How the French Revolution Changed Everything | History For Sleep

1
00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:02,300
My tired, potatoes. 
Welcome back. 

2
00:00:03,200 --> 00:00:05,900
Pull the blanket a little closer
and settle in by the fire 

3
00:00:05,900 --> 00:00:10,000
because tonight we're traveling 
to 1789 when France stood at the

4
00:00:10,000 --> 00:00:11,900
edge of something. 
No one living through it could 

5
00:00:11,900 --> 00:00:16,500
fully understand yet. 
Kingdom of gilded ceremony and 

6
00:00:16,500 --> 00:00:20,200
grinding debt. 
Perfumed courts and bread lines 

7
00:00:20,200 --> 00:00:22,800
was beginning to crack beneath 
its own weight. 

8
00:00:23,700 --> 00:00:28,400
Slowly piece by piece, the old 
world started to come apart and 

9
00:00:28,400 --> 00:00:32,500
something uncertain, powerful 
and entirely new began to take 

10
00:00:32,500 --> 00:00:35,600
shape. 
This is a carefully researched 

11
00:00:35,600 --> 00:00:39,400
and thoughtfully written sleep. 
Story made a move gently through

12
00:00:39,400 --> 00:00:41,900
the French Revolution without 
rushing the weight of it. 

13
00:00:42,900 --> 00:00:44,800
Will follow the textures of 
daily life. 

14
00:00:44,800 --> 00:00:48,700
The pressure building in the 
streets and the quiet ways 

15
00:00:48,700 --> 00:00:51,000
history can gather before it 
finally turns. 

16
00:00:51,000 --> 00:00:56,000
So if the slow stories from the 
past help, you unwind feel free 

17
00:00:56,000 --> 00:00:58,600
to follow. 
Leave a like and let me know 

18
00:00:58,600 --> 00:01:01,200
where you're listening from and 
what time it is to night. 

19
00:01:01,200 --> 00:01:06,100
Now draw a little closer to the 
warmth dim the light, let your 

20
00:01:06,100 --> 00:01:09,700
breathing slow and allow the 
fire to carry us gently into the

21
00:01:09,700 --> 00:01:16,100
story. 
You're standing on a cobblestone

22
00:01:16,100 --> 00:01:19,000
street somewhere in France, and 
the morning is just beginning to

23
00:01:19,000 --> 00:01:21,600
announce itself. 
There is wood smoke coming from 

24
00:01:21,600 --> 00:01:25,000
a chimney across the lane. 
A baker somewhere nearby has had

25
00:01:25,000 --> 00:01:28,100
his oven going since well Before
Dawn, and the smell of it has 

26
00:01:28,100 --> 00:01:30,600
spread into the cool air. 
With the Quiet generosity that 

27
00:01:30,600 --> 00:01:34,800
bread smells always have. 
A church bell marks the owl with

28
00:01:34,800 --> 00:01:38,900
two low notes, then Falls 
silent, a horse drawn cart 

29
00:01:38,900 --> 00:01:42,100
rumbles, past its Wheels, 
grinding softly against the 

30
00:01:42,100 --> 00:01:45,800
uneven Stone Beneath Your Feet, 
you breathe it in and let 

31
00:01:45,800 --> 00:01:49,200
yourself settle into this world 
because it is one worth 

32
00:01:49,200 --> 00:01:50,800
understanding before it 
disappears. 

33
00:01:51,700 --> 00:01:54,400
France in the mid-18th century 
is one of the most popular 

34
00:01:54,400 --> 00:01:57,700
Kingdoms in Europe, the 
historian, Georgia lefere of 

35
00:01:57,700 --> 00:01:59,800
estimated that roughly 28 
million. 

36
00:01:59,800 --> 00:02:03,400
People lived here by the late 
1700s which made France, 

37
00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:06,300
considerably larger in 
population than Britain its 

38
00:02:06,300 --> 00:02:08,600
great rival. 
Looks the English Channel but 

39
00:02:08,600 --> 00:02:11,200
numbers alone do not capture 
what daily life felt like. 

40
00:02:11,200 --> 00:02:14,400
For the overwhelming, majority 
of those people and that feeling

41
00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:17,300
is where the story actually 
Begins the society. 

42
00:02:17,300 --> 00:02:20,000
Your standing inside is 
organized into three layers, 

43
00:02:20,000 --> 00:02:22,000
that the French call the 
estate's. 

44
00:02:22,700 --> 00:02:26,200
The first estate is the 
Catholic, clergy priests Bishops

45
00:02:26,200 --> 00:02:29,200
Abbott's, nuns monks and the 
vast administrative. 

46
00:02:29,200 --> 00:02:31,200
Body of the church collectively 
control. 

47
00:02:31,200 --> 00:02:35,100
An enormous portion of French 
land somewhere between 6 and 10%

48
00:02:35,100 --> 00:02:38,200
of all territory depending on 
the region and they are largely 

49
00:02:38,200 --> 00:02:42,000
exempt from direct taxation. 
They run the schools, keep the 

50
00:02:42,000 --> 00:02:45,100
birth and death registers 
administer hospitals and move 

51
00:02:45,100 --> 00:02:47,800
through French communities with 
the Quiet authority of 

52
00:02:47,808 --> 00:02:50,500
Institutions. 
So old that questioning them has

53
00:02:50,500 --> 00:02:52,400
not yet, become a widespread 
habit. 

54
00:02:53,100 --> 00:02:54,900
The second estate is the 
nobility. 

55
00:02:55,700 --> 00:02:58,600
You can recognize a nobleman by 
a certain quality of ease that 

56
00:02:58,600 --> 00:03:01,500
comes from generations of not 
needing to negotiate with anyone

57
00:03:01,500 --> 00:03:05,000
about basic survival, the 
nobility hold ancient feudal 

58
00:03:05,000 --> 00:03:07,600
rights that allow them to 
collect fees from peasant who 

59
00:03:07,600 --> 00:03:09,400
farm land within their 
jurisdiction. 

60
00:03:09,400 --> 00:03:12,400
Some of these fees are small 
enough to be merely symbolic. 

61
00:03:12,400 --> 00:03:16,800
Others are not Many Nobles are 
exempt from the principal 

62
00:03:16,800 --> 00:03:19,300
royalty taxes. 
Some hold monopolies on, local 

63
00:03:19,300 --> 00:03:21,000
infrastructure. 
Like grain mills and wine 

64
00:03:21,000 --> 00:03:23,200
presses. 
Meaning that local farmers must 

65
00:03:23,200 --> 00:03:24,600
pay for the use of a Noble's 
Mill. 

66
00:03:24,600 --> 00:03:26,800
Even if they would prefer other 
arrangements. 

67
00:03:27,700 --> 00:03:30,400
Then there is the Third Estate 
and this is where the 

68
00:03:30,400 --> 00:03:32,300
overwhelming majority of France 
lives. 

69
00:03:32,300 --> 00:03:35,300
It includes the wealthy 
merchants of Leon and Bordeaux 

70
00:03:35,300 --> 00:03:38,700
who conduct trade across 
continents and keep fastidious 

71
00:03:38,700 --> 00:03:41,200
account books. 
It includes the lawyers and 

72
00:03:41,200 --> 00:03:43,500
notaries who spend their 
evening's reading pamphlets and 

73
00:03:43,500 --> 00:03:45,900
candlelit rooms and arguing 
about natural law. 

74
00:03:46,600 --> 00:03:49,400
It includes the Artisans who 
make shoes and set type for 

75
00:03:49,400 --> 00:03:52,400
printers and repair, the 
complicated brass mechanisms of 

76
00:03:52,400 --> 00:03:56,600
Parisian clocks and it includes 
in by far the greatest numbers. 

77
00:03:56,600 --> 00:04:00,000
The rural peasantry spread 
across France is wide river 

78
00:04:00,000 --> 00:04:03,100
crossed interior. 
The Peasants of the late 18th 

79
00:04:03,100 --> 00:04:05,400
century are in most of France 
technically free. 

80
00:04:05,400 --> 00:04:09,500
Medieval serum had largely Faded
by this point and the men and 

81
00:04:09,500 --> 00:04:12,200
women who work the land were not
the bondsman of an earlier 

82
00:04:12,200 --> 00:04:14,700
century. 
But the distance between 

83
00:04:14,700 --> 00:04:18,399
technical freedom, and practical
security was vast enough to 

84
00:04:18,399 --> 00:04:22,300
swallow entire lifetimes. 
A typical farming family might 

85
00:04:22,300 --> 00:04:24,400
owe a portion of their Harvest 
to the local Lord. 

86
00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:28,300
Under old customer Arrangements,
pay the tithe to the church, pay

87
00:04:28,300 --> 00:04:32,100
Royal taxes on land and pay 
indirect taxes called gabel's 

88
00:04:32,100 --> 00:04:35,200
and AIDS on Goods. 
They bought and sold After all 

89
00:04:35,200 --> 00:04:37,600
of that accounting, what 
remained might barely cover the 

90
00:04:37,600 --> 00:04:40,500
cold months, the British 
agricultural writer, Arthur 

91
00:04:40,500 --> 00:04:43,800
Young traveled extensively 
through rural France in the late

92
00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:47,500
1780s and wrote about what he 
observed with a Candor that made

93
00:04:47,500 --> 00:04:49,000
some of his French readers 
uncomfortable. 

94
00:04:49,000 --> 00:04:53,000
He described roads in poor 
condition, Farmland, that could 

95
00:04:53,000 --> 00:04:56,300
be made far more productive with
better techniques and a peasant 

96
00:04:56,300 --> 00:04:59,000
population, whose material 
circumstances, he compared 

97
00:04:59,000 --> 00:05:02,700
unfavourably with agricultural 
workers, he had seen in England 

98
00:05:02,700 --> 00:05:05,400
and Ireland. 
Young was not a revolutionary. 

99
00:05:05,400 --> 00:05:08,200
He was a practical man who wrote
down, what he saw. 

100
00:05:08,200 --> 00:05:12,300
What he saw was a Countryside 
that the prosperity of Paris and

101
00:05:12,300 --> 00:05:15,400
Versailles had not reached in 
any meaningful way. 

102
00:05:16,200 --> 00:05:19,300
He described women whose 
clothing had deteriorated to 

103
00:05:19,300 --> 00:05:21,300
rags. 
Roads, more suitable for goats 

104
00:05:21,300 --> 00:05:24,100
than carriages and whole 
Villages that appeared to 

105
00:05:24,108 --> 00:05:26,700
subsist on black bread and very 
little else. 

106
00:05:27,500 --> 00:05:30,100
Meanwhile at the opposite end of
the social Spectrum. 

107
00:05:30,100 --> 00:05:31,800
There is the Palace of 
Versailles. 

108
00:05:31,800 --> 00:05:34,700
You should let yourself picture 
it slowly because it was 

109
00:05:34,700 --> 00:05:36,600
designed to be experienced 
slowly. 

110
00:05:36,600 --> 00:05:40,500
It sits roughly 12 miles, 
Southwest of Paris, and it is 

111
00:05:40,500 --> 00:05:43,700
not simply large. 
It is a declaration of an 

112
00:05:43,700 --> 00:05:45,900
architecture of intention as 
much as Stone. 

113
00:05:45,900 --> 00:05:49,500
Louis, the 14th, had it built in
the 17th century with a specific

114
00:05:49,500 --> 00:05:53,100
purpose Beyond mere luxury. 
He wanted to draw the French 

115
00:05:53,100 --> 00:05:56,400
nobility away from their 
Regional power bases and in to 

116
00:05:56,400 --> 00:06:00,300
orbit around the crown where he 
could watch them, flat them and 

117
00:06:00,300 --> 00:06:02,400
prevent them from building. 
The kind of Independence 

118
00:06:02,400 --> 00:06:04,400
strength that a destabilized 
earlier. 

119
00:06:04,400 --> 00:06:08,400
French King's It worked. 
The court at Versailles became a

120
00:06:08,400 --> 00:06:11,400
world of extraordinary 
elaboration where thousands of 

121
00:06:11,400 --> 00:06:14,300
courtiers organized their lives 
around proximity to the Royal 

122
00:06:14,300 --> 00:06:18,000
Family by the time Louis, the 
16th inherited, the throne in 

123
00:06:18,000 --> 00:06:22,100
1774, Versailles had been 
running its ceremonial engine 

124
00:06:22,100 --> 00:06:25,100
for a century. 
They were established rituals 

125
00:06:25,100 --> 00:06:26,900
for almost every hour of the 
royal day. 

126
00:06:26,900 --> 00:06:30,000
There were rules about who could
hold, which candle during the 

127
00:06:30,000 --> 00:06:32,700
king's mourning dressing 
ceremony, who was permitted to 

128
00:06:32,708 --> 00:06:36,200
speak first in which room and 
which ranks of nobility were 

129
00:06:36,200 --> 00:06:39,500
entitled to sit in whose 
presence the historian Simon 

130
00:06:39,500 --> 00:06:42,900
Sharma described this culture 
with evident Fascination noting 

131
00:06:42,900 --> 00:06:46,100
that the rituals had accumulated
such depth that they had become 

132
00:06:46,100 --> 00:06:49,400
a kind of gravity pulling, even 
the king into patterns, he had 

133
00:06:49,408 --> 00:06:53,400
not chosen. the garden stretched
behind the palace in perfectly 

134
00:06:53,400 --> 00:06:56,500
symmetrical arrangements, as if 
nature itself had agreed to 

135
00:06:56,508 --> 00:07:00,300
stand at attention, Louis the 
16th himself is a figure who 

136
00:07:00,300 --> 00:07:03,700
rewards patient consideration. 
He was not a cruel man. 

137
00:07:03,700 --> 00:07:06,900
He was not stupid. 
He was a skilled locksmith who 

138
00:07:06,900 --> 00:07:09,200
found genuine satisfaction in 
working with his hands. 

139
00:07:09,200 --> 00:07:12,400
A quality that would have served
him well in almost any other 

140
00:07:12,400 --> 00:07:14,600
life. 
He had a serious interest in 

141
00:07:14,600 --> 00:07:17,800
geography and navigation. 
Kept careful journals and 

142
00:07:17,800 --> 00:07:20,000
maintained a real affection for 
Marie Antoinette. 

143
00:07:20,000 --> 00:07:23,000
His Austrian born Queen though 
their marriage had required 

144
00:07:23,000 --> 00:07:25,100
years to grow past its political
Origins. 

145
00:07:25,100 --> 00:07:27,200
What? 
Louis lacked was the particular 

146
00:07:27,200 --> 00:07:31,100
quality of decisiveness that his
position required specially, 

147
00:07:31,100 --> 00:07:33,200
when France, began to break 
apart around him. 

148
00:07:33,200 --> 00:07:36,800
He could see the arguments on 
multiple sides of nearly every 

149
00:07:36,800 --> 00:07:39,800
problem, which is an admirable 
trait in a philosopher and a 

150
00:07:39,800 --> 00:07:41,900
paralyzing. 
One, in a king facing a 

151
00:07:41,900 --> 00:07:45,600
constitutional crisis. 
Marie Antoinette's reputation 

152
00:07:45,600 --> 00:07:48,700
has been shaped so heavily by 
hostile pamphleteers of her own 

153
00:07:48,700 --> 00:07:52,000
era, that recovering the actual 
person requires considerable 

154
00:07:52,000 --> 00:07:54,600
effort. 
The famous story about her 

155
00:07:54,600 --> 00:07:57,600
suggesting the poor eat cake is 
almost certainly a piece of 

156
00:07:57,600 --> 00:08:00,500
invented propaganda, that 
attached itself to her name, 

157
00:08:00,500 --> 00:08:04,400
sometime in the 19th century and
proved impossible to dislodge. 

158
00:08:05,000 --> 00:08:08,200
She was genuinely extravagant in
certain areas particularly 

159
00:08:08,200 --> 00:08:11,400
fashion and furnishings and the 
small cottage retreat. 

160
00:08:11,400 --> 00:08:13,500
She created within the versaille
grounds. 

161
00:08:13,500 --> 00:08:17,600
The petite Triana became a 
symbol of aristocratic excess in

162
00:08:17,600 --> 00:08:20,500
popular imagination. 
She was also a foreign woman in 

163
00:08:20,500 --> 00:08:24,300
a court that had never fully 
accepted her navigating intense 

164
00:08:24,300 --> 00:08:27,300
political hostility from 
factions who found a useful as a

165
00:08:27,300 --> 00:08:31,200
Target whether she deserves more
sympathy than history has 

166
00:08:31,200 --> 00:08:34,500
typically extended to her, is a 
question worth turning over 

167
00:08:34,500 --> 00:08:36,400
quietly as you settle in to the 
dark. 

168
00:08:37,400 --> 00:08:40,200
The towns between these two 
worlds with their own story. 

169
00:08:40,799 --> 00:08:42,900
A provincial Market town in 18th
century. 

170
00:08:42,900 --> 00:08:46,300
France, might hold a weekly 
Market where Farmers brought in 

171
00:08:46,300 --> 00:08:48,500
whatever was Surplus from that 
season's work. 

172
00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:52,000
The smell of livestock would 
drift over the square on Market 

173
00:08:52,000 --> 00:08:55,400
mornings, mixing with the Earth 
ear, smells of root vegetables, 

174
00:08:55,400 --> 00:08:58,400
and Tallow candles burning in 
the windows of surrounding 

175
00:08:58,400 --> 00:09:01,800
buildings, A notary's office 
would occupy some modest 

176
00:09:01,800 --> 00:09:05,200
premises on a side lane. 
Its proprietor, man of modest 

177
00:09:05,200 --> 00:09:09,000
education and enormous local 
influence, someone who handled 

178
00:09:09,000 --> 00:09:11,900
inheritances and property 
disputes and marriage contracts 

179
00:09:11,900 --> 00:09:13,900
for everyone in the surrounding 
region. 

180
00:09:13,900 --> 00:09:17,500
The notary knew more about local
finances than almost anyone. 

181
00:09:17,500 --> 00:09:19,700
And what he knew was rarely 
comforting. 

182
00:09:20,800 --> 00:09:23,700
The weight of all these 
Arrangements presses down on the

183
00:09:23,700 --> 00:09:27,600
France of the 1770s and 1780s 
with a heaviness that is 

184
00:09:27,600 --> 00:09:29,200
difficult to convey from a 
distance. 

185
00:09:29,200 --> 00:09:32,300
It was not simply that. 
The system was unfair, though. 

186
00:09:32,300 --> 00:09:35,800
It clearly was, it was that the 
system had been in place for so 

187
00:09:35,800 --> 00:09:38,700
long that many people had 
accepted it as the texture of 

188
00:09:38,708 --> 00:09:41,200
reality itself? 
The way you accept the 

189
00:09:41,200 --> 00:09:44,600
particular slant of light in the
room where you grew up, that 

190
00:09:44,600 --> 00:09:46,800
kind of acceptance can survive a
long time. 

191
00:09:46,800 --> 00:09:49,500
It does not however survive 
indefinitely. 

192
00:09:50,500 --> 00:09:52,200
What gradually erodes acceptance
is. 

193
00:09:52,200 --> 00:09:55,400
Not usually one enormous 
grievance, but the slower 

194
00:09:55,400 --> 00:09:58,500
accumulation of smaller ones 
pressing together until the 

195
00:09:58,500 --> 00:10:00,900
combined weight becomes 
something that cannot be set 

196
00:10:00,900 --> 00:10:04,100
aside, or explained Away by the 
late 1780s. 

197
00:10:04,100 --> 00:10:07,600
France had reached exactly that 
point, the evidence was 

198
00:10:07,600 --> 00:10:10,600
everywhere from the empty, 
treasury in Paris to the thin 

199
00:10:10,600 --> 00:10:13,100
faces in the market. 
Squares of provincial towns. 

200
00:10:13,800 --> 00:10:16,300
Something was about to give way 
tonight. 

201
00:10:16,300 --> 00:10:18,700
You watch it happen from the 
perfect safety of your own 

202
00:10:18,700 --> 00:10:22,000
warmth and quiet from a distance
measured in Centuries. 

203
00:10:22,000 --> 00:10:24,700
With nowhere pressing to be the 
old world. 

204
00:10:24,700 --> 00:10:27,300
Has the particular Stillness of 
something that does not yet 

205
00:10:27,300 --> 00:10:28,200
know. 
It is ending. 

206
00:10:28,900 --> 00:10:31,700
You breathe it in before it 
goes, there is a particular 

207
00:10:31,700 --> 00:10:34,700
quality to a financial crisis 
that distinguishes it from other

208
00:10:34,700 --> 00:10:38,200
kinds of disaster. 
Flood or a fire has a clear 

209
00:10:38,200 --> 00:10:41,800
cause and a visible Edge. 
A financial crisis has neither 

210
00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:45,500
It moves through institutions, 
the way cold moves through an 

211
00:10:45,500 --> 00:10:49,000
Old Stone building. 
Seeping in through every Gap, 

212
00:10:49,000 --> 00:10:52,800
making itself, felt in rooms 
that seemed entirely unconnected

213
00:10:52,800 --> 00:10:57,400
to any obvious source. 
By the mid-1780s France was 

214
00:10:57,400 --> 00:11:01,100
living inside that kind of cold 
and most people could feel it 

215
00:11:01,100 --> 00:11:03,300
without quite being able to 
point to where it was coming 

216
00:11:03,300 --> 00:11:05,700
from. 
The origins were various and 

217
00:11:05,700 --> 00:11:09,400
layered France and spent 
enormous sums fighting Britain 

218
00:11:09,400 --> 00:11:12,200
across several decades of 
colonial and European conflict. 

219
00:11:13,200 --> 00:11:17,400
The Seven Years War ending in 
1763, had been both deeply 

220
00:11:17,400 --> 00:11:19,500
costly and a significant 
military. 

221
00:11:19,500 --> 00:11:22,800
Defeat stripping, France of 
territories in North America in 

222
00:11:22,800 --> 00:11:25,800
India and leaving an 
Institutional desire for revenge

223
00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:28,500
against Britain that shape 
policy for the following 

224
00:11:28,500 --> 00:11:32,100
generation. 
When the American colonies began

225
00:11:32,100 --> 00:11:36,400
their Rebellion against British 
rule in the 1770s France, saw an

226
00:11:36,400 --> 00:11:38,800
opportunity that was partly 
theological and mostly 

227
00:11:38,800 --> 00:11:42,000
strategic. 
France, sent money, ships 

228
00:11:42,000 --> 00:11:45,000
soldiers and supplies across the
Atlantic. 

229
00:11:45,700 --> 00:11:48,600
The Marquee de Lafayette, went 
to America's a volunteer and 

230
00:11:48,600 --> 00:11:50,900
served with genuine distinction,
under George Washington. 

231
00:11:52,000 --> 00:11:55,200
The French navy fought British 
vessels at Sea with considerable

232
00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:58,000
effect. 
French financial backing helped,

233
00:11:58,000 --> 00:12:00,000
sustain a war. 
That Britain might otherwise 

234
00:12:00,000 --> 00:12:03,300
have won through attrition, the 
American victory at Yorktown in 

235
00:12:03,300 --> 00:12:06,500
1781, made possible in 
significant part by French 

236
00:12:06,500 --> 00:12:10,000
military and Naval support was 
celebrated in France as a 

237
00:12:10,000 --> 00:12:12,400
satisfying reversal of early 
humiliation. 

238
00:12:12,400 --> 00:12:17,100
It was also ruinous expensive. 
France was already carrying a 

239
00:12:17,100 --> 00:12:20,400
substantial debt from previous 
conflicts and the American war 

240
00:12:20,400 --> 00:12:24,800
added enormously to it. 
By the mid-1780s, the Finance 

241
00:12:24,800 --> 00:12:27,600
Minister was reporting that 
simply servicing the existing 

242
00:12:27,600 --> 00:12:29,700
debt paying the interest on 
money. 

243
00:12:29,700 --> 00:12:32,700
Already borrowed was consuming 
well, over half of the royal 

244
00:12:32,700 --> 00:12:36,300
budget, the historian, John 
Hardman and others who have 

245
00:12:36,300 --> 00:12:39,400
worked through the financial 
records of the period suggests. 

246
00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:41,700
The figure may have been even 
higher at certain points. 

247
00:12:41,700 --> 00:12:45,000
The government was not spending 
extravagantly on luxury while 

248
00:12:45,000 --> 00:12:48,400
debts accumulated in some back 
room, it was borrowing new 

249
00:12:48,400 --> 00:12:51,500
money, specifically to make 
payments on old money, a cycle, 

250
00:12:51,500 --> 00:12:53,400
that could only sustain itself 
until lenders. 

251
00:12:53,400 --> 00:12:55,500
Confidence in France's ability 
to repay. 

252
00:12:55,500 --> 00:12:59,700
Finally, faltered various 
ministers, attempted reform, and

253
00:12:59,700 --> 00:13:04,200
Robert Jacques Togo Finance 
Minister in the mid-70s proposed

254
00:13:04,200 --> 00:13:06,900
taxing the nobility, and the 
clergy alongside the commoners. 

255
00:13:07,700 --> 00:13:10,100
The nobility responded with 
considerable organized 

256
00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:12,800
resistance and sufficient Court 
influence to have turbo 

257
00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:14,600
dismissed before his reforms 
took hold. 

258
00:13:15,400 --> 00:13:19,000
His successor, Jacques Necker. 
A Swiss Banker of considerable 

259
00:13:19,000 --> 00:13:21,300
reputation had a gift for making
government. 

260
00:13:21,300 --> 00:13:23,400
Finances appear healthier than 
they were. 

261
00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:26,900
In 1781. 
He published an accounting of 

262
00:13:26,900 --> 00:13:29,900
the royal finances called the 
Comptroller, which was 

263
00:13:29,900 --> 00:13:32,800
optimistic to a degree that 
later analysis found difficult 

264
00:13:32,800 --> 00:13:35,700
to justify. 
A French public loved it anyway,

265
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:39,100
nekka became briefly famous, 
which tells you something about 

266
00:13:39,100 --> 00:13:42,000
how rarely French citizens had 
been invited to look at any 

267
00:13:42,000 --> 00:13:45,700
government Accounts at all. 
The novelty of financial 

268
00:13:45,700 --> 00:13:49,600
transparency, even misleading, 
transparency was apparently 

269
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:53,100
enough to generate genuine, 
warmth after Necker came a 

270
00:13:53,100 --> 00:13:55,800
succession of ministers, each 
attempting different approaches 

271
00:13:55,800 --> 00:13:58,600
to the same problem. 
None managed to address, the 

272
00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:01,400
fundamental Arrangement, which 
was that the people with the 

273
00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:05,000
most in France carried, the 
lightest tax burden while the 

274
00:14:05,000 --> 00:14:07,700
people with the least, well were
already paying nearly everything

275
00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:11,000
they could absorb. 
Then the weather turned the 

276
00:14:11,000 --> 00:14:14,500
1780s brought a series of 
agricultural disasters, that 

277
00:14:14,500 --> 00:14:17,200
Stripped Away, whatever margin 
the rural poor had been 

278
00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:22,000
maintaining a severe drought in 
1785 damaged harvests across 

279
00:14:22,000 --> 00:14:25,600
large parts of France. 
The summer of 1788 brought 

280
00:14:25,600 --> 00:14:28,500
violent hailstorms that 
flattened crops in multiple 

281
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:32,100
regions just as they were 
approaching maturity, an 

282
00:14:32,100 --> 00:14:34,900
abnormally cold, winter followed
with temperatures, that killed 

283
00:14:34,900 --> 00:14:36,900
livestock and destroyed stored 
supplies. 

284
00:14:36,900 --> 00:14:40,000
The rivers that served as 
France's arterial transport 

285
00:14:40,000 --> 00:14:42,800
Network froze over, and then 
flooded badly. 

286
00:14:42,800 --> 00:14:45,800
When the Thor came, late 
disrupting the movement of grain

287
00:14:45,800 --> 00:14:49,600
to Urban markets, precisely the 
moment when those markets needed

288
00:14:49,600 --> 00:14:53,900
reliable Supply. 
Most By the spring of 1789, the 

289
00:14:53,900 --> 00:14:55,900
price of bread in Paris had 
risen to a level. 

290
00:14:55,908 --> 00:14:57,900
That would have been 
unimaginable just a few years 

291
00:14:57,900 --> 00:15:00,500
before. 
Historians who have studied the 

292
00:15:00,500 --> 00:15:03,600
household budgets of prison 
laborers in early 1789 have 

293
00:15:03,600 --> 00:15:06,600
estimated that a working family,
might be spending close to 90% 

294
00:15:06,600 --> 00:15:09,700
of its income on bread. 
Not bread and other things 

295
00:15:09,700 --> 00:15:12,900
simply bread as a near total 
category of expenditure. 

296
00:15:12,900 --> 00:15:17,600
Everything else clothing fuel 
candles rent was managed on what

297
00:15:17,600 --> 00:15:21,200
remained which was very little. 
The grain markets in Paris was 

298
00:15:21,200 --> 00:15:24,300
subject to Wild speculation that
few ordinary people understood. 

299
00:15:24,300 --> 00:15:27,500
But most could feel grain arrive
by river barge from the 

300
00:15:27,500 --> 00:15:30,800
agricultural regions upstream 
and when supplies within the 

301
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:35,000
barges became the subject of 
intense anxiety. stories spread 

302
00:15:35,000 --> 00:15:37,700
through the market halls and 
taverns of the central districts

303
00:15:37,700 --> 00:15:40,900
with the speed, that only 
stories containing genuine fear 

304
00:15:40,900 --> 00:15:45,100
can sustain, A woman waiting in 
a bread Cube Before Dawn in the 

305
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:48,500
spring of 1789 would have been 
doing so in darkness. 

306
00:15:49,500 --> 00:15:52,400
Apps with a single candle stub 
for light, knowing that the 

307
00:15:52,400 --> 00:15:55,000
loaves of available that morning
might run out before the cue 

308
00:15:55,000 --> 00:15:57,200
ended. 
You can sit with that figure for

309
00:15:57,200 --> 00:15:59,500
a moment because it deserves 
more than passing 

310
00:15:59,500 --> 00:16:03,000
acknowledgment, the capacity for
Every Day, Life to continue 

311
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:04,600
under those conditions as 
something. 

312
00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:07,200
About human endurance, that is 
both admirable and 

313
00:16:07,200 --> 00:16:09,800
heartbreaking. 
People got up in the morning and

314
00:16:09,800 --> 00:16:12,800
queued at bakeries and did what 
needed doing but the weight of 

315
00:16:12,808 --> 00:16:15,300
that, kind of scarcity, 
accumulates over weeks and 

316
00:16:15,300 --> 00:16:18,800
months into something that moves
from anxiety, to anger to 

317
00:16:18,800 --> 00:16:21,300
something harder to name and 
harder to contain. 

318
00:16:22,300 --> 00:16:25,400
Rumors about bread move through 
Paris with considerable speed 

319
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:29,200
and limited, accuracy stories. 
Circulated about grain Merchants

320
00:16:29,200 --> 00:16:32,400
conspiring with Nobles to 
withhold supplies and drive 

321
00:16:32,400 --> 00:16:35,500
prices higher. 
Whether any particular rumor was

322
00:16:35,500 --> 00:16:38,100
accurate hardly mattered at the 
level of how it felt. 

323
00:16:39,100 --> 00:16:41,600
When you have watched the 
privileged classes, avoid taxes 

324
00:16:41,600 --> 00:16:43,900
for generations. 
And now watch bread disappear 

325
00:16:43,900 --> 00:16:46,100
from the shelves. 
The suspicion that these things 

326
00:16:46,100 --> 00:16:47,700
are connected, is not 
unreasonable. 

327
00:16:47,700 --> 00:16:51,000
It is, in fact the most natural 
conclusion of available. 

328
00:16:51,000 --> 00:16:54,200
Meanwhile, in the coffee house 
of Paris, a different kind of 

329
00:16:54,200 --> 00:16:55,600
hunger, been building for 
decades. 

330
00:16:55,600 --> 00:16:58,900
France had an extraordinarily 
vigorous culture of print and 

331
00:16:58,900 --> 00:17:02,500
public argument by the late 18th
century and the ideas developing

332
00:17:02,500 --> 00:17:05,500
under the broad heading of the 
Enlightenment had saturated 

333
00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:08,500
educated opinion in ways that 
were beginning to reach beyond 

334
00:17:08,500 --> 00:17:12,200
the educated classes Voltaire. 
Had spent a career puncturing 

335
00:17:12,200 --> 00:17:15,900
religious hypocrisy political 
absurdity and inherited 

336
00:17:15,900 --> 00:17:18,500
Authority with a whit. 
So, sharp that laughing at him 

337
00:17:18,500 --> 00:17:21,300
was almost as intellectually 
satisfying as agreeing with him.

338
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:24,800
His letters and essays 
circulated in additions, that 

339
00:17:24,800 --> 00:17:26,900
Publishers could barely produce 
fast enough. 

340
00:17:27,599 --> 00:17:31,000
Jean-Jacques Rousseau had 
published his social contract in

341
00:17:31,000 --> 00:17:34,900
1762 arguing that legitimate 
government rested, on the 

342
00:17:34,900 --> 00:17:37,900
consent of those being governed 
and that sovereignty belonged to

343
00:17:37,908 --> 00:17:40,500
the people rather than to any 
individual ruler. 

344
00:17:40,500 --> 00:17:43,300
Denny did arrow and his 
collaborators had spent decades 

345
00:17:43,300 --> 00:17:47,100
producing the ocular pedi an 
attempt to organize all human 

346
00:17:47,100 --> 00:17:50,200
knowledge, under the scrutiny of
Reason, rather than tradition, 

347
00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:54,200
or religious Authority. 
The historian Robert Danton has 

348
00:17:54,208 --> 00:17:56,900
written Illuminating about the 
underground Book trade, that 

349
00:17:56,900 --> 00:17:59,600
flourished alongside these more 
respectable Publications, 

350
00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:04,100
showing how forbidden pamphlets 
and satirical texts circulated 

351
00:18:04,100 --> 00:18:07,200
through channels that Royal 
sensors could track but never 

352
00:18:07,200 --> 00:18:11,100
fully shut down the Marketo. 
Condos say a mathematician and 

353
00:18:11,100 --> 00:18:14,300
philosopher whose Precision of 
Mind was formidable, had been 

354
00:18:14,300 --> 00:18:17,200
writing about the necessity of 
rational governance based on 

355
00:18:17,200 --> 00:18:20,600
measurable human welfare. 
These ideas had filtered into 

356
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:23,400
workshops taverns and the 
reading rooms that had begun to 

357
00:18:23,400 --> 00:18:26,500
appear in French towns where 
literate, artists, shared 

358
00:18:26,500 --> 00:18:28,900
newspapers, and argued about 
what they contained. 

359
00:18:28,900 --> 00:18:32,600
France in the late 1780s was a 
country experiencing Financial 

360
00:18:32,600 --> 00:18:36,000
collapse and agricultural. 
Catastrophe inside a culture 

361
00:18:36,000 --> 00:18:38,900
that had recently developed the 
intellectual tools to argue that

362
00:18:38,908 --> 00:18:42,500
the existing Arrangement was not
simply unfortunate, but 

363
00:18:42,500 --> 00:18:45,900
fundamentally illegitimate. 
Each of these forces alone would

364
00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:48,500
have created serious difficulty 
together. 

365
00:18:48,500 --> 00:18:51,400
They produced something that no 
Finance Minister was equipped to

366
00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:55,800
manage through all Theory means.
The technical vocabulary of 

367
00:18:55,800 --> 00:18:58,400
natural rights and popular 
sovereignty had spread far 

368
00:18:58,400 --> 00:19:00,700
enough that it was no longer the
exclusive property of 

369
00:19:00,700 --> 00:19:03,200
philosophers. 
It now belonged to people who 

370
00:19:03,200 --> 00:19:07,300
set type who argued over wine in
provincials who had read one 

371
00:19:07,300 --> 00:19:09,900
pamphlet in a coffee house and 
thought about it for a month 

372
00:19:09,900 --> 00:19:13,200
ideas at that level of 
saturation are not containable 

373
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:15,300
by any ordinary administrative 
response. 

374
00:19:16,400 --> 00:19:18,100
The king made. 
The only decision left to him. 

375
00:19:18,100 --> 00:19:21,400
He called a meeting of an 
institution that had not 

376
00:19:21,400 --> 00:19:25,400
assembled since 1614, the 
Estates General had been dormant

377
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:30,300
for 175 years think about that. 
Not as a historical statistic, 

378
00:19:30,300 --> 00:19:34,900
but as a practical reality, 
nobody alive in France, in 1789 

379
00:19:34,900 --> 00:19:38,600
had attended one, nobody had 
watched one function or observed

380
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:40,500
its procedures. 
From a participant's 

381
00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:42,900
perspective. 
The last time this body had met 

382
00:19:42,900 --> 00:19:46,500
the printing press had existed 
for only about 150 years. 

383
00:19:47,500 --> 00:19:50,100
The telescope was a recent 
invention and European 

384
00:19:50,100 --> 00:19:52,900
cartographers were still drawing
the coastlines of the Americas 

385
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:55,400
with considerable optimism and 
limited accuracy. 

386
00:19:56,700 --> 00:20:00,300
Convening the estate's General 
in 1789, meant Excavating 

387
00:20:00,300 --> 00:20:03,300
procedures from record. 
So old, they predated the 

388
00:20:03,300 --> 00:20:06,600
current structure of French 
government in entirely Officials

389
00:20:06,600 --> 00:20:09,700
poured through archives, trying 
to determine how Representatives

390
00:20:09,700 --> 00:20:12,800
should be chosen, what the 
proper ceremonial costumes. 

391
00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:16,100
Were, how preceding were meant 
to be organized and whose 

392
00:20:16,100 --> 00:20:18,300
precedent applied? 
When the old rules conflicted 

393
00:20:18,300 --> 00:20:20,600
with each other? 
The answers, were inconsistent, 

394
00:20:20,600 --> 00:20:23,600
the records and complete, and 
the resulting uncertainty 

395
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:27,000
created space for exactly, the 
kind of argument that the 

396
00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:31,400
government was hoping to prevent
In the months before the Estates

397
00:20:31,400 --> 00:20:32,400
General. 
Convened. 

398
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:36,200
A remarkable flood of pamphlets 
appeared across debating what 

399
00:20:36,200 --> 00:20:38,900
this assembly should accomplish 
and how it should work. 

400
00:20:39,700 --> 00:20:42,600
The most influential of these 
was written by a clergyman named

401
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:46,700
Emmanuel Joseph caes and it 
asked in its title a question 

402
00:20:46,700 --> 00:20:49,000
then proceeded to answer with 
considerable Force. 

403
00:20:50,100 --> 00:20:52,100
What is the Third Estate? 
Yas asked. 

404
00:20:52,100 --> 00:20:55,100
He answered that. 
The Third Estate was in essence,

405
00:20:55,100 --> 00:20:58,000
everything. 
It performed, all of France's 

406
00:20:58,000 --> 00:21:01,200
productive, labor, it grew the 
food, managed the Commerce 

407
00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:03,900
staff, the courts built, the 
roads and fought the Wars. 

408
00:21:03,900 --> 00:21:08,000
The first and second estate by 
contrast contributed a small and

409
00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:11,400
privileged fraction of the 
population that consumed vastly 

410
00:21:11,400 --> 00:21:14,100
more than It produced. 
Remove the clergy and nobility 

411
00:21:14,100 --> 00:21:17,200
CA as argued and France would 
continue perhaps more 

412
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:20,300
efficiently. 
Remove the Third Estate and 

413
00:21:20,300 --> 00:21:22,200
France with function within a 
week. 

414
00:21:22,200 --> 00:21:25,800
The argument was not subtle but 
it was precise and it gave 

415
00:21:25,800 --> 00:21:28,800
articulate form to things that 
enormous numbers of people had 

416
00:21:28,800 --> 00:21:32,200
been feeling without quite 
finding the words for Pamphlet 

417
00:21:32,200 --> 00:21:35,100
circulated in extraordinary 
numbers throughout the spring. 

418
00:21:35,100 --> 00:21:39,100
The Estates General opened at 
Versailles in May 1789 with 

419
00:21:39,100 --> 00:21:41,500
considerable ceremony and almost
immediate conflict. 

420
00:21:42,200 --> 00:21:45,000
Representatives from across 
France, arrived dressed in the 

421
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:47,400
traditional costumes of their 
estate black. 

422
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:50,700
Robes for the clergy, elaborate 
Court dress for the nobility 

423
00:21:50,700 --> 00:21:55,400
plain dark cloth for the Third. 
The visible hierarchy annoyed, 

424
00:21:55,400 --> 00:21:57,400
the Third Estate 
Representatives, before a single

425
00:21:57,408 --> 00:21:58,900
word of business had been 
spoken. 

426
00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:02,000
The delegates from provincial 
towns and cities had traveled 

427
00:22:02,000 --> 00:22:05,300
long distances in the spring. 
Mud carrying handwritten 

428
00:22:05,300 --> 00:22:08,100
registers of grievances from 
their constituents called 

429
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:12,400
Cayenne notebooks of complaints,
filled with the accumulated 

430
00:22:12,400 --> 00:22:15,500
frustrations of communities that
had never previously been asked 

431
00:22:15,500 --> 00:22:18,500
what they thought. 
The feeling in the meeting Halls

432
00:22:18,500 --> 00:22:21,600
was charged with an expectation 
that the old procedures seemed 

433
00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:26,000
entirely inadequate to contain. 
The Kane themselves were a 

434
00:22:26,000 --> 00:22:28,100
remarkable objects when you 
consider them individually. 

435
00:22:28,800 --> 00:22:31,600
The village in Bergen deal or 
the ovarian would gather its 

436
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:34,500
heads of household together and 
produced a written list of 

437
00:22:34,508 --> 00:22:37,300
grievances to be carried to 
Versailles by their 

438
00:22:37,300 --> 00:22:40,100
representative. 
These documents survive in 

439
00:22:40,100 --> 00:22:43,600
enormous numbers and have been 
studied by historians, including

440
00:22:43,600 --> 00:22:46,900
George, LeFevre and Alfred 
Colvin who found in them. 

441
00:22:46,900 --> 00:22:49,600
A picture of local French life 
in extraordinary, detail. 

442
00:22:50,400 --> 00:22:53,700
They complained about specific 
taxes and specific Noble abuses.

443
00:22:53,700 --> 00:22:57,000
They asked for schools and fair 
courts and limits on Hunting 

444
00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:00,700
rights that destroyed crops. 
They argued in plain handwritten

445
00:23:00,700 --> 00:23:02,200
French. 
That things should be better 

446
00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:04,600
than they were the men who wrote
them did. 

447
00:23:04,600 --> 00:23:07,300
Not expect Revolution the 
expected to be heard. 

448
00:23:08,600 --> 00:23:11,200
Whether those two things were 
compatible, was a question that 

449
00:23:11,200 --> 00:23:14,400
the coming months would answer, 
the deeper conflict appeared 

450
00:23:14,400 --> 00:23:17,700
quickly, the Third Estate 
demanded that votes be counted 

451
00:23:17,700 --> 00:23:19,800
individually rather than by a 
state. 

452
00:23:19,800 --> 00:23:22,700
This was not a procedural 
technicality. 

453
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:27,200
It was the entire question. 
If each of the roughly 600, 

454
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:28,500
Third Estate, delegates, cast 
one. 

455
00:23:28,500 --> 00:23:33,100
Vote, the third had genuine 
numerical weight, If each state 

456
00:23:33,100 --> 00:23:35,700
cast a single Collective vote, 
regardless of how many 

457
00:23:35,700 --> 00:23:38,900
individuals composed it, then 
the first and second estate 

458
00:23:38,900 --> 00:23:42,200
combined could always outvote 
the third by two votes to one 

459
00:23:42,200 --> 00:23:46,300
and nothing would change. 
The king and his ministers 

460
00:23:46,300 --> 00:23:49,300
attempted to stall. 
This question, the Third Estate 

461
00:23:49,300 --> 00:23:52,100
declined to be stalled after 
weeks of Deadlock and 

462
00:23:52,100 --> 00:23:55,600
deteriorating Goodwill, on the 
17th of June 1789. 

463
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:59,100
The Third Estate took a step 
that crossed from negotiation 

464
00:23:59,100 --> 00:24:01,500
into something categorically 
different. 

465
00:24:01,500 --> 00:24:04,800
It declared itself. 
The National Assembly of France,

466
00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:08,400
not the Third Estate of the 
estate's general, a subordinate 

467
00:24:08,400 --> 00:24:12,100
part of a feudal mechanism. 
The National Assembly, it was 

468
00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:15,700
claiming without permission and 
without precedent to represent 

469
00:24:15,700 --> 00:24:19,600
the French Nation as a whole. 
Three days later the delegates 

470
00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:21,900
arrived at their usual Meeting 
Hall and found it locked. 

471
00:24:22,500 --> 00:24:25,100
The official explanation was 
that the room was being prepared

472
00:24:25,100 --> 00:24:28,100
for a royal ceremony? 
Whether this was a deliberate 

473
00:24:28,100 --> 00:24:31,200
attempt at intimidation or 
simply poor administrative. 

474
00:24:31,200 --> 00:24:34,200
Timing has been argued by 
historians ever since The 

475
00:24:34,200 --> 00:24:37,500
delegates assumed intimidation 
which turned out to matter more 

476
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:39,500
than the actual intention behind
the locked door. 

477
00:24:40,500 --> 00:24:42,700
They found their way to a nearby
indoor tennis court. 

478
00:24:42,700 --> 00:24:45,600
It was a plain room built for a 
recreational game. 

479
00:24:45,600 --> 00:24:50,000
Not a constitutional moment with
wooden floors and high unadorned

480
00:24:50,000 --> 00:24:51,600
walls and a practical 
Simplicity. 

481
00:24:51,600 --> 00:24:53,900
That could not have contrasted 
more sharply. 

482
00:24:53,900 --> 00:24:56,100
With the Gilded rooms of the 
side just outside. 

483
00:24:57,400 --> 00:25:00,300
And in that unlikely space the 
delegates of the self-declared. 

484
00:25:00,300 --> 00:25:02,300
National Assembly took a 
collective oath. 

485
00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:05,900
They swore not to disband until 
they had given France a written 

486
00:25:05,900 --> 00:25:08,500
Constitution. 
They called it the Tennis Court 

487
00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:13,100
Oath There is something 
genuinely funny in the way that 

488
00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:16,500
history is sometimes funny about
one of the pivotal moments in 

489
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:18,900
modern political history. 
Taking place in a building 

490
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,900
designed for swatting balls, 
across a rope history reaches 

491
00:25:22,900 --> 00:25:26,200
for whichever stages available. 
And sometimes that stage has a 

492
00:25:26,200 --> 00:25:30,200
scoreboard on the wall. 
The painter, Jacques Louis David

493
00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:32,300
later captured. 
The scene in a composition of 

494
00:25:32,300 --> 00:25:35,900
such dramatic, intensity that 
the room appeared practically 

495
00:25:35,900 --> 00:25:39,700
sacred, all billowing cloth and 
reaching gestures and purposeful

496
00:25:39,700 --> 00:25:41,700
light. 
He did not paint the Rope. 

497
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:44,500
The king responded with a 
combination of partial 

498
00:25:44,500 --> 00:25:47,500
concession and continued. 
Hesitation that satisfied. 

499
00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:51,400
Nobody He eventually instructed 
the nobility and clergy to join 

500
00:25:51,400 --> 00:25:53,400
the National Assembly 
acknowledging. 

501
00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:56,000
In Practical terms that the old 
structure had become unworkable.

502
00:25:56,900 --> 00:25:59,600
But the concession arrived too 
late to restore any meaningful 

503
00:25:59,600 --> 00:26:01,700
trust. 
And the assembly began its 

504
00:26:01,700 --> 00:26:03,600
constitutional work in an 
atmosphere. 

505
00:26:03,600 --> 00:26:05,500
Already charged with mutual 
suspicion. 

506
00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:10,900
Meanwhile Paris was a Breaking 
Point by his own route workers 

507
00:26:10,900 --> 00:26:14,300
Street vendors. 
Domestic servants and day 

508
00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:16,100
laborers, occupied. 
The densely populated 

509
00:26:16,100 --> 00:26:19,700
neighborhoods of the right Bank.
In a state of constant, economic

510
00:26:19,700 --> 00:26:23,200
anxiety. 
Speakers at the Palais Royal a 

511
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:25,500
semi-public garden in central 
Paris where cafes and 

512
00:26:25,508 --> 00:26:28,600
booksellers clustered addressed 
outdoor crowds who are hungry 

513
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:31,600
enough and angry enough to 
listen for hours on the 11th of 

514
00:26:31,600 --> 00:26:35,100
July, the king, dismissed nekker
from his position, which struck 

515
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:37,900
many parisians as confirmation 
that the conservative faction 

516
00:26:37,900 --> 00:26:41,200
had gained, the upper hand and 
that soldiers massing around the

517
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:43,200
city, might soon move against 
the assembly. 

518
00:26:44,600 --> 00:26:48,400
In the Paleo, a young journalist
named Camille de Mulan climbed 

519
00:26:48,400 --> 00:26:51,400
onto a table and addressed the 
crowd below him finishing by 

520
00:26:51,400 --> 00:26:53,600
pulling a green leaf, from a 
nearby tree and pinning. 

521
00:26:53,600 --> 00:26:55,700
It to his hat as a makeshift 
sign of solidarity. 

522
00:26:57,100 --> 00:27:00,000
The crowd did the same within 
hours groups were moving through

523
00:27:00,000 --> 00:27:02,300
the streets within a day. 
They had found their 

524
00:27:02,300 --> 00:27:05,600
destination, the city that 
swelled around these events was 

525
00:27:05,600 --> 00:27:08,000
not a single thing. 
It held thousands of people 

526
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:10,700
whose reasons for joining crowds
were as varied as their 

527
00:27:10,700 --> 00:27:12,600
histories. 
Some were genuinely 

528
00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:15,400
ideologically committed to the 
principles that the lawyers and 

529
00:27:15,400 --> 00:27:17,000
philosophers had been 
articulating. 

530
00:27:17,000 --> 00:27:20,800
Others were hungry, and Furious 
and looking for somewhere to put

531
00:27:20,800 --> 00:27:24,400
it, others were curious caught 
up in the momentum of the 

532
00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:26,100
events. 
Larger than anything, they had 

533
00:27:26,100 --> 00:27:28,600
witnessed before. 
Historians of, sometimes 

534
00:27:28,600 --> 00:27:31,800
characterized the Revolutionary 
crowds as a single force with a 

535
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:35,800
single will. 
But the actual Paris of 1789 was

536
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:38,800
full of contradictions. 
Full of people who disagreed 

537
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:41,800
with each other about almost 
everything while agreeing for. 

538
00:27:41,800 --> 00:27:44,900
Now that something had to change
that temporary. 

539
00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:47,800
Shared Direction. 
Was in enough most decisive 

540
00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:50,200
moments in history have been 
made of exactly that. 

541
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:54,900
The best deal was not in the 
summer of 1789, a particularly 

542
00:27:54,900 --> 00:27:58,000
significant prison. 
This fact deserves its own 

543
00:27:58,000 --> 00:28:01,300
moment because the mythology 
That Grew around the Fortress 

544
00:28:01,300 --> 00:28:04,300
after its fall, was so enormous 
that the actual building can be 

545
00:28:04,300 --> 00:28:07,800
difficult to see clearly from 
behind it, on the morning of the

546
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:13,100
14th of July the Bastille, held 
seven prisoners 7, One was a Man

547
00:28:13,108 --> 00:28:16,000
convicted of forgery two had 
been committed by their own 

548
00:28:16,000 --> 00:28:18,800
families, under provision that 
allowed relatives to request 

549
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:22,900
someone's confinement without a 
criminal charge, a practice that

550
00:28:22,900 --> 00:28:24,800
strikes, the modern reader as 
barbaric. 

551
00:28:24,800 --> 00:28:28,500
It was not unusual in a society 
that had few other institutions 

552
00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:30,600
for managing severe mental 
illness. 

553
00:28:31,300 --> 00:28:33,800
The remaining four had stories 
of similarly undramatic 

554
00:28:33,800 --> 00:28:36,500
character. 
There was no large population of

555
00:28:36,500 --> 00:28:39,800
political Martyrs waiting to 
walk blinking into the sunlight 

556
00:28:39,800 --> 00:28:43,000
of liberation. 
The building itself was 

557
00:28:43,000 --> 00:28:44,700
something different from its 
occupants. 

558
00:28:44,700 --> 00:28:48,300
It was a massive medieval 
Fortress occupying a prominent 

559
00:28:48,300 --> 00:28:52,000
position at the Eastern edge of 
Paris built in the 14th century 

560
00:28:52,000 --> 00:28:55,700
with thick, towers and deep dry.
Moats that made it formidable 

561
00:28:55,700 --> 00:28:58,900
from every approach. 
The walls were dark with age and

562
00:28:58,900 --> 00:29:02,000
thick enough to muffle the 
sounds of the city outside over 

563
00:29:02,000 --> 00:29:04,200
the centuries. 
The crown had used it as a place

564
00:29:04,200 --> 00:29:06,500
to hold people. 
The government wished to remove 

565
00:29:06,500 --> 00:29:08,800
from public life. 
Without the inconvenience of a 

566
00:29:08,800 --> 00:29:12,600
formal legal proceeding. 
A royal order called a letter to

567
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:14,400
Cache. 
Could imprison anyone in the 

568
00:29:14,408 --> 00:29:18,400
best deal with without a stated 
charge without a fixed sentence?

569
00:29:18,400 --> 00:29:22,500
And without any judicial review,
Writers who had published 

570
00:29:22,500 --> 00:29:26,000
material, the crown, disliked 
religious, dissenters, and 

571
00:29:26,000 --> 00:29:29,400
political inconveniences of 
various descriptions had spent 

572
00:29:29,400 --> 00:29:32,300
time within its walls. 
The Bastille stood in the 

573
00:29:32,308 --> 00:29:34,500
collective, imagination of 
Paris, as the physical 

574
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:36,500
embodiment of arbitrary royal 
power. 

575
00:29:36,500 --> 00:29:40,200
The walls were not simply Stone.
They were a statement about who 

576
00:29:40,200 --> 00:29:43,900
held Authority and how that 
Authority was exercised, a 

577
00:29:43,900 --> 00:29:46,200
statement that people could see 
every day from the surrounding 

578
00:29:46,200 --> 00:29:49,600
streets, a prison that held 
seven people was still doing 

579
00:29:49,600 --> 00:29:53,100
significant work as long as it 
stood, a crowded near The 

580
00:29:53,100 --> 00:29:54,900
Fortress. 
On the morning of the 14th, 

581
00:29:54,900 --> 00:29:58,900
having already raided the hotel.
De an valid early in the day and

582
00:29:58,900 --> 00:30:02,300
retrieved a large cache of 
muskets from its stores though 

583
00:30:02,300 --> 00:30:05,600
without the gunpowder necessary 
to use the effectively, the 

584
00:30:05,600 --> 00:30:07,400
Bastille was believed to hold 
that powder. 

585
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:10,500
A delegation of citizens 
requested entry from the 

586
00:30:10,500 --> 00:30:14,100
governor, the Marketo Lorn. 
The negotiations that followed 

587
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:17,700
were tents and confused with the
crowd growing large outside 

588
00:30:17,700 --> 00:30:20,700
while the small Garrison watch 
from the walls above and the 

589
00:30:20,708 --> 00:30:23,800
morning heat Rose. 
Steadily over the stone exactly 

590
00:30:23,800 --> 00:30:26,800
how the shooting started has 
never been resolved to Universal

591
00:30:26,800 --> 00:30:29,800
satisfaction. 
The chaos of that afternoon 

592
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:32,600
produced enough conflicting 
accounts to fill several books 

593
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:35,800
and historians of work through 
them without reaching a clean 

594
00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:39,300
consensus. 
What is clear is that after 

595
00:30:39,300 --> 00:30:42,900
several hours of fighting two 
detachments of soldiers, who had

596
00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:45,500
been sent to manage the 
situation defected to the 

597
00:30:45,500 --> 00:30:48,300
besieging crowd? 
Instead the garrisons position 

598
00:30:48,300 --> 00:30:52,200
became untenable The drawbridge 
came down, the crowd entered, 

599
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:56,000
the aftermath was not orderly. 
The governor was killed in the 

600
00:30:56,000 --> 00:30:58,900
chaos that followed and the 
violence of those moments was 

601
00:30:58,900 --> 00:31:02,400
real and serious. 
The fall of the Bastille was not

602
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:05,600
a bloodless symbolic gesture, 
but it was something else as 

603
00:31:05,600 --> 00:31:08,300
well, something that the 
subsequent weeks would make 

604
00:31:08,300 --> 00:31:11,800
unmistakably clear. 
At Versailles that evening. 

605
00:31:11,800 --> 00:31:14,700
The King was informed of the 
days of events by a nobleman who

606
00:31:14,700 --> 00:31:18,000
had ridden from Paris. 
Louis reportedly asked whether 

607
00:31:18,000 --> 00:31:21,300
what had occurred was a revolt. 
The response was that. 

608
00:31:21,300 --> 00:31:22,700
No! 
It was Revolution. 

609
00:31:23,700 --> 00:31:26,500
Whether this exchange happened 
precisely as recorded is 

610
00:31:26,500 --> 00:31:29,200
uncertain. 
Good lines in history, have a 

611
00:31:29,208 --> 00:31:32,700
way of surviving because they 
deserve to, regardless of the 

612
00:31:32,700 --> 00:31:34,800
exact circumstances of their 
utterance. 

613
00:31:34,800 --> 00:31:37,200
But the distinction drawn was 
real. 

614
00:31:37,200 --> 00:31:40,900
A Revolt is temporary and local,
while a revolution Alters the 

615
00:31:40,908 --> 00:31:43,000
conditions under which 
everything else happens 

616
00:31:43,000 --> 00:31:46,200
afterward, news traveled outward
from Paris with the speed of 

617
00:31:46,200 --> 00:31:49,200
post horses and rumor combined 
within days. 

618
00:31:49,200 --> 00:31:51,700
Provincial towns were reporting 
their own disturbances. 

619
00:31:51,700 --> 00:31:55,200
Local noble families in rural 
areas began to flee their 

620
00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:58,100
estate. 
Sometimes invisible haste in 

621
00:31:58,100 --> 00:31:59,800
what became known as the great 
fear. 

622
00:32:00,700 --> 00:32:03,400
This wave of panic and anger 
swept through the French 

623
00:32:03,400 --> 00:32:06,500
Countryside, over the following 
weeks as peasants attacked, 

624
00:32:06,500 --> 00:32:10,200
manor, houses drove away agents 
who had come to collect feudal, 

625
00:32:10,200 --> 00:32:13,500
dues and targeted the physical 
records that documented those 

626
00:32:13,500 --> 00:32:15,600
obligations with particular, 
determination. 

627
00:32:16,400 --> 00:32:19,600
The targeting of those records, 
deserves your attention, the 

628
00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:22,500
documents that registered feudal
dues were not ceremonial 

629
00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:24,800
objects. 
They were the Legal Foundation 

630
00:32:24,800 --> 00:32:27,400
of the entire system of 
obligations that the peasantry 

631
00:32:27,400 --> 00:32:29,400
had been living under. 
Without them. 

632
00:32:29,400 --> 00:32:32,300
The Lord's legal claim to 
payment from tenant Farmers, 

633
00:32:32,300 --> 00:32:35,300
became extremely difficult to 
enforce in any Court. 

634
00:32:36,200 --> 00:32:38,300
Burning those documents was not 
purely symbolic. 

635
00:32:38,300 --> 00:32:40,900
It was the Practical elimination
of evidence. 

636
00:32:40,900 --> 00:32:44,000
It was also deeply satisfying in
a way that the burning of 

637
00:32:44,008 --> 00:32:46,100
abstractions can never quite 
replicate. 

638
00:32:47,500 --> 00:32:50,100
The key to the Bastille was not 
the only symbolic object to 

639
00:32:50,100 --> 00:32:51,800
travel far. 
From the rubble of that July 

640
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:55,700
cockades made from Red White and
Blue Ribbon began appearing 

641
00:32:55,700 --> 00:32:59,300
throughout Paris in the days 
after the 14th attached to hats 

642
00:32:59,300 --> 00:33:00,800
and coats and displayed in 
Windows. 

643
00:33:00,800 --> 00:33:04,000
The colors were initially a 
combination of the traditional 

644
00:33:04,000 --> 00:33:06,400
red and blue of Paris. 
And the white of the bourbon 

645
00:33:06,400 --> 00:33:09,500
Royal House, an improvised 
Fusion of the old and the new 

646
00:33:09,500 --> 00:33:12,700
that nobody had designed as a 
flag and that became one almost 

647
00:33:12,700 --> 00:33:16,100
by accident. 
The tricolor that emerged from 

648
00:33:16,108 --> 00:33:18,500
those ribbon scraps is still the
flag of France today. 

649
00:33:18,500 --> 00:33:21,900
History, did not always know it 
was making decisions that would 

650
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:24,600
last centuries. 
Sometimes it was just choosing 

651
00:33:24,600 --> 00:33:27,500
colors, and sometimes choosing 
colors was the most 

652
00:33:27,500 --> 00:33:30,200
consequential thing. 
Anyone did that week, the 

653
00:33:30,200 --> 00:33:32,600
neighborhood around the 
demolished Fortress changed too,

654
00:33:32,600 --> 00:33:35,300
in ways that were more gradual. 
But equally permanent. 

655
00:33:36,100 --> 00:33:39,200
The Santo Tuan District had been
among the most densely populated

656
00:33:39,200 --> 00:33:42,600
and economically, pressured 
quarters of Paris home to the 

657
00:33:42,600 --> 00:33:45,300
furniture makers and leather 
workers and small Merchants, who

658
00:33:45,300 --> 00:33:47,500
had formed the backbone of the 
crowds on the 14th. 

659
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:51,400
Their proximity to the Bastille 
had not been incidental. 

660
00:33:51,400 --> 00:33:54,800
They had lived with its shadow 
for years and knew exactly what 

661
00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:56,500
it represented in their daily 
lives. 

662
00:33:57,300 --> 00:34:00,200
When it was gone, they did not 
immediately become prosperous or

663
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:02,500
secure. 
But they had done something that

664
00:34:02,500 --> 00:34:04,100
had seemed impossible before 
they did it. 

665
00:34:04,100 --> 00:34:07,100
The Bastille itself was 
demolished over the following 

666
00:34:07,100 --> 00:34:10,600
months by contractor named 
Pierre from Suave who 

667
00:34:10,600 --> 00:34:13,900
demonstrated a remarkable 
capacity for finding opportunity

668
00:34:13,900 --> 00:34:16,000
in upheaval. 
He organized the demolition 

669
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:18,699
systematically sold. 
The Fortress Stones as building 

670
00:34:18,699 --> 00:34:22,400
material and also produced 
miniature model Bastille carved 

671
00:34:22,400 --> 00:34:26,600
from pieces of the actual walls.
These were distributed to all 83

672
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:28,900
Departments of the new 
administrative France, as 

673
00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:30,900
symbolic gifts of the 
revolution's achievement. 

674
00:34:30,900 --> 00:34:34,800
The past was being turned into 
souvenirs, which feels both 

675
00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:38,300
historically, specific and 
somehow immediately recognizable

676
00:34:38,300 --> 00:34:41,300
to anyone who has ever visited. 
The gift shop of a site, where 

677
00:34:41,300 --> 00:34:43,900
history happened. 
The demolition itself Drew 

678
00:34:43,900 --> 00:34:46,800
crowds who watched The Towers 
come down with an attention? 

679
00:34:46,800 --> 00:34:50,199
That was part celebration. 
Part something harder to name 

680
00:34:50,199 --> 00:34:54,000
the stones of a place that had 
held people without charge 

681
00:34:54,000 --> 00:34:57,000
without sentence without appeal 
for being cleared Away by 

682
00:34:57,000 --> 00:35:00,300
workers with chisels and carts 
and the ground beneath was 

683
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:04,700
exposed to Open Sky. 
What had been a prison was now, 

684
00:35:04,700 --> 00:35:07,500
an argument, an argument 
traveled, much farther than 

685
00:35:07,500 --> 00:35:11,700
Stone's ever, could the night of
the fourth of August 1789, began

686
00:35:11,700 --> 00:35:14,800
as a planned performance and 
became something that surprised 

687
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:17,600
the performers. 
A small group of reform-minded 

688
00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:21,200
liberal Nobles and clergy, had a
range in advance to open the 

689
00:35:21,200 --> 00:35:23,700
evening session of the National 
Assembly with theatrical 

690
00:35:23,700 --> 00:35:27,700
gestures of self-abnegation. 
The plan was to announce certain

691
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:30,900
feudal, privileges voluntarily 
in a show of generosity. 

692
00:35:30,900 --> 00:35:32,900
Calculated to calm. 
The rural. 

693
00:35:32,900 --> 00:35:35,200
Unrest still spreading across 
the countryside. 

694
00:35:36,100 --> 00:35:39,900
It was a political maneuver 
dressed as moral sincerity which

695
00:35:39,900 --> 00:35:43,000
is not unusual in legislative 
history and perhaps not as 

696
00:35:43,000 --> 00:35:46,000
cynical as it sounds. 
Since the two motivations are 

697
00:35:46,000 --> 00:35:49,100
not always cleanly, separable in
actual human beings. 

698
00:35:49,900 --> 00:35:52,900
The first few speeches went 
according to plan, then 

699
00:35:52,900 --> 00:35:54,800
something unplanned began to 
happen. 

700
00:35:55,700 --> 00:35:58,600
Other Nobles watching their 
colleagues receive the warm 

701
00:35:58,600 --> 00:36:02,100
response of the gallery Rose and
renounced their own privileges. 

702
00:36:02,100 --> 00:36:06,300
Then more clergy, not wanting to
appear less, enlightened than 

703
00:36:06,300 --> 00:36:09,200
the nobility. 
Then a Cascade of further 

704
00:36:09,200 --> 00:36:12,500
Annunciation each one. 
Prompted partly by genuine 

705
00:36:12,500 --> 00:36:15,900
feeling and partly by the social
pressure of an assembly in which

706
00:36:15,900 --> 00:36:18,700
not joining the general 
direction was beginning to feel 

707
00:36:18,700 --> 00:36:21,700
conspicuous. 
The session continued through 

708
00:36:21,700 --> 00:36:25,000
the night in an escalating 
competition of generosity that 

709
00:36:25,000 --> 00:36:27,700
nobody had designed and nobody 
quite knew how to stop. 

710
00:36:28,600 --> 00:36:31,300
By morning, the legal 
architecture of feudalism in 

711
00:36:31,300 --> 00:36:33,900
France and had been largely 
dismantled in a single City. 

712
00:36:35,300 --> 00:36:38,100
The August decrees abolished the
special privileges of the 

713
00:36:38,100 --> 00:36:42,300
nobility and clergy ended the 
remnants of surf them dissolved.

714
00:36:42,300 --> 00:36:45,200
The feudal courts through which 
Noble to exercise, local 

715
00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:48,100
judicial Authority. 
Established formal equality 

716
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:51,400
before the law and declared that
public office, should be open on

717
00:36:51,400 --> 00:36:54,300
the basis of talent and 
qualification rather than birth.

718
00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:57,600
Historians have spent 
considerable energy, debating 

719
00:36:57,600 --> 00:37:00,700
the proportions of idealism and 
panic in that assembly room on 

720
00:37:00,700 --> 00:37:03,300
that August Night. 
The answer is probably both in 

721
00:37:03,300 --> 00:37:06,900
varying, measures shifting from 
speaker to speaker and our to 

722
00:37:06,900 --> 00:37:10,300
hours, the candles burned lower.
But the legal results were 

723
00:37:10,300 --> 00:37:14,200
concrete, regardless of the 
internal motivations, what had 

724
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:17,100
been the organizing structure of
French society for centuries? 

725
00:37:17,100 --> 00:37:20,200
Had been formally voted out of 
existence between Sundown and 

726
00:37:20,200 --> 00:37:24,400
sunrise. 3 weeks later, the 
National Assembly adopted a 

727
00:37:24,400 --> 00:37:26,900
document that attempted to 
articulate and clear language 

728
00:37:26,900 --> 00:37:31,200
what the New France stood for. 
The Declaration of the rights of

729
00:37:31,208 --> 00:37:34,400
man, and of the citizen, is one 
of those texts that rewards 

730
00:37:34,400 --> 00:37:37,400
reading with actual attention 
rather than as background 

731
00:37:37,400 --> 00:37:40,800
material for something else. 
And tonight you have no reason 

732
00:37:40,800 --> 00:37:44,400
to hurry through any of it, it 
opens by describing its purpose 

733
00:37:44,400 --> 00:37:47,200
as a statement of the natural 
and sacred rights of the human 

734
00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:49,600
person. 
It declares that men are born 

735
00:37:49,600 --> 00:37:51,400
and remain free and equal in 
rights. 

736
00:37:51,400 --> 00:37:55,600
It identifies the purpose of all
political organization as the 

737
00:37:55,600 --> 00:37:58,300
preservation of these rights, 
which it names as Liberty, 

738
00:37:58,300 --> 00:38:01,600
properties, secuity, and the 
resistance to a pression. 

739
00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:05,600
It places sovereignty in the 
nation as a whole not in any 

740
00:38:05,600 --> 00:38:08,300
individual. 
It protects freedom of opinion, 

741
00:38:08,300 --> 00:38:12,500
including religious opinion. 
It states that no person may be 

742
00:38:12,500 --> 00:38:16,100
arrested detained or punished 
except through procedures 

743
00:38:16,100 --> 00:38:19,700
established by law. 
It insists that all citizens are

744
00:38:19,700 --> 00:38:22,300
equally eligible for public 
positions, according to their 

745
00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:25,300
ability without distinction 
other than virtue and 

746
00:38:25,308 --> 00:38:28,300
demonstrated Talent. 
The American Declaration of 

747
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:31,600
Independence signed 13 years 
earlier, had provided some 

748
00:38:31,600 --> 00:38:33,800
inspiration and some specific 
language. 

749
00:38:34,800 --> 00:38:37,200
Several French delegates had 
Direct experience of the 

750
00:38:37,200 --> 00:38:40,400
American example. 
The Marketo Lafayette who had 

751
00:38:40,400 --> 00:38:43,600
fought under George Washington 
and maintained a warm friendship

752
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:46,700
with him, across the years that 
followed played a significant 

753
00:38:46,700 --> 00:38:48,400
role in drafting the French 
declaration. 

754
00:38:48,400 --> 00:38:52,000
He later sent Washington a copy 
as a gesture of transatlantic 

755
00:38:52,000 --> 00:38:55,100
solidarity and with it, he 
included a key from the 

756
00:38:55,100 --> 00:38:58,700
demolished best deal. 
That key still hangs today at 

757
00:38:58,700 --> 00:39:01,700
Washington's estate in Virginia,
a small piece of French 

758
00:39:01,700 --> 00:39:04,700
Revolutionary, Iran. 
That traveled across an ocean to

759
00:39:04,700 --> 00:39:06,900
Mark, a shared experiment in 
self-governance. 

760
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:10,300
The philosopher and 
mathematician Condor say 

761
00:39:10,300 --> 00:39:13,700
contributed to the debate around
the Declaration with 

762
00:39:13,700 --> 00:39:15,400
characteristic logical 
precision. 

763
00:39:16,200 --> 00:39:18,900
But it was a writer named or 
laughter gouge, who identified 

764
00:39:18,900 --> 00:39:22,200
the documents most significant 
Silence with uncomfortable. 

765
00:39:22,200 --> 00:39:25,900
Directness, in 1791. 
She published her own 

766
00:39:25,900 --> 00:39:29,100
Declaration of the rights of 
woman and of the female citizen 

767
00:39:29,100 --> 00:39:32,500
arguing with considerable force 
that if Liberty and equality 

768
00:39:32,500 --> 00:39:35,100
were, truly natural rights 
belonging to all human persons. 

769
00:39:35,100 --> 00:39:37,900
They could not logically stop at
the boundary of sex. 

770
00:39:39,100 --> 00:39:41,700
The assembly, received her 
argument largely with silence 

771
00:39:41,700 --> 00:39:45,800
dege died during the terror. 
Several years later, but her 

772
00:39:45,800 --> 00:39:48,300
documents survived and is 
recognized today as a 

773
00:39:48,300 --> 00:39:50,600
foundational texts in the 
history of women's rights 

774
00:39:50,600 --> 00:39:53,200
globally. 
She was right and the 

775
00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:56,100
acknowledgment arrived long 
after the person who deserved 

776
00:39:56,100 --> 00:39:59,400
it, most was gone. 
For ordinary people across 

777
00:39:59,400 --> 00:40:02,800
France, the changes following 
the August decrees filtered into

778
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:04,800
daily existence, gradually and 
unevenly. 

779
00:40:05,700 --> 00:40:08,500
In the countryside peasants, who
had paid feudal Jews for 

780
00:40:08,500 --> 00:40:11,300
Generations? 
Found that the legal basis for 

781
00:40:11,300 --> 00:40:13,400
those payments had been removed 
though. 

782
00:40:13,400 --> 00:40:16,500
Persuading resistant landowners 
to accept this change, sometimes

783
00:40:16,500 --> 00:40:19,100
required further pressure and 
occasionally further. 

784
00:40:19,100 --> 00:40:23,500
Confrontation In the cities, the
dissolution of the guild system 

785
00:40:23,500 --> 00:40:27,400
that had regulated entry into 
various trades opened economic 

786
00:40:27,400 --> 00:40:29,900
opportunities that had 
previously been closed to anyone

787
00:40:29,900 --> 00:40:32,200
without the appropriate, 
hereditary connection to 

788
00:40:32,200 --> 00:40:35,300
recognize craft. 
The church underwent 

789
00:40:35,300 --> 00:40:37,700
transformation of lasting 
consequence. 

790
00:40:37,700 --> 00:40:40,900
Its land Holdings which were 
vast enough to represent a 

791
00:40:40,900 --> 00:40:43,900
significant fraction of French 
territory were nationalized in 

792
00:40:43,900 --> 00:40:46,600
November 1789. 
As part of the effort to address

793
00:40:46,600 --> 00:40:49,200
the Royal debt. 
The assembly issued paper 

794
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:52,700
currency called a Signet backed 
by the value of this newly 

795
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:55,700
nationalized land. 
Clergy were required to swear 

796
00:40:55,700 --> 00:40:57,400
loyalty to the Constitutional 
order. 

797
00:40:57,400 --> 00:41:00,800
And this requirement divided, 
the French Church into those who

798
00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:03,600
complied. 
And those, who refused if 

799
00:41:03,600 --> 00:41:06,700
fracture that ran through 
parishes communities and 

800
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:11,500
families with the force of a 
genuine schism, Presume refused 

801
00:41:11,500 --> 00:41:13,200
the oath became figures of 
quiet. 

802
00:41:13,200 --> 00:41:16,400
Reverence in some Villages, an 
open suspicion in others. 

803
00:41:17,300 --> 00:41:20,100
The calendar was eventually 
overhauled as well, which was 

804
00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:23,100
perhaps the most ambitious of 
the revolution's rationalizing, 

805
00:41:23,100 --> 00:41:26,100
impulses. 
The new calendar divided the 

806
00:41:26,100 --> 00:41:30,100
year into 12 months of 30 days 
each with months named after 

807
00:41:30,100 --> 00:41:35,600
natural phenomena the great 
parvis month Premiere the month 

808
00:41:35,600 --> 00:41:39,200
of missed Premiere, the frosty 
month, the five remaining days 

809
00:41:39,200 --> 00:41:43,100
at the years end were designated
special holidays weeks became 

810
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:46,400
ten days long which reduced the 
number of Sunday substantially. 

811
00:41:47,000 --> 00:41:50,000
The system was orderly in theory
and disorienting and practice. 

812
00:41:50,000 --> 00:41:53,300
And it lasted about a decade 
before France quietly returned 

813
00:41:53,300 --> 00:41:56,300
to the Gregorian calendar. 
Having discovered that people 

814
00:41:56,300 --> 00:41:58,700
are more attached to their weeks
than to philosophical 

815
00:41:58,700 --> 00:42:01,500
consistency. 
In the smaller towns and 

816
00:42:01,500 --> 00:42:04,500
Villages, the changes were 
sometimes, slow and sometimes 

817
00:42:04,500 --> 00:42:08,100
startling in their abruptness. 
A blacksmith who had previously 

818
00:42:08,100 --> 00:42:11,100
paid to use a Lord's Watermill. 
Found the obligation, formally 

819
00:42:11,100 --> 00:42:14,800
dissolved, a merchant who had 
spent years navigating, Guild 

820
00:42:14,800 --> 00:42:17,900
restrictions on who could sell 
what found those restrictions 

821
00:42:17,900 --> 00:42:22,200
lifted at least in theory. 
A young man from a family with 

822
00:42:22,200 --> 00:42:25,600
Noble connections, found the 
door to certain careers military

823
00:42:25,600 --> 00:42:28,800
commissions, legal officers 
Church, appointments no longer 

824
00:42:28,800 --> 00:42:31,600
legally barred to him on the 
basis of birth alone. 

825
00:42:31,600 --> 00:42:35,500
The Practical reality was 
messier than the legal ideal as 

826
00:42:35,500 --> 00:42:38,800
it always is. 
But the legal ideal mattered It 

827
00:42:38,808 --> 00:42:41,800
created a floor beneath people's
expectations that had not 

828
00:42:41,800 --> 00:42:45,800
existed before. 
And flaws once built a difficult

829
00:42:45,800 --> 00:42:47,300
to remove without people 
noticing. 

830
00:42:48,200 --> 00:42:51,000
These are the textures of a 
world were making itself in real

831
00:42:51,000 --> 00:42:54,100
time. 
Old signs coming down new ones 

832
00:42:54,100 --> 00:42:56,400
going up. 
Sometimes, crooked sometimes in 

833
00:42:56,400 --> 00:42:58,300
languages. 
Not everyone could read yet. 

834
00:42:59,200 --> 00:43:02,100
The country was navigating by 
candlelight through changes, it 

835
00:43:02,100 --> 00:43:05,800
had initiated, but could not 
entirely control and the candle 

836
00:43:05,800 --> 00:43:08,700
was beginning to gutter in ways 
that nobody had predicted when 

837
00:43:08,700 --> 00:43:11,800
the dancing started. 
The king had moved to Paris. 

838
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:15,100
This is worth stating plainly 
because the manner of the move, 

839
00:43:15,100 --> 00:43:17,800
tells you something important 
about the balance of power in 

840
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:22,900
France by October 1789, The 
royal family had not decided one

841
00:43:22,900 --> 00:43:25,400
Pleasant or to morning to spend 
some time in the capital. 

842
00:43:25,400 --> 00:43:29,000
They had been escorted there by 
several thousand Parisian women 

843
00:43:29,000 --> 00:43:31,600
who had marched to Versailles in
protest. 

844
00:43:31,600 --> 00:43:35,100
Over bread, prices surrounded, 
the palace and made clear 

845
00:43:35,100 --> 00:43:37,300
through their presence in their 
considerable noise. 

846
00:43:37,300 --> 00:43:39,900
That the king would be returning
to Paris with them. 

847
00:43:40,600 --> 00:43:43,400
The march of the women was not 
spontaneous in the sense of 

848
00:43:43,400 --> 00:43:46,900
being unorganized, the women who
participated came predominantly 

849
00:43:46,900 --> 00:43:50,300
from the working markets of 
Paris, fish wives and Street 

850
00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:53,400
Traders, who understood Supply 
chains and price manipulation 

851
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:56,600
with practical expertise, They 
Carried Pike's and kitchen 

852
00:43:56,600 --> 00:43:58,800
knives and some weapons of 
Tangerine during the march, 

853
00:43:58,800 --> 00:44:02,700
their demand was bred and their 
implicit demand was that the 

854
00:44:02,700 --> 00:44:05,000
king remain within sight of the 
people who needed it? 

