The Quiet Conversion | How Christianity Transformed Norse Mythology | Boring History For Sleep

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Yo yo yo my sleepy friends. 
We made it to the end of this 

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crazy day so why don't we get 
snuggled up? 

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And let me tell you a story 
about how Christianity 

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transformed Norse mythology. 
This is the story of how 

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Christianity gently and 
sometimes not. 

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So gently transform the Norse 
world and how both Traditions 

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learned to live in the same 
human heart. 

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That makes a huge difference in 
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Now, find your favorite spot and
let's begin. 

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Imagine standing on a rocky 
Shore, somewhere in 9th century.

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Scandinavia watching The 
Morning, Mist. 

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Roll off the water like breath 
from some sleeping giant. 

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Yes, smells of salt and pine, 
resin smoke from cooking fires, 

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and the earthy Center of sheep 
will being carded for spinning. 

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This is a world where every 
natural phenomenon has a story. 

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Every storm, a personality, 
every Sunrise, a small victory 

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of light over chaos. in this 
Northern realm, the gods were 

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not distant, Cosmic 
administrators sitting on clouds

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passing judgment They were 
neighbors with complicated, 

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personal lives, prone to making 
questionable, decisions and 

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occasionally needing help from 
humans to get out of trouble. 

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Thor wasn't just the Thunder 
God. 

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He was that strong friend, who'd
help you move furniture and 

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accidentally break your door 
frame. 

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While being genuinely apologetic
about it. 

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Odin was the mysterious Uncle 
who showed up unexpectedly with 

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cryptic advice that only made 
sense years later. 

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The Norse Cosmos was structured 
like a great tree. 

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Idris El and if I mispronounced 
this or any other words, please 

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Grill me down below so I can 
learn Now, where was I? 

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Oh yes, the world. 
Ash Whose branches and Roots, 

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connected nine different Realms,
it was less a scientific model 

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and more a poetic way of 
understanding how everything fit

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together. 
The gods lived in Asgard humans,

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in midgard, Giants in high and 
various other beings occupied 

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the remaining worlds. 
Death wasn't a single 

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destination, but several 
depending on how you died and 

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which deity claimed you. 
Warriors might feast in 

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Valhalla. 
Others might find themselves in 

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Hell's Hall which despite the 
similar name to the Christian 

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concept was more like a quiet 
somewhat dreary retirement 

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community than a place of 
Torment. life in the Norse, 

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World revolved around practical 
concerns that made theological 

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dispute, seem somewhat academic 
You needed your crops to grow 

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your ships to return safely, 
your children to survive 

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infancy, and your neighbors, not
to start feuds, that would 

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consume Generations. 
The gods were approached with 

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the same practical mindset. 
You honored them not out of 

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abstract devotion but because 
maintaining good relationships 

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with powerful beings seemed like
sensible risk management. 

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Religious practice happened 
everywhere and nowhere in 

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particular. 
There were no Grand temples in 

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early Scandinavia. 
No Priestly higher Archie and no

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holy books to consult. instead 
religion happened at boundary 

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Stones, marking property lines, 
that sacred Grove's where 

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particular trees have witnessed 
enough history to become 

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witnesses to Oaths and at 
Natural Springs where offering 

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disappeared Into Darkness, Your 
average Norse farmer was 

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simultaneously, landowner 
priest, judge, and storyteller. 

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Performing whatever, rituals 
seemed appropriate for the 

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occasion without requiring 
approval, from religious 

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authorities. 
The sacred and the mundane 

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braided together like threads 
and tablet. 

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Weaving. 
You might sacrifice to Thor 

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before a journey, but you also 
checked your ship for leaks and 

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packed adequate supplies. 
You honored the land spirits 

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that inhabited fields and 
forests you all so rotated, 

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crops and managed woodlots. 
This wasn't hypocrisy or shallow

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belief, it was practical wisdom 
that recognized both 

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Supernatural and natural forces 
shaped out. 

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Comes Stories about the gods, 
served multiple purposes Beyond 

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entertainment during Long Winter
nights. 

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They were Educational Tools to 
teaching moral lessons legal 

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precedence, explaining why 
certain Customs existed 

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psychological Frameworks for 
processing complex, emotions. 

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And social bonding experience is
that connected communities 

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across Generations. when your 
grandfather told stories, his 

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grandfather had told him, you 
were participating in something 

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older than memory, connecting to
a tradition that stretched back 

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before. 
Anyone could remember when it 

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started. 
The Norse relationship with 

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fate. 
The concept of word was 

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simultaneously, fatalistic and 
empowering. 

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The future was set woven by the 
norns, who sat at igles Roots, 

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spinning Destiny like thread. 
Yet, how you met that fate? 

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The courage and honor you 
displayed facing inevitable 

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outcomes remained entirely 
within your control. 

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It was like knowing your flight 
will eventually land, but still 

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being responsible for how you 
conduct yourself during the 

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journey magic sedan existed in 
this world as a practical craft.

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Though it carried complicated. 
Social implications, women 

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primarily practiced, the most 
powerful forms, which involved 

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going into trances and 
communicating with spirits to 

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gain knowledge or influence of 
events. 

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Men who practiced these Arts 
face social stigma because the 

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practice involved a kind of 
passive receptivity that 

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contradicted masculine ideals of
direct action. 

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It was one of those cultural 
quirks. 

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That seemed strange from the 
outside, but make perfect sense 

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within the systems internal 
logic. 

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Death rituals in pre-christian 
Scandinavia reflected beliefs 

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about the afterlife, 
continuation of Earthly 

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existence. 
The dead were buried or burned 

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with possessions. 
They'd need in the next World, 

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weapons jewelry. 
And sometimes even ships for 

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high status individuals, but 
they were also buried with 

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everyday items, Combs gaming 
pieces and cooking equipment. 

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The afterlife apparently 
involved. 

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Both heroic feasting and quiet 
evenings playing board games, 

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which honestly sounds more 
appealing than many 

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alternatives. 
This was a world where time 

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moved in Cycles rather than 
lines with a past and future 

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existed, simultaneously in the 
present and where gods and 

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humans, shared the same 
fundamental nature and face 

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similar challenges. 
The universe would eventually 

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end in Ragnarok. 
A Twilight of the gods that 

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would consume everything in Fire
and flood. 

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But from those ashes, a new 
world would emerge, and the 

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cycle would begin again. 
Even destruction was just 

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transformational not finality 
into this intricate web of 

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belief, practice and worldview. 
Christianity was about to 

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arrive, but it didn't come as a 
conquering Army sweeping away 

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everything before it It came as 
a persistent, whisper the new 

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Melody, gradually finding 
harmony with older songs. 

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Slow tide that transformed the 
landscape. 

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So gradually that people barely 
noticed until everything had 

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changed. 
The first Christians, your Norse

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ancestors encountered were 
probably not impressive, 

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evangelist with compelling 
theological arguments. 

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They were more likely slaves 
captured during raids on 

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Christian lands. 
Monks who washed up on shores 

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after shipwrecks, or Merchants 
who made the sign of the cross 

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before business deals and seemed
oddly unwilling to swear, Oaths,

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by Thor, or Odin. 
Picture a trading Port somewhere

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in Denmark around 800 CE. 
Where the air smells like tar? 

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From shipments dried fish 
hanging in warehouses and exotic

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spices from Byzantine markets? 
Here Norse traders who traveled 

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to Christian land and freezer or
England might wear small cross 

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pendants alongside their Thor's 
hammers, not from Deep 

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conviction, but because it 
seemed to help business dealing 

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with Christian merchants. 
religion in this context was 

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less about exclusive truth 
claims and more about social 

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lubrication making potentially 
hostile strangers willing to 

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trade fairly These early 
encounters with Christianity 

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were often bewildering for most 
people. 

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The religion seem to have some 
appealing features eternal life 

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in a paradise that sounded 
considerably more comfortable 

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than most Norse afterlife 
options. 

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A God, who apparently loved 
everyone regardless of their 

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social status and a moral 
framework that theoretically 

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protected the weak from the 
strong But it also had some 

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deeply strange requirements from
a Norse perspective. 

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Christianity, demanded exclusive
worship of a single God, which 

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seemed simultaneously arrogant. 
And in practical, Why would you 

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put all your eggs in one Cosmic 
basket when you could maintain 

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relationships with multiple 
powerful beings? 

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The Norse approach had always 
been more portfolio 

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diversification. 
The monotheistic commitment, you

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honored for protection for 
fertility, Odin for wisdom and 

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various land Spirits for local 
concerns. 

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Limiting yourself to a single 
deity. 

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Seemed like terrible risk 
management. 

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The Christian prohibition on 
violence was particularly 

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puzzling in a society where 
honor and reputation could only 

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be maintained through 
willingness to fight when 

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challenge. 
How could you survive? 

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Let alone Prosper if you turn 
the other cheek every time 

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someone insulted you or your 
family. 

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The Norse legal system was built
around the assumption that 

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people would pursue feuds to 
restore honor after offenses. 

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Christianity's emphasis on 
forgiveness threatened to 

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unravel the entire social 
fabric. 

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Yet, some aspects of 
Christianity resonated with 

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Norse values in unexpected ways.
Christ sacrifice had elements of

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the heroic death that Norse 
culture celebrated His 

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willingness to endure suffering 
for others Echo. 

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The warrior ethos that prize 
courage, over survival, The 

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Christian emphasis on fate and 
Divine Providence wasn't so 

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different from Norse beliefs 
about weird, and the Norms 

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weaving. 
And the promise that the meek 

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would inherit the Earth, had 
obvious appealed to thralls and 

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poor farmers, who occupied the 
boss of Scandinavian, social 

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higher Archies, the earliest 
conversions in Scandinavia often

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happen through personal 
relationships rather than 

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theological persuasion. 
A Norse Trader might convert to 

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Christianity because it helped 
him do business and Christian 

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ports. 
Then gradually find himself 

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actually believing the 
teachings. 

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He'd initially adopted for 
practical reasons. 

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Slave from Ireland or England 
might maintain Christian 

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practices in captivity and his 
Norse Masters children. 

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Might grow curious about this 
religion that seemed to provide 

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such Comfort to someone in 
Desperate circumstances. 

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Some conversions were more 
cynical. 

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Kings and yells recognized that 
Christian Kingdoms in Europe had

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developed centralized power 
structures, that made them 

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wealthy and formidable. 
Christianity seemed to come 

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packaged with literacy Advanced 
Administration and diplomatic 

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connections to powerful Southern
kingdoms. 

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Converting to Christianity might
be worth it purely for the 

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political and economic 
advantages, regardless of 

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personal belief. 
The Christian missionaries who 

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have eventually arrived in 
Scandinavia with deliberate. 

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Evangelical, intentions 
discovered that converting Norse

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people required considerable 
cultural translation. 

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They couldn't simply condemn 
everything about Norse, religion

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as demonic without losing their 
audience entirely. instead the 

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most successful missionaries 
looked for points of connection 

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ways to present, Christianity as
fulfilling rather than 

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contradicting, nor spiritual 
yearning, These missionaries 

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learn to work within existing 
Norse Frameworks even while 

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trying to transform them. 
They presented Christ as the 

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ultimate warrior king who 
defeated death itself through 

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heroic sacrifice. 
They described Heaven using 

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imagery that Norse people would 
find appealing, feasting 

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reunions with loved ones and 
escape from cold and hardship. 

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They portrayed the Christian 
God, as more powerful than Odin 

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or Thor, able to control the 
same Natural Forces, but with 

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greater Authority and 
consistency. 

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The Norse response to these 
missionary efforts was neither 

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immediately accepted nor violent
rejection, but something more 

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complicated. 
People hedged their bets 

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attending Christian Services 
while still making offerings to 

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the old gods. 
They baptized their children 

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while still telling stories 
about Thor's of Ventures. 

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They built churches next to 
Sacred Grove's, apparently, 

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assuming the different Divine 
Powers could co-exist. 

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If given appropriate space. 
This period of Jewel, religious 

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practice created, some genuinely
odd hybrid Situation's 

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archaeological, evidence shows 
Christian crosses, decorated 

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with no artistic, motifs Thor's,
hammers, modified to look more 

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00:13:34,800 --> 00:13:37,400
cross. 
Like and burial practices that 

237
00:13:37,400 --> 00:13:41,300
mixed Christian and Pagan 
elements with cheerful disregard

238
00:13:41,300 --> 00:13:45,500
for theological consistency. 
People seem to approach religion

239
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:49,600
with pragmatic flexibility, 
taking what seemed useful from 

240
00:13:49,600 --> 00:13:53,100
Christianity, while retaining 
practices that had served their 

241
00:13:53,100 --> 00:13:56,700
ancestors for Generations. 
The smell of this changing 

242
00:13:56,700 --> 00:13:59,700
World, mixed old and new, and 
distinctive ways. 

243
00:14:00,400 --> 00:14:03,900
Incense from Christian rituals 
drifted through Halls that still

244
00:14:03,900 --> 00:14:07,900
smelled of Mead and roasted meat
from traditional Feasts. 

245
00:14:08,700 --> 00:14:10,900
Church bells rang out across 
Landscapes. 

246
00:14:10,900 --> 00:14:14,900
Where sacred grove still stood 
the trees hung with offering 

247
00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:17,400
priests in rough. 
Woolen robes. 

248
00:14:17,400 --> 00:14:21,700
Walked paths where velvets 
female Sears had once traveled 

249
00:14:21,700 --> 00:14:24,400
from Farm to farm performing 
prophecies and Magic. 

250
00:14:24,400 --> 00:14:28,600
This religious Borderland where 
Christianity and Norse paganism,

251
00:14:28,600 --> 00:14:33,200
coexisted in uneasy proximity 
would persist for Generations, 

252
00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:38,500
it was messy inconsistent and 
probably theologically 

253
00:14:38,500 --> 00:14:41,300
unsatisfying to True Believers 
on either side. 

254
00:14:42,500 --> 00:14:46,000
But it was so deeply human 
reflecting how people actually 

255
00:14:46,000 --> 00:14:49,300
navigate religious change, not 
through sudden conversion 

256
00:14:49,300 --> 00:14:53,200
experiences or violent ruptures.
through gradual adaptation 

257
00:14:53,200 --> 00:14:58,200
selective adoption and the slow 
transformation of meaning that 

258
00:14:58,200 --> 00:15:01,500
happens when new ideas and 
counter old patterns of life, 

259
00:15:02,400 --> 00:15:06,100
The conversion of Scandinavia 
accelerated dramatically when 

260
00:15:06,100 --> 00:15:09,500
kings decided Christianity, 
serve their political interests,

261
00:15:09,500 --> 00:15:11,700
though. 
This process looks less like 

262
00:15:11,700 --> 00:15:14,800
Spiritual Awakening and more 
like medieval corporate 

263
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:16,500
restructuring with religious 
branding. 

264
00:15:16,500 --> 00:15:21,300
Take Olaf trig vasson who became
king of Norway in 995. 

265
00:15:22,200 --> 00:15:25,000
He'd spent years in England and 
had converted to Christianity 

266
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:28,800
there, probably with genuine 
belief mixed, with political 

267
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:32,500
calculation when he returned to 
claim the Norwegian Throne. 

268
00:15:32,500 --> 00:15:34,900
He brought Christian 
missionaries in a conviction 

269
00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:37,800
that religious uniformity would 
strengthen royal power. 

270
00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:42,400
His conversion methods were 
let's call them assertive, 

271
00:15:43,600 --> 00:15:47,100
Olaf's approached to evangelism 
involved, showing up at Regional

272
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:51,700
assemblies, things with armed, 
retainers and offering local 

273
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:55,100
leaders, a straightforward 
Choice, convert to Christianity 

274
00:15:55,100 --> 00:15:59,100
or face immediate consequences 
that range from exiled to 

275
00:15:59,108 --> 00:16:02,200
execution. 
He destroyed Pagan temples 

276
00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:06,800
through sacred Idols into fuels,
in generally, demonstrated that 

277
00:16:06,800 --> 00:16:10,200
Christianity had the backing of 
overwhelming military force. 

278
00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:13,900
It was the Medieval equivalent 
of a hostile corporate takeover,

279
00:16:13,900 --> 00:16:17,400
whether the new management makes
it clear that everyone will 

280
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:21,000
adopt the new corporate culture 
or find employment elsewhere. 

281
00:16:22,200 --> 00:16:24,700
The funny thing about this 
forced conversion approach was 

282
00:16:24,700 --> 00:16:28,800
how often it backfired. 
Olaf had managed to alienate so 

283
00:16:28,800 --> 00:16:31,800
many powerful people that he 
eventually died in battle 

284
00:16:31,800 --> 00:16:34,900
against a coalition of his 
enemies and Norway promptly 

285
00:16:34,900 --> 00:16:37,300
returned to paganism. 
Like someone reverting to their 

286
00:16:37,300 --> 00:16:40,100
natural hair color after an 
unsuccessful die job. 

287
00:16:40,900 --> 00:16:43,700
Religious change, imposed 
through violence alone, rarely 

288
00:16:43,700 --> 00:16:46,400
sticks, because it creates 
resentment rather than 

289
00:16:46,400 --> 00:16:49,700
conviction. 
But Olaf's, namesake Olaf, 

290
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:52,900
Haroldson, latest and Olaf 
learned from these mistakes. 

291
00:16:52,900 --> 00:16:57,000
When he became king a generation
later, His approach was more 

292
00:16:57,000 --> 00:17:00,500
sophisticated, combining 
military pressure with economic 

293
00:17:00,500 --> 00:17:02,800
incentives and genuine 
missionary work. 

294
00:17:03,500 --> 00:17:06,300
He brought in trained priests 
who could actually explain 

295
00:17:06,300 --> 00:17:09,700
Christian theology rather than 
just demanding submission. 

296
00:17:09,700 --> 00:17:14,200
He built churches that doubled 
as administrative centers making

297
00:17:14,200 --> 00:17:16,800
Christianity practically useful 
for governance. 

298
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:20,200
He offered tax breaks to 
converts and make Christian 

299
00:17:20,200 --> 00:17:21,900
baptism. 
A requirement for full 

300
00:17:21,900 --> 00:17:26,200
participation in legal 
proceedings. this Olaf also died

301
00:17:26,200 --> 00:17:29,700
violently, it turns out that 
aggressive religious reform 

302
00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:33,800
combined with heavy taxation 
made him unpopular, regardless 

303
00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:38,300
of his methods, but his legacy 
endured, After his death 

304
00:17:38,300 --> 00:17:41,000
Miracles were reported at his 
Shrine. 

305
00:17:41,000 --> 00:17:44,500
He was declared a saint and 
suddenly Norway had its own. 

306
00:17:44,508 --> 00:17:46,400
Holy figure. 
Who happened to be a warrior 

307
00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:49,100
king. 
It was brilliant, religious 

308
00:17:49,100 --> 00:17:53,000
marketing, Christianity, 
repackaged with a Norse Hero at 

309
00:17:53,000 --> 00:17:55,500
its Center. 
Someone who understood honor and

310
00:17:55,508 --> 00:17:58,100
courage and dying gloriously in 
battle. 

311
00:17:59,000 --> 00:18:01,300
In Denmark. 
King Harald Bluetooth. 

312
00:18:02,300 --> 00:18:03,900
Yeah, that's where your wireless
technology. 

313
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:09,400
Got its name, converted around 
965 and commissioned the jelling

314
00:18:09,400 --> 00:18:12,700
stones. 
Massive runes that announced his

315
00:18:12,700 --> 00:18:15,000
accomplishment in bringing 
Christianity to Denmark. 

316
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:19,000
The stones combined traditional 
North Arts styles, with 

317
00:18:19,000 --> 00:18:22,600
Christian symbolism, creating a 
visual representation of 

318
00:18:22,600 --> 00:18:26,500
cultural synthesis. howled 
understood the successful 

319
00:18:26,500 --> 00:18:30,000
conversion required, making 
Christianity film Norse, rather 

320
00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:33,700
than foreign Wrapping new 
beliefs and familiar aesthetic 

321
00:18:33,700 --> 00:18:36,600
forms. 
Sweden took longer to convert 

322
00:18:36,600 --> 00:18:39,900
partly because centralized royal
power developed more slowly 

323
00:18:39,900 --> 00:18:42,600
there. 
Missionaries, working in Sweden,

324
00:18:42,600 --> 00:18:45,800
face the challenge of converting
a more decentralized Society, 

325
00:18:45,800 --> 00:18:49,800
where no single King could 
impose religious uniformity from

326
00:18:49,800 --> 00:18:52,500
above. 
This meant more Grassroots of 

327
00:18:52,500 --> 00:18:57,100
evangelism, Monaco Sheen with 
local leaders and more instances

328
00:18:57,100 --> 00:19:00,600
of Christianity adapting, to 
existing social structures 

329
00:19:00,600 --> 00:19:03,400
rather than transforming them 
whole sale. 

330
00:19:04,400 --> 00:19:07,700
The most successful missionaries
in Sweden to be those who showed

331
00:19:07,700 --> 00:19:10,600
genuine respect for Norse 
culture while presenting 

332
00:19:10,600 --> 00:19:13,600
Christianity. 
As its fulfillment, they learned

333
00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:16,900
Old Norse. 
Participated in local life and 

334
00:19:16,900 --> 00:19:20,200
found ways to present Christian 
teachings using nor storytelling

335
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:23,600
traditions They discovered that 
you couldn't insult someone's 

336
00:19:23,600 --> 00:19:27,100
ancestors and their centuries 
old traditions and then expect 

337
00:19:27,100 --> 00:19:31,100
them to embrace your religion. 
Persuasion required building 

338
00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:35,000
relationships, demonstrating 
that Christianity enhanced 

339
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:37,100
rather than rejected North 
identity. 

340
00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:42,800
Iceland's conversion in 1,000 
CE, showcased a uniquely nor 

341
00:19:42,800 --> 00:19:46,200
solution to religious conflict. 
The island was tearing itself 

342
00:19:46,208 --> 00:19:49,800
apart as Christian and Pagan 
factions moved towards Civil 

343
00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:52,000
War. 
Rather than fight. 

344
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:55,300
They agreed to let the law. 
Speak her, a kind of Chief legal

345
00:19:55,300 --> 00:19:58,300
expert, decide Iceland's 
religious future. 

346
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:02,200
He spent a day and night under 
his cloak, considering the 

347
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:04,300
problem, then announced his 
decision. 

348
00:20:05,600 --> 00:20:08,700
Iceland would be officially 
Christian, but people could 

349
00:20:08,700 --> 00:20:11,800
still practice Pagan rites 
privately if they wished. 

350
00:20:12,500 --> 00:20:15,900
It was religious compromise. 
At its most pragmatic choosing 

351
00:20:15,900 --> 00:20:18,000
social piece over theological 
purity. 

352
00:20:19,000 --> 00:20:21,500
This political decision didn't 
immediately change. 

353
00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:25,600
Icelandic hearts and minds, but 
it created the framework for 

354
00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:29,500
gradual transformation. 
Once Christianity, became the 

355
00:20:29,500 --> 00:20:33,300
official religion, it 
controlled, education literacy, 

356
00:20:33,300 --> 00:20:36,800
legal proceedings, and social 
advancement. 

357
00:20:37,900 --> 00:20:40,500
Over time. 
Being Christian shifted from 

358
00:20:40,500 --> 00:20:45,000
political compliance to cultural
norm to genuine belief, though, 

359
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:48,600
the process took Generations, 
The missionaries themselves came

360
00:20:48,600 --> 00:20:50,900
from diverse backgrounds with 
varying approaches. 

361
00:20:51,700 --> 00:20:54,800
Some were aristocratic younger 
Sons who'd enter the church as a

362
00:20:54,800 --> 00:20:57,100
career rather than from Deep 
vocation. 

363
00:20:57,100 --> 00:21:00,100
Others were genuinely devoted 
monks. 

364
00:21:00,100 --> 00:21:02,700
Who volunteered for what was 
considered dangerous Frontier 

365
00:21:02,700 --> 00:21:05,700
work. 
Fewer Scandinavians who 

366
00:21:05,700 --> 00:21:09,400
converted while traveling abroad
and returned as missionaries to 

367
00:21:09,400 --> 00:21:12,100
their own. 
People bringing insight and 

368
00:21:12,100 --> 00:21:14,700
knowledge that made the more 
effective evangelists these 

369
00:21:14,700 --> 00:21:17,100
missionaries face. 
Practical challenges that often 

370
00:21:17,100 --> 00:21:21,200
outdated theological ones Scan a
Navy as climate was harsh. 

371
00:21:21,200 --> 00:21:25,100
Communications were difficult 
and learning Old Norse was 

372
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:27,600
complicated by the lack of 
written materials. 

373
00:21:27,600 --> 00:21:31,100
Early missionaries often 
depended, on local Hospitality, 

374
00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:34,500
making them vulnerable to the 
very people they were trying to 

375
00:21:34,500 --> 00:21:36,900
convert. 
They needed to prove 

376
00:21:36,900 --> 00:21:41,700
Christianity's practical value, 
providing literacy mediating 

377
00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:45,300
disputes and offering 
connections to wider European 

378
00:21:45,300 --> 00:21:48,100
networks. 
While gradually introducing 

379
00:21:48,100 --> 00:21:51,800
theological Concepts that might 
take years for people to fully 

380
00:21:51,800 --> 00:21:54,300
understand the smell of this 
missionary. 

381
00:21:54,300 --> 00:21:58,900
Era was distinctive incense from
Mass mixing with wood smoke from

382
00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:02,700
long house fires, parchment and 
ink in newly established, 

383
00:22:02,700 --> 00:22:07,100
scripture and the distinctive 
scent of fresh human Timber as 

384
00:22:07,100 --> 00:22:09,900
churches Rose next to ancient 
sacred site. 

385
00:22:11,200 --> 00:22:14,300
Church, bells introduced new 
sounds to Landscapes where 

386
00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:17,900
previously only natural noise is
and human voices marked time. 

387
00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:22,300
Latin chants, echoed in places 
where previously only Old Norse 

388
00:22:22,300 --> 00:22:24,800
poetry and everyday conversation
and had been heard. 

389
00:22:25,700 --> 00:22:29,100
As Christianity took root in 
Scandinavia, something. 

390
00:22:29,100 --> 00:22:31,300
Fascinating happened to the old 
myths. 

391
00:22:32,000 --> 00:22:34,700
They didn't simply disappear or 
get violently suppressed. 

392
00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:38,800
Instead the underwent a 
Transformations as complex as 

393
00:22:38,800 --> 00:22:43,000
any mythological, shapeshifting 
emerging in new forms that 

394
00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:45,800
served new purposes while 
retaining Echoes of their 

395
00:22:45,800 --> 00:22:50,300
ancient power. the monks, who 
first wrote down Norse mythology

396
00:22:50,300 --> 00:22:54,400
faced a delightful paradox They 
were Christian Scholars, who 

397
00:22:54,400 --> 00:22:57,500
theoretically shouldn't preserve
Pagan myths yet? 

398
00:22:57,500 --> 00:22:59,500
They were also. 
The only people with literacy 

399
00:22:59,500 --> 00:23:02,400
and the cultural interest to 
record these stories before they

400
00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:05,700
vanished entirely. 
Their solution was to become 

401
00:23:05,700 --> 00:23:09,400
creative, editors preserving the
myths while subtly 

402
00:23:09,400 --> 00:23:11,300
christianizing their 
interpretation. 

403
00:23:12,100 --> 00:23:16,300
Take the prose Edda written by 
Icelandic scholar snorri 

404
00:23:16,300 --> 00:23:20,600
sturluson in the 13th century. 
Snorri was Christian but he 

405
00:23:20,608 --> 00:23:23,500
recognized that understanding 
traditional Norse poetry 

406
00:23:23,500 --> 00:23:25,300
required knowledge of the old 
myths. 

407
00:23:26,200 --> 00:23:29,800
His solution was in genius, he 
presented the Norse gods as 

408
00:23:29,808 --> 00:23:33,400
ancient human Kings, who had 
been mistakenly worshiped as 

409
00:23:33,400 --> 00:23:35,600
debt is due to their remarkable 
abilities. 

410
00:23:36,400 --> 00:23:39,300
It was yeh humorism. 
The theory that gods were 

411
00:23:39,300 --> 00:23:41,400
actually historical figures who 
had been deified. 

412
00:23:42,300 --> 00:23:44,800
And it allowed snorri to 
preserve detail. 

413
00:23:44,800 --> 00:23:48,300
Mythological knowledge while 
maintaining that Christianity 

414
00:23:48,300 --> 00:23:52,200
was correct and paganism had 
been based on misunderstanding, 

415
00:23:53,400 --> 00:23:56,400
This interpretation required, 
some creative theological 

416
00:23:56,400 --> 00:24:00,100
gymnastics. 
Snorri trace the easier the 

417
00:24:00,100 --> 00:24:03,700
Norse gods back to Troy after 
its fall, making them 

418
00:24:03,700 --> 00:24:06,900
descendants of classical 
civilization rather than 

419
00:24:06,900 --> 00:24:09,500
independent Scandinavian 
deities. 

420
00:24:10,500 --> 00:24:13,300
It was like creating an 
elaborate backstory that 

421
00:24:13,300 --> 00:24:17,300
connected Norse mythology to the
broader historical narrative, 

422
00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:22,200
Christianity recognized turning 
Odin from a god into a very 

423
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:26,100
impressive Ancient King, who led
his people North from Asia. 

424
00:24:27,200 --> 00:24:30,700
The funny part is that snorri 
preserved far more authentic, 

425
00:24:30,700 --> 00:24:34,400
mythological detail than he 
probably should have his goal 

426
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:36,300
was simply Christian 
apologetics. 

427
00:24:37,200 --> 00:24:40,800
He couldn't resist the stories, 
narrative power, their poetic 

428
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:43,800
complexity, and their 
psychological insight. 

429
00:24:44,700 --> 00:24:48,300
Reading the prose Edda, you can 
almost feel him enjoying the 

430
00:24:48,300 --> 00:24:51,700
myths even while explaining why 
they were technically incorrect 

431
00:24:51,700 --> 00:24:55,400
from the Christian perspective. 
Other Christian writers, took 

432
00:24:55,400 --> 00:24:57,300
different approaches to the old 
stories. 

433
00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:01,200
Some portrayed, the Norse gods 
as demons who deceived humans 

434
00:25:01,200 --> 00:25:04,700
into worship casting mythology 
as a tragic history of 

435
00:25:04,700 --> 00:25:08,700
Supernatural manipulation, This 
interpretation allowed for 

436
00:25:08,700 --> 00:25:11,200
detailed mythological 
description, while clearly 

437
00:25:11,200 --> 00:25:12,600
condemning the beliefs 
themselves. 

438
00:25:13,700 --> 00:25:18,600
The demons were real, just evil 
rather than Divine and their 

439
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,600
stories served as cautionary. 
Tales about the consequences of 

440
00:25:21,600 --> 00:25:26,100
worshiping false powers Still 
others saw in Norse mythology 

441
00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:30,600
dim reflections of Christian 
truth as if the Pagan passed had

442
00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:33,100
contained prophetic, glimpses of
Revelation to come. 

443
00:25:33,900 --> 00:25:37,700
Odin self-sacrifice hanging on 
yggdrasil for nine nights to 

444
00:25:37,700 --> 00:25:40,200
gain wisdom. 
Became a prefiguration of Christ

445
00:25:40,200 --> 00:25:43,400
crucifixion. 
Boulders death at the hands of 

446
00:25:43,400 --> 00:25:46,700
treachery and his eventual 
return after Ragnarok, echoed 

447
00:25:46,700 --> 00:25:50,400
Christ death and Resurrection. 
These parallels allowed 

448
00:25:50,400 --> 00:25:52,100
Christians to acknowledge the 
myths. 

