508 --> 03:36:32,600
human hearts beneath the 
Imperial crowns, her Botanical 

3883
03:36:32,600 --> 03:36:35,400
collections influence, 
gardening, across Europe, and 

3884
03:36:35,400 --> 03:36:39,500
eventually worldwide. 
The Roses, she cultivated to 

3885
03:36:39,500 --> 03:36:42,400
other Gardens. 
The techniques are botanist 

3886
03:36:42,400 --> 03:36:44,400
developed get shared and 
improved. 

3887
03:36:44,400 --> 03:36:47,900
The paintings redo take created 
of her roses become foundational

3888
03:36:47,900 --> 03:36:52,200
texts in Botanical, illustration
studied by artists and 

3889
03:36:52,200 --> 03:36:55,700
scientists for Generations. 
Fashion, she popularized 

3890
03:36:55,700 --> 03:36:58,700
continued to inspire designers 
centuries later. 

3891
03:36:59,500 --> 03:37:03,600
The Empire silhouette appears 
and reappears in fashion. her 

3892
03:37:03,600 --> 03:37:06,500
way of combining classical 
elements with contemporary style

3893
03:37:06,500 --> 03:37:10,600
becomes a template for elegant, 
implicity museums display, her 

3894
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:14,300
dresses and accessories, and 
modern designers study the cuts 

3895
03:37:14,300 --> 03:37:17,900
and techniques Malema's on 
itself, becomes a museum 

3896
03:37:17,900 --> 03:37:21,700
dedicated to their memory. 
Visitors walk through rooms 

3897
03:37:21,700 --> 03:37:26,000
where they lived see furniture. 
They used you painting's they 

3898
03:37:26,000 --> 03:37:31,600
collected The gardens carefully 
maintained continue to blow each

3899
03:37:31,600 --> 03:37:34,300
spring and summer. 
People come from around the 

3900
03:37:34,300 --> 03:37:37,100
world to see the roses. 
And imagine Josephine walking 

3901
03:37:37,100 --> 03:37:41,400
these same paths tending, the 
same beds, creating beauty that 

3902
03:37:41,400 --> 03:37:45,000
outlasted Empire. 
Perhaps, the most enduring 

3903
03:37:45,000 --> 03:37:46,900
Legacy is simply the story 
itself. 

3904
03:37:47,800 --> 03:37:50,400
In an age, when most 
aristocratic marriages were 

3905
03:37:50,400 --> 03:37:51,800
arranged for political 
Advantage. 

3906
03:37:51,800 --> 03:37:55,500
When love matches were rare, 
especially among the powerful 

3907
03:37:55,500 --> 03:37:58,800
Napoleon and Josephine found 
genuine passion. 

3908
03:37:59,700 --> 03:38:03,600
Yes, there were complications, 
yes, there were infidelities and

3909
03:38:03,600 --> 03:38:06,200
jealousies and ultimately a 
heartbreaking divorce. 

3910
03:38:06,200 --> 03:38:10,900
Yes ambition and politics shaped
their relationship as much as 

3911
03:38:10,900 --> 03:38:12,900
affection. 
But underneath all the 

3912
03:38:12,900 --> 03:38:15,900
complexity, two people who 
shouldn't have worked together 

3913
03:38:15,900 --> 03:38:19,200
somehow did. 
She taught him Grace and social 

3914
03:38:19,200 --> 03:38:22,900
connection softening, his rough,
Corsican edges, and helping him 

3915
03:38:22,900 --> 03:38:25,200
navigate the complexities of 
French society. 

3916
03:38:26,200 --> 03:38:29,500
He gave her security and 
devotion after years of 

3917
03:38:29,500 --> 03:38:33,000
precarious survival, She 
survived Revolution and 

3918
03:38:33,000 --> 03:38:35,700
imprisonment to become an 
empress who was genuinely 

3919
03:38:35,700 --> 03:38:38,200
beloved. 
He rose from provincial 

3920
03:38:38,200 --> 03:38:41,200
obscurity to reshape Europe's 
political landscape. 

3921
03:38:41,900 --> 03:38:45,300
Together, they created something
larger and more significant than

3922
03:38:45,300 --> 03:38:49,400
either could have achieved 
alone. the Roses still Bloom at 

3923
03:38:53,700 --> 03:38:57,200
visitors walk through Gardens, 
she designed more than 200 years

3924
03:38:57,200 --> 03:39:00,300
ago and touch wool she touched 
The furniture. 

3925
03:39:00,300 --> 03:39:03,700
She selected still furnishes 
rooms where she lived her 

3926
03:39:03,700 --> 03:39:05,900
portrait hangs in museums around
the world. 

3927
03:39:05,900 --> 03:39:10,300
Showing a beautiful woman with 
kind eyes who somehow navigated 

3928
03:39:10,300 --> 03:39:14,600
the most tumultuous period in 
French history with her dignity 

3929
03:39:14,600 --> 03:39:16,900
intact. 
Napoleon's. 

3930
03:39:16,900 --> 03:39:20,300
Final years on Saint, Helena 
found in dictating his Memoirs, 

3931
03:39:20,300 --> 03:39:23,700
to his small circle of 
companions, trying to shape how 

3932
03:39:23,700 --> 03:39:25,900
history would remember him and 
his achievements. 

3933
03:39:26,700 --> 03:39:30,400
He spoke off of Josephine during
the session's remembering their 

3934
03:39:30,400 --> 03:39:32,600
early days together with obvious
tenderness. 

3935
03:39:33,600 --> 03:39:36,500
He told his companions that she 
was the woman, he loved most 

3936
03:39:36,500 --> 03:39:39,500
deeply even more than Mary 
Louise who gave him. 

3937
03:39:39,500 --> 03:39:43,400
The son, he desperately wanted. 
He said that if Josephine had 

3938
03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:46,600
been able to give him children, 
he would never have divorced her

3939
03:39:46,600 --> 03:39:49,400
and perhaps his entire fate 
would have been different. 

3940
03:39:50,600 --> 03:39:54,500
You stand now, at malmas only in
your imagination in the Rose 

3941
03:39:54,500 --> 03:39:58,000
Garden Josephine created with 
such care and love. 

3942
03:39:58,900 --> 03:40:01,400
The flowers bloom in every color
imaginable. 

3943
03:40:01,400 --> 03:40:05,700
And in varieties collected from 
around the world, the air 

3944
03:40:05,700 --> 03:40:08,400
carries their fragrance mixed 
with the scent of boxwood hedges

3945
03:40:08,400 --> 03:40:11,400
and freshly turned Earth from 
The Gardener's constant work. 

3946
03:40:12,400 --> 03:40:15,400
If you close your eyes, you 
might almost hear laughter from 

3947
03:40:15,400 --> 03:40:18,200
the house or the sound of 
voices, in animated 

3948
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:21,300
conversation. 
All the rustle of silk gowns on 

3949
03:40:21,300 --> 03:40:24,500
gravel paths. 
This is where their story lives 

3950
03:40:24,500 --> 03:40:27,900
most vividly. 
Not in the grand palaces or 

3951
03:40:27,900 --> 03:40:32,000
blood soaked battlefields, not 
in the official portraits or 

3952
03:40:32,000 --> 03:40:35,500
state ceremonies. 
But here in this Garden, where a

3953
03:40:35,500 --> 03:40:39,200
woman from Martinique who became
an empress planted roses and 

3954
03:40:39,200 --> 03:40:41,300
walked with her husband, who 
conquered Europe? 

3955
03:40:42,200 --> 03:40:45,200
Here for brief moments between 
campaigns and crises. 

3956
03:40:45,200 --> 03:40:49,300
They were simply two people in 
love enjoying Beauty, they 

3957
03:40:49,300 --> 03:40:52,700
created together. 
The love story of Napoleon and 

3958
03:40:52,700 --> 03:40:56,200
Josephine, reminds us that even 
the mightiest historical forces 

3959
03:40:56,200 --> 03:41:00,800
a shaped by human hearts beating
beneath the formal, costumes, 

3960
03:41:00,800 --> 03:41:04,100
and impressive titles, their 
romance influenced, the fate of 

3961
03:41:04,108 --> 03:41:07,400
Nations determined the outcomes 
of wars and shape, the political

3962
03:41:07,400 --> 03:41:10,400
map of Europe. 
But at its core their 

3963
03:41:10,400 --> 03:41:12,100
relationship remained achingly 
human. 

3964
03:41:12,900 --> 03:41:16,000
Passionate letters the jealous, 
rages the tender 

3965
03:41:16,000 --> 03:41:19,700
reconciliations, the ultimate 
heartbreak of their separation. 

3966
03:41:20,500 --> 03:41:23,600
These are experiences that 
transcend time and Empire. 

3967
03:41:24,500 --> 03:41:28,100
Seeking to fundamental truths 
about love and loss that remain 

3968
03:41:28,100 --> 03:41:32,400
constant across centuries. 
As you drift towards sleep 

3969
03:41:32,400 --> 03:41:36,500
tonight, let yourself rest in 
Melbourne's Gardens on a perfect

3970
03:41:36,500 --> 03:41:39,700
Summer Afternoon. 
Feel the warmth of sunshine on 

3971
03:41:39,700 --> 03:41:44,200
your face, and arms smell, the 
roses Josephine nurtured each 

3972
03:41:44,200 --> 03:41:48,000
variety, distinct yet blending 
into an overall fragrance of 

3973
03:41:48,000 --> 03:41:51,700
beauty and care. 
Here, the distant murmur of 

3974
03:41:51,700 --> 03:41:54,700
fountains and the soft rustle of
leaves in the breeze. 

3975
03:41:55,600 --> 03:41:59,200
Somewhere nearby a Bird Sings 
its territorial clay. 

3976
03:41:59,200 --> 03:42:03,000
The gravel crunches, softly 
under your feet as you walk 

3977
03:42:03,000 --> 03:42:06,400
slowly along paths designed for 
contemplation and peace. 

3978
03:42:06,400 --> 03:42:10,200
Two people met in Revolutionary 
Paris at a time when the world 

3979
03:42:10,200 --> 03:42:12,200
seemed to be ending and 
everything. 

3980
03:42:12,200 --> 03:42:16,400
Solid was melting into are They 
loved each other through 

3981
03:42:16,400 --> 03:42:20,200
impossible, circumstances, 
survive separations, and 

3982
03:42:20,200 --> 03:42:24,800
reconciliations built an empire 
together and ultimately broken 

3983
03:42:24,800 --> 03:42:26,900
each other's hearts and services
of Duty. 

3984
03:42:26,900 --> 03:42:31,700
They both accepted as necessary.
They changed the world through 

3985
03:42:31,700 --> 03:42:35,900
their partnership leaving behind
reforms and institutions and 

3986
03:42:35,900 --> 03:42:38,400
cultural influences that persist
to this day. 

3987
03:42:39,700 --> 03:42:43,300
Their roses still Bloom their 
letters, still speak across the 

3988
03:42:43,300 --> 03:42:46,900
centuries with undiminished 
passion and their love story 

3989
03:42:46,900 --> 03:42:50,500
endures as The Testament to what
human connection can achieve and

3990
03:42:50,500 --> 03:42:53,700
endure. 
Let these images and thoughts 

3991
03:42:53,700 --> 03:42:58,300
carry, you gently into sleep. 
Napoleon and Josephine stories 

3992
03:42:58,300 --> 03:43:00,500
over. 
Now, finished more than 200 

3993
03:43:00,500 --> 03:43:05,600
years ago, but the gardens 
Remain, the beauty endures love,

3994
03:43:05,600 --> 03:43:08,300
they shared complicated and 
painful. 

3995
03:43:08,300 --> 03:43:13,000
And real continues to touch 
hearts and Inspire dreams. 

3996
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:16,700
Rest now, surrounded by roses 
and history, and the Eternal 

3997
03:43:16,700 --> 03:43:20,800
human story of love, Found, Love
tested and love, remembered 

3998
03:43:20,800 --> 03:43:29,600
beyond death, and Empire. 
Let's start at the very 

3999
03:43:29,600 --> 03:43:31,900
beginning. 
Back when your biggest clothing 

4000
03:43:31,900 --> 03:43:34,900
decision was whether to drape 
that Mammoth hide with the fur 

4001
03:43:34,900 --> 03:43:39,100
on the inside, or outside, we're
talking about roughly 170,000 

4002
03:43:39,100 --> 03:43:41,800
years ago, give or take a few 
Millennia back. 

4003
03:43:41,800 --> 03:43:46,000
When Fashion Week lasted about 
Four Seasons literally, Your 

4004
03:43:46,000 --> 03:43:48,200
earliest ancestors had what you 
might call the ultimate 

4005
03:43:48,200 --> 03:43:51,500
minimalist wardrobe, imagine 
waking up each morning in your 

4006
03:43:51,508 --> 03:43:55,100
only outfit choice being naked 
or slightly less naked with some

4007
03:43:55,100 --> 03:43:58,500
leaves, strategically placed. 
It was like having a closet with

4008
03:43:58,500 --> 03:44:02,000
just one item and that item was 
whatever you could hunt gather 

4009
03:44:02,000 --> 03:44:04,700
or convinced to stay. 
Put long enough to provide 

4010
03:44:04,700 --> 03:44:06,900
coverage but here's where it 
gets interesting. 

4011
03:44:07,700 --> 03:44:10,600
Those early humans weren't just 
randomly throwing animal skins 

4012
03:44:10,600 --> 03:44:13,700
over their shoulders, like they 
were playing prehistoric dress 

4013
03:44:13,700 --> 03:44:17,300
up, they were actually solving 
problems the same kind of 

4014
03:44:17,308 --> 03:44:19,700
problems you face today. 
Just with higher stakes. 

4015
03:44:19,700 --> 03:44:22,700
In stead of will this make me 
look professional in my zoom 

4016
03:44:22,700 --> 03:44:24,200
meeting. 
They were dealing with. 

4017
03:44:24,200 --> 03:44:26,900
They will this keep me from 
becoming a popsicle during the 

4018
03:44:26,900 --> 03:44:29,700
Ice Age. 
First real breakthrough came 

4019
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:33,800
when someone lets call them the 
world's first fashion designer, 

4020
03:44:33,800 --> 03:44:35,900
figured out that you could 
actually shape these animal 

4021
03:44:35,900 --> 03:44:38,300
hides. 
Instead of just draping a deer 

4022
03:44:38,300 --> 03:44:41,300
skin over your shoulders, like a
furry Cape, you could cut holes 

4023
03:44:41,300 --> 03:44:43,500
for your arms revolutionary 
stuff. 

4024
03:44:43,500 --> 03:44:46,600
This was probably the moment 
when clothing stopped being just

4025
03:44:46,600 --> 03:44:49,300
about survival and started being
about looking good. 

4026
03:44:49,300 --> 03:44:51,600
While surviving, you can almost 
picture it. 

4027
03:44:52,300 --> 03:44:55,300
Some Paleolithic trendsetter 
walking around the camp showing 

4028
03:44:55,300 --> 03:44:58,600
off their new fitted. 
Mammoth, hi jacket while their 

4029
03:44:58,600 --> 03:45:00,500
neighbor's were still wearing 
shapeless fur blankets. 

4030
03:45:00,500 --> 03:45:04,200
Oh, this old thing they'd 
probably Grunt in whatever 

4031
03:45:04,200 --> 03:45:07,200
passed for language back then I 
just threw it together. 

4032
03:45:07,200 --> 03:45:09,900
It's vintage place to seen the 
tools. 

4033
03:45:09,900 --> 03:45:13,200
They used were beautifully. 
Simple sharp stones for cutting 

4034
03:45:13,200 --> 03:45:17,600
bone needles for sewing. 
Yes, they had needles 40,000 

4035
03:45:17,600 --> 03:45:20,500
years ago which means they were 
probably dealing with the same 

4036
03:45:20,500 --> 03:45:23,700
frustrating experience of trying
to thread a needle, in dim light

4037
03:45:23,700 --> 03:45:27,000
that you face today. 
Some things, never change, but 

4038
03:45:27,000 --> 03:45:29,200
the really clever part was how 
they figured out different 

4039
03:45:29,200 --> 03:45:33,000
materials for different needs. 
Lighter skin for summer, thicker

4040
03:45:33,000 --> 03:45:36,300
Firs for winter, waterproof 
treatments for rainy Seasons. 

4041
03:45:36,300 --> 03:45:39,200
They were essentially creating 
the world's first weather 

4042
03:45:39,200 --> 03:45:41,300
appropriate wardrobes long 
before. 

4043
03:45:41,300 --> 03:45:44,700
Anyone had invented weather 
forecast to ignore and lets not 

4044
03:45:44,700 --> 03:45:47,700
forget the accessories 
archaeological evidence shows. 

4045
03:45:47,700 --> 03:45:50,200
They were making jewelry 
decorative elements. 

4046
03:45:50,200 --> 03:45:52,000
Even what appeared to be the 
world. 

4047
03:45:52,400 --> 03:45:55,700
First buttons, because 
apparently even 100,000 years 

4048
03:45:55,700 --> 03:45:58,800
ago, humans looked at functional
clothing and thought this is 

4049
03:45:58,800 --> 03:46:00,800
nice. 
But how can we make it pretty 

4050
03:46:00,800 --> 03:46:04,100
here by the end of this era? 
Your ancestors at essentially 

4051
03:46:04,100 --> 03:46:06,300
invented, everything we still 
using clothing today. 

4052
03:46:07,100 --> 03:46:11,400
Cutting sewing layering 
accessorizing and most 

4053
03:46:11,400 --> 03:46:14,500
importantly, the Eternal human 
struggle of having a closet full

4054
03:46:14,500 --> 03:46:16,900
of options and still feeling 
like you have nothing 

4055
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:20,800
appropriate to wear to the Clans
Mammoth barbecue around 10,000 

4056
03:46:20,800 --> 03:46:23,400
years ago, something remarkable 
happened, that would forever 

4057
03:46:23,400 --> 03:46:24,700
change. 
What you wore to bed? 

4058
03:46:25,400 --> 03:46:28,200
Humans discovered agriculture, 
which meant they could stop 

4059
03:46:28,200 --> 03:46:30,900
chasing their dinner around and 
start growing it instead. 

4060
03:46:30,900 --> 03:46:33,800
This was great news for many 
reasons, but particularly 

4061
03:46:33,800 --> 03:46:36,600
excellent news for your 
wardrobe, you see, when people 

4062
03:46:36,600 --> 03:46:39,700
settle down and started farming,
they suddenly had time to think 

4063
03:46:39,700 --> 03:46:42,400
about things other than, where's
my next meal coming from 

4064
03:46:42,400 --> 03:46:45,200
questions. 
Like why am I wearing the same 

4065
03:46:45,200 --> 03:46:47,700
Mammoth skin? 
My great grandfather wore and 

4066
03:46:47,700 --> 03:46:50,900
surely, there's got to be 
something softer than high for 

4067
03:46:50,900 --> 03:46:54,200
undergarments and to plant 
fibers some brilliant, early 

4068
03:46:54,200 --> 03:46:57,500
farmer looked at their fields of
flax and thought I bet I could 

4069
03:46:57,508 --> 03:46:59,600
turn this into something more 
comfortable than leather. 

4070
03:47:00,400 --> 03:47:03,400
And thus began Humanity's long, 
beautiful relationship with 

4071
03:47:03,400 --> 03:47:07,400
textiles that don't require 
hunting large dangerous animals,

4072
03:47:07,400 --> 03:47:11,200
a protest of turning plants into
clothing was wonderful complex 

4073
03:47:11,200 --> 03:47:13,800
and completely mind boggling if 
you really think about it. 

4074
03:47:13,800 --> 03:47:18,800
Take flags, for instance, you 
had to harvest it Reddit, which 

4075
03:47:18,800 --> 03:47:21,500
is a fancy word for letting it 
rot in just the right way. 

4076
03:47:21,500 --> 03:47:25,600
Break it, got it, Hackle it and 
then finally spin it into 

4077
03:47:25,600 --> 03:47:27,400
thread. 
It was like the world's most 

4078
03:47:27,400 --> 03:47:30,300
complicated recipe except 
instead of ending up with 

4079
03:47:30,300 --> 03:47:32,400
dinner, you ended up with linen 
underwear. 

4080
03:47:33,400 --> 03:47:35,600
Here's what's really Charming 
about this period. 

4081
03:47:35,600 --> 03:47:39,300
People started specializing 
instead of everyone in the 

4082
03:47:39,308 --> 03:47:42,000
village, making their own 
clothes, you had the person who 

4083
03:47:42,000 --> 03:47:45,700
was really good at spinning, the
one who excelled at weaving and 

4084
03:47:45,700 --> 03:47:47,900
the one who had a knack for 
dying things, interesting, 

4085
03:47:47,900 --> 03:47:49,700
colors. 
It was the beginning of the 

4086
03:47:49,700 --> 03:47:52,200
fashion industry, though. 
They probably didn't call it, 

4087
03:47:52,200 --> 03:47:54,200
that more likely, they called 
it. 

4088
03:47:54,200 --> 03:47:57,100
Hey, can you make me something 
that doesn't itch? 

4089
03:47:58,200 --> 03:48:00,400
The invention of the Loom was 
particularly revolutionary 

4090
03:48:00,400 --> 03:48:03,900
imagine being the first person 
to see fabric being created. 

4091
03:48:03,900 --> 03:48:07,500
On one of these Contraptions, it
must have seemed like absolute 

4092
03:48:07,500 --> 03:48:11,400
magic threads going in One 
Direction threads going in the 

4093
03:48:11,400 --> 03:48:13,800
other and somehow outcomes 
cloth. 

4094
03:48:13,800 --> 03:48:17,100
It was like watching a 3D 
printer except the technology 

4095
03:48:17,100 --> 03:48:20,800
was made of wood and required 
actual skill to operate cotton 

4096
03:48:20,800 --> 03:48:22,600
appeared on the scene around 
this time too. 

4097
03:48:22,600 --> 03:48:26,500
First in India, and Pakistan 
cotton was like, the miracle 

4098
03:48:26,500 --> 03:48:31,200
fabric of his day softening or 
comfortable than wool and it got

4099
03:48:31,208 --> 03:48:33,400
better. 
The more you washed, it ancient 

4100
03:48:33,400 --> 03:48:35,700
people's probably looked at 
cotton the way you look at 

4101
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:39,100
moisture wicking stain resistant
wrinkle free Fabrics. 

4102
03:48:39,100 --> 03:48:43,000
Today like some kind of textile 
Wizardry wall, brought its own 

4103
03:48:43,000 --> 03:48:45,600
Revolution. 
Sheep were basically, walking 

4104
03:48:45,600 --> 03:48:48,100
sweater factories. 
And once people figured out how 

4105
03:48:48,100 --> 03:48:50,600
to share them, hopefully, 
without too much protest from 

4106
03:48:50,600 --> 03:48:54,300
the Sheep, they had access to a 
renewable resource for warm 

4107
03:48:54,300 --> 03:48:57,400
durable clothing. 
Plus, we'll have this amazing 

4108
03:48:57,400 --> 03:49:00,600
property of keeping you warm 
even when wet which made it the 

4109
03:49:00,600 --> 03:49:02,600
ancient equivalent of high-tech 
outdoor gear. 

4110
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:05,400
The really interesting part of 
this agricultural clothing 

4111
03:49:05,400 --> 03:49:08,800
Revolution was how it started. 
Creating social distinctions, 

4112
03:49:08,800 --> 03:49:12,100
the quality of your fabric, 
began saying things about who 

4113
03:49:12,100 --> 03:49:14,700
you were. 
Finally, in suggested you had 

4114
03:49:14,700 --> 03:49:17,000
time and resources. 
Coarse wool meant. 

4115
03:49:17,000 --> 03:49:18,400
You were practical and 
hardworking. 

4116
03:49:19,100 --> 03:49:22,300
Certain colors became associated
with wealth because the dies 

4117
03:49:22,300 --> 03:49:24,000
were expensive or difficult to 
obtain. 

4118
03:49:24,000 --> 03:49:27,400
By the end of this period. 
You'd gone from wearing whatever

4119
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:29,600
animal you could catch to have 
actual choices. 

4120
03:49:29,600 --> 03:49:34,100
Linen for hot weather for cold 
different weaves for different 

4121
03:49:34,100 --> 03:49:36,400
occasions. 
It was the birth of the seasonal

4122
03:49:36,400 --> 03:49:39,200
wardrobe and probably the birth 
of that familiar feeling of 

4123
03:49:39,200 --> 03:49:40,800
looking at your closet and 
sighing. 

4124
03:49:40,800 --> 03:49:44,600
I need new clothes. 
A civilizations began to 

4125
03:49:44,600 --> 03:49:47,700
flourish around Rivers, like the
Nile Euphrates and inddus 

4126
03:49:47,700 --> 03:49:50,400
clothing. 
Stopped being just about comfort

4127
03:49:50,400 --> 03:49:53,100
and protection and started 
becoming something much more 

4128
03:49:53,100 --> 03:49:55,500
interesting a way to show the 
world. 

4129
03:49:55,500 --> 03:49:59,300
Exactly who you thought you were
the ancient Egyptians were 

4130
03:49:59,300 --> 03:50:02,100
perhaps the world's first 
fashion influencers though, 

4131
03:50:02,100 --> 03:50:04,400
their Instagram would have been 
painted on Tomb walls. 

4132
03:50:04,400 --> 03:50:07,100
They took linen. 
Remember that plant fiber we 

4133
03:50:07,108 --> 03:50:09,300
talked about and elevated it to 
an art. 

4134
03:50:09,300 --> 03:50:12,600
Form Egyptian, linen was so fine
and well-made that other 

4135
03:50:12,600 --> 03:50:15,000
civilizations literally used it 
as currently. 

4136
03:50:15,000 --> 03:50:17,600
Imagine paying your mortgage 
with bed sheets. 

4137
03:50:17,600 --> 03:50:19,900
Except these bed sheets will 
woven. 

4138
03:50:19,900 --> 03:50:23,500
So skillfully, they were nearly 
transparent Egyptian fashion was

4139
03:50:23,500 --> 03:50:26,800
all about clean lines, elegant 
draping, and accessories, that 

4140
03:50:26,800 --> 03:50:29,800
would make a modern jewelry 
designer weak With Envy The 

4141
03:50:29,800 --> 03:50:32,500
Wealthy warning. 
So fine, it was practically see 

4142
03:50:32,500 --> 03:50:35,100
through which might seem 
impractical until you remember. 

4143
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:37,800
They lived in a desert, their 
clothing was designed to be 

4144
03:50:37,808 --> 03:50:41,600
cool, comfortable and stunning, 
the ancient equivalent of azure 

4145
03:50:41,600 --> 03:50:44,700
if a Leisure came with gold and 
collars and enough highlighter 

4146
03:50:44,700 --> 03:50:47,200
to supply a rock band. 
But here's what's really 

4147
03:50:47,200 --> 03:50:50,400
delightful about Egyptian 
fashion, they invented so many 

4148
03:50:50,400 --> 03:50:54,200
things we still use today, 
pleating, that was them. 

4149
03:50:54,200 --> 03:50:57,000
They could create permanent 
pleats in line in that would 

4150
03:50:57,000 --> 03:50:59,500
last for years, make up as a 
fashion accessory. 

4151
03:50:59,500 --> 03:51:03,000
Absolutely Egyptian, both men 
and women wore. 

4152
03:51:03,000 --> 03:51:05,800
Elaborate eye makeup, not just 
for beauty, but for protection, 

4153
03:51:05,800 --> 03:51:09,700
from the Desert Sun, They 
basically invented sunglasses, 

4154
03:51:09,700 --> 03:51:13,600
except theirs were painted on 
meanwhile over in Mesopotamia. 

4155
03:51:13,600 --> 03:51:16,100
The Sumerians and Babylonians 
were having their own fashion 

4156
03:51:16,100 --> 03:51:17,900
moment. 
They were the first civilization

4157
03:51:17,900 --> 03:51:22,300
to really Embrace wool as a 
luxury item creating incredibly 

4158
03:51:22,300 --> 03:51:26,100
elaborate garments with complex 
patterns and Rich, colors their 

4159
03:51:26,100 --> 03:51:27,600
clothing. 
Tended, to be more structured 

4160
03:51:27,600 --> 03:51:30,700
than Egyptian fashion. 
Lots of layering Fringe and 

4161
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:33,400
geometric designs that would 
look perfectly at home in a 

4162
03:51:33,400 --> 03:51:36,100
modern art museum. 
The Mesopotamians also gave us 

4163
03:51:36,100 --> 03:51:39,400
one of Fashion's most enduring 
Concepts the idea that your 

4164
03:51:39,400 --> 03:51:42,800
clothes should match your job. 
Priests for certain Styles, 

4165
03:51:42,800 --> 03:51:46,500
rulers were others Merchants 
have their look and Farmers had 

4166
03:51:46,500 --> 03:51:48,500
theirs. 
It was the beginning of dress 

4167
03:51:48,500 --> 03:51:50,700
codes though. 
Thankfully more colorful than 

4168
03:51:50,700 --> 03:51:53,900
most modern officers attire, 
ancient Greece, brought a 

4169
03:51:53,900 --> 03:51:56,900
completely different aesthetic 
to the table, where Egyptians 

4170
03:51:56,900 --> 03:51:59,900
loved structure and 
Mesopotamians loved complexity. 

4171
03:51:59,900 --> 03:52:02,800
The Greeks fell in love with 
Simplicity, and the beauty of 

4172
03:52:02,800 --> 03:52:06,200
draped fabric, the Titan and 
himation were not really sown 

4173
03:52:06,200 --> 03:52:07,700
garments in the way, we think of
clothes. 

4174
03:52:07,700 --> 03:52:09,300
Today. 
They were essentially, 

4175
03:52:09,300 --> 03:52:12,600
rectangles of fabric draped and 
pinned in elegant ways. 

4176
03:52:12,600 --> 03:52:16,600
Greek fashion was remarkably 
Democratic, at least in terms of

4177
03:52:16,608 --> 03:52:19,900
basic construction, rich and 
poor were essentially the same 

4178
03:52:19,900 --> 03:52:21,900
Styles. 
The difference was in the 

4179
03:52:21,900 --> 03:52:24,300
quality of the fabric and the 
finest of the weave. 

4180
03:52:24,300 --> 03:52:27,400
A wealthy Greek might wear a 
chiton made of the finest 

4181
03:52:27,400 --> 03:52:30,300
imported silk. 
While a farmer wore one made of 

4182
03:52:30,300 --> 03:52:32,500
rough wool, but the basic shape 
was the same. 

4183
03:52:32,500 --> 03:52:35,800
The Romans never wants to let 
the Greeks out do them in 

4184
03:52:35,800 --> 03:52:39,600
anything took Greek fashion and 
made it more Roman which is to 

4185
03:52:39,600 --> 03:52:43,900
say more elaborate more colorful
and with better marketing, the 

4186
03:52:43,900 --> 03:52:46,300
toga became the ultimate status 
symbol there. 

4187
03:52:46,300 --> 03:52:48,700
Anyone whose ever tried to wear 
a bed sheet as clothing can 

4188
03:52:48,700 --> 03:52:51,100
appreciate what a feat? 
It was to wear one with dignity,

4189
03:52:51,100 --> 03:52:54,500
Roman fashion gave us the 
concept of seasonal collections,

4190
03:52:54,500 --> 03:52:56,600
though. 
They didn't call them that they 

4191
03:52:56,600 --> 03:52:58,700
had different weights and 
styles, for different times of 

4192
03:52:58,700 --> 03:53:01,600
year different colors for 
different occasions and an 

4193
03:53:01,600 --> 03:53:04,700
elaborate system of accessories 
that could take hours to put on 

4194
03:53:04,700 --> 03:53:08,400
properly, getting dressed as a 
wealthy Roman was Basically, a 

4195
03:53:08,400 --> 03:53:11,000
full-time job. 
But perhaps the most important 

4196
03:53:11,000 --> 03:53:14,100
contribution of these ancient 
civilizations was the idea that 

4197
03:53:14,100 --> 03:53:16,200
clothing could be beautiful for 
its own sake. 

4198
03:53:16,200 --> 03:53:18,900
It didn't just have to keep you 
warm or cool or modest. 

4199
03:53:18,900 --> 03:53:21,900
It could be art that you wore. 
This was the beginning of 

4200
03:53:21,900 --> 03:53:25,100
fashion as we know it today. 
The moment when humans looked at

4201
03:53:25,100 --> 03:53:27,900
perfectly functional clothing 
and asked, but his is it 

4202
03:53:27,908 --> 03:53:30,500
fabulous? 
If you think getting dressed for

4203
03:53:30,500 --> 03:53:33,000
work is complicated. 
Now, be grateful. 

4204
03:53:33,000 --> 03:53:36,700
You won't born into medieval 
nobility, the Middle Ages, 

4205
03:53:36,700 --> 03:53:39,100
turned clothing into something 
resembling, an engineering 

4206
03:53:39,100 --> 03:53:43,000
project complete with structural
supports complex, layering 

4207
03:53:43,000 --> 03:53:46,100
systems and enough fabric to 
upholster a small Castle. 

4208
03:53:46,100 --> 03:53:50,200
The medieval period began around
500 CE with what you might 

4209
03:53:50,200 --> 03:53:52,000
charitably. 
Call Simple clothing. 

4210
03:53:52,800 --> 03:53:55,700
After the fall of Rome, fashion 
became much, more practical. 

4211
03:53:55,700 --> 03:53:59,700
People wore basic tunics, simple
dresses and sturdy. 

4212
03:53:59,700 --> 03:54:02,500
Cloaks, it was the clothing 
equivalent of comfort food, 

4213
03:54:02,500 --> 03:54:05,000
nothing fancy but it got the job
done. 

4214
03:54:05,000 --> 03:54:08,100
But as the centuries progressed 
and Society became more 

4215
03:54:08,100 --> 03:54:11,700
structured clothing, became more
structured too, by the high 

4216
03:54:11,700 --> 03:54:14,400
Middle Ages getting dressed, 
especially if you were wealthy 

4217
03:54:14,400 --> 03:54:18,200
required assistance planning and
occasionally architectural 

4218
03:54:18,200 --> 03:54:19,800
knowledge. 
Let's start with the 

4219
03:54:19,800 --> 03:54:22,400
undergarments because medieval 
people were surprisingly, 

4220
03:54:22,400 --> 03:54:24,200
sophisticated about what went 
underneath. 

4221
03:54:25,100 --> 03:54:27,500
Women wore linen. 
She's that served as both 

4222
03:54:27,500 --> 03:54:30,200
underwear and protection for 
their expensive, outer garments.

4223
03:54:30,200 --> 03:54:33,800
Men more Brays which were 
essentially linen shorts tied at

4224
03:54:33,808 --> 03:54:36,100
the waist. 
These weren't just practical. 

4225
03:54:36,100 --> 03:54:38,800
They were essential because 
medieval wool could be 

4226
03:54:38,800 --> 03:54:41,300
remarkably. 
Itchy the layering system that 

4227
03:54:41,300 --> 03:54:44,100
developed during this period was
like, wearing your entire closet

4228
03:54:44,100 --> 03:54:48,500
at once women might wear a 
chemise, then a tunic, then a 

4229
03:54:48,500 --> 03:54:52,600
circuit, then a cloak each layer
serving, a specific purpose, it 

4230
03:54:52,600 --> 03:54:55,600
was practical for the climate 
certainly, but it also created 

4231
03:54:55,600 --> 03:54:58,500
endless opportunities for 
showing off different Fabrics, 

4232
03:54:58,500 --> 03:55:02,300
colors and trims medieval 
fashion gave us some of the most

4233
03:55:02,300 --> 03:55:05,400
impractical but gorgeous 
clothing Innovations in history.

4234
03:55:05,400 --> 03:55:09,000
Take the hen in those tall 
pointed headdresses that look 

4235
03:55:09,000 --> 03:55:11,100
like traffic cones decorated By 
Angels. 

4236
03:55:11,100 --> 03:55:14,400
They could be several feet tall 
and required careful navigation,

4237
03:55:14,400 --> 03:55:17,600
through doorways. 
Imagine trying to get into a car

4238
03:55:17,600 --> 03:55:19,900
while wearing one actually, 
don't imagine that. 