855
00:44:05,800 --> 00:44:08,600
The royal family was installed 
at the wheeler palace in Paris 

856
00:44:08,600 --> 00:44:12,700
that same day and the National 
Assembly relocated nearby, The 

857
00:44:12,700 --> 00:44:15,500
Gardens of the tweeze were less 
magnificent than Versailles. 

858
00:44:15,500 --> 00:44:19,300
The rooms less ceremonially 
elaborate and the proximity to 

859
00:44:19,300 --> 00:44:22,800
the city unmistakable. 
The constitutional monarchy that

860
00:44:22,808 --> 00:44:26,300
followed the Autumn of 1789 was 
a genuine attempt to build a 

861
00:44:26,308 --> 00:44:29,600
stable new arrangement. 
The assembly produced a 

862
00:44:29,600 --> 00:44:32,800
Constitution in 1791, that 
maintained the king as head of 

863
00:44:32,808 --> 00:44:36,200
the executive branch while 
giving legislative authority to 

864
00:44:36,200 --> 00:44:38,700
an elected assembly. 
Lewis signed it. 

865
00:44:38,700 --> 00:44:41,700
He participated in ceremonies 
welcoming the New Order with 

866
00:44:41,700 --> 00:44:44,300
enough visible. 
Cooperation that an observer 

867
00:44:44,300 --> 00:44:46,400
might have believed, he had 
accepted it genuinely. 

868
00:44:47,300 --> 00:44:51,300
Then in June of 1791, he 
attempted to leave France. 

869
00:44:51,300 --> 00:44:54,400
The royal family disguised 
themselves and packed into a 

870
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:57,200
heavy traveling coach later 
tonight heading East toward the 

871
00:44:57,200 --> 00:45:00,000
border with Austria where Maria 
Antoinette's nephew. 

872
00:45:00,000 --> 00:45:02,500
The Holy Roman Emperor would 
provide support for a 

873
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:05,900
restoration of Royal Authority. 
The plan had been kept secret 

874
00:45:05,900 --> 00:45:08,500
for months. 
It nonetheless failed at a town 

875
00:45:08,500 --> 00:45:10,600
called Verne. 
Not far from the Austrian 

876
00:45:10,600 --> 00:45:13,800
Frontier, where a local 
postmaster named John Patti's, 

877
00:45:13,800 --> 00:45:17,000
Dre recognized the king's face 
from his image on a coin. 

878
00:45:17,900 --> 00:45:21,300
The royal family was stopped 
detained and a school back to 

879
00:45:21,300 --> 00:45:24,400
Paris under guard. 
The human dimensions of the 

880
00:45:24,400 --> 00:45:27,100
Vernon incident are genuinely 
affecting from a distance. 

881
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,000
Lewis was not a scheming Tyrant 
engineering counter-revolution 

882
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:34,200
with cold calculation. 
He was a man who had been raised

883
00:45:34,200 --> 00:45:37,000
within a system of belief about 
Divine Royal Authority. 

884
00:45:37,700 --> 00:45:39,700
Placed on a throne that demanded
qualities. 

885
00:45:39,700 --> 00:45:42,900
He had never fully possessed and
who had signed a constitution. 

886
00:45:42,900 --> 00:45:47,400
He found genuinely difficult to 
accept as legitimate in any deep

887
00:45:47,400 --> 00:45:49,600
sense. 
His decision to flee was 

888
00:45:49,600 --> 00:45:51,400
understandable in personal 
terms. 

889
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:53,700
In political terms, it was 
catastrophic. 

890
00:45:54,500 --> 00:45:57,100
The Constitutional required, a 
king committed to France. 

891
00:45:57,900 --> 00:46:00,500
The flight to Varan announced 
that the king had been looking 

892
00:46:00,500 --> 00:46:02,800
for a way out. 
When the carriage returned to 

893
00:46:02,800 --> 00:46:05,600
Paris the crowds that watched it
passed were largely silent, 

894
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:09,200
which was worse than noise. 
The Legislative Assembly that 

895
00:46:09,200 --> 00:46:10,600
replaced. 
The National Assembly was 

896
00:46:10,600 --> 00:46:14,000
younger considerably more 
radical in its composition and 

897
00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:17,300
operating in a European context 
rapidly becoming hostile to 

898
00:46:17,300 --> 00:46:20,600
revolutionary France. 
Emmy Nobles who had fled the 

899
00:46:20,608 --> 00:46:24,200
country were assembling military
forces near the borders, with 

900
00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:26,500
the intention of restoring, the 
old order through armed 

901
00:46:26,500 --> 00:46:29,200
intervention. 
Prussia and Austria, formed an 

902
00:46:29,200 --> 00:46:31,800
alliance and issued a 
declaration threatening Paris 

903
00:46:31,800 --> 00:46:35,100
with severe consequences if any 
harm came to the Royal Family. 

904
00:46:36,000 --> 00:46:38,500
This was perhaps the least 
effective diplomatic 

905
00:46:38,500 --> 00:46:41,400
communication of the 18th 
century as a immediately 

906
00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:44,400
convinced the most radical 
elements of the assembly that 

907
00:46:44,400 --> 00:46:46,500
the King was coordinating with 
foreign enemies. 

908
00:46:46,500 --> 00:46:49,800
The Declaration achieved the 
precise opposite of its 

909
00:46:49,800 --> 00:46:51,500
intended. 
Effect with impressive 

910
00:46:51,500 --> 00:46:54,200
efficiently. 
France, declared war on Austria 

911
00:46:54,200 --> 00:46:57,300
in April 1792. 
The early months of the war went

912
00:46:57,300 --> 00:47:00,500
badly crush on an, Austrian 
forces crossed into French 

913
00:47:00,500 --> 00:47:03,600
territory, and as they Advance 
the atmosphere in Paris became 

914
00:47:03,600 --> 00:47:08,400
febrile with suspicion and fear.
in September 1792 crowds 

915
00:47:08,400 --> 00:47:11,200
attacked the prisons of Paris 
and killed somewhere between 

916
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:15,900
1,000 and 1500 people held their
The September massacres, as they

917
00:47:15,900 --> 00:47:18,900
came to be called, were not a 
product of revolutionary 

918
00:47:18,900 --> 00:47:20,900
ideology. 
In any direct sense. 

919
00:47:20,900 --> 00:47:24,300
They were a product of Terror 
which is a different and less 

920
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:27,800
rational thing entirely. 
The formal Republic was declared

921
00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:31,700
in September 1792. 
The King was now referred to as 

922
00:47:31,700 --> 00:47:34,200
citizen Lewis carpet in official
proceedings. 

923
00:47:34,200 --> 00:47:37,200
A stripping of title that was 
also a statement of legal, 

924
00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:40,900
status, his trial before the 
National Convention in December 

925
00:47:40,900 --> 00:47:42,700
was conducted as a criminal 
proceeding. 

926
00:47:42,700 --> 00:47:45,800
And he was found guilty of crime
against the nation by a vote 

927
00:47:45,800 --> 00:47:47,700
that was not unanimous, but was 
sufficient. 

928
00:47:47,700 --> 00:47:52,800
He was executed on the 21st of 
January 1793 in the plasterer, 

929
00:47:52,800 --> 00:47:57,700
revolution in Paris, Dr. Joseph 
in Yasiel tan had not invented, 

930
00:47:57,700 --> 00:48:00,900
the guillotine, he had only 
advocated for the adoption of a 

931
00:48:00,908 --> 00:48:03,600
mechanically consistent and 
socially equal method of 

932
00:48:03,600 --> 00:48:06,900
execution that applied the same 
mechanism, regardless of the 

933
00:48:06,900 --> 00:48:10,400
rank of The Condemned person. 
He spent years after a troubled 

934
00:48:10,400 --> 00:48:13,200
by the Association of his name 
with the device which 

935
00:48:13,200 --> 00:48:15,800
demonstrates that when you 
propose something very practical

936
00:48:15,800 --> 00:48:19,400
in a very unpractical time, the 
Practical part is often the last

937
00:48:19,400 --> 00:48:22,800
thing remembered the period that
followed is called the terror. 

938
00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:26,400
A name that dispenses with the 
usual historical tendency toward

939
00:48:26,400 --> 00:48:29,100
euphemism. 
The Committee of Public Safety 

940
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:34,200
accumulated Authority through 
1793 and into 1794 managing 

941
00:48:34,200 --> 00:48:37,500
France, under conditions of 
foreign war and internal civil 

942
00:48:37,500 --> 00:48:39,300
conflict. 
That were genuinely dangerous 

943
00:48:39,300 --> 00:48:43,000
Regional uprisings in the vendee
and elsewhere required, military

944
00:48:43,000 --> 00:48:46,000
suppression, royalist and 
counter-revolutionary forces 

945
00:48:46,000 --> 00:48:47,600
were active across multiple 
regions. 

946
00:48:48,500 --> 00:48:51,700
Fears were not entirely 
imaginary. but the instrument of

947
00:48:51,700 --> 00:48:55,700
fear became its own crisis, the 
law of suspects broadened, the 

948
00:48:55,700 --> 00:48:58,800
definition of treason and until 
almost any expression of Doubt 

949
00:48:58,800 --> 00:49:02,300
could qualify Estimates of those
formerly executed, during the 

950
00:49:02,300 --> 00:49:07,000
terror range from 17 to 40,000, 
depending on methodology and 

951
00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:10,100
which Regional killings are 
included with many more dying in

952
00:49:10,100 --> 00:49:12,400
prison, or in the suppression of
the vendee uprising. 

953
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:16,000
The gist in Paris worked with 
terrible steadiness through 

954
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:19,500
months, that had been given new 
names but felt very old in every

955
00:49:19,500 --> 00:49:22,300
other respect. 
Paris, during the terror was a 

956
00:49:22,308 --> 00:49:25,100
city that had learned to be 
careful about what it said aloud

957
00:49:25,100 --> 00:49:28,300
and in whose company, the 
Revolutionary clubs that had 

958
00:49:28,300 --> 00:49:31,500
been spaces of open argument the
game places where the wrong 

959
00:49:31,500 --> 00:49:34,200
expression at the wrong moment. 
Could attract attention of a 

960
00:49:34,200 --> 00:49:38,600
very unwelcome kind, people wore
their cockades prominently, they

961
00:49:38,600 --> 00:49:40,400
used the new Republican forms of
address. 

962
00:49:40,400 --> 00:49:43,400
They addressed each other as 
citizen rather than the older 

963
00:49:43,400 --> 00:49:46,400
forms because the older forms 
suggested attachment to a world.

964
00:49:46,400 --> 00:49:49,900
The Republic was officially done
with The streets still smelled 

965
00:49:49,900 --> 00:49:53,300
of baking bread and horse manure
and the river children still 

966
00:49:53,300 --> 00:49:55,000
played in the lanes, near the 
markets. 

967
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:57,600
But a particular quality of 
watchfulness had entered 

968
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:00,900
ordinary life the way cold 
enters a room, not all at once, 

969
00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:03,700
but through the gradual failure 
of everything, keeping it out. 

970
00:50:04,500 --> 00:50:07,400
Maximilian Robespierre, the 
figure most closely associated 

971
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:10,200
with the terrorists. 
Severity was himself, arrested 

972
00:50:10,200 --> 00:50:14,600
and executed in July 1794 in the
coup that the Revolutionary 

973
00:50:14,600 --> 00:50:17,300
calendar named Thermador after 
the month of summer heat. 

974
00:50:18,100 --> 00:50:20,700
The convention turned on the men
who had been most jealous in 

975
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:23,400
turning on others. 
With a logic that anyone who has

976
00:50:23,400 --> 00:50:27,300
read about institutional purges 
in any era will recognize with 

977
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:30,400
weary familiarity. 
You let this part of the story 

978
00:50:30,400 --> 00:50:34,000
settle quietly around you. 
It is part of the record and 

979
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:36,300
Records can be acknowledged 
without being dwelled upon. 

980
00:50:37,900 --> 00:50:40,600
The darkness that followed the 
revolution's opening idealism 

981
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:44,900
does not cancel that idealism. 
It shows instead, what happens 

982
00:50:44,900 --> 00:50:48,000
when fear is given Authority, 
which is something that history 

983
00:50:48,000 --> 00:50:51,800
demonstrates with exhausting 
regularity and that no single 

984
00:50:51,800 --> 00:50:53,400
Century seems to finish 
learning. 

985
00:50:55,000 --> 00:50:58,600
Terror produced in its aftermath
a deep weariness, about 

986
00:50:58,600 --> 00:51:01,700
revolutionary excess that shape 
French and European political 

987
00:51:01,700 --> 00:51:04,700
thought for a generation. 
The Men Who came after 

988
00:51:04,700 --> 00:51:07,400
Robespierre were not restored. 
Royalists, but exhausted 

989
00:51:07,400 --> 00:51:10,200
Republicans who wanted to govern
without killing their 

990
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:13,500
colleagues. 
That combination of commitment 

991
00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:16,100
to Republican principle and deep
reluctance. 

992
00:51:16,100 --> 00:51:19,600
To repeat the radicalism of 
1793, gave the directory and 

993
00:51:19,600 --> 00:51:22,000
then Napoleon's consulate their 
particular character. 

994
00:51:22,000 --> 00:51:26,700
Pragmatic, institutionally 
minded alert to the dangers of 

995
00:51:26,708 --> 00:51:30,700
both reaction and fanaticism. 
The revolution had burned 

996
00:51:30,700 --> 00:51:33,800
through its most extreme 
possibilities and left behind 

997
00:51:33,800 --> 00:51:35,200
something. 
That was neither, the old 

998
00:51:35,200 --> 00:51:39,000
monarchy nor the pure Republic 
of theory, but a France that had

999
00:51:39,000 --> 00:51:42,000
been changed in ways that were 
permanent even when they were 

1000
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:46,200
difficult to name precisely. 
Napoleon Bonaparte came to 

1001
00:51:46,200 --> 00:51:48,100
power, the way certain weather 
arrives. 

1002
00:51:48,100 --> 00:51:51,600
Gradually then all at once and 
leaving the landscape 

1003
00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:54,500
considerably. 
Rearranged He had made his 

1004
00:51:54,500 --> 00:51:57,300
military reputation in campaigns
in Italy, in Egypt, 

1005
00:51:57,300 --> 00:52:01,300
demonstrating a talent for Rapid
movement, bold tactical 

1006
00:52:01,300 --> 00:52:03,700
decision-making. 
And the communication skills 

1007
00:52:03,700 --> 00:52:07,300
that keep exhausted soldiers 
believe in something larger than

1008
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:11,300
their immediate discomfort. 
He was also exceptionally good 

1009
00:52:11,300 --> 00:52:14,200
at being talked about which in 
the revolutionary period was not

1010
00:52:14,200 --> 00:52:17,200
a minor skill. 
His name had accumulated a 

1011
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,400
weight that the directory, the 
five-man executive that governed

1012
00:52:20,400 --> 00:52:24,500
France from 1795 to 1799 had 
found useful and then found 

1013
00:52:24,500 --> 00:52:28,000
threatening in roughly equal 
measure in November, 1799 

1014
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:31,300
Napoleon and his allies staged. 
The coup of the 18th of Bremer 

1015
00:52:31,300 --> 00:52:34,000
ending the directory and 
establishing a new governing 

1016
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:36,900
arrangement with Napoleon at its
Center as first consul. 

1017
00:52:37,500 --> 00:52:40,800
He was 30 years old. 
He had the particular energy of 

1018
00:52:40,800 --> 00:52:43,600
someone who had never quite 
accepted that the situation he 

1019
00:52:43,600 --> 00:52:45,300
was in, was the one he was 
limited to. 

1020
00:52:46,100 --> 00:52:49,500
Placing Napoleon within the Ark 
of the revolution is an exercise

1021
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:51,800
that historians have approached 
from several directions. 

1022
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:54,800
Simultaneously, and the 
resulting Maps do not always 

1023
00:52:54,800 --> 00:52:57,200
agree. 
Was he the culmination of the 

1024
00:52:57,200 --> 00:53:00,000
Revolution carrying its 
principles into practical 

1025
00:53:00,000 --> 00:53:03,600
Administration? 
Was its betrayal replacing 

1026
00:53:03,600 --> 00:53:06,100
Republican government with 
personal Authority dressed in 

1027
00:53:06,100 --> 00:53:10,200
Civic language, was he at export
vehicle spreading legal 

1028
00:53:10,200 --> 00:53:13,100
modernization to places? 
The original revolutionaries had

1029
00:53:13,100 --> 00:53:16,500
never intended to reach. 
The most accurate answer is 

1030
00:53:16,500 --> 00:53:19,100
probably all three in 
proportions that shifted as the 

1031
00:53:19,100 --> 00:53:22,600
years and campaigns accumulated 
what he carried most durably 

1032
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:24,900
from The Revolution was a 
commitment to legal and 

1033
00:53:24,900 --> 00:53:28,300
administrative reform that 
transformed France and through 

1034
00:53:28,300 --> 00:53:32,800
French military presence, much 
of Europe, the Napoleonic Code, 

1035
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:36,200
the comprehensive civil law 
system, he commissioned and 

1036
00:53:36,200 --> 00:53:39,000
which was promulgated in 1804 
codified. 

1037
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:42,800
The revolution's core principles
into enforceable law across a 

1038
00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:45,500
unified National system for the 
first time in French history. 

1039
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:50,600
The code was not abstract it 
governed the specific and 

1040
00:53:50,600 --> 00:53:52,500
unglamorous realities of 
ordinary existence. 

1041
00:53:52,500 --> 00:53:56,200
It determined how property 
passed between Generations when 

1042
00:53:56,200 --> 00:53:59,500
someone died without a will 
Established what a marriage 

1043
00:53:59,508 --> 00:54:02,600
contract could and could not 
stipulate it defined the 

1044
00:54:02,608 --> 00:54:05,400
obligations between employers 
and workers in terms of law 

1045
00:54:05,400 --> 00:54:09,000
rather than custom it specified.
How debts were to be collected 

1046
00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:12,000
and how contracts were to be 
enforced in doing all of these 

1047
00:54:12,000 --> 00:54:15,000
things with uniform rules that 
applied equally regardless of 

1048
00:54:15,000 --> 00:54:16,700
whether you were a duke or a day
laborer. 

1049
00:54:16,700 --> 00:54:21,300
It changed the daily texture of 
economic and social life in ways

1050
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:23,900
that no Declaration of 
principles could accomplish on 

1051
00:54:23,900 --> 00:54:27,800
its own principles, require 
mechanisms, and the code was the

1052
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:30,400
mechanism, the code established 
equality. 

1053
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:33,500
Before the law, as a 
non-negotiable foundation, it 

1054
00:54:33,500 --> 00:54:36,200
protected property rights with 
considerable Clarity. 

1055
00:54:36,200 --> 00:54:40,000
It guaranteed religious freedom.
It abolished the remaining 

1056
00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:42,000
feudal legal Arrangements that 
had survived. 

1057
00:54:42,000 --> 00:54:44,100
The August decrees in various 
local forms. 

1058
00:54:44,100 --> 00:54:47,300
It stated that public office 
should be accessible on the 

1059
00:54:47,300 --> 00:54:50,400
basis of demonstrated ability 
rather than birth. 

1060
00:54:50,400 --> 00:54:53,300
It was in its structure, and its
assumptions. 

1061
00:54:53,300 --> 00:54:56,100
A document that the men of the 
National Assembly would have 

1062
00:54:56,100 --> 00:54:59,500
recognized as their inheritance 
Even if many of them might have 

1063
00:54:59,500 --> 00:55:02,800
objected to the man who oversaw 
its Drafting and the manner in 

1064
00:55:02,800 --> 00:55:04,900
which he had accumulated the 
authority to commission it. 

1065
00:55:04,908 --> 00:55:08,500
The historian David Bell has 
argued that Napoleon's military 

1066
00:55:08,500 --> 00:55:11,700
campaigns for all their violence
and Imperial ambition. 

1067
00:55:11,700 --> 00:55:15,200
Functioned as an inadvertent 
delivery system for these legal 

1068
00:55:15,200 --> 00:55:18,100
Norms across a continent 
organized on different 

1069
00:55:18,100 --> 00:55:21,500
principles. 
Belgium the Netherlands large 

1070
00:55:21,500 --> 00:55:24,900
parts of Germany, Spain and 
Italy all experienced versions 

1071
00:55:24,900 --> 00:55:27,500
of this legal modernization 
during the Napoleonic period 

1072
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:29,600
sometimes with genuine 
appreciation. 

1073
00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:33,300
And sometimes with deep 
resentment, depending on how the

1074
00:55:33,300 --> 00:55:35,100
occupation felt from the 
receiving end. 

1075
00:55:36,000 --> 00:55:39,000
Illegal code brought by soldiers
fighting under French Imperial. 

1076
00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:43,000
Expansion is a complicated gift 
under any reasonable accounting 

1077
00:55:43,000 --> 00:55:45,900
and the people receiving, it 
were not wrong to feel the 

1078
00:55:45,900 --> 00:55:49,100
complication. 
Napoleon crowned himself emperor

1079
00:55:49,100 --> 00:55:53,400
in 1804 in a ceremony at Notre. 
Dame cathedral in Paris with 

1080
00:55:53,400 --> 00:55:56,400
Pope Pius, the seventh president
but in the unusual position of 

1081
00:55:56,400 --> 00:56:00,900
witness rather than confer of 
Royal Authority, Napoleon placed

1082
00:56:00,900 --> 00:56:03,800
the crown on his own head rather
than receiving it from the pope 

1083
00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:06,400
which was either a profound 
statement about the new 

1084
00:56:06,400 --> 00:56:09,700
relationship between temporal 
and spiritual power or a piece 

1085
00:56:09,700 --> 00:56:12,400
of theatrical self-promotion or 
both at once. 

1086
00:56:13,300 --> 00:56:16,400
The painter David who had also 
immortalized the Tennis Court 

1087
00:56:16,400 --> 00:56:18,300
Oath, 15 years. 
Earlier, captured this 

1088
00:56:18,300 --> 00:56:22,300
coronation in a massive canvas 
that hung for Generations as a 

1089
00:56:22,300 --> 00:56:24,800
record of a man who understood 
how to manage his own image with

1090
00:56:24,800 --> 00:56:28,400
considerable sophistication. 
His eventual defeat at Waterloo 

1091
00:56:28,400 --> 00:56:32,300
in June 1815 and subsequent 
exile, to the remote, South 

1092
00:56:32,300 --> 00:56:35,600
Atlantic island of Saint Helena 
brought the Napoleonic era to 

1093
00:56:35,600 --> 00:56:38,400
its end. 
The European powers assembled at

1094
00:56:38,400 --> 00:56:40,800
the Congress of Vienna spent 
months redrawing, the 

1095
00:56:40,800 --> 00:56:43,300
continents, borders, and 
attempting to reinstall, 

1096
00:56:43,300 --> 00:56:45,300
monarchies, wherever they had 
been displaced. 

1097
00:56:45,300 --> 00:56:48,100
The bourbon Dynasty returned to 
France's Throne. 

1098
00:56:48,100 --> 00:56:51,400
Initially in the person of 
Louis, the 18th who had spent 

1099
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:54,600
the Revolutionary and Napoleonic
years in various forms of Exile.

1100
00:56:54,600 --> 00:56:57,600
And who now returned to a 
country that had spent a quarter

1101
00:56:57,600 --> 00:57:00,900
Century without a king and was 
not entirely certain what to do 

1102
00:57:00,900 --> 00:57:03,300
with one again. 
The Congress of Vienna 

1103
00:57:03,300 --> 00:57:06,200
represented the great 
conservative Powers attempt to 

1104
00:57:06,200 --> 00:57:09,100
restore the old European order 
or something close enough to it 

1105
00:57:09,100 --> 00:57:12,200
to feel familiar. 
In some respects they succeeded 

1106
00:57:12,200 --> 00:57:16,200
monarchies were re-established. 
Borders were redrawn to reflect 

1107
00:57:16,200 --> 00:57:18,800
the preferences of the major 
Powers rather than the 

1108
00:57:18,800 --> 00:57:22,500
population's they contained. 
Here is the thing about attempts

1109
00:57:22,500 --> 00:57:25,100
to reverse a Revolution by 
restoring its institutional 

1110
00:57:25,100 --> 00:57:27,700
predecessors. 
You can return a king to a 

1111
00:57:27,700 --> 00:57:30,600
throne, you cannot return the 
population to the mental World 

1112
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:34,300
in which that King's absolute 
Authority was simply accepted as

1113
00:57:34,300 --> 00:57:35,700
the natural condition of 
existence. 

1114
00:57:35,700 --> 00:57:40,300
The ideas that had circulated 
since 1789 had not been stored 

1115
00:57:40,300 --> 00:57:43,100
in the Bastille where they might
be demolished along with the 

1116
00:57:43,100 --> 00:57:45,900
walls. 
They had been printed argued 

1117
00:57:45,900 --> 00:57:49,900
embedded in legal codes, carried
across Europe by soldiers who 

1118
00:57:49,900 --> 00:57:53,200
then returned to their home 
Villages translated into German 

1119
00:57:53,200 --> 00:57:56,800
and Spanish and Italian and 
Dutch and polish and argued over

1120
00:57:56,800 --> 00:57:58,900
in coffee houses from Lisbon to 
Warsaw. 

1121
00:57:59,800 --> 00:58:03,600
The Haitian revolution which had
begun in 1791 on the French 

1122
00:58:03,600 --> 00:58:07,200
Caribbean colony of sound, 
domangue directly and explicitly

1123
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:09,600
on the language of the 
Declaration of the Rights of 

1124
00:58:09,600 --> 00:58:12,300
Man. 
The leaders of the uprising most

1125
00:58:12,300 --> 00:58:15,300
prominently Tucson louverture 
pointed out the logical 

1126
00:58:15,300 --> 00:58:18,200
contradiction between France's 
stated principles of universal 

1127
00:58:18,200 --> 00:58:21,300
Liberty and equality and its 
continued maintenance of 

1128
00:58:21,300 --> 00:58:23,200
slavery. 
In its most profitable Colony, 

1129
00:58:23,200 --> 00:58:27,400
the Revolutionary government in 
Paris abolished slavery in 1794 

1130
00:58:27,400 --> 00:58:30,400
a decision. 
Motivated partly by military 

1131
00:58:30,400 --> 00:58:34,100
necessity and partly by genuine 
ideological pressure from within

1132
00:58:34,100 --> 00:58:38,500
the assembly itself. 
Napoleon reinstated it in 1802, 

1133
00:58:38,500 --> 00:58:41,800
which was among the last 
defensible decisions in a career

1134
00:58:41,800 --> 00:58:43,600
that contained several 
candidates for that. 

1135
00:58:43,600 --> 00:58:46,800
Designation. 
Haiti declared independence in 

1136
00:58:46,808 --> 00:58:51,200
1804 becoming the first nation 
in the Americas to emerge from a

1137
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:54,500
successful slave revolt and the 
first black Republic in modern 

1138
00:58:54,500 --> 00:58:58,000
history. 
In Latin America Independence 

1139
00:58:58,000 --> 00:59:00,900
movements that gathered Force 
Through the early 19th century, 

1140
00:59:00,900 --> 00:59:04,800
Drew on French Revolutionary 
thought alongside American 

1141
00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:07,600
models and local conditions that
shaped each struggle into 

1142
00:59:07,600 --> 00:59:09,100
something particular to its 
place. 

1143
00:59:09,100 --> 00:59:12,700
Simon Bolivar had read the 
philosophy with genuine 

1144
00:59:12,700 --> 00:59:16,200
attention the arguments about 
natural rights, popular 

1145
00:59:16,200 --> 00:59:19,600
sovereignty and the illegitimacy
of governments that served only 

1146
00:59:19,600 --> 00:59:23,000
those who already held power 
spread wherever French was red 

1147
00:59:23,000 --> 00:59:26,400
and French was the educated 
language of most of the Western 

1148
00:59:26,400 --> 00:59:31,100
World throughout this period. 
The revolution of 1830 and 1848 

1149
00:59:31,100 --> 00:59:34,400
that swept through Europe 
carried, unmistakable traces of 

1150
00:59:34,400 --> 00:59:38,700
1789 in their language, their 
imagery and their demands. 

1151
00:59:38,700 --> 00:59:42,500
The concept of a written 
Constitution as the foundation 

1152
00:59:42,500 --> 00:59:46,000
of legitimate government rather 
than tradition and hereditary 

1153
00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:48,300
right. 
Had become a standard against 

1154
00:59:48,300 --> 00:59:50,900
which existing Arrangements were
measured and found wanting 

1155
00:59:51,800 --> 00:59:54,600
Governments, that could not meet
that standard faced growing 

1156
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:57,600
pressure to change and the 
pressure was articulated. 

1157
00:59:57,600 --> 00:59:59,900
In terms that the National 
Assembly would have recognized 

1158
00:59:59,900 --> 01:00:02,700
immediately, the particular 
image of the best deal. 

1159
01:00:02,700 --> 01:00:05,200
A fortress of arbitrary 
Authority, brought down by 

1160
01:00:05,200 --> 01:00:08,500
Collective action became one of 
the most durable symbols in 

1161
01:00:08,500 --> 01:00:12,900
popular politics for the next 
century and beyond When workers 

1162
01:00:12,900 --> 01:00:15,100
organized, when reform movements
marched. 

1163
01:00:15,100 --> 01:00:18,600
When people argued for rights, 
they did not yet possess they 

1164
01:00:18,600 --> 01:00:20,400
reach for the language. 
And imagery of the French 

1165
01:00:20,400 --> 01:00:23,600
Revolution with the confidence 
of people, reaching for a tool 

1166
01:00:23,600 --> 01:00:25,300
that has already proven. 
It works. 

1167
01:00:26,300 --> 01:00:29,900
You're drifting now and the 
distance between you and 1789. 

1168
01:00:29,900 --> 01:00:32,200
Feels both enormous and 
strangely thin. 

1169
01:00:33,300 --> 01:00:35,400
Consider for a moment. 
The people who gathered in that 

1170
01:00:35,400 --> 01:00:38,700
tennis court on the 20th of June
1789 and took their oath. 

1171
01:00:39,500 --> 01:00:41,800
They were not primarily 
concerned with posterity. 

1172
01:00:41,800 --> 01:00:44,700
They were trying to address 
immediate and pressing problems.

1173
01:00:44,700 --> 01:00:49,200
An empty treasury on affordable.
Bread, punishing, taxation on 

1174
01:00:49,200 --> 01:00:52,700
the people least able to Bear it
and the complete absence of any 

1175
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:56,000
formal mechanism through which 
Ordinary People could influence,

1176
01:00:56,000 --> 01:00:58,300
the government making decisions 
about their lives. 

1177
01:00:59,100 --> 01:01:02,500
They were exhausted and hungry 
and many cases and frightened in

1178
01:01:02,500 --> 01:01:05,000
almost all cases carrying within
them. 

1179
01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:08,100
The accumulated for frustrations
of a social order that had been 

1180
01:01:08,108 --> 01:01:10,800
pressing down on most of France 
for as long as anyone could 

1181
01:01:10,800 --> 01:01:13,400
remember. 
They were ordinary men in 

1182
01:01:13,400 --> 01:01:16,900
extraordinary circumstances and 
they reached for the biggest 

1183
01:01:16,900 --> 01:01:19,700
idea of available to them 
because the smaller ideas had 

1184
01:01:19,700 --> 01:01:22,100
all been tried and had not been 
enough. 

1185
01:01:22,100 --> 01:01:24,700
And yet the solution they 
reached for the idea that 

1186
01:01:24,700 --> 01:01:27,600
government requires the, genuine
consent of those at governments,

1187
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:30,800
that rights are not gifts 
extended at a rulers pleasure, 

1188
01:01:30,800 --> 01:01:33,700
but properties of persons that 
exist prior to any government. 

1189
01:01:34,500 --> 01:01:37,700
The privilege based on birth 
alone is not merely inconvenient

1190
01:01:37,700 --> 01:01:41,100
but fundamentally wrong. 
These ideas proved far more 

1191
01:01:41,108 --> 01:01:43,200
durable than the specific 
institutions. 

1192
01:01:43,200 --> 01:01:46,600
Those men were trying to build 
They outlasted the monarchy. 

1193
01:01:46,600 --> 01:01:50,000
They dismantled the outlasted, 
the Republic that replaced it. 

1194
01:01:50,000 --> 01:01:52,800
They outlasted the Empire that 
succeeded, that Republic. 

1195
01:01:52,800 --> 01:01:55,000
And the restored monarchy that 
followed the empire. 

1196
01:01:55,800 --> 01:01:58,900
They are still being argued over
still being reached for still 

1197
01:01:58,900 --> 01:02:00,700
being used by people in 
circumstances. 

1198
01:02:00,700 --> 01:02:04,100
Those tennis court, delegates 
could not have imagined in 

1199
01:02:04,100 --> 01:02:06,800
languages, some of them had 
never heard in places. 

1200
01:02:06,800 --> 01:02:09,600
None of them had visited the 
Declaration of the rights of 

1201
01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:11,700
man. 
Sits in the bibliotech Nacional 

1202
01:02:11,700 --> 01:02:15,200
de France today. 
It's Paper aged, and its Inc 

1203
01:02:15,200 --> 01:02:18,200
faded but its text familiar to 
lawyers and legislators and 

1204
01:02:18,200 --> 01:02:22,800
activists on every continent. 
It was not a perfect document as

1205
01:02:22,800 --> 01:02:25,800
a lamp to gouge made clear. 
And a subsequent generations of 

1206
01:02:25,800 --> 01:02:28,500
continued to demonstrate through
the long work of extending its 

1207
01:02:28,500 --> 01:02:31,200
principles further than its 
authors intended. 

1208
01:02:32,700 --> 01:02:35,800
But the principal itself once 
articulated clearly and in 

1209
01:02:35,800 --> 01:02:38,900
writing and distributed widely 
enough, acquired a kind of 

1210
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:41,500
permanence that made it very 
difficult to unstake. 

1211
01:02:42,300 --> 01:02:45,000
In the weeks and months 
following its adoption printed 

1212
01:02:45,000 --> 01:02:48,300
copies of the Declaration 
circulated throughout France in 

1213
01:02:48,300 --> 01:02:51,100
additions that Publishers could 
barely produce fast enough. 

1214
01:02:51,100 --> 01:02:54,600
It was read aloud in Village 
squares and copied into private 

1215
01:02:54,600 --> 01:02:57,700
letters and debated in the kinds
of places where people gathered 

1216
01:02:57,700 --> 01:02:59,300
to discuss things, that matter 
to them. 

1217
01:02:59,300 --> 01:03:02,400
For people who had spent their 
entire lives governed by 

1218
01:03:02,400 --> 01:03:04,900
Arrangements. 
They had never Chosen and never 

1219
01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:08,300
been asked to approve the 
experience of reading a document

1220
01:03:08,300 --> 01:03:12,400
that said their Liberty was not 
a privilege but a right was not 

1221
01:03:12,400 --> 01:03:15,000
a small thing. 
It was a rearrangement of the 

1222
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:17,100
furniture in the room of their 
own self-understanding. 

1223
01:03:17,100 --> 01:03:20,400
And rearrangements of that kind 
are not easily reversed. 

1224
01:03:21,200 --> 01:03:23,600
The effects were not only 
visible in politics and law. 

1225
01:03:23,600 --> 01:03:27,600
They were visible in how people 
walked through the world, a 

1226
01:03:27,600 --> 01:03:30,400
peasant farmer in France. 
After the Revolution occupied a 

1227
01:03:30,400 --> 01:03:34,000
different position, not just 
legally, but psychologically, 

1228
01:03:35,000 --> 01:03:38,200
The automatic deference that had
structured daily interactions 

1229
01:03:38,200 --> 01:03:42,200
between the low and the high had
been disrupted not a race. 

1230
01:03:42,900 --> 01:03:45,700
But disrupted enough that the 
oldies with which privilege move

1231
01:03:45,700 --> 01:03:49,200
through public spaces was gone. 
Nobles, who returned to France? 

1232
01:03:49,200 --> 01:03:52,100
After the restoration found a 
country that was recognizably 

1233
01:03:52,100 --> 01:03:55,600
the same in many physical 
respects and quite different in 

1234
01:03:55,600 --> 01:03:58,600
the register of human dignity. 
People looked at them 

1235
01:03:58,600 --> 01:04:02,000
differently, whether they met 
that gaze or looked away said 

1236
01:04:02,000 --> 01:04:05,000
something and everyone present 
understood what it said. 

1237
01:04:05,800 --> 01:04:09,100
France changed the world that 
watched France, found itself 

1238
01:04:09,100 --> 01:04:12,800
Changed by the watching, the old
certainties about who had the 

1239
01:04:12,800 --> 01:04:15,400
right to govern and on what 
basis and in whose interest is 

1240
01:04:15,400 --> 01:04:17,800
not simply reassemble their 
Authority after Waterloo. 

1241
01:04:18,400 --> 01:04:21,700
They had been questioned too 
loudly, and too publicly and to 

1242
01:04:21,700 --> 01:04:25,700
persistently for too many years.
France that emerged from the 

1243
01:04:25,700 --> 01:04:27,800
long revolutionary period was 
not the France. 

1244
01:04:27,800 --> 01:04:30,200
Anyone had planned. 
It was something that had been 

1245
01:04:30,208 --> 01:04:32,800
hammered into shape by events 
rather than designed from 

1246
01:04:32,800 --> 01:04:35,700
principal carrying the marks of 
every crisis. 

1247
01:04:35,700 --> 01:04:38,700
It had survived that kind of 
country has a particular 

1248
01:04:38,700 --> 01:04:41,400
toughness to it. 
A quality of having been tested 

1249
01:04:41,400 --> 01:04:44,300
passed, what seemed survivable, 
and having survived. 

1250
01:04:44,300 --> 01:04:47,700
Anyway, France carried that 
quality into the 19th century 

1251
01:04:47,700 --> 01:04:51,300
and beyond and it shows in the 
extraordinary resilience of the 

1252
01:04:51,300 --> 01:04:54,900
Republican tradition through the
many upheavals that followed you

1253
01:04:54,900 --> 01:04:58,200
breathe out slowly. 
The cobblestone streets of 18th 

1254
01:04:58,200 --> 01:05:00,700
century. 
France are very far away now and

1255
01:05:00,700 --> 01:05:03,900
what remains is not the noise of
the Revolution but its quiet 

1256
01:05:03,900 --> 01:05:07,400
residue. 
Smell of bread, baking in a 

1257
01:05:07,400 --> 01:05:11,200
Paris Street before the world 
changed. scratch of a quill on 

1258
01:05:11,200 --> 01:05:14,000
paper in a plain room where 
someone tried to write down what

1259
01:05:14,000 --> 01:05:18,400
a human being is owed simply by 
existing the sound of a very old

1260
01:05:18,400 --> 01:05:22,100
fortress coming down, Stone by 
Stone and the long silence that 

1261
01:05:22,100 --> 01:05:24,300
followed which turned out to be 
full of things. 

1262
01:05:24,300 --> 01:05:27,600
Still being said, the argument 
that started in that tennis 

1263
01:05:27,600 --> 01:05:30,700
court has not finished but that 
is a conversation for daylight 

1264
01:05:30,700 --> 01:05:39,800
for now. 
You rest, Welcome to a soothing 

1265
01:05:39,800 --> 01:05:41,300
journey through one of 
history's. 

1266
01:05:41,300 --> 01:05:45,400
Most improbable stories. 
Now remember your settling in to

1267
01:05:45,400 --> 01:05:46,900
explore. 
How a young prince, from the 

1268
01:05:46,900 --> 01:05:50,100
edge of the Greek World. 
Born into a dynasty, plagued by 

1269
01:05:50,100 --> 01:05:52,100
instability, and surrounded by 
enemies. 

1270
01:05:52,100 --> 01:05:54,800
Somehow conquered, an Empire 
that stretched from the 

1271
01:05:54,800 --> 01:05:57,900
Mediterranean to India. 
So, let's discover together, why

1272
01:05:57,900 --> 01:06:00,800
Alexander, the Great's Victory 
seemed impossible before they 

1273
01:06:00,800 --> 01:06:03,400
happened. 
Your standing in the Royal 

1274
01:06:03,400 --> 01:06:06,200
Palace at Pelham Macedonia on a 
summer night. 

1275
01:06:06,200 --> 01:06:12,600
In 356, BCE the air smells of 
olive oil lamps and the faint of

1276
01:06:12,600 --> 01:06:14,700
horses drifting in from the 
Stables below. 

1277
01:06:15,700 --> 01:06:17,600
Through the window. 
You can see the rugged 

1278
01:06:17,600 --> 01:06:20,600
mountains, that ring, this 
northern kingdom, their peaks 

1279
01:06:20,600 --> 01:06:25,200
dark against a star-filled sky 
somewhere in these Chambers, a 

1280
01:06:25,200 --> 01:06:28,100
baby has just been born to King,
Philip, the second and his wife 

1281
01:06:28,100 --> 01:06:31,600
olympius that child is 
Alexander. 

1282
01:06:31,600 --> 01:06:34,200
And if you could tell the 
assembled Nobles, what his 

1283
01:06:34,200 --> 01:06:37,000
future holds, they would laugh 
you out of the room. 

1284
01:06:37,000 --> 01:06:43,000
Macedonia, in 356 BCE isn't 
exactly the Crown Jewel of the 

1285
01:06:43,000 --> 01:06:46,000
ancient world. 
Think of it as the rough cousin.

1286
01:06:46,000 --> 01:06:49,200
Nobody invites to dinner parties
while the sophisticated 

1287
01:06:49,200 --> 01:06:54,300
city-states of Southern Greece, 
Athens Sparta and Thebes debate 

1288
01:06:54,300 --> 01:06:56,800
philosophy and Stage. 
Elaborate theatrical 

1289
01:06:56,800 --> 01:06:59,900
Productions. 
Macedonia remains a semi 

1290
01:06:59,900 --> 01:07:04,100
barbaric Kingdom of shepherds 
farmers and Warriors the Greeks 

1291
01:07:04,100 --> 01:07:06,300
down south. 
Don't even consider macedonians 

1292
01:07:06,300 --> 01:07:09,200
fully Greek. 
Their dialect sounds strange. 

1293
01:07:09,200 --> 01:07:12,200
The custom seem course and their
kings. 

1294
01:07:12,200 --> 01:07:14,400
Have a disturbing habit of 
murdering each other. 

1295
01:07:14,408 --> 01:07:18,400
You walk through the palace. 
Corridors your sandals, clicking

1296
01:07:18,400 --> 01:07:20,400
on Stone floors, that lack the 
polished. 

1297
01:07:20,400 --> 01:07:24,900
Marble of Athens, the walls are 
sturdy, but plain there's wealth

1298
01:07:24,900 --> 01:07:26,600
here. 
Philip's, recent military 

1299
01:07:26,600 --> 01:07:30,000
reforms have begun paying off. 
But it's the wealth of a 

1300
01:07:30,000 --> 01:07:32,500
frontier Kingdom. 
Not a cultural center. 

1301
01:07:33,300 --> 01:07:36,500
In the Great Hall Shields, hang 
on walls, alongside the mounted 

1302
01:07:36,500 --> 01:07:39,800
heads of boars and deer the 
Nobles who gather here are 

1303
01:07:39,800 --> 01:07:43,600
Fighters first administrators 
second and philosophers. 

1304
01:07:43,600 --> 01:07:47,800
Never The Baby Alexander enters 
a family that makes modern 

1305
01:07:47,800 --> 01:07:51,100
dysfunctional households. 
Look, peaceful his father. 

1306
01:07:51,100 --> 01:07:54,000
Philip is a military genius and 
political operator who has 

1307
01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:57,100
somehow survived the chaos of 
Macedonian Court politics. 

1308
01:07:57,900 --> 01:08:01,200
Philip spent his youth, as a 
hostage in Thebes, which sounds 

1309
01:08:01,200 --> 01:08:03,900
terrible Until you realize, it 
probably saved his life. 

1310
01:08:03,900 --> 01:08:07,200
While he was away, his family 
members were busy, killing each 

1311
01:08:07,200 --> 01:08:08,700
other. 
In the traditional Macedonian 

1312
01:08:08,700 --> 01:08:11,400
fashion, by the time, Philip 
returned. 

1313
01:08:11,400 --> 01:08:14,000
And eventually seized the 
throne, he had learned two 

1314
01:08:14,000 --> 01:08:17,899
important lessons first. 
How to fight like the Greeks, 

1315
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:22,500
second how to ski like a 
Survivor Alexander's mother 

1316
01:08:22,500 --> 01:08:26,700
Olympia's from epirus another 
kingdom on macedonia's Western 

1317
01:08:26,700 --> 01:08:29,700
border. 
She's intelligent Fierce 

1318
01:08:29,700 --> 01:08:32,800
fiercely ambitious and deeply 
religious in ways that make 

1319
01:08:32,800 --> 01:08:36,100
people nervous, you might catch 
her at midnight ceremonies 

1320
01:08:36,100 --> 01:08:40,200
honoring day, and Isis handling 
snakes with a further that even 

1321
01:08:40,200 --> 01:08:42,700
the most devoted cult members 
find unsettling. 

1322
01:08:43,800 --> 01:08:47,100
She believes she is descended 
from Achilles on one side and 

1323
01:08:47,100 --> 01:08:48,600
descended from Gods on the 
other. 

1324
01:08:48,600 --> 01:08:51,800
When she looks at her newborn 
son, she doesn't see a baby. 

1325
01:08:51,800 --> 01:08:56,300
She sees a prophecy waiting to 
unfold the marriage between 

1326
01:08:56,300 --> 01:08:59,399
Philip and olympias. 
Is strategic political and 

1327
01:08:59,399 --> 01:09:02,600
increasingly toxic Philip 
collects wives the way. 

1328
01:09:02,608 --> 01:09:05,399
Some people collect coins. 
And Olympus, resents each new 

1329
01:09:05,399 --> 01:09:09,200
marriage as a threat to her 
son's position in Macedonia, 

1330
01:09:09,200 --> 01:09:12,899
succession isn't guaranteed to 
the eldest son, any legitimate 

1331
01:09:12,899 --> 01:09:16,399
male Heir can make a claim and 
legitimacy is interpreted 

1332
01:09:16,399 --> 01:09:19,300
loosely. 
Philip has other Sons by other 

1333
01:09:19,300 --> 01:09:22,500
wives, and each one represents 
potential competition for 

1334
01:09:22,500 --> 01:09:25,399
Alexander. 
You're watching a child born 

1335
01:09:25,399 --> 01:09:28,800
into instability. 
The kingdom itself barely held 

1336
01:09:28,800 --> 01:09:31,600
together. 
Before Philip took charge for 

1337
01:09:31,600 --> 01:09:35,100
decades, Macedonia had been the 
punching bag of its neighbors, 

1338
01:09:35,100 --> 01:09:39,600
illyrians raided from the West 
Thracians from the East and the 

1339
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:43,200
Greek city-states from the south
treated Macedonia, as either a 

1340
01:09:43,200 --> 01:09:46,800
resource to exploit or a threat 
to contain, Philip has changed 

1341
01:09:46,800 --> 01:09:49,600
that through military Innovation
and ruthless diplomacy. 

1342
01:09:49,600 --> 01:09:53,600
But his accomplishments are 
recent and fragile one 

1343
01:09:53,600 --> 01:09:58,300
assassination, one loss, battle 
one, Palace coup and everything.

1344
01:09:58,300 --> 01:10:01,800
Could collapse back into chaos, 
the odds are stacked against 

1345
01:10:01,800 --> 01:10:04,500
this baby in ways that would 
discourage anyone with sense. 

1346
01:10:05,300 --> 01:10:07,900
He's born into a dynasty where 
murder is standard. 

1347
01:10:07,900 --> 01:10:10,200
Operating procedure for 
succession disputes. 

1348
01:10:10,200 --> 01:10:13,700
His kingdom is surrounded by 
enemies who view Macedonia. 

1349
01:10:13,700 --> 01:10:17,700
As an upstart nuisance, the 
mighty Persian Empire, which 

1350
01:10:17,700 --> 01:10:21,900
controls everything from Egypt 
to Afghanistan has wealth and 

1351
01:10:21,900 --> 01:10:24,300
armies. 
That make Macedonia look like a 

1352
01:10:24,308 --> 01:10:27,200
village militia. 
Even if Alexander somehow 

1353
01:10:27,200 --> 01:10:30,800
survives childhood and Court 
intrigues and inherits his 

1354
01:10:30,800 --> 01:10:33,100
father's Throne. 
The smart money says, he'll 

1355
01:10:33,100 --> 01:10:35,700
spend his range just trying to 
hold Macedonia together. 

1356
01:10:36,800 --> 01:10:38,700
But you're not watching a normal
baby. 

1357
01:10:38,700 --> 01:10:41,800
You're watching someone who will
rewrite the rules of what's 

1358
01:10:41,800 --> 01:10:44,300
possible. 
Not because he was destined to 

1359
01:10:44,300 --> 01:10:47,900
succeed but because he was too 
stubborn to accept that he was 

1360
01:10:47,900 --> 01:10:52,100
supposed to failure in the 
Macedonian Camp Watching Teenage

1361
01:10:52,100 --> 01:10:54,400
Alexander. 
Observe, his father's Army drill

1362
01:10:54,400 --> 01:10:57,500
in formation, the smell of 
leather and bronze fills your 

1363
01:10:57,508 --> 01:11:00,800
nostrils. 
Dust rises from thousands of 

1364
01:11:00,800 --> 01:11:04,100
feet moving in unison. 
This is Philip's creation. 

1365
01:11:04,100 --> 01:11:07,900
The war machine that will make 
everything else possible and 

1366
01:11:07,900 --> 01:11:11,300
Alexander is absorbing every 
detail with the intense of 

1367
01:11:11,300 --> 01:11:14,900
someone memorizing. 
Sacred text Philip didn't invent

1368
01:11:14,900 --> 01:11:17,900
military power. 
He inherited a mess and turned 

1369
01:11:17,900 --> 01:11:21,600
it into something, formidable 
through borrowing, adapting and 

1370
01:11:21,600 --> 01:11:24,900
Relentless practice. 
You can see the result in the 

1371
01:11:24,900 --> 01:11:27,700
soldiers before you. 
The core of the Macedonian. 

1372
01:11:27,700 --> 01:11:32,000
Army is the Phalanx that dense 
formation of infantry carrying 

1373
01:11:32,000 --> 01:11:35,000
Spears, so long. 
They'd be useless in any other 

1374
01:11:35,000 --> 01:11:37,200
context. 
The sarisa. 

1375
01:11:37,200 --> 01:11:40,600
The Macedonian Pike stretches 18
feet. 

1376
01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:43,600
A man holding one. 
Can barely manage it to loan, 

1377
01:11:43,600 --> 01:11:46,200
but thousands of men holding 
them in formation. 

1378
01:11:46,200 --> 01:11:50,100
Create a bristling wall of 
bronze spear points that extends

1379
01:11:50,100 --> 01:11:53,100
farther than any enemy can reach
Philip borrowed. 

1380
01:11:53,100 --> 01:11:56,400
This idea, from The thebans Who 
perfected dense infantry 

1381
01:11:56,400 --> 01:12:01,400
tactics, but he took it further 
Deeper formations longer Spears.

1382
01:12:01,400 --> 01:12:06,000
Better training, these aren't a 
rustic hoplites who fight when 

1383
01:12:06,000 --> 01:12:09,100
convenient and farm. 
When not these are professional 

1384
01:12:09,100 --> 01:12:12,600
soldiers who drill constantly 
You watch them now. 

1385
01:12:12,600 --> 01:12:15,600
Moving like a single organism. 
Each man. 

1386
01:12:15,600 --> 01:12:19,600
Maintaining exactly the right 
spacing from his neighbors too 

1387
01:12:19,600 --> 01:12:23,000
close and they can't move too 
far and gaps appear. 

1388
01:12:23,000 --> 01:12:26,400
They've practiced this and their
bodies know the space in without

1389
01:12:26,400 --> 01:12:29,100
thinking. 
But the Phalanx alone, isn't 

1390
01:12:29,100 --> 01:12:32,800
enough and Philip understood 
that you turn your attention to 

1391
01:12:32,800 --> 01:12:36,600
the Cavalry exercising on the 
flanks the companion, Cavalry 

1392
01:12:36,600 --> 01:12:38,500
their called, and they're the 
elite. 

1393
01:12:39,300 --> 01:12:42,400
These are noble sons and trusted
Warriors, who form Philips 

1394
01:12:42,400 --> 01:12:44,700
Hammer, while the Phalanx is is 
Anvil. 

1395
01:12:44,700 --> 01:12:48,600
The strategy is elegant. 
It's the enemy in place with the

1396
01:12:48,600 --> 01:12:51,400
Phalanx, then smash into their 
flank with heavy. 

1397
01:12:51,400 --> 01:12:55,400
Cavalry, simple in theory, 
murderously effective in 

1398
01:12:55,400 --> 01:12:57,400
practice. 
Alexander is learning, that 

1399
01:12:57,400 --> 01:13:01,500
Warfare isn't about individual 
heroism, it's about systems. 

1400
01:13:01,500 --> 01:13:05,300
The Macedonian army wins because
every piece works together. 

1401
01:13:05,300 --> 01:13:08,200
The Infantry holds the Cavalry 
strikes. 

1402
01:13:08,200 --> 01:13:10,900
The light troops screen, and 
harass, and The Siege engines 

1403
01:13:10,900 --> 01:13:14,600
another of Philips Innovations. 
Not down City walls, that used 

1404
01:13:14,600 --> 01:13:18,300
to make places invincible. 
It's combined arms Warfare 

1405
01:13:18,300 --> 01:13:21,700
before anyone called it, that 
you also see what Alexander is 

1406
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:23,900
inheriting in terms of political
structure. 

1407
01:13:24,600 --> 01:13:27,400
Philip has reorganized the 
Macedonian nobility into 

1408
01:13:27,400 --> 01:13:29,500
something more useful than 
feuding Clans. 

1409
01:13:29,500 --> 01:13:32,700
The companion. 
Cavalry serves double duty as a 

1410
01:13:32,708 --> 01:13:34,900
military unit and political 
institution. 

1411
01:13:35,800 --> 01:13:39,500
By keeping the sons of Nobles, 
close training and fighting 

1412
01:13:39,500 --> 01:13:42,300
beside them. 
Philip ensures loyalty, while 

1413
01:13:42,300 --> 01:13:45,100
also making sure potential 
Rivals are where he can watch 

1414
01:13:45,100 --> 01:13:47,800
them. 
Its patronage and hostage-taking

1415
01:13:47,800 --> 01:13:51,300
wrapped into one, elegant 
package, the Kingdom's finances 

1416
01:13:51,300 --> 01:13:55,000
show, Philips practical genius, 
you can't run a professional 

1417
01:13:55,000 --> 01:13:57,600
Army on. 
Goodwill, Philip has expanded 

1418
01:13:57,600 --> 01:14:01,700
macedonia's, territory seizing, 
control of Gold and Silver Mines

1419
01:14:01,700 --> 01:14:06,000
in Thrace and around Mount 
pangai on those mines fund 

1420
01:14:06,000 --> 01:14:08,100
everything. 
The coins, you might see 

1421
01:14:08,100 --> 01:14:10,300
Changing Hands in the campfire 
Phillips image. 

1422
01:14:10,300 --> 01:14:14,500
A constant reminder of who's 
paying the bills Money buys. 

1423
01:14:14,500 --> 01:14:17,300
Loyalty more reliably than 
speeches about honor. 

1424
01:14:17,300 --> 01:14:20,800
Alexander is also inheriting. 
His father's diplomatic 

1425
01:14:20,800 --> 01:14:23,200
Playbook. 
Philip doesn't just conquer. 

1426
01:14:23,200 --> 01:14:26,500
He absorbs. 
After defeating Greek 

1427
01:14:26,500 --> 01:14:28,700
city-states, he doesn't burn 
them to the ground. 

1428
01:14:28,700 --> 01:14:32,200
He incorporates them into his 
Alliance System, the league of 

1429
01:14:32,208 --> 01:14:35,400
Corinth Where Greek State's 
theoretically remain 

1430
01:14:35,400 --> 01:14:38,200
independent, while ignoring 
Macedonian leadership. 

1431
01:14:39,100 --> 01:14:42,600
It's a Gemini with the velvet 
glove at least most of the time 

1432
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:46,600
cities, that resists get harsh 
lessons, but those that submit 

1433
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:48,400
find Philip surprise in 
reasonable. 

1434
01:14:49,400 --> 01:14:52,400
But here's what Alexander sees, 
clearly watching his father 

1435
01:14:52,400 --> 01:14:54,800
work. 
All of this is fragile. 

1436
01:14:54,800 --> 01:14:58,400
The Macedonian system depends on
constant success. 

1437
01:14:58,400 --> 01:15:02,000
The Army needs payment, which 
requires controlling wealth 

1438
01:15:02,000 --> 01:15:05,900
producing territories, which 
requires military Victory, which

1439
01:15:05,900 --> 01:15:08,900
requires paying the Army? 
It's a cycle. 

1440
01:15:08,900 --> 01:15:10,700
That only works if it keeps 
working. 

1441
01:15:12,300 --> 01:15:16,200
One, serious defeat could break 
the whole machine Philip has 

1442
01:15:16,200 --> 01:15:20,100
also made enemies everywhere, 
the Greek city states resent, 

1443
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:22,600
Macedonian dominance. 
The Persians. 

1444
01:15:22,600 --> 01:15:25,400
Watch with growing concern as 
this Western Kingdom grows 

1445
01:15:25,400 --> 01:15:28,500
stronger. 
Tribes on macedonia's borders, 

1446
01:15:28,500 --> 01:15:33,000
wait for any sign of weakness, 
Philip Zone Nobles elevated and 

1447
01:15:33,000 --> 01:15:35,700
enriched by. 
His success, might just as 

1448
01:15:35,700 --> 01:15:37,700
easily turn on him. 
If Fortune shifts. 

1449
01:15:38,600 --> 01:15:41,900
Alexander is inheriting power 
but that power sits on 

1450
01:15:41,900 --> 01:15:46,500
foundations of recently dried 
concrete, not ancient Bedrock. 

1451
01:15:46,500 --> 01:15:49,200
You notice something else. 
As you watch Young, Alexander 

1452
01:15:49,200 --> 01:15:52,600
study his father's work. 
He's not just memorizing 

1453
01:15:52,600 --> 01:15:57,000
tactics, he's identifying 
limitations the failing is 

1454
01:15:57,000 --> 01:16:00,800
powerful, but slow and 
inflexible. the Cavalry is 

1455
01:16:00,800 --> 01:16:04,400
devastating but relatively small
in Number, the political 

1456
01:16:04,400 --> 01:16:08,100
alliances are useful but 
unreliable Philip has built 

1457
01:16:08,100 --> 01:16:11,100
something impressive, but 
Alexander is already thinking 

1458
01:16:11,100 --> 01:16:13,900
about how to push beyond what 
his father achieved. 

1459
01:16:13,900 --> 01:16:16,300
There's a strange irony in 
watching. 

1460
01:16:16,300 --> 01:16:20,100
This Philip is giving Alexander 
the tools to succeed but those 

1461
01:16:20,100 --> 01:16:24,200
tools come with an expiration 
date in the same system that 

1462
01:16:24,200 --> 01:16:27,700
makes Conquest possible. 
Also makes Conquest necessary, 

1463
01:16:27,700 --> 01:16:31,200
stop expanding in the money, 
dries up the soldiers grow 

1464
01:16:31,200 --> 01:16:32,900
restless, and the Allies Drift 
Away. 

1465
01:16:33,900 --> 01:16:36,800
Alexander won't just inherit an 
empire in Waiting. 

1466
01:16:36,800 --> 01:16:40,700
He'll inherit an obligation to 
keep moving forward or watch. 

1467
01:16:40,700 --> 01:16:45,400
Everything collapse backward, 
you're in a garden at Miser a 

1468
01:16:45,400 --> 01:16:47,500
quiet Sanctuary away from the 
palace at Peller. 

1469
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:51,600
The air smells of herbs and wild
thyme sunlight filters. 

1470
01:16:51,600 --> 01:16:54,800
Through great finds overhead, 
creating patterns of light and 

1471
01:16:54,800 --> 01:16:57,700
Shadow on the ground. 
This is where Philip has sent 

1472
01:16:57,700 --> 01:17:01,200
Alexander to study under 
Aristotle and it's about as far 

1473
01:17:01,200 --> 01:17:03,300
from a traditional military 
training ground as you can 

1474
01:17:03,300 --> 01:17:05,900
imagine. 
Aristotle isn't here by 

1475
01:17:05,900 --> 01:17:08,500
accident. 
Philip could have hired any 

1476
01:17:08,500 --> 01:17:11,600
number of teachers, but he chose
one of the greatest Minds in the

1477
01:17:11,600 --> 01:17:14,200
Greek world. 
The philosopher arrives from 

1478
01:17:14,200 --> 01:17:17,600
Athens, carrying Scrolls 
questions and a systematic 

1479
01:17:17,600 --> 01:17:20,800
approach to understanding 
everything you watch, as he 

1480
01:17:20,800 --> 01:17:24,200
walks with Alexander through the
garden, discussing not Battle 

1481
01:17:24,200 --> 01:17:29,300
Tactics, but biology ethics 
politics, and the nature of the 

1482
01:17:29,300 --> 01:17:32,700
universe. 
The relationship between teacher

1483
01:17:32,700 --> 01:17:36,600
and student is more complex than
simple instruction Aristotle 

1484
01:17:36,600 --> 01:17:39,100
treats Alexander as someone 
capable of understanding, 

1485
01:17:39,100 --> 01:17:42,700
sophisticated ideas and 
Alexander responds by asking 

1486
01:17:42,700 --> 01:17:46,100
questions that reveal a mind. 
Constantly testing boundaries 

1487
01:17:46,100 --> 01:17:49,300
when Aristotle explains his 
classification of animals. 

1488
01:17:49,300 --> 01:17:51,900
Alexander wants to know about 
creatures. 

1489
01:17:51,900 --> 01:17:55,300
Nobody has catalogued yet when 
they discuss politics? 

1490
01:17:55,300 --> 01:17:58,500
Alexander doesn't? 
Just absorb Aristotle's 

1491
01:17:58,500 --> 01:18:01,000
theories. 
He challenges them with examples

1492
01:18:01,000 --> 01:18:04,800
from Macedonian reality. 
You overhear them, debating the 

1493
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:08,300
nature of kingship Aristotle, 
following his teacher, Plato 

1494
01:18:08,300 --> 01:18:11,600
suggests that the ideal ruler is
one who governs with wisdom and 

1495
01:18:11,600 --> 01:18:16,200
virtue pursuing the common good.
Alexander listens, but counters 

1496
01:18:16,200 --> 01:18:19,300
with observations, from watching
his father, Philip governs 

1497
01:18:19,300 --> 01:18:21,000
affectively. 
Not because he's a philosopher 

1498
01:18:21,000 --> 01:18:25,100
king, but because he understands
power, how to gain it, keep it 

1499
01:18:25,100 --> 01:18:28,500
and use it. 
The theoretical ideal and 

1500
01:18:28,500 --> 01:18:30,400
practical reality, don't quite 
match. 

1501
01:18:30,400 --> 01:18:33,600
And Alexander is learning to 
navigate that Gap. 

1502
01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:37,100
The curriculum here goes far 
beyond what most princes study, 

1503
01:18:37,100 --> 01:18:41,100
you see, Alexander examining 
plants specimens, learning to 

1504
01:18:41,100 --> 01:18:45,000
identify medicinal herbs and 
poisonous ones Aristotle 

1505
01:18:45,000 --> 01:18:47,400
believes in understanding the 
natural world through direct 

1506
01:18:47,400 --> 01:18:50,200
observation, and Alexander takes
to this approach 

1507
01:18:50,200 --> 01:18:53,500
enthusiastically. 
He's not just memorizing facts. 

1508
01:18:53,500 --> 01:18:57,400
He's learning a method, watch 
carefully, categorize, what you 

1509
01:18:57,400 --> 01:18:59,100
see? 
Look for patterns and test your 

1510
01:18:59,100 --> 01:19:02,000
assumptions. 
Its scientific thinking before 

1511
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:04,900
science was formalized. 
Its methods, geography, 

1512
01:19:04,900 --> 01:19:08,000
fascinates, Alexander, 
particularly Aristotle, shares 

1513
01:19:08,000 --> 01:19:10,400
maps, and travelers accounts of 
distant lands. 

1514
01:19:10,400 --> 01:19:13,900
The Known World extends from the
pillars of Hercules in the west 

1515
01:19:13,900 --> 01:19:18,100
to India in the East and from 
Ethiopian the South to Cynthia 

1516
01:19:18,100 --> 01:19:21,700
in the North The maps have 
enormous blank spaces where 

1517
01:19:21,700 --> 01:19:23,700
acknowledge Fades into rumor and
Legend. 

1518
01:19:24,700 --> 01:19:28,100
Alexander's, these blank spaces 
with special intense tea. 

1519
01:19:29,000 --> 01:19:32,600
What's actually out there? 
Stories about Persian wealth 

1520
01:19:32,600 --> 01:19:36,200
accurate or exaggerated. 
How wide is the world really? 

1521
01:19:37,200 --> 01:19:39,600
Homer's epics or another focus 
of study. 

1522
01:19:40,400 --> 01:19:43,200
Alexander already knows the 
Iliad nearly by heart. 

1523
01:19:43,900 --> 01:19:47,700
His mother made sure of that. 
Claiming descent from Achilles. 

1524
01:19:48,800 --> 01:19:51,500
But with Aristotle, he examines 
the text differently. 

1525
01:19:51,500 --> 01:19:55,500
They discuss leadership styles. 
The relationship between glory 

1526
01:19:55,500 --> 01:19:58,700
and wisdom and the role of Fate 
versus choice. 

1527
01:19:59,500 --> 01:20:02,800
Alexander identifies with the 
killies but also recognizes 

1528
01:20:02,800 --> 01:20:07,000
Kelly's limitations The Greatest
Warrior in The Iliad dies young 

1529
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:10,300
and his rage causes catastrophe 
for his own side. 

1530
01:20:11,100 --> 01:20:13,800
There's a lesson there about the
costs of unchecked emotion. 

1531
01:20:14,900 --> 01:20:18,200
You notice Alexander developing,
what might be called strategic 

1532
01:20:18,200 --> 01:20:20,900
empathy during the studies 
Aristotle. 

1533
01:20:20,900 --> 01:20:24,600
Teaches him about different 
cultures forms of government and

1534
01:20:24,600 --> 01:20:27,700
religious beliefs. 
The Greek World contains 

1535
01:20:27,700 --> 01:20:33,400
democracies oligarchies tyrannis
and kingdoms each operating on 

1536
01:20:33,400 --> 01:20:36,300
different principles beyond the 
Greek World lie. 

1537
01:20:36,300 --> 01:20:39,300
The Persians with their 
centralized monarchy, the 

1538
01:20:39,300 --> 01:20:43,600
nomadic civilians, with their 
mobile society and the Egyptians

1539
01:20:43,600 --> 01:20:47,000
with their ancient priesthoods. 
Alexander is learning that 

1540
01:20:47,000 --> 01:20:50,600
people organize themselves in 
various ways each with logic 

1541
01:20:50,600 --> 01:20:53,000
behind it. 
But you also catch something 

1542
01:20:53,000 --> 01:20:56,800
troubling in these lessons. 
Aristotle for all his wisdom, 

1543
01:20:56,800 --> 01:20:59,100
carries the prejudices of his 
culture. 

1544
01:20:59,100 --> 01:21:02,700
He teaches that Greeks and 
naturally suited to rule and 

1545
01:21:02,700 --> 01:21:07,800
that barbarians non-greeks are 
suited to serve This idea will 

1546
01:21:07,800 --> 01:21:10,200
Lodge in Alexander's mind but 
he'll apply it. 

1547
01:21:10,200 --> 01:21:14,400
Strangely, he'll conquer as a 
Macedonian and Greek yet, he'll 

1548
01:21:14,400 --> 01:21:17,300
also adopt Persian customs and 
marry foreign wives and promote 

1549
01:21:17,300 --> 01:21:20,400
non-greeks to high positions. 
The student will take the 

1550
01:21:20,400 --> 01:21:23,100
teachers framework and bend it 
into something Aristotle, 

1551
01:21:23,100 --> 01:21:27,700
wouldn't quite recognize. 
The education at Mesa lasts 

1552
01:21:27,700 --> 01:21:30,100
about three years during that 
time. 

1553
01:21:30,100 --> 01:21:34,400
Alexander also trains physically
running wrestling and hunting. 

1554
01:21:34,400 --> 01:21:39,000
You watch him returned from a 
hunt mudded and exhilarated from

1555
01:21:39,000 --> 01:21:41,000
pursuing a wild boar through 
rough country. 

1556
01:21:42,300 --> 01:21:44,800
The intellectual and physical 
training happened together 

1557
01:21:44,800 --> 01:21:48,700
creating someone who can think 
strategically and act decisively

1558
01:21:48,700 --> 01:21:51,200
near the end of his time with 
Aristotle. 

1559
01:21:51,200 --> 01:21:54,400
Something happens that reveals 
the contradiction Alexander is 

1560
01:21:54,400 --> 01:21:59,500
becoming Trader arrives with the
Magnificent horse, Butler's, 

1561
01:21:59,500 --> 01:22:04,000
that no one can tame. 
The horses, huge powerful, and 

1562
01:22:04,000 --> 01:22:07,000
seemingly vicious, Philip is 
ready to send it away. 

1563
01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:10,300
When Alexander asks for a 
chance, he's observed, something

1564
01:22:10,300 --> 01:22:13,200
others missed the horses afraid 
of its own shadow. 

1565
01:22:14,100 --> 01:22:17,800
Alexander turns the horse, 
toward the sun, eliminating the 

1566
01:22:17,800 --> 01:22:21,700
shadow, calms it and then mounts
it in that moment. 

1567
01:22:21,700 --> 01:22:25,100
You see observation leading to 
understanding leading to action.

1568
01:22:25,900 --> 01:22:29,700
It's everything Aristotle taught
applied to solving an immediate 

1569
01:22:29,700 --> 01:22:33,300
practical problem persepolis 
becomes Alexander's, horse for 

1570
01:22:33,300 --> 01:22:36,100
the next, two decades, carrying 
him across Asia. 

1571
01:22:36,100 --> 01:22:40,000
The relationship between Rider 
and horse becomes legendary, but

1572
01:22:40,000 --> 01:22:42,600
it starts here with the teenager
who paid attention while 

1573
01:22:42,600 --> 01:22:44,800
everyone else just saw an 
impossible problem. 

1574
01:22:46,300 --> 01:22:51,300
Alexander leaves me sir educated
but Restless Aristotle has shown

1575
01:22:51,300 --> 01:22:54,800
him how to think Philip has 
shown him how to fight, but 

1576
01:22:54,800 --> 01:22:58,000
neither has shown him limits. 
He's willing to accept your 

1577
01:22:58,000 --> 01:23:01,400
standing on a Dusty Road in Asia
Minor watching Supply wagons 

1578
01:23:01,400 --> 01:23:04,900
Creek passed. 
The smell of ox, sweat and grain

1579
01:23:04,900 --> 01:23:08,100
sacks fills the air. 
This is years after Alexander 

1580
01:23:08,100 --> 01:23:11,200
crossed into Asia, but to 
understand how he won. 

1581
01:23:11,200 --> 01:23:14,800
You need to understand how he 
ate armies, march on their 

1582
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:17,500
stomachs and Alexander's 
greatest battles. 

1583
01:23:17,500 --> 01:23:20,600
Weren't against Persian forces. 
They were against distance 

1584
01:23:20,600 --> 01:23:24,200
terrain and the calendar. 
When Alexander crosses the 

1585
01:23:24,200 --> 01:23:30,900
hellespont into Asia in 334 BCE 
with roughly 40,000 men, he's 

1586
01:23:30,900 --> 01:23:34,400
bringing along a logistics 
nightmare each Soldier needs 

1587
01:23:34,400 --> 01:23:36,300
about two pounds of grain per 
day. 

1588
01:23:36,300 --> 01:23:40,800
The horses need more, do the 
math and you're looking at 50 

1589
01:23:40,800 --> 01:23:44,300
tons of food daily for the Army 
alone, not counting the camp 

1590
01:23:44,300 --> 01:23:48,100
followers servants and animals. 
That's a mountain of wheat 

1591
01:23:48,100 --> 01:23:51,300
moving slowly across some of the
harshest country in the world. 

1592
01:23:51,300 --> 01:23:55,000
He watched the Army's forages 
spread out into the countryside,

1593
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:57,600
requisitioning supplies from 
local villages. 

1594
01:23:58,400 --> 01:24:01,900
It's not quite pillaging. 
Alexander learned early. 

1595
01:24:01,900 --> 01:24:04,900
That terrorizing, the locals, 
makes them hide their food and 

1596
01:24:04,900 --> 01:24:09,700
flee, leaving nothing to take. 
Instead, his system involves 

1597
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:14,000
payment at least, theoretically,
The reality is somewhere between

1598
01:24:14,000 --> 01:24:17,300
purchase and polite theft, but 
it works better than pure 

1599
01:24:17,300 --> 01:24:20,200
plunder. 
The geography of Alexander's 

1600
01:24:20,200 --> 01:24:23,800
campaign tells you why so many 
thought, he'd fail, you're 

1601
01:24:23,800 --> 01:24:26,400
looking at a world where 
mountains form natural barriers,

1602
01:24:26,400 --> 01:24:30,700
Rivers become impassable in 
Spring floods Desert stretch for

1603
01:24:30,700 --> 01:24:33,000
weeks of travel and winter 
shuts. 

1604
01:24:33,000 --> 01:24:36,300
Down military operations, 
entirely the Persian Empire 

1605
01:24:36,300 --> 01:24:40,600
spans 3000 miles from west to 
east, marching from Macedonia to

1606
01:24:40,608 --> 01:24:42,700
India. 
And back covers distances that 

1607
01:24:42,700 --> 01:24:44,500
make modern road trips look 
trivial. 

1608
01:24:45,300 --> 01:24:48,500
Consider the terrain. 
You cross coastal plains, where 

1609
01:24:48,508 --> 01:24:52,500
cities cluster then climb into 
mounting ranges, where passes 

1610
01:24:52,500 --> 01:24:56,700
might be held by hostile tribes,
you descend into river, valleys 

1611
01:24:56,700 --> 01:24:59,700
where local rulers might 
support, or oppose you, you 

1612
01:24:59,700 --> 01:25:02,900
Traverse plateaus where some 
heat can kill as effectively as 

1613
01:25:02,900 --> 01:25:06,600
any sword each type of train 
requires different tactics, 

1614
01:25:06,600 --> 01:25:09,800
different Supply, methods and 
different timing. 

1615
01:25:09,800 --> 01:25:13,000
Alexander succeeds partly 
because he's willing to move 

1616
01:25:13,000 --> 01:25:16,300
when conventional wisdom says, 
don't your crossing the 

1617
01:25:16,300 --> 01:25:19,000
hellespont in early spring when 
the weather is still 

1618
01:25:19,000 --> 01:25:22,500
unpredictable, but you want the 
whole campaigning season ahead, 

1619
01:25:22,500 --> 01:25:26,100
your marching through gaudium in
winter, when other armies would 

1620
01:25:26,100 --> 01:25:28,500
hunker down. 
Your crossing, the gedrosian 

1621
01:25:28,500 --> 01:25:32,000
desert in the late summer, which
is insane, but it's the root, 

1622
01:25:32,000 --> 01:25:35,500
nobody expects, which makes it 
strategically useful. 

1623
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:37,800
If you survive the supply 
system. 

1624
01:25:37,800 --> 01:25:40,900
Alexander develops is adaptable 
in Fertile. 

1625
01:25:40,900 --> 01:25:44,400
Regions, you live off the land 
near coasts, you coordinate with

1626
01:25:44,400 --> 01:25:48,300
the fleet to bring Applies by C 
in Barren areas, you establish 

1627
01:25:48,300 --> 01:25:51,800
Supply dumps in advance stashing
grain and fodder along your 

1628
01:25:51,808 --> 01:25:54,300
route. 
You also move fast enough that 

1629
01:25:54,300 --> 01:25:57,000
you don't exhaust any single 
region before moving to the 

1630
01:25:57,000 --> 01:25:59,700
next. 
It's like a locust swarm, but 

1631
01:25:59,700 --> 01:26:03,300
organized and directional, he 
noticed another crucial element 

1632
01:26:03,300 --> 01:26:08,300
intelligence gathering. 
Before Alexander moves into new 

1633
01:26:08,300 --> 01:26:12,400
territory Scouts, go ahead 
talking to locals mapping water 

1634
01:26:12,400 --> 01:26:15,200
sources and identifying Food 
Supplies. 

1635
01:26:16,100 --> 01:26:18,600
The Army rarely blunders into a 
region blind. 

1636
01:26:18,600 --> 01:26:22,400
Someone has usually been their 
first asking questions and 

1637
01:26:22,400 --> 01:26:25,000
sending information back. 
It's not perfect. 

1638
01:26:25,000 --> 01:26:29,100
The gedrosian desert disaster 
proves that But it's more 

1639
01:26:29,100 --> 01:26:32,500
thorough than most ancient 
armies attempted Rivers, present

1640
01:26:32,500 --> 01:26:35,300
constant challenges. 
You can't just Ford them 

1641
01:26:35,300 --> 01:26:38,500
anywhere, or any time the 
groundnuts is narrow enough to 

1642
01:26:38,508 --> 01:26:41,500
force in Spring. 
The Danube is another matter 

1643
01:26:41,500 --> 01:26:45,100
entirely the Indus and its 
tributaries are massive barriers

1644
01:26:45,100 --> 01:26:47,800
that require boat construction 
bridge building and careful 

1645
01:26:47,800 --> 01:26:50,600
timing. 
With flood Seasons Alexander's 

1646
01:26:50,600 --> 01:26:54,300
Engineers becomes important to 
his Cavalry, finding Crossing 

1647
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:56,400
points and building the 
infrastructure that keeps the 

1648
01:26:56,400 --> 01:26:59,500
Army moving Cities. 
Complicate the logistics 

1649
01:26:59,500 --> 01:27:03,900
picture, you can besiege a city 
which pins down your army and 

1650
01:27:03,900 --> 01:27:05,800
consumes resources while the 
Defenders. 

1651
01:27:05,800 --> 01:27:09,400
Wait, you out? 
Or you can bypass it but that 

1652
01:27:09,400 --> 01:27:12,200
leaves a hostile force in your 
rear that might cut your supply 

1653
01:27:12,200 --> 01:27:15,200
lines. 
Alexander's solution, varies, 

1654
01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:19,100
important cities, get besieged 
with whatever it takes, Siege 

1655
01:27:19,100 --> 01:27:21,200
Towers minds, and Relentless 
assault. 

1656
01:27:21,200 --> 01:27:24,600
Lesser cities, get offers, 
they'd be wise, not to refuse. 

1657
01:27:24,600 --> 01:27:28,300
The calculation is always about 
whether taking the city is worth

1658
01:27:28,300 --> 01:27:30,200
the time and resources. 
It will cost. 

1659
01:27:31,200 --> 01:27:34,600
Climates Rhythm shape. 
Everything you can paint in 

1660
01:27:34,600 --> 01:27:38,000
spring summer and fall. 
Winter means stopping and 

1661
01:27:38,000 --> 01:27:40,100
finding cities. 
Friendly enough or conquered, 

1662
01:27:40,100 --> 01:27:42,500
thoroughly enough to house the 
army or whether they make 

1663
01:27:42,508 --> 01:27:45,600
movement dangerous. 
This seasonal, pause isn't 

1664
01:27:45,600 --> 01:27:49,900
wasted time to an Alexander 
reorganizes integrates new 

1665
01:27:49,900 --> 01:27:53,000
troops, handles political 
business and plans. 

