Mycorrhizal Harvesting, Sky Island Extirpations

<v Speaker 1>You know, I want to apologize. I want to apologize
<v Speaker 1>because last the last podcast episode, I made a mistake.
<v Speaker 1>I was I was trying to be funny. I thought
<v Speaker 1>it would be funny, and uh it was. You know,
<v Speaker 1>it was damaging. People were misled, feelings were hurt, and
<v Speaker 1>I just I just want to take accountability. I want
<v Speaker 1>to take accountability. Last episode of the podcast, I said
<v Speaker 1>that Adam Black, who's a dear friend of mine, is
<v Speaker 1>a botanist with the Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories. I said
<v Speaker 1>that he was a permaculture activist and that was cruel
<v Speaker 1>and I'm sorry. Nobody wants to be called that. Nobody
<v Speaker 1>wants to be Nobody wants to be associated with that.
<v Speaker 1>Nobody wants that. Okay, talking about, you know, planting fruit
<v Speaker 1>trees in the park as if they're the first person
<v Speaker 1>to think of that idea, talking about saving the honeybees,
<v Speaker 1>c the bees, save the honeybees, Okay, I you know,
<v Speaker 1>I uh, I accused him of being all that. I
<v Speaker 1>accuse him of, you know, writing the same angry rants
<v Speaker 1>against Monsanto that you've heard probably five hundred times. You know,
<v Speaker 1>I'm not defending Monstanto. Fuck them, you know more CEOs
<v Speaker 1>dot com hashtag more CEOs. All I'm saying. All I'm
<v Speaker 1>saying is that it was a cruel joke, and I
<v Speaker 1>want to take accountability for it. I want to offer
<v Speaker 1>a formal apology to you, Adam Black. You are not
<v Speaker 1>a permaculture activist, and I'm sorry for implying that you were. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>hashtag save the Honeybees, welcome to the pays a body.
<v Speaker 1>He doesn't podcast. They caught the CEO killer. They caught
<v Speaker 1>him Luigi Mangione, and I'm not condoning what he did.
<v Speaker 1>I'm not saying it needs to happen more often. I'm
<v Speaker 1>not saying that health insurance companies are some of the
<v Speaker 1>most disreputable shitbag companies and one of the most disreputable
<v Speaker 1>shitbag industries next to family law and ambulance chasing. I'm
<v Speaker 1>not saying any of that, Okay. I'm just saying, goddamn,
<v Speaker 1>I looked at this man, and he's handsome, Okay. And
<v Speaker 1>I'm straight for the most part, a little by curious
<v Speaker 1>phase in my twenties thirties. Okay, I tried to be gay,
<v Speaker 1>God knows I tried. Didn't work. Truly is a genetic thing. Seems.
<v Speaker 1>But you know, he's a handsome man. I'm just being honest.
<v Speaker 1>I'm just being I'm just being fucking honest. He's a
<v Speaker 1>handsome looking guy. He's a fellow Italian. And I'm not
<v Speaker 1>saying that like it fills me with a sense of
<v Speaker 1>pride either looking at his his ethnic background. And I'm
<v Speaker 1>not saying that what he did was right. I'm just
<v Speaker 1>saying it was a fucking brilliant you know, it was
<v Speaker 1>really you had to be smart to pull that off, really,
<v Speaker 1>without any government backing, without the backing of any foreign entity,
<v Speaker 1>without without any private mercenary group, just all just a
<v Speaker 1>one man banned, a one man banded folks. It takes,
<v Speaker 1>it takes thought, it takes it takes engineering. And I
<v Speaker 1>think he was an engineer, wasn't he. Now? I know
<v Speaker 1>people are getting upset, people are I saw someone accuse
<v Speaker 1>him of being a fascist. But somebody's you know, somebody's
<v Speaker 1>twenty two year old kids with no fucking fartswiff of
<v Speaker 1>life experience will call anything fascist that doesn't one hundred
<v Speaker 1>percent of line with our ideals. He posted a Peter
<v Speaker 1>Teele thing. That's kind of weird. I think that's kind
<v Speaker 1>of fucking weird. It doesn't really align with the whole
<v Speaker 1>you know, whack and CEOs bit. Peter tele is kind
<v Speaker 1>of a sleeze. You never know, who knows, who knows
<v Speaker 1>what he meant by. It's given me the benefit of that. Do wing.
<v Speaker 1>You just fucking settled down, all right, don't be so
<v Speaker 1>quick to judge, all right. And again I'm not condoning
<v Speaker 1>what he did. I'm just saying he's a handsome man,
<v Speaker 1>handsome young man, and he's he's probably he's very smart.
<v Speaker 1>He seems very very smart, brilliant, brilliant mind, all right,
<v Speaker 1>And I'm not saying that I hope he gets off either.
<v Speaker 1>I would never say anything like that. Murder. I would
<v Speaker 1>never condone homicide. Murder's wrong. But if he got off,
<v Speaker 1>if he did get if he does get I don't
<v Speaker 1>know where this is gonna go. This is day one,
<v Speaker 1>right when we know who he is. But if he
<v Speaker 1>does get off, I'm just saying this is a this
<v Speaker 1>is a moment of unification for the country, for both
<v Speaker 1>the right and the left, because if there's one thing
<v Speaker 1>a lot of people can get behind, and if you can't,
<v Speaker 1>you really gotta you really gotta fucking question they're Uh,
<v Speaker 1>you gotta question anyone who's sticking up for health insurance companies.
<v Speaker 1>You really gotta really wonder what's up with them. And
<v Speaker 1>I'm no, you know, I'm not anyone to bully anyone
<v Speaker 1>into believing anything through shame or through uh you know,
<v Speaker 1>social acceptance or shunning. But you really got to wonder
<v Speaker 1>why someone would defend a health insurance company. You could,
<v Speaker 1>I use again, we're not for murder. We understand not
<v Speaker 1>wanting murder people. We we understand being anti homicide. But
<v Speaker 1>why the fuck would you stand up for a health
<v Speaker 1>insurance company. Huh. You can say, I don't condone what
<v Speaker 1>he did, but these fucking health insurance companies and you
<v Speaker 1>just deflect and you start talking about how that you know,
<v Speaker 1>the health insurance companies are fucking rotten. That's all, well, okay, anyway,
<v Speaker 1>let's talk about some other things that happened. I just
<v Speaker 1>wanted to give you a brief breakdown on events and say,
<v Speaker 1>you know, the man's handsome, and he's brilliant, and he's
<v Speaker 1>got a whole life ahead of been a lot of potential,
<v Speaker 1>and I hope he I hope best of luck to him,
<v Speaker 1>Best of luck to you, Luigi. Did I say Luca
<v Speaker 1>or Luigi? I don't know. Fucking Luigi Mangi own he's
<v Speaker 1>being persecuted because he's said, okay, let's talk about our
<v Speaker 1>buttoid Michael Rise, I was just up in the Davis Mountains,
<v Speaker 1>which is all entirely private. I think it's Nature Conservancy land.
<v Speaker 1>Davis Mountains is in West Texas, beautiful West Texas, you know,
<v Speaker 1>where ninety six percent of the land, if not more,
<v Speaker 1>is locked up in some sort of feudalistic medieval state,
<v Speaker 1>you know, remnant of like I don't know, circa thirteen forty, right,
<v Speaker 1>You've got an overlord in the general populace is completely
<v Speaker 1>sealed off from accessing any of this land. It's just
<v Speaker 1>you know, it's the just natural tech the State of Affairs.
<v Speaker 1>But uh, Davis Mountains, it's owned by the Nature Conservancy
<v Speaker 1>Mount Livermore. And I really would have loved to know
<v Speaker 1>more what the native name was fake and not not
<v Speaker 1>in any way to these college kids, you know, with
<v Speaker 1>all the with all the goofy accoutre mass you know,
<v Speaker 1>not because they fetishized indigenous people. Because I'm curious about
<v Speaker 1>you know, it was probably a cooler group of people
<v Speaker 1>to hang out with than who's there now, which is
<v Speaker 1>the kind of person that's gonna get mad at you
<v Speaker 1>if you're even like on a public road. Just so
<v Speaker 1>fucking the amount of paranoia out here drives me fucking nuts.
<v Speaker 1>You know you're if you're in Mexico members in. I
<v Speaker 1>was in Baja California Servans with my friend Pete and
<v Speaker 1>we were looking forevery what the fuck we were looking for?
<v Speaker 1>It was like twenty fifteen way down there, down down
<v Speaker 1>south did by cobbadeed how many how many frap boys
<v Speaker 1>have gotten alcohol poisoning? Cabo? How many rich kids have
<v Speaker 1>gotten alcohol poisoning? Okay, it doesn't matter. But we we
<v Speaker 1>were in this uh wash with conglomerate rock walls probably
<v Speaker 1>I don't know, thirty feet high. What is it for
<v Speaker 1>the Europeans and the Australians and uh anybody in South America?
<v Speaker 1>What is it? Because you guys go by meters? What
<v Speaker 1>was it like? Seven nine meters nine meters tall? Beautiful
<v Speaker 1>fucking area, lofas sirius everywhere, tons of cool of gaves
<v Speaker 1>and this guy, I guess we were trespassed. I don't
<v Speaker 1>know we were, but this guy comes out and he
<v Speaker 1>asks us what the fuck we're doing. And we tell him,
<v Speaker 1>and then for the next three hours he's hanging out
<v Speaker 1>with us looking at He's showing us where he found
<v Speaker 1>some whale fossils. We're looking at plants. Great fucking guy.
<v Speaker 1>He took a liking to Jack, especially. You know, this
<v Speaker 1>is Jack's old now, but at the time Jack was
<v Speaker 1>a spry little pup. Not a pup, but it fucking
<v Speaker 1>you know, he was like eight, No, he was six.
<v Speaker 1>But anyway, I got a picture of this guy and
<v Speaker 1>Jack had a great time. We were trespassing land. That's
<v Speaker 1>how we met yesterday with Adam Black. We were coming
<v Speaker 1>down I was coming down this fucking public road, Colleen
<v Speaker 1>Canyon Trail. You should go trespass on it. If you
<v Speaker 1>get the wild hair up your ass. Look it up
<v Speaker 1>on Google Maps. Goes to some beautiful areas Quirkus Hypo
<v Speaker 1>lucoides up at the top Quirkus Rugosa, beautiful fucking oak
<v Speaker 1>mostly Mexican, very very small population in the Davis Mountains
<v Speaker 1>that will probably be extinct in two decades. And it's
<v Speaker 1>just too dry up there. Whole forest looked like shit,
<v Speaker 1>by the way, lots of die back on all the plants,
<v Speaker 1>tons of madrone backers, big o'lovii. Anyway, that's what I
<v Speaker 1>was I forgot what I was saying. I was talking
<v Speaker 1>about what I would have I would have loved to
<v Speaker 1>know what fucking Mount Livermore was called before it was
<v Speaker 1>called Mount Livermore. I would have loved to know the
<v Speaker 1>native name. No, you know what, That's what I hated
<v Speaker 1>because I I really, I do have a strong interest
<v Speaker 1>in these cultures that were here before, and it's but
<v Speaker 1>they've been so fetishized by so much bullshit on social
<v Speaker 1>media among people whose ideas I agree with, but who
<v Speaker 1>tend to be some of the most obnoxious people one
<v Speaker 1>could interact with, you know, just it's it's it's spoiled
<v Speaker 1>it for me. It's I feel I feel like I'm
<v Speaker 1>becoming part of a cliche by saying this, but I'll
<v Speaker 1>say it anyway. A lot of cool uh history, uh
<v Speaker 1>native history around the Mountain Livermore area. There was a
<v Speaker 1>cache of arrowheads found up there, like all neatly arranged.