449
00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:54,900
Spiritual depth, while 
subordinating them to the 

450
00:25:54,900 --> 00:25:58,300
Christian narrative, the most 
significant re-interpretation 

451
00:25:58,300 --> 00:26:02,500
involved Ragnarok itself. 
This Cosmic catastrophe, where 

452
00:26:02,500 --> 00:26:05,800
gods and Giants were destroy 
each other, and the world would 

453
00:26:05,800 --> 00:26:09,000
burn had always been Central to 
North cosmology. 

454
00:26:10,000 --> 00:26:13,000
Christian interpreters 
recognized its similarity to 

455
00:26:13,000 --> 00:26:16,600
apocalyptic Christian. 
Traditions Enrique cast it as a 

456
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:18,500
pagan prophecy of The Last 
Judgement. 

457
00:26:19,600 --> 00:26:22,900
The new world emerging from 
Ragnarok, ashes, became Heaven, 

458
00:26:22,900 --> 00:26:26,000
Boulders return became Christ, 
second coming. 

459
00:26:26,000 --> 00:26:30,300
And the entire Norse eschatology
was retrofitted into a Christian

460
00:26:30,300 --> 00:26:33,900
framework. 
This reinterpretation changed 

461
00:26:33,900 --> 00:26:37,700
the myths, meaning in subtle 
ways, originally Ragnarok 

462
00:26:37,700 --> 00:26:40,600
represented, the inevitable 
Triumph of entropy and Chaos. 

463
00:26:40,600 --> 00:26:43,900
The recognition that even Gods 
cannot prevent eventual 

464
00:26:43,900 --> 00:26:47,200
destruction. 
It was cosmological pessimistic.

465
00:26:47,200 --> 00:26:49,900
But ethically empowering Since 
everything ends. 

466
00:26:49,900 --> 00:26:53,100
Anyway, what matters is how you 
conduct yourself in the 

467
00:26:53,100 --> 00:26:56,300
meantime. 
The Christian reinterpretation, 

468
00:26:56,300 --> 00:26:59,800
transform this into a story 
about Sims consequences and 

469
00:26:59,800 --> 00:27:03,300
redemptions promise, changing 
the emotional valence from 

470
00:27:03,300 --> 00:27:06,100
tragic acceptance to Hopeful 
expectation. 

471
00:27:06,900 --> 00:27:10,500
Local folklore underwent, 
similar Transformations, the 

472
00:27:10,500 --> 00:27:13,800
land of tear land spirits that 
inhabited natural features, 

473
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:18,200
became associated with trolls 
and hidden people still present 

474
00:27:18,200 --> 00:27:22,000
but now classified as natural 
creatures rather than object of 

475
00:27:22,000 --> 00:27:24,900
worship. 
The elves of Norse Traditions 

476
00:27:24,900 --> 00:27:28,500
split into two categories. 
Some became Angels or Saints 

477
00:27:28,500 --> 00:27:33,800
While others became associated 
with demons and dark magic. the 

478
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:37,000
Norms who wove fate, became 
analogous to God's Providence 

479
00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:41,200
their weaving reinterpreted as a
divine plan, rather than an 

480
00:27:41,200 --> 00:27:45,500
impersonal Cosmic Force, 
interestingly, some of the most 

481
00:27:45,500 --> 00:27:48,700
powerful Norse deities simply 
merged with Christian figures, 

482
00:27:49,500 --> 00:27:52,300
Thor's protective role was often
transferred to Saint, Michael 

483
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:55,400
who fought demons with similar 
martial, effectiveness. 

484
00:27:56,200 --> 00:27:59,100
Freya's association with 
fertility and prosperity found 

485
00:27:59,100 --> 00:28:02,700
new expression, in prayers, to 
the Virgin, Mary, and various 

486
00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:06,400
agricultural Saints. 
Odin's connection to wisdom, and

487
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:09,800
poetry was partially absorbed 
into the cult of saints 

488
00:28:09,800 --> 00:28:12,100
associated with learning and 
eloquence. 

489
00:28:12,800 --> 00:28:14,800
The Practical rituals of Norse, 
paganism. 

490
00:28:14,800 --> 00:28:17,400
Underwent equally creative 
reinterpretation. 

491
00:28:18,500 --> 00:28:21,400
The custom of drinking rounds, 
in memory of the Gods, became a 

492
00:28:21,400 --> 00:28:24,400
Christian practice of toast to 
Christ and various Saints. 

493
00:28:25,500 --> 00:28:28,100
The midwinter sacrifice and 
feast became July. 

494
00:28:28,100 --> 00:28:31,800
Eventually Christmas maintaining
its association with light 

495
00:28:31,800 --> 00:28:34,800
returning during the darkest 
season while completely 

496
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:36,400
changing. 
Its theological meaning. 

497
00:28:37,400 --> 00:28:40,100
Spring fertility rites were 
reframed. 

498
00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:44,600
As Easter celebrations, keeping 
the timing and some customs 

499
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:48,200
while attaching them to Christ, 
Resurrection, even the runic 

500
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:51,100
alphabet, which had been imbued 
with magical significant and 

501
00:28:51,100 --> 00:28:53,900
Pagan times was partially 
christianized. 

502
00:28:54,700 --> 00:28:58,100
Christians continued using runes
for inscriptions but sometimes 

503
00:28:58,100 --> 00:29:01,000
included crosses and Christian 
prayers alongside traditional 

504
00:29:01,000 --> 00:29:05,000
runic formulas. 
The sigurd stones and Sweden 

505
00:29:05,000 --> 00:29:09,100
provide perfect examples. 
Memorial stones carved with both

506
00:29:09,100 --> 00:29:12,400
the Legendary Dragon Slayer 
sigurd and Christian prayers for

507
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:15,000
the Dead. 
Creating visual syntheses. 

508
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:17,300
That would have seemed 
contradictory to theological 

509
00:29:17,300 --> 00:29:20,600
purists but made perfect sense 
to people living through 

510
00:29:20,600 --> 00:29:24,600
cultural transition. 
The skalds professional Norse 

511
00:29:24,600 --> 00:29:28,800
poets face particular challenges
in this era of reinterpretation.

512
00:29:29,600 --> 00:29:32,600
their traditional verse forms, 
relied heavily on Kennings 

513
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:36,400
elaborate metaphorical phrases 
that often referenced Pagan 

514
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:40,100
mythology, How do you compose in
traditional Norse? 

515
00:29:40,100 --> 00:29:43,600
Poetry when half your 
metaphorical vocabulary refers 

516
00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:46,400
to God's, your supposedly no 
longer allowed to mention? 

517
00:29:47,900 --> 00:29:51,600
The solution was to keep using 
the old Kennings while adding 

518
00:29:51,600 --> 00:29:55,700
disclaimers that these were just
poetic conventions not actual 

519
00:29:55,700 --> 00:29:58,200
beliefs. 
It was like using Greek 

520
00:29:58,200 --> 00:30:00,600
mythological references in 
Modern English. 

521
00:30:00,600 --> 00:30:04,200
Everyone understood the cultural
references without thinking, 

522
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:08,200
Zeus actually existed. 
What emerge from this period of 

523
00:30:08,200 --> 00:30:11,400
reinterpretation, was a uniquely
hybrid tradition. 

524
00:30:11,400 --> 00:30:14,900
That was neither purely 
Christian, nor purely Norse but 

525
00:30:14,900 --> 00:30:18,500
something new The myths 
survived, not in their original 

526
00:30:18,500 --> 00:30:22,000
context, but in transformed 
versions that serve different 

527
00:30:22,000 --> 00:30:23,700
purposes for different 
communities. 

528
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:26,200
Scholars. 
Preserved them as historical, 

529
00:30:26,200 --> 00:30:28,500
Curiosities and poetic 
resources. 

530
00:30:29,400 --> 00:30:32,400
Common People remembered them as
entertaining stories about the 

531
00:30:32,400 --> 00:30:35,300
past. 
Christian, theologians use them 

532
00:30:35,300 --> 00:30:39,000
as examples of human religious. 
Instincts groping toward truth 

533
00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:41,600
before Revelation provided 
clarity. 

534
00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:45,300
This creative reinterpretation 
meant that Norse, mythology, 

535
00:30:45,300 --> 00:30:48,700
never completely died even as 
Christianity triumphed. 

536
00:30:49,500 --> 00:30:54,300
Instead it was preserved in 
Amber fossilized in texts and 

537
00:30:54,300 --> 00:30:57,200
transformed into folklore 
waiting for later. 

538
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:01,100
Generations, to ReDiscover and 
once again re-interpret for 

539
00:31:01,100 --> 00:31:06,600
their own purposes. the myths of
survival, ironically depended on

540
00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:10,500
their enemies, becoming their 
recorders and translate as The 

541
00:31:10,500 --> 00:31:13,000
transformation of Norse 
religious practice was perhaps, 

542
00:31:13,000 --> 00:31:16,500
even more profound than the 
reinterpretation of myths. 

543
00:31:17,100 --> 00:31:19,800
Because it changed how people 
move through the rhythms of 

544
00:31:19,800 --> 00:31:23,600
daily and seasonal life, how 
they marked births and deaths 

545
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:25,900
and how they structured time 
itself. 

546
00:31:27,500 --> 00:31:31,300
Before Christianity, your Norse 
ancestors organize, their year 

547
00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:35,000
around agricultural cycles and 
seasonal festivals that had 

548
00:31:35,000 --> 00:31:37,900
religious significance, but also
practical purposes. 

549
00:31:38,700 --> 00:31:41,400
The midwinter celebration 
brought communities together 

550
00:31:41,400 --> 00:31:45,700
during the darkest coldest time 
of year reinforcing social 

551
00:31:45,700 --> 00:31:47,700
bonds. 
When isolation might otherwise 

552
00:31:47,700 --> 00:31:51,100
lead to despair. 
Spring festivals, Mark the 

553
00:31:51,100 --> 00:31:55,000
return to agricultural work with
rituals and fertility of fields 

554
00:31:55,000 --> 00:31:58,700
and livestock Harvest 
celebrations gave thanks for 

555
00:31:58,700 --> 00:32:01,600
successful crops while preparing
for Winter's challenges. 

556
00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:05,800
Christianity didn't eliminate 
these seasonal rhythms that 

557
00:32:05,800 --> 00:32:07,900
would have been both impractical
and unnecessary. 

558
00:32:08,600 --> 00:32:11,500
But it gradually reframed them 
within a Christian Liturgical 

559
00:32:11,500 --> 00:32:14,600
Calendar. 
Timing often remained identical 

560
00:32:14,600 --> 00:32:18,800
but the meaning and Associated 
practices shifted midwin 

561
00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:22,500
Christmas celebrating Christ 
birth rather than honoring 

562
00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:26,400
various gods and Spirits 
associated with the season. the 

563
00:32:26,400 --> 00:32:30,400
Spring Festival became Easter 
focusing on Resurrection rather 

564
00:32:30,400 --> 00:32:33,600
than agricultural, renewal 
though, the themes of Life 

565
00:32:33,600 --> 00:32:37,500
returning after death went 
incompatible, This 

566
00:32:37,500 --> 00:32:40,500
transformation happened 
gradually with considerable 

567
00:32:40,500 --> 00:32:42,800
overlap between old and new 
practices. 

568
00:32:43,700 --> 00:32:46,900
For Generations, people 
celebrated Christian, holy days,

569
00:32:46,900 --> 00:32:50,700
while maintaining Customs that 
had originated in pagan 

570
00:32:50,700 --> 00:32:53,100
contexts. 
They might attend mass at the 

571
00:32:53,108 --> 00:32:56,600
new wooden church, then go home 
to traditional feasting that 

572
00:32:56,600 --> 00:32:59,700
looks suspiciously similar to 
pre-christian celebrations. 

573
00:33:01,000 --> 00:33:02,400
Foods smelled. 
The same. 

574
00:33:02,400 --> 00:33:07,300
Roasted meat fresh bread, 
fermented drinks. 

575
00:33:07,300 --> 00:33:12,500
Even if the prayers before 
eating a change, Personal life 

576
00:33:12,500 --> 00:33:14,500
cycle. 
Rituals underwent particularly 

577
00:33:14,500 --> 00:33:18,500
significant changes. 
Pre-christian nor Society had 

578
00:33:18,500 --> 00:33:21,300
marked births with naming 
ceremonies where the father 

579
00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:24,500
officially recognized, the child
and sponsors gave gifts 

580
00:33:24,500 --> 00:33:27,800
establishing social 
relationships and inheritance 

581
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:31,100
rights. 
Christianity, introduced baptism

582
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:33,600
which served similar social 
functions. 

583
00:33:34,500 --> 00:33:37,800
Establishing the child's 
identity, creating Godparent 

584
00:33:37,800 --> 00:33:41,700
relationships integrating the 
new person into the community 

585
00:33:41,700 --> 00:33:46,100
but within a framework of 
spiritual rebirth and original 

586
00:33:46,100 --> 00:33:50,300
sin, that was distinctly 
Christian. the petition ceremony

587
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:53,500
itself often retained a Norse 
elements, despite its Christian 

588
00:33:53,500 --> 00:33:56,900
meaning The ritual washing 
paralleled earlier. 

589
00:33:56,900 --> 00:34:00,000
Customs of sprinkling newborns 
with water while naming them. 

590
00:34:00,700 --> 00:34:03,700
The giving of gifts by 
godparents Echo, traditional 

591
00:34:03,700 --> 00:34:07,000
gift-giving by sponsors, even 
the timing sometimes 

592
00:34:07,000 --> 00:34:10,500
accommodated Norse preferences 
some Christian communities 

593
00:34:10,500 --> 00:34:13,600
allowed delayed baptism. 
So families could choose or 

594
00:34:13,600 --> 00:34:16,699
suspicious occasions according 
to traditional Reckoning though 

595
00:34:16,699 --> 00:34:20,199
the church officially preferred 
immediate baptism to protect the

596
00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:23,400
child's soul. 
Coming of Age transitions or 

597
00:34:23,400 --> 00:34:27,199
evolved pre-christian nor 
societies at marked the 

598
00:34:27,199 --> 00:34:30,100
transition to adult hood through
various ceremonies and tests 

599
00:34:30,100 --> 00:34:33,699
that demonstrated capability for
adult responsibilities. 

600
00:34:34,500 --> 00:34:37,699
Christianity introduced 
confirmation where young people 

601
00:34:37,699 --> 00:34:41,400
publicly offered their faith and
received full status as church 

602
00:34:41,400 --> 00:34:44,500
members. 
The underlying function marking,

603
00:34:44,500 --> 00:34:47,300
the passage from childhood to 
Adult Community membership, 

604
00:34:47,300 --> 00:34:51,400
remained similar even as the 
ritual forms and stated purposes

605
00:34:51,400 --> 00:34:54,100
changed. 
Marriage practices, showed 

606
00:34:54,100 --> 00:34:57,900
perhaps the most complex 
blending of older new Norse. 

607
00:34:57,900 --> 00:35:00,300
Marriage had primarily been a 
property Arrangement between 

608
00:35:00,300 --> 00:35:02,800
families with elaborate 
negotiations. 

609
00:35:02,800 --> 00:35:07,400
Over bride price in Dowry sealed
with Oaths before Witnesses and 

610
00:35:07,400 --> 00:35:11,400
celebrated with feasting 
Christianity introduced. 

611
00:35:11,400 --> 00:35:13,800
The idea that marriage was a 
Sacrament with spiritual 

612
00:35:13,800 --> 00:35:17,800
significance. 
Requiring a church blessing, and

613
00:35:17,800 --> 00:35:21,300
theoretically into soluble, 
except through death. 

614
00:35:22,200 --> 00:35:25,900
In practice Norse marriage, 
Customs, gradually absorbed 

615
00:35:25,900 --> 00:35:28,700
Christian elements rather than 
being replaced wholesale. 

616
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:32,200
The negotiations and property 
Arrangements continued. 

617
00:35:32,200 --> 00:35:35,500
But now a church ceremony 
preceded or followed the 

618
00:35:35,500 --> 00:35:39,000
traditional festivities. 
The brides still worn, North 

619
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,100
style dress and jewelry. 
But might also wear Christian 

620
00:35:42,100 --> 00:35:46,600
symbols, Feast still included 
traditional foods and drinks. 

621
00:35:46,600 --> 00:35:49,000
But now began with Christian 
prayers. 

622
00:35:49,000 --> 00:35:53,600
It was syncretism in action each
tradition, borrowing elements 

623
00:35:53,600 --> 00:35:56,500
from the other until 
distinguishing original from 

624
00:35:56,500 --> 00:35:58,200
adopted became nearly 
impossible. 

625
00:35:59,400 --> 00:36:02,500
Death rituals experience the 
most dramatic transformation 

626
00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:06,600
because Christianity and Norse 
paganism had fundamentally 

627
00:36:06,600 --> 00:36:09,900
different ideas about what 
happened after death and how the

628
00:36:09,900 --> 00:36:11,200
living should relate to the 
Dead. 

629
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:15,500
Pre-christian Norse funerary 
practices involved, a labyrinth 

630
00:36:15,500 --> 00:36:19,900
grave Goods ship burials for 
elite individuals, and sometimes

631
00:36:19,900 --> 00:36:23,000
cremation to speed, the deceased
Journey to the afterlife. 

632
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:27,600
These practices reflected 
beliefs that the dead continued 

633
00:36:27,600 --> 00:36:30,300
existing and forms that 
resembled Earthly life. 

634
00:36:31,100 --> 00:36:33,400
Christian burial was radically 
simpler. 

635
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:38,000
The body went into the ground 
oriented East-West with few or 

636
00:36:38,000 --> 00:36:41,700
No Grave Goods because material 
possessions had no value in the 

637
00:36:41,708 --> 00:36:45,600
spiritual afterlife to come. 
Funeral Service focused on 

638
00:36:45,600 --> 00:36:49,100
prayers for the soul rather than
equipping the deceased for their

639
00:36:49,100 --> 00:36:51,600
Journey. 
Church, graveyards replaced, 

640
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:54,000
traditional burial, mounds and 
family plots. 

641
00:36:54,000 --> 00:36:57,900
Relocating the dead from their 
own lands to communal Christians

642
00:36:57,900 --> 00:37:00,700
base. 
This transition was painful for 

643
00:37:00,700 --> 00:37:03,800
many families. 
The old practice is at provided 

644
00:37:03,800 --> 00:37:07,700
Comfort through their implicit 
promise that loved ones can 

645
00:37:07,700 --> 00:37:10,100
continue existing in 
recognizable form. 

646
00:37:11,300 --> 00:37:14,100
The elaborate preparations 
provisioning, the grave with 

647
00:37:14,100 --> 00:37:18,200
food, tools and treasures, gave 
mourners concrete actions, to 

648
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:21,700
perform ways to demonstrate 
continuing care for the 

649
00:37:21,700 --> 00:37:25,800
deceased. 
Christian burial seemed Stark by

650
00:37:25,800 --> 00:37:29,800
comparison stripping away, these
comforting rituals and leaving 

651
00:37:29,800 --> 00:37:32,700
only prayers and faith in an 
invisible afterlife. 

652
00:37:33,400 --> 00:37:36,100
Yet Christianity, offered its 
own constellations that 

653
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:38,400
gradually became meaningful to 
converts. 

654
00:37:39,400 --> 00:37:42,400
The promise of eventual 
Resurrection provided hope that 

655
00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:44,800
relationships severed by death 
would be restored. 

656
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,000
The idea that social hierarchies
didn't persist into the 

657
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:52,600
Afterlife, meant that even 
slaves and poor Farmers could 

658
00:37:52,600 --> 00:37:54,600
hope for a better existence 
after death. 

659
00:37:55,900 --> 00:37:57,900
The regular prayers for the dead
maintained. 

660
00:37:57,900 --> 00:38:01,400
A connection between living and 
deceased that paralleled older 

661
00:38:01,400 --> 00:38:03,100
practices of remembering 
ancestors. 

662
00:38:03,100 --> 00:38:07,300
Gradually hybrid practices 
emerged that satisfied, both 

663
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:10,700
Christian requirements and Norse
emotional needs. 

664
00:38:11,600 --> 00:38:15,000
People might bury their dead in 
church, graveyards according to 

665
00:38:15,000 --> 00:38:17,500
Christian rights while still 
leaving small. 

666
00:38:17,500 --> 00:38:21,000
Offering at the Grave's 
technically a Christian practice

667
00:38:21,000 --> 00:38:24,800
but flavored with older habits, 
They might have masses said for 

668
00:38:24,800 --> 00:38:28,300
the deceased while also telling 
stories about their ancestors in

669
00:38:28,300 --> 00:38:30,200
ways that kept them present in 
communal. 

670
00:38:30,200 --> 00:38:33,800
Memory blending Christian into 
session with Norse ancestor 

671
00:38:33,800 --> 00:38:37,500
veneration. the physical 
landscape of ritual, also 

672
00:38:37,500 --> 00:38:42,400
transformed Pre-christian, 
sacred sites Grove's Springs. 

673
00:38:42,400 --> 00:38:46,700
Stone circles mountain peaks, 
either were christianized 

674
00:38:46,700 --> 00:38:50,100
through the addition of crosses 
and small chapels, all became 

675
00:38:50,100 --> 00:38:53,300
forbidden, places associated 
with demons, and trolls. 

676
00:38:54,200 --> 00:38:58,500
Churches on former sacred sites,
sometimes deliberately claiming 

677
00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:02,500
these spaces for Christianity, 
other times, simply because 

678
00:39:02,500 --> 00:39:05,500
these locations had always been 
Community gathering places, 

679
00:39:05,500 --> 00:39:07,700
regardless of religious 
significance. 

680
00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:11,400
The architecture of early North 
churches, reflected cultural 

681
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:14,000
synthesis. 
Built using traditional 

682
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:17,400
Scandinavian woodworking 
techniques Often by the same. 

683
00:39:17,400 --> 00:39:19,800
Craftsmen who built longhouses 
and ships? 

684
00:39:20,500 --> 00:39:22,800
These stave churches 
Incorporated, Christian 

685
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:26,800
architectural, elements like 
cruciform layouts and Western 

686
00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:30,400
facing entrances while 
maintaining distinctively Norse 

687
00:39:30,400 --> 00:39:33,900
aesthetic character. 
Their carved portals included 

688
00:39:33,900 --> 00:39:36,900
both Christian symbols and 
traditional interlace patterns 

689
00:39:36,900 --> 00:39:40,100
dragons. 
That might be demonic or might 

690
00:39:40,100 --> 00:39:42,900
Simply Be familiar. 
Decorative Motif stripped of 

691
00:39:42,908 --> 00:39:46,400
their original meaning. 
The smell in these new churches.

692
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:48,700
Mixed imported and local 
elements. 

693
00:39:48,700 --> 00:39:53,700
Incense and candle wax from 
Christian liturgy fresh Timber 

694
00:39:53,700 --> 00:39:56,900
from Norse building Traditions, 
wool and leather from 

695
00:39:56,900 --> 00:39:59,800
congregants clothing. 
And the earthy smell of dirt 

696
00:39:59,800 --> 00:40:04,800
floors, the sound shifted to 
Latin chanting replaced Old 

697
00:40:04,800 --> 00:40:08,100
Norse. 
Poetry church bells Mark time in

698
00:40:08,108 --> 00:40:12,000
stead of natural rhythms and 
horns. but underneath these new 

699
00:40:12,000 --> 00:40:15,900
sounds familiar voices, speaking
Norse discussed Community 

700
00:40:15,900 --> 00:40:19,800
Affairs in the same building 
where they prayed in Latin What 

701
00:40:19,800 --> 00:40:23,100
emerged was a distinctively 
Norse Christianity, neither 

702
00:40:23,100 --> 00:40:26,800
identical to Continental, 
European practice, nor simply 

703
00:40:26,800 --> 00:40:28,800
paganism with a Christian 
veneer. 

704
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:33,700
It was something genuinely new 
created by communities adapting 

705
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:37,200
to changing circumstances while 
maintaining continuity with 

706
00:40:37,200 --> 00:40:40,300
their past. 
The transformation was neither 

707
00:40:40,300 --> 00:40:43,800
simple replacement, nor pure 
synthesis, but a complex 

708
00:40:43,800 --> 00:40:47,300
negotiation between competing 
values, practical 

709
00:40:47,300 --> 00:40:51,000
accommodations, and genuine 
changes in belief that occurred 

710
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:55,200
over multiple Generations, even 
as Christianity became dominant 

711
00:40:55,200 --> 00:40:58,500
to cross Scandinavia. 
Pockets of pagan practice 

712
00:40:58,500 --> 00:41:01,900
persisted for centuries. 
In remote areas where Royal 

713
00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:05,900
Authority was weak missionary, 
presents limited and traditional

714
00:41:05,900 --> 00:41:10,900
ways, deeply rooted in landscape
and Community memory. picture a 

715
00:41:10,900 --> 00:41:15,700
small farming Valley in Inland 
Norway or Sweden around 1100, CE

716
00:41:15,700 --> 00:41:20,100
several Generations After 
official conversion The nearest 

717
00:41:20,100 --> 00:41:22,000
church is half a day's Journey 
away. 

718
00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:26,800
Priest visits irregularly and 
daily life remained by 

719
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:30,700
agricultural cycles and weather 
patterns that can nothing for 

720
00:41:30,700 --> 00:41:32,300
Christian. 
Liturgical calendars. 

721
00:41:33,200 --> 00:41:36,400
Here people might dutifully 
attend Easter and Christmas 

722
00:41:36,400 --> 00:41:40,300
services when possible, but they
also maintain older practices 

723
00:41:40,300 --> 00:41:42,700
that their families have 
performed for longer than anyone

724
00:41:42,700 --> 00:41:45,800
can remember. 
These last pagans weren't 

725
00:41:45,800 --> 00:41:48,900
necessarily defined Rebels, 
making conscious theological 

726
00:41:48,900 --> 00:41:52,000
choices, often. 
They were simply rural people 

727
00:41:52,000 --> 00:41:55,400
maintaining Traditions that 
worked that connected them to 

728
00:41:55,400 --> 00:41:59,100
place ancestors, and that 
provided meaning, and structure 

729
00:41:59,100 --> 00:42:02,200
to lives, far from Power 
centers, where religious 

730
00:42:02,200 --> 00:42:06,600
uniformity was being enforced. 
They sacrificed to land Spirits,

731
00:42:06,600 --> 00:42:10,200
not because they rejected 
Christianity, but because their 

732
00:42:10,200 --> 00:42:13,700
grandfather's grandfather had 
done so and the crops seemed to 

733
00:42:13,700 --> 00:42:16,900
grow better when you honored the
beings who inhabited the fields 

734
00:42:17,800 --> 00:42:20,600
The Sami people of Northern 
Scandinavia, maintain their 

735
00:42:20,600 --> 00:42:24,400
indigenous spiritual practices. 
Longest partly because their 

736
00:42:24,400 --> 00:42:26,500
lifestyle. 
As reindeer, herders, kept the 

737
00:42:26,508 --> 00:42:30,700
mobile and difficult to 
systematically convert and 

738
00:42:30,700 --> 00:42:33,800
partly because their beliefs 
were so thoroughly integrated 

739
00:42:33,800 --> 00:42:35,300
with their relationship to the 
land. 

740
00:42:35,300 --> 00:42:38,400
That changing religion would 
have required changing their 

741
00:42:38,400 --> 00:42:42,300
entire way of life, Christian 
missionaries working among the 

742
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:44,700
Sami discovered that 
conventional Evangelical 

743
00:42:44,700 --> 00:42:46,900
approaches designed for settled 
agricultural. 

744
00:42:46,900 --> 00:42:50,500
Communities simply didn't work 
with people whose spirituality 

745
00:42:50,500 --> 00:42:54,100
was Inseparable from their 
nomadic patterns and intimate 

746
00:42:54,100 --> 00:42:56,800
knowledge of Arctic Wilderness 
in Iceland. 

747
00:42:56,800 --> 00:42:59,200
The situation was particularly 
interesting because the 

748
00:42:59,200 --> 00:43:03,400
compromise conversion of 1,000 
CE had explicitly allowed 

749
00:43:03,400 --> 00:43:07,100
private Pagan practice to 
continue. this created a 

750
00:43:07,100 --> 00:43:10,200
Century's long period where 
people publicly conformed to 

751
00:43:10,200 --> 00:43:13,500
Christianity while privately 
maintaining older Traditions 

752
00:43:13,500 --> 00:43:16,800
creating a cultural 
schizophrenia that was probably 

753
00:43:16,800 --> 00:43:20,200
psychologically uncomfortable, 
but practically manageable 

754
00:43:21,300 --> 00:43:24,400
Icelandic sagas written. 
During this period, reflect this

755
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,400
tension for training 
pre-christian ancestors with 

756
00:43:27,400 --> 00:43:29,300
admiration. 
While acknowledging 

757
00:43:29,300 --> 00:43:33,900
Christianity's, truth trying to 
honor the past without endorsing

758
00:43:33,900 --> 00:43:38,000
its religious framework. 
The last explicitly Pagan 

759
00:43:38,000 --> 00:43:41,800
temples were probably destroyed 
by the late 11th century, but 

760
00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:44,400
informal, sacred sites. 
Persisted much longer. 

761
00:43:45,500 --> 00:43:48,700
Certain Grove Spring's and 
mountains, retain their holy 

762
00:43:48,700 --> 00:43:50,300
character in local 
Consciousness. 

763
00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:54,100
Even after Christianity, 
officially claimed them, People 

764
00:43:54,100 --> 00:43:56,700
might cross themselves before 
approaching these places. 

765
00:43:56,700 --> 00:44:00,500
While also leaving small 
offerings, combining Christian 

766
00:44:00,500 --> 00:44:02,700
protection. 
With older practices of 

767
00:44:02,700 --> 00:44:04,400
propitiating. 
Local Powers. 

768
00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:07,600
It was spiritual insurance 
covering all bases. 

769
00:44:07,600 --> 00:44:11,100
Just in case. 
Folk magic and Superstition 

770
00:44:11,100 --> 00:44:12,900
preserved. 
Fragments of pagan belief 

771
00:44:12,900 --> 00:44:15,000
informs. 
That were technically compatible

772
00:44:15,000 --> 00:44:18,400
with Christianity if you 
squinted and didn't examine them

773
00:44:18,400 --> 00:44:21,600
too closely. 
The Golder chanting used in 

774
00:44:21,600 --> 00:44:24,200
Norse. 
Magic simply became folk healing

775
00:44:24,200 --> 00:44:28,100
charms, that invoked Christian 
Saints and gods. 

776
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:31,500
The runes lost their Divine 
association's. 

777
00:44:31,500 --> 00:44:34,100
Got retained. 
Their use in protective amulets 

778
00:44:34,100 --> 00:44:37,400
and folk remedies. 
The belief in Hidden people and 

779
00:44:37,400 --> 00:44:40,400
land veteran was reframed as 
Superstition rather than 

780
00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:43,200
religion. 
Allowing it to persist as 

781
00:44:43,200 --> 00:44:45,700
colorful folklore rather than a 
condemned. 

782
00:44:45,700 --> 00:44:48,600
Practice women, particularly 
older women. 

783
00:44:48,600 --> 00:44:51,600
In rural areas became the 
primary keepers of these 

784
00:44:51,600 --> 00:44:55,000
Borderland traditions They're 
knowledge of healing herbs. 