1666
01:27:53,000 --> 01:27:57,300
The next year's campaign, The 
Rhythm becomes predictable move 

1667
01:27:57,300 --> 01:28:02,900
fight conquer winter repeat. 
You're also watching, Alexander 

1668
01:28:02,900 --> 01:28:05,400
adapt to local conditions in 
Egypt. 

1669
01:28:05,400 --> 01:28:08,100
Do you use the Niles 
Transportation Network in 

1670
01:28:08,100 --> 01:28:10,800
bacteria? 
You learn Mountain Warfare in 

1671
01:28:10,800 --> 01:28:14,200
India, you face where elephants 
and monsoons that turn roads 

1672
01:28:14,200 --> 01:28:17,300
into rivers of mud, each region,
teaches new lessons. 

1673
01:28:17,300 --> 01:28:20,700
And the army that reaches, India
is more sophisticated than the 

1674
01:28:20,708 --> 01:28:24,500
one that crossed into Asia. 
The extended supply lines 

1675
01:28:24,500 --> 01:28:28,700
eventually become Alexander's 
greatest vulnerability you're in

1676
01:28:28,700 --> 01:28:32,300
India and your Logistics Trail 
stretches back, thousands of 

1677
01:28:32,300 --> 01:28:36,000
miles messages, take months to 
travel from the front to 

1678
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:38,900
Macedonia and back 
reinforcements. 

1679
01:28:38,900 --> 01:28:42,300
Arrived irregularly, local 
satraps control the territory 

1680
01:28:42,300 --> 01:28:44,800
you've conquered. 
And if they Rebel or simply 

1681
01:28:44,800 --> 01:28:48,700
stopped cooperating, your army 
becomes isolated the troops 

1682
01:28:48,700 --> 01:28:51,900
understand this which is partly 
why they eventually refused to 

1683
01:28:51,900 --> 01:28:54,500
go further. 
They're not just tired of 

1684
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:57,200
fighting, they're terrified of 
being cut off from home. 

1685
01:28:57,200 --> 01:29:00,700
There's a reason most conquerors
stick close to their home base. 

1686
01:29:01,600 --> 01:29:05,300
The further you go, the thinner,
your stretched Alexander, pushes

1687
01:29:05,300 --> 01:29:08,800
beyond what sustainable and he 
only avoids catastrophe through 

1688
01:29:08,800 --> 01:29:14,200
luck speed and Shear or dacy. 
The fact that he makes it back 

1689
01:29:14,200 --> 01:29:17,200
at all, is nearly as impressive 
as the conquest themselves, 

1690
01:29:17,200 --> 01:29:20,500
you're in the Macedonian Camp 
the night before, the battle of 

1691
01:29:20,500 --> 01:29:24,100
issus, the airfields, electric 
with anticipation and fear 

1692
01:29:24,100 --> 01:29:28,300
soldiers, sit around fires, 
checking equipment, talking in 

1693
01:29:28,300 --> 01:29:32,200
low voices. 
And their moving among them is 

1694
01:29:32,200 --> 01:29:36,300
Alexander, he's not in his tent,
reviewing Maps or Consulting 

1695
01:29:36,300 --> 01:29:38,100
with commanders. 
He's here. 

1696
01:29:38,100 --> 01:29:43,000
Visible speaking to regular 
Soldiers by name, This is the 

1697
01:29:43,000 --> 01:29:47,100
aspect of Alexander's success 
that's hardest to quantify but 

1698
01:29:47,100 --> 01:29:50,200
impossible to ignore. 
You're watching leadership as 

1699
01:29:50,200 --> 01:29:54,300
performance presence and genuine
connection all woven together 

1700
01:29:54,300 --> 01:29:57,400
into something that makes men 
willing to March thousands of 

1701
01:29:57,400 --> 01:29:59,500
miles and fight. 
Impossible battles. 

1702
01:29:59,500 --> 01:30:04,200
Watch how he moves through camp 
He stops at a fire where 

1703
01:30:04,200 --> 01:30:06,300
veterans from the Phalanx are 
sharing bread. 

1704
01:30:07,200 --> 01:30:09,100
He asks about their families 
back in. 

1705
01:30:09,100 --> 01:30:14,100
Macedonia remembers details from
previous conversations and jokes

1706
01:30:14,100 --> 01:30:16,300
about the person Army waiting 
across the river. 

1707
01:30:16,300 --> 01:30:18,400
These aren't scripted 
interactions. 

1708
01:30:18,400 --> 01:30:21,800
Alexander genuinely seems to 
know these men and care about 

1709
01:30:21,800 --> 01:30:25,500
their answers. 
When he moves on, he can see the

1710
01:30:25,500 --> 01:30:28,500
soldiers sitting straighter 
talking more confidently. 

1711
01:30:28,500 --> 01:30:32,800
His presence is tangible. 
Alexander fights in the front, 

1712
01:30:32,800 --> 01:30:35,600
not the rear at the grandest 
river. 

1713
01:30:35,600 --> 01:30:39,100
He's one of the first into the 
water leading the cavalry 

1714
01:30:39,100 --> 01:30:42,900
charge, personally. 
A Persian Noble strike at him 

1715
01:30:42,900 --> 01:30:46,900
shattering Alexander's helmet. 
Before the second blow can land 

1716
01:30:46,900 --> 01:30:49,600
one of Alexander's companions 
kills the attacker. 

1717
01:30:50,500 --> 01:30:52,700
Alexander could have died in the
campaign's first. 

1718
01:30:52,700 --> 01:30:56,600
Major battle, but he survives 
and every Soldier sees their 

1719
01:30:56,600 --> 01:31:00,100
King taken the same risks. 
They do this pattern repeats 

1720
01:31:00,100 --> 01:31:04,800
constantly Europe's a watching 
Alexander directing The Siege 

1721
01:31:04,800 --> 01:31:06,800
personally when an arrow 
striking in the shoulder. 

1722
01:31:07,600 --> 01:31:10,600
He has it pulled out and 
continues fighting at the 

1723
01:31:10,608 --> 01:31:12,800
highest peas, River. 
He's in the front ranks again 

1724
01:31:12,800 --> 01:31:16,700
this time facing war elephants, 
during the siege of the Molly 

1725
01:31:16,700 --> 01:31:19,000
city in India. 
He climbs the wall himself when 

1726
01:31:19,000 --> 01:31:22,600
his troops hesitate and he ends 
up isolated with only three 

1727
01:31:22,600 --> 01:31:26,000
companions while the mallee 
attack, he nearly dies from an 

1728
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:29,300
arrow, through the chest, and 
the Army rages through the city,

1729
01:31:29,300 --> 01:31:33,400
afterward massacring inhabitants
had a fury and fear at almost 

1730
01:31:33,408 --> 01:31:36,800
losing their King. 
The injuries pile up over the 

1731
01:31:36,800 --> 01:31:41,000
years Arrow, wounds sword cuts, 
and a concussion from a sling, 

1732
01:31:41,000 --> 01:31:45,700
Stone Alexander's body becomes a
map of his battles but each 

1733
01:31:45,700 --> 01:31:48,700
wound proves to his troops that 
their King doesn't ask them to 

1734
01:31:48,708 --> 01:31:51,400
do anything. 
He won't do himself, its 

1735
01:31:51,400 --> 01:31:53,100
leadership through shared 
suffering. 

1736
01:31:53,100 --> 01:31:57,800
You also notice how Alexander 
celebrates victories after 

1737
01:31:57,800 --> 01:32:02,300
significant battles, there are 
games competitions, sacrifices 

1738
01:32:02,300 --> 01:32:05,200
to the gods and distributions of
plunder. 

1739
01:32:05,200 --> 01:32:08,600
He honor soldiers, who performed
exceptionally, sometimes 

1740
01:32:08,600 --> 01:32:12,200
promoting them on the spot. 
He holds elaborate funerals for 

1741
01:32:12,200 --> 01:32:16,300
the Fallen, ensuring their 
families receive pension the men

1742
01:32:16,300 --> 01:32:19,100
die, but their names and 
sacrifices are remembered 

1743
01:32:19,100 --> 01:32:21,200
publicly. 
The relationship between 

1744
01:32:21,200 --> 01:32:24,300
Alexander and his troops isn't 
entirely, warm and fuzzy. 

1745
01:32:24,900 --> 01:32:27,200
He demands brutal discipline, 
when necessary. 

1746
01:32:28,300 --> 01:32:31,100
You're watching a mass 
punishment after a unit breaks 

1747
01:32:31,100 --> 01:32:34,300
formation, and flees the 
responsible officers are 

1748
01:32:34,300 --> 01:32:37,200
executed publicly. 
The lesson is clear. 

1749
01:32:37,900 --> 01:32:41,500
Cowardice brings death. 
But the same Army that Witnesses

1750
01:32:41,500 --> 01:32:44,800
executions or seize Alexander 
sharing hardships. 

1751
01:32:44,800 --> 01:32:48,500
When water is scarce in the 
desert, he pauses out a helmet 

1752
01:32:48,500 --> 01:32:52,300
of water that Scouts bring him 
refusing to drink if his troops 

1753
01:32:52,300 --> 01:32:54,000
can't. 
Symbolic. 

1754
01:32:54,000 --> 01:32:56,300
Yes. 
Effective. 

1755
01:32:56,300 --> 01:33:01,600
Absolutely Alexander's ability 
to inspire shows up most clearly

1756
01:33:01,600 --> 01:33:05,900
an impossible situation. 
You're at Tire a city on an 

1757
01:33:05,900 --> 01:33:08,000
island that has never been taken
by Siege. 

1758
01:33:08,700 --> 01:33:12,200
The conventional wisdom is to 
give up and bypass it, but 

1759
01:33:12,200 --> 01:33:15,000
Alexander ordered a Causeway 
built from the mainland to the 

1760
01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:17,300
island. 
Essentially, creating a land 

1761
01:33:17,300 --> 01:33:20,500
bridge, where none existed the 
engineering required is 

1762
01:33:20,500 --> 01:33:24,700
staggering the time consumed is 
enormous and the tyrion's 

1763
01:33:24,700 --> 01:33:26,300
attack, the construction 
constantly. 

1764
01:33:27,200 --> 01:33:30,300
Should fail. 
Alexander's will become the 

1765
01:33:30,300 --> 01:33:35,200
armies will, and after 7 months 
tire falls, the troops 

1766
01:33:35,200 --> 01:33:37,800
accomplish it because Alexander 
convinced them, they could. 

1767
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:42,100
There's also a dark side to this
leadership Alexander's. 

1768
01:33:42,100 --> 01:33:45,600
Charisma makes men do things, 
they'd normally refuse burning 

1769
01:33:45,600 --> 01:33:49,800
persepolis marching through the 
gedrosian desert fighting in 

1770
01:33:49,800 --> 01:33:53,300
Monsoon, rains in India, these 
decisions risk, the Army 

1771
01:33:53,300 --> 01:33:57,400
survival, some soldiers, follow 
out of loyalty, others from fear

1772
01:33:57,400 --> 01:34:01,300
of punishment, and many from a 
strange belief, that Alexander's

1773
01:34:01,300 --> 01:34:04,100
luck will hold. 
He exploits that belief 

1774
01:34:04,100 --> 01:34:07,900
ruthlessly. 
The Macedonian ability presents 

1775
01:34:07,900 --> 01:34:09,300
a different leadership 
challenge. 

1776
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:13,500
These are men who Alexander when
he was just Philip's, son, and 

1777
01:34:13,500 --> 01:34:15,200
they remember that their nobles 
too. 

1778
01:34:15,200 --> 01:34:18,500
Not just subordinates Alexander.
Manages them through a 

1779
01:34:18,500 --> 01:34:20,300
combination of personal 
relationships. 

1780
01:34:20,300 --> 01:34:24,400
Calculated generosity, and 
occasional ruthlessness. 

1781
01:34:25,400 --> 01:34:28,500
Kleit one of the companions who 
saved Alexander's life at the 

1782
01:34:28,500 --> 01:34:32,200
granica later, criticizes 
Alexander during a drunken 

1783
01:34:32,200 --> 01:34:36,100
Feast, Alexander kills him in a 
rage, then spends days in 

1784
01:34:36,100 --> 01:34:39,400
anguished regret. 
The lesson for other Nobles is 

1785
01:34:39,400 --> 01:34:42,500
complex. 
Alexander values, loyalty, but 

1786
01:34:42,500 --> 01:34:44,300
won't tolerate challenges to his
authority. 

1787
01:34:44,300 --> 01:34:48,700
Even from friends, you noticed 
that Alexander's leadership 

1788
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:52,000
style changes over time, the 
young king, who crosses into 

1789
01:34:52,000 --> 01:34:54,100
Asia listens to advisors and 
follows. 

1790
01:34:54,100 --> 01:34:57,600
Macedonian Customs, the Emperor 
who reaches in Deer wears, 

1791
01:34:57,600 --> 01:35:02,200
Persian dress expects, prosky, 
nieces prostration and makes 

1792
01:35:02,200 --> 01:35:06,500
decisions increase in alone. 
Success breeds confidence that 

1793
01:35:06,500 --> 01:35:09,500
curdles into arrogance. 
The troops who worshiped. 

1794
01:35:09,500 --> 01:35:13,200
Him begin to whisper that he's 
becoming foreign less Macedonian

1795
01:35:13,200 --> 01:35:17,200
and more Persian the same 
presence that inspired them. 

1796
01:35:17,200 --> 01:35:20,600
Now, sometimes alienates them, 
but even at the end, when the 

1797
01:35:20,608 --> 01:35:23,800
Army refuses to continue past 
the hypothesis River in India, 

1798
01:35:23,800 --> 01:35:27,400
Alexander's handling of the 
mutiny shows, his understanding 

1799
01:35:27,400 --> 01:35:32,100
of leadership, Sulks in his tent
for days, trying to shame them 

1800
01:35:32,100 --> 01:35:35,100
into continuing. 
When that fails, he accepts 

1801
01:35:35,100 --> 01:35:37,800
their decision, but stages, it 
as his own choice based on 

1802
01:35:37,800 --> 01:35:41,500
Omens. 
Both sides save face the troops,

1803
01:35:41,500 --> 01:35:44,400
get to go home and Alexander 
voids looking like he lost 

1804
01:35:44,408 --> 01:35:48,300
control its manipulation, but 
it's effective manipulation 

1805
01:35:48,300 --> 01:35:51,200
leadership. 
You realize watching Alexander 

1806
01:35:51,200 --> 01:35:53,900
isn't just about inspiring 
moments, it's about 

1807
01:35:53,900 --> 01:35:57,800
understanding what motivates 
people, Glory greed, fear, 

1808
01:35:57,800 --> 01:36:01,900
loyalty, pride and orchestrating
those motivations towards your 

1809
01:36:01,900 --> 01:36:04,300
goals. 
Alexander conducts, his army 

1810
01:36:04,300 --> 01:36:08,400
like an instrument knowing which
strings to pluck and when the 

1811
01:36:08,400 --> 01:36:11,200
fact that he sometimes mistakes,
the music doesn't change. 

1812
01:36:11,200 --> 01:36:12,900
The skill involved in the 
conducting. 

1813
01:36:12,900 --> 01:36:16,500
You're in a Persian War, Council
chamber, watching commanders, 

1814
01:36:16,500 --> 01:36:22,000
debate strategy, the year is 
333, BCE, and Alexander is 

1815
01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:25,400
invaded Asia. 
The smart move, the Persian 

1816
01:36:25,400 --> 01:36:29,000
Nobles argue is to withdraw 
Scorch, the Earth, and let 

1817
01:36:29,000 --> 01:36:30,900
Alexander supply lines, 
collapse. 

1818
01:36:30,900 --> 01:36:34,300
He's far from home. 
His arm is relatively small and 

1819
01:36:34,300 --> 01:36:37,800
time is on Persia's side. 
But Darius the third, the 

1820
01:36:37,800 --> 01:36:41,400
Persian king rejects this 
strategy, he chooses to face. 

1821
01:36:41,400 --> 01:36:44,600
Alexander directly a disis, that
choice changes. 

1822
01:36:44,600 --> 01:36:47,800
Everything luck runs through 
Alexander's campaigns. 

1823
01:36:47,800 --> 01:36:50,600
Like, a river through a valley 
sometimes, it's the river. 

1824
01:36:50,600 --> 01:36:53,500
That creates the valley shape, 
you're watching moments, where 

1825
01:36:53,500 --> 01:36:55,600
things could have gone 
catastrophically wrong, but 

1826
01:36:55,600 --> 01:36:59,300
didn't often through random 
chance rather than brilliant 

1827
01:36:59,300 --> 01:37:02,100
planning. 
Start at the grandest river. 

1828
01:37:02,100 --> 01:37:05,000
Alexander's first major battle 
in Asia. 

1829
01:37:05,000 --> 01:37:08,200
He attacks across a river 
against to defended position, 

1830
01:37:08,200 --> 01:37:11,100
which violates every tactical 
Prince of principle. 

1831
01:37:11,800 --> 01:37:14,500
The Persians have Cavalry 
waiting on the opposite bank and

1832
01:37:14,500 --> 01:37:16,400
Alexander charges straight out 
at them. 

1833
01:37:16,408 --> 01:37:19,800
It's a foolish move that works 
partly because the Persian 

1834
01:37:19,800 --> 01:37:22,800
commanders are more interested 
in killing Alexander personally 

1835
01:37:22,800 --> 01:37:26,100
and claiming the glory than in 
defeating his army 

1836
01:37:26,100 --> 01:37:29,400
systematically. 
They Converge on him and in the 

1837
01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:32,900
confusion of single combat. 
The Macedonian Phalanx, crosses 

1838
01:37:32,900 --> 01:37:34,400
the river and establishes 
position. 

1839
01:37:34,400 --> 01:37:38,000
If the Persians had fought 
defensively in hunting for 

1840
01:37:38,000 --> 01:37:42,000
personal Glory, Alexander might 
have died in Asia's first, major

1841
01:37:42,000 --> 01:37:45,800
engagement, Then there's 
darius's decision at Isis. 

1842
01:37:45,800 --> 01:37:48,500
The battlefield. 
Geography favors, Alexander 

1843
01:37:48,500 --> 01:37:52,700
enormously the narrow coastal. 
Plain negates, Persia's, 

1844
01:37:52,700 --> 01:37:56,000
numerical advantage. 
Darius chose to fight there 

1845
01:37:56,000 --> 01:37:59,400
instead of on the open Plains of
Mesopotamia where Persian 

1846
01:37:59,400 --> 01:38:02,100
Cavalry could maneuver freely. 
Why? 

1847
01:38:02,100 --> 01:38:05,800
Perhaps, because retreating 
seemed cowardly, perhaps, 

1848
01:38:05,800 --> 01:38:08,100
because his advisors pushed for 
immediate confrontation. 

1849
01:38:08,100 --> 01:38:11,300
Perhaps, because he 
underestimated Alexander 

1850
01:38:11,300 --> 01:38:15,500
regardless, the choice hand, 
Alexander of Victory, he 

1851
01:38:15,500 --> 01:38:20,100
desperately needs Darius, flees 
the Persian army breaks and 

1852
01:38:20,100 --> 01:38:22,500
Alexander gains. 
Credibility is a legitimate 

1853
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:25,100
threat rather than a raiding 
party from Macedonia. 

1854
01:38:26,000 --> 01:38:29,000
You notice how often Alexander's
gambles pay off when they 

1855
01:38:29,000 --> 01:38:31,900
shouldn't a tire. 
The Siege drags on for seven 

1856
01:38:31,900 --> 01:38:35,000
months, Alexander has already 
spent more time here than the 

1857
01:38:35,000 --> 01:38:36,900
entire city as worth 
strategically. 

1858
01:38:36,900 --> 01:38:41,000
If tires Defenders, hold out 
another month or two Alexander 

1859
01:38:41,000 --> 01:38:44,500
might be forced to withdraw 
leaving his first major failure 

1860
01:38:44,500 --> 01:38:48,500
as a scar on his reputation, but
the city Falls just before that 

1861
01:38:48,500 --> 01:38:50,700
breaking point. 
And what could have been a 

1862
01:38:50,700 --> 01:38:52,500
disaster, becomes another 
victory. 

1863
01:38:53,400 --> 01:38:57,400
Gargamella the decisive battle 
against Darius, shows, both 

1864
01:38:57,400 --> 01:39:00,700
planning and absurd Fortune 
working together. 

1865
01:39:00,700 --> 01:39:05,400
Alexander Scouts the battlefield
beforehand and notices Darius as

1866
01:39:05,400 --> 01:39:08,800
cleared and leveled, the ground 
to favor his Scythe to chariots.

1867
01:39:09,600 --> 01:39:13,300
So Alexander attacks on the 
ground, Darius prepared, knowing

1868
01:39:13,300 --> 01:39:17,000
his Phalanx can handle the 
Chariots, the plan works. 

1869
01:39:17,000 --> 01:39:20,100
But there's a moment during the 
battle when the Macedonian line 

1870
01:39:20,100 --> 01:39:22,400
breaks and Darius could have 
won. 

1871
01:39:22,400 --> 01:39:26,500
If he'd committed his reserves. 
Instead Darius sees Alexander 

1872
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:28,800
charging toward him personally 
and flees. 

1873
01:39:28,800 --> 01:39:32,300
Again the person King's fear, 
hands aleksandra and Empire 

1874
01:39:32,300 --> 01:39:37,300
timing matters as much as luck. 
Aleksander invades percher. 

1875
01:39:37,300 --> 01:39:40,300
When the emperor is wealthy, but
militarily complacent. 

1876
01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:44,200
The Persian army hasn't fought a
serious war in Generations. 

1877
01:39:44,200 --> 01:39:47,800
Their commanders learn tactics 
from textbooks and peacetime 

1878
01:39:47,800 --> 01:39:51,600
exercises while Alexander's 
troops a veteran to cut their 

1879
01:39:51,600 --> 01:39:54,000
teeth fighting Mountain tribes 
and Greek hoplites. 

1880
01:39:54,000 --> 01:39:57,700
The timing isn't planned, it's 
just when Alexander happens to 

1881
01:39:57,700 --> 01:40:00,500
become king and when his 
father's assassination forces 

1882
01:40:00,500 --> 01:40:03,200
him to move, But it's perfect 
timing. 

1883
01:40:03,200 --> 01:40:06,400
Nonetheless disease in 
assassination, remove Alex 

1884
01:40:06,400 --> 01:40:10,800
rivals in ways, no strategy 
could accomplish Darius dies at 

1885
01:40:10,800 --> 01:40:13,500
the hands of his own 
subordinates eliminating the 

1886
01:40:13,500 --> 01:40:17,200
legitimate Persian king and 
leaving Alexander to him. 

1887
01:40:17,200 --> 01:40:20,500
He's avenging darius's murder 
rather than just conquering. 

1888
01:40:21,400 --> 01:40:24,100
Its propaganda gold that 
Alexander didn't have to 

1889
01:40:24,100 --> 01:40:27,000
orchestrate. 
Meanwhile, potential rivals in 

1890
01:40:27,000 --> 01:40:29,100
Macedonia die or discredit 
themselves. 

1891
01:40:29,100 --> 01:40:32,700
Conveniently leaving Alexander 
without serious challenges to 

1892
01:40:32,700 --> 01:40:34,700
his throne back home, you're 
watching. 

1893
01:40:34,700 --> 01:40:38,400
Alexander crossed the Hindu Kush
mountains into bactria and the 

1894
01:40:38,400 --> 01:40:42,300
audacity nearly kills his army. 
The passes are higher than 

1895
01:40:42,300 --> 01:40:47,900
anyone expected the cold, more 
severe and the food scarcer if 

1896
01:40:47,900 --> 01:40:51,200
the weather had been slightly 
worse, if the local guides 

1897
01:40:51,200 --> 01:40:54,300
haven't cooperated, or if the 
Descent had been steeper, the 

1898
01:40:54,300 --> 01:40:57,300
Army could have perished in the 
mountains in Stead, they 

1899
01:40:57,300 --> 01:41:00,300
struggle through and emerge as 
the first Western Army to cross 

1900
01:41:00,300 --> 01:41:03,300
those Peaks terrifying, the 
locals, who thought the 

1901
01:41:03,300 --> 01:41:05,500
mountains made them unreachable,
had? 

1902
01:41:05,500 --> 01:41:09,300
They had aspies River in India. 
Alexander faces poorest his 

1903
01:41:09,300 --> 01:41:12,200
army, which include war, 
elephants is horses of never 

1904
01:41:12,200 --> 01:41:14,900
encountered. 
The battle plan involves 

1905
01:41:14,900 --> 01:41:17,400
crossing the river at night 
during a storm to achieve 

1906
01:41:17,400 --> 01:41:21,100
surprise. 
His ridiculously risky horses. 

1907
01:41:21,100 --> 01:41:24,800
Can Panic troops can drown and 
the surprise can fail. 

1908
01:41:26,300 --> 01:41:30,900
But the storm provides cover the
crossing succeeds and Alexander 

1909
01:41:30,900 --> 01:41:32,600
wins. 
A battle that most generals 

1910
01:41:32,600 --> 01:41:36,300
wouldn't have attempted later. 
Alexander's admirers will call 

1911
01:41:36,300 --> 01:41:39,900
it genius more accurately. 
It's a calculated risk that 

1912
01:41:39,900 --> 01:41:42,900
happened to work. 
The relationship between luck 

1913
01:41:42,900 --> 01:41:46,900
and skill gets complicated here.
Alexander creates opportunities 

1914
01:41:46,900 --> 01:41:51,000
for luck to favor him by moving 
fast, taking initiative and 

1915
01:41:51,000 --> 01:41:53,800
putting himself in positions 
where Good Fortune becomes 

1916
01:41:53,800 --> 01:41:57,100
possible at Isis. 
He's lucky Darius chose that 

1917
01:41:57,100 --> 01:42:00,200
battlefield, but Alexander got 
to miss this quickly enough. 

1918
01:42:00,200 --> 01:42:02,800
That Darius had to react to him 
rather than vice versa. 

1919
01:42:03,900 --> 01:42:06,600
This speed creates the 
conditions for luck to matter. 

1920
01:42:06,600 --> 01:42:10,500
You also, see how Alex Sanders 
personality affects his fortune,

1921
01:42:10,500 --> 01:42:14,500
his willingness to take enormous
risks means he experiences both 

1922
01:42:14,500 --> 01:42:17,900
spectacular successes and near 
disasters. 

1923
01:42:18,700 --> 01:42:21,600
The difference is that he 
survives his disasters and 

1924
01:42:21,600 --> 01:42:24,900
publicizes is successes at the 
Molly city in India. 

1925
01:42:24,900 --> 01:42:27,800
Getting isolated on the wall 
could have ended his entire 

1926
01:42:27,800 --> 01:42:31,300
campaign. 
Instead, he survives and the 

1927
01:42:31,300 --> 01:42:34,600
story becomes another example of
his heroic courage rather than 

1928
01:42:34,600 --> 01:42:38,200
his Reckless stupidity, the 
survivorship bias here. 

1929
01:42:38,200 --> 01:42:41,900
That's impossible to ignore your
watching Alexander's campaigns 

1930
01:42:41,900 --> 01:42:45,000
knowing they succeeded. 
But you can imagine parallel 

1931
01:42:45,000 --> 01:42:46,800
universes where the arrow at 
Garza. 

1932
01:42:46,800 --> 01:42:50,800
Hit a vital organ, where Darius 
stood his ground at gawgaw Mela 

1933
01:42:50,800 --> 01:42:55,000
where the Hindu Kush Crossing 
ended in Mass starvation and 

1934
01:42:55,000 --> 01:42:58,700
where the good rossion desert 
claimed the entire Army in those

1935
01:42:58,700 --> 01:43:02,000
universes. 
Alexander is a footnote a 

1936
01:43:02,000 --> 01:43:04,900
reckless, massive donian, King 
who invaded Persia and died 

1937
01:43:04,900 --> 01:43:08,300
quickly. 
But in this universe the gambles

1938
01:43:08,300 --> 01:43:11,100
pay off the river crossing 
succeed. 

1939
01:43:11,100 --> 01:43:15,400
The sieges eventually fall, the 
enemies make mistakes at crucial

1940
01:43:15,400 --> 01:43:20,000
moments Alexander's luck becomes
part of his Legend and soldiers.

1941
01:43:20,000 --> 01:43:23,600
Start believing their King is 
divinely protected that belief 

1942
01:43:23,600 --> 01:43:27,200
becomes self-fulfilling troops 
fight harder because they think 

1943
01:43:27,200 --> 01:43:30,900
fortune favors Alexander which 
makes victories more likely, 

1944
01:43:30,900 --> 01:43:34,400
which reinforces the belief near
the end. 

1945
01:43:34,400 --> 01:43:38,500
Alexander's luck shows signs of 
running out the wound at the 

1946
01:43:38,508 --> 01:43:41,900
Molly City, nearly kills him. 
The desert Crossing loses 

1947
01:43:41,900 --> 01:43:46,300
thousands of men and animals his
troops refused to continuing to 

1948
01:43:46,300 --> 01:43:48,700
India. 
These are warning signs that 

1949
01:43:48,700 --> 01:43:53,400
fortune is finite but Alexander 
dies before he fully exhausted. 

1950
01:43:53,400 --> 01:43:55,900
It, you wonder what would have 
happened if he'd lived? 

1951
01:43:55,900 --> 01:43:58,400
Another decade, would his luck 
of hell? 

1952
01:43:59,400 --> 01:44:00,700
Would we remember him 
differently? 

1953
01:44:00,700 --> 01:44:04,700
If one of those later gambles 
had failed catastrophically But 

1954
01:44:04,700 --> 01:44:07,700
that's speculation. 
What you know, is that Alexander

1955
01:44:07,700 --> 01:44:09,700
one partly? 
Because the dice kept coming up 

1956
01:44:09,700 --> 01:44:13,500
in his favor at critical 
moments, Skill positioned him to

1957
01:44:13,500 --> 01:44:16,200
roll those dice but luck 
determined what numbers showed 

1958
01:44:16,200 --> 01:44:19,800
you're watching something 
peculiar happen as Alexander's 

1959
01:44:19,800 --> 01:44:22,600
campaigns progress. 
Each Victory makes the next one 

1960
01:44:22,600 --> 01:44:24,600
easier. 
Not because the enemies become 

1961
01:44:24,600 --> 01:44:28,600
weaker but because Alexander's 
Army becomes more formidable in 

1962
01:44:28,600 --> 01:44:31,300
ways that transcend simple 
military strength. 

1963
01:44:31,300 --> 01:44:35,100
Momentum the strange force that 
makes moving objects. 

1964
01:44:35,100 --> 01:44:38,600
Want to keep moving becomes as 
powerful as any weapon in 

1965
01:44:38,600 --> 01:44:42,200
Alexander Arsenal. the 
psychological effect starts 

1966
01:44:42,200 --> 01:44:46,000
early after the granicus, river 
Victory, Greek cities in Asia 

1967
01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:49,000
Minor that were previously under
Persian control, start opening 

1968
01:44:49,000 --> 01:44:53,100
their Gates They don't resist 
because resistance seems futile.

1969
01:44:53,100 --> 01:44:56,800
Alexander has demonstrated, he 
can win against Persian forces 

1970
01:44:56,800 --> 01:45:00,400
and surrendering, early means 
better treatment You watch 

1971
01:45:00,400 --> 01:45:03,400
cities that could have cost 
months to besiege instead, 

1972
01:45:03,400 --> 01:45:06,900
welcome, Alexander as a 
liberator, each surrender 

1973
01:45:06,900 --> 01:45:08,900
encourages the next city to 
follow suit. 

1974
01:45:09,700 --> 01:45:13,500
The wealth accumulation feeds. 
The momentum Persia is rich in 

1975
01:45:13,500 --> 01:45:16,800
ways that make massive Donya 
look poor after Isis. 

1976
01:45:16,800 --> 01:45:20,300
Alexander captures, his baggage 
train which includes the Persian

1977
01:45:20,300 --> 01:45:23,800
Royal Treasury. 
Suddenly Alexander can pay his 

1978
01:45:23,808 --> 01:45:25,900
troops and gold rather than 
promises. 

1979
01:45:25,900 --> 01:45:29,600
He can hire more soldiers. 
Build more Siege equipment and 

1980
01:45:29,600 --> 01:45:32,200
fund his political operations, 
backing Greece. 

1981
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:36,400
Money makes everything easier 
and each Conquest brings more 

1982
01:45:36,400 --> 01:45:39,300
money. 
You notice how Alexander's 

1983
01:45:39,300 --> 01:45:43,200
reputation starts working for 
him before battles enemies. 

1984
01:45:43,200 --> 01:45:46,000
Know they're facing the king. 
Who defeated Darius, who 

1985
01:45:46,000 --> 01:45:50,800
conquered Egypt who broke tire 
that knowledge undermines morale

1986
01:45:50,800 --> 01:45:53,500
before fighting begins a galga 
mellor. 

1987
01:45:53,500 --> 01:45:56,100
Many of Doris's soldiers. 
Flee early not because the 

1988
01:45:56,100 --> 01:45:59,000
macedonians are winning but 
because they expect the 

1989
01:45:59,000 --> 01:46:03,600
macedonians to win. 
Expectation shapes reality, the 

1990
01:46:03,600 --> 01:46:06,800
Army itself, improves through 
experience, the troops who 

1991
01:46:06,800 --> 01:46:10,200
crossed into Asia in 300 and 334
BC or good. 

1992
01:46:10,200 --> 01:46:14,100
But the veterans who reach 
India's later are extraordinary,

1993
01:46:14,100 --> 01:46:18,300
they fought in every type of 
train against every type of 

1994
01:46:18,300 --> 01:46:20,900
enemy. 
Using every type of tactic, 

1995
01:46:20,900 --> 01:46:23,900
they've learned to build 
Bridges, conduct sieges, 

1996
01:46:23,900 --> 01:46:27,200
coordinate, with Naval forces 
and to local conditions. 

1997
01:46:27,200 --> 01:46:31,000
Each campaign is a training 
exercise for the next one. 

1998
01:46:31,000 --> 01:46:35,300
Alexander integrates Concord 
people's into his forces which 

1999
01:46:35,300 --> 01:46:39,300
increases his numbers. 
But also sends a message Persian

2000
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:41,300
Cavalry. 
Start fighting alongside 

2001
01:46:41,300 --> 01:46:44,600
macedonians local auxiliaries, 
join the Army. 

2002
01:46:44,600 --> 01:46:48,400
This mixed four shows that 
Alexander isn't just conquering 

2003
01:46:48,400 --> 01:46:51,500
he's building something larger 
than a Macedonian Kingdom. 

2004
01:46:51,500 --> 01:46:55,500
The vision expands with each 
addition from recovering Greek 

2005
01:46:55,500 --> 01:46:59,400
cities to defeating Persia to 
ruling Asia to reaching the end 

2006
01:46:59,400 --> 01:47:02,500
of the world. 
Each goal achieved suggests. 

2007
01:47:02,500 --> 01:47:05,900
The next goal is achievable too.
The administrative structure, 

2008
01:47:05,900 --> 01:47:08,500
Alexander establishes, helps 
maintain momentum. 

2009
01:47:09,400 --> 01:47:12,900
Conquered territories, get 
satraps, local Governors who 

2010
01:47:12,900 --> 01:47:16,200
manage regions and Supply 
resources to the advancing Army.

2011
01:47:16,200 --> 01:47:19,400
This creates a trail of stable 
territory behind the front 

2012
01:47:19,400 --> 01:47:22,700
lines. 
It's not perfect, some satraps 

2013
01:47:22,700 --> 01:47:25,800
Rebel, some steel, some proven 
competent. 

2014
01:47:26,600 --> 01:47:29,400
But it's functional enough that 
Alexander can keep pushing 

2015
01:47:29,400 --> 01:47:32,300
forward without constantly 
worrying about his rear. 

2016
01:47:32,300 --> 01:47:35,100
You see momentum working at 
multiple levels? 

2017
01:47:35,100 --> 01:47:40,600
Simultaneously military is 
accumulate economically wealth 

2018
01:47:40,600 --> 01:47:44,100
Flows In politically 
Alexander's, legitimacy 

2019
01:47:44,100 --> 01:47:48,100
increases psychologically, both 
his troops and his enemies start

2020
01:47:48,100 --> 01:47:49,200
believing. 
He's Unstoppable. 

2021
01:47:49,200 --> 01:47:53,500
These factors reinforce each 
other creating a self-sustaining

2022
01:47:53,500 --> 01:47:58,200
cycle of success. 
But momentum has limits and 

2023
01:47:58,200 --> 01:48:00,800
dangers. 
You're watching Alexander in 

2024
01:48:00,800 --> 01:48:04,400
bacteria and sok Diana mountain 
regions where there are no major

2025
01:48:04,400 --> 01:48:07,300
battles to win. 
Just endless guerrilla warfare 

2026
01:48:07,300 --> 01:48:10,600
against local tribes. 
The momentum spotters here, 

2027
01:48:10,600 --> 01:48:14,000
Alexander spends years, passing 
territories that don't 

2028
01:48:14,000 --> 01:48:16,800
particularly care about his 
Grand Vision and can't be 

2029
01:48:16,800 --> 01:48:20,600
defeated in decisive battles, 
the easy Victory, stop the 

2030
01:48:20,600 --> 01:48:22,800
casualties, Mount, and the 
troops start, grumbling 

2031
01:48:22,800 --> 01:48:26,800
momentum, requires visible 
progress and these campaigns 

2032
01:48:26,800 --> 01:48:30,500
don't provide it. 
The Army's growing diversity, 

2033
01:48:30,500 --> 01:48:34,400
also creates tensions, 
Macedonian veterans resent, 

2034
01:48:34,400 --> 01:48:37,100
seeing Persians elevated, to 
positions of Honor. 

2035
01:48:37,100 --> 01:48:41,400
When Alexander adopts, Persian 
dress and Customs, it feels like

2036
01:48:41,400 --> 01:48:44,100
betrayal to soldiers, who 
thought they were fighting to 

2037
01:48:44,100 --> 01:48:48,400
defeat Persia, not become it. 
The momentum that United, the 

2038
01:48:48,400 --> 01:48:50,900
Army behind a conquering, King 
starts fracturing. 

2039
01:48:50,900 --> 01:48:52,400
When the mission becomes less 
clear. 

2040
01:48:53,700 --> 01:48:55,700
By the time Alexander reaches, 
India. 

2041
01:48:55,700 --> 01:48:59,300
Momentum has carried the Army 
impossibly far from home. 

2042
01:48:59,300 --> 01:49:03,500
They've marched for years 
crossed, deserts, and mountains 

2043
01:49:03,500 --> 01:49:06,400
and Fort enemies. 
Most never imagined existed. 

2044
01:49:07,300 --> 01:49:10,700
But they're all so exhausted 
separated from families by 

2045
01:49:10,700 --> 01:49:14,400
thousands of miles and 
increasingly uncertain about 

2046
01:49:14,400 --> 01:49:17,100
what their fighting for the 
momentum, that pushed them 

2047
01:49:17,100 --> 01:49:18,800
forward. 
Finally meets an immovable 

2048
01:49:18,800 --> 01:49:21,700
object, their own unwillingness 
to go further. 

2049
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:26,900
The Mutiny at the heifers River 
marks the moment when momentum 

2050
01:49:26,900 --> 01:49:30,500
breaks Alexander wants to 
continue into the Ganges Valley,

2051
01:49:30,500 --> 01:49:34,300
convinced that the edge of the 
world lies just beyond the 

2052
01:49:34,300 --> 01:49:37,000
troops refused. 
They followed Alexander 

2053
01:49:37,000 --> 01:49:40,400
everywhere but they won't follow
him there for the first time. 

2054
01:49:40,400 --> 01:49:43,300
Alexander can't overcome 
resistance through force of 

2055
01:49:43,308 --> 01:49:47,600
Personality or the promise of 
future Glory, the campaign has 

2056
01:49:47,600 --> 01:49:51,800
reached its natural limit, even 
then momentum helps Alexander on

2057
01:49:51,800 --> 01:49:54,700
the return Journey. 
His reputation makes local 

2058
01:49:54,700 --> 01:49:58,800
rulers cautious about resisting 
cities surrender or face 

2059
01:49:58,800 --> 01:50:01,400
destruction. 
The army that returns is smaller

2060
01:50:01,400 --> 01:50:05,000
than the one that invaded 
reduced by combat losses disease

2061
01:50:05,000 --> 01:50:08,100
desertion and the desert 
Crossing, but it still 

2062
01:50:08,100 --> 01:50:09,900
formidable enough to command 
respect. 

2063
01:50:09,900 --> 01:50:13,900
You realize that Alexander's 
Conquest weren't inevitable even

2064
01:50:13,900 --> 01:50:17,700
after they started. 
Momentum helped, but it required

2065
01:50:17,700 --> 01:50:20,600
constant feeding. 
Each Victory needed to be 

2066
01:50:20,600 --> 01:50:24,400
published. 
Each defeat minimized Niche, 

2067
01:50:24,400 --> 01:50:28,000
pause filled with training or 
diplomacy or preparation for the

2068
01:50:28,000 --> 01:50:30,700
next Advanced. 
Alexander understood that 

2069
01:50:30,700 --> 01:50:32,100
stopping meant risking 
everything. 

2070
01:50:32,100 --> 01:50:37,000
So he almost never stopped until
his troops forced him to Final 

2071
01:50:37,000 --> 01:50:41,100
irony, is that momentum? 
Kills him, not directly, but he 

2072
01:50:41,100 --> 01:50:44,000
can't adjust a peacetime back in
Babylon. 

2073
01:50:44,000 --> 01:50:48,200
After the campaigns, Alexander 
plans, new Expeditions Arabia 

2074
01:50:48,200 --> 01:50:50,000
Carthage. 
The Western Mediterranean, 

2075
01:50:50,000 --> 01:50:53,900
there's always another Target. 
His body is breaking down from 

2076
01:50:53,900 --> 01:50:57,500
wounds fever and excessive 
drinking, but his mind still 

2077
01:50:57,500 --> 01:51:01,700
operates in campaign mode. when 
he dies at 32, his planning 

2078
01:51:01,700 --> 01:51:05,800
rather than resting Momentum 
once started becomes hard to 

2079
01:51:05,800 --> 01:51:08,100
stop. 
You're in a library centuries 

2080
01:51:08,100 --> 01:51:11,500
after Alexander's death 
surrounded by Scrolls and 

2081
01:51:11,508 --> 01:51:14,200
history is written by people 
trying to make sense of what 

2082
01:51:14,200 --> 01:51:16,800
happened. 
They've turned Alexander into 

2083
01:51:16,800 --> 01:51:20,800
myth for philosophy and Legend, 
you know, something. 

2084
01:51:20,800 --> 01:51:22,900
They don't you watched it 
happen. 

2085
01:51:22,900 --> 01:51:25,900
You saw the luck, the mistakes 
and the chaos. 

2086
01:51:25,900 --> 01:51:29,500
That history smooth into 
narrative looking back at 

2087
01:51:29,500 --> 01:51:32,900
Alexander's improbable success. 
You see patterns that 

2088
01:51:32,900 --> 01:51:36,400
contemporaries couldnt Phillips 
reforms, created the military 

2089
01:51:36,400 --> 01:51:40,200
instrument, Aristotle's teaching
provided the intellectual 

2090
01:51:40,200 --> 01:51:43,000
framework. 
Persian weakness offered the 

2091
01:51:43,000 --> 01:51:45,700
opportunity. 
But none of it, guaranteed 

2092
01:51:45,700 --> 01:51:48,400
success. 
You're staring at a sequence of 

2093
01:51:48,400 --> 01:51:51,300
events where everything had to 
go approximately right for 

2094
01:51:51,300 --> 01:51:56,200
Alexander to achieve what he did
and somehow improbably things 

2095
01:51:56,200 --> 01:51:57,800
did go approximately. 
Right? 

2096
01:51:57,800 --> 01:52:01,300
The revisionist historians will 
argue that Alexander was 

2097
01:52:01,300 --> 01:52:03,600
inevitable. 
That the Persian Empire was 

2098
01:52:03,600 --> 01:52:07,700
right for conquest and that any 
competent Macedonian King could 

2099
01:52:07,700 --> 01:52:10,100
have done it. 
But, you know, that's not since 

2100
01:52:10,100 --> 01:52:12,800
Alexander's. 
Brother, Philip, Harry dais 

2101
01:52:12,800 --> 01:52:15,200
couldn't have done it. 
Neither could any of the other 

2102
01:52:15,200 --> 01:52:18,200
Macedonian Nobles. 
It required, someone with 

2103
01:52:18,200 --> 01:52:21,800
Alexander specific combination 
of military Talent, political 

2104
01:52:21,800 --> 01:52:26,100
cunning, physical courage, and 
sheer stubborn refusal to accept

2105
01:52:26,100 --> 01:52:28,600
limits. 
You also see what Alexander 

2106
01:52:28,600 --> 01:52:31,700
didn't accomplish. 
He conquered an Empire but 

2107
01:52:31,700 --> 01:52:33,400
didn't create a stable success 
estate. 

2108
01:52:34,300 --> 01:52:37,100
Within years of his death, his 
generals will carve up his 

2109
01:52:37,100 --> 01:52:40,200
territories into separate 
kingdoms the unity. 

2110
01:52:40,200 --> 01:52:43,700
He forced through military power
collapses, the moment that power

2111
01:52:43,700 --> 01:52:48,300
disappears by that measure, 
Alexander fails, he builds, 

2112
01:52:48,300 --> 01:52:51,300
nothing permanent beyond the 
cities named after him and The 

2113
01:52:51,300 --> 01:52:53,200
Roots, he opened between east 
and west. 

2114
01:52:54,100 --> 01:52:57,100
But the question was never where
the Alexander was supposed to 

2115
01:52:57,108 --> 01:52:59,200
succeed in creating a lasting 
Empire. 

2116
01:52:59,200 --> 01:53:03,100
The question was whether he was 
supposed to win at all and by 

2117
01:53:03,100 --> 01:53:06,900
that measure the answer is 
clearly, no, the odds against a 

2118
01:53:06,900 --> 01:53:09,900
young Macedonian King, 
Conquering, the Persian Empire 

2119
01:53:09,900 --> 01:53:12,700
were astronomical. 
The fact that he did it anyway, 

2120
01:53:12,700 --> 01:53:16,400
doesn't mean it was probable or 
inevitable, It means that 

2121
01:53:16,400 --> 01:53:21,000
sometimes improbably things 
happen that weren't supposed to 

2122
01:53:21,000 --> 01:53:23,100
happen. 
You think about the people who 

2123
01:53:23,100 --> 01:53:26,300
live through Alexander's 
campaigns and wonder how they 

2124
01:53:26,300 --> 01:53:29,100
processed it. 
The person Nobles, who thought 

2125
01:53:29,100 --> 01:53:31,500
they were defending in an 
eternal Empire and instead 

2126
01:53:31,500 --> 01:53:34,800
watched it shatter, the Greek 
city-states that mocked 

2127
01:53:34,800 --> 01:53:36,700
Macedonia. 
And then found themselves 

2128
01:53:36,700 --> 01:53:41,200
subject to Macedonian hegemony. 
The Indian kingdoms on the far 

2129
01:53:41,200 --> 01:53:44,800
edge of Alexander's Advanced who
encountered Greeks for the first

2130
01:53:44,800 --> 01:53:47,800
time and had to make sense of 
these strange Invaders from the 

2131
01:53:47,800 --> 01:53:50,900
West. 
Their world was rearranged by 

2132
01:53:50,900 --> 01:53:52,900
someone who wasn't supposed to 
rearrange it. 

2133
01:53:52,900 --> 01:53:55,900
There's a lesson in there about 
history on predictability. 

2134
01:53:57,000 --> 01:53:59,700
The historians who come after 
try to explain Alexander's 

2135
01:53:59,700 --> 01:54:02,100
success as if it makes sense in 
retrospect. 

2136
01:54:02,100 --> 01:54:06,800
But living through it the 
outcomes far from certain at any

2137
01:54:06,808 --> 01:54:08,200
point things could have gone 
differently. 

2138
01:54:08,200 --> 01:54:11,900
Alexander could have died young 
from disease or battle or 

2139
01:54:11,900 --> 01:54:14,800
assassination. 
The Macedonian army could have 

2140
01:54:14,800 --> 01:54:16,600
broken apart from internal 
tensions. 

2141
01:54:16,600 --> 01:54:19,200
The Persian Empire could have 
rallied and crushed The 

2142
01:54:19,200 --> 01:54:21,900
Invasion. 
None of these happened but they 

2143
01:54:21,900 --> 01:54:24,800
could have and the stories 
written centuries. 

2144
01:54:24,800 --> 01:54:28,500
Later makes success seemed more 
for ordained than it was you 

2145
01:54:28,500 --> 01:54:31,600
close your eyes, the library 
fading around, you. 

2146
01:54:31,600 --> 01:54:35,200
The story of Alexander isn't 
really about how a young king 

2147
01:54:35,200 --> 01:54:38,000
conquered the world. 
It's about how someone who 

2148
01:54:38,000 --> 01:54:40,800
wasn't supposed to win. 
Kept winning anyway, through 

2149
01:54:40,800 --> 01:54:45,200
Talent timing and tremendous 
luck until his troops. 

2150
01:54:45,200 --> 01:54:48,000
Finally made him stop. 
It's a reminder that history 

2151
01:54:48,000 --> 01:54:49,700
isn't a story written in 
advance. 

2152
01:54:50,500 --> 01:54:53,800
To series of people, making 
choices and taking risks where 

2153
01:54:53,800 --> 01:54:55,800
outcomes aren't determined until
they happen. 

2154
01:54:55,800 --> 01:55:01,700
The Young Prince born in Pella, 
in 356, BCE to a dysfunctional 

2155
01:55:01,700 --> 01:55:04,600
family and a kingdom. 
Nobody respected had no 

2156
01:55:04,600 --> 01:55:06,200
business. 
Conquering one of History's 

2157
01:55:06,200 --> 01:55:11,000
Greatest Empires but he did it 
anyway and that's why thousands 

2158
01:55:11,000 --> 01:55:13,500
of years later were still trying
to understand how it happened. 

2159
01:55:14,300 --> 01:55:16,700
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that sometimes the

2160
01:55:16,700 --> 01:55:27,000
impossible becomes real Aurelia 
was born into a world that 

2161
01:55:27,000 --> 01:55:31,100
prized lineage above all else. 
It was the second century ad. 

2162
01:55:31,100 --> 01:55:34,800
And though Rome's Empire seemed 
Invincible quiet. 

2163
01:55:34,800 --> 01:55:38,400
Fishers ran through its 
foundations, Whispers of unrest,

2164
01:55:38,400 --> 01:55:42,500
spread from remote Frontiers, 
Contradicting, the grand arches 

2165
01:55:42,500 --> 01:55:44,200
and bustling avenues that 
proclaimed. 

2166
01:55:44,200 --> 01:55:48,400
Rome, superiority, opulent, 
Banquets clashed with the daily 

2167
01:55:48,400 --> 01:55:51,800
struggles of the poor. 
This was a realm of paradox, 

2168
01:55:51,800 --> 01:55:55,200
where marble monuments, Stood 
Beside rickety, shacks and 

2169
01:55:55,200 --> 01:55:58,500
philosophers debated, lofty, 
ideals while Gladiators fought 

2170
01:55:58,500 --> 01:56:01,900
for public amusement. 
Aurelius family occupied a 

2171
01:56:01,900 --> 01:56:06,000
respected but modest position, 
they were historians and scribes

2172
01:56:06,000 --> 01:56:07,800
known for capturing events with 
honesty. 

2173
01:56:08,700 --> 01:56:11,900
Astute, that could be dangerous 
in a city where power thrived on

2174
01:56:11,900 --> 01:56:15,900
carefully polished images. 
Her father Marcus, Fabius 

2175
01:56:15,900 --> 01:56:20,300
Crispus meticulously documented 
senatorial proceedings, while 

2176
01:56:20,300 --> 01:56:24,400
her mother Thule, emerged from a
lineage renowned for skillful 

2177
01:56:24,400 --> 01:56:28,400
mediation behind closed doors, 
both parents nurtured or really 

2178
01:56:28,400 --> 01:56:32,000
as Keen sense of observation. 
Teaching her that true influence

2179
01:56:32,000 --> 01:56:33,600
often came from. 
Knowing what others? 

2180
01:56:33,600 --> 01:56:37,500
Overlooked From a young age, a 
really found magic in small 

2181
01:56:37,500 --> 01:56:41,000
details while other children 
lost themselves in Street games,

2182
01:56:41,000 --> 01:56:44,600
she lingered in corners of the 
atrium, listening to visitors 

2183
01:56:44,600 --> 01:56:47,300
subdued remarks. 
A twitch of a Senators. 

2184
01:56:47,300 --> 01:56:50,600
Eyebrow might betray political 
tension just as an offhand 

2185
01:56:50,600 --> 01:56:53,400
remark from a merchant could 
reveal bigger undercurrents. 

2186
01:56:54,000 --> 01:56:55,800
Tully encouraged such 
watchfulness. 

2187
01:56:55,800 --> 01:56:58,700
Stressing that words are 
surfaced truth. 

2188
01:56:58,700 --> 01:57:02,900
Often swims beneath. 
A dawn Aurelia took to wandering

2189
01:57:02,900 --> 01:57:05,300
The Forum. 
Her stole a simple enough to let

2190
01:57:05,300 --> 01:57:07,700
her blend with the throngs. 
There. 

2191
01:57:07,700 --> 01:57:10,500
She gathered tidbits from 
Merchants Hawking, produce and 

2192
01:57:10,500 --> 01:57:12,400
strangers. 
Carrying rumors from distant. 

2193
01:57:12,400 --> 01:57:15,500
Provinces Traders. 
Spoke of Uprising in the North 

2194
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:19,100
or shortages long trade routes. 
The cacophony of voices, painted

2195
01:57:19,100 --> 01:57:21,900
Rome as a mighty tapestry 
stitched together, by 

2196
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:25,600
precarious, alliances and quiet 
Bargains on her 16th. 

2197
01:57:25,600 --> 01:57:29,100
Birthday Aurelia was gifted a 
small study room in the family, 

2198
01:57:29,100 --> 01:57:32,900
Villa stacks of Scrolls wax. 
Tablets and half finished 

2199
01:57:32,900 --> 01:57:34,500
transcripts filled. 
The cramped space. 

2200
01:57:34,500 --> 01:57:38,000
She reveled in sifting through 
tax records, legionary 

2201
01:57:38,000 --> 01:57:41,400
petitions, and memorandum from 
minor officials each scroll. 

2202
01:57:41,400 --> 01:57:44,900
Hinted at how carefully Rome 
balanced its Grandeur soldiers. 

2203
01:57:44,900 --> 01:57:47,800
Complained of late pay border 
Governors requested 

2204
01:57:47,800 --> 01:57:51,000
reinforcements and farmland 
disputes dragged on for years. 

2205
01:57:51,000 --> 01:57:55,100
Aurelius father, commended her 
diligence, but warned that too 

2206
01:57:55,100 --> 01:57:57,500
much curiosity. 
Can cast unwelcome light on 

2207
01:57:57,500 --> 01:58:00,900
things meant to stay in Shadow. 
It wasn't long before she 

2208
01:58:00,900 --> 01:58:03,900
noticed the difference between 
the city's official image and 

2209
01:58:03,900 --> 01:58:06,400
its underlying truths. 
Public buildings. 

2210
01:58:06,400 --> 01:58:10,400
Boasted inscriptions praising 
the emperor's benevolence But in

2211
01:58:10,400 --> 01:58:13,800
the margins of her father's 
notes, Aurelius or hints of 

2212
01:58:13,808 --> 01:58:16,600
legionary discontent and 
Senators pushing private 

2213
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:19,400
agendas. 
She learned that roam for all 

2214
01:58:19,400 --> 01:58:21,500
its Majesty. 
Sustained itself through a 

2215
01:58:21,500 --> 01:58:24,600
thousand unacknowledged 
compromises Talia. 

2216
01:58:24,600 --> 01:58:27,200
Meanwhile, introduced her 
daughter to the subtleties of 

2217
01:58:27,208 --> 01:58:31,200
social dance at dinner. 
Gathering's, she guided Aurelius

2218
01:58:31,200 --> 01:58:33,900
gazed towards how swiftly the 
tone of conversation changed, 

2219
01:58:33,900 --> 01:58:37,200
when influential guests arrived,
a stray remark could be 

2220
01:58:37,200 --> 01:58:39,900
retracted in seconds of it. 
Threatened, the delicate web of 

2221
01:58:39,900 --> 01:58:42,700
alliances. 
See how they pivot to would 

2222
01:58:42,700 --> 01:58:45,400
whisper. 
That's where real power lies in 

2223
01:58:45,400 --> 01:58:47,600
the shift between what's said 
and what's implied. 

2224
01:58:49,000 --> 01:58:52,700
Still a really a loved Rome. 
She admired the Feats of 

2225
01:58:52,708 --> 01:58:56,600
engineering, the traditions of 
debate and the vast spectrum of 

2226
01:58:56,600 --> 01:59:00,300
cultural influences, streaming 
through the city, Gates She 

2227
01:59:00,300 --> 01:59:02,600
believed that beneath the 
politics and strict hierarchies.

2228
01:59:02,600 --> 01:59:06,300
There was genuine Excellence, a 
civilization yearning for 

2229
01:59:06,300 --> 01:59:08,700
wisdom. 
If only its protectors were not 

2230
01:59:08,708 --> 01:59:11,200
so quick to silence inconvenient
voices. 

2231
01:59:11,200 --> 01:59:15,500
One hazy morning, as she 
strolled toward the Forum 

2232
01:59:15,500 --> 01:59:20,000
Aurelia, noticed a disquieting 
hush, a handful of vendors had 

2233
01:59:20,000 --> 01:59:22,800
set up stalls, but the usual 
clamor was missing. 

2234
01:59:22,800 --> 01:59:26,700
People stood in small knots 
murmuring about a legion 

2235
01:59:26,700 --> 01:59:29,700
commander who had refused in 
Imperial edict though. 

2236
01:59:29,700 --> 01:59:33,000
Unconfirmed, the rumor Caster 
Paul that lingered in every 

2237
01:59:33,000 --> 01:59:37,600
doorway, Really felt a chill 
even Idol speculation, carried, 

2238
01:59:37,600 --> 01:59:40,600
in an Empire with fear could 
bloom instantly. 

2239
01:59:40,600 --> 01:59:44,000
She hurried home intending to 
share her observations with 

2240
01:59:44,000 --> 01:59:46,500
Marcus. 
He listened intently his 

2241
01:59:46,500 --> 01:59:49,900
stylist, pause over a fresh 
scroll, then he gave her a 

2242
01:59:49,900 --> 01:59:53,000
solemn look, We must be certain 
before recording rumors. 

2243
01:59:53,000 --> 01:59:57,400
He said unchecked talk can stir 
Panic or invite on. 

2244
01:59:57,400 --> 02:00:01,300
Welcome attention. 
Aurelia nodded but a curiosity 

2245
02:00:01,300 --> 02:00:05,300
wooden rest that very evening. 
She opened her private journal 

2246
02:00:05,300 --> 02:00:07,400
and wrote Every scrap of 
hearsay. 

2247
02:00:07,400 --> 02:00:10,700
She had gathered She sensed a 
reckoning forming at Rome's 

2248
02:00:10,700 --> 02:00:12,300
edges. 
Like a distant Thunder. 

2249
02:00:12,300 --> 02:00:15,800
That might soon reverberate 
through marble halls, even then 

2250
02:00:15,800 --> 02:00:18,500
she had no inkling of how 
personal the storm would become.

2251
02:00:19,700 --> 02:00:21,600
The tensional really had sensed 
soon. 

2252
02:00:21,600 --> 02:00:25,400
Took shape in a single event, 
necia, a greek-born olive 

2253
02:00:25,400 --> 02:00:28,000
merchants and one of aurelia's 
most treasured confidants 

2254
02:00:28,000 --> 02:00:31,800
vanished overnight Gosip 
whispered that the praetorian 

2255
02:00:31,800 --> 02:00:33,500
guard had arrested her before 
Dawn. 

2256
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:37,400
Unsubstantiated, torque claimed 
nisia, possessed letters 

2257
02:00:37,400 --> 02:00:40,600
challenging Rome, supposedly 
Divine, Authority, and 

2258
02:00:40,600 --> 02:00:43,700
accusation severe enough to 
crush anyone caught in his net. 

2259
02:00:44,900 --> 02:00:48,400
Alarm course through Aurelia. 
Nature had always been 

2260
02:00:48,400 --> 02:00:51,000
inquisitive reading Scrolls on 
Eastern. 

2261
02:00:51,000 --> 02:00:53,600
Philosophies and debating 
Plato's teachings with anyone 

2262
02:00:53,600 --> 02:00:56,500
who would, listen Aurelia 
couldn't imagine her as a 

2263
02:00:56,500 --> 02:01:01,100
threat, but in Rome's charged, 
climate curiosity, often boarded

2264
02:01:01,100 --> 02:01:04,600
on sedition. 
Sprint to learn more or really 

2265
02:01:04,600 --> 02:01:08,300
combed the forums edges, 
interrogating acquaintance's who

2266
02:01:08,300 --> 02:01:11,300
might have glimpsed the arrest 
Most Merchants lowered their 

2267
02:01:11,308 --> 02:01:14,900
voices, at the guards mention, 
wary of drawing scrutiny the 

2268
02:01:14,900 --> 02:01:18,600
themselves. 
At home Tulia, observed Oriels 

2269
02:01:18,600 --> 02:01:22,000
distress rather than scold her 
she murmured. 

2270
02:01:22,700 --> 02:01:26,200
Prudence is our Lifeline, 
inquired gently? 

2271
02:01:27,100 --> 02:01:29,400
Yet Julia herself covertly 
sought leads through a 

2272
02:01:29,400 --> 02:01:31,200
acquaintances in minor 
governmental posts. 

2273
02:01:31,200 --> 02:01:34,900
Markus, on the other hand, 
reacted with carefully measured 

2274
02:01:34,900 --> 02:01:38,500
concern, he understood the 
stakes, but one or really, that 

2275
02:01:38,500 --> 02:01:41,300
intervention might place the 
family Under Suspicion, though. 

2276
02:01:41,300 --> 02:01:44,300
Well, intentioned his caution 
left to feeling powerless. 

2277
02:01:45,100 --> 02:01:49,000
Determine not to stand idle, a 
really a visited, petronius, an 

2278
02:01:49,000 --> 02:01:51,800
elderly scribe rumored to have 
ties within the praetorian 

2279
02:01:51,800 --> 02:01:55,500
administration. 
His cramped, Workshop smelled of

2280
02:01:55,500 --> 02:02:00,700
ink and musty parchment Scrolls,
spilling off the shelves after a

2281
02:02:00,700 --> 02:02:03,900
furtive glance at the door. 
Petronius conceded that a woman 

2282
02:02:03,900 --> 02:02:05,600
matching. 
This year's description had been

2283
02:02:05,600 --> 02:02:08,800
held for questioning. 
He claimed that certain 

2284
02:02:08,800 --> 02:02:12,900
documents had been confiscated, 
referencing ideas unfit, for 

2285
02:02:12,900 --> 02:02:16,200
Rome's ears, A really felt her 
blood chill. 

2286
02:02:16,900 --> 02:02:20,100
She recalled her necia once. 
Muse that no Empire should claim

2287
02:02:20,100 --> 02:02:23,800
at a divine right to rule in a 
sensitive era that might be 

2288
02:02:23,800 --> 02:02:28,500
enough to Brand her treasonous. 
A dinner Tulia, calmly 

2289
02:02:28,500 --> 02:02:31,500
explained, her plan, quite 
likely leveraged, the family's 

2290
02:02:31,500 --> 02:02:34,500
modest connections. 
They had distant cousins who 

2291
02:02:34,500 --> 02:02:38,200
dabbled in bureaucratic circles.
Perhaps able to clean this 

2292
02:02:38,200 --> 02:02:41,500
year's whereabouts, a really a 
brimmed with a mix of gratitude 

2293
02:02:41,500 --> 02:02:44,100
and Dread. 
She knew that every whisper to 

2294
02:02:44,100 --> 02:02:47,600
the guard was fraught with risk.
Still she nodded agreement 

2295
02:02:47,600 --> 02:02:52,400
silence would only do her friend
days stretched into a week, with

2296
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:58,100
no official word aelia, Restless
slip, back into the forum each 

2297
02:02:58,100 --> 02:03:00,200
morning. 
Vendors eyed. 

2298
02:03:00,200 --> 02:03:03,300
Her really even the ordinarily 
Gregorius fruitella. 

2299
02:03:03,300 --> 02:03:05,600
Offered only strange shrugs. 
When asked if he'd heard of 

2300
02:03:05,600 --> 02:03:08,700
nisia, fear was contagious 
Aurelia. 

2301
02:03:08,700 --> 02:03:12,200
Felt its cold grip in every 
interaction, each half, uttered 

2302
02:03:12,200 --> 02:03:15,200
sentence trailing off as though,
a hidden listener, stood nearby,

2303
02:03:16,200 --> 02:03:19,200
Late one evening Tully. 
Attacked lightly on, aurelia's 

2304
02:03:19,200 --> 02:03:21,900
chamber door. 
Carrying a note from an obscure 

2305
02:03:21,900 --> 02:03:25,000
Court scribe. 
Necia might still be alive but 

2306
02:03:25,000 --> 02:03:29,300
faced indefinite detainment that
single line sent or really a 

2307
02:03:29,300 --> 02:03:31,400
reeling. 
She realized that in Rome 

2308
02:03:31,400 --> 02:03:34,800
indefinite detainment could 
easily stretch into months or 

2309
02:03:34,800 --> 02:03:37,300
years. 
Those who stepped into the guard

2310
02:03:37,300 --> 02:03:42,000
cells vanished from sight. 
Outraged a really argued that 

2311
02:03:42,008 --> 02:03:43,900
they should confront the 
authorities directly. 

2312
02:03:44,800 --> 02:03:47,900
Marcus quickly, admonished her 
reminding her that the guards 

2313
02:03:47,900 --> 02:03:50,700
power, extended Beyond 
senatorial, oversight. 

2314
02:03:50,700 --> 02:03:55,700
Yet Tulia, meteors anger, with 
tempered resolve Will find a 

2315
02:03:55,700 --> 02:03:59,700
path, but it must be carefully. 
Walked charging in blindly 

2316
02:03:59,700 --> 02:04:02,800
helps. 
No one Aurelia took a steading 

2317
02:04:02,800 --> 02:04:06,400
breath trying to absorb the 
lesson in a city on 

2318
02:04:06,400 --> 02:04:10,700
negotiations. 
Often led to ruin the next move 

2319
02:04:10,700 --> 02:04:12,900
was to visit a respected Senator
known for supporting 

2320
02:04:12,900 --> 02:04:16,600
intellectual Pursuits. 
The senator received Aurelia in 

2321
02:04:16,600 --> 02:04:19,200
a private Courtyard, where 
columns, draped in Ivy. 

2322
02:04:19,200 --> 02:04:20,800
Offered seclusion from prying 
ears. 

2323
02:04:20,800 --> 02:04:25,000
He listened hands folded as 
Aurelia described nasir's, 

2324
02:04:25,000 --> 02:04:27,800
passion for knowledge rather 
than sedition, though. 

2325
02:04:27,800 --> 02:04:30,200
Sympathetic, he admitted that 
direct pleased to the guard. 

2326
02:04:30,200 --> 02:04:32,400
Rarely succeeded without 
formidable backing. 

2327
02:04:33,100 --> 02:04:37,000
He promised discreet inquiries, 
but cautioned that roam storms. 

2328
02:04:37,000 --> 02:04:40,900
Can swallow lone voices, one 
morning soon after Talia, 

2329
02:04:40,900 --> 02:04:42,300
informed or rear of a 
breakthrough. 

2330
02:04:42,300 --> 02:04:45,500
Their distant cousin had 
arranged a preliminary hearing 

2331
02:04:45,500 --> 02:04:49,000
regarding the Sears arrest, the 
praetorians would permit a 

2332
02:04:49,000 --> 02:04:52,800
minimal review of her case. 
For a really felt like breathing

2333
02:04:52,800 --> 02:04:54,400
again, after suffocating in 
dread. 

2334
02:04:54,400 --> 02:04:57,800
She entire spent long hours, 
preparing arguments to cast, 

2335
02:04:57,800 --> 02:05:01,000
necia, not as a subversive. 
But as a scholar enamored with 

2336
02:05:01,008 --> 02:05:04,000
the world's breath of thought, 
when the day of the hearing 

2337
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:07,000
arrived, they were ushered into 
a demonic near the palace. 

2338
02:05:07,900 --> 02:05:10,000
A junior officer studied them 
coldly? 

2339
02:05:10,000 --> 02:05:14,000
Talia spoke with measured, 
deference emphasizing Rome's, 

2340
02:05:14,000 --> 02:05:17,300
proud, tradition of wisdom 
Aurelia, added heartfelt 

2341
02:05:17,300 --> 02:05:21,000
descriptions of nice as harmless
curiosity, the officers 

2342
02:05:21,000 --> 02:05:23,300
expression remained as still as 
a marble bust. 

2343
02:05:24,200 --> 02:05:27,800
He finally mumbled that he would
review the matter though, hardly

2344
02:05:27,800 --> 02:05:31,600
reassuring, it was a door left. 
Slightly a jar that night 

2345
02:05:31,600 --> 02:05:35,000
Aurelius mine teamed with both 
apprehension and Hope. 

2346
02:05:35,700 --> 02:05:39,400
She realized that roam for all 
its shining achievements could 

2347
02:05:39,400 --> 02:05:41,400
be brittle. 
When threatened by unorthodox 

2348
02:05:41,400 --> 02:05:44,100
ideas. 
Determine not to lose her friend

2349
02:05:44,100 --> 02:05:47,300
to that brittle machinery. 
Aurelia clung to the faint 

2350
02:05:47,300 --> 02:05:50,400
promise of another day. 
Another chance to pry open the 

2351
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:53,600
iron walls of secrecy. 
Though the hearing had been 

2352
02:05:53,600 --> 02:05:57,000
minimal word of its spread quite
quietly among those who unisia 

2353
02:05:57,000 --> 02:06:01,000
Whispers arose, mostly from 
hollers and minor officials, who

2354
02:06:01,000 --> 02:06:04,100
Harbor doubts about the gods, 
sweeping Powers, the city 

2355
02:06:04,100 --> 02:06:06,300
itself, however offered little 
comfort. 

2356
02:06:07,100 --> 02:06:10,200
Fear, permeated the streets, 
heightened by rumors of 

2357
02:06:10,208 --> 02:06:13,400
legionary unrest. 
In the provinces, more arrests 

2358
02:06:13,400 --> 02:06:16,800
took place, each one generating 
an echo of anxiety that 

2359
02:06:16,800 --> 02:06:21,100
reverberated in every way 
Aurelia, redoubled her efforts 

2360
02:06:21,100 --> 02:06:25,000
to glean information, he spoke 
in hushed tones with the tavern 

2361
02:06:25,000 --> 02:06:28,400
keeper near the circus Maximus 
who said that soldiers returning

2362
02:06:28,400 --> 02:06:31,100
from campaigns complained of 
harsh discipline and uncertain 

2363
02:06:31,100 --> 02:06:33,600
pay. 
A Freedman who worked in the 

2364
02:06:33,600 --> 02:06:36,100
Palatine Stables reported 
overhearing fragments of 

2365
02:06:36,100 --> 02:06:37,900
conversation. 
Suggesting, the emperor was 

2366
02:06:37,900 --> 02:06:41,600
deeply troubled by murmurs of 
disloyalty piece by piece. 

2367
02:06:41,600 --> 02:06:44,000
Aurelius sense. 
That Rome's outward Splendor 

2368
02:06:44,000 --> 02:06:48,000
concealed, a precarious balance 
ready to top under the slightest

2369
02:06:48,000 --> 02:06:51,500
strain. 
Meanwhile Tulia continued her 

2370
02:06:51,500 --> 02:06:54,500
shadowy negotiations. 
She attended, Gatherings where 

2371
02:06:54,500 --> 02:06:58,100
influential matrons exchanged 
gossip like currency over 

2372
02:06:58,100 --> 02:07:01,100
measured sips of wine. 
Talia would mention this year's 

2373
02:07:01,100 --> 02:07:04,300
plight emphasizing that 
punishing harmless curiosity 

2374
02:07:04,300 --> 02:07:06,500
stained roams Legacy of cultural
tolerance. 

2375
02:07:07,500 --> 02:07:11,100
Some nodded politely a few 
frowned but no one left up to 

2376
02:07:11,100 --> 02:07:16,300
intercede fear Aurelia, realized
had a suffocating grip on them 

2377
02:07:16,300 --> 02:07:19,500
all. 
One day a Curt message arrived. 

2378
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:22,800
Nessia had been transferred to a
different holding facility on 

2379
02:07:22,800 --> 02:07:25,900
the city's. 
Outskirts, alarmed Tully 

2380
02:07:25,900 --> 02:07:28,700
explained that such transfers 
often minting isolation. 

2381
02:07:29,800 --> 02:07:33,100
We must accelerate our approach.
She told her earlier her eyes 

2382
02:07:33,100 --> 02:07:38,000
tight with worry. if they 
failure would sink deeper into a

2383
02:07:38,008 --> 02:07:41,600
Labyrinth of cells and 
bureaucratic silence hoping to 

2384
02:07:41,600 --> 02:07:46,200
muster support Tulia hosted, a 
modest salon at their Villa, A 

2385
02:07:46,200 --> 02:07:48,600
handful of guests to Pride 
themselves on patronage of the 

2386
02:07:48,600 --> 02:07:50,500
Arts and letters, accepted the 
invitation. 

2387
02:07:51,400 --> 02:07:54,000
The plan was to steer the 
conversation toward Rome's, 

2388
02:07:54,000 --> 02:07:57,400
intellectual Heritage and then 
segue into nasir's, predicament 

2389
02:07:57,400 --> 02:08:01,000
Aurelia, circulated, bringing 
mulled, wine and listening for 

2390
02:08:01,000 --> 02:08:04,900
any sign of genuine concern. 
Yet most visitors offered only 

2391
02:08:04,900 --> 02:08:08,200
lukewarm platitudes. 
When torque grew two specific, 

2392
02:08:08,200 --> 02:08:12,100
they retreated behind polite, 
Smiles, afterward, tolia 

2393
02:08:12,100 --> 02:08:15,900
confessed, her frustration 
ideas, Captivate them, right 

2394
02:08:15,900 --> 02:08:20,400
until they realize those ideas. 
Threaten the status quo, Days 

2395
02:08:20,400 --> 02:08:23,400
Later an urgent request, 
beckoned them to Lucius. 

2396
02:08:23,400 --> 02:08:27,200
Cassius long, genuses Villa, the
old lawyers hair, Sean White, in

2397
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:30,600
the afternoon, sun as he placed 
beneath olive trees without 

2398
02:08:30,600 --> 02:08:33,900
Preamble, he explained that the 
guard had intensified its 

2399
02:08:33,900 --> 02:08:37,500
Crackdown spurred by the recent 
reports of rebellion in a 

2400
02:08:37,500 --> 02:08:39,900
distant Province, any whiff of 
subversion. 

2401
02:08:39,900 --> 02:08:45,000
He said, would now be met with 
swift unforgiving action, a 

2402
02:08:45,000 --> 02:08:48,300
really felt a surge of panic. 
If the texts found with necia 

2403
02:08:48,300 --> 02:08:50,700
were deemed radical. 
The entire case could vanish 

2404
02:08:50,700 --> 02:08:54,300
into a black hole of Suspicion. 
Lucius proposed a daring 

2405
02:08:54,300 --> 02:08:57,200
Solution Direct petition to the 
emperor's counselors. 

2406
02:08:57,200 --> 02:09:00,700
He believed that by Framing 
nissi's release as a testament 

2407
02:09:00,700 --> 02:09:04,500
to Rome's, enlightened grandeur.
They might circumvent the guards

2408
02:09:04,500 --> 02:09:07,600
hostility. 
Flatter the Empire's self-image.

2409
02:09:07,600 --> 02:09:11,000
He advised show them. 
This is an opportunity to 

2410
02:09:11,000 --> 02:09:15,100
display magnanimity. 
Though it stung, Aurelia to 

2411
02:09:15,100 --> 02:09:17,000
consider placing those who 
prayed on fear. 

2412
02:09:17,000 --> 02:09:23,400
She saw no alternative. that 
night Tulia Aurelia and even 

2413
02:09:23,400 --> 02:09:27,500
Marcus painstakingly, drafted 
the appeal, They cited 

2414
02:09:27,500 --> 02:09:30,200
historical precedence. 
Where Rome had pardoned Scholars

2415
02:09:30,200 --> 02:09:32,600
to Champion its reputation for 
intellectual openness. 

2416
02:09:32,600 --> 02:09:36,800
Every phrase was calculated 
tiptoeing around any hint of 

2417
02:09:36,800 --> 02:09:41,000
challenging Imperial Authority. 
Marcus looked older than his 

2418
02:09:41,000 --> 02:09:44,100
years when he finally folded. 
The parchment, we Risk 

2419
02:09:44,100 --> 02:09:46,500
Everything by The Shining a 
light into these Shadows. 

2420
02:09:46,500 --> 02:09:50,600
He murdered They dispatched The 
Plea at dawn, then settled into 

2421
02:09:50,600 --> 02:09:55,000
an uneasy weight days stretched,
each rumor of unrest striking. 

2422
02:09:55,000 --> 02:09:58,700
A really as Heart Like a hammer,
She imagined nicer in a cramped 

2423
02:09:58,700 --> 02:10:02,300
cell and certain where the Hope 
still flickered beyond the iron 

2424
02:10:02,300 --> 02:10:04,800
bars. 
Tulia paste later at night. 

2425
02:10:04,800 --> 02:10:06,900
Her footsteps. 
Echoing and Silent. 

2426
02:10:06,900 --> 02:10:09,500
Corridors. 
Marcus tried to focus on his 

2427
02:10:09,500 --> 02:10:12,800
historical transcripts, but he 
kept pausing to rub his temples 

2428
02:10:12,800 --> 02:10:16,800
at last a small note arrived. 
They had been granted a brief 

2429
02:10:16,800 --> 02:10:18,400
audience with the emperor's 
counselors. 

2430
02:10:18,400 --> 02:10:22,700
Aurelius, heart lurched. 
She knew enough of Roman power 

2431
02:10:22,700 --> 02:10:24,900
to realize how dangerous it was 
to stand. 

2432
02:10:24,900 --> 02:10:27,400
So close to the throne one 
misstep. 

2433
02:10:27,400 --> 02:10:30,700
Could brand them, traitors 
still, it was a glimmer of 

2434
02:10:30,700 --> 02:10:34,800
possibility if they presented 
their case skillfully, perhaps 

2435
02:10:34,800 --> 02:10:38,400
nessie's fate could be reversed 
Its dealing herself. 

2436
02:10:38,400 --> 02:10:42,200
A really a recalled, how necia 
once spoke of Truth needing many

2437
02:10:42,200 --> 02:10:45,300
voices to survive in a world 
that preferred illusions. 

2438
02:10:46,100 --> 02:10:48,800
As she prepared for the 
audience, a really avowed that 

2439
02:10:48,800 --> 02:10:52,100
if Rome demanded flattery, she 
would give just enough to open 

2440
02:10:52,100 --> 02:10:55,500
the door. 
Beneath that veneer her Devotion

2441
02:10:55,500 --> 02:10:58,900
to honesty and to her friend 
would remain Unbroken. 