4239
03:55:19,900 --> 03:55:22,500
It's too disturbing. 
The wealthy medieval. 

4240
03:55:22,500 --> 03:55:25,900
Europeans were obsessed with 
sleeves, not just any sleeves 

4241
03:55:25,900 --> 03:55:28,500
but sleeves that defied logic 
and occasionally gravity. 

4242
03:55:28,500 --> 03:55:31,000
Some were so long. 
They dragged on the ground, 

4243
03:55:31,000 --> 03:55:33,900
others were so wide. 
You could hide a small child in 

4244
03:55:33,900 --> 03:55:37,700
the There were detachable 
sleeves, slashed sleeves that 

4245
03:55:37,700 --> 03:55:41,300
showed contrasting fabric 
underneath and sleeves with so 

4246
03:55:41,300 --> 03:55:43,500
many buttons that getting 
dressed must have felt like 

4247
03:55:43,508 --> 03:55:45,900
assembling Furniture. 
But here's what's really 

4248
03:55:45,900 --> 03:55:47,500
interesting about medieval 
fashion. 

4249
03:55:47,500 --> 03:55:51,700
It was incredibly regulated 
sumptuary laws dictated who 

4250
03:55:51,700 --> 03:55:55,600
could wear what colors which 
Fabrics, how much fur, even how 

4251
03:55:55,600 --> 03:55:58,300
long your shoes could be, purple
was reserved for royalty. 

4252
03:55:58,300 --> 03:56:02,100
Certain Furs were forbidden to 
Merchants and the length of your

4253
03:56:02,100 --> 03:56:04,800
pointed shoes was directly 
proportional to your social 

4254
03:56:04,800 --> 03:56:08,200
status these laws existed, 
partly for economic reasons, 

4255
03:56:08,200 --> 03:56:12,000
keeping people from bankrupting 
themselves on clothing but 

4256
03:56:12,000 --> 03:56:15,700
mostly to maintain social order.
Your outfit was essentially your

4257
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:18,900
ID card, announcing your place 
in society to everyone. 

4258
03:56:18,900 --> 03:56:22,200
You met it was like wearing your
LinkedIn profile except more 

4259
03:56:22,200 --> 03:56:25,100
colorful and with better 
accessories, the medieval period

4260
03:56:25,100 --> 03:56:28,300
gave us some of Fashions. 
Most enduring Mysteries like the

4261
03:56:28,300 --> 03:56:31,000
coat Hardy which fashion 
historians, still can't quite 

4262
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:34,000
figure out how to put on the 
instructions have been lost to 

4263
03:56:34,000 --> 03:56:36,300
time. 
Leaving modern costume designers

4264
03:56:36,300 --> 03:56:38,400
to basically guess how these 
garments worked. 

4265
03:56:38,400 --> 03:56:42,300
It's like, finding a recipe that
just says assembling ingredients

4266
03:56:42,300 --> 03:56:45,900
fashionably Trade during this 
period, brought new fabrics and 

4267
03:56:45,900 --> 03:56:47,400
ideas from across the known 
world. 

4268
03:56:48,200 --> 03:56:50,600
Silk from Asia fine walls from 
England. 

4269
03:56:50,600 --> 03:56:54,900
Exotic dies from everywhere in 
between medieval fashion was 

4270
03:56:54,900 --> 03:56:57,700
surprisingly International 
though, it traveled at the speed

4271
03:56:57,700 --> 03:57:00,200
of horses and sailing ships 
rather than social media. 

4272
03:57:01,400 --> 03:57:03,200
By the end of the Middle Ages 
clothing. 

4273
03:57:03,200 --> 03:57:04,700
Had become incredibly 
sophisticated. 

4274
03:57:04,700 --> 03:57:08,400
The fit was precise. 
The construction was complex and

4275
03:57:08,400 --> 03:57:10,000
the social meanings were 
elaborate. 

4276
03:57:10,000 --> 03:57:12,700
It was the foundation for 
everything that would come next,

4277
03:57:12,700 --> 03:57:15,300
though. 
Thankfully later periods would 

4278
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:18,000
be less interested in 
engineering degrees to get 

4279
03:57:18,000 --> 03:57:20,700
dressed in the morning. 
The Renaissance didn't just give

4280
03:57:20,700 --> 03:57:23,300
us incredible art, 
groundbreaking science and 

4281
03:57:23,300 --> 03:57:26,300
revolutionary literature. 
It also gave us the idea that 

4282
03:57:26,300 --> 03:57:29,500
getting dressed in the morning, 
should be a creative act, worthy

4283
03:57:29,500 --> 03:57:33,500
of Michelangelo himself starting
around the 14th century in Italy

4284
03:57:33,500 --> 03:57:35,700
and spreading across Europe. 
Like the world's most 

4285
03:57:35,700 --> 03:57:38,800
fashionable virus the 
Renaissance brought a completely

4286
03:57:38,800 --> 03:57:42,100
new attitude to clothing where 
medieval fashion had been about 

4287
03:57:42,100 --> 03:57:44,200
showing your place in the rigid 
social hierarchy. 

4288
03:57:44,200 --> 03:57:48,200
Renesis fashion was about 
showing your wealth, your taste,

4289
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:51,500
your education, and your ability
to afford really excellent 

4290
03:57:51,500 --> 03:57:54,200
tailors. 
The Italians led the charge as 

4291
03:57:54,200 --> 03:57:56,200
they did with most Renaissance 
Innovations. 

4292
03:57:56,900 --> 03:57:59,400
Italian city-states, like, 
Florence and Venice became 

4293
03:57:59,400 --> 03:58:01,700
fashion capitals producing 
silks. 

4294
03:58:01,700 --> 03:58:04,600
So luxurious that other 
Europeans would travel hundreds 

4295
03:58:04,600 --> 03:58:06,900
of miles, just to shop Italian 
fashion. 

4296
03:58:06,900 --> 03:58:09,200
During this period was like 
wearing liquid sunlight, 

4297
03:58:09,200 --> 03:58:12,700
everything flowing gleaming and 
ridiculously beautiful. 

4298
03:58:13,700 --> 03:58:16,700
But it was the invention of new 
tailoring techniques that really

4299
03:58:16,700 --> 03:58:18,600
revolutionized Renaissance 
clothing. 

4300
03:58:18,600 --> 03:58:21,500
Medieval garments had been 
relatively loose and flowing 

4301
03:58:21,500 --> 03:58:24,800
Renaissance fashion introduced 
the Revolutionary concept of 

4302
03:58:24,800 --> 03:58:26,500
clothes that actually fit your 
body. 

4303
03:58:26,500 --> 03:58:29,600
This required much more 
sophisticated pattern, making 

4304
03:58:29,600 --> 03:58:32,500
cutting and sewing. 
Essentially it required the 

4305
03:58:32,500 --> 03:58:35,300
invention of tailoring as we 
know it today, the doublet 

4306
03:58:35,300 --> 03:58:38,400
became the foundation of men's 
fashion and it was a masterpiece

4307
03:58:38,400 --> 03:58:40,100
of engineering disguised as 
clothing. 

4308
03:58:40,100 --> 03:58:43,900
A good Dublin, required dozens 
of pieces careful padding to 

4309
03:58:43,900 --> 03:58:47,300
create the ideal masculine 
silhouette and enough buttons to

4310
03:58:47,300 --> 03:58:50,800
keep a small Factory in business
men's legs were covered in hose 

4311
03:58:50,800 --> 03:58:53,900
that fit like a second skin, 
which meant Renaissance men were

4312
03:58:53,900 --> 03:58:56,200
probably in better shape than 
most modern gym. 

4313
03:58:56,200 --> 03:58:59,500
Enthusiasts simply out of 
necessity women's fashion. 

4314
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:01,400
During the Renaissance, was 
equally complex. 

4315
03:59:01,400 --> 03:59:05,000
But in different ways, the gowns
required internal structures 

4316
03:59:05,000 --> 03:59:08,200
that were basically wearable 
architecture, farthingale's 

4317
03:59:08,200 --> 03:59:11,200
created bell shaped skirts. 
That could span several feet in 

4318
03:59:11,200 --> 03:59:14,200
diameter corsets shaped the 
Torso, into the Fashionable 

4319
03:59:14,200 --> 03:59:17,500
silhouette roughs frame, the 
face like fabric flowers. 

4320
03:59:17,500 --> 03:59:20,000
Getting dressed was like putting
on a building. 

4321
03:59:20,000 --> 03:59:22,700
But here's what's really 
remarkable about Renaissance 

4322
03:59:22,700 --> 03:59:25,700
fashion. 
Share creativity and Artistry 

4323
03:59:25,700 --> 03:59:28,500
involved Fabrics will works of 
art in themselves. 

4324
03:59:28,500 --> 03:59:33,200
Brigades with gold thread 
velvets with cut patterns silks 

4325
03:59:33,200 --> 03:59:36,300
with intricate designs. 
Garments were slashed to show, 

4326
03:59:36,300 --> 03:59:40,200
contrasting Fabrics underneath 
creating patterns that changed 

4327
03:59:40,200 --> 03:59:42,800
as the wearer moved. 
It was like wearing a 

4328
03:59:42,800 --> 03:59:45,300
kaleidoscope. 
The Renaissance also gave us 

4329
03:59:45,300 --> 03:59:47,200
Fashions relationship with 
celebrity culture. 

4330
03:59:47,200 --> 03:59:51,500
What the nobility War mattered 
enormously a news of the latest 

4331
03:59:51,500 --> 03:59:54,600
Court Fashions spread across 
Europe through detailed letters 

4332
03:59:54,600 --> 03:59:57,400
and prints. 
When Henry, the 8th decided to 

4333
03:59:57,400 --> 04:00:01,400
favor a particular style of hat 
makers, across England suddenly 

4334
04:00:01,400 --> 04:00:04,800
got very busy, it was the 16th 
century equivalent of a red 

4335
04:00:04,808 --> 04:00:06,600
carpet fashion moment. 
Going viral. 

4336
04:00:06,600 --> 04:00:09,600
Color became incredibly 
important during this period 

4337
04:00:09,600 --> 04:00:13,000
partly because new dies and 
techniques, made a wide range of

4338
04:00:13,000 --> 04:00:16,000
colors available but also 
because different colors carried

4339
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:20,100
complex meanings. 
Read suggested wealth and power 

4340
04:00:20,100 --> 04:00:23,100
blue was associated with loyalty
and virtue. 

4341
04:00:23,100 --> 04:00:26,500
Black became fashionable as the 
ultimate luxury color because it

4342
04:00:26,500 --> 04:00:30,900
was incredibly difficult to 
achieve a deep rich black that 

4343
04:00:30,900 --> 04:00:34,300
wouldn't fade the Renaissance. 
Also saw the rise of fashion as 

4344
04:00:34,300 --> 04:00:36,700
an international language 
Styles. 

4345
04:00:36,700 --> 04:00:40,300
Spread from court to court 
country to Country, creating the

4346
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:43,700
first truly, European fashion 
trends address style that 

4347
04:00:43,700 --> 04:00:46,500
started in the Spanish Court, 
might appear in modified form in

4348
04:00:46,508 --> 04:00:49,000
the French Court. 
Six months later, then 

4349
04:00:49,000 --> 04:00:50,900
influenced English fashion in 
The Following Season. 

4350
04:00:50,900 --> 04:00:53,900
Perhaps most importantly, the 
Renaissance established, the 

4351
04:00:53,900 --> 04:00:56,100
idea that fashion could be an 
art form in itself. 

4352
04:00:56,100 --> 04:00:58,800
Clothing, wasn't just 
functional, or even just 

4353
04:00:58,800 --> 04:01:01,600
beautiful. 
It could be creative Innovative 

4354
04:01:01,600 --> 04:01:04,200
expressive. 
It could make statements about 

4355
04:01:04,200 --> 04:01:07,500
the whereas values, education 
and aesthetic sensibilities, 

4356
04:01:07,500 --> 04:01:11,100
this period laid, the groundwork
for everything that would follow

4357
04:01:11,100 --> 04:01:14,000
in fashion history. 
The concept of seasonal changes,

4358
04:01:14,000 --> 04:01:18,100
the important of fit the role of
celebrity influencer, The 

4359
04:01:18,100 --> 04:01:21,200
internationalization of style, 
all of these started during the 

4360
04:01:21,208 --> 04:01:24,200
Renaissance when Europeans 
decided that life was too short 

4361
04:01:24,200 --> 04:01:27,400
for boring clothes. 
As we move into the 1600s and 

4362
04:01:27,408 --> 04:01:30,800
1700s fashion entered. 
What we might call its more 

4363
04:01:30,800 --> 04:01:33,400
phase. 
If Renaissance clothing was 

4364
04:01:33,400 --> 04:01:36,300
like, wearing art, Brock and 
Rococo fashion was like wearing 

4365
04:01:36,300 --> 04:01:39,800
an entire Art Museum complete 
with guided tours and gift shop.

4366
04:01:39,800 --> 04:01:43,900
The 17th century started with 
what fashion historians politely

4367
04:01:43,900 --> 04:01:47,200
call elaborate clothing. 
But which anyone with modern 

4368
04:01:47,200 --> 04:01:49,900
sensibilities would recognize as
completely over the top. 

4369
04:01:49,900 --> 04:01:52,500
Men, wore doublets with so much 
padding. 

4370
04:01:52,500 --> 04:01:55,300
They looked like they were 
wearing life preservers Women's 

4371
04:01:55,300 --> 04:01:58,300
skirts became so wide that 
doorways had to be navigated 

4372
04:01:58,300 --> 04:02:00,700
sideways. 
It was the period when fashion 

4373
04:02:00,700 --> 04:02:04,400
designers looked at practical 
clothing and asked, But how can 

4374
04:02:04,400 --> 04:02:07,400
we make this much more 
complicated, the court of Louis,

4375
04:02:07,400 --> 04:02:10,000
the 14th of Versailles became 
the epicenter of European 

4376
04:02:10,000 --> 04:02:12,600
fashion and Lewis took the job 
seriously. 

4377
04:02:12,600 --> 04:02:16,300
He understood that fashion was 
politics and he used clothing as

4378
04:02:16,300 --> 04:02:19,100
a tool of power. 
The more elaborate and 

4379
04:02:19,100 --> 04:02:22,100
expensive, your outfit, the 
higher your status at court, it 

4380
04:02:22,100 --> 04:02:25,100
was like a very expensive, very 
beautiful arms race. 

4381
04:02:25,100 --> 04:02:29,200
Except in weapons, people were 
competing with embroidered silk 

4382
04:02:29,200 --> 04:02:32,400
and precious gems men's fashion 
during this period was 

4383
04:02:32,400 --> 04:02:35,100
particularly fascinating because
it was so unapologetically 

4384
04:02:35,100 --> 04:02:39,100
decorative men will silk 
stockings high heeled shoes. 

4385
04:02:39,100 --> 04:02:43,100
Yes, high heels were originally 
for men elaborate wigs and 

4386
04:02:43,100 --> 04:02:46,500
enough lace to stock a bridal 
shop, the modern idea that men's

4387
04:02:46,500 --> 04:02:48,700
clothing should be simple. 
And understated would have 

4388
04:02:48,700 --> 04:02:52,400
baffled a 17th century gentleman
who saw his outfit as a canvas 

4389
04:02:52,400 --> 04:02:56,200
for artistic expression. 
The Perry wig or powdered wig 

4390
04:02:56,200 --> 04:02:58,600
became the ultimate status 
symbol for men. 

4391
04:02:58,600 --> 04:03:02,500
These weren't just hair pieces. 
They were architectural, Marvels

4392
04:03:02,500 --> 04:03:05,300
that could cost as much as a 
house and required daily 

4393
04:03:05,300 --> 04:03:06,900
maintenance by skilled 
professionals. 

4394
04:03:06,900 --> 04:03:10,300
Wealthy men would own multiple 
wigs for different occasions, 

4395
04:03:10,300 --> 04:03:13,600
like a very expensive hat 
collection that happened to be 

4396
04:03:13,600 --> 04:03:17,000
made of human hair. 
Women's fashion, reach new 

4397
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:20,300
heights of complexity during the
RICO period of the 18th century.

4398
04:03:20,300 --> 04:03:23,800
The panniers side Hoops that 
made skirts extend horizontally 

4399
04:03:23,800 --> 04:03:27,300
created Silhouettes so wide that
two women couldn't walk through 

4400
04:03:27,300 --> 04:03:29,700
a doorway. 
At the same time, caught dresses

4401
04:03:29,700 --> 04:03:31,500
required. 
So much fabric that they were 

4402
04:03:31,500 --> 04:03:34,500
essentially wearable buildings 
complete with Structural 

4403
04:03:34,500 --> 04:03:36,300
Engineering to keep everything 
upright. 

4404
04:03:37,100 --> 04:03:40,800
But the real showstopper was the
hair 18th century hairstyling 

4405
04:03:40,800 --> 04:03:43,500
was like topri gardening except 
on people's heads. 

4406
04:03:44,200 --> 04:03:47,500
Women's hairstyles could be 
several feet tall decorated with

4407
04:03:47,500 --> 04:03:50,500
ribbons flowers. 
Feathers and sometimes entire 

4408
04:03:50,500 --> 04:03:53,100
miniature scenes. 
There are historical accounts of

4409
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:56,500
hairstyles that included model, 
ships, miniature Gardens and 

4410
04:03:56,500 --> 04:04:00,100
even small cages with live. 
Birds the Cosmetics of this 

4411
04:04:00,100 --> 04:04:03,400
period, were equally dramatic, 
both men and women wore white 

4412
04:04:03,400 --> 04:04:06,400
face powder made from lead, 
which was probably not great for

4413
04:04:06,400 --> 04:04:09,400
their health, right. 
Red Rouge and Beauty, patches 

4414
04:04:09,400 --> 04:04:13,300
small pieces of silk, or velvet 
cut into shapes like, stars or 

4415
04:04:13,300 --> 04:04:16,400
crescents and glued to the face.
It was like wearing stickers. 

4416
04:04:16,400 --> 04:04:19,800
If stickers were considered the 
height of sophistication, the 

4417
04:04:19,800 --> 04:04:22,800
18th century also saw the rise 
of fashion magazines and fashion

4418
04:04:22,800 --> 04:04:25,000
dolls. 
Small dolls dressed in the 

4419
04:04:25,000 --> 04:04:27,500
latest style that were sent 
between fashion capitals to 

4420
04:04:27,500 --> 04:04:30,100
spread new trends. 
These were the ancestors of 

4421
04:04:30,100 --> 04:04:33,100
modern fashion photography and 
social media influences. 

4422
04:04:33,100 --> 04:04:36,200
Though considerably smaller and 
requiring more delicate, 

4423
04:04:36,200 --> 04:04:38,800
shipping Arrangements. 
Perhaps the most interesting 

4424
04:04:38,800 --> 04:04:41,800
aspect of the 18th century 
fashion was how it reflected the

4425
04:04:41,800 --> 04:04:44,100
philosophy of the time, the 
elaborate deck. 

4426
04:04:44,200 --> 04:04:47,600
The emphasis on artificial over 
nature, the celebration of 

4427
04:04:47,600 --> 04:04:51,400
luxury and refinement, all of 
this reflected in lighting and 

4428
04:04:51,400 --> 04:04:54,700
ideas about civilization 
progress, and the power of 

4429
04:04:54,700 --> 04:04:56,400
human. 
Creativity to improve upon 

4430
04:04:56,400 --> 04:04:58,600
nature. 
Of course, all this fashion came

4431
04:04:58,600 --> 04:05:00,700
with a price, both literally and
figuratively. 

4432
04:05:01,800 --> 04:05:04,300
The cost of maintaining an 18th 
century wardrobe was 

4433
04:05:04,300 --> 04:05:07,100
astronomical and the time 
required for dressing and 

4434
04:05:07,100 --> 04:05:10,000
grooming could take hours 
wealthy people, essentially 

4435
04:05:10,000 --> 04:05:12,200
needed staff just to get dressed
in the morning. 

4436
04:05:12,900 --> 04:05:15,400
By the end of the 18th century. 
This elaborate system was 

4437
04:05:15,400 --> 04:05:18,600
beginning to crack the French 
Revolution, put a sudden and 

4438
04:05:18,608 --> 04:05:21,000
violent end to the most extreme 
Court Fashions. 

4439
04:05:21,000 --> 04:05:24,100
And a new philosophy was 
emerging that valued Simplicity,

4440
04:05:24,100 --> 04:05:27,000
naturalness and practicality 
over elaborate artifice. 

4441
04:05:27,000 --> 04:05:30,400
But before we move on to that 
revolutionary change, take a 

4442
04:05:30,400 --> 04:05:33,300
moment to appreciate the sheer 
audacity of the 18th century 

4443
04:05:33,300 --> 04:05:35,300
fashion. 
It was clothing that announced 

4444
04:05:35,300 --> 04:05:38,300
loudly and proudly that the war 
had so much money. 

4445
04:05:38,300 --> 04:05:40,700
And Leisure Time that they could
have afford to dress like a 

4446
04:05:40,700 --> 04:05:43,600
walking work of art, even if it 
meant, they couldn't sit down 

4447
04:05:43,600 --> 04:05:45,000
properly or fit through 
doorways. 

4448
04:05:45,000 --> 04:05:48,100
The late 18th and early 19th. 
Centuries brought political 

4449
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:50,700
revolution of cross Europe and 
America, and fashion, 

4450
04:05:50,700 --> 04:05:52,300
revolution's, followed close 
behind. 

4451
04:05:52,300 --> 04:05:55,600
It was the period when people 
looked at those elaborate 18th 

4452
04:05:55,600 --> 04:05:59,100
century court costs and said, 
you know what, maybe wearing a 

4453
04:05:59,100 --> 04:06:01,300
small building on my head isn't 
the best way to show. 

4454
04:06:01,300 --> 04:06:05,700
I'm in, touch with the people. 
The French Revolution of 1789 

4455
04:06:05,700 --> 04:06:09,300
didn't just change government. 
It completely transformed. 

4456
04:06:09,300 --> 04:06:12,100
What people wore, it was the 
ultimate fashion do-over 

4457
04:06:12,100 --> 04:06:14,600
motivated by actual fear for 
your life. 

4458
04:06:14,600 --> 04:06:17,600
The revolutionary period 
introduced, what we might call 

4459
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:21,400
democracy dress, Simpler more 
practical clothing that 

4460
04:06:21,400 --> 04:06:24,200
suggested, you are a 
hard-working citizen rather than

4461
04:06:24,200 --> 04:06:27,800
a parasitic Aristocrat. 
The song culotte literally, 

4462
04:06:27,800 --> 04:06:30,800
without knee breeches, got their
name from rejecting. 

4463
04:06:30,800 --> 04:06:33,700
The silk knee breeches worn, by 
the upper classes in favor of 

4464
04:06:33,700 --> 04:06:36,300
practical long trousers. 
It was the first time in 

4465
04:06:36,300 --> 04:06:39,000
European history that pants 
became a political statement, 

4466
04:06:39,000 --> 04:06:42,800
women's fashion, underwent, an 
equally dramatic transformation,

4467
04:06:42,800 --> 04:06:45,400
The Enormous panniers and 
elaborate hairstyles 

4468
04:06:45,400 --> 04:06:48,900
disappeared, almost overnight 
replaced by simple white muslin.

4469
04:06:48,900 --> 04:06:51,700
Dresses inspired by classical 
Greek and Roman clothing. 

4470
04:06:51,700 --> 04:06:54,700
The Empire waistline, which sat 
just below the bust. 

4471
04:06:54,700 --> 04:06:57,100
Became fashionable creating a 
silhouette. 

4472
04:06:57,100 --> 04:06:58,800
That was both elegant and 
practical. 

4473
04:06:59,700 --> 04:07:02,300
This neoclassical style wasn't 
just about looking good. 

4474
04:07:02,300 --> 04:07:04,900
It was about embodying, 
Enlightenment values. 

4475
04:07:04,900 --> 04:07:08,500
The simple flowing lines was 
supposed to suggest virtue 

4476
04:07:08,500 --> 04:07:11,800
reason and natural beauty. 
Everything. 

4477
04:07:11,800 --> 04:07:13,700
The old aristocratic style was 
not. 

4478
04:07:13,700 --> 04:07:17,300
It was like, wearing your 
political philosophy, Napoleon 

4479
04:07:17,300 --> 04:07:20,700
Bonaparte, never want to miss an
opportunity for drama turned 

4480
04:07:20,700 --> 04:07:22,700
fashion into a tool of Empire 
Building. 

4481
04:07:23,600 --> 04:07:25,200
He established a court at the 
trailer. 

4482
04:07:25,200 --> 04:07:27,900
He that was almost as elaborate 
as the old Royal Court. 

4483
04:07:27,900 --> 04:07:31,000
But with better marketing, 
Napoleonic fashionable was 

4484
04:07:31,000 --> 04:07:33,300
designed to suggest both luxury 
and Military. 

4485
04:07:33,300 --> 04:07:36,300
Efficiency. 
Think Roman Emperor meets modern

4486
04:07:36,300 --> 04:07:39,800
General, The Empire period gave 
us some of Fashion's most 

4487
04:07:39,800 --> 04:07:42,900
enduring Silhouettes. 
The high-waisted dress, became a

4488
04:07:42,900 --> 04:07:46,000
classic that would return again 
and again in later decades the 

4489
04:07:46,000 --> 04:07:49,200
military influence in men's 
fashion, all those brass 

4490
04:07:49,200 --> 04:07:52,800
buttons, frogging and structured
shoulders established a template

4491
04:07:52,800 --> 04:07:56,000
for masculine dress that we 
still see today in everything 

4492
04:07:56,000 --> 04:07:58,400
from military, uniforms to 
business suits. 

4493
04:07:58,400 --> 04:08:01,500
But perhaps the most interesting
development of this period was 

4494
04:08:01,500 --> 04:08:04,800
how fashion became International
in a completely new way. 

4495
04:08:04,800 --> 04:08:09,000
Napoleon's conquests spread 
French fashion across Europe but

4496
04:08:09,000 --> 04:08:12,700
also brought new influences back
to Paris Spanish, man, tears, 

4497
04:08:12,700 --> 04:08:16,900
Russian, Furs Egyptian, motifs 
after Napoleon's campaigns 

4498
04:08:16,900 --> 04:08:19,700
there. 
European fashion became a fusion

4499
04:08:19,700 --> 04:08:22,200
Cuisine of styles from a cross 
the continent and Beyond. 

4500
04:08:23,100 --> 04:08:25,900
The Industrial Revolution was 
beginning to change how close 

4501
04:08:25,900 --> 04:08:28,000
were made. 
To While most garments were 

4502
04:08:28,000 --> 04:08:31,200
still handsome, new machines 
could produce Fabrics, faster 

4503
04:08:31,200 --> 04:08:34,200
and more cheaply than ever 
before, cotton in particular, 

4504
04:08:34,200 --> 04:08:38,100
became much more affordable and 
available democratizing fashion 

4505
04:08:38,100 --> 04:08:40,300
in ways that would have been 
impossible in early as 

4506
04:08:40,300 --> 04:08:43,100
centuries. 
This period also saw the rise of

4507
04:08:43,108 --> 04:08:44,800
the fashion press as we know it 
today. 

4508
04:08:44,800 --> 04:08:48,800
Fashion magazines like Journal 
de damn ID in mods, provided 

4509
04:08:48,800 --> 04:08:51,300
detailed illustrations and 
descriptions of the latest 

4510
04:08:51,300 --> 04:08:54,600
Styles spreading fashion trends 
faster than ever before. 

4511
04:08:54,600 --> 04:08:58,100
It was the beginning of fashion 
media, though their Instagram 

4512
04:08:58,100 --> 04:09:00,600
followers were measured in 
hundreds rather than Millions 

4513
04:09:00,600 --> 04:09:04,000
the Romantic Movement that 
emerged in the early 19th 

4514
04:09:04,000 --> 04:09:05,600
century. 
Brought yet another fashion 

4515
04:09:05,600 --> 04:09:08,900
Revolution, where neoclassical 
style had been about reason and 

4516
04:09:08,900 --> 04:09:12,000
simplicity romantic fashion, 
celebrated emotion, 

4517
04:09:12,000 --> 04:09:14,700
individualism and dramatic 
effect. 

4518
04:09:15,700 --> 04:09:19,200
Sleeves got bigger, skirts, got 
Fuller and everything got more 

4519
04:09:19,200 --> 04:09:23,000
decorative. 
By the 1820s and 1830s women's 

4520
04:09:23,000 --> 04:09:26,600
fashion had swung back to toward
complexity though, in new ways, 

4521
04:09:27,500 --> 04:09:30,300
Crinoline, the structured 
underskirt that created a 

4522
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:33,300
bell-shaped silhouette was the 
great innovation of the period. 

4523
04:09:33,300 --> 04:09:37,100
It was like wearing a small tent
but an incredibly fashionable 

4524
04:09:37,100 --> 04:09:40,100
tent that allowed women to move 
more freely than the restrictive

4525
04:09:40,100 --> 04:09:43,000
clothing of earlier periods, 
this revolutionary period 

4526
04:09:43,000 --> 04:09:45,100
established, many of the 
principles that would guide 

4527
04:09:45,100 --> 04:09:48,200
fashion for the next Century. 
The idea that clothing should 

4528
04:09:48,200 --> 04:09:51,900
reflect contemporary values that
fashion could be both, beautiful

4529
04:09:51,900 --> 04:09:55,500
and practical and that style 
should be accessible to more 

4530
04:09:55,500 --> 04:09:58,400
than just the wealthy Elite. 
It was the beginning of modern 

4531
04:09:58,400 --> 04:10:01,200
fashion as we know it today. 
Even if the clothes themselves 

4532
04:10:01,200 --> 04:10:04,500
look pretty foreign to modernize
the Victorian era. 

4533
04:10:04,500 --> 04:10:09,400
Roughly 1837 to 1901 was like 
Fashions adolescent phase. 

4534
04:10:09,400 --> 04:10:12,800
Everything was dramatic 
complicated and slightly 

4535
04:10:12,800 --> 04:10:16,000
embarrassing and retrospect, but
also kind of impressive in its 

4536
04:10:16,000 --> 04:10:19,400
sheer ambition, Queen Victoria's
reign coincided with the 

4537
04:10:19,400 --> 04:10:22,700
Industrial Revolution hitting 
its stride, which meant that for

4538
04:10:22,700 --> 04:10:25,900
the first time in human history,
the middle class could afford to

4539
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:28,900
dress almost as elaborately. 
As the wealthy, this was 

4540
04:10:28,900 --> 04:10:31,900
wonderful news for textile 
manufacturers and absolutely 

4541
04:10:31,900 --> 04:10:35,500
terrible news for anyone who 
valued Simplicity and clothing. 

4542
04:10:36,300 --> 04:10:38,800
The Victorian silhouette for 
women was essentially an 

4543
04:10:38,800 --> 04:10:40,500
exercise in architectural 
engineering. 

4544
04:10:40,500 --> 04:10:43,800
The goal was to create an 
hourglass figure, so dramatic 

4545
04:10:43,800 --> 04:10:47,100
that it defied Anatomy. 
This required corsets, that 

4546
04:10:47,100 --> 04:10:50,100
could literally reshape the 
human torso bustles. 

4547
04:10:50,100 --> 04:10:53,100
That could support several yards
of fabric and an undergarment 

4548
04:10:53,100 --> 04:10:55,200
system. 
So complex, it came with its own

4549
04:10:55,200 --> 04:10:58,000
instruction manual, the 
crinoline reached its peak 

4550
04:10:58,000 --> 04:11:00,800
During the period creating 
skirts that could measure up to 

4551
04:11:00,800 --> 04:11:04,900
six feet in diameter. 
Imagine trying to navigate a 

4552
04:11:04,900 --> 04:11:07,600
Victorian parlor. 
Where was essentially a fabric 

4553
04:11:07,600 --> 04:11:11,200
geodesic, dome around your waist
doorways, became tactical 

4554
04:11:11,200 --> 04:11:15,000
challenges sitting required. 
Careful planning getting into a 

4555
04:11:15,000 --> 04:11:17,000
carriage was like solving a 
geometry problem. 

4556
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:20,000
But here's what's really 
remarkable about Victorian 

4557
04:11:20,000 --> 04:11:22,300
fashion. 
The sheer amount of work that 

4558
04:11:22,300 --> 04:11:25,600
went into every garment, a 
typical Victorian dress, might 

4559
04:11:25,600 --> 04:11:29,800
have buttons miles of trim, 
intricate pleating elaborate 

4560
04:11:29,800 --> 04:11:32,900
embroidery and enough fabric to 
upholster several chairs. 

4561
04:11:32,900 --> 04:11:36,000
Each dress was essentially a 
masterpiece of textile 

4562
04:11:36,000 --> 04:11:38,900
craftsmanship, even if the 
overall effect was sometimes 

4563
04:11:38,900 --> 04:11:42,100
like wearing a curtain from a 
very expensive hotel, men's 

4564
04:11:42,100 --> 04:11:45,100
fashion during the Victorian era
was more restrained but equally 

4565
04:11:45,100 --> 04:11:48,100
complex in its own way. 
The modern business suit was 

4566
04:11:48,100 --> 04:11:50,300
invented during this period over
Victorian. 

4567
04:11:50,300 --> 04:11:52,500
Men's suits, had more pieces 
than a Swiss watch. 

4568
04:11:52,500 --> 04:11:55,100
There were different coats for 
different times of day, 

4569
04:11:55,100 --> 04:11:57,600
different trials, for different 
occasions, and enough 

4570
04:11:57,600 --> 04:11:59,200
accessories to stock a small 
store. 

4571
04:12:00,300 --> 04:12:02,900
The Victorian obsession with 
propriety meant that clothing, 

4572
04:12:02,900 --> 04:12:05,700
had to cover everything. 
Women's dresses had sleeves that

4573
04:12:05,700 --> 04:12:08,800
covered the arms, completely 
skirts, that touched the ground 

4574
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:12,200
and necklines that barely showed
the collarbone, the amount of 

4575
04:12:12,200 --> 04:12:14,800
Skin showing in proper. 
Victorian dress was roughly 

4576
04:12:14,800 --> 04:12:17,300
equivalent to what you might see
in a modern business meeting 

4577
04:12:17,300 --> 04:12:20,600
except with more Fabric and 
better posture, but the 

4578
04:12:20,600 --> 04:12:23,600
victorians also invented the 
concept of specialized clothing 

4579
04:12:23,600 --> 04:12:27,100
for specific activities. 
Before this period, you 

4580
04:12:27,100 --> 04:12:31,000
basically had everyday clothes 
and fancy clothes the victorians

4581
04:12:31,000 --> 04:12:33,900
created riding habits for 
horseback riding walking 

4582
04:12:33,900 --> 04:12:37,100
dresses, for afternoon, strolls 
T, gowns for informal, 

4583
04:12:37,100 --> 04:12:39,900
entertaining, and ball gowns for
formal occasions. 

4584
04:12:39,900 --> 04:12:42,900
They essentially invented the 
modern concept of having 

4585
04:12:42,900 --> 04:12:45,100
different outfits for different 
parts of your life. 

4586
04:12:45,900 --> 04:12:48,800
The Industrial Revolution made 
all of this possible by creating

4587
04:12:48,800 --> 04:12:52,800
new Fabrics, new dies and new 
manufacturing techniques. 

4588
04:12:52,800 --> 04:12:55,800
Anneline dies, produced colors 
that were brighter and more 

4589
04:12:55,800 --> 04:12:57,800
stable than anything previously 
available. 

4590
04:12:58,800 --> 04:13:02,800
The sewing machine invented in 
the 1840s revolutionized garment

4591
04:13:02,800 --> 04:13:04,800
construction. 
Ready to wear clothing? 

4592
04:13:04,800 --> 04:13:06,800
Began to appear in stores, 
though? 