<v Speaker 1>You could read. You could go check it out in
<v Speaker 1>the Big Bend Museum museum at a Big Bend in Alpine, Texas.
<v Speaker 1>A lot of cool pictographs and it's just a fucking
<v Speaker 1>cool area. It's a sky island in in the middle
<v Speaker 1>of a very dry area, right, sky island in the
<v Speaker 1>middle of the desert. Same thing that cheer cowers are,
<v Speaker 1>same thing you get in Sonora, same thing that the
<v Speaker 1>Cheeos Mountains are. There were relics, their little refugia for these.
<v Speaker 1>The fucking Cheesos Mountains have cypresses in them. It's the
<v Speaker 1>only Texas population of quote Arizona cypress, the genus Hespero ciprus,
<v Speaker 1>not Mounta Zumas Cypress taxodium. Same family, quite distantly related though,
<v Speaker 1>you know I'm talking about the genus Hespero Cyprus. There's
<v Speaker 1>a disjunct population on the north end, on the north slope,
<v Speaker 1>very steep cliff of the Cook Range in h Deming,
<v Speaker 1>New Mexico as well. And then it's this the Cheesos population,
<v Speaker 1>the Cook Range population. And then you get a couple
<v Speaker 1>in Arizona, get Capressus or Hyspera Ciprus glabor it's in
<v Speaker 1>Hyspera Cyprus. Now you know the genus Capressus is primarily
<v Speaker 1>Old World, doesn't doesn't surprise me. At the fucking Atlantic Ocean,
<v Speaker 1>which I'm writing a whole book about the Atlantic and
<v Speaker 1>Pacific oceans have set, you know, separated the basically the
<v Speaker 1>entire ecosystem of North America from the entire eco system
<v Speaker 1>of Asia and Europe. Not just the ecosystem, but the
<v Speaker 1>whole all the lineages of plants, not just the genus
<v Speaker 1>and the species, but the whole lineage that something might
<v Speaker 1>be a part of. Right, Because most most bird migratory
<v Speaker 1>flight paths are north and south. There are not very
<v Speaker 1>few go across oceans east west. I don't think any
<v Speaker 1>go across the oceans east west. Maybe a little bit
<v Speaker 1>up in Newfoundland. That's that's from up from Newfoundland. There's
<v Speaker 1>a migration path, migratory path that goes from like Newfoundland
<v Speaker 1>east to Europe. But that's way up at the high
<v Speaker 1>latitudes anyway. So me and Adam Black are coming down.
<v Speaker 1>We're coming down this uh Colleen Canyon trail. I'm just
<v Speaker 1>blowing it up, right, because I watch you to go
<v Speaker 1>up there. So all private guys, a fucking lunatic, He'll stop.
<v Speaker 1>You just be nice, talk to them, talk to them,
<v Speaker 1>put on a glue on mustache, put on some shit
<v Speaker 1>that's gonna you know, culturally signify, right, because we're monkeys, right,
<v Speaker 1>We're trying to signify to the other tribe that we're
<v Speaker 1>part of them. We're a fucking Trump hat. I don't know.
<v Speaker 1>Fuck get a black rifle, coffee hat, some right wing shit.
<v Speaker 1>So this guy, you know, maybe it could help you
<v Speaker 1>get a little magnet for the side of your truck
<v Speaker 1>that says you're a kind of I don't fucking know.
<v Speaker 1>Talk to the guy, Tell him you're going up there
<v Speaker 1>to get some duff. You want to get some stuff.
<v Speaker 1>You're trying to get some micro riizel duff from the
<v Speaker 1>Madrones that grow up there, and you just want to
<v Speaker 1>You're just trying to inoculate some Madrones. That's all I'm
<v Speaker 1>trying to do, buddy. I'm not trying to This is
<v Speaker 1>a public road. I'm not trying to step in anybody's toes.
<v Speaker 1>I'm not trying to come, you know, sniff on your
<v Speaker 1>dogs or what. I don't I don't know. I don't
<v Speaker 1>know what people get paranoid about, but everyone in this
<v Speaker 1>state is fucking paranoid all the time. It happens you're
<v Speaker 1>in a public road stop next to someone's property and
<v Speaker 1>they come sniff on you, and I get it. You know,
<v Speaker 1>I get it, maybe you want to know what's going on,
<v Speaker 1>but I just to always assume the worst. Like, does
<v Speaker 1>it ever occur to people that maybe someone's harmless, Maybe
<v Speaker 1>someone is just looking. Maybe someone is just checking out
<v Speaker 1>the land. Maybe somebody is an interest in snakes or
<v Speaker 1>rocks or fucking plants. Maybe they're not trying to look
<v Speaker 1>for they're not scouting away to break into your house
<v Speaker 1>and steal your gun, cash or your mrs or something.
<v Speaker 1>I don't know. Anyway, this guy stopped and Adham just,
<v Speaker 1>you know, he really just he talked to him, he
<v Speaker 1>soothed him. He name dropped a guy we knew that
<v Speaker 1>lived nearby who wasn't home so he couldn't get up
<v Speaker 1>and look for this orchid and other stuff. And then, uh,
<v Speaker 1>you know, I was I was just hanging out in
<v Speaker 1>the back because you know, I think I look the
<v Speaker 1>most suspect. I think if he thinks anyone's gonna be
<v Speaker 1>you know, some goddamn tree hugger or whatever. I don't
<v Speaker 1>don't know what they think. I don't know, I don't
<v Speaker 1>know what their breadth of human experiences with the demographics
<v Speaker 1>in North America, but I'm sure I would probably defy it.
<v Speaker 1>But I'm just trying to hide out on the back,
<v Speaker 1>maintain a low pro let Adam do the talking. Adam
<v Speaker 1>is very calm, non confrontational, right, lukewarm to everybody, certainly
<v Speaker 1>not Chili. You know what I think of like people
<v Speaker 1>that I I can't think of so many friends of
<v Speaker 1>mine that I would not want with me in that situation.
<v Speaker 1>I love them the death, but they make it hot,
<v Speaker 1>you know, they just they they look like criminals. Heart
<v Speaker 1>of gold, but they look like criminals, especially to someone.
<v Speaker 1>You know. Remember at a square community like that, right,
<v Speaker 1>the guy had a little broom mustache and a Jesus
<v Speaker 1>camo hat. I need a fucking Jesus head. She'd get
<v Speaker 1>one of those. It's all about the costume. Man. I
<v Speaker 1>don't give a fuck. I'm not trying to impress anybody, right,
<v Speaker 1>I'm forty years old. I'm not trying to impress anybodymore.
<v Speaker 1>I want to. I just want to not get fucking
<v Speaker 1>harassed and be able to look at cool stuff and
<v Speaker 1>plants and study and learn and get my little bag
<v Speaker 1>of leaf duff from the base of the arbutis the
<v Speaker 1>madrone so I can inoculate the seedlings I have here.
<v Speaker 1>Have you heard about Korean natural farming? Damon Tai told
<v Speaker 1>me about this. It's actually pretty cool. It's about using
<v Speaker 1>the natural soil microbes. Is that what it is? Korean
<v Speaker 1>natural farming KNF. He used the when Damon told me
<v Speaker 1>about it, he used the He used the abbreviation for it.
<v Speaker 1>Was like, oh, yeah, kay, And I'm thinking I would
<v Speaker 1>know what that means. I don't know what the fuck
<v Speaker 1>that means, Korean natural far Let's see what the Wikipedia
<v Speaker 1>says about it. Korean natural farming. It's basically inorganic farming
<v Speaker 1>method that uses indigenous micro organisms. I amos ooh, I
<v Speaker 1>amos indigenous micro organisms. Another abbreviation the fucking acronyms man,
<v Speaker 1>why so many? Anyway, what Korean natural farming is, at
<v Speaker 1>least the part that I took from it that I
<v Speaker 1>paid attention to, because I'll be honest with you, I
<v Speaker 1>lost attention after a while. But what it consists of
<v Speaker 1>is going out finding a patch of some native scrub,
<v Speaker 1>some or trees or whatever native plant life, finding where
<v Speaker 1>it's densest and where there's a good layer of duff,
<v Speaker 1>especially if you're in a woodland. The fucking duff in
<v Speaker 1>these mountains was great. It was just all oak leaf duff.
<v Speaker 1>It was rich. Sadly, probably part of the reason it
<v Speaker 1>was rich because a lot there was a lot of
<v Speaker 1>dieback due to drought, you know, because the climate's changing
<v Speaker 1>like that. I guarantee you at Quircus rugosa is not
<v Speaker 1>going to be there in twenty years, because I don't
<v Speaker 1>see precipitation regimes getting better in Texas anytime soon, at
<v Speaker 1>least not in these desert mountains. Continue drying is what
<v Speaker 1>the models predict. Davis Mountain's got barely any rain this season,
<v Speaker 1>and some rains was to come in the summer. So anyway,
<v Speaker 1>Korean natural farming, you take this box, you go find
<v Speaker 1>out where the plants are. You take a box. You
<v Speaker 1>fill that box with cooked brown rice. You may put
<v Speaker 1>some paper towels at the bottom. Maybe you could use
<v Speaker 1>a little bit of wet cardboard in there too. You're
<v Speaker 1>basically creating a substrate to attract the iMOS, the indigenous
<v Speaker 1>microorganisms out of fungi to micro rhizo fungi, beneficial bacterial
<v Speaker 1>to good shits, and get them to come into your
<v Speaker 1>little box. By a box, I would you could do
<v Speaker 1>like ten inch by ten inch, right, you dig a
<v Speaker 1>hole for the box ten inch by ten inch square
<v Speaker 1>by maybe three inches wide or not wide tall, excuse
<v Speaker 1>me not to be about three inches four inches tall,
<v Speaker 1>and you set us in the ground, you dig out,
<v Speaker 1>you bring a trial with you and dig a little
<v Speaker 1>indentation for the box right in the duff. You want
<v Speaker 1>that rich duff. It's got to be the rich duff.
<v Speaker 1>Can't just be barren soil. You're looking for a relatively
<v Speaker 1>you know, because good a good patch of native plants
<v Speaker 1>created its own humidity, its own micro climate. That's what
<v Speaker 1>plants do. When people were you know, for instance, trying
<v Speaker 1>to inoculate mulch with Silassa by Lena I, the psychoactive
<v Speaker 1>mushroom or silasa by cyan essence in the Bay era.
<v Speaker 1>You look for, you know, a good patch of mulsh
<v Speaker 1>that was beneath alike canopy of some hideous horticultural garbage, right,
<v Speaker 1>because that's where those things grow best. They grow most
<v Speaker 1>beds in human land, you know, human landscaping, and plants
<v Speaker 1>create their own little humid microclimate. You know, you got
<v Speaker 1>more plant covered area, it's going to be more humidity
<v Speaker 1>in that little area. Then there will be outside of
<v Speaker 1>it just on a sidewalk or some so you look
<v Speaker 1>for where those plants are, right, some native plants, and
<v Speaker 1>whatever little scrubby patch of habitat you have left around you,
<v Speaker 1>maybe even if it's in a park or something. You
<v Speaker 1>dig out a little hole. You set the box with
<v Speaker 1>the brown rice and the paper towels and all that
<v Speaker 1>shit in the hole. You leave it for five or
<v Speaker 1>six days. Hopefully nobody comes and you know, takes the
<v Speaker 1>shit in it, or steals it or messes with it.