2442
02:10:59,900 --> 02:11:03,100
This moment might be the final 
chance to prime your free from 

2443
02:11:03,100 --> 02:11:06,700
the jaws of secrecy. 
Weeks of waiting brought, no 

2444
02:11:06,700 --> 02:11:10,000
definitive answer rumors 
circulated that the guard grew 

2445
02:11:10,000 --> 02:11:13,600
more Vigilant each day, 
suspecting conspiracies in every

2446
02:11:13,600 --> 02:11:18,100
shadow unsettled by the silence 
Aurelia, pressed on scouring, 

2447
02:11:18,100 --> 02:11:20,800
corners of the forum. 
For any news, a fruit, vendor 

2448
02:11:20,800 --> 02:11:23,800
claimed someone matching nissi's
description had been moved to a 

2449
02:11:23,800 --> 02:11:25,800
windowless cell near the city's 
out a wall. 

2450
02:11:25,800 --> 02:11:29,500
Another insisted he'd seen her 
on a prison card heading north. 

2451
02:11:30,200 --> 02:11:33,000
Conflicting, Tales only 
Amplified or really as anguish. 

2452
02:11:33,700 --> 02:11:37,500
Thalia determined to avoid. 
Stasis, scheduled another round 

2453
02:11:37,500 --> 02:11:40,600
of discrete visits. 
She met with a senatorial wife, 

2454
02:11:40,600 --> 02:11:44,300
whose husband dabbled, in legal 
reforms, She reconvened with an 

2455
02:11:44,300 --> 02:11:46,700
elderly Diplomat known for 
bridging factions during prior 

2456
02:11:46,700 --> 02:11:49,900
unrest. 
At each meeting Tulia deployed, 

2457
02:11:49,900 --> 02:11:53,200
her signature attacked reminding
people of Rome's, vaunted, 

2458
02:11:53,200 --> 02:11:56,400
tradition of wisdom. 
If an inquisitive mind can be 

2459
02:11:56,408 --> 02:11:59,000
silenced so easily. 
How does that reflect on our 

2460
02:11:59,000 --> 02:12:00,800
civilization? 
She would Muse. 

2461
02:12:01,700 --> 02:12:04,000
A few listeners showed sympathy 
yet. 

2462
02:12:04,000 --> 02:12:07,900
None had the clout or courage to
confront the guard directly 

2463
02:12:07,900 --> 02:12:10,400
Marcus. 
Meanwhile, hovered at the edge 

2464
02:12:10,400 --> 02:12:13,600
of involvement torn between 
paternal concern and her 

2465
02:12:13,600 --> 02:12:16,600
historians in eight caution. 
He warned or really are not to 

2466
02:12:16,600 --> 02:12:20,200
speak to boldly in public. 
The city crackles with tension. 

2467
02:12:20,200 --> 02:12:22,700
He said taping his stylus on a 
half-filled. 

2468
02:12:22,700 --> 02:12:26,600
Scroll One Missed phrase, could 
label, you an agitator. 

2469
02:12:27,800 --> 02:12:30,500
A really a seized at the 
constraints but forced herself 

2470
02:12:30,500 --> 02:12:33,100
to comply. 
She recognized that their window

2471
02:12:33,100 --> 02:12:35,100
of opportunity to save nishio 
was shrinking. 

2472
02:12:35,100 --> 02:12:38,600
A breakthrough arrived via a 
faded letter from Lucius Cassius

2473
02:12:38,600 --> 02:12:41,200
longinus. 
He advised that the Emperors 

2474
02:12:41,200 --> 02:12:43,300
counselors had at least 
acknowledged the family's 

2475
02:12:43,300 --> 02:12:45,400
petition though. 
They offered no commitment. 

2476
02:12:45,400 --> 02:12:48,200
They requested more details 
about nicias background. 

2477
02:12:49,000 --> 02:12:51,800
Lucius suggested that Aurelia 
herself compiled, a short 

2478
02:12:51,800 --> 02:12:55,700
dossier, an account of who nisia
was her upbringing and her 

2479
02:12:55,700 --> 02:13:00,900
intellectual Pursuits. 
Let's use, he wrote an emphasize

2480
02:13:00,900 --> 02:13:03,600
how her interests align with 
Rome's, cultural mosaic. 

2481
02:13:04,900 --> 02:13:08,700
Over the next two days Aurelia 
toiled in her study, she 

2482
02:13:08,700 --> 02:13:12,000
recalled how nessia discovered 
her first Greek manuscripts as a

2483
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:14,000
child. 
Reading them by Lamplight in her

2484
02:13:14,000 --> 02:13:17,200
uncle's cramped attic. 
She wrote of nicias fascination 

2485
02:13:17,200 --> 02:13:20,600
with comparing stoic ideas to 
Eastern thought, never out of 

2486
02:13:20,600 --> 02:13:23,200
malice toward Rome. 
But rather an eagerness to 

2487
02:13:23,200 --> 02:13:26,900
understand The Human Condition 
Talia reviewed each sentence, 

2488
02:13:26,900 --> 02:13:30,500
gently rephrasing any hint that 
could be misconstrued as 

2489
02:13:30,500 --> 02:13:34,600
undermining Imperial Authority, 
On the third morning, a career 

2490
02:13:34,600 --> 02:13:37,800
arrived to deliver the dossier 
to the counselors Aurelia. 

2491
02:13:37,800 --> 02:13:40,700
Felt a Pang of helplessness as 
she watched the parchment vanish

2492
02:13:40,700 --> 02:13:42,900
in his Satchel. 
They had done their best to 

2493
02:13:42,900 --> 02:13:46,700
paint Nikos as a curious mind, 
not a threat, but would it 

2494
02:13:46,700 --> 02:13:49,200
suffice for those who saw 
Shadows of rosselli and 

2495
02:13:49,200 --> 02:13:52,300
everywhere? 
That often noon, Talia hosted 

2496
02:13:52,300 --> 02:13:55,200
the subdued gathering for a 
handful of respected, Scholars, 

2497
02:13:55,200 --> 02:13:57,600
hoping to quietly Master more 
support. 

2498
02:13:57,600 --> 02:14:02,200
A stooped rhetorically famed for
his speeches on civic virtue. 

2499
02:14:02,200 --> 02:14:06,300
Listen, totally. 
After a moment of reflection he 

2500
02:14:06,300 --> 02:14:08,000
admitted that he admired this 
stand. 

2501
02:14:08,000 --> 02:14:09,700
But dead, not provoke powerful 
figures. 

2502
02:14:09,700 --> 02:14:11,800
A really a bit back for 
frustration. 

2503
02:14:11,800 --> 02:14:14,500
Reminding herself. 
That fear was a rational 

2504
02:14:14,500 --> 02:14:17,200
response in a city where the 
centers could vanish overnight. 

2505
02:14:18,100 --> 02:14:20,500
Surprisingly, it was a younger 
philosopher who approached 

2506
02:14:20,500 --> 02:14:24,100
Aurelia after the Gathering. 
His brow furrowed with concern. 

2507
02:14:24,100 --> 02:14:26,600
He confided that he'd heard 
about foreign troops on the 

2508
02:14:26,600 --> 02:14:28,900
Move. 
Possibly quelling uprisings in 

2509
02:14:28,908 --> 02:14:32,400
Northern Territories, each rumor
of insurrection Titans. 

2510
02:14:32,400 --> 02:14:35,400
The guards grip at home, he said
voice trembling. 

2511
02:14:35,400 --> 02:14:38,500
I fear, your friends case might 
be lost in the shuffle of bigger

2512
02:14:38,500 --> 02:14:41,700
events. 
A really thanked him, heart 

2513
02:14:41,700 --> 02:14:44,200
pounding at the possibility that
Niecy has fate might be 

2514
02:14:44,200 --> 02:14:47,600
overshadowed by Empire wide 
anxieties late that evening 

2515
02:14:47,600 --> 02:14:51,100
mother and daughter sat beneath 
a flickering, oil lamp rereading

2516
02:14:51,100 --> 02:14:55,100
every letter, every note, every 
snippet of progress, Tully, 

2517
02:14:55,100 --> 02:14:57,000
erupt her temples exhaustion 
evidence. 

2518
02:14:57,800 --> 02:14:59,700
We've tried appealing to reason 
and honor. 

2519
02:14:59,700 --> 02:15:03,500
She said, softly yet reason 
often surrenders, when paranoia 

2520
02:15:03,500 --> 02:15:08,400
sets in, A really offered quiet.
Reassurance, even though her 

2521
02:15:08,400 --> 02:15:11,400
own, hope dimmed she refused to 
betray defeat. 

2522
02:15:12,900 --> 02:15:14,700
A new summons arrived the next 
day. 

2523
02:15:14,700 --> 02:15:19,000
One of the Emperors counselors a
figure named Albia satanus, 

2524
02:15:19,000 --> 02:15:22,500
requested a meeting. 
The Messengers words carried no 

2525
02:15:22,500 --> 02:15:25,000
warmth. 
Only that further clarification 

2526
02:15:25,000 --> 02:15:28,000
was required. 
Aurelius heartbeat quickened, 

2527
02:15:28,000 --> 02:15:30,300
this could be the pivotal 
moment. 

2528
02:15:31,300 --> 02:15:33,300
Saturnine has found their 
arguments lacking. 

2529
02:15:33,300 --> 02:15:35,600
Necia could disappear from all 
records. 

2530
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:40,100
If he chose leniency, perhaps a 
door would open Guided by 

2531
02:15:40,100 --> 02:15:43,000
tulia's. 
Calm resolve Aurelia steadied 

2532
02:15:43,000 --> 02:15:44,800
herself, they dressed in 
subdued. 

2533
02:15:44,800 --> 02:15:48,700
Finery mindful of appearances 
outside, Rome's ever-shifting, 

2534
02:15:48,700 --> 02:15:52,800
tapestry of rumor and spectacle 
buzzed with energy yet Aurelia 

2535
02:15:52,800 --> 02:15:55,100
could only think of Nasir behind
Cold bars. 

2536
02:15:55,800 --> 02:15:57,300
As she followed her mother into 
the street. 

2537
02:15:57,300 --> 02:16:00,300
She silently vowed that she 
would bend every rule of 

2538
02:16:00,300 --> 02:16:03,200
flattery and caution. 
If it meant freeing her friend 

2539
02:16:03,200 --> 02:16:05,300
from the darkest corners of the 
Empire's fear. 

2540
02:16:06,200 --> 02:16:08,700
Their meeting with Albia 
saturnina took place in a 

2541
02:16:08,700 --> 02:16:12,500
cramped, Annex near the Imperial
officers, two prayers in guards 

2542
02:16:12,500 --> 02:16:15,300
flank, the door as Tulia and 
Oriole entered, a sparsely 

2543
02:16:15,300 --> 02:16:18,000
furnished room, a single torch 
flick on the wall. 

2544
02:16:18,000 --> 02:16:21,700
Casting elongated Shadows that 
dance to Crossroads of Scrolls. 

2545
02:16:22,400 --> 02:16:25,800
Seated at a wooden desk saturnus
glanced up with cool. 

2546
02:16:25,800 --> 02:16:29,800
Detachment Aurelia felt an 
instinctive chilling. 

2547
02:16:29,800 --> 02:16:33,100
He was no mere bureaucrat but 
someone accustomed to wielding 

2548
02:16:33,100 --> 02:16:35,700
real power. 
He gestured for them to sit 

2549
02:16:35,700 --> 02:16:39,299
Tully opened by the thanking him
for agreeing to hear their case.

2550
02:16:39,299 --> 02:16:43,900
She spoke Carly of Rome's Legacy
as a cradle of ideas explaining,

2551
02:16:43,900 --> 02:16:46,400
how her family believes that 
preserving intellectual 

2552
02:16:46,400 --> 02:16:48,799
curiosity. 
Only strengthened the empire 

2553
02:16:49,799 --> 02:16:53,600
Cetinas listened in passively 
occasionally making a note on a 

2554
02:16:53,600 --> 02:16:57,000
wax tablet. 
When Tulia finished Aurelia, 

2555
02:16:57,000 --> 02:16:59,700
offered a brief testimony about 
nicias passion for scholarship. 

2556
02:17:00,700 --> 02:17:03,608
she sees knowledge, not as 
Rebellion, but as a way to 

2557
02:17:03,616 --> 02:17:07,299
celebrate Rome's, greatness 
Aurelia, said each word 

2558
02:17:07,299 --> 02:17:12,100
carefully, chosen to flatter the
regime As the tip of his stylus 

2559
02:17:12,100 --> 02:17:14,700
on the desk. 
You paint a virtuous picture. 

2560
02:17:14,700 --> 02:17:18,200
He said, however, the text found
with this nisia were not 

2561
02:17:18,208 --> 02:17:22,200
standard fare, they questioned 
the notion of divine, right? 

2562
02:17:22,200 --> 02:17:27,200
Do they not? 
Aurelius heart pounded, she 

2563
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:28,799
admitted Nishi. 
Once read Scrolls that 

2564
02:17:28,799 --> 02:17:31,400
contemplated whether any ruler 
should claim, sacred authority, 

2565
02:17:32,400 --> 02:17:35,900
Saturnine, as frowned. 
Dangerous territory, especially 

2566
02:17:35,900 --> 02:17:39,700
with rumors of descent rolling. 
Our Frontiers Tulia. 

2567
02:17:39,700 --> 02:17:44,299
Carly pivoted indeed but we must
distinguish between abstract 

2568
02:17:44,299 --> 02:17:46,700
philosophical debate and genuine
Edition. 

2569
02:17:46,700 --> 02:17:50,299
My daughter can attest that 
nitya has always shown respect 

2570
02:17:50,299 --> 02:17:53,500
for the emperor's role. 
Aurelia, nodded vigorously 

2571
02:17:53,500 --> 02:17:57,700
emphasizing that nastya's 
inquisitiveness and more aimed 

2572
02:17:57,700 --> 02:18:00,200
at broadening Horizons. 
Not toppling regimes. 

2573
02:18:00,900 --> 02:18:03,299
Saturnine has continued 
scribbling his expression 

2574
02:18:03,299 --> 02:18:05,799
unreadable. 
After what felt like an 

2575
02:18:05,799 --> 02:18:10,400
eternity, he lifted his gaze. 
I will conduct a personal review

2576
02:18:10,400 --> 02:18:13,799
if I find reason to believe her 
curiosity is harmless. 

2577
02:18:13,799 --> 02:18:17,700
I may recommend leniency, but if
these ideas have spread Beyond 

2578
02:18:17,700 --> 02:18:23,000
her personal Circle, clemency 
grows unlikely, Tully inclined 

2579
02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:25,500
her head. 
We appreciate your fairness. 

2580
02:18:26,500 --> 02:18:28,200
She spoke the words with 
carefully. 

2581
02:18:28,200 --> 02:18:31,200
Measured gratitude. 
There are really a suspected, it

2582
02:18:31,200 --> 02:18:32,900
was only the faintest glimmer of
hope. 

2583
02:18:33,600 --> 02:18:36,000
Returning home. 
They were laid the conversation 

2584
02:18:36,000 --> 02:18:39,299
to Marcus who exhaled in relief,
that at least the door remained 

2585
02:18:39,299 --> 02:18:40,700
a jar. 
Still. 

2586
02:18:41,500 --> 02:18:45,500
Tightness clung to the household
Aurelia, found herself plagued 

2587
02:18:45,500 --> 02:18:49,400
by nightmares images of necia 
lost in a Torchic, Corridor of 

2588
02:18:49,407 --> 02:18:53,200
cells, she spent her days 
editing each draft, they'd 

2589
02:18:53,200 --> 02:18:55,400
written searching for any 
detail. 

2590
02:18:55,400 --> 02:18:58,700
That might strengthen Saturn, 
Isis, inclination toward Mercy, 

2591
02:18:58,700 --> 02:19:02,799
one after noon, an unexpected 
visitor arrived, the young 

2592
02:19:02,799 --> 02:19:05,400
philosopher who had once worned 
or layer about the rise and 

2593
02:19:05,400 --> 02:19:07,299
clamped down. 
He carried a slim. 

2594
02:19:07,299 --> 02:19:11,200
Scroll eyes a light with urgency
I managed to speak with a 

2595
02:19:11,200 --> 02:19:14,799
contact in the praetorian guard.
He whispered they say Saturn 

2596
02:19:14,799 --> 02:19:17,100
nine. 
Us is truly deliberating but 

2597
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:20,500
precious from above a mounting, 
another wave of arrests. 

2598
02:19:20,500 --> 02:19:24,600
Could come at any moment. 
Aurelia thanked him heart heavy 

2599
02:19:24,600 --> 02:19:27,200
with the knowledge that Niecy is
life hung by a thread. 

2600
02:19:28,100 --> 02:19:30,600
The days that followed were 
filled with confusion. 

2601
02:19:30,600 --> 02:19:34,600
Talia arranged small, Gatherings
subtly reminding attendees of 

2602
02:19:34,600 --> 02:19:36,400
Rome's alleged commitment to 
enlightenment. 

2603
02:19:37,100 --> 02:19:40,400
She recounted the city's storied
history of absorbing foreign 

2604
02:19:40,400 --> 02:19:43,299
traditions. 
If we punish those who explore 

2605
02:19:43,299 --> 02:19:46,799
New Perspectives, do we not 
undermine centuries of proud 

2606
02:19:46,799 --> 02:19:50,500
Heritage, she would ask voice 
wavering just enough to stir 

2607
02:19:50,500 --> 02:19:52,800
emotion. 
Some listeners offered 

2608
02:19:52,800 --> 02:19:56,600
sympathetic, murmurs others 
averted their eyes unwilling to 

2609
02:19:56,600 --> 02:19:59,100
align themselves against the 
growing tide of Suspicion. 

2610
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:03,100
Aurelia found solace in 
revisiting old notes from nitia 

2611
02:20:03,100 --> 02:20:06,800
who had scribbled translation of
Greek vs about the pursuit of 

2612
02:20:06,800 --> 02:20:09,300
Truth. 
Reading those lines by the lamp 

2613
02:20:09,300 --> 02:20:13,000
light, a really a vowed. 
She would not abandon her friend

2614
02:20:13,000 --> 02:20:16,800
to the Machinery of fear. 
Even so the Unstoppable churn of

2615
02:20:16,800 --> 02:20:20,400
Roman politics loomed over them.
Each morning arrived with fresh 

2616
02:20:20,400 --> 02:20:22,700
rumors. 
A new rebellion in Gaul. 

2617
02:20:22,700 --> 02:20:25,900
A senator rumored to be 
conspiring against Imperial 

2618
02:20:25,900 --> 02:20:28,900
Authority, all the guard, 
arresting someone for uttering 

2619
02:20:28,900 --> 02:20:32,800
heretical claims The city's mood
felt like a drawn both string 

2620
02:20:32,800 --> 02:20:37,300
ready to snap. 
Finally, on a cloudy afternoon a

2621
02:20:37,300 --> 02:20:39,600
pale-faced courier arrived with 
a sealed message. 

2622
02:20:39,600 --> 02:20:44,100
Trembling Aurelia, broke the 
wax, seal, Saturn. 

2623
02:20:44,100 --> 02:20:45,800
Iona summoned them for a final 
verdict. 

2624
02:20:46,500 --> 02:20:48,600
Marcus's hand gripped, Aurelius 
shoulder. 

2625
02:20:48,600 --> 02:20:53,000
As she read the words aloud, 
Tulia said nothing, but her eyes

2626
02:20:53,000 --> 02:20:55,200
were dark with both fear and 
resolve. 

2627
02:20:55,200 --> 02:20:58,300
The next morning, they dressed 
carefully and subdued garments. 

2628
02:20:58,300 --> 02:21:02,100
Stepping into the street Aurelia
noticed how the city seemed 

2629
02:21:02,100 --> 02:21:05,300
caught in a hush as though. 
Bracing, for some unseen impact,

2630
02:21:05,300 --> 02:21:09,600
the approach to the Imperial 
Annex felt endless as they 

2631
02:21:09,600 --> 02:21:12,400
neared the guarded doors 
Aurelia, prayed that every 

2632
02:21:12,400 --> 02:21:16,200
subtle argument, every measured 
phrase, every small gesture of 

2633
02:21:16,200 --> 02:21:18,100
respect, they'd offered would 
count for something. 

2634
02:21:18,100 --> 02:21:22,400
And above all, she prayed that 
necia might yet walk free rather

2635
02:21:22,400 --> 02:21:24,700
than dissolve into the silence 
that swallowed. 

2636
02:21:24,700 --> 02:21:28,700
So many fragile voices in Rome. 
Saturnus received them in the 

2637
02:21:28,700 --> 02:21:31,800
same start chamber with two, new
guards posted at the entrance, 

2638
02:21:31,800 --> 02:21:35,000
his expression remained 
inscrutable as he motioned, them

2639
02:21:35,000 --> 02:21:37,900
forward Tilly about lightly the 
assuri. 

2640
02:21:37,900 --> 02:21:42,300
Tried to steady her breathing. 
Aurelia, caught a glimpse of a 

2641
02:21:42,300 --> 02:21:45,200
neat stack of documents. 
On the desk wondering if those 

2642
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:50,300
silent Pages summarized nicias 
life, Without Preamble saturnine

2643
02:21:50,300 --> 02:21:52,700
has spoke. 
I've reviewed the materials and 

2644
02:21:52,700 --> 02:21:54,900
considered your arguments by all
accounts. 

2645
02:21:54,900 --> 02:21:59,200
This nisia is intellectually 
curious, not openly seditious 

2646
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:03,000
Aurelia clutched, the edge of 
her cloak struggling to remain 

2647
02:22:03,000 --> 02:22:07,900
composed, however, saturninus 
continued The presence of 

2648
02:22:07,900 --> 02:22:10,900
anti-imperial rhetoric in her 
possession, cannot be dismissed,

2649
02:22:10,900 --> 02:22:15,300
the Empire stands on uncertain 
ground, any perceived challenge 

2650
02:22:15,300 --> 02:22:18,300
to its Divine Authority. 
Risks igniting greater Discord 

2651
02:22:19,500 --> 02:22:22,200
Tense silence, followed earlier 
incline, her head. 

2652
02:22:22,200 --> 02:22:26,400
We understand that Peril yet. 
We maintain the curiosity is not

2653
02:22:26,400 --> 02:22:29,600
conspiracy. 
Saturnus chapter finger on the 

2654
02:22:29,600 --> 02:22:32,500
scroll before him. 
I'm inclined to believe your 

2655
02:22:32,500 --> 02:22:35,200
friend poses. 
No immediate threat under 

2656
02:22:35,200 --> 02:22:38,200
ordinary circumstances. 
I might recommend her release 

2657
02:22:38,200 --> 02:22:41,100
with a warning. 
He sighed sounding 

2658
02:22:41,100 --> 02:22:44,700
uncharacteristically weary and 
these are not ordinary times. 

2659
02:22:44,700 --> 02:22:48,200
The province's Grumble, the 
legions grow restless and 

2660
02:22:48,200 --> 02:22:50,300
paranoia seeps from the highest 
ranks. 

2661
02:22:51,200 --> 02:22:55,000
A really felt her Hope's waiver.
Is there truly no room for 

2662
02:22:55,000 --> 02:22:57,300
Clemente? 
She asked voice trembling 

2663
02:22:58,200 --> 02:23:00,800
Saturnina studied her then spoke
slowly. 

2664
02:23:01,700 --> 02:23:05,000
I can arrange for nicias 
transfer into a supervised. 

2665
02:23:05,000 --> 02:23:08,900
Residence, house arrest 
essentially under two 

2666
02:23:08,900 --> 02:23:11,700
conditions. 
First, she must renounce any 

2667
02:23:11,700 --> 02:23:13,500
texts that question Rome 
sanctity. 

2668
02:23:13,500 --> 02:23:16,400
Second, someone must vouch for 
her continued. 

2669
02:23:16,400 --> 02:23:20,200
Good Conduct. 
Tulia glanced Aurelia relief 

2670
02:23:20,200 --> 02:23:24,100
mixing with apprehension. 
We will gladly vouch for her to 

2671
02:23:24,100 --> 02:23:28,500
Julia said Saturnine is leaned 
forward voice dropping low. 

2672
02:23:29,200 --> 02:23:33,500
Be aware if anything else 
incriminating surfaces your 

2673
02:23:33,500 --> 02:23:36,300
family's name will be forfeit, 
alongside hers. 

2674
02:23:37,100 --> 02:23:40,500
He let the warning hang in the 
stale air a really as chest 

2675
02:23:40,500 --> 02:23:44,000
tightened but she would not 
abandonia now to Julius spoke 

2676
02:23:44,000 --> 02:23:47,000
with forced Karm. 
We accept the responsibility. 

2677
02:23:47,000 --> 02:23:50,400
He gave a Curt nod and scribbled
instructions on a small tablet. 

2678
02:23:50,400 --> 02:23:53,800
I'll expedite the transfer 
expect to be notified when she 

2679
02:23:53,800 --> 02:23:58,200
arrives under guard with that. 
He dismissed them Aurelia 

2680
02:23:58,200 --> 02:24:01,300
managed to mermaids though. 
Her pulse Hamden, in her ears. 

2681
02:24:02,200 --> 02:24:05,100
Once outside Tulia, squeezed her
hand, we did it. 

2682
02:24:05,100 --> 02:24:08,500
She whispered Aurelia took a 
deep breath in relief. 

2683
02:24:08,500 --> 02:24:12,300
They hadn't truly won but at 
least Nasir was spared a grim 

2684
02:24:12,300 --> 02:24:16,200
fate in Hidden cells days past 
each one stretching with 

2685
02:24:16,200 --> 02:24:20,200
agonizing slowness Aurelia and 
Tulia prepared, a modest gas 

2686
02:24:20,200 --> 02:24:22,500
chamber. 
Anticipating the sea as arrival.

2687
02:24:22,500 --> 02:24:27,000
In guarded custody Marcus, 
wrestled with anxieties pacing a

2688
02:24:27,000 --> 02:24:29,000
cross. 
The atrium at odd hours, we've 

2689
02:24:29,000 --> 02:24:31,600
taken a risk. 
If the climate worsens we could 

2690
02:24:31,600 --> 02:24:35,600
face the guards Wrath, Aurelia 
recognized the danger, but clung

2691
02:24:35,600 --> 02:24:39,300
to the thought of reuniting with
her friend finally, on a bright 

2692
02:24:39,300 --> 02:24:42,200
afternoon, the clang of iron at 
the Villas gate, signaled, the 

2693
02:24:42,200 --> 02:24:46,000
guards presents Aurelia, rushed 
to the entry finding two Stern. 

2694
02:24:46,000 --> 02:24:48,800
Soldiers, flanking a figure 
whose wrists were Bound by a 

2695
02:24:48,800 --> 02:24:52,000
simple leather strap necia 
looked thinner, her eyes 

2696
02:24:52,000 --> 02:24:55,300
shadowed with fatigue, yet when 
she recognized or really a 

2697
02:24:55,300 --> 02:24:59,000
flicker of relief, litter 
features, the lead guard stated 

2698
02:24:59,000 --> 02:25:02,200
that nishio was now under house 
arrest, pending further a 

2699
02:25:02,200 --> 02:25:06,100
review. any attempt to escape or
spread subversive, materials 

2700
02:25:06,100 --> 02:25:10,800
will void the arrangement, he 
warned Once the soldiers left or

2701
02:25:10,800 --> 02:25:14,100
raelia guided nicer, inside 
Tulia, hurried forward with 

2702
02:25:14,100 --> 02:25:16,800
water and fruit. 
Her voice, gentle tears. 

2703
02:25:16,800 --> 02:25:20,000
Sean initials eyes though, she 
tried to maintain composure. 

2704
02:25:20,900 --> 02:25:24,300
Thank you. 
She asked, I didn't think I 

2705
02:25:24,300 --> 02:25:26,100
wasn't sure I'd ever leave that 
place. 

2706
02:25:27,400 --> 02:25:29,100
Aurelia fought back, her own 
tears. 

2707
02:25:29,100 --> 02:25:31,800
Certain that the moment demanded
steadiness. 

2708
02:25:32,800 --> 02:25:36,000
Safe here. 
As safe as any of us can be, she

2709
02:25:36,000 --> 02:25:38,900
replied. 
Over the next hours. 

2710
02:25:38,900 --> 02:25:41,600
Necia recounted her ordeal in 
halting tones. 

2711
02:25:42,300 --> 02:25:44,800
She had been interrogated. 
Repeatedly pressed to name 

2712
02:25:44,800 --> 02:25:47,300
others who shared her dangerous 
viewpoints. 

2713
02:25:47,300 --> 02:25:51,800
She insisted, she had none to 
name A really felt a swell of 

2714
02:25:51,800 --> 02:25:54,600
admiration niches loyalty to the
truth. 

2715
02:25:54,600 --> 02:25:58,000
That outweighed, her fear yet. 
The cost was evident in every 

2716
02:25:58,000 --> 02:26:02,100
exhausted breath. 
She took as dust settled, Tully.

2717
02:26:02,100 --> 02:26:05,100
Insisted that necia, rest 
Aurelia, remained by her, 

2718
02:26:05,100 --> 02:26:07,900
bedside grappling, with an odd, 
blend of elation and worry. 

2719
02:26:08,800 --> 02:26:11,100
Though, freed from the dungeon 
nisia. 

2720
02:26:11,100 --> 02:26:14,200
Now lived under Perpetual 
threat, the looming presence of 

2721
02:26:14,200 --> 02:26:17,400
the Guard was real one misstep. 
Could hurl them all into ruin. 

2722
02:26:18,300 --> 02:26:20,600
We must be careful. 
Aurelius said, her voice 

2723
02:26:20,608 --> 02:26:23,400
trembling. 
House arrest is a precarious, 

2724
02:26:23,400 --> 02:26:26,900
Mercy. 
Necia nodded wincing at some 

2725
02:26:26,900 --> 02:26:27,800
unseen. 
Brews. 

2726
02:26:28,700 --> 02:26:31,500
I won't give them a reason to 
lock me away again, but I can't 

2727
02:26:31,500 --> 02:26:34,000
lie. 
I still believe what I believe. 

2728
02:26:35,600 --> 02:26:38,900
Aurelia reached for her friend's
hand, heart, pounding with the 

2729
02:26:38,900 --> 02:26:42,200
realization that this fragile 
respite might be the closest 

2730
02:26:42,200 --> 02:26:44,600
thing to Victory. 
They would find for now. 

2731
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:47,900
At least they had rested nisia 
from the Empire's deepest, 

2732
02:26:47,900 --> 02:26:49,700
Shadows. 
Tomorrow would bring fresh 

2733
02:26:49,700 --> 02:26:53,300
challenges, niches presence in 
the Villa introduced both, Hope 

2734
02:26:53,300 --> 02:26:57,500
and New Peril day by day. 
She regained strength, although 

2735
02:26:57,500 --> 02:26:59,500
she remained pale and Silent at 
times. 

2736
02:27:00,400 --> 02:27:03,800
Aurelia noticed, how nisia 
jumped at minor sounds as though

2737
02:27:03,800 --> 02:27:06,100
expecting the guard to burst in 
at any moment? 

2738
02:27:06,900 --> 02:27:10,300
House arrest meant, the Empire 
still held on a leash ready to 

2739
02:27:10,300 --> 02:27:12,700
yank tight? 
If any hint of forbidden inquiry

2740
02:27:12,700 --> 02:27:16,300
resurface Tulia, took pains to 
comply with the guards 

2741
02:27:16,300 --> 02:27:18,600
stipulation. 
She dismissed most servants to 

2742
02:27:18,600 --> 02:27:22,000
avoid rumors, limiting outside 
as knowledge of nicias 

2743
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:25,600
Warehouse, Family acquaintances 
who came calling were informed 

2744
02:27:25,600 --> 02:27:28,200
that the household required 
privacy due to an illness. 

2745
02:27:29,300 --> 02:27:32,700
Markers with Drew further into 
his study where of inadvertently

2746
02:27:32,700 --> 02:27:36,100
drawing attention. 
Meanwhile Aurelia felt herself 

2747
02:27:36,100 --> 02:27:37,900
tutoring between relief and 
anxiety. 

2748
02:27:37,900 --> 02:27:41,500
Free issue was to wander. 
She knew that one slip of the 

2749
02:27:41,500 --> 02:27:44,700
tongue could bring disaster 
crashing down as nishio 

2750
02:27:44,700 --> 02:27:47,900
recovered, they spoke in hushed 
tones about her personal deal, 

2751
02:27:47,900 --> 02:27:51,700
guards, had demanded name's 
twisting every conversation into

2752
02:27:51,700 --> 02:27:55,600
a potential confession. they 
wanted me to admit a conspiracy 

2753
02:27:55,600 --> 02:28:01,800
necia said voice strained but I 
had none to give a really a bit 

2754
02:28:01,808 --> 02:28:04,800
her lip recalling, how 
dangerously close Rome's 

2755
02:28:04,800 --> 02:28:07,100
paranoia had come to 
extinguishing her friends life. 

2756
02:28:08,000 --> 02:28:12,800
that same paranoia still loomed 
ready to stifle any criticism of

2757
02:28:12,800 --> 02:28:18,200
Imperial might One afternoon, 
Julian formed Orelia that Lucius

2758
02:28:18,200 --> 02:28:21,400
Cassius longinus had invited 
them to a private supper. 

2759
02:28:21,400 --> 02:28:24,700
He wished to discuss a path to 
concluding this year's case 

2760
02:28:24,700 --> 02:28:27,300
permanently. 
Ideally, by persuading the 

2761
02:28:27,300 --> 02:28:30,800
authorities to close the file. 
He believes that with the right 

2762
02:28:30,800 --> 02:28:33,600
approach, we might seal this 
matter Tolle explained. 

2763
02:28:34,500 --> 02:28:38,500
No more indefinite, limbo. 
Aurelius heart. 

2764
02:28:38,500 --> 02:28:42,600
Lifted though she feared 
illusions of finality She had 

2765
02:28:42,600 --> 02:28:46,500
learned that in Rome Solutions 
were often temporary compromised

2766
02:28:46,500 --> 02:28:51,000
by hidden agendas. 
They left here in Marcus's care.

2767
02:28:51,000 --> 02:28:54,000
And travel to Lucius, Villa 
undercover of dusk. 

2768
02:28:55,500 --> 02:28:57,500
Soft Lamplight. 
Gloated in The Colonnade where 

2769
02:28:57,500 --> 02:29:02,200
he waited a discreet of bread, 
olives and watered wine laid 

2770
02:29:02,200 --> 02:29:06,100
out, After greeting them Lucius 
Dove straight into the matter. 

2771
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:08,400
Saturn. 
Ionis is Arrangement is 

2772
02:29:08,400 --> 02:29:11,100
conditional. 
We must convince the Imperial 

2773
02:29:11,100 --> 02:29:14,100
counselors that your friend is 
no longer a subject of concern. 

2774
02:29:14,100 --> 02:29:17,900
He paused choosing his words. 
A formal statement. 

2775
02:29:17,900 --> 02:29:21,200
Disavowing any anti-imperial 
Notions might suffice. 

2776
02:29:22,100 --> 02:29:25,600
Aurelia tends to new, Nissi has 
stance on the Empire's claimed 

2777
02:29:25,600 --> 02:29:28,200
Divinity, wouldn't change yet 
Tulia ever. 

2778
02:29:28,200 --> 02:29:31,600
Pragmatic asked if the statement
could be phrased to avoid direct

2779
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:35,500
falsehood Lucius nodded. 
We can craft something that 

2780
02:29:35,500 --> 02:29:38,700
emphasizes loyalty to Rome 
stability without forcing her to

2781
02:29:38,700 --> 02:29:41,100
recant. 
Every idea she's ever held. 

2782
02:29:42,100 --> 02:29:46,000
Still a really a sense. 
The moral quandary necia would 

2783
02:29:46,000 --> 02:29:48,700
essentially have to tiptoe 
around her beliefs to survive. 

2784
02:29:49,600 --> 02:29:53,500
They agreed that Tulio would 
draft a declaration referencing 

2785
02:29:53,500 --> 02:29:57,000
how house arrest had clarified. 
Niches respect for Roman law. 

2786
02:29:58,000 --> 02:29:59,900
The next day, a really a 
presented. 

2787
02:29:59,900 --> 02:30:04,100
The idea to nisia Racing for 
conflict to her relief nisia, 

2788
02:30:04,100 --> 02:30:07,100
gave a weary nod. 
I won't lie about my conviction,

2789
02:30:07,100 --> 02:30:10,100
but if there's a form of words, 
that satisfies the without 

2790
02:30:10,100 --> 02:30:12,200
trampling the truth. 
Let's try. 

2791
02:30:13,100 --> 02:30:17,900
I can't return to that sell. 
Within two days, they produced a

2792
02:30:17,900 --> 02:30:20,800
carefully. 
Honed statement Aurelia, wrote 

2793
02:30:20,800 --> 02:30:24,300
it by hand, ensuring each Clause
under scored compliance with 

2794
02:30:24,300 --> 02:30:27,500
Rome's order, while refraining 
from claims that the emperor was

2795
02:30:27,500 --> 02:30:31,500
divine, Tilia smoothed out 
phrases, injecting enough 

2796
02:30:31,500 --> 02:30:35,400
deference to placate suspicious,
officials nicer, approved, 

2797
02:30:35,400 --> 02:30:38,100
though, Aurelia noticed her 
fingers trembling as she 

2798
02:30:38,108 --> 02:30:40,500
scrolled. 
Her name at the bottom, Let's 

2799
02:30:40,500 --> 02:30:43,100
hope the city's thirst for 
scapegoats as momentarily 

2800
02:30:43,100 --> 02:30:44,500
quenched. 
She murmured. 

2801
02:30:45,400 --> 02:30:48,500
A courier delivered the 
statement to Saturn ionis and a 

2802
02:30:48,500 --> 02:30:51,800
fraught silence followed. 
Meanwhile chatter in the Forum 

2803
02:30:51,800 --> 02:30:54,200
hinted that Rome's. 
Political storms continued 

2804
02:30:54,200 --> 02:30:57,700
unabated, a rebellious governor 
in the East caused unrest. 

2805
02:30:58,400 --> 02:31:01,400
A string of questionable 
executions rattled, the populace

2806
02:31:01,400 --> 02:31:05,600
against that backdrop nicias, 
predicament could easily vanish 

2807
02:31:05,600 --> 02:31:10,500
overshadowed by larger crises. 
A really felt a guilty relief 

2808
02:31:10,500 --> 02:31:12,400
that perhaps anonymity might 
Shield them. 

2809
02:31:13,600 --> 02:31:18,000
One later afternoon, the Fateful
reply arrived, a letter sealed 

2810
02:31:18,000 --> 02:31:21,200
with the imprint of cetinas to 
declared that upon due 

2811
02:31:21,200 --> 02:31:24,100
consideration and demonstration 
of loyalty, the matter is 

2812
02:31:24,100 --> 02:31:26,700
resolved. 
Nasira was released from 

2813
02:31:26,700 --> 02:31:30,400
official custody provided she 
remained within City bounds and 

2814
02:31:30,400 --> 02:31:32,300
avoided any subversive. 
Gathering's. 

2815
02:31:33,000 --> 02:31:35,600
A really as knees, nearly 
buckled with relief as Tully. 

2816
02:31:35,600 --> 02:31:39,300
A read the words aloud, though 
the stipulations lingered at 

2817
02:31:39,300 --> 02:31:42,600
least the threat of a renewed 
arrested subsided that evening, 

2818
02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:47,300
The Villa filled with subdued 
Joy, necia Tears, In Her Eyes, 

2819
02:31:47,300 --> 02:31:50,600
embraced Tulia and Marcus 
thanking them, for risking so 

2820
02:31:50,600 --> 02:31:54,600
much on her behalf, aelia 
overwhelmed, pulled her friend 

2821
02:31:54,600 --> 02:31:58,700
aside We did it. 
She said, Softly, You're free 

2822
02:31:58,700 --> 02:32:01,700
needs your nodded yet. 
Her expression was tinged with 

2823
02:32:01,700 --> 02:32:06,400
sadness, free enough, perhaps, 
but the Empire's fear remains, 

2824
02:32:07,400 --> 02:32:11,600
Aurelia understood Romans might 
still loomed and countless 

2825
02:32:11,600 --> 02:32:15,700
others languished in cells for 
lesser doubts. when Dawn broke 

2826
02:32:15,700 --> 02:32:20,700
Aurelius stood in the atrium 
gazing at the Mosaic floor, She 

2827
02:32:20,700 --> 02:32:23,500
recalled how she once believed, 
Rome's grand jury resided in 

2828
02:32:23,500 --> 02:32:26,700
unwavering ideals. 
Now, she saw that Splendor was 

2829
02:32:26,700 --> 02:32:29,800
fragile maintained through 
half-true, the subtle, 

2830
02:32:29,800 --> 02:32:32,400
negotiations, and a Readiness to
crush dissent. 

2831
02:32:33,200 --> 02:32:36,500
Still, she felt a spark of 
optimism in Saving these here. 

2832
02:32:36,500 --> 02:32:39,400
They had proven that compassion 
could pierce the Empire's armor 

2833
02:32:39,400 --> 02:32:43,100
at least for a moment. 
Stepping outside a really 

2834
02:32:43,108 --> 02:32:45,600
inhaled the cool air and 
resolved to keep her eyes open 

2835
02:32:45,600 --> 02:32:48,500
to document. 
Not just the marble triumphs. 

2836
02:32:48,500 --> 02:32:51,600
But also the hidden struggles. 
That shape Rome from within 

2837
02:32:57,700 --> 02:33:01,900
imagine waking up on a Tuesday 
Morning in 1963 somewhere in a 

2838
02:33:01,900 --> 02:33:05,300
modest semi-detached house in 
Suburban Manchester or 

2839
02:33:05,300 --> 02:33:08,800
Birmingham or any of a dozen 
similar cities across Britain. 

2840
02:33:09,700 --> 02:33:12,900
the alarm clock one of those 
wind up affairs with the twin 

2841
02:33:12,900 --> 02:33:16,800
bells on top rattles his life at
6:00, and you Shuffle to the 

2842
02:33:16,808 --> 02:33:20,100
bathroom in slippers that have 
seen better days the Britain 

2843
02:33:20,100 --> 02:33:24,400
outside your window is a curious
hybrid of old and new Some homes

2844
02:33:24,400 --> 02:33:25,800
on your street still have 
outside. 

2845
02:33:25,800 --> 02:33:30,000
Toilets relics of Victorian 
construction that nobody's 

2846
02:33:30,000 --> 02:33:34,200
gotten around to modernizing? 
But there's also a television 

2847
02:33:34,200 --> 02:33:36,800
aerial sprouting from nearly 
every roof top. 

2848
02:33:37,500 --> 02:33:40,000
And if you listen carefully you 
can hear the distant Rumble of 

2849
02:33:40,008 --> 02:33:42,600
morning traffic. 
That's beginning to clogged 

2850
02:33:42,600 --> 02:33:44,500
roads. 
Never designed for this many 

2851
02:33:44,500 --> 02:33:47,400
vehicles for detective. 
Inspector Thomas Henley. 

2852
02:33:47,400 --> 02:33:50,100
Let's call him Tom because 
everyone at the station, does 

2853
02:33:50,100 --> 02:33:53,500
this particular Tuesday begins 
like most others? 

2854
02:33:53,500 --> 02:33:56,800
He shaves with a safety razor 
over a porcelain sink. 

2855
02:33:56,800 --> 02:33:59,500
The mirror still foggy from The 
Limited hot water. 

2856
02:33:59,500 --> 02:34:03,700
His immersion heater provides 
His wife has already been up for

2857
02:34:03,700 --> 02:34:06,800
an hour preparing breakfast, in 
a kitchen, where a new electric 

2858
02:34:06,800 --> 02:34:09,000
kettle. 
See, it's proudly next to the 

2859
02:34:09,008 --> 02:34:12,200
old stove, top one, she can't 
quite bring herself to discard 

2860
02:34:12,200 --> 02:34:15,500
the smell of toast and marmalade
drifts up the stairs. 

2861
02:34:15,500 --> 02:34:19,500
This is the Britain of hearty 
breakfasts, where a proper meal 

2862
02:34:19,500 --> 02:34:24,000
means fried eggs, bacon grilled 
tomatoes and toast soldiers. 

2863
02:34:24,000 --> 02:34:27,600
If you're feeling particularly 
traditional, Tom's wife believes

2864
02:34:27,600 --> 02:34:31,300
a man, can't possibly solve 
crimes on an empty stomach, and 

2865
02:34:31,300 --> 02:34:34,100
who is he to argue with three 
decades of married wisdom. 

2866
02:34:34,100 --> 02:34:37,400
The newspaper Waiting by his 
plate carries headlines about 

2867
02:34:37,400 --> 02:34:40,600
the profumo Scandal and the 
Beatles latest charts. 

2868
02:34:40,600 --> 02:34:44,500
Success, This peculiar moment 
when Britain seems caught 

2869
02:34:44,500 --> 02:34:48,800
between its stiff upper lip past
and something looser younger and

2870
02:34:48,800 --> 02:34:52,800
decidedly more colorful. 
But Tom is more interested in 

2871
02:34:52,800 --> 02:34:56,400
the local news section. 
Where a small article mentions a

2872
02:34:56,400 --> 02:34:58,300
burglary at a chemist shop on 
the High Street. 

2873
02:34:59,300 --> 02:35:03,600
Not his case but he reads it 
anyway because a good detective,

2874
02:35:03,600 --> 02:35:07,700
develops habits of attention 
that extend beyond official 

2875
02:35:07,700 --> 02:35:10,700
assignments, his journey to the 
station, takes him through 

2876
02:35:10,700 --> 02:35:13,600
streets, that would be 
unrecognizable to someone from 

2877
02:35:13,600 --> 02:35:16,600
our time. 
The corner shop, not yet called 

2878
02:35:16,600 --> 02:35:19,600
a convenience store. 
Displays hand, lettered signs 

2879
02:35:19,600 --> 02:35:23,700
advertising prices in pounds. 
Shillings, and Pence. 

2880
02:35:24,500 --> 02:35:27,400
The tobacconist is doing brisk 
business, even at this hour, 

2881
02:35:27,400 --> 02:35:31,500
because smoking is something 
nearly everyone does everywhere 

2882
02:35:31,500 --> 02:35:36,800
all the time. the local pub 
won't open for hours yet but 

2883
02:35:36,800 --> 02:35:39,400
it's windows are already being 
washed by someone who takes 

2884
02:35:39,400 --> 02:35:43,000
pride in keeping the etched 
glass gleaming, Tom walks, past 

2885
02:35:43,000 --> 02:35:46,400
the new wimpy bar which opened 
last month and represents the 

2886
02:35:46,400 --> 02:35:49,800
Leading Edge of American style, 
fast food culture, creeping into

2887
02:35:49,800 --> 02:35:53,300
British life, The teenagers. 
Love it though. 

2888
02:35:53,300 --> 02:35:56,000
Tom can't quite understand 
paying money for something 

2889
02:35:56,000 --> 02:35:58,700
called a hamburger, when a 
proper fish and chip shop is 

2890
02:35:58,700 --> 02:36:02,200
right across the street. 
But then again, he's never quite

2891
02:36:02,200 --> 02:36:06,100
understood teenagers, even when 
he was one, the police station 

2892
02:36:06,100 --> 02:36:08,100
is a solid. 
Victorian building, that smells 

2893
02:36:08,100 --> 02:36:10,400
perpetually a floor wax damp 
wool. 

2894
02:36:10,400 --> 02:36:14,100
And the particular mustiness 
that seems to accumulate in any 

2895
02:36:14,100 --> 02:36:18,200
British institution of 
sufficient age, The front desk, 

2896
02:36:18,200 --> 02:36:21,100
sergeant nods as Tom enters a 
gesture. 

2897
02:36:21,100 --> 02:36:24,500
They've exchanged nearly every 
working day for 15 years. 

2898
02:36:25,600 --> 02:36:27,700
Some Partnerships are built on 
conversation. 

2899
02:36:27,700 --> 02:36:30,700
There's this build on 
comfortable silence and shared. 

2900
02:36:30,700 --> 02:36:34,900
Understanding Tom's office is on
the second floor up stairs that 

2901
02:36:34,900 --> 02:36:37,700
Creek in a way that announces 
visitors long before they 

2902
02:36:37,700 --> 02:36:43,200
arrive, The room contains a desk
two filing cabinet, a telephone 

2903
02:36:43,200 --> 02:36:46,200
that connects to the switchboard
down stairs through a system of 

2904
02:36:46,208 --> 02:36:49,700
mysterious clicks and buzzers 
and a window that looks out onto

2905
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:51,900
a car Parks. 
Slowly filling with Morris, 

2906
02:36:51,900 --> 02:36:56,000
minors, Ford angliers, and the 
occasional Rover, belonging to 

2907
02:36:56,000 --> 02:36:57,700
someone higher up the chain of 
command. 

2908
02:36:57,700 --> 02:37:00,800
The morning briefing won't start
from another 20 minutes. 

2909
02:37:00,800 --> 02:37:03,900
So Tom uses the time to review 
his Active cases. 

2910
02:37:03,900 --> 02:37:06,900
There's the matter of the 
missing Garden ohms from the 

2911
02:37:06,900 --> 02:37:10,800
residential area in the park. 
Probably teenagers though. 

2912
02:37:10,800 --> 02:37:13,500
Proving it will require either 
catching them in the act or 

2913
02:37:13,500 --> 02:37:16,400
someone's mother. 
Finding a dozen ceramic gnomes 

2914
02:37:16,400 --> 02:37:20,100
hidden in their sons bedroom. 
There's a string of shoplifting 

2915
02:37:20,100 --> 02:37:23,300
incidents at the Woolworths that
suggests either, the same person

2916
02:37:23,300 --> 02:37:26,500
returning repeatedly or a small 
group working together. 

2917
02:37:27,400 --> 02:37:30,100
And there's the peculiar 
business of threatening letters 

2918
02:37:30,100 --> 02:37:32,700
being sent to the Headmaster of 
the local, grammar school. 

2919
02:37:32,700 --> 02:37:36,000
Written in Block capitals on 
paper that might have come from 

2920
02:37:36,000 --> 02:37:38,200
anywhere. 
None of these are murders or 

2921
02:37:38,200 --> 02:37:40,800
bank robberies or the kinds of 
cases that make headlines. 

2922
02:37:40,800 --> 02:37:45,100
They're the steady unglamorous 
work of maintaining order in a 

2923
02:37:45,100 --> 02:37:47,800
community where most people are 
basically decent but 

2924
02:37:47,800 --> 02:37:50,500
occasionally fall into bad 
decisions or temporary Madness. 

2925
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:54,300
Thomas solved, exactly three 
murders in his career. 

2926
02:37:54,300 --> 02:37:59,100
And each one was sold through 
patience attention to detail and

2927
02:37:59,100 --> 02:38:01,800
the kind of shoe leather 
detective work that involves 

2928
02:38:01,800 --> 02:38:04,600
knocking on doors until someone 
mentioned something useful. 

2929
02:38:04,600 --> 02:38:08,500
The tea trolley arrives, pushed 
by Mrs. Patterson whose been 

2930
02:38:08,500 --> 02:38:11,600
providing to police officers 
since before Tom joins the force

2931
02:38:12,500 --> 02:38:16,400
Knows everyone's preference, Tom
takes his with milk and one 

2932
02:38:16,400 --> 02:38:19,400
sugar though his doctor is 
suggested, he might want to cut 

2933
02:38:19,400 --> 02:38:22,100
back on the sugar. 
The tea is strong enough to 

2934
02:38:22,108 --> 02:38:25,800
stand a spoon in brewed in a pot
that's probably older than some 

2935
02:38:25,800 --> 02:38:29,000
of the younger constables and 
served in cups that don't quite 

2936
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:32,700
match because institutional 
Crockery has a way of gradually 

2937
02:38:32,700 --> 02:38:36,400
becoming an Eclectic collection.
This is how detective work 

2938
02:38:36,400 --> 02:38:40,500
begins in 1960s, Britain. 
Not with dramatic car, chases or

2939
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:44,100
shootouts, but with tea 
paperwork and the quiet 

2940
02:38:44,100 --> 02:38:48,100
accumulation of small details 
that might eventually form a 

2941
02:38:48,100 --> 02:38:51,100
pattern worth investigating. 
If you've ever watched a modern 

2942
02:38:51,108 --> 02:38:55,200
crime show, you've probably seen
detectives request DNA analysis 

2943
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:59,000
checks, surveillance footage and
pull up computer records that 

2944
02:38:59,000 --> 02:39:01,300
tell them everything about a 
suspect in seconds. 

2945
02:39:02,400 --> 02:39:05,900
Now imagine doing that same job 
with none of those tools and 

2946
02:39:05,900 --> 02:39:08,500
you'll begin to understand the 
particular challenges facing 

2947
02:39:08,500 --> 02:39:12,600
British detectives in the 1960s 
Tom's filing cabinets contain 

2948
02:39:12,600 --> 02:39:16,300
what passes for a database in 
this era. folders organized 

2949
02:39:16,300 --> 02:39:19,500
alphabetically, then by date 
containing handwritten notes, 

2950
02:39:19,500 --> 02:39:23,100
typed reports done on manual 
typewriters that require real 

2951
02:39:23,100 --> 02:39:26,700
finger strength, And 
photographed in the darkroom, in

2952
02:39:26,700 --> 02:39:29,600
the basement. 
Finding information means 

2953
02:39:29,600 --> 02:39:32,500
remembering where you filed it 
because there's no search 

2954
02:39:32,500 --> 02:39:35,700
function beyond your own memory 
and whatever organizational 

2955
02:39:35,700 --> 02:39:38,700
system, you've managed to 
maintain the telephone on his 

2956
02:39:38,700 --> 02:39:41,700
desk, connects to other police 
stations through operators who 

2957
02:39:41,700 --> 02:39:45,100
manually plug cables into 
switchboards, creating 

2958
02:39:45,100 --> 02:39:48,100
connections, that sometimes 
involve waiting several minutes 

2959
02:39:48,100 --> 02:39:51,900
for a line to become available. 
Long-distance calls to Scotland 

2960
02:39:51,900 --> 02:39:55,400
Yard in London, require planning
and often involve frustrating 

2961
02:39:55,400 --> 02:39:58,700
delays where you can hear other 
conversations bleeding through 

2962
02:39:58,700 --> 02:40:02,500
the line, ghostly fragments of 
other people's business mixing 

2963
02:40:02,500 --> 02:40:05,700
with your own fingerprint 
analysis exists and is 

2964
02:40:05,700 --> 02:40:09,000
considered remarkably 
sophisticated but it requires 

2965
02:40:09,000 --> 02:40:11,700
first lifting prints from a 
crime scene using powder and 

2966
02:40:11,708 --> 02:40:15,700
tape, then photographing them. 
Then manually comparing them to 

2967
02:40:15,700 --> 02:40:19,400
cards in files that are 
organized by pattern type wolves

2968
02:40:19,400 --> 02:40:22,800
loops and arches. 
An experience to fingerprint 

2969
02:40:22,800 --> 02:40:24,800
examiner. 
Can perform this matching work 

2970
02:40:24,800 --> 02:40:29,300
with impressive accuracy but it 
takes hours or days rather than 

2971
02:40:29,300 --> 02:40:31,000
the second. 
You see on television 

2972
02:40:31,000 --> 02:40:34,700
photography is both essential 
and frustratingly limited. 

2973
02:40:35,700 --> 02:40:39,000
Crime, scene photographs must be
taken with film cameras, which 

2974
02:40:39,000 --> 02:40:41,900
means you get one chance to 
capture each angle correctly. 

2975
02:40:42,700 --> 02:40:44,500
There's no deleting and trying 
again. 

2976
02:40:44,500 --> 02:40:46,600
No. 
Checking the image on a screen 

2977
02:40:46,600 --> 02:40:50,000
to make sure you got it right. 
The film must be developed, 

2978
02:40:50,000 --> 02:40:54,100
which means, waiting and Prince 
must be made, which means 

2979
02:40:54,100 --> 02:40:57,700
waiting more. 
A complete photographic record 

2980
02:40:57,700 --> 02:41:01,200
of a crime scene, might not be 
available until the following 

2981
02:41:01,200 --> 02:41:04,600
day, by which time memories have
already started to fade and 

2982
02:41:04,600 --> 02:41:07,300
details to blur. 
The forensic laboratory, that 

2983
02:41:07,300 --> 02:41:10,700
serves Tom's region is located 
in a converted Country House. 

2984
02:41:10,700 --> 02:41:14,400
An hour's Drive Away staffed by 
scientists who work with 

2985
02:41:14,400 --> 02:41:18,800
microscopes chemical reagents 
and the kind of meticulous 

2986
02:41:18,800 --> 02:41:21,500
attention to detail that would 
make a watchmaker. 

2987
02:41:21,500 --> 02:41:24,700
Not with approval, they can 
analyze blood types. 

2988
02:41:24,700 --> 02:41:29,900
Examine textile, fibers identify
soil samples, and perform other 

2989
02:41:29,900 --> 02:41:32,500
tests, that would have seemed 
like magic, a generation early. 

2990
02:41:33,800 --> 02:41:37,100
But each test takes time 
requires careful, documentation,

2991
02:41:37,100 --> 02:41:41,400
and produces results that must 
be interpreted by people who 

2992
02:41:41,400 --> 02:41:45,900
understand both science and its 
limitations Thomas learned to 

2993
02:41:45,908 --> 02:41:48,400
work within these constraints 
through a combination of 

2994
02:41:48,400 --> 02:41:53,200
experienced intuition and what 
he thinks of as a aggressive 

2995
02:41:53,200 --> 02:41:56,800
common sense. 
When a burglar strikes, Tom 

2996
02:41:56,800 --> 02:41:59,400
doesn't wait for forensic 
results before beginning his 

2997
02:41:59,400 --> 02:42:02,700
investigation. 
Instead he walks the 

2998
02:42:02,700 --> 02:42:06,700
neighborhood talking to people 
asking about strangers. 

2999
02:42:06,700 --> 02:42:11,000
They might have noticed unusual 
vehicles or anything that broke 

3000
02:42:11,000 --> 02:42:13,300
the normal pattern of their 
daily routines. 

3001
02:42:13,300 --> 02:42:16,300
Most people are surprisingly 
observe and about their own 

3002
02:42:16,300 --> 02:42:21,300
streets, even if they don't 
realize it, Mrs Jenkins at 

3003
02:42:21,300 --> 02:42:24,700
number 43 might not think she 
knows anything useful but when 

3004
02:42:24,700 --> 02:42:28,300
Tom asks the right questions she
remembers that there was a van 

3005
02:42:28,300 --> 02:42:32,000
parked on the corner Tuesday 
afternoon unusual because it's 

3006
02:42:32,000 --> 02:42:35,100
normally permit parking only and
she noticed because she was 

3007
02:42:35,100 --> 02:42:36,800
worried about getting a ticket 
herself. 

3008
02:42:37,800 --> 02:42:41,900
That van probably means nothing 
but Tom writes it down anyway 

3009
02:42:41,900 --> 02:42:45,100
because you never know which 
detail will matter until you've 

3010
02:42:45,100 --> 02:42:48,400
assembled enough of them to see 
a pattern, the local Bobby. 

3011
02:42:48,400 --> 02:42:50,900
The police Constable who walks 
the same beat every day. 

3012
02:42:50,900 --> 02:42:54,500
Becoming a familiar fixture in 
his neighborhood is one of Tom's

3013
02:42:54,500 --> 02:42:58,400
most valuable resources. 
PC William's, knows everyone on 

3014
02:42:58,400 --> 02:43:02,100
his patch knows which teenagers 
are heading for trouble and 

3015
02:43:02,100 --> 02:43:05,100
which ones are just going 
through a phase nose, which 

3016
02:43:05,100 --> 02:43:08,400
houses have been empty during 
the day and which shops of had 

3017
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:12,000
new employees recently. 
This kind of knowledge can't be 

3018
02:43:12,000 --> 02:43:16,300
stored in any filing system. 
It exists only in human memory 

3019
02:43:16,300 --> 02:43:20,000
and the relationships built 
through years of daily contact. 

3020
02:43:20,000 --> 02:43:22,600
When Tom needs to check 
someone's background. 

3021
02:43:22,600 --> 02:43:26,800
He can't simply run their name 
through a computer instead. 

3022
02:43:26,800 --> 02:43:31,000
He places telephone calls to 
other stations since telegrams 

3023
02:43:31,000 --> 02:43:34,000
to the central registry. 
And sometimes writes actual 

3024
02:43:34,000 --> 02:43:37,700
letters that travel through the 
post waiting days for replies 

3025
02:43:37,700 --> 02:43:39,900
that might or might not contain 
useful information. 

3026
02:43:40,900 --> 02:43:45,000
Criminal records exist, but 
their paper documents stored in 

3027
02:43:45,000 --> 02:43:48,100
specific locations, and 
accessing them requires knowing 

3028
02:43:48,100 --> 02:43:51,200
where to look and having the 
patience to wait for files to be

3029
02:43:51,200 --> 02:43:54,100
retrieved and copied the 
interview room, where Tom 

3030
02:43:54,100 --> 02:43:56,800
questions, suspects and 
Witnesses is furnished with a 

3031
02:43:56,800 --> 02:43:58,600
table, three chairs and nothing 
else. 

3032
02:43:59,600 --> 02:44:03,300
There's no two-way mirror, no 
recording equipment, and no 

3033
02:44:03,300 --> 02:44:05,300
video cameras, documenting every
moment. 

3034
02:44:06,100 --> 02:44:09,700
Instead a constable sits in the 
corner, taking notes in 

3035
02:44:09,700 --> 02:44:13,900
shorthand creating a written 
record, that will be typed up 

3036
02:44:13,900 --> 02:44:16,900
and filed. 
The accuracy of this record 

3037
02:44:16,900 --> 02:44:20,600
depends entirely on the 
Constable skill, attention an 

3038
02:44:20,600 --> 02:44:24,300
honesty, there's no backup. 
No way to review what was 

3039
02:44:24,300 --> 02:44:27,100
actually said beyond. 
What someone wrote down this 

3040
02:44:27,100 --> 02:44:31,000
means that a detectives memory 
observation skills and ability 

3041
02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:35,500
to read people become Paramount.
Thomas trained himself to notice

3042
02:44:35,500 --> 02:44:39,200
body language to hear what 
people aren't saying and to spot

3043
02:44:39,200 --> 02:44:41,800
the small inconsistencies in 
someone's story. 

3044
02:44:41,800 --> 02:44:45,500
That might indicate deception or
confusion, he's learned that the

3045
02:44:45,500 --> 02:44:47,600
truth. 
Usually emerges not in dramatic 

3046
02:44:47,600 --> 02:44:51,300
confrontations but in Quiet 
Moments when someone lets their 

3047
02:44:51,300 --> 02:44:55,500
guard down often over tea often 
when they think the formal 

3048
02:44:55,500 --> 02:45:00,200
interview is ended the tools of 
1962 detective work a 

3049
02:45:00,200 --> 02:45:05,300
fundamentally human. 
Tension, patience persistence 

3050
02:45:05,300 --> 02:45:08,800
and the ability to convince 
people to tell you things. 

3051
02:45:08,800 --> 02:45:10,400
They might prefer to keep 
hidden. 

3052
02:45:11,400 --> 02:45:16,200
Technology helps fingerprints, 
photographs forensic analysis, 

3053
02:45:16,200 --> 02:45:19,700
but these are supplements to 
human judgment, rather than 

3054
02:45:19,700 --> 02:45:22,600
replacements for it. 
The morning briefing is held in 

3055
02:45:22,600 --> 02:45:26,200
a room with a large map of the 
district pin to one wall marked 

3056
02:45:26,200 --> 02:45:28,500
with colored pins. 
Indicating different types of 

3057
02:45:28,508 --> 02:45:33,300
incidents. read for burglaries, 
blue for assaults, green for 

3058
02:45:33,300 --> 02:45:36,200
traffic accidents and yellow for
what the sergeant calls 

3059
02:45:36,200 --> 02:45:40,800
miscellaneous, mischief, Pattern
of pins tells a story to anyone,

3060
02:45:40,800 --> 02:45:43,900
who knows how to read it, 
clusters near the train station,

3061
02:45:43,900 --> 02:45:48,300
suggesting opportunistic, theft,
a line of Red Pins along the 

3062
02:45:48,300 --> 02:45:51,700
main shopping street, an 
isolated Blues, in residential 

3063
02:45:51,700 --> 02:45:54,400
areas that usually involved, 
domestic situations. 

3064
02:45:54,400 --> 02:45:57,000
Nobody wants to discuss 
detective. 

3065
02:45:57,000 --> 02:45:59,700
Chief Inspector Morrison runs 
these briefings with the 

3066
02:45:59,708 --> 02:46:02,500
efficiency of someone who 
learned his trade during the war

3067
02:46:02,500 --> 02:46:04,900
and sees no reason to waste 
words. 

3068
02:46:05,800 --> 02:46:09,800
He is the sort of man who uses a
pipe as a prop pointing with it 

3069
02:46:09,800 --> 02:46:13,500
to emphasize certain points. 
Consulting it during thoughtful 

3070
02:46:13,500 --> 02:46:16,700
silence is and occasionally. 
Forget getting to actually light

3071
02:46:16,700 --> 02:46:19,400
it. 
The younger officers, find this 

3072
02:46:19,400 --> 02:46:23,500
mildly amusing, but nobody 
mentions it because Morrison is 

3073
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:27,100
both respected and slightly 
feared in the way that very 

3074
02:46:27,100 --> 02:46:29,900
competent people. 
Often are Tom's assignment for 

3075
02:46:29,900 --> 02:46:32,500
the day, involves following up 
on the threatening letters to 

3076
02:46:32,500 --> 02:46:35,800
the grammar school Headmaster. 
The letters themselves are 

3077
02:46:35,800 --> 02:46:37,700
unsettling without being 
explicitly. 

3078
02:46:37,700 --> 02:46:43,000
Dangerous vague warnings about 
consequences and Justice written

3079
02:46:43,000 --> 02:46:46,100
in pencil on cheap lined paper 
that could have come from any 

3080
02:46:46,100 --> 02:46:50,100
news agent in Britain. 
The handwriting is deliberately 

3081
02:46:50,100 --> 02:46:53,600
disguised each letter. 
Formed carefully and block 

3082
02:46:53,600 --> 02:46:56,700
capitals that tell you nothing 
about the writers natural hand. 

3083
02:46:56,700 --> 02:47:00,700
The school itself is a Victorian
Gothic structure that was 

3084
02:47:00,700 --> 02:47:04,100
probably impressive when it was 
built but now just look Stern 

3085
02:47:04,100 --> 02:47:07,900
and slightly forbidding The 
headmaster's office smells of 

3086
02:47:07,900 --> 02:47:12,300
old books, furniture polish and 
the peculiar mustiness that 

3087
02:47:12,300 --> 02:47:14,300
seems to pervade. 
British educational 

3088
02:47:14,300 --> 02:47:17,600
institutions. 
Headmaster Richardson is a man 

3089
02:47:17,600 --> 02:47:21,500
in his late 50s, who still wears
an academic, gown for assemblers

3090
02:47:21,500 --> 02:47:24,900
and believes firmly, that 
education should build character

3091
02:47:24,900 --> 02:47:28,700
as well as knowledge, Richardson
has kept all five letters in a 

3092
02:47:28,700 --> 02:47:31,100
folder. 
Handling them by the corners to 

3093
02:47:31,100 --> 02:47:33,700
preserve any fingerprints. 
Though he is probably 

3094
02:47:33,700 --> 02:47:37,400
contaminated, the thoroughly 
already Tomac examines each one 

3095
02:47:37,400 --> 02:47:40,400
carefully noting that their 
written on different paper 

3096
02:47:40,400 --> 02:47:44,700
suggesting either the writer has
access to multiple sources or is

3097
02:47:44,700 --> 02:47:46,800
deliberately varying the 
materials. 

3098
02:47:47,500 --> 02:47:49,700
The messages are similar but not
identical. 

3099
02:47:49,700 --> 02:47:53,600
Each one slightly escalating, 
the implied threat while 

3100
02:47:53,600 --> 02:47:56,200
remaining just vague enough to 
avoid being actionable. 

3101
02:47:56,200 --> 02:47:59,000
What's interesting, is what the 
letters don't say. 

3102
02:47:59,000 --> 02:48:03,700
There's no specific, grievance 
mentioned no clear demand and no

3103
02:48:03,700 --> 02:48:05,600
indication of what the writer 
actually wants. 

3104
02:48:06,500 --> 02:48:09,700
This suggests either someone who
enjoys causing anxiety, for its 

3105
02:48:09,700 --> 02:48:12,500
own sake, or someone building 
towards a demand. 

3106
02:48:12,500 --> 02:48:16,700
They haven't yet articulated 
Tom's experience tells him. 

3107
02:48:16,700 --> 02:48:20,000
This is likely either a 
disgruntled former employee or a

3108
02:48:20,000 --> 02:48:21,900
parent who feels their child was
treated. 

3109
02:48:21,900 --> 02:48:25,900
Unfairly the two most common 
sources of grievances against 

3110
02:48:25,900 --> 02:48:28,700
School administrators. 
He spends the next several 

3111
02:48:28,700 --> 02:48:32,200
hours, conducting interviews, 
the school secretary who has 

3112
02:48:32,200 --> 02:48:35,300
worked there for 20 years and 
knows, everyone can't think of 

3113
02:48:35,300 --> 02:48:37,000
anyone who would do such a 
thing. 

3114
02:48:38,100 --> 02:48:42,100
The deputy head who handles, 
disciplinary matters, mentioned 

3115
02:48:42,100 --> 02:48:45,300
three recent expulsions but 
doesn't believe any of the 

3116
02:48:45,300 --> 02:48:47,500
parents involved would resort to
Anonymous letters. 

3117
02:48:48,400 --> 02:48:51,500
The care taker, who sees the 
building from a different angle 

3118
02:48:51,500 --> 02:48:55,500
than the academic staff recalls 
that someone tried to break into

3119
02:48:55,500 --> 02:48:57,400
the chemistry lab last month, 
though. 

3120
02:48:57,400 --> 02:49:00,300
Nothing was taken. 
Each interview adds a small 

3121
02:49:00,300 --> 02:49:02,400
piece to a puzzle. 
That doesn't yet have a clear 

3122
02:49:02,400 --> 02:49:05,000
shape. 
Tom takes notes in a pocket 

3123
02:49:05,000 --> 02:49:08,400
notebook, writing in a personal 
shorthand, he's developed over 

3124
02:49:08,400 --> 02:49:12,100
decades, not the formal 
shorthand used by secretaries, 

3125
02:49:12,100 --> 02:49:15,300
but his own system of 
abbreviations and symbols, that 

3126
02:49:15,300 --> 02:49:17,200
would be nearly eligible to 
anyone else. 

3127
02:49:18,500 --> 02:49:21,500
The Notebook itself is a 
physical record that he later 

3128
02:49:21,500 --> 02:49:25,500
transcribed into formal reports 
but in the moment it's just a 

3129
02:49:25,500 --> 02:49:29,600
way of capturing thoughts before
they evaporate, lunchtime finds 

3130
02:49:29,600 --> 02:49:32,900
Tom at the local cafe, the sort 
of establishment that serves 

3131
02:49:32,900 --> 02:49:36,800
meat, pies, mashed potatoes, and
tea strong enough to revive the 

3132
02:49:36,800 --> 02:49:39,700
Dead. 
The cafe is run by a woman named

3133
02:49:39,700 --> 02:49:44,100
Doris who has been feeding local
workers for 30 years and has 

3134
02:49:44,100 --> 02:49:47,700
opinions about everything from 
politics to proper pie crust. 

3135
02:49:48,800 --> 02:49:52,100
Tommy's here several times a 
week partly, because the food is

3136
02:49:52,100 --> 02:49:56,000
decent and cheap partly because 
Doris sees and hears everything 

3137
02:49:56,000 --> 02:50:00,000
that happens on this street. 
Making her Cafe and unofficial 

3138
02:50:00,000 --> 02:50:03,100
intelligence gathering operation
to Skies as a working class 

3139
02:50:03,100 --> 02:50:05,800
restaurant. 
Today, Doris mentioned that 

3140
02:50:05,800 --> 02:50:08,400
young Billy Thompson. 
One of the teenagers. 

3141
02:50:08,400 --> 02:50:12,200
Tom suspects in the garden 
nother thefts was in yesterday, 

3142
02:50:12,200 --> 02:50:14,300
spending money on the new 
pinball machine. 

3143
02:50:15,200 --> 02:50:18,600
This is notable because Billy's 
family isn't well off an 

3144
02:50:18,600 --> 02:50:21,700
unexplained wealth in a teenage 
boy, usually means either 

3145
02:50:21,700 --> 02:50:25,200
employment that his mother 
doesn't know about or income 

3146
02:50:25,200 --> 02:50:27,100
from activity. 
She definitely doesn't know 

3147
02:50:27,100 --> 02:50:31,000
about It's a small detail, 
possibly meaningless. 

3148
02:50:31,900 --> 02:50:34,900
But Tom files it away in the 
mental drawer labeled worth. 

3149
02:50:34,900 --> 02:50:39,000
Checking the afternoon is spent 
on the more tedious aspect of 

3150
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:42,400
police work. 
Typing reports making telephone 

3151
02:50:42,400 --> 02:50:45,600
calls and reviewing witness 
statements from other officers. 

3152
02:50:46,300 --> 02:50:48,900
Tom's typing is competent, but 
not elegant. 

3153
02:50:48,900 --> 02:50:52,400
The product of a brief course 
years ago, that taught him 

3154
02:50:52,400 --> 02:50:56,000
hunting Peck efficiency. 
Without any claim to proper 

3155
02:50:56,000 --> 02:50:58,800
technique. 
Each keystroke requires real 

3156
02:50:58,800 --> 02:51:02,400
force on the manual typewriter 
and errors must be corrected 

3157
02:51:02,400 --> 02:51:06,300
with a special erasing paper 
that never quite make the page 

3158
02:51:06,300 --> 02:51:09,800
clean again a telephone call to 
the paper manufacturer of 

3159
02:51:09,800 --> 02:51:12,600
reveals that the paper used in 
the threatening letters is sold 

3160
02:51:12,600 --> 02:51:16,800
at approximately 300 shops 
across the region, two common to

3161
02:51:16,800 --> 02:51:18,900
be useful for narrowing down 
Suspects. 

3162
02:51:19,700 --> 02:51:22,900
A call to a handwriting expert 
suggests, the disguised printing

3163
02:51:22,900 --> 02:51:26,500
is probably done by someone 
educated based on certain letter

3164
02:51:26,500 --> 02:51:29,300
for Nations that suggests 
familiarity with cursive 

3165
02:51:29,300 --> 02:51:32,800
writing, these aren't 
breakthroughs but their data 

3166
02:51:32,800 --> 02:51:36,300
points, that gradually constrain
the universe of possibilities by

3167
02:51:36,300 --> 02:51:38,300
late. 
After noon, Thomas developed a 

3168
02:51:38,300 --> 02:51:42,100
theory that he can't yet prove 
The letter strike him is coming 

3169
02:51:42,108 --> 02:51:45,000
from someone with some 
connection to education, not 

3170
02:51:45,000 --> 02:51:47,900
necessarily a teacher but 
someone who speaks the language 

3171
02:51:47,900 --> 02:51:50,200
of schools and understands their
hierarchies. 

3172
02:51:51,100 --> 02:51:54,100
The lack of specific grievances,
suggests someone nursing a 

3173
02:51:54,100 --> 02:51:56,600
general resentment rather than a
particular wrong. 

3174
02:51:57,100 --> 02:52:00,900
And the careful preparation 
different papers disguised 

3175
02:52:00,900 --> 02:52:04,000
handwriting envelopes posted 
from different locations. 

3176
02:52:04,000 --> 02:52:08,500
Suggest someone methodical and 
patient he decides to request 

3177
02:52:08,500 --> 02:52:10,900
the school's Personnel records 
for the past 10 years. 

3178
02:52:10,900 --> 02:52:14,400
Looking for anyone who left 
under circumstances, that might 

3179
02:52:14,400 --> 02:52:17,300
breed resentment. 
It's a long shot that will 

3180
02:52:17,300 --> 02:52:19,300
require hours of reading through
files. 

3181
02:52:19,300 --> 02:52:22,700
But Longshot and patient reading
or what detective work actually 

3182
02:52:22,700 --> 02:52:26,400
consists of as a supposed to the
dramatic Revelations that 

3183
02:52:26,400 --> 02:52:30,100
populate fictional Mysteries. 
The day ends with Tom walking 

3184
02:52:30,100 --> 02:52:32,800
back through streets. 
Now busy with evening, commuters

3185
02:52:32,800 --> 02:52:36,800
shops closing for the day and 
the smell of dinners, cooking 

3186
02:52:36,800 --> 02:52:39,300
behind the curtained, windows of
terrorist houses. 

3187
02:52:40,600 --> 02:52:43,300
He carries his case files home 
in, a leather satchel that 

3188
02:52:43,300 --> 02:52:46,100
starting to show its age 
planning to spend the evening 

3189
02:52:46,100 --> 02:52:48,200
reviewing statements. 
While his wife watches 

3190
02:52:48,200 --> 02:52:51,700
television in the Next Room. 
This is the rhythm of detective 

3191
02:52:51,700 --> 02:52:55,700
work in 1960, Britain. 
Long stretches of routine 

3192
02:52:55,700 --> 02:52:58,000
punctuated by moments of 
significance. 

3193
02:52:58,000 --> 02:53:00,100
That only become apparent in 
retrospect. 

3194
02:53:00,800 --> 02:53:05,000
Patterns emerging slowly from 
accumulated detail and Truth 

3195
02:53:05,000 --> 02:53:08,500
revealed, not through brilliant 
deduction but through thorough 

3196
02:53:08,500 --> 02:53:12,400
patient and glamorous labor. 
One of the peculiar aspects of 

3197
02:53:12,400 --> 02:53:16,400
police work in the 1960s is how 
visible it remained to ordinary 

3198
02:53:16,400 --> 02:53:19,200
citizens. 
There's no internet to report 

3199
02:53:19,200 --> 02:53:23,200
crimes anonymously know, social 
media to follow investigations 

3200
02:53:23,200 --> 02:53:27,900
from a distance instead crime 
and its investigation happen in 

3201
02:53:27,900 --> 02:53:31,000
physical spaces where people can
see and participate in the 

3202
02:53:31,000 --> 02:53:33,400
process. 
The police box on the corner 

3203
02:53:33,400 --> 02:53:36,400
near the main shopping district 
is one of these visible, symbols

3204
02:53:36,400 --> 02:53:40,500
of law enforcement It's a blue 
painted, wooden structure, not 

3205
02:53:40,500 --> 02:53:44,400
unlike the Tardis, from Doctor, 
Who containing a telephone, that

3206
02:53:44,400 --> 02:53:45,800
connects directly to the 
station. 

3207
02:53:47,000 --> 02:53:49,900
Local officers, use it. 
As a reporting point, and 

3208
02:53:49,900 --> 02:53:53,000
citizens can use it to report 
crime or request assistance. 

3209
02:53:54,400 --> 02:53:56,900
There's something reassuring 
about its solid presence. 

3210
02:53:56,900 --> 02:54:01,000
A physical reminder that help is
theoretically available at the 

3211
02:54:01,008 --> 02:54:04,500
corner of Oak Street and the 
high road when a burglary occurs

3212
02:54:04,500 --> 02:54:08,400
neighbors, gather to discuss it 
not on online forums but on 

3213
02:54:08,400 --> 02:54:11,800
front steps, Nova Garden 
fence's, sharing theories, and 

3214
02:54:11,800 --> 02:54:14,700
observations with the kind of 
Engagement that social media 

3215
02:54:14,700 --> 02:54:17,300
would later channel in two 
different forms. 