785
00:44:55,000 --> 00:44:59,500
Midwifery weather prediction and
folk magic often retained 

786
00:44:59,500 --> 00:45:02,500
connections to pre-christian 
practices, even after 

787
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:06,300
generations of Christianity. 
they weren't necessarily 

788
00:45:06,300 --> 00:45:10,100
consciously preserving paganism,
but their practical knowledge 

789
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:14,000
came packaged with ritual 
elements and spiritual 

790
00:45:14,000 --> 00:45:18,800
understandings that had roots in
older World Views, The church's 

791
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:21,900
response to these persistent 
Pagan elements, oscillated 

792
00:45:21,900 --> 00:45:25,500
between violent suppression and 
pragmatic, accommodation. 

793
00:45:26,200 --> 00:45:30,300
During periodic reform movements
authorities would crack down on 

794
00:45:30,300 --> 00:45:33,700
folk practices, threatening 
severe, penalties, for anyone 

795
00:45:33,700 --> 00:45:37,400
caught, making offerings to 
stones or trees, performing, 

796
00:45:37,400 --> 00:45:40,500
Pagan flavored magic or 
Consulting Sears. 

797
00:45:41,700 --> 00:45:44,200
Other times the church, 
essentially looked the other 

798
00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:46,500
way. 
Recognizing that rural 

799
00:45:46,500 --> 00:45:49,700
population's would maintain 
certain Traditions regardless of

800
00:45:49,700 --> 00:45:53,500
a official policy and deciding 
that nominal Christianity. 

801
00:45:53,500 --> 00:45:56,600
With folk elements was better 
than driving people into open 

802
00:45:56,600 --> 00:46:00,100
Rebellion. 
Some clergy even participated in

803
00:46:00,100 --> 00:46:03,500
this accommodation learning to 
distinguish between practices. 

804
00:46:03,500 --> 00:46:06,800
They considered genuinely 
dangerous to soldiers and 

805
00:46:06,800 --> 00:46:10,000
harmless Customs. 
That could be tolerated or even 

806
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:12,000
christianized through 
reinterpretation. 

807
00:46:12,900 --> 00:46:16,100
A rural priest might privately 
disapprove of his parishioners 

808
00:46:16,100 --> 00:46:19,900
leaving milk offerings at fairy 
Mounds, while publicly focusing 

809
00:46:19,900 --> 00:46:23,400
his preaching on more pressing 
moral issues like violence and 

810
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:26,300
Theft. 
The memory of the old ways was 

811
00:46:26,300 --> 00:46:29,900
also preserved through the skull
dick tradition, which continued 

812
00:46:29,900 --> 00:46:33,800
for centuries after conversion. 
Schools needed to understand 

813
00:46:33,800 --> 00:46:38,600
traditional mythology to compose
proper verse. so they maintain 

814
00:46:38,600 --> 00:46:42,000
detailed knowledge of pagan 
beliefs and stories, even while 

815
00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:46,100
personally being Christian, this
created an interesting situation

816
00:46:46,100 --> 00:46:49,900
where the most sophisticated 
preservers of Norse mythology, 

817
00:46:49,900 --> 00:46:54,100
but often monks and Priests who 
recorded these stories as 

818
00:46:54,100 --> 00:46:58,800
literary Heritage rather than 
living religion, The Saga 

819
00:46:58,800 --> 00:47:01,000
tradition performed. 
Similar preservative work. 

820
00:47:01,900 --> 00:47:04,300
Saga. 
Writers working mostly in 

821
00:47:04,300 --> 00:47:07,600
Iceland during the 13th and 14th
centuries, the thoroughly 

822
00:47:07,600 --> 00:47:09,800
Christian. 
But wrote extensively about 

823
00:47:09,800 --> 00:47:13,600
their Pagan ancestors with 
sympathy and admiration. they 

824
00:47:13,600 --> 00:47:17,000
portrayed these early ice, 
Landers, as Noble, honorable 

825
00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:20,400
people who simply haven't yet, 
received Christian revelation 

826
00:47:21,400 --> 00:47:25,100
The sargas became a way of 
honoring ancestral culture while

827
00:47:25,100 --> 00:47:26,900
maintaining proper Christian 
identity. 

828
00:47:27,900 --> 00:47:30,900
You could admire your Pagan 
great, great, grandfather's, 

829
00:47:30,900 --> 00:47:34,500
courage, and cleverness without 
endorsing his religious beliefs.

830
00:47:35,700 --> 00:47:39,200
This selective remembering 
created a romanticized vision of

831
00:47:39,200 --> 00:47:43,000
the Pagan past that probably 
bore only, partial resemblance, 

832
00:47:43,000 --> 00:47:47,500
to historical reality. 
The sargas emphasized heroic 

833
00:47:47,500 --> 00:47:50,800
values. 
Dramatic conflicts and colorful 

834
00:47:50,800 --> 00:47:52,900
personalities. 
While downplaying, the more 

835
00:47:52,900 --> 00:47:56,500
mundane aspects of Norse 
paganism They preserved memory 

836
00:47:56,500 --> 00:47:59,500
of the old gods, primarily as 
characters in entertaining 

837
00:47:59,500 --> 00:48:03,200
stories rather than as deities, 
who'd actually been worshiped. 

838
00:48:04,000 --> 00:48:07,200
Like remembering Greek 
mythology, culturally important 

839
00:48:07,200 --> 00:48:11,200
aesthetically valued but no 
longer religiously believed. 

840
00:48:12,000 --> 00:48:15,300
By the 14th century. 
Explicitly Pagan practice had 

841
00:48:15,300 --> 00:48:18,300
essentially disappeared from 
Scandinavia though. 

842
00:48:18,300 --> 00:48:21,300
The process had taken centuries 
longer than official conversion 

843
00:48:21,300 --> 00:48:25,200
dates suggested. what remained 
were cultural habits 

844
00:48:25,200 --> 00:48:29,500
storytelling, Traditions placed 
names that referenced old gods 

845
00:48:29,500 --> 00:48:33,800
and a landscape, still marked by
ancient sacred sites, even if 

846
00:48:33,800 --> 00:48:36,500
there are original meaning had 
been forgotten or transformed, 

847
00:48:37,800 --> 00:48:41,500
The last person in Scandinavia 
to genuinely worship, Odin or 

848
00:48:41,500 --> 00:48:45,200
Thor, probably died sometime in 
the late, Middle Ages and some 

849
00:48:45,200 --> 00:48:48,600
remote location without anyone 
recording the moment or 

850
00:48:48,600 --> 00:48:50,900
recognizing its historical 
significant. 

851
00:48:51,900 --> 00:48:55,700
It was an undramatic ending to a
religious tradition that had 

852
00:48:55,700 --> 00:48:57,500
sustained Norse people's for 
millennia. 

853
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:00,400
Not a violent suppression or 
dramatic. 

854
00:49:00,400 --> 00:49:03,800
Final Stand. 
But simply the quiet death of 

855
00:49:03,800 --> 00:49:07,700
the last practitioner in a world
where everyone else had moved 

856
00:49:07,700 --> 00:49:10,800
on. 
Yet in another sense, Norse 

857
00:49:10,800 --> 00:49:15,300
paganism, never entirely died. 
It survived in folk Customs 

858
00:49:15,300 --> 00:49:19,700
whose Origins were forgotten. 
Stories parents told children on

859
00:49:19,700 --> 00:49:23,600
winter nights in the name of 
weak days that still honor and 

860
00:49:23,600 --> 00:49:25,800
Freya. 
And in the landscape itself 

861
00:49:25,800 --> 00:49:29,600
where every feature seemed to 
carry memory of older meaning 

862
00:49:31,300 --> 00:49:34,500
The old ways didn't disappear so
much as they dissolved into the 

863
00:49:34,500 --> 00:49:37,800
cultural substrate. 
Becoming part of how nor 

864
00:49:37,800 --> 00:49:40,500
descended people understood 
themselves even after their 

865
00:49:40,500 --> 00:49:42,900
religious framework had 
completely changed. 

866
00:49:43,900 --> 00:49:46,700
As you settled deeper into your 
blanket and the night grows 

867
00:49:46,700 --> 00:49:50,200
quieter around you, let's 
explore how this ancient 

868
00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:54,000
religious transformation 
continues to echo through Modern

869
00:49:54,000 --> 00:49:57,600
life in ways you probably never 
notice unless someone points 

870
00:49:57,600 --> 00:50:00,800
them out. 
Every Thursday, you honor Thor, 

871
00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:03,500
every Friday, Freya, gets her 
due. 

872
00:50:03,500 --> 00:50:07,300
These weak day names are fossils
from a time when these dears 

873
00:50:07,300 --> 00:50:10,800
were actively worshiped 
preserved in language long after

874
00:50:10,800 --> 00:50:14,300
their religious significance, 
vanished It's one of History's 

875
00:50:14,300 --> 00:50:17,900
Pleasant irony, is that the most
secular act checking your 

876
00:50:17,900 --> 00:50:21,700
calendar to see what day it is. 
Perpetually honors gods that 

877
00:50:21,700 --> 00:50:24,700
Christians spent centuries 
trying to eliminate from memory.

878
00:50:25,900 --> 00:50:27,300
The Christmas tree in your 
living room. 

879
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:30,800
If you have one has roots that 
stretch back to pre-christian, 

880
00:50:30,800 --> 00:50:34,000
Nordic traditions of bringing 
Evergreen boughs indoors, during

881
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:37,800
midwinter a way of celebrating 
life's persistence through the 

882
00:50:37,800 --> 00:50:41,300
darkest season. 
The custom survived 

883
00:50:41,300 --> 00:50:44,900
christianization by being 
reinterpreted as a symbol of 

884
00:50:44,908 --> 00:50:48,100
Christ eternal life, but its 
Origins lie. 

885
00:50:48,100 --> 00:50:52,300
In older practices of honoring 
Nature's resilience Your holiday

886
00:50:52,300 --> 00:50:55,900
decorations, can connect you to 
ancestors who stood and Frozen 

887
00:50:55,900 --> 00:50:58,800
forests. 
And Marvel's some trees. 

888
00:50:58,800 --> 00:51:02,100
Remained green even when 
everything else seemed dead. 

889
00:51:03,200 --> 00:51:05,900
The literary Legacy of this 
conversion is extraordinary. 

890
00:51:06,800 --> 00:51:09,300
Preservation of Norse mythology 
through Christian. 

891
00:51:09,300 --> 00:51:13,600
Scribes means we know more about
Norse, religion, and we do about

892
00:51:13,600 --> 00:51:16,400
most other pre-christian, 
European belief systems. 

893
00:51:17,200 --> 00:51:21,000
If medieval monks have an down 
the editors and sargas we'd have

894
00:51:21,008 --> 00:51:24,500
only fragmentary archaeological 
evidence and would need to 

895
00:51:24,508 --> 00:51:27,800
reconstruct Norse beliefs 
through guesswork and comparison

896
00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:31,700
with other Germanic traditions. 
The irony is delicious 

897
00:51:31,700 --> 00:51:35,800
Christianity's, Triumph ensured 
the survival of detailed 

898
00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:39,100
knowledge about the religion. 
It replaced this preserved 

899
00:51:39,100 --> 00:51:42,500
mythology has had an outsized 
influence on Modern fantasy 

900
00:51:42,500 --> 00:51:47,700
literature film, and popular 
culture Every time you encounter

901
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:52,100
elves, dwarves, trolls or 
dragons in fantasy fiction, your

902
00:51:52,100 --> 00:51:55,200
experience in Concepts that were
filtered through Norse tradition

903
00:51:55,200 --> 00:51:57,700
and preserved by Christian 
scribes. 

904
00:51:58,500 --> 00:52:02,700
JRR Tolkien Drew heavily on 
Norse mythology from Middle 

905
00:52:02,700 --> 00:52:05,400
Earth. 
Creating a fantasy world that 

906
00:52:05,400 --> 00:52:08,900
was essentially a love letter to
the literature produced during 

907
00:52:08,900 --> 00:52:11,600
Christianity's absorption of 
Norse culture. 

908
00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:16,900
The Lord of the Rings exists 
because Norris and decided to 

909
00:52:16,900 --> 00:52:19,300
write down the myths. 
He'd learned centuries earlier. 

910
00:52:20,100 --> 00:52:24,000
modern Navy and identity, still 
draws heavily on North Heritage,

911
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:27,300
even in Nations that have been 
Christian for a millennium 

912
00:52:28,200 --> 00:52:31,600
Norway's Constitution invoke his
historical continuity with 

913
00:52:31,600 --> 00:52:35,200
Viking age kingdoms. 
Iceland sense of cultural 

914
00:52:35,200 --> 00:52:39,500
distinctiveness emphasizes Saga 
literature and the preserved Old

915
00:52:39,500 --> 00:52:43,600
Norse language. 
Sweden's tourism industry sells 

916
00:52:43,600 --> 00:52:46,300
Viking experiences alongside 
Lutheran Churches. 

917
00:52:47,100 --> 00:52:50,300
This isn't a contradiction. 
It's the long-term result of 

918
00:52:50,300 --> 00:52:53,900
that medieval synthesis where 
Christian faith and Norse 

919
00:52:53,900 --> 00:52:57,100
cultural identity. 
Learn to co-exist in the same 

920
00:52:57,100 --> 00:53:00,400
communities. 
The physical landscape of 

921
00:53:00,400 --> 00:53:03,900
Scandinavia still Bears marks of
this religious transformation? 

922
00:53:04,800 --> 00:53:08,200
Stave churches that combine 
Norwood working Traditions with 

923
00:53:08,200 --> 00:53:12,200
Christian architecture dot the 
Norwegian Countryside, their 

924
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:15,300
dragon headed, roof on events 
and interlace, carvings creating

925
00:53:15,300 --> 00:53:18,600
visual Bridges between the Pagan
past, and Christian present. 

926
00:53:20,100 --> 00:53:22,600
Rune stones, that mixed 
Christian crosses with 

927
00:53:22,600 --> 00:53:26,500
traditional North, artistic 
motifs, stand in fields, and 

928
00:53:26,500 --> 00:53:29,900
along roadsides permanent 
records of that transitional 

929
00:53:29,900 --> 00:53:31,400
period. 
When people were figuring out 

930
00:53:31,400 --> 00:53:33,200
how to be both Christian and 
Norse. 

931
00:53:34,100 --> 00:53:36,800
Place names across. 
Scandinavia, preserve memory of 

932
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:39,900
pagan sacred sites and 
mythological associations. 

933
00:53:40,600 --> 00:53:42,800
Towns and features named for 
Thor. 

934
00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:45,700
Odin, and freyja are as common 
in Sweden. 

935
00:53:45,700 --> 00:53:49,300
Norway and Denmark, as towns 
named for Saints. 

936
00:53:50,100 --> 00:53:54,200
Every map is a limp CEST where 
Christian geography overlays but

937
00:53:54,200 --> 00:53:58,200
doesn't completely erase 
earlier, religious meaning When 

938
00:53:58,200 --> 00:54:01,600
modern Scandinavians give 
directions or discuss locations,

939
00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:05,300
they're constantly invoking a 
landscape that was sacred long 

940
00:54:05,300 --> 00:54:09,100
before Christianity arrived. 
The folk Traditions that 

941
00:54:09,100 --> 00:54:13,000
survived christianization have 
become valued cultural heritage 

942
00:54:13,000 --> 00:54:15,400
rather than embarrassing Pagan 
residue. 

943
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:20,000
Midsummer celebrations across 
Scandinavia ostensibly Christian

944
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:23,900
festivals of Saint John's Eve. 
Retained Pagan elements in their

945
00:54:23,900 --> 00:54:28,100
emphasis on fertility, seasonal,
transition and connection to 

946
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:32,900
Nature's rhythms, The Christmas 
goat of Scandinavian tradition, 

947
00:54:32,900 --> 00:54:37,100
which seems random to outside, 
his connects to pre-christian 

948
00:54:37,100 --> 00:54:40,700
Winter celebrations. 
These Customs are now treasured 

949
00:54:40,700 --> 00:54:43,700
as authentic cultural 
expressions rather than 

950
00:54:43,700 --> 00:54:48,200
condemned as Pagan survivals. 
The modern Revival of Norse 

951
00:54:48,200 --> 00:54:50,700
paganism. 
Various forms of heathenry or 

952
00:54:50,700 --> 00:54:53,400
assert true. 
Represents an interesting twist 

953
00:54:53,400 --> 00:54:57,000
in this story, contemporary 
pagans attempt to reconstruct, 

954
00:54:57,000 --> 00:55:00,200
North religious practice, but 
there were working primarily 

955
00:55:00,200 --> 00:55:03,400
from sources written by 
Christians, preserve through 

956
00:55:03,400 --> 00:55:07,100
Christian institutions and 
interpreted through centuries of

957
00:55:07,100 --> 00:55:10,200
Christian cultural influence. 
They're trying to recover 

958
00:55:10,200 --> 00:55:12,200
something that was already 
transformed. 

959
00:55:12,200 --> 00:55:16,300
By the time, it was recorded 
It's like trying to restore a 

960
00:55:16,300 --> 00:55:18,900
painting when all you have a 
descriptions written by people 

961
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:21,700
who disagreed with the original 
artist's vision. 

962
00:55:22,500 --> 00:55:25,800
This Modern Norse paganism is 
simultaneously, a return to 

963
00:55:25,800 --> 00:55:29,600
pre-christian, religion, and a 
completely new creation because 

964
00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:32,100
you can't actually step into the
same river twice. 

965
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:35,700
The Contemporary people 
attempting to worship Odin and 

966
00:55:35,700 --> 00:55:38,700
Thor live in a world shaped by 
centuries of Christianity, 

967
00:55:38,700 --> 00:55:44,300
scientific rationalism and 
modern values. their paganism is

968
00:55:44,300 --> 00:55:47,300
necessarily different from what 
their ancestors practiced, 

969
00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:50,400
filtered, through all the 
intervening history that makes 

970
00:55:50,400 --> 00:55:54,400
direct reconstruction 
impossible, The academic study 

971
00:55:54,400 --> 00:55:58,300
of Norse mythology and Viking 
age culture has exploded in 

972
00:55:58,300 --> 00:56:02,600
recent decades, partly driven by
popular interest partly by 

973
00:56:02,600 --> 00:56:05,600
improved archaeological 
techniques and partly by 

974
00:56:05,600 --> 00:56:08,800
recognition that north of 
revolution's to European culture

975
00:56:08,800 --> 00:56:13,800
deserve serious attention. 
Universe is offer courses on Old

976
00:56:13,800 --> 00:56:16,200
Norse. 
Literature museums Mount. 

977
00:56:16,200 --> 00:56:19,800
Exhibitions on Viking Age, 
religion and Scholars published 

978
00:56:19,800 --> 00:56:22,300
details studies of conversion 
processes. 

979
00:56:23,400 --> 00:56:26,000
The medieval Christians who 
preserved these myths, while 

980
00:56:26,000 --> 00:56:29,500
trying to replace them. 
Inadvertently created materials 

981
00:56:29,500 --> 00:56:32,500
for a thriving modern field of 
historical study. 

982
00:56:33,600 --> 00:56:36,900
Popular cultures endless 
fascination with Vikings ensures

983
00:56:36,900 --> 00:56:40,700
that Norse mythology, remains 
commercially viable and 

984
00:56:40,700 --> 00:56:44,800
culturally relevant. 
Marvel's Thor films introduced 

985
00:56:44,800 --> 00:56:47,700
Norse gods to Global audiences. 
Who've never heard of the 

986
00:56:47,700 --> 00:56:51,400
editors video games. 
Let players explore Viking age 

987
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:54,100
worlds, with varying degrees of 
historical accuracy. 

988
00:56:55,200 --> 00:56:59,000
Television series dramatized 
Norse, religion and Society for 

989
00:56:59,000 --> 00:57:03,000
entertainment value. this pop 
culture engagement is often 

990
00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:07,100
historically dubious but it 
keeps Norse mythology alive in 

991
00:57:07,100 --> 00:57:10,800
contemporary imagination in ways
that purely academic 

992
00:57:10,800 --> 00:57:15,500
preservation never could the 
conversion of Navy also provides

993
00:57:15,500 --> 00:57:17,900
historical lessons about how 
religious change actually 

994
00:57:17,900 --> 00:57:21,800
happens, which is rarely through
the dramatic confrontations or 

995
00:57:21,800 --> 00:57:24,000
sudden Revelations that make 
good stories. 

996
00:57:25,100 --> 00:57:29,000
Real conversion is messy and 
gradual and involves generations

997
00:57:29,000 --> 00:57:32,800
of people maintaining seemingly 
contradictory beliefs while 

998
00:57:32,800 --> 00:57:35,200
slowly shifting toward new 
Frameworks. 

999
00:57:36,000 --> 00:57:40,500
It's not Conquest, but 
negotiation, not replacement but

1000
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:43,900
transformation, not either all, 
but both and until eventually 

1001
00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:47,900
the both becomes just an and the
and becomes invisible. 

1002
00:57:49,400 --> 00:57:52,400
This process offers insights for
understanding contemporary 

1003
00:57:52,400 --> 00:57:56,300
religious change, and cultural 
transformation. when you see 

1004
00:57:56,300 --> 00:58:00,700
modern societies grappling with 
secularization immigration or 

1005
00:58:00,700 --> 00:58:03,000
other forces that challenge 
traditional religious 

1006
00:58:03,000 --> 00:58:06,400
Frameworks, you're watching 
patterns similar to those that 

1007
00:58:06,400 --> 00:58:10,000
played out in medieval, 
Scandinavia the specifics 

1008
00:58:10,000 --> 00:58:14,000
differ, but the underlying 
Dynamics help people balance 

1009
00:58:14,000 --> 00:58:18,400
inherited identity with new 
influences, how institutions 

1010
00:58:18,400 --> 00:58:22,900
adapt to maintain relevance how 
meaning making systems of evolve

1011
00:58:22,900 --> 00:58:26,300
while claiming continuity, these
patterns repeated across 

1012
00:58:26,300 --> 00:58:31,000
different contexts, The Norse 
experience also demonstrates 

1013
00:58:31,000 --> 00:58:34,200
that cultural loss and cultural 
survival, aren't simple 

1014
00:58:34,200 --> 00:58:36,600
opposites. 
Yes, Norse. 

1015
00:58:36,600 --> 00:58:39,200
Paganism as a living religious 
traditional essentially 

1016
00:58:39,200 --> 00:58:42,400
disappeared. 
But Norse culture mythology 

1017
00:58:42,400 --> 00:58:46,800
values and identity survived in 
transformed versions that remain

1018
00:58:46,800 --> 00:58:49,500
vital to today. 
The conversion was 

1019
00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:56,100
simultaneously an ending and a 
continuation a loss and again a 

1020
00:58:56,100 --> 00:58:58,100
death. 
And a metamorphosis. 

1021
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:02,600
Trying to classify it as purely 
positive or negative. 

1022
00:59:02,600 --> 00:59:06,500
Misses the complexity of how 
human cultures actually evolved.

1023
00:59:07,200 --> 00:59:09,900
As our journey through this 
religious transformation, draws 

1024
00:59:09,900 --> 00:59:13,300
to a close. 
Imagine standing once more on 

1025
00:59:13,300 --> 00:59:18,200
that Rocky Northern Shore but 
now in our own time the are 

1026
00:59:18,200 --> 00:59:22,200
still smells of salt and pine 
but now church bells mix with 

1027
00:59:22,200 --> 00:59:26,300
those Eternal rhythms. 
The landscape that once held 

1028
00:59:26,300 --> 00:59:30,400
only Pagan sacred sites, now 
contains churches but those 

1029
00:59:30,400 --> 00:59:32,800
churches often stand where the 
sacred sites. 

1030
00:59:32,800 --> 00:59:36,800
Once stood occupying space, that
was wholly long before 

1031
00:59:36,800 --> 00:59:40,300
Christianity arrived. 
The northern lights flicker 

1032
00:59:40,300 --> 00:59:42,700
overhead. 
The same Aurora that your 

1033
00:59:42,700 --> 00:59:45,400
distant ancestors saw and 
interpreted through their own 

1034
00:59:45,400 --> 00:59:48,700
religious Frameworks. 
They might have seen by Frost 

1035
00:59:48,700 --> 00:59:52,100
the Rainbow Bridge to Asgard all
the valkyrie's. 

1036
00:59:52,100 --> 00:59:54,600
Riding through the sky 
Gathering, the heroic dead. 

1037
00:59:55,600 --> 00:59:58,400
Later generation saw them as 
natural phenomena. 

1038
00:59:59,200 --> 01:00:02,500
Beautiful, but devoid of 
religious meaning explained by 

1039
01:00:02,500 --> 01:00:07,300
science rather than myth. 
Yet the lights themselves were 

1040
01:00:07,300 --> 01:00:10,400
made unchanged. 
It's only human interpretation 

1041
01:00:10,400 --> 01:00:13,500
that shifts. 
This continuity of landscape 

1042
01:00:13,500 --> 01:00:16,000
combined, with transformation of
meaning capture something 

1043
01:00:16,000 --> 01:00:19,400
essential about the conversion. 
We've been exploring The 

1044
01:00:19,400 --> 01:00:23,800
physical world remained the 
same, the sky, see forests and 

1045
01:00:23,800 --> 01:00:27,400
mountains that witnessed Pagan 
rituals also witnessed Christian

1046
01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:30,700
prayers. 
What changed was the language 

1047
01:00:30,700 --> 01:00:33,300
people used to describe their 
relationship with this world. 

1048
01:00:33,300 --> 01:00:37,400
The stories they told to explain
their place in it and the 

1049
01:00:37,400 --> 01:00:40,300
rituals they performed to 
connect with powers Beyond 

1050
01:00:40,300 --> 01:00:44,100
themselves. the conversion of 
Scandinavia wasn't unique 

1051
01:00:44,100 --> 01:00:47,800
Christianity, spread across most
of Europe through similar 

1052
01:00:47,800 --> 01:00:51,700
processes of negotiation 
adaptation and gradual 

1053
01:00:51,700 --> 01:00:56,100
transformational But the Norse 
experience is particularly well 

1054
01:00:56,100 --> 01:00:59,500
documented, because literacy 
arrived in Scandinavia, roughly 

1055
01:00:59,500 --> 01:01:01,400
simultaneously with 
Christianity. 

1056
01:01:01,400 --> 01:01:04,400
Meaning we have unusually 
detailed records of the 

1057
01:01:04,400 --> 01:01:06,200
transition from people who live 
through it. 

1058
01:01:07,400 --> 01:01:10,700
The icelanders in particular, 
had reasons to preserve detailed

1059
01:01:10,700 --> 01:01:14,100
accounts of their past because 
their society was so thoroughly 

1060
01:01:14,100 --> 01:01:17,500
organized around memory 
genealogy and historical 

1061
01:01:17,500 --> 01:01:20,700
precedent. 
What makes this story worth 

1062
01:01:20,700 --> 01:01:23,200
pondering? 
As you drift towards sleep, is 

1063
01:01:23,200 --> 01:01:26,700
its reminder that all the things
we consider permanent and 

1064
01:01:26,700 --> 01:01:29,800
unchangeable, who once knew and 
contested. 

1065
01:01:30,800 --> 01:01:34,100
Christianity, which now seems to
many Europeans. 

1066
01:01:34,100 --> 01:01:37,400
Like an eternal part of their 
cultural heritage was once 

1067
01:01:37,400 --> 01:01:41,000
foreign and strange. 
The Norse paganism that seems 

1068
01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:45,400
exotic and distant to us, was 
once ordinary daily practice as 

1069
01:01:45,400 --> 01:01:48,200
normal and unremarkable is 
checking your phone is today. 

1070
01:01:49,300 --> 01:01:52,400
This recognition can be 
simultaneously unsettling and 

1071
01:01:52,400 --> 01:01:56,400
liberating unsettling because it
suggests that our own certain 

1072
01:01:56,400 --> 01:01:58,400
teas. 
Might someday seem as quaint and

1073
01:01:58,400 --> 01:02:02,500
outdated as beliefs about Odin 
and Thor now appear to most 

1074
01:02:02,500 --> 01:02:04,700
people. 
Liberating because it 

1075
01:02:04,700 --> 01:02:08,000
demonstrates that humans have 
always navigated religious and 

1076
01:02:08,000 --> 01:02:11,600
cultural change have always 
found ways to honor their past 

1077
01:02:11,600 --> 01:02:14,600
while adapt to their present and
have always created. 

1078
01:02:14,600 --> 01:02:17,100
Meaning in whatever 
circumstances they found 

1079
01:02:17,100 --> 01:02:20,500
themselves, the people who live 
through Scandinavia as 

1080
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:22,900
christianization weren't so 
different from us. 

1081
01:02:23,700 --> 01:02:26,900
They worry about their children,
Futures, try to honor their 

1082
01:02:26,900 --> 01:02:30,300
parents memories sought meaning 
in their daily work and 

1083
01:02:30,300 --> 01:02:33,200
attempted to understand forces 
beyond their control. 

1084
01:02:34,100 --> 01:02:37,600
They face change, they didn't 
necessarily want or choose but 

1085
01:02:37,600 --> 01:02:40,600
had to accommodate. 
They tried to preserve what 

1086
01:02:40,600 --> 01:02:43,800
seemed valuable from their 
Heritage while adopting what 

1087
01:02:43,800 --> 01:02:45,400
seemed useful from new 
influences. 

1088
01:02:46,200 --> 01:02:49,800
Some of them resisted change 
stubbornly, clinging to old ways

1089
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:52,900
until they died. 
Others embraced Christianity 

1090
01:02:52,900 --> 01:02:57,000
enthusiastically perhaps too. 
Eager to abandon Traditions, 

1091
01:02:57,000 --> 01:03:01,400
their ancestors at valued. 
Most probably fell somewhere in 

1092
01:03:01,400 --> 01:03:04,600
between hedging their bets 
keeping what they could of the 

1093
01:03:04,600 --> 01:03:08,300
old while accepting what seemed 
inevitable about the new and 

1094
01:03:08,300 --> 01:03:10,800
creating hybrid practices that 
satisfied. 

1095
01:03:10,800 --> 01:03:14,800
Neither Pagan purists nor 
Christian reformers but worked 

1096
01:03:14,800 --> 01:03:17,500
for people living ordinary lives
in extraordinary times. 

1097
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:21,200
The monks who preserved Norse 
mythology while simultaneously 

1098
01:03:21,200 --> 01:03:24,700
working to replace it. 
Were engaged in an act of 

1099
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:27,900
profound cultural. 
Generosity whether they 

1100
01:03:27,900 --> 01:03:32,100
recognize it or not, By writing 
down stories about God's. 

1101
01:03:32,100 --> 01:03:35,300
They didn't believe in, they 
gave future Generations, the 

1102
01:03:35,300 --> 01:03:38,300
gift of knowing their own past 
with unusual clarity. 

1103
01:03:39,200 --> 01:03:41,200
They couldn't have known that 
their careful transcriptions 

1104
01:03:41,200 --> 01:03:45,700
would someday Inspire fantasy. 
Novels academic, dissertation 

1105
01:03:45,700 --> 01:03:48,100
and contemporary pagan, 
reconstructions. 

1106
01:03:49,600 --> 01:03:52,000
They were just trying to be 
thorough scholars in their own 

1107
01:03:52,000 --> 01:03:54,600
time. 
What survived from pre-christian

1108
01:03:54,600 --> 01:03:57,200
Scandinavia survived? 
Because someone thought it was 

1109
01:03:57,200 --> 01:04:01,000
worth preserving even when that 
preservation happened through 

1110
01:04:01,000 --> 01:04:04,900
institutional structures, 
dedicated to replacing the very 

1111
01:04:04,900 --> 01:04:08,500
beliefs being recorded. 
This Paradox suggests something 

1112
01:04:08,500 --> 01:04:11,000
important about how cultural 
memory works. 