<v Speaker 1>I don't know how many tweakers you have living around
<v Speaker 1>you where you live. I don't know how many you know,
<v Speaker 1>negative Nancy Karens, you know, might go out there and
<v Speaker 1>try to clean it up. You want to cover it up,
<v Speaker 1>cover it with the leaves and the moulch in the debris,
<v Speaker 1>and after five six days shit I would leave it
<v Speaker 1>there a week hopefully it's it's you know, you get
<v Speaker 1>some rain, it's been humid enough. If it's super dry,
<v Speaker 1>obviously not going to attract a lot of stuff. And
<v Speaker 1>after a week you go, you get that box, you
<v Speaker 1>excavate it, take it back, and that's gonna be your
<v Speaker 1>collection box where you got all these living organisms. Now,
<v Speaker 1>all the the iMOS the indigenous micro organ Hopefully you
<v Speaker 1>got a bunch of native fungi and bacteria. But you're
<v Speaker 1>basically cultivating this life, this microbial life in the soil
<v Speaker 1>because when the microrhizal fungi will associate with plants, they
<v Speaker 1>act as a protection, right like bouncers against the pathogenic fungi,
<v Speaker 1>right because why would they let another fungal species compromise
<v Speaker 1>their food source. So you take this stuff home, this box,
<v Speaker 1>all right, and you put it in a mixing bowl,
<v Speaker 1>mix it one to one with some brown sugar. You
<v Speaker 1>don't want processed sugar. You don't want the white shit. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>no whitey and that sugar. This is what you're doing now,
<v Speaker 1>are supposedly sending it into a state of dormancy one
<v Speaker 1>to one ratio brown sugar to this brown rice that's
<v Speaker 1>been inoculated with all these microorganisms. And then you put
<v Speaker 1>it in a jar, fill about three quarters the way up. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>tie you like a us to paper tolerant with a
<v Speaker 1>rubber band. Some what the what the sugar is going
<v Speaker 1>to do is send it, supposedly, send it into a
<v Speaker 1>state of dormancy, pull water out of it, dry it
<v Speaker 1>out and it's gonna, you know, have a longer shelf life.
<v Speaker 1>You could also presumably, uh, you know, just directly throw
<v Speaker 1>it in the ground. Throw it on the ground, uh
<v Speaker 1>you know, in the soil at your yard. Put a
<v Speaker 1>piece of cardboard over it, right, water it broader to
<v Speaker 1>the top of the cardboard. Because most most you know,
<v Speaker 1>water out the tap out of the hoe is going
<v Speaker 1>to have chlorine in it. It's not really good. Most
<v Speaker 1>most water at the tap is probably not going to
<v Speaker 1>be ideal for cultivating fungi. And uh, anyway, you just
<v Speaker 1>throw mulch on there, give it food to eat. You're
<v Speaker 1>basically giving it food that you've super shared it with
<v Speaker 1>the brown rice. Throw a little brown sugar in there
<v Speaker 1>as well, and uh and then you know, just basically
<v Speaker 1>get it going. But do you want more duff? You
<v Speaker 1>want stuff for it to eat? Right? I would probably
<v Speaker 1>fuck around a couple of times with it, you know,
<v Speaker 1>just see just see what you could do, See if
<v Speaker 1>you can end up if it takes off, you can
<v Speaker 1>lift up the cardboard in a week and see if
<v Speaker 1>it's if you see my celium, if you see some
<v Speaker 1>heifel strands, and that's what I was seeing at uh
<v Speaker 1>in the Davis Mountains yesterday. I was seeing just tons
<v Speaker 1>of my celium. It's in a video. Put it in
<v Speaker 1>a video, too, big chunks of my celium. No idea
<v Speaker 1>what species I was thinking about? Since since the Davis
<v Speaker 1>Mountains basically are a sky island, what that means is
<v Speaker 1>there an island, a high altitude island sound by much
<v Speaker 1>lower elevation deserts. So a lot of these things that
<v Speaker 1>can grow in these sky islands are completely isolated from
<v Speaker 1>any other populations of these things unless there's I presumably
<v Speaker 1>there's birds occasionally flying in between different sky islands different
<v Speaker 1>mountain ranges in West Texas. But are they how much?
<v Speaker 1>What are they bringing with them though? Huh? Suitcase full
<v Speaker 1>of my celium and hypfeed? Probably not. I'd love to
<v Speaker 1>know what fungi grow in the Davis Mountains. You'd have
<v Speaker 1>to go there after, you know, a steady amount of rain.
<v Speaker 1>It had rained when we were there. It was nice
<v Speaker 1>and cool and moist, but it was a very light
<v Speaker 1>rain and was the first one in months. We need
<v Speaker 1>heavy rain bring out some of those mushrooms, seawood species.
<v Speaker 1>Are there probably tons of micro risers, There's tons of pines,
<v Speaker 1>tons of oaks. Hypo lucoids quirkus hype lucoids is a
<v Speaker 1>fucking gorgeous So I've seen that what near the Kent
<v Speaker 1>Observatory in Arizona. Is that what it is? Kent? I
<v Speaker 1>don't know another sky island, but it makes me wonder,
<v Speaker 1>you know what, what's gonna happen to some of these
<v Speaker 1>these mountain ranges. And it's just it's a fucking travesty
<v Speaker 1>too that no one can get in there and study.
<v Speaker 1>I mean, you know, Nature Conservancy lets people in like
<v Speaker 1>three days a year, and I guess you can contact
<v Speaker 1>them and see, but you know, fuck Nature Conservancy. Honestly,
<v Speaker 1>I'm glad they exist and they own stuff. I'm you know,
<v Speaker 1>it's not owned by some mean honky like a lot
<v Speaker 1>of stuff and in West Texas is but they're you know,
<v Speaker 1>they don't. I don't know they're they're they just sent
<v Speaker 1>me too much junkman I donated to them once. They
<v Speaker 1>easily outspent whatever I donated to them and sending me
<v Speaker 1>junk mail asking for more money. I trespassed there once
<v Speaker 1>in twenty fourteen looking for piness. I think it was pseudostrobis,
<v Speaker 1>and I got some cones and uh and then dipped
<v Speaker 1>out and I wasn't caught, which was nice. But it's
<v Speaker 1>you know, it's such a grave crime here. It's just
<v Speaker 1>it's looked down up it's like such a fucking you
<v Speaker 1>feel like you're like breaking into the Swiss bank. It's like,
<v Speaker 1>Jesus christ Man, I just want to go look at
<v Speaker 1>some fucking rocks and trees. You know. It's just anyway,
<v Speaker 1>but great habitat up there, lots of cool stuff. Saw
<v Speaker 1>Pakara Milla lobata. That's a rare one. Saw that back
<v Speaker 1>risk big o'lovi. I I saw an Agritina. I think
<v Speaker 1>I saw Brokelly astrom to, all these members of is
<v Speaker 1>Stevia tribe of ASTRACI saw a weird a Kino sirius
<v Speaker 1>up there too, that's I think is a local endemic.
<v Speaker 1>Saw Pelea rdiana. I saw, you know, one of those
<v Speaker 1>cool kylanthoid ferns, those desert ferns I saw. I think
<v Speaker 1>it was Meriaptorus oria as well. Pinus sombroidies, the pinion pine,
<v Speaker 1>the non pinion pine, the non limestone pinion pine. It's
<v Speaker 1>got a much different habit and form than a Pinus ramota,
<v Speaker 1>which grows on limestone and reportedly grows with peyote in
<v Speaker 1>Presidio County in a couple spots, also on private property,
<v Speaker 1>this one owned by some rich freak who doesn't like
<v Speaker 1>letting people on, very very protective of his three hundred
<v Speaker 1>thousand acres or whatever massive amount he owns. But God,
<v Speaker 1>I would love to collect mushrooms ectomicael rhizal mushrooms coming
<v Speaker 1>up at the base of madrones, get them sequenced, and
<v Speaker 1>just create a list of what that tree grows with.
<v Speaker 1>And I guess supposedly the ones in Texas, the madrones
<v Speaker 1>in Texas are considered a different variety. Sure, I'll take that.
<v Speaker 1>Because most of the population of Arbutus hollapensus is in Mexico.
<v Speaker 1>I would accept that the ones in Texas are different.
<v Speaker 1>It makes sense there are ecotypes. It would make sense
<v Speaker 1>there's a different ecotype, a more droughted adapted ecotype of
<v Speaker 1>this species, because the habitat in West Texas is not
<v Speaker 1>like the habitat in Central Mexico. In Central Mexico, you'll
<v Speaker 1>see these trees growing at eight thousand, nine thousand feet,
<v Speaker 1>very wet forests forced to get a lot more rain
<v Speaker 1>than do these areas where They grow from the Edwards
<v Speaker 1>Plateau just west of Austin all the way out to
<v Speaker 1>the Chizos Mountains, the Guadalupe Mountains, various sky islands like
<v Speaker 1>the Davis Mountains. Saw that madrona out on a road
<v Speaker 1>in Picos County, the middle of fucking nowhere too, like
<v Speaker 1>Limestone Canyon, only two trees left. They looked like shit.
<v Speaker 1>They were both experiencing a lot of die back and
<v Speaker 1>basically a desert. The whole area is basically already desert,
<v Speaker 1>already higher desert, but still desert. But remember they got
<v Speaker 1>those are buttoid micro riise, so they associate with Ecto
<v Speaker 1>micro rhizel fungi. But instead of forming a heart take net,
<v Speaker 1>just that sheath over the roots Ecto as opposed to
<v Speaker 1>end though the Acto micro rhizel species a lot of
<v Speaker 1>city of my seats. There's a couple of asking my
<v Speaker 1>seats too, actually penetrate the cortex the cells and the
<v Speaker 1>cortex of the roots. So they behave endo Michael Risley
<v Speaker 1>that they're basically ecto Michael Riseley, that behave endo, Michael Risley,
<v Speaker 1>and I would love to know what fucking species are
<v Speaker 1>growing with the madrones in West Texas, And all you'd
<v Speaker 1>have to do is be there at the right time
<v Speaker 1>and make some collections and I naturalist observations, and then
<v Speaker 1>you know, fungi are a lot easier to sequence the
<v Speaker 1>DNA sequence and plants, and so you could just you know, collect,
<v Speaker 1>make some collections, sequence them, make some notes, put it
<v Speaker 1>on a naturalists, put it in the notes on a naturalists.