3216
02:54:18,700 --> 02:54:22,100
Mrs. Patterson saw someone 
unfamiliar walking past around 

3217
02:54:22,100 --> 02:54:24,600
tea time. 
Mr. Chen at the Chinese 

3218
02:54:24,600 --> 02:54:27,200
restaurant noticed a vehicle 
idling where it shouldn't have 

3219
02:54:27,200 --> 02:54:30,800
been the postman remembers that 
the house was empty during his 

3220
02:54:30,800 --> 02:54:33,600
rounds because usually someone 
answers when he needs a 

3221
02:54:33,600 --> 02:54:36,900
signature, these conversations 
create an informal network of 

3222
02:54:36,900 --> 02:54:40,200
surveillance that predates, CCTV
by decades. 

3223
02:54:41,000 --> 02:54:43,700
People notice things not because
they're particularly observant, 

3224
02:54:43,700 --> 02:54:46,500
but because the rhythm of daily 
life in residential 

3225
02:54:46,500 --> 02:54:49,000
neighborhoods follows 
predictable, patterns and 

3226
02:54:49,000 --> 02:54:52,300
deviations from those patterns 
stand out like misplaced notes 

3227
02:54:52,300 --> 02:54:55,200
and familiar music. 
Thomas learned to tap into this 

3228
02:54:55,200 --> 02:54:58,000
network through Community 
relationships, that he's 

3229
02:54:58,000 --> 02:54:59,900
carefully, cultivated over 
years. 

3230
02:55:00,900 --> 02:55:04,300
The new agent knows him by name 
and often mentioned unusual 

3231
02:55:04,300 --> 02:55:07,800
purchases, someone buying an odd
number of the same newspaper 

3232
02:55:07,800 --> 02:55:11,300
perhaps or a stranger asking 
detailed questions about the 

3233
02:55:11,300 --> 02:55:14,600
neighborhood. 
The librarian at the public 

3234
02:55:14,600 --> 02:55:18,300
library, a formidable, woman 
named Miss Thornberry, who runs 

3235
02:55:18,300 --> 02:55:20,700
her institution with the 
Precision of a military 

3236
02:55:20,700 --> 02:55:25,000
operation notices who reads what
and occasionally mentions, when 

3237
02:55:25,000 --> 02:55:27,000
someone's interest Striker is 
unusual. 

3238
02:55:27,000 --> 02:55:29,500
This isn't official police work 
exactly. 

3239
02:55:29,500 --> 02:55:33,100
There are no reports filed about
these casual conversations. 

3240
02:55:33,100 --> 02:55:36,000
No, formal records of 
information gathered while 

3241
02:55:36,000 --> 02:55:39,800
buying tobacco or returning 
library books, but it's the 

3242
02:55:39,800 --> 02:55:43,200
substrate on which actual 
investigation, builds the 

3243
02:55:43,200 --> 02:55:45,900
community context, that helps 
detectives understand. 

3244
02:55:45,900 --> 02:55:48,400
What's normal. 
And what's not the relationship 

3245
02:55:48,400 --> 02:55:51,000
between police and public in 
1960s. 

3246
02:55:51,000 --> 02:55:52,900
Britain exists in an interesting
space. 

3247
02:55:53,900 --> 02:55:56,300
There's more deference to 
Authority than would be common. 

3248
02:55:56,300 --> 02:55:59,600
A generation later. 
Officers are still called Sir by

3249
02:55:59,600 --> 02:56:02,400
most people, and there's a 
general assumption that police 

3250
02:56:02,400 --> 02:56:04,500
are basically working on the 
side of good. 

3251
02:56:04,500 --> 02:56:08,100
Even if individual officers 
might be more or less competent,

3252
02:56:09,100 --> 02:56:12,400
but there's also a weariness 
particularly among working class

3253
02:56:12,400 --> 02:56:14,800
communities. 
Where police have historically 

3254
02:56:14,800 --> 02:56:18,500
been seen as in forces of rules,
made by and for other people, 

3255
02:56:18,500 --> 02:56:21,400
other Tom navigate to this 
territory. 

3256
02:56:21,400 --> 02:56:24,900
Through a combination of 
fairness honesty and what is 

3257
02:56:24,900 --> 02:56:28,900
wife calls his Relentless 
reasonable Miss, He doesn't 

3258
02:56:28,900 --> 02:56:32,000
pretend to be something he's 
not, he's clearly middle-class 

3259
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:34,300
clearly educated and clearly 
part of the establishment. 

3260
02:56:35,600 --> 02:56:39,000
The treat everyone with the same
straightforward respect, whether

3261
02:56:39,000 --> 02:56:42,500
he's interviewing a company 
director or a market Porter and 

3262
02:56:42,500 --> 02:56:46,100
people generally respond to that
consistency when a shoplifting 

3263
02:56:46,100 --> 02:56:48,900
case brings Tom into contact 
with the teenage girl caught 

3264
02:56:48,900 --> 02:56:52,000
stealing makeup from boots. 
He doesn't lecture her about 

3265
02:56:52,000 --> 02:56:54,300
morality or threatened her with 
dire consequences. 

3266
02:56:54,300 --> 02:57:00,800
Instead he asks her, why not 
aggressively just genuinely 

3267
02:57:00,800 --> 02:57:03,600
curious about what drove this 
particular decision on this 

3268
02:57:03,600 --> 02:57:06,900
particular day. 
The girl expecting to be treated

3269
02:57:06,900 --> 02:57:10,300
as a criminal, find herself, 
instead talking to someone who 

3270
02:57:10,300 --> 02:57:12,700
seems interested in 
understanding rather than 

3271
02:57:12,700 --> 02:57:14,900
judging. 
It turns out she was trying to 

3272
02:57:14,900 --> 02:57:17,600
impress, an older group of girls
who had essentially dared her to

3273
02:57:17,608 --> 02:57:20,800
steal something. 
Not an excuse exactly. 

3274
02:57:20,800 --> 02:57:24,100
But a context that transforms 
the incident from simple 

3275
02:57:24,100 --> 02:57:26,700
criminality into something more 
complex. 

3276
02:57:26,700 --> 02:57:31,200
Peer pressure, adolescent 
insecurity and the desperate 

3277
02:57:31,200 --> 02:57:33,800
desire to belong that can drive 
people to decisions. 

3278
02:57:33,800 --> 02:57:37,300
They know are wrong even as 
they're making them, Tom 

3279
02:57:37,300 --> 02:57:40,100
arranges for the girl to return 
to the store to apologize and 

3280
02:57:40,100 --> 02:57:43,100
work off the value of the stolen
items through supervised 

3281
02:57:43,100 --> 02:57:46,300
community service. 
It's not official Police 

3282
02:57:46,300 --> 02:57:49,600
business to arrange such things,
but the store manager is 

3283
02:57:49,600 --> 02:57:51,600
willing. 
The girl's mother is relieved 

3284
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:55,000
and everyone involved gets 
something closer to Justice than

3285
02:57:55,000 --> 02:57:57,000
a formal. 
Prosecution would have provided 

3286
02:57:57,000 --> 02:58:02,000
these small interventions 
unofficial unrecorded, barely 

3287
02:58:02,000 --> 02:58:03,800
visible. 
Even to other police officers 

3288
02:58:03,800 --> 02:58:06,900
are where Tom does. 
Some of his most important work,

3289
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:10,300
the newspapers of the era treat 
crime stories with a particular 

3290
02:58:10,300 --> 02:58:13,600
style that blends sensationalism
with peculiarly British 

3291
02:58:13,600 --> 02:58:16,500
understatement. 
A brutal assault, might be 

3292
02:58:16,500 --> 02:58:20,300
described as an unfortunate 
incident, while a garden gnome 

3293
02:58:20,300 --> 02:58:21,800
theft, could warrant dramatic 
headlines. 

3294
02:58:21,800 --> 02:58:26,100
If it's a slow news week, Thomas
learned to work with journalists

3295
02:58:26,100 --> 02:58:29,200
feeding them, just enough 
information to keep them 

3296
02:58:29,200 --> 02:58:33,100
satisfied without compromising 
investigations or invading 

3297
02:58:33,100 --> 02:58:35,000
victims privacy more than 
necessary. 

3298
02:58:35,000 --> 02:58:39,300
One report Jenkins from the 
local paper has been covering 

3299
02:58:39,300 --> 02:58:43,000
police news for 15 years and has
developed an almost Supernatural

3300
02:58:43,000 --> 02:58:46,000
ability to appear at crime 
scenes shortly after the police 

3301
02:58:46,000 --> 02:58:49,200
themselves. 
Tom suspects Jenkins has 

3302
02:58:49,200 --> 02:58:52,000
connections at the station. 
Possibly someone on the 

3303
02:58:52,000 --> 02:58:55,700
switchboard who tips him off. 
But can't prove it and isn't 

3304
02:58:55,700 --> 02:59:00,300
entirely sure he wants to. 
Jenkins is generally fair in his

3305
02:59:00,308 --> 02:59:03,400
reporting and the relationship 
between police and press. 

3306
02:59:03,400 --> 02:59:07,500
While sometimes tense is built 
on Mutual need and grudging 

3307
02:59:07,500 --> 02:59:09,800
respect. 
The forensic laboratory where 

3308
02:59:09,800 --> 02:59:12,500
Tom occasionally visits 
occupies, a converted manor 

3309
02:59:12,500 --> 02:59:14,400
house on the outskirts of the 
city. 

3310
02:59:14,400 --> 02:59:18,300
Its Victorian Grandeur now 
dedicated to the systematic 

3311
02:59:18,300 --> 02:59:21,900
analysis of blood fiber and 
trace evidence. 

3312
02:59:22,700 --> 02:59:26,500
The scientists who work here are
a particular breed methodical 

3313
02:59:26,500 --> 02:59:30,100
patient and possessed of the 
kind of attention to microscopic

3314
02:59:30,100 --> 02:59:33,100
detail that would drive most 
people to distraction. 

3315
02:59:33,100 --> 02:59:38,000
Dr. Margaret Chen runs the 
textile analysis section working

3316
02:59:38,000 --> 02:59:40,700
with a microscope that she 
treats with the reverence most 

3317
02:59:40,700 --> 02:59:42,800
people reserved for religious 
artifacts. 

3318
02:59:43,800 --> 02:59:46,700
He can identify fiber types by 
their cellular structure, 

3319
02:59:46,700 --> 02:59:50,300
distinguished cotton from 
different regions, based on 

3320
02:59:50,300 --> 02:59:52,600
subtle variations in growth 
patterns. 

3321
02:59:53,700 --> 02:59:56,700
Determined with reasonable 
accuracy how long a fibers been 

3322
02:59:56,700 --> 02:59:58,400
separated from its source 
material? 

3323
02:59:59,600 --> 03:00:02,000
Her testimony in court is 
delivered with the calm 

3324
03:00:02,000 --> 03:00:04,900
Precision of someone. 
Explaining simple facts to 

3325
03:00:04,900 --> 03:00:08,600
people who happen to be less 
informed and jury is generally 

3326
03:00:08,600 --> 03:00:11,000
believed her because she makes 
complexes to feel like 

3327
03:00:11,000 --> 03:00:14,800
accessible with outing it down, 
Tom brings her a fiber found on 

3328
03:00:14,800 --> 03:00:19,400
a window to burglary scene. 
A single thread, barely visible 

3329
03:00:19,400 --> 03:00:22,700
caught on a rough Edge where 
someone presumably climbed 

3330
03:00:22,700 --> 03:00:26,300
through. 
Under the microscope, it reveals

3331
03:00:26,300 --> 03:00:30,000
itself as wool dyed, a 
particular shade of blue gray 

3332
03:00:30,000 --> 03:00:33,300
that narrows down its likely 
source to certain manufacturers.

3333
03:00:34,300 --> 03:00:37,500
Dr, Chen consults, reference 
books, filled with fiber 

3334
03:00:37,500 --> 03:00:40,400
samples, comparing the evidence 
under different lighting, 

3335
03:00:40,400 --> 03:00:44,100
conditions, measuring properties
that Tom barely understands 

3336
03:00:44,100 --> 03:00:46,700
three days later she calls with 
results. 

3337
03:00:47,600 --> 03:00:50,800
Fiber matches a type of wool 
used primarily in manufacturing 

3338
03:00:50,800 --> 03:00:54,200
industrial coveralls sold 
through Workwear suppliers 

3339
03:00:54,200 --> 03:00:56,000
rather than regular clothing 
stores. 

3340
03:00:56,000 --> 03:01:00,700
It's not proof of anything by 
itself but its information that 

3341
03:01:00,700 --> 03:01:04,300
constrains possibilities. 
If Tom suspect Works in 

3342
03:01:04,300 --> 03:01:07,300
construction or a similar trade,
this becomes corroborating 

3343
03:01:07,300 --> 03:01:10,900
evidence If they work in an 
office and wear suits, it 

3344
03:01:10,900 --> 03:01:13,900
suggests either an accomplice or
a completely different line of 

3345
03:01:13,900 --> 03:01:16,500
Investigation. 
The fingerprint Bureau operates 

3346
03:01:16,500 --> 03:01:19,800
in a different wing of the 
building staffed by Specialists 

3347
03:01:19,800 --> 03:01:22,700
who view the world through the 
lens of friction Ridge patterns.

3348
03:01:23,600 --> 03:01:27,000
They maintain files of known 
criminals organized by Patent 

3349
03:01:27,000 --> 03:01:30,500
type, allowing for comparison, 
when Prince from crime scenes 

3350
03:01:30,500 --> 03:01:34,100
are clear enough to be useful. 
The problem is that prints from 

3351
03:01:34,100 --> 03:01:39,000
actual crime, scenes are often 
partial smudged or contaminated 

3352
03:01:39,000 --> 03:01:42,200
with multiple overlapping 
Impressions that make analysis. 

3353
03:01:42,200 --> 03:01:45,800
Challenging the fingerprint 
examiner working on Tom's 

3354
03:01:45,800 --> 03:01:49,400
burglary case a methodical man 
named Roberts who apparently 

3355
03:01:49,400 --> 03:01:52,500
never hurries. 
Never makes mistakes her spent 

3356
03:01:52,500 --> 03:01:55,100
two days. 
Analyzing Prince lifted from a 

3357
03:01:55,108 --> 03:01:58,600
medicine cabinet. 
He's identified three distinct 

3358
03:01:58,600 --> 03:02:02,500
individuals, the homeowner, the 
homeowners wife and a third 

3359
03:02:02,500 --> 03:02:05,400
party whose prints don't match 
anyone in the known criminal 

3360
03:02:05,400 --> 03:02:08,000
files. 
This means either a first-time 

3361
03:02:08,000 --> 03:02:11,000
offender or someone who has been
lucky enough not to be caught 

3362
03:02:11,000 --> 03:02:14,700
before Roberts explained this in
the tone of someone, discussing 

3363
03:02:14,700 --> 03:02:17,900
weather patterns showing Tom, 
the comparison images that 

3364
03:02:17,900 --> 03:02:21,700
demonstrate his analysis. 
To Tom's untrained eye, the 

3365
03:02:21,700 --> 03:02:25,300
prints look nearly identical, 
but Roberts points out specific 

3366
03:02:25,300 --> 03:02:29,300
Ridge characteristics, a 
bifurcation here, an ending 

3367
03:02:29,300 --> 03:02:32,700
Ridge there and a pattern of 
minutiae that he has counted and

3368
03:02:32,700 --> 03:02:35,300
documented with the Precision of
an accountant. 

3369
03:02:35,300 --> 03:02:39,900
Balancing complicated ledgers 
blood analysis in the 1960s can 

3370
03:02:39,900 --> 03:02:42,100
determine type but not 
individual identity. 

3371
03:02:43,200 --> 03:02:46,600
When blood is found to seen 
analysts, can tell you, whether 

3372
03:02:46,600 --> 03:02:52,600
it's type a b, a b or o which 
might help eliminate suspects 

3373
03:02:52,600 --> 03:02:54,700
but rarely provides definitive 
proof. 

3374
03:02:55,600 --> 03:02:59,200
The science exists in a space 
between useful and frustrating, 

3375
03:02:59,200 --> 03:03:02,900
capable of providing information
that narrows possibilities 

3376
03:03:02,900 --> 03:03:05,500
without often delivering 
absolute certainty. 

3377
03:03:05,500 --> 03:03:09,000
Tom watches a blood analyst 
performed typing on a sample. 

3378
03:03:09,000 --> 03:03:12,500
From an assault case, adding 
reagents that cause reactions 

3379
03:03:12,500 --> 03:03:16,900
visible under specific lighting 
conditions, Processes meticulous

3380
03:03:16,900 --> 03:03:21,300
repeated multiple times to 
verify results and documented 

3381
03:03:21,300 --> 03:03:23,900
with the kind of details 
note-taking that would satisfy 

3382
03:03:23,900 --> 03:03:28,000
the most demanding auditor. 
The analyst explains that the 

3383
03:03:28,000 --> 03:03:32,900
sample is type A positive which 
matches approximately 40% of the

3384
03:03:32,908 --> 03:03:36,700
British population. 
Helpful for eliminating suspects

3385
03:03:36,700 --> 03:03:39,600
who are typos or be useless for 
proving anything. 

3386
03:03:39,600 --> 03:03:43,500
About those who match ballistics
analysis, used, when Firearms 

3387
03:03:43,500 --> 03:03:46,800
are involved relies on the 
principle, that every gun barrel

3388
03:03:46,800 --> 03:03:49,500
leaves unique markings on 
bullets fired through it. 

3389
03:03:50,200 --> 03:03:53,800
The ballistic expert maintains, 
a comparison microscope that 

3390
03:03:53,800 --> 03:03:57,700
allows side by side analysis of 
test, fired rounds and crime 

3391
03:03:57,700 --> 03:04:01,000
scene, evidence looking, for 
matching striations, that 

3392
03:04:01,000 --> 03:04:05,100
suggests a common origin. 
Thomas seen this expert, spend 

3393
03:04:05,100 --> 03:04:08,800
entire afternoon's, examining a 
single bullet making 

3394
03:04:08,800 --> 03:04:12,300
measurements taking photographs 
and building documentation. 

3395
03:04:12,300 --> 03:04:15,600
That might eventually support 
testimony in court. 

3396
03:04:15,600 --> 03:04:18,700
What strikes Tom about? 
All these Specialists is their 

3397
03:04:18,700 --> 03:04:22,400
patients with uncertainty They 
understand that forensic science

3398
03:04:22,400 --> 03:04:25,100
in this era, provides 
suggestions and probabilities 

3399
03:04:25,100 --> 03:04:29,100
rather than certainties. 
That their role is to narrow 

3400
03:04:29,100 --> 03:04:33,000
possibilities and support other 
evidence rather than solve cases

3401
03:04:33,000 --> 03:04:35,700
single-handedly. 
Their comfortable saying, 

3402
03:04:35,700 --> 03:04:40,500
possibly likely and consistent 
with rather than definitely. 

3403
03:04:40,500 --> 03:04:44,800
And certainly this stands in 
interesting contrast to how 

3404
03:04:44,800 --> 03:04:48,000
forensic science is, portrayed, 
in popular culture, where 

3405
03:04:48,000 --> 03:04:52,100
laboratory analysis provides, 
clear definitive answers, that 

3406
03:04:52,100 --> 03:04:54,100
immediately identify 
perpetrators. 

3407
03:04:55,600 --> 03:05:00,500
The real work is Messier more 
qualified and infinitely, more 

3408
03:05:00,500 --> 03:05:03,000
dependent on human judgment than
the public. 

3409
03:05:03,000 --> 03:05:06,300
Generally understands Thomas 
learned to work within these 

3410
03:05:06,300 --> 03:05:10,100
limitations treating forensic 
evidence as one data source 

3411
03:05:10,100 --> 03:05:12,800
among many rather than the 
ultimate Arbiter of Truth. 

3412
03:05:13,800 --> 03:05:16,400
A fiber that matches the 
suspects clothing is 

3413
03:05:16,400 --> 03:05:21,000
interesting, but it's not proof.
Clothing, fibers transfer easily

3414
03:05:21,000 --> 03:05:23,600
and could have arrived through 
innocent contact. 

3415
03:05:24,500 --> 03:05:27,700
Fingerprints are more 
definitive, but only if they're 

3416
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:30,700
clear enough for confident 
matching and found in locations,

3417
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:34,100
that couldn't be explained by 
legitimate access, the real 

3418
03:05:34,100 --> 03:05:36,900
power of forensic science in 
this era isn't in providing 

3419
03:05:36,900 --> 03:05:40,300
Smoking Gun evidence. 
But in helping detectives Focus,

3420
03:05:40,300 --> 03:05:44,000
their investigations, 
eliminating unlikely scenarios 

3421
03:05:44,000 --> 03:05:47,200
and supporting theories that can
be tested through traditional 

3422
03:05:47,200 --> 03:05:50,900
detective work. 
It's a support system for human 

3423
03:05:50,900 --> 03:05:53,300
judgment, rather than a 
replacement for it. 

3424
03:05:53,300 --> 03:05:56,500
The discovery of a body in the 
canal near, the industrial 

3425
03:05:56,500 --> 03:05:59,900
district creates ripples through
the community that extend far 

3426
03:05:59,900 --> 03:06:03,600
beyond the immediate crime 
scene, This is the sort of event

3427
03:06:03,600 --> 03:06:06,600
that transforms abstract, 
concepts of danger, into 

3428
03:06:06,600 --> 03:06:09,900
immediate personal fear. 
Particularly when the victim is 

3429
03:06:09,900 --> 03:06:13,000
identified, as a young woman, 
who worked at the textile mill, 

3430
03:06:13,000 --> 03:06:16,600
Tom arrives at the scene. 
In early morning fog, the kind 

3431
03:06:16,600 --> 03:06:19,300
of thick clinging Mist that 
makes everything look slightly 

3432
03:06:19,300 --> 03:06:22,600
unreal. 
The canal path is line with 

3433
03:06:22,600 --> 03:06:24,400
officers. 
Maintaining a perimeter. 

3434
03:06:25,100 --> 03:06:27,800
Keeping away the Curious crowd 
that has already gathered 

3435
03:06:27,800 --> 03:06:31,000
despite the early hour. 
News travels through 

3436
03:06:31,000 --> 03:06:33,700
working-class neighborhoods with
remarkable speed. 

3437
03:06:34,400 --> 03:06:38,500
Passed along through networks of
gossip and concern that operate 

3438
03:06:38,500 --> 03:06:42,400
far faster than official 
channels, the woman identified 

3439
03:06:42,400 --> 03:06:45,000
from her handbag as Sarah. 
Mitchell appears to have been in

3440
03:06:45,000 --> 03:06:48,300
the water for several hours. 
She's wearing a good coat, not 

3441
03:06:48,300 --> 03:06:51,800
expensive but well, kept and 
shoes suitable for walking home 

3442
03:06:51,800 --> 03:06:54,300
from work. 
There's no obvious sign of 

3443
03:06:54,308 --> 03:06:56,800
violence, though. 
The pathologist who examined her

3444
03:06:56,800 --> 03:06:57,700
at the scene? 
Notes. 

3445
03:06:57,700 --> 03:07:00,300
Bruising that could indicate 
either assault or the body being

3446
03:07:00,300 --> 03:07:03,900
moved by water and debris. 
Tom's initial investigation, 

3447
03:07:03,900 --> 03:07:06,800
focuses on establishing a 
timeline and last known 

3448
03:07:06,800 --> 03:07:09,800
movements. 
Sarah lived with her parents in 

3449
03:07:09,800 --> 03:07:12,200
a terrorist house. 15 minutes 
walk from the mill. 

3450
03:07:12,900 --> 03:07:16,700
She typically worked the evening
shift finishing at 10:00 and 

3451
03:07:16,700 --> 03:07:18,800
walked home along. 
Well, it's streets that should 

3452
03:07:18,800 --> 03:07:22,400
have been reasonably safe. 
Her parents expected her home by

3453
03:07:22,400 --> 03:07:24,500
half past 10:00 and called the 
police. 

3454
03:07:24,500 --> 03:07:27,800
When she hadn't arrived by 
midnight the mill manager, a 

3455
03:07:27,800 --> 03:07:30,500
harried man named Preston. 
Who clearly hasn't slept, since 

3456
03:07:30,500 --> 03:07:34,200
hearing the news confirms that 
Sarah left work at her normal 

3457
03:07:34,200 --> 03:07:37,300
time, wearing the coat and 
carrying the handbag that were 

3458
03:07:37,308 --> 03:07:40,800
found with her body. 
Several co-workers saw her 

3459
03:07:40,800 --> 03:07:42,000
leaving, but didn't walk with 
her. 

3460
03:07:42,700 --> 03:07:46,000
She preferred to walk alone. 
Apparently enjoying the choir 

3461
03:07:46,000 --> 03:07:49,700
after a day of industrial noise,
the pathologist preliminary 

3462
03:07:49,700 --> 03:07:53,400
examination suggests drowning as
the likely cause of death, but 

3463
03:07:53,400 --> 03:07:55,700
there are questions that won't 
be answered until a full 

3464
03:07:55,700 --> 03:07:59,200
post-mortem examination. 
The bruises on her arms could 

3465
03:07:59,200 --> 03:08:02,100
indicate that someone grabbed 
her or they could have been 

3466
03:08:02,100 --> 03:08:03,900
sustained when she fell into the
water. 

3467
03:08:03,900 --> 03:08:07,800
There's no water in her lungs 
which might suggest she was 

3468
03:08:07,808 --> 03:08:10,800
already dead when she entered 
the canal or might simply mean, 

3469
03:08:10,800 --> 03:08:13,500
the drowning was rapid enough 
not to leave that evidence. 

3470
03:08:13,500 --> 03:08:17,500
The community's reaction to 
Sarah's death reveals much about

3471
03:08:17,500 --> 03:08:20,700
how 1960s Britain processes 
sudden tragedy. 

3472
03:08:21,700 --> 03:08:25,300
The mill stops production for a 
day as a mark of respect which 

3473
03:08:25,300 --> 03:08:28,600
cost money, the company can ill 
afford, but feels necessary to 

3474
03:08:28,600 --> 03:08:32,300
honor a dead employee. 
The local church holds a special

3475
03:08:32,300 --> 03:08:35,800
service attended by people who 
haven't set foot in the building

3476
03:08:35,800 --> 03:08:39,300
for months, but feel compelled 
to mark this particular loss. 

3477
03:08:40,300 --> 03:08:43,200
Sarah Street organizes a 
collection for her parents 

3478
03:08:43,200 --> 03:08:46,700
Gathering, small donations, that
had up to enough funeral 

3479
03:08:46,700 --> 03:08:50,500
expenses but there's all so fear
particularly among young women 

3480
03:08:50,500 --> 03:08:54,300
who work, similar shifts and 
walk similar routes The Mills 

3481
03:08:54,300 --> 03:08:56,900
evening shift sees several women
who would normally walk home 

3482
03:08:56,900 --> 03:09:00,500
alone now traveling in groups 
staying later than necessary to 

3483
03:09:00,500 --> 03:09:03,500
find companions parents who 
previously allowed their 

3484
03:09:03,500 --> 03:09:07,400
daughters Independence. 
Now, insist on escorts or taxi 

3485
03:09:07,400 --> 03:09:10,000
services, they can barely afford
Tom. 

3486
03:09:10,000 --> 03:09:12,800
Finds himself conducting, dozens
of interviews, with people who 

3487
03:09:12,800 --> 03:09:15,900
didn't really know, Sarah, but 
feel compelled to share, 

3488
03:09:15,900 --> 03:09:20,300
whatever tangential information,
they possess A shopkeeper 

3489
03:09:20,300 --> 03:09:23,000
mentions that Sarah sometimes 
stopped on her way home to buy 

3490
03:09:23,000 --> 03:09:26,300
cigarettes, a neighbor recalls 
seeing her the previous week, 

3491
03:09:26,300 --> 03:09:29,500
carrying library books. 
The news agent remembers that 

3492
03:09:29,500 --> 03:09:31,900
she had a sweet tooth and 
usually bought chocolate on 

3493
03:09:31,900 --> 03:09:34,300
Fridays. 
None of this is immediately 

3494
03:09:34,300 --> 03:09:35,900
useful for determining, what 
happened? 

3495
03:09:36,800 --> 03:09:39,800
The Tomlinson's anyway because 
sometimes useful information 

3496
03:09:39,800 --> 03:09:43,400
emerges from the seemingly 
irrelevant details and because 

3497
03:09:43,400 --> 03:09:46,400
people need to feel their 
contributing something in the 

3498
03:09:46,400 --> 03:09:49,500
face of senseless tragedy. 
The physical evidence is 

3499
03:09:49,500 --> 03:09:53,200
frustratingly limited. 
Canal path, were Sarah, 

3500
03:09:53,200 --> 03:09:55,400
presumably entered the water 
show. 

3501
03:09:55,400 --> 03:09:58,900
Signs of a scuffle Disturbed, 
gravel a button. 

3502
03:09:58,900 --> 03:10:00,300
That might have come from her 
coat. 

3503
03:10:01,000 --> 03:10:04,100
But also shows signs of regular 
foot traffic that makes 

3504
03:10:04,100 --> 03:10:07,200
distinguishing relevant evidence
from background noise, nearly 

3505
03:10:07,200 --> 03:10:10,000
impossible. 
There are no clear Footprints 

3506
03:10:10,000 --> 03:10:13,900
know conveniently, dropped 
identification, and no 

3507
03:10:13,900 --> 03:10:16,000
Witnesses. 
Who saw anything definitive 

3508
03:10:16,000 --> 03:10:19,700
Tom's investigation expands to 
include known sex, offenders in 

3509
03:10:19,700 --> 03:10:22,200
the area. 
Men with previous convictions 

3510
03:10:22,200 --> 03:10:25,600
for assault or harassment of 
women and anyone who might have 

3511
03:10:25,600 --> 03:10:29,200
reason to be on that Canal path.
At that, our Each interview 

3512
03:10:29,200 --> 03:10:33,200
follows a similar pattern 
establishing Alibi, gauging 

3513
03:10:33,200 --> 03:10:36,000
reactions and looking for 
inconsistencies that might 

3514
03:10:36,000 --> 03:10:39,600
suggest involvement or 
knowledge, the Breakthrough when

3515
03:10:39,600 --> 03:10:43,700
it comes arrives through patient
persistence rather than dramatic

3516
03:10:43,700 --> 03:10:46,900
revelation. 
Katrina worker, who uses the 

3517
03:10:46,900 --> 03:10:49,400
canal path. 
Through his commute mentioned 

3518
03:10:49,400 --> 03:10:53,300
almost as an afterthought that 
he saw someone running from the 

3519
03:10:53,300 --> 03:10:55,700
area around the time. 
Sarah would have been there. 

3520
03:10:56,500 --> 03:10:59,300
Nothing, particularly 
suspicious, people, jog for 

3521
03:10:59,300 --> 03:11:03,200
exercise, but unusual enough at 
that hour, to register the 

3522
03:11:03,200 --> 03:11:05,500
running figure was male wearing 
dark clothing? 

3523
03:11:05,500 --> 03:11:09,700
And moving away from the city 
center along the Canal Park, The

3524
03:11:09,700 --> 03:11:12,500
witness didn't think much of it 
at the time, but hearing about 

3525
03:11:12,500 --> 03:11:14,400
Sarah's death. 
Made him wonder if it might be 

3526
03:11:14,400 --> 03:11:17,300
relevant. 
He can't provide a detailed 

3527
03:11:17,300 --> 03:11:19,100
description. 
It was dark. 

3528
03:11:19,100 --> 03:11:21,700
He was tired. 
He only glimpsed the figure 

3529
03:11:21,700 --> 03:11:25,100
briefly but he remembers the 
general build in the direction 

3530
03:11:25,100 --> 03:11:27,300
of travel. 
This fragment of information 

3531
03:11:27,300 --> 03:11:30,700
combined with patient checking 
of Alibis and whereabouts 

3532
03:11:30,700 --> 03:11:35,300
eventually leads Tom to David 
Porter, a foreman at a factory 

3533
03:11:35,300 --> 03:11:39,000
along the canal route. 
Porter's initial Alibi that he 

3534
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:42,300
was home with his wife falls 
apart, when Thomas establishes 

3535
03:11:42,300 --> 03:11:45,000
that his wife was actually 
visiting her mother that evening

3536
03:11:45,000 --> 03:11:49,500
under gentle, but persistent 
questioning, Porter's story. 

3537
03:11:49,500 --> 03:11:53,600
Develops inconsistencies, that 
suggests both guilt and poor 

3538
03:11:53,600 --> 03:11:55,400
judgment about how to handle a 
crisis. 

3539
03:11:55,400 --> 03:11:58,500
The truth. 
When it finally emerges is both 

3540
03:11:58,500 --> 03:12:02,500
tragic and mundane Porter had 
been having an affair with Sarah

3541
03:12:02,500 --> 03:12:06,100
conducted in furtive meetings 
that both parties had hoped to 

3542
03:12:06,100 --> 03:12:09,300
keep Secret. 
On the night in question, they 

3543
03:12:09,300 --> 03:12:11,800
argued near the canal. 
Porter wanted to win the 

3544
03:12:11,800 --> 03:12:15,200
relationship and Sarah was 
upset, and perhaps threatened to

3545
03:12:15,200 --> 03:12:18,100
reveal it, to his wife. 
In the Heat of the argument 

3546
03:12:18,100 --> 03:12:22,000
Porter, grabbed Sarah's arm, she
pulled away lost her balance and

3547
03:12:22,000 --> 03:12:25,200
fell into the canal. 
Porters subsequent actions 

3548
03:12:25,200 --> 03:12:28,300
running from the scene lying 
about his whereabouts. 

3549
03:12:28,300 --> 03:12:32,500
Hoping the death would be ruled 
accidental, transformed, a 

3550
03:12:32,508 --> 03:12:36,100
tragic accident in to something,
requiring criminal prosecution. 

3551
03:12:37,100 --> 03:12:39,700
His panic and poor 
decision-making turned him from 

3552
03:12:39,700 --> 03:12:42,700
a man who made mistakes and to 
someone facing charges of 

3553
03:12:42,700 --> 03:12:45,000
manslaughter and leaving the 
scene of death. 

3554
03:12:45,700 --> 03:12:48,400
The community's reaction to this
resolution is complex. 

3555
03:12:49,500 --> 03:12:52,500
There's relief that a dangerous 
predator isn't stalking the 

3556
03:12:52,500 --> 03:12:56,100
streets, but also discomfort 
with the messiness of real human

3557
03:12:56,100 --> 03:13:00,300
behavior, the affair, the 
argument, the series of small 

3558
03:13:00,300 --> 03:13:02,500
decisions that Cascade into 
tragedy. 

3559
03:13:02,500 --> 03:13:06,300
It's harder to process than a 
simple story of good versus evil

3560
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:09,900
would have been Sarah's. 
Funeral is well attended, the 

3561
03:13:09,900 --> 03:13:12,500
service focusing on her life 
rather than her death. 

3562
03:13:13,300 --> 03:13:16,600
Her mother accepting condolences
with the dignified grief of 

3563
03:13:16,600 --> 03:13:18,200
someone who understands that 
life. 

3564
03:13:18,200 --> 03:13:22,000
Sometimes makes no sense. 
And all you can do is Endor. 

3565
03:13:23,200 --> 03:13:26,000
The mill returns to its normal 
operations, though. 

3566
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:29,200
Sarah's usual, workstation 
remains empty for several weeks 

3567
03:13:29,200 --> 03:13:32,000
before someone new is quietly 
assigned to it. 

3568
03:13:32,000 --> 03:13:34,600
Tom files. 
His final reports with the 

3569
03:13:34,600 --> 03:13:38,300
satisfaction of having reached 
truth, if not Justice in any 

3570
03:13:38,300 --> 03:13:41,500
simple sense. 
The case will proceed through 

3571
03:13:41,500 --> 03:13:45,100
the courts portal will likely 
face prison time and the 

3572
03:13:45,108 --> 03:13:48,600
community will gradually absorb 
this tragedy into its Collective

3573
03:13:48,600 --> 03:13:51,600
memory. 
Another story told in hushed 

3574
03:13:51,600 --> 03:13:54,300
tones about why you should 
always be careful, why you 

3575
03:13:54,300 --> 03:13:57,400
should never trust anyone 
completely and why life is 

3576
03:13:57,400 --> 03:13:59,800
fragile in ways. 
We prefer not to acknowledge 

3577
03:13:59,800 --> 03:14:02,700
between the headline cases. 
The deaths. 

3578
03:14:02,700 --> 03:14:07,100
The serious assaults, the crimes
that communities discuss for 

3579
03:14:07,100 --> 03:14:10,500
months afterward lies. 
The vast majority of police 

3580
03:14:10,500 --> 03:14:15,000
work, consisting of matters. 
So ordinary they barely register

3581
03:14:15,000 --> 03:14:19,700
as Mysteries at all. 
Yet these cases in their own 

3582
03:14:19,700 --> 03:14:22,300
way. 
Reveal as much about human 

3583
03:14:22,300 --> 03:14:24,500
nature as any dramatic 
investigation. 

3584
03:14:24,500 --> 03:14:28,100
The matter of the missing Garden
ohms, for instance, turns out to

3585
03:14:28,100 --> 03:14:31,100
involving exactly the 
perpetrators Tom suspected from 

3586
03:14:31,100 --> 03:14:34,300
the beginning. 
The group of teenage boys who 

3587
03:14:34,300 --> 03:14:37,000
thought relocating ceramic 
dwarfs to increase. 

3588
03:14:37,000 --> 03:14:39,700
The Absurd locations, was the 
height of Comedy. 

3589
03:14:40,400 --> 03:14:43,900
Tom finds the Gnomes arranged in
elaborate Tableau in an 

3590
03:14:43,900 --> 03:14:46,900
abandoned shed. 
Some fishing in a dry Fountain. 

3591
03:14:46,900 --> 03:14:49,900
Others apparently engaged in a 
ceramic cricket match. 

3592
03:14:49,900 --> 03:14:53,500
All positioned with the kind of 
creative effort that suggests 

3593
03:14:53,500 --> 03:14:56,600
these boys might have actual 
talent if they could find legal 

3594
03:14:56,600 --> 03:14:59,400
outlets for it rather than 
formal charges. 

3595
03:14:59,400 --> 03:15:01,600
Tom arranges for the boys to 
return. 

3596
03:15:01,600 --> 03:15:05,100
Each known personally, 
apologizing, to the owner's 

3597
03:15:05,100 --> 03:15:08,500
face, to face experiencing the 
discomfort of seeing the actual 

3598
03:15:08,500 --> 03:15:12,000
human consequences of what 
seemed like harmless pranks. 

3599
03:15:13,400 --> 03:15:17,300
Most of the no owners confronted
with sheepish teenagers rather 

3600
03:15:17,300 --> 03:15:21,700
than faceless criminals respond 
with a mixture of relief, and 

3601
03:15:21,700 --> 03:15:24,800
the kind of stern lectures that 
British people have perfected 

3602
03:15:24,800 --> 03:15:28,000
over Generations. 
One elderly man, whose prized 

3603
03:15:28,000 --> 03:15:30,300
know had gone. 
Missing tells the culprit about 

3604
03:15:30,300 --> 03:15:33,800
receiving it as a gift from his 
late wife, who had bought it on 

3605
03:15:33,800 --> 03:15:38,600
their honeymoon in Brighton, 40 
years ago, The boy suddenly 

3606
03:15:38,600 --> 03:15:41,600
understanding that he hadn't 
just stolen attacking Garden 

3607
03:15:41,600 --> 03:15:44,200
ornament, but a tangible 
connection to someone's personal

3608
03:15:44,200 --> 03:15:47,100
history. 
Looks genuinely stricken in a 

3609
03:15:47,108 --> 03:15:50,500
way that no formal punishment 
could have achieved the 

3610
03:15:50,500 --> 03:15:53,200
shoplifting ring Woolworths 
proves more complex and 

3611
03:15:53,200 --> 03:15:55,700
considerably sadder than simple 
teenage theft. 

3612
03:15:56,600 --> 03:15:58,600
The perpetrators are a mother 
and her two. 

3613
03:15:58,600 --> 03:16:01,800
Daughters systematically 
stealing food children's 

3614
03:16:01,800 --> 03:16:05,400
clothing and other necessities 
that they can't afford on the 

3615
03:16:05,400 --> 03:16:07,900
mother's meager wages from her 
cleaning job. 

3616
03:16:08,800 --> 03:16:11,400
The father left two years ago 
and sends no support. 

3617
03:16:11,400 --> 03:16:15,900
The mother is Too Proud to apply
for assistance and convinced 

3618
03:16:15,900 --> 03:16:18,100
herself that stealing from a 
large company. 

3619
03:16:18,100 --> 03:16:21,500
That wouldn't even notice was 
somehow less wrong than 

3620
03:16:21,500 --> 03:16:24,700
accepting charity. 
Tom finds himself navigating the

3621
03:16:24,700 --> 03:16:28,300
gap between Laura and compassion
between what the rules require 

3622
03:16:28,300 --> 03:16:30,400
and what actual Justice might 
look like. 

3623
03:16:31,400 --> 03:16:34,200
The storm manager wants 
prosecution to deter others, 

3624
03:16:34,200 --> 03:16:36,900
which Tom understands from a 
business perspective. 

3625
03:16:36,900 --> 03:16:40,500
But finds deeply unsatisfying 
from a human one. 

3626
03:16:41,300 --> 03:16:43,600
He eventually broke as a 
compromise where the mother 

3627
03:16:43,600 --> 03:16:46,700
agrees to repay the stolen value
through additional cleaning work

3628
03:16:46,700 --> 03:16:48,800
and to apply for the social 
assistance. 

3629
03:16:48,800 --> 03:16:52,100
She's entitled to while the 
store agrees not to press 

3630
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:55,300
charges. 
It's not elegant and it probably

3631
03:16:55,300 --> 03:16:58,400
wouldn't satisfy anyone looking 
for Clear moral lines. 

3632
03:16:59,100 --> 03:17:00,900
But IT addresses, the actual 
problem. 

3633
03:17:01,700 --> 03:17:05,500
Struggling families, desperate 
attempt to survive, rather than 

3634
03:17:05,500 --> 03:17:09,300
just punishing the symptom, Tom 
drives, the mother to the Social

3635
03:17:09,300 --> 03:17:13,100
Services office himself, helping
her navigate forms, that seem 

3636
03:17:13,100 --> 03:17:17,600
deliberately designed to confuse
and humiliate and feels more 

3637
03:17:17,600 --> 03:17:20,600
satisfaction from this than from
many more celebrated 

3638
03:17:20,600 --> 03:17:23,700
investigative successes, the 
threatening letters to the 

3639
03:17:23,700 --> 03:17:25,800
Headmaster. 
Eventually traced to a former 

3640
03:17:25,800 --> 03:17:27,900
janitor, who was dismissed for 
drinking on the job. 

3641
03:17:27,900 --> 03:17:32,600
A nurse is grievance into an 
elaborate Revenge fantasy, the 

3642
03:17:32,600 --> 03:17:35,100
man turns out to be more 
pitiable than frightening, 

3643
03:17:35,100 --> 03:17:38,800
living alone in a bedsit 
consuming too much Cheap whiskey

3644
03:17:38,800 --> 03:17:42,600
clinging to imagine slights 
because they give shape to a 

3645
03:17:42,600 --> 03:17:45,600
life that is otherwise lost, 
meaning Tom Rangers for him to 

3646
03:17:45,600 --> 03:17:48,700
receive a caution rather than 
prosecution with the 

3647
03:17:48,700 --> 03:17:51,300
understanding that he'll seek 
help for his drinking and stay 

3648
03:17:51,300 --> 03:17:54,200
away from the school. 
These cases don't make the 

3649
03:17:54,200 --> 03:17:57,400
newspapers or feature an annual 
crime statistics as anything 

3650
03:17:57,400 --> 03:18:00,800
more than numbers, but they 
consume the majority of TOMS 

3651
03:18:00,800 --> 03:18:04,700
time and Energy Each One require
the same patient to attention to

3652
03:18:04,700 --> 03:18:08,300
detail the same careful 
Gathering of evidence and the 

3653
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:11,400
same navigation of human 
complexity that characterizes 

3654
03:18:11,400 --> 03:18:13,900
detective work regardless of the
crime severity. 

3655
03:18:13,900 --> 03:18:17,200
If you were to chart Tom's work 
week on a graph. 

3656
03:18:17,800 --> 03:18:21,300
It would show a rhythm that 
Cycles between intense focus and

3657
03:18:21,300 --> 03:18:26,200
administrative routine between 
human interaction and solitary 

3658
03:18:26,200 --> 03:18:29,800
contemplation and between the 
immediate demands of Active 

3659
03:18:29,800 --> 03:18:32,300
cases. 
And the patient accumulation of 

3660
03:18:32,300 --> 03:18:35,800
knowledge that makes future 
investigations possible, Monday 

3661
03:18:35,800 --> 03:18:37,400
mornings. 
Typically begin with the 

3662
03:18:37,408 --> 03:18:41,900
weekends accumulated incidents 
domestic disputes that escalated

3663
03:18:41,900 --> 03:18:44,800
after Saturday night drinking, 
burglaries committed. 

3664
03:18:44,800 --> 03:18:48,400
When families were out visiting 
relatives and traffic accidents.

3665
03:18:48,400 --> 03:18:51,500
Involving drivers who misjudged 
their capacity to handle Sunday,

3666
03:18:51,500 --> 03:18:53,300
lunch, followed by Sunday 
driving. 

3667
03:18:54,100 --> 03:18:58,300
Tom reviews reports filed by 
Weekend Duty Officers deciding 

3668
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:01,300
which require his attention and 
which can be handled by 

3669
03:19:01,300 --> 03:19:04,900
uniformed, constables. 
The paperwork is Relentless and 

3670
03:19:04,900 --> 03:19:08,700
multiplying each investigation. 
Generates reports that must be 

3671
03:19:08,700 --> 03:19:13,000
typed filed and cross-reference.
Witness statements, require 

3672
03:19:13,000 --> 03:19:15,000
careful transcription and 
verification. 

3673
03:19:15,800 --> 03:19:19,700
Evidence must be logged stored 
and tracked through chains of 

3674
03:19:19,700 --> 03:19:22,000
custardy that will withstand 
Court scrutiny. 

3675
03:19:22,000 --> 03:19:27,100
Tom spend hours at his 
typewriter hunting and pecking 

3676
03:19:27,100 --> 03:19:31,000
his way through formal language.
That transforms human drama into

3677
03:19:31,000 --> 03:19:35,300
bureaucratic prose, Tuesday, and
Wednesday often involve quarter 

3678
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:37,700
parents' for cases that have 
worked their way through the 

3679
03:19:37,700 --> 03:19:41,100
judicial system. 
Tom sits in witness boxes, 

3680
03:19:41,100 --> 03:19:44,900
swearing on Bibles to tell the 
truth, then answering questions 

3681
03:19:44,900 --> 03:19:47,500
from barristers who treat 
cross-examination like a 

3682
03:19:47,500 --> 03:19:50,900
competitive sport. 
He's learned to answer precisely

3683
03:19:50,900 --> 03:19:53,000
what's asked without 
volunteering additional 

3684
03:19:53,000 --> 03:19:56,500
information to acknowledge 
uncertainty when he's uncertain 

3685
03:19:56,500 --> 03:19:59,600
and to present findings in 
language that juries can 

3686
03:19:59,600 --> 03:20:02,200
understand. 
Without feeling patronized the 

3687
03:20:02,200 --> 03:20:05,400
courts themselves are exercises 
in Tradition and formality. 

3688
03:20:06,100 --> 03:20:09,400
Judges in wigs and robes 
barristers in their own wigs, 

3689
03:20:09,400 --> 03:20:12,500
addressing each other with 
elaborate courtesy and a 

3690
03:20:12,500 --> 03:20:16,400
ceremonial dignity that some 
find reassuring and others find 

3691
03:20:16,400 --> 03:20:19,700
absurd. 
Tom appreciates, the theater of 

3692
03:20:19,700 --> 03:20:21,900
it. 
Understanding that Justice 

3693
03:20:21,900 --> 03:20:25,600
requires, not just correct 
outcomes, but visible processes 

3694
03:20:25,600 --> 03:20:29,700
that Inspire public confidence. 
First days often dedicated to 

3695
03:20:29,700 --> 03:20:33,300
community policing visiting 
schools to talk about safety and

3696
03:20:33,300 --> 03:20:36,500
law attending neighborhood 
meetings, where residents raised

3697
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:39,400
concerns about parking and noise
and maintaining the 

3698
03:20:39,400 --> 03:20:41,400
relationships that make his job 
possible. 

3699
03:20:42,200 --> 03:20:45,300
Tom speaks to a group of primary
school children about stranger 

3700
03:20:45,300 --> 03:20:49,400
danger and road safety. 
Simplifying complex Concepts 

3701
03:20:49,400 --> 03:20:53,000
into memorable rules while 
trying not to terrify them about

3702
03:20:53,000 --> 03:20:55,100
the world. 
They live in the children asked 

3703
03:20:55,100 --> 03:20:57,700
questions with the 
unselfconscious directness, that

3704
03:20:57,700 --> 03:21:01,600
adults have learned to suppress.
Have you ever arrested anyone? 

3705
03:21:01,600 --> 03:21:04,600
Yes. 
Have you ever been scared? 

3706
03:21:04,600 --> 03:21:07,300
Yes. 
Do you carry a gun? 

3707
03:21:07,300 --> 03:21:10,100
No British police officers. 
Generally. 

3708
03:21:10,100 --> 03:21:12,400
Don't Have you ever met the 
queen? 

3709
03:21:13,200 --> 03:21:16,200
Know, but I met the male once 
which seemed impressive at the 

3710
03:21:16,208 --> 03:21:18,600
time. 
Friday afternoon's, often 

3711
03:21:18,600 --> 03:21:22,300
involve reviewing Active cases 
with other detectives sharing 

3712
03:21:22,300 --> 03:21:25,500
information and theories, and 
informal sessions, that generate

3713
03:21:25,500 --> 03:21:27,900
more useful insights than formal
briefings. 

3714
03:21:28,700 --> 03:21:31,100
These discussions range across 
topics. 

3715
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:35,500
Patterns in recent burglaries 
concerns about a particular 

3716
03:21:35,500 --> 03:21:39,400
individual's behavior and 
technique for getting reluctant 

3717
03:21:39,400 --> 03:21:44,100
witnesses to cooperate. 
The accumulated wisdom of 

3718
03:21:44,100 --> 03:21:47,700
experienced officers passed 
along through conversation 

3719
03:21:47,700 --> 03:21:50,000
rather than written procedure 
forms. 

3720
03:21:50,000 --> 03:21:52,900
An invisible curriculum, that 
new detectives absorb through 

3721
03:21:52,900 --> 03:21:56,600
participation Tom shares, his 
theory about burglaries tending 

3722
03:21:56,600 --> 03:21:59,400
to Cluster near major roads 
where thieves can make quick 

3723
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:02,700
escapes while detective Sergeant
William's counters that 

3724
03:22:02,700 --> 03:22:07,200
proximity to railway stations 
seems equally predictive Neither

3725
03:22:07,200 --> 03:22:11,300
can prove their hypothesis, 
totally but the discussion sharp

3726
03:22:11,300 --> 03:22:13,300
and everyone's attention to 
these factors. 

3727
03:22:13,300 --> 03:22:16,800
When examining new cases, the 
evenings that Tom doesn't spend 

3728
03:22:16,800 --> 03:22:20,700
reviewing case files are often 
dedicated to reading Not just 

3729
03:22:20,700 --> 03:22:25,400
detective manuals and legal 
updates but psychology sociology

3730
03:22:25,400 --> 03:22:28,900
and anything that helps him 
understand why people do what 

3731
03:22:28,900 --> 03:22:31,800
they do. 
He's currently working through a

3732
03:22:31,800 --> 03:22:34,300
book about adolescent 
development, trying to 

3733
03:22:34,308 --> 03:22:37,700
understand the teenage mind, 
well enough to predict when 

3734
03:22:37,700 --> 03:22:40,900
minor misbehavior might escalate
into serious trouble. 

3735
03:22:40,900 --> 03:22:44,300
His wife, occasionally asks, if 
he ever stops being a detective 

3736
03:22:44,300 --> 03:22:46,600
and the honest answer is 
probably no. 

3737
03:22:47,400 --> 03:22:51,200
He notices things constantly, 
the man at the bus stop, who's 

3738
03:22:51,200 --> 03:22:55,000
watching people to intently the 
shop window that has the same 

3739
03:22:55,000 --> 03:22:57,500
display. 
We cast after week suggesting 

3740
03:22:57,500 --> 03:23:00,500
the business might be struggling
and patterns in neighborhood 

3741
03:23:00,500 --> 03:23:03,700
foot traffic that might indicate
nothing or might indicate 

3742
03:23:03,700 --> 03:23:07,100
something worth remembering. 
This constant, awareness is both

3743
03:23:07,100 --> 03:23:09,500
the strength and bird of 
long-term police work. 

3744
03:23:10,300 --> 03:23:13,100
You've become very good at 
reading environments and people 

3745
03:23:13,100 --> 03:23:17,800
noticing discordance and 
anomalies, but you also lose the

3746
03:23:17,800 --> 03:23:21,500
ability to Simply exist in 
spaces, without analyzing them. 

3747
03:23:21,500 --> 03:23:25,100
Every social Gathering includes 
mental notes about who's 

3748
03:23:25,100 --> 03:23:29,000
drinking more than usual, whose 
marriage seems under strain and 

3749
03:23:29,000 --> 03:23:31,400
which teenagers are gravitating 
toward trouble. 

3750
03:23:31,400 --> 03:23:35,400
Tom's destroy contains the 
essential equipment of 1960s. 

3751
03:23:35,400 --> 03:23:38,600
Detective work a collection that
would seem quite quickly 

3752
03:23:38,600 --> 03:23:41,600
inadequate to Modern 
investigators, but represents 

3753
03:23:41,600 --> 03:23:43,800
the best available technology of
its time. 

3754
03:23:44,900 --> 03:23:48,400
There's a magnifying glass, 
genuinely useful for examining 

3755
03:23:48,400 --> 03:23:50,600
documents, and small pieces of 
evidence. 

3756
03:23:51,600 --> 03:23:54,200
A measuring tape for documenting
crime scenes. 

3757
03:23:55,000 --> 03:23:57,800
Camera though, the good cameras 
are kept in the evidence room 

3758
03:23:57,800 --> 03:24:01,300
and signed out when needed. 
Several notebooks in various 

3759
03:24:01,300 --> 03:24:03,700
stages of completion and address
book. 

3760
03:24:03,700 --> 03:24:06,900
Containing contact information 
for informants experts and 

3761
03:24:06,900 --> 03:24:08,600
useful officials across the 
region. 

3762
03:24:08,600 --> 03:24:12,600
The police radio system 
introduced during the 1950s and 

3763
03:24:12,600 --> 03:24:16,000
still being expanded allows 
limited communication with 

3764
03:24:16,000 --> 03:24:19,600
patrol cars, but requires 
speaking in codes and dealing 

3765
03:24:19,600 --> 03:24:23,000
with interference that sometimes
makes conversations nearly 

3766
03:24:23,000 --> 03:24:27,700
unintelligible. officers learn 
to repeat information, confirm, 

3767
03:24:27,700 --> 03:24:31,100
understanding and accept that 
some messages will need to be 

3768
03:24:31,100 --> 03:24:35,000
delivered through other means 
the squelch and crackle of radio

3769
03:24:35,000 --> 03:24:37,000
Transmissions becomes background
noise. 

3770
03:24:37,000 --> 03:24:41,300
Occasionally punctuated by 
urgent calls that send everyone 

3771
03:24:41,300 --> 03:24:44,000
scrambling. 
The patrol cars themselves are 

3772
03:24:44,000 --> 03:24:48,800
mostly small, British saloons 
Morris, minors Ford angliers, an

3773
03:24:48,800 --> 03:24:52,200
occasionally a larger for senior
officers They're not 

3774
03:24:52,208 --> 03:24:56,300
particularly fast or powerful 
but there are economical and can

3775
03:24:56,300 --> 03:24:59,400
navigate narrow British streets 
that were challenged American 

3776
03:24:59,400 --> 03:25:03,300
style police cruisers. 
Each car contains basic 

3777
03:25:03,300 --> 03:25:06,900
Emergency Equipment a first aid 
kit, a blanket. 

3778
03:25:06,900 --> 03:25:10,500
A torch that always seems to 
have batteries that nearly dead 

3779
03:25:10,500 --> 03:25:14,000
and a collection of forms for 
documenting various types of 

3780
03:25:14,000 --> 03:25:18,300
incidents photography at crime 
scenes requires actual skill and

3781
03:25:18,300 --> 03:25:20,800
judgment. 
The photographer must decide 

3782
03:25:20,800 --> 03:25:24,100
which angles matter how to light
scenes in buildings without 

3783
03:25:24,100 --> 03:25:27,500
proper illumination, and how to 
capture both overview shots, 

3784
03:25:27,500 --> 03:25:31,200
that show context and detail 
shots that documents specific 

3785
03:25:31,200 --> 03:25:34,600
evidence. 
There's no instant review, no 

3786
03:25:34,600 --> 03:25:36,300
digital. 
Deletion of failed attempts, 

3787
03:25:36,300 --> 03:25:39,700
each photograph, consumes film. 
That must be carefully. 

3788
03:25:39,700 --> 03:25:43,400
Managed developed and archived. 
The evidence room in the 

3789
03:25:43,400 --> 03:25:46,300
station, basement is a 
fascinating archeology of recent

3790
03:25:46,300 --> 03:25:49,100
crime. 
Boxes containing clothing from 

3791
03:25:49,100 --> 03:25:53,300
assaults bags of items, stolen 
and recovered weapons ranging 

3792
03:25:53,300 --> 03:25:57,200
from knives to improvise clubs 
and documents photocopied for 

3793
03:25:57,200 --> 03:26:00,900
investigative purposes. 
Each item is tagged with case 

3794
03:26:00,900 --> 03:26:03,900
numbers and dates creating a 
physical database. 

3795
03:26:03,900 --> 03:26:07,200
That requires careful 
organizational and occasional 

3796
03:26:07,200 --> 03:26:09,100
purges. 
When storage space becomes 

3797
03:26:09,100 --> 03:26:12,200
critical Tom. 
Sometimes, visits this room just

3798
03:26:12,200 --> 03:26:15,600
to refresh his memory about 
cases, pulling files and 

3799
03:26:15,600 --> 03:26:18,800
examining evidence that didn't 
quite solve Mysteries, but 

3800
03:26:18,800 --> 03:26:22,400
remains available. 
If new information emerges, The 

3801
03:26:22,400 --> 03:26:25,700
unsolved cases bother him more 
than he admits files. 

3802
03:26:25,700 --> 03:26:29,700
That represent questions without
answers victims without Justice 

3803
03:26:29,700 --> 03:26:33,500
and families without closure the
interview techniques available 

3804
03:26:33,500 --> 03:26:37,000
to detectives in this era rely 
entirely on human psychology 

3805
03:26:37,000 --> 03:26:41,400
rather than technological AIDS. 
There's no recording equipment 

3806
03:26:41,400 --> 03:26:45,600
to capture exact words and no 
video to document body language 

3807
03:26:45,600 --> 03:26:50,500
and emotional reactions. 
Instead detectives must remember

3808
03:26:50,500 --> 03:26:55,300
take notes and work with 
Witnesses who may be honest but 

3809
03:26:55,300 --> 03:27:00,000
unreliable dishonest but 
revealing or simply confused 

3810
03:27:00,000 --> 03:27:03,200
about events that happen quickly
in stressful circumstances 

3811
03:27:03,200 --> 03:27:07,100
Thomas developed a particular 
approach that combines patients 

3812
03:27:07,100 --> 03:27:10,700
with strategic persistence. 
He doesn't typically confront 

3813
03:27:10,700 --> 03:27:13,100
suspects with aggressive 
questioning or dramatic 

3814
03:27:13,100 --> 03:27:16,800
accusations. 
Instead he presents information 

3815
03:27:16,800 --> 03:27:20,500
gradually, letting people 
construct their own narratives 

3816
03:27:20,500 --> 03:27:23,700
noting where those narratives 
conflict with the established 

3817
03:27:23,700 --> 03:27:27,900
facts, Many criminals, he's 
learned want to talk about their

3818
03:27:27,900 --> 03:27:33,500
crime, not to confess, 
necessarily to explain justify 

3819
03:27:33,500 --> 03:27:36,700
or relive. 
Significant experience is the 

3820
03:27:36,700 --> 03:27:39,300
gap between what someone says 
and what they reveal through a 

3821
03:27:39,300 --> 03:27:42,600
mission? 
Hesitation or overemphasis, 

3822
03:27:42,600 --> 03:27:45,100
often tells Tom more than direct
statements. 

3823
03:27:45,800 --> 03:27:49,900
A suspect to provides an 
extremely detailed Alibi for a 

3824
03:27:49,900 --> 03:27:52,100
specific hour. 
But remains vague about the 

3825
03:27:52,108 --> 03:27:55,600
surrounding time may be 
constructing fiction for the 

3826
03:27:55,608 --> 03:27:59,000
period that matters while 
relying on memory for Less 

3827
03:27:59,000 --> 03:28:02,800
critical moments. 
Someone, who answers questions 

3828
03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:07,100
about their relationship with a 
victim with unexpected, anger or

3829
03:28:07,100 --> 03:28:11,400
defensiveness may be revealing 
more than they intend as the 

3830
03:28:11,400 --> 03:28:13,500
1960s progress toward their 
conclusion. 

3831
03:28:13,500 --> 03:28:17,500
Tom increasingly find himself, 
training younger detectives who 

3832
03:28:17,500 --> 03:28:21,600
will carry police work into the 
next decade and Beyond These new

3833
03:28:21,600 --> 03:28:25,100
officers have different 
backgrounds, some University 

3834
03:28:25,100 --> 03:28:28,300
educated, bringing academic 
knowledge to compliment, 

3835
03:28:28,300 --> 03:28:31,900
practical training, others from 
working class neighborhoods, 

3836
03:28:31,900 --> 03:28:35,200
bringing Street, wisdom and 
cultural fluency that helped 

3837
03:28:35,200 --> 03:28:37,200
navigate Community 
relationships. 

3838
03:28:37,200 --> 03:28:41,100
Detective Constable Janet 
Morrison represents the slowly 

3839
03:28:41,100 --> 03:28:44,900
increase in presence of women in
investigative roles though, she 

3840
03:28:44,900 --> 03:28:47,600
still faces assumptions and 
barriers that male colleagues 

3841
03:28:47,600 --> 03:28:50,500
don't encounter. 
Tom makes a point of a signing 

3842
03:28:50,500 --> 03:28:53,600
her cases based on skill rather 
than gender. 

3843
03:28:54,500 --> 03:28:56,900
Watching her develop the 
particular combination of 

3844
03:28:56,900 --> 03:29:00,400
persistence and empathy that 
characterizes effective 

3845
03:29:00,400 --> 03:29:03,500
detective work. 
She handles interviews with 

3846
03:29:03,500 --> 03:29:06,500
assault victims with a 
sensitivity that some male 

3847
03:29:06,500 --> 03:29:09,300
officers struggle to achieve, 
but also demonstrates the kind 

3848
03:29:09,300 --> 03:29:13,400
of analytical rigor, that solves
complex cases the forensic 

3849
03:29:13,400 --> 03:29:16,600
techniques that Tom learned to 
use are evolving becoming more 

3850
03:29:16,600 --> 03:29:20,300
sophisticated and more reliable.
Blood typing is being 

3851
03:29:20,300 --> 03:29:23,500
supplemented by enzyme analysis 
that can provide additional 

3852
03:29:23,500 --> 03:29:27,000
identifying information. 
Fingerprint classification. 

3853
03:29:27,000 --> 03:29:29,600
Systems are being refined and 
expanded. 

3854
03:29:30,600 --> 03:29:34,300
New chemical tests for gunshot. 
Residue and trace evidence are 

3855
03:29:34,300 --> 03:29:36,600
being developed in Laboratories 
that are becoming increasingly 

3856
03:29:36,600 --> 03:29:39,700
professionalized Tom. 
Attends workshops on these 

3857
03:29:39,700 --> 03:29:42,000
emerging techniques sitting in 
rooms. 

3858
03:29:42,000 --> 03:29:44,100
With other middle-aged, 
detectives learning about 

3859
03:29:44,100 --> 03:29:46,400
scientific Advance. 
Is that would have seemed like 

3860
03:29:46,400 --> 03:29:48,300
fantasy when they began their 
careers. 

3861
03:29:49,100 --> 03:29:51,600
The workshops are taught by 
younger signs to treat 

3862
03:29:51,600 --> 03:29:55,400
established investigators with 
the kind of careful respect you 

3863
03:29:55,400 --> 03:29:59,100
show to people who might feel 
threatened by change and Tom 

3864
03:29:59,100 --> 03:30:02,200
appreciates, both their 
knowledge and their diplomatic 

3865
03:30:02,200 --> 03:30:05,200
handling of ego's. 
The social changes sweeping 

3866
03:30:05,200 --> 03:30:08,200
through 1960s, Britain, a 
creating new challenges for 

3867
03:30:08,200 --> 03:30:11,900
police work. 
Drug use previously, limited to 

3868
03:30:11,900 --> 03:30:15,400
specific subcultures is 
spreading among young people. 

3869
03:30:15,400 --> 03:30:19,100
Experimenting with marijuana, an
increasingly with hard substance

3870
03:30:19,100 --> 03:30:22,800
is The sexual Revolution is 
complicating traditional 

3871
03:30:22,800 --> 03:30:27,000
approaches to morality crimes. 
Immigration is diversifying 

3872
03:30:27,000 --> 03:30:30,700
communities in ways that require
cultural, sensitivity and 

3873
03:30:30,700 --> 03:30:34,700
language skills that older 
officers often lack Tom finds 

3874
03:30:34,700 --> 03:30:37,500
himself navigating these changes
with mixed feelings. 

3875
03:30:38,400 --> 03:30:41,500
Some shifts seem obviously 
positive, the increasing 

3876
03:30:41,500 --> 03:30:44,100
unwillingness to tolerate 
domestic violence for instance, 

3877
03:30:44,100 --> 03:30:47,900
or the growing recognition, that
criminal justice should serve 

3878
03:30:47,900 --> 03:30:50,100
victims rather than simply 
punish offenders. 

3879
03:30:51,300 --> 03:30:54,600
Other changes feel more 
ambiguous representing the loss 

3880
03:30:54,600 --> 03:30:57,900
of shared social norms that make
community policing simpler. 

3881
03:30:57,900 --> 03:31:02,700
Even if those Norms were always 
just, or Fair the threatening 

3882
03:31:02,700 --> 03:31:06,800
letters to the Headmaster, the 
shoplifting family, the garden 

3883
03:31:06,800 --> 03:31:10,000
Noam thieves. 
All these cases, reveal a 

3884
03:31:10,000 --> 03:31:13,200
Britain in transitional Court 
between Traditional Values and 

3885
03:31:13,208 --> 03:31:16,700
emerging Alternatives between 
the tight-knit community of the 

3886
03:31:16,708 --> 03:31:19,400
past and the more 
individualistic Society being 

3887
03:31:19,400 --> 03:31:23,500
born. 
Tom's rolling involves mediating

3888
03:31:23,500 --> 03:31:27,800
these tensions finding Justice 
that serves both lore and human 

3889
03:31:27,800 --> 03:31:31,600
complexity his reputation within
the force is evolved over 

3890
03:31:31,600 --> 03:31:35,000
decades from promising newcomer 
to Reliable veterans to 

3891
03:31:35,000 --> 03:31:38,600
unofficial mentor. 
Younger detectives seek his 

3892
03:31:38,600 --> 03:31:41,900
advice, not just about specific 
cases but about career 

3893
03:31:41,900 --> 03:31:45,800
decisions, ethical dilemmas and 
the challenge of maintaining 

3894
03:31:45,800 --> 03:31:49,400
professional objectivity, while 
remaining emotionally available 

3895
03:31:49,400 --> 03:31:53,700
to victims who need compassion. 
Tom answers these questions. 

3896
03:31:53,700 --> 03:31:57,200
As honestly as he can 
acknowledging that experience 

3897
03:31:57,200 --> 03:32:01,100
provides perspective rather than
certainty and that every 

3898
03:32:01,100 --> 03:32:03,700
detective must ultimately find 
their own path through. 

3899
03:32:03,700 --> 03:32:07,100
Moral complexity, the regular 
Friday evening gathering at the 

3900
03:32:07,108 --> 03:32:10,700
pub, near the station, and 
informal tradition involving, 

3901
03:32:10,700 --> 03:32:14,100
whoever finishes their shift 
around the same time provides 

3902
03:32:14,100 --> 03:32:16,100
space for this mentoring to 
happen naturally. 

3903
03:32:17,100 --> 03:32:21,100
Over pints of bitter and packets
of crisps detectives trade 

3904
03:32:21,100 --> 03:32:25,300
stories discuss cases. 
They can legally discuss and 

3905
03:32:25,300 --> 03:32:28,200
gradually transmit the 
accumulated wisdom that makes 

3906
03:32:28,200 --> 03:32:31,500
police work something more than 
just following procedures, Tom 

3907
03:32:31,500 --> 03:32:35,100
shares, the story of his first 
major investigation, a fatal hit

3908
03:32:35,100 --> 03:32:38,200
and run that he sold through 
patient door knocking and 

3909
03:32:38,200 --> 03:32:40,800
attention to vehicle damage. 
That most people wouldn't have 

3910
03:32:40,800 --> 03:32:43,500
noticed. 
The lesson isn't about the 

3911
03:32:43,500 --> 03:32:47,000
specific technique's, but about 
the value of thorough 

3912
03:32:47,000 --> 03:32:51,200
unglamorous work that produces 
results through accumulation 

3913
03:32:51,200 --> 03:32:55,100
rather than inspirational. 
Young detectives nodding over 

3914
03:32:55,100 --> 03:32:57,400
their drinks or absorbing, not 
just methods. 

3915
03:32:58,500 --> 03:33:01,200
Tunes and approaches to work 
that will shape their careers. 

3916
03:33:01,200 --> 03:33:04,000
For decades. 
The Britain that Tom policies is

3917
03:33:04,000 --> 03:33:07,100
a country of specific textures 
and rhythms that will largely 

3918
03:33:07,100 --> 03:33:11,900
Disappear by the next decade. 
Shops close at 5:30 and remain 

3919
03:33:11,900 --> 03:33:16,100
firmly shut on Sundays creating 
weekly cycles of activity and 

3920
03:33:16,100 --> 03:33:18,200
rest that structure community 
life. 

3921
03:33:19,100 --> 03:33:21,900
Pub servers social centers where
neighborhood business gets 

3922
03:33:21,900 --> 03:33:25,000
conducted relationships form and
dissolve. 

3923
03:33:25,000 --> 03:33:28,400
And the informal News Network 
that predates, mass media 

3924
03:33:28,400 --> 03:33:31,500
continues to flourish, the High 
Street near, the station 

3925
03:33:31,500 --> 03:33:35,900
contains a butcher, a baker, a 
green grosser, a chemist and a 

3926
03:33:35,900 --> 03:33:39,100
Woolworths that serves as a 
department store for people who 

3927
03:33:39,100 --> 03:33:41,300
can't afford actual department 
stores. 

3928
03:33:42,600 --> 03:33:45,500
Tom knows the Proprietors of 
most of these establishments, 

3929
03:33:45,500 --> 03:33:48,000
not through formal community 
policing. 

3930
03:33:48,000 --> 03:33:50,900
But through the simple fact of 
working in the same area for 

3931
03:33:50,900 --> 03:33:54,500
years, becoming a familiar 
figure whose presence provides 

3932
03:33:54,500 --> 03:33:58,000
reassurance. 
The butcher, a man named Harris.

3933
03:33:58,000 --> 03:34:00,900
Who wears a striped apron 
spotted with blood in ways, that

3934
03:34:00,900 --> 03:34:03,100
would probably violate Modern 
Health codes? 

3935
03:34:04,000 --> 03:34:07,000
Occasionally mentions customers 
whose Behavior strikes him as 

3936
03:34:07,000 --> 03:34:11,700
odd. not criminal necessarily, 
but notable Someone buying 

3937
03:34:11,700 --> 03:34:15,200
unusual quantities of meat, 
perhaps or asking strange 

3938
03:34:15,200 --> 03:34:17,000
questions about cutting 
techniques. 

3939
03:34:17,800 --> 03:34:21,300
These observations rarely lead 
anywhere, but they form part of 

3940
03:34:21,300 --> 03:34:23,900
the texture of information that 
Tom accumulates without 

3941
03:34:23,900 --> 03:34:26,900
conscious effort. 
The chemist is more useful from 

3942
03:34:26,900 --> 03:34:30,700
an investigative perspective 
since poison and pharmaceutical 

3943
03:34:30,700 --> 03:34:35,000
theft occasionally featuring 
cases the chemist maintains 

3944
03:34:35,000 --> 03:34:39,000
meticulous records of controlled
substance prescription noting 

3945
03:34:39,000 --> 03:34:42,100
any patterns that might suggest 
Doctor shopping or forged 

3946
03:34:42,100 --> 03:34:45,300
prescriptions. 
Thomas sold two separate cases, 

3947
03:34:45,300 --> 03:34:48,800
involving prescription fraud 
through information provided by 

3948
03:34:48,800 --> 03:34:52,000
this methodological slightly 
fussy man who takes his 

3949
03:34:52,000 --> 03:34:54,100
regulatory responsibilities. 
Seriously. 

3950
03:34:54,100 --> 03:34:57,900
The tea rooms were Tom sometimes
conducts in formal interviews, 

3951
03:34:57,900 --> 03:35:01,700
provide neutral territory where 
Witnesses feel less intimidated 

3952
03:35:01,700 --> 03:35:02,900
than they would at the police 
station. 

3953
03:35:04,400 --> 03:35:08,600
Over tea and biscuits served on,
mismatched China people sharing 

3954
03:35:08,600 --> 03:35:10,200
information. 
They might withhold in more 

3955
03:35:10,200 --> 03:35:13,800
formal settings, perhaps because
the domestic setting makes 

3956
03:35:13,800 --> 03:35:17,800
conversation feel social, rather
the investigative Thomas learned

3957
03:35:17,800 --> 03:35:20,700
to read the specific vocabulary 
of British class and region. 

3958
03:35:20,700 --> 03:35:24,200
Understanding that how someone 
speaks often tells you as much 

3959
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:28,000
about their background as what 
they say, A particular accent 

3960
03:35:28,000 --> 03:35:32,000
suggests specific neighborhoods,
certain word choices indicate 

3961
03:35:32,000 --> 03:35:35,700
educational level and social 
class and patterns of speech, 

3962
03:35:35,700 --> 03:35:38,300
reveal whether someone is local 
or from elsewhere. 

3963
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:42,200
This isn't profiling in any 
prejudicial sense, but rather 

3964
03:35:42,200 --> 03:35:45,600
the kind of contextual 
understanding that comes from 

3965
03:35:45,600 --> 03:35:49,200
Decades of listening carefully. 
The telephone in Tom's office 

3966
03:35:49,208 --> 03:35:51,000
rings with a particular bell 
tone. 

3967
03:35:51,000 --> 03:35:54,600
That's unique to the stations. 
Internal system different from 

3968
03:35:54,600 --> 03:35:57,700
external calls in ways that 
allow him to prepare mentally 

3969
03:35:57,700 --> 03:35:59,600
for different types of 
conversations. 

3970
03:36:00,500 --> 03:36:03,600
Internal calls usually mean, 
assignments or updates from 

3971
03:36:03,600 --> 03:36:07,800
other office's external calls 
might be Witnesses victims, 

3972
03:36:07,800 --> 03:36:11,300
informants, or occasionally 
criminals who have decided to 

3973
03:36:11,300 --> 03:36:14,900
turn themselves in through this 
specific detective rather than 

3974
03:36:14,900 --> 03:36:17,900
dealing with the front desk, 
Tom's hand writing in his 

3975
03:36:17,900 --> 03:36:21,100
notebooks has evolved over the 
years into a personal script 

3976
03:36:21,100 --> 03:36:25,000
that sufficient rather than 
elegant combining abbreviations 

3977
03:36:25,000 --> 03:36:27,800
with symbols, that would be 
nearly meaningless to anyone 

3978
03:36:27,800 --> 03:36:30,400
else. 
The notebooks themselves become 

3979
03:36:30,400 --> 03:36:33,900
physical repositories of 
investigation's occasionally 

3980
03:36:33,900 --> 03:36:37,900
consulted years later when old 
cases developed New Leads or 

3981
03:36:37,900 --> 03:36:40,900
when patterns emerged that 
connect seemingly unrelated 

3982
03:36:40,900 --> 03:36:44,300
incidents as Tom approaches the 
end of his career though he'll 

3983
03:36:44,300 --> 03:36:46,100
work several more years before 
retirement. 

3984
03:36:46,100 --> 03:36:50,200
He finds himself reflecting on 
what Justice actually means in 

3985
03:36:50,200 --> 03:36:55,000
practice rather than Theory. 
The law provides Frameworks and 

3986
03:36:55,000 --> 03:36:59,200
procedures, but individual cases
rarely fit neatly into legal 

3987
03:36:59,200 --> 03:37:02,300
categories. 
Real human behavior is Messier 

3988
03:37:02,300 --> 03:37:06,700
more complicated and more driven
by circumstance and emotion than

3989
03:37:06,700 --> 03:37:10,500
criminal codes acknowledge Theft
by the struggling mother, for 

3990
03:37:10,500 --> 03:37:13,900
instance, was clearly illegal. 
It was it truly criminal in the 

3991
03:37:13,900 --> 03:37:16,900
moral sense. 
The law says yes but Tom's 

3992
03:37:16,900 --> 03:37:21,000
conscience remains uncertain. 
He followed procedure sort of, 

3993
03:37:21,000 --> 03:37:24,800
finding a solution that 
addressed underlying problems 

3994
03:37:24,800 --> 03:37:26,500
rather than just punishing 
symptoms. 

3995
03:37:26,500 --> 03:37:30,300
Whether this represents good 
police or overstepping, his 

3996
03:37:30,300 --> 03:37:32,200
authority depends on Whose 
perspective. 

3997
03:37:32,200 --> 03:37:36,100
You adopt, the accidental death 
by the canal, followed by a 

3998
03:37:36,100 --> 03:37:39,000
panic. 
Cover-up transformed a tragic 

3999
03:37:39,000 --> 03:37:42,700
accident into criminal liability
through David Porter's, 

4000
03:37:42,700 --> 03:37:46,700
subsequent choices. 
Was Justice served by his 

4001
03:37:46,700 --> 03:37:49,500
prosecution. 
Sarah's mother seemed to think 

4002
03:37:49,500 --> 03:37:53,000
so, but her daughter remain dead
regardless of legal outcomes. 

4003
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:58,200
The community received closure, 
perhaps though the messy truth 

4004
03:37:58,200 --> 03:38:00,400
satisfied. 
Nobody's desire for simple 

4005
03:38:00,400 --> 03:38:03,000
morality. 
Even the garden known theft 

4006
03:38:03,000 --> 03:38:07,000
required, judgments about 
appropriate responses, Formal 

4007
03:38:07,000 --> 03:38:09,600
prosecution would have given 
those boys criminal records for 

4008
03:38:09,600 --> 03:38:13,100
essentially stupid pranks, 
potentially affecting their 

4009
03:38:13,100 --> 03:38:15,300
future employment, and 
educational opportunities. 