1113
01:04:11,800 --> 01:04:14,700
We don't preserve the past 
through isolation and refusal, 

1114
01:04:14,700 --> 01:04:17,500
to change. 
We preserve it through creative 

1115
01:04:17,500 --> 01:04:21,000
transformation, through finding 
new context for old meanings, 

1116
01:04:21,000 --> 01:04:24,200
and through recording, and 
reinterpreting, so that each 

1117
01:04:24,200 --> 01:04:28,000
generation can engage with what 
came before in ways that make 

1118
01:04:28,000 --> 01:04:29,900
sense for their own 
circumstances. 

1119
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:34,400
The Northern Lights can continue
their silent dance, overhead 

1120
01:04:34,400 --> 01:04:36,400
caring. 
Nothing about human 

1121
01:04:36,400 --> 01:04:39,600
interpretations, changing 
nothing about their behavior 

1122
01:04:39,600 --> 01:04:43,300
regardless of whether Observer C
by Frost or atmospheric 

1123
01:04:43,300 --> 01:04:47,400
electrical phenomena. 
This indifference of the natural

1124
01:04:47,400 --> 01:04:50,100
world to human meaning making is
oddly comforting. 

1125
01:04:51,100 --> 01:04:54,400
Beneath all our religious 
Frameworks mythological systems.

1126
01:04:55,500 --> 01:05:00,400
and competing truth claims the 
world's simply is Starz Wheeling

1127
01:05:00,400 --> 01:05:05,400
overhead, Tides Advanced singing
and retreating and Seasons 

1128
01:05:05,400 --> 01:05:07,800
cycling through their Eternal 
patterns. 

1129
01:05:08,700 --> 01:05:10,200
Yet, we are meaning-making 
creatures. 

1130
01:05:10,200 --> 01:05:13,500
Who cannot simply experience the
world without interpreting it. 

1131
01:05:14,500 --> 01:05:18,700
We need stories to explain why 
things are as they are rituals 

1132
01:05:18,700 --> 01:05:22,600
to Mark important Transitions, 
and communities bound together 

1133
01:05:22,600 --> 01:05:27,500
by shared beliefs and practices.
Religion in all its forms 

1134
01:05:27,500 --> 01:05:30,100
emerges, from these fundamental 
human needs. 

1135
01:05:30,900 --> 01:05:33,100
The conversion of Scandinavia 
didn't change. 

1136
01:05:33,100 --> 01:05:36,100
These needs it changed. 
How people satisfied them. 

1137
01:05:37,300 --> 01:05:39,700
As you drift towards sleep, you 
might find yourself thinking 

1138
01:05:39,700 --> 01:05:42,900
about your own religious, or 
spiritual framework, whatever 

1139
01:05:42,900 --> 01:05:45,400
form it takes. 
Where did it come from? 

1140
01:05:45,400 --> 01:05:48,300
What earlier? 
Traditions influenced it? 

1141
01:05:48,300 --> 01:05:52,000
What Transformations occurred 
between its Origins and its 

1142
01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:55,100
current form. 
How might it continue evolving. 

1143
01:05:56,100 --> 01:05:59,800
These aren't questions that 
require answers to night they're

1144
01:05:59,800 --> 01:06:02,600
simply worth pondering. 
Letting them drift through your 

1145
01:06:02,600 --> 01:06:05,800
Consciousness like the Northern 
Lights drift across the Arctic 

1146
01:06:05,800 --> 01:06:08,500
sky. 
The story of Christianity 

1147
01:06:08,500 --> 01:06:12,300
transforming Norse mythology 
reminds us that spiritual 

1148
01:06:12,300 --> 01:06:14,500
certainly is often 
retrospective. 

1149
01:06:15,200 --> 01:06:17,800
It looks solid and permanent 
only, when we're Looking 

1150
01:06:17,800 --> 01:06:21,500
Backward at it. 
To the people living through it.

1151
01:06:21,500 --> 01:06:26,900
Religious change felt uncertain,
contested and incomplete. 

1152
01:06:27,700 --> 01:06:30,600
They couldn't see the neat 
narrative Arc, that historians 

1153
01:06:30,600 --> 01:06:32,200
would later impose on their 
experience. 

1154
01:06:33,200 --> 01:06:36,000
They were just trying to figure 
out how to live Faithfully in 

1155
01:06:36,000 --> 01:06:39,000
changing circumstances making 
their best guesses about 

1156
01:06:39,000 --> 01:06:41,100
ultimate things. 
While managing immediate 

1157
01:06:41,100 --> 01:06:45,900
concerns like crops whether and 
family relationships This is 

1158
01:06:45,900 --> 01:06:48,900
ultimately a deeply human story 
about how people navigate 

1159
01:06:48,900 --> 01:06:51,800
between honoring their past and 
adapt into their present. 

1160
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:56,100
Between inherited identity and 
chosen belief and between what 

1161
01:06:56,100 --> 01:06:57,300
they're told, they should 
believe. 

1162
01:06:57,300 --> 01:06:59,300
And what their lived experience 
teachers them. 

1163
01:06:59,300 --> 01:07:03,500
The specifics are Norse and 
Christian and medieval but the 

1164
01:07:03,500 --> 01:07:06,000
underlying patterns are 
Universal and timeless. 

1165
01:07:06,800 --> 01:07:10,100
Imagine waking in a small 
Icelandic Farmhouse, sometime in

1166
01:07:10,108 --> 01:07:14,300
the 13th century, centuries 
After official conversion, but 

1167
01:07:14,300 --> 01:07:18,500
in a world still saturated with 
memory of the old ways, The 

1168
01:07:18,500 --> 01:07:22,200
morning, light is pale and thin.
Its winter, and full daylight 

1169
01:07:22,200 --> 01:07:25,500
winter arrive for hours yet. 
You pull on layers of war 

1170
01:07:25,500 --> 01:07:29,100
against the cold, eat porridge 
that taste of salt and butter 

1171
01:07:29,100 --> 01:07:32,100
and perhaps a tender brief 
morning prayer that your 

1172
01:07:32,100 --> 01:07:34,800
Christian household maintains as
daily practice. 

1173
01:07:35,700 --> 01:07:38,300
But as you go about your 
morning, tasks, feeding animals,

1174
01:07:38,300 --> 01:07:41,300
checking on supplies preparing 
for the day's work. 

1175
01:07:42,000 --> 01:07:44,300
You also pour a small amount of 
milk on the ground. 

1176
01:07:44,300 --> 01:07:46,900
Near your barn. 
A gesture, your grandmother 

1177
01:07:46,900 --> 01:07:49,000
torch. 
You maintaining a relationship 

1178
01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:51,200
with the hidden people who share
this land. 

1179
01:07:52,000 --> 01:07:55,800
You're not being hypocritical or
confused, You're simply honoring

1180
01:07:55,800 --> 01:07:58,800
both the Christian framework, 
that structures your communities

1181
01:07:58,800 --> 01:08:02,200
formal, religious life, and the 
older practices that connect you

1182
01:08:02,200 --> 01:08:05,500
to this specific place and your 
family's history within it. 

1183
01:08:06,400 --> 01:08:09,600
This is how most religious 
transformation actually looks 

1184
01:08:09,600 --> 01:08:13,600
not the dramatic confrontations 
and decisive moments that make 

1185
01:08:13,600 --> 01:08:17,700
it into a official history. 
But the quiet daily negotiations

1186
01:08:17,700 --> 01:08:20,399
between inherited, practice and 
adopted belief. 

1187
01:08:21,100 --> 01:08:23,800
The Practical accommodations 
that let people maintain 

1188
01:08:23,800 --> 01:08:27,399
continuity with their past while
adapting to their present. 

1189
01:08:28,700 --> 01:08:32,100
The monastery bells ring across 
the valley, a relatively new 

1190
01:08:32,100 --> 01:08:36,200
sound in the ancient landscape, 
but one that now marks time and 

1191
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:40,100
calls the faithful to prayer. 
Yet the mountains that Echo, 

1192
01:08:40,100 --> 01:08:43,200
these bells of the same 
mountains that heard older 

1193
01:08:43,200 --> 01:08:47,300
invocations, and the stones that
support the church absorbed 

1194
01:08:47,300 --> 01:08:50,700
prayers to different powers, for
centuries before Christianity 

1195
01:08:50,700 --> 01:08:54,200
arrived. 
The landscape holds all these 

1196
01:08:54,200 --> 01:08:57,700
layers of meaning, without 
contradiction accepting human 

1197
01:08:57,700 --> 01:09:00,399
interpretations, while remaining
fundamentally itself. 

1198
01:09:01,500 --> 01:09:04,100
By the time you finish your 
morning routine and look toward 

1199
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:06,899
the day's work. 
Your operating in multiple time 

1200
01:09:06,899 --> 01:09:10,399
frames simultaneously. 
You're a Christian Living in the

1201
01:09:10,399 --> 01:09:12,800
13th century, according to the 
religious framework. 

1202
01:09:12,800 --> 01:09:16,500
Your community has adopted. 
You're also an heir to tradition

1203
01:09:16,500 --> 01:09:19,000
stretching back before 
Christianity arrived. 

1204
01:09:19,600 --> 01:09:22,600
Carrying practices and memories.
Your ancestors developed over 

1205
01:09:22,600 --> 01:09:27,100
Generations, your simultaneously
new and ancient Christian and 

1206
01:09:27,100 --> 01:09:29,200
Norse traditional and 
innovative. 

1207
01:09:30,200 --> 01:09:34,700
This layered identity isn't 
confusion its richness, it's the

1208
01:09:34,700 --> 01:09:37,500
natural result of living in a 
culture where change happened, 

1209
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:41,399
slowly enough that people could 
maintain multiple Frameworks 

1210
01:09:41,399 --> 01:09:45,600
simultaneously, where conversion
was a process rather than an 

1211
01:09:45,600 --> 01:09:48,200
event. 
And where the new didn't require

1212
01:09:48,200 --> 01:09:52,899
complete abandonment of the old.
As you finally step out into the

1213
01:09:52,899 --> 01:09:56,700
pail Northern morning, breathing
air, that carries the sharpness 

1214
01:09:56,700 --> 01:09:59,700
of approaching winter. 
Your walking in a world that has

1215
01:09:59,700 --> 01:10:01,900
been profoundly. 
Transformed while remaining 

1216
01:10:01,900 --> 01:10:07,100
recognizably itself. 
The conversion of Scandinavia to

1217
01:10:07,100 --> 01:10:10,200
Christianity changed everything 
about how people understood 

1218
01:10:10,200 --> 01:10:13,700
their relationship to the. 
Divine yet changed remarkably 

1219
01:10:13,700 --> 01:10:17,100
little about the daily rhythms 
of Life shaped by climate 

1220
01:10:17,100 --> 01:10:19,400
geography and agricultural 
necessity. 

1221
01:10:20,400 --> 01:10:24,100
This is the quiet Miracle of 
cultural transformation that it 

1222
01:10:24,100 --> 01:10:26,400
can be simultaneously, 
revolutionary and barely 

1223
01:10:26,400 --> 01:10:29,400
noticeable. 
That people can undergo profound

1224
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:33,300
changes in worldview while 
maintaining practical continuity

1225
01:10:33,300 --> 01:10:36,900
in their daily lives and that 
new religious Frameworks can 

1226
01:10:36,900 --> 01:10:39,000
take root without completely 
destroying. 

1227
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:43,400
The cultural soil from which 
earlier Traditions grew, Rest 

1228
01:10:43,400 --> 01:10:46,700
now and let these stories of 
conversion and transformation 

1229
01:10:46,700 --> 01:10:49,900
drift through your 
Consciousness, like snow falling

1230
01:10:49,900 --> 01:10:53,600
on Ancient Stones, the world, 
you wake to tomorrow will be 

1231
01:10:53,608 --> 01:10:56,900
different from the medieval 
North, we've been exploring, but

1232
01:10:56,900 --> 01:10:59,800
it will bear the marks of these 
Transformations and countless 

1233
01:10:59,800 --> 01:11:02,900
others like them. 
Every morning is simultaneously 

1234
01:11:02,900 --> 01:11:06,700
new and old every culture 
simultaneously changing and 

1235
01:11:06,700 --> 01:11:08,800
continuous. 
And every person's 

1236
01:11:08,800 --> 01:11:11,700
simultaneously are to the past 
and creator of the future. 

1237
01:11:12,700 --> 01:11:16,500
The Northern Lights continued, 
their Dawns indifferent to human

1238
01:11:16,500 --> 01:11:19,500
interpretations. 
But somehow enriched by all the 

1239
01:11:19,500 --> 01:11:22,200
meanings, we've projected onto 
the Macross millennia. 

1240
01:11:23,200 --> 01:11:27,200
May your sleep, be as peaceful 
as that indifference as rich as 

1241
01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:30,200
those accumulated meanings and 
has continuous. 

1242
01:11:30,200 --> 01:11:33,300
As those ancient patterns 
cycling endlessly through the 

1243
01:11:33,300 --> 01:11:35,300
Arctic night. 
Sleep. 

1244
01:11:35,300 --> 01:11:38,300
Well, knowing that 
transformational and continuity 

1245
01:11:38,300 --> 01:11:41,000
aren't opposites. 
But Partners in the endless 

1246
01:11:41,000 --> 01:11:44,600
dance of human culture adapting 
to change, while maintaining 

1247
01:11:44,600 --> 01:11:48,900
connection to its deepest roots.
The story of Christianity 

1248
01:11:48,900 --> 01:11:52,900
transforming Norse mythology, is
ultimately your story too, the 

1249
01:11:52,900 --> 01:11:56,000
universal Human Experience of 
finding new meanings while 

1250
01:11:56,000 --> 01:11:59,300
honoring old memories of 
changing profoundly while 

1251
01:11:59,300 --> 01:12:05,800
remaining essentially yourself. 
Picture this. 

1252
01:12:06,700 --> 01:12:10,300
You're walking down a city 
street in 1923 and the world 

1253
01:12:10,300 --> 01:12:12,000
around. 
You is humming with an energy 

1254
01:12:12,000 --> 01:12:15,600
that feels almost Electric. 
The atmosphere isn't quite 

1255
01:12:15,600 --> 01:12:19,600
electric, but it's close enough.
Sure, there are more light bulbs

1256
01:12:19,600 --> 01:12:22,600
than ever before, but the real 
electricity is in the air itself

1257
01:12:22,600 --> 01:12:24,800
crackling with possibility and 
change. 

1258
01:12:25,500 --> 01:12:27,300
You'd notice it first in the 
sounds. 

1259
01:12:28,900 --> 01:12:32,000
The clip-clop of horses that 
dominated just a decade ago, has

1260
01:12:32,000 --> 01:12:34,700
been replaced by the puttering 
growl of automobiles. 

1261
01:12:35,300 --> 01:12:39,300
The sound is not the smooth pair
of modern cars, but rather a 

1262
01:12:39,300 --> 01:12:41,900
sound akin to a coffee grinder 
arguing with a lawn mower. 

1263
01:12:42,700 --> 01:12:45,800
The Model T Ford despite its 
mechanical prowess was as 

1264
01:12:45,800 --> 01:12:48,300
unassuming as a brass band, 
playing in a library. 

1265
01:12:49,000 --> 01:12:53,200
The smell hits you next a 
cocktail of motor oil cigarette 

1266
01:12:53,200 --> 01:12:56,900
smoke and something in 
definitely optimistic it's the 

1267
01:12:56,900 --> 01:12:58,900
center of a country that's just 
discovered it. 

1268
01:12:58,900 --> 01:13:02,400
Can reinvent itself like a 
middle-aged person trying on a 

1269
01:13:02,400 --> 01:13:05,000
completely different hair cut 
and deciding they rather like 

1270
01:13:05,000 --> 01:13:07,200
it. 
You're dressed in a tire that 

1271
01:13:07,200 --> 01:13:09,200
would make your great 
grandparents cling to their 

1272
01:13:09,200 --> 01:13:12,200
pearls. 
If you're a woman, your hemline 

1273
01:13:12,200 --> 01:13:14,800
is scandalously revealing 
several inches of ankle and 

1274
01:13:14,808 --> 01:13:17,600
calf, your hair is Bob shorter 
than most men. 

1275
01:13:17,600 --> 01:13:20,300
And you might be smoking a 
cigarette in public without a 

1276
01:13:20,300 --> 01:13:21,900
single person calling the 
authorities. 

1277
01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:26,000
If you're a man, your collar is 
a bit lower, your pants, a bit, 

1278
01:13:26,008 --> 01:13:29,000
looser, and you've got enough 
hair permit to lubricate, a 

1279
01:13:29,000 --> 01:13:32,200
small engine. 
The funny thing about the 1920s 

1280
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:35,000
is that everyone calls them 
roaring but they didn't start 

1281
01:13:35,000 --> 01:13:38,100
out that way. 
The decade began with people 

1282
01:13:38,100 --> 01:13:40,500
suffering from severe hangovers 
from World War One. 

1283
01:13:41,300 --> 01:13:43,700
The country was like someone 
who'd been to a really intense 

1284
01:13:43,700 --> 01:13:47,400
party and was now standing in 
their kitchen at 2 a.m. eating 

1285
01:13:47,400 --> 01:13:50,600
cold, pizza and wondering what 
on Earth had just happened. 

1286
01:13:51,400 --> 01:13:54,600
However, the Americans with 
their unwavering optimism gazed 

1287
01:13:54,600 --> 01:13:57,900
at the chaos and expressed that 
was quite unpleasant. 

1288
01:13:57,900 --> 01:14:01,900
Let's try something. 
Completely different and boy. 

1289
01:14:01,900 --> 01:14:07,700
Did they ever The war had ended 
in 1918 and by 1920 everyone was

1290
01:14:07,700 --> 01:14:09,400
ready to forget. 
It had ever happened. 

1291
01:14:09,400 --> 01:14:12,800
It was as if everyone had 
experienced Collective Amnesia 

1292
01:14:12,800 --> 01:14:16,000
accompanied by jazz music and 
illegal cocktails. 

1293
01:14:16,700 --> 01:14:21,100
People wanted to dance laugh, 
make money and generally behave 

1294
01:14:21,100 --> 01:14:23,300
as if they had discovered the 
perfect cocktail sauce. 

1295
01:14:24,100 --> 01:14:26,700
You'd see this attitude 
everywhere, people walked with a

1296
01:14:26,708 --> 01:14:29,400
spring in their step, suggesting
they were late for something 

1297
01:14:29,400 --> 01:14:32,400
fun. 
They spoke fast faster louder 

1298
01:14:32,400 --> 01:14:35,100
and with more slang than a 
teenager who had just 

1299
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:36,800
discovered, they could invent 
their own language. 

1300
01:14:38,100 --> 01:14:43,000
Bees knees and cats Pajamas, not
only served as expression, but 

1301
01:14:43,000 --> 01:14:46,800
as Declarations of Independence 
from the Victorian era which had

1302
01:14:46,800 --> 01:14:50,400
finally thankful left town. 
The cities were growing, like, 

1303
01:14:50,400 --> 01:14:53,100
mushrooms. 
After rain, people were flooding

1304
01:14:53,100 --> 01:14:57,000
in from farms and small towns 
drawn, by the promise of factory

1305
01:14:57,000 --> 01:14:59,900
jobs, and electric lights, and 
the chance to reinvent 

1306
01:14:59,900 --> 01:15:02,200
themselves. 
Completely It was like the 

1307
01:15:02,200 --> 01:15:05,600
world's largest costume party 
except the costumes were new 

1308
01:15:05,600 --> 01:15:08,500
lives and nobody was planning to
take them off at midnight. 

1309
01:15:09,400 --> 01:15:13,000
Money was flowing like water 
from a broken pipe and everyone 

1310
01:15:13,000 --> 01:15:14,900
was convinced. 
They could catch some in a 

1311
01:15:14,900 --> 01:15:17,200
bucket. 
People were buying stocks with 

1312
01:15:17,200 --> 01:15:20,100
the same casual confidence. 
They'd used to choose a new hat 

1313
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,400
as the stock market soared to 
unprecedented Heights. 

1314
01:15:23,400 --> 01:15:28,000
What could possibly go wrong? 
However, we are assuming too 

1315
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:31,800
much at this point right now, in
this moment, your standing on a 

1316
01:15:31,800 --> 01:15:35,100
street corner in 1923 and the 
future looks as bright. 

1317
01:15:35,100 --> 01:15:38,500
As a freshly polished brass 
button, the air brims with 

1318
01:15:38,500 --> 01:15:42,300
potential, your pockets, May 
hold some cash and a jazz band 

1319
01:15:42,300 --> 01:15:46,000
playing a tune in the distance. 
From Tyson's, your feet to dance

1320
01:15:46,000 --> 01:15:49,900
independently. 
Welcome to the Roaring 20s, 

1321
01:15:49,900 --> 01:15:53,100
where the past was new in the 
future was, whatever you dare to

1322
01:15:53,100 --> 01:15:55,200
make it. 
Let's now discuss your daily 

1323
01:15:55,200 --> 01:15:57,800
activities. 
In the exciting world of 1923. 

1324
01:15:57,800 --> 01:16:01,800
If your fortunate enough to have
a job, as most people did, 

1325
01:16:01,800 --> 01:16:05,100
adding to the magic, you'd be 
engaged in a way that would have

1326
01:16:05,100 --> 01:16:07,600
left your parents, scratching 
their heads and confusion. 

1327
01:16:08,800 --> 01:16:11,400
For the first time in American 
history, more people were living

1328
01:16:11,400 --> 01:16:14,700
in cities than on farms. 
This transformation wasn't just 

1329
01:16:14,700 --> 01:16:17,900
a demographic shift. 
It was like the entire country 

1330
01:16:17,900 --> 01:16:21,500
had decided to change its 
personality America was 

1331
01:16:21,500 --> 01:16:24,300
transforming from a nation of 
people who knew every neighbor's

1332
01:16:24,300 --> 01:16:27,300
Cow by name to a place where you
might not even know the name of 

1333
01:16:27,300 --> 01:16:29,200
the person living in the 
apartment next door. 

1334
01:16:30,000 --> 01:16:32,700
If you were a woman, you'd 
probably be working outside. 

1335
01:16:32,700 --> 01:16:34,600
The home in a way that would 
have scandalized your 

1336
01:16:34,600 --> 01:16:38,200
grandmother instead of 
Performing strenuous Farm tasks 

1337
01:16:38,200 --> 01:16:41,200
or handling laundry. 
Women found themselves seated at

1338
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:44,600
a desk in an office building 
using Innovative typewriters 

1339
01:16:44,600 --> 01:16:47,700
that resembled a hybrid of a 
piano and a mechanical spider. 

1340
01:16:48,500 --> 01:16:51,500
you'd be earning your money, 
which gave you a kind of Freedom

1341
01:16:51,500 --> 01:16:55,200
that previous generations of 
women could only dream about The

1342
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:57,900
work itself had a rhythm to it. 
That was entirely new. 

1343
01:16:58,600 --> 01:17:02,000
You'd clock in at 8 a.m. sharp 
because the whole concept of 

1344
01:17:02,000 --> 01:17:03,900
business hours was becoming 
sacred. 

1345
01:17:04,600 --> 01:17:08,100
Launch was exactly one hour. 
Usually eaten at a counter lunch

1346
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:11,700
spot that served food faster 
than you could say efficiently. 

1347
01:17:12,500 --> 01:17:15,700
Everything was about speed and 
productivity and the wonderful 

1348
01:17:15,700 --> 01:17:17,500
terrible idea that time was 
money. 

1349
01:17:18,700 --> 01:17:21,900
But here's the thing that made 
the 20 special when that work 

1350
01:17:21,900 --> 01:17:25,800
day ended, the real fun began. 
You'd step out of your office 

1351
01:17:25,800 --> 01:17:28,300
building into a world that was 
determined to entertain you. 

1352
01:17:28,900 --> 01:17:30,400
The streets were aligned with 
movie. 

1353
01:17:30,400 --> 01:17:32,900
Theaters showing the latest, 
Charlie Chaplin or Buster 

1354
01:17:32,900 --> 01:17:35,300
Kingman films. 
These were just movies. 

1355
01:17:35,300 --> 01:17:38,600
They were escapes into Worlds, 
where Anything could happen and 

1356
01:17:38,600 --> 01:17:41,600
usually did. 
If you desire to dance, you 

1357
01:17:41,600 --> 01:17:44,000
would make your way to one of 
the hundreds of dance halls 

1358
01:17:44,000 --> 01:17:45,600
that. 
Had sprung up like, fervent 

1359
01:17:45,600 --> 01:17:50,200
plants Jazz, new musical genre 
resembled traditional music with

1360
01:17:50,200 --> 01:17:53,900
a hint of improvisation, it was 
syncopated unpredictable and 

1361
01:17:53,900 --> 01:17:57,800
absolutely irresistible. 
You do the Charleston until your

1362
01:17:57,800 --> 01:18:00,400
feet hurt and keep dancing 
anyway because the music 

1363
01:18:00,400 --> 01:18:03,500
wouldn't let you stop. 
Food was changing too. 

1364
01:18:04,300 --> 01:18:06,700
Instead of the heavy Germanic 
meals that are dominated 

1365
01:18:06,700 --> 01:18:09,600
American tables. 
You'd find yourself eating Light

1366
01:18:09,600 --> 01:18:11,700
Affair. 
Salads became fashionable. 

1367
01:18:11,700 --> 01:18:14,300
Not because anyone was 
particularly concerned about 

1368
01:18:14,300 --> 01:18:16,800
health, but because they felt 
modern and sophisticated. 

1369
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:21,400
Canned foods were everywhere, 
promising convenience and 

1370
01:18:21,400 --> 01:18:24,100
consistency. 
You could open a can of peaches 

1371
01:18:24,100 --> 01:18:26,700
in the middle of winter and feel
like you were living in the 

1372
01:18:26,700 --> 01:18:28,800
future. 
And speaking of the future, 

1373
01:18:28,800 --> 01:18:33,200
everything was about being 
modern, Furniture art and ideas.

1374
01:18:33,200 --> 01:18:34,000
What? 
All modern. 

1375
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:37,100
If something was old it was 
automatically suspect. 

1376
01:18:37,900 --> 01:18:40,400
People were redecorating their 
homes with clean lines and 

1377
01:18:40,400 --> 01:18:43,900
geometric patterns throwing out 
the heavy or Nate Victorian 

1378
01:18:43,900 --> 01:18:46,400
furniture that had dominated 
parlors for decades. 

1379
01:18:47,300 --> 01:18:49,800
Seemed as though the entire 
nation had made a Resolute 

1380
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:52,800
decision to purge and never look
back your evening. 

1381
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:55,500
Entertainment might include 
listening to the radio, which 

1382
01:18:55,500 --> 01:18:58,200
was still magical enough to make
you shake your head in one day. 

1383
01:18:59,100 --> 01:19:02,000
The are carried voices and music
directly into your living room, 

1384
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:05,700
you'd gather around the radio. 
Like it was a campfire listening

1385
01:19:05,700 --> 01:19:09,000
to programs that connected you 
to the rest of the country in a 

1386
01:19:09,000 --> 01:19:12,400
way that had never been possible
before, but the real excitement 

1387
01:19:12,400 --> 01:19:16,300
came from the speakeasies. 
Now, officially alcohol was 

1388
01:19:16,300 --> 01:19:18,500
illegal. 
Thanks to Prohibition, which had

1389
01:19:18,500 --> 01:19:22,700
gone into effect in 1920. 
But in reality people were 

1390
01:19:22,700 --> 01:19:26,000
drinking more than ever, and 
they were drinking it in Hidden 

1391
01:19:26,000 --> 01:19:28,300
clubs that had the atmosphere of
a permanent party. 

1392
01:19:29,100 --> 01:19:32,800
You'd knock on an unmarked door,
whisper a password and suddenly 

1393
01:19:32,800 --> 01:19:35,700
you'd be in a world of dim 
lights, strong drinks and the 

1394
01:19:35,708 --> 01:19:38,200
kind of music that made you want
to dance until dawn. 

1395
01:19:39,100 --> 01:19:42,300
The irony wasn't lost on anyone.
The Government tried to make 

1396
01:19:42,300 --> 01:19:45,500
America more morale by Banning 
alcohol, but it made drinking 

1397
01:19:45,500 --> 01:19:49,300
more fun, social and exciting. 
It was akin to receiving a ban 

1398
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:52,000
on desert which instantly 
elevated it to the Pinnacle of 

1399
01:19:52,008 --> 01:19:54,200
Desire. 
Let's settle in and talk about 

1400
01:19:54,200 --> 01:19:57,400
money in the 1920s because this 
is where things get really 

1401
01:19:57,400 --> 01:20:00,000
interesting. 
Imagine if everyone in your 

1402
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:02,100
neighborhood suddenly 
discovered, they had a talent 

1403
01:20:02,100 --> 01:20:04,300
for finding 20 dollar bills in 
their coat pockets. 

1404
01:20:04,300 --> 01:20:08,600
That's roughly, what the economy
fell like in 1924, you'd wake up

1405
01:20:08,600 --> 01:20:11,000
each morning and check the 
newspaper for stock prices. 

1406
01:20:11,000 --> 01:20:12,900
The way people today, check 
their social media. 

1407
01:20:13,700 --> 01:20:15,700
The numbers, consistently 
increased. 

1408
01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:19,400
Akin to a helium balloon. 
Devoid of gravity, your 

1409
01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:22,800
neighbor, who previously sold 
insurance was now, providing you

1410
01:20:22,800 --> 01:20:26,000
with valuable insights about 
radio companies and automobile. 

1411
01:20:26,000 --> 01:20:29,500
Manufacturers, your Barber was 
talking about his portfolio 

1412
01:20:29,500 --> 01:20:32,500
while he trimmed your hair. 
Even the woman who ran the 

1413
01:20:32,508 --> 01:20:35,200
corner grocery store, was buying
stocks with the confidence of 

1414
01:20:35,200 --> 01:20:36,700
someone who had been doing it 
for decades. 

1415
01:20:37,500 --> 01:20:40,400
The beautiful thing was you 
didn't need to be rich to get 

1416
01:20:40,400 --> 01:20:43,300
started. 
You could buy stocks on margin 

1417
01:20:43,300 --> 01:20:46,100
which meant you only needed to 
put down a small amount of your 

1418
01:20:46,100 --> 01:20:49,500
money and borrow the rest. 
It was like a layaway but for 

1419
01:20:49,500 --> 01:20:52,600
wealth building. 
What could possibly go wrong 

1420
01:20:52,600 --> 01:20:54,000
with borrowing money to buy 
something? 

1421
01:20:54,000 --> 01:20:57,200
That was guaranteed to go up in 
value your typical day might 

1422
01:20:57,200 --> 01:20:59,900
start with a quick stop at the 
bank where the teller would 

1423
01:20:59,908 --> 01:21:01,900
greet you with a smile that 
suggested. 

1424
01:21:01,900 --> 01:21:04,600
He was personally invested in 
your fine natural success. 

1425
01:21:06,300 --> 01:21:09,300
Banks were no longer, the stern,
intimidating institutions, 

1426
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:10,800
they'd been in your 
grandfather's day. 

1427
01:21:10,800 --> 01:21:14,500
They were friendly welcoming 
places that were eager to lend 

1428
01:21:14,500 --> 01:21:15,700
you money for just about 
anything. 