<v Speaker 1>The fun thing to write a paper m what ecto,
<v Speaker 1>Michael Ryzel Fungi grow with madrones because I noticed that
<v Speaker 1>too when I was when I was with Alan Rockefeller
<v Speaker 1>and Jordan Jacobs and bah we saw a relative of
<v Speaker 1>Ma drones or nithostafalos opposite of Folio, another ar buttoid plant,
<v Speaker 1>one of my favorite, probably my favorite, most favorite plant
<v Speaker 1>in that clade, that evolutionary group. And in baj some
<v Speaker 1>of those things get you know, twenty feet tall. We
<v Speaker 1>saw twenty foot tall or Nithos staflos opposite of Folio
<v Speaker 1>twenty foot tall or Nithos staffalos. Most were a lot
<v Speaker 1>shorter than that, growing in you know, chaparral on very
<v Speaker 1>steep slopes. But this was the only Michael Rhizel shrub
<v Speaker 1>out of all the ones that were growing at the
<v Speaker 1>especially this one location right on a road cut, like
<v Speaker 1>the trail was cut in to this side of this slope,
<v Speaker 1>very steep slope. Was what the fuck was? It was
<v Speaker 1>just it was, you know, like an hour south of
<v Speaker 1>Ensnata maybe not even really cool area, giant coast live
<v Speaker 1>oaks at the at the base of his canyon, and
<v Speaker 1>you know, you go three hours south of there and
<v Speaker 1>it's desert. There's a giant fucking cactae everywhere, you know, Pakaserius,
<v Speaker 1>pringly eye, boot jump trees, Pulcheria columnars, et cetera. But
<v Speaker 1>at this one spot it was Ornio staflos and a
<v Speaker 1>couple other shrub species that there was a se and
<v Speaker 1>not this made probably malosmalorina, which is a really common
<v Speaker 1>member of Anacardi a c it's a relative of sumac.
<v Speaker 1>There and we're at this road cut and so we
<v Speaker 1>got a clear view the Orneo staffoloats. The ground level
<v Speaker 1>was like at at our heads because of the way
<v Speaker 1>this road cut and how steep the slope was. And
<v Speaker 1>so we saw all these fungal species tarzeeda species of
<v Speaker 1>Cultricia the genus Tarzeeda. What is that that's an asco
<v Speaker 1>my seed i. Think I got some unnaturalist observations. February
<v Speaker 1>twenty third, twenty twenty four. Tarzzeeda t A r z
<v Speaker 1>E T t E tt A. Excuse me, which is
<v Speaker 1>Michael Rhyzel. It's a micro rhyzel fungus. Is that right?
<v Speaker 1>Asco my Cota, Yeah, it is asco my seed. Tarzeeda
<v Speaker 1>is micae hyzel. I should let me check that. Yes.
<v Speaker 1>The genus Tarzeeda forms ecto micro hyizel associations with both
<v Speaker 1>gymnosperms and angiosperms, forms a Ectomichael rysea with trees such
<v Speaker 1>as Vegas Slvadica corcus, the glassy on Pinus, Monacola corlis. Oh, anyway,
<v Speaker 1>Tarzeeda and Caltricia lactarius, those are all micae rhyzol Lactarius rufulus.
<v Speaker 1>We saw a species in the genus Rusola, which of
<v Speaker 1>course is ectomycro ryzel. All these things were like right
<v Speaker 1>at our eye level. We were looking at the roots,
<v Speaker 1>fucking fucking amazing. Where was it that was near u
<v Speaker 1>Las cagnatis, near Rancho Cognon, Buena Vista, Rancho Cagnon. So
<v Speaker 1>I'm curious what is Ectomichael ryiselin these madrones. I love
<v Speaker 1>just piecing to get like put like pieces to a puzzle,
<v Speaker 1>putting together pieces of the ecosystem, seeing what relates to what?
<v Speaker 1>What is? What else? Is apara trophic there? What's what
<v Speaker 1>are the decomposers? What's breaking stuff down? Well? How much?
<v Speaker 1>What is the mushroom diversity that's been found in the
<v Speaker 1>Davis Mountains, in the whole county and in all of
<v Speaker 1>jeff Davis County. There's only three observations of the genus Russola,
<v Speaker 1>fucking criminal. No observations of Tarzeeda, the genus Tarzetah. There's
<v Speaker 1>a rousla I kids see that, you know. There's Quirkus
<v Speaker 1>hype leucoides, that beautiful oak, and Pinus sombroides cones all
<v Speaker 1>over the ground on the Duff So so there's a
<v Speaker 1>russela there, and none of them are identified the species.
<v Speaker 1>More God, there's so much understudied stuff out there. Drives
<v Speaker 1>me fucking nuts, you know. And it's another reason it's understudied.
<v Speaker 1>It's because it's all private land and all these fucking
<v Speaker 1>fucks are paranoid. Actually that's not true. There was a
<v Speaker 1>nice There was a nice man who was gonna let
<v Speaker 1>us on his land. He just wasn't home. I thought
<v Speaker 1>we got an amanita too. We got an amanita there.
<v Speaker 1>Those are Michael Rizel, Ecto Micae Riiseel. There's a tulastoma.
<v Speaker 1>There's uh Luco coprinus. I think that's the common one though,
<v Speaker 1>Dacryo pinax. God, there's still put there for a lot
<v Speaker 1>of these. There's only one observation of zero zero camelis.
<v Speaker 1>It's Bullatasi. It's Ecto Michael Riiseel as well. Again there's
<v Speaker 1>there's a dearth. There's a paucity of observations of fungie
<v Speaker 1>in the Davis Mountains. So the thing to do is, hopefully,
<v Speaker 1>whenever they get a good rain, get people up there.
<v Speaker 1>You need to because a lot of this stuff probably
<v Speaker 1>won't be here in twenty or thirty years. The climate's drying.
<v Speaker 1>Wonder if the Madrones will still be in the Davis
<v Speaker 1>Mountains in twenty or thirty years. It's gonna get so
<v Speaker 1>much drier. You know, this is a cleansing event. This
<v Speaker 1>is going to extirpate some tree species and probably some
<v Speaker 1>fungal species from these mountains, or at least severely reduce
<v Speaker 1>their range. So get in catalog. And while it's here before,
<v Speaker 1>it's not here anymore. All the models for climate change
<v Speaker 1>show it just getting drier, and it is dry. There's
<v Speaker 1>trees dying all throughout. All the major towns are fucking
<v Speaker 1>Marfa Alpine, a lot of drought and die back. Anyway,
<v Speaker 1>in other news, I think I talked about this well.
<v Speaker 1>First off, we got to talk about the fucking Ethiopian
<v Speaker 1>wolves pollinating Kniphofia, which is a relative of Alofia. You
<v Speaker 1>spell the k n i p h o f i a.
<v Speaker 1>How many species? At least? How many species on inet
<v Speaker 1>niffo fe uh oh, there's quite a few. It's quite
<v Speaker 1>species rich. How many variations on the theme. I've seen
<v Speaker 1>Niphofias sarmentosa in South Africa, but this was in Ethiopia.
<v Speaker 1>But I guess these tourists, I don't know where they
<v Speaker 1>You could hear the whisper in the background where they
<v Speaker 1>were they Dutch? Did they have that funny accent? I'm fuck,
<v Speaker 1>I'm sorry. I didn't mean that. I'm not trying to
<v Speaker 1>make fun of anybody's accent, least of all me, especially
<v Speaker 1>me with this nasally Midwest. You know, everybody in the
<v Speaker 1>Midwest just uh sixty four species center of diversity. Where
<v Speaker 1>is the center of the diversity for I don't know.
<v Speaker 1>Somewhere on the African continent, but they're popular in gardens.
<v Speaker 1>But the is this Ethiopian wolf, which is fucking cute.
<v Speaker 1>I love canids. I like I like cats too, just
<v Speaker 1>just wild ones, not feral ones. Yeah, I mean I
<v Speaker 1>even if you've got a cat and you're keeping it,
<v Speaker 1>you know, you get little ramps and shit for it
<v Speaker 1>in your house. I like that too, a pett it.
<v Speaker 1>We're rubber gloves and pettit, you know. So I don't
<v Speaker 1>break out in hives. But it's just when they're feral,
<v Speaker 1>you know. It's when they're feral, that's when they're fertilizer.
<v Speaker 1>They're better off as fertilizer anyway. So this wolf was
<v Speaker 1>licking at these inflorescences in Niphofia. I had like fifteen
<v Speaker 1>different people sent it to me, probably more, but you know,
<v Speaker 1>some some budding pollination biologists out there pollination syndrome for
<v Speaker 1>this plant. It's interesting. It probably evolved with bird pollination
<v Speaker 1>like most of them did. But you know, it'll take
<v Speaker 1>what it can get. It's an opportunist and probably a
<v Speaker 1>lot of nectar in those flowers too, and those individual
<v Speaker 1>tiny tube flowers, as you would expect with most plants
<v Speaker 1>that produce flowers that are pollinated by birds. So anyway,
<v Speaker 1>I thought that was pretty fucking interesting. It's probably not
<v Speaker 1>the dominant pollinator. It hasn't it's not the pollinator it's
<v Speaker 1>evolved with. But again, you take it when you can
<v Speaker 1>get it. Probably dominant pollinator for that Niphobia species as birds.
<v Speaker 1>But this wolf uh is no doubt doing it too,
<v Speaker 1>literally going from one plant to another, licking the inflorescences.
<v Speaker 1>It was very cute. On that note. I was just
<v Speaker 1>feeding a little gray fox in my town out here
<v Speaker 1>in West Texas. They say't not supposed to do that.
<v Speaker 1>But the thing, there's fucking Sonic Burger here, all right.
<v Speaker 1>I've never eaten Sonic Burger and it's fucking gross. But
<v Speaker 1>I'm sure their employees are not throwing, you know. I'm
<v Speaker 1>sure I'm sure a couple of those those you know,
<v Speaker 1>curly fries or whatever the fuck, they're feeding people like
<v Speaker 1>pigs at a trough over there at Sonic Burger. I'm
<v Speaker 1>sure some of those curly fries are making their way
<v Speaker 1>to the pavement to the asphalt, all right, and this
<v Speaker 1>fox is going to eat the So what is what
<v Speaker 1>is the harm in giving it a little bit of kibble?
<v Speaker 1>High quality kibble too, right, maybe paperoni once in a while.
<v Speaker 1>I don't think that's that I don't think that's that bad.
<v Speaker 1>These things are literally living in people's yards in bushes.
<v Speaker 1>We have a lot of senior citizens in this town,
<v Speaker 1>you know who, don't you know, that's a spot to live.
<v Speaker 1>If you're gonna if you're gonna squat in someone's backyard
<v Speaker 1>and you're a gray fox, you want to pick the
<v Speaker 1>seniors right, because they're not gonna shoot you. They'll probably
<v Speaker 1>appreciate you. They're pretty docile, right, they may not even
<v Speaker 1>notice you. They might even know you're there. If I
<v Speaker 1>make it to that age, I won't even know where
<v Speaker 1>I am anymore. Half the time I'll be fucking probably
<v Speaker 1>popping pills or something, which I don't do that shit now.
<v Speaker 1>I'm basically sober now occasional, pretty occasional, except for the
<v Speaker 1>occasional psychedelic. But you know, when you're that old, fuck it,
<v Speaker 1>what do you got to lose? Right? Just start, you know,
<v Speaker 1>start doing rails a blow fucking just kidding I'm just kidding.
<v Speaker 1>Cocaine's a horrible drug, makes people way more obnoxious than
<v Speaker 1>alcohol does, but not by much. Alcohol is pretty fucking
<v Speaker 1>annoying too. What a fucking stupid poison. No offense anyway,
<v Speaker 1>But I was, Yeah, I was feeding this thing and
<v Speaker 1>just watching it go to town. I've got a beef
<v Speaker 1>with the deer. I fucking hate him. I really do.
<v Speaker 1>They nibble everything down. I've been planting stuff all around town.