4593
04:13:06,800 --> 04:13:09,600
It was still considered inferior
to custom-made garments 

4594
04:13:09,600 --> 04:13:12,700
children's fashioned during the 
Victorian era deserve, special 

4595
04:13:12,700 --> 04:13:15,600
mention, because it was 
particularly elaborate and often

4596
04:13:15,600 --> 04:13:18,300
fairly impractical. 
Victorian children were 

4597
04:13:18,300 --> 04:13:21,600
essentially dressed as mixture. 
Adults complete with all the 

4598
04:13:21,600 --> 04:13:25,100
restrictive undergarments, and 
complex layering systems little 

4599
04:13:25,100 --> 04:13:27,900
girls were corsets. 
Little boys, were elaborate 

4600
04:13:27,900 --> 04:13:30,500
suits with knee breeches, and 
everyone wore clothing. 

4601
04:13:30,500 --> 04:13:32,700
That would make modern parents 
weep at the laundry. 

4602
04:13:32,700 --> 04:13:36,400
Implications, the Victorian era 
gave us the concept of mourning 

4603
04:13:36,400 --> 04:13:38,700
dress. 
Elaborate rules about what to 

4604
04:13:38,700 --> 04:13:41,600
wear and for how long after 
someone died, Queen Victoria 

4605
04:13:41,600 --> 04:13:45,200
herself after the death of 
Prince Albert in 1861 or 

4606
04:13:45,200 --> 04:13:48,300
morning, dress for the rest of 
her life, which was another 40 

4607
04:13:48,300 --> 04:13:49,800
years. 
The fashion industry, 

4608
04:13:49,800 --> 04:13:52,500
essentially created a whole 
subcategory of clothing for 

4609
04:13:52,500 --> 04:13:54,900
grief, complete with degrees of 
mourning. 

4610
04:13:54,900 --> 04:13:56,800
That determined how much black 
you had to wear. 

4611
04:13:56,800 --> 04:13:59,400
And when you could start adding 
other Colors back into your 

4612
04:13:59,408 --> 04:14:01,800
wardrobe. 
By the end of the Victorian era,

4613
04:14:01,800 --> 04:14:04,400
fashion had reached a level of 
complexity that was becoming 

4614
04:14:04,400 --> 04:14:08,700
unsustainable getting dressed. 
Took hours maintaining a proper 

4615
04:14:08,708 --> 04:14:10,900
wardrobe required significant 
staff. 

4616
04:14:10,900 --> 04:14:13,500
The physical restrictions of the
clothing were beginning to 

4617
04:14:13,508 --> 04:14:16,200
conflict with new ideas about 
women's roles and activities. 

4618
04:14:16,200 --> 04:14:19,800
The stage was set for a fashion 
Revolution, that would sweep 

4619
04:14:19,800 --> 04:14:22,500
away, much of this elaborate 
system, and replace it with 

4620
04:14:22,500 --> 04:14:26,200
something more practical more, 
modern and significantly easier 

4621
04:14:26,200 --> 04:14:29,000
to put on in the morning. 
But before that happened, the 

4622
04:14:29,000 --> 04:14:31,800
Victorian era gave us some of 
Fashions most memorable and most

4623
04:14:31,800 --> 04:14:34,300
photographed moments. 
Even if many of those 

4624
04:14:34,300 --> 04:14:37,300
photographs required, the 
subjects to stand very still for

4625
04:14:37,300 --> 04:14:41,300
very long periods of time as the
19th century, Drew to a close 

4626
04:14:41,300 --> 04:14:44,400
and the 20th century began. 
Fashion, underwent, one of its 

4627
04:14:44,400 --> 04:14:48,300
most dramatic Transformations. 
It was as if the entire industry

4628
04:14:48,300 --> 04:14:51,600
looked at Victoria and clothing 
and collectively asked, but what

4629
04:14:51,600 --> 04:14:54,000
if we could actually move while 
wearing our clothes? 

4630
04:14:55,100 --> 04:14:58,200
The changes began gradually in 
the 1890s with what was called, 

4631
04:14:58,200 --> 04:15:00,900
the new woman movement. 
These were women who wanted to 

4632
04:15:00,900 --> 04:15:03,000
ride bicycles. 
Play tennis work outside the 

4633
04:15:03,000 --> 04:15:06,100
home and generally participate, 
in life without requiring 

4634
04:15:06,100 --> 04:15:09,900
architectural, support garments,
the fashion industry, sensing an

4635
04:15:09,900 --> 04:15:12,400
opportunity began, creating 
clothes that acknowledge that 

4636
04:15:12,400 --> 04:15:14,900
women might want to use their 
bodies for something other than 

4637
04:15:14,900 --> 04:15:18,000
standing gracefully. 
And parlors the s-curve corset 

4638
04:15:18,000 --> 04:15:21,400
became popular in the early 
1900s which created a silhouette

4639
04:15:21,400 --> 04:15:24,200
that thrust, the chest forward 
and the hips back while this 

4640
04:15:24,200 --> 04:15:27,600
might not sound like progress, 
it actually represented a move 

4641
04:15:27,600 --> 04:15:30,000
away from the tightest waste, 
restriction of the Victorian 

4642
04:15:30,000 --> 04:15:33,200
era, it was like Fashions 
version of glass nosed. 

4643
04:15:33,200 --> 04:15:37,100
A gradual loosening of 
restrictions Paul pour a French 

4644
04:15:37,100 --> 04:15:38,900
designer. 
Became the revolutionary leader 

4645
04:15:38,900 --> 04:15:42,800
of fashion, Liberation in 1906. 
He introduced designs that 

4646
04:15:42,800 --> 04:15:45,700
completely eliminated the corset
replacing. 

4647
04:15:45,700 --> 04:15:48,200
The structured, Victorian 
silhouette with flowing column 

4648
04:15:48,200 --> 04:15:50,800
addresses inspired by ancient 
Greece, in the orient. 

4649
04:15:50,800 --> 04:15:54,000
It was as if he took a pair of 
scissors to 100 Years of fashion

4650
04:15:54,000 --> 04:15:57,600
tradition and said, Let's start 
over quarries, designs were 

4651
04:15:57,600 --> 04:16:01,100
Radical for their time, high 
waist lines, narrow, skirts, and

4652
04:16:01,108 --> 04:16:03,700
no corsets. 
Women could actually breathe 

4653
04:16:03,700 --> 04:16:06,500
while wearing them, which was a 
refreshing change from Victorian

4654
04:16:06,500 --> 04:16:09,700
dress. 
His Oriental inspired designs 

4655
04:16:09,700 --> 04:16:13,100
with their Rich colors and 
exotic patterns introduced 

4656
04:16:13,100 --> 04:16:16,200
European women to a completely 
different aesthetic philosophy. 

4657
04:16:16,200 --> 04:16:20,100
The hobble skirt one of Poor's 
most famous Innovations was both

4658
04:16:20,100 --> 04:16:23,500
liberating and restricting at 
the same time while it freed 

4659
04:16:23,500 --> 04:16:25,200
women from corsets and 
crinolines. 

4660
04:16:25,200 --> 04:16:28,100
It was so narrow at the ankles 
that walking required. 

4661
04:16:28,100 --> 04:16:31,200
Small, careful steps. 
It was like trading one set of 

4662
04:16:31,208 --> 04:16:33,300
restrictions for another. 
But at least the new 

4663
04:16:33,300 --> 04:16:35,600
restrictions didn't require 
Structural Engineering. 

4664
04:16:36,700 --> 04:16:39,500
World War One accelerated, these
fashion changes dramatically 

4665
04:16:39,500 --> 04:16:42,400
with men away at War and women 
entering the workforce. 

4666
04:16:42,400 --> 04:16:45,700
In unprecedented numbers. 
Practical clothing became a 

4667
04:16:45,708 --> 04:16:49,200
necessity rather than a choice. 
The elaborate time-consuming 

4668
04:16:49,200 --> 04:16:52,300
dress of the pre-war period, was
simply incompatible with working

4669
04:16:52,300 --> 04:16:55,100
in factories, driving, 
ambulance's, or managing 

4670
04:16:55,100 --> 04:16:58,600
businesses. 
Hemlines began to rise, first, 

4671
04:16:58,600 --> 04:17:01,100
just enough to show the ankle 
then gradually higher. 

4672
04:17:01,100 --> 04:17:04,200
This might seem like a small 
change, but it was 

4673
04:17:04,200 --> 04:17:07,200
revolutionary. 
For the first time in Western 

4674
04:17:07,200 --> 04:17:09,400
fashion. 
Since ancient Greece, women's 

4675
04:17:09,400 --> 04:17:13,300
legs became visible in public. 
It was a seismic shift in social

4676
04:17:13,300 --> 04:17:15,500
norms disguised as a fashion 
trend. 

4677
04:17:15,500 --> 04:17:18,000
The war also changed men's 
fashion though. 

4678
04:17:18,000 --> 04:17:21,400
More subtly military uniforms 
influenced civilian clothing 

4679
04:17:21,400 --> 04:17:24,100
making men's suits more 
structured and functional. 

4680
04:17:24,100 --> 04:17:27,200
The three-piece suit became 
standardized during this period 

4681
04:17:27,200 --> 04:17:30,000
establishing a template for 
men's business dress. 

4682
04:17:30,000 --> 04:17:33,400
That would last for decades hair
became shorter and simpler. 

4683
04:17:33,400 --> 04:17:36,700
The elaborate hairstyles of the 
Victorian era which required 

4684
04:17:36,700 --> 04:17:39,400
hours of Maintenance and 
multiple hair pieces were 

4685
04:17:39,400 --> 04:17:41,400
replaced by more manageable 
Styles. 

4686
04:17:41,400 --> 04:17:44,500
This was partly practical. 
Shorter hair was easier to 

4687
04:17:44,500 --> 04:17:47,400
maintain while working in 
factories or hospitals, but it 

4688
04:17:47,408 --> 04:17:50,100
was also symbolic of women's 
changing roles in society. 

4689
04:17:50,100 --> 04:17:53,300
The introduction of new 
synthetic fabrics during this 

4690
04:17:53,300 --> 04:17:56,000
period, also revolutionized, 
what people could wear. 

4691
04:17:56,800 --> 04:18:00,900
On the firstly successful, 
synthetic fiber was developed in

4692
04:18:00,900 --> 04:18:04,700
the early 1900s while it wasn't 
perfectly rayon. 

4693
04:18:04,700 --> 04:18:07,800
Had a tendency to shrink 
dramatically when washed it. 

4694
04:18:07,800 --> 04:18:10,400
Offered an affordable 
alternative to Silk and opened 

4695
04:18:10,400 --> 04:18:14,800
up new possibilities for garment
design by 1910 fashion magazines

4696
04:18:14,800 --> 04:18:16,900
were already predicting that. 
The new century would bring 

4697
04:18:16,900 --> 04:18:20,000
clothing that was more 
practical, more comfortable and 

4698
04:18:20,000 --> 04:18:21,700
more suited to active 
Lifestyles. 

4699
04:18:21,700 --> 04:18:25,400
They had no idea how right? 
They were or how dramatically 

4700
04:18:25,400 --> 04:18:27,600
the next decade would accelerate
these changes. 

4701
04:18:28,900 --> 04:18:32,000
The period just before World War
One represented, a fascinating 

4702
04:18:32,000 --> 04:18:34,400
transition moment. 
In fashion history, you could 

4703
04:18:34,400 --> 04:18:36,800
see both the Old and the new 
existing simultaneously 

4704
04:18:36,800 --> 04:18:40,900
elaborate Edwardian gowns 
sharing space with Paris, 

4705
04:18:40,900 --> 04:18:44,400
revolutionary designs, corseted 
ladies, walking alongside the 

4706
04:18:44,400 --> 04:18:47,300
first women to embrace the new 
natural silhouette. 

4707
04:18:47,300 --> 04:18:50,600
It was like watching fashion, 
hold its breath, before taking a

4708
04:18:50,600 --> 04:18:53,100
giant leap into modernity, the 
restrictive. 

4709
04:18:53,100 --> 04:18:56,000
Elaborate clothing of the past 
was still beautiful, still 

4710
04:18:56,000 --> 04:18:59,500
masterfully crafted, but it was 
beginning to look like a museum 

4711
04:18:59,500 --> 04:19:01,400
piece even as people were still 
wearing it. 

4712
04:19:01,400 --> 04:19:05,900
If the 1910s were about gradual 
Liberation, the 1920s were about

4713
04:19:05,900 --> 04:19:08,500
fashion and doing the Charleston
while wearing a headband and 

4714
04:19:08,500 --> 04:19:11,900
shouting Freedom. 
At the top of its lungs, the 

4715
04:19:11,900 --> 04:19:14,900
decade didn't just change what 
people wore, it, completely 

4716
04:19:14,900 --> 04:19:17,700
revolutionized, the relationship
between clothing and identity, 

4717
04:19:18,500 --> 04:19:22,100
The flapper dress was the decade
signature achievement and it was

4718
04:19:22,100 --> 04:19:25,400
basically everything. 
Victorian clothing wasn't short 

4719
04:19:25,400 --> 04:19:29,000
straight and shockingly simple. 
It hung Loosely from the 

4720
04:19:29,000 --> 04:19:31,600
shoulders and ended daringly at 
the knee, or even higher. 

4721
04:19:32,500 --> 04:19:35,000
Victorian ladies would have 
needed smelling salts, just 

4722
04:19:35,000 --> 04:19:37,300
looking at it which was 
precisely the point. 

4723
04:19:37,300 --> 04:19:40,600
What made the flapper dress, so 
revolutionary wasn't just how it

4724
04:19:40,600 --> 04:19:44,300
looked but what it allowed women
to do, you could dance in it 

4725
04:19:44,300 --> 04:19:47,500
really dance with energetic 
movements and spin. 

4726
04:19:47,500 --> 04:19:50,600
You could drive a car without 
your skirt, getting caught in 

4727
04:19:50,600 --> 04:19:52,900
the door, you could cross your 
legs while sitting. 

4728
04:19:53,600 --> 04:19:56,600
These might seem like small 
freedoms, but they represented a

4729
04:19:56,600 --> 04:19:59,000
complete transformation in how 
women could move through the 

4730
04:19:59,008 --> 04:20:01,800
world. 
The dropped waistline of 1920s 

4731
04:20:01,800 --> 04:20:03,800
dresses, created, a completely 
new silhouette. 

4732
04:20:03,800 --> 04:20:06,500
The de-emphasized the female 
form in ways that would have 

4733
04:20:06,500 --> 04:20:09,800
shocked previous generations, 
where Victorian fashion had been

4734
04:20:09,800 --> 04:20:12,200
obsessed with creating an 
exaggerated hourglass. 

4735
04:20:12,200 --> 04:20:16,300
Figure 1920s fashion, 
celebrated, a more boyish 

4736
04:20:16,300 --> 04:20:18,900
androgynous. 
Look, it was as if fashion 

4737
04:20:18,900 --> 04:20:21,300
decided that women's bodies 
didn't need to be architectural 

4738
04:20:21,300 --> 04:20:23,800
projects. 
After all hair, got even shorter

4739
04:20:23,800 --> 04:20:26,900
with the Bobcat, which caused 
genuine, social controversy. 

4740
04:20:26,900 --> 04:20:30,400
Women were literally receiving 
death threats for cutting their 

4741
04:20:30,400 --> 04:20:33,700
hair short. 
Imagine that getting violent 

4742
04:20:33,700 --> 04:20:37,100
male because of your hair cut 
but the Bob was more than just a

4743
04:20:37,100 --> 04:20:38,800
hairstyle. 
It was a declaration of 

4744
04:20:38,800 --> 04:20:41,500
independence from the 
time-consuming beauty, routines,

4745
04:20:41,500 --> 04:20:44,500
that had kept women Tethered to 
their vanity tables for hours 

4746
04:20:44,500 --> 04:20:47,200
each day. 
Men's fashion during the 1920s 

4747
04:20:47,200 --> 04:20:50,500
became more relaxed and varied 
though, it was still more formal

4748
04:20:50,500 --> 04:20:52,000
than what we considered a normal
today. 

4749
04:20:52,900 --> 04:20:56,000
The three-piece suit remained 
standard but new fabrics and 

4750
04:20:56,000 --> 04:20:59,200
cuts, made it more comfortable 
and practical plus fours for 

4751
04:20:59,200 --> 04:21:02,400
golf, sweater vests for casual 
wear and the introduction of 

4752
04:21:02,400 --> 04:21:04,800
sportswear began to give men 
more options for different 

4753
04:21:04,800 --> 04:21:08,100
occasions. 
The 1920s, also saw the rise of 

4754
04:21:08,108 --> 04:21:11,800
ready-to-wear fashion becoming 
truly mainstream department 

4755
04:21:11,800 --> 04:21:14,800
stores expanded their clothing 
sections and for the first time 

4756
04:21:14,800 --> 04:21:17,400
middle-class people could buy 
fashionable clothing off the 

4757
04:21:17,400 --> 04:21:19,800
rack rather than having 
everything custom made. 

4758
04:21:19,800 --> 04:21:22,900
It was the democratization of 
fashion though. 

4759
04:21:22,900 --> 04:21:25,500
The truly wealthy still 
preferred, their bespoke tailors

4760
04:21:25,500 --> 04:21:29,200
cocoa Chanel emerged as one of 
the Decades most influential 

4761
04:21:29,200 --> 04:21:31,900
designers and her philosophy was
revolutionary. 

4762
04:21:32,700 --> 04:21:35,900
Fashion should be comfortable 
practical and elegant all at the

4763
04:21:35,908 --> 04:21:40,300
same time, she introduced the 
concept of casual Chic, the idea

4764
04:21:40,300 --> 04:21:42,200
that you could look 
sophisticated while wearing 

4765
04:21:42,200 --> 04:21:46,100
simple well-cut clothing, a 
little black dress introduced in

4766
04:21:46,100 --> 04:21:50,500
1926 was like Fashion's version 
of the model t4de simple 

4767
04:21:50,500 --> 04:21:52,700
elegant. 
And versatile enough to be 

4768
04:21:52,700 --> 04:21:54,200
appropriate for almost any 
occasion. 

4769
04:21:55,400 --> 04:21:58,600
Chanel also, liberated women 
from the tyranny of decorative 

4770
04:21:58,600 --> 04:22:00,900
accessories. 
Where Victorian fashion had 

4771
04:22:00,900 --> 04:22:03,400
required. 
Elaborate jewelry hair ornaments

4772
04:22:03,400 --> 04:22:06,900
and trim Chanel's designs were 
based on the radical idea that 

4773
04:22:06,900 --> 04:22:10,300
sometimes less really was more. 
She made Simplicity 

4774
04:22:10,300 --> 04:22:13,700
sophisticated, which was perhaps
the decades greatest fashion 

4775
04:22:13,700 --> 04:22:16,300
Innovation. 
The influence of jazz music on 

4776
04:22:16,300 --> 04:22:17,800
fashion. 
Can't be overstated. 

4777
04:22:17,800 --> 04:22:21,300
The energetic improvisational 
nature of jazz translated 

4778
04:22:21,300 --> 04:22:23,400
directly into clothing that 
moved with the body. 

4779
04:22:24,200 --> 04:22:26,900
Sparkled under dance hall 
lights, and celebrated 

4780
04:22:26,900 --> 04:22:28,800
individual expression, over 
Conformity. 

4781
04:22:28,800 --> 04:22:32,100
Fashion became performative in a
completely new way. 

4782
04:22:32,800 --> 04:22:35,600
Clothes were designed to look 
good in motion, not just 

4783
04:22:35,600 --> 04:22:39,100
informal portraits. 
Evening wear during the 1920s 

4784
04:22:39,100 --> 04:22:42,400
was particularly spectacular 
beaded dresses, that caught and 

4785
04:22:42,400 --> 04:22:46,200
reflected light Fringe that 
moved with every step and 

4786
04:22:46,200 --> 04:22:48,400
metallic Fabrics. 
That turned the wearer into a 

4787
04:22:48,408 --> 04:22:51,000
walking disco ball. 
It was fashioned designed for 

4788
04:22:51,000 --> 04:22:53,100
artificial lighting and 
energetic dancing. 

4789
04:22:53,100 --> 04:22:55,300
The first truly modern party 
clothes. 

4790
04:22:56,200 --> 04:22:59,000
The decade also introduced the 
concept of fashion Seasons, as 

4791
04:22:59,000 --> 04:23:01,900
we know them today. 
Magazine's began showing spring 

4792
04:23:01,900 --> 04:23:03,500
Collections and full 
Collections. 

4793
04:23:03,500 --> 04:23:06,300
And the idea that your wardrobe 
should change with the calendar 

4794
04:23:06,300 --> 04:23:09,700
became entrenched, it was the 
beginning of planned 

4795
04:23:09,700 --> 04:23:12,800
obsolescence in fashion. 
The idea that last season's 

4796
04:23:12,800 --> 04:23:15,400
clothes Were Somehow inadequate 
for this season's activities. 

4797
04:23:16,600 --> 04:23:20,400
By the end of the 1920s, fashion
had been completely transformed.

4798
04:23:20,400 --> 04:23:23,700
The elaborate restrictive 
clothing of the Victorian era, 

4799
04:23:23,700 --> 04:23:26,800
looked as foreign as medieval 
armor Women had gained the 

4800
04:23:26,808 --> 04:23:29,700
freedom to move. 
Dance work and play in ways that

4801
04:23:29,700 --> 04:23:31,600
their grandmothers never could 
have imagined. 

4802
04:23:32,300 --> 04:23:33,900
But the party couldn't last 
forever. 

4803
04:23:33,900 --> 04:23:38,000
The stock market crash of 1929 
was about to change everything. 

4804
04:23:38,000 --> 04:23:41,400
Including what people wore and 
how they thought about fashion 

4805
04:23:42,200 --> 04:23:45,900
The Carefree extravagant of the 
1920s was about to run headlong 

4806
04:23:45,900 --> 04:23:48,800
into the Practical realities of 
economic depression. 

4807
04:23:48,800 --> 04:23:51,800
The Great Depression hit 
fashion, like a bucket of cold 

4808
04:23:51,800 --> 04:23:54,000
water thrown on a very 
fashionable party. 

4809
04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:58,400
Suddenly the Carefree 
extravagant of the 1920s seemed 

4810
04:23:58,400 --> 04:24:02,200
not just outdated, but almost 
offensive, the new motto became 

4811
04:24:02,200 --> 04:24:05,100
make it last. 
Make it count and make it work 

4812
04:24:05,100 --> 04:24:08,100
for everything. 
The 1930s are in what we might 

4813
04:24:08,100 --> 04:24:11,300
call Elegant practicality. 
Designers had to create 

4814
04:24:11,308 --> 04:24:12,900
clothing. 
That was beautiful enough to 

4815
04:24:12,900 --> 04:24:16,300
maintain morale during difficult
times but practical enough to be

4816
04:24:16,300 --> 04:24:17,900
worn for years without 
replacement. 

4817
04:24:17,900 --> 04:24:21,100
It was like, solving a very 
sophisticated math problem where

4818
04:24:21,100 --> 04:24:23,500
the variables were styled 
durability and budget. 

4819
04:24:23,500 --> 04:24:27,900
Hemling dropped back down to mid
calf, partly for modesty, but 

4820
04:24:27,900 --> 04:24:30,700
mostly because longer skirts, 
meant more fabric, which meant 

4821
04:24:30,700 --> 04:24:33,600
the Garment would last longer 
and provide better value the 

4822
04:24:33,600 --> 04:24:35,900
silhouette became more fitted 
and feminine again. 

4823
04:24:35,900 --> 04:24:38,700
But in a sleeker more 
streamlined way than the 

4824
04:24:38,700 --> 04:24:41,900
Victorian era, it was as if 
fashion had learned to be 

4825
04:24:41,900 --> 04:24:43,600
curvaceous without being 
cumbersome. 

4826
04:24:43,600 --> 04:24:46,300
The bias cut became the 
signature technique of the 

4827
04:24:46,300 --> 04:24:48,600
decade. 
Thanks largely to design a 

4828
04:24:48,600 --> 04:24:52,900
Madeline on a cutting fabric, on
the bias at a 45 degree, angle 

4829
04:24:52,900 --> 04:24:56,200
to the grain, created garments 
that draped beautifully and 

4830
04:24:56,200 --> 04:24:59,500
moved with the body using the 
Fabrics natural stretch rather 

4831
04:24:59,500 --> 04:25:02,500
than fighting against it. 
It was an ingenious solution 

4832
04:25:02,500 --> 04:25:05,100
that created elegant figure, 
flattering clothes without 

4833
04:25:05,100 --> 04:25:07,400
requiring, elaborate 
construction or expensive, 

4834
04:25:07,400 --> 04:25:10,100
materials Hollywood became a 
major influence on. 

4835
04:25:10,200 --> 04:25:13,300
Fashion during this period. 
Partly because movies provided 

4836
04:25:13,300 --> 04:25:16,700
an escape from economic 
hardship, but also because film 

4837
04:25:16,700 --> 04:25:19,500
stars have the resources to wear
beautiful clothes when most 

4838
04:25:19,500 --> 04:25:21,500
people couldn't afford them 
magazines. 

4839
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:24,200
Featured pages of Hollywood 
style on a depression budget 

4840
04:25:24,200 --> 04:25:27,100
showing readers how to achieve 
movie star glamour with 

4841
04:25:27,108 --> 04:25:30,600
Ingenuity and Thrift. 
The concept of separates became 

4842
04:25:30,600 --> 04:25:34,500
popular during the 1930s blouses
skirts, and jackets that could 

4843
04:25:34,500 --> 04:25:37,100
be mixed and matched to create 
different outfits from fewer 

4844
04:25:37,100 --> 04:25:38,800
pieces. 
It was the beginning of the 

4845
04:25:38,800 --> 04:25:42,600
modern concept of a wardrobe as 
a coordinated system, rather 

4846
04:25:42,600 --> 04:25:45,900
than a collection of individual 
dresses, you could buy one skirt

4847
04:25:45,900 --> 04:25:49,200
and three blouses and suddenly 
have multiple outfits, which was

4848
04:25:49,200 --> 04:25:50,900
revolutionary for people on 
tight budgets. 

4849
04:25:51,800 --> 04:25:55,200
Day webcame more casual and 
practical Shirtwaist dresses. 

4850
04:25:55,200 --> 04:25:58,600
Essentially button up shirts, 
extended into dress length. 

4851
04:25:59,200 --> 04:26:02,400
Became a staple because they 
were comfortable easy to launder

4852
04:26:02,400 --> 04:26:05,600
and appropriate for both work 
and Casual social occasions. 

4853
04:26:05,600 --> 04:26:08,900
It was clothing designed for 
real life, rather than for 

4854
04:26:08,900 --> 04:26:12,200
making fashion statements. 
Then came World War 2 and 

4855
04:26:12,200 --> 04:26:14,300
fashioned face challenges that 
made the depression. 

4856
04:26:14,300 --> 04:26:16,000
Look like a minor budget 
adjustment. 

4857
04:26:16,000 --> 04:26:20,200
Rationing affected everything 
fabric leather metal for buttons

4858
04:26:20,200 --> 04:26:24,000
and zippers even elastic. 
The fashion industry had to 

4859
04:26:24,000 --> 04:26:26,800
completely reimagine, what 
clothing could be when you 

4860
04:26:26,800 --> 04:26:29,900
couldn't get the materials, you 
needed the utility clothing 

4861
04:26:29,900 --> 04:26:31,800
program in Britain and similar 
initiatives. 

4862
04:26:31,800 --> 04:26:35,100
In other countries, created 
standardized designs that used 

4863
04:26:35,100 --> 04:26:37,900
minimal materials while still 
being attractive and functional.

4864
04:26:37,900 --> 04:26:41,200
It was fashioned by committee 
designed by government 

4865
04:26:41,200 --> 04:26:45,400
regulations, but somehow, it 
worked The clothes were simple, 

4866
04:26:45,400 --> 04:26:49,000
well, cut and practical the 
fashion equivalent of wartime 

4867
04:26:49,000 --> 04:26:51,500
efficiency. 
Henley's rose again during the 

4868
04:26:51,500 --> 04:26:54,500
war, but this time it wasn't 
about Freedom or Rebellion. 

4869
04:26:54,500 --> 04:26:56,500
It was about fabric 
conservation. 

4870
04:26:56,500 --> 04:27:00,300
Every inch of fabric saved was 
fabric, that could be used for 

4871
04:27:00,300 --> 04:27:03,300
military purposes. 
Women's skirts became shorter 

4872
04:27:03,300 --> 04:27:06,600
and narrower not as a fashion 
statement but as a patriotic 

4873
04:27:06,600 --> 04:27:10,300
Duty the make do and mend for 
philosophy became a virtue 

4874
04:27:10,300 --> 04:27:13,000
rather than a necessity fashion 
magazines. 

4875
04:27:13,000 --> 04:27:15,100
Published articles on how to 
refresh all clothes. 

4876
04:27:15,100 --> 04:27:18,300
How to make children clothes 
from adult garments that were 

4877
04:27:18,300 --> 04:27:21,300
too warn to repair and how to 
create accessories from 

4878
04:27:21,300 --> 04:27:24,800
household items, creativity 
became more valuable than money 

4879
04:27:24,800 --> 04:27:26,900
and fashion for the first time 
in history. 

4880
04:27:27,900 --> 04:27:30,900
Women entering the workforce in 
unprecedented numbers needed 

4881
04:27:30,900 --> 04:27:32,800
clothes. 
That could handle factory work 

4882
04:27:32,800 --> 04:27:35,400
driving trucks and operating 
Machinery. 

4883
04:27:35,400 --> 04:27:38,500
This led to the widespread 
adoption of trials for women, 

4884
04:27:38,500 --> 04:27:42,400
not as a fashion choice, but as 
a practical necessity Rosie, the

4885
04:27:42,400 --> 04:27:45,900
riveters uniform of practical 
pants and sensible shirts became

4886
04:27:45,900 --> 04:27:48,100
an icon. 
Not just a women's capabilities,

4887
04:27:48,100 --> 04:27:51,400
but a Fashions ability to adapt 
to changing social needs. 

4888
04:27:52,200 --> 04:27:54,900
Men's fashion was similarly 
affected by wartime needs. 

4889
04:27:54,900 --> 04:27:57,700
Civilian. 
Suits were simplified no 

4890
04:27:57,700 --> 04:27:59,800
trouser. 
Cuffs fewer Pockets narrower 

4891
04:27:59,800 --> 04:28:03,700
lapels to conserve fabric. 
The victory suit became a symbol

4892
04:28:03,700 --> 04:28:07,000
of patriotic sacrifice proving 
that even fashion could 

4893
04:28:07,000 --> 04:28:09,800
contribute to the war effort. 
But perhaps the most important 

4894
04:28:09,800 --> 04:28:13,000
development of this period was 
the cycle role that fashion 

4895
04:28:13,000 --> 04:28:15,300
played. 
During the darkest times of 

4896
04:28:15,300 --> 04:28:17,100
economic depression and global 
war. 

4897
04:28:17,100 --> 04:28:20,700
People still cared about looking
good fashion, became a form of 

4898
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:24,100
resistance against despair, a 
way of maintaining dignity and 

4899
04:28:24,100 --> 04:28:25,900
hope when everything else was 
falling apart. 

4900
04:28:27,200 --> 04:28:30,400
The period saw the rise of 
American fashion as a force in 

4901
04:28:30,400 --> 04:28:33,600
dependent of European influence.
With Paris under German 

4902
04:28:33,600 --> 04:28:36,600
occupation, American designers 
had to develop their own 

4903
04:28:36,600 --> 04:28:38,900
aesthetic rather than copying 
French Couture. 

4904
04:28:38,900 --> 04:28:42,000
This led to a distinctly 
American style that was more 

4905
04:28:42,000 --> 04:28:45,600
practical, more casual, and more
democratic than traditional, 

4906
04:28:45,600 --> 04:28:49,400
European fashion by the 
mid-1940s fashion had been 

4907
04:28:49,400 --> 04:28:52,200
tested by economic catastrophe 
and global war. 

4908
04:28:52,200 --> 04:28:56,600
And it survived by becoming more
practical, more creative and 

4909
04:28:56,600 --> 04:28:58,400
more attuned to real people's 
needs. 

4910
04:28:59,100 --> 04:29:02,100
The stage was set for the 
post-war fashion explosion that 

4911
04:29:02,100 --> 04:29:05,400
would celebrate both the return 
of prosperity and the lessons 

4912
04:29:05,400 --> 04:29:08,400
learned during the lean years in
1947. 

4913
04:29:08,400 --> 04:29:12,000
After years of fabric rationing 
utility clothing and making do 

4914
04:29:12,000 --> 04:29:15,900
with less Christian Dior 
unveiled, his new look and 

4915
04:29:15,900 --> 04:29:19,000
fashion essentially fainted from
sheer relief here. 

4916
04:29:19,000 --> 04:29:22,000
Finally was clothing that 
celebrated abundance femininity 

4917
04:29:22,000 --> 04:29:23,800
and the return of Peace time 
Prosperity. 

4918
04:29:23,800 --> 04:29:26,500
The new look was everything 
wartime fashion wasn't. 

4919
04:29:27,300 --> 04:29:29,700
Full skirts that used yards and 
yards of fabric. 

4920
04:29:29,700 --> 04:29:33,800
Tiny cinched waist that required
foundational undergarments and a

4921
04:29:33,808 --> 04:29:35,800
silhouette. 
That was unabashedly feminine 

4922
04:29:35,800 --> 04:29:38,100
and decorative. 
It was like fashion had been 

4923
04:29:38,100 --> 04:29:41,600
holding its breath for six years
and finally exhaled in a whoosh 

4924
04:29:41,600 --> 04:29:44,500
of silken. 
The reaction was immediate and 

4925
04:29:44,500 --> 04:29:48,000
intense women who had spent 
years in Practical, simplified 

4926
04:29:48,000 --> 04:29:51,800
clothing fell in love with the 
Romantic feminine of duels 

4927
04:29:51,800 --> 04:29:55,800
designs, but there was also 
controversy critics argue that 

4928
04:29:55,808 --> 04:29:58,300
the new look was a step backward
for women's Liberation. 

4929
04:29:58,300 --> 04:30:01,300
Forcing them back into 
restrictive impractical 

4930
04:30:01,300 --> 04:30:04,100
clothing, just when they had 
proven, they could do anything. 

4931
04:30:04,100 --> 04:30:07,200
Men could do, but the new looks 
succeeded, because it wasn't 

4932
04:30:07,200 --> 04:30:10,100
really about going backward. 
It was about having choices 

4933
04:30:10,100 --> 04:30:13,100
again, after years of being told
what they couldn't wear due to 

4934
04:30:13,108 --> 04:30:15,800
rationing and wartime 
restrictions, women could choose

4935
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:19,300
to wear full skirts and fitted. 
Bodices, if they wanted to the 

4936
04:30:19,300 --> 04:30:23,100
key word was choose, the 1950s 
became the decade of the 

4937
04:30:23,100 --> 04:30:26,100
Suburban dream and fashion, 
reflected this new lifestyle 

4938
04:30:26,100 --> 04:30:29,700
day, where Vertical, but pretty 
Shirtwaist dresses. 

4939
04:30:29,700 --> 04:30:32,500
Cardigans and circle skirts that
were perfect for driving to the 

4940
04:30:32,508 --> 04:30:35,200
grocery store. 
Hosting coffee mornings and 

4941
04:30:35,200 --> 04:30:37,000
chasing children around 
backyards. 

4942
04:30:37,700 --> 04:30:41,200
It was domestic fashion but 
domestic with style evening 

4943
04:30:41,200 --> 04:30:45,400
wear, during the 1950s was Pure 
Fantasy ball gowns with massive 

4944
04:30:45,400 --> 04:30:48,100
skirts that required crinolines 
or even small Hoops. 

4945
04:30:48,100 --> 04:30:52,400
Fitted bodices that showed off 
tiny waists and enough fabric to

4946
04:30:52,400 --> 04:30:55,400
upholster, a sofa. 
It was clothing designed for a 

4947
04:30:55,400 --> 04:30:57,800
society that wanted to celebrate
prosperity and femininity. 