1429
01:21:16,600 --> 01:21:20,000
Want to buy a car, he is alone. 
Want to buy a house? 

1430
01:21:20,000 --> 01:21:22,500
Here's a mortgage. 
Want to buy stocks. 

1431
01:21:22,500 --> 01:21:26,500
Here's some margin financing. 
The bankers practically threw 

1432
01:21:26,500 --> 01:21:29,400
money at you and stilling in 
youths of gratitude for their 

1433
01:21:29,400 --> 01:21:33,000
faith in your future. 
The cars were a perfect example 

1434
01:21:33,000 --> 01:21:34,300
of how money was changing 
everything. 

1435
01:21:35,100 --> 01:21:38,000
Henry, Ford had figured out how 
to mass-produce automobiles, 

1436
01:21:38,000 --> 01:21:41,000
which meant that for the first 
time in history, regular 

1437
01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:44,500
working, people could afford to 
buy one, a Model T cost about 

1438
01:21:44,500 --> 01:21:49,700
$290 in 1925 which was roughly 
three months wages for an 

1439
01:21:49,700 --> 01:21:53,100
average worker. 
Compare that to today, when a 

1440
01:21:53,100 --> 01:21:56,400
new car costs, more like eight 
months wages and you can see why

1441
01:21:56,400 --> 01:21:58,700
everyone was feeling pretty 
optimistic about their 

1442
01:21:58,700 --> 01:22:01,700
purchasing power. 
But the real magic happened when

1443
01:22:01,700 --> 01:22:04,900
you got that car home, Suddenly,
you weren't limited to your 

1444
01:22:04,900 --> 01:22:07,600
neighborhood anymore. 
You could drive to the next town

1445
01:22:07,600 --> 01:22:10,400
over for dinner, or take a 
weekend trip to the mountains or

1446
01:22:10,400 --> 01:22:13,400
simply cruise around on a Sunday
afternoon feeling like the king 

1447
01:22:13,400 --> 01:22:16,000
of the world. 
The automobile didn't just 

1448
01:22:16,000 --> 01:22:18,100
change. 
How you got around it changed, 

1449
01:22:18,100 --> 01:22:20,700
how you thought about distant 
time and possibility. 

1450
01:22:20,700 --> 01:22:24,100
Consumer goods were flooding, 
the market, electric 

1451
01:22:24,100 --> 01:22:29,200
refrigerators vacuum cleaners, 
washing machine's radios, all of

1452
01:22:29,200 --> 01:22:31,900
these things that have been 
luxuries for the wealthy was 

1453
01:22:31,900 --> 01:22:33,500
suddenly Within Reach of the 
middle class. 

1454
01:22:34,300 --> 01:22:36,700
You could buy them on 
installment plans paying a 

1455
01:22:36,700 --> 01:22:38,300
little bit each month until they
were yours. 

1456
01:22:38,300 --> 01:22:41,300
It was like Christmas morning. 
Every time you brought home a 

1457
01:22:41,300 --> 01:22:44,300
new Appliance Department Stores,
became Wonderland of 

1458
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:46,900
possibility. 
You'd walk through Macy's or 

1459
01:22:46,900 --> 01:22:49,500
wannamakers and feel like you 
were touring a museum of modern 

1460
01:22:49,500 --> 01:22:53,300
living, everything was bright, 
shiny and available for 

1461
01:22:53,300 --> 01:22:55,700
purchase. 
The salespeople, made you feel 

1462
01:22:55,700 --> 01:22:58,800
entitled to the best and the 
credit terms were so generous 

1463
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:01,800
that you couldn't afford not to 
buy the advertising, was getting

1464
01:23:01,800 --> 01:23:05,100
more sophisticated to instead of
just listing the features of a 

1465
01:23:05,100 --> 01:23:08,500
product advertisers, were 
selling you a Lifestyle by this 

1466
01:23:08,500 --> 01:23:11,500
open, you'll be more attractive 
by this car, and you'll be more 

1467
01:23:11,500 --> 01:23:14,700
successful by this radio and 
you'll be more connected to the 

1468
01:23:14,708 --> 01:23:17,200
world. 
They were just selling products,

1469
01:23:17,200 --> 01:23:20,100
they were selling dreams and 
business was booming. 

1470
01:23:20,100 --> 01:23:23,200
Your neighbor's were all 
participating in this wonderful 

1471
01:23:23,200 --> 01:23:27,100
dance of prosperity. 
Everyone was buying everyone was

1472
01:23:27,100 --> 01:23:29,300
selling. 
And everyone was convinced that 

1473
01:23:29,300 --> 01:23:30,900
the music would never stop 
playing. 

1474
01:23:32,200 --> 01:23:35,600
The stock market was like a 
giant Casino where everyone was 

1475
01:23:35,600 --> 01:23:37,800
winning and the house never seen
to mine. 

1476
01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:40,300
But here's the thing about 
dancing. 

1477
01:23:40,300 --> 01:23:44,100
It's wonderful while the music 
is playing, but eventually the 

1478
01:23:44,100 --> 01:23:48,700
band needs to take a break. 
The trouble was nobody in 1925 

1479
01:23:48,700 --> 01:23:51,100
was thinking about what would 
happen when the music stopped. 

1480
01:23:51,100 --> 01:23:54,200
They were too busy, enjoying the
Rhythm, the movement and the 

1481
01:23:54,200 --> 01:23:57,600
sheer Joy of being part of 
something that felt bigger than 

1482
01:23:57,600 --> 01:24:00,600
themselves. 
When the sun went down in 1925, 

1483
01:24:00,600 --> 01:24:03,400
that's when the real personality
of the decade, came out to play.

1484
01:24:03,400 --> 01:24:06,800
You'd finish your dinner 
straighten, your tie or powder, 

1485
01:24:06,800 --> 01:24:09,700
your nose, and step out into a 
world, that was absolutely 

1486
01:24:09,700 --> 01:24:11,600
determined to show you a good 
time. 

1487
01:24:11,600 --> 01:24:15,000
The streets after dark were 
like, nothing America had ever 

1488
01:24:15,000 --> 01:24:18,200
seen before. 
Electric signs blazed from every

1489
01:24:18,200 --> 01:24:22,100
storefront turning night into a 
neon tinged approximation of the

1490
01:24:22,100 --> 01:24:25,300
day. 
The cities had learned to stay 

1491
01:24:25,300 --> 01:24:28,300
awake and they were absolutely 
delighted with their insomnia. 

1492
01:24:28,300 --> 01:24:32,000
You'd walk down Broadway or 
State Street, or any main drag 

1493
01:24:32,000 --> 01:24:34,400
in any City, and the lights 
would be so bright. 

1494
01:24:34,400 --> 01:24:36,200
You could read a newspaper 
without squinting. 

1495
01:24:37,100 --> 01:24:40,100
Your first stop might be a movie
theater because the pictures 

1496
01:24:40,100 --> 01:24:42,500
were getting more elaborate and 
entertaining by the month. 

1497
01:24:43,200 --> 01:24:47,000
These were just films. 
They were experiences theaters 

1498
01:24:47,000 --> 01:24:50,000
themselves. 
Resembled palaces adorned with a

1499
01:24:50,000 --> 01:24:53,300
labret ceiling's, luxurious 
seats and orchestras that 

1500
01:24:53,300 --> 01:24:56,700
accompanied the silent films. 
You'd sit in the dark with 

1501
01:24:56,700 --> 01:24:59,800
hundreds of other people. 
All of you, gasping and laughing

1502
01:24:59,800 --> 01:25:03,000
and collectively for getting 
that the real world existed 

1503
01:25:03,000 --> 01:25:06,400
outside those velvet curtains. 
Charlie Chaplin was making 

1504
01:25:06,400 --> 01:25:08,400
everyone laugh with his little 
Tramp character. 

1505
01:25:08,400 --> 01:25:11,600
A fellow who seemed to find 
dignity in the most undignified 

1506
01:25:11,600 --> 01:25:15,000
situations, Buster Keaton was 
performing. 

1507
01:25:15,000 --> 01:25:18,000
Stunts that defied both gravity 
and Common Sense. 

1508
01:25:18,000 --> 01:25:20,400
These comedians weren't just 
entertainers. 

1509
01:25:20,400 --> 01:25:24,000
They were philosophers of the 
Absurd showing you that life's 

1510
01:25:24,000 --> 01:25:27,100
problems could be solved with 
creativity persistence and a 

1511
01:25:27,100 --> 01:25:30,100
willingness to look ridiculous. 
But the real Adventure began 

1512
01:25:30,100 --> 01:25:32,100
when you decided to find a 
speakeasy. 

1513
01:25:32,800 --> 01:25:36,200
By 1925, the country had gotten 
very creative about working 

1514
01:25:36,200 --> 01:25:37,700
around the five-year-old 
prohibition. 

1515
01:25:38,600 --> 01:25:41,100
He'd walk down a perfectly 
ordinary Street counting 

1516
01:25:41,100 --> 01:25:42,800
doorways until you found the 
right one. 

1517
01:25:42,800 --> 01:25:46,100
Maybe it was marked with a small
symbol or maybe you just had to 

1518
01:25:46,100 --> 01:25:48,900
know which daughter knock on. 
The password might be something 

1519
01:25:48,900 --> 01:25:53,000
like bees knees or Oscar sent 
me, you'd whisper it to a person

1520
01:25:53,000 --> 01:25:55,700
whose eyes you could see through
a small window and if you'd 

1521
01:25:55,700 --> 01:25:58,100
gotten it, right? 
The door would swing open to 

1522
01:25:58,100 --> 01:26:00,200
reveal a world. 
That was half party, half 

1523
01:26:00,200 --> 01:26:03,400
conspiracy. 
Inside the atmosphere was thick 

1524
01:26:03,400 --> 01:26:05,200
with cigarette smoke and 
possibility. 

1525
01:26:05,200 --> 01:26:08,600
The are practically vibrated 
with jazz music played by 

1526
01:26:08,600 --> 01:26:10,400
musicians who seem to be making 
it up. 

1527
01:26:10,400 --> 01:26:13,300
As they went along, in numerous 
incidents is their 

1528
01:26:13,300 --> 01:26:16,500
interpretations were accurate. 
Jazz was all about improvisation

1529
01:26:16,500 --> 01:26:19,800
about taking a familiar, tune 
and twisting it into something, 

1530
01:26:19,800 --> 01:26:23,000
entirely new. 
It was music that matched, the 

1531
01:26:23,000 --> 01:26:27,500
mood of the times, confident, 
experimental and slightly 

1532
01:26:27,500 --> 01:26:30,400
dangerous. 
The drinks were stronger than 

1533
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:32,700
anything you'd ever tasted 
partly. 

1534
01:26:32,700 --> 01:26:34,900
Because the Bootleggers weren't 
particularly concerned with 

1535
01:26:34,900 --> 01:26:38,200
subtlety. 
They mixed gin that could strip 

1536
01:26:38,200 --> 01:26:41,400
paint with fruit juices and 
served it in cocktail glasses 

1537
01:26:41,400 --> 01:26:46,300
reminiscent of fairy tales The 
cocktails had named, like, Gin 

1538
01:26:46,300 --> 01:26:50,500
Rickey, sidecar and bees knees, 
as if someone had decided that 

1539
01:26:50,500 --> 01:26:52,900
drinking should be an adventure 
in linguistics, as well as 

1540
01:26:52,900 --> 01:26:55,800
intoxication. 
The dancing was unlike anything,

1541
01:26:55,800 --> 01:26:57,500
your parents generation had ever
seen. 

1542
01:26:58,400 --> 01:27:01,600
The Charleston was the signature
move all flying feet and 

1543
01:27:01,600 --> 01:27:04,700
Swinging arms and complete 
abandonment of anything that 

1544
01:27:04,700 --> 01:27:08,000
might be considered dignified. 
The music would compel you to 

1545
01:27:08,000 --> 01:27:10,200
continue dancing. 
Despite your clothes becoming 

1546
01:27:10,200 --> 01:27:13,500
soaked with sweat. 
The women smoke cigarettes or 

1547
01:27:13,500 --> 01:27:16,400
make up and generally behaved in
ways that would have horrified 

1548
01:27:16,400 --> 01:27:18,900
their grandmothers known as 
Flappers. 

1549
01:27:18,900 --> 01:27:21,200
They appeared to have 
collectively, decided to 

1550
01:27:21,200 --> 01:27:23,700
disregard the traditional Norms 
of feminine Behavior. 

1551
01:27:23,700 --> 01:27:27,200
They wore their hair short, 
their skirts shorter and their 

1552
01:27:27,200 --> 01:27:31,100
attitude shortest of all the men
were trying to keep up loosening

1553
01:27:31,100 --> 01:27:33,000
their ties and learning dance 
steps. 

1554
01:27:33,000 --> 01:27:35,900
That would have been considered 
scandalous just a decade 

1555
01:27:35,900 --> 01:27:38,500
earlier. 
Everyone was engaged in a 

1556
01:27:38,500 --> 01:27:40,900
collective Rebellion against the
stuffiness of the previous 

1557
01:27:40,900 --> 01:27:43,700
generation and they were 
thoroughly enjoying themselves 

1558
01:27:43,700 --> 01:27:46,600
in the process. 
But here's the thing that made 

1559
01:27:46,600 --> 01:27:50,400
the Speakeasy culture, so 
special, it was Democratic in a 

1560
01:27:50,400 --> 01:27:54,000
way that American Social Life 
had never been before rich and 

1561
01:27:54,000 --> 01:27:57,400
poor young and old immigrants 
and native born Americans. 

1562
01:27:57,400 --> 01:27:58,900
All crowded together around the 
same. 

1563
01:27:58,900 --> 01:28:03,100
Small tables drinking the same 
illegal liquor and dancing to 

1564
01:28:03,100 --> 01:28:07,000
the same outrageous music. 
Prohibition had inadvertently 

1565
01:28:07,000 --> 01:28:10,200
created a kind of social mixing 
that the country had never 

1566
01:28:10,200 --> 01:28:13,000
experienced. 
The night would end with you, 

1567
01:28:13,000 --> 01:28:16,100
stumbling out into the door. 
Your ears ringing with jazz and 

1568
01:28:16,100 --> 01:28:19,400
your head spinning with gin and 
the sheer exhilaration of being 

1569
01:28:19,400 --> 01:28:21,600
alive at a time. 
When anything seemed possible 

1570
01:28:22,500 --> 01:28:25,500
Tomorrow was another day and 
tomorrow's night would bring new

1571
01:28:25,500 --> 01:28:28,800
adventures new music and new 
reasons to celebrate. 

1572
01:28:28,800 --> 01:28:31,900
The simple fact that you were 
young and American and living in

1573
01:28:31,900 --> 01:28:34,400
the most exciting decade. 
Anyone could remember. 

1574
01:28:34,400 --> 01:28:37,500
Now, let's talk about how the 
1920s changed the way. 

1575
01:28:37,500 --> 01:28:40,900
People thought about everything.
Not only did the music enclose 

1576
01:28:40,900 --> 01:28:43,500
change, but the concept of what 
it meant to be an American 

1577
01:28:43,500 --> 01:28:47,100
underwent, a complete 
transformation, you'd wake up in

1578
01:28:47,100 --> 01:28:50,500
1926 and realize that the world 
your parents had prepared you 

1579
01:28:50,500 --> 01:28:53,600
for no longer existed. 
A kind of exhilarating 

1580
01:28:53,600 --> 01:28:57,400
uncertainty, replace the old 
certain teas making every day. 

1581
01:28:57,400 --> 01:28:59,900
Feel like an adventure. 
It was like someone had 

1582
01:28:59,900 --> 01:29:02,700
Rewritten the rules of Life. 
While You Were Sleeping, you had

1583
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:04,700
to figure out the new version as
you went to Long. 

1584
01:29:05,700 --> 01:29:08,400
The most significant change was 
in how people thought about 

1585
01:29:08,400 --> 01:29:11,300
themselves, your 
great-grandparents are defined 

1586
01:29:11,300 --> 01:29:14,300
themselves by their work, their 
family, their church and their 

1587
01:29:14,300 --> 01:29:16,700
community. 
But you are part of the first 

1588
01:29:16,700 --> 01:29:20,300
generation that could Define 
Itself by its entertainment, its

1589
01:29:20,300 --> 01:29:24,100
style and its attitude. 
You weren't just a blacksmith or

1590
01:29:24,100 --> 01:29:26,900
a farmer or a shopkeeper. 
You are someone who listened to 

1591
01:29:26,908 --> 01:29:29,700
Jazz, drove a car. 
Went to the pictures and had 

1592
01:29:29,700 --> 01:29:33,000
opinions about everything. 
The radio was particularly 

1593
01:29:33,000 --> 01:29:36,500
important in this transformation
every evening, you'd gather 

1594
01:29:36,500 --> 01:29:39,400
around that wooden box with its 
mysterious glowing tubes. 

1595
01:29:39,400 --> 01:29:42,800
And listen to voices from New 
York, Chicago, and Los Angeles. 

1596
01:29:43,900 --> 01:29:46,800
For the first time in American 
history, the entire country was 

1597
01:29:46,800 --> 01:29:49,800
hearing the same jokes, the same
music and the same 

1598
01:29:49,800 --> 01:29:52,400
advertisements. 
You were part of a shared 

1599
01:29:52,400 --> 01:29:54,900
National conversation that 
stretched from coast to coast. 

1600
01:29:55,700 --> 01:29:58,800
These developments created a 
kind of cultural democracy that 

1601
01:29:58,800 --> 01:30:01,900
was entirely new. 
Song that was popular in Harlem 

1602
01:30:01,900 --> 01:30:05,200
could be harmed by a farmer in 
Kansas within a week within a 

1603
01:30:05,200 --> 01:30:07,000
month. 
A dance that originated in 

1604
01:30:07,000 --> 01:30:09,800
Chicago might be performed at an
Alabama, High School Dance. 

1605
01:30:10,700 --> 01:30:13,700
The regional differences that 
are defined American culture for

1606
01:30:13,700 --> 01:30:16,500
centuries, were beginning to 
blur into something more unified

1607
01:30:16,500 --> 01:30:20,000
and simultaneously more diverse.
The movies were doing something 

1608
01:30:20,000 --> 01:30:23,400
similar but even more 
powerfully, you'd sit in a dark 

1609
01:30:23,408 --> 01:30:25,400
theater and watch stories that 
took you places. 

1610
01:30:25,400 --> 01:30:27,300
You'd never been showed you 
lives. 

1611
01:30:27,300 --> 01:30:29,600
You'd never lived and made you 
feel emotions. 

1612
01:30:29,600 --> 01:30:33,200
You'd never experienced the 
Stars, weren't just actors. 

1613
01:30:33,200 --> 01:30:37,400
They were templates for how to 
be glamorous sophisticated and 

1614
01:30:37,400 --> 01:30:41,800
modern Mary Pickford Charlie 
Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino 

1615
01:30:41,800 --> 01:30:44,300
weren't just entertainers. 
They were teachers in the 

1616
01:30:44,308 --> 01:30:46,900
Academy of style. 
The Magazine's were changing 

1617
01:30:46,900 --> 01:30:48,900
too. 
The previous generations, 

1618
01:30:48,900 --> 01:30:51,500
serious morally, instructive 
Publications, gave way to 

1619
01:30:51,500 --> 01:30:55,100
Magazine's entirely focused on 
entertainment, fashion and 

1620
01:30:55,100 --> 01:30:57,500
lifestyle. 
You'd flip through pages of 

1621
01:30:57,508 --> 01:31:00,600
photographs showing you how to 
dress, how to decorate your home

1622
01:31:00,600 --> 01:31:02,600
and how to conduct yourself at 
parties. 

1623
01:31:02,600 --> 01:31:05,500
It was like having a personal 
tutor in the art of Being 

1624
01:31:05,500 --> 01:31:08,100
modern. 
The younger generation were 

1625
01:31:08,100 --> 01:31:10,700
particularly enthusiastic about 
rejecting everything, their 

1626
01:31:10,700 --> 01:31:13,600
parents had taught them, they 
called themselves, The Lost 

1627
01:31:13,600 --> 01:31:17,000
Generation, which sound 
Melancholy, but was actually a 

1628
01:31:17,000 --> 01:31:19,400
kind of Celebration. 
They were lost from the old 

1629
01:31:19,400 --> 01:31:21,800
certain teas, the old 
restrictions, and the old ways 

1630
01:31:21,800 --> 01:31:25,000
of thinking about life and they 
were perfectly content to be 

1631
01:31:25,008 --> 01:31:27,900
lost because being lost meant 
being free to find their own 

1632
01:31:27,900 --> 01:31:30,400
way. 
The slang reflected this new 

1633
01:31:30,400 --> 01:31:34,700
attitude, everything was swell 
or Keen or the cat's pajamas, 

1634
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:38,500
the language was becoming more 
playful, more inventive and more

1635
01:31:38,500 --> 01:31:41,000
fun. 
People were making up words and 

1636
01:31:41,000 --> 01:31:44,300
phrases with the confidence of 
poets and everyone was eager to 

1637
01:31:44,300 --> 01:31:46,100
adopt the latest linguistic 
Fashions. 

1638
01:31:46,100 --> 01:31:49,400
Even the art was changing 
instead of the realistic 

1639
01:31:49,400 --> 01:31:51,500
paintings and sculptures that 
are dominated. 

1640
01:31:51,500 --> 01:31:54,900
American culture artists were 
experimenting with abstract 

1641
01:31:54,900 --> 01:31:58,400
forms, bold colors and ideas 
that didn't necessarily make 

1642
01:31:58,400 --> 01:32:01,400
logical sense. 
It was art that matched the mood

1643
01:32:01,400 --> 01:32:05,500
of the times experimental, 
confident and slightly 

1644
01:32:05,500 --> 01:32:07,800
rebellious. 
The architecture was 

1645
01:32:07,800 --> 01:32:11,500
transforming too buildings, were
getting taller sleeker and more 

1646
01:32:11,500 --> 01:32:14,300
geometric. 
The art deco-style was emerging 

1647
01:32:14,300 --> 01:32:17,600
with its emphasis on clean 
lines, and mechanical Elegance 

1648
01:32:17,600 --> 01:32:21,000
cities were beginning to look 
like the future, which was 

1649
01:32:21,000 --> 01:32:23,000
precisely what their inhabitants
wanted. 

1650
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:26,300
But perhaps the most important 
change was in how people thought

1651
01:32:26,300 --> 01:32:30,200
about tradition itself. 
Previous generations had revered

1652
01:32:30,200 --> 01:32:33,400
the past seeing it as source of 
wisdom and guidance. 

1653
01:32:34,300 --> 01:32:37,800
However, the 1920s generation 
viewed the past as a challenge 

1654
01:32:37,800 --> 01:32:42,600
to conquer enhance or disregard.
The future was more interesting 

1655
01:32:42,600 --> 01:32:45,400
than the past and the present 
was more fun than either. 

1656
01:32:46,400 --> 01:32:49,500
This perspective created a kind 
of cultural acceleration. 

1657
01:32:49,500 --> 01:32:51,900
That was both exhilarating and 
exhausting. 

1658
01:32:51,900 --> 01:32:55,200
Everything was changing so fast 
that you could barely keep up. 

1659
01:32:56,100 --> 01:32:57,600
But that was part of the 
excitement. 

1660
01:32:57,600 --> 01:33:01,708
You lived in a time of global 
reinvention and were part of it 

1661
01:33:01,716 --> 01:33:04,800
by 1927. 
It was evident that something 

1662
01:33:04,800 --> 01:33:07,800
was beginning to go awry. 
The party was still going 

1663
01:33:07,800 --> 01:33:10,900
strong, the music was still 
playing and everyone was still 

1664
01:33:10,900 --> 01:33:13,900
dancing. 
But if you looked carefully, you

1665
01:33:13,900 --> 01:33:16,400
might have noticed that some of 
the dancers were starting to 

1666
01:33:16,408 --> 01:33:19,500
look a little worn out and some 
of the music was starting to 

1667
01:33:19,508 --> 01:33:23,400
sound a little forced, the stock
market was still climbing, but 

1668
01:33:23,400 --> 01:33:25,800
it was climbing in a way that 
was starting to make thoughtful 

1669
01:33:25,800 --> 01:33:28,800
people nervous. 
The numbers were getting so high

1670
01:33:28,800 --> 01:33:32,300
that they seem to have lost any 
connection to reality companies 

1671
01:33:32,300 --> 01:33:35,100
that had never made a profit 
were worth millions on paper. 

1672
01:33:35,900 --> 01:33:38,600
stocks were doubling and 
tripling in value, based on 

1673
01:33:38,600 --> 01:33:41,200
nothing more than the assumption
that they would continue to 

1674
01:33:41,200 --> 01:33:44,600
double and triple You'd over 
here conversations, that would 

1675
01:33:44,600 --> 01:33:46,600
have been impossible just a few 
years earlier. 

1676
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:49,900
Your Barber would be talking 
about his stock portfolio, while

1677
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:53,100
he cut your hair. 
The woman who sold newspapers on

1678
01:33:53,100 --> 01:33:55,300
the corner would be discussing 
market trends with her. 

1679
01:33:55,300 --> 01:33:58,900
Customers, everyone claimed to 
be an expert and while many 

1680
01:33:58,900 --> 01:34:01,700
appeared to be getting rich, 
nobody was asking the obvious 

1681
01:34:01,700 --> 01:34:03,400
question. 
Where was all this money 

1682
01:34:03,400 --> 01:34:06,400
actually coming from the answer?
It turned out was that it was 

1683
01:34:06,400 --> 01:34:09,400
coming from the future. 
People were borrowing against 

1684
01:34:09,400 --> 01:34:12,700
tomorrow's prosperity to pay. 
For today's lifestyle, they were

1685
01:34:12,700 --> 01:34:15,600
buying stocks on margin, which 
meant they were borrowing money 

1686
01:34:15,600 --> 01:34:18,300
to buy Investments, that they 
hoped would be worth more money 

1687
01:34:18,300 --> 01:34:20,600
later. 
It was a pyramid scheme that 

1688
01:34:20,600 --> 01:34:23,000
worked perfectly. 
As long as everyone kept 

1689
01:34:23,000 --> 01:34:24,100
believing, it would work 
forever. 

1690
01:34:25,300 --> 01:34:28,200
The agriculture sector was 
already showing signs of strain,

1691
01:34:28,200 --> 01:34:31,800
Farmers had expanded their 
operations during World War One 

1692
01:34:31,800 --> 01:34:35,500
to meet the demand for food. 
But when the war ended that need

1693
01:34:35,500 --> 01:34:38,900
disappeared, crop prices were 
falling and farmers were 

1694
01:34:38,900 --> 01:34:41,500
struggling to pay off the loans.
They taken to buy more land and 

1695
01:34:41,500 --> 01:34:44,200
equipment. 
No one in the cities was paying 

1696
01:34:44,200 --> 01:34:46,700
much attention to the fact that 
rural Banks were beginning to 

1697
01:34:46,700 --> 01:34:50,000
fail, The construction industry 
was beginning to slow down. 

1698
01:34:50,000 --> 01:34:52,900
There were only so many Office 
Buildings and apartment 

1699
01:34:52,900 --> 01:34:56,700
complexes that any City could 
actually use but developers kept

1700
01:34:56,700 --> 01:34:59,300
building them anyway, because 
construction loans were easy to 

1701
01:34:59,300 --> 01:35:03,200
get and real estate seemed like 
a guaranteed investment empty. 

1702
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:05,700
Building was becoming more 
common, but the newspapers 

1703
01:35:05,700 --> 01:35:08,900
didn't write much about that. 
Even the consumer goods Market 

1704
01:35:08,900 --> 01:35:12,600
was showing signs of saturation.
What is the Practical number of 

1705
01:35:12,600 --> 01:35:15,200
radios? 
A family might need, what is the

1706
01:35:15,200 --> 01:35:19,300
Practical number of automobiles?
A person can drive The factories

1707
01:35:19,300 --> 01:35:21,800
were producing more than the 
market could absorb, but they 

1708
01:35:21,808 --> 01:35:25,000
kept producing any way because 
the credit was available and the

1709
01:35:25,000 --> 01:35:28,100
future looked bright. 
The international situation was 

1710
01:35:28,100 --> 01:35:31,500
becoming more complicated too 
Europe, was still struggling to 

1711
01:35:31,500 --> 01:35:34,700
recover from the war and the 
German economy was particularly 

1712
01:35:34,700 --> 01:35:37,400
fragile. 
American Banks had loaned 

1713
01:35:37,400 --> 01:35:39,700
enormous amounts of money to 
European governments and 

1714
01:35:39,700 --> 01:35:42,900
businesses but those loans were 
looking increasingly risky. 

1715
01:35:42,900 --> 01:35:46,600
If Europe couldn't pay back what
it owed American Banks would be 

1716
01:35:46,608 --> 01:35:50,600
in serious trouble. 
But in 1927, you probably 

1717
01:35:50,600 --> 01:35:52,000
wouldn't have noticed any of 
this. 

1718
01:35:52,000 --> 01:35:55,200
You'd be too busy, enjoying the 
prosperity, the entertainment, 

1719
01:35:55,200 --> 01:35:58,700
and the sheer fun of being alive
in the most exciting decade in 

1720
01:35:58,700 --> 01:36:02,200
American history. 
Despite the presence of warning 

1721
01:36:02,200 --> 01:36:04,300
signs. 
It was effortless to overlook 

1722
01:36:04,300 --> 01:36:06,300
them when everything in your 
immediate experience was 

1723
01:36:06,300 --> 01:36:08,700
thriving. 
The speakeasies were still 

1724
01:36:08,700 --> 01:36:10,800
packed. 
The Jazz was still playing. 

1725
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:14,100
The stock market was still 
climbing, and everyone was still

1726
01:36:14,100 --> 01:36:16,200
convinced that the good times 
would last forever. 

1727
01:36:17,100 --> 01:36:19,800
The prospect of everything 
collapsing was too disheartening

1728
01:36:19,800 --> 01:36:22,000
to contemplate. 
This was America. 

1729
01:36:22,000 --> 01:36:25,100
After all Americans didn't have 
economic disaster. 

1730
01:36:25,100 --> 01:36:28,000
They had temporary setbacks 
followed by even greater 

1731
01:36:28,000 --> 01:36:30,700
prosperity. 
The newspapers were full of 

1732
01:36:30,708 --> 01:36:34,500
optimistic predictions about the
future by 1950. 

1733
01:36:34,500 --> 01:36:37,800
They said everyone would have an
airplane in their garage and a 

1734
01:36:37,800 --> 01:36:40,800
robot in their kitchen. 
Machines would do all the work, 

1735
01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:44,400
eliminating poverty and disease 
and reducing the work week to a 

1736
01:36:44,400 --> 01:36:46,400
few hours. 
It all sounded perfectly 

1737
01:36:46,400 --> 01:36:49,100
reasonable. 
Science was advancing rapidly. 

1738
01:36:49,100 --> 01:36:52,600
Technology was solving problems 
faster than anyone could have 

1739
01:36:52,600 --> 01:36:54,900
imagined. 
And the American economy seemed 

1740
01:36:54,900 --> 01:36:57,000
to have discovered the secret of
Perpetual growth. 

1741
01:36:57,000 --> 01:37:01,200
What could possibly go wrong. 
The answer to this question was 

1742
01:37:01,200 --> 01:37:03,700
already beginning to emerge in 
the financial markets. 

1743
01:37:03,700 --> 01:37:07,400
The agricultural sector the 
construction industry and the 

1744
01:37:07,400 --> 01:37:11,700
international banking system. 
But in 1927 you could still 

1745
01:37:11,700 --> 01:37:14,600
chose to ignore those warning 
signs and focus on the fun. 