4010
03:38:16,700 --> 03:38:20,000
The informal resolution tommer 
range, probably taught them, 

4011
03:38:20,000 --> 03:38:22,500
more useful lessons, while 
avoiding disproportionate 

4012
03:38:22,500 --> 03:38:25,200
consequences. 
But it also meant different 

4013
03:38:25,200 --> 03:38:28,800
treatment based on Tom's 
judgment rather than consistent 

4014
03:38:28,800 --> 03:38:32,000
application of law. 
These ambiguities used to bother

4015
03:38:32,000 --> 03:38:35,400
Tom more than they do now. 
Experiences taught him. 

4016
03:38:35,400 --> 03:38:38,600
That Justice is a direction. 
You aim toward rather than a 

4017
03:38:38,600 --> 03:38:42,000
destination, you reach. 
That most cases involve 

4018
03:38:42,000 --> 03:38:45,100
balancing competing Goods rather
than choosing between obvious 

4019
03:38:45,100 --> 03:38:47,800
right and wrong. 
The law provides useful guard 

4020
03:38:47,800 --> 03:38:50,800
rails but the space between 
those guardrails requires human 

4021
03:38:50,800 --> 03:38:52,900
judgment that can't be reduced 
to procedure. 

4022
03:38:53,600 --> 03:38:56,100
The forensic science, he seemed 
developed during his career 

4023
03:38:56,100 --> 03:38:59,400
represents Humanity's, attempt 
to make Justice, more objective 

4024
03:38:59,400 --> 03:39:03,100
to replace subjective judgement 
with measurable facts. 

4025
03:39:04,000 --> 03:39:06,900
Blood types, fingerprints and 
fiber analysis. 

4026
03:39:06,900 --> 03:39:11,000
All these reduce uncertainty and
constraint possibilities. 

4027
03:39:11,800 --> 03:39:14,500
But they don't eliminate the 
need for human interpretation 

4028
03:39:14,500 --> 03:39:18,700
for understanding context and 
motivation or for distinguishing

4029
03:39:18,700 --> 03:39:22,900
between legal guilt and moral 
culpability, Thomas prosecuted 

4030
03:39:22,900 --> 03:39:26,100
people, he personally liked and 
felt sympathy for because they 

4031
03:39:26,100 --> 03:39:29,800
broke laws that serve important 
social purposes regardless of 

4032
03:39:29,800 --> 03:39:33,700
individual circumstances. 
He's also declined to prosecute 

4033
03:39:33,700 --> 03:39:36,700
people who were technically 
guilty, but whose prosecution 

4034
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:41,000
would serve no useful purpose. 
These decisions, haunt him 

4035
03:39:41,000 --> 03:39:44,900
sometimes late at night, when 
sleep won't come, and he refused

4036
03:39:44,900 --> 03:39:46,800
choices. 
That seemed clear at the time. 

4037
03:39:46,800 --> 03:39:50,400
But look more ambiguous in 
retrospect the victims, he 

4038
03:39:50,408 --> 03:39:54,000
served some grateful, some 
disappointed by outcomes, they 

4039
03:39:54,000 --> 03:39:57,600
couldn't control some angry that
Justice moved too slowly or 

4040
03:39:57,600 --> 03:40:01,500
incompletely, remind him. 
That police Works real lives in 

4041
03:40:01,500 --> 03:40:04,000
ways that paperwork and 
procedures can obscure. 

4042
03:40:05,400 --> 03:40:08,200
Assault case might be a 
satisfying check mark on his 

4043
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:11,200
annual review. 
But for the victim, it's the 

4044
03:40:11,200 --> 03:40:14,800
difference between closure and 
endless wandering between 

4045
03:40:14,800 --> 03:40:18,900
Vindication and abandonment. 
As you prepare for deep sleep. 

4046
03:40:18,900 --> 03:40:22,500
Or if you are already there, 
consider the detectives who 

4047
03:40:22,500 --> 03:40:24,900
worked tonight in cities across,
Britain and Beyond. 

4048
03:40:25,800 --> 03:40:29,100
People conducting investigations
with tools, that would astounds 

4049
03:40:29,100 --> 03:40:33,300
generation solving crimes 
through DNA analysis and digital

4050
03:40:33,300 --> 03:40:37,800
forensics that seem like magic 
compared to 1960s technology. 

4051
03:40:38,600 --> 03:40:42,700
Yet the fundamental work remains
unchanged paying attention 

4052
03:40:42,700 --> 03:40:46,700
asking questions and 
accumulating small faced into 

4053
03:40:46,700 --> 03:40:49,600
larger truths. 
The Mysteries, Tom investigated 

4054
03:40:49,600 --> 03:40:53,400
weren't always dramatic or 
violent many involved property 

4055
03:40:53,400 --> 03:40:57,700
rather than persons mistakes 
rather than malice and human 

4056
03:40:57,700 --> 03:41:00,100
weakness rather than calculated 
evil. 

4057
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:04,900
But each one matters to someone 
the elderly man, whose gnome 

4058
03:41:04,900 --> 03:41:08,000
connected him to his late wife, 
the mother struggling to feed 

4059
03:41:08,000 --> 03:41:11,600
her children, that Master 
receiving Anonymous threats and 

4060
03:41:11,600 --> 03:41:13,800
Sarah Mitchell's parents seeking
understanding. 

4061
03:41:13,800 --> 03:41:18,500
If not Comfort, detective work 
in the 1960s existed in a 

4062
03:41:18,500 --> 03:41:21,200
particular historical moment 
after the introduction of 

4063
03:41:21,200 --> 03:41:23,900
scientific crime-solving. 
But before, its full flowering 

4064
03:41:23,900 --> 03:41:28,400
in communities, cohesive enough 
to notice anomalies, but diverse

4065
03:41:28,400 --> 03:41:31,600
enough to generate friction 
using technology, that was 

4066
03:41:31,600 --> 03:41:35,100
revolutionary for its time, but 
primitive by our standards. 

4067
03:41:36,000 --> 03:41:38,600
Tom and his colleague's 
navigated this landscape with 

4068
03:41:38,600 --> 03:41:42,100
tools, both crude and 
sophisticated relying. 

4069
03:41:42,100 --> 03:41:45,500
On human, observation. 
Supplemented by laboratory 

4070
03:41:45,500 --> 03:41:48,500
analysis and Community 
relationships in enhanced by 

4071
03:41:48,500 --> 03:41:51,800
careful record, keeping the 
Britain, they placed his largely

4072
03:41:51,800 --> 03:41:56,200
gone now by something faster, 
more connected and less 

4073
03:41:56,200 --> 03:41:58,800
constrained by tradition and 
social hierarchies. 

4074
03:41:58,800 --> 03:42:02,200
The high streets, where Tom knew
every shopkeeper have been 

4075
03:42:02,208 --> 03:42:04,500
transformed by chain stores and 
online shopping. 

4076
03:42:05,500 --> 03:42:07,900
Close knit neighborhoods where 
everyone knew everyone else's 

4077
03:42:07,900 --> 03:42:10,800
businesses are fragmented into 
more Anonymous patterns of 

4078
03:42:10,800 --> 03:42:13,700
living. 
The deference to Authority that 

4079
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:16,400
made police work. 
Simpler has been replaced by 

4080
03:42:16,408 --> 03:42:20,400
healthier skepticism that makes 
it more accountable, but human 

4081
03:42:20,400 --> 03:42:24,200
nature, the mix of decency and 
selfishness, courage, and fear 

4082
03:42:24,200 --> 03:42:28,700
honesty and deception remains, 
remarkably constant across 

4083
03:42:28,700 --> 03:42:31,300
Generations. 
People still steal when 

4084
03:42:31,300 --> 03:42:34,600
desperate or opportunistic, 
still harm each other through 

4085
03:42:34,600 --> 03:42:38,400
passional calculation and still 
make terrible decisions that 

4086
03:42:38,400 --> 03:42:42,000
Cascade into tragedy. 
And other people still dedicate 

4087
03:42:42,000 --> 03:42:46,500
their careers to sorting through
these failures seeking truth and

4088
03:42:46,500 --> 03:42:50,400
some approximation of Justice 
Tom's Legacy isn't measured in 

4089
03:42:50,400 --> 03:42:53,800
dramatic cases or headlines. 
But in the steady accumulation 

4090
03:42:53,800 --> 03:42:59,300
of small successes crime, solved
communities served younger 

4091
03:42:59,300 --> 03:43:01,900
officers trained and victims, 
give him. 

4092
03:43:01,900 --> 03:43:05,800
What ever closure the law and 
human, limitation allow His 

4093
03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:09,700
career represents thousands of 
hours spent listening, observing

4094
03:43:09,700 --> 03:43:14,100
documenting and testifying 
always working within a system 

4095
03:43:14,100 --> 03:43:17,300
that's in perfect. 
But striving toward ideals that 

4096
03:43:17,300 --> 03:43:21,300
justify the effort, the quiet 
mysteries of 1960s, Britain 

4097
03:43:21,300 --> 03:43:25,500
garden, gnomes and threatening 
letters accidental deaths and 

4098
03:43:25,500 --> 03:43:29,300
opportunistic thefts. 
Reveal a society and transition 

4099
03:43:29,300 --> 03:43:33,600
struggling to maintain order 
while navigating rapid change. 

4100
03:43:34,400 --> 03:43:37,700
Tom's generation of detectives 
served as guides through this 

4101
03:43:37,700 --> 03:43:42,000
transition applying old wisdom, 
to New Challenges, adapting 

4102
03:43:42,000 --> 03:43:45,900
traditional methods to emerging 
circumstances and Building 

4103
03:43:45,900 --> 03:43:50,300
Bridges between the Britain that
was and the Britain, becoming as

4104
03:43:50,300 --> 03:43:53,200
you drift towards sleep, you 
might imagine Tom in his later 

4105
03:43:53,200 --> 03:43:56,300
years, retired, but still alert 
to the world around. 

4106
03:43:56,300 --> 03:43:59,700
Him still noticing 
discrepancies, and anomalies 

4107
03:43:59,700 --> 03:44:03,300
through a habit to deeply 
ingrained to abandon Perhaps he 

4108
03:44:03,308 --> 03:44:06,700
volunteers with youth programs, 
sharing stories about Justice 

4109
03:44:06,700 --> 03:44:09,700
and consequences. 
Perhaps, he simply tends his 

4110
03:44:09,708 --> 03:44:12,900
guard and finding peace and 
growing things rather than 

4111
03:44:12,900 --> 03:44:16,200
hunting people. perhaps the 
occasionally visits the old 

4112
03:44:16,200 --> 03:44:19,900
station now, updated with 
computers and modern technology 

4113
03:44:19,900 --> 03:44:23,800
and Marvels at how much has 
changed while recognizing how 

4114
03:44:23,800 --> 03:44:27,300
much Remains the Same the 
Mysteries continuing every year 

4115
03:44:27,300 --> 03:44:30,100
and every place where humans 
lived together in communities, 

4116
03:44:31,000 --> 03:44:34,900
The tools for solving them 
evolve the social context shift,

4117
03:44:34,900 --> 03:44:39,500
but the fundamental work endures
paying attention to what others,

4118
03:44:39,500 --> 03:44:44,400
Miss asking questions until 
truth emerges Seeking Justice in

4119
03:44:44,400 --> 03:44:46,400
an imperfect world that 
nonetheless demands. 

4120
03:44:46,400 --> 03:44:49,400
The effort sleep. 
Well, knowing that in the long 

4121
03:44:49,400 --> 03:44:53,100
tradition of people dedicated 
that work you've just spent time

4122
03:44:53,100 --> 03:44:55,100
with one detective ordinary 
career. 

4123
03:44:55,100 --> 03:44:58,100
In an extraordinary moment of 
British history. 

4124
03:44:58,100 --> 03:45:01,800
Tom Henley isn't famous and 
won't be remembered in history 

4125
03:45:01,800 --> 03:45:04,900
books, but represents thousands 
of professionals who served 

4126
03:45:04,900 --> 03:45:08,800
quietly and competently with 
more dedication, than glory. 

4127
03:45:08,800 --> 03:45:11,500
And perhaps that's the most 
important mystery solved 

4128
03:45:11,500 --> 03:45:14,300
tonight. 
That ordinary work, done with 

4129
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:17,600
care, and persistence creates 
the foundation of civilization 

4130
03:45:17,600 --> 03:45:21,200
itself. 
The dramatic cases capture 

4131
03:45:21,200 --> 03:45:25,200
attention but it's the patient 
unglamorous resolution of 

4132
03:45:25,200 --> 03:45:28,400
everyday Mysteries that actually
holds communities together. 

4133
03:45:34,700 --> 03:45:37,800
Picture yourself standing at the
edge of a vast Frozen plane 

4134
03:45:37,800 --> 03:45:40,000
somewhere in. 
What will one day be called 

4135
03:45:40,000 --> 03:45:43,700
Siberia? 
The year is approximately 15,000

4136
03:45:43,700 --> 03:45:46,400
BCE though. 
Calendars won't exist for 

4137
03:45:46,400 --> 03:45:49,400
thousands of years yet. 
The landscape stretches 

4138
03:45:49,400 --> 03:45:53,500
endlessly before you a rolling 
expanse, of tundra, grass, 

4139
03:45:53,500 --> 03:45:58,300
patches of snow and Scattered 
stands of Hardy pine trees. 

4140
03:45:58,300 --> 03:46:00,300
That somehow survived the brutal
cold. 

4141
03:46:01,300 --> 03:46:04,400
The air bites at your Exposed 
Skin with a sharpness that makes

4142
03:46:04,400 --> 03:46:07,700
your eyes water. 
And when you exhale your breath 

4143
03:46:07,700 --> 03:46:11,900
crystallizes, instantly in tiny 
ice particles, that drift away 

4144
03:46:11,900 --> 03:46:15,300
like miniature Stars. 
This is the place to see people 

4145
03:46:15,300 --> 03:46:18,100
the great ice age that has 
gripped. 

4146
03:46:18,100 --> 03:46:22,300
The Earth for Millennia, massive
glaciers, some more than a mile,

4147
03:46:22,300 --> 03:46:25,700
thick cover much of the northern
hemisphere. but you're not 

4148
03:46:25,700 --> 03:46:29,700
standing on Ice, you're in one 
of the Refuge Zone's the areas 

4149
03:46:29,700 --> 03:46:33,100
between the glaciers where life 
clings stubbornly to existence, 

4150
03:46:33,900 --> 03:46:35,800
The sun, hangs low on the 
horizon. 

4151
03:46:35,800 --> 03:46:38,600
Even at midday. 
Casting everything, in a 

4152
03:46:38,600 --> 03:46:41,900
peculiar amber light. 
That makes the snow Sparkle like

4153
03:46:41,900 --> 03:46:45,000
scattered diamonds. 
Clothing is a Masterwork of 

4154
03:46:45,008 --> 03:46:47,900
survival technology though. 
You wouldn't think of it that 

4155
03:46:47,900 --> 03:46:52,200
way your wrap in carefully 
prepared, animal hides reindeer 

4156
03:46:52,200 --> 03:46:55,200
primarily with the first turned 
inward for warmth. 

4157
03:46:55,200 --> 03:46:59,400
Your boots are stuffed with 
dried grass for insulation and 

4158
03:46:59,400 --> 03:47:01,800
your hands are covered in 
mittens made from the winter 

4159
03:47:01,800 --> 03:47:05,900
coat of a woolly mammoth calf. 
Every piece of clothing 

4160
03:47:05,900 --> 03:47:11,200
represents hours of work. 
Scraping tanning and sewing with

4161
03:47:11,200 --> 03:47:15,100
needles made from bird bones and
thread made from animal sinew 

4162
03:47:15,100 --> 03:47:18,100
around. 
You, the Ice Age megafauna go 

4163
03:47:18,108 --> 03:47:20,800
about their business with the 
Casual indifference of creatures

4164
03:47:20,800 --> 03:47:22,500
who've never learned to fear 
humans. 

4165
03:47:23,800 --> 03:47:26,900
Small herd of woolly, mammoths 
moves slowly across the plain 

4166
03:47:26,900 --> 03:47:30,900
about half a mile away, their 
Shaggy rust colored coat, 

4167
03:47:30,900 --> 03:47:32,800
swaying with each ponderous 
step. 

4168
03:47:33,600 --> 03:47:36,500
They're smaller than modern 
elephants, actually only about 

4169
03:47:36,500 --> 03:47:40,200
nine feet tall at the shoulder 
but they're enormous curved 

4170
03:47:40,200 --> 03:47:43,500
tusks some reaching 16 feet in 
length. 

4171
03:47:43,500 --> 03:47:47,000
Make them look like creatures 
from a fever dream, The 

4172
03:47:47,000 --> 03:47:50,900
Matriarch uses her trunk to 
sweep away snow exposing the 

4173
03:47:50,900 --> 03:47:53,500
dried grass beneath and the 
others follow. 

4174
03:47:53,500 --> 03:47:57,000
Her lead creating a scattered 
pattern of feeding spots. 

4175
03:47:57,000 --> 03:48:00,400
Across the white expanse. 
Further out, you spot a woolly 

4176
03:48:00,400 --> 03:48:03,000
rhinoceros. 
It's two horns, catching the low

4177
03:48:03,000 --> 03:48:05,400
sunlight. 
It's a solitary creature. 

4178
03:48:05,400 --> 03:48:09,200
This one methodically working 
its way across the tundra in 

4179
03:48:09,200 --> 03:48:12,700
search of the Woody shrubs it 
prefers its wool. 

4180
03:48:12,700 --> 03:48:17,200
Hangs in ragged strips not a 
sign of poor health but simply 

4181
03:48:17,200 --> 03:48:20,100
the normal appearance of an 
animal whose coat has evolved to

4182
03:48:20,100 --> 03:48:23,000
survive temperatures that would 
kill most modern mammals within 

4183
03:48:23,000 --> 03:48:27,600
hours ahead of Step by son, the 
ancestors of modern American 

4184
03:48:27,600 --> 03:48:32,100
Bison but larger with horns 
spanning six feet across grazes 

4185
03:48:32,100 --> 03:48:35,400
in the middle distance. 
The darker than the snow around 

4186
03:48:35,400 --> 03:48:39,000
them, their breath creating 
small clouds that hang in the 

4187
03:48:39,000 --> 03:48:42,800
still cold air. 
One of them pores at the ground 

4188
03:48:42,800 --> 03:48:45,800
breaking through the snow crust,
to reach the vegetation below 

4189
03:48:45,800 --> 03:48:49,600
and the sound carries clearly 
across the Frozen landscape. 

4190
03:48:50,600 --> 03:48:53,900
Sharp crack followed by the 
softer sound of ice crystals 

4191
03:48:53,900 --> 03:48:57,100
falling but it's not the 
megafauna that you're watching. 

4192
03:48:57,108 --> 03:49:00,800
Most carefully, it's the wolves.
They're everywhere in this 

4193
03:49:00,800 --> 03:49:03,300
landscape though. 
You have to know how to look for

4194
03:49:03,300 --> 03:49:06,200
them. 
Unlike the megafauna Wolves of 

4195
03:49:06,200 --> 03:49:08,000
learn to be cautious around 
humans. 

4196
03:49:08,000 --> 03:49:11,200
They're Not Afraid. 
Exactly not yet. 

4197
03:49:12,300 --> 03:49:14,500
Careful. 
You spot one. 

4198
03:49:14,500 --> 03:49:18,400
Now about 300 yards away sitting
on a small rise. 

4199
03:49:18,400 --> 03:49:22,700
It's watching the mammoth heard 
with professional interests, but

4200
03:49:22,700 --> 03:49:25,900
you noticed that it occasionally
glances in your direction too. 

4201
03:49:26,700 --> 03:49:29,900
It's coat is longer and thicker 
than the Wolves of a warmer 

4202
03:49:29,900 --> 03:49:34,100
climates a magnificent blend of 
grey black and white, that makes

4203
03:49:34,100 --> 03:49:37,700
it nearly invisible against the 
mixed landscape of snow and bare

4204
03:49:37,700 --> 03:49:40,300
ground. 
These Ice Age walls are slightly

4205
03:49:40,300 --> 03:49:42,200
larger than their modern 
descendants will be. 

4206
03:49:43,200 --> 03:49:46,800
More robust built for bringing 
down prey that outweighs them by

4207
03:49:46,800 --> 03:49:50,300
thousands of pounds. 
This particular wolf, probably 

4208
03:49:50,300 --> 03:49:54,800
weighs around 120 pounds with 
massive Jaws capable of crushing

4209
03:49:54,800 --> 03:49:57,300
bone. 
It's Amber eyes Miss. 

4210
03:49:57,300 --> 03:50:00,900
Nothing constantly scanning the 
environment for opportunity or 

4211
03:50:00,900 --> 03:50:03,300
danger. 
You're part of a small band 

4212
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:07,300
about 25 people ranging from 
infants to Elders in their 

4213
03:50:07,300 --> 03:50:11,200
forties that might sound young 
for an elder but in this world 

4214
03:50:11,200 --> 03:50:14,400
reaching 40 is an achievement 
worthy of respect. 

4215
03:50:15,300 --> 03:50:17,900
Your people have been following 
the reindeer herds for weeks now

4216
03:50:17,900 --> 03:50:21,800
and you've set up a temporary 
camp in a sheltered area where a

4217
03:50:21,800 --> 03:50:24,000
rocky outcrop provides some 
protection from the wind. 

4218
03:50:24,000 --> 03:50:27,500
The campus itself is a 
collection of sturdy structures,

4219
03:50:27,500 --> 03:50:32,100
not quite tents, not quite huts.
You've created them by setting 

4220
03:50:32,100 --> 03:50:36,300
up Frameworks of Mammoth bones 
and tusks then covering these 

4221
03:50:36,300 --> 03:50:38,300
Frameworks with layers of animal
hides. 

4222
03:50:39,200 --> 03:50:42,500
The largest structure, the 
communal dwelling uses. 

4223
03:50:42,500 --> 03:50:46,400
The skull of a mammoth as part 
of its entrance in the 

4224
03:50:46,400 --> 03:50:49,500
temperature is bearable, not 
warm, but survivable. 

4225
03:50:49,500 --> 03:50:52,400
Thanks to a carefully maintained
fire at the center. 

4226
03:50:53,400 --> 03:50:56,600
The smoke is escapes through a 
gap at the top and the highs are

4227
03:50:56,600 --> 03:50:59,500
arranged so that the wind 
doesn't blow directly inside. 

4228
03:50:59,500 --> 03:51:02,200
Your band is preparing for a 
hunt though. 

4229
03:51:02,200 --> 03:51:05,200
Preparing might be too formal a 
word. 

4230
03:51:05,900 --> 03:51:09,200
It's more like a slow practiced 
Gathering of the necessary tools

4231
03:51:09,200 --> 03:51:11,900
and people. 
Several Hunters are checking 

4232
03:51:11,908 --> 03:51:14,300
their Spears. 
Not the throwing Spears that 

4233
03:51:14,300 --> 03:51:17,300
will be invented later. 
But heavy thrusting Spears with 

4234
03:51:17,300 --> 03:51:21,700
fire hardened wooden tips or for
the lucky few precious stone 

4235
03:51:21,700 --> 03:51:24,400
points that were traded from 
another band two summers ago. 

4236
03:51:24,400 --> 03:51:27,500
One of your cousins is working 
on a new atlatl. 

4237
03:51:28,300 --> 03:51:30,700
Spear thrower, that will 
multiply the force behind a 

4238
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:32,600
throne spear. 
It's new technology. 

4239
03:51:32,600 --> 03:51:36,200
This at latter having been 
invented just a few Generations 

4240
03:51:36,200 --> 03:51:38,700
back. 
The older Hunters were skeptical

4241
03:51:38,700 --> 03:51:43,300
at first but the young people of
proven its worth Your cousin is 

4242
03:51:43,300 --> 03:51:45,300
shaping the wood with a piece of
sharp Flint. 

4243
03:51:46,100 --> 03:51:48,500
Occasionally pausing to cite 
along its length. 

4244
03:51:48,500 --> 03:51:51,000
Checking for straightness the 
Target. 

4245
03:51:51,000 --> 03:51:54,800
Today is not the mammoths, the 
two dangerous, and two large, 

4246
03:51:54,800 --> 03:51:57,900
requiring more planning, and 
more Hunters than your band. 

4247
03:51:57,900 --> 03:52:01,700
Can spare right now, instead 
you're hoping to Ambush a 

4248
03:52:01,700 --> 03:52:05,900
reindeer that strayed from its 
herd he spotted one yesterday, a

4249
03:52:05,900 --> 03:52:07,600
young buck, that seems to have 
injured. 

4250
03:52:07,600 --> 03:52:11,800
Its legs slightly in the harsh 
mathematics of Ice Age survival.

4251
03:52:11,800 --> 03:52:15,600
That slight injury marks it as 
your best chance for success. 

4252
03:52:15,600 --> 03:52:19,200
But as you move out with the 
hunting party, you notice 

4253
03:52:19,200 --> 03:52:22,100
something unusual. 
There are more wolves around the

4254
03:52:22,100 --> 03:52:25,500
normal They're keeping their 
distance, but they're definitely

4255
03:52:25,500 --> 03:52:28,300
watching. 
Count at least six of them 

4256
03:52:28,300 --> 03:52:31,200
scattered across the landscape 
in positions. 

4257
03:52:31,200 --> 03:52:34,400
That suggests, they're not 
together, not a pack but 

4258
03:52:34,400 --> 03:52:36,600
individual wolves or small 
family groups. 

4259
03:52:36,600 --> 03:52:40,600
Each pursuing their own Survival
strategy, one wolf in 

4260
03:52:40,600 --> 03:52:43,400
particular, catches your 
attention, it's smaller than the

4261
03:52:43,400 --> 03:52:45,800
others. 
With a slightly reddish tint to 

4262
03:52:45,800 --> 03:52:49,200
its grey coat. 
Unlike the other wolves which 

4263
03:52:49,200 --> 03:52:51,100
are carefully maintaining their 
distance. 

4264
03:52:51,100 --> 03:52:54,500
This one seems less concerned 
with the usual safety, 

4265
03:52:54,500 --> 03:52:58,100
protocols. 
It may be 200 yards away. 

4266
03:52:58,100 --> 03:53:02,500
Sitting calmly on its haunches, 
watching your hunting party with

4267
03:53:02,500 --> 03:53:05,800
an expression that almost looks 
curious, rather than cautious, 

4268
03:53:05,800 --> 03:53:08,500
you've seen wolves. 
Follow hunting parties before. 

4269
03:53:08,500 --> 03:53:11,900
It's not uncommon, They've 
learned that human Hunters 

4270
03:53:11,900 --> 03:53:16,800
sometimes lead behind scraps, a 
gut pile, bones and pieces of 

4271
03:53:16,800 --> 03:53:20,900
hide two damage to be useful. 
In a world where every calorie 

4272
03:53:20,900 --> 03:53:24,200
counts where a harsh, winter can
mean the difference between 

4273
03:53:24,200 --> 03:53:28,800
survival and starvation, those 
scraps represent opportunity, 

4274
03:53:28,800 --> 03:53:32,400
but this feels different somehow
this will isn't just following 

4275
03:53:32,400 --> 03:53:36,800
at a careful distance. 
It's observing learning the hunt

4276
03:53:36,800 --> 03:53:40,200
itself unfolds in the Timeless 
pattern of predator and prey. 

4277
03:53:41,000 --> 03:53:44,400
Your party spreads out moving 
slowly up wind toward where the 

4278
03:53:44,408 --> 03:53:48,100
injured reindeer was. 
Last seen the snow muffles your 

4279
03:53:48,100 --> 03:53:51,400
footsteps and you've rubbed your
cells with the leaves of 

4280
03:53:51,400 --> 03:53:55,700
aromatic plants to mask your 
human scent, the cold air helps 

4281
03:53:55,700 --> 03:53:59,800
too scent doesn't carry as well.
In extreme cold you spot the 

4282
03:53:59,800 --> 03:54:03,800
rain deer browsing in a small 
Hollow using its broad Hooves to

4283
03:54:03,800 --> 03:54:06,200
dig through the snow to reach 
the Loken beneath. 

4284
03:54:06,900 --> 03:54:09,400
His injured leg is indeed 
causing problems. 

4285
03:54:09,400 --> 03:54:12,000
You can see it. 
Favoring the other three legs. 

4286
03:54:12,000 --> 03:54:16,200
Shifting, its weight constantly.
From a distance. 

4287
03:54:16,200 --> 03:54:18,500
It might not seem like much of 
an impairment. 

4288
03:54:19,300 --> 03:54:22,100
But, you know, from experience 
that this slight imbalance will 

4289
03:54:22,100 --> 03:54:25,600
slow it to escape just enough. 
The hunters move into position 

4290
03:54:25,600 --> 03:54:28,700
with practice deficiency. 
No words are spoke in. 

4291
03:54:28,700 --> 03:54:32,800
Everyone knows their role two 
hunters will drive the reindeer 

4292
03:54:32,800 --> 03:54:35,500
toward a narrow passage between 
two large boulders. 

4293
03:54:36,300 --> 03:54:39,600
Three others, including you are 
positioned at that passage 

4294
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:44,500
Spears ready, the drive Begins 
the reindeers head snaps up and 

4295
03:54:44,500 --> 03:54:48,200
for a moment, it freezes trying 
to identify the threat, then it 

4296
03:54:48,200 --> 03:54:51,900
bolts, moving with the fluid 
Grace, that makes these animals 

4297
03:54:51,900 --> 03:54:55,300
so difficult to hunt. 
But injured leg betrays. 

4298
03:54:55,300 --> 03:54:59,500
Its slightly just a tiny hitch 
in its stride and the path of 

4299
03:54:59,500 --> 03:55:01,500
the least resistance leads it. 
Exactly. 

4300
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:02,900
Where the Hunter's knew it would
go. 

4301
03:55:03,700 --> 03:55:05,400
Toward the gap between the 
boulders. 

4302
03:55:05,400 --> 03:55:07,800
Your muscles tense as it 
approaches. 

4303
03:55:07,800 --> 03:55:12,900
Timing is everything too early 
and it will Dodge too late and 

4304
03:55:12,900 --> 03:55:16,600
it will be passed. 
You The reindeer enters the Gap 

4305
03:55:16,600 --> 03:55:19,800
and in that moment of 
constriction, three Spears 

4306
03:55:19,800 --> 03:55:24,400
thrust forward simultaneously. 
At least two find their Mark and

4307
03:55:24,400 --> 03:55:28,900
the animal stumbles then Falls. 
There's no celebrating the work 

4308
03:55:28,900 --> 03:55:31,700
has only begun. 
Within minutes, the animal is 

4309
03:55:31,700 --> 03:55:35,300
being efficiently processed, the
hide is carefully removed. 

4310
03:55:35,300 --> 03:55:38,100
It will be needed for clothing 
or shelter repairs. 

4311
03:55:39,000 --> 03:55:42,700
The meat is butchered into 
manageable pieces, the bones and

4312
03:55:42,700 --> 03:55:45,300
antlers are set aside. 
They have a dozen uses. 

4313
03:55:45,300 --> 03:55:49,100
Even the sinews are carefully 
extracted for making cordage and

4314
03:55:49,100 --> 03:55:52,200
thread and throughout this 
entire process, you're aware of 

4315
03:55:52,208 --> 03:55:55,400
the Wolves watching. 
The reddish gray, one has crept 

4316
03:55:55,400 --> 03:55:59,300
closer. 
Now, maybe 150 yards away, it 

4317
03:55:59,300 --> 03:56:02,800
sits perfectly still, but you 
can see it's nostrils, flaring 

4318
03:56:02,800 --> 03:56:06,800
centering, the fresh Blood on 
the cold air when your party is 

4319
03:56:06,800 --> 03:56:10,100
ready to head back to Camp 
carrying the butchered reindeer.

4320
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:13,700
You notice something The reddish
gray wolf hasn't left. 

4321
03:56:13,700 --> 03:56:17,100
Its following maintaining that 
same distance. 

4322
03:56:17,100 --> 03:56:20,900
Its eyes fixed knot on the meat,
you're carrying, but on the gut 

4323
03:56:20,900 --> 03:56:25,100
pile, you've left behind the 
stomach intestines and other 

4324
03:56:25,100 --> 03:56:27,500
organs that are too much trouble
to carry back. 

4325
03:56:27,500 --> 03:56:31,000
As soon as your party is about 
50 yards away, the wolf trots 

4326
03:56:31,000 --> 03:56:34,000
down to the gut pile. 
But in stead of the frenzied 

4327
03:56:34,000 --> 03:56:37,500
feeding you might expect in each
quickly and efficiently then 

4328
03:56:37,500 --> 03:56:40,900
Retreats again. 
It's being careful but less 

4329
03:56:40,900 --> 03:56:43,800
careful than the other wolves 
who haven't approached at all. 

4330
03:56:43,800 --> 03:56:48,000
Despite the easy meal that night
in the communal dwelling with 

4331
03:56:48,000 --> 03:56:50,500
the fire crackling and the wind 
howling outside. 

4332
03:56:51,400 --> 03:56:54,500
You think about that wolf? 
There was something different 

4333
03:56:54,500 --> 03:56:57,500
about it. 
A quality can't quite name. 

4334
03:56:57,500 --> 03:57:01,200
Not tameless. 
Exactly more like a willingness 

4335
03:57:01,200 --> 03:57:03,700
to cross the usual boundaries 
between species. 

4336
03:57:03,700 --> 03:57:07,300
You don't know it yet but you've
just witnessed something 

4337
03:57:07,300 --> 03:57:10,300
extraordinary. 
You've seen one of the first 

4338
03:57:10,300 --> 03:57:14,000
Tiny Steps in a relationship 
that will span Millennia that 

4339
03:57:14,000 --> 03:57:17,000
wolf with its slightly reduced 
caution. 

4340
03:57:17,000 --> 03:57:20,700
And it's observant nature is on 
the very edge of something 

4341
03:57:20,700 --> 03:57:24,700
entirely new, not just for 
wolves, but for the entire 

4342
03:57:24,700 --> 03:57:28,500
trajectory of human and animal 
life on Earth outside in the 

4343
03:57:28,508 --> 03:57:31,800
darkness, beyond the firelight, 
the wolf circles the camp at a 

4344
03:57:31,800 --> 03:57:34,900
respectful distance. 
It can smell the cooking meat 

4345
03:57:34,900 --> 03:57:38,700
can hear the human voices and 
can sense the warmth of the 

4346
03:57:38,700 --> 03:57:41,700
fire. 
And unlike every other wolf in 

4347
03:57:41,708 --> 03:57:45,900
the region, instead of moving on
to find its own prey, it settles

4348
03:57:45,900 --> 03:57:48,200
down in the snow about 100 yards
from the camp. 

4349
03:57:48,200 --> 03:57:52,400
It doesn't know why it's staying
Instinct mixed with curiosity, 

4350
03:57:52,400 --> 03:57:56,000
perhaps, or maybe just the 
simple calculus of survival. 

4351
03:57:56,000 --> 03:58:00,300
These humans mean food and in 
the harsh mathematics of the Ice

4352
03:58:00,300 --> 03:58:04,000
Age, any reliable source of 
calories is worth a slight risk.

4353
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:07,200
The Moon Rises over the Frozen 
landscape Illuminating. 

4354
03:58:07,200 --> 03:58:08,900
A world. 
That is both beautiful and 

4355
03:58:08,900 --> 03:58:11,800
brutal. 
And in that world, a small 

4356
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:14,900
changes begun. 
So subtle that no one could 

4357
03:58:14,900 --> 03:58:17,200
possibly recognize its 
significance. 

4358
03:58:17,200 --> 03:58:22,000
A wolf sits watching a human 
Camp, an inside that camp, a 

4359
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:25,100
humanizes awake. 
Thinking about wolf King the 

4360
03:58:25,100 --> 03:58:27,500
reddish gray wolf becomes 
something of a fixture over the 

4361
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:31,000
following days though, fixer 
implies more permanent than his 

4362
03:58:31,000 --> 03:58:33,700
really accurate. 
It's more like a recurring 

4363
03:58:33,700 --> 03:58:37,500
character in your daily life. 
Peering near the camp Adorn 

4364
03:58:37,500 --> 03:58:41,400
following hunting parties at a 
distance materializing around, 

4365
03:58:41,400 --> 03:58:44,800
butchering site. 
You start to recognize it not 

4366
03:58:44,800 --> 03:58:47,000
just by its coloring, but By Its
Behavior. 

4367
03:58:48,100 --> 03:58:51,300
While other wolves that scavenge
from Human kills Dart, in 

4368
03:58:51,300 --> 03:58:52,500
nervously. 
Snatch. 

4369
03:58:52,500 --> 03:58:56,300
What they can and flee this one 
moves with a peculiar 

4370
03:58:56,300 --> 03:58:58,400
confidence. 
You're not the only one who's 

4371
03:58:58,400 --> 03:59:01,500
noticed. 
One evening as your band gathers

4372
03:59:01,500 --> 03:59:05,900
around the fire, your aunt a 
woman of about 35 who survival 

4373
03:59:05,900 --> 03:59:08,800
skills, have earned her enormous
respect in the band. 

4374
03:59:09,500 --> 03:59:13,600
Mentions the wolf casually while
working a piece of reindeer hide

4375
03:59:13,600 --> 03:59:16,000
with a stone scraper. 
The red one was at the 

4376
03:59:16,008 --> 03:59:18,700
butchering site. 
Again, she says a hands never 

4377
03:59:18,700 --> 03:59:21,800
pausing in their rhythmic 
scraping motion close to them 

4378
03:59:21,800 --> 03:59:25,900
before maybe 70 Paces, your 
uncle sharpening, a spear Point 

4379
03:59:25,900 --> 03:59:30,800
grunts acknowledgment, good 
thing or bad thing, neither just

4380
03:59:30,800 --> 03:59:33,700
a thing. 
You aren't holds the hide up to 

4381
03:59:33,700 --> 03:59:35,300
the firelight checking her 
progress. 

4382
03:59:35,300 --> 03:59:39,400
It's not aggressive, never 
approaches the kills and till 

4383
03:59:39,400 --> 03:59:44,700
we're well away just interested.
This is a typical example of how

4384
03:59:44,700 --> 03:59:49,100
your people discuss, the natural
world matter of factly without a

4385
03:59:49,100 --> 03:59:51,300
tributing too much meaning but 
also without dismissing 

4386
03:59:51,300 --> 03:59:54,800
observations Every piece of 
information about animal 

4387
03:59:54,800 --> 03:59:56,800
behavior, might someday prove 
useful. 

4388
03:59:56,800 --> 04:00:00,500
So it's worth noting and 
remembering two weeks passed and

4389
04:00:00,500 --> 04:00:03,600
three. 
The Deep cold of winter begins 

4390
04:00:03,600 --> 04:00:07,200
its slow grudging transition 
towards something slightly less 

4391
04:00:07,200 --> 04:00:10,200
brutal. 
The sun's Arc across the sky 

4392
04:00:10,200 --> 04:00:12,400
grows incrementally longer each 
day. 

4393
04:00:13,300 --> 04:00:16,300
The change is subtle enough that
you might not notice it day to 

4394
04:00:16,300 --> 04:00:18,500
day, but over weeks it's 
unmistakable. 

4395
04:00:18,500 --> 04:00:21,100
Your band has remained in the 
same general area. 

4396
04:00:21,100 --> 04:00:24,000
The hunting has been decent and 
the sheltered spot. 

4397
04:00:24,000 --> 04:00:26,900
You've chosen off as good 
protection from the wind and 

4398
04:00:26,900 --> 04:00:29,700
through all of this the reddish 
gray wolf remains part of the 

4399
04:00:29,700 --> 04:00:33,400
landscape. 
You start to notice patterns The

4400
04:00:33,400 --> 04:00:36,500
wolf appears most reliably in 
the early morning shortly after 

4401
04:00:36,500 --> 04:00:39,100
Dawn and in the evening around 
dusk. 

4402
04:00:40,100 --> 04:00:43,300
During the brightest part of the
day is usually nowhere to be 

4403
04:00:43,300 --> 04:00:48,000
seen off Hunting its own prey. 
Presumably But in those liminal 

4404
04:00:48,000 --> 04:00:51,200
times, when the light is soft 
and the world, feels suspended 

4405
04:00:51,200 --> 04:00:53,100
between day and night. 
There it is. 

4406
04:00:53,100 --> 04:00:56,500
One morning, you're awake early 
than usual sitting outside the 

4407
04:00:56,500 --> 04:00:59,100
communal dwelling, and watching 
the sky like in the east. 

4408
04:01:00,100 --> 04:01:03,100
Temperature is brutally cold, 
the kind of cold. 

4409
04:01:03,100 --> 04:01:05,500
That makes the inside of your 
nostrils stick together when you

4410
04:01:05,500 --> 04:01:09,200
breathe in, but the air is 
perfectly still and Stillness 

4411
04:01:09,200 --> 04:01:12,900
makes cold more bearable. 
Everything is touched with frost

4412
04:01:12,900 --> 04:01:17,300
each blade of grass, each Stone 
outlined in crystal in white, 

4413
04:01:17,300 --> 04:01:20,700
you see the wolf emerge from 
behind a distant outcrop. 

4414
04:01:20,700 --> 04:01:24,900
Perhaps, 200 yards away, It's 
moving in that efficient ground 

4415
04:01:24,900 --> 04:01:28,000
covering Trot that wolves used 
to travel long distances. 

4416
04:01:28,000 --> 04:01:32,500
Its breath creating rhythmic 
puffs of vapor in the Frigidaire

4417
04:01:32,500 --> 04:01:37,300
then it stops sits and looks 
directly at your camp for 

4418
04:01:37,300 --> 04:01:40,300
several long minutes. 
Nothing happens the wolf sits, 

4419
04:01:40,300 --> 04:01:44,200
you sit. 
Sky continues its slow, 

4420
04:01:44,200 --> 04:01:47,300
brightening from deep blue to 
lighter Shades, the hint at the 

4421
04:01:47,308 --> 04:01:51,300
eventual arrival of the sun, 
then acting on an Impulse. 

4422
04:01:51,300 --> 04:01:54,700
You don't fully understand. 
You toss a small piece of dried 

4423
04:01:54,700 --> 04:01:56,300
meat in the wolf's general 
direction. 

4424
04:01:56,300 --> 04:02:00,800
Not close to the wall, you throw
it, maybe 30 yards out from 

4425
04:02:00,800 --> 04:02:04,400
where you're sitting leaving at 
about 170 yards from the wolf. 

4426
04:02:04,400 --> 04:02:06,800
It's more of a gesture than 
anything else. 

4427
04:02:06,800 --> 04:02:10,700
And acknowledgment of the wolf's
presence, the wolf watches, the 

4428
04:02:10,700 --> 04:02:12,800
meat Arc, through the air and 
land in the snow. 

4429
04:02:12,800 --> 04:02:15,500
It doesn't move for long 
minutes. 

4430
04:02:15,500 --> 04:02:19,100
It simply sits there eyes, 
moving between you and the meat,

4431
04:02:19,100 --> 04:02:21,800
then. 
So smoothly that you almost 

4432
04:02:21,800 --> 04:02:25,500
missed the transition. 
It stands trotted to the meat, 

4433
04:02:25,500 --> 04:02:29,800
picks it up and Retreats to its 
original distance before lying 

4434
04:02:29,800 --> 04:02:32,600
down to eat it. 
Something about this interaction

4435
04:02:32,600 --> 04:02:35,500
feels significant though. 
You couldn't explain why. 

4436
04:02:36,400 --> 04:02:38,500
It wasn't fear that made the 
wolf Retreat. 

4437
04:02:38,500 --> 04:02:42,200
It moved too calmly for that. 
It was more like an 

4438
04:02:42,200 --> 04:02:45,400
acknowledgment of boundaries a 
mutual understanding of 

4439
04:02:45,400 --> 04:02:49,500
appropriate distances, over the 
following weeks, this becomes an

4440
04:02:49,500 --> 04:02:53,000
occasional ritual, not every 
morning and not with any regular

4441
04:02:53,000 --> 04:02:55,300
schedule. 
But sometimes when you're up 

4442
04:02:55,300 --> 04:02:57,700
early, in the wolf appears, 
you'll toss it to scrap. 

4443
04:02:59,100 --> 04:03:00,900
The wolf begins to anticipate 
this. 

4444
04:03:00,900 --> 04:03:05,700
You notice that when it sees you
sitting outside at dawn, it sits

4445
04:03:05,700 --> 04:03:09,300
at a particular distance. 
No longer 200 yards but more 

4446
04:03:09,300 --> 04:03:12,900
like 150 and waits to see if 
you'll throw anything. 

4447
04:03:12,900 --> 04:03:16,500
You're not consciously, trying 
to tame the wolf that word 

4448
04:03:16,500 --> 04:03:19,400
doesn't even exist. 
In your vocabulary, you'll 

4449
04:03:19,400 --> 04:03:21,800
simply engaging in a kind of 
pragmatic Exchange. 

4450
04:03:22,600 --> 04:03:25,500
The wolf cleaned up scraps that 
would otherwise attract less 

4451
04:03:25,500 --> 04:03:30,000
desirable scavengers hyenas, for
instance, which are not only 

4452
04:03:30,000 --> 04:03:33,700
more dangerous but also much 
less Pleasant to have around in 

4453
04:03:33,700 --> 04:03:37,400
return. 
The wolf gets easy meals, it's a

4454
04:03:37,400 --> 04:03:40,800
transaction that benefits both 
parties but something else is 

4455
04:03:40,800 --> 04:03:43,100
happening, too, though. 
It's so gradual that you barely 

4456
04:03:43,100 --> 04:03:46,300
notice it. 
The wolf is becoming part of 

4457
04:03:46,300 --> 04:03:49,800
your mental landscape. 
Part of the expected patterns of

4458
04:03:49,800 --> 04:03:53,100
daily life. 
When you wake up, now you find 

4459
04:03:53,100 --> 04:03:55,000
yourself wondering if the wolf 
will be there. 

4460
04:03:56,300 --> 04:03:59,200
When you're out hunting and you 
spot it following at a distance 

4461
04:03:59,200 --> 04:04:01,900
you feel a tiny flicker of 
recognition. 

4462
04:04:02,900 --> 04:04:06,000
Not quite pleasure, but 
something like acknowledgment. 

4463
04:04:07,600 --> 04:04:11,600
Hello again, the feeling seems 
to say you're still here one day

4464
04:04:11,600 --> 04:04:14,400
during a Hunting Expedition. 
Something unusual happens. 

4465
04:04:14,400 --> 04:04:17,400
Your party is tracking a small 
herd of horses. 

4466
04:04:17,400 --> 04:04:22,300
I say horses stocky, and robust 
with thick coats that make them 

4467
04:04:22,300 --> 04:04:24,100
look almost bare like in the dim
light. 

4468
04:04:25,100 --> 04:04:28,500
Tracking has been difficult. 
The horses are wearing the wind 

4469
04:04:28,500 --> 04:04:30,700
keeps shifting and twice you've 
gotten close. 

4470
04:04:30,700 --> 04:04:34,000
So only to have the bolt at the 
last moment you're taking a 

4471
04:04:34,000 --> 04:04:36,300
brief rest. 
Assessing the situation when you

4472
04:04:36,308 --> 04:04:39,200
notice the reddish gray wolf 
about 100 yards away. 

4473
04:04:40,000 --> 04:04:42,700
Is not looking at you though. 
Is looking in the same 

4474
04:04:42,700 --> 04:04:45,500
direction, you've been heading 
toward where the horses should 

4475
04:04:45,500 --> 04:04:48,100
be, then the wolf does something
extraordinary. 

4476
04:04:48,100 --> 04:04:52,600
It moves forward about 50 yards.
Stops looks back at you then 

4477
04:04:52,600 --> 04:04:55,800
looks forward again. 
The gesture is so clear that 

4478
04:04:55,800 --> 04:04:59,000
it's almost comical this way 
this way. 

4479
04:04:59,000 --> 04:05:03,100
Now it's entirely possible that 
the wolf was simply pursuing its

4480
04:05:03,100 --> 04:05:05,900
own agenda. 
That the apparent communication 

4481
04:05:05,900 --> 04:05:09,900
was pure coincidence. but you've
survived to adulthood in the Ice

4482
04:05:09,900 --> 04:05:12,900
Age by paying attention to 
environmental cues and this 

4483
04:05:12,900 --> 04:05:17,300
feels like a cue you signal to 
the other hunters and the party 

4484
04:05:17,300 --> 04:05:19,700
adjusts, its course, slightly 
moving more. 

4485
04:05:19,700 --> 04:05:23,700
In the direction, the wolf 
indicated. 50 minutes later you 

4486
04:05:23,700 --> 04:05:27,500
find the horses in a small 
Hollow perfectly positioned for 

4487
04:05:27,500 --> 04:05:30,300
an ambush. 
The Hunt is successful and 

4488
04:05:30,300 --> 04:05:32,400
afterward. 
You make sure to leave in a 

4489
04:05:32,400 --> 04:05:34,200
specially generous portion of 
the gut pile. 

4490
04:05:34,200 --> 04:05:37,200
The wolf as usual, weights until
you're well away before 

4491
04:05:37,200 --> 04:05:40,700
approaching, but you notice that
before it starts eating, it 

4492
04:05:40,700 --> 04:05:44,300
looks towards where your party 
is heading holds that gaze for a

4493
04:05:44,300 --> 04:05:46,800
moment, then begins its meal 
again. 

4494
04:05:46,800 --> 04:05:49,900
You could dismiss this as 
meaningless wolves. 

4495
04:05:49,900 --> 04:05:53,400
Look in all directions 
frequently, but your starting to

4496
04:05:53,400 --> 04:05:56,000
suspect, that something more 
complex is happening. 

4497
04:05:56,000 --> 04:05:59,500
The wolf isn't just Scavenging 
from your kills any more. 

4498
04:05:59,500 --> 04:06:04,200
It's participating in its own 
way, in the hunting process word

4499
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:06,400
of the wolf begins to spread 
within your band. 

4500
04:06:07,400 --> 04:06:09,700
Children, especially are 
fascinated by it. 

4501
04:06:09,700 --> 04:06:11,900
They've been warned to keep 
their distance. 

4502
04:06:11,900 --> 04:06:14,900
It is. 
After all still a wild Predator 

4503
04:06:14,900 --> 04:06:18,900
perfectly capable of dangerous 
Behavior But they watch it from 

4504
04:06:18,900 --> 04:06:22,200
the safety of the camp and 
they've given it a name of sorts

4505
04:06:22,200 --> 04:06:25,900
a specific sound that they used 
to refer to it, something 

4506
04:06:25,900 --> 04:06:28,700
between a whistle and a Yip 
that's meant to approximate a 

4507
04:06:28,700 --> 04:06:30,900
wolf's vocalization. 
One of the children. 

4508
04:06:30,900 --> 04:06:35,100
A girl of about seven has become
particularly interested in the 

4509
04:06:35,100 --> 04:06:37,500
wolf. 
She's the one who most reliably 

4510
04:06:37,500 --> 04:06:41,000
spots at each day who points out
its location to anyone who 

4511
04:06:41,000 --> 04:06:44,700
listen, who saves little scraps 
from a meals to toss out toward 

4512
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:48,800
where the wolf typically sits. 
her mother allows this partly 

4513
04:06:48,800 --> 04:06:52,400
because it keeps the child 
engaged in Camp activities and 

4514
04:06:52,400 --> 04:06:56,000
partly because, well, the wolf 
doesn't seem to pose any actual 

4515
04:06:56,000 --> 04:07:00,200
threat months pass the season 
continues, its slow wheel 

4516
04:07:00,200 --> 04:07:05,100
towards Spring the days grow 
longer, the snow begins to 

4517
04:07:05,100 --> 04:07:09,600
develop a different texture, 
becoming wetter heavier and more

4518
04:07:09,600 --> 04:07:14,000
crystalline The mammoth start 
moving North following the 

4519
04:07:14,000 --> 04:07:16,700
retreating edge of the glaciers 
toward their summer feeding 

4520
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:19,800
grounds. 
The reindeer herds grow Restless

4521
04:07:19,800 --> 04:07:23,400
preparing for their own 
migrations, your band must 

4522
04:07:23,400 --> 04:07:26,100
decide whether to follow the 
herds or to stay in this region 

4523
04:07:26,100 --> 04:07:28,200
and switch to hunting the 
animals. 

4524
04:07:28,200 --> 04:07:32,000
That remain year-round bison, 
horses and the occasional 

4525
04:07:32,000 --> 04:07:35,100
Mammoth that bucks, the 
migration Trend in the end. 

4526
04:07:35,100 --> 04:07:38,400
The decision is made to stay. 
The camp is good. 

4527
04:07:38,400 --> 04:07:42,200
The hunting has been reliable 
and the effort required to pack 

4528
04:07:42,200 --> 04:07:43,800
everything and move is 
significant. 

4529
04:07:43,800 --> 04:07:48,000
The reddish gray wolf stays too.
This surprises, you slightly 

4530
04:07:48,800 --> 04:07:51,500
you'd assume the wolf was 
following the human ban because 

4531
04:07:51,500 --> 04:07:55,100
humans meant food and the major 
game herds moved on the wolf 

4532
04:07:55,100 --> 04:07:58,300
would follow them. 
But it doesn't it remains in the

4533
04:07:58,308 --> 04:08:02,400
area, hunting, its own prey. 
You occasionally, see it taking 

4534
04:08:02,400 --> 04:08:06,000
down rabbits with impressive, 
efficiency, and continuing its 

4535
04:08:06,000 --> 04:08:09,700
habit of appearing near the camp
at dawn and dusk the distance 

4536
04:08:09,700 --> 04:08:12,300
between wolves and humans 
continues to shrink 

4537
04:08:12,300 --> 04:08:16,300
incrementally. 
Not in any dramatic way, not on 

4538
04:08:16,300 --> 04:08:19,300
any single Leap Forward. 
But in tiny adjustments that 

4539
04:08:19,300 --> 04:08:23,400
accumulate over time The wolf 
now sits about 100 yards from 

4540
04:08:23,400 --> 04:08:28,300
camp in stead of 150. 
When someone tosses it food, it 

4541
04:08:28,300 --> 04:08:32,100
no longer Retreats as far before
eating When it follows hunting 

4542
04:08:32,100 --> 04:08:37,000
parties, the Gap is perhaps 75 
yards instead of 100 one, warm 

4543
04:08:37,000 --> 04:08:40,900
afternoon, genuinely warm. 
Maybe even reaching 40 degrees 

4544
04:08:40,900 --> 04:08:43,500
Fahrenheit which feels like 
summer after The Long Winter. 

4545
04:08:44,400 --> 04:08:46,400
You're working on repairing your
boots outside. 

4546
04:08:46,400 --> 04:08:49,800
The communal dwelling. 
The wolf is lying in its usual. 

4547
04:08:49,800 --> 04:08:53,200
Spot about 90 yards away, 
apparently drowsing in the Sun, 

4548
04:08:53,200 --> 04:08:56,100
a raven lands, nearby looking 
for scraps. 

4549
04:08:56,100 --> 04:08:58,900
It hops close to where you're 
working Boulders. 

4550
04:08:58,900 --> 04:09:01,800
Ravens always are cocking. 
Its head to examine you with one

4551
04:09:01,800 --> 04:09:05,100
bright eye. 
You ignore it Ravens are 

4552
04:09:05,100 --> 04:09:08,400
harmless mostly if occasionally 
annoying in their persistence, 

4553
04:09:08,400 --> 04:09:12,000
then you notice the wolf is 
watching The Raven with focused 

4554
04:09:12,000 --> 04:09:15,100
intensity. 
The wolf Rises to its feet 

4555
04:09:15,100 --> 04:09:19,100
stretches in a very dog, like 
manner, then trots toward the 

4556
04:09:19,100 --> 04:09:23,400
camp, not directly toward you, 
but on an angle that will bring 

4557
04:09:23,400 --> 04:09:26,500
it near the Raven, The Raven 
seeing the wolf approached, 

4558
04:09:26,500 --> 04:09:30,300
squawks and dignity and flaps 
away the wolf watches. 

4559
04:09:30,300 --> 04:09:32,500
It go. 
Then in stead of retreating to 

4560
04:09:32,500 --> 04:09:35,800
its usual spot, lies down, maybe
70 yards from where you're 

4561
04:09:35,800 --> 04:09:37,500
sitting. 
The message seems clear. 

4562
04:09:37,500 --> 04:09:40,200
The Raven was bothering you so I
chased it off. 

4563
04:09:40,200 --> 04:09:43,600
Now we're a bit closer than 
before but that's okay because I

4564
04:09:43,600 --> 04:09:46,400
just did you a favor. 
Again, you could argue that this

4565
04:09:46,400 --> 04:09:50,400
is anthropomorphism reading 
human motivations into animal 

4566
04:09:50,400 --> 04:09:52,600
behavior. 
But whether or not your 

4567
04:09:52,600 --> 04:09:55,800
interpretation is accurate, the 
effect is the same, the 

4568
04:09:55,800 --> 04:09:59,200
boundaries between human and 
wolf of shifted again, just 

4569
04:09:59,200 --> 04:10:03,500
slightly, just enough to notice 
that night lying in the communal

4570
04:10:03,500 --> 04:10:06,500
dwelling and listening to the 
sounds of the band settling in 

4571
04:10:06,500 --> 04:10:09,300
for sleep. 
You think about the wolf How 

4572
04:10:09,300 --> 04:10:12,900
long has this been going on now?
Six months seven. 

4573
04:10:14,100 --> 04:10:17,000
Long enough that it's strange to
remember, a time when the wolf 

4574
04:10:17,000 --> 04:10:20,000
wasn't part of the daily 
routine, you don't know what 

4575
04:10:20,000 --> 04:10:22,100
your witnessing is. 
The beginning of domestication. 

4576
04:10:22,900 --> 04:10:25,500
You have no framework for 
understanding that concept. 

4577
04:10:25,500 --> 04:10:29,500
No way to imagine that this wild
Predators great. 

4578
04:10:29,500 --> 04:10:32,500
Great grandchildren will be so 
thoroughly changed. 

4579
04:10:32,500 --> 04:10:36,400
That they'll sit obediently at 
human commands, will guard human

4580
04:10:36,400 --> 04:10:39,900
Holmes and will work alongside 
humans in a thousand different 

4581
04:10:39,900 --> 04:10:42,200
ways. 
All, you know, is that somewhere

4582
04:10:42,200 --> 04:10:45,800
out in the darkness about 90 
yards from where your lying, a 

4583
04:10:45,800 --> 04:10:47,400
wolf is curled up in the snow 
sleeping. 

4584
04:10:48,200 --> 04:10:52,200
And for reasons you can't fully 
articulate, this knowledge feels

4585
04:10:52,200 --> 04:10:55,600
comforting rather than 
threatening spring arrives, not 

4586
04:10:55,600 --> 04:10:58,300
with a bang but with a slow 
soggy whisper. 

4587
04:10:59,200 --> 04:11:02,400
Snow doesn't so much melt as 
gradually, surrendered to Mud, 

4588
04:11:02,400 --> 04:11:06,700
creating a landscape of 
startling, messiness, where 

4589
04:11:06,700 --> 04:11:08,400
everything was white and 
pristine. 

4590
04:11:08,400 --> 04:11:12,900
Now, everything is brown and wet
The rivers and streams. 

4591
04:11:12,900 --> 04:11:16,500
Frozen solid for months, begin 
to crack and groan. 

4592
04:11:16,500 --> 04:11:19,100
Their ice breaking into huge 
chunks. 

4593
04:11:19,100 --> 04:11:22,200
That pile up against the banks 
with sounds like distant 

4594
04:11:22,200 --> 04:11:24,300
Thunder. 
The world becomes louder. 

4595
04:11:25,200 --> 04:11:28,800
Birds returned from their winter
grounds to the South filling the

4596
04:11:28,800 --> 04:11:32,300
air with calls and songs. 
The small mammals that spent 

4597
04:11:32,300 --> 04:11:35,700
winter underground emerge 
blinking in the bright sunlight.

4598
04:11:36,400 --> 04:11:40,400
Everything is waking up shaking 
off, the topper of winter, and 

4599
04:11:40,400 --> 04:11:44,200
resuming the Urgent business of 
survival and reproduction, the 

4600
04:11:44,200 --> 04:11:46,300
reddish gray wolf disappears for
several weeks. 

4601
04:11:46,300 --> 04:11:49,200
And you find yourself surprised 
by how much you miss its 

4602
04:11:49,200 --> 04:11:51,900
presence. 
The camp feels less complete 

4603
04:11:51,900 --> 04:11:55,700
somehow, as if a regular element
of daily life has been removed. 

4604
04:11:56,900 --> 04:11:59,400
He catch yourself looking for 
the wolf at dawn in the evening 

4605
04:11:59,400 --> 04:12:01,600
and during hunts. 
Where is it? 

4606
04:12:01,600 --> 04:12:05,100
Is it all right? 
Has it moved on to follow some 

4607
04:12:05,100 --> 04:12:09,500
other band of humans or return 
to a fully wild existence them 

4608
04:12:09,500 --> 04:12:11,800
on morning as your carrying 
water from the stream back to 

4609
04:12:11,800 --> 04:12:12,700
Camp? 
You see it? 

4610
04:12:13,500 --> 04:12:15,500
The wolf is sitting in his usual
spot. 

4611
04:12:15,500 --> 04:12:20,600
Well, the spotted occupied two 
months ago about 100 yards from 

4612
04:12:20,600 --> 04:12:22,900
the camp But there's something 
different. 

4613
04:12:22,900 --> 04:12:26,200
The wolf looks thinner. 
It's coat rougher. 

4614
04:12:26,200 --> 04:12:30,500
And as you watch it, stands and 
stretches, and you see the 

4615
04:12:30,500 --> 04:12:33,400
elongated teats of a nursing 
mother, huh? 

4616
04:12:33,400 --> 04:12:37,000
So that's where you've been. 
You think of having puppies, the

4617
04:12:37,000 --> 04:12:40,800
wolf doesn't approach closer. 
It seems wary than before more 

4618
04:12:40,800 --> 04:12:42,600
careful about maintaining 
distance. 

4619
04:12:42,600 --> 04:12:46,900
This makes perfect sense a 
mother with dependent young has 

4620
04:12:46,900 --> 04:12:51,100
every reason to be cautious. 
You respect this new boundary 

4621
04:12:51,100 --> 04:12:54,700
making no attempt to approach, 
simply acknowledging. 

4622
04:12:54,700 --> 04:12:57,900
The wolf's returned with a 
tossed piece of dried meat over 

4623
04:12:57,900 --> 04:13:00,400
the following weeks, the wolf's 
visits become a regular, 

4624
04:13:00,400 --> 04:13:04,400
sometimes it appears at dawn 
sometimes, not, sometimes it 

4625
04:13:04,400 --> 04:13:07,600
follows the hunting parties, 
sometimes, it's nowhere to be 

4626
04:13:07,600 --> 04:13:10,600
seen for days at a time. 
You understand that it's 

4627
04:13:10,600 --> 04:13:14,200
dividing its time between its 
den, wherever that is, and the 

4628
04:13:14,208 --> 04:13:16,700
Scavenging opportunities at the 
human Camp. 

4629
04:13:16,700 --> 04:13:19,700
Then one extraordinary morning 
the wolf appears at its usual 

4630
04:13:19,700 --> 04:13:23,600
spot and its not alone. 
He count three puppies though 

4631
04:13:23,600 --> 04:13:25,200
there might be more back at the 
den. 

4632
04:13:25,800 --> 04:13:30,000
Perhaps six or seven weeks old 
past the helpless infant stage 

4633
04:13:30,000 --> 04:13:33,600
but still, clearly young with 
oversized Paws and ears that 

4634
04:13:33,600 --> 04:13:37,200
seem too big for their heads. 
Their coats are fluffier than 

4635
04:13:37,200 --> 04:13:39,700
their mothers. 
Giving them a roly poly 

4636
04:13:39,700 --> 04:13:41,400
appearance. 
That's almost comically cute. 

4637
04:13:41,400 --> 04:13:44,800
The mother wolf sits at her 
usual distance, but the puppies 

4638
04:13:44,800 --> 04:13:48,200
not yet Having learned 
appropriate caution immediately.

4639
04:13:48,200 --> 04:13:51,300
Begin to explore. 
One of them spots, something 

4640
04:13:51,300 --> 04:13:55,700
interesting, probably just an 
unusual Rock and pounces on it 

4641
04:13:55,700 --> 04:14:00,700
with exaggerated intensity. 
Another tackles its sibling and 

4642
04:14:00,700 --> 04:14:04,600
they tumble together in a blur 
of Grey fur and wagging tails. 

4643
04:14:04,600 --> 04:14:07,400
The entire human camps stops to 
watch. 

4644
04:14:07,400 --> 04:14:11,000
Even the most pragmatic adults, 
find themselves smiling at the 

4645
04:14:11,000 --> 04:14:13,500
puppies. 
Antics the children are in 

4646
04:14:13,500 --> 04:14:16,700
trance danced, sitting at the 
edge of camp and watching with 

4647
04:14:16,700 --> 04:14:20,500
barely contained excitement. 
One puppy Boulder or more 

4648
04:14:20,500 --> 04:14:22,600
Curious than its siblings 
begins. 

4649
04:14:22,600 --> 04:14:25,600
Wandering toward the camp. 
The mother wolf immediately 

4650
04:14:25,600 --> 04:14:29,200
gives a sharp bark and the puppy
freezes then Retreats but the 

4651
04:14:29,200 --> 04:14:31,900
message is clear. 
A puppy was interested in the 

4652
04:14:31,900 --> 04:14:35,300
camp, curious about the strange 
two-legged creatures. 

4653
04:14:35,300 --> 04:14:38,200
The seven year old girl, who has
been most interested in the 

4654
04:14:38,208 --> 04:14:39,400
wolf. 
Looks at her mother with 

4655
04:14:39,400 --> 04:14:41,700
pleading eyes. 
Can I give them food? 

4656
04:14:41,700 --> 04:14:46,300
Her mother considers this in the
Ice Age where survival is, never

4657
04:14:46,300 --> 04:14:50,100
guaranteed wasting food on. 
Wild animals is generally not a 

4658
04:14:50,100 --> 04:14:54,800
smart strategy but these are not
normal times and this is not a 

4659
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:58,100
normal situation. 
Finally, she nods. 

4660
04:14:58,900 --> 04:15:01,400
Small pieces, don't go any 
closer. 

4661
04:15:01,400 --> 04:15:03,600
Let them come to you if they 
want to. 

4662
04:15:03,600 --> 04:15:06,000
The girl takes a piece of dried 
meat. 

4663
04:15:06,000 --> 04:15:09,600
Breaks it into smaller bits and 
tosses them about halfway 

4664
04:15:09,600 --> 04:15:12,000
between the camp and where the 
wolf family sits. 

4665
04:15:12,600 --> 04:15:15,700
The puppy is watch the meat Arc 
through the air with intense 

4666
04:15:15,700 --> 04:15:18,600
Focus. 
As soon as the piece is land, 

4667
04:15:18,600 --> 04:15:22,100
they bound forward all caution 
forgotten in their enthusiasm, 

4668
04:15:22,100 --> 04:15:24,900
the mother wolf tenses but 
doesn't call them back. 

4669
04:15:25,700 --> 04:15:27,800
She's watching carefully 
assessing the situation. 

4670
04:15:29,000 --> 04:15:32,500
Is this dangerous? 
Are the humans a threat, the 

4671
04:15:32,500 --> 04:15:35,300
puppies, reach the meat and 
immediately begins squabbling 

4672
04:15:35,300 --> 04:15:37,600
over. 
It play fighting and growling 

4673
04:15:37,600 --> 04:15:40,900
with all the ferocity their 
Young Voices can muster which 

4674
04:15:40,900 --> 04:15:43,900
isn't much. 
They sound like tiny squeaky 

4675
04:15:43,900 --> 04:15:47,500
toys rather than Fierce and 
predators one puppy, having 

4676
04:15:47,500 --> 04:15:50,600
secured a piece of meat larger 
than it can easily eat, tries to

4677
04:15:50,608 --> 04:15:54,200
drag it back toward its mother, 
but the meat is larger than 

4678
04:15:54,200 --> 04:15:58,400
anticipated and the puppy keeps 
tripping over it, somersaulting 

4679
04:15:58,400 --> 04:16:01,400
in the mud and generally making 
a spectacle of itself. 

4680
04:16:02,500 --> 04:16:05,600
Humans watching can't help but 
laugh quiet. 

4681
04:16:05,600 --> 04:16:09,100
Laughs not wanting to startle 
the animals, but genuine 

4682
04:16:09,100 --> 04:16:12,000
Amusement nonetheless. 
The mother wolf watches all of 

4683
04:16:12,008 --> 04:16:14,200
this with what seems like 
resigned patients. 

4684
04:16:15,000 --> 04:16:17,600
Welcome to Parenthood. 
Her expression seems to say 

4685
04:16:17,600 --> 04:16:20,200
they're idiots but they're my 
idiots. 

4686
04:16:20,200 --> 04:16:24,300
This becomes a new pattern. 
Every few days, the wolf family 

4687
04:16:24,300 --> 04:16:27,000
appears near Camp, the puppies 
are gradually learning 

4688
04:16:27,000 --> 04:16:29,800
appropriate caution from their 
mother but their Natural 

4689
04:16:29,800 --> 04:16:33,000
Curiosity frequently overrides. 
Their developing survival 

4690
04:16:33,000 --> 04:16:36,200
instincts there endlessly, 
entertaining, tumbling and 

4691
04:16:36,200 --> 04:16:38,700
playing and investigating 
everything with the Boundless 

4692
04:16:38,700 --> 04:16:41,100
Energy of the young. 
The boldest puppy. 

4693
04:16:41,100 --> 04:16:44,900
You start to recognize it by 
distinctive marking, a white 

4694
04:16:44,900 --> 04:16:48,400
patch on its chest begins 
approaching closer than its 

4695
04:16:48,400 --> 04:16:50,800
siblings. 
It doesn't come all the way to 

4696
04:16:50,800 --> 04:16:55,100
the camp but it gets perhaps 50 
yards away close enough that you

4697
04:16:55,100 --> 04:16:58,300
can see its individual whiskers 
and the bright Amber of its eyes

4698
04:16:58,300 --> 04:17:01,700
one after noon, you're working 
on fashioning, a new spear shaft

4699
04:17:01,700 --> 04:17:05,500
sitting outside, the communal 
dwelling, The wolf family is in 

4700
04:17:05,500 --> 04:17:08,600
the usual spot. 
The puppy is napping in a furry 

4701
04:17:08,600 --> 04:17:10,100
pile. 
While their mother keeps watch 

4702
04:17:10,100 --> 04:17:12,900
The Bold. 
Puppy wakes up, looks around 

4703
04:17:12,900 --> 04:17:16,700
spots you and begins walking 
toward the camp, the mother 

4704
04:17:16,700 --> 04:17:19,000
notices immediately and gives a 
warning bark. 

4705
04:17:19,800 --> 04:17:23,200
The puppy stops looks back at 
its mother and then looks at 

4706
04:17:23,200 --> 04:17:25,800
you. 
You can almost see the decision 

4707
04:17:25,800 --> 04:17:27,600
making process happening in his 
young. 

4708
04:17:27,600 --> 04:17:32,100
Brain mother says stop. 
That human looks interesting, 

4709
04:17:32,100 --> 04:17:37,400
but mother says stop, but the 
puppy compromises by lying down 

4710
04:17:37,408 --> 04:17:40,600
about 60 yards away. 
Still closer than its mother 

4711
04:17:40,600 --> 04:17:42,800
would prefer but not actively 
disobeying. 

4712
04:17:43,500 --> 04:17:46,800
It watches you with intense 
Focus as you work on the spare 

4713
04:17:46,800 --> 04:17:50,500
shaft apparently fascinated, by 
the repetitive motions of your 

4714
04:17:50,500 --> 04:17:53,500
hands shaping, the wood, you 
decided to test something 

4715
04:17:53,500 --> 04:17:57,200
without making any sudden, 
movements you toss a small piece

4716
04:17:57,200 --> 04:18:00,700
of meat toward the puppy. 
Not all the way to it, but about

4717
04:18:00,700 --> 04:18:05,300
halfway between you the puppy's 
head snaps toward the meat, It 

4718
04:18:05,308 --> 04:18:09,600
looks at the meat then at its 
mother, then at you the mother 

4719
04:18:09,600 --> 04:18:13,100
wolf gives another warning bark 
but the puppy is already made it

4720
04:18:13,100 --> 04:18:16,600
to decision. 
It's slinks forward belly to the

4721
04:18:16,600 --> 04:18:19,100
ground moving carefully and 
snatches the meat. 

4722
04:18:19,900 --> 04:18:22,900
But instead of retreating all 
the way back to its mother, it 

4723
04:18:22,900 --> 04:18:26,300
only goes about 20 yards away 
before laying down to eat the 

4724
04:18:26,300 --> 04:18:30,300
boundary, just shifted again, 70
yards, became 60 yards which 

4725
04:18:30,300 --> 04:18:32,900
became 40 yards. 
You don't push it further 

4726
04:18:33,900 --> 04:18:37,400
Patience is essential here, not 
because you're consciously 

4727
04:18:37,400 --> 04:18:40,100
trying to tame this animal, but 
because you understand 

4728
04:18:40,100 --> 04:18:44,400
instinctively, that rushing will
ruin whatever understanding is 

4729
04:18:44,400 --> 04:18:46,500
developing the summer 
progresses. 

4730
04:18:47,200 --> 04:18:50,100
The puppies grow rapidly. 
There are oversized features. 

4731
04:18:50,100 --> 04:18:53,600
Gradually becoming proportional.
They're learning to hunt 

4732
04:18:53,600 --> 04:18:57,000
accompanying their mother on 
Expeditions though. 

4733
04:18:57,000 --> 04:18:58,800
They're still comically bad at 
it. 

4734
04:18:59,500 --> 04:19:02,700
You occasionally, see them 
trying to catch rabbits bounding

4735
04:19:02,700 --> 04:19:06,400
through the grass with enormous,
enthusiasm and zero technique 

4736
04:19:06,400 --> 04:19:10,000
sending their prey fleeing long 
before they get anywhere. 

4737
04:19:10,000 --> 04:19:13,800
Close the Bold puppy with the 
white chest patch continues to 

4738
04:19:13,800 --> 04:19:17,700
be the most adventurous. 
It's now regularly coming within

4739
04:19:17,700 --> 04:19:20,900
40 yards of the camp close 
enough that the children can 

4740
04:19:20,900 --> 04:19:22,300
toss it treats without much 
effort. 

4741
04:19:23,100 --> 04:19:26,000
It hasn't yet allowed anyone to 
touch it, but there's a clear 

4742
04:19:26,000 --> 04:19:28,500
sense that it might someday for 
the approach were made 

4743
04:19:28,500 --> 04:19:29,300
carefully. 
Enough. 

4744
04:19:29,300 --> 04:19:32,800
The other two puppies are more 
cautious maintaining the 

4745
04:19:32,800 --> 04:19:34,400
distance. 
Their mother seems to prefer, 

4746
04:19:34,400 --> 04:19:38,300
they'll take to tossed food but 
they are not as interested in 

4747
04:19:38,300 --> 04:19:41,800
the humans themselves their 
following the traditional wolf 

4748
04:19:41,800 --> 04:19:45,400
path, benefiting from Human 
proximity but maintaining their 

4749
04:19:45,400 --> 04:19:48,400
wild Independents, but the Bold 
one is different. 

4750
04:19:48,400 --> 04:19:52,800
It's crossing a threshold moving
into territory, that no Wolff 

4751
04:19:52,800 --> 04:19:55,500
has previously occupied not 
quite wild. 

4752
04:19:55,500 --> 04:20:00,300
Not quite tame, but something in
between a hybrid State that's 

4753
04:20:00,300 --> 04:20:04,100
being invented in real time. 
One evening as the sun sets and 

4754
04:20:04,100 --> 04:20:07,700
paints the sky in shades of 
orange and pink your sitting 

4755
04:20:07,700 --> 04:20:11,600
outside watching the day end. 
The Bold puppy is laying about 

4756
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:15,300
30 yards away. 
Also watching the sunset or 

4757
04:20:15,300 --> 04:20:18,300
possibly just resting. 
The other members of the wolf 

4758
04:20:18,300 --> 04:20:22,200
family of moved off to hunt but 
this puppy has chosen to stay 

4759
04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:24,200
near the human camp for a long 
time. 

4760
04:20:24,200 --> 04:20:28,600
Neither of you moves, You're 
simply sharing the space, two 

4761
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:32,500
different species, both watching
the same sky turn from day to 

4762
04:20:32,500 --> 04:20:34,600
night. 
It's a moment of perfect 

4763
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:38,800
peaceful coexistence not 
dramatic, not particularly 

4764
04:20:38,800 --> 04:20:42,600
significant on its own, but part
of a larger pattern that slowly 

4765
04:20:42,600 --> 04:20:45,800
quietly rewriting the rules of 
how different species can relate

4766
04:20:45,800 --> 04:20:48,300
to each other. 
A shooting star streaks across 

4767
04:20:48,300 --> 04:20:52,000
the sky bright and brief the 
puppies ears perk up. 

4768
04:20:52,008 --> 04:20:55,000
As if it heard something though,
of course, the star makes no 

4769
04:20:55,000 --> 04:20:57,500
sound. 
You find yourself wandering, 

4770
04:20:57,500 --> 04:21:01,500
what the puppy thinks of the sky
of the stars of this strange 

4771
04:21:01,500 --> 04:21:03,900
world? 
It's been born into, he'll never

4772
04:21:03,900 --> 04:21:06,200
know. 
Of course, the puppies internal 

4773
04:21:06,200 --> 04:21:09,800
life, remains a mystery. 
But in this moment, that doesn't

4774
04:21:09,800 --> 04:21:12,800
seem to matter. 
What matters is the simple fact 

4775
04:21:12,800 --> 04:21:16,400
of shared space. 
Shared time and shared 

4776
04:21:16,400 --> 04:21:19,500
existence, the stars come out 
one by one. 

4777
04:21:19,500 --> 04:21:21,500
Filling the sky with their 
Ancient Light. 

4778
04:21:22,300 --> 04:21:26,600
Somewhere in the darkness, a 
mammoth Trumpets, the sound 

4779
04:21:26,600 --> 04:21:28,900
carrying for miles across the 
still air. 

4780
04:21:29,700 --> 04:21:32,500
A puppy's ears swivel toward the
sound but it doesn't move from 

4781
04:21:32,500 --> 04:21:34,300
its spot. 
Neither do you. 

4782
04:21:34,300 --> 04:21:37,700
You sit together human and 
almost dog as the night deepens 

4783
04:21:37,700 --> 04:21:41,100
around you, the Bold puppy which
you've started thinking of as 

4784
04:21:41,100 --> 04:21:44,100
white chest reaches. 
Adolescence with all the 

4785
04:21:44,100 --> 04:21:48,600
awkwardness that implies its 
paws temporarily too large for 

4786
04:21:48,600 --> 04:21:52,300
its body, give it a clumsy. 
Gait its voice is changing 

4787
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:54,500
producing. 
Sometimes a puppy. 

4788
04:21:54,500 --> 04:21:58,200
Sometimes an adult bark and 
occasionally an embarrassing 

4789
04:21:58,200 --> 04:22:01,600
crack between the two. 
It goes through a phase where it

4790
04:22:01,600 --> 04:22:05,600
seems to trip over its own feet 
at least once per day, usually 

4791
04:22:05,600 --> 04:22:08,300
while trying to impress, the 
watching humans, with some feet 

4792
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:12,200
of athletic prowess, white chest
is now about seven months old 

4793
04:22:12,200 --> 04:22:14,600
and something remarkable as 
happened. 