<v Speaker 1>I've got to put chicken wire up over everything. I
<v Speaker 1>saw them go for some uh oh god, I forget
<v Speaker 1>the name of the yucca species, but they were trying
<v Speaker 1>to eat leaves of this yuka. It didn't work because
<v Speaker 1>the leaves have the consistency of plastic. It was one
<v Speaker 1>of the non it was one of the spineless yukas,
<v Speaker 1>one of the Mexican ones with very thin leaves, and
<v Speaker 1>they were trying to eat it. Fucking idiots, man. And
<v Speaker 1>you know there's there's way too many of them. There's
<v Speaker 1>no mountain lions because I'm sure you know somebody would
<v Speaker 1>call the cops on it and they'd shoot it. But
<v Speaker 1>you got to start taking them out. You got to
<v Speaker 1>start taking out the deer. It's for you know, it's
<v Speaker 1>for the good at the whole ecosystem. You got to
<v Speaker 1>be a disturbance regime that takes out a couple deer
<v Speaker 1>every once in a while. Right, call your friend, have
<v Speaker 1>her come over, have her go dump a body with
<v Speaker 1>you south of town. Have call your friend, the same
<v Speaker 1>friend who's who's saved your ass so many times. Have
<v Speaker 1>her come over at eleven thirty at night. Field dressed
<v Speaker 1>the thing, gut it, dump the guts out in the
<v Speaker 1>little gut back. Then you go take them to U
<v Speaker 1>somewhere so the vultures can eat them, maybe even a fox.
<v Speaker 1>I bet the fox would love to eat some deer guts.
<v Speaker 1>And uh, when you're done, you put the skull in
<v Speaker 1>a pike in front of your you know, your front yard,
<v Speaker 1>so all the deer friends notice, stay away and not
<v Speaker 1>go for your Cotinus abovedas you just plant through your
<v Speaker 1>arbutus or any of that. Just start popping these things, man,
<v Speaker 1>I'm serious. You know you don't even need a suppressor.
<v Speaker 1>I bet you could take one of them out with
<v Speaker 1>a pellet gun if you got it in a fucking cranium.
<v Speaker 1>Is it? Is it? The advertise the advertiser is gonna.
<v Speaker 1>I mean, I'm basically advocating poaching deer, shooting deer out
<v Speaker 1>of season. But seriously, they're they're they're a fucking scourge. Man.
<v Speaker 1>It's awful. You know, they don't even care. They're not
<v Speaker 1>even freaked out by people anymore. I'd one go for
<v Speaker 1>the dog. The other day, I beamed it in the
<v Speaker 1>head with a pole. They're just they're they're bad, and
<v Speaker 1>it's on. It's real beef. Now, it's real beef. Right.
<v Speaker 1>You think they're cute, You go, you try and deal
<v Speaker 1>with this ship, watch them destroy your hard work. They
<v Speaker 1>stink too. Why it doesn't bother me so much, but
<v Speaker 1>they all look like shit. They're gonna, you know, if
<v Speaker 1>if the population gets too big, they're gonna get sick.
<v Speaker 1>They're gonna start. It's not good. You don't want that.
<v Speaker 1>You go to take them out, Start taking them out. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>Now I'm gonna give you guys a final exam, the
<v Speaker 1>same final exam I gave to my students. It's forty
<v Speaker 1>three questions. This is easy, this is nothing, but this
<v Speaker 1>is an intro class. Remember, Okay, Okay, So we'll start
<v Speaker 1>with the first question. The majority of plants on Earth
<v Speaker 1>or in eighty eight percent are what A marsies B
<v Speaker 1>ferns CE, angiosperms D gymnose sperms. You know this one.
<v Speaker 1>You gotta know this one, right. It's Angie's from fucking
<v Speaker 1>flowering plants. Question two. If separate sex organs are found
<v Speaker 1>on separate plants, making the individual plant produce either male
<v Speaker 1>staminate or female pistolate in parentheses flowers, but never both,
<v Speaker 1>this is called being what a monoecious B, dioecious C
<v Speaker 1>bisexual D having perfect flowers. It's fucking dioecious. How many
<v Speaker 1>times have I talked about this in the podcast? Of course?
<v Speaker 1>Right all the time. I Question three? Unlike animals, plant
<v Speaker 1>cells have a membrane bound nuclei B mitochondria see a
<v Speaker 1>cell wall or vacuols? What a plant cells have that?
<v Speaker 1>Animals don't a cell wall? All right, I got a
<v Speaker 1>cell wall, They got the membraneto, but they have a
<v Speaker 1>cell wall, right, They gotta cell membrane and a cell wall.
<v Speaker 1>Animals just have a cell membrane. Which of these is
<v Speaker 1>true about photosynthesis? During photosynthesis, water is split first, then
<v Speaker 1>carbon dioxide is fixed. The oxygen from water leaves the
<v Speaker 1>plant and carbon dioxide has bonded with hydrogen to build glucose.
<v Speaker 1>That's question A. During photos and this is carbon dioxide
<v Speaker 1>is split and the oxygen leaves the plant while water
<v Speaker 1>is incorporated to build glucose molecules. That doesn't make any sense,
<v Speaker 1>does it? Fuck? No, See, during photosynthesis, water and carbon
<v Speaker 1>dioxide all come together to form glucose. Nope, that's not
<v Speaker 1>it either. Question five. Oh, that's just to tell you
<v Speaker 1>the answer that was question It was a. It was a.
<v Speaker 1>During photosynthesis, water is split first, right, then carbon dioxide
<v Speaker 1>is fixed and the oxygen from water leaves the plant.
<v Speaker 1>Carbon dioxide is biohydrogen to build glucose. Remember, now you
<v Speaker 1>get the light reactions, you get the Calvin cycle and
<v Speaker 1>the light reactions. Where water is split, you've got photosystem two,
<v Speaker 1>then photosystem one. Photosystem two counterintuitively comes before photosystem one
<v Speaker 1>because it was discovered after photosystem one was but it
<v Speaker 1>comes before it, which is counterintuitive. And then of course
<v Speaker 1>you get that once that water molecule has split, those
<v Speaker 1>electrons are used to generate ATP and d NA DPH
<v Speaker 1>and then that is used to fix quote fix carbon dioxide. Okay,
<v Speaker 1>which plant family has a single outlier one species in
<v Speaker 1>equatorial Africa, but is otherwise native entirely to the America's
<v Speaker 1>a coffee family, rubyac b orchid family or kid ac
<v Speaker 1>see legum family Fabaesi or d Bermeliad family bromeliac and
<v Speaker 1>this is also known as being restricted to the New
<v Speaker 1>World except for one species, it would be Bermeleiad family.
<v Speaker 1>It's got a species of Piccarnia in equatorial western Africa,
<v Speaker 1>but other than that, all Bromeliads are native. From fucking
<v Speaker 1>pineapples to Spanish moss to quote bal moss our native
<v Speaker 1>to the Americas, just like the cactus family. Same thing
<v Speaker 1>with the cactus family Ripsolis basifa, which is an epiphyte,
<v Speaker 1>grows in Africa, probably the result of bird dispersal. God
<v Speaker 1>knows how long ago, could be debris raft two. I
<v Speaker 1>guess maybe like some fruits. It doesn't make sense. I
<v Speaker 1>don't know who the fuck knows, But otherwise all cacti
<v Speaker 1>are native to the Americas. To the quote new World,
<v Speaker 1>I can't believe I had someone give me shit for
<v Speaker 1>saying New World once. Shouldn't say New World. The fucking God,
<v Speaker 1>Jesus Christ, oh my God, just do you abandon the
<v Speaker 1>working class, you take up these identity politics, start parroting
<v Speaker 1>all this dumb shit policing people. Nobody likes it. Oh God, anyway,
<v Speaker 1>you tell I have trauma, I do. I lived in
<v Speaker 1>a Bay Area too long. I think that's really what
<v Speaker 1>it was. You know, none of that is what happened otherwise.
<v Speaker 1>It is question number seven. It is most the only
<v Speaker 1>wind pollinated plants that cause seasonal allergies. True or false? True? Right,
<v Speaker 1>Because if you're a wind pilant, if you're an insect
<v Speaker 1>pollinated plant, you're not just dumping pollen out onto the
<v Speaker 1>out onto the wind currents. That doesn't make any sense.
<v Speaker 1>Windborn pollen is it requires a completely different set of
<v Speaker 1>stamens not included in a flower. They've got to be
<v Speaker 1>dangling out. If you look at an ambrosia, the ragweeds,
<v Speaker 1>which is is a genus in the sunflower family, right,
<v Speaker 1>those in most plants in the sun family, they've got
<v Speaker 1>fused anther tubes. The individual florets have anthers that are
<v Speaker 1>facing inward and fused into a tube. But in the
<v Speaker 1>case of Ambrosia, since most of them are wind pollinated,
<v Speaker 1>you can literally see on some of those ambrosia flowers,
<v Speaker 1>and they'll always be on a spike, or the capitula
<v Speaker 1>will the flower heads. They're tiny little flower heads. They're
<v Speaker 1>normally pendent on a spike. A lot of wind borne
<v Speaker 1>flowers are pendent of course too, so that they're hanging
<v Speaker 1>in the wind and they can get hit. If you
<v Speaker 1>look on an ambrosia, those anthers are pendant on that
<v Speaker 1>spike of flower heads, the individual flowers inside the flower heads,
<v Speaker 1>and they're actually exerted, that is poking out those capitula
<v Speaker 1>a little bit. It's wild to see, and you can
<v Speaker 1>tap them in the pollen you'll get, you know, clouds
<v Speaker 1>of pollen come off. If you tap a fucking daisy
<v Speaker 1>or a sunflower, you're not gonna get clouds of pollen
<v Speaker 1>coming off. Right, you tap a box celder, you'll see
<v Speaker 1>the same thing. A lot of grass species wind pollinated.
<v Speaker 1>If the if they're producing the same same time as
<v Speaker 1>you're there, you know you'll see it, clouds of yellow
<v Speaker 1>pollen coming off. That's how there's no you're not going
<v Speaker 1>to come in contact with pollen on on non non
<v Speaker 1>wind pollinated plants. Okay, questionnaight, who's the godfather of modern genetics?
<v Speaker 1>Hopefully you know this one. Gregor Mendel, Gregor fucking Mendel.
<v Speaker 1>You know the whole, the whole p flower thing, Purple flowers,
<v Speaker 1>white flowers, all that learned that there were recessive trades,
<v Speaker 1>dominant traits. I apologize a lot of you probably know
<v Speaker 1>these already. These are my questions for first year bodany students.
<v Speaker 1>What's the genus of southern beaches that have distributions across
<v Speaker 1>different continents? A distribution that is a relict of the
<v Speaker 1>break about a super continent Antwana? A not the Vegas
<v Speaker 1>b acer maples, C. Pinus pines, D. Corcus oaks. It's
<v Speaker 1>a not the Vegas question ten. Why do invasive What
<v Speaker 1>do invasive plants lack that prevents them from forming monocultures
<v Speaker 1>in the ecosystems where they are native? What do they
<v Speaker 1>lack in their arrivalries? Their arrival ecosystems AC dispersers, B pollinators, C.
<v Speaker 1>Herbiphores or D ecological checks and balances such as pathogenic
<v Speaker 1>fungi or insects. It's D question eleven. The sporophyte generation
<v Speaker 1>is dominant in all the following lineages except A ferns, B.
<v Speaker 1>Bryophytes c angiosperms, D gendal sperms, B bryophytes, the mosses.