1746
01:37:14,600 --> 01:37:16,900
And that's exactly what most 
people did. 

1747
01:37:16,900 --> 01:37:21,800
And then suddenly it was 1929 
and the music stopped. 

1748
01:37:21,800 --> 01:37:24,900
You'd wake up on a Tuesday in 
October in the world would look 

1749
01:37:24,900 --> 01:37:27,800
the same as the day before. 
You'd see the same building 

1750
01:37:27,800 --> 01:37:30,300
streets and people rushing to 
work with the same hopeful 

1751
01:37:30,300 --> 01:37:33,100
attitude. 
But something fundamental had 

1752
01:37:33,100 --> 01:37:35,600
changed overnight. 
Something that would take months

1753
01:37:35,600 --> 01:37:39,300
or even years to fully 
understand the stock market had 

1754
01:37:39,300 --> 01:37:42,900
crashed the stock market, not 
only experience to decline, 

1755
01:37:42,900 --> 01:37:48,100
correction or adjustment, but it
plummeted akin to a chandelier 

1756
01:37:48,100 --> 01:37:49,800
plummeting from a ballroom 
ceiling. 

1757
01:37:50,500 --> 01:37:52,900
Stocks that have been worth 
hundreds of dollars were 

1758
01:37:52,900 --> 01:37:55,800
suddenly worth pennies. 
Fortunes that had been built 

1759
01:37:55,800 --> 01:37:58,400
over years of careful. 
Speculation were wiped out. 

1760
01:37:58,408 --> 01:38:01,000
In a matter of hours. 
The crash did not occur 

1761
01:38:01,000 --> 01:38:03,600
abruptly. 
The process began when a few 

1762
01:38:03,608 --> 01:38:07,300
nervous investors decided to 
sell their stocks leading to a 

1763
01:38:07,300 --> 01:38:09,900
slight drop in prices that made 
other investors anxious. 

1764
01:38:10,600 --> 01:38:13,600
More selling cause prices to 
drop further which made even 

1765
01:38:13,600 --> 01:38:17,200
more investors nervous, the 
situation, resembled a domino 

1766
01:38:17,200 --> 01:38:20,900
effect. instead of traditional, 
dominoes the pieces consisted of

1767
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:24,800
money and confidence, In just a 
few days, the American economy 

1768
01:38:24,800 --> 01:38:28,700
had experienced a significant 
decline of approximately 40% in 

1769
01:38:28,700 --> 01:38:31,200
its value. 
People who had gone to bed. 

1770
01:38:31,200 --> 01:38:32,400
Well, he woke up. 
Poor. 

1771
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:36,700
Suddenly the banks seemingly a 
solid as mountains revealed 

1772
01:38:36,700 --> 01:38:40,800
themselves to be based on sand. 
The prosperity that had seemed 

1773
01:38:40,800 --> 01:38:43,500
so permanent was exposed as an 
elaborative illusion. 

1774
01:38:44,300 --> 01:38:48,200
The human cost was staggering. 
your neighbor who had been 

1775
01:38:48,208 --> 01:38:51,000
bragging about his stock 
portfolio, was now trying to 

1776
01:38:51,008 --> 01:38:54,400
figure out how to pay his 
mortgage Suddenly, the bank were

1777
01:38:54,400 --> 01:38:57,500
you deposited your savings 
clothes and assign on the door. 

1778
01:38:57,500 --> 01:39:00,700
Declared your money unavailable.
The factory where you'd worked 

1779
01:39:00,700 --> 01:39:03,500
for years was laying off workers
because nobody could afford to 

1780
01:39:03,500 --> 01:39:06,300
buy what they were producing. 
But here's the thing about the 

1781
01:39:06,300 --> 01:39:09,300
crash, it wasn't really the end 
of the Roaring Twenties. 

1782
01:39:09,300 --> 01:39:12,600
It was more like the moment when
someone turned on the lights at 

1783
01:39:12,600 --> 01:39:15,400
the end of a party and everyone 
realized what the place actually

1784
01:39:15,400 --> 01:39:18,500
looked like. the problems had 
been there all along hidden by 

1785
01:39:18,508 --> 01:39:22,300
the excitement, optimism, and 
sheer fun of it all We would 

1786
01:39:22,300 --> 01:39:24,500
call the decade that followed 
the Great Depression. 

1787
01:39:24,500 --> 01:39:28,300
A period marked by hardship. 
Struggle and Collective Soul 

1788
01:39:28,300 --> 01:39:31,200
searching But it would also be a
time of innovation and 

1789
01:39:31,200 --> 01:39:34,300
resilience, and the discovery 
that Americans could survive 

1790
01:39:34,300 --> 01:39:36,200
just about anything if they 
worked together. 

1791
01:39:37,300 --> 01:39:41,800
Looking back from the 
perspective of 1932 or 1935, you

1792
01:39:41,800 --> 01:39:44,400
might have been tempted to 
dismiss the entire decade of the

1793
01:39:44,400 --> 01:39:48,500
1920s, as a foolish mistake. 
A time when the country lost its

1794
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:51,000
mind, and forgot about the 
values that made it great. 

1795
01:39:52,200 --> 01:39:54,800
But that would have been unfair 
to the genuine achievements of 

1796
01:39:54,800 --> 01:39:58,100
the era. 
The 1920s had given America Jazz

1797
01:39:58,100 --> 01:40:01,900
movies radio and Automobiles, as
well as the beginning of a 

1798
01:40:01,900 --> 01:40:05,400
modern consumer culture. 
It deliberated women from 

1799
01:40:05,400 --> 01:40:08,100
Victorian restriction and given 
young people the freedom to 

1800
01:40:08,100 --> 01:40:11,400
Define themselves, it had 
connected the country in ways 

1801
01:40:11,400 --> 01:40:14,600
that had never been possible 
before and created a shared 

1802
01:40:14,600 --> 01:40:16,600
National culture that 
transcended Regional 

1803
01:40:16,600 --> 01:40:19,200
differences. 
Most importantly, it had shown 

1804
01:40:19,208 --> 01:40:21,900
Americans that they could 
reinvent themselves that they 

1805
01:40:21,900 --> 01:40:24,500
could reject the limitations of 
the past and create something 

1806
01:40:24,500 --> 01:40:27,100
entirely new. 
That lesson would prove 

1807
01:40:27,100 --> 01:40:30,000
invaluable in the decades to 
come as the country faced the 

1808
01:40:30,000 --> 01:40:33,000
challenges of depression war and
social transformation. 

1809
01:40:34,500 --> 01:40:37,700
The Roaring Twenties evoked, a 
vision of immense prosperity and

1810
01:40:37,700 --> 01:40:41,400
boundless possibilities. 
It was excessive unsustainable 

1811
01:40:41,400 --> 01:40:45,000
and ultimately destructive. 
But it was also creative 

1812
01:40:45,000 --> 01:40:47,600
liberating and genuinely 
enjoyable. 

1813
01:40:47,600 --> 01:40:50,600
It was a time when Americans 
learned, they could be more than

1814
01:40:50,600 --> 01:40:52,800
they ever thought. 
Even if they couldn't keep it 

1815
01:40:52,800 --> 01:40:55,800
up, as you drifted off to sleep,
you may have realized that the 

1816
01:40:55,800 --> 01:40:58,700
1920s True Legacy was the 
confidence. 

1817
01:40:58,700 --> 01:41:02,000
They gave American to believe 
anything was possible, not the 

1818
01:41:02,000 --> 01:41:03,200
crash. 
That ended them. 

1819
01:41:03,200 --> 01:41:06,600
That confidence would be tested 
in the years to come but it 

1820
01:41:06,608 --> 01:41:08,000
would never be completely 
broken. 

1821
01:41:08,000 --> 01:41:10,700
And that perhaps was the most 
important lesson of all. 

1822
01:41:11,700 --> 01:41:14,600
The music had stopped, but the 
memory of the dance would last 

1823
01:41:14,600 --> 01:41:20,100
forever. 
When you're sleeping on what 

1824
01:41:20,100 --> 01:41:23,800
passes for a Celtic mattress. 
Basically a pile of sheep's wool

1825
01:41:23,800 --> 01:41:27,400
packed into a leather sack that 
has seen better decades waking 

1826
01:41:27,400 --> 01:41:30,300
up before the sun does isn't 
exactly a hardship. 

1827
01:41:31,400 --> 01:41:34,200
In ancient Britain where central
heating won't be developed for 

1828
01:41:34,200 --> 01:41:37,300
another 1,000 years or so the 
morning are has that special 

1829
01:41:37,300 --> 01:41:39,500
bite that comes only from 
sleeping outside. 

1830
01:41:39,500 --> 01:41:42,900
You roll out of your makeshift 
shelter and walk Barefoot cross 

1831
01:41:42,900 --> 01:41:46,200
grass that has been soaked with 
due in the direction of the Holy

1832
01:41:46,200 --> 01:41:48,700
Grove. 
After years of this routine, 

1833
01:41:48,700 --> 01:41:51,500
your feet have long since 
hardened to leather, but you 

1834
01:41:51,500 --> 01:41:55,600
still Flinch when you step on a 
sharp Stone, like a curious cat,

1835
01:41:55,600 --> 01:41:58,900
the Mist clings to everything 
encircling, the old Oaks and 

1836
01:41:58,900 --> 01:42:01,100
giving the impression that the 
world is smaller and more 

1837
01:42:01,100 --> 01:42:04,700
personal as a druid, your day, 
starts with what you could call 

1838
01:42:04,700 --> 01:42:08,200
meditation, but it's more about 
standing among trees that were 

1839
01:42:08,200 --> 01:42:09,500
old. 
When your great-grandfather was 

1840
01:42:09,500 --> 01:42:11,700
young and listening, then it is 
about sitting cross-legged. 

1841
01:42:11,700 --> 01:42:15,500
And humming ohm paying 
attention, you are drawn to your

1842
01:42:15,500 --> 01:42:18,700
own breathing in the silence, to
the distant, call of a curl. 

1843
01:42:18,700 --> 01:42:21,400
You and to the rustle of leaves 
that resembles whispered 

1844
01:42:21,400 --> 01:42:24,700
Secrets, the Oak Grove house is 
your outdoor office library and 

1845
01:42:24,700 --> 01:42:27,200
Temple. 
There are no walls, no roof 

1846
01:42:27,200 --> 01:42:30,300
apart, from the canopy above and
no expensive Furnishings. 

1847
01:42:30,300 --> 01:42:34,500
Just you the trees and whatever 
knowledge you can extract from 

1848
01:42:34,500 --> 01:42:36,900
them. 
Feeling the Deep grooves and 

1849
01:42:36,900 --> 01:42:38,500
recalling. 
The innumerable Dawns. 

1850
01:42:38,500 --> 01:42:41,600
You have welcomed here, you run 
your hand along the bark of your

1851
01:42:41,600 --> 01:42:44,600
favorite Oak. 
Over the years, this tree has 

1852
01:42:44,600 --> 01:42:46,400
taken on the role of a kind of 
co-worker. 

1853
01:42:47,300 --> 01:42:50,500
A silent Observer of your 
thoughts and prayers checking on

1854
01:42:50,500 --> 01:42:52,900
the different plants and herbs. 
You've been growing nearby as 

1855
01:42:52,900 --> 01:42:56,100
part of your morning routine. 
Although it may not resemble a 

1856
01:42:56,100 --> 01:42:58,100
modern Garden. 
There are carefully arranged 

1857
01:42:58,100 --> 01:43:00,400
planting in small clearings and 
Among The Roots. 

1858
01:43:00,400 --> 01:43:04,500
You must be patient sometimes 
waiting years for mistletoe to 

1859
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:06,700
appear because it doesn't grow 
on every Oak. 

1860
01:43:07,300 --> 01:43:10,600
When it happens, it's similar to
discovering a 20 pound note in 

1861
01:43:10,600 --> 01:43:14,000
your coat pocket but this note 
has the power to heal the sick 

1862
01:43:14,000 --> 01:43:15,900
and establish a connection with 
the Divine. 

1863
01:43:15,900 --> 01:43:19,300
Even the most pragmatic person 
gets a little mystical from the 

1864
01:43:19,300 --> 01:43:22,100
golden way, the early morning, 
light filters through the 

1865
01:43:22,100 --> 01:43:25,600
leaves, you collect a few 
special herbs such as Meadow 

1866
01:43:25,600 --> 01:43:27,600
Suite for its sweet Aroma and 
therapeutic. 

1867
01:43:27,600 --> 01:43:31,300
Qualities for vain for 
purification and some Hawthorne 

1868
01:43:31,300 --> 01:43:34,000
bark for later use. 
These Treasures are stored in 

1869
01:43:34,000 --> 01:43:36,900
your Leather Pouch which has 
been softened by years of use 

1870
01:43:36,900 --> 01:43:39,100
and resembles an ancient 
Pharmacy. 

1871
01:43:39,100 --> 01:43:42,300
You hear the sounds of the 
settlement starting to awaken as

1872
01:43:42,300 --> 01:43:45,600
the sun rises higher. 
The Familiar sound of everyday 

1873
01:43:45,600 --> 01:43:47,200
life. 
Such as children, laughing 

1874
01:43:47,200 --> 01:43:50,600
cattle lowing and someone 
presumably arguing over who gets

1875
01:43:50,600 --> 01:43:54,000
to milk the goats drift through 
the trees as smoke rises from 

1876
01:43:54,000 --> 01:43:56,700
cooking fires. 
But for now, you are caught 

1877
01:43:56,700 --> 01:43:59,200
between the Eternal and the 
Earthly in these final moments 

1878
01:43:59,200 --> 01:44:02,500
of dawn silents, When You Close 
Your Eyes, you can feel the 

1879
01:44:02,500 --> 01:44:06,600
Earth's slow steady heartbeat, 
the pulse of the land beneath 

1880
01:44:06,600 --> 01:44:09,200
your feet. 
The ability to perceive the 

1881
01:44:09,200 --> 01:44:12,100
deeper rhythms of the natural 
world, is a sensation that 

1882
01:44:12,100 --> 01:44:15,800
developed over years, you know, 
better than to call it fanciful.

1883
01:44:15,800 --> 01:44:19,100
You've discovered that the world
speaks to those who can listen. 

1884
01:44:19,100 --> 01:44:22,600
After 20 years, of training 
memorizing, thousands of lines, 

1885
01:44:22,600 --> 01:44:25,300
of poetry, and law, and 
researching, the Motions of 

1886
01:44:25,300 --> 01:44:28,700
stars and the characteristics of
plants a simple acknowledgment, 

1887
01:44:28,700 --> 01:44:31,600
which is in between a prayer and
a greeting marks, the end of the

1888
01:44:31,600 --> 01:44:34,800
morning ritual. 
One last time, you press your 

1889
01:44:34,800 --> 01:44:37,700
palm against the Oaks trunk and 
mutter something in the ancient 

1890
01:44:37,700 --> 01:44:40,000
tongue, that your teacher taught
you when you were just a young 

1891
01:44:40,008 --> 01:44:43,500
child naturally, the tree never 
responds, but you always feel 

1892
01:44:43,500 --> 01:44:45,800
heard. 
It's time to confront the day 

1893
01:44:45,800 --> 01:44:48,200
and all of its human related 
issues and complications. 

1894
01:44:48,200 --> 01:44:50,700
You must eat something first 
though. 

1895
01:44:50,700 --> 01:44:55,000
When their blood sugar Falls 
even Druids become irritable you

1896
01:44:55,000 --> 01:44:56,600
practice. 
What may be the most spectacular

1897
01:44:56,600 --> 01:44:59,300
party trick in all of ancient 
Europe as you make your way back

1898
01:44:59,300 --> 01:45:01,800
to all the settlement. 
Was deadly serious. 

1899
01:45:01,800 --> 01:45:06,600
And there are no parties. 
Genealogies caught ruling's and 

1900
01:45:06,600 --> 01:45:09,400
religious tales that need to be 
memorized of a beta of being 

1901
01:45:09,400 --> 01:45:11,700
recited. 
There were no crypto notes. 

1902
01:45:11,700 --> 01:45:14,100
No, written books. 
And no, let me Google. 

1903
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:18,000
That choice is just your brain, 
which has been conditioned to 

1904
01:45:18,000 --> 01:45:21,300
function as a living Library. 
Since childhood, the intricate 

1905
01:45:21,300 --> 01:45:23,900
inheritance laws governing 
cattle disputes of the subject 

1906
01:45:23,900 --> 01:45:25,400
of this morning's mental 
exercise. 

1907
01:45:25,400 --> 01:45:30,100
The content is truly exciting. 
He silently discuss the 

1908
01:45:30,100 --> 01:45:32,100
appropriate course of action in 
the event. 

1909
01:45:32,100 --> 01:45:35,500
That a neighbors grainfield is 
damaged by someone's prize ball 

1910
01:45:35,500 --> 01:45:38,500
going over different scenarios 
and the solutions that are 

1911
01:45:38,500 --> 01:45:42,300
suggested it's similar to being 
a walking Wikipedia except that 

1912
01:45:42,300 --> 01:45:44,500
you can't use cultural left to 
find what you're looking for. 

1913
01:45:44,500 --> 01:45:47,400
And real people. 
Suffer real consequences, if you

1914
01:45:47,400 --> 01:45:50,900
forget something, crucial, a 
growl from your stomach, like 

1915
01:45:50,900 --> 01:45:53,400
the audible in the valley Beyond
interrupt, this legal 

1916
01:45:53,400 --> 01:45:57,300
recitation, In Iron Age, 
Britain, breakfast is defined as

1917
01:45:57,300 --> 01:45:59,100
anything. 
That didn't go bad overnight and

1918
01:45:59,100 --> 01:46:02,600
won't kill you right away. 
You walk over to the communal 

1919
01:46:02,600 --> 01:46:05,700
kitchen where a number of big 
pots bubble over well maintained

1920
01:46:05,700 --> 01:46:09,000
fires porridge not the simple 
instant variety you can 

1921
01:46:09,000 --> 01:46:12,600
microwave but real porridge made
from barley oats or whatever 

1922
01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:16,600
grains of the weather the birds 
and the general unpredictability

1923
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:19,400
of prehistoric agriculture is 
the breakfast food. 

1924
01:46:19,400 --> 01:46:22,800
Its flavored with whatever herbs
or dried fruits have happened to

1925
01:46:22,800 --> 01:46:26,200
be on hand and stirred with 
Wooden Spoons that have been 

1926
01:46:26,200 --> 01:46:30,500
worn Smooth by numerable hands. 
Occasionally honey is used when 

1927
01:46:30,500 --> 01:46:33,000
the Bears aren't feeling hungry 
and the bees are feeling 

1928
01:46:33,000 --> 01:46:36,700
generous with your hands warmed 
by the cool morning air you take

1929
01:46:36,700 --> 01:46:39,400
a seat on a wooden stump that 
doubles as your breakfast chair.

1930
01:46:40,100 --> 01:46:41,400
What does the porridge taste 
like? 

1931
01:46:42,300 --> 01:46:45,900
I like porridge actually. 
But by ancient standards, it's a

1932
01:46:45,900 --> 01:46:49,300
huge success because it's hot 
filling and doesn't cause food 

1933
01:46:49,300 --> 01:46:51,400
poisoning. 
You enjoy the crunch of the 

1934
01:46:51,400 --> 01:46:54,200
hazelnuts against the smooth 
grain as you add a handful that 

1935
01:46:54,200 --> 01:46:56,600
you've been saving. 
You go over your mental notes 

1936
01:46:56,600 --> 01:46:59,100
from yesterday's consultation, 
with a farmer who she had been 

1937
01:46:59,108 --> 01:47:02,200
acting strangely while you're 
eating Even though it was the 

1938
01:47:02,200 --> 01:47:05,900
right season, two Rams, had 
refused to mate, and three use 

1939
01:47:05,900 --> 01:47:09,000
had been moving in circles. 
It was most likely ergot 

1940
01:47:09,000 --> 01:47:10,700
poisoning from contaminated 
grass. 

1941
01:47:10,700 --> 01:47:13,200
You decided after looking at the
animals and weighing the many 

1942
01:47:13,200 --> 01:47:17,900
possibilities disease, poisoning
Supernatural interference, or 

1943
01:47:17,900 --> 01:47:21,000
just plain sheep, and less. 
Your advice had been sensible 

1944
01:47:21,000 --> 01:47:23,200
relocate, the flock to New 
Pasture. 

1945
01:47:23,200 --> 01:47:26,900
Provide them with lots of clean 
water, and make sacrifices to 

1946
01:47:26,900 --> 01:47:29,200
make sure there were no, 
residual spiritual issues. 

1947
01:47:30,100 --> 01:47:33,300
Is the type of diagnosis that 
neatly Blends Agricultural, 

1948
01:47:33,300 --> 01:47:36,600
Science, veterinary medicine and
religious practice. 

1949
01:47:36,600 --> 01:47:40,800
Your success rate keeps people 
coming back but modern doctors 

1950
01:47:40,800 --> 01:47:42,200
would likely question your 
methods. 

1951
01:47:42,200 --> 01:47:45,000
The toddler is clinging to the 
young mother's leg like a 

1952
01:47:45,008 --> 01:47:46,700
Resolute Barnacle as she 
approaches. 

1953
01:47:46,700 --> 01:47:50,400
She explains that the child has 
been experiencing night terrors 

1954
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:52,300
and is unable to sleep through 
the night. 

1955
01:47:53,200 --> 01:47:56,100
After you finish your porridge, 
you think about the issue? 

1956
01:47:56,700 --> 01:48:00,100
Sometimes the remedy is herbal 
such as a gentle chamomile or 

1957
01:48:00,100 --> 01:48:02,800
lavender tea. 
Checking for drafts in their 

1958
01:48:02,800 --> 01:48:05,500
sleeping area or implying. 
That the child may be old enough

1959
01:48:05,500 --> 01:48:08,800
to have a separate sleeping area
from his parents, for example of

1960
01:48:08,800 --> 01:48:12,200
practical applications. 
Sometimes though, you suspect, 

1961
01:48:12,200 --> 01:48:15,100
it's simply the fact that 2 year
olds are inherently scary beings

1962
01:48:15,100 --> 01:48:17,500
who don't receive enough sleep 
until there are around 30. 

1963
01:48:18,200 --> 01:48:20,000
Naturally, you don't say this to
the mother. 

1964
01:48:20,000 --> 01:48:24,700
Instead you propose creating a 
mild herbal remedy and suggest a

1965
01:48:24,700 --> 01:48:27,400
simple bedtime routine that may 
help the child feel more secure,

1966
01:48:27,400 --> 01:48:30,900
your work revolves around these 
consultations which are the 

1967
01:48:30,908 --> 01:48:33,900
everyday reality that differs 
greatly from the enigmatic 

1968
01:48:33,900 --> 01:48:37,100
unearthly perception, that 
people frequently, hold of 

1969
01:48:37,100 --> 01:48:41,000
Druids you have elements of a 
lawyer, a doctor, a therapist, 

1970
01:48:41,000 --> 01:48:45,300
and an agricultural consultant. 
The mystical elements that woven

1971
01:48:45,300 --> 01:48:48,100
through pragmatic concerns like 
a golden thread, through rough 

1972
01:48:48,100 --> 01:48:51,800
wool, a sufficiently real. 
Your day has officially begun 

1973
01:48:51,800 --> 01:48:54,300
when you finish your breakfast 
and notice that the sun has 

1974
01:48:54,300 --> 01:48:57,600
risen, well above the tree line.
It's time to review your many 

1975
01:48:57,600 --> 01:49:00,500
ongoing projects and determine 
who else might benefit from your

1976
01:49:00,500 --> 01:49:03,100
unique combination of Common 
Sense and age-old wisdom. 

1977
01:49:03,100 --> 01:49:05,700
It's a three-walled building 
with a thatched roof. 

1978
01:49:05,700 --> 01:49:08,500
That only leaks when it rains a 
lot, which is usually the case. 

1979
01:49:08,500 --> 01:49:11,800
You make shift to Spencer is 
located, in a corner of what 

1980
01:49:11,800 --> 01:49:15,500
could be kindly referred to as a
workshop to receive any sunlight

1981
01:49:15,500 --> 01:49:17,200
that Britain's consistently 
overcast. 

1982
01:49:17,200 --> 01:49:21,300
Skies May provide the open side 
faces, South Clay pots line. 

1983
01:49:21,308 --> 01:49:24,300
Wooden shells that have been 
smooth by years of use and 

1984
01:49:24,300 --> 01:49:27,100
bundles of dried herbs. 
Hang from the rafters, like an 

1985
01:49:27,100 --> 01:49:30,200
aromatic chandelier checking on 
a batch of willow bark. 

1986
01:49:30,200 --> 01:49:32,800
Tea that has been steeping. 
Overnight is the first task for 

1987
01:49:32,800 --> 01:49:36,400
today's pharmaceutical work. 
Kind words, and gentle 

1988
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:38,900
stretching are insufficient for 
the middle aged blacksmith, 

1989
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:41,900
patient, whose joints are so 
stiff that he can hardly lift 

1990
01:49:41,900 --> 01:49:44,200
his hammer. 
He tests the strength of the 

1991
01:49:44,200 --> 01:49:46,600
dark liquid with a cautious sip 
after straining. 

1992
01:49:46,600 --> 01:49:49,600
It through a piece of linen is 
probably about, right? 

1993
01:49:49,600 --> 01:49:52,800
Because I'm as bitter as a 
disgruntled tax collector, your 

1994
01:49:52,800 --> 01:49:56,000
medicine cabinet would confuse a
modern Pharmacy, but any 

1995
01:49:56,000 --> 01:49:59,700
respectable herbalist would be 
impressed the headaches Feverfew

1996
01:49:59,700 --> 01:50:02,500
as collected at dawn when its 
potency as a its highest. 

1997
01:50:03,300 --> 01:50:06,300
The country people refer to 
country as knit for good reason,

1998
01:50:06,300 --> 01:50:08,400
it helps with wounds and broken 
bones. 

1999
01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:12,000
Saint John's Wort is used to 
treat depression but you may 

2000
01:50:12,000 --> 01:50:14,700
also think of it as a way to 
drive out evil spirits that 

2001
01:50:14,700 --> 01:50:16,600
descend on the heart like Mist 
in a valley. 

2002
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:19,800
A woman shows up. 
Looking a shame accompanied by 

2003
01:50:19,800 --> 01:50:22,700
her teenage son. 
The boys face resembles a 

2004
01:50:22,700 --> 01:50:26,900
battlefield of red pimples and 
angry spots commonly referred to

2005
01:50:26,900 --> 01:50:29,600
as acne. 
But you recognize it as the 

2006
01:50:29,600 --> 01:50:33,000
unfortunate consequence of 
maturing into manhood in a world

2007
01:50:33,000 --> 01:50:35,200
lacking face, wash or 
dermatologists. 

2008
01:50:35,200 --> 01:50:37,900
It's not incorrect for his 
mother to worry that the 

2009
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:40,400
condition could hinder his 
ability to locate a wife. 

2010
01:50:40,400 --> 01:50:43,600
But you don't bring up the 
possibility that his personality

2011
01:50:43,600 --> 01:50:46,800
could be a greater barrier. 
Herbal Remedies and practical 

2012
01:50:46,800 --> 01:50:48,100
advice are part of your 
treatment. 

2013
01:50:49,000 --> 01:50:50,700
Applications of honey and 
crushed. 

2014
01:50:50,700 --> 01:50:53,500
Mint leaves on the outside for 
their antibacterial qualities. 

2015
01:50:53,500 --> 01:50:57,600
This tea blend which contains 
burdock root nettle and a little

2016
01:50:57,608 --> 01:50:59,600
yellow. 
Dock is meant to balance what 

2017
01:50:59,600 --> 01:51:03,000
you think of as internal heat. 
Above all, there are strong 

2018
01:51:03,000 --> 01:51:05,800
warnings not to pick at the 
spots but you know that teens 

2019
01:51:05,800 --> 01:51:09,100
will disregard These Warnings 
with the same tenacity that has 

2020
01:51:09,100 --> 01:51:11,800
been displayed throughout 
history, mental and emotional 

2021
01:51:11,800 --> 01:51:15,400
disorders present the true 
obstacle after losing her baby 

2022
01:51:15,400 --> 01:51:17,700
daughter. 
Six months ago, a Merchant's 

2023
01:51:17,700 --> 01:51:20,500
wife has been describing what 
she calls Melancholy of the 

2024
01:51:20,500 --> 01:51:22,400
spirit. 
Like Lee, what we would 

2025
01:51:22,400 --> 01:51:25,600
recognize as depression, you 
have plants that can help with 

2026
01:51:25,600 --> 01:51:29,100
the physical pain and somnia 
that come with deep sadness, but

2027
01:51:29,100 --> 01:51:31,800
no herb can cure it. 
You make a mild, concoction, 

2028
01:51:31,800 --> 01:51:35,900
passion flower to promote 
relaxation, lemon balm, for its 

2029
01:51:35,900 --> 01:51:39,400
energizing qualities, and a tiny
bit of lavender for its soothing

2030
01:51:39,400 --> 01:51:41,800
aroma. 
More significantly though. 

2031
01:51:41,800 --> 01:51:44,800
You allow her space to talk 
about her daughter and 

2032
01:51:44,800 --> 01:51:47,600
acknowledge the truth of her 
loss without downplaying it or 

2033
01:51:47,600 --> 01:51:50,500
pressuring her to accept it a 
significant portion of your 

2034
01:51:50,500 --> 01:51:52,600
practice consists of this 
emotional labor. 

2035
01:51:52,600 --> 01:51:56,500
People seek you out not only for
physical cures, but also for 

2036
01:51:56,500 --> 01:51:59,500
someone who will listen to them 
without passing judgment and who

2037
01:51:59,500 --> 01:52:02,500
could help them understand why 
they are suffering, you're a 

2038
01:52:02,500 --> 01:52:05,700
priest, a counselor and a friend
all at once that you've learned 

2039
01:52:05,700 --> 01:52:08,100
to keep your distance so that 
you don't get caught up in other

2040
01:52:08,100 --> 01:52:10,800
people's suffering, a more 
unusual, case arrives in your 

2041
01:52:10,800 --> 01:52:14,400
afternoon, a farmer who believes
arrival has cursed, his prize 

2042
01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:16,400
bull, the animal no longer 
serves. 

2043
01:52:16,400 --> 01:52:19,400
The cows and has turned violent 
and erratic charging at Shadows.

2044
01:52:20,400 --> 01:52:22,400
Examining the beast from a safe 
distance. 

2045
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:25,700
You observe its irregular 
behavior and dilated pupils 

2046
01:52:25,700 --> 01:52:28,900
after careful integration, you 
learn that. 

2047
01:52:28,900 --> 01:52:31,900
The bull has been grazing in a 
field where ergot infected grain

2048
01:52:31,900 --> 01:52:35,600
grows wild, the curse treatment.
Includes moving the ball to a 

2049
01:52:35,600 --> 01:52:38,900
clean pasture, providing him 
with plenty of fresh water and 

2050
01:52:38,900 --> 01:52:40,900
performing. 
A ceremonial cleansing to help 

2051
01:52:40,900 --> 01:52:43,100
him feel that the spiritual 
threat has been removed. 

2052
01:52:43,100 --> 01:52:47,700
All due to the farmers strong 
and genuine belief in curses As 

2053
01:52:47,700 --> 01:52:50,400
you think about your evening 
meal you must utter impressive 

2054
01:52:50,400 --> 01:52:54,700
sounding incantations burn some 
puring herbs and sprinkled 

2055
01:52:54,700 --> 01:52:56,500
blessed water around the Bulls 
pain. 