4948
04:30:57,800 --> 04:31:01,300
After years of austerity, the 
concept of teenage fashion 

4949
04:31:01,300 --> 04:31:04,000
emerged during this decade 
driven by post-war prosperity 

4950
04:31:04,000 --> 04:31:06,800
and the new phenomenon of 
teenagers having their own 

4951
04:31:06,800 --> 04:31:09,400
spending money. 
For the first time in fashion 

4952
04:31:09,400 --> 04:31:11,200
history. 
Young people had their own 

4953
04:31:11,200 --> 04:31:14,200
distinct style rather than just 
wearing simplified versions of 

4954
04:31:14,200 --> 04:31:17,900
adult clothing. 
Poodle skirts, saddle shoes and 

4955
04:31:17,900 --> 04:31:20,100
let us sweaters. 
Became the uniform of American 

4956
04:31:20,100 --> 04:31:22,900
Youth men's fashion. 
During the 1950s was 

4957
04:31:22,900 --> 04:31:25,900
characterized by what we might 
call confident conformity. 

4958
04:31:26,700 --> 04:31:29,300
The gray flannel suit became the
uniform of the Suburban 

4959
04:31:29,300 --> 04:31:32,300
businessman, but it was worn 
with a confidence that reflected

4960
04:31:32,300 --> 04:31:34,900
postwar optimism. 
Casual wear became more 

4961
04:31:34,900 --> 04:31:37,900
important to suburbs, created 
more opportunities for relaxed 

4962
04:31:37,900 --> 04:31:40,700
socializing. 
Barbecues lawn parties and 

4963
04:31:40,708 --> 04:31:42,600
family gatherings that required 
clothing. 

4964
04:31:42,600 --> 04:31:46,200
That was nice but not formal the
influence of Hollywood continued

4965
04:31:46,200 --> 04:31:49,300
to grow during this period, but 
now it was supplemented by the 

4966
04:31:49,300 --> 04:31:52,800
new medium of television. 
Fashion became more immediately 

4967
04:31:52,800 --> 04:31:55,000
accessible. 
As people could see the latest 

4968
04:31:55,000 --> 04:31:58,900
Styles every week in their 
living rooms TV stars influenced

4969
04:31:58,900 --> 04:32:00,800
fashion. 
In ways that movie stars, never 

4970
04:32:00,800 --> 04:32:03,300
could, because they appeared 
more regularly and seemed more 

4971
04:32:03,300 --> 04:32:06,700
accessible ready to wear fashion
came into its own during the 

4972
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:09,900
1950s department, stores 
expanded, their fashion 

4973
04:32:09,900 --> 04:32:12,200
offerings, and the quality of 
mass-produced. 

4974
04:32:12,200 --> 04:32:14,200
Clothing. 
Improved dramatically for the 

4975
04:32:14,200 --> 04:32:16,300
first time. 
You could buy clothes off the 

4976
04:32:16,300 --> 04:32:19,300
rack that were almost as well 
made as custom garments and 

4977
04:32:19,300 --> 04:32:22,900
significantly less expensive. 
The decade also saw the 

4978
04:32:22,900 --> 04:32:24,800
beginning of Fashion's 
relationship with technology, 

4979
04:32:24,800 --> 04:32:29,000
new synthetic fabrics like nylon
polyester and acrylic offered 

4980
04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:32,100
properties that natural fibers 
could not match wrinkle 

4981
04:32:32,100 --> 04:32:34,200
resistance, easy care, and 
durability. 

4982
04:32:34,200 --> 04:32:37,700
The Washington way, garment 
became the Holy Grail of 1950s, 

4983
04:32:37,700 --> 04:32:40,600
fashion, promising, busy 
housewives, that they could look

4984
04:32:40,600 --> 04:32:42,800
good without spending hours on 
clothing maintenance. 

4985
04:32:42,800 --> 04:32:46,200
Youth culture began to challenge
the adult fashion establishment 

4986
04:32:46,200 --> 04:32:48,900
During the period. 
The grease of style for young 

4987
04:32:48,900 --> 04:32:52,000
men, leather jackets, white 
t-shirts and Jeans was 

4988
04:32:52,000 --> 04:32:55,000
specifically designed to shock 
adults and declare independence 

4989
04:32:55,000 --> 04:32:57,800
from their values. 
It was the beginning of fashion 

4990
04:32:57,800 --> 04:33:00,600
as generational Rebellion. 
A theme that would become 

4991
04:33:00,600 --> 04:33:04,800
Central to fashion for decades 
to come by the end of the 1950s 

4992
04:33:04,800 --> 04:33:07,500
fashion had established. 
Many of the patterns that would 

4993
04:33:07,500 --> 04:33:11,099
define modern clothing, the 
importance of Youth markets, the

4994
04:33:11,099 --> 04:33:14,900
role of celebrity influence, the
democratization of style through

4995
04:33:14,900 --> 04:33:18,599
ready, to wear the constant 
tension between practicality and

4996
04:33:18,599 --> 04:33:21,400
fantasy. 
All of these became permanent 

4997
04:33:21,400 --> 04:33:23,900
features of the fashion 
landscape but beneath the 

4998
04:33:23,908 --> 04:33:28,300
surface of 1950s Conformity and 
prosperity changes were Brewing.

4999
04:33:28,300 --> 04:33:30,700
The Civil Rights Movement was 
gaining momentum. 

5000
04:33:30,700 --> 04:33:34,500
Women were beginning to question
their prescribed roles and young

5001
04:33:34,500 --> 04:33:36,700
people were starting to 
challenge authority in ways that

5002
04:33:36,700 --> 04:33:39,700
their clothing choices 
reflected, the stage was set for

5003
04:33:39,700 --> 04:33:42,500
the fashion. 
Revolution of the 1960s, the 

5004
04:33:42,500 --> 04:33:44,599
1960s didn't just change 
fashion. 

5005
04:33:44,599 --> 04:33:46,700
It grabbed fashioned by the 
shoulders. 

5006
04:33:46,700 --> 04:33:50,200
Spun it around three times and 
sent it dancing off in 

5007
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:52,900
Direction's. 
Nobody had ever imagined it was 

5008
04:33:52,908 --> 04:33:55,800
the decade when fashion stopped 
being something that happened to

5009
04:33:55,800 --> 04:33:58,800
you and became something. 
You used to express exactly who 

5010
04:33:58,800 --> 04:34:01,200
you were or at least who you 
wanted to be. 

5011
04:34:02,800 --> 04:34:07,000
The decade started in a Jackie 
Kennedy became first lady in 

5012
04:34:07,000 --> 04:34:09,700
1961. 
And her elegant sophisticated 

5013
04:34:09,700 --> 04:34:12,400
style set the tone for early 
1960s fashion. 

5014
04:34:13,400 --> 04:34:16,700
The pillbox hat, A-line, dresses
and understated. 

5015
04:34:16,700 --> 04:34:20,400
Elegance of the Jackie look 
represented, a refined evolution

5016
04:34:20,400 --> 04:34:23,500
of 1950 style. 
It was fashioned for grownups 

5017
04:34:23,500 --> 04:34:25,400
who wanted to look modern but 
not revolutionary. 

5018
04:34:26,300 --> 04:34:29,000
But then came the youth. 
Explosion the Baby Boomers were 

5019
04:34:29,000 --> 04:34:31,599
reaching their teens and 
twenties, and they had money 

5020
04:34:31,599 --> 04:34:34,800
attitudes and absolutely no 
interest in dressing, like, 

5021
04:34:34,800 --> 04:34:38,300
their parents Fashions, suddenly
had to serve two completely 

5022
04:34:38,300 --> 04:34:41,300
different markets, the adults, 
who wanted sophisticated 

5023
04:34:41,300 --> 04:34:44,099
elegance, and the young people 
who wanted something entirely 

5024
04:34:44,099 --> 04:34:49,099
new Mary Quantum London created 
the mini skirt around 1965 and 

5025
04:34:49,099 --> 04:34:51,900
it was like dropping a fashion 
bomb hemline that had been 

5026
04:34:51,900 --> 04:34:53,599
creeping up. 
Gradually throughout the early 

5027
04:34:53,599 --> 04:34:57,400
1960s, suddenly jumped to 
mid-thigh creating a silhouette 

5028
04:34:57,400 --> 04:35:00,800
that was shocking liberating and
completely different from 

5029
04:35:00,800 --> 04:35:02,200
anything women had warned 
before. 

5030
04:35:02,200 --> 04:35:05,400
It wasn't just short-term. 
It was a completely different 

5031
04:35:05,400 --> 04:35:07,200
philosophy of what women's 
clothing could be. 

5032
04:35:08,099 --> 04:35:10,900
The mini skirt represented more 
than just a fashion Choice. 

5033
04:35:10,900 --> 04:35:13,300
It was a declaration of 
independence. 

5034
04:35:13,300 --> 04:35:16,300
Young women were rejecting the 
idea that their clothing should 

5035
04:35:16,300 --> 04:35:18,900
be modest practical and approved
by their Elders. 

5036
04:35:18,900 --> 04:35:22,800
They wanted fashion, that was 
fun, sexy and expressive of 

5037
04:35:22,800 --> 04:35:25,900
their own values rather than 
society's expectations. 

5038
04:35:25,900 --> 04:35:28,900
London, became the fashion 
capital of the world for young 

5039
04:35:28,900 --> 04:35:31,300
people. 
Overtaking Paris for the first 

5040
04:35:31,300 --> 04:35:34,700
time in centuries. 
Carnaby Street in the Kings Road

5041
04:35:34,700 --> 04:35:37,700
became pilgrimage, destinations 
for anyone who wanted to be 

5042
04:35:37,700 --> 04:35:40,000
fashionable. 
British designers like Mary 

5043
04:35:40,000 --> 04:35:44,400
Quant Twiggy, who was both model
and designer, and later Zandra 

5044
04:35:44,400 --> 04:35:46,900
Rhodes created a distinctly 
British aesthetic. 

5045
04:35:46,900 --> 04:35:49,800
That was playful irreverent and 
completely modern. 

5046
04:35:49,800 --> 04:35:52,800
The shift dress, became the 
decades signature garment, 

5047
04:35:52,800 --> 04:35:56,700
simple straight, and perfect for
showing off legs in the new 

5048
04:35:56,700 --> 04:35:59,099
shorter lengths. 
It was the opposite of the 

5049
04:35:59,099 --> 04:36:01,500
fitted. 
Structured dresses of the 1950s 

5050
04:36:01,500 --> 04:36:05,000
where 1950s fashion had 
emphasized, the waist and hips 

5051
04:36:05,000 --> 04:36:08,200
1960s, fashion ignored 
traditional body shaping 

5052
04:36:08,200 --> 04:36:11,599
altogether in favor of a more 
geometric architectural approach

5053
04:36:11,599 --> 04:36:14,300
mod fashion. 
Brought us geometric patterns, 

5054
04:36:14,300 --> 04:36:17,099
bold colors, and a futuristic 
aesthetic. 

5055
04:36:17,099 --> 04:36:20,000
That seem to come from another 
planet apart patterns that 

5056
04:36:20,000 --> 04:36:23,900
created optical illusions when 
the wearer moved Space Age, 

5057
04:36:23,900 --> 04:36:27,200
silver and white Colour schemes 
and designs that look like they 

5058
04:36:27,200 --> 04:36:28,900
belonged in a science fiction 
movie. 

5059
04:36:29,500 --> 04:36:31,400
Fashion became experimental in 
ways. 

5060
04:36:31,400 --> 04:36:34,300
It had never been before the 
influence of youth culture 

5061
04:36:34,300 --> 04:36:36,700
created entirely new categories 
of clothing. 

5062
04:36:37,700 --> 04:36:41,000
The poor boy sweater go-go boots
and peasant dresses. 

5063
04:36:41,000 --> 04:36:44,300
Were all designed specifically 
for young people rather than 

5064
04:36:44,300 --> 04:36:46,300
being adaptations of adult 
Styles. 

5065
04:36:46,300 --> 04:36:49,400
It was the first time in fashion
history that adults started. 

5066
04:36:49,400 --> 04:36:51,800
Copying young People's Clothing 
rather than the other way 

5067
04:36:51,800 --> 04:36:54,700
around. 
Men's fashion underwent its own 

5068
04:36:54,700 --> 04:36:58,400
Revolution, during the 1960s, 
the conservative business suit 

5069
04:36:58,400 --> 04:37:01,700
remained standard for work. 
The Casual Wear became much more

5070
04:37:01,700 --> 04:37:04,400
adventurous. 
The peacock Revolution brought 

5071
04:37:04,400 --> 04:37:08,500
bright colors, bold patterns and
more fitted Silhouettes to Men's

5072
04:37:08,500 --> 04:37:12,300
Clothing, hair got longer pants,
got Tighter and for the first 

5073
04:37:12,300 --> 04:37:15,900
time since the 18th Century 
men's fashion became unabashedly

5074
04:37:15,900 --> 04:37:18,700
decorative. 
The hippie movement that emerged

5075
04:37:18,700 --> 04:37:21,700
in the mid to late 1960s, 
brought yet another fashion 

5076
04:37:21,700 --> 04:37:25,599
Revolution, where mod fashion 
had been about the future hippie

5077
04:37:25,599 --> 04:37:28,500
fashion, looked to the past and 
other cultures for inspiration, 

5078
04:37:28,500 --> 04:37:32,900
Indian Prince peasant, dresses 
Fringe, embroidery and natural 

5079
04:37:32,900 --> 04:37:35,000
Fabrics. 
Created a Bohemian aesthetic 

5080
04:37:35,000 --> 04:37:38,200
that rejected both mainstream 
fashion and the space age 

5081
04:37:38,200 --> 04:37:41,500
futurism of mod style. 
Hippie fashion also introduced 

5082
04:37:41,500 --> 04:37:44,500
the concept of vintage and 
secondhand clothing as fashion 

5083
04:37:44,500 --> 04:37:47,900
choices rather than economic 
Necessities shopping at thrift 

5084
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:49,900
stores and wearing your 
grandmother's clothes became 

5085
04:37:49,900 --> 04:37:52,700
ways of rejecting consumer 
culture, while creating 

5086
04:37:52,700 --> 04:37:55,700
individual style. 
It was fashion as philosophy, 

5087
04:37:55,700 --> 04:37:58,900
not just appearance. 
The decade also saw the rise of 

5088
04:37:58,900 --> 04:38:02,200
fashion as political statement, 
the miniskirt was feminist for 

5089
04:38:02,207 --> 04:38:04,300
some women and anti-feminist for
others. 

5090
04:38:04,300 --> 04:38:07,700
Long hair on men was a rejection
of military and corporate 

5091
04:38:07,700 --> 04:38:11,099
values, dashikis and afros 
became expressions of black 

5092
04:38:11,099 --> 04:38:14,508
pride, and cultural identity. 
What you wore became a way of 

5093
04:38:14,516 --> 04:38:18,400
announcing your politics to the 
world unisex fashion, emerged as

5094
04:38:18,400 --> 04:38:21,500
gender roles began to be 
questioned the same jeans 

5095
04:38:21,500 --> 04:38:24,000
t-shirts and work shirts. 
Could be worn by men or women 

5096
04:38:24,000 --> 04:38:27,000
creating a shared fashion 
vocabulary that had never 

5097
04:38:27,000 --> 04:38:29,400
existed before. 
It was the beginning of the 

5098
04:38:29,408 --> 04:38:32,099
breakdown of strict, gender 
distinctions and clothing that 

5099
04:38:32,099 --> 04:38:36,700
continues today by 1970 fashion 
had been completely transformed.

5100
04:38:36,700 --> 04:38:39,900
The idea that there was one 
correct way to dress for your 

5101
04:38:39,900 --> 04:38:41,700
age class and gender had been 
shattered. 

5102
04:38:42,599 --> 04:38:45,500
Personal expression had become 
more important than social 

5103
04:38:45,500 --> 04:38:48,300
Conformity. 
Fashion had become Democratic 

5104
04:38:48,300 --> 04:38:51,300
diverse, and individual in ways 
that would have been impossible.

5105
04:38:51,300 --> 04:38:55,300
Just 10 years earlier, If the 
1960s had been about breaking 

5106
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:59,500
the rules, the 1970s were about 
celebrating the fact that there 

5107
04:38:59,500 --> 04:39:02,099
were no rules left to break 
fashion entered. 

5108
04:39:02,099 --> 04:39:06,099
Its most experimental diverse. 
And frankly, weird decade where 

5109
04:39:06,099 --> 04:39:09,300
you could dress like a 
Victorian, Gothic romantic a 

5110
04:39:09,300 --> 04:39:12,000
disco dancing queen or a back to
the land hippie. 

5111
04:39:12,000 --> 04:39:14,200
And all three looks were equally
fashionable. 

5112
04:39:14,200 --> 04:39:18,400
The decades started with hippie 
fashion, still going strong, but

5113
04:39:18,400 --> 04:39:20,200
it quickly evolved into 
something more sophisticated, 

5114
04:39:20,200 --> 04:39:24,500
and wearable, the peasant dress 
became the maxi dress flowing 

5115
04:39:24,500 --> 04:39:27,599
and romantic but made in 
beautiful fabrics and elegant 

5116
04:39:27,599 --> 04:39:29,500
cuts. 
It was hippie philosophy, 

5117
04:39:29,500 --> 04:39:33,400
dressed up for dinner parties, 
Bohemian style during the 1970s 

5118
04:39:33,400 --> 04:39:36,900
wasn't just about rejecting 
mainstream fashion, it was about

5119
04:39:36,900 --> 04:39:40,800
creating an entirely alternative
aesthetic, flowing, Fabrics, 

5120
04:39:40,800 --> 04:39:44,400
Earth Tones, natural fibers, and
handcrafted details. 

5121
04:39:44,400 --> 04:39:47,600
Created a look that celebrated 
individuality and artistic 

5122
04:39:47,600 --> 04:39:50,700
Sensibility. 
It was fashioned for people who 

5123
04:39:50,700 --> 04:39:53,400
saw themselves as creative, 
Souls rather than consumers. 

5124
04:39:53,400 --> 04:39:58,100
But the 1970s also gave us disco
fashion, which was Bohemians 

5125
04:39:58,100 --> 04:40:03,000
glittery party-loving cousin. 
Metallics sequins tight pants 

5126
04:40:03,000 --> 04:40:05,300
and shirts with enormous 
collars. 

5127
04:40:05,300 --> 04:40:08,200
Created a look, that was 
specifically designed for 

5128
04:40:08,200 --> 04:40:11,400
dancing under flashing lights, 
disco fashion was about 

5129
04:40:11,400 --> 04:40:14,400
transformation. 
Putting on your sparkly clothes 

5130
04:40:14,400 --> 04:40:17,600
and becoming someone more 
glamorous, more exciting more 

5131
04:40:17,600 --> 04:40:20,400
alive. 
The decade Silhouettes were 

5132
04:40:20,400 --> 04:40:21,900
revolutionary in their 
diversity. 

5133
04:40:21,900 --> 04:40:24,000
You could wear a flowing maxi 
dress. 

5134
04:40:24,000 --> 04:40:26,400
That covered you from neck to 
ankle or short. 

5135
04:40:26,400 --> 04:40:28,800
So short, they were barely there
or anything in. 

5136
04:40:28,800 --> 04:40:32,000
Between fashion had finally 
accepted that different people 

5137
04:40:32,000 --> 04:40:34,900
wanted to show different amounts
of skin and that was perfectly 

5138
04:40:34,900 --> 04:40:37,300
fine. 
Platform shoes became the 

5139
04:40:37,300 --> 04:40:39,800
decades, most distinctive 
accessory and they were 

5140
04:40:39,808 --> 04:40:41,600
essentially architectural for 
your feet. 

5141
04:40:41,600 --> 04:40:44,900
Some platforms were six inches 
high or more turning walking 

5142
04:40:44,900 --> 04:40:48,000
into a performance art piece and
making everyone several inches 

5143
04:40:48,000 --> 04:40:50,900
taller than nature intended. 
They were in Practical 

5144
04:40:50,900 --> 04:40:54,500
occasionally, dangerous and 
absolutely fabulous. 

5145
04:40:54,500 --> 04:40:57,800
The influence of different 
decades became a major theme in 

5146
04:40:57,800 --> 04:41:01,500
the 1970s fashion. 
There was a Revival of 1930s and

5147
04:41:01,500 --> 04:41:06,100
1940s Styles, flowing dresses 
dramatic, shoulders, and vintage

5148
04:41:06,100 --> 04:41:09,100
glamour, but there was all a 
fascination with the Victorian 

5149
04:41:09,100 --> 04:41:12,500
era High necklines long sleeves 
and romantic details. 

5150
04:41:13,500 --> 04:41:16,500
Fashion became historical 
drawing inspiration from the 

5151
04:41:16,500 --> 04:41:19,900
past while creating something 
entirely new Punk fashion. 

5152
04:41:19,900 --> 04:41:23,300
Emerged in the mid-1970s as a 
deliberate rejection of both 

5153
04:41:23,300 --> 04:41:27,400
mainstream fashion and hippie 
idealism, ripped clothes, safety

5154
04:41:27,400 --> 04:41:30,300
pins, aggressive makeup and 
deliberately ugly combinations. 

5155
04:41:30,300 --> 04:41:32,900
Created a look that was designed
to shock and challenge. 

5156
04:41:32,900 --> 04:41:37,100
Punk fashion was about anger, 
rebellion and the rejection of 

5157
04:41:37,100 --> 04:41:40,300
beauty as a social value. 
But Punk was also incredibly 

5158
04:41:40,300 --> 04:41:43,400
creative and influential, The 
DIY aesthetic. 

5159
04:41:43,400 --> 04:41:46,800
Making your own clothes, 
customizing, store-bought items 

5160
04:41:46,800 --> 04:41:49,700
and creating unique looks from 
whatever materials you could 

5161
04:41:49,708 --> 04:41:52,500
find introduced. 
New ideas about what fashion 

5162
04:41:52,500 --> 04:41:54,700
could be. 
It didn't have to be expensive 

5163
04:41:54,700 --> 04:41:57,600
professionally made or even 
particularly attractive. 

5164
04:41:57,600 --> 04:42:01,000
It just had to express something
authentic about the person 

5165
04:42:01,000 --> 04:42:04,400
wearing it men's fashion during 
the 1970s became more 

5166
04:42:04,400 --> 04:42:07,700
adventurous than it had. 
Been since the 18th century wide

5167
04:42:07,700 --> 04:42:11,000
lapels bright colors, bold 
patterns and fitted Silhouettes,

5168
04:42:11,000 --> 04:42:13,300
created a look that was 
unabashedly decorative. 

5169
04:42:14,000 --> 04:42:16,600
The three piece suit, remained 
standard for business, but 

5170
04:42:16,600 --> 04:42:19,000
casual wear became an 
opportunity for self-expression 

5171
04:42:19,000 --> 04:42:23,200
rather than conformity. 
The decade also saw the rise of 

5172
04:42:23,200 --> 04:42:25,200
designer jeans as a fashion 
category. 

5173
04:42:25,200 --> 04:42:28,600
What had been basic, Workwear 
became a luxury item with 

5174
04:42:28,600 --> 04:42:31,000
different brands, offering 
different cuts washers, and 

5175
04:42:31,000 --> 04:42:33,700
styling details. 
It was the democratization of 

5176
04:42:33,708 --> 04:42:37,200
fashion through denim. 
Everyone could afford jeans, but

5177
04:42:37,200 --> 04:42:39,600
designer jeans, offered a way to
be fashionable within that 

5178
04:42:39,600 --> 04:42:43,100
Democratic framework athletic 
way, began to influence fashion,

5179
04:42:43,100 --> 04:42:46,900
during the 1970s driven by new 
interest in fitness and health 

5180
04:42:46,900 --> 04:42:51,200
jogging suits, tennis dresses, 
and exercise, clothes began 

5181
04:42:51,200 --> 04:42:54,400
appearing in non-athletic 
contexts, it was the beginning 

5182
04:42:54,400 --> 04:42:57,300
of the athletic Trend that would
eventually take over casual 

5183
04:42:57,300 --> 04:43:00,200
fashion, completely. 
The concept of life style 

5184
04:43:00,200 --> 04:43:03,600
dressing became important during
the decade instead of having one

5185
04:43:03,600 --> 04:43:07,300
fashion identity, people could 
dress like Surfers Executives 

5186
04:43:07,300 --> 04:43:10,200
artists or athletes depending on
their mood or the occasion. 

5187
04:43:11,100 --> 04:43:14,100
fashion became fluid and 
situational rather than fixed 

5188
04:43:14,100 --> 04:43:18,200
and Higher archaeal by the end 
of the 1970s fashion had become 

5189
04:43:18,200 --> 04:43:21,800
incredibly diverse and 
individualistic, The idea that 

5190
04:43:21,800 --> 04:43:24,900
everyone should dress alike had 
been completely abandoned in 

5191
04:43:24,900 --> 04:43:28,000
favor of a philosophy that 
celebrated personal expression 

5192
04:43:28,000 --> 04:43:32,400
and cultural diversity, set the 
stage for the 1980s, which would

5193
04:43:32,400 --> 04:43:35,000
take this individualism and turn
it into performance art. 

5194
04:43:35,000 --> 04:43:38,600
The 1980s looked at fashion and 
said, you know what? 

5195
04:43:38,600 --> 04:43:42,700
This needs more of everything, 
more color, more texture, more 

5196
04:43:42,700 --> 04:43:47,600
volume, more accessories, more 
attitude, It was the decade when

5197
04:43:47,600 --> 04:43:51,100
subtlety went into hiding and 
didn't emerge until sometime in 

5198
04:43:51,108 --> 04:43:55,000
the mid-1990s power dressing. 
Became the decade signature 

5199
04:43:55,000 --> 04:43:58,100
concept driven by women entering
corporate environments in 

5200
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:01,400
unprecedented numbers. 
The power suit with massive 

5201
04:44:01,400 --> 04:44:03,200
shoulder pads that could double 
as small. 

5202
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:06,300
Aircraft Wings was designed to 
help women compete in 

5203
04:44:06,300 --> 04:44:08,700
male-dominated. 
Workplaces by literally making 

5204
04:44:08,700 --> 04:44:10,300
them look bigger and more 
imposing. 

5205
04:44:10,300 --> 04:44:13,300
It was fashion as armor designed
for corporate Warfare. 

5206
04:44:13,300 --> 04:44:16,800
The shoulder pads of the 1980s, 
deserve their own chapter in 

5207
04:44:16,800 --> 04:44:20,100
fashion history, starting as 
modest editions to create a more

5208
04:44:20,100 --> 04:44:22,900
structured silhouette. 
They grew throughout the decade 

5209
04:44:22,900 --> 04:44:25,200
until they reached proportions 
that challenge doorway 

5210
04:44:25,200 --> 04:44:29,000
architecture, by the late 1980s 
shoulder pads of become so 

5211
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:31,900
enormous that they looked like 
fashioned interpretation of 

5212
04:44:31,900 --> 04:44:35,200
American football gear. 
The power addressing wasn't just

5213
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:37,800
about looking tough. 
It was about looking expensive, 

5214
04:44:37,800 --> 04:44:42,000
the 1980s celebrated well in 
ways that previous decades had 

5215
04:44:42,000 --> 04:44:46,000
considered vulgar, Designer 
labels became status symbols 

5216
04:44:46,000 --> 04:44:49,000
warned prominently on the 
outside of clothing rather than 

5217
04:44:49,000 --> 04:44:52,500
hidden discreetly inside. 
It was the decade when became 

5218
04:44:52,500 --> 04:44:55,800
about broadcasting your success 
to anyone within visual range. 

5219
04:44:56,500 --> 04:44:59,600
The influence of Television 
particularly shows like Dynasty 

5220
04:44:59,600 --> 04:45:02,000
and Dallas created a fashion 
aesthetic. 

5221
04:45:02,000 --> 04:45:04,800
That was Pure Fantasy evening, 
wear featured, massive, 

5222
04:45:04,800 --> 04:45:08,800
quantities of sequins beads and 
metallic Fabrics hair got bigger

5223
04:45:08,800 --> 04:45:11,000
jewelry. 
Got more elaborate and makeup 

5224
04:45:11,000 --> 04:45:13,400
became more dramatic. 
It was fashioned designed to be 

5225
04:45:13,408 --> 04:45:16,500
seen from the back row of a 
theater except people wore it to

5226
04:45:16,508 --> 04:45:19,300
dinner. 
Casual wear during the 1980s was

5227
04:45:19,300 --> 04:45:23,400
equally excessive athletic wear 
became Street fashion but not 

5228
04:45:23,400 --> 04:45:25,800
the simple athletic wear of 
previous decades. 

5229
04:45:25,800 --> 04:45:29,200
This was athletic wear designed 
by fashion designers who 

5230
04:45:29,200 --> 04:45:31,800
apparently thought that exercise
clothes should be suitable for 

5231
04:45:31,800 --> 04:45:36,000
Las Vegas showrooms, neon 
colors, metallic fabrics, and 

5232
04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:38,800
geometric, patterns created 
workout clothes, that were more 

5233
04:45:38,800 --> 04:45:41,600
about making fashion statements 
than actual working out. 

5234
04:45:42,900 --> 04:45:46,200
The decade also saw the rise of 
Youth fashion as a commercial 

5235
04:45:46,200 --> 04:45:50,300
Force, independent of adult 
fashion, MTV launched, in 1981. 

5236
04:45:50,300 --> 04:45:53,100
And suddenly, young people had a
visual reference for how 

5237
04:45:53,100 --> 04:45:56,300
musicians dressed. 
Fashion became faster, more 

5238
04:45:56,300 --> 04:45:58,900
immediate and more tied to 
popular culture than ever 

5239
04:45:58,900 --> 04:46:00,900
before. 
What you wore became a way of 

5240
04:46:00,900 --> 04:46:04,200
showing which bands you liked 
which movies you'd seen and 

5241
04:46:04,200 --> 04:46:06,900
which cultural tribes. 
You belong to punk fashion 

5242
04:46:06,900 --> 04:46:10,900
evolved during the 1980s into 
New Wave style, which took punks

5243
04:46:10,900 --> 04:46:13,500
rebellious aesthetic and made it
more wearable and commercially 

5244
04:46:13,500 --> 04:46:15,708
viable. 
The result was fashion that was 

5245
04:46:15,716 --> 04:46:18,600
edgy and artistic but didn't 
require safety pins or 

5246
04:46:18,600 --> 04:46:21,400
deliberate ugliness. 
It was Rebellion with better 

5247
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:24,400
production values, the preppy 
look also became fashionable 

5248
04:46:24,400 --> 04:46:28,400
during the 1980s driven partly 
by Nostalgia for simpler times 

5249
04:46:28,400 --> 04:46:31,600
and partly by the popularity of 
films like The Breakfast Club, 

5250
04:46:31,600 --> 04:46:34,900
preppy fashion represented, 
security traditional and 

5251
04:46:34,908 --> 04:46:38,900
belonging to established social 
institutions, everything that 

5252
04:46:38,900 --> 04:46:40,600
Punk and New Wave fashion 
rejected. 

5253
04:46:40,600 --> 04:46:44,900
But perhaps the most interesting
aspect of 1980s, fashion was how

5254
04:46:44,900 --> 04:46:47,400
it embraced artificial materials
and construction. 

5255
04:46:48,300 --> 04:46:51,700
Synthetic fabrics, structured 
Silhouettes and obviously 

5256
04:46:51,700 --> 04:46:54,100
manufactured looks became 
desirable rather than 

5257
04:46:54,100 --> 04:46:56,600
apologetic. 
It was the first decade when 

5258
04:46:56,600 --> 04:46:59,400
fashion, celebrated the fact 
that clothes were human made 

5259
04:46:59,400 --> 04:47:01,900
rather than trying to mimic 
natural forms and materials. 

5260
04:47:02,900 --> 04:47:05,400
Hair became a fashion accessory 
in its own right during the 

5261
04:47:05,400 --> 04:47:08,500
1980s, the bigger, the more, 
elaborate the better. 

5262
04:47:09,400 --> 04:47:12,300
Hairspray became a central 
fashion tool and hairstyles 

5263
04:47:12,300 --> 04:47:14,700
required architecture and 
engineering to maintain their 

5264
04:47:14,700 --> 04:47:17,400
structural Integrity. 
It was like, wearing sculpture 

5265
04:47:17,400 --> 04:47:19,700
on your head, except the 
sculpture was made of your own 

5266
04:47:19,700 --> 04:47:22,200
hair and industrial strength, 
styling products. 

5267
04:47:22,900 --> 04:47:25,100
Color during the 1980s was 
intense. 

5268
04:47:25,100 --> 04:47:29,000
And often clashing, electric 
blue, hot, pink acid, green, and

5269
04:47:29,000 --> 04:47:31,700
metallic silver were combined in
ways that would have been 

5270
04:47:31,700 --> 04:47:35,000
considered garish in any other 
decade fashion, became 

5271
04:47:35,000 --> 04:47:37,800
fluorescent, glittery, and 
deliberately artificial. 

5272
04:47:37,800 --> 04:47:41,100
It was like wearing a neon sign 
which was exactly the point. 

5273
04:47:41,900 --> 04:47:45,000
The decade also introduced the 
concept of mix and match 

5274
04:47:45,000 --> 04:47:49,100
dressing taken to extremes 
different patterns, textures and

5275
04:47:49,100 --> 04:47:52,500
colors were combined in ways 
that created visual chaos, but 

5276
04:47:52,500 --> 04:47:54,700
somehow worked because everyone 
was doing it. 

5277
04:47:54,700 --> 04:47:58,100
It was fashioned democracy 
through excess if everyone was 

5278
04:47:58,100 --> 04:48:00,800
wearing too much of everything. 
Then no one looked out of place 

5279
04:48:00,800 --> 04:48:05,000
by 1990 fashion had reached such
Heights of excess that the only 

5280
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:07,600
possible response was a complete
reaction in the opposite 

5281
04:48:07,600 --> 04:48:10,300
direction. 
The 1980s had been so much about

5282
04:48:10,300 --> 04:48:14,200
more that the 1990s would 
inevitably be about less. 

5283
04:48:15,100 --> 04:48:17,800
But before that happened, the 
1980s had established. 

5284
04:48:17,800 --> 04:48:20,600
Some important principles 
fashion could be fun 

5285
04:48:20,600 --> 04:48:24,200
experimental and completely 
divorced from practical 

5286
04:48:24,200 --> 04:48:27,200
considerations while still being
socially acceptable and 

5287
04:48:27,200 --> 04:48:30,800
commercially successful as the 
1990s donned fashion. 

5288
04:48:30,800 --> 04:48:33,900
Looked at the excess of the 
1980s and said, you know what, 

5289
04:48:33,900 --> 04:48:37,300
maybe we went a little overboard
with those shoulder pads, the 

5290
04:48:37,300 --> 04:48:40,300
decade began with what fashion 
historians, call the minimalist 

5291
04:48:40,300 --> 04:48:44,100
reaction, a complete swing away 
from the more is more philosophy

5292
04:48:44,100 --> 04:48:46,000
that had dominated the previous 
decade. 

5293
04:48:46,000 --> 04:48:49,100
Calvin, Klein became the poster 
child for this new minimalism 

5294
04:48:49,100 --> 04:48:52,600
creating clothes that were clean
simple and almost architectural 

5295
04:48:52,600 --> 04:48:56,300
in their purity. 
His designs celebrated negative 

5296
04:48:56,300 --> 04:49:00,100
space neutral colors, and the 
beauty of perfect proportions. 

5297
04:49:00,100 --> 04:49:04,000
It was fashion that whispered 
rather than shouted, and after a

5298
04:49:04,000 --> 04:49:09,100
decade of shouting Whispering 
felt revolutionary But the 1990s

5299
04:49:09,100 --> 04:49:11,700
quickly proved that it wasn't 
going to settle for just one 

5300
04:49:11,700 --> 04:49:14,700
fashion philosophy. 
Grunge fashion emerged from the 

5301
04:49:14,708 --> 04:49:18,300
Pacific Northwest music scene. 
Bringing thrift store Aesthetics

5302
04:49:18,300 --> 04:49:21,500
into mainstream fashion flannel 
shirts, ripped jeans. 