<v Speaker 1>The sporophyte in most of all the bryophytes except the hornwortz,
<v Speaker 1>is not photosynthetic. It's just a little looks like a
<v Speaker 1>little semaphore. So when you're looking at a moss, you're
<v Speaker 1>looking at a haploid organism. It's only got half the
<v Speaker 1>set of chromosomes. It's the gametophyte versus the sporophyte, which
<v Speaker 1>is diploid. It's got both copies of chromosomes, or yeah,
<v Speaker 1>both copies of chromosomes. Excuse me, like humans do. It's
<v Speaker 1>got the full set, right, whereas the cometophyte is haploid.
<v Speaker 1>So you know, and why happloid? Why diploid? Two haploid
<v Speaker 1>halves come together to form a whole. To form a
<v Speaker 1>new phenotype, a new individual that's not a clone of
<v Speaker 1>the parent, you need one set of chromosomes from one
<v Speaker 1>parent and one set of chromosomes from the other. Two
<v Speaker 1>haploid halves come together to form a diploid hole. Question twelve.
<v Speaker 1>The blank is responsible for secondary growth in all flowering
<v Speaker 1>plants except monocuts. The vascular cambium. Right, that's that ring.
<v Speaker 1>That's what where you get secondary growth. That's where you
<v Speaker 1>get lateral growth instead of just up and down. Palm
<v Speaker 1>trees don't have a vascular cambium. That's why they only
<v Speaker 1>get taller, not wider. Some monocots can form anomalist secondary growth.
<v Speaker 1>They basically have evolved something that's kind of analogous to
<v Speaker 1>a vascular cambium, something that's kind of analogous to secondary growth.
<v Speaker 1>Most monocots, all of them, basically don't except for a
<v Speaker 1>few that a few exceptions that have evolved at secondarily.
<v Speaker 1>But if you look at the plumbing and a monocot,
<v Speaker 1>like in a palmstime, it's scattered or a corn stem,
<v Speaker 1>it's scattered throughout the whole thing. It's not just you know,
<v Speaker 1>whereas if you look at an oak tree, you see
<v Speaker 1>those tree rings, those tree rings, those rings, that's the
<v Speaker 1>xylum that is part of the vascular cambium. The floam
<v Speaker 1>is on the other side of the vascular cambium. The
<v Speaker 1>floames what's you know, taking a sugar and a nutrient's everywhere,
<v Speaker 1>and the xylum is what's pumping the water up, not
<v Speaker 1>pumping it's passive. Transport, but taking water from the roots
<v Speaker 1>via evappo transporation through leafs. The mat it so tree
<v Speaker 1>rings are xylum, which is half of what the vascular
<v Speaker 1>cambium is. The other half is floam, of course, and
<v Speaker 1>that's why palm trees don't have tree rings. They've got
<v Speaker 1>scattered vascular bundles through the whole fucking trunk. Okay, which
<v Speaker 1>of the following is the female? Yeah, you guys, notice one,
<v Speaker 1>it's the pistol female reproductive structure, and just perms. That's
<v Speaker 1>an easy one. These are for the intro for the students,
<v Speaker 1>you know. Question fourteen, What is the term for a
<v Speaker 1>gradual change in accepted norms and expectations for the environment
<v Speaker 1>across human generations? Where each successive generation thinks that the
<v Speaker 1>landscape that it's inheriting is normal, but as an actuality
<v Speaker 1>heavily degraded ecological ruins. Is it a shifting baseline syndrome
<v Speaker 1>b artificial selection, CE biological evolution that doesn't make any
<v Speaker 1>fucking sense, or D climate change? It's shifting baselines. You
<v Speaker 1>go out to your little nature preserve, take a fucking
<v Speaker 1>hike through whatever you know, and you think that what
<v Speaker 1>you're looking at is what it's always looked like. That's nature.
<v Speaker 1>That's great. And you have no idea that ninety percent
<v Speaker 1>of the species that grew there, that walked around there,
<v Speaker 1>that were present there one hundred and fifty years ago,
<v Speaker 1>are all gone, and what you're looking at is a
<v Speaker 1>very small portion of what historically lived and grew there
<v Speaker 1>for thousands, tens of thousands, hundreds of years. Same thing
<v Speaker 1>with the ocean, you know, you see these these deserts
<v Speaker 1>underwater where there used to be the fish diversity was insane.
<v Speaker 1>They were coral reefs or they were. It's just the
<v Speaker 1>fucking reduction in biodiversity. It's so it's depressing. If someone
<v Speaker 1>asked me how I cope with it, I don't know.
<v Speaker 1>I have like a simmering contempt for so much. I
<v Speaker 1>don't know, but I use a lot of humor. I
<v Speaker 1>try to be somewhat of a nihilist, maybe of an
<v Speaker 1>eco catastrophist, you know, people I look to uh inspiration
<v Speaker 1>and hope from non human entities. I don't know. Geologic
<v Speaker 1>timescale always helps that. That helps a lot, you know,
<v Speaker 1>having an idea of what it was like. You know,
<v Speaker 1>I'm sure the fucking KT extinction was pretty depressing. The
<v Speaker 1>first you know, few thousand years after the KT extension
<v Speaker 1>were probably pretty bleak. But then look what happened. All
<v Speaker 1>the mammalian diversity took off, the angiosperm diversity took off,
<v Speaker 1>really got going. After a lot of those coniferous forests
<v Speaker 1>were wiped out. They just couldn't cope. So, uh, I
<v Speaker 1>don't know, I just I don't. I try not to
<v Speaker 1>go into this, this whole you know, this whole idea
<v Speaker 1>that I you know, I can't wait till the planet
<v Speaker 1>wipes this out or we should just be wiped out,
<v Speaker 1>like we're a scourge because I like people. I like
<v Speaker 1>I think there's hope, not in the current status of things,
<v Speaker 1>not with eight billion people, not with you know, the
<v Speaker 1>complete void of leadership at the top, and these fucking
<v Speaker 1>especially these companies running everything and buying politicians, and how
<v Speaker 1>disconnected ninety eight percent of the populace is, especially in
<v Speaker 1>the first world, you know, where they could make the
<v Speaker 1>most impact from nature. You know, we're ninety percent of
<v Speaker 1>the populace in first world countries is completely disconnected from
<v Speaker 1>quote unquote nature. The rest of the living world, the
<v Speaker 1>living world, the real world, the world as it existed
<v Speaker 1>for the vast majority of its its existence, and so
<v Speaker 1>you know, we just we we think that everything that
<v Speaker 1>we do is so special and that's all that matters.
<v Speaker 1>And it's just complete anthropocentrism, with no regard for any
<v Speaker 1>other living thing, no context for any other living you know.
<v Speaker 1>There was a fucking Reagan quote. I forgot about this.
<v Speaker 1>Karl se mentioned it in his book The Demon Haunted World,
<v Speaker 1>which she should really get a hold of. If you
<v Speaker 1>haven't yet, you can pirate a copy online, like with
<v Speaker 1>you know, using a torrent of the audiobook Demon Haunted World.
<v Speaker 1>Science is a candle in the dark. There was a
<v Speaker 1>fucking quote. I thought I hated Reagan enough already. I didn't,
<v Speaker 1>really didn't. There's a Reagan quote, why should we subsidize
<v Speaker 1>intellectual curiosity? Ronald Reagan campaign speech, nineteen eighty He's setting
<v Speaker 1>you up, He's setting up the country to be full
<v Speaker 1>of dummies. He was already doing it. Why should we
<v Speaker 1>subsidize intellectual curiosity? This is the same guy that created
<v Speaker 1>a cult around business. Business is the highest achievement one
<v Speaker 1>can reach for in life. Master in business. What is
<v Speaker 1>that song Terminal Preppy by Dead Kennedy's Remember when I
<v Speaker 1>first heard that, when I was like twelve, Business the
<v Speaker 1>fucking business? Really? God, what the they imagine? The shit
<v Speaker 1>that I don't know? I don't even need to go
<v Speaker 1>into it. I've ranted too much. But business. And beneath that,
<v Speaker 1>there's a quote. This is from that same exert. I
<v Speaker 1>think it was chapter twenty something out of this this
<v Speaker 1>Sagan book. This is George Washington quote. There is nothing
<v Speaker 1>which can better deserve our patronage than the promotion of
<v Speaker 1>science and literature. Knowledge is in every country the surest
<v Speaker 1>basis of public happiness. There's beef. You can have beefs
<v Speaker 1>with George Washington. Did he own slaves? I'm sure he
<v Speaker 1>fucking did? But how do you go from that? But still,
<v Speaker 1>how do you go from that to Reagan? Why should
<v Speaker 1>we subsidize intellectual curiosity? Jesus Christ? Why should we subsidize
<v Speaker 1>being smart? Why should we subsidize intellect? Fucking moron? God,
<v Speaker 1>just dumb as a fucking brick. And here we are,
<v Speaker 1>here we are. Let's see the Department of Government efficiency?
<v Speaker 1>Is that what it is? Douge doje the vek Ramaswami, God,
<v Speaker 1>that guy's a fucking lecher. And elon elon, elon, elon, elon.
<v Speaker 1>Okay uh anyway, let's get back to the test over here.
<v Speaker 1>Let's see which biographical distribution describes when a tropical species
<v Speaker 1>or family is distributed globally all around the world at
<v Speaker 1>low latitudes. A boreal distribution, p pantropical distribution, CE, temperate
<v Speaker 1>distribution or d amphi tropical distribution pan tropical. Is that
<v Speaker 1>the same? What is it? Is it when you're being
<v Speaker 1>pan sexual? Does that mean you fuck anything? If you're
<v Speaker 1>pan tropical, you'll grow in the tropics anywhere, You'll do
<v Speaker 1>it anywhere. Man, you don't care, you don't get shit.
<v Speaker 1>You get in there, you grow. I don't care if
<v Speaker 1>it's tropical Southeast Asia, I don't care. If it's uh,
<v Speaker 1>you know, islands, any Indian ocean. I don't care where.
<v Speaker 1>I don't care. If it's you know, islands off the
<v Speaker 1>coast of Ecuador, I'll get it in. Why does that happen?
<v Speaker 1>I think because basically a uniform distribution or a uniform climate,
<v Speaker 1>you know, high humidity, heat, basically like that year round
<v Speaker 1>at the equator or in the tropics. The tropics have
<v Speaker 1>a dry season. Two Oceanic dispersal A lot of a
<v Speaker 1>lot of those plants produce big seeds that can float.
<v Speaker 1>I don't know, but it's the thing. Pantropical distribution. Maybe
<v Speaker 1>not for a species, but certainly for a family. Certain
<v Speaker 1>families are very common in the tropics and not very
<v Speaker 1>common at higher latitudes. Maybe they only have a couple
<v Speaker 1>species at higher latitudes. Okay, what type of distribution occurs
<v Speaker 1>when a species or claying this a comparable latitudes on
<v Speaker 1>both sides of the equator. Boy, I'm really making them
<v Speaker 1>thick here but not in the tropics. A bipolar distribution,
<v Speaker 1>b amphotropical distribution see unipolar distribution. That doesn't make any
<v Speaker 1>fucking sense, or d pantropical distribution. We already talked about pantropical.
<v Speaker 1>It's not that it's got to be amphotropical. You get
<v Speaker 1>a lot of You got a lot of plants that
<v Speaker 1>grow in California, also growing in Chile. Not just same genera,
<v Speaker 1>but same fucking species as well. A lot of the
<v Speaker 1>popcorn flowers and baragi and ac uh, some penstamen, some
<v Speaker 1>polmonyac some flocks, some facilia, quite quite a few. In
<v Speaker 1>Celia is another one, another genus. A lot of diversity
<v Speaker 1>up north in California and you got one or two
<v Speaker 1>species in Chile like in Cilia canescence. Okay uh, Let's
<v Speaker 1>see what do we refer to as the distribution of
<v Speaker 1>a plant family, genus, or species when it occurs naturally
<v Speaker 1>a region with our human transport, it's native distribution. Two
<v Speaker 1>major components of the plant vastmara system are xylemin FLOWM.