4794
04:22:15,500 --> 04:22:18,600
The distance between the puppy 
and the nearest humans as shrunk

4795
04:22:18,600 --> 04:22:23,200
to about 20 yards Some mornings 
white chest is waiting near the 

4796
04:22:23,200 --> 04:22:26,600
camp when people emerge from 
their dwellings tail, whacking, 

4797
04:22:26,600 --> 04:22:29,700
and greeting that tail. 
Whacking is itself noteworthy. 

4798
04:22:30,500 --> 04:22:33,200
Adult wolves, do wag their 
tails, but usually only in 

4799
04:22:33,208 --> 04:22:37,500
specific social contexts with 
other walls. white chest wags, 

4800
04:22:37,500 --> 04:22:41,200
its tail at humans constantly 
when it sees people, when it's 

4801
04:22:41,200 --> 04:22:44,500
given food and when someone 
simply looks in its direction, 

4802
04:22:44,500 --> 04:22:48,000
it's as if the puppy is 
repurposed a wolf to Wolf social

4803
04:22:48,000 --> 04:22:51,200
signal for Wolf to human 
communication, the other two 

4804
04:22:51,200 --> 04:22:54,000
puppies from that litter are 
still around but have remained 

4805
04:22:54,000 --> 04:22:57,900
more, traditionally wolf-like 
They scavenge from Human kills. 

4806
04:22:57,900 --> 04:23:01,900
They tolerate human proximity at
reasonable distances, but they 

4807
04:23:01,900 --> 04:23:04,100
show no interest in closer 
interaction. 

4808
04:23:04,100 --> 04:23:08,100
They're becoming normal wolves. 
Following the ancient patterns 

4809
04:23:08,100 --> 04:23:11,100
of their species, but white 
chest is becoming something 

4810
04:23:11,100 --> 04:23:13,100
else. 
Entirely one brick through 

4811
04:23:13,100 --> 04:23:14,500
mourning, the seven year old 
girl. 

4812
04:23:14,500 --> 04:23:18,600
Her name in the sound, your 
language uses is something that 

4813
04:23:18,600 --> 04:23:22,200
roughly translates to Bright. 
One approaches closer to white 

4814
04:23:22,200 --> 04:23:24,100
chest than anyone has dead 
before. 

4815
04:23:25,000 --> 04:23:27,900
She's holding a particularly 
nice piece of smoked meat and 

4816
04:23:27,900 --> 04:23:31,800
she's making soft encouraging 
sounds white chest, watches her 

4817
04:23:31,800 --> 04:23:35,700
approach with intense Focus, 
every muscle is tense ready to 

4818
04:23:35,700 --> 04:23:40,100
flee, if necessary but the puppy
doesn't flee when bright one 

4819
04:23:40,100 --> 04:23:43,800
gets within about 10 yards, she 
stops kneels down to make 

4820
04:23:43,800 --> 04:23:46,900
herself less threatening and 
extends her hand with the meat 

4821
04:23:46,900 --> 04:23:49,000
for long moments. 
Nothing happens. 

4822
04:23:49,000 --> 04:23:54,100
Then moving slowly hesitantly 
white chest approaches one. 

4823
04:23:54,100 --> 04:23:57,700
Step, two steps three. 
The puppy is now close enough 

4824
04:23:57,700 --> 04:23:59,100
that bright. 
One could touch it if she 

4825
04:23:59,100 --> 04:24:02,000
reached out. 
White chest stretches, its neck 

4826
04:24:02,000 --> 04:24:05,500
forward, still keeping its body 
at a safe distance ready to 

4827
04:24:05,500 --> 04:24:08,700
bolt. 
Its nose Twitches sending them 

4828
04:24:08,700 --> 04:24:12,300
the meat. 
Then in one quick motion, it 

4829
04:24:12,300 --> 04:24:15,300
snatches the meat from Bright 
ones hand and Retreats about 

4830
04:24:15,300 --> 04:24:18,100
five yards but here's the 
remarkable part. 

4831
04:24:18,900 --> 04:24:21,900
Instead of running all the way 
back to the safe distance, white

4832
04:24:21,900 --> 04:24:25,300
chest lies down right there, 
five yards away, and each the 

4833
04:24:25,300 --> 04:24:28,000
meat while watching bright one 
with an expression that seems 

4834
04:24:28,000 --> 04:24:31,000
almost friendly, right? 
One is beaming. 

4835
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:35,700
She stays kneeling, not moving, 
not trying to push the boundary 

4836
04:24:35,700 --> 04:24:38,600
any further. 
You just watches as white chest 

4837
04:24:38,600 --> 04:24:41,500
finishes, the meat licks, its 
chops thoroughly. 

4838
04:24:41,500 --> 04:24:44,900
And then in a gesture, that 
makes bright one glass with 

4839
04:24:44,900 --> 04:24:48,000
delight yawns and stretches out 
for a nap. 

4840
04:24:48,000 --> 04:24:49,400
Right there. 
Five yards from Human. 

4841
04:24:50,300 --> 04:24:52,300
If word, spreads quickly through
the camp. 

4842
04:24:53,000 --> 04:24:54,900
People emerge from their 
dwellings to see this 

4843
04:24:54,900 --> 04:25:00,100
extraordinary sight, a wolf 
nearly full-grown now sleeping 

4844
04:25:00,100 --> 04:25:03,300
peacefully within easy spear 
throw of a human settlement. 

4845
04:25:03,300 --> 04:25:07,600
Over the following weeks, white 
chest becomes Bolder, the puppy 

4846
04:25:07,600 --> 04:25:10,300
starts following bright one 
around when she does her daily 

4847
04:25:10,300 --> 04:25:14,500
tasks collecting firewood, 
hauling water and helping 

4848
04:25:14,500 --> 04:25:17,200
prepare hide's. 
It's not always closed. 

4849
04:25:17,200 --> 04:25:21,500
Sometimes, it's 20 yards behind 
sometimes 30, but it's clearly 

4850
04:25:21,500 --> 04:25:24,900
following clearly choosing to be
near the particular human. 

4851
04:25:24,900 --> 04:25:28,600
The relationship develops, what 
you might call reciprocity, 

4852
04:25:28,600 --> 04:25:30,900
though, you have no word for 
this concept. 

4853
04:25:32,100 --> 04:25:34,100
Right. 
One shares food with white chest

4854
04:25:34,100 --> 04:25:39,400
and white chest provides 
companionship and increasingly a

4855
04:25:39,400 --> 04:25:43,400
kind of early warning system. 
The puppies ears are sharp 

4856
04:25:43,400 --> 04:25:47,300
within human ears and its nose 
is infinitely, more sensitive. 

4857
04:25:48,600 --> 04:25:51,700
When white chests attention 
suddenly focuses on something 

4858
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:54,400
distant, people have learned to 
pay attention. 

4859
04:25:55,600 --> 04:25:57,900
More than once. 
The puppies alertness has given 

4860
04:25:57,900 --> 04:26:01,200
warning of approaching animals. 
Sometimes dangerous, predators 

4861
04:26:01,200 --> 04:26:04,300
sometimes potential prey one 
afternoon. 

4862
04:26:04,300 --> 04:26:07,500
White chest is lying near where 
bright one is working on 

4863
04:26:07,508 --> 04:26:12,100
scraping hide The puppy's head 
suddenly lifts ears, pricked 

4864
04:26:12,100 --> 04:26:16,300
forward and body tense. 
It's staring intently toward a 

4865
04:26:16,300 --> 04:26:19,000
rocky outcrop about 200 yards 
away, right? 

4866
04:26:19,000 --> 04:26:21,200
One follows the puppies gaze but
sees nothing. 

4867
04:26:22,000 --> 04:26:24,500
Still, she's learned to trust 
white chess census. 

4868
04:26:25,300 --> 04:26:28,200
She calls out a warning to the 
camp and within seconds, several

4869
04:26:28,200 --> 04:26:30,900
adults emerge with spears for 
several minutes. 

4870
04:26:30,900 --> 04:26:34,600
Nothing happened. 
Then a Cave Bear a massive 

4871
04:26:34,600 --> 04:26:37,400
creature easily. 
Nine feet tall if it stood on 

4872
04:26:37,400 --> 04:26:40,800
its hind legs with a disposition
that makes modern Grizzly. 

4873
04:26:40,800 --> 04:26:43,800
Seemed friendly emerges from 
behind the rocks. 

4874
04:26:44,600 --> 04:26:48,000
It's not approaching the camp 
just passing through the area 

4875
04:26:48,000 --> 04:26:50,400
but Cave, Bears and notoriously 
unpredictable. 

4876
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:54,500
Having warning of its presence 
is the difference between safety

4877
04:26:54,500 --> 04:26:57,000
and disaster. 
The bear passes without 

4878
04:26:57,000 --> 04:27:00,700
incident, but the human's 
gratitude toward white chest is 

4879
04:27:00,700 --> 04:27:04,000
genuine Extra meter, share that 
evening. 

4880
04:27:04,000 --> 04:27:07,700
And the puppy for the first time
is allowed to sleep. 

4881
04:27:07,700 --> 04:27:11,700
Just outside the entrance to the
communal dwelling rather than at

4882
04:27:11,700 --> 04:27:15,200
its usual more distance bot 
white chest isn't the only young

4883
04:27:15,200 --> 04:27:19,000
wolf showing interest in humans 
As your band moves through its 

4884
04:27:19,000 --> 04:27:22,900
seasonal rounds, never strength 
too far from the core territory 

4885
04:27:22,900 --> 04:27:25,400
but shifting locations as 
resources. 

4886
04:27:25,400 --> 04:27:29,900
Dictate You notice other Wolves 
at different sites, particularly

4887
04:27:29,900 --> 04:27:33,600
younger ones that display 
varying levels of boldness 

4888
04:27:33,600 --> 04:27:36,100
around humans. 
Some are like white chest, 

4889
04:27:36,100 --> 04:27:40,000
actively seeking proximity 
others are somewhere in the 

4890
04:27:40,000 --> 04:27:42,200
middle. 
Not avoiding humans, but not 

4891
04:27:42,200 --> 04:27:45,900
seeking them out either. 
It's as if there's a spectrum of

4892
04:27:45,900 --> 04:27:49,100
personality types and the wolves
on the boulder, end of that 

4893
04:27:49,100 --> 04:27:52,600
spectrum of other ones who keep 
gravitating toward human camps. 

4894
04:27:52,600 --> 04:27:55,900
Your beginning to suspect, 
though, you have no framework to

4895
04:27:55,900 --> 04:27:58,900
articulate this, that some kind 
of selection is happening. 

4896
04:27:58,900 --> 04:28:02,900
The boldest walls, get the most 
access to easy food from Human 

4897
04:28:02,900 --> 04:28:05,600
scraps. 
The boldest walls of the ones 

4898
04:28:05,600 --> 04:28:08,500
learning to cooperate, however, 
Loosely with human hunting 

4899
04:28:08,500 --> 04:28:12,400
activities, the boldest wools 
are the ones, surviving best 

4900
04:28:12,400 --> 04:28:15,400
near human settlements. 
And when these bold walls 

4901
04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:18,500
eventually mate as white chest 
will in another year or so, 

4902
04:28:18,500 --> 04:28:21,300
they're likely produced 
offspring that inherit. 

4903
04:28:21,300 --> 04:28:26,400
This tendency toward boldness, 
Generation by Generation The 

4904
04:28:26,400 --> 04:28:29,400
Wolves, most comfortable around,
humans are the ones most likely 

4905
04:28:29,400 --> 04:28:32,000
to thrive. 
In this new ecological niche 

4906
04:28:32,000 --> 04:28:35,700
that humans provide. 
Meanwhile, the Shire more, 

4907
04:28:35,700 --> 04:28:38,900
traditionally wolf-like 
individuals continue to do in 

4908
04:28:38,900 --> 04:28:41,000
the vast Wilderness away from 
human settlements. 

4909
04:28:41,000 --> 04:28:43,700
They're not being replaced or 
driven out. 

4910
04:28:44,300 --> 04:28:46,400
It's just that two populations 
are slowly. 

4911
04:28:46,400 --> 04:28:50,000
Diverging one remaining purely 
wolf one. 

4912
04:28:50,000 --> 04:28:52,900
Beginning, the long journey 
toward becoming something else, 

4913
04:28:52,900 --> 04:28:55,600
white chest reaches full adult 
hood. 

4914
04:28:56,300 --> 04:28:59,400
About a year and a half old. 
Now, the puppy or awkwardness is

4915
04:28:59,400 --> 04:29:03,200
gone replaced by the lean 
efficiency of a mature predator.

4916
04:29:04,400 --> 04:29:08,800
White chest now weighs about 75 
pounds smaller than its mother, 

4917
04:29:08,800 --> 04:29:11,800
but still formidable. 
And while the wolf has clearly 

4918
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:14,000
bonded with bright, one of the 
rest of the band. 

4919
04:29:14,000 --> 04:29:16,700
It's not in any conventional 
sense. 

4920
04:29:16,700 --> 04:29:21,000
It still hunts his own prey, it 
still maintains some distance, 

4921
04:29:21,000 --> 04:29:24,400
it still makes its own decisions
about when to be near the camp 

4922
04:29:24,400 --> 04:29:27,400
and when to disappear into the 
Wilderness for days at a time, 

4923
04:29:27,400 --> 04:29:31,900
but something fundamental has 
changed when white chest returns

4924
04:29:31,900 --> 04:29:35,100
from these Wilderness. 
Excursions it greets the humans,

4925
04:29:35,100 --> 04:29:39,800
especially bright one with 
obvious, pleasure tail, wagging,

4926
04:29:39,800 --> 04:29:43,900
and body wiggling. 
In a dance of joy. when the band

4927
04:29:43,900 --> 04:29:49,100
moves Camp, white chest follows,
without hesitation, When 

4928
04:29:49,100 --> 04:29:51,000
Brightman sits by the fire in 
the evening. 

4929
04:29:51,000 --> 04:29:54,200
White chest lies nearby, close 
enough to be touched. 

4930
04:29:54,200 --> 04:29:57,700
Those still wary of sudden 
movements one evening. 

4931
04:29:57,700 --> 04:30:02,000
After a successful hunt, the 
band is in good spirits, there's

4932
04:30:02,000 --> 04:30:05,200
meter plenty and someone has 
found a wild berry bush. 

4933
04:30:05,200 --> 04:30:07,700
Still holding fruit, despite the
lateness of the season. 

4934
04:30:08,700 --> 04:30:11,100
The children are playing a game 
that involves running around the

4935
04:30:11,100 --> 04:30:15,500
camps perimeter and white chest 
joins in running, alongside them

4936
04:30:15,500 --> 04:30:18,300
with obvious enjoyment. 
The adults watch this with 

4937
04:30:18,300 --> 04:30:20,700
Expressions. 
Ranging from amazement, to a 

4938
04:30:20,700 --> 04:30:22,600
amusement to something 
approaching unease. 

4939
04:30:22,600 --> 04:30:26,000
This is unprecedented while 
predators. 

4940
04:30:26,000 --> 04:30:30,600
Don't play with human children 
but here undeniably is a wolf 

4941
04:30:30,600 --> 04:30:34,200
doing exactly that. 
Carefully without using its 

4942
04:30:34,200 --> 04:30:37,000
teeth. 
Even in play fighting adjusting 

4943
04:30:37,000 --> 04:30:40,800
its strength, to accommodate the
smaller weaker, humans, bright 

4944
04:30:40,800 --> 04:30:43,200
ones, mother watches, her 
daughter and white chess playing

4945
04:30:43,200 --> 04:30:46,600
together and she has a thought 
that she'll later try to express

4946
04:30:46,600 --> 04:30:49,300
to her partner though. 
The language doesn't quite have 

4947
04:30:49,300 --> 04:30:53,400
the words for it yet. something 
like, we're watching something 

4948
04:30:53,400 --> 04:30:57,900
new being born, not just this 
wolf, but the idea of wolves and

4949
04:30:57,900 --> 04:31:01,700
humans together, What we're 
seeing isn't just unusual. 

4950
04:31:01,700 --> 04:31:04,500
It's never happened before. 
In all of history. 

4951
04:31:04,500 --> 04:31:07,600
She's right though. 
She doesn't know how right. 

4952
04:31:08,300 --> 04:31:10,900
She doesn't know that tens of 
thousands of years in the future

4953
04:31:10,900 --> 04:31:13,800
humans will live alongside 
millions of descendants of 

4954
04:31:13,800 --> 04:31:17,100
wolves like white chest. 
She doesn't know that these 

4955
04:31:17,100 --> 04:31:19,300
descendants will come in 
bewildering variety. 

4956
04:31:20,200 --> 04:31:24,400
Tiny ones that fit in a pocket. 
Huge ones that stand taller than

4957
04:31:24,400 --> 04:31:28,100
wolves ever did. 
Some bred for hunting, some for 

4958
04:31:28,100 --> 04:31:30,600
guarding, and some simply for 
companionship. 

4959
04:31:31,600 --> 04:31:34,000
She doesn't know that. 
Humans will develop complex, 

4960
04:31:34,000 --> 04:31:37,200
emotional bonds, with these 
animals, treating them as family

4961
04:31:37,200 --> 04:31:41,200
members morning their deaths and
celebrating their lives. 

4962
04:31:41,200 --> 04:31:44,800
All she knows is that right now.
In this moment, her daughter is 

4963
04:31:44,800 --> 04:31:48,400
playing with a wolf and both of 
them are clearly absolutely 

4964
04:31:48,400 --> 04:31:51,900
happy. 
A fire crackles the Stars wheel 

4965
04:31:51,900 --> 04:31:54,900
overhead in their Eternal 
patterns, a cool breeze. 

4966
04:31:54,900 --> 04:31:58,300
Brings the center of the 
distance Pines and in this small

4967
04:31:58,300 --> 04:32:00,200
corner of the vast Ice Age 
world. 

4968
04:32:00,200 --> 04:32:04,300
Something impossible has become 
possible like chess stops 

4969
04:32:04,300 --> 04:32:07,900
running sits down to catch. 
Its breath and bright one. 

4970
04:32:07,900 --> 04:32:10,500
Impulsively reaches out to touch
the top of the wolf's head. 

4971
04:32:11,500 --> 04:32:15,700
White chest goes very still, 
this is the first time, a human 

4972
04:32:15,700 --> 04:32:19,400
has directly touched it. 
For a moment, the outcome could 

4973
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:22,200
go either way. 
Then white chest leans, into the

4974
04:32:22,200 --> 04:32:25,700
touch just slightly and bright. 
One begins, gently scratching 

4975
04:32:25,700 --> 04:32:29,100
behind the wolf's ears, white 
chest, size clothes, in 

4976
04:32:29,100 --> 04:32:31,800
contentment. 
One back leg starts, twitching 

4977
04:32:31,800 --> 04:32:34,600
and voluntarily the way dogs 
legs will twitch. 

4978
04:32:34,600 --> 04:32:37,900
When you find just the right 
spot, the bridge between species

4979
04:32:37,900 --> 04:32:40,600
has been crossed. 
There's no going back. 

4980
04:32:40,600 --> 04:32:43,600
Now, three years of pasts and 
white chest. 

4981
04:32:43,600 --> 04:32:46,500
First ventured close to the 
human Camp as a bold puppy. 

4982
04:32:46,500 --> 04:32:50,300
The wolf though increasingly it 
seems incorrect to call it. 

4983
04:32:50,300 --> 04:32:54,700
Simply a wolf is now a mature 
adult fully integrated into the 

4984
04:32:54,700 --> 04:32:58,500
daily life of your band. 
White chest has become for lack 

4985
04:32:58,500 --> 04:33:01,000
of a better term. 
A member of the family, the 

4986
04:33:01,000 --> 04:33:04,700
wolf's daily routine mirrors. 
The humans own rhythms white, 

4987
04:33:04,700 --> 04:33:08,400
chess sleeps, near the camp 
entrance at night often beside 

4988
04:33:08,400 --> 04:33:12,099
bright, one sleeping area. 
In the morning, the wolf of 

4989
04:33:12,099 --> 04:33:15,800
company is whoever goes to fetch
water, trotting alongside them 

4990
04:33:15,800 --> 04:33:19,900
investigating, interesting 
smells and occasionally pausing 

4991
04:33:19,900 --> 04:33:24,099
to Mark territory. 
During the day, white chest, 

4992
04:33:24,099 --> 04:33:27,700
often joined hunting parties and
this is where the relationship 

4993
04:33:27,700 --> 04:33:30,200
has evolved into something truly
remarkable. 

4994
04:33:30,200 --> 04:33:34,000
White chest has learned to 
actively participate in Hunts. 

4995
04:33:34,000 --> 04:33:36,808
The wolf understands somehow 
what the humans are trying to 

4996
04:33:36,815 --> 04:33:39,300
do. 
When the hunting party is 

4997
04:33:39,300 --> 04:33:43,099
stalking prey, white chest 
remains silent and stays down 

4998
04:33:43,099 --> 04:33:46,900
wind When it's time to drive 
game, toward waiting Hunters, 

4999
04:33:46,900 --> 04:33:51,200
white chest helps with the drive
barking and lunging to push the 

5000
04:33:51,200 --> 04:33:55,800
animals in the right direction. 
And critically white chest has 

5001
04:33:55,800 --> 04:33:58,700
learned to wait for its share of
the kill rather than trying to 

5002
04:33:58,700 --> 04:34:01,800
claim it immediately. 
This cooperation isn't perfect 

5003
04:34:01,800 --> 04:34:06,300
like chest is still a predator 
with predator instincts and 

5004
04:34:06,300 --> 04:34:08,599
occasionally those instincts 
override training. 

5005
04:34:09,599 --> 04:34:12,700
Once during a particularly 
exciting Chase of a wounded by 

5006
04:34:12,700 --> 04:34:16,900
bison, white chest became over 
eager, and darted into early 

5007
04:34:16,900 --> 04:34:18,900
nearly getting trampled for the 
trouble. 

5008
04:34:19,700 --> 04:34:21,200
The wolf learned from this 
mistake. 

5009
04:34:22,200 --> 04:34:26,400
Painfully limping for several 
days afterward but learned 

5010
04:34:26,400 --> 04:34:30,300
nonetheless the humans hunting 
success rate has noticeably 

5011
04:34:30,300 --> 04:34:32,300
improved with white chest 
participation. 

5012
04:34:33,200 --> 04:34:36,599
The wolf Superior senses, help 
locate prey, that humanized 

5013
04:34:36,599 --> 04:34:40,500
would miss. white chess 
presence, make some prey animals

5014
04:34:40,500 --> 04:34:43,900
nervous, causing them to move in
ways that make them easier for 

5015
04:34:43,900 --> 04:34:47,300
human Hunters to predict And 
occasionally when hunting 

5016
04:34:47,300 --> 04:34:51,200
smaller game like rabbits or 
foxes white chest makes kills 

5017
04:34:51,200 --> 04:34:54,300
entirely independently and 
shares them with the band, 

5018
04:34:54,300 --> 04:34:58,200
particularly with bright one. 
But it's not just practical 

5019
04:34:58,200 --> 04:34:59,900
benefits that Define this 
relationship. 

5020
04:34:59,900 --> 04:35:04,300
There's genuine affection here, 
genuine companionship. 

5021
04:35:05,099 --> 04:35:07,000
Bright one. 
Now, approaching 11 years old, 

5022
04:35:07,000 --> 04:35:11,000
has formed a bond with white 
chest that goes beyond utility. 

5023
04:35:11,800 --> 04:35:16,400
The wolf is a constant 
companion, her Playmate and her 

5024
04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:20,900
confidence. 
When bright one is sad and life 

5025
04:35:20,900 --> 04:35:23,000
in the Ice. 
Age provides plenty of reasons 

5026
04:35:23,000 --> 04:35:25,900
for sadness. 
White chess seems to sense it 

5027
04:35:25,900 --> 04:35:29,099
pressing close offering physical
Comfort. 

5028
04:35:29,099 --> 04:35:34,000
One, particularly hard, winter 
food, becomes scarce, the band 

5029
04:35:34,000 --> 04:35:37,800
stored supplies run low and 
several difficult weeks passed 

5030
04:35:37,800 --> 04:35:41,099
where everyone is hungry. 
Most of the time, During this 

5031
04:35:41,099 --> 04:35:45,300
period, white chest continues to
hunt independently and brings 

5032
04:35:45,300 --> 04:35:46,400
back. 
Small game. 

5033
04:35:46,400 --> 04:35:51,300
Rabbits Birds even wants a fox 
and leaves this food near 

5034
04:35:51,300 --> 04:35:55,300
Brighton sleeping area. the wolf
is choosing to share food with a

5035
04:35:55,308 --> 04:36:00,599
human even when food is scarce, 
This behavior is so unusual. 

5036
04:36:00,599 --> 04:36:05,099
So contrary to normal Predator 
behavior that it's immense, 

5037
04:36:05,099 --> 04:36:07,200
white chest status within the 
band. 

5038
04:36:08,000 --> 04:36:09,700
This is not just a useful 
animal. 

5039
04:36:09,700 --> 04:36:13,400
This is family, white chest, 
isn't the only wolf showing this

5040
04:36:13,400 --> 04:36:15,700
new pattern of behavior over 
these. 

5041
04:36:15,700 --> 04:36:17,700
Three years. 
Several other young wolves. 

5042
04:36:17,700 --> 04:36:19,900
Have attached themselves to the 
band though. 

5043
04:36:19,900 --> 04:36:21,500
None as completely, as white 
chest. 

5044
04:36:22,400 --> 04:36:26,000
There's a larger Shaggy that the
hunters called gray shoulder, 

5045
04:36:26,000 --> 04:36:29,500
who primarily accompanies 
hunting parties, but keeps more 

5046
04:36:29,500 --> 04:36:33,400
distant than white chest. 
Does There's a younger female 

5047
04:36:33,400 --> 04:36:35,800
with unusual pale coloring light
coat. 

5048
04:36:35,800 --> 04:36:39,000
Seems most interested in staying
near the camp, and getting 

5049
04:36:39,000 --> 04:36:42,700
handouts showing little interest
in hunting, these different 

5050
04:36:42,700 --> 04:36:46,000
rules display, different 
personality traits, different 

5051
04:36:46,000 --> 04:36:49,099
preferences, and different 
degrees of integration with 

5052
04:36:49,099 --> 04:36:52,599
human society. 
It's becoming clear that not all

5053
04:36:52,599 --> 04:36:54,599
wolves, who associate with 
humans do. 

5054
04:36:54,599 --> 04:36:58,400
So in the same way, some are 
primarily interested in food. 

5055
04:36:59,300 --> 04:37:02,700
Some seem to Crave 
companionship, some appear to 

5056
04:37:02,700 --> 04:37:07,200
enjoy the Co-operative hunting. 
Each wolf is an individual, with

5057
04:37:07,200 --> 04:37:10,099
its own motivations and 
temperament gray shoulder. 

5058
04:37:10,099 --> 04:37:13,300
For instance, is all business, 
the wolf shows up when there's 

5059
04:37:13,300 --> 04:37:16,700
hunting to be done participates 
efficiently, takes its share of 

5060
04:37:16,707 --> 04:37:19,700
the kill and then often 
disappears for days at a time, 

5061
04:37:19,707 --> 04:37:23,500
there's no tail wagging know, 
playing with children and no 

5062
04:37:23,500 --> 04:37:27,000
sleeping near the camp. 
But grey shoulders reliable. 

5063
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,500
When the hunting party sets out 
they can usually count on Gray 

5064
04:37:30,500 --> 04:37:34,300
shoulder appearing within a few 
hours ready to work like coat. 

5065
04:37:34,300 --> 04:37:37,300
Conversely seems to have no 
interest in hunting whatsoever, 

5066
04:37:38,099 --> 04:37:42,099
This wolf has perfected, the art
of looking pathetic, sitting at 

5067
04:37:42,108 --> 04:37:46,000
the edge of camp with big sad 
eyes until someone takes pity 

5068
04:37:46,000 --> 04:37:47,200
and tosses. 
It food. 

5069
04:37:48,500 --> 04:37:51,400
Like coat is gentle enough that 
even the smallest children can 

5070
04:37:51,400 --> 04:37:55,200
approach it safely and the Wolf 
seems to enjoy being petted and 

5071
04:37:55,200 --> 04:37:59,000
fussed over. 
Wolves could purr like coat 

5072
04:37:59,000 --> 04:38:02,500
would per constantly the variety
in these walls. 

5073
04:38:02,500 --> 04:38:04,800
Behaviors is teaching your band 
something important. 

5074
04:38:05,800 --> 04:38:08,900
These animals are not all the 
same, they have personalities 

5075
04:38:08,900 --> 04:38:13,099
preferences and individual 
quirks. this seems obvious now 

5076
04:38:13,099 --> 04:38:17,000
but it's actually a significant 
shift in thinking Previously, 

5077
04:38:17,000 --> 04:38:20,200
wolves were viewed as a 
category, dangerous, predators 

5078
04:38:20,200 --> 04:38:24,000
to be avoided or killed. 
Now, they're being seen as 

5079
04:38:24,000 --> 04:38:26,700
individuals. 
This one is friendly. 

5080
04:38:26,700 --> 04:38:30,099
That one is shy. 
This one is a good Hunter, and 

5081
04:38:30,099 --> 04:38:32,500
that one is lazy. 
But sweet natured. 

5082
04:38:32,500 --> 04:38:37,099
One spring, white chest 
disappears for several weeks at 

5083
04:38:37,099 --> 04:38:38,700
first. 
No one is particularly 

5084
04:38:38,700 --> 04:38:41,400
concerned. 
The wolf has always come and 

5085
04:38:41,400 --> 04:38:44,700
gone as it pleased. 
But as the day stretch into 

5086
04:38:44,700 --> 04:38:47,800
weeks bright one becomes 
increasingly worried. 

5087
04:38:48,700 --> 04:38:50,200
As something happened to white 
chest. 

5088
04:38:50,900 --> 04:38:55,000
As the wolf been injured killed 
by a larger predator or fallen 

5089
04:38:55,000 --> 04:38:57,599
through thin ice. 
Then one more morning, white 

5090
04:38:57,599 --> 04:39:00,200
chest returns. 
And it's immediately obvious 

5091
04:39:00,200 --> 04:39:03,800
what's been happening. the wolf 
is accompanied by four puppies, 

5092
04:39:03,800 --> 04:39:08,000
about six weeks, old tumbling 
and playing and exploring 

5093
04:39:08,000 --> 04:39:11,599
everything with that particular,
Fearless curiosity of the very 

5094
04:39:11,599 --> 04:39:15,800
young, the band is astonished 
white chest has reproduced. 

5095
04:39:15,800 --> 04:39:17,900
Of course, it has that what 
animals do? 

5096
04:39:17,900 --> 04:39:21,500
But his chosen to bring its 
Offspring to the human Camp 

5097
04:39:21,500 --> 04:39:25,099
rather than keeping them safely 
hidden in a den somewhere far 

5098
04:39:25,099 --> 04:39:27,700
away. 
This decision speaks volumes 

5099
04:39:27,700 --> 04:39:30,000
about how white chest views, the
relationship with humans. 

5100
04:39:30,900 --> 04:39:33,400
The camp isn't just a food 
source or a casual Association 

5101
04:39:33,400 --> 04:39:35,800
its home. 
It's packed. 

5102
04:39:35,800 --> 04:39:38,700
It's the place where white chest
wants to raise its young. 

5103
04:39:38,700 --> 04:39:42,300
The puppies are a mixture of 
traits, two of them. 

5104
04:39:42,300 --> 04:39:45,900
Look, almost exactly like 
traditional wolves with typical 

5105
04:39:45,900 --> 04:39:50,300
coloring and build but one puppy
is smaller with softer features 

5106
04:39:50,300 --> 04:39:53,200
and a coat that slightly curlier
than normal. 

5107
04:39:53,200 --> 04:39:58,200
And one puppy has distinctive 
markings a white tip tail and a 

5108
04:39:58,208 --> 04:40:01,300
blaze of white down its face. 
That make it look quite 

5109
04:40:01,300 --> 04:40:04,800
different from any wolf you've 
ever seen these puppies have 

5110
04:40:04,800 --> 04:40:07,200
never experienced the wild the 
way their parent did. 

5111
04:40:07,900 --> 04:40:10,600
From their earliest memories, 
humans are simply part of the 

5112
04:40:10,600 --> 04:40:13,100
landscape. 
No more frightening than trees 

5113
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:15,700
or rocks. 
They approach people with no 

5114
04:40:15,700 --> 04:40:19,600
hesitation investigate 
everything, fearlessly and 

5115
04:40:19,600 --> 04:40:22,500
quickly, work out, that humans 
are an excellent source of food 

5116
04:40:22,500 --> 04:40:27,100
and entertainment, right? 
One is Enchanted She spent hours

5117
04:40:27,100 --> 04:40:29,900
playing with the puppies, 
teaching, them simple games and 

5118
04:40:29,900 --> 04:40:31,400
getting them accustomed to being
handled. 

5119
04:40:32,600 --> 04:40:36,400
One puppy in particular, the 
small one with the curly coat 

5120
04:40:36,400 --> 04:40:40,200
becomes a specially attached to 
Bright one following her 

5121
04:40:40,200 --> 04:40:43,800
everywhere sleeping curled 
against her at night, the band 

5122
04:40:43,800 --> 04:40:47,300
decides to call the puppy curl, 
for obvious reasons, and curl 

5123
04:40:47,300 --> 04:40:50,000
represents something even more 
significant than white chest 

5124
04:40:50,000 --> 04:40:52,800
did. 
White chest was a wild wolf that

5125
04:40:52,800 --> 04:40:56,500
chose to associate with humans. 
Curl is being raised from birth 

5126
04:40:56,500 --> 04:41:00,200
as part of a human family. 
Curl will never know, a purely 

5127
04:41:00,200 --> 04:41:04,000
wild existence curl is in 
essence, the first truly 

5128
04:41:04,000 --> 04:41:07,200
domestic dog even though that 
word won't exist for thousands 

5129
04:41:07,200 --> 04:41:10,100
of years yet. 
As curl grows the differences 

5130
04:41:10,100 --> 04:41:12,100
from a traditional wolf become 
more pronounced. 

5131
04:41:13,200 --> 04:41:16,800
Curl is smaller than a full wolf
with shorter legs and a more 

5132
04:41:16,808 --> 04:41:19,300
rounded skulls ears. 
Don't stand up. 

5133
04:41:19,300 --> 04:41:23,200
Quite as a directly curls tail, 
curls, over its back in a way, 

5134
04:41:23,200 --> 04:41:25,800
that would be considered a full 
in a wolf, but is somehow 

5135
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:29,500
Charming in this context and 
curls, temperament is gentler 

5136
04:41:29,500 --> 04:41:32,200
and more tractable than any 
Wolf's curl. 

5137
04:41:32,200 --> 04:41:34,200
Never goes through the 
Adolescent period of testing 

5138
04:41:34,200 --> 04:41:37,200
boundaries, and asserting 
Independence that wolves 

5139
04:41:37,200 --> 04:41:41,000
typically experience. 
Curl simply accepts, human 

5140
04:41:41,000 --> 04:41:45,500
authority as natural, and right?
When bright one gives curl a 

5141
04:41:45,500 --> 04:41:51,300
command sit, stay calm, curler 
Bays with eager enthusiasm. 

5142
04:41:52,300 --> 04:41:55,900
Not because curls punishment, 
but because pleasing bright one 

5143
04:41:55,900 --> 04:41:57,900
is curled primary motivation in 
life. 

5144
04:41:57,900 --> 04:42:01,900
This eager to please quality is 
something new Under the Sun. 

5145
04:42:01,900 --> 04:42:05,900
Wolves can be trained to an 
extent but their cooperation 

5146
04:42:05,900 --> 04:42:09,200
always feels like a negotiation 
a transaction. 

5147
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:12,800
Curls, obedience feels more like
devotion. 

5148
04:42:12,800 --> 04:42:16,900
It's the key difference between 
a tamed wolf and a truly 

5149
04:42:16,900 --> 04:42:19,400
domestic dog. 
Other puppies, from White 

5150
04:42:19,400 --> 04:42:22,300
chests, litter show, varying 
degrees of this new temperament.

5151
04:42:23,000 --> 04:42:26,900
One is almost indistinguishable 
from a wild wolf eventually 

5152
04:42:26,900 --> 04:42:28,900
leaving the band to live 
independently. 

5153
04:42:29,700 --> 04:42:32,800
Two are intermediate friendly 
with humans but retaining 

5154
04:42:32,800 --> 04:42:36,700
significant Independence, but 
curl is fully completely 

5155
04:42:36,700 --> 04:42:39,100
domestic. 
The band begins to see the 

5156
04:42:39,100 --> 04:42:43,300
possibilities. if wolves can be 
raised to be this Cooperative, 

5157
04:42:43,300 --> 04:42:47,100
this helpful, this 
companionable, then, perhaps 

5158
04:42:47,100 --> 04:42:51,000
this relationship could be 
deliberately cultivated Perhaps 

5159
04:42:51,000 --> 04:42:53,800
when white chest or one of the 
other wolves has another litter,

5160
04:42:53,800 --> 04:42:56,200
the band could keep the 
friendliest puppies and 

5161
04:42:56,200 --> 04:42:58,300
encourage them to mate with 
other friendly wolves. 

5162
04:42:58,300 --> 04:43:01,300
This thought represents the 
beginning of conscience 

5163
04:43:01,300 --> 04:43:04,400
selection. 
Not just accepting wolves that 

5164
04:43:04,400 --> 04:43:08,000
happen to be bold enough to 
approach humans but actively 

5165
04:43:08,000 --> 04:43:11,200
choosing which wolves to keep 
and breed based on desirable 

5166
04:43:11,200 --> 04:43:14,200
traits. 
The shift from passive 

5167
04:43:14,200 --> 04:43:17,900
acceptance of a phenomenon to 
active participation in shaping 

5168
04:43:17,900 --> 04:43:21,800
it, you don't know that your 
inventing animal husbandry, you 

5169
04:43:21,800 --> 04:43:23,800
don't know that. 
The same process will eventually

5170
04:43:23,800 --> 04:43:28,000
be applied to Wild sheep. 
Wild cattle, and wild horses. 

5171
04:43:28,000 --> 04:43:32,000
Transforming them all into 
domestic animals, you don't even

5172
04:43:32,000 --> 04:43:34,300
really know that what you're 
doing is revolutionary. 

5173
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:37,200
You just know that having curl 
around makes life better. 

5174
04:43:38,100 --> 04:43:41,900
The puppy is cheerful, 
affectionate helpful in its 

5175
04:43:41,900 --> 04:43:45,500
small ways and brings Joy to the
entire band. 

5176
04:43:46,900 --> 04:43:49,000
When you're working on a 
difficult task and getting 

5177
04:43:49,000 --> 04:43:53,600
frustrated, curl seems to sense 
it and comes over tail. 

5178
04:43:53,600 --> 04:43:56,500
Wagging inviting you to take a 
break and play. 

5179
04:43:57,600 --> 04:44:00,400
When the camp is quiet and 
everyone is feeling the weight 

5180
04:44:00,400 --> 04:44:03,700
of survivals. 
Constant demands curl does 

5181
04:44:03,700 --> 04:44:06,100
something silly. 
Chasing its own tail. 

5182
04:44:06,100 --> 04:44:10,100
Play bowing to a shadow barking 
at a butterfly and makes 

5183
04:44:10,100 --> 04:44:13,900
everyone laugh. 
Life in the ice ages hard, it's 

5184
04:44:13,900 --> 04:44:15,600
dangerous. 
It's unpredictable. 

5185
04:44:16,800 --> 04:44:19,900
But with a curly coated, little 
dog curled up against you at 

5186
04:44:19,900 --> 04:44:24,200
night, with a wolf dog, bringing
you fresh killed rabbits with a 

5187
04:44:24,200 --> 04:44:27,100
gentle pale wolf accepting 
scratches from your children. 

5188
04:44:27,100 --> 04:44:31,100
Some of that hardness feels a 
bit more bearable, the sun sets 

5189
04:44:31,100 --> 04:44:33,700
over the tundra, painting 
everything in shades of gold and

5190
04:44:33,700 --> 04:44:36,400
Amber. 
Like chess sits on a rise near 

5191
04:44:36,400 --> 04:44:38,200
the camps. 
Silhouetted against the sky. 

5192
04:44:38,200 --> 04:44:42,700
Looking out over the landscape. 
Curl sits beside, its parent, 

5193
04:44:42,700 --> 04:44:45,500
attempting to match the adults 
digging a fight pose, but 

5194
04:44:45,500 --> 04:44:48,600
somewhat undermining, the effect
by occasionally, scratching 

5195
04:44:48,600 --> 04:44:51,700
vigorously at his ear. 
You watch them from the camp and

5196
04:44:51,700 --> 04:44:54,400
you feel something that might be
the Ice Age equivalent of 

5197
04:44:54,400 --> 04:44:57,500
contentment. 
Things change slowly in this 

5198
04:44:57,500 --> 04:45:02,900
world, the seasons cycle, the 
herds, migrate life continues 

5199
04:45:02,900 --> 04:45:07,000
in, its ancient patterns. 
But here in this small detail of

5200
04:45:07,008 --> 04:45:09,500
Wolfdog sitting peacefully near 
a human Camp. 

5201
04:45:09,500 --> 04:45:12,100
Something genuinely new is 
happening. 

5202
04:45:13,000 --> 04:45:17,600
Future is being born one, 
wagging tail at a time. 10 years

5203
04:45:17,608 --> 04:45:19,800
of past since white chest first 
approached. 

5204
04:45:19,800 --> 04:45:23,500
The camp as a bold puppy and the
landscape of human wolf 

5205
04:45:23,500 --> 04:45:26,300
relationships as transformed in 
ways that would have seemed 

5206
04:45:26,300 --> 04:45:29,700
impossible back then. 
Your band now lives alongside 

5207
04:45:29,700 --> 04:45:34,000
not one or two wolf dogs, but an
entire community of them perhaps

5208
04:45:34,000 --> 04:45:37,200
15 in total. 
Ranging from very wolf, like 

5209
04:45:37,200 --> 04:45:40,800
individuals, who maintain 
significant Independence to 

5210
04:45:40,800 --> 04:45:44,600
animals, like curls Offspring, 
who are so thoroughly integrated

5211
04:45:44,600 --> 04:45:48,300
into human society that calling 
them wolves feels completely 

5212
04:45:48,300 --> 04:45:50,600
wrong. 
The terminology is becoming a 

5213
04:45:50,608 --> 04:45:53,500
problem actually. 
You need to distinguish between 

5214
04:45:53,500 --> 04:45:56,300
the animals that live with you 
and the wild wolves that still 

5215
04:45:56,300 --> 04:45:59,800
roam the tundra. 
The word your band has settled 

5216
04:45:59,800 --> 04:46:03,200
on for the domesticated ones. 
Roughly translates to hand fed 

5217
04:46:03,200 --> 04:46:07,600
ones, or possibly chosen ones 
depending on context it's 

5218
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:09,600
clunky, but it serves its 
purpose. 

5219
04:46:09,600 --> 04:46:13,900
White chest is now elderly by 
wolf, standards approaching, 11 

5220
04:46:13,900 --> 04:46:17,600
years old with a graying muzzle 
and stiff movements that speak 

5221
04:46:17,600 --> 04:46:21,300
to arthritis in the hips. 
The wolf, no longer companies, 

5222
04:46:21,300 --> 04:46:24,700
hunting parties, spending most 
days, sleeping near the camps 

5223
04:46:24,700 --> 04:46:28,000
warmest spots. 
But white chest remains deeply 

5224
04:46:28,000 --> 04:46:31,600
beloved respected as the 
founding member of this new 

5225
04:46:31,600 --> 04:46:34,300
relationship. 
The younger wolfdogs treat white

5226
04:46:34,300 --> 04:46:37,200
chest with clear deferens. 
Bright one. 

5227
04:46:37,200 --> 04:46:41,500
Now, a woman of 21 with Children
of her own, still sits beside 

5228
04:46:41,500 --> 04:46:44,200
the old wolf in the evening 
stroking, its graying, fur, and 

5229
04:46:44,208 --> 04:46:47,600
talking softly, the wolf dogs 
have become essential to the 

5230
04:46:47,600 --> 04:46:51,300
band, survival strategy. 
Their contributions are multiple

5231
04:46:51,300 --> 04:46:55,900
and significant in hunting. 
A well-trained wolf, dog can be 

5232
04:46:55,900 --> 04:46:59,800
worth two human Hunters. 
The animals can run down prey, 

5233
04:46:59,800 --> 04:47:01,200
that would Escape. 
Human's. 

5234
04:47:01,200 --> 04:47:04,200
And can track wounded animals 
through terrain to difficult for

5235
04:47:04,200 --> 04:47:07,400
people to navigate and can hold 
a cornered animal and the 

5236
04:47:07,400 --> 04:47:11,400
hunters arrive, but the wolfdogs
provide benefits Beyond hunting.

5237
04:47:11,400 --> 04:47:15,700
They serve as an alarm system 
alerting the camp to approaching

5238
04:47:15,700 --> 04:47:20,800
Predators or rival human bands. 
They keep scavengers like hyenas

5239
04:47:20,800 --> 04:47:25,000
and foxes away from stored food.
They provide warmth on cold 

5240
04:47:25,000 --> 04:47:27,900
nights, several wolf, dogs 
sleeping in the communal 

5241
04:47:27,900 --> 04:47:29,100
dwelling. 
Raise the temperature. 

5242
04:47:29,100 --> 04:47:32,500
Noticeably And perhaps most 
importantly in the harsh 

5243
04:47:32,500 --> 04:47:36,000
calculus of Ice Age survival, 
they provide psychological 

5244
04:47:36,000 --> 04:47:39,100
comfort. 
Having these animals around 

5245
04:47:39,100 --> 04:47:42,700
makes people feel safer and less
alone in a vast and often 

5246
04:47:42,700 --> 04:47:45,700
hostile landscape. 
The different wolf dogs have 

5247
04:47:45,700 --> 04:47:48,800
found different roles within the
human Community playing to their

5248
04:47:48,800 --> 04:47:52,800
individual strengths. 
Their Scout, a lean fast, 

5249
04:47:52,800 --> 04:47:56,400
female, who excels, ranging 
ahead of traveling groups, alert

5250
04:47:56,400 --> 04:48:00,000
for danger. 
There's Guardian a massive male 

5251
04:48:00,000 --> 04:48:02,400
with a protective temperament 
who has appointed himself 

5252
04:48:02,400 --> 04:48:06,400
defender of the children. 
Even the smallest child can 

5253
04:48:06,400 --> 04:48:09,400
toddler around camps safely with
Guardian following like a 

5254
04:48:09,408 --> 04:48:13,500
patient furry shadow. 
Then there's Hunter descended 

5255
04:48:13,500 --> 04:48:16,600
from Gray shoulder, who was 
inherited its ancestors. 

5256
04:48:16,600 --> 04:48:20,400
No Nonsense approach to hunting.
Hunter has little interest in 

5257
04:48:20,400 --> 04:48:24,000
being petted or playing games, 
but when the hunting party goes 

5258
04:48:24,000 --> 04:48:29,200
out, Hunter is all business. 
Efficient tireless and 

5259
04:48:29,200 --> 04:48:32,500
remarkably skilled at 
anticipating where prey animals 

5260
04:48:32,500 --> 04:48:36,000
will run some wolf, dogs have 
discovered entirely, unexpected 

5261
04:48:36,000 --> 04:48:39,700
roles warmth. 
A female with unusually thick 

5262
04:48:39,700 --> 04:48:42,900
fur, has somehow worked out that
if she lies down near someone 

5263
04:48:42,900 --> 04:48:45,700
who's sick her body heat, helps 
them feel better. 

5264
04:48:45,700 --> 04:48:49,600
She's become the band. 
Unofficial nurse spending her 

5265
04:48:49,600 --> 04:48:53,300
time with anyone who's ill or 
injured, providing comfort. 

5266
04:48:53,300 --> 04:48:56,100
And warmth, that may have real 
therapeutic value. 

5267
04:48:56,100 --> 04:48:59,300
The breeding of these animals is
becoming more deliberate with 

5268
04:48:59,300 --> 04:49:02,700
each generation. 
When a female wolf dog comes 

5269
04:49:02,700 --> 04:49:05,900
into heat, the band pays 
attention to which males she's 

5270
04:49:05,900 --> 04:49:09,700
interested in and may actively 
encourage or discourage certain 

5271
04:49:09,700 --> 04:49:14,000
pairings Friendliest animals are
encouraged to breed with each 

5272
04:49:14,000 --> 04:49:16,200
other. 
The best hunters appeared with 

5273
04:49:16,200 --> 04:49:20,000
other good Hunters animals with 
health problems or poor. 

5274
04:49:20,000 --> 04:49:22,500
Temperaments are discouraged 
from breeding though. 

5275
04:49:22,500 --> 04:49:25,900
This is done mainly, they're 
simply watched carefully and 

5276
04:49:25,900 --> 04:49:28,200
potential mates are kept 
separate during the critical 

5277
04:49:28,200 --> 04:49:30,800
times. 
This selective breeding has 

5278
04:49:30,800 --> 04:49:32,400
already producing visible 
results. 

5279
04:49:33,200 --> 04:49:36,400
The wolfdogs of curls lineage 
are consistently smaller than 

5280
04:49:36,400 --> 04:49:41,200
full wolves with shorter snouts,
smaller teeth and more variable 

5281
04:49:41,200 --> 04:49:44,600
coat colors. 
One recent letter produced a 

5282
04:49:44,600 --> 04:49:49,300
puppy with floppy ears is that 
never fully stood erect instead 

5283
04:49:49,300 --> 04:49:52,900
hanging down in a way that would
be a severe disadvantage for a 

5284
04:49:52,900 --> 04:49:55,200
wild wolf. 
But is merely endearing in a 

5285
04:49:55,200 --> 04:49:59,100
domestic animal. 
Another litter included a puppy 

5286
04:49:59,100 --> 04:50:02,600
with a coat pattern, never seen 
in wild, wolves black with 

5287
04:50:02,600 --> 04:50:06,000
symmetrical, White markings on 
the chest and Paws, these 

5288
04:50:06,000 --> 04:50:08,800
physical changes are accompanied
by behavioral ones. 

5289
04:50:08,800 --> 04:50:12,600
The newest generation of wolf 
dogs is even more tractable than

5290
04:50:12,600 --> 04:50:16,500
their parents more eager to 
please and more attuned human 

5291
04:50:16,500 --> 04:50:20,000
communication. 
Human can point, and these 

5292
04:50:20,000 --> 04:50:23,800
animals will look where the 
human is pointing a cognitive 

5293
04:50:23,800 --> 04:50:25,800
skill that will rarely 
demonstrate. 

5294
04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:28,700
But that these hand fed ones 
have developed to a remarkable 

5295
04:50:28,700 --> 04:50:33,100
degree, one of Brighton's 
children a boy of about 7 as 

5296
04:50:33,100 --> 04:50:36,000
formed a particularly close bond
with the young wolf dog named 

5297
04:50:36,000 --> 04:50:39,300
Swift. 
The two are inseparable and 

5298
04:50:39,300 --> 04:50:42,700
their relationship demonstrates.
Just how far this human animal 

5299
04:50:42,700 --> 04:50:46,200
partnership has evolved. 
Swift's sleeps with the boy 

5300
04:50:46,200 --> 04:50:50,400
plays with him constantly, and 
seems to understand the child's 

5301
04:50:50,400 --> 04:50:52,700
moods and needs with uncanny 
accuracy. 

5302
04:50:53,700 --> 04:50:58,000
When the boy is sad, Swift 
offers Comfort when the boys 

5303
04:50:58,000 --> 04:51:02,100
excited Swift matches that 
excitement, when the boy 

5304
04:51:02,100 --> 04:51:06,200
wanders, too far from camps with
gently heard him back using the 

5305
04:51:06,200 --> 04:51:09,100
same techniques. 
Swift ancestors used for herding

5306
04:51:09,100 --> 04:51:12,500
prey, this level of interspecies
communication would have seen 

5307
04:51:12,500 --> 04:51:14,800
magical to your band just to 
generation ago. 

5308
04:51:15,700 --> 04:51:18,900
Now, it's simply normal. 
Of course, the wolf dogs 

5309
04:51:18,900 --> 04:51:22,200
understand pointing, of course, 
they respond to voice commands, 

5310
04:51:22,200 --> 04:51:25,600
of course, they integrate 
seamlessly into human social 

5311
04:51:25,600 --> 04:51:27,600
structures. 
What else would they do? 

5312
04:51:27,600 --> 04:51:31,400
The wolf dogs, have even begun 
to adopt human sleeping patterns

5313
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:34,600
to some degree. 
While wolves are most active at 

5314
04:51:34,600 --> 04:51:37,800
dawn and dusk resting during the
midday and midnight hours. 

5315
04:51:38,700 --> 04:51:41,000
But the hand fed ones, 
increasingly match human 

5316
04:51:41,000 --> 04:51:45,400
activity patterns awake. 
When humans are awake sleeping, 

5317
04:51:45,400 --> 04:51:48,800
when humans sleep, There are 
adapting, not just to live in 

5318
04:51:48,800 --> 04:51:51,000
near humans, but to living as 
humans. 

5319
04:51:51,000 --> 04:51:56,000
Do one spring, arrival band, not
hostile exactly, but competing 

5320
04:51:56,000 --> 04:51:59,500
for the same resources camps 
about two days travel from your 

5321
04:51:59,500 --> 04:52:03,100
territory. 
Negotiations attempts, both 

5322
04:52:03,100 --> 04:52:06,400
bands, need access to the river 
for fishing and the best fishing

5323
04:52:06,400 --> 04:52:08,200
spots. 
Can't support both groups 

5324
04:52:08,200 --> 04:52:12,300
simultaneously, your band has an
advantage, the Rival band, lacks

5325
04:52:12,300 --> 04:52:16,900
the wolf dogs, When the Rival 
ban sees guardian and Hunter and

5326
04:52:16,900 --> 04:52:18,900
the others. 
When they see how these animals 

5327
04:52:18,900 --> 04:52:22,300
respond to human commands, how 
they coordinate with human 

5328
04:52:22,300 --> 04:52:24,800
Hunters, the balance of power 
shifts. 

5329
04:52:25,600 --> 04:52:29,100
A bandwidth dogs, is simply more
formidable than a band, without 

5330
04:52:29,100 --> 04:52:33,200
them, the Rival bands, leader 
proposes a solution, they'll 

5331
04:52:33,200 --> 04:52:34,900
concede. 
The best fishing spots in 

5332
04:52:34,900 --> 04:52:38,000
exchange for two wolf dog, 
puppies, from the next litter, 

5333
04:52:39,000 --> 04:52:41,400
It's the first time wolf dogs 
have been traded. 

5334
04:52:42,300 --> 04:52:45,000
First time they've been 
recognized as having concrete 

5335
04:52:45,000 --> 04:52:49,200
value that can be exchanged. 
Your band agrees though their 

5336
04:52:49,200 --> 04:52:51,500
significant debate about which 
puppies to give away. 

5337
04:52:52,400 --> 04:52:56,100
Should you give them inferior? 
Puppys, the less friendly, less,

5338
04:52:56,100 --> 04:52:59,000
trainable ones, or would that be
dishonorable? 

5339
04:52:59,900 --> 04:53:01,900
Eventually a compromises 
reached. 

5340
04:53:01,900 --> 04:53:06,400
You'll give them two good 
puppies from good lineages but 

5341
04:53:06,400 --> 04:53:10,800
not the very best The Rival 
Bain, leave satisfied and when 

5342
04:53:10,800 --> 04:53:14,000
breeding season arrives, your 
band carefully, selects two 

5343
04:53:14,000 --> 04:53:15,600
puppies that are friendly and 
healthy. 

5344
04:53:15,600 --> 04:53:20,700
But not exceptional, this trade 
opens, a new chapter within a 

5345
04:53:20,700 --> 04:53:24,000
few years, other bands in the 
regional, keeping wolf dogs. 

5346
04:53:24,600 --> 04:53:27,600
The animals spread across the 
landscape moving from band to 

5347
04:53:27,600 --> 04:53:29,500
band through trade and 
gift-giving. 

5348
04:53:30,200 --> 04:53:33,700
And with each trade, with each 
new home, the wolf dogs adapt 

5349
04:53:33,700 --> 04:53:37,000
further to Human Society. 
But something has been lost, 

5350
04:53:37,000 --> 04:53:39,800
too. 
The earliest wolf dogs like 

5351
04:53:39,800 --> 04:53:44,400
white chest retained significant
Independence, still capable of 

5352
04:53:44,400 --> 04:53:46,200
surviving in the wild if 
necessary. 

5353
04:53:47,200 --> 04:53:49,000
The newer Generations are losing
this. 

5354
04:53:49,900 --> 04:53:53,300
So, adapted to human society 
that they would struggle to 

5355
04:53:53,300 --> 04:53:57,200
survive alone. 
They've become dependent, not in

5356
04:53:57,200 --> 04:54:00,300
a weak or pity of way, but 
simply, as a fact of their 

5357
04:54:00,300 --> 04:54:03,800
Revolution, they've traded 
Independence for partnership 

5358
04:54:03,800 --> 04:54:07,000
Wilderness for home. 
Is this good or bad? 

5359
04:54:08,200 --> 04:54:10,600
Question doesn't really occur to
anyone in your band. 

5360
04:54:10,600 --> 04:54:12,700
This is simply how things are 
developing. 

5361
04:54:12,700 --> 04:54:17,600
The wolfdogs are happy they 
play, they form bonds and they 

5362
04:54:17,608 --> 04:54:20,400
seem to enjoy their lives. 
Humans are happy. 

5363
04:54:20,408 --> 04:54:24,000
Life is easier and more secure 
with wolf dog Partners. 

5364
04:54:24,000 --> 04:54:27,800
What else matters? 
White chest dies, one cold 

5365
04:54:27,800 --> 04:54:30,200
winter morning, simply failing 
to wake up. 

5366
04:54:31,600 --> 04:54:35,000
There's a constant companion in 
the Ice Age and the band has 

5367
04:54:35,000 --> 04:54:36,700
developed rituals for dealing 
with it. 

5368
04:54:37,600 --> 04:54:40,600
White chess body is placed on a 
rise, overlooking, the camp, 

5369
04:54:40,600 --> 04:54:45,300
positioned to face the sunrise. 
It's a mark of respect, given to

5370
04:54:45,300 --> 04:54:48,600
honored band members. 
Now extended to this animal, who

5371
04:54:48,600 --> 04:54:52,400
helped create something 
entirely, New Bright ones, sits 

5372
04:54:52,400 --> 04:54:54,600
beside the body for a long time,
crying openly. 

5373
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:57,000
She's mourning, not just an 
animal. 

5374
04:54:57,000 --> 04:55:00,500
But a friend, a companion who's 
been part of her entire life 

5375
04:55:00,500 --> 04:55:04,400
from childhood into adulthood 
The other wolf dogs seemed to 

5376
04:55:04,408 --> 04:55:06,500
understand that something 
significant has happened. 

5377
04:55:07,400 --> 04:55:10,300
They approach white chest. 
Body cautiously sniff, it 

5378
04:55:10,300 --> 04:55:14,800
carefully and several of them in
low mournful howls, that evening

5379
04:55:14,800 --> 04:55:17,600
gathered around the fire, the 
band tell stories about white 

5380
04:55:17,600 --> 04:55:20,100
chest. 
How the wolf first approached 

5381
04:55:20,100 --> 04:55:22,900
the camp as a bold puppy. 
How it learned to hunt 

5382
04:55:22,900 --> 04:55:26,700
cooperatively with humans, how 
it brought its own puppies to be

5383
04:55:26,700 --> 04:55:30,700
raised alongside human children.
The story serve multiple 

5384
04:55:30,700 --> 04:55:34,600
purposes on the dead passing 
knowledge, to younger 

5385
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:38,300
generations, and processing 
grief, through narrative one of 

5386
04:55:38,308 --> 04:55:41,300
the elders, speaking slowly, and
thoughtfully says something that

5387
04:55:41,300 --> 04:55:44,600
resonates with everyone. 
White chest changed the world, 

5388
04:55:44,600 --> 04:55:49,300
not the whole world may be, but 
our world, our lives a different

5389
04:55:49,300 --> 04:55:51,600
because of that one Brave, 
curious wolf. 

5390
04:55:51,600 --> 04:55:55,600
It's a simple eulogy but it's 
also profoundly true. 

5391
04:55:56,500 --> 04:56:00,300
One individual animal acting on 
Instinct toward boldness and 

5392
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:03,600
curiosity initiated, a 
relationship that has 

5393
04:56:03,600 --> 04:56:06,300
transformed an entire human band
way of life. 

5394
04:56:06,300 --> 04:56:09,100
The wolf dogs, who remain 
continue the partnership. 

5395
04:56:09,100 --> 04:56:13,000
White chess began, they hunt 
they guard and they provide 

5396
04:56:13,000 --> 04:56:16,300
companionship and warmth. 
And in the spring new puppies 

5397
04:56:16,300 --> 04:56:20,000
are born smaller, friendlier and
more variable in appearance than

5398
04:56:20,000 --> 04:56:23,700
their wild ancestors. 
The transformation continues 

5399
04:56:23,700 --> 04:56:28,200
Generation by generation. 
Moving steadily away from Wolf 

5400
04:56:28,200 --> 04:56:32,800
and towards something new in the
distance, a wild wolf howls, one

5401
04:56:32,800 --> 04:56:36,200
of white chest contemporaries, 
perhaps or a descendant of the 

5402
04:56:36,200 --> 04:56:40,400
walls who chose to remain Wild. 
The sound is beautiful and Eerie

5403
04:56:40,400 --> 04:56:45,000
echoing across the tundra Under 
the Stars, Guardian near, the 

5404
04:56:45,008 --> 04:56:47,400
fire lifts his head and howls 
and response. 

5405
04:56:48,400 --> 04:56:52,500
But Guardians, howl is different
from the wild Wolf's shorter 

5406
04:56:52,500 --> 04:56:56,400
less sustained and mixed with 
what almost sounds like a bark, 

5407
04:56:56,400 --> 04:57:02,400
two species, once one to Futures
diverging and somewhere in that 

5408
04:57:02,400 --> 04:57:06,200
Divergence in that space between
wild and domestic between 

5409
04:57:06,200 --> 04:57:09,500
Independence and partnership. 
Something precious has been 

5410
04:57:09,508 --> 04:57:14,800
created, the fire crackles, The 
Stars wheel overhead and the 

5411
04:57:14,800 --> 04:57:18,300
next generation of wolf dogs 
sleeps peacefully, dreaming 

5412
04:57:18,300 --> 04:57:21,700
whatever wolfdogs dream in a 
world that their ancestors 

5413
04:57:21,700 --> 04:57:24,600
courage. 
Helped create 50 years of past 

5414
04:57:24,600 --> 04:57:27,400
since white chest first 
approached, that camp your 

5415
04:57:27,400 --> 04:57:29,300
bands. 
Descendants of moved to new 

5416
04:57:29,300 --> 04:57:31,800
territories. 
Following the slowly shifting 

5417
04:57:31,800 --> 04:57:35,200
climate as the Ice Age begins, 
its long gradual retreat. 

5418
04:57:36,600 --> 04:57:40,400
The massive Glaciers are melting
in perceptibly slowly, creating 

5419
04:57:40,400 --> 04:57:44,300
new Rivers, new Lakes, new 
opportunities for human 

5420
04:57:44,300 --> 04:57:48,100
habitation and wherever humans 
go, the wolfdogs go with them. 

5421
04:57:48,100 --> 04:57:52,000
The relationship between humans 
and these Proto dogs has become 

5422
04:57:52,000 --> 04:57:55,200
so normalized that it's 
difficult to remember a time 

5423
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:58,800
when it didn't exist. 
Every human band in the region. 

5424
04:57:58,800 --> 04:58:02,600
Now has wolfdogs, they've become
as essential to human survival, 

5425
04:58:02,600 --> 04:58:05,700
as fire. 
As tools as language itself. 

5426
04:58:05,700 --> 04:58:10,200
The wolf dogs have continued to 
diversify some bands prefer 

5427
04:58:10,200 --> 04:58:12,000
larger. 
More wolf-like animals for 

5428
04:58:12,000 --> 04:58:15,000
hunting large game. 
Other bands, favored smaller 

5429
04:58:15,000 --> 04:58:18,000
friendlier animals, better 
suited to life in increasingly 

5430
04:58:18,000 --> 04:58:21,300
settled communities. 
Some bands have wolf dogs that 

5431
04:58:21,300 --> 04:58:23,900
specializing guarding stored 
food from pests. 

5432
04:58:24,600 --> 04:58:27,700
Others have animals trained to 
help dry fish into net during 

5433
04:58:27,700 --> 04:58:29,700
seasonal. 
Salmon runs this 

5434
04:58:29,700 --> 04:58:32,000
diversification, is the 
beginning of what will 

5435
04:58:32,000 --> 04:58:34,600
eventually become distinct 
breeds though? 

5436
04:58:34,600 --> 04:58:36,500
That concept is far in the 
future. 

5437
04:58:37,900 --> 04:58:41,800
For now it's simply practical 
adaptation different human 

5438
04:58:41,800 --> 04:58:44,400
communities. 
Have different needs and there 

5439
04:58:44,400 --> 04:58:47,200
are unconsciously selecting for 
the traits that serve those 

5440
04:58:47,200 --> 04:58:49,600
needs best. 
One, particularly interesting 

5441
04:58:49,600 --> 04:58:52,800
development is happening in 
coastal communities, where 

5442
04:58:52,800 --> 04:58:55,400
humans are beginning to exploit 
Marine Resources, more 

5443
04:58:55,400 --> 04:58:58,700
systematically. 
The wolfdogs in these 

5444
04:58:58,700 --> 04:59:01,500
communities have learned to be 
fish something. 

5445
04:59:01,500 --> 04:59:05,900
Wild wolves rarely do some of 
even learn to help with fishing 

5446
04:59:05,900 --> 04:59:08,200
diving into shallow water to 
drive. 

5447
04:59:08,200 --> 04:59:11,800
Fish toward waiting Nets or even
catching fish in dependently, 

5448
04:59:11,800 --> 04:59:15,000
these Coastal wolf, dogs are 
developing slightly different. 

5449
04:59:15,000 --> 04:59:18,700
Physical characteristics, more 
webbing between their toes and 

5450
04:59:18,700 --> 04:59:22,600
slightly oily, a coats that 
shared water better, They're 

5451
04:59:22,600 --> 04:59:25,400
adapting to their environment 
within just a few Generations, 

5452
04:59:25,400 --> 04:59:29,200
demonstrating the remarkable, 
plasticity of the wolf dog 

5453
04:59:29,200 --> 04:59:32,900
genome under selective pressure.
Meanwhile, in the interior 

5454
04:59:32,900 --> 04:59:35,700
regions, where big game hunting,
Remains the primary survival 

5455
04:59:35,700 --> 04:59:39,600
strategy, the wolf dogs remain, 
larger and more wolf-like. 

5456
04:59:40,300 --> 04:59:43,200
These animals need strength and 
endurance to help bring down 

5457
04:59:43,200 --> 04:59:46,100
mammoths bison and other 
megafauna. 

5458
04:59:46,900 --> 04:59:49,400
But even these hunting 
Specialists are more tractable 

5459
04:59:49,400 --> 04:59:52,600
than their wild ancestors. 
More responsive to human 

5460
04:59:52,600 --> 04:59:56,400
Direction and more integrated 
into human social structures. 

5461
04:59:56,400 --> 05:00:01,200
The trading wolfdogs has become 
extensive Price animals might be

5462
05:00:01,208 --> 05:00:05,700
traded across territories of 
miles, a particularly good. 

5463
05:00:05,700 --> 05:00:08,600
Hunting dog. 
Might be exchanged for tools for

5464
05:00:08,600 --> 05:00:11,500
Furs or access to prime hunting 
grounds. 

5465
05:00:12,500 --> 05:00:15,500
Female wolf dogs in heat are 
sometimes taken long distance. 

5466
05:00:15,500 --> 05:00:19,700
To be bred with males from other
lineages, preventing inbreeding 

5467
05:00:19,700 --> 05:00:21,800
and introducing new genetic 
variation. 

5468
05:00:21,800 --> 05:00:24,600
This trade, has unexpected 
benefits. 

5469
05:00:24,600 --> 05:00:28,700
It creates connections between 
human bands facilitating. 

5470
05:00:28,700 --> 05:00:33,500
The exchange of knowledge tools 
and genetic material, both dog 

5471
05:00:33,500 --> 05:00:36,600
and human. 
Bands that might previously have

5472
05:00:36,600 --> 05:00:39,700
been Rivals, find common ground 
in their shared interest in wolf

5473
05:00:39,700 --> 05:00:42,600
dogs. 
A man from one band might travel

5474
05:00:42,600 --> 05:00:44,600
to another specifically to 
breed. 

5475
05:00:44,600 --> 05:00:47,700
His female wolf, dog with a male
known for its hunting prowess. 

5476
05:00:47,700 --> 05:00:51,900
And during that visit trade 
other Goods, share stories and 

5477
05:00:51,900 --> 05:00:54,400
perhaps even arranged marriages 
between the bands. 

5478
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:58,700
The wolf dogs are becoming a 
form of social glue binding 

5479
05:00:58,700 --> 05:01:02,700
human communities together 
across vast distances, but the 

5480
05:01:02,700 --> 05:01:06,500
relationship isn't uniformly 
positive, some bands, reject, 

5481
05:01:06,500 --> 05:01:09,900
the wolfdogs entirely seeing 
them as an unnecessary, burden 

5482
05:01:09,900 --> 05:01:12,800
in terms of food resources, 
these bands. 

5483
05:01:12,800 --> 05:01:16,400
Continue the old ways hunting 
with without animal assistance 

5484
05:01:16,400 --> 05:01:20,900
and they do find humans are 
adaptable enough to thrive with 

5485
05:01:20,900 --> 05:01:24,200
or without canine Partners. 
There are all so occasional 

5486
05:01:24,200 --> 05:01:28,200
problems, a wolfdog might revert
to more wild Behavior attacking 

5487
05:01:28,200 --> 05:01:31,500
livestock as humans, begin 
tentative experiments with 

5488
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:34,700
keeping other animals captive or
even biting humans. 

5489
05:01:35,400 --> 05:01:39,100
These incidents are handled 
case-by-case but they serve as 

5490
05:01:39,100 --> 05:01:42,200
reminders that these animals are
still close to their Wild Roots,

5491
05:01:42,200 --> 05:01:45,100
still capable of unpredictable 
Behavior. 

5492
05:01:45,100 --> 05:01:49,200
One particularly tragic incident
involves a wolfdog that during a

5493
05:01:49,200 --> 05:01:51,000
harsh winter. 
With severe food. 

5494
05:01:51,000 --> 05:01:54,900
Shortages kills and eats a human
infant left momentarily. 

5495
05:01:54,900 --> 05:01:59,300
Unattended, The wolf dog is 
immediately killed, and their 

5496
05:01:59,300 --> 05:02:01,500
serious discussion in the band 
about whether the entire 

5497
05:02:01,500 --> 05:02:04,800
experiment with keeping these 
animals is worth the risk, but 

5498
05:02:04,800 --> 05:02:08,400
ultimately the decision is made 
to continue the benefits. 

5499
05:02:08,400 --> 05:02:10,700
Outweigh the risks. 
As long as everyone remains 

5500
05:02:10,700 --> 05:02:14,400
Vigilant and realistic about 
what these animals are near the 

5501
05:02:14,400 --> 05:02:18,200
fully wild nor fully tame. 
But something in between that 

5502
05:02:18,200 --> 05:02:21,300
requires constant awareness as 
Generations. 

5503
05:02:21,300 --> 05:02:24,100
Pass the wolf dogs become more 
and more distinct from their 

5504
05:02:24,100 --> 05:02:27,300
wild ancestors. 
The physical changes accumulate 

5505
05:02:27,300 --> 05:02:32,000
smaller teeth, shorter snouts 
and more variable coat colors 

5506
05:02:32,000 --> 05:02:35,500
and patterns floppy. 
Ears appear in multiple lineages

5507
05:02:35,500 --> 05:02:40,000
curled, Tails, become common. 
Some wolf dogs, develop spotted 

5508
05:02:40,000 --> 05:02:44,700
coats, or unusual color patterns
or even long silky fur that 

5509
05:02:44,700 --> 05:02:48,300
would be impractical for wild 
wolves but his prized by humans 

5510
05:02:48,300 --> 05:02:51,500
for its appearance. 
The behavioral changes are even 

5511
05:02:51,500 --> 05:02:54,600
more pronounced. 
The newest generation of wolf. 

5512
05:02:54,600 --> 05:02:57,500
Dogs are born with a NATO, 
understanding of human social 

5513
05:02:57,500 --> 05:03:01,200
cues, they instinctively defer 
to human authority. 

5514
05:03:02,100 --> 05:03:05,500
They form strong emotional bonds
with human families showing 

5515
05:03:05,500 --> 05:03:09,700
distress when separated and joy.
When reunited, they've become 

5516
05:03:09,700 --> 05:03:12,900
emotionally domesticated, in a 
way that goes beyond me a 

5517
05:03:12,900 --> 05:03:17,100
training, scientists far in the 
future will identify this as a 

5518
05:03:17,100 --> 05:03:20,200
change in the wolf dog genome 
related to stress, hormones, and

5519
05:03:20,208 --> 05:03:24,100
social bonding. 
Specific genetic variations that

5520
05:03:24,100 --> 05:03:27,600
make these animals, less fearful
of humans, more tolerant of 

5521
05:03:27,600 --> 05:03:31,300
close contact and more capable 
of reading, human emotions and 

5522
05:03:31,300 --> 05:03:34,300
intentions. 
But your band only knows that 

5523
05:03:34,300 --> 05:03:36,400
the puppies. 
Born now somehow sweeter 

5524
05:03:36,400 --> 05:03:40,700
friendlier and more lovable than
their ancestors were the wolf 

5525
05:03:40,700 --> 05:03:42,400
dogs. 
Have even begun to participate 

5526
05:03:42,400 --> 05:03:46,200
in human spiritual life. when 
the band performs rituals 

5527
05:03:46,200 --> 05:03:50,300
thanking the spirits of hunted 
animals celebrating successful 

5528
05:03:50,300 --> 05:03:55,100
births, Mourning the Dead, the 
wolf, dogs are present treated 

5529
05:03:55,100 --> 05:03:57,500
as participants rather than mere
Witnesses. 

5530
05:03:58,500 --> 05:04:01,000
Some bands are beginning to 
develop stories about how the 

5531
05:04:01,000 --> 05:04:02,900
first wolf dog came to live with
humans. 

5532
05:04:02,900 --> 05:04:07,800
Mythologizing white chests to 
send us into legendary figures. 

5533
05:04:07,800 --> 05:04:09,800
Who Bridge the worlds of human 
and animal. 

5534
05:04:09,800 --> 05:04:14,100
One story told around, countless
fires across the generations, go

5535
05:04:14,100 --> 05:04:17,200
something like this. 
In the ancient time. 

5536
05:04:17,200 --> 05:04:21,100
Wolves and humans, were enemies 
killing each other for food and 

5537
05:04:21,100 --> 05:04:23,900
territory. 
But one wise wolf saw that 

5538
05:04:23,900 --> 05:04:27,500
humans had fire and tools. 
Things wolves could never have. 

5539
05:04:27,500 --> 05:04:31,100
And one wise, human saw that 
wolves had sharp senses and 

5540
05:04:31,100 --> 05:04:34,600
Cooperative hunting skills. 
That humans lacked these two 

5541
05:04:34,600 --> 05:04:38,300
wolf and human met in a neutral 
place and made an agreement. 

5542
05:04:39,500 --> 05:04:42,900
Share with us your Fires at the 
wolf and we will share with you 

5543
05:04:42,900 --> 05:04:46,100
a hunting skill. 
And from that day, forward, 

5544
05:04:46,100 --> 05:04:48,400
wolves and humans have been 
Partners. 

5545
05:04:48,400 --> 05:04:53,600
Each making the other stronger, 
it's a myth not history but like

5546
05:04:53,600 --> 05:04:56,500
all good myths. 
It contains a kernel of Truth. 

5547
05:04:57,500 --> 05:05:00,300
The relationship between humans 
and wolf dogs is in deed. 

5548
05:05:00,300 --> 05:05:04,100
A form of partnership, a mutual 
exchange of benefits that 

5549
05:05:04,100 --> 05:05:08,100
enhance his both species chances
of survival as the Ice Age 

5550
05:05:08,100 --> 05:05:11,100
slowly. 
Wanes as the climate warms and 

5551
05:05:11,100 --> 05:05:13,600
the megaphone. 
Begin to decline, human 

5552
05:05:13,600 --> 05:05:17,400
societies are changing too. 
People are beginning to stay in 

5553
05:05:17,400 --> 05:05:20,100
the same place as for longer 
periods, building more 

5554
05:05:20,100 --> 05:05:22,000
substantial shelters and storing
food. 

5555
05:05:22,000 --> 05:05:25,800
More systematically. 
From fully nomadic to semi 

5556
05:05:25,800 --> 05:05:28,900
settled, existence is beginning.
And the wolfdogs are part of 

5557
05:05:28,908 --> 05:05:32,900
this transition in settled camps
with stored, food, wolf dogs, 

5558
05:05:32,900 --> 05:05:36,600
proven valuable as guards 
preventing raids by predators 

5559
05:05:36,600 --> 05:05:40,200
and rival human groups. 
The alert to approaching danger 

5560
05:05:40,200 --> 05:05:44,000
defend territory and provide a 
sense of security that allows 

5561
05:05:44,000 --> 05:05:45,900
humans to sleep. 
More soundly at night. 

5562
05:05:45,900 --> 05:05:49,500
The wolf dogs are also helping 
with an entirely new human 

5563
05:05:49,500 --> 05:05:54,300
activity, managing other Proto 
domestic animals as humans. 

5564
05:05:54,300 --> 05:05:57,800
Begin keeping captured young 
megafauna, not quite farming 

5565
05:05:57,800 --> 05:06:00,900
them yet, but moving in that 
direction, the wolf dogs help 

5566
05:06:00,900 --> 05:06:04,200
control these animals using 
their herding instincts to keep 

5567
05:06:04,200 --> 05:06:06,900
young mammoths or bison from 
wandering off. 

5568
05:06:06,900 --> 05:06:09,800
This herding Behavior will 
eventually become one of the 

5569
05:06:09,800 --> 05:06:13,700
most important functions of 
domestic dogs but for now it's a

5570
05:06:13,708 --> 05:06:17,400
happy accident. 
The wolfdogs natural prey heard.

5571
05:06:17,400 --> 05:06:22,500
Inks being redirected towards a 
new purpose thous of miles away 

5572
05:06:22,500 --> 05:06:26,000
in different parts of the world.
Similar processes are occurring 

5573
05:06:26,000 --> 05:06:29,600
independently. 
Wolves near human settlements in

5574
05:06:29,600 --> 05:06:32,500
what will become Europe? 
A beginning, their own journey 

5575
05:06:32,500 --> 05:06:36,600
toward domestication, wolves in 
East Asia are developing their 

5576
05:06:36,600 --> 05:06:38,700
own relationships with human 
communities. 

5577
05:06:39,600 --> 05:06:42,600
Processes isn't uniform, but the
pattern is recognizable. 

5578
05:06:43,500 --> 05:06:45,600
Wherever humans and wolves 
coexist. 

5579
05:06:45,600 --> 05:06:49,200
Some wolves are discovering the 
advantages of cooperation over 

5580
05:06:49,200 --> 05:06:52,000
competition, these 
geographically separated, 

5581
05:06:52,000 --> 05:06:54,900
populations of Proto dogs will 
eventually, give rise to 

5582
05:06:54,900 --> 05:06:57,300
different. 
Lineages different regional 

5583
05:06:57,300 --> 05:07:01,100
types that reflect both the 
local wolf populations, and the 

5584
05:07:01,100 --> 05:07:04,700
specific needs of local human 
communities, but all of them 

5585
05:07:04,700 --> 05:07:08,500
share the same fundamental 
transformation from Wild 

5586
05:07:08,500 --> 05:07:11,800
Predator to domestic partner. 
You don't know any of this. 