5303
04:49:21,500 --> 04:49:24,500
And the deliberate anti-fashion 
aesthetic of bands like Nirvana 

5304
04:49:24,500 --> 04:49:28,600
created a look, that celebrated 
not caring about fashion, which 

5305
04:49:28,600 --> 04:49:31,900
paradoxically became a major 
fashion trend, Marc, Ecko 

5306
04:49:31,900 --> 04:49:35,700
Calvin, Klein and other 
designers took grunge influences

5307
04:49:35,700 --> 04:49:38,500
and refined them into something.
More wearable for people who 

5308
04:49:38,500 --> 04:49:41,000
wanted to look, casually 
rebellious without actually 

5309
04:49:41,000 --> 04:49:44,100
shopping at thrift stores, it 
was Rebellion with better fit 

5310
04:49:44,100 --> 04:49:47,800
and higher quality Fabrics, the 
gentrification of anti-fashion. 

5311
04:49:48,700 --> 04:49:51,500
The decade also saw the rise of 
streetwear as a legitimate 

5312
04:49:51,500 --> 04:49:54,400
fashion category, what people 
actually wore on the street 

5313
04:49:54,400 --> 04:49:58,000
sneakers hoodies, baseball caps 
and athletic wear. 

5314
04:49:58,600 --> 04:50:01,900
Became influences on 
high-fashion rather than just 

5315
04:50:01,900 --> 04:50:04,800
copying high-fashion. 
It was the democratization of 

5316
04:50:04,800 --> 04:50:06,900
fashion influencer flowing from 
the bottom up. 

5317
04:50:06,908 --> 04:50:10,600
Rather than trickling down from 
the top hit pop culture became a

5318
04:50:10,600 --> 04:50:13,200
major influence on mainstream 
fashion during the 1990s, 

5319
04:50:13,200 --> 04:50:17,000
bringing oversized clothing 
athletic wear and bold logo 

5320
04:50:17,000 --> 04:50:18,700
logos into General fashion 
Consciousness. 

5321
04:50:18,700 --> 04:50:22,500
The aesthetic celebrated Comfort
movement and cultural identity 

5322
04:50:22,500 --> 04:50:25,400
in ways that traditional fashion
had never considered. 

5323
04:50:26,400 --> 04:50:28,700
Was fashion that acknowledge 
that people wanted to look good 

5324
04:50:28,700 --> 04:50:30,100
while actually living their 
lives. 

5325
04:50:30,100 --> 04:50:33,100
The supermodel phenomenon 
reached its peak during the 

5326
04:50:33,100 --> 04:50:36,400
1990s, creating fashion 
celebrities, who are famous for 

5327
04:50:36,400 --> 04:50:39,600
wearing clothes rather than for 
any other Talent models like 

5328
04:50:39,600 --> 04:50:43,000
Naomi Campbell Cindy, Crawford 
and Kate Moss became household 

5329
04:50:43,000 --> 04:50:45,800
names and their personal styles 
influenced fashion. 

5330
04:50:45,800 --> 04:50:49,200
As much as the designers, they 
wore technology began to 

5331
04:50:49,200 --> 04:50:52,900
influence fashion in new ways 
during the 1990s, new synthetic 

5332
04:50:52,900 --> 04:50:55,600
fabrics, offered performance 
characteristics that had never 

5333
04:50:55,600 --> 04:50:59,100
been available before. 
Moisture wicking UV, protection 

5334
04:50:59,100 --> 04:51:02,300
and temperature regulation, 
fashion began to acknowledge 

5335
04:51:02,300 --> 04:51:05,100
that clothes could be both 
beautiful and functional in ways

5336
04:51:05,100 --> 04:51:08,300
that previous generations, had 
never imagined the internet 

5337
04:51:08,300 --> 04:51:11,400
emerged as a fashion force, 
during the mid to late 1990s, 

5338
04:51:11,400 --> 04:51:14,400
though, its full impact wouldn't
be felt until the following 

5339
04:51:14,400 --> 04:51:17,800
decade online, shopping began to
change how people bought clothes

5340
04:51:17,800 --> 04:51:20,600
and fashion websites started to 
influence how people thought 

5341
04:51:20,600 --> 04:51:24,900
about style and trends. 
As we moved into the 2000s, 

5342
04:51:24,900 --> 04:51:27,700
fashion became increasingly 
fast-paced and diverse. 

5343
04:51:27,700 --> 04:51:30,700
The concept of seasonal 
collections began to break down 

5344
04:51:30,700 --> 04:51:33,800
as designers offered more 
frequent releases fast fashion 

5345
04:51:33,800 --> 04:51:35,200
retailers. 
Could take a trend from the 

5346
04:51:35,208 --> 04:51:38,900
runway to the store in weeks 
rather than months democratizing

5347
04:51:38,900 --> 04:51:41,100
fashion. 
But also accelerating its Pace 

5348
04:51:41,100 --> 04:51:44,400
in ways that were sometimes, 
overwhelming, the 2000s brought 

5349
04:51:44,400 --> 04:51:47,900
their own aesthetic revolutions.
The rise of Casual Friday that 

5350
04:51:47,900 --> 04:51:51,200
gradually expanded to Casual 
every day the influence of 

5351
04:51:51,200 --> 04:51:54,200
reality television on fashion 
and the beginning of social 

5352
04:51:54,200 --> 04:51:57,800
media's impact on how people 
thought about personal style, 

5353
04:51:57,800 --> 04:52:01,000
looking back over this entire 
Journey from animal skins to 

5354
04:52:01,000 --> 04:52:04,100
Instagram, worthy outfits. 
What's remarkable is how 

5355
04:52:04,100 --> 04:52:06,800
consistent certain human 
impulses have remained. 

5356
04:52:06,800 --> 04:52:10,700
People have always wanted to 
look good Express their identity

5357
04:52:10,700 --> 04:52:13,900
through their appearance and use
clothing to navigate social 

5358
04:52:13,900 --> 04:52:17,800
situations, the materials 
techniques, and social contexts 

5359
04:52:17,800 --> 04:52:21,600
of change dramatically. 
Fundamental human relationship, 

5360
04:52:21,600 --> 04:52:25,600
with clothing has remained. 
Surprisingly constant, fashion 

5361
04:52:25,600 --> 04:52:28,400
has always been about solving 
problems protection from the 

5362
04:52:28,400 --> 04:52:31,800
elements, social signaling 
personal expression, and 

5363
04:52:31,800 --> 04:52:35,400
cultural belonging the solutions
have evolved from Mammoth hides 

5364
04:52:35,400 --> 04:52:38,600
to moisture wicking synthetics. 
But the problems have remained 

5365
04:52:38,600 --> 04:52:40,600
recognizably human throughout 
history. 

5366
04:52:40,600 --> 04:52:43,600
So here you are at the end of 
this journey, through fashion 

5367
04:52:43,600 --> 04:52:47,800
history, probably wearing the 
culmination of 170,000 years of 

5368
04:52:47,800 --> 04:52:51,500
human creativity and Ingenuity 
that comfortable t-shirt. 

5369
04:52:51,500 --> 04:52:54,300
You're wearing it represents the
development of cotton 

5370
04:52:54,300 --> 04:52:57,000
cultivation. 
Textile manufacturing, the 

5371
04:52:57,000 --> 04:53:00,400
invention of knitting machines 
the creation of synthetic dies 

5372
04:53:00,400 --> 04:53:04,000
and centuries of refinement in 
garment construction, those 

5373
04:53:04,000 --> 04:53:06,300
jeans you might have on 
represent the California, Gold 

5374
04:53:06,300 --> 04:53:08,400
Rush. 
The needs of working people for 

5375
04:53:08,400 --> 04:53:12,000
durable clothing the influence 
of American casual culture on 

5376
04:53:12,000 --> 04:53:15,000
global fashion and the 
transformation of Workwear into 

5377
04:53:15,000 --> 04:53:17,300
fashion statements even your 
socks. 

5378
04:53:17,300 --> 04:53:21,300
Yes, your socks. 
Represent Innovations in 

5379
04:53:21,300 --> 04:53:23,600
knitting synthetic fibers and 
foot comfort. 

5380
04:53:23,600 --> 04:53:25,200
That would have amazed our 
ancestors. 

5381
04:53:25,200 --> 04:53:28,000
The amazing thing is that you 
got dressed this morning in 

5382
04:53:28,000 --> 04:53:31,200
about 10 minutes, choosing from 
options that represent the best 

5383
04:53:31,200 --> 04:53:33,600
of human, textile, technology, 
and fashion design. 

5384
04:53:33,600 --> 04:53:37,200
And you probably didn't think 
about any of this history, you 

5385
04:53:37,200 --> 04:53:40,300
just wanted to put on something 
comfortable appropriate for your

5386
04:53:40,300 --> 04:53:43,200
day and maybe something that 
made you feel like yourself. 

5387
04:53:43,200 --> 04:53:46,400
That's the real Triumph of 
fashion history, not the 

5388
04:53:46,400 --> 04:53:49,600
elaborate Court dress or the 
Revolutionary designs but the 

5389
04:53:49,600 --> 04:53:52,400
fact that good clothing has 
become so accessible and 

5390
04:53:52,400 --> 04:53:54,400
unremarkable that we take it for
granted. 

5391
04:53:54,400 --> 04:53:57,000
Your closet contains options 
that would have been 

5392
04:53:57,000 --> 04:53:59,900
unimaginable luxury to most 
humans throughout history 

5393
04:53:59,900 --> 04:54:04,800
Fabrics that are soft durable 
and easy to care for colors that

5394
04:54:04,800 --> 04:54:07,900
won't fade after one washing 
clothes that fit your body in 

5395
04:54:07,900 --> 04:54:10,500
your lifestyle, seasonal, 
options, that keep you 

5396
04:54:10,500 --> 04:54:13,700
comfortable in any, whether the 
freedom to choose clothing, that

5397
04:54:13,700 --> 04:54:16,600
expresses your personality 
rather than just your social 

5398
04:54:16,600 --> 04:54:19,800
class or economic status even 
your most casual outfit. 

5399
04:54:20,000 --> 04:54:22,600
Represents solutions to problems
that occupied human Minds for 

5400
04:54:22,600 --> 04:54:25,200
millennia. 
How do you create fabric that 

5401
04:54:25,200 --> 04:54:27,600
breathes? 
But also protects, how do you 

5402
04:54:27,608 --> 04:54:30,400
make colors that last? 
How do you construct garments 

5403
04:54:30,400 --> 04:54:32,400
that move with the body without 
falling apart? 

5404
04:54:32,400 --> 04:54:36,300
How do you Mass produce clothing
while maintaining quality and 

5405
04:54:36,300 --> 04:54:38,600
individual Choice? 
The fashion industry today, 

5406
04:54:38,600 --> 04:54:41,600
grapples with new challenges 
that are ancestors never had to 

5407
04:54:41,608 --> 04:54:44,100
consider. 
Environmental sustainability, 

5408
04:54:44,100 --> 04:54:48,900
ethical manufacturing, the pace 
of trend cycles and the 

5409
04:54:48,900 --> 04:54:51,600
psychological effects of 
constant fashion messaging 

5410
04:54:51,600 --> 04:54:54,400
through social media. 
But these are the kinds of 

5411
04:54:54,408 --> 04:54:57,000
problems that come with success,
not failure. 

5412
04:54:57,000 --> 04:54:59,600
As you drift off to sleep 
tonight in your comfortable 

5413
04:54:59,600 --> 04:55:04,200
pajamas which by the way, are a 
relatively recent invention that

5414
04:55:04,200 --> 04:55:06,800
would have puzzled medieval 
people who slept in their day 

5415
04:55:06,800 --> 04:55:10,500
clothes or Nothing at All. 
Your participating in the latest

5416
04:55:10,500 --> 04:55:14,100
chapter of this ongoing. 
Human story fashion, continues 

5417
04:55:14,100 --> 04:55:17,200
to evolve, sustainable materials
are being developed from 

5418
04:55:17,200 --> 04:55:20,000
everything from mushroom, roots 
to recycled ocean, plastic, 

5419
04:55:20,800 --> 04:55:24,100
Smart Fabrics can monitor your 
health regulate your temperature

5420
04:55:24,100 --> 04:55:27,500
or even charge your phone? 
3D printing is beginning to 

5421
04:55:27,500 --> 04:55:31,300
create custom fitted garments. 
Virtual reality is changing how 

5422
04:55:31,300 --> 04:55:34,200
we shop for clothes. 
The same human creativity that 

5423
04:55:34,200 --> 04:55:37,400
turned animal skins into oat 
Couture continues to push 

5424
04:55:37,400 --> 04:55:40,400
fashioned into his territories. 
We can barely imagine, but 

5425
04:55:40,400 --> 04:55:43,600
whatever comes next in fashion, 
it will still be serving those 

5426
04:55:43,600 --> 04:55:46,700
same basic human needs that 
drove our ancestors to start 

5427
04:55:46,700 --> 04:55:50,500
wearing clothes in the first 
place protection, Comfort 

5428
04:55:50,500 --> 04:55:54,300
Beauty, and the Eternal desire 
to wake up in the morning and 

5429
04:55:54,300 --> 04:55:57,200
put on something, that makes us 
feel like the best version of 

5430
04:55:57,200 --> 04:56:00,700
ourselves sweet dreams, and may 
you always have something 

5431
04:56:00,700 --> 04:56:11,900
wonderful to wear. 
Picture yourself settling into a

5432
04:56:11,900 --> 04:56:14,600
worn leather. 
Chair by crackling fire holding 

5433
04:56:14,600 --> 04:56:16,300
a steaming mug of something 
warm. 

5434
04:56:17,100 --> 04:56:20,200
Now, let me tell you about a 
time, when your biggest medical 

5435
04:56:20,200 --> 04:56:22,600
worry, wasn't whether your 
insurance would cover a 

5436
04:56:22,600 --> 04:56:24,800
procedure. 
But whether the local barber 

5437
04:56:24,800 --> 04:56:26,900
surgeon had remembered to 
sharpen, his saw that morning, 

5438
04:56:27,600 --> 04:56:30,100
you're about to step into the 
wonderfully bizarre, world of 

5439
04:56:30,100 --> 04:56:33,900
medieval medicine, where logic 
took a permanent vacation and 

5440
04:56:33,900 --> 04:56:35,900
Common Sense. 
Apparently got lost somewhere 

5441
04:56:35,900 --> 04:56:39,300
around the 5th Century. 
This book isn't just any old 

5442
04:56:39,300 --> 04:56:42,000
history lesson. 
It's a gentle stroll through 

5443
04:56:42,000 --> 04:56:44,600
Humanity's, most creative 
attempts at staying alive. 

5444
04:56:44,600 --> 04:56:47,700
Back when people thought your 
personality was determined by, 

5445
04:56:47,700 --> 04:56:50,600
how much yellow bile you had 
sloshing around inside you 

5446
04:56:50,600 --> 04:56:55,100
imagine waking up in the year, 
1347 with a headache today. 

5447
04:56:55,100 --> 04:56:57,600
You might reach for some 
ibuprofen and call it good. 

5448
04:56:57,600 --> 04:57:01,600
But in medieval times, well, 
first someone would need to 

5449
04:57:01,600 --> 04:57:05,000
examine the color of your urine,
preferably while holding it up 

5450
04:57:05,000 --> 04:57:07,600
to the Morning Light, like a 
sommelier of evaluating a fine 

5451
04:57:07,600 --> 04:57:09,900
wine. 
Next they would determine the 

5452
04:57:09,900 --> 04:57:13,200
direction of the wind consult, 
the position of Mars and 

5453
04:57:13,200 --> 04:57:15,900
potentially drill a small hole 
in your skull to release any 

5454
04:57:15,900 --> 04:57:18,100
evil spirits, the headache 
remedy. 

5455
04:57:18,100 --> 04:57:21,300
Might involve wearing a necklace
made of peony roots or better 

5456
04:57:21,300 --> 04:57:23,400
yet. 
Having someone read Latin poetry

5457
04:57:23,400 --> 04:57:26,800
to your forehead. 
Medieval folks lived in a world 

5458
04:57:26,808 --> 04:57:29,500
where everything interconnected 
in the most intricate ways 

5459
04:57:29,500 --> 04:57:33,200
possible, your health depended 
not just on what you ate or how 

5460
04:57:33,200 --> 04:57:36,800
much you exercise but on whether
you'd angered any Saints lately.

5461
04:57:36,800 --> 04:57:40,100
If you'd been looking at too 
many beautiful women apparently 

5462
04:57:40,100 --> 04:57:43,100
hazardous to male health or 
whether you'd committed the 

5463
04:57:43,100 --> 04:57:46,900
grave sin of bathing to 
frequently. the medieval medical

5464
04:57:46,900 --> 04:57:50,500
toolkit, resembled a combination
of a spice rack a garden shed, 

5465
04:57:50,500 --> 04:57:53,900
and a church all combined with a
generous dose of wishful 

5466
04:57:53,900 --> 04:57:57,500
thinking Physicians of the time 
and I use that term loosely 

5467
04:57:57,500 --> 04:58:00,600
carried around bags filled with 
dried herbs that smelled like 

5468
04:58:00,600 --> 04:58:03,600
your grandmother's attic 
mysterious powders that might 

5469
04:58:03,600 --> 04:58:06,500
have been anything from ground 
pearls to pulverize unicorn 

5470
04:58:06,500 --> 04:58:08,000
horn. 
Spoiler alert. 

5471
04:58:08,000 --> 04:58:11,200
It was usually just regular old 
horn and an impressive 

5472
04:58:11,200 --> 04:58:14,000
collection of sharp objects that
would make a modern surgeon 

5473
04:58:14,000 --> 04:58:16,600
weep. 
But here's what makes this all 

5474
04:58:16,600 --> 04:58:19,000
so endearing. 
These weren't stupid people. 

5475
04:58:19,000 --> 04:58:22,600
They were working with the best 
information they had which 

5476
04:58:22,600 --> 04:58:25,700
admittedly wasn't much. 
They looked at the human body. 

5477
04:58:25,700 --> 04:58:28,300
Like it was a mysterious black 
box that occasionally made 

5478
04:58:28,300 --> 04:58:31,400
alarming noises and they did 
their level best to figure out 

5479
04:58:31,400 --> 04:58:34,300
what all the buttons did. 
Occasionally, they encountered 

5480
04:58:34,300 --> 04:58:36,200
luck. 
More often. 

5481
04:58:36,200 --> 04:58:39,500
Well, let's just say that 
surviving medieval medicine was 

5482
04:58:39,500 --> 04:58:42,300
almost as challenging as 
surviving medieval diseases. 

5483
04:58:43,000 --> 04:58:45,700
The beautiful thing about 
medieval medical beliefs is how 

5484
04:58:45,700 --> 04:58:47,300
thoroughly they committed to 
their theories. 

5485
04:58:48,100 --> 04:58:49,700
When they concluded that all 
illness. 

5486
04:58:49,700 --> 04:58:52,100
Stemmed from an imbalance of 
four bodily, fluids known as 

5487
04:58:52,108 --> 04:58:54,600
humans. 
They delve deeply into this 

5488
04:58:54,600 --> 04:58:56,800
particular area of logic 
everything. 

5489
04:58:56,800 --> 04:58:59,800
And I mean, everything got 
explained through this lens 

5490
04:58:59,800 --> 04:59:02,800
feeling sad. 
If you're feeling sad, it's 

5491
04:59:02,800 --> 04:59:06,800
likely due to an abundance of 
black bile angry undoubtedly. 

5492
04:59:06,800 --> 04:59:08,900
There is an abundance of yellow 
bile in love. 

5493
04:59:08,900 --> 04:59:11,800
Oh, that's just your blood 
getting a bit too enthusiastic 

5494
04:59:11,800 --> 04:59:14,800
as you sink into your chair in 
the fire pops. 

5495
04:59:14,800 --> 04:59:17,700
You may wonder how people 
survive back then, the answer 

5496
04:59:17,700 --> 04:59:21,600
lies in a blend of exceptional. 
Human fortitude, serendipitous 

5497
04:59:21,600 --> 04:59:24,900
circumstances and the remarkable
ability of the human body to 

5498
04:59:24,900 --> 04:59:27,500
self-heal. 
Even when we attempt to disrupt 

5499
04:59:27,500 --> 04:59:30,800
this process, so pour yourself, 
another cup of whatever's 

5500
04:59:30,800 --> 04:59:33,800
warming your hands and let's 
continue this journey together. 

5501
04:59:35,200 --> 04:59:37,500
We're going to delve into a 
world where medical treatment 

5502
04:59:37,500 --> 04:59:40,900
was a blend of theater, 
chemistry, experiments and 

5503
04:59:40,900 --> 04:59:45,700
religious ceremonies and yet 
somehow miraculously people 

5504
04:59:45,700 --> 04:59:48,800
continue to improve. 
Let's talk about the Cornerstone

5505
04:59:48,800 --> 04:59:52,700
of medieval medicine, the theory
of the four humors, think of it 

5506
04:59:52,700 --> 04:59:56,300
as the medieval equivalent of 
personality tests except instead

5507
04:59:56,300 --> 04:59:59,500
of asking, whether you're more 
of a dog person or a cat person,

5508
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:02,200
they were checking how much 
phlegm you were producing and 

5509
05:00:02,200 --> 05:00:04,900
whether your blood was feeling 
particularly sang with that day.

5510
05:00:06,200 --> 05:00:10,700
You had four main characters, in
this bodily, drama blood, phlegm

5511
05:00:10,700 --> 05:00:15,400
yellow, bile and black bile. 
These were just random fluids 

5512
05:00:15,400 --> 05:00:20,000
sloshing around inside you oh no
they were sophisticated complex 

5513
05:00:20,000 --> 05:00:23,200
substances that determined 
everything from your mood to 

5514
05:00:23,200 --> 05:00:25,900
your favorite color to whether 
you are likely to become a 

5515
05:00:25,900 --> 05:00:28,200
successful Merchant or a 
Melancholy poet. 

5516
05:00:29,400 --> 05:00:32,700
Blood stood Out Among the group.
If you had too much blood, you 

5517
05:00:32,700 --> 05:00:36,800
were sanguine cheerful 
optimistic and probably the life

5518
05:00:36,800 --> 05:00:40,900
of every medieval party. 
Sanguine folks were supposedly 

5519
05:00:40,900 --> 05:00:44,700
hot and moist but evil medicine 
was surprisingly concerned with 

5520
05:00:44,700 --> 05:00:48,100
everyone's internal temperature 
and humidity levels with rosy 

5521
05:00:48,100 --> 05:00:50,800
cheeks and an unfortunate 
tendency to be overly trusting. 

5522
05:00:52,000 --> 05:00:54,200
Cure for excess. 
Blood was refreshingly 

5523
05:00:54,200 --> 05:00:56,700
straightforward, just remove 
some of it. 

5524
05:00:57,700 --> 05:01:00,500
Medieval Physicians approach, 
bloodletting with the enthusiasm

5525
05:01:00,500 --> 05:01:03,400
of a wine enthusiast, discussing
a particularly excellent 

5526
05:01:03,400 --> 05:01:07,000
vintage. 
Phlegm, meanwhile was the calm 

5527
05:01:07,000 --> 05:01:09,200
steady type too much phlegm 
made. 

5528
05:01:09,208 --> 05:01:13,200
You phlegmatic slow thoughtful 
and about as exciting as 

5529
05:01:13,200 --> 05:01:14,700
watching paint dry in a 
monastery. 

5530
05:01:15,400 --> 05:01:19,000
Phlegmatic people were cold and 
moist, which sounds deeply 

5531
05:01:19,000 --> 05:01:20,300
unpleasant when you put it that 
way. 

5532
05:01:21,100 --> 05:01:23,900
They were the reliable ones, the
people you'd want doing your 

5533
05:01:23,900 --> 05:01:25,800
taxes. 
If medieval people had taxes, 

5534
05:01:25,800 --> 05:01:27,100
the way we understand them 
today. 

5535
05:01:28,000 --> 05:01:31,900
Yellow bile served as the 
Catalyst, literally, it was hot 

5536
05:01:31,900 --> 05:01:34,000
and dry. 
And if you had too much of it, 

5537
05:01:34,000 --> 05:01:38,100
you became tolerate quick, 
tempered Ambitions, and probably

5538
05:01:38,100 --> 05:01:40,600
the type, who would challenge 
someone to a duel, over a 

5539
05:01:40,600 --> 05:01:42,800
perceived, slight about your 
horse collar. 

5540
05:01:42,800 --> 05:01:45,700
People were natural leaders, 
which was convenient because 

5541
05:01:45,700 --> 05:01:47,100
they were all so natural 
arguers. 

5542
05:01:47,900 --> 05:01:51,600
Black bile was the emotional 
side of midi evil humours too 

5543
05:01:51,600 --> 05:01:55,700
much black bile made. 
You melancholic sad artistic and

5544
05:01:55,700 --> 05:01:57,600
prone to staring whistle out of 
Windows. 

5545
05:01:57,600 --> 05:02:01,000
While composing tragic. 
Poetry about unrequited love. 

5546
05:02:01,900 --> 05:02:05,000
Melancholic people were cold and
dry and they were often 

5547
05:02:05,000 --> 05:02:08,200
incredibly intelligent though. 
They used that intelligence 

5548
05:02:08,200 --> 05:02:10,700
primarily to contemplate. 
The fundamental sadness of 

5549
05:02:10,708 --> 05:02:13,600
existence. 
Now here's where it gets really 

5550
05:02:13,600 --> 05:02:16,200
interesting. 
Your humoral balance could 

5551
05:02:16,200 --> 05:02:20,300
change based on your age diet. 
The season and Mercury's 

5552
05:02:20,300 --> 05:02:21,500
position. 
Yes. 

5553
05:02:21,500 --> 05:02:24,200
Medieval medicine was also 
surprisingly astrological. 

5554
05:02:25,000 --> 05:02:27,600
Perfectly balanced person would 
have, just the right amount of 

5555
05:02:27,600 --> 05:02:30,600
each humor creating a kind of 
internal Harmony that would make

5556
05:02:30,600 --> 05:02:34,100
them healthy wise and probably 
insufferably well-adjusted. 

5557
05:02:35,000 --> 05:02:37,600
The Practical implications of 
this system were enormous, 

5558
05:02:37,600 --> 05:02:40,400
medieval Physicians, didn't just
treat diseases. 

5559
05:02:40,400 --> 05:02:42,700
They treat treated entire 
personality types. 

5560
05:02:42,700 --> 05:02:44,900
They wouldn't just give you 
herbs and send you off. 

5561
05:02:44,900 --> 05:02:47,700
If you were sad, first, they 
determine that. 

5562
05:02:47,700 --> 05:02:50,800
You obviously had too much black
bile, then they'd prescribe a 

5563
05:02:50,800 --> 05:02:53,800
complete lifestyle, overhaul 
designed to heat you up and dry 

5564
05:02:53,800 --> 05:02:56,300
you out of it. 
Such an intervention might 

5565
05:02:56,300 --> 05:02:59,300
involve eating different foods 
or hot moist things to 

5566
05:02:59,300 --> 05:03:01,900
counteract. 
All that cold dry black bile, 

5567
05:03:01,900 --> 05:03:06,100
changing your exercise routine. 
Moving to a different climate or

5568
05:03:06,100 --> 05:03:09,800
even taking up a more cheerful 
professional Medicine was 

5569
05:03:09,800 --> 05:03:12,100
nothing. 
If not holistic though, there 

5570
05:03:12,100 --> 05:03:14,800
are idea of it included factors 
that modern medicine, might 

5571
05:03:14,800 --> 05:03:18,200
consider slightly irrelevant 
like the moral character of your

5572
05:03:18,200 --> 05:03:21,300
ancestors and whether you'd been
exposed to Too Much Moonlight 

5573
05:03:21,300 --> 05:03:24,000
recently. 
The beauty of the humoral system

5574
05:03:24,000 --> 05:03:28,000
was its elegant Simplicity every
medical problem had a clear 

5575
05:03:28,000 --> 05:03:32,000
cause and a logical solution. 
Are you experiencing symptoms of

5576
05:03:32,000 --> 05:03:34,400
illness? 
Clearly, your humors were 

5577
05:03:34,400 --> 05:03:37,200
imbalanced, pushing your humors 
back into balance. 

5578
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:40,600
Was the simple treatment, akin 
to adjusting the settings on a 

5579
05:03:40,600 --> 05:03:44,700
complex biological thermostat. 
Of course, the challenge was 

5580
05:03:44,700 --> 05:03:48,300
figuring out exactly which jokes
were misbehaving and by how much

5581
05:03:49,200 --> 05:03:52,500
This process required 
considerable skill or at least a

5582
05:03:52,500 --> 05:03:55,600
great deal of confidence which 
explains why medieval Physicians

5583
05:03:55,600 --> 05:03:59,600
devoted so much time to 
examining bodily fluids with the

5584
05:03:59,600 --> 05:04:02,400
same intensity as wine critics 
at a tasting competition. 

5585
05:04:02,400 --> 05:04:06,300
Imagine you're not feeling well 
in medieval times so you decide 

5586
05:04:06,300 --> 05:04:09,600
to visit the local physician. 
As you enter their chamber, you 

5587
05:04:09,600 --> 05:04:13,100
anticipate a setting akin to a 
modern doctor's office but in 

5588
05:04:13,100 --> 05:04:16,500
Stead you encounter a scene akin
to a hybrid of an alchemist 

5589
05:04:16,500 --> 05:04:18,400
laboratory and a fortune, 
tellers parlor. 

5590
05:04:18,400 --> 05:04:22,300
Replete with jars filled with 
unidentifiable floating objects.

5591
05:04:22,900 --> 05:04:26,200
Your medieval doctor would want 
to see your urine first, not 

5592
05:04:26,200 --> 05:04:27,900
your insurance card or medical 
history. 

5593
05:04:28,900 --> 05:04:31,500
Not just a small sample mind you
but a nice. 

5594
05:04:31,508 --> 05:04:34,400
Big flask of the stuff. 
Preferably your first morning 

5595
05:04:34,400 --> 05:04:35,800
production. 
When it was at its most 

5596
05:04:35,808 --> 05:04:39,300
diagnostically informative, 
medieval Physicians were 

5597
05:04:39,300 --> 05:04:42,500
absolutely obsessed with urine 
and they had elevated its 

5598
05:04:42,500 --> 05:04:45,100
examination to an art form that 
would make modern lab 

5599
05:04:45,100 --> 05:04:48,300
technicians jealous. 
If they possess special flasks 

5600
05:04:48,300 --> 05:04:52,100
known as matures, Specifically 
designed for urine examination 

5601
05:04:52,100 --> 05:04:55,000
and they would scrutinize these 
flasks as if they were 

5602
05:04:55,000 --> 05:05:00,800
evaluating precious gems. 
The color Clarity smell and even

5603
05:05:00,800 --> 05:05:03,500
the way it settled in the flask 
could tell them everything they 

5604
05:05:03,500 --> 05:05:04,800
needed to know about your 
condition. 

5605
05:05:04,800 --> 05:05:08,900
If your urine had an unusual 
color, it could reveal a 

5606
05:05:08,900 --> 05:05:10,400
multitude of diagnostic 
possibilities. 

5607
05:05:10,400 --> 05:05:14,600
Red urine might indicate too 
much blood clearly while dark 

5608
05:05:14,600 --> 05:05:16,800
urine suggested and excess of 
black bile. 

5609
05:05:17,400 --> 05:05:20,300
If your urine was particularly 
aromatic that, could mean your 

5610
05:05:20,300 --> 05:05:23,000
kidneys were working over time 
or possibly, that you'd be 

5611
05:05:23,008 --> 05:05:26,400
eating too much garlic, which 
was apparently a medical concern

5612
05:05:26,400 --> 05:05:29,100
worth noting. 
Some Physicians claimed, they 

5613
05:05:29,108 --> 05:05:32,000
could tell not just what was 
wrong with you, but also predict

5614
05:05:32,000 --> 05:05:35,200
your future health, your 
romantic prospects and whether 

5615
05:05:35,200 --> 05:05:38,300
your crops would do well that 
year all from a single flask of 

5616
05:05:38,300 --> 05:05:42,600
morning urine, But urine was 
just the beginning, medieval 

5617
05:05:42,600 --> 05:05:45,500
doctors were all intrigued by 
your pulse, but their 

5618
05:05:45,500 --> 05:05:48,000
interpretation was more 
imaginative than todays. 

5619
05:05:48,000 --> 05:05:51,200
They didn't just count beats per
minute, they analyzed the 

5620
05:05:51,200 --> 05:05:54,200
quality of the pulse, its Rhythm
its strength and its character. 

5621
05:05:55,300 --> 05:05:57,700
A pulse could be described as 
jumping like a grasshopper 

5622
05:05:57,700 --> 05:06:00,600
creeping like a snake or flowing
like honey. 

5623
05:06:00,600 --> 05:06:03,700
And each of these poetic 
descriptions supposedly revealed

5624
05:06:03,700 --> 05:06:05,700
different aspects of your 
internal condition. 

5625
05:06:06,600 --> 05:06:10,500
Your complexion was another 
crucial diagnostic tool medieval

5626
05:06:10,500 --> 05:06:12,500
Physicians. 
Could read your face like a map 

5627
05:06:12,500 --> 05:06:16,100
finding clues in the color of 
your cheeks, the brightness of 

5628
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:20,200
your eyes and the texture of 
your skin. a ruddy complexion 

5629
05:06:20,200 --> 05:06:24,100
might indicate too much blood 
while a pale one appearance 

5630
05:06:24,100 --> 05:06:27,900
suggested insufficient vital 
Heat They paid particular 

5631
05:06:27,900 --> 05:06:30,800
attention to your nose, which 
they believed was directly 

5632
05:06:30,800 --> 05:06:33,900
connected to your brain and 
therefore, a reliable indicator 

5633
05:06:33,900 --> 05:06:38,300
of your mental state. 
The examination process also 

5634
05:06:38,300 --> 05:06:41,100
involved a considerable amount 
of what we might call lifestyle 

5635
05:06:41,100 --> 05:06:43,600
counseling. 
Your physician would want to 

5636
05:06:43,608 --> 05:06:47,100
know about your diet, your 
sleeping habits, your emotional 

5637
05:06:47,100 --> 05:06:49,100
state, and your recent 
activities. 

5638
05:06:50,200 --> 05:06:52,500
Have you been exposed to any 
strong emotions lately? 

5639
05:06:52,500 --> 05:06:55,500
How do you eaten anything 
particularly heating or cooling?

5640
05:06:55,500 --> 05:06:58,800
Have you been in the presence of
anyone with suspicious humoral? 

5641
05:06:58,800 --> 05:07:02,500
Imbalance is they were all so 
deeply interested in your dreams

5642
05:07:02,500 --> 05:07:05,600
which they considered Windows 
into your internal state. 

5643
05:07:06,300 --> 05:07:09,300
Dreaming about water might 
indicate excess phlegm while 

5644
05:07:09,300 --> 05:07:11,700
dreams of fire could suggest too
much yellow bile. 

5645
05:07:12,700 --> 05:07:15,500
If you dreamed about flying, 
that was clearly a sign that 

5646
05:07:15,508 --> 05:07:18,700
your natural heat was trying to 
escape your body, which required

5647
05:07:18,700 --> 05:07:21,700
immediate cooling therapy. 
Medieval Physicians. 

5648
05:07:21,700 --> 05:07:24,800
Also paid attention to your 
astrological sign and the 

5649
05:07:24,808 --> 05:07:28,000
current position of the planets.
Your health was intimately 

5650
05:07:28,000 --> 05:07:31,100
connected to Celestial movements
and a good physician would 

5651
05:07:31,100 --> 05:07:33,600
consult Star Charts before 
making any major treatment 

5652
05:07:33,600 --> 05:07:36,100
decisions. 
If Mars was in an aggressive 

5653
05:07:36,100 --> 05:07:38,800
position, it might not be the 
best time for bloodletting. 

5654
05:07:38,800 --> 05:07:41,800
While a favorable Venus might 
enhance the effectiveness of 

5655
05:07:41,800 --> 05:07:45,200
love potions. 
Prescribed for melancholy The 

5656
05:07:45,200 --> 05:07:48,900
diagnostic process could take 
hours involving detailed 

5657
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:51,500
questioning, careful, 
observation and quite a bit of 

5658
05:07:51,500 --> 05:07:55,100
thoughtful stroking of beards. 
Medieval Physicians were 

5659
05:07:55,100 --> 05:07:58,300
apparently required to have 
impressive facial hair by the 

5660
05:07:58,300 --> 05:08:00,100
end of it. 
Your physician would have a 

5661
05:08:00,108 --> 05:08:02,100
complete picture. 
Not just of your physical 

5662
05:08:02,100 --> 05:08:05,600
condition, but of your moral 
character, your spiritual State 

5663
05:08:05,600 --> 05:08:07,600
and your place in the cosmic 
order. 