<v Speaker 1>Of the three ground tissues found in plants, this is
<v Speaker 1>a fun one which one consists of cells that are
<v Speaker 1>debt at maturity. Remember the three ground tissues parent chyma,
<v Speaker 1>colon chyma, and sclaring chyma. Sclaring chyma is a harder
<v Speaker 1>tissue and it's debt it maturity like cactus spines are
<v Speaker 1>sclaring kyma. Okay. Question twenty one, Which of the following
<v Speaker 1>best defines invasive species? Invasive plant species or plants that
<v Speaker 1>are very aggressive and come to dominate an ecosystem. A
<v Speaker 1>B tend to smother and out compete native plants because
<v Speaker 1>they did not evolve in or anywhere near the ecosystems
<v Speaker 1>where they are considered invasive, and no other element than
<v Speaker 1>the ecosystem keeps them in check. That's B or C.
<v Speaker 1>Although they are not natives. Still benefits some pollinators and
<v Speaker 1>the spersors. All these are true, but B is the
<v Speaker 1>most in depth, hitting the nail on the head answer.
<v Speaker 1>You know, I really hate when someone, when you know,
<v Speaker 1>someone points out that like a fucking invasive plant, a
<v Speaker 1>scourge you know, feeds like a They saw a fucking
<v Speaker 1>b like a native b pollinating it, and they figure
<v Speaker 1>it must be good for the the natives, that the
<v Speaker 1>native plants that evolved there can do all that and more. Buddy,
<v Speaker 1>there's no invasive plant that does a better job that
<v Speaker 1>I know of. If you know of one, email me.
<v Speaker 1>There's no invasive plant that does a better job, performs
<v Speaker 1>any ecosystem service better than a native that could be
<v Speaker 1>there instead. So it makes sense. You know, for millions
<v Speaker 1>of years they weren't there, the ecosystem was doing fine.
<v Speaker 1>So uh, you know, there's normally some cons that outweigh
<v Speaker 1>those pros. Okay, Question twenty two. What is considered the
<v Speaker 1>largest barrier to c dispersal that have kept ecosystems and
<v Speaker 1>plant just distributions physically separate and isolated the longest on
<v Speaker 1>the order of millions of years. A deserts B, ocean C,
<v Speaker 1>forest D, mountains B oceans right. Entire lineages of plants
<v Speaker 1>can sometimes be restricted to continents with only maybe one
<v Speaker 1>or two outlying disjunct species or genera. So in the way,
<v Speaker 1>the continent is kind of itself its own ecosystem. And meanwhile,
<v Speaker 1>a genus will be widespread across the continent, different species
<v Speaker 1>in each ecological niche from swamp to desert to fucking
<v Speaker 1>alpine zone. Whatever. Genus Areogonum is a great example, all
<v Speaker 1>across North America, different species, different variations on the genus
<v Speaker 1>Areogonum all throughout North America. But it's all throughout North America.
<v Speaker 1>I don't believe there are any native Areogonum to anywhere
<v Speaker 1>besides North America. Certainly nowhere else besides North and South America.
<v Speaker 1>Is there an area agonym in South America? I doubt it.
<v Speaker 1>You never know, though, who knows? All right, Let's see
<v Speaker 1>what is the significance of Hawaiian silver stort alliance and
<v Speaker 1>plant speciation. A. It proves that plant species and islands
<v Speaker 1>do not undergo a speciation. That's idiotic. Islands are isolated places.
<v Speaker 1>Isolation causes speciation, so that's not it. B It highlights
<v Speaker 1>the lack of adaptation and island plant species. See it
<v Speaker 1>demonstrates how plants can evolve into new species when isolated
<v Speaker 1>on islands. That's the answer. Remember Hawaiian silver sorts, These
<v Speaker 1>six foot tall monocollis fucking monocarpic as well. Plants. They
<v Speaker 1>flower once and then die growing on top of Hawaiian volcanoes.
<v Speaker 1>Their ancestors are these you know, tiny little things known
<v Speaker 1>as tarweeds, specifically the genus car Christia. And what was
<v Speaker 1>the other one? It was a mania I think, I
<v Speaker 1>don't know. It was one of the presentations they did.
<v Speaker 1>But these things that grow in California, one of them
<v Speaker 1>made it to the Hawaiian islands six million years ago,
<v Speaker 1>probably in the feathers of a bird or something. And
<v Speaker 1>and now six million years later you get these giant plants.
<v Speaker 1>The genus Echium did the same thing in Europe. Echium
<v Speaker 1>is a small plant, it's like a three feet tall,
<v Speaker 1>you know, orbaceous perennial. But one of them, one of them,
<v Speaker 1>maybe maybe it happened twice, I don't know, one or
<v Speaker 1>two times that made it to the Canary Islands over
<v Speaker 1>there off the coast of Spain and Morocco. And now
<v Speaker 1>there are these fucking huge uh six foot seven foot
<v Speaker 1>tall plants right that bear an astonishing resemblance to silver swords.
<v Speaker 1>Great example of convergent evolution. When you get to an island,
<v Speaker 1>there's no herbivores, there's no sense in casting you know,
<v Speaker 1>leaves far well, we'll get to this later, but there's
<v Speaker 1>no herbivores especially. It's the big probably one of the
<v Speaker 1>most profound differences. It's why plants can get big as
<v Speaker 1>hell when they get to islands, whereas animals it's the opposite.
<v Speaker 1>Animals tend to get smaller due to not as many
<v Speaker 1>resources being available on islands. This depends how big the
<v Speaker 1>island is. Let's see why do plants and deserts off
<v Speaker 1>and have adaptations like hairy leaves and reduced leaf surface
<v Speaker 1>A to mitigate moisture loss through leaf stomata. B to
<v Speaker 1>adapt to extreme temperatures and desert climates. C to reflect
<v Speaker 1>more sun in exposed environments. Well, hair would do that,
<v Speaker 1>but reduced leaf size is going to reflect more sun.
<v Speaker 1>D to camouflage from herbivores and desert regions. That doesn't
<v Speaker 1>make any fucking sense. It's a to mitigate moisture loss
<v Speaker 1>through leaf to mauta. Those hairs and the reduced service
<v Speaker 1>area mitigate the amount of moisture they can be lost
<v Speaker 1>through leaves. Hairs especially act like a windbreak, reducing airflow
<v Speaker 1>against the surface of a leaf. The airflow, of course,
<v Speaker 1>will pull moisture out of leaf. Just like if you're
<v Speaker 1>trying to dry a bunch of rags in your garage
<v Speaker 1>and don't want to use the dryer because you're cheap
<v Speaker 1>and you hate the fucking power company more CEOs dot com.
<v Speaker 1>You hate the power company, You're gonna put You're gonna
<v Speaker 1>hamm on a dry and rack. But if they're gonna
<v Speaker 1>dry a lot quicker if you put a fan on them,
<v Speaker 1>because there's airflow across of them, across them. It's not
<v Speaker 1>just hanging out to dry. It's the airflow too, that
<v Speaker 1>does it. What are ecotypes? Question twenty eight? What are ecotypes?
<v Speaker 1>A different species within the same genus adapted to very
<v Speaker 1>climate conditions. Different species Nope, same species b different populations?
<v Speaker 1>Are the same species adapted to specific environmental conditions in
<v Speaker 1>different regions? See different plant species sharing the same environment
<v Speaker 1>d different varieties of plants from different plant families. That
<v Speaker 1>doesn't make any sense that sounds idiotic. It's b different
<v Speaker 1>populations are the same species adapted to specific environmental conditions
<v Speaker 1>in different regions. That's what ecotypes are. The same plant
<v Speaker 1>might occur at sea level, same plant species, and they
<v Speaker 1>might have an ecotype that looks slightly different, grows more
<v Speaker 1>matted and more prostrate closer to the ground, doesn't get
<v Speaker 1>as tall, that grows at you know, elevations at nine
<v Speaker 1>thousand feet in the Sierra Nevada. But it's technically the
<v Speaker 1>same species. Well, they eventually turn into different species. They could,
<v Speaker 1>I'm sure they could. The populations are different. But ecotypes
<v Speaker 1>are basically different populations, differing populations of the same species
<v Speaker 1>that look morphologically different and are adapted to specific environmental
<v Speaker 1>conditions in different regions. Or right question thirty. Evolutionarily speaking,
<v Speaker 1>when a lineage of plants gets dispersed to an island
<v Speaker 1>from the mainland over time I mean millions of years,
<v Speaker 1>it tends to a evolve a smaller, more compact form,
<v Speaker 1>better defenses, and smaller seeds capable of long distance dispersal.
<v Speaker 1>What good is long distance dispersal going to do you
<v Speaker 1>if you're growing on an island in the middle of
<v Speaker 1>the fucking ocean. There's gonna be selection against it, because
<v Speaker 1>any seed that you produce that makes it out to
<v Speaker 1>the middle of the ocean is not gonna get it.
<v Speaker 1>It's not gonna get a chance to germinate, and it's
<v Speaker 1>just gonna just gonna sink. Right, there's no point, there's
<v Speaker 1>nowhere to go. Why would you evolve a smaller, more
<v Speaker 1>compact form You don't have to deal with diminished resources.
<v Speaker 1>Islands are generally milder climates because they're surrounded entirely by
<v Speaker 1>bodies of water and receive more moisture in the form
<v Speaker 1>of fog and rain. Generally speaking, not all islands, but
<v Speaker 1>not all islands receive a lot of rain, but most
<v Speaker 1>would certainly receive a lot more fog, and the ocean
<v Speaker 1>has a moderating effects that they don't get too hot.
<v Speaker 1>So what and you're making food from the sun, so
<v Speaker 1>what's why would you evolve a smaller form. You're not
<v Speaker 1>going to You're gonna get bigger and better defenses. Most
<v Speaker 1>islands don't have an abundance of herbivores on them. They
<v Speaker 1>just they wouldn't be able to survive. There's not enough
<v Speaker 1>resources for them to eat. They're too the population is
<v Speaker 1>too volatile. It would be at the whims of you know,
<v Speaker 1>it's only got so much land, right, the population could
<v Speaker 1>get knocked out too easily. So there's not gonna be
<v Speaker 1>a lot of herbivore diversity on islands, So why would
<v Speaker 1>you evolve defenses? So it's probably not a answer be
<v Speaker 1>evolutionary speaking, when a lineage of plants get dispersed to
<v Speaker 1>an island from the mainland, it tends to answer be
<v Speaker 1>evolve a bigger form, larger seeds, and seeds that are
<v Speaker 1>incapable of long distance dispersal. It sounds pretty good. That
<v Speaker 1>sounds pretty good. You're gonna evolve large, But there's a
<v Speaker 1>benefit in evolving larger seeds. You're sending the seed off
<v Speaker 1>with that endose sperm, that triploid endose sperm, which is
<v Speaker 1>gonna act like a lunch box. Right, You're sending the
<v Speaker 1>seed off with a lunch box, more food for it
<v Speaker 1>to use when it's getting going. It's beneficial. The cost,
<v Speaker 1>of course, is that you're not gonna there's not long
<v Speaker 1>asn't dispersal. You're not gonna be able to disperse your
<v Speaker 1>seed as far. But you don't need to because you're
<v Speaker 1>growing on an island anyway, there's no point where you're
<v Speaker 1>gonna go. You're gonna cast your seeds out into the arch,
<v Speaker 1>and we already cover this. Man, Come on, you can
<v Speaker 1>evolve a bigger form because again you're making food from
<v Speaker 1>the sun. So the only limitations on you are gonna
<v Speaker 1>be water, which is not Islands are generally not except
<v Speaker 1>for the island of Socotra, of course, are generally not
<v Speaker 1>too water stressed, and they don't get too hot. They're
<v Speaker 1>moderated by the ocean. The ocean is a moderating effect
<v Speaker 1>on them. That's why coastal areas are always generally cooler
<v Speaker 1>than inland. All right, question thirty four, we're skipping a
<v Speaker 1>few that you probably already know what type of rock
<v Speaker 1>forms primarily through the evaporation of seawater. You got four
<v Speaker 1>possible answers here, limestone, granite, basalt, and gypsum. Limestone, granite, basalt,
<v Speaker 1>and gypsum well, granite basalt are igneous rocks. Limestone has
<v Speaker 1>nothing to do with evaporation. It's got to be gypsum,
<v Speaker 1>which is what it is. Gypsum forms in shallow coastal environments.