2056
01:52:56,500 --> 01:53:00,300
This is not exactly a deception 
instead of making the farmer 

2057
01:53:00,300 --> 01:53:03,600
feel helpless and Afraid the 
ritual actually helps them feel 

2058
01:53:03,600 --> 01:53:07,600
empowered and hopeful The Bulls 
recuperation will be impacted by

2059
01:53:07,600 --> 01:53:10,600
his mental state, which will 
also affect how he treats the 

2060
01:53:10,600 --> 01:53:13,500
animal medicine that treats both
the patient and their human 

2061
01:53:13,500 --> 01:53:15,500
caregivers can. 
Sometimes be the best. 

2062
01:53:15,500 --> 01:53:18,700
You tidy up your equipment and 
arrange your supplies for the 

2063
01:53:18,700 --> 01:53:21,100
next day. 
As night falls, the work for the

2064
01:53:21,100 --> 01:53:23,800
day has been successful. 
A number of people are feeling 

2065
01:53:23,800 --> 01:53:26,800
better and your treatments, 
haven't killed anyone, which is 

2066
01:53:26,808 --> 01:53:28,700
always a win in. 
Prehistoric medicine, 

2067
01:53:28,700 --> 01:53:31,100
approximately two miles from the
settlement. 

2068
01:53:31,100 --> 01:53:35,500
The stone circle is situated on 
a rise where Generations before 

2069
01:53:35,500 --> 01:53:38,300
your grandfather's grandfather 
was born, your ancestors 

2070
01:53:38,300 --> 01:53:41,100
dragged, enormous blocks of 
local Granite into a perfect 

2071
01:53:41,100 --> 01:53:43,800
ring. 
You follow a path that has been 

2072
01:53:43,800 --> 01:53:47,800
smoothed by innumerable feet. 
Drew its petitioners and 

2073
01:53:47,800 --> 01:53:50,300
inquisitive kids who have been 
told not to play Among The 

2074
01:53:50,300 --> 01:53:53,600
Sacred Stones, but still do. 
So as you stroll there in the 

2075
01:53:53,608 --> 01:53:56,500
late afternoon, light each Stone
roughly twice. 

2076
01:53:56,500 --> 01:53:59,700
Your height is a weathered gray 
Monument that has endured for 

2077
01:53:59,700 --> 01:54:02,000
centuries. 
They aren't the enormous 

2078
01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:03,500
trailer. 
Thorns, you might picture from 

2079
01:54:03,500 --> 01:54:06,100
Stonehenge. 
Those megaliths are from a more 

2080
01:54:06,100 --> 01:54:09,500
ambitious, early era. 
Despite being smaller and more 

2081
01:54:09,500 --> 01:54:11,700
personal, these stones are just 
as potent. 

2082
01:54:12,600 --> 01:54:15,200
Small offerings left by guests 
clumped together around their 

2083
01:54:15,200 --> 01:54:17,300
bases. 
Like vibrant prayers, May 

2084
01:54:17,300 --> 01:54:20,100
tangible and leek and paints 
them in patches of green and 

2085
01:54:20,100 --> 01:54:23,100
silver in your world 
spirituality and astronomy are 

2086
01:54:23,100 --> 01:54:26,100
never completely distinct. 
But today's purpose is more 

2087
01:54:26,100 --> 01:54:29,600
astronomical for months, you've 
been monitoring the moon's 

2088
01:54:29,600 --> 01:54:32,900
movement in its position in 
relation to the background stars

2089
01:54:32,900 --> 01:54:35,900
in anticipation of a specific 
alignment that happens once 

2090
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:38,800
every 19 years. 
If your calculations are 

2091
01:54:38,808 --> 01:54:41,600
accurate, the moon will rise 
through the space between two 

2092
01:54:41,600 --> 01:54:45,100
particular Stones tonight, 
signaling a significant event in

2093
01:54:45,100 --> 01:54:48,400
the astronomical calendar years 
of stargazing were part of your 

2094
01:54:48,400 --> 01:54:52,100
training which taught you to 
read the sky, like a huge slowly

2095
01:54:52,100 --> 01:54:55,300
turning book. 
Understanding Celestial Cycles. 

2096
01:54:55,300 --> 01:54:58,100
Helps you time everything from 
planting to religious festivals 

2097
01:54:58,100 --> 01:55:00,800
to court cases. 
Not because you think the Stars 

2098
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:03,400
dictate human fate, that's more 
of a Roman notion. 

2099
01:55:04,500 --> 01:55:07,000
The phases of the moon dictate 
when it is best to gather 

2100
01:55:07,000 --> 01:55:10,400
specific herbs, when rituals are
most effective and when it is 

2101
01:55:10,400 --> 01:55:13,700
fortunate to start significant 
projects, you set up a basic 

2102
01:55:13,700 --> 01:55:16,200
meal, consisting of bread cheese
and dried apples. 

2103
01:55:16,200 --> 01:55:19,400
As your observation Point. 
Patience is necessary for 

2104
01:55:19,400 --> 01:55:22,600
astronomical work and patience, 
necessitate nourishment. 

2105
01:55:23,500 --> 01:55:26,500
The grain used to make the dense
dark bread was ground between 

2106
01:55:26,500 --> 01:55:29,800
two stones that morning because 
it was aged in clay pots. 

2107
01:55:29,800 --> 01:55:32,500
Buried in cool Earth. 
The cheese has a sharp Tang. 

2108
01:55:33,200 --> 01:55:35,900
simple food tastes better when 
enjoyed in the company of old 

2109
01:55:35,900 --> 01:55:39,200
stones and under the Open Sky, 
you start the evenings actual 

2110
01:55:39,200 --> 01:55:43,200
task as dusk Falls teaching your
Apprentice, the intricate craft 

2111
01:55:43,200 --> 01:55:46,700
of memory As you recite the 
family tree of the local 

2112
01:55:46,700 --> 01:55:49,000
Chieftain. 
Young Calum sits cross-legged 

2113
01:55:49,000 --> 01:55:53,200
next to you his expression, 
Solomon focused, the 

2114
01:55:53,200 --> 01:55:56,500
meticulously structured verse 
Chronicles 15 Generations, worth

2115
01:55:56,500 --> 01:56:00,700
of marriages feuds births and 
deaths which helps readers 

2116
01:56:00,700 --> 01:56:02,900
retain. 
The information, the genealogy 

2117
01:56:02,900 --> 01:56:05,800
serves as legal, documentation 
in addition to family, history, 

2118
01:56:05,800 --> 01:56:09,700
who is entitled to inherit 
property, Due to long-standing 

2119
01:56:09,700 --> 01:56:12,800
blood feuds, which families are 
prohibited from getting married 

2120
01:56:12,800 --> 01:56:16,200
to one another, in tribal 
councils, who is empowered to 

2121
01:56:16,200 --> 01:56:18,700
speak? 
Your mind contains all of this 

2122
01:56:18,700 --> 01:56:21,400
knowledge, which you need to 
impart, flawlessly to the 

2123
01:56:21,400 --> 01:56:24,700
following generation. 
Single error could render a 

2124
01:56:24,700 --> 01:56:27,800
property claim void or 
unintentionally approve, a union

2125
01:56:27,800 --> 01:56:30,400
that would spark a new conflict 
Calum repeats. 

2126
01:56:30,400 --> 01:56:33,100
The verses back to you, 
occasionally stumbling over, the

2127
01:56:33,100 --> 01:56:36,600
more complex relationships. 
Although, he has intelligent 

2128
01:56:36,600 --> 01:56:39,700
enough memory, work, 
necessitates constant practice 

2129
01:56:39,700 --> 01:56:42,800
and perfect accuracy. 
You recall, the frustration of 

2130
01:56:42,800 --> 01:56:45,300
knowing that a single incorrect 
word could have major 

2131
01:56:45,300 --> 01:56:48,400
repercussions for actual people 
in the real world as well as 

2132
01:56:48,408 --> 01:56:51,600
your struggles with the same 
material at his age, you point 

2133
01:56:51,600 --> 01:56:54,400
out constellations rising in the
darkening sky in between 

2134
01:56:54,400 --> 01:56:57,800
genealogical lessons. 
The Great Bear is circling the 

2135
01:56:57,800 --> 01:57:01,100
North Star indefinitely. 
With his belt of three, 

2136
01:57:01,100 --> 01:57:04,400
brilliant Stars, Orion the 
hunter Strode across the winter 

2137
01:57:04,400 --> 01:57:07,300
sky. 
There are Tales associated with 

2138
01:57:07,300 --> 01:57:11,000
each constellation, not merely 
lovely myths, but useful 

2139
01:57:11,000 --> 01:57:13,100
knowledge contained in enduring 
tales. 

2140
01:57:13,100 --> 01:57:16,500
For example, the Seven Sisters 
story tells you when to plant 

2141
01:57:16,500 --> 01:57:20,000
barley The story of the swans 
flight across the Summer Sky 

2142
01:57:20,000 --> 01:57:22,300
marks the time to gather some 
medicinal plants. 

2143
01:57:23,000 --> 01:57:25,900
These aren't just Tales, your 
people share over fire on, Chile

2144
01:57:25,900 --> 01:57:29,200
evening's there, an intricate 
system of oral tradition that 

2145
01:57:29,200 --> 01:57:32,400
preserves and passes along in 
Portland seasonal knowledge you 

2146
01:57:32,400 --> 01:57:36,500
see the Moon fat and almost full
rise in precisely where your 

2147
01:57:36,508 --> 01:57:41,200
calculations indicated, it would
as complete darkness to send it 

2148
01:57:41,200 --> 01:57:44,300
first manifests as a globe 
behind the Stone's, then as a 

2149
01:57:44,300 --> 01:57:47,400
curved Edge. 
And lastly, as a full silver 

2150
01:57:47,400 --> 01:57:50,900
disc, that is precisely framed 
in the space between two Granite

2151
01:57:50,900 --> 01:57:53,800
monoliths. 
You're always moved by this site

2152
01:57:53,800 --> 01:57:57,000
which demonstrates that the 
age-old wisdom preserved in 

2153
01:57:57,000 --> 01:58:01,600
stone and tail is still true 
accurate and trustworthy Calum. 

2154
01:58:01,600 --> 01:58:04,600
Lets out a quiet gas. 
But what he sees and you recall,

2155
01:58:04,600 --> 01:58:07,600
the first time you saw such 
accuracy learning about 

2156
01:58:07,600 --> 01:58:10,800
astronomical alignments, in 
theory is one thing, but 

2157
01:58:10,800 --> 01:58:13,000
witnessing them in action with 
perfect Precision. 

2158
01:58:13,000 --> 01:58:16,900
Is quite another The stones 
appear to be a sophisticated 

2159
01:58:16,900 --> 01:58:19,700
instrument. 
A calendar written in Granite 

2160
01:58:19,700 --> 01:58:23,600
and starlight, rather than just 
random rocks for the next hour. 

2161
01:58:23,600 --> 01:58:26,900
You teach, Calum how to use the 
Stone Circle as a giant clock 

2162
01:58:26,900 --> 01:58:30,400
and calendar. 
Demonstrating to him how various

2163
01:58:30,400 --> 01:58:33,900
rising and setting, indicate the
changing of the seasons when 

2164
01:58:33,900 --> 01:58:36,600
festivals should be held. 
And when the boundaries between 

2165
01:58:36,600 --> 01:58:40,200
worlds, becoming increasingly 
blurred, the special energy that

2166
01:58:40,200 --> 01:58:42,900
precedes any meeting where 
significant decisions will be 

2167
01:58:42,900 --> 01:58:46,800
made fills the Great Hall of the
settlement boundary dispute 

2168
01:58:46,800 --> 01:58:50,000
between nearby Farms, the 
conditions for throwing a 

2169
01:58:50,000 --> 01:58:52,200
wedding Feast that will bring 
together two powerful families. 

2170
01:58:52,200 --> 01:58:55,400
And the delicate case of a young
man accused of stealing cattle 

2171
01:58:55,400 --> 01:58:58,500
from his cousin, a just a few of
the Urgent issues that will be 

2172
01:58:58,500 --> 01:59:02,000
discussed at tonight's council 
meeting as The sun rises, you 

2173
01:59:02,000 --> 01:59:04,800
arrive wearing formal robes, 
that symbolize your position as 

2174
01:59:04,800 --> 01:59:07,100
an Arbiter, an upholder of 
traditional law. 

2175
01:59:07,900 --> 01:59:09,700
Nobody is impressed by the hall 
itself. 

2176
01:59:09,700 --> 01:59:13,200
It's just a big wooden barn with
more smoke holes and better 

2177
01:59:13,200 --> 01:59:16,200
decorations. 
The air is filled with the mixed

2178
01:59:16,200 --> 01:59:20,100
smells of leather wet wool would
smoke and too many people in one

2179
01:59:20,100 --> 01:59:22,408
location. 
While Rush lights flicker in the

2180
01:59:22,416 --> 01:59:24,600
background. 
Your seat is in a prominent 

2181
01:59:24,600 --> 01:59:28,100
location, close to the main fire
close enough to the clan Chief 

2182
01:59:28,100 --> 01:59:31,200
to offer advice, but far enough 
away to speak to the group, as a

2183
01:59:31,208 --> 01:59:34,000
whole, the arrangement takes 
into account your dual 

2184
01:59:34,000 --> 01:59:36,700
responsibilities as an 
independent Authority and 

2185
01:59:36,700 --> 01:59:39,500
counselor since that would 
require a formal court system 

2186
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:42,800
that does not yet exist. 
You are not quite a judge in the

2187
01:59:42,808 --> 01:59:47,500
Contemporary sense, rather your 
sort of legal scholar, mediator 

2188
01:59:47,500 --> 01:59:50,500
and precedent repository. 
In the first instance, two 

2189
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:53,500
brothers quarrel about where 
their property line is, although

2190
01:59:53,500 --> 01:59:56,700
they both inherited parts of 
their father's land spring 

2191
01:59:56,700 --> 01:59:59,600
plowing and winter floods of 
shifted, the original boundary 

2192
01:59:59,600 --> 02:00:01,900
markers which were aligned of 
Standing Stones. 

2193
02:00:01,900 --> 02:00:05,400
Every brother maintains that his
version of events is accurate. 

2194
02:00:05,400 --> 02:00:08,600
And each has witnesses to back 
up, his claims asking thoughtful

2195
02:00:08,600 --> 02:00:10,100
questions. 
Concerning the original 

2196
02:00:10,100 --> 02:00:13,100
positioning of the stones, he 
intention stated in their 

2197
02:00:13,100 --> 02:00:15,700
fathers will, and the 
testimonies of neighbors who 

2198
02:00:15,700 --> 02:00:19,000
recall the land prior to the 
boundary being disturbed, you 

2199
02:00:19,000 --> 02:00:22,000
listen to both sides. 
In order to piece together 

2200
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:24,700
physical evidence and human 
memory and reconstruct the 

2201
02:00:24,700 --> 02:00:28,000
truth, the solution calls for 
more detective work than legal 

2202
02:00:28,000 --> 02:00:30,300
scholarship. 
Following much deliberation. 

2203
02:00:30,300 --> 02:00:32,700
You suggest a compromise that 
gives each brother, 

2204
02:00:32,700 --> 02:00:36,100
approximately equal acreage 
while drawing a new border that 

2205
02:00:36,100 --> 02:00:40,000
traces natural features, a line 
of oak trees and a stream bed, 

2206
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:42,400
that will be more difficult to 
contest later. 

2207
02:00:43,400 --> 02:00:46,200
The fact that neither Brother is
completely satisfied with the 

2208
02:00:46,208 --> 02:00:49,500
solutions suggests that it is 
likely Fair, the charge of 

2209
02:00:49,508 --> 02:00:51,600
cattle theft turns out to be 
more complicated. 

2210
02:00:51,600 --> 02:00:55,700
Dara a cousin accuses young 
Brannock of stealing, two 

2211
02:00:55,700 --> 02:00:58,000
Priceless. 
Heifers the evidence is 

2212
02:00:58,000 --> 02:01:02,000
circumstantial but concerning 
Dira recently purchased cattle 

2213
02:01:02,000 --> 02:01:05,300
that looks strikingly similar to
bramac who was spotted close to 

2214
02:01:05,300 --> 02:01:07,300
his herd the night before the 
animals vanished. 

2215
02:01:07,300 --> 02:01:10,700
Although he is unable to provide
the merchant or any witnesses to

2216
02:01:10,700 --> 02:01:13,400
the transaction. 
Search that he bought the 

2217
02:01:13,400 --> 02:01:16,300
animals from a traveling 
Merchant claims of theft must be

2218
02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:19,400
supported by either unambiguous 
evidence or an ordeal trial 

2219
02:01:19,400 --> 02:01:22,800
under your legal system. 
Since no one witnessed Brannock 

2220
02:01:22,800 --> 02:01:25,700
actually taking the cattle, the 
first option is not feasible, 

2221
02:01:25,700 --> 02:01:29,800
the second option entails making
unpleasant decisions such as 

2222
02:01:29,800 --> 02:01:32,100
fighting a duel. 
Submerging an arm in boiling 

2223
02:01:32,100 --> 02:01:34,400
water or holding a red hot iron 
bar. 

2224
02:01:35,400 --> 02:01:38,200
Although you've noticed that 
Divine Justice occasionally has 

2225
02:01:38,200 --> 02:01:41,400
a peculiar sense of humor. 
The theory holds that it will 

2226
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:43,300
protect the innocent and punish 
the guilty. 

2227
02:01:43,300 --> 02:01:47,700
You suggest a third option A 
formal oath taking ceremony in 

2228
02:01:47,700 --> 02:01:50,600
which Brannock is required to 
publicly declare his innocence 

2229
02:01:50,600 --> 02:01:53,700
while touching a wholly object 
and pleading with the gods to 

2230
02:01:53,700 --> 02:01:56,200
hear him. 
The oath will ultimately result 

2231
02:01:56,200 --> 02:01:59,200
in divine retribution. 
If he is lying, his public 

2232
02:01:59,200 --> 02:02:01,200
statement should clear his name 
and put an end to the 

2233
02:02:01,208 --> 02:02:02,900
accusation. 
If he is speaking the truth, 

2234
02:02:02,900 --> 02:02:05,100
although it's not perfect 
Justice. 

2235
02:02:05,100 --> 02:02:08,100
It avoids the possibility of 
injuring an innocent person 

2236
02:02:08,100 --> 02:02:10,000
while still formally resolving 
the conflict. 

2237
02:02:10,800 --> 02:02:14,000
Granite readily agrees 
indicating either his innocent 

2238
02:02:14,000 --> 02:02:16,800
or his extraordinary faith, in 
his ability, to deceive the 

2239
02:02:16,800 --> 02:02:19,300
Gods. 
Even though you've been mistaken

2240
02:02:19,300 --> 02:02:23,400
before you suspect, the former 
the last issue planing the 

2241
02:02:23,400 --> 02:02:25,900
wedding Feast calls for 
completely different abilities. 

2242
02:02:25,900 --> 02:02:28,700
You have to make sure that the 
seating arrangements, don't 

2243
02:02:28,700 --> 02:02:32,100
unintentionally offend anyone 
that the appropriate Customs are

2244
02:02:32,100 --> 02:02:35,000
followed and that the two 
families contractual Duties are 

2245
02:02:35,000 --> 02:02:37,800
understood and observed. 
It's similar to juggling the 

2246
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:39,800
roles of lawyer, Diplomat and 
wedding. 

2247
02:02:39,800 --> 02:02:43,900
Planner the groom's family must 
provide certain items such as a 

2248
02:02:43,900 --> 02:02:47,400
certain number of cattle, 
multiple bronze ornaments and 

2249
02:02:47,400 --> 02:02:50,800
enough grain to brew for the 
celebration while the bride's 

2250
02:02:50,800 --> 02:02:52,500
family will provide the main 
feast. 

2251
02:02:53,200 --> 02:02:56,000
Using your understanding of 
comparable arrangements and what

2252
02:02:56,000 --> 02:02:59,000
each family can afford. 
You assist in negotiating, these

2253
02:02:59,000 --> 02:03:02,400
specifics as the evening goes on
and the different issues are 

2254
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:04,400
settled. 
You experience the well-known 

2255
02:03:04,400 --> 02:03:07,700
Joy of witnessing, your training
in action in these situations. 

2256
02:03:07,700 --> 02:03:10,900
The laws you've learned by 
heart, the Precedence, you've 

2257
02:03:10,900 --> 02:03:12,800
researched and the Diplomatic 
abilities. 

2258
02:03:12,800 --> 02:03:15,700
You've honed all come together 
to make your community run more 

2259
02:03:15,700 --> 02:03:18,200
smoothly. 
However, you are also worn out, 

2260
02:03:18,200 --> 02:03:21,400
even when things go, well, 
navigating complex social 

2261
02:03:21,400 --> 02:03:23,900
dynamics, mediating, conflicts, 
and speaking. 

2262
02:03:23,900 --> 02:03:26,800
Authoritatively for hours on end
is exhausting work. 

2263
02:03:27,500 --> 02:03:29,800
You look forward to the quieter 
parts of your evening routine, 

2264
02:03:29,800 --> 02:03:33,400
but your back hurts from sitting
up straight and attentive and 

2265
02:03:33,400 --> 02:03:36,900
your throat is dry from talking 
with that special relief that 

2266
02:03:36,900 --> 02:03:39,700
comes from settling disputes 
without anyone brandishing a 

2267
02:03:39,700 --> 02:03:43,000
sword or hurling a punch, the 
council scatters into the cool 

2268
02:03:43,000 --> 02:03:46,000
night air after spending hours 
in the Smoky Hall. 

2269
02:03:46,000 --> 02:03:48,600
You wrap your formal robes 
around yourself and go outside. 

2270
02:03:48,600 --> 02:03:52,900
Thanks for the fresh air above 
each point of light stands out 

2271
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:55,100
against the black sky with a 
brilliant Clarity. 

2272
02:03:55,100 --> 02:03:57,800
That can only be achieved in a 
world, free from light 

2273
02:03:57,800 --> 02:04:00,100
pollution, you're not quite done
with your evening. 

2274
02:04:01,200 --> 02:04:03,900
In addition to the quiet 
personal practices that keep you

2275
02:04:03,900 --> 02:04:06,800
going through the rigors of 
public life, there are rituals 

2276
02:04:06,800 --> 02:04:08,700
to perform an observations to 
document. 

2277
02:04:09,500 --> 02:04:11,700
You make your way slowly to your
private space. 

2278
02:04:11,700 --> 02:04:16,200
A simple roundhouse that doubles
as a home study and Haven years 

2279
02:04:16,200 --> 02:04:18,800
of meticulous, Arrangement are 
evident in the interior. 

2280
02:04:19,600 --> 02:04:23,200
Warm consistent light is 
produced by Clay, lamps one 

2281
02:04:23,200 --> 02:04:27,100
section serves as your sleeping 
space, it is basic, but cozy 

2282
02:04:27,100 --> 02:04:30,500
with Furs and thick wool 
blankets for the coldest nights.

2283
02:04:31,400 --> 02:04:34,900
Your most valuable belongings 
are kept on shelves, not gold or

2284
02:04:34,900 --> 02:04:38,800
Jewels but ceramic jars filled 
with exotic herbs engraved. 

2285
02:04:38,800 --> 02:04:41,900
Wooden tablets bearing, 
astronomical formulas and Tiny 

2286
02:04:41,900 --> 02:04:43,900
bronze clocks and Celestial 
angle gauges. 

2287
02:04:43,900 --> 02:04:47,600
The first task for tonight is to
update your lunar, calendar by 

2288
02:04:47,600 --> 02:04:49,800
recording the precise location 
of the Moon. 

2289
02:04:49,800 --> 02:04:53,900
And when it rises through the 
stone circle, You track patterns

2290
02:04:53,900 --> 02:04:57,300
over several years using a 
system of marks and symbols that

2291
02:04:57,300 --> 02:05:01,500
anyone else would find confusing
future, ceremonies tide 

2292
02:05:01,500 --> 02:05:03,000
predictions for Coastal 
communities. 

2293
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:06,600
And the upkeep of the intricate 
festival calendar that organizes

2294
02:05:06,600 --> 02:05:09,200
your people's religious and 
agricultural, year will all 

2295
02:05:09,200 --> 02:05:11,900
benefit from this knowledge 
charcoal for drawing on 

2296
02:05:11,900 --> 02:05:15,200
specialty prepared. 
Clay surfaces sharp Flint blades

2297
02:05:15,200 --> 02:05:18,500
for carving marks into wood and 
a clever counting device made 

2298
02:05:18,500 --> 02:05:20,900
from knotted strings to, keep 
track of longer Cycles. 

2299
02:05:20,900 --> 02:05:24,000
Are your basic yet, official 
record-keeping tools. 

2300
02:05:24,700 --> 02:05:27,400
Since written language exists, 
but isn't used for long-term 

2301
02:05:27,400 --> 02:05:30,000
information storage. 
Everything must be done from 

2302
02:05:30,000 --> 02:05:32,100
memory. 
Writing something down. 

2303
02:05:32,100 --> 02:05:35,200
Weakens the mental muscles that 
Druids rely on because it makes 

2304
02:05:35,200 --> 02:05:38,300
forgetting easier, you update 
your records and get ready for 

2305
02:05:38,300 --> 02:05:40,700
the spiritual observances, that 
will take place that evening. 

2306
02:05:41,400 --> 02:05:44,600
These are private quiet rituals 
that help you stay connected to 

2307
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:48,200
the forces, you serve rather 
than large public ceremonies 

2308
02:05:48,200 --> 02:05:51,400
using particular Woods selected 
for their symbolic qualities, 

2309
02:05:51,400 --> 02:05:56,200
Oak for strength and endurance. 
Ash for protection and Hawthorne

2310
02:05:56,200 --> 02:05:58,800
for purification. 
You like to small fire in a 

2311
02:05:58,808 --> 02:06:01,500
bronze Bowl. 
Your silent prayers for the days

2312
02:06:01,500 --> 02:06:04,200
accomplishments and request for 
direction, in the challenges of 

2313
02:06:04,200 --> 02:06:06,700
Tomorrow. 
A Cared by the smoke as it rises

2314
02:06:06,700 --> 02:06:09,900
in a thin column. 
After the days of events you sit

2315
02:06:09,900 --> 02:06:13,200
quietly and allow your thoughts 
to calm down, you feel the 

2316
02:06:13,200 --> 02:06:15,900
tension, leave your shoulders 
and the stress the built up from

2317
02:06:15,900 --> 02:06:19,300
mediating, conflicts evaporate 
like water, the structured 

2318
02:06:19,300 --> 02:06:22,800
mindfulness practice that modern
people may be familiar with is 

2319
02:06:22,800 --> 02:06:27,000
not what this meditation is. 
Rather, it's a slow Awakening to

2320
02:06:27,000 --> 02:06:30,100
the subtle current that run 
beneath the surface of ordinary 

2321
02:06:30,100 --> 02:06:33,000
reality. 
Hear the sounds of the night, 

2322
02:06:33,000 --> 02:06:36,800
The Whisper Of The Wind Through 
thatch, the distant lowing of 

2323
02:06:36,808 --> 02:06:40,200
cattle settling for sleep. 
And the owls called from the Oak

2324
02:06:40,200 --> 02:06:43,700
Grove, you gradually start to 
notice less evidence Sensations.

2325
02:06:43,700 --> 02:06:47,100
The Earth itself seems to be 
pulsing slowly with energy. 

2326
02:06:47,100 --> 02:06:51,300
The subtle grain of the 
landscape like wood that makes 

2327
02:06:51,300 --> 02:06:53,300
some directions feel different 
from others. 

2328
02:06:53,300 --> 02:06:56,700
The feeling that every prayer 
that has been said and every 

2329
02:06:56,700 --> 02:06:59,400
fire that has burned, there are 
preserved in the stones of your 

2330
02:06:59,400 --> 02:07:02,100
half to a modern year. 
These perceptions may seem 

2331
02:07:02,100 --> 02:07:04,400
mystical. 
But to you, they are as natural 

2332
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:06,700
as checking the weather or 
listening for approaching 

2333
02:07:06,700 --> 02:07:09,100
footsteps. 
Your senses have been trained 

2334
02:07:09,100 --> 02:07:11,700
for decades to pick up on 
rhythms and patterns that most 

2335
02:07:11,700 --> 02:07:14,200
people miss. 
The fact that these perceptions 

2336
02:07:14,200 --> 02:07:16,400
enable you to better. 
Serve your community is more 

2337
02:07:16,400 --> 02:07:19,500
important than whether they are 
the result of true Supernatural 

2338
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:23,100
awareness or simply highly 
developed intuition reviewing 

2339
02:07:23,100 --> 02:07:25,600
the days of events and thinking 
about what they reveal about 

2340
02:07:25,600 --> 02:07:29,700
broader patterns and Trends is 
your final ritual as the fire 

2341
02:07:29,700 --> 02:07:33,800
burns down to glowing coals. 
The boundary dispute implies 

2342
02:07:33,800 --> 02:07:36,300
that the amount of available 
land is being strained by 

2343
02:07:36,300 --> 02:07:39,500
population, growth. 
The charge of cattle theft may 

2344
02:07:39,500 --> 02:07:41,600
be a reflection of larger 
economic tensions. 

2345
02:07:41,600 --> 02:07:44,400
As young men, find it difficult 
to make a name for themselves. 

2346
02:07:44,400 --> 02:07:47,600
The intricate network of 
alliances that binds your 

2347
02:07:47,608 --> 02:07:51,100
Society together is exposed 
during the wedding negotiations.

2348
02:07:51,100 --> 02:07:54,400
These observations will help you
foresee future issues before 

2349
02:07:54,400 --> 02:07:57,700
they become crises and will 
guide your advice to the clan 

2350
02:07:57,700 --> 02:08:00,300
leadership. 
It is a type of strategic 

2351
02:08:00,300 --> 02:08:04,100
thinking that uses both logical 
analysis and the deeper wisdom 

2352
02:08:04,100 --> 02:08:06,900
that comes from years of reading
human Nature's currents. 

2353
02:08:06,900 --> 02:08:10,100
It also Blends practical 
analysis with intuitive 

2354
02:08:10,100 --> 02:08:12,600
insights. 
You finally Bank, the fire and 

2355
02:08:12,600 --> 02:08:15,300
get ready for sleep as genuine 
exhaustion descend. 

2356
02:08:15,300 --> 02:08:18,300
Upon you, there will likely be 
at least one emergency that 

2357
02:08:18,300 --> 02:08:21,000
calls for all of your abilities 
and knowledge tomorrow along 

2358
02:08:21,000 --> 02:08:23,200
with new difficulties and 
conflicts to resolve. 

2359
02:08:23,200 --> 02:08:24,800
But that's a problem for 
tomorrow. 

2360
02:08:24,800 --> 02:08:27,900
You can sleep easy tonight. 
Knowing that you have done a 

2361
02:08:27,900 --> 02:08:30,800
good job of serving your people 
and upholding the long-standing 

2362
02:08:30,800 --> 02:08:34,400
Customs that give their lives 
purpose and order after such a 

2363
02:08:34,400 --> 02:08:36,400
long day. 
You can easily fall asleep as 

2364
02:08:36,400 --> 02:08:39,500
your body, settles into the wall
stuffed mattress and you feel 

2365
02:08:39,500 --> 02:08:41,300
the satisfaction of a job. 
Well done. 