5664
05:08:07,600 --> 05:08:11,000
Now we come to the most famous 
and from our modern perspective,

5665
05:08:11,000 --> 05:08:15,900
most alarming aspect of medieval
medicine bloodletting If you 

5666
05:08:15,900 --> 05:08:18,500
lived in medieval times, you 
would have seen this practice as

5667
05:08:18,500 --> 05:08:20,900
often as we see a spare in now 
headache. 

5668
05:08:20,900 --> 05:08:24,500
It's time to administer some 
bloodletting fever. 

5669
05:08:24,500 --> 05:08:27,900
Undoubtedly there is an 
abundance of blood present. 

5670
05:08:27,900 --> 05:08:29,900
Are you experiencing a mood 
swing? 

5671
05:08:30,600 --> 05:08:33,600
Clearly, your blood needs some 
attention, the logic behind 

5672
05:08:33,600 --> 05:08:37,000
bloodletting was actually quite 
elegant in a Twisted medieval 

5673
05:08:37,000 --> 05:08:39,000
sort of way. 
Remember those four jokes we 

5674
05:08:39,008 --> 05:08:41,900
talked about will blood was the 
most active and abundant of 

5675
05:08:41,900 --> 05:08:45,000
these a medieval Physicians 
believe that most illnesses were

5676
05:08:45,000 --> 05:08:48,200
caused by having too much of it.
So the obvious solution was to 

5677
05:08:48,200 --> 05:08:51,000
remove the excess like letting 
air out of an over-inflated 

5678
05:08:51,000 --> 05:08:54,700
balloon except the balloon was 
you and the air was your life 

5679
05:08:54,700 --> 05:08:57,400
force. 
Medieval bloodletting wasn't 

5680
05:08:57,400 --> 05:09:00,600
just a matter of making a small 
cut and collecting a couple too.

5681
05:09:00,600 --> 05:09:03,300
Oh no. 
They had elevated it to a 

5682
05:09:03,300 --> 05:09:07,000
sophisticated art with multiple 
techniques specialized tools and

5683
05:09:07,000 --> 05:09:10,500
elaborate theories about timing 
and technique, you could choose 

5684
05:09:10,500 --> 05:09:13,600
from various bloodletting 
methods, like, selecting items 

5685
05:09:13,600 --> 05:09:15,300
from a deeply disturbing medical
menu. 

5686
05:09:15,300 --> 05:09:19,000
There was Venice section, which 
involved making strategic cuts 

5687
05:09:19,000 --> 05:09:22,800
into major veins, Medieval 
Physicians had mapped out the 

5688
05:09:22,800 --> 05:09:26,200
human body like a roadmap. 
Identifying the best veins for 

5689
05:09:26,200 --> 05:09:28,700
different conditions. 
Are veins, were good, for head, 

5690
05:09:28,700 --> 05:09:31,100
problems leg veins helped with 
abdominal issues. 

5691
05:09:31,100 --> 05:09:34,000
And there were specific veins 
that were thought to be 

5692
05:09:34,000 --> 05:09:36,000
connected to different organs 
through. 

5693
05:09:36,000 --> 05:09:38,200
Invisible Pathways, that made 
perfect sense. 

5694
05:09:38,200 --> 05:09:39,800
If you didn't think about them, 
too hard. 

5695
05:09:40,600 --> 05:09:43,600
Then there was cupping, which 
involved placing heated cups on 

5696
05:09:43,600 --> 05:09:45,400
your skin to draw blood to the 
surface. 

5697
05:09:46,200 --> 05:09:48,200
The cups would create suction as
they cooled. 

5698
05:09:48,200 --> 05:09:51,700
Pulling your skin up into little
domes and supposedly drawing out

5699
05:09:51,700 --> 05:09:54,500
the problematic blood along with
whatever evil humors were 

5700
05:09:54,500 --> 05:09:57,300
causing your trouble. 
occasionally, they'd make small 

5701
05:09:57,300 --> 05:10:00,500
Cuts, first turning the cupping 
session into a more efficient, 

5702
05:10:00,500 --> 05:10:04,100
blood extraction process, Each 
with a gentile option, 

5703
05:10:04,100 --> 05:10:07,000
considered more refined and 
controlled than crude cutting. 

5704
05:10:07,900 --> 05:10:10,900
Medieval Physicians maintained 
collections of medical leeches. 

5705
05:10:10,900 --> 05:10:13,300
Like, modern doctors, keep death
Scopes. 

5706
05:10:13,300 --> 05:10:16,400
And they have strong opinions 
about leech, quality and 

5707
05:10:16,400 --> 05:10:18,700
technique. 
A good Leach, should be hungry, 

5708
05:10:18,700 --> 05:10:22,300
but not desperate active, but 
not overly aggressive and 

5709
05:10:22,300 --> 05:10:25,100
preferably sourced from clean 
running water rather than 

5710
05:10:25,100 --> 05:10:28,800
stagnant ponds. 
The timing of bloodletting was 

5711
05:10:28,800 --> 05:10:31,800
crucial and required Consulting 
multiple sources of information.

5712
05:10:33,000 --> 05:10:36,500
The phase of the moon mattered, 
certain phases, were better for 

5713
05:10:36,500 --> 05:10:39,500
bloodletting than others. 
Your astrological sign was 

5714
05:10:39,500 --> 05:10:41,700
important. 
As was the current position of 

5715
05:10:41,700 --> 05:10:44,900
various planets the season 
affected the quality of your 

5716
05:10:44,900 --> 05:10:48,000
blood, and even the time of day 
could influence the success of 

5717
05:10:48,000 --> 05:10:51,000
the procedure. 
Medieval Physicians had 

5718
05:10:51,000 --> 05:10:53,400
elaborate charts showing the 
best times to bleed from 

5719
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:56,600
different parts of the body. 
Spring was generally beneficial 

5720
05:10:56,600 --> 05:10:59,000
for bloodletting because that's 
when blood was thought to be 

5721
05:10:59,008 --> 05:11:01,600
most active like sap rising in 
trees. 

5722
05:11:02,400 --> 05:11:04,900
But you had to be careful, not 
to overdo it during hot summer 

5723
05:11:04,900 --> 05:11:07,000
months when your natural heat 
was already elevated. 

5724
05:11:07,800 --> 05:11:10,400
The amount of blood removed was 
determined by a complex 

5725
05:11:10,400 --> 05:11:13,300
calculation involving your age 
Constitution. 

5726
05:11:13,300 --> 05:11:17,000
The nature of your illness and 
various environmental factors. 

5727
05:11:17,800 --> 05:11:20,400
Young strong, people could 
handle more bloodletting than 

5728
05:11:20,400 --> 05:11:23,700
elderly or weak individuals. 
Someone with a sanguine 

5729
05:11:23,700 --> 05:11:25,000
temperament. 
Might need more aggressive 

5730
05:11:25,000 --> 05:11:27,200
treatment than someone who was 
naturally phlegmatic. 

5731
05:11:27,900 --> 05:11:30,700
What's remarkable is, how 
enthusiastic people were about 

5732
05:11:30,700 --> 05:11:33,100
this treatment? 
Bloodletting wasn't something. 

5733
05:11:33,100 --> 05:11:36,100
You endured it was something you
looked forward to like a 

5734
05:11:36,100 --> 05:11:39,000
medieval spa day. 
People would schedule regular 

5735
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:41,500
bloodletting session as 
preventive medicine, and 

5736
05:11:41,500 --> 05:11:43,800
Physicians, would recommend it 
for everything from preventing 

5737
05:11:43,800 --> 05:11:46,200
illness to improving your 
complexion, to enhancing your 

5738
05:11:46,200 --> 05:11:49,500
mental clarity. 
Barber surgeons who combined 

5739
05:11:49,500 --> 05:11:52,600
hair cutting with minor medical 
procedures advertised their 

5740
05:11:52,600 --> 05:11:54,500
bloodletting Services. 
Alongside their grooming 

5741
05:11:54,500 --> 05:11:56,800
options. 
You could get a shave a haircut 

5742
05:11:56,800 --> 05:11:59,700
and have some excess blood 
removed all in one convenient 

5743
05:11:59,700 --> 05:12:03,500
visit The traditional barber 
pole with its red and white 

5744
05:12:03,500 --> 05:12:05,800
stripes. 
Actually represents bloodied 

5745
05:12:05,800 --> 05:12:08,800
bandages raped around a pole, a 
cheerful reminder of the 

5746
05:12:08,808 --> 05:12:12,600
professions medical heritage The
social aspect of bloodletting 

5747
05:12:12,600 --> 05:12:15,500
was also important. 
It was often performed in groups

5748
05:12:15,500 --> 05:12:18,600
turning medical treatment into a
social event where people could 

5749
05:12:18,600 --> 05:12:21,800
catch up on local gossip while 
having their humors rebalanced 

5750
05:12:21,800 --> 05:12:24,900
wealthy families, would 
sometimes hire Physicians to 

5751
05:12:24,900 --> 05:12:27,300
perform bloodletting sessions 
for the entire household. 

5752
05:12:27,300 --> 05:12:29,700
Like, hosting a, very 
specialized dinner party, 

5753
05:12:29,700 --> 05:12:33,500
medieval medicine cabinets were 
incredibly chaotic causing a 

5754
05:12:33,500 --> 05:12:35,400
modern pharmacist to shudder and
confusion. 

5755
05:12:36,300 --> 05:12:39,000
Imagine opening a medieval 
Physicians bag and finding 

5756
05:12:39,000 --> 05:12:42,500
everything from dried Beatles to
powdered unicorn horn, which was

5757
05:12:42,500 --> 05:12:44,700
actually narwhal Tusk. 
But don't tell anyone. 

5758
05:12:45,400 --> 05:12:48,000
Alongside herbs that might 
actually work and substances 

5759
05:12:48,000 --> 05:12:50,900
that definitely wouldn't. 
But smelled intriguing enough to

5760
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:54,300
seem medicinal the medieval 
approached to herbal medicine, 

5761
05:12:54,300 --> 05:12:58,000
was refreshingly inclusive. 
If something existed in nature, 

5762
05:12:58,000 --> 05:13:00,500
someone had probably tried using
it as medicine. 

5763
05:13:01,500 --> 05:13:05,500
This approach led to an enormous
farmer that included, not just 

5764
05:13:05,500 --> 05:13:08,500
plants. 
But also animal parts minerals 

5765
05:13:08,500 --> 05:13:11,600
and substances that defied easy 
categorization. 

5766
05:13:12,800 --> 05:13:16,000
Medieval Physicians, were like 
enthusiastic collectors, who 

5767
05:13:16,000 --> 05:13:18,600
never met a potential remedy. 
They didn't want to try it at 

5768
05:13:18,600 --> 05:13:21,700
least once. 
For instance the theory act 

5769
05:13:21,700 --> 05:13:25,800
regarded as the ultimate remedy 
could contain anywhere from 60 

5770
05:13:25,800 --> 05:13:28,300
to 100 different ingredients 
depending on the maker. 

5771
05:13:29,100 --> 05:13:32,200
The recipe included vipers 
flesh, which had to be prepared 

5772
05:13:32,200 --> 05:13:37,300
in a very specific way. 
Opium various spices herbs and 

5773
05:13:37,300 --> 05:13:39,900
enough other ingredients to 
stock a small Apothecary. 

5774
05:13:39,900 --> 05:13:43,300
In some cities, the complex 
process of making Theory act 

5775
05:13:43,300 --> 05:13:46,300
became a public event. 
Drawing crowds to witness the 

5776
05:13:46,300 --> 05:13:48,800
master of apothecary's perform 
their mysterious Magic. 

5777
05:13:49,700 --> 05:13:52,800
But most medieval remedies were 
more accessible built around 

5778
05:13:52,808 --> 05:13:55,800
herbs and plants that grew 
locally and could be prepared in

5779
05:13:55,800 --> 05:13:57,700
any reasonably well equipped 
kitchen. 

5780
05:13:58,600 --> 05:14:01,400
People expected, medieval 
Housewives to understand, basic 

5781
05:14:01,400 --> 05:14:04,800
herbal medicine, just as modern 
parents, understand basic first 

5782
05:14:04,800 --> 05:14:07,100
aid. 
They maintained herb garden 

5783
05:14:07,100 --> 05:14:09,200
Gardens with plants, 
specifically chosen for their 

5784
05:14:09,200 --> 05:14:12,100
medicinal properties and they 
passed down recipes and 

5785
05:14:12,100 --> 05:14:15,100
techniques through generations 
of women who took their healing 

5786
05:14:15,100 --> 05:14:18,300
responsibilities. 
Seriously, Willow bark was used 

5787
05:14:18,300 --> 05:14:21,200
for pain relief and actually 
worked, because it contains 

5788
05:14:21,200 --> 05:14:23,900
salicin a compound related to 
aspirin. 

5789
05:14:24,700 --> 05:14:28,000
Medieval people didn't know why 
it worked, but they knew it did,

5790
05:14:28,000 --> 05:14:30,400
which was good enough for 
practical purposes. 

5791
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:33,800
Similarly, digitalis from 
foxglove was used for heart 

5792
05:14:33,800 --> 05:14:36,800
problems and while it was 
dangerously easy to overdose on,

5793
05:14:36,800 --> 05:14:39,300
it was actually an effective 
cardiac medication. 

5794
05:14:40,100 --> 05:14:43,800
But for every real remedy, there
were many that were Pure Fantasy

5795
05:14:43,800 --> 05:14:47,400
dressed up in medical terms. 
People prescribed powdered 

5796
05:14:47,400 --> 05:14:50,200
pearls for melancholy, 
presumably due to the belief 

5797
05:14:50,200 --> 05:14:53,500
that their lustrous Beauty could
uplift Spirits ground up, 

5798
05:14:53,500 --> 05:14:56,700
precious stones were mixed into 
medicines not because they had 

5799
05:14:56,700 --> 05:14:59,800
any therapeutic value but 
because it expensive ingredients

5800
05:14:59,800 --> 05:15:01,800
were more powerful than cheap 
ones. 

5801
05:15:01,800 --> 05:15:05,700
Animal-based remedies were 
particularly creative, unicorn 

5802
05:15:05,700 --> 05:15:09,000
horn was the most prestigious 
thought to neutralize poisons, 

5803
05:15:09,000 --> 05:15:12,700
and cure virtually any ailment. 
But since actual unicorns were, 

5804
05:15:12,700 --> 05:15:17,400
in short supply most unicorn 
horn was actually powdered or an

5805
05:15:17,400 --> 05:15:20,200
authoress horn. 
Now, while Tusk or just regular 

5806
05:15:20,200 --> 05:15:22,400
old animal horn that had been 
blessed by someone with 

5807
05:15:22,400 --> 05:15:25,500
impressive religious 
credentials, Medieval Physicians

5808
05:15:25,500 --> 05:15:28,800
also, prescribed remedies made 
from human body parts, which 

5809
05:15:28,800 --> 05:15:30,900
sounds Ghosh, but made perfect 
sense. 

5810
05:15:30,900 --> 05:15:34,300
According to their logic, if 
someone had died in perfect 

5811
05:15:34,300 --> 05:15:37,200
health, usually a young person 
who had suffered an accident. 

5812
05:15:37,900 --> 05:15:40,600
Parts of their body could be 
used to transfer that Health to 

5813
05:15:40,600 --> 05:15:43,200
sick. 
Patients This process led to a 

5814
05:15:43,208 --> 05:15:46,500
thriving trade in various 
human-derived medicines that we 

5815
05:15:46,500 --> 05:15:50,100
probably don't need to discuss 
in detail during our cozy bed 

5816
05:15:50,100 --> 05:15:52,700
time story. 
The preparation of these 

5817
05:15:52,700 --> 05:15:55,300
remedies was often as elaborate 
as their ingredients were 

5818
05:15:55,300 --> 05:15:58,000
exotic. 
Medieval medicine involved. 

5819
05:15:58,000 --> 05:16:02,000
A lot of precise timing specific
astronomical conditions and 

5820
05:16:02,000 --> 05:16:04,400
ritual elements. 
That transform simple cooking 

5821
05:16:04,400 --> 05:16:06,800
into something resembling a 
religious ceremony. 

5822
05:16:07,600 --> 05:16:10,300
Herbs had to be picked at the 
right phase of the moon. 

5823
05:16:10,300 --> 05:16:12,800
Dried in particular ways and 
combined. 

5824
05:16:12,800 --> 05:16:15,000
According to formulas, that had 
been passed down through 

5825
05:16:15,000 --> 05:16:18,900
generations of practitioners, 
medieval people also believed 

5826
05:16:18,900 --> 05:16:21,800
strongly in the power of 
sympathetic magic, which meant 

5827
05:16:21,800 --> 05:16:23,600
that remedies should somehow 
resemble. 

5828
05:16:23,600 --> 05:16:26,300
Either the problem they were 
treating or the solution, they 

5829
05:16:26,300 --> 05:16:29,200
were trying to achieve yellow 
herbs, were good for liver 

5830
05:16:29,200 --> 05:16:32,200
problems, because the liver 
produced yellow bile red 

5831
05:16:32,200 --> 05:16:35,400
substances were good for blood 
disorders, heart-shaped leaves, 

5832
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:37,600
were obviously beneficial for 
heart conditions. 

5833
05:16:37,600 --> 05:16:41,100
These discoveries led to some 
remarkably Creative Connections 

5834
05:16:41,100 --> 05:16:45,100
between appearance and function 
Hooded leaves of lungwort were 

5835
05:16:45,100 --> 05:16:46,600
thought to resemble diseased 
lungs. 

5836
05:16:46,600 --> 05:16:49,100
So they were used to treat 
respiratory problems. 

5837
05:16:49,100 --> 05:16:53,200
Walnuts, which looks somewhat 
like tiny brains were considered

5838
05:16:53,200 --> 05:16:56,100
brain food long before. 
Anyone knew about omega-3 fatty 

5839
05:16:56,100 --> 05:16:59,900
acids, The dosing of medieval 
medicines was more art than 

5840
05:16:59,900 --> 05:17:03,400
science relying heavily on the 
physician's experience and 

5841
05:17:03,400 --> 05:17:07,100
intuition too little might not 
work but too much, could kill 

5842
05:17:07,100 --> 05:17:09,000
you. 
And the line between effective 

5843
05:17:09,000 --> 05:17:11,600
dose and fatal overdose was 
often uncomfortably thin. 

5844
05:17:11,600 --> 05:17:15,300
This is why medieval Physicians 
spent so much time, studying 

5845
05:17:15,300 --> 05:17:18,300
their patients, constitutions 
and carefully adjusting 

5846
05:17:18,300 --> 05:17:20,200
treatments. 
Based on individual factors, 

5847
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:23,100
medieval surgery was not for the
faint of heart. 

5848
05:17:23,100 --> 05:17:26,100
And if you lived during this 
time, you would have approached 

5849
05:17:26,100 --> 05:17:27,700
it with roughly the same 
enthusiasm. 

5850
05:17:27,700 --> 05:17:31,600
Most people today, reserved for 
root canal surgery, except 

5851
05:17:31,600 --> 05:17:35,600
medieval surgery was performed 
without anesthesia antibiotics 

5852
05:17:35,600 --> 05:17:38,500
or any real understanding of how
infections worked. 

5853
05:17:39,500 --> 05:17:42,000
The surgical toolkit of a 
medieval practitioner looked 

5854
05:17:42,000 --> 05:17:44,300
like something assembled by 
someone who had heard about 

5855
05:17:44,300 --> 05:17:47,100
surgery, second hand, but had 
never actually seen it 

5856
05:17:47,100 --> 05:17:49,600
performed. 
Their bags, were filled with 

5857
05:17:49,600 --> 05:17:52,900
saws, knives. 
Hot Irons for cauterizing, 

5858
05:17:52,900 --> 05:17:55,900
wounds, and various sharp. 
Implements that appeared to be 

5859
05:17:55,908 --> 05:17:58,000
designed more for carpentry than
for medicine. 

5860
05:17:58,800 --> 05:18:01,200
Medieval surgeons approached, 
the human body, with the 

5861
05:18:01,200 --> 05:18:03,400
confidence of people who had 
never heard of medical 

5862
05:18:03,400 --> 05:18:07,100
malpractice lawsuits. 
Trepanation drilling holes and 

5863
05:18:07,100 --> 05:18:10,700
skulls was surprisingly, common 
and was used to treat everything

5864
05:18:10,700 --> 05:18:14,100
from headaches to mental illness
to what they called, Melancholy 

5865
05:18:14,100 --> 05:18:17,300
Madness. 
The theory was the evil, spirits

5866
05:18:17,300 --> 05:18:20,900
excess humor or bad are had 
gotten trapped inside the head 

5867
05:18:20,900 --> 05:18:24,500
and needed a way to escape. 
And evil surgeons would 

5868
05:18:24,500 --> 05:18:26,100
carefully. 
Drill a small hole in the 

5869
05:18:26,100 --> 05:18:29,300
patient's skull sometimes while 
the patient was fully conscious 

5870
05:18:29,300 --> 05:18:32,000
and then wait to see if the 
problem Spirits would take the 

5871
05:18:32,000 --> 05:18:34,900
hint and leave. 
What's remarkable is that some 

5872
05:18:34,900 --> 05:18:37,900
patients actually survive? 
This procedure and even seem to 

5873
05:18:37,900 --> 05:18:40,700
get better afterward though, 
such a movement was probably 

5874
05:18:40,700 --> 05:18:44,200
more due to the placebo effect 
and sheer luck than to any 

5875
05:18:44,200 --> 05:18:46,500
therapeutic value of having 
holes drilled in their heads. 

5876
05:18:47,500 --> 05:18:50,300
Medieval people interpreted 
these successes as proof that 

5877
05:18:50,300 --> 05:18:53,600
the treatment worked rather than
evidence that the human body is 

5878
05:18:53,600 --> 05:18:56,600
surprisingly resilient. 
Cataract surgery was another 

5879
05:18:56,600 --> 05:18:59,600
common procedure performed by 
traveling Specialists, who had 

5880
05:18:59,600 --> 05:19:03,100
arrived in town perform a dozen 
or so cataract operations in a 

5881
05:19:03,100 --> 05:19:06,100
day and then leave before anyone
had time to evaluate the 

5882
05:19:06,100 --> 05:19:09,200
long-term results. 
The technique involved pushing 

5883
05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:12,500
the clouded lens back into the 
eye, with a sharp needle, which 

5884
05:19:12,500 --> 05:19:15,400
sometimes worked, and sometimes 
resulted in complete blindness. 

5885
05:19:15,400 --> 05:19:19,100
But at least it was quick. 
But medieval medicine wasn't 

5886
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:22,000
purely physical. 
It was deeply intertwined, with 

5887
05:19:22,000 --> 05:19:23,700
spiritual healing and religious 
belief. 

5888
05:19:24,500 --> 05:19:27,200
Medieval people understood 
illness as having spiritual as 

5889
05:19:27,200 --> 05:19:30,200
well as physical causes which 
meant that treatment needed to 

5890
05:19:30,200 --> 05:19:31,700
address both the body and the 
Soul. 

5891
05:19:31,700 --> 05:19:35,100
This understanding led to a 
fascinating integration of 

5892
05:19:35,100 --> 05:19:38,200
medical and religious practices.
That would seem strange to 

5893
05:19:38,200 --> 05:19:39,900
modernize, but made perfect 
sense. 

5894
05:19:39,900 --> 05:19:42,500
In a world where the boundary 
between physical and spiritual 

5895
05:19:42,500 --> 05:19:45,800
was much more fluid. 
Saints were specialized medical 

5896
05:19:45,800 --> 05:19:48,900
Consultants each with their 
areas of expertise. 

5897
05:19:48,900 --> 05:19:51,400
Assemblies was good for throat 
problems. 

5898
05:19:51,400 --> 05:19:54,400
Saint Lucie handled, eye 
diseases, and Saint. 

5899
05:19:54,400 --> 05:19:56,400
Apollonia was the go-to Saint 
for dental issues. 

5900
05:19:57,200 --> 05:20:00,700
If you had a specific medical 
problem, there was probably a 

5901
05:20:00,700 --> 05:20:03,200
saint who had suffered a similar
Affliction during their 

5902
05:20:03,200 --> 05:20:06,100
martyrdom and could therefore 
provide targeted assistance. 

5903
05:20:06,100 --> 05:20:09,400
Pilgrimage was considered both a
medical treatment and a 

5904
05:20:09,400 --> 05:20:12,200
spiritual exercise. 
Medieval people would travel 

5905
05:20:12,200 --> 05:20:14,100
hundreds of miles to visit holy 
sites. 

5906
05:20:14,100 --> 05:20:16,200
Where miraculous healing was 
said to occur. 

5907
05:20:16,900 --> 05:20:20,700
These Journeys served multiple 
purposes, the physical exercise 

5908
05:20:20,700 --> 05:20:23,700
was probably beneficial. 
The change of scenery might help

5909
05:20:23,700 --> 05:20:26,400
with mental health and the Hope 
and Faith involved in the 

5910
05:20:26,400 --> 05:20:28,700
pilgrimage could have real 
therapeutic effects. 

5911
05:20:29,500 --> 05:20:32,100
Holy relics were another 
important category of medieval 

5912
05:20:32,100 --> 05:20:35,500
medicine a bone from a saint, a 
piece of cloth that had touched 

5913
05:20:35,500 --> 05:20:38,900
a holy person or water that had 
been blessed by someone with the

5914
05:20:38,900 --> 05:20:40,700
right. 
Religious credentials, could 

5915
05:20:40,700 --> 05:20:43,900
also serve as powerful 
medicine's the more exotic and 

5916
05:20:43,900 --> 05:20:46,600
well, documented, The Relic, the
more effective it was believed 

5917
05:20:46,600 --> 05:20:50,300
to be Medieval hospitals were 
usually run by religious 

5918
05:20:50,300 --> 05:20:54,000
communities and focused as much 
on spiritual care as on physical

5919
05:20:54,000 --> 05:20:56,900
treatment. 
Patients, received regular 

5920
05:20:56,900 --> 05:21:00,700
prayers confession and spiritual
counseling alongside whatever 

5921
05:21:00,700 --> 05:21:02,000
Medical Treatments were 
available. 

5922
05:21:02,900 --> 05:21:04,500
The idea was that healing 
involved. 

5923
05:21:04,500 --> 05:21:08,200
The whole person not just their 
physical symptoms, this 

5924
05:21:08,200 --> 05:21:11,100
spiritual dimension of medieval 
medicine also included, 

5925
05:21:11,100 --> 05:21:14,700
elaborate rituals and ceremonies
designed to drive out evil 

5926
05:21:14,700 --> 05:21:18,000
influences. 
Exorcism was a recognized 

5927
05:21:18,000 --> 05:21:20,200
medical treatment for certain 
types of mental illness 

5928
05:21:20,200 --> 05:21:23,100
performed by clergy who 
specialized in spiritual 

5929
05:21:23,100 --> 05:21:25,500
healing. 
These ceremonies could last for 

5930
05:21:25,500 --> 05:21:29,300
hours or even days involving 
prayers, holy water, religious 

5931
05:21:29,300 --> 05:21:31,400
artifacts and considerable 
drama. 

5932
05:21:32,500 --> 05:21:34,800
What's fascinating is how this 
spiritual approach. 

5933
05:21:34,800 --> 05:21:38,400
Sometimes produced Real Results.
The combination of Hope 

5934
05:21:38,400 --> 05:21:42,500
Community Support ritual, 
healing and focused attention 

5935
05:21:42,500 --> 05:21:45,900
could have genuine therapeutic 
effects, especially for 

5936
05:21:45,900 --> 05:21:48,500
conditions that had strong 
psychological components. 

5937
05:21:49,400 --> 05:21:52,100
Medieval people might not have 
understood the placebo effect, 

5938
05:21:52,100 --> 05:21:55,200
but they certainly knew how to 
harness the power of belief and 

5939
05:21:55,200 --> 05:21:56,800
community in their healing 
practices. 

5940
05:21:56,800 --> 05:21:59,700
The integration of physical and 
spiritual healing. 

5941
05:21:59,700 --> 05:22:03,100
Also meant that medieval 
medicine was deeply, personal 

5942
05:22:03,100 --> 05:22:05,900
and holistic. 
Your physician wasn't just 

5943
05:22:05,900 --> 05:22:08,900
treating your symptoms, they 
were treating your entire life 

5944
05:22:08,900 --> 05:22:12,900
situation, your spiritual State,
your relationships and your 

5945
05:22:12,900 --> 05:22:16,400
place in the community. 
It was an approach that modern 

5946
05:22:16,400 --> 05:22:20,100
medicine is in some ways, still 
trying to figure out how to 

5947
05:22:20,100 --> 05:22:22,700
replicate as we conclude our 
intimate. 

5948
05:22:22,700 --> 05:22:25,700
Exploration of medieval 
medicine, you may be curious 

5949
05:22:25,700 --> 05:22:28,400
about the fate of these vibrant 
theories and inventive 

5950
05:22:28,400 --> 05:22:30,900
treatments. 
Did they just vanish overnight 

5951
05:22:30,900 --> 05:22:33,800
when someone invented the 
microscope or did they gradually

5952
05:22:33,800 --> 05:22:36,000
fade away? 
Like old tapestries left too 

5953
05:22:36,000 --> 05:22:38,700
long in the Sun? 
The truth is that medieval 

5954
05:22:38,700 --> 05:22:40,300
medicine didn't disappear all 
at. 

5955
05:22:40,300 --> 05:22:43,900
Once it evolved sometimes 
gracefully, and sometimes with 

5956
05:22:43,900 --> 05:22:46,700
the awkward, stumbling of a 
teenager trying to learn new 

5957
05:22:46,700 --> 05:22:50,800
dance steps, many medieval ideas
hung around well into the 

5958
05:22:50,808 --> 05:22:53,900
Renaissance and Beyond like 
house guests who don't quite 

5959
05:22:53,900 --> 05:22:55,500
know when it's time to leave the
party. 

5960
05:22:56,600 --> 05:22:59,800
The four humors theory, for 
instance, continued to 

5961
05:22:59,800 --> 05:23:03,400
influence, medical thinking, 
well into the 19th century even 

5962
05:23:03,400 --> 05:23:06,800
as new discoveries challenge. 
The basic premises Physicians 

5963
05:23:06,800 --> 05:23:10,700
found ways to adapt and modify 
the system rather than abandon 

5964
05:23:10,700 --> 05:23:13,800
it entirely. 
The language of the human. 

5965
05:23:13,800 --> 05:23:16,900
So embedded in how people 
thought about personality and 

5966
05:23:16,908 --> 05:23:21,900
health that we still use terms, 
like sanguine, Matic collar and 

5967
05:23:21,900 --> 05:23:25,200
melancholic today though, now 
they're more likely to appear in

5968
05:23:25,200 --> 05:23:27,100
literature classes than medical 
textbooks. 

5969
05:23:27,900 --> 05:23:31,400
Bloodletting proved particularly
stubborn persisting as a 

5970
05:23:31,400 --> 05:23:33,400
standard medical treatment for 
centuries. 

5971
05:23:33,400 --> 05:23:37,000
After Medieval Times ended, 
George Washington himself was 

5972
05:23:37,000 --> 05:23:40,200
treated with extensive 
bloodletting during his final 

5973
05:23:40,200 --> 05:23:44,500
illness in 1799, receiving what 
modern doctors would consider a 

5974
05:23:44,500 --> 05:23:47,700
fatal amount of blood loss in a 
well-intentioned but misguided 

5975
05:23:47,700 --> 05:23:49,600
attempt to cure his throat 
infection. 

5976
05:23:50,900 --> 05:23:53,300
It took until the mid-19th 
century for the medical 

5977
05:23:53,300 --> 05:23:58,000
establishment to finally admit 
that maybe just maybe removing 

5978
05:23:58,000 --> 05:23:59,800
large quantities of blood from 
sick. 

5979
05:23:59,800 --> 05:24:01,600
People wasn't actually helping 
them get better. 

5980
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:05,600
But medieval medicine gave us 
some genuinely valuable 

5981
05:24:05,600 --> 05:24:09,300
contributions that we still use 
today. many of the herbal 

5982
05:24:09,300 --> 05:24:11,900
remedies that medieval 
Physicians prescribed contained 

5983
05:24:11,900 --> 05:24:14,700
active compounds, that modern 
science has validated and 

5984
05:24:14,700 --> 05:24:18,700
refined Aspirin comes from 
willow bark, digitalis from 

5985
05:24:18,700 --> 05:24:22,400
foxglove, and morphine from 
poppies all plants that medieval

5986
05:24:22,400 --> 05:24:24,300
healers used. 
Even though they didn't 

5987
05:24:24,300 --> 05:24:27,300
understand the chemistry behind,
why they worked the medieval 

5988
05:24:27,300 --> 05:24:29,900
emphasis on careful observation 
of patients, also, laid 

5989
05:24:29,900 --> 05:24:32,500
important groundwork for modern 
diagnostic techniques. 

5990
05:24:33,400 --> 05:24:35,800
Medieval Physicians might have 
been wrong about what they were 

5991
05:24:35,800 --> 05:24:38,800
observing, but they established 
the principle that healing 

5992
05:24:38,800 --> 05:24:41,700
required paying close attention 
to individual patients, and 

5993
05:24:41,700 --> 05:24:45,400
their specific symptoms. 
The practices of taking detailed

5994
05:24:45,400 --> 05:24:49,000
medical histories examining 
bodily fluids and monitoring 

5995
05:24:49,000 --> 05:24:52,000
changes in patient conditions. 
All Trace their Roots back to 

5996
05:24:52,000 --> 05:24:55,000
Medieval Medical Practice 
Perhaps most importantly, 

5997
05:24:55,000 --> 05:24:58,400
medieval medicine established, 
the idea that healing was a 

5998
05:24:58,400 --> 05:25:01,800
professional skill that required
training study and ongoing 

5999
05:25:01,800 --> 05:25:04,500
learning. 
Medieval universities began 

6000
05:25:04,500 --> 05:25:07,300
offering medical degrees, 
creating the foundation for 

6001
05:25:07,300 --> 05:25:10,800
modern medical education. 
The requirement that Physicians 

6002
05:25:10,800 --> 05:25:13,600
study anatomy, even if they're 
understanding, was limited 

6003
05:25:13,600 --> 05:25:16,700
established precedence, that 
eventually led to much more 

6004
05:25:16,700 --> 05:25:19,000
accurate knowledge of how bodies
actually work. 

6005
05:25:19,700 --> 05:25:23,200
Medieval medicine also gave us 
the concept of hospitals, as 

6006
05:25:23,200 --> 05:25:26,600
institutions dedicated to 
Healing, rather than just places

6007
05:25:26,600 --> 05:25:30,400
where sick people went to die. 
Medieval hospitals, usually run 

6008
05:25:30,400 --> 05:25:34,100
by religious orders established,
the principle that Society had a

6009
05:25:34,100 --> 05:25:36,900
responsibility to care for the 
sick and that healing should be 

6010
05:25:36,900 --> 05:25:39,000
available to everyone not just 
the wealthy. 

6011
05:25:39,000 --> 05:25:41,700
This approach was a 
revolutionary idea that 

6012
05:25:41,700 --> 05:25:44,200
continues to influence 
Healthcare policy discussion 

6013
05:25:44,200 --> 05:25:47,900
today The medieval integration 
of physical and spiritual 

6014
05:25:47,900 --> 05:25:50,000
healing. 
Also contributed valuable 

6015
05:25:50,000 --> 05:25:52,400
insights that modern medicine is
still exploring. 

6016
05:25:53,200 --> 05:25:56,300
The recognition that illness 
affects the whole person, not 

6017
05:25:56,300 --> 05:25:59,200
just specific body parts, and 
that healing involves 

6018
05:25:59,200 --> 05:26:01,900
psychological and social 
factors, as well as purely 

6019
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:05,400
physical ones, reflects and 
understanding that contemporary 

6020
05:26:05,400 --> 05:26:07,100
medicine is working to 
recapture. 