<v Speaker 1>There's sulfate, sulfate ions in ocean water. Gypsum is calcium sulfate.
<v Speaker 1>You form a brine in like a little lagoon or something,
<v Speaker 1>an estuary. Then that estuary gets cut off from the
<v Speaker 1>ocean by like a sandbar, say, and slowly evaporates and
<v Speaker 1>forms a layer at the bottom. And then later that
<v Speaker 1>sandbar breaks and more water comes in and inundates it again,
<v Speaker 1>and then again the sand bar forms and it you
<v Speaker 1>basically evaporate. You're like you're putting water in a pan
<v Speaker 1>evaporate of evaporating it, and then just accumulating layers of
<v Speaker 1>that evaporate evaporite. Excuse me discuss the reasons why gypsum
<v Speaker 1>is abundant in deserts compared to areas with higher rainfall.
<v Speaker 1>It's because it's water soluble, and if rainfalls too high,
<v Speaker 1>it just goes away. Just weather's too easily. It dissolves
<v Speaker 1>too easily. So you need that heat, that high evaporation
<v Speaker 1>rate in the low rainfall for gypsum to persist long
<v Speaker 1>at the surface. Why why the fuck were talking about gypsum?
<v Speaker 1>Why are we talking about Because the Chihuahua Desert has
<v Speaker 1>a ton of gypsum exposures in it, as does the
<v Speaker 1>Mediterranean region, and gypsum is one of those rocks like
<v Speaker 1>serpentine or limestone or sand where you get endemic plants,
<v Speaker 1>you get plants restricted to a certain soil type. You
<v Speaker 1>get gypsum endemics literally causes speciation if it's there long enough,
<v Speaker 1>causes speciation in populations of plants that grow by it,
<v Speaker 1>lineages of plants that grow by it. There's the list
<v Speaker 1>of Chihuahua desert gypsum endemics is dozens long. Geohintonia mexicana
<v Speaker 1>down there in the wave of Laone cool gypsumendemic cactus
<v Speaker 1>as tikim hintonii. Another gypsmandemic cactus Nama carnosa up there
<v Speaker 1>in the Texas New Mexico order town Sendia gypsy Phila.
<v Speaker 1>Up there round Albuquerque gyps some beds north of Albuquerque,
<v Speaker 1>tons of mend Celia's Facilia's other shits. There's a Selaginella Gypsophila.
<v Speaker 1>Really cool looking silage anyway, Let's see question thirty eight.
<v Speaker 1>Serpentine is an ultramafic rock whose presence on the surface
<v Speaker 1>of the Earth is directly associated with what geologic phenomenon.
<v Speaker 1>A transformed faults B C floor spreading centers, C subduction
<v Speaker 1>zones or d volcanism C subduction zones, when a piece
<v Speaker 1>of oceanic crust is diving back into the mantle, being
<v Speaker 1>recycled back into the mantle after its roughly two hundred
<v Speaker 1>year lifespan from which it was originally berthed at a
<v Speaker 1>sea floor spreading center, and as it goes back down,
<v Speaker 1>you get that peridotite, which is a deep it's a
<v Speaker 1>mantle rock. You don't often get it ever exposed on
<v Speaker 1>the surface, and is that peridotite is hydrated with water
<v Speaker 1>and subjected to compression depth and increased temperatures. It's literally
<v Speaker 1>cooked into serpentine serpentonite. It's an ultramafic rock. So the
<v Speaker 1>subduction zone is what's responsible for forming it and also
<v Speaker 1>for spattering it onto the edge of the continent like
<v Speaker 1>a little bit of speckling putty. Okay. Question thirty nine.
<v Speaker 1>Passive transport via capillary actions and capillary action caused by
<v Speaker 1>a apple. Transporration of water from leaves occurs in the
<v Speaker 1>xylum Xylem is passive transport, whereas flowm is active transport.
<v Speaker 1>Question forty. Serpenthanite and ultramafic rocks are stressful for plants
<v Speaker 1>to grow in because A they both contain high levels
<v Speaker 1>of nickel, magnesium, and iron and low levels of essential nutrients.
<v Speaker 1>B they weather to red absorbing more sunlight and making
<v Speaker 1>the service temperatures the ground hotter. See they don't hold
<v Speaker 1>water well. D they both form a hard crust that
<v Speaker 1>sees have trouble germinating on. It's a serpentanide and ultramafic
<v Speaker 1>rocks contain high levels of nickel, magnesium, and iron and
<v Speaker 1>low levels of essential nutrients. When a spores is only
<v Speaker 1>half the set of chromosomes as a sporophyte that it
<v Speaker 1>came from, it is called being blank haploid. Two haploid
<v Speaker 1>halves come together to form a diploid whole and a
<v Speaker 1>new phenotypic individual. Okay, let's see question forty two of
<v Speaker 1>these possible answers. Which is necessary for the process of
<v Speaker 1>evolution via natural selection A micorrhizo fungi. B Phenotypic change
<v Speaker 1>within a population see photosynthetics sporophytes doesn't fucking it making
<v Speaker 1>it D dispersal It's B. Phenotypic change within a population
<v Speaker 1>is the raw material that natural selection has to play with.
<v Speaker 1>Some phenotypes might be better adapted to a certain stress
<v Speaker 1>that pops up over time, like a new geology that's
<v Speaker 1>present or uh of fucking colder winters or drier summers,
<v Speaker 1>et cetera. Certain phenotypes might be better than others at
<v Speaker 1>dealing with that, and so the environment will start to
<v Speaker 1>cull the ones that are not as good at surviving
<v Speaker 1>any given stress. Remember, there's no there's only the strong survivor.
<v Speaker 1>It's not a it's not a strength. It's fitness to
<v Speaker 1>a given set of conditions. And that condition, that condition
<v Speaker 1>could be anything humans can cause natural selection, or I
<v Speaker 1>guess it would be inadvert natural selection. Right, if you're
<v Speaker 1>spraying glyphosate constantly over a farm field that you're eventually
<v Speaker 1>gonna select for the phenotypes of a weedy species that
<v Speaker 1>you don't want, that the farmer doesn't want growing there,
<v Speaker 1>You're gonna select for the phenotypes that are glyphosate resistant.
<v Speaker 1>Those phenotypes would still be there even if you weren't
<v Speaker 1>spraying glyphisate. They would probably pop up, but nothing would
<v Speaker 1>be selecting for them, and so they would not come
<v Speaker 1>to dominate the population. But now, since you're spraying glyphistate,
<v Speaker 1>you're knocking out everything that doesn't have any glyphistate resistance,
<v Speaker 1>and so the only the phenotypes that have glycisate resistance
<v Speaker 1>are gonna be left over. They're gonna breed insects if
<v Speaker 1>there's any left in the fucking deserted, polluted, you know, monoculture,
<v Speaker 1>fucking shit, old non nutritive crop that you're you know,
<v Speaker 1>field that you're breeding. Insects are gonna pollinate those glyphisate
<v Speaker 1>resistant plants, and then soon you're gonna have more glyphasate
<v Speaker 1>resistant you know, seeds are gonna germinate from those. Probably
<v Speaker 1>half will have the mutation for glepos resistance, half won't,
<v Speaker 1>and so on and so on, until after a few
<v Speaker 1>generations you've bred a huge population of glycosate resistant plants.
<v Speaker 1>Same thing happened with mosquitoes in the spring of DDT
<v Speaker 1>in southern France, and like the nineteen fifties, it worked
<v Speaker 1>for a while and then they just ended up breeding
<v Speaker 1>a DDT resistant mosquito. It's just good old natural selection, buddy.
<v Speaker 1>It's all it is. It's all, it's all what's going on, right,
<v Speaker 1>Phenotypic change is the raw material, all right, Question forty three,
<v Speaker 1>last one, and then we're gonna we're gonna say goodbye.
<v Speaker 1>Serpentine geological landscapes are interesting from a botanical perspective because
<v Speaker 1>these landscapes A often have lots of plants that are
<v Speaker 1>common at lower elevations. That doesn't really make any sense.
<v Speaker 1>B often contain a high diversity of plants and many
<v Speaker 1>different kinds of plant species. If you look at a
<v Speaker 1>serpentine landscape like near neu Idria or or you know
<v Speaker 1>San Benito County or some of the cool serpentine landscapes
<v Speaker 1>in Napa County, there's not a lot of fucking diversity there.
<v Speaker 1>They're barren right except for a handful of plants. So
<v Speaker 1>it's probably not that they don't contain a high diversity
<v Speaker 1>of plants. C can cause the evolution of new plant
<v Speaker 1>species or d. Serpentine geological landscapes create lush, green, nutrient
<v Speaker 1>rich landscapes, which leads to more plant that's idiotic. They're
<v Speaker 1>not lush green, they're very stressful. So it's se serpentine
<v Speaker 1>can literally cause literally cause the evolution of new plant species.
<v Speaker 1>So anyway, that's the test that so I got for
<v Speaker 1>you today. Hopefully you enjoyed that. Did you get something
<v Speaker 1>out of that? I don't fucking know. Probably half you
<v Speaker 1>aren't even listening more. I can't blame you. Probably know
<v Speaker 1>what it's stuff already. I don't know. God, my publisher's
<v Speaker 1>fucking me. I could say that now. And this book
<v Speaker 1>is probably never gonna fucking come out, probably until twenty
<v Speaker 1>twenty six. The other book I'm working on I actually
<v Speaker 1>feel pretty good about. It's all just writing, and that
<v Speaker 1>should be out the next year. It's about plants that
<v Speaker 1>anthropic plants, plants that the colonize anthropic environments, thriving in
<v Speaker 1>our shit, as well as the human relationships to the
<v Speaker 1>rest of the biosphere my analysis of it, and also
<v Speaker 1>that all the tacky garbage that gets planted in human landscaping.
<v Speaker 1>Let's see, was that all I think? That's all I
<v Speaker 1>got anyway? All right, well, enjoy that till next time.
<v Speaker 1>If you want to email me Crime Price at botany
<v Speaker 1>doesn't at gmail dot com, keep it short or I
<v Speaker 1>probably won't respond. All right, Uh, take it easy, to
<v Speaker 1>go fuck it by