5587
05:07:11,800 --> 05:07:15,700
Of course your world is limited 
to your band your territory and 

5588
05:07:15,700 --> 05:07:18,400
your direct experience, but your
great. 

5589
05:07:18,400 --> 05:07:21,000
Great grandchildren's 
descendants will spread across 

5590
05:07:21,000 --> 05:07:23,800
continents and they'll bring 
their wolf dogs with them. 

5591
05:07:24,600 --> 05:07:27,500
When humans eventually cross the
land bridge from Asia, to the 

5592
05:07:27,500 --> 05:07:31,900
Americas, wolfdogs will be among
the first domesticated animals 

5593
05:07:31,900 --> 05:07:35,700
to reach the new world. 
When humans develop boats 

5594
05:07:35,700 --> 05:07:39,200
capable of Crossing open, ocean 
wolf, dogs will be in those 

5595
05:07:39,200 --> 05:07:41,700
boats heading to islands and new
continents. 

5596
05:07:41,700 --> 05:07:46,000
The partnership that began with 
one curious wolf and one willing

5597
05:07:46,000 --> 05:07:50,100
to experiment, human band has 
become a global phenomenon that 

5598
05:07:50,100 --> 05:07:53,700
will persist for millennia. 
Long after the mammoths and 

5599
05:07:53,700 --> 05:07:56,600
woolly rhinos and giant sloths 
have gone extinct. 

5600
05:07:56,600 --> 05:08:00,500
Long after the ice age is faded 
into geological history. 

5601
05:08:00,500 --> 05:08:03,400
This relationship will endure 
your bands. 

5602
05:08:03,400 --> 05:08:06,100
Current generation of wolf dogs.
Includes a young female named 

5603
05:08:06,100 --> 05:08:09,200
Echo. 
Descended from curls, lineage 

5604
05:08:09,200 --> 05:08:14,000
through multiple Generations. 
Echo is small barely 60 pounds 

5605
05:08:14,000 --> 05:08:18,800
with a curly coat floppy ears, 
and a tail that curls. 

5606
05:08:18,800 --> 05:08:20,800
So tightly, it almost makes a 
full circle. 

5607
05:08:21,800 --> 05:08:25,200
Echoes temperament is gentle and
playful and the animal has 

5608
05:08:25,200 --> 05:08:28,400
become particularly attached to 
the band's children serving as 

5609
05:08:28,400 --> 05:08:31,600
an unofficial guardian and 
Playmate one, warm summer 

5610
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:34,100
evening as the sun sets over a 
landscape. 

5611
05:08:34,100 --> 05:08:37,300
That's noticeably Greener and 
less harsh than the tundra of 

5612
05:08:37,300 --> 05:08:40,600
your ancestors time. 
Echo lies surrounded by 

5613
05:08:40,600 --> 05:08:43,000
children. 
Their petting, the wolf dog 

5614
05:08:43,000 --> 05:08:46,700
telling stories and laughing at 
Echoes clownish attempts to 

5615
05:08:46,708 --> 05:08:50,200
catch moths that flutter around 
the fire and Elder watches. 

5616
05:08:50,200 --> 05:08:53,400
This scene with satisfaction, 
this elder is the great. 

5617
05:08:53,400 --> 05:08:57,600
Great grandchild of bright one, 
carrier of stories passed down 

5618
05:08:57,600 --> 05:09:01,700
through multiple Generations. 
The Elder remembers the tales of

5619
05:09:01,708 --> 05:09:06,200
white chest of curl of the early
days when having a wolf dog near

5620
05:09:06,200 --> 05:09:09,200
the camp was strange. 
And frightening how to imagine 

5621
05:09:09,200 --> 05:09:12,000
being afraid of them. 
Now the Elder says to no one in 

5622
05:09:12,000 --> 05:09:14,900
particular speaking softly 
enough, not to disturb the 

5623
05:09:14,900 --> 05:09:18,500
children's play, another adult 
sitting nearby laughs quietly 

5624
05:09:19,200 --> 05:09:20,700
hard to imagine living without 
them. 

5625
05:09:20,700 --> 05:09:23,800
What did our ancestors do 
without wolfdogs? 

5626
05:09:23,800 --> 05:09:26,600
How did they hunt? 
How did they feel safe at night?

5627
05:09:26,600 --> 05:09:30,100
It's a good question. 
The answer, of course, is that 

5628
05:09:30,100 --> 05:09:32,800
human survive for hundreds of 
thousands of years without 

5629
05:09:32,800 --> 05:09:35,700
canine partners. 
But now that the partnership 

5630
05:09:35,700 --> 05:09:38,700
exists. 
It's difficult to imagine going 

5631
05:09:38,700 --> 05:09:41,400
back. 
The relationship has become so 

5632
05:09:41,400 --> 05:09:44,900
integral to human society. 
That its absence would be felt 

5633
05:09:44,900 --> 05:09:47,900
like the loss of a limb Echo 
tired from playing with the 

5634
05:09:47,900 --> 05:09:50,400
children. 
Finally, settles down resting 

5635
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:54,000
its head on a child's lap. 
The child, stroke's Echoes 

5636
05:09:54,000 --> 05:09:58,000
curly, fur and the wolf, dogs 
eyes drift closed in contentment

5637
05:09:58,000 --> 05:10:01,300
somewhere in the darkness. 
Be on the firelight a wild wolf 

5638
05:10:01,300 --> 05:10:04,200
howls. 
Echoes ears perk up and the wolf

5639
05:10:04,200 --> 05:10:08,400
dog lift its head briefly but 
there's no answering how no urge

5640
05:10:08,400 --> 05:10:10,500
to run off and join that wild 
song. 

5641
05:10:10,500 --> 05:10:16,000
Echoes world is here with these 
humans by the fire after a 

5642
05:10:16,000 --> 05:10:18,100
moment. 
Echo, settles back down content 

5643
05:10:18,100 --> 05:10:19,700
with its chosen place in the 
world. 

5644
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:24,400
The stars come out the same 
stars that Sean on white, chest,

5645
05:10:24,400 --> 05:10:28,000
and bright one. 
All those Generations ago Fire 

5646
05:10:28,000 --> 05:10:31,700
crackles and Pops, children's 
voices, mixed with adult 

5647
05:10:31,700 --> 05:10:34,400
laughter. 
And beneath it all the steady 

5648
05:10:34,400 --> 05:10:37,100
rhythm of Echoes breathing as 
the wolf, dog sleeps. 

5649
05:10:37,100 --> 05:10:42,100
In this moment peaceful and 
ordinary and yet profound, you 

5650
05:10:42,100 --> 05:10:46,000
can see the future taking shape.
These children growing up with 

5651
05:10:46,000 --> 05:10:48,700
Echo will never know a world 
without wolfdogs. 

5652
05:10:49,200 --> 05:10:52,600
Their children won't either nor 
their children's children for 

5653
05:10:52,600 --> 05:10:56,500
hundreds of generations. 
To come what began as one Wolf's

5654
05:10:56,500 --> 05:10:58,600
curiosity. 
And one humans willingness to 

5655
05:10:58,600 --> 05:11:00,600
share has become something 
timeless. 

5656
05:11:01,400 --> 05:11:05,200
A partnership that will Outlast 
Empires survived the collapse of

5657
05:11:05,208 --> 05:11:09,400
civilizations and endure through
changes in human society. 

5658
05:11:09,400 --> 05:11:11,300
That would be unrecognizable to 
you. 

5659
05:11:11,300 --> 05:11:14,200
The wolf dogs will be there when
humans build their first 

5660
05:11:14,200 --> 05:11:16,800
permanent Villages. 
They'll be there when humans 

5661
05:11:16,800 --> 05:11:20,000
develop agriculture when they 
domesticate other animals. 

5662
05:11:20,000 --> 05:11:23,800
And when they create the first 
cities, they'll pull sleds 

5663
05:11:23,800 --> 05:11:28,200
across Frozen wastes herd sheep 
across Mountain sides, guard 

5664
05:11:28,200 --> 05:11:31,900
palaces and warm the laps of 
Emperors and peasants alike. 

5665
05:11:31,900 --> 05:11:36,200
They'll change of course, 
they'll diverse fly into forms, 

5666
05:11:36,200 --> 05:11:39,300
that would seem impossible, tiny
dogs that fit in a pocket. 

5667
05:11:39,300 --> 05:11:43,500
Giant dogs larger than wolves 
ever were dogs with pushed in 

5668
05:11:43,500 --> 05:11:47,100
phases dogs with legs. 
So short, they can barely run 

5669
05:11:47,100 --> 05:11:50,800
and dogs bred for every 
conceivable purpose from hunting

5670
05:11:50,800 --> 05:11:53,400
rats, to guarding temples to 
Simply being beautiful. 

5671
05:11:53,400 --> 05:11:56,900
But underneath all those changes
underneath all, that diversity, 

5672
05:11:56,900 --> 05:12:00,300
they'll still carry the same 
essential nature that Echo 

5673
05:12:00,300 --> 05:12:03,900
demonstrates tonight. 
Loyalty, affection. 

5674
05:12:03,900 --> 05:12:07,400
And the deep-rooted desire to be
part of a human family. 

5675
05:12:07,400 --> 05:12:11,900
The fire burns, low people begin
heading to their sleeping areas.

5676
05:12:12,800 --> 05:12:16,700
Echo Rises shakes vigorously and
follows the children to the 

5677
05:12:16,708 --> 05:12:20,300
shelter where they sleep. 
The Wolfdog settles down among 

5678
05:12:20,300 --> 05:12:23,800
them and within moments, three 
children are using Echo as a 

5679
05:12:23,800 --> 05:12:26,500
pillow outside. 
The summer night is mild and 

5680
05:12:26,500 --> 05:12:28,600
clear. 
Tomorrow will bring new 

5681
05:12:28,600 --> 05:12:30,800
challenges, new work and new 
adventures. 

5682
05:12:30,800 --> 05:12:36,400
But tonight there's just this 
Humans and wolf dogs sleeping 

5683
05:12:36,400 --> 05:12:40,600
peacefully together Partners in 
the Grand Adventure of survival.

5684
05:12:40,600 --> 05:12:46,000
The Stars wheel slowly overhead 
The Moon Rises casting 

5685
05:12:46,000 --> 05:12:48,400
Silverlight across a world that 
has changed profoundly. 

5686
05:12:48,400 --> 05:12:51,900
Even though, most of those 
changes are too subtle to see 

5687
05:12:51,900 --> 05:12:57,600
day-to-day But they're there. 
Accumulating genetic shifts 

5688
05:12:57,600 --> 05:13:02,300
behavioral adaptations and the 
slow, but next Rebel, 

5689
05:13:02,300 --> 05:13:06,000
transformation of wolf into dog.
And in the morning, when the Sun

5690
05:13:06,000 --> 05:13:10,600
rises Echo, will be among the 
first to wake tail already, 

5691
05:13:10,600 --> 05:13:13,000
wagging ready to greet the new 
day. 

5692
05:13:13,000 --> 05:13:17,000
Alongside the humans who have 
become in every meaningful 

5693
05:13:17,000 --> 05:13:20,500
sense. 
Echoes Pack story that began 

5694
05:13:20,500 --> 05:13:24,400
15,000 years ago with a reddish 
gray, wolf watching a human Camp

5695
05:13:24,400 --> 05:13:28,600
continues generation after 
generation changing slowly. 

5696
05:13:28,600 --> 05:13:32,600
But never ending a partnership. 
That is enriched both species 

5697
05:13:32,600 --> 05:13:35,300
beyond measure and that more 
than anything else. 

5698
05:13:35,300 --> 05:13:38,600
Is the Legacy. 
Not just that humans tamed 

5699
05:13:38,600 --> 05:13:42,500
wolves but that together humans 
and wolves created something 

5700
05:13:42,500 --> 05:13:45,600
entirely new. 
A relationship of mutual 

5701
05:13:45,600 --> 05:13:49,100
benefit, Mutual affection, and 
mutual transformation. 

5702
05:13:49,100 --> 05:13:52,800
That is persisted across 
Millennia and will continue long

5703
05:13:52,800 --> 05:14:02,400
into whatever future awaits. 
Alexander Graham Bell was born 

5704
05:14:02,400 --> 05:14:07,000
into a world of silence and 
sound on March 3rd. 1847 in 

5705
05:14:07,000 --> 05:14:10,200
Edinburgh Scotland, while 
history remembers him primarily 

5706
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:14,000
as the inventor of the telephone
Bells relationship with sound 

5707
05:14:14,000 --> 05:14:16,900
began long before. 
His famous invention, shaped by 

5708
05:14:16,900 --> 05:14:19,700
a family Legacy that would set 
him on an unexpected path. 

5709
05:14:20,400 --> 05:14:24,700
His father, Alexander Melville 
was no ordinary man. 

5710
05:14:24,700 --> 05:14:27,100
A Pioneer in elocution and 
speech. 

5711
05:14:27,100 --> 05:14:29,800
Correction the Elder belted 
visible speech. 

5712
05:14:30,600 --> 05:14:33,300
A revolutionary system of 
phonetic symbols representing 

5713
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:37,100
the position of the throat 
tongue and lips during speech. 

5714
05:14:37,800 --> 05:14:40,400
This ingenious method allowed 
the death to learn spoken 

5715
05:14:40,400 --> 05:14:43,500
language by mimicking. 
These positions, the Bell 

5716
05:14:43,500 --> 05:14:46,600
household wasn't just a home. 
It was a laboratory of human 

5717
05:14:46,600 --> 05:14:50,000
expression, where conversations 
about valve formations and 

5718
05:14:50,000 --> 05:14:52,800
continent articulation. 
Whereas common as discussion 

5719
05:14:52,800 --> 05:14:57,000
about the weather, what's rarely
discussed is how young Alec as 

5720
05:14:57,000 --> 05:15:00,100
he was called. 
Didn't initially share his 

5721
05:15:00,100 --> 05:15:03,000
father's fascination with 
speech, his early passions, 

5722
05:15:03,000 --> 05:15:06,500
centered on music and botany 
spending hours collecting and 

5723
05:15:06,500 --> 05:15:09,100
classifying plants around 
Edinburgh at 12. 

5724
05:15:09,100 --> 05:15:11,200
While wandering through the 
wheat fields near his 

5725
05:15:11,200 --> 05:15:14,300
grandparents home. 
He invented a simple dehusking 

5726
05:15:14,300 --> 05:15:17,700
machine using rotating paddles. 
His first invention came not 

5727
05:15:17,700 --> 05:15:21,600
from sound but from Plants 
Bell's mother Eliza Grace 

5728
05:15:21,600 --> 05:15:25,400
Simon's was progressively death,
yet she possessed remarkable 

5729
05:15:25,400 --> 05:15:29,300
musical Talent. 
This Paradox a woman unable to 

5730
05:15:29,300 --> 05:15:32,900
fully hear who could still play 
piano beautifully created Bells,

5731
05:15:32,900 --> 05:15:36,000
first understanding that sound 
existed beyond the ears alone. 

5732
05:15:36,900 --> 05:15:38,500
He discovered he could 
communicate with her. 

5733
05:15:38,500 --> 05:15:43,100
By speaking in low clear tones 
Close to her forehead, allowing 

5734
05:15:43,100 --> 05:15:45,100
her to feel the vibrations of 
his voice. 

5735
05:15:46,200 --> 05:15:48,600
An intimate form of 
communication that taught him 

5736
05:15:48,600 --> 05:15:50,800
sound was as much physical as 
auditory. 

5737
05:15:51,700 --> 05:15:53,900
The households connection to 
deafness deepened. 

5738
05:15:53,900 --> 05:15:57,800
When bells two brothers died of 
tuberculosis leaving him, The 

5739
05:15:57,800 --> 05:16:01,700
Souls of surviving son. 
Few historians acknowledge the 

5740
05:16:01,700 --> 05:16:04,700
shadow this tragedy caste Belle.
Developed an almost 

5741
05:16:04,708 --> 05:16:07,400
superstitious belief that his 
work with the deaf was somehow 

5742
05:16:07,400 --> 05:16:11,000
protective believing that by 
dedicating himself to helping 

5743
05:16:11,000 --> 05:16:14,800
those without hearing. 
He might Escape the Fate to his 

5744
05:16:14,800 --> 05:16:17,900
brothers. 
That's 16, Bell began teaching 

5745
05:16:17,900 --> 05:16:21,300
music and elocution at Western 
House Academy in Elgin Scotland 

5746
05:16:21,300 --> 05:16:24,100
trading lessons for board while 
continuing his education. 

5747
05:16:24,100 --> 05:16:28,500
Here he encountered James Bell, 
no relation who introduced him 

5748
05:16:28,500 --> 05:16:31,800
to electrical science Their 
experiments with a homemade 

5749
05:16:31,800 --> 05:16:34,500
battery, and Telegraph sparked 
young, Bells, interest in 

5750
05:16:34,500 --> 05:16:37,200
electricity, though. 
He wouldn't connect it to sound 

5751
05:16:37,200 --> 05:16:40,600
for years to come, What's 
particularly fascinating, is how

5752
05:16:40,600 --> 05:16:43,600
Bell's early experiments were 
aimed at distance communication,

5753
05:16:43,600 --> 05:16:47,000
but at something far more 
fanciful, he and his brother 

5754
05:16:47,000 --> 05:16:49,100
Melville created. 
A speaking Automotive, 

5755
05:16:49,100 --> 05:16:52,100
essentially, a tempting to build
a machine that could produce 

5756
05:16:52,100 --> 05:16:55,100
human speech. 
Sounds they managed to make 

5757
05:16:55,100 --> 05:16:57,600
their creation speak by using 
Bellows for lungs. 

5758
05:16:57,600 --> 05:17:01,600
A crude larynx made from Reed 
and a flexible leather mouth 

5759
05:17:01,600 --> 05:17:05,800
with movable lips and tongue. 
Simple sounds and even not a 

5760
05:17:05,800 --> 05:17:09,300
phrases like Mama. this 
forgotten experiment reveals 

5761
05:17:09,300 --> 05:17:12,200
Bells initial Fascination was 
not with transmitting human 

5762
05:17:12,200 --> 05:17:18,100
voices but manufacturing the 
artificially In 1863 belt turned

5763
05:17:18,100 --> 05:17:22,000
16 and took a position as a 
teacher of elocution and music 

5764
05:17:22,000 --> 05:17:24,500
at Weston House Academy in 
Scotland. 

5765
05:17:25,200 --> 05:17:27,900
While their Bell, read the work 
of German physicist. 

5766
05:17:27,900 --> 05:17:30,900
Hermann Von helmholtz, who had 
conducted experiments 

5767
05:17:30,900 --> 05:17:33,500
demonstrating that electrical 
currents could be used to 

5768
05:17:33,500 --> 05:17:36,700
simulate sound Bell. 
Couldn't read German and 

5769
05:17:36,700 --> 05:17:39,900
misinterpreted helmholtz's work 
believing the scientists had 

5770
05:17:39,900 --> 05:17:42,800
successfully transmitted vowel 
sounds over wire using 

5771
05:17:42,800 --> 05:17:46,500
electricity this productive 
misunderstanding planted to see 

5772
05:17:46,508 --> 05:17:49,800
that would eventually grow into 
the telephone after his brothers

5773
05:17:49,800 --> 05:17:52,100
deaths. 
Bell's parents sought healthier,

5774
05:17:52,100 --> 05:17:54,700
surroundings eventually settling
on Canada. 

5775
05:17:54,700 --> 05:17:58,100
In 1870, the family made the 
Atlantic Crossing. 

5776
05:17:58,100 --> 05:18:02,300
After Edward his second brother 
died from tuberculosis, this 

5777
05:18:02,300 --> 05:18:05,100
transition period is rarely 
highlighted yet. 

5778
05:18:05,100 --> 05:18:08,700
It was pivotal Bell was leaving 
behind, not just a country, but 

5779
05:18:08,700 --> 05:18:11,400
an identity on the ship Crossing
to Canada. 

5780
05:18:11,400 --> 05:18:14,700
He grew a beard to look older 
attempting to reinvent himself 

5781
05:18:14,700 --> 05:18:17,600
in this new world. 
The man who arrived in North 

5782
05:18:17,600 --> 05:18:20,700
America was determined to 
escape, not just the tubercular 

5783
05:18:20,700 --> 05:18:23,800
area of Scotland but also the 
shadow of family tragedy. 

5784
05:18:24,700 --> 05:18:28,400
In 1871 Alexander, Graham Bell 
arrived in Boston. 

5785
05:18:28,400 --> 05:18:31,500
Not as The Confident, inventor 
history, often portrays. 

5786
05:18:31,500 --> 05:18:35,700
But as a man desperate for work,
his reputation as an expert, 

5787
05:18:35,700 --> 05:18:38,900
invisible speech and proceeded 
him and the Boston Board of 

5788
05:18:38,900 --> 05:18:41,500
Education hired him to train 
teachers at the school for the 

5789
05:18:41,500 --> 05:18:44,100
deaf. 
Bell was not merely teaching a 

5790
05:18:44,100 --> 05:18:46,000
method. 
He was challenging an entire 

5791
05:18:46,000 --> 05:18:50,000
philosophy of deaf education. 
The American approach to deaf 

5792
05:18:50,000 --> 05:18:52,300
education at the time. 
Heavily favored sign language. 

5793
05:18:52,300 --> 05:18:55,100
Bell influenced by his father's 
methods. 

5794
05:18:55,100 --> 05:18:58,600
Advocated for oralism. 
Teaching the deaf to speak and 

5795
05:18:58,608 --> 05:19:01,100
read lips a position. 
That would later earn him 

5796
05:19:01,100 --> 05:19:03,500
significant criticism from deaf 
communities. 

5797
05:19:04,300 --> 05:19:07,600
This ideological battle shaped 
Bells, early years in America 

5798
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:10,300
and revealed his stubborn, 
willingness to Champion 

5799
05:19:10,300 --> 05:19:13,000
unpopular ideas. 
A trait that would serve his 

5800
05:19:13,000 --> 05:19:15,700
inventing career. 
Well, What's typically 

5801
05:19:15,700 --> 05:19:19,200
overlooked in Bells biography? 
Is that he was perpetually broke

5802
05:19:19,200 --> 05:19:22,200
during these Boston years. 
He supplemented his teaching 

5803
05:19:22,200 --> 05:19:25,400
income by taking private pupils 
often traveling hours by 

5804
05:19:25,400 --> 05:19:29,100
horse-drawn streetcar between 
lessons One such journey in 

5805
05:19:29,100 --> 05:19:31,500
Winter nearly cost him his life 
when he fell through ice. 

5806
05:19:31,500 --> 05:19:34,800
While crossing the Charles River
as a shortcut soaked and 

5807
05:19:34,808 --> 05:19:38,200
freezing, he barely reached his 
destination, where his students 

5808
05:19:38,200 --> 05:19:40,400
family had to throw him out 
before a roaring fire. 

5809
05:19:41,300 --> 05:19:44,100
Bell's private students included
the children of Boston's Elite 

5810
05:19:44,100 --> 05:19:47,500
families giving him access to 
Social Circles that would later 

5811
05:19:47,500 --> 05:19:49,900
provide crucial Financial 
backing for his invention. 

5812
05:19:49,900 --> 05:19:53,400
Among these students was George 
Sanders whose father would 

5813
05:19:53,400 --> 05:19:56,000
become one of Bell's most 
important Financial supporters 

5814
05:19:57,000 --> 05:20:00,700
The Sanders home in Salem became
Bell's second residence, where 

5815
05:20:00,700 --> 05:20:02,600
he was given attic space for 
experiments. 

5816
05:20:03,400 --> 05:20:06,400
This Arrangement, not only 
provided convenience, but also 

5817
05:20:06,400 --> 05:20:09,100
enabled Bell's wealthy 
supporters to closely monitor 

5818
05:20:09,100 --> 05:20:12,800
their investment. 
During this period belmet Mabel 

5819
05:20:12,800 --> 05:20:16,000
Hubbard a student who had lost 
her hearing to scarlet fever at 

5820
05:20:16,000 --> 05:20:19,200
age. 
Five, ten years is Junior, Mabel

5821
05:20:19,200 --> 05:20:21,600
was bright and determined and 
came from a wealthy and 

5822
05:20:21,600 --> 05:20:24,700
well-connected family. 
Her father, Gardiner Greene 

5823
05:20:24,700 --> 05:20:26,900
Hubbard. 
Was a prominent, Boston lawyer 

5824
05:20:26,900 --> 05:20:29,000
and would later. 
Become Bell's business, partner,

5825
05:20:29,000 --> 05:20:32,600
mayor and father in law. 
While their romance blossomed 

5826
05:20:32,600 --> 05:20:34,800
slowly, what's less known is 
that Bell? 

5827
05:20:34,800 --> 05:20:38,100
Initially hesitated to pursue 
Maybel worried that his work 

5828
05:20:38,100 --> 05:20:40,600
with the deaf might make her 
feel like a project rather than 

5829
05:20:40,600 --> 05:20:43,100
a partner. 
Belle's teaching, methods were 

5830
05:20:43,100 --> 05:20:45,800
revolutionary. 
But exhausting, he would spend 

5831
05:20:45,800 --> 05:20:49,100
hours with individual students, 
placing their hands on his face 

5832
05:20:49,100 --> 05:20:52,400
to feel the vibrations as he 
spoke moving their tongues and 

5833
05:20:52,400 --> 05:20:55,000
lips with his fingers to form 
correct positions. 

5834
05:20:55,800 --> 05:21:00,000
This intimate Hands-On approach 
yielded remarkable results, but 

5835
05:21:00,000 --> 05:21:03,300
drained him, physically and 
emotionally After full days of 

5836
05:21:03,300 --> 05:21:06,400
teaching Bellwood Retreat, to 
his living quarters to conduct 

5837
05:21:06,400 --> 05:21:10,100
experiments with electricity and
sound often working through the 

5838
05:21:10,100 --> 05:21:12,500
night. 
Bell's experimentation during 

5839
05:21:12,500 --> 05:21:15,300
this period, wasn't solely 
focused on Voice transmission. 

5840
05:21:15,300 --> 05:21:19,800
He was simultaneously developing
a harmonic Telegraph, a device 

5841
05:21:19,800 --> 05:21:22,900
capable of sending multiple 
Telegraph messages, concurrently

5842
05:21:22,900 --> 05:21:26,200
over a single wire by using 
different musical tones. 

5843
05:21:27,200 --> 05:21:29,700
This approach directly 
challenged Western Unions, 

5844
05:21:29,700 --> 05:21:32,500
Telegraph Monopoly and attracted
Financial backing. 

5845
05:21:32,500 --> 05:21:35,000
From those eager to break the 
company's Stranglehold on 

5846
05:21:35,000 --> 05:21:37,900
communication. 
Rarely discussed is the fact 

5847
05:21:37,900 --> 05:21:41,100
that Bells unusual habit of 
combining disciplines often led 

5848
05:21:41,100 --> 05:21:44,000
to his breakthroughs, his 
understanding of the human voice

5849
05:21:44,000 --> 05:21:47,500
acquired through years of speech
training informed. 

5850
05:21:47,500 --> 05:21:49,000
His electrical experiments in 
ways. 

5851
05:21:49,000 --> 05:21:52,400
Pure electricians, couldnt 
match, while contemporaries like

5852
05:21:52,400 --> 05:21:54,900
Thomas Edison and Alicia gray, 
approached communication 

5853
05:21:54,900 --> 05:21:56,800
technology. 
From an electrical engineering 

5854
05:21:56,800 --> 05:22:00,100
perspective, Bell approached it 
through the lens of human 

5855
05:22:00,100 --> 05:22:03,600
anatomy and acoustics. 
Bells research notes from this 

5856
05:22:03,600 --> 05:22:06,400
period reveal a man, constantly 
torn between commercial and 

5857
05:22:06,400 --> 05:22:09,700
humanitarian motivations. 
While he genuinely wanted to 

5858
05:22:09,700 --> 05:22:13,200
help the deaf communicate. 
He also meticulously documented,

5859
05:22:13,200 --> 05:22:17,300
which ideas might be patentable.
This pragmatic Duality 

5860
05:22:17,300 --> 05:22:21,300
humanitarian dreams backed by 
business Acumen helped Bell 

5861
05:22:21,300 --> 05:22:25,800
succeed where other idealistic 
inventors faild in June 1875 

5862
05:22:25,800 --> 05:22:29,200
while experimenting with his 
harmonic Telegraph Bell. 

5863
05:22:29,200 --> 05:22:33,100
And his assistant Thomas Watson,
discovered that a reed stuck in 

5864
05:22:33,100 --> 05:22:37,200
continued to transmit sound. 
Bell recognize the implications 

5865
05:22:37,200 --> 05:22:39,800
immediately. 
If he could make continuous 

5866
05:22:39,800 --> 05:22:43,300
electrical current variant 
intensity precisely as are 

5867
05:22:43,300 --> 05:22:45,700
varied in density during sound 
transmission. 

5868
05:22:45,700 --> 05:22:49,900
You could transmit speech this 
Epiphany came during a period 

5869
05:22:49,900 --> 05:22:52,900
when Belle was physically ill 
and mentally exhausted from 

5870
05:22:52,900 --> 05:22:56,400
overwork, suggesting that his 
breakthrough emerged not despite

5871
05:22:56,400 --> 05:22:59,800
his fatigue, but perhaps because
of it, his tired mind making 

5872
05:22:59,800 --> 05:23:03,400
connections is disciplined, 
thinking might have missed The 

5873
05:23:03,400 --> 05:23:06,100
birth of the telephone wasn't 
the triumphant Eureka moment. 

5874
05:23:06,100 --> 05:23:10,400
Often depicted in simplified 
histories, instead, it emerged 

5875
05:23:10,400 --> 05:23:14,600
through a series of incremental 
advances false starts, and near 

5876
05:23:14,600 --> 05:23:16,800
misses that culminated in a 
working device, through 

5877
05:23:16,800 --> 05:23:20,700
persistence rather than a single
Flash of Genius on March 10th. 

5878
05:23:20,700 --> 05:23:25,800
1876 Belle to the famous words, 
Mr. Watson, come here, I want to

5879
05:23:25,800 --> 05:23:29,300
see you through his experimental
device at the context of this 

5880
05:23:29,300 --> 05:23:32,900
moment is rarely explained. 
Bell had accidentally spilled 

5881
05:23:32,900 --> 05:23:36,400
battery acid on his clothes and 
was calling for assistance, not 

5882
05:23:36,400 --> 05:23:40,200
deliberately testing the machine
Watson working in another room. 

5883
05:23:40,200 --> 05:23:43,400
Heard the call clearly through 
the device and rushed to Bell's 

5884
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:45,500
side. 
The first transmitted sentence 

5885
05:23:45,500 --> 05:23:48,600
in telephone history, was 
essentially a workplace accident

5886
05:23:48,600 --> 05:23:51,600
report. 
What's also frequently, 

5887
05:23:51,600 --> 05:23:54,700
overlooked is how close Bell 
came to losing his place in 

5888
05:23:54,700 --> 05:23:58,100
history, just hours before Bell 
filed his telephone patent on 

5889
05:23:58,108 --> 05:24:02,500
February 14th. 1876. 
Another inventor Elisha gray 

5890
05:24:02,500 --> 05:24:05,300
submitted. 
A caveat of preliminary patent 

5891
05:24:05,300 --> 05:24:08,400
document for a similar device. 
The ensuing priority battle 

5892
05:24:08,400 --> 05:24:11,900
would consume years of Bell's 
life and mental energy, despite 

5893
05:24:11,900 --> 05:24:14,300
Bells eventual victory in the US
Supreme Court. 

5894
05:24:14,300 --> 05:24:17,300
His victory was narrowly 
margined and surrounded by 

5895
05:24:17,300 --> 05:24:19,600
persistent allegations of patent
office. 

5896
05:24:19,600 --> 05:24:23,000
Corruption the telephones, early
demonstrations revealed public 

5897
05:24:23,000 --> 05:24:26,500
skepticism about its 
practicality when Belle first 

5898
05:24:26,500 --> 05:24:30,100
exhibited, his invention at the 
1876 Centennial Exhibition. 

5899
05:24:30,100 --> 05:24:33,800
In Philadelphia, most visitors, 
dismissed it as a clever parlor 

5900
05:24:33,800 --> 05:24:35,800
trick rather than a 
revolutionary communication 

5901
05:24:35,800 --> 05:24:39,500
device Emperor, Dom Pedro. 
The second of Brazil provided 

5902
05:24:39,500 --> 05:24:42,600
crucial validation when he tried
the advice in amazement. 

5903
05:24:42,600 --> 05:24:46,600
My God it talks. 
This Royal endorsement, 

5904
05:24:46,600 --> 05:24:48,600
transformed public perception 
overnight. 

5905
05:24:49,500 --> 05:24:52,100
Before journalists Frederick 
Gower popularized, the term 

5906
05:24:52,100 --> 05:24:55,300
telephone in his reporting. 
Bell preferred to refer to his 

5907
05:24:55,300 --> 05:24:57,300
devices and electrical speech 
machine. 

5908
05:24:58,200 --> 05:25:00,700
Builders like the term 
considering it in precise and 

5909
05:25:00,700 --> 05:25:02,900
overly Greek. 
But eventually conceded to its 

5910
05:25:02,908 --> 05:25:07,000
popular usage demonstrating that
even the inventor couldn't 

5911
05:25:07,000 --> 05:25:09,200
control all aspects of his 
creation's identity. 

5912
05:25:10,700 --> 05:25:12,900
The early telephone faced 
significant technical 

5913
05:25:12,900 --> 05:25:16,200
limitations early models 
required users to both speak 

5914
05:25:16,200 --> 05:25:17,900
into and listen through the same
piece. 

5915
05:25:17,900 --> 05:25:20,800
Necessitating an awkward back 
and forth motion during 

5916
05:25:20,800 --> 05:25:23,300
conversations. 
The transmitter design was so 

5917
05:25:23,300 --> 05:25:26,800
inefficient that users often had
to shout to be heard and range 

5918
05:25:26,800 --> 05:25:30,000
was severely limited Thomas 
Edison's later. 

5919
05:25:30,000 --> 05:25:32,600
Carbon transmitter improvements 
significantly, enhanced 

5920
05:25:32,600 --> 05:25:35,500
performance though. 
Bell resisted adopting Edison's 

5921
05:25:35,500 --> 05:25:37,400
technology due to their intense 
rivalry. 

5922
05:25:38,800 --> 05:25:41,700
Bells demonstration before Queen
Victoria Osborne house in 

5923
05:25:41,700 --> 05:25:45,800
January. 1878 was a carefully, 
choreographed publicity event. 

5924
05:25:45,800 --> 05:25:49,700
Musicians were stationed at cows
and Southampton miles from the 

5925
05:25:49,700 --> 05:25:52,500
Royal residence to play for the 
queen through the telephone 

5926
05:25:52,500 --> 05:25:54,900
line. 
The performance was successful. 

5927
05:25:54,900 --> 05:25:58,200
The court records indicate the 
queen found, the sound quality 

5928
05:25:58,200 --> 05:26:02,300
adequate, but unrefined 
nevertheless her royal attention

5929
05:26:02,300 --> 05:26:04,800
guaranteed newspaper coverage 
throughout the British Empire 

5930
05:26:04,800 --> 05:26:08,100
advancing Bells interests, while
he personally found the Royal 

5931
05:26:08,100 --> 05:26:12,000
performance anxiety inducing The
telephone's early adoption 

5932
05:26:12,000 --> 05:26:14,900
wasn't driven by the business 
applications as Bell expected. 

5933
05:26:14,900 --> 05:26:18,800
But by what we might today call 
emergencies Services, police 

5934
05:26:18,800 --> 05:26:21,300
stations and fire departments 
were among the earliest 

5935
05:26:21,300 --> 05:26:24,300
institutional adopters seeing 
the value in instant 

5936
05:26:24,300 --> 05:26:28,100
communication during crises 
doctors all so quickly, embrace 

5937
05:26:28,100 --> 05:26:31,200
the technology allowing patients
to call for Urgent Care. 

5938
05:26:31,200 --> 05:26:34,800
A use case, Bell hadn't 
anticipated, but which provided 

5939
05:26:34,800 --> 05:26:37,400
crucial early Revenue. 
Bell. 

5940
05:26:37,400 --> 05:26:39,300
Grappled, with the business 
aspects of his invention in the 

5941
05:26:39,308 --> 05:26:42,300
background though, often 
portrayed as a scientific 

5942
05:26:42,300 --> 05:26:44,900
genius, he was an indifferent 
businessman. 

5943
05:26:44,900 --> 05:26:46,900
Who found commercial 
negotiations? 

5944
05:26:46,900 --> 05:26:50,300
Distasteful. 
His father-in-law Gardner 

5945
05:26:50,300 --> 05:26:53,900
Hubbard managed most business 
affairs, often making decisions 

5946
05:26:53,900 --> 05:26:57,000
Bell disagreed with but felt 
powerless to oppose due to 

5947
05:26:57,000 --> 05:27:00,100
family Dynamics. 
When the Bell Telephone Company 

5948
05:27:00,100 --> 05:27:04,600
was formed in July, 1877, 
Alexander Graham Bell was given 

5949
05:27:04,600 --> 05:27:07,700
only a small portion of the 
shares a financial Arrangement. 

5950
05:27:07,700 --> 05:27:10,000
He would later regret as the 
company's value. 

5951
05:27:10,000 --> 05:27:14,900
Skyrocketed, by 1878 Bell, was 
already growing disillusioned 

5952
05:27:14,900 --> 05:27:17,300
with his creation's 
commercialization and the 

5953
05:27:17,300 --> 05:27:19,600
endless patent litigation 
surrounding it. 

5954
05:27:20,500 --> 05:27:23,900
In a rarely quoted letter to his
parents, he confessed, I have 

5955
05:27:23,908 --> 05:27:26,400
become rather tired of the 
telephone, inventing. 

5956
05:27:26,400 --> 05:27:28,900
Something is so much more 
interesting than perfecting it. 

5957
05:27:28,900 --> 05:27:31,900
And now, when I see the 
telephone serving the common 

5958
05:27:31,900 --> 05:27:35,800
purposes of life, it loses very 
much, its romance and wander to 

5959
05:27:35,808 --> 05:27:38,100
me. 
This sentiment would eventually 

5960
05:27:38,100 --> 05:27:41,400
Drive Belle away from telephony,
altogether toward new, 

5961
05:27:41,400 --> 05:27:44,100
scientific Pursuits with a 
thrill of Discovery could be 

5962
05:27:44,108 --> 05:27:47,700
experienced to Fresh. 
Behind Alexander Graham. 

5963
05:27:47,700 --> 05:27:49,800
Bell's. 
Public Persona is inventor and 

5964
05:27:49,808 --> 05:27:53,000
businessman existed. 
A private life characterized by 

5965
05:27:53,000 --> 05:27:56,300
deep personal commitments and 
internal conflicts that rarely 

5966
05:27:56,300 --> 05:28:00,100
make it into standard histories.
His marriage to Mabel Hubbard in

5967
05:28:00,100 --> 05:28:03,700
1877, connected him to one of 
Boston's most influential 

5968
05:28:03,700 --> 05:28:06,900
families, but also placed him 
within a complex web of 

5969
05:28:06,900 --> 05:28:09,300
expectations and obligations, 
that would shape the remainder 

5970
05:28:09,300 --> 05:28:12,100
of his life. 
Mabel was far more than the 

5971
05:28:12,100 --> 05:28:14,400
supportive wife historical 
accounts, often reducer to 

5972
05:28:14,408 --> 05:28:18,600
intelligent educated at 
Radcliffe College, then called 

5973
05:28:18,600 --> 05:28:21,400
the Harvard, Annex and fluent in
multiple languages. 

5974
05:28:21,400 --> 05:28:24,500
Despite her deafness, she 
managed, the family's finances, 

5975
05:28:24,500 --> 05:28:28,400
edited, Bells, scientific papers
and negotiated many of his 

5976
05:28:28,400 --> 05:28:31,200
business Arrangements. 
Their correspondence reveals 

5977
05:28:31,200 --> 05:28:33,000
that major decisions about 
Bells. 

5978
05:28:33,000 --> 05:28:36,300
Career were joint ventures with 
Mabel often, providing the 

5979
05:28:36,300 --> 05:28:38,400
Strategic Vision, while Bell 
Supply. 

5980
05:28:38,400 --> 05:28:42,200
The technical expertise. 
Homelife had features rarely 

5981
05:28:42,200 --> 05:28:43,600
discussed in traditional 
accounts. 

5982
05:28:44,500 --> 05:28:47,700
Due to Mabel's deafness the Bell
household operated under 

5983
05:28:47,700 --> 05:28:50,100
communication. 
Protocols that visitors found 

5984
05:28:50,100 --> 05:28:52,700
unusual. 
Family members and servants. 

5985
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:56,100
Were trained never to speak to 
Mabel from behind, always to 

5986
05:28:56,100 --> 05:29:00,000
face her directly in good light.
And to use specific gestures to 

5987
05:29:00,000 --> 05:29:03,400
gain her attention. 
Bell himself developed a private

5988
05:29:03,400 --> 05:29:06,200
sign language with Mabel 
combining elements of 

5989
05:29:06,200 --> 05:29:10,700
conventional sign language with 
intimate gestures unique to 

5990
05:29:10,700 --> 05:29:13,700
their relationship. 
This private language allowed 

5991
05:29:13,700 --> 05:29:16,600
them to communicate across 
crowded rooms and in situations 

5992
05:29:16,600 --> 05:29:19,800
where lip reading was 
impossible. the bells had four 

5993
05:29:19,800 --> 05:29:22,900
children though only two 
daughters Elsie and Marion 

5994
05:29:22,900 --> 05:29:27,400
survived to adulthood The deaths
of their two sons in infancy 

5995
05:29:27,400 --> 05:29:28,900
affected. 
Belle profoundly. 

5996
05:29:29,600 --> 05:29:32,400
Triggering intense periods of 
depression that occasionally 

5997
05:29:32,400 --> 05:29:34,100
halted, his scientific work 
altogether. 

5998
05:29:35,200 --> 05:29:37,700
These episodes of mental health 
struggle remained largely 

5999
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:40,300
unexamined in Bell. 
Biographies yet. 

6000
05:29:40,300 --> 05:29:43,000
They significantly impacted his 
productivity and interests. 

6001
05:29:43,800 --> 05:29:47,000
During these dark periods, Belle
would sometimes disappear for 

6002
05:29:47,000 --> 05:29:50,500
days into his laboratory. 
Working obsessively on projects 

6003
05:29:50,500 --> 05:29:53,800
unrelated to commercial 
potential a form of therapy 

6004
05:29:53,800 --> 05:29:57,100
through invention. 
Bells relationship with the deaf

6005
05:29:57,100 --> 05:30:00,300
Community was far more 
complicated than most while he 

6006
05:30:00,300 --> 05:30:03,600
is remembered for his work in 
deaf, education Bells, strong, 

6007
05:30:03,600 --> 05:30:06,800
advocacy, for oralism teaching, 
the deaf to speak, rather the 

6008
05:30:06,800 --> 05:30:09,700
new sign language and his 
opposition to deaf into 

6009
05:30:09,700 --> 05:30:11,200
marriage. 
Eventually, made him a 

6010
05:30:11,200 --> 05:30:13,000
controversial figure among deaf 
activists. 

6011
05:30:13,000 --> 05:30:16,100
They viewed these positions as a
tax on Deaf culture, and 

6012
05:30:16,100 --> 05:30:18,800
identity. 
What's rarely acknowledged is 

6013
05:30:18,800 --> 05:30:20,900
how Bells position evolved with 
age. 

6014
05:30:21,800 --> 05:30:24,900
Private journals from his later 
years showing ambivalence about 

6015
05:30:24,900 --> 05:30:27,900
his early Hardline stance, 
though, he never publicly 

6016
05:30:27,900 --> 05:30:31,200
reversed his position. 
Bell's household on Connecticut,

6017
05:30:31,200 --> 05:30:35,000
Avenue in Washington, DC became 
an intellectual salon, 

6018
05:30:35,000 --> 05:30:38,400
frequented by scientists 
politicians and artists after 

6019
05:30:38,400 --> 05:30:41,700
the family moved from Boston. 
These gatherings were carefully 

6020
05:30:41,700 --> 05:30:44,700
orchestrated by Mabel who used 
these social connections to 

6021
05:30:44,700 --> 05:30:47,200
advance Bell's projects and 
secure funding for his 

6022
05:30:47,200 --> 05:30:49,500
increasingly diverse scientific 
interests. 

6023
05:30:50,400 --> 05:30:52,500
The house contained a specially 
designed laboratory. 

6024
05:30:52,500 --> 05:30:56,400
Where bell would often Retreat 
during these parties emerging 

6025
05:30:56,400 --> 05:30:59,700
occasionally to demonstrate new 
experiments to impressed guests.

6026
05:31:00,600 --> 05:31:03,800
Financial anxiety, haunted Bell,
despite his apparent success, 

6027
05:31:03,800 --> 05:31:06,300
The Continuous patent, 
litigation surrounding the 

6028
05:31:06,300 --> 05:31:09,500
telephone drained resources and 
bells habit of funding, 

6029
05:31:09,500 --> 05:31:12,500
elaborate scientific 
exploration's the family 

6030
05:31:12,500 --> 05:31:16,100
finance's Maple, imposed a 
strict allowance system on her 

6031
05:31:16,100 --> 05:31:19,200
husband controlling his access 
to funds when she felt his 

6032
05:31:19,200 --> 05:31:21,700
spending on scientific equipment
became excessive. 

6033
05:31:22,400 --> 05:31:25,500
Their correspondence contains 
numerous instances of Belle, 

6034
05:31:25,500 --> 05:31:28,600
pleading for additional research
funds while Mabel insisted on 

6035
05:31:28,600 --> 05:31:32,300
budgetary, discipline by the 
standards of his time bells. 

6036
05:31:32,300 --> 05:31:35,700
Personal habits, were eccentric 
typically work through the night

6037
05:31:35,700 --> 05:31:38,700
and slept during daylight hours 
a schedule that caused friction 

6038
05:31:38,700 --> 05:31:42,200
within the household, but which 
insisted was essential to his 

6039
05:31:42,200 --> 05:31:44,900
creative process. 
He was known to go days without 

6040
05:31:44,900 --> 05:31:48,200
changing clothes when absorbed 
in an experiment, And household 

6041
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:50,900
staff were instructed, never to 
clean, or rearrange his 

6042
05:31:50,900 --> 05:31:54,400
laboratory, no matter how 
chaotic it appeared Bell claimed

6043
05:31:54,400 --> 05:31:57,700
to have a topographic memory for
the position of every tool and 

6044
05:31:57,700 --> 05:32:00,100
paper. 
Bell's relationship with his 

6045
05:32:00,100 --> 05:32:03,300
famous father-in-law, Gardner 
Hubbard was complex and 

6046
05:32:03,300 --> 05:32:05,900
occasionally strained. 
While Hubbard provided crucial 

6047
05:32:05,900 --> 05:32:07,500
business support and 
connections. 

6048
05:32:07,500 --> 05:32:10,500
You also pushed Bell toward 
commercial applications, when 

6049
05:32:10,500 --> 05:32:13,900
Bell preferred pure research. 
After one particularly heated, 

6050
05:32:13,900 --> 05:32:15,500
argument about the direction of 
the Bell. 

6051
05:32:15,500 --> 05:32:19,200
Telephone Company Bell retreated
to his Nova Scotia estate for 

6052
05:32:19,200 --> 05:32:22,600
nearly six months communicating 
with Hubbard exclusively through

6053
05:32:22,600 --> 05:32:26,400
Mabel's intermediary. 
As he aged, Belle, developed 

6054
05:32:26,400 --> 05:32:29,600
various health problems, 
including diabetes and symptoms,

6055
05:32:29,600 --> 05:32:33,600
consistent with nearest, senior 
appeared, diagnosis for fatigue 

6056
05:32:33,600 --> 05:32:35,400
and anxiety. 
Bell. 

6057
05:32:35,400 --> 05:32:38,000
Managed these conditions by 
combining conventional medicine 

6058
05:32:38,000 --> 05:32:40,700
with the popular water, cures of
the late 19th century. 

6059
05:32:41,600 --> 05:32:43,700
Bell became an advocate of 
hydrotherapy. 

6060
05:32:43,700 --> 05:32:48,200
Installing elaborate bathing 
equipment in his home's and 

6061
05:32:48,200 --> 05:32:51,000
maintaining detailed journals 
about the effects of various 

6062
05:32:51,000 --> 05:32:54,600
water treatments on his health, 
and intellectual energy, and 

6063
05:32:54,600 --> 05:32:56,900
aspect of his life, completely 
absent from standard 

6064
05:32:56,900 --> 05:32:59,900
biographies. 
Alexander Graham Bell's 

6065
05:32:59,900 --> 05:33:02,500
identification, with the 
telephone has overshadowed his 

6066
05:33:02,500 --> 05:33:04,900
remarkable range of other 
scientific contributions. 

6067
05:33:04,900 --> 05:33:08,900
Some Visionary others, curious 
dead ends but all revealing a 

6068
05:33:08,900 --> 05:33:11,200
Restless intellect to the 
refused to be defined by a 

6069
05:33:11,200 --> 05:33:14,200
single invention. 
Bell's work on the photo phone 

6070
05:33:14,200 --> 05:33:17,400
developed with his assistant, 
Charles Sumner tainter, between 

6071
05:33:17,400 --> 05:33:21,600
1879 and 1880 represented. 
The first Wireless telephone 

6072
05:33:21,600 --> 05:33:25,400
Communication System, the device
transmitted sound on a beam of 

6073
05:33:25,400 --> 05:33:28,700
light, essentially the same 
principle behind fiber optic. 

6074
05:33:28,700 --> 05:33:30,700
Communication developed, nearly 
a century later. 

6075
05:33:30,700 --> 05:33:33,700
Bell considered it. 
The greatest invention I have 

6076
05:33:33,700 --> 05:33:36,600
ever made greater than the 
telephone yet. 

6077
05:33:36,600 --> 05:33:40,200
The technology was ahead of its 
time, limited by contemporary 

6078
05:33:40,200 --> 05:33:43,800
light sources and detectors few 
people realize that when making 

6079
05:33:43,800 --> 05:33:46,800
a fiber optic called today. 
She using principles, Belle 

6080
05:33:46,800 --> 05:33:50,900
pioneered In the realm of 
Aviation Bell, formed the aerial

6081
05:33:50,900 --> 05:33:55,300
experiment Association in 1909, 
bringing together, Glenn, Curtis

6082
05:33:55,300 --> 05:33:58,900
Thomas Selfridge, Casey Baldwin 
and Douglas McCurdy. 

6083
05:33:59,700 --> 05:34:01,700
This team created. 
Several notable aircraft 

6084
05:34:01,700 --> 05:34:05,400
including the silver Dart which 
in 1909 made the first 

6085
05:34:05,400 --> 05:34:07,200
controlled powered flight in 
Canada. 

6086
05:34:08,100 --> 05:34:11,000
Bells particular contribution 
was, the tetrahedral, kite, 

6087
05:34:11,000 --> 05:34:15,100
unique design, using triangular 
cells, that provided remarkable 

6088
05:34:15,100 --> 05:34:18,400
structural strength. 
He built increasingly large 

6089
05:34:18,400 --> 05:34:20,700
versions of eventually. 
Creating the Cygnet. 

6090
05:34:20,700 --> 05:34:23,600
A tetrahedral, kite large enough
to carry a man. 

6091
05:34:24,500 --> 05:34:27,100
What's really mentioned, is how 
Bell's obsession with these 

6092
05:34:27,100 --> 05:34:31,200
tetrahedral structures extended 
Beyond flight Incorporated, the 

6093
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:35,500
geometric pattern into Furniture
lamps and even children's toys, 

6094
05:34:35,500 --> 05:34:36,900
he designed for his 
grandchildren. 

6095
05:34:37,900 --> 05:34:40,500
Bell's work in genetics and 
animal husbandry represents 

6096
05:34:40,500 --> 05:34:42,100
another largely overlooked 
chapter. 

6097
05:34:42,100 --> 05:34:46,000
It is a state in Nova Scotia. 
He conducted extensive breeding 

6098
05:34:46,000 --> 05:34:48,900
experiments with sheep 
meticulously documenting the 

6099
05:34:48,900 --> 05:34:52,700
inheritance of traits across 
Generations, his specific Focus 

6100
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:55,200
was producing sheep with 
multiple nipples. 

6101
05:34:55,200 --> 05:34:59,500
Tracy, believed would allow used
to nurse more Lambs in meat 

6102
05:34:59,500 --> 05:35:03,200
production, efficiency. 
After nearly 30 years of 

6103
05:35:03,200 --> 05:35:05,900
selective breeding he's 
successfully developed, a strain

6104
05:35:05,908 --> 05:35:08,800
of sheep where multiple nipples 
were consistently inherited. 

6105
05:35:08,800 --> 05:35:12,500
While this work never gained 
commercial application, his 

6106
05:35:12,500 --> 05:35:14,700
meticulous, records and 
anticipated principles of 

6107
05:35:14,700 --> 05:35:17,700
genetics, that would only be 
fully understood decades later. 

6108
05:35:17,700 --> 05:35:21,900
Environmental concerns occupied 
Bells later scientific work in 

6109
05:35:21,900 --> 05:35:25,500
ways that appear, surely modern,
In the 1910s. 

6110
05:35:25,500 --> 05:35:29,500
He became concerned about 
deforestation and fossil fuel. 

6111
05:35:29,500 --> 05:35:33,300
Depletion writing the unchecked 
consumption of our natural 

6112
05:35:33,300 --> 05:35:36,400
resources will bring future 
generations to privation. 

6113
05:35:36,400 --> 05:35:39,600
We can hardly imagine he expired
or experimented. 

6114
05:35:39,600 --> 05:35:42,200
With a wooden test or 
alternative energy sources 

6115
05:35:42,200 --> 05:35:45,900
including early solar collectors
and alcohol-based fuels. 

6116
05:35:45,900 --> 05:35:49,400
Derived from plant materials. 
He even designed a distillation 

6117
05:35:49,400 --> 05:35:52,500
system that converted plant 
cellulose to ethanol for use in 

6118
05:35:52,508 --> 05:35:55,300
internal combustion engines 
essentially. 

6119
05:35:55,300 --> 05:35:59,000
An early biofuel program Bell's 
work with the deaf led him to 

6120
05:35:59,000 --> 05:36:00,600
Medical innovations that 
extended. 

6121
05:36:00,600 --> 05:36:04,000
Well beyond speech therapy. 
He developed an early metal 

6122
05:36:04,000 --> 05:36:07,500
detector, specifically to locate
the bullet lodged in President 

6123
05:36:07,500 --> 05:36:09,900
James Garfield after his 1881 
assassination. 

6124
05:36:11,200 --> 05:36:14,100
While the device worked in 
laboratory tests, it failed in 

6125
05:36:14,100 --> 05:36:16,600
practice because the metal bed 
springs, in the president's bed 

6126
05:36:16,600 --> 05:36:20,500
created interference a factor. 
The attending physicians hadn't 

6127
05:36:20,500 --> 05:36:23,500
disclosed to Belle. 
This experience sparked Bells 

6128
05:36:23,500 --> 05:36:26,400
interest in medical 
instrumentation, which led to 

6129
05:36:26,400 --> 05:36:28,700
his development of a vacuum 
jacket for patients with 

6130
05:36:28,700 --> 05:36:31,800
respiratory problems. 
A predecessor to the iron lung. 

6131
05:36:31,800 --> 05:36:35,700
That would be fully developed 
decades later. in his Nova 

6132
05:36:35,700 --> 05:36:39,100
Scotia, laboratory Belk 
conducted extensive hydrofoil 

6133
05:36:39,100 --> 05:36:43,600
experiments culminating in The 
hd4 Craft, Which set a world 

6134
05:36:43,600 --> 05:36:46,900
Marine speed record of 70.86 
miles per hour. 

6135
05:36:46,900 --> 05:36:51,700
In 1919 a record that stood for 
two decades, this work was 

6136
05:36:51,700 --> 05:36:54,900
conducted in close collaboration
with Casey Baldwin and the two 

6137
05:36:54,900 --> 05:36:58,000
men developed several Innovative
Hull designs that influenced 

6138
05:36:58,000 --> 05:37:01,200
later Naval architecture. 
Bell submitted designs for 

6139
05:37:01,200 --> 05:37:04,200
hydrofoil warships to the US 
Navy during World War 1. 

6140
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:09,100
But they never saw Construction.
Bells interested in sound led 

6141
05:37:09,100 --> 05:37:11,800
him to acoustical experiments 
that extended, well beyond 

6142
05:37:11,800 --> 05:37:15,600
telephony, he developed methods 
for recording sound vibrations, 

6143
05:37:15,600 --> 05:37:19,600
visually allowing details 
analysis of speech patterns this

6144
05:37:19,600 --> 05:37:22,900
work evolved in topor techniques
for teaching the deaf to 

6145
05:37:22,900 --> 05:37:25,000
modulate their voices by 
watching these visual 

6146
05:37:25,000 --> 05:37:28,300
representations, a precursor to 
the speech visualization. 

6147
05:37:28,300 --> 05:37:30,800
Technology used in modern speech
therapy. 

6148
05:37:30,800 --> 05:37:34,600
He also conducted extensive 
research on how different 

6149
05:37:34,600 --> 05:37:37,400
architectural materials and 
Designs affected soundtrack 

6150
05:37:37,400 --> 05:37:40,300
transmission. 
Creating customized acoustic 

6151
05:37:40,300 --> 05:37:43,600
environments decades before 
acoustic engineering became a 

6152
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:47,500
recognized discipline. 
Perhaps, most surprisingly Bell 

6153
05:37:47,500 --> 05:37:50,700
devoted considerable attention 
to desalination technology in 

6154
05:37:50,700 --> 05:37:53,900
his later years concerned about 
freshwater scarcity. 

6155
05:37:53,900 --> 05:37:57,900
He designed several solar 
distillation systems intended to

6156
05:37:57,908 --> 05:38:01,300
provide drinking water. 
In arid coastal regions his 

6157
05:38:01,300 --> 05:38:02,900
vacuum. 
Distillation design was 

6158
05:38:02,900 --> 05:38:06,100
particularly innovative. 
Using pressure differentials to 

6159
05:38:06,100 --> 05:38:08,200
reduce the energy required for 
water purification. 

6160
05:38:09,600 --> 05:38:11,400
Although it was never 
commercialized during his 

6161
05:38:11,400 --> 05:38:14,300
lifetime version of bells 
approached, later became 

6162
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:16,400
standard in desalination plants 
worldwide. 

6163
05:38:17,500 --> 05:38:20,400
Throughout these diverse 
projects Bell maintained 

6164
05:38:20,400 --> 05:38:23,600
meticulous records, thousands of
pages of laboratory notes 

6165
05:38:23,600 --> 05:38:27,700
diagrams and correspondence that
reveal the day-to-day working of

6166
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:31,000
his experimental process. 
These documents show, Bell 

6167
05:38:31,000 --> 05:38:34,300
wasn't the solitary Genius of 
popular imagination but rather 

6168
05:38:34,300 --> 05:38:38,200
the central node in a network of
collaborators assistance and 

6169
05:38:38,200 --> 05:38:41,800
correspondence, who contributed 
significantly to his various 

6170
05:38:41,800 --> 05:38:44,500
projects. 
Belle freely acknowledge these 

6171
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:47,100
contributions in his private 
papers, though. 

6172
05:38:47,100 --> 05:38:49,700
Public Accounts, often 
attributed to treat inovation 

6173
05:38:49,700 --> 05:38:52,600
solely to him. 
A simplification that distorted 

6174
05:38:52,600 --> 05:38:54,400
the collaborative nature of his 
actual work. 

6175
05:38:55,100 --> 05:38:57,800
Among the most troubling, yet, 
least, discussed aspects of the 

6176
05:38:57,800 --> 05:39:00,700
legacy of Alexander. 
Graham Bell is his involvement 

6177
05:39:00,700 --> 05:39:03,800
with the Eugenics movement, a 
connection that reveals the 

6178
05:39:03,800 --> 05:39:06,600
complex intersection of 
progressive scientific thinking 

6179
05:39:06,600 --> 05:39:10,200
and regressive social policies 
that characterized much 

6180
05:39:10,200 --> 05:39:14,600
intellectual thought of his era.
Bell's interest, in heredity 

6181
05:39:14,600 --> 05:39:16,800
began innocently through his 
work with the deaf. 

6182
05:39:17,500 --> 05:39:20,700
His statistical studies of deaf 
families documented patterns of 

6183
05:39:20,708 --> 05:39:25,000
deafness across generations and 
were published in 1883 as Memoir

6184
05:39:25,000 --> 05:39:28,300
upon the formation of a deaf 
variety of the human race. 

6185
05:39:29,300 --> 05:39:32,600
While the research methodology 
was sound for its time bells, 

6186
05:39:32,600 --> 05:39:34,800
conclusions, and policy 
recommendations have tarnished 

6187
05:39:34,800 --> 05:39:36,900
his legacy in deaf communities 
to this day. 

6188
05:39:37,900 --> 05:39:39,800
Belle became concerned that 
congenital. 

6189
05:39:39,800 --> 05:39:42,100
Deafness might lead to the 
formation of a death. 

6190
05:39:42,100 --> 05:39:45,000
Variety of humans. 
If deaf people can continue to 

6191
05:39:45,000 --> 05:39:48,200
marry other deaf people. 
A common practice has shared 

6192
05:39:48,200 --> 05:39:50,800
language and culture created, 
natural social bonds. 

6193
05:39:51,600 --> 05:39:54,000
In what he viewed. 
As humanitarian concern, Bell 

6194
05:39:54,000 --> 05:39:57,000
advocated for laws, discouraging
or prohibiting deaf people from 

6195
05:39:57,000 --> 05:40:00,000
marrying other. 
Deaf people this position rooted

6196
05:40:00,000 --> 05:40:02,900
in his belief that deafness was 
a disability to be eliminated 

6197
05:40:02,900 --> 05:40:04,500
rather than a culture to be 
respected. 

6198
05:40:05,200 --> 05:40:07,900
Placed him squarely within the 
Eugenics movement gaining 

6199
05:40:07,900 --> 05:40:11,500
momentum in America in Europe. 
What's really examined is the 

6200
05:40:11,508 --> 05:40:14,100
profound conflict. 
This created in Bell's, personal

6201
05:40:14,100 --> 05:40:18,800
life, his wife Mabel was deaf. 
They're not congenitally. 

6202
05:40:18,800 --> 05:40:20,900
So she lost her hearing to 
scarlet fever. 

6203
05:40:20,900 --> 05:40:23,700
And many of their clothes, 
Social Circle included, deaf 

6204
05:40:23,700 --> 05:40:26,900
individuals, who bailed 
genuinely respected, private 

6205
05:40:26,900 --> 05:40:29,300
letters reveal, his struggle 
reconciling, his scientific 

6206
05:40:29,300 --> 05:40:32,400
conclusions, with his personal 
relationships, writing to a 

6207
05:40:32,400 --> 05:40:33,900
colleague. 
I find myself in the 

6208
05:40:33,908 --> 05:40:36,500
uncomfortable position of 
advocating publicly, what would 

6209
05:40:36,500 --> 05:40:38,600
have prevented my own marriage? 
Had it been law? 

6210
05:40:40,000 --> 05:40:42,400
Bell served on the board of 
scientific directors, for the 

6211
05:40:42,400 --> 05:40:46,800
Eugenics record office from 1912
to 1918 alongside prominent 

6212
05:40:46,800 --> 05:40:49,400
eugenicists like Charles 
Davenport and Harry Laughlin. 

6213
05:40:50,100 --> 05:40:53,300
However, his participation was 
marked by increasing discomfort 

6214
05:40:53,300 --> 05:40:55,700
with the organization's more 
extreme positions. 

6215
05:40:56,800 --> 05:40:58,800
Meeting minutes and 
correspondents show Bell 

6216
05:40:58,800 --> 05:41:01,500
repeatedly objecting to 
proposals Force sterilization 

6217
05:41:01,500 --> 05:41:04,100
and immigration restrictions 
based on pseudo. 

6218
05:41:04,100 --> 05:41:06,100
Scientific racial theories 
though. 

6219
05:41:06,100 --> 05:41:09,800
He rarely made these objections 
public Bell's position within 

6220
05:41:09,800 --> 05:41:11,500
the Eugenics movement was 
complicated. 

6221
05:41:11,500 --> 05:41:14,500
He endorsed the general 
principle that Society should 

6222
05:41:14,500 --> 05:41:17,800
encourage breeding from the fit 
while discouraging reproduction 

6223
05:41:17,800 --> 05:41:19,600
among those with hereditary 
conditions. 

6224
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:23,800
He considered detrimental, yet 
he consistently opposed coercive

6225
05:41:23,800 --> 05:41:28,000
methods writing in 1914. 
I believe in Eugenics, but not 

6226
05:41:28,000 --> 05:41:31,500
Eugenics by compulsion this 
middle position satisfied. 

6227
05:41:31,500 --> 05:41:34,000
Neither Eugenics hardliners. 
Nor those who oppose the 

6228
05:41:34,008 --> 05:41:37,500
movement altogether, as the 
Eugenics movement, increasingly 

6229
05:41:37,500 --> 05:41:41,500
embraced racist ideology in the 
1910s bells, participation 

6230
05:41:41,500 --> 05:41:44,800
diminished his resignation from 
the Eugenics, record office. 

6231
05:41:44,800 --> 05:41:48,700
In 1918, came after increasing. 
Disagreements with Davenport and

6232
05:41:48,700 --> 05:41:51,400
Lachlan over proposed. 
Immigration restrictions 

6233
05:41:51,400 --> 05:41:53,800
targeting Southern and Eastern. 
Europeans. 

6234
05:41:53,800 --> 05:41:58,300
Bells objections were based 
partly on scientific He 

6235
05:41:58,300 --> 05:42:00,300
questioned the methodology 
behind claims of racial 

6236
05:42:00,300 --> 05:42:03,400
differences, in intelligence 
partly based on his personal 

6237
05:42:03,400 --> 05:42:05,800
experience with immigrants as 
colleagues and employees. 

6238
05:42:06,800 --> 05:42:09,500
Evolution of bells thinking 
about heredity and human 

6239
05:42:09,500 --> 05:42:12,400
Improvement is visible in his 
private papers, but absent from 

6240
05:42:12,400 --> 05:42:16,400
his public statements by the 
early. 1920s, he had largely 

6241
05:42:16,400 --> 05:42:19,100
abandoned in the terminology of 
eugenics, in favor of human 

6242
05:42:19,100 --> 05:42:22,100
engineering, a concept. 
He defined more broadly to 

6243
05:42:22,100 --> 05:42:26,200
include education nutrition and 
environmental factors alongside 

6244
05:42:26,200 --> 05:42:29,000
heredity. 
This shift reflected growing 

6245
05:42:29,000 --> 05:42:31,900
scientific understanding about 
the interaction between genetics

6246
05:42:31,900 --> 05:42:34,900
and environment though. 
Bell, never publicly repudiated 

6247
05:42:34,900 --> 05:42:38,500
his earlier, eugenic positions. 
Belle's relationship with the 

6248
05:42:38,500 --> 05:42:41,200
deaf Community, remained 
complicated throughout his life.

6249
05:42:41,200 --> 05:42:45,800
While he dedicated significant 
resources to deaf education and 

6250
05:42:45,800 --> 05:42:49,100
consistently advocated for the 
integration of deaf people into 

6251
05:42:49,100 --> 05:42:52,200
mainstream Society. 
His opposition to death into 

6252
05:42:52,200 --> 05:42:54,700
marriage and his promotion of 
oralism over sign language 

6253
05:42:54,700 --> 05:42:57,900
reviewed by many deaf people as 
a tax on their community and 

6254
05:42:57,900 --> 05:43:00,200
culture. 
The National Association of the 

6255
05:43:00,208 --> 05:43:02,900
deaf passed resolution opposing,
Bell's positions. 

6256
05:43:02,900 --> 05:43:06,800
As early as 1880, creating a 
rift that has persisted long 

6257
05:43:06,800 --> 05:43:09,600
after his death. 
What's particularly notable is 

6258
05:43:09,600 --> 05:43:12,600
how Bell's eugenic, views 
contradicted, his, otherwise 

6259
05:43:12,600 --> 05:43:16,200
Progressive social positions. 
He supported women's suffrage. 

6260
05:43:16,200 --> 05:43:18,700
Advocated for the education of 
indigenous. 

6261
05:43:18,700 --> 05:43:21,700
People's when such educational 
was primarily a simulation at 

6262
05:43:21,700 --> 05:43:23,900
least. 
And opposed racial segregation 

6263
05:43:23,900 --> 05:43:25,700
in the organization's. 
He led by. 

6264
05:43:26,300 --> 05:43:29,400
These positions co-existed 
uneasily with his Eugenics, work

6265
05:43:29,400 --> 05:43:32,800
demonstrating, how even forward 
thinking individuals of the 

6266
05:43:32,800 --> 05:43:35,400
period could Embrace, what would
later be recognized as 

6267
05:43:35,400 --> 05:43:39,900
profoundly discriminatory ideas?
The complexity of Bell's 

6268
05:43:39,900 --> 05:43:42,700
engagement with Eugenics serves.
As a cautionary tale about how 

6269
05:43:42,700 --> 05:43:46,800
scientific Authority can be 
misapplied to social policy Bell

6270
05:43:46,800 --> 05:43:49,600
genuinely believed his positions
were both scientifically sound 

6271
05:43:49,600 --> 05:43:52,600
and humanely motivated. 
A reminder that ethical 

6272
05:43:52,600 --> 05:43:54,600
failures. 
Often emerge not from malicious 

6273
05:43:54,600 --> 05:43:58,300
intent, but from incomplete 
understanding and unexamined 

6274
05:43:58,300 --> 05:44:01,500
assumptions. 
His legacy includes not just his

6275
05:44:01,500 --> 05:44:04,500
inventions but also these 
complicated moral positions 

6276
05:44:04,500 --> 05:44:07,900
which reveal the dangers of 
applying scientific reasoning to

6277
05:44:07,900 --> 05:44:11,500
human diversity without 
recognizing its intrinsic value.

6278
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:16,000
Later in life, Alexander Graham 
Bell retired to Bainbridge in 

6279
05:44:16,000 --> 05:44:20,000
badek on Cape Breton Island, 
Nova Scotia pronounced been rear

6280
05:44:20,000 --> 05:44:24,200
Bell became an American citizen 
in 1882 but his name, meaning 

6281
05:44:24,200 --> 05:44:27,600
beautiful mountain in Scottish 
Gaelic showed his Scottish 

6282
05:44:27,600 --> 05:44:32,700
Heritage bell used this, 600 
acre estate as his home lab and 

6283
05:44:32,700 --> 05:44:36,700
Community Center, not just a 
summer of vacation place Bells, 

6284
05:44:36,700 --> 05:44:39,500
original design of Bayon bread 
for integrated living and 

6285
05:44:39,500 --> 05:44:41,800
working. 
As rarely mentioned, the estate 

6286
05:44:41,800 --> 05:44:45,400
comprised collaborator, housing 
workshops for crafts people, 

6287
05:44:45,400 --> 05:44:48,600
making his experimental 
equipment and sheep genetic 

6288
05:44:48,600 --> 05:44:50,900
research facilities. 
In addition to the family, 

6289
05:44:50,900 --> 05:44:53,700
residence and lab buildings 
Beyond institutional 

6290
05:44:53,700 --> 05:44:57,600
constraints, Bells Community, 
functioned practically as a 

6291
05:44:57,600 --> 05:45:00,800
self-contained research 
facility, believing scientific 

6292
05:45:00,800 --> 05:45:03,800
progress required both seclusion
for concentration and Community 

6293
05:45:03,800 --> 05:45:06,700
for cooperation. 
Few biographies described 

6294
05:45:06,700 --> 05:45:09,700
Belle's Bainbridge schedule. 
He woke up late. 

6295
05:45:09,700 --> 05:45:13,400
Generally midday ate a lot and 
read, letters and newspapers, 

6296
05:45:13,400 --> 05:45:15,600
his experiments began in the 
evening. 

6297
05:45:15,600 --> 05:45:18,700
And lasted all night. 
Food was served at midnight and 

6298
05:45:18,700 --> 05:45:20,900
drinks were served all night by 
household staff. 

6299
05:45:21,500 --> 05:45:24,600
Despite difficulties with family
and guests following typical 

6300
05:45:24,600 --> 05:45:27,800
timetables Bell said his 
midnight schedule, allowed him 

6301
05:45:27,800 --> 05:45:30,300
to think freely without the 
distractions of the work day, 

6302
05:45:30,300 --> 05:45:33,800
the bay and break Labs 
technology was unusual for their

6303
05:45:33,800 --> 05:45:36,700
remote location. 
Bell built his own electrical 

6304
05:45:36,700 --> 05:45:39,000
producing system to power. 
Modern technology in his 

6305
05:45:39,000 --> 05:45:41,100
workshops. 
Before rural electricity came to

6306
05:45:41,108 --> 05:45:44,700
Nova Scotia, he established one 
of Canada's first private phone 

6307
05:45:44,700 --> 05:45:46,100
lines from the estate to bad 
deck. 

6308
05:45:46,100 --> 05:45:49,500
Most importantly, he created a 
dark room and photographic 

6309
05:45:49,500 --> 05:45:52,000
studio with Cutting Edge 
Equipment, believing that 

6310
05:45:52,000 --> 05:45:55,000
rigorous visual documentation 
was essential for scientific 

6311
05:45:55,000 --> 05:45:58,200
progress. 
The thousands of photos taken at

6312
05:45:58,200 --> 05:46:01,400
Bainbridge provided, an 
unsurpassed visual record of his

6313
05:46:01,400 --> 05:46:05,300
later experiments in these 
later, years, Bells connection, 

6314
05:46:05,300 --> 05:46:07,100
with Bell, Telephone became more
distant. 

6315
05:46:08,000 --> 05:46:12,000
He remained a stakeholder 
dissatisfaction with the 

6316
05:46:12,000 --> 05:46:14,900
company's Direction and had no 
operational role. 

6317
05:46:16,200 --> 05:46:18,800
Bell sometimes gave brief 
approval when phone officials 

6318
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:22,300
visited Bay and Bray to discuss 
new projects but quickly switch 

6319
05:46:22,300 --> 05:46:26,700
to tetrahedral construction, 
hydrofoils or sheep farming for 

6320
05:46:26,700 --> 05:46:29,600
the old inventor, his name. 
Brand firm was almost Irrelevant

6321
05:46:29,600 --> 05:46:33,600
in his final years Bell, became 
interested in cancer research 

6322
05:46:33,600 --> 05:46:38,600
after his daughter's diagnosis. 
Despite his lack of medical 

6323
05:46:38,600 --> 05:46:41,400
experience, he invented a 
cooling device to prevent cancer

6324
05:46:41,400 --> 05:46:44,600
growth by lowering tissue 
temperature, cancer cells 

6325
05:46:44,600 --> 05:46:46,400
reproduce faster than normal 
cells. 

6326
05:46:46,400 --> 05:46:49,300
Making them more susceptible to 
temperature decline. 

6327
05:46:49,300 --> 05:46:53,200
This experiment failed but is 
deterred notes, show his 

6328
05:46:53,200 --> 05:46:56,900
systematic approach. 
Even in unrelated Fields, Belle,

6329
05:46:56,900 --> 05:47:02,600
75 died at Bainbridge on August 
2nd, 1922 of diabetes 

6330
05:47:02,600 --> 05:47:05,800
complications, which he had 
fought for years with little 

6331
05:47:05,800 --> 05:47:07,500
success. 
Given medical knowledge at the 

6332
05:47:07,508 --> 05:47:10,400
time. 
Were the main cause Insulin 

6333
05:47:10,400 --> 05:47:12,800
treatment became available only 
months before his death. 

6334
05:47:13,600 --> 05:47:16,000
He specified that. 
His coffin be made from a state 

6335
05:47:16,000 --> 05:47:19,000
materials by his Workshop, 
Starfire demonstrating, his 

6336
05:47:19,000 --> 05:47:21,200
scientific approach to funeral 
arrangements. 

6337
05:47:22,000 --> 05:47:26,000
On Bells Funeral de all phone 
service in the US and Canada was

6338
05:47:26,000 --> 05:47:29,200
suspended for one minute, 
possibly the longest period of 

6339
05:47:29,200 --> 05:47:33,700
technological quiet in history. 
Unlike many innovators Bell live

6340
05:47:33,700 --> 05:47:36,300
to see his main invention, 
become a staple of modern 

6341
05:47:36,300 --> 05:47:39,800
civilization, with over 14 
million telephones in use 

6342
05:47:39,800 --> 05:47:43,300
worldwide by his death. 
Bell's, Legacy went beyond the 

6343
05:47:43,300 --> 05:47:46,800
phone early aircraft design, 
profited from his Aviation 

6344
05:47:46,800 --> 05:47:49,900
Innovations. 
His hydrofoil research, improved

6345
05:47:49,900 --> 05:47:53,000
Marine technology though, 
controversial, his deaf 

6346
05:47:53,000 --> 05:47:56,800
educational, approaches altered 
education, even after his death 

6347
05:47:56,800 --> 05:48:00,200
architecture and engineering 
used, his tetrahedral structural

6348
05:48:00,200 --> 05:48:04,600
principles, most crucially 
Bell's invention, combining 

6349
05:48:04,600 --> 05:48:07,000
systematic. 
Experimentation with instinctual

6350
05:48:07,000 --> 05:48:10,000
leaps, set a paradigm for, 
Industrial Research that 

6351
05:48:10,000 --> 05:48:12,900
corporate Research, Laboratories
adopted throughout the 20th 

6352
05:48:12,900 --> 05:48:16,100
century. 
Bell Laboratories named for the 

6353
05:48:16,100 --> 05:48:19,300
telephone rather than the man 
pioneered transistors and 

6354
05:48:19,300 --> 05:48:21,300
information theory that shape 
technology. 

6355
05:48:22,300 --> 05:48:25,600
Many of the tools, the 
laboratory supplies and personal

6356
05:48:25,600 --> 05:48:28,400
things of Alexander, Graham Bell
are at the neighboring. 

6357
05:48:28,400 --> 05:48:30,700
Alexander Graham Bell, National 
Historic Site. 

6358
05:48:32,000 --> 05:48:36,200
But the Bella state of being Bri
is mainly intact, instantaneous 

6359
05:48:36,200 --> 05:48:40,000
Global Communication which Belle
pioneered is his greatest 

6360
05:48:40,000 --> 05:48:42,800
Legacy. 
Every time of voice crosses 

6361
05:48:42,800 --> 05:48:45,200
continents in milliseconds and 
knowledge pause over 

6362
05:48:45,200 --> 05:48:48,600
telecommunications Networks. 
I sometimes wonder if my name 

6363
05:48:48,600 --> 05:48:51,100
will be associated with the 
telephone, in the ages to come 

6364
05:48:51,100 --> 05:48:54,900
Bell Road to his wife. 
Instead of the technological 

6365
05:48:54,900 --> 05:48:58,100
means we used, I want it to be 
remembered as the notion that 

6366
05:48:58,100 --> 05:49:00,500
human speech is unaffected by 
distance. 

6367
05:49:01,300 --> 05:49:05,200
Bell's Vision was extraordinary 
in this modest wish, and in 

6368
05:49:05,200 --> 05:49:05,700
other aspects,