6021
05:26:07,100 --> 05:26:10,600
Even some of the more seemingly 
bizarre, medieval practices 

6022
05:26:10,600 --> 05:26:13,400
contained, kernels of wisdom 
that we're only now beginning to

6023
05:26:13,400 --> 05:26:17,700
appreciate the emphasis on diet,
exercise and lifestyle factors 

6024
05:26:17,700 --> 05:26:21,600
in maintaining Health, was 
remarkably sophisticated even if

6025
05:26:21,600 --> 05:26:23,100
the specific theories were 
wrong. 

6026
05:26:23,900 --> 05:26:26,100
The comprehension that mental 
and emotional states. 

6027
05:26:26,100 --> 05:26:29,400
Could impact physical health was
centuries ahead of its era. 

6028
05:26:30,300 --> 05:26:32,800
As you settle back into your 
comfortable, chair, and 

6029
05:26:32,800 --> 05:26:34,500
finished, the last drops of your
warm drink. 

6030
05:26:34,500 --> 05:26:37,500
You might reflect on how many 
evil medicine for all its 

6031
05:26:37,500 --> 05:26:41,600
apparent strangeness represented
Humanity's persistent creative 

6032
05:26:41,600 --> 05:26:44,800
and often touching attempts to 
understand and heal the 

6033
05:26:44,800 --> 05:26:46,800
mysterious vessel that carries 
us through life. 

6034
05:26:47,900 --> 05:26:50,600
These medieval Physicians and 
healers were working with 

6035
05:26:50,600 --> 05:26:53,500
limited information and 
primitive tools but they 

6036
05:26:53,500 --> 05:26:57,100
approached their tasks with 
dedication, creativity and 

6037
05:26:57,100 --> 05:27:01,300
genuine care for their patients.
They remind us that medicine is 

6038
05:27:01,300 --> 05:27:05,300
not just a science but also an 
art requiring not only technical

6039
05:27:05,300 --> 05:27:09,000
knowledge but also compassionate
creativity and the willingness 

6040
05:27:09,000 --> 05:27:11,800
to keep trying new approaches 
when old ones don't work. 

6041
05:27:12,800 --> 05:27:16,000
And perhaps most importantly, 
they show us that the desire to 

6042
05:27:16,000 --> 05:27:18,600
heal and help. 
Others is one of Humanity's most

6043
05:27:18,600 --> 05:27:22,500
enduring and Noble impulses 
persisting across centuries and 

6044
05:27:22,500 --> 05:27:25,700
cultures adapting to new 
knowledge while maintaining its 

6045
05:27:25,700 --> 05:27:28,900
essential character. 
Sleep well and be grateful for 

6046
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:31,700
modern medicine, but don't 
forget to appreciate the long 

6047
05:27:31,700 --> 05:27:34,100
winding often amusing path that 
led us here. 

6048
05:27:39,700 --> 05:27:43,500
Now imagine yourself sitting in 
your favorite armchair, in 1939,

6049
05:27:43,500 --> 05:27:48,600
cup of tea on the side table as 
the world prepares to undergo 

6050
05:27:48,600 --> 05:27:52,300
unprecedented transformations. 
But the people who are about to 

6051
05:27:52,308 --> 05:27:54,700
change, it had no idea. 
They were writing the most 

6052
05:27:54,700 --> 05:27:59,900
expensive recipe ever the recipe
required approximately 130,000 

6053
05:27:59,900 --> 05:28:04,200
individuals, a duration of three
years and sufficient funds to 

6054
05:28:04,200 --> 05:28:07,800
establish a modest Nation. 
It all started because some very

6055
05:28:07,800 --> 05:28:11,400
smart people, got very worried 
Imagine the feeling you get when

6056
05:28:11,400 --> 05:28:14,100
you realize you left the stove 
on and imagine that feeling 

6057
05:28:14,100 --> 05:28:16,400
multiplied by the entire future 
of civilization. 

6058
05:28:17,800 --> 05:28:20,600
That's roughly what Leo Soulard 
felt when he heard that German 

6059
05:28:20,600 --> 05:28:23,300
scientists had figured out how 
to split uranium atoms. 

6060
05:28:24,200 --> 05:28:26,800
Salad was a genius who could 
probably calculate the 

6061
05:28:26,800 --> 05:28:29,100
trajectory of falling toast in 
his pajamas. 

6062
05:28:29,100 --> 05:28:32,200
But even he couldn't foresee the
consequences of his concern. 

6063
05:28:32,200 --> 05:28:35,800
The amusing thing about solar is
that he was the kind of guy who 

6064
05:28:35,800 --> 05:28:38,500
would patent an idea for a 
nuclear reactor, then 

6065
05:28:38,500 --> 05:28:41,000
immediately realize it might be 
dangerous and try to keep it 

6066
05:28:41,000 --> 05:28:43,800
secret. 
It's like inventing dynamite and

6067
05:28:43,800 --> 05:28:47,600
then Whispering the recipe. 
He spent most of 1939 pacing 

6068
05:28:47,600 --> 05:28:50,300
around New York, likely 
frightening, pigeons with his 

6069
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:53,100
intense expression. 
Trying to persuade anyone who 

6070
05:28:53,100 --> 05:28:56,200
would listen that America needed
to outpace Germany in the atomic

6071
05:28:56,200 --> 05:28:58,600
race. 
But you can't just walk into the

6072
05:28:58,600 --> 05:29:01,800
White House and say, hey, we 
need to build a massive bomb. 

6073
05:29:01,800 --> 05:29:05,200
Well, you can try, but they'll 
probably escort you out rather 

6074
05:29:05,200 --> 05:29:08,000
quickly. 
So, Sila did, what any 

6075
05:29:08,000 --> 05:29:11,000
reasonable person would do, he 
got, Einstein to write a letter.

6076
05:29:11,008 --> 05:29:15,500
Apparently, even in 1939, name 
recognition held significant 

6077
05:29:15,500 --> 05:29:18,600
importance, Einstein, who 
probably just wanted to work on 

6078
05:29:18,600 --> 05:29:20,500
his theories. 
In peace, found himself 

6079
05:29:20,500 --> 05:29:23,300
accidentally becoming the 
Godfather of the atomic age. 

6080
05:29:24,100 --> 05:29:26,600
He later recognized the irony. 
Give him that. 

6081
05:29:26,600 --> 05:29:28,700
He was a pacifist who had 
previously expressed a 

6082
05:29:28,700 --> 05:29:31,100
preference for being a light, 
housekeeper, over a physicist. 

6083
05:29:32,500 --> 05:29:36,200
Rosevelt got the letter in 
October 1939, right around the 

6084
05:29:36,200 --> 05:29:38,500
time, he was dealing with a 
dozen other world ending 

6085
05:29:38,500 --> 05:29:40,500
problems. 
You have to admire the man's 

6086
05:29:40,500 --> 05:29:44,100
ability to prioritize most of 
us, get overwhelmed choosing 

6087
05:29:44,100 --> 05:29:46,900
what to watch on streaming 
services, but FDR was juggling 

6088
05:29:46,900 --> 05:29:50,700
potential, nuclear weapons, a 
World War and probably wondering

6089
05:29:50,700 --> 05:29:52,900
if his morning coffee was strong
enough for any of this. 

6090
05:29:53,700 --> 05:29:56,700
The initial response was about 
as enthusiastic as you'd expect 

6091
05:29:56,700 --> 05:29:59,500
from a government bureaucracy. 
They formed a committee. 

6092
05:30:00,100 --> 05:30:03,000
Nothing conveys, the urgency of 
a world-changing, scientific 

6093
05:30:03,000 --> 05:30:05,600
breakthrough, more effectively 
than the formation of a 

6094
05:30:05,600 --> 05:30:07,700
committee. 
The Iranian committee as they 

6095
05:30:07,708 --> 05:30:10,400
called it met a few times, 
allocated. 

6096
05:30:10,400 --> 05:30:13,700
A wapping 6,000 dollars for 
research, and probably spent 

6097
05:30:13,700 --> 05:30:16,500
more on coffee than uranium. 
It was the governmental 

6098
05:30:16,500 --> 05:30:18,600
equivalent of putting a Band-Aid
on a volcano. 

6099
05:30:19,600 --> 05:30:21,900
But here's where the story gets 
intriguing in. 

6100
05:30:21,900 --> 05:30:25,100
That uniquely American Way. 
While the committee was busy 

6101
05:30:25,100 --> 05:30:27,400
being committee like Pearl, 
Harbor happened. 

6102
05:30:28,000 --> 05:30:31,300
Suddenly the abstract concept 
of, maybe we should look into 

6103
05:30:31,300 --> 05:30:34,100
this Atomic thing. 
Became we need this Atomic thing

6104
05:30:34,100 --> 05:30:36,900
yesterday and will build it 
bigger than anyone has ever 

6105
05:30:36,900 --> 05:30:40,700
built anything. 
Enter General Leslie, Groves, a 

6106
05:30:40,700 --> 05:30:43,000
man who had just finished 
building the Pentagon and was 

6107
05:30:43,000 --> 05:30:45,800
probably looking forward to a 
comfortable quiet desk job. 

6108
05:30:45,800 --> 05:30:49,900
Instead, he got handed the 
Manhattan Project which was like

6109
05:30:49,900 --> 05:30:52,300
being asked to organize the 
world's most dangerous science 

6110
05:30:52,300 --> 05:30:55,500
fair with unlimited funding and 
a deadline, that could determine

6111
05:30:55,500 --> 05:30:58,900
the fate of democracy. 
Groves was the kind of military 

6112
05:30:58,900 --> 05:31:01,200
mind who could look at an 
impossible task, and 

6113
05:31:01,200 --> 05:31:03,100
immediately. 
Start figuring out how to make 

6114
05:31:03,100 --> 05:31:06,700
it slightly less impossible, one
spreadsheet at a time. 

6115
05:31:06,700 --> 05:31:10,100
The beautiful absurdity of the 
Manhattan Project was already 

6116
05:31:10,100 --> 05:31:13,300
becoming clear. 
You had theoretical physicists 

6117
05:31:13,300 --> 05:31:15,700
who could barely balance their 
checkbooks being asked to create

6118
05:31:15,700 --> 05:31:18,200
the most practical and 
devastating weapon in history. 

6119
05:31:18,200 --> 05:31:21,700
While military men who 
understood Logistics had to wrap

6120
05:31:21,700 --> 05:31:24,400
their heads around Concepts that
sounded like they belonged in 

6121
05:31:24,400 --> 05:31:27,800
comic books and so began the 
most improbable collaboration in

6122
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:31,300
human history where the marriage
of pure science and applied 

6123
05:31:31,300 --> 05:31:33,100
paranoia would reshape 
everything. 

6124
05:31:33,100 --> 05:31:36,200
Now, you might think that 
assembling the world's greatest 

6125
05:31:36,200 --> 05:31:39,800
scientific Minds would be like 
organizing a really intellectual

6126
05:31:39,800 --> 05:31:42,900
dinner party. 
You'd be wrong, it was more like

6127
05:31:42,900 --> 05:31:45,700
trying to hurt cats. 
If the cats were Nobel Prize 

6128
05:31:45,700 --> 05:31:48,700
winners with strong opinions 
about quantum mechanics, and an 

6129
05:31:48,700 --> 05:31:51,700
alarming tendency to argue about
theoretical physics, at 

6130
05:31:51,700 --> 05:31:56,100
inappropriate volumes, General 
Grove's practical heart 

6131
05:31:56,100 --> 05:31:59,100
approach, this challenge the 
way, any good military man, 

6132
05:31:59,100 --> 05:32:03,600
would he made lists? 
Lots of lists list of scientists

6133
05:32:03,600 --> 05:32:07,300
list of locations list of things
they need, and probably a list 

6134
05:32:07,300 --> 05:32:10,000
of reasons why this was either 
the best or worst assignment of 

6135
05:32:10,000 --> 05:32:13,200
his career. 
He realized pretty quickly that 

6136
05:32:13,200 --> 05:32:15,800
managing brilliant people was 
like, managing regular people 

6137
05:32:15,800 --> 05:32:18,500
except they could prove you 
wrong with math. 

6138
05:32:19,500 --> 05:32:22,000
The first real breakthrough 
came, when someone suggested, 

6139
05:32:22,000 --> 05:32:23,800
they were recruit Robert 
Oppenheimer to lead the 

6140
05:32:23,800 --> 05:32:27,200
scientific effort. 
Now, Oppenheimer was an 

6141
05:32:27,200 --> 05:32:28,900
interesting choice. 
He was brilliant. 

6142
05:32:28,900 --> 05:32:32,700
Absolutely, but he was also the 
kind of guy who quoted Sanskrit 

6143
05:32:32,700 --> 05:32:35,600
at cocktail parties and had a 
habit of making everyone around 

6144
05:32:35,600 --> 05:32:39,400
him feel slightly undereducated.
He was like that friend who can 

6145
05:32:39,400 --> 05:32:42,500
discuss wine literature and 
nuclear physics with equal 

6146
05:32:42,500 --> 05:32:46,300
fluency except instead of being 
annoying at dinner parties. 

6147
05:32:46,300 --> 05:32:49,400
He was about to become the most 
famous scientists in America. 

6148
05:32:50,400 --> 05:32:52,200
What made Oppenheimer, perfect 
for the job. 

6149
05:32:52,200 --> 05:32:54,600
Wasn't just his scientific 
credentials though. 

6150
05:32:54,600 --> 05:32:57,900
Those were impressive enough. 
It was his ability to translate 

6151
05:32:57,900 --> 05:33:01,300
between the language of pure 
science and the language of we 

6152
05:33:01,300 --> 05:33:02,400
need results. 
Now, please. 

6153
05:33:03,300 --> 05:33:05,800
He could talk to a theoretical 
physicist about quantum 

6154
05:33:05,800 --> 05:33:08,500
mechanics in the morning and 
explained to a general why they 

6155
05:33:08,508 --> 05:33:09,900
needed more funding in the 
afternoon. 

6156
05:33:09,900 --> 05:33:13,500
All while maintaining the kind 
of cool demeanor that suggested.

6157
05:33:13,500 --> 05:33:16,200
He found the whole thing 
intellectually fascinating 

6158
05:33:16,200 --> 05:33:19,600
rather than terrifying. 
You can't run a massive 

6159
05:33:19,600 --> 05:33:21,900
scientific project from 
University offices, and 

6160
05:33:21,900 --> 05:33:25,800
borrowed, Laboratories, they 
needed space and not just any 

6161
05:33:25,800 --> 05:33:29,300
space. 
They needed secret space, really

6162
05:33:29,300 --> 05:33:32,400
secret space. 
Kind of secret space where you 

6163
05:33:32,400 --> 05:33:35,000
could accidentally change the 
world without anyone noticing 

6164
05:33:35,000 --> 05:33:39,500
until it was too late. 
Enter Los Alamos, New Mexico, a 

6165
05:33:39,500 --> 05:33:41,000
location. 
So remote that it made the 

6166
05:33:41,008 --> 05:33:43,400
middle of nowhere look like 
downtown Manhattan. 

6167
05:33:43,400 --> 05:33:47,000
It was perfect in the way that 
only truly imperfect places can 

6168
05:33:47,000 --> 05:33:50,400
be perfect, The site was 
isolated enough, that any 

6169
05:33:50,400 --> 05:33:53,000
accidental explosions would 
mostly just bother the local 

6170
05:33:53,000 --> 05:33:56,200
Wildlife, but accessible enough 
that they could actually 

6171
05:33:56,200 --> 05:33:59,200
transport equipment and people 
without requiring pack mules. 

6172
05:34:00,000 --> 05:34:03,100
The original plan was to house, 
maybe 30 scientists there. 

6173
05:34:03,100 --> 05:34:06,700
This was a bit like planning, a 
small dinner party, and having 

6174
05:34:06,700 --> 05:34:09,200
it turn into a wedding reception
for 500 people. 

6175
05:34:10,200 --> 05:34:12,800
By the end of the project, Los 
Alamos had grown from a sleepy 

6176
05:34:12,800 --> 05:34:16,400
Ranch School into a secret City 
with its own post office school 

6177
05:34:16,400 --> 05:34:19,400
system and probably the highest 
concentration of advanced 

6178
05:34:19,400 --> 05:34:23,200
degrees per square mile in human
history but Los Alamos was just 

6179
05:34:23,200 --> 05:34:26,300
one piece of the puzzle. 
The Manhattan Project ended up 

6180
05:34:26,300 --> 05:34:28,400
requiring an entire secret 
infrastructure. 

6181
05:34:28,400 --> 05:34:31,700
Spread across the country. 
They built massive facilities in

6182
05:34:31,700 --> 05:34:35,000
Oak Ridge, Tennessee, where they
would separate uranium Isotopes,

6183
05:34:35,000 --> 05:34:37,600
using methods that were equal 
parts, brilliant and Brute 

6184
05:34:37,600 --> 05:34:42,000
Force, They constructed another 
enormous complex in Hanford, 

6185
05:34:42,000 --> 05:34:45,100
Washington for producing 
plutonium, because apparently 

6186
05:34:45,100 --> 05:34:47,500
one type of nuclear material 
wasn't enough for their 

6187
05:34:47,500 --> 05:34:51,000
ambitious plans, the logistics 
alone were mind-boggling. 

6188
05:34:51,000 --> 05:34:53,700
Try explaining to your 
accountant that you need to 

6189
05:34:53,700 --> 05:34:56,900
build several cities from 
scratch hire tens of thousands 

6190
05:34:56,900 --> 05:35:00,100
of people and consume more 
electricity than some entire 

6191
05:35:00,100 --> 05:35:02,300
States. 
All for a project, you can't 

6192
05:35:02,300 --> 05:35:05,200
actually tell anyone about the 
Tennessee Valley Authority, 

6193
05:35:05,200 --> 05:35:07,400
suddenly found itself. 
Powering what looked like the 

6194
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:11,700
industrial equivalent of a small
Alien Invasion and they just had

6195
05:35:11,700 --> 05:35:15,100
to trust that someone somewhere 
knew what they were doing. 

6196
05:35:16,400 --> 05:35:18,900
The security measures were so 
elaborate they boarded on 

6197
05:35:18,900 --> 05:35:20,700
comedy. 
Workers at Oak. 

6198
05:35:20,700 --> 05:35:23,200
Ridge were told they were 
helping with the war effort but 

6199
05:35:23,200 --> 05:35:25,500
most had no idea what they were 
actually producing. 

6200
05:35:26,400 --> 05:35:29,400
Some thought they were making 
Industrial Equipment, others 

6201
05:35:29,400 --> 05:35:31,400
assumed it was, some kind of 
super fuel. 

6202
05:35:32,200 --> 05:35:34,600
A few probably suspected. 
They were involved in something 

6203
05:35:34,600 --> 05:35:37,500
important but the 
compartmentalization was so 

6204
05:35:37,500 --> 05:35:40,200
thorough that you could work on 
the Manhattan Project for three 

6205
05:35:40,200 --> 05:35:43,500
years and still have only the 
vaguest idea what you'd actually

6206
05:35:43,500 --> 05:35:46,300
accomplished. 
Meanwhile, back at Los Alamos. 

6207
05:35:46,300 --> 05:35:49,300
Oppenheimer was facing the 
unique challenge of creating a 

6208
05:35:49,300 --> 05:35:52,400
functional Community where the 
residents included, some of the 

6209
05:35:52,400 --> 05:35:56,100
most brilliant and temperamental
people on the planet, all living

6210
05:35:56,100 --> 05:35:59,300
in temporary housing in the 
middle of the desert working on 

6211
05:35:59,300 --> 05:36:02,100
something that might either end 
the war or accidentally end, 

6212
05:36:02,100 --> 05:36:04,800
everything else it was like 
summer camp for adults. 

6213
05:36:04,800 --> 05:36:08,400
If summer, camp involved, 
nuclear physics and the fate of 

6214
05:36:08,400 --> 05:36:10,600
Civilization. 
Now, here's where things get 

6215
05:36:10,600 --> 05:36:13,200
really interesting in the 
special way that only 

6216
05:36:13,200 --> 05:36:15,000
theoretical physics can be 
interesting. 

6217
05:36:15,000 --> 05:36:18,100
Your dealing with people who 
spend their days thinking about 

6218
05:36:18,100 --> 05:36:20,000
things so small, you can't see 
them. 

6219
05:36:20,000 --> 05:36:23,400
Even with the most powerful 
microscopes yet these invisible 

6220
05:36:23,400 --> 05:36:26,900
things contain enough energy to 
level cities, it's like to 

6221
05:36:26,900 --> 05:36:29,300
discovering that dust bunnies 
under your couch could power 

6222
05:36:29,300 --> 05:36:32,100
your entire neighborhood. 
If only you could figure out how

6223
05:36:32,100 --> 05:36:35,300
to Convince them to cooperate. 
The basic concept of nuclear 

6224
05:36:35,300 --> 05:36:38,100
fission sounds almost simple. 
When you say it quickly, you 

6225
05:36:38,100 --> 05:36:41,500
take a uranium, atom, he split 
it, and it releases energy. 

6226
05:36:42,400 --> 05:36:44,900
But saying that is like saying 
baking a cake when you're 

6227
05:36:44,908 --> 05:36:47,600
actually trying to construct a 
12 tier wedding cake. 

6228
05:36:47,600 --> 05:36:50,300
While blindfolded using 
ingredients, you've never seen 

6229
05:36:50,300 --> 05:36:53,300
before and following a recipe 
written in a language that was 

6230
05:36:53,300 --> 05:36:57,100
just invented yesterday. 
The first challenge was getting 

6231
05:36:57,100 --> 05:37:00,600
the right kind of uranium 
natural, uranium is mostly 

6232
05:37:00,600 --> 05:37:04,700
uranium 238, which is about as 
useful for making bombs as a 

6233
05:37:04,700 --> 05:37:07,300
chocolate teapot. 
What they needed was uranium 

6234
05:37:07,300 --> 05:37:11,300
235, which makes up less than 1%
of natural uranium. 

6235
05:37:11,300 --> 05:37:14,800
It's like needing to separate 
red M&Ms from a swimming pool 

6236
05:37:14,800 --> 05:37:17,800
full of mixed M&Ms. Except the 
M&M's are invisible. 

6237
05:37:17,800 --> 05:37:20,700
They're trying to kill you and 
you can only tell them apart 

6238
05:37:20,700 --> 05:37:22,700
using methods, that hadn't been 
invented yet. 

6239
05:37:24,100 --> 05:37:25,800
The scientists at Oak Ridge 
approached. 

6240
05:37:25,800 --> 05:37:28,600
This problem with the kind of 
methodical determination that 

6241
05:37:28,600 --> 05:37:30,900
only comes from having 
absolutely no choice. 

6242
05:37:31,700 --> 05:37:34,500
They tried several different 
separation methods, including 

6243
05:37:34,500 --> 05:37:37,500
one that involved giant Electro 
magnets called calutron. 

6244
05:37:37,500 --> 05:37:40,900
These machines were enormous and
consumed so much electricity 

6245
05:37:40,900 --> 05:37:44,500
that they basically turned the 
separation of uranium Isotopes 

6246
05:37:44,500 --> 05:37:48,300
in to an industrial process. 
That could be seen from space if

6247
05:37:48,300 --> 05:37:52,100
satellites had existed then 
however, uranium was not the 

6248
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:54,600
soul option of available nuclear
reactors. 

6249
05:37:54,600 --> 05:37:57,700
Could create plutonia an element
absent in nature. 

6250
05:37:58,600 --> 05:38:01,600
Plutonium was like, uranium's 
more complicated cousin, 

6251
05:38:01,600 --> 05:38:05,300
potentially more powerful but 
also more difficult to work with

6252
05:38:05,300 --> 05:38:08,100
and with a personality that 
could charitably be described as

6253
05:38:08,100 --> 05:38:11,000
temperamental. 
Creating plutonium required 

6254
05:38:11,000 --> 05:38:14,400
building nuclear reactors, which
brought its own special set of 

6255
05:38:14,408 --> 05:38:17,200
challenges. 
First reactor was built under 

6256
05:38:17,200 --> 05:38:19,800
the football stadium at the 
University of Chicago because 

6257
05:38:19,800 --> 05:38:22,100
apparently someone thought that 
the best place to test 

6258
05:38:22,100 --> 05:38:24,300
Humanity's. 
First controlled nuclear chain 

6259
05:38:24,300 --> 05:38:27,600
reaction was directly underneath
a major American city. 

6260
05:38:28,400 --> 05:38:31,800
The physicists in charge of this
experiment in Rica fairy was 

6261
05:38:31,800 --> 05:38:34,300
reportedly bettering on whether 
the reaction would stop when 

6262
05:38:34,300 --> 05:38:37,300
they wanted it to which shows 
how well they understood what 

6263
05:38:37,300 --> 05:38:38,900
they were doing. 
Fairy. 

6264
05:38:38,900 --> 05:38:41,500
Incidentally was the kind of 
scientist who could calculate 

6265
05:38:41,500 --> 05:38:44,700
complex physics problems in his 
head while other people were 

6266
05:38:44,700 --> 05:38:46,100
still looking for their 
calculators. 

6267
05:38:46,900 --> 05:38:49,400
He was also famous for his 
ability to estimate almost 

6268
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:51,800
anything. 
Give him a few minutes and some 

6269
05:38:51,800 --> 05:38:53,800
basic information. 
And he could tell you 

6270
05:38:53,800 --> 05:38:57,100
approximately how many piano 
tuners lived in Chicago, or how 

6271
05:38:57,100 --> 05:39:00,000
much energy would be released by
various theoretical nuclear 

6272
05:39:00,000 --> 05:39:02,800
explosions. 
This skill turned out to be 

6273
05:39:02,800 --> 05:39:05,900
surprisingly useful when dealing
with weapons that released more 

6274
05:39:05,900 --> 05:39:09,200
energy than anyone had ever 
handled before the Chicago 

6275
05:39:09,200 --> 05:39:12,000
reactor worked. 
Thankfully without accidentally 

6276
05:39:12,000 --> 05:39:15,500
eliminating the Midwest and it 
provided the proof of concept 

6277
05:39:15,500 --> 05:39:18,000
needed to build much larger 
reactors at Hanford. 

6278
05:39:19,300 --> 05:39:22,200
These reactors were designed to 
produce plutonium on an 

6279
05:39:22,200 --> 05:39:25,000
industrial scale. 
Turning the abstract concept of 

6280
05:39:25,000 --> 05:39:28,100
artificially created elements 
into something measured in 

6281
05:39:28,100 --> 05:39:30,600
tonnes rather than microscopic 
quantities. 

6282
05:39:31,400 --> 05:39:34,100
However, obtaining nuclear 
material was only half the 

6283
05:39:34,100 --> 05:39:36,500
challenge. 
The other half was figuring out 

6284
05:39:36,500 --> 05:39:39,700
how to make it explode in a 
controlled predictable, way that

6285
05:39:39,700 --> 05:39:42,300
would release all that energy at
exactly the right moment. 

6286
05:39:43,300 --> 05:39:46,000
This step turned out to be 
significantly more complicated 

6287
05:39:46,000 --> 05:39:49,300
than anyone had anticipated. 
Like the difference between 

6288
05:39:49,300 --> 05:39:52,200
lighting a candle and conducting
a symphony, orchestra made 

6289
05:39:52,200 --> 05:39:55,800
entirely of Fire. 
The simplest design called gun 

6290
05:39:55,800 --> 05:39:59,300
type worked by shooting, one 
piece of uranium into another 

6291
05:39:59,300 --> 05:40:02,800
piece of uranium rapidly. 
It was elegant in its Simplicity

6292
05:40:02,800 --> 05:40:05,900
like Nuclear Physics designed by
someone who really understood 

6293
05:40:05,900 --> 05:40:08,600
hammers. 
But this method only worked with

6294
05:40:08,600 --> 05:40:12,700
uranium 235 and they didn't have
enough for more than one bomb. 

6295
05:40:14,000 --> 05:40:16,900
The plutonium bomb required, a 
completely different approach 

6296
05:40:16,900 --> 05:40:20,700
called implosion which involves 
around a ball of plutonium with 

6297
05:40:20,700 --> 05:40:23,600
conventional explosives and 
detonating them all at. 

6298
05:40:23,600 --> 05:40:26,900
Exactly the same moment 
compressing the plutonium until 

6299
05:40:26,900 --> 05:40:30,500
it reached critical mass. 
Achieving this required such 

6300
05:40:30,500 --> 05:40:33,500
Precision that it would make 
Swiss watchmakers nervous. 

6301
05:40:33,500 --> 05:40:37,300
If the timing was off by even a 
few microseconds, the result 

6302
05:40:37,300 --> 05:40:40,300
would be an expensive dud 
instead of a nuclear explosion. 

6303
05:40:41,600 --> 05:40:44,300
This was the kind of problem 
that kept brilliant people awake

6304
05:40:44,300 --> 05:40:47,100
at night, staring at the ceiling
and wondering if they were about

6305
05:40:47,100 --> 05:40:50,100
to change the world or just 
create the most elaborate 

6306
05:40:50,100 --> 05:40:54,600
failure in scientific history by
the summer of 1945 Los Alamos 

6307
05:40:54,600 --> 05:40:57,100
scientists had been engaged in 
the world's most expensive 

6308
05:40:57,100 --> 05:41:00,600
science project for over two 
years despite possessing, 

6309
05:41:00,600 --> 05:41:04,100
numerous theories calculations 
and mathematical equations. 

6310
05:41:04,100 --> 05:41:07,000
They remained uncertain. 
If any of them would truly 

6311
05:41:07,000 --> 05:41:11,200
function It's akin to dedicating
three years to the construction 

6312
05:41:11,200 --> 05:41:14,900
of a car, only to discover that 
you've never actually attempted 

6313
05:41:14,900 --> 05:41:18,400
to operate the key. 
The gun type uranium bomb was 

6314
05:41:18,400 --> 05:41:21,300
simple enough, that they felt 
confident it would work without 

6315
05:41:21,300 --> 05:41:24,100
testing. 
This level of confidence in an 

6316
05:41:24,100 --> 05:41:27,200
untested, nuclear weapon was 
either remarkably bold or 

6317
05:41:27,200 --> 05:41:30,400
extremely naive, depending on 
how you looked at it. 

6318
05:41:31,200 --> 05:41:34,600
However the plutonium implosion 
bomb presented a distinct 

6319
05:41:34,600 --> 05:41:36,900
challenge. 
It was so complex and 

6320
05:41:36,900 --> 05:41:38,700
temperamental that betting the 
war on it. 

6321
05:41:38,700 --> 05:41:41,600
Without a test would have been 
like performing brain surgery 

6322
05:41:41,600 --> 05:41:43,400
based on a cookbook, you'd 
return yourself. 

6323
05:41:44,200 --> 05:41:47,500
So they decided to conduct a 
test which presented its own 

6324
05:41:47,500 --> 05:41:50,900
unique set of challenges. 
What would be the most suitable 

6325
05:41:50,900 --> 05:41:52,800
location to test a nuclear 
weapon? 

6326
05:41:52,800 --> 05:41:56,700
You cannot simply head to the 
nearby firing range and hope for

6327
05:41:56,700 --> 05:41:59,400
a favorable outcome. 
You need somewhere remote 

6328
05:41:59,400 --> 05:42:00,300
enough. 
That if something goes 

6329
05:42:00,300 --> 05:42:03,800
spectacularly wrong you won't 
accidentally eliminate half of 

6330
05:42:03,800 --> 05:42:05,700
civilization. 
Before you've had a chance to 

6331
05:42:05,700 --> 05:42:09,100
use your weapon on the enemy. 
They chose a site in the New 

6332
05:42:09,100 --> 05:42:12,400
Mexico desert about 200 miles 
south of Los Alamos called 

6333
05:42:12,400 --> 05:42:14,800
Trinity. 
The name was oppenheimer's 

6334
05:42:14,800 --> 05:42:18,500
Choice inspired by a John Donne 
poem because apparently even 

6335
05:42:18,500 --> 05:42:21,000
when you're about to test 
Humanity's first nuclear weapon,

6336
05:42:21,000 --> 05:42:22,600
you still have time for 
literature. 

6337
05:42:23,600 --> 05:42:27,500
The site was flat empty and Far 
Enough from major population 

6338
05:42:27,500 --> 05:42:31,000
centers that any unexpected 
consequences would mostly affect

6339
05:42:31,000 --> 05:42:34,900
lizards and tumbleweeds. 
Preparing for the test was like 

6340
05:42:34,900 --> 05:42:37,200
planning the world's most 
dangerous camping trip. 

6341
05:42:37,200 --> 05:42:39,900
They had to transport an 
incredibly delicate and 

6342
05:42:39,900 --> 05:42:43,900
expensive nuclear device across 
desert roads that were barely 

6343
05:42:43,900 --> 05:42:45,300
suitable for regular 
automobiles. 

6344
05:42:45,300 --> 05:42:49,400
Then assemble it in a temporary 
laboratory that had been built 

6345
05:42:49,400 --> 05:42:52,800
in the middle of nowhere. 
The bomb itself was nicknamed, 

6346
05:42:52,800 --> 05:42:56,200
the gadget with the kind of 
casual understatement that 

6347
05:42:56,200 --> 05:42:58,100
suggested, they were discussing 
a new kitchen. 

6348
05:42:58,100 --> 05:43:01,200
Appliance rather than a weapon 
that could level a city. 

6349
05:43:01,208 --> 05:43:04,600
The scientists and military 
personnel involved in the tests,

6350
05:43:04,600 --> 05:43:06,600
were dealing with unprecedented 
questions. 

6351
05:43:07,400 --> 05:43:10,300
How far away did you need to be 
to observe a nuclear explosion 

6352
05:43:10,300 --> 05:43:13,300
safely? 
Nobody knew because nobody had 

6353
05:43:13,300 --> 05:43:15,200
ever observed a nuclear 
explosion before. 

6354
05:43:16,100 --> 05:43:19,100
They made their best guesses 
based on calculations and hope 

6355
05:43:19,100 --> 05:43:20,400
they weren't catastrophically 
wrong. 

6356
05:43:20,400 --> 05:43:24,600
Some of the scientists brought 
suntan lotion as if protecting 

6357
05:43:24,600 --> 05:43:27,500
against nuclear radiation, was 
similar to preventing a mild 

6358
05:43:27,500 --> 05:43:30,100
sunburn. 
The test was scheduled for the 

6359
05:43:30,108 --> 05:43:35,100
early morning hours of July, 
16th, 1945, partly for security 

6360
05:43:35,100 --> 05:43:37,800
reasons, and partly, because 
someone thought it would be 

6361
05:43:37,800 --> 05:43:40,500
easier to see the explosion 
against the pre-dawn sky. 

6362
05:43:41,800 --> 05:43:44,900
As the countdown approached, the
level of tension at the site was

6363
05:43:44,900 --> 05:43:47,100
probably measurable with 
scientific instruments. 

6364
05:43:47,100 --> 05:43:50,400
These were people who had spent 
years of their lives working 

6365
05:43:50,400 --> 05:43:53,300
toward this moment and they were
about to find out if they'd 

6366
05:43:53,300 --> 05:43:56,400
created a revolutionary weapon, 
all the world's most expensive 

6367
05:43:56,400 --> 05:43:59,300
firework Oppenheimer. 
In the other key scientists 

6368
05:43:59,300 --> 05:44:02,200
gathered at control bunker about
six miles from Ground Zero, 

6369
05:44:02,200 --> 05:44:05,100
which seemed like a safe 
distance Until you realize that 

6370
05:44:05,100 --> 05:44:08,600
nobody actually knew what 
constituted a safe distance from

6371
05:44:08,600 --> 05:44:12,000
Humanity's first nuclear 
explosion, they lay down on the 

6372
05:44:12,000 --> 05:44:15,100
ground, facing away from the 
blast site with instructions to 

6373
05:44:15,100 --> 05:44:17,400
look only after the initial 
Flash and passed. 

6374
05:44:17,400 --> 05:44:20,100
It was like being told to watch 
the world's most important 

6375
05:44:20,100 --> 05:44:25,100
Sunrise through your eyelids at 
5:29 a.m. the gadget detonated 

6376
05:44:25,100 --> 05:44:28,300
with a force equivalent to about
21,000 tons of TNT. 

6377
05:44:29,400 --> 05:44:32,300
For a brief moment, the 
explosion created temperatures 

6378
05:44:32,300 --> 05:44:35,600
comparable to the surface of the
Sun and light brighter than the 

6379
05:44:35,600 --> 05:44:38,700
sun itself. 
The Flash was visible from over 

6380
05:44:38,700 --> 05:44:42,600
160 miles away, and the sound of
the explosion Was Heard nearly 

6381
05:44:42,600 --> 05:44:46,200
100 miles distant. 
Several observers reported that 

6382
05:44:46,200 --> 05:44:49,700
for a few seconds, it was as if 
there were two sons in the sky, 

6383
05:44:49,700 --> 05:44:53,900
the mushroom cloud, Rose to over
40,000 feet and the heat from 

6384
05:44:53,900 --> 05:44:56,500
the explosion turned. 
The desert sand into a greenish 

6385
05:44:56,500 --> 05:44:58,500
glass that they later called 
trinitite. 

6386
05:44:59,400 --> 05:45:01,600
Steel tower. 
That held the bomb vaporized 

6387
05:45:01,600 --> 05:45:04,600
along with everything else 
within a substantial radius of 

6388
05:45:04,600 --> 05:45:07,400
ground zero in the space of a 
few seconds. 

6389
05:45:07,400 --> 05:45:11,300
The theoretical had become 
devastatingly real Oppenheimer 

6390
05:45:11,300 --> 05:45:14,100
later said that as he watched 
the explosion aligned from the 

6391
05:45:14,100 --> 05:45:18,900
Pacific came to mind. 
Now, I am become death destroyer

6392
05:45:18,900 --> 05:45:21,600
of worlds. 
It was the kind of literary 

6393
05:45:21,600 --> 05:45:24,300
reference that seemed almost 
absurdly intellectual, give them

6394
05:45:24,300 --> 05:45:27,200
the circumstances, but it 
captured the magnitude of what 

6395
05:45:27,200 --> 05:45:30,500
they had just witnessed. 
They had successfully created a 

6396
05:45:30,500 --> 05:45:32,800
weapon that could destroy entire
cities in an instant. 

6397
05:45:33,700 --> 05:45:37,100
The test was a complete success 
which meant that the Manhattan 

6398
05:45:37,100 --> 05:45:40,600
Project had achieved its primary
goal, they had beaten Germany to

6399
05:45:40,600 --> 05:45:43,900
the atomic bomb. 
Of course by this point Germany 

6400
05:45:43,900 --> 05:45:46,700
had already surrendered. 
So the original motivation for 

6401
05:45:46,700 --> 05:45:50,200
the project was somewhat moot. 
But there was still Japan to 

6402
05:45:50,200 --> 05:45:53,000
consider and the war in the 
Pacific was far from over. 

6403
05:45:53,900 --> 05:45:57,000
As the mushroom cloud dissipated
over the New Mexico, desert. 

6404
05:45:57,700 --> 05:46:00,800
The scientists and military 
personnel at Trinity, began 

6405
05:46:00,800 --> 05:46:03,000
grappling with the implications 
of what they had. 

6406
05:46:03,000 --> 05:46:05,800
Just accomplished, they had 
unlocked a portal that would 

6407
05:46:05,800 --> 05:46:07,900
never reopen. 
Now, comes the part of the 

6408
05:46:07,900 --> 05:46:10,400
story, where things get 
complicated in ways that make 

6409
05:46:10,400 --> 05:46:11,900
quantum physics look 
straightforward. 

6410
05:46:11,900 --> 05:46:15,600
You have this incredibly 
powerful weapon that works 

6411
05:46:15,600 --> 05:46:20,000
exactly as advertised a war that
still raging in the Pacific and 

6412
05:46:20,000 --> 05:46:23,200
a bunch of very smart people. 
Suddenly realizing that creating

6413
05:46:23,200 --> 05:46:27,000
the thing was actually the easy 
part The real challenge in 

6414
05:46:27,000 --> 05:46:30,600
deciding what to do with it. 
Press President Truman who had 

6415
05:46:30,600 --> 05:46:33,500
inherited both the president see
and the Manhattan Project from 

6416
05:46:33,500 --> 05:46:35,700
Roosevelt. 
Found himself in the position of

6417
05:46:35,700 --> 05:46:37,500
having to make decisions about 
weapons. 

6418
05:46:37,500 --> 05:46:41,500
He barely understood Imagine 
being given the keys to a weapon

6419
05:46:41,500 --> 05:46:44,500
that could destroy cities and 
being told to learn how to use 

6420
05:46:44,500 --> 05:46:47,600
it in a few weeks. 
Truman was a practical man who 

6421
05:46:47,600 --> 05:46:49,700
preferred straightforward 
problems with straightforward 

6422
05:46:49,700 --> 05:46:53,100
Solutions but there was nothing 
straightforward about Atomic 

6423
05:46:53,100 --> 05:46:55,600
weapons. 
The military estimates for the 

6424
05:46:55,600 --> 05:46:59,900
invasion of Japan were extremely
sobering operation downfall as 

6425
05:46:59,900 --> 05:47:02,800
it was known, had the potential 
to cause over a million American

6426
05:47:02,800 --> 05:47:05,800
casualties and several million 
Japanese deaths. 

6427
05:47:05,800 --> 05:47:09,500
These weren't abstract numbers 
on a strategic planning document

6428
05:47:09,500 --> 05:47:13,700
they represented real people 
families and entire communities.

6429
05:47:14,500 --> 05:47:17,800
The alternative was using Atomic
weapons against Japanese cities,

6430
05:47:17,800 --> 05:47:21,300
which would also kill enormous 
numbers of civilians but might 

6431
05:47:21,300 --> 05:47:23,800
end the war quickly enough to 
prevent an even larger 

6432
05:47:23,800 --> 05:47:26,500
catastrophe. 
It's the kind of decision that 

6433
05:47:26,500 --> 05:47:29,500
would keep anyone awake at 
night, the kind of moral 

6434
05:47:29,500 --> 05:47:31,800
calculation that has no clearly.
Right answer. 

6435
05:47:31,800 --> 05:47:35,800
Do you choose the option that 
kills fewer people overall, but 

6436
05:47:35,800 --> 05:47:38,800
involves using weapons of 
unprecedented destructive power.

6437
05:47:39,600 --> 05:47:41,500
Or do you choose the 
conventional Invasion? 

6438
05:47:41,500 --> 05:47:44,600
That might ultimately cost more 
lives but doesn't cross the 

6439
05:47:44,600 --> 05:47:49,100
threshold into nuclear warfare. 
Some of the scientists involved 

6440
05:47:49,100 --> 05:47:52,400
in the Manhattan Project was 
seriously reconsidering their 

6441
05:47:52,400 --> 05:47:56,900
involvement in its creation? 
Leo silard, who had started the 

6442
05:47:56,900 --> 05:47:59,300
whole thing with his worries 
about German Atomic research. 

6443
05:47:59,300 --> 05:48:02,500
Now, found himself trying to 
stop the use of the weapons. 

6444
05:48:02,500 --> 05:48:05,500
He had helped create he and 
several other scientists 

6445
05:48:05,500 --> 05:48:08,900
petition Truman to demonstrate 
the bombs power without using it

6446
05:48:08,900 --> 05:48:12,400
against populated areas, perhaps
by detonating it over an 

6447
05:48:12,400 --> 05:48:15,500
uninhabited area where Japanese 
leaders could Witnesses 

6448
05:48:15,500 --> 05:48:18,800
destructive potential. 
But military planners argued 

6449
05:48:18,800 --> 05:48:21,700
that a demonstration might not 
be convincing enough to force 

6450
05:48:21,700 --> 05:48:25,000
Japanese surrender, especially 
if the bomb to detonate 

6451
05:48:25,000 --> 05:48:27,700
properly. 
They had exactly two. 

6452
05:48:27,700 --> 05:48:32,000
Operational, Atomic weapons. 
Little boy, the uranium bomb and

6453
05:48:32,000 --> 05:48:35,800
fat, man, the plutonium bomb and
using one for a demonstration, 

6454
05:48:35,800 --> 05:48:39,000
would leave them with only one 
weapon for actual combat use. 

6455
05:48:39,600 --> 05:48:42,200
It was like having two bullets 
and wondering whether to fire 

6456
05:48:42,200 --> 05:48:43,700
one into the air as a warning 
shot. 

6457
05:48:44,700 --> 05:48:47,600
The decision-making process was 
complicated by the fact that 

6458
05:48:47,600 --> 05:48:50,000
many of the people involved 
still didn't fully understand 

6459
05:48:50,000 --> 05:48:53,300
what they were dealing with. the
long-term effects of radiation 

6460
05:48:53,300 --> 05:48:56,900
exposure won't well, understood 
the political implications of 

6461
05:48:56,900 --> 05:48:59,600
introducing nuclear weapons to 
Warfare, hadn't been fully 

6462
05:48:59,600 --> 05:49:02,900
considered They were making 
decisions about the future of 

6463
05:49:02,900 --> 05:49:06,900
human conflict with incomplete 
information and under enormous 

6464
05:49:06,900 --> 05:49:10,200
time pressure, Japanese 
resistance was fierce and showed

6465
05:49:10,200 --> 05:49:13,300
no signs of diminishing. 
The battle of Okinawa had 

6466
05:49:13,300 --> 05:49:16,300
demonstrated the terrible cost 
of invading fortified Japanese 

6467
05:49:16,300 --> 05:49:19,600
positions, and intelligence 
suggested that the Japanese were

6468
05:49:19,600 --> 05:49:22,600
preparing to defend their home 
islands with even greater 

6469
05:49:22,600 --> 05:49:25,500
determination. 
Kamikaze attacks were increasing

6470
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:28,700
in frequency and intensity. 
From a purely military 

6471
05:49:28,700 --> 05:49:32,000
perspective, anything that could
end the war quickly was worth 

6472
05:49:32,000 --> 05:49:35,300
serious consideration. 
On the other hand, several 

6473
05:49:35,300 --> 05:49:38,100
high-ranking military officials 
questioned whether Atomic 

6474
05:49:38,100 --> 05:49:41,400
weapons were necessary at all. 
Some argue that Japan was 

6475
05:49:41,400 --> 05:49:44,000
already on the verge of 
surrender due to Conventional 

6476
05:49:44,000 --> 05:49:47,500
bombing Naval blockade and the 
Soviet entry into the war 

6477
05:49:47,500 --> 05:49:50,000
against Japan. 
Others suggested that the 

6478
05:49:50,000 --> 05:49:53,200
primary motivation for using the
bombs was not to defeat Japan 

6479
05:49:53,200 --> 05:49:57,000
but to demonstrate American 
nuclear capability to the Soviet

6480
05:49:57,000 --> 05:49:59,500
Union. 
Thereby initiating the Cold War.

6481
05:50:00,600 --> 05:50:04,300
The target selection process was
grimly, methodically military 

6482
05:50:04,300 --> 05:50:07,700
planners wanted cities that were
militarily significant but had 

6483
05:50:07,700 --> 05:50:10,700
not been heavily damaged by 
conventional bombing so that the

6484
05:50:10,700 --> 05:50:13,400
effects of the atomic weapon 
could be clearly observed and 

6485
05:50:13,400 --> 05:50:16,000
documented. 
They also wanted targets that 

6486
05:50:16,000 --> 05:50:18,900
would have maximum psychological
impact on Japanese leadership. 

6487
05:50:19,900 --> 05:50:22,900
Final Target list. 
Included Hiroshima, kakura 

6488
05:50:22,900 --> 05:50:27,200
niggaa and Nagasaki Kyoto was 
initially on the list as well. 

6489
05:50:27,200 --> 05:50:30,200
But Secretary of War, Henry 
Stimson, reportedly removed it 

6490
05:50:30,200 --> 05:50:33,100
from consideration because he 
had visited the city and 

6491
05:50:33,100 --> 05:50:35,700
appreciated, its cultural and 
historical significance. 

6492
05:50:36,800 --> 05:50:39,900
One of those small human moments
that had enormous consequences, 

6493
05:50:39,900 --> 05:50:44,300
a single person's aesthetic, 
sensibility potentially saving a

6494
05:50:44,300 --> 05:50:47,100
city and its hundreds of 
thousands of inhabitants from 

6495
05:50:47,100 --> 05:50:50,800
nuclear destruction. 
Because the decision deadline 

6496
05:50:50,800 --> 05:50:54,300
approached Truman was receiving 
advice from multiple directions,

6497
05:50:54,300 --> 05:50:58,100
much of it contradictory 
military commanders wanted to 

6498
05:50:58,100 --> 05:51:00,100
use the weapons to save American
lives. 

6499
05:51:00,100 --> 05:51:03,300
There was a divide among 
scientists between those seeking

6500
05:51:03,300 --> 05:51:06,200
to demonstrate the bombs power 
and those advocating for its 

6501
05:51:06,200 --> 05:51:10,500
decisive use. political advisors
were thinking about post-war 

6502
05:51:10,500 --> 05:51:13,900
relationships with both Japan 
and the Soviet Union in the end 

6503
05:51:13,900 --> 05:51:16,800
Truman, made the decision that 
he believed would end the war, 

6504
05:51:16,808 --> 05:51:20,700
most quickly, and save the most 
lives overall whether he was 

6505
05:51:20,700 --> 05:51:23,600
right or wrong as a question 
that historians and ethicist 

6506
05:51:23,600 --> 05:51:27,900
continue to debate today, but in
the summer of 1945, with 

6507
05:51:27,900 --> 05:51:31,500
incomplete information and 
enormous pressure, the chose to 

6508
05:51:31,508 --> 05:51:34,100
authorize the use of atomic 
weapons, against Japan. 

6509
05:51:35,000 --> 05:51:37,100
It was a decision that would 
define, not just the end of 

6510
05:51:37,108 --> 05:51:39,900
World War 2, but the beginning 
of the nuclear age on the 

6511
05:51:39,908 --> 05:51:45,500
morning of August, 6th, 1945 the
crew of the Enola, Gay, a B-29, 

6512
05:51:45,500 --> 05:51:48,700
bomber named after the Pilot's 
mother took off from Tiny and 

6513
05:51:48,700 --> 05:51:51,900
Ireland, carrying little boy, 
the uranium bomb that had never 

6514
05:51:51,900 --> 05:51:54,800
been tested, but was expected to
work based on theoretical 

6515
05:51:54,800 --> 05:51:57,300
calculations. 
It's important to take a moment 

6516
05:51:57,300 --> 05:51:59,600
to appreciate the surreal nature
of this moment. 

6517
05:52:00,500 --> 05:52:02,800
They were piloting. 
An untested nuclear weapon over 

6518
05:52:02,800 --> 05:52:06,200
the Pacific, Ocean relying on 
three years of theoretical 

6519
05:52:06,200 --> 05:52:09,100
physics, and Engineering to 
perform precisely as intended at

6520
05:52:09,108 --> 05:52:11,600
The crucial moment. 
Colonel Paul. 

6521
05:52:11,600 --> 05:52:15,200
Tibbets the pilot probably had 
the strangest job description in

6522
05:52:15,200 --> 05:52:18,300
military history that morning. 
He was essentially a delivery 

6523
05:52:18,300 --> 05:52:22,000
driver except his package could 
destroy an entire city and his 

6524
05:52:22,000 --> 05:52:25,400
route included flying over enemy
territory while carrying the 

6525
05:52:25,400 --> 05:52:28,000
most expensive and dangerous 
Cargo in human history. 

6526
05:52:29,300 --> 05:52:31,700
The crew had been told, they 
were carrying a very powerful 

6527
05:52:31,700 --> 05:52:34,700
bomb, but most didn't know they 
were about to witness the first 

6528
05:52:34,700 --> 05:52:38,300
use of nuclear weapons. 
In Warfare Hiroshima was chosen 

6529
05:52:38,300 --> 05:52:41,000
as the primary target partly 
because it was an important 

6530
05:52:41,000 --> 05:52:43,900
military Center and partly 
because it had been largely 

6531
05:52:43,900 --> 05:52:47,200
spared from conventional bombing
making it ideal for observing 

6532
05:52:47,200 --> 05:52:51,900
the effects of atomic weapons. 
The city had about 350000. 

6533
05:52:51,900 --> 05:52:55,200
People going about their 
morning, routines unaware that 

6534
05:52:55,200 --> 05:52:57,300
they were about to witness a 
historic moment. 

6535
05:52:58,200 --> 05:53:03,000
At 8:15 a.m. local time. 
Little boy detonated about 1,900

6536
05:53:03,000 --> 05:53:06,700
ft above the city center, The 
explosion created a fireball 

6537
05:53:06,700 --> 05:53:09,200
with temperatures exceeding. 
Those at the center of the sun 

6538
05:53:09,200 --> 05:53:12,100
followed by a Shockwave that 
destroyed virtually, everything 

6539
05:53:12,100 --> 05:53:15,200
within a one-mile radius. 
The mushroom cloud. 

6540
05:53:15,200 --> 05:53:19,200
Rose to over 60,000 feet and the
Flash of light was visible for 

6541
05:53:19,200 --> 05:53:22,400
miles. 
Suddenly a bustling Metropolis, 

6542
05:53:22,400 --> 05:53:25,000
transformed into the epicenter 
of the nuclear era. 

6543
05:53:25,700 --> 05:53:28,200
The immediate destruction was 
almost incomprehensible 

6544
05:53:28,200 --> 05:53:32,000
buildings, simply vanished, 
people who are close to the 

6545
05:53:32,000 --> 05:53:35,000
hyper Center were vaporized. 
So quickly that their Shadows 

6546
05:53:35,000 --> 05:53:38,500
were burned into concrete and 
Stone Surfaces the intense heat,

6547
05:53:38,500 --> 05:53:41,900
the crushing force of the 
Shockwave or the collapse of 

6548
05:53:41,908 --> 05:53:46,400
buildings killed, others Tens of
thousands died immediately and 

6549
05:53:46,400 --> 05:53:48,400
tens of thousands. 
More would die in the following 

6550
05:53:48,400 --> 05:53:51,100
days and weeks from radiation 
sickness Burns and injuries. 

6551
05:53:52,500 --> 05:53:55,600
Back in Washington, the news of 
Hiroshima has destruction was 

6552
05:53:55,600 --> 05:53:59,300
received with a mixed of relief 
satisfaction and growing 

6553
05:53:59,300 --> 05:54:01,500
awareness of what had just been 
Unleashed. 

6554
05:54:02,400 --> 05:54:05,300
Truman announced the attack 
publicly explaining that the 

6555
05:54:05,300 --> 05:54:08,600
United States had developed a 
new and revolutionary increase 

6556
05:54:08,600 --> 05:54:12,900
in destruction and warning Japan
to surrender or face A Reign of 

6557
05:54:12,908 --> 05:54:16,500
Ruin from the air, the like of 
which has never been seen on the

6558
05:54:16,508 --> 05:54:19,100
Earth but Japan did not 
immediately surrender. 

6559
05:54:19,900 --> 05:54:22,000
The Japanese government was 
still processing, the 

6560
05:54:22,000 --> 05:54:24,300
implications of what had 
happened to Hiroshima, when 

6561
05:54:24,300 --> 05:54:27,700
three days later. 
Another B-29 took off from 

6562
05:54:27,700 --> 05:54:31,100
tinian carrying fat, man, the 
plutonium bomb that had been 

6563
05:54:31,100 --> 05:54:35,200
successfully tested at Trinity. 
The original Target was kakura. 

6564
05:54:35,800 --> 05:54:38,400
The cloud cover forced the crew 
to divert to their secondary 

6565
05:54:38,400 --> 05:54:43,400
Target Nagasaki. 
Nagasaki was a port city with 

6566
05:54:43,400 --> 05:54:47,800
significant military industry, 
home to about 240,000 people. 

6567
05:54:48,600 --> 05:54:52,800
fat man detonated at 11:02 a.m. 
on August 9th, creating another 

6568
05:54:52,800 --> 05:54:57,300
mushroom cloud, and another zone
of complete devastation, The 

6569
05:54:57,300 --> 05:55:00,300
bomb was actually more powerful 
than little boy, but the hilly 

6570
05:55:00,300 --> 05:55:03,300
terrain of Nagasaki limited, the
destruction somewhat compared to

6571
05:55:03,300 --> 05:55:07,000
the flat geography of Hiroshima.
The two atomic bombings killed 

6572
05:55:07,000 --> 05:55:11,100
over 200,000 people, most of 
them civilians and demonstrated 

6573
05:55:11,100 --> 05:55:13,900
that the United States possessed
weapons of unprecedented 

6574
05:55:13,900 --> 05:55:17,100
destructive power. 
More importantly, from a 

6575
05:55:17,100 --> 05:55:19,600
strategic perspective, they 
showed that America could 

6576
05:55:19,600 --> 05:55:21,800
produce these weapons and was 
willing to use them. 

6577
05:55:23,000 --> 05:55:25,500
The message to both Japan and 
the rest of the world was 

6578
05:55:25,500 --> 05:55:29,000
unmistakable, the rules of 
warfare had fundamentally 

6579
05:55:29,000 --> 05:55:31,100
changed. 
Emperor. 

6580
05:55:31,100 --> 05:55:34,900
Hirohito announced Japan's, 
surrender on August 15th, 1945, 

6581
05:55:34,900 --> 05:55:39,500
citing, a new and most cruel 
bomb as one of the factors in 

6582
05:55:39,500 --> 05:55:42,800
his decision. 
The war was over, but the 

6583
05:55:42,800 --> 05:55:46,100
nuclear age had begun, the 
scientists and Engineers who had

6584
05:55:46,108 --> 05:55:48,800
worked on the Manhattan Project 
found themselves. 

6585
05:55:48,800 --> 05:55:52,300
Grappling with the reality that 
their theoretical calculations 

6586
05:55:52,300 --> 05:55:54,700
are translated into actual human
destruction. 

6587
05:55:54,700 --> 05:55:58,800
On an unprecedented scale. 
Some like, Oppenheimer were 

6588
05:55:58,800 --> 05:56:01,600
haunted by what they had helped 
create others, argued that the 

6589
05:56:01,600 --> 05:56:05,200
bombs had actually saved lives 
by ending the war quickly and 

6590
05:56:05,200 --> 05:56:07,000
preventing a costly invasion of 
Japan. 

6591
05:56:08,000 --> 05:56:11,100
Whether the atomic bombings were
necessary or Justified remains a

6592
05:56:11,100 --> 05:56:14,300
topic of debate, but it is 
undeniable that they represented

6593
05:56:14,300 --> 05:56:16,300
a significant shift in human 
history. 

6594
05:56:17,800 --> 05:56:20,400
The Manhattan Project had 
succeeded in its primary 

6595
05:56:20,400 --> 05:56:23,600
objective, it had created 
weapons powerful enough to end 

6596
05:56:23,600 --> 05:56:28,100
World War 2, but it also created
something else a world where the

6597
05:56:28,100 --> 05:56:30,300
complete destruction of 
civilization was now 

6598
05:56:30,300 --> 05:56:33,300
theoretically possible, whether 
the stakes of international 

6599
05:56:33,300 --> 05:56:36,600
conflict, had been raised beyond
anything previously imaginable. 

6600
05:56:37,800 --> 05:56:41,200
As the aftermath of Hiroshima 
and Nagasaki receded, the 

6601
05:56:41,200 --> 05:56:44,700
scientists who had dedicated 
three years to their clandestine

6602
05:56:44,700 --> 05:56:48,000
work, came to understand that 
their efforts were far from 

6603
05:56:48,000 --> 05:56:50,500
concluded. 
They had sold the technical 

6604
05:56:50,500 --> 05:56:53,400
challenge of nuclear weapons. 
But they had also created 

6605
05:56:53,400 --> 05:56:57,100
political ethical, and strategic
challenges that would define in 

6606
05:56:57,100 --> 05:57:00,500
international relations for 
generations to come, the atomic 

6607
05:57:00,500 --> 05:57:03,900
age had arrived and there was no
going back when the celebration 

6608
05:57:03,900 --> 05:57:06,700
parade ended and the newspaper. 
Stopped running headlines about 

6609
05:57:06,700 --> 05:57:08,600
the miracle weapons that had 
ended the war. 

6610
05:57:09,300 --> 05:57:12,100
The people who had created those
weapons found themselves dealing

6611
05:57:12,100 --> 05:57:13,900
with a peculiar kind of 
Hangover. 

6612
05:57:13,900 --> 05:57:17,400
It wasn't the sort you get from 
too much champagne at a victory 

6613
05:57:17,408 --> 05:57:20,800
party, but the kind that comes 
from realizing you fundamentally

6614
05:57:20,800 --> 05:57:23,400
changed the world and aren't 
entirely. 

6615
05:57:23,400 --> 05:57:25,200
Sure. 
Whether you should feel proud or

6616
05:57:25,200 --> 05:57:29,700
terrified, the Manhattan Project
had been such a massive 

6617
05:57:29,700 --> 05:57:32,900
all-consuming effort that many 
of the scientists involved. 

6618
05:57:32,900 --> 05:57:35,500
Hadn't really had time to think 
about what would happen after 

6619
05:57:35,500 --> 05:57:38,600
they succeeded. 
It's akin to devoting three 

6620
05:57:38,600 --> 05:57:41,800
years to the construction of a 
race car, only to abruptly, 

6621
05:57:41,800 --> 05:57:43,500
discover you don't know where to
steer it. 

6622
05:57:44,300 --> 05:57:47,100
They had sold the technical 
problem of nuclear weapons with 

6623
05:57:47,100 --> 05:57:50,500
brilliant efficiency, but they 
had inadvertently created 

6624
05:57:50,500 --> 05:57:52,300
problems. 
That were much more complicated 

6625
05:57:52,300 --> 05:57:55,700
than mere physics. 
Oppenheimer who had led the 

6626
05:57:55,700 --> 05:57:58,800
scientific effort at Los Alamos 
found himself in the strange 

6627
05:57:58,800 --> 05:58:02,700
position of being simultaneously
celebrated as a hero and viewed 

6628
05:58:02,700 --> 05:58:05,400
with suspicion as a potential 
security risk. 

6629
05:58:06,400 --> 05:58:08,500
He had become the most famous 
scientists in America. 

6630
05:58:08,500 --> 05:58:12,000
The father of the atomic bomb, 
but he was also, someone who 

6631
05:58:12,000 --> 05:58:15,700
quoted Sanskrit, poetry and had 
complicated, political views 

6632
05:58:15,700 --> 05:58:17,300
that made government officials 
nervous. 

6633
05:58:17,300 --> 05:58:19,700
It's challenging to be a 
national icon. 

6634
05:58:19,700 --> 05:58:22,000
When you keep reminding people 
that the thing that made you 

6635
05:58:22,000 --> 05:58:24,100
famous could also destroy 
civilization. 

6636
05:58:24,900 --> 05:58:27,200
The other scientists went to 
universities and research 

6637
05:58:27,200 --> 05:58:30,000
institutions taking with them 
the knowledge of how to build 

6638
05:58:30,000 --> 05:58:32,800
nuclear weapons and the burden 
of knowing what those weapons 

6639
05:58:32,800 --> 05:58:35,300
could do. 
Some through themselves into 

6640
05:58:35,300 --> 05:58:39,000
peaceful applications of nuclear
technology hoping to balance the

6641
05:58:39,000 --> 05:58:42,000
destructive potential of their 
work with beneficial uses for 

6642
05:58:42,000 --> 05:58:44,600
atomic energy. 
Others became advocates for 

6643
05:58:44,600 --> 05:58:47,300
nuclear disarmament arguing that
the weapons. 

6644
05:58:47,300 --> 05:58:49,900
They had helped create were too 
dangerous for Any Nation to 

6645
05:58:49,908 --> 05:58:53,000
possess. 
But the most significant change 

6646
05:58:53,000 --> 05:58:55,700
was in how countries thought 
about war and international 

6647
05:58:55,700 --> 05:58:58,300
relations. 
The atomic bomb had made the 

6648
05:58:58,300 --> 05:59:01,300
concept of total Victory 
obsolete because it now 

6649
05:59:01,300 --> 05:59:03,500
potentially meant total 
Destruction for everyone 

6650
05:59:03,500 --> 05:59:05,800
involved. 
It was like discovering that 

6651
05:59:05,800 --> 05:59:08,200
winning an argument could result
in both, participants being 

6652
05:59:08,200 --> 05:59:11,600
struck by lightning, The 
traditional logic of warfare 

6653
05:59:11,600 --> 05:59:14,100
where you could defeat your 
enemies without destroying 

6654
05:59:14,100 --> 05:59:16,500
yourself. 
No longer applied when nuclear 

6655
05:59:16,500 --> 05:59:19,900
weapons were involved. 
The Soviet Union which had been 

6656
05:59:19,908 --> 05:59:23,200
America's Allied during the war 
immediately began working on its

6657
05:59:23,200 --> 05:59:27,100
own nuclear weapons program. 
Joseph Stalin was not the sort 

6658
05:59:27,100 --> 05:59:29,200
of leader who was comfortable 
with other countries having 

6659
05:59:29,200 --> 05:59:31,600
weapons. 
He didn't possess especially 

6660
05:59:31,600 --> 05:59:33,400
weapons, that could level entire
cities. 

6661
05:59:34,400 --> 05:59:37,200
The race to develop nuclear 
weapons became the foundation of

6662
05:59:37,200 --> 05:59:38,700
what would be called the Cold 
War. 

6663
05:59:38,700 --> 05:59:42,400
A decade's long stand-off 
between superpowers armed with 

6664
05:59:42,400 --> 05:59:44,800
enough nuclear weapons to 
destroy each other. 

6665
05:59:44,800 --> 05:59:48,200
Many times over the scientists 
who had worked on the Manhattan 

6666
05:59:48,200 --> 05:59:50,600
Project. 
Watch this development with a 

6667
05:59:50,600 --> 05:59:55,000
mixture of resignation and 
horror Many thought that nuclear

6668
05:59:55,000 --> 05:59:58,600
weapons would be so obviously 
bad that no sane leader would 

6669
05:59:58,600 --> 06:00:01,800
want to make more. 
Instead, they discovered that 

6670
06:00:01,800 --> 06:00:04,500
human nature was more 
complicated than nuclear physics

6671
06:00:04,500 --> 06:00:07,300
and that the existence of 
nuclear weapons seem to make 

6672
06:00:07,300 --> 06:00:10,300
other countries want nuclear 
weapons even more desperately. 

6673
06:00:11,200 --> 06:00:14,800
Nuclear testing became a regular
occurrence with both the United 

6674
06:00:14,800 --> 06:00:18,300
States and the Soviet Union 
detonating increasingly powerful

6675
06:00:18,300 --> 06:00:20,900
weapons in remote locations 
around the world. 

6676
06:00:21,900 --> 06:00:25,600
The hydrogen bomb developed in 
the early 1950s made the weapons

6677
06:00:25,600 --> 06:00:28,900
used against Japan. 
Looks small by comparison, it 

6678
06:00:28,900 --> 06:00:31,500
was comparable to the difference
between a firecracker and a 

6679
06:00:31,500 --> 06:00:34,900
volcano with both having the 
potential to destroy human 

6680
06:00:34,900 --> 06:00:38,800
civilization if misused The 
legacy of the Manhattan Project 

6681
06:00:38,800 --> 06:00:42,600
extended far beyond military 
applications nuclear power. 

6682
06:00:42,600 --> 06:00:45,800
Plants began generating 
electricity nuclear medicine, 

6683
06:00:45,800 --> 06:00:49,700
revolutionized cancer treatment 
and radioactive isotopes became 

6684
06:00:49,700 --> 06:00:51,500
essential tools for scientific 
research. 

6685
06:00:52,400 --> 06:00:54,900
The same knowledge that had 
created the most destructive 

6686
06:00:54,900 --> 06:00:57,700
weapons in history. 
Also led to innovations that 

6687
06:00:57,700 --> 06:01:00,600
saved lives and advanced human 
understanding of the natural 

6688
06:01:00,600 --> 06:01:03,200
world. 
But perhaps the most lasting 

6689
06:01:03,200 --> 06:01:06,600
Legacy of the Manhattan Project 
was the way it changed, how we 

6690
06:01:06,600 --> 06:01:09,100
think about the relationship 
between science and Society. 

6691
06:01:10,300 --> 06:01:14,200
Before 1945 most people viewed, 
scientific researchers 

6692
06:01:14,200 --> 06:01:17,400
inherently beneficial, a pure 
pursuit of knowledge that 

6693
06:01:17,400 --> 06:01:19,300
inevitably led to human 
progress. 

6694
06:01:20,200 --> 06:01:23,700
After Hiroshima and Nagasaki it 
became clear that scientific 

6695
06:01:23,700 --> 06:01:25,600
knowledge. 
Could be used for purposes that 

6696
06:01:25,600 --> 06:01:28,300
were anything but beneficial and
that scientists had 

6697
06:01:28,300 --> 06:01:32,600
responsibilities that extended 
beyond their Laboratories The 

6698
06:01:32,600 --> 06:01:35,500
Manhattan Project demonstrated 
that given enough resources, 

6699
06:01:35,500 --> 06:01:39,300
brilliant people and sufficient 
motivation, humans could solve 

6700
06:01:39,300 --> 06:01:43,300
almost any technical problem. 
But it also showed that solving 

6701
06:01:43,300 --> 06:01:45,500
technical problems was often 
easier than dealing with the 

6702
06:01:45,508 --> 06:01:49,400
consequences of those Solutions.
The scientists had successfully 

6703
06:01:49,400 --> 06:01:52,800
built nuclear weapons, but they 
had also built a world where the

6704
06:01:52,800 --> 06:01:56,300
continued existence of human 
civilization depended on the 

6705
06:01:56,300 --> 06:01:58,300
wisdom and Restraint of 
political leaders. 

6706
06:01:59,400 --> 06:02:02,200
As you settle in for sleep 
tonight it's worth remembering 

6707
06:02:02,200 --> 06:02:05,800
that the story of the Manhattan 
Project is ultimately a story 

6708
06:02:05,800 --> 06:02:09,400
about human beings trying to 
solve an unprecedented problem. 

6709
06:02:09,400 --> 06:02:13,000
Under enormous pressure making 
decisions with incomplete 

6710
06:02:13,000 --> 06:02:14,900
information and dealing with 
consequences. 

6711
06:02:14,900 --> 06:02:19,900
They couldn't fully anticipate 
The scientists engineers and 

6712
06:02:19,900 --> 06:02:22,700
military personnel. 
Involved were not fundamentally 

6713
06:02:22,700 --> 06:02:25,800
different from people today. 
They were just people trying to 

6714
06:02:25,808 --> 06:02:29,800
do their jobs in extraordinary, 
circumstances, the atomic age 

6715
06:02:29,800 --> 06:02:34,200
that began in the New Mexico. 
Desert in 1945 is still with us 

6716
06:02:34,200 --> 06:02:38,600
today and probably always will 
be the knowledge of how to split

6717
06:02:38,600 --> 06:02:40,700
atoms and release enormous 
amounts of energy. 

6718
06:02:40,700 --> 06:02:44,200
Cannot be uninvented, and the 
weapons created during the 

6719
06:02:44,200 --> 06:02:46,900
Manhattan Project of shape in 
international relations for over

6720
06:02:46,900 --> 06:02:49,900
70 years. 
But perhaps, that's not entirely

6721
06:02:49,900 --> 06:02:52,700
a bad thing. 
The existence of nuclear weapons

6722
06:02:52,700 --> 06:02:56,000
has made large-scale Wars 
between major Powers extremely 

6723
06:02:56,000 --> 06:02:58,600
risky. 
Creating a strange kind of peace

6724
06:02:58,600 --> 06:03:00,400
through the threat of mutual 
destruction. 

6725
06:03:00,400 --> 06:03:03,400
It's not the most comforting 
foundation for international 

6726
06:03:03,400 --> 06:03:05,800
stability, but it has worked so 
far.