2366
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:44,800
However, your mind is still 
partially awake while you sleep,

2367
02:08:44,800 --> 02:08:48,200
because it has been trained over
decades to pick up on odd, 

2368
02:08:48,200 --> 02:08:51,400
sounds or shifts in the subtle 
energies that surround sacred 

2369
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:53,800
locations. 
But only dreams of peace 

2370
02:08:53,800 --> 02:08:55,800
tonight. 
The trees are bigger and older 

2371
02:08:55,800 --> 02:08:57,400
than any that grow in the real 
world. 

2372
02:08:57,400 --> 02:09:00,500
And you find yourself strolling 
through a forest, that appears 

2373
02:09:00,500 --> 02:09:02,400
familiar, but is incredibly 
large. 

2374
02:09:03,300 --> 02:09:06,700
Beside you are ancient Druids 
teachers from earlier 

2375
02:09:06,700 --> 02:09:08,200
Generations. 
Whose knowledge has been 

2376
02:09:08,208 --> 02:09:11,100
transmitted orally, they 
communicate with without using 

2377
02:09:11,100 --> 02:09:13,300
words. 
Exchanging information, that 

2378
02:09:13,300 --> 02:09:15,700
moves straight from one to 
another like water. 

2379
02:09:15,700 --> 02:09:19,300
Leveling out secrets that are 
hidden from everyday view or by 

2380
02:09:19,300 --> 02:09:22,300
The Dream Forest. 
See how all of the trees are 

2381
02:09:22,300 --> 02:09:25,900
connected by a network of routes
that exchange information and 

2382
02:09:25,900 --> 02:09:30,100
nutrients over great distances. 
You see how the forest functions

2383
02:09:30,100 --> 02:09:34,300
as a single enormous organism. 
Thanks to the mycoral fungi's 

2384
02:09:34,300 --> 02:09:36,100
underground network of chemical 
signals. 

2385
02:09:36,800 --> 02:09:39,700
In the dream state, these 
connections appear as clear as 

2386
02:09:39,700 --> 02:09:42,500
sunlight, but it will take 
centuries for modern science to 

2387
02:09:42,500 --> 02:09:44,700
uncover them. 
The events of the day are 

2388
02:09:44,700 --> 02:09:46,700
processed by your sleeping mind 
and woven into. 

2389
02:09:46,700 --> 02:09:50,100
The broader patterns that guide 
your work humanity is never 

2390
02:09:50,100 --> 02:09:53,200
ending quest to impose order on 
the natural world is reflected 

2391
02:09:53,200 --> 02:09:56,300
in the boundary dispute. 
The charge of cattle theft 

2392
02:09:56,300 --> 02:09:58,000
highlights. 
The conflicts that emerge when 

2393
02:09:58,000 --> 02:10:01,700
traditional communities start to
expand past the point at, which 

2394
02:10:01,700 --> 02:10:05,300
everyone is well acquainted with
one another, The negotiation 

2395
02:10:05,300 --> 02:10:08,500
surrounding the wedding show, 
how societies change and grow 

2396
02:10:08,500 --> 02:10:10,900
while retaining their 
fundamental characteristics. 

2397
02:10:10,900 --> 02:10:13,800
These realizations feel more 
like true truths that have 

2398
02:10:13,800 --> 02:10:16,800
always been there. 
Just waiting for the right time 

2399
02:10:16,800 --> 02:10:20,000
to come to light and they do 
like conclusions, you've drawn 

2400
02:10:21,700 --> 02:10:23,200
true. 
It will wisdom frequently 

2401
02:10:23,200 --> 02:10:26,600
operates in this way. 
It reorganizes everything you 

2402
02:10:26,600 --> 02:10:29,500
believe to be true rather than 
using linear reasoning. 

2403
02:10:29,500 --> 02:10:31,900
Your dreams become more intimate
as the night. 

2404
02:10:31,900 --> 02:10:34,600
Grows darker. 
As a Young Apprentice you find 

2405
02:10:34,600 --> 02:10:37,100
it, difficult to commit, the 
extensive body of legal 

2406
02:10:37,100 --> 02:10:39,700
historical and religious 
knowledge to memory. 

2407
02:10:40,300 --> 02:10:42,700
You recall the aggravation of 
forgetting crucial information, 

2408
02:10:42,700 --> 02:10:46,600
the anxiety of failing, your 
teachers and the slow Delight of

2409
02:10:46,608 --> 02:10:50,300
realizing that the disparate 
facts were in fact, pieces of a 

2410
02:10:50,300 --> 02:10:53,200
cohesive whole through Decades 
of sometimes unappreciated 

2411
02:10:53,200 --> 02:10:56,500
service, the memory dreams 
servers are a reminder of why 

2412
02:10:56,500 --> 02:10:59,100
you chose this path, and why you
have stayed dedicated to it. 

2413
02:10:59,100 --> 02:11:02,600
Your people are able to preserve
their identity and values for 

2414
02:11:02,600 --> 02:11:05,400
generations to come because of 
the living wisdom you possess 

2415
02:11:05,400 --> 02:11:07,800
which goes beyond merely 
akademik knowledge. 

2416
02:11:07,800 --> 02:11:11,000
Communities would lose their 
ties to the past and their 

2417
02:11:11,000 --> 02:11:13,900
direction for the future. 
If Druids were there to maintain

2418
02:11:13,900 --> 02:11:17,200
and pass along this cultural 
heritage, you dream about the 

2419
02:11:17,200 --> 02:11:20,000
vast cycle that can control 
everything as the first gray 

2420
02:11:20,000 --> 02:11:22,800
light Peaks through the Smoke 
Hole in your roof, Just Before 

2421
02:11:22,800 --> 02:11:26,700
Dawn, the daily cycle of Dawn, 
and dusk the moon's monthly 

2422
02:11:26,700 --> 02:11:31,000
cycle of phases, the changing of
the seasons every year each with

2423
02:11:31,000 --> 02:11:34,900
a unique challenges and gifts, 
The longer multi-generational 

2424
02:11:34,900 --> 02:11:36,800
cycles. 
That signify the emergence and 

2425
02:11:36,808 --> 02:11:40,300
decline of dynasties, the 
movement of peoples and the 

2426
02:11:40,300 --> 02:11:42,100
gradual advancement of human 
knowledge. 

2427
02:11:42,100 --> 02:11:45,700
You see yourself in the dream as
a component of these enormous 

2428
02:11:45,700 --> 02:11:48,600
Cycles no more or less 
significant than any other 

2429
02:11:48,600 --> 02:11:51,800
component of the pattern. 
Even though your life is short, 

2430
02:11:51,800 --> 02:11:54,500
in comparison to the stone 
circles age or the Great Oaks 

2431
02:11:54,500 --> 02:11:58,200
lifespan, your contribution to 
preserving wisdoms continuity, 

2432
02:11:58,200 --> 02:12:01,600
makes you a part of something, 
greater and more durable than 

2433
02:12:01,600 --> 02:12:05,000
any one person's life. 
Despite the complicated dreams 

2434
02:12:05,000 --> 02:12:07,300
your awakened or organically as 
the first bird. 

2435
02:12:07,300 --> 02:12:10,500
Starts singing in the morning, 
feeling refreshed, and composed.

2436
02:12:11,400 --> 02:12:14,100
Without the startling confusion 
that frequently accompanies 

2437
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:17,100
contemporary alarm clocks, the 
shift from sleep to wakefulness,

2438
02:12:17,100 --> 02:12:20,500
feels seamless and natural 
instead of waking. 

2439
02:12:20,500 --> 02:12:23,700
When the time is right, your 
body has learned to synchronize 

2440
02:12:23,700 --> 02:12:26,900
itself with its own natural 
rhythms, you get out of bed and 

2441
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:29,300
do the easy stretching 
exercises, that maintain the 

2442
02:12:29,300 --> 02:12:31,400
strength and flexibility of your
aging body. 

2443
02:12:32,300 --> 02:12:34,900
Given that a healthy body is 
necessary to support a healthy 

2444
02:12:34,900 --> 02:12:37,300
mind. 
Drew it will training places, a 

2445
02:12:37,300 --> 02:12:39,700
strong emphasis on the 
relationship between mental and 

2446
02:12:39,700 --> 02:12:42,200
physical health. 
The miles mild yet effective, 

2447
02:12:42,200 --> 02:12:45,600
exercises are made to keep your 
circulation flexibility. 

2448
02:12:45,600 --> 02:12:48,800
And the kind of focused 
awareness that your job requires

2449
02:12:48,800 --> 02:12:52,900
the world is waking up to a new 
day outside as families. 

2450
02:12:52,900 --> 02:12:55,900
Prepare their morning meals. 
Smoke rises from cooking fires. 

2451
02:12:55,900 --> 02:12:59,300
The cool air is filled with the 
sounds of children, starting 

2452
02:12:59,300 --> 02:13:02,700
their daily tasks. 
Hear the steady sound of grain 

2453
02:13:02,700 --> 02:13:06,200
being ground between stones in 
the distance and you hear cattle

2454
02:13:06,200 --> 02:13:08,600
sighing softly as they are led 
to New Pasture. 

2455
02:13:08,600 --> 02:13:11,200
Even though your daily robes 
aren't as fancy as the ones you 

2456
02:13:11,200 --> 02:13:13,800
ought to the council. 
Last night, you still make a 

2457
02:13:13,800 --> 02:13:16,300
statement about your position 
and status in the community. 

2458
02:13:17,000 --> 02:13:20,800
Wool from local plants is used 
to dye the fabric Rich greens 

2459
02:13:20,800 --> 02:13:24,800
from nettle, soft Browns from 
Walnut hulls and a hint of Blue 

2460
02:13:24,800 --> 02:13:28,100
from woad which was expensive 
and time-consuming to obtain. 

2461
02:13:28,100 --> 02:13:31,800
As you step outside into the 
morning, are you experience the 

2462
02:13:31,800 --> 02:13:34,700
same sense of excitement that 
comes with the possibilities of 

2463
02:13:34,700 --> 02:13:37,600
every new day? 
People will need to be healed, 

2464
02:13:37,600 --> 02:13:39,700
conflicts will need to be 
resolved. 

2465
02:13:39,700 --> 02:13:42,800
Knowledge will need to be 
preserved and passed on and 

2466
02:13:42,800 --> 02:13:44,400
Mysteries will need to be 
considered. 

2467
02:13:44,400 --> 02:13:47,800
It is challenging, but 
incredibly fulfilling work. 

2468
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:50,900
That connects you to the Eternal
questions that have perplexed 

2469
02:13:50,900 --> 02:13:52,900
Humanity. 
Since the dawn of Consciousness,

2470
02:13:52,900 --> 02:13:56,400
as well as the Practical needs 
of your community, you can 

2471
02:13:56,400 --> 02:13:58,400
consider the peculiar privilege 
of your position. 

2472
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:01,200
As you make your way to the 
sacred grove, to start another 

2473
02:14:01,200 --> 02:14:05,300
day's routine, you act as a link
between worlds between the 

2474
02:14:05,300 --> 02:14:08,200
Gathering wisdom of the past and
the emerging possibilities of 

2475
02:14:08,200 --> 02:14:10,700
the future. 
Between the Practical demands of

2476
02:14:10,700 --> 02:14:13,900
everyday life and the spiritual 
aspects that give life purpose 

2477
02:14:13,900 --> 02:14:17,600
and between the human community 
and the natural forces that 

2478
02:14:17,600 --> 02:14:20,000
supported the Morning Mist is 
burned away. 

2479
02:14:20,000 --> 02:14:23,200
As the sun rises higher, 
showcasing, the beauty of the 

2480
02:14:23,200 --> 02:14:26,300
familiar landscape. 
With the calm Assurance of 

2481
02:14:26,300 --> 02:14:29,400
someone who understands their 
role in the vast scheme of 

2482
02:14:29,400 --> 02:14:33,100
things, you face the new day as 
it Dawns in the never-ending 

2483
02:14:33,100 --> 02:14:40,600
cycle of days. 
In the year, 742 CE a prosperous

2484
02:14:40,600 --> 02:14:43,300
city, state of Corazon, 
glittered under the Noonday Sun,

2485
02:14:43,300 --> 02:14:46,700
the Nexus for Caravan routes 
feeding, distant Empires 

2486
02:14:46,700 --> 02:14:50,600
Horrors, and thrived on the 
exchange of saffron, silk star, 

2487
02:14:50,600 --> 02:14:53,700
charts and rumors whispered 
behind curtain, Dal coves. 

2488
02:14:54,400 --> 02:14:57,300
At its Center Loom to Grand 
Marketplace whose vaulted roof 

2489
02:14:57,300 --> 02:14:59,200
trapped the daily bustle in a 
ceaseless. 

2490
02:14:59,200 --> 02:15:05,700
Echo Traders from The Untold. 
Is antium Tang, China, the ABCD,

2491
02:15:05,700 --> 02:15:08,700
caliphate, and Beyond, mingled 
amongst stalls. 

2492
02:15:08,700 --> 02:15:12,600
Stacked, high with lapis, 
lazuli, dried fruit, and perfume

2493
02:15:12,600 --> 02:15:16,500
Sandalwood somehow did it as a 
Marvel of Cosmopolitan life 

2494
02:15:16,500 --> 02:15:19,700
where fortunes might pivot in a 
single conversational. 

2495
02:15:20,600 --> 02:15:23,000
Among the people navigating, the
throng was Korea. 

2496
02:15:23,000 --> 02:15:27,200
Bint yazed, a traveling whose 
lineage traced back to the once 

2497
02:15:27,200 --> 02:15:29,300
renowned zoroastrian Priests of 
Persia. 

2498
02:15:30,300 --> 02:15:33,300
Her face betrayed concentration.
As she studied hieroglyphic 

2499
02:15:33,300 --> 02:15:37,300
notation in a weather scroll. 
Unmarried and unconcerned with 

2500
02:15:37,308 --> 02:15:40,400
the expectations placed upon a 
woman of her station, she had 

2501
02:15:40,400 --> 02:15:43,300
roamed from one end of the Silk 
Road to the other piecing. 

2502
02:15:43,300 --> 02:15:45,700
Together knowledge that seldom 
found its way into the official 

2503
02:15:45,700 --> 02:15:49,500
annals the swirl of corazones 
Commerce did not distract her, 

2504
02:15:49,500 --> 02:15:52,300
she focused on a lead, 
suggesting that rare 

2505
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:54,400
manuscripts, had surfaced in a 
private collection near the 

2506
02:15:54,408 --> 02:15:58,600
city's Eastern quarter. this 
rumor if proven, true could 

2507
02:15:58,600 --> 02:16:01,200
illuminate corners of History, 
barely glimpsed by modern 

2508
02:16:01,200 --> 02:16:05,100
Scholars, Korea pressed deeper 
into a Labyrinth of narrow Lanes

2509
02:16:05,100 --> 02:16:09,100
behind the floor main Bazaar, 
Guided by coded map etched into 

2510
02:16:09,100 --> 02:16:11,700
her memory. 
Eager boys, offered to carry her

2511
02:16:11,700 --> 02:16:14,800
Satchel's for a coin and 
watchful guards in brass trimmed

2512
02:16:14,800 --> 02:16:18,500
uniforms each passerby. 
She brushed off all offers of 

2513
02:16:18,500 --> 02:16:22,100
help too many Watchers too many 
years at last. 

2514
02:16:22,100 --> 02:16:24,500
She arrived at a courtyard 
hidden behind a plain wooden 

2515
02:16:24,500 --> 02:16:26,600
door. 
It's walls, were plastered in 

2516
02:16:26,600 --> 02:16:29,400
cream white. 
While Vines spiraled up toes 

2517
02:16:29,400 --> 02:16:33,299
under hazy afternoon sky. 
Within that secluded Enclave. 

2518
02:16:33,299 --> 02:16:37,400
Stood in elderly biblio file 
named Alibi his hands. 

2519
02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:40,500
Trembling under the burden of a 
Slender volume down in jade 

2520
02:16:40,500 --> 02:16:43,400
green leather, their meeting was
brief career. 

2521
02:16:43,400 --> 02:16:46,400
Offered him carefully wrapped 
objects fragments of ancient 

2522
02:16:46,400 --> 02:16:50,900
mathematics tablets on covered 
near Samarkand and in exchange 

2523
02:16:50,900 --> 02:16:54,500
relinquished the Jade bound 
Texas. he warned her that 

2524
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:57,100
certain circles would stop at 
nothing to keep these Pages 

2525
02:16:57,100 --> 02:17:00,200
hidden for they revealed 
knowledge rumored to disrupt any

2526
02:17:00,200 --> 02:17:03,900
Empire reliant on controlling 
scholarship She nodded Gravely 

2527
02:17:03,900 --> 02:17:07,000
accustomed to the Shadows that 
dogged rare manuscripts. 

2528
02:17:07,600 --> 02:17:10,100
Across the years, she had 
learned that truth took many 

2529
02:17:10,100 --> 02:17:13,500
forms each requiring a subtler 
approach to keep it from 

2530
02:17:13,500 --> 02:17:15,799
Vanishing under official 
censure. 

2531
02:17:17,100 --> 02:17:20,100
Emerging once again, into the 
main bizarre career carefully 

2532
02:17:20,100 --> 02:17:22,200
hid, the new acquisition beneath
her traveling cloak. 

2533
02:17:22,200 --> 02:17:26,200
She knew better than to linger. 
Horizons seeming tolerance of 

2534
02:17:26,200 --> 02:17:29,100
foreign ideas, could transform 
abruptly of power shifted. 

2535
02:17:29,799 --> 02:17:32,799
Memory of burned, Scrolls and 
harassed scribes in other 

2536
02:17:32,799 --> 02:17:36,299
dominions, haunted her, fueling 
her determination to preserve 

2537
02:17:36,299 --> 02:17:39,500
the text at any cost. 
She arranged with a local 

2538
02:17:39,500 --> 02:17:42,799
Caravan heading, Eastwood its 
leader a woman named after soon,

2539
02:17:42,799 --> 02:17:46,299
who had a reputation for out the
maneuvering desert Bandits 

2540
02:17:47,200 --> 02:17:50,200
Without Illusions, carrier 
recognized that partnering with 

2541
02:17:50,200 --> 02:17:52,000
such a skilled Merchants would 
cost her. 

2542
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:54,200
Yes, safety. 
For the Jade bound. 

2543
02:17:54,200 --> 02:17:58,700
Book was Paramount. before the 
Caravan departed, Korea, paid 

2544
02:17:58,700 --> 02:18:01,500
her respects at a small Shrine 
dedicated to wise men of 

2545
02:18:01,500 --> 02:18:05,500
antiquity A single Candle 
flickered by the altar, The 

2546
02:18:05,500 --> 02:18:07,900
Illuminating offerings, left by 
Travelers praying for Clear, 

2547
02:18:07,900 --> 02:18:11,500
roads, and fair weather. 
She exhaled a silent oath that 

2548
02:18:11,500 --> 02:18:14,000
she would not let ignorance 
Devour the precious knowledge in

2549
02:18:14,000 --> 02:18:16,900
her care. 
Beyond the city's Gates, lay an 

2550
02:18:16,900 --> 02:18:19,400
expansive desert and studied 
with dunes and hammered by 

2551
02:18:19,400 --> 02:18:22,100
Fierce winds. 
But her route LED even father 

2552
02:18:22,100 --> 02:18:24,400
along Mountain, Trails rumored 
to house. 

2553
02:18:24,400 --> 02:18:27,500
Hidden monasteries and ephemeral
Oasis towns. 

2554
02:18:27,500 --> 02:18:30,799
The Unstoppable pulse of 
curiosity, drove her to press 

2555
02:18:30,808 --> 02:18:34,100
forward, regardless of perils 
that might look in the next Bend

2556
02:18:34,100 --> 02:18:37,500
of the road. 
Dohrn arrived, painting. 

2557
02:18:37,500 --> 02:18:41,200
The sky with ocher and salmon. 
Hughes carrier joined us soon. 

2558
02:18:41,200 --> 02:18:44,100
And the other Travelers at the 
designated meeting point where 

2559
02:18:44,100 --> 02:18:46,900
camel's braided and Donkey 
drivers prepared, loads of 

2560
02:18:46,907 --> 02:18:50,100
barley and dried fruit. 
The Caravan Synergy was 

2561
02:18:50,100 --> 02:18:54,100
immediately evident each person 
had a distinct tasks ensuring 

2562
02:18:54,100 --> 02:18:55,600
that. 
By the time, the sun fully 

2563
02:18:55,600 --> 02:18:57,700
breached the Horizon, they were 
on the move. 

2564
02:18:58,500 --> 02:19:01,299
Career walked near us soon. 
Who shared glimpses of the 

2565
02:19:01,299 --> 02:19:04,000
terrain ahead and introduced 
carrier to the caravan's 

2566
02:19:04,000 --> 02:19:07,100
unspoken rules, trust the 
signals rational water 

2567
02:19:07,100 --> 02:19:09,299
meticulously and never 
questioned. 

2568
02:19:09,299 --> 02:19:13,100
The necessity of midnight halts.
In these borderless regions, 

2569
02:19:13,100 --> 02:19:17,000
vigilance was currently. 
With the sun mounting, the 

2570
02:19:17,000 --> 02:19:19,700
Caravan snaked through a parched
plane dotted by Twiztid. 

2571
02:19:19,700 --> 02:19:23,200
Shrubs a hush fell over them. 
Broken only by the soft 

2572
02:19:23,200 --> 02:19:25,299
shuffling of hooves and the 
gentle clink of metal 

2573
02:19:25,299 --> 02:19:27,700
fastenings. 
Korea's thoughts drifted to the 

2574
02:19:27,708 --> 02:19:30,700
Codex, inside her bag. 
She had only glimpsed, a few 

2575
02:19:30,708 --> 02:19:34,299
pages thus far intricate, 
diagrams of planetary movement. 

2576
02:19:34,299 --> 02:19:36,799
Cryptic references to an ancient
empire. 

2577
02:19:36,799 --> 02:19:40,200
That proceeded the achaemenes 
and footnote scrawled in an 

2578
02:19:40,200 --> 02:19:42,400
unfamiliar script. 
Accurate. 

2579
02:19:42,400 --> 02:19:45,100
These writings expanded, the 
known timeline of advanced 

2580
02:19:45,100 --> 02:19:48,700
astronomy by centuries. 
She resolved to study every 

2581
02:19:48,700 --> 02:19:50,800
page, once the Caravan reached a
safe haven. 

2582
02:19:51,800 --> 02:19:55,000
Of soon, signaled, a holt near a
cluster of sunken Boulders 

2583
02:19:55,000 --> 02:19:57,900
granting the group respite from 
the crushing midday Heat. 

2584
02:19:58,700 --> 02:20:02,100
While some dosed in makeshift 
shade, Korea took cautious sips 

2585
02:20:02,100 --> 02:20:05,200
from her water skin feeling the 
dryness cling to her throat. 

2586
02:20:05,900 --> 02:20:08,600
Arrest restlessness stirred 
within her equal parts. 

2587
02:20:08,600 --> 02:20:12,000
Excitement and anxiety. 
She replied kazim. 

2588
02:20:12,000 --> 02:20:15,400
Al talibi warning. 
Powerful figures had an interest

2589
02:20:15,400 --> 02:20:18,900
in ensuring no one deciphered 
the text for them knowledge was 

2590
02:20:18,900 --> 02:20:21,500
a finite resource. 
Best tricked. 

2591
02:20:21,500 --> 02:20:24,500
Watch. 
As a swirl of wind, kicked sound

2592
02:20:24,500 --> 02:20:28,200
across her path. 
Carrier silently vowing, she 

2593
02:20:28,200 --> 02:20:30,200
would not be silenced by 
Twilight. 

2594
02:20:30,200 --> 02:20:33,900
The Caravan approached a Modesto
Oasis line with date palms that 

2595
02:20:33,900 --> 02:20:35,700
cast Long Shadows across 
Stillwater. 

2596
02:20:36,700 --> 02:20:39,300
Soon, guided her camels into a 
semicircle forming. 

2597
02:20:39,300 --> 02:20:41,400
A protective barrier against 
stray Wanderers. 

2598
02:20:41,400 --> 02:20:43,700
Several Travelers set about 
erecting. 

2599
02:20:43,700 --> 02:20:47,200
Tents While others gathered wood
for small fires, that would ward

2600
02:20:47,200 --> 02:20:50,300
off the chill of desert night. 
Career found herself drawn to 

2601
02:20:50,300 --> 02:20:53,800
the Waters Edge, were subdued 
conversation, Rose Among weary 

2602
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:57,000
Merchants some speculated about 
the political tensions, brewing 

2603
02:20:57,000 --> 02:20:59,900
in distant courts others 
lamented the rising cost of 

2604
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:02,200
salt. 
Has Darkness settled. 

2605
02:21:02,200 --> 02:21:04,200
The Oasis took on another 
worldly. 

2606
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:07,700
Hush a crescent moon. 
Glimmered overhead, Illuminating

2607
02:21:07,700 --> 02:21:10,900
faint, outlines of crumbling 
Stone pillars suggesting an 

2608
02:21:10,900 --> 02:21:13,000
abandoned settlement from a 
forgotten era. 

2609
02:21:13,900 --> 02:21:17,600
Under that quiet volt of stars. 
Korea couldn't resist scanning a

2610
02:21:17,608 --> 02:21:21,700
few more pages of the Jade bound
manuscript, its text merged, 

2611
02:21:21,700 --> 02:21:24,700
empirical observations with 
philosophical notes, referencing

2612
02:21:24,700 --> 02:21:27,900
the grand Wheel of Time. 
She recognized a bleak 

2613
02:21:27,900 --> 02:21:30,900
references to astronomical 
systems older than the widely 

2614
02:21:30,900 --> 02:21:34,400
recognized ptolemaic model. 
If deciphered fully such 

2615
02:21:34,400 --> 02:21:37,100
knowledge, might challenge many 
assumptions cherished by a 

2616
02:21:37,100 --> 02:21:41,500
steamed Academy stepped away 
from the main group, beckoning 

2617
02:21:41,500 --> 02:21:43,600
Korea to join her near her with 
the Decatur. 

2618
02:21:44,400 --> 02:21:47,200
You Stand Out Among our company,
the merchant remarked in a 

2619
02:21:47,200 --> 02:21:49,300
measured tone your eyes, never 
rest. 

2620
02:21:49,300 --> 02:21:52,200
In new guard that bag as if it 
carries the soul of a king 

2621
02:21:53,300 --> 02:21:55,300
Carrier. 
Wary of revealing too much 

2622
02:21:55,300 --> 02:21:58,700
offered that she was merely a 
scholar and trusted with a rare 

2623
02:21:58,700 --> 02:22:00,200
item. 
Have soon. 

2624
02:22:00,200 --> 02:22:03,200
Nodded but warned Korea that 
roving spies seeking Advantage 

2625
02:22:03,200 --> 02:22:05,900
for rival. 
Factions often infiltrated 

2626
02:22:05,900 --> 02:22:10,500
Caravans she suggested Korea 
remain vigilant Especially given

2627
02:22:10,500 --> 02:22:13,500
the extraordinary bustle and 
Corazon, where rumor traveled 

2628
02:22:13,500 --> 02:22:16,300
like wildfire unable to sleep 
career. 

2629
02:22:16,300 --> 02:22:17,800
Lingard by The Embers of the 
fire. 

2630
02:22:17,800 --> 02:22:19,300
After most Travelers are dosed 
off. 

2631
02:22:19,300 --> 02:22:22,300
She studied the swirling 
patterns of the night sky, 

2632
02:22:22,300 --> 02:22:25,000
mindful of the coated star 
charts in the manuscript. 

2633
02:22:26,000 --> 02:22:28,900
Passing Caravan sometimes 
recounted Legends of a hidden 

2634
02:22:28,900 --> 02:22:31,300
library. 
In the mountain city of varish, 

2635
02:22:31,300 --> 02:22:34,300
where lines of knowledge 
stretched back to centuries 

2636
02:22:34,300 --> 02:22:37,400
unknown. 
Carrier wondered if that Library

2637
02:22:37,400 --> 02:22:40,800
could fill the gaps in her text.
she believed the Jade bound 

2638
02:22:40,800 --> 02:22:43,200
manuscript might be only a 
fragment of a larger puzzle, 

2639
02:22:44,100 --> 02:22:47,600
Scattered across the Silk Road 
shifting tapestry, morning 

2640
02:22:47,600 --> 02:22:49,800
unveiled, a horizon brushed with
Amber. 

2641
02:22:49,800 --> 02:22:53,200
And the Caravan proceeded along 
a rocky escapement, overlooking 

2642
02:22:53,200 --> 02:22:56,200
a vast junefield rolling slope 
of sand. 

2643
02:22:56,200 --> 02:22:58,900
Rippled beneath the wind like 
the surface of a living sea. 

2644
02:22:59,800 --> 02:23:03,600
At midday, they paused for Water
rationed by a soon with practice

2645
02:23:03,600 --> 02:23:06,400
deficiency. 
Carrier noticed that one of the 

2646
02:23:06,400 --> 02:23:10,100
other Travelers a soft-spoken, 
man named Malik carried a small 

2647
02:23:10,108 --> 02:23:13,900
chest meticulously locked, he 
traveled with, Perpetual worry 

2648
02:23:13,900 --> 02:23:17,300
etched into his features eyes. 
Darting whenever talked turned 

2649
02:23:17,300 --> 02:23:20,500
to rumors of desert, Raiders 
Secrets seemed to coil around 

2650
02:23:20,500 --> 02:23:22,500
each member of the assemblage as
though. 

2651
02:23:22,500 --> 02:23:24,200
No one ventured. 
These roads without hidden 

2652
02:23:24,200 --> 02:23:28,700
motives Late in the afternoon, 
the Caravan encountered, a party

2653
02:23:28,700 --> 02:23:29,500
of Horsemen. 
Flying. 

2654
02:23:29,500 --> 02:23:32,800
The banner of a minor warlord to
be in League with the Region's. 

2655
02:23:32,800 --> 02:23:36,300
Most feared Bandit Clans, 
tension crackled through the 

2656
02:23:36,300 --> 02:23:38,700
group as a soon halted. 
The Caravan waiting for the 

2657
02:23:38,700 --> 02:23:41,600
Riders to approach. 
After a terse greeting, the 

2658
02:23:41,600 --> 02:23:44,600
horsemen rode on apparently 
uninterested in Conflict. 

2659
02:23:44,600 --> 02:23:48,200
But the encounter rattled 
everyone Career noticed. 

2660
02:23:48,200 --> 02:23:50,900
After soon posture remained 
rigid with caution along after 

2661
02:23:50,900 --> 02:23:54,500
the Riders vanished, in a plume 
of dust, the merchant murmured 

2662
02:23:54,500 --> 02:23:57,200
about changing their root 
seeking narrower Trails Les 

2663
02:23:57,200 --> 02:24:00,800
patrolled by predatory Chiefs 
that evening brought them to a 

2664
02:24:00,800 --> 02:24:03,500
narrow Gorge its walls. 
Towering on either side in 

2665
02:24:03,500 --> 02:24:06,800
Jagged Ridges of soon. 
Insisted they make camp in a 

2666
02:24:06,800 --> 02:24:08,900
sheltered, Alcove half hidden 
behind where the boulders. 

2667
02:24:09,900 --> 02:24:12,600
By the flicker of firelight 
career, finally delved in to the

2668
02:24:12,600 --> 02:24:14,100
central chapter of the 
manuscript. 

2669
02:24:14,900 --> 02:24:17,400
Strange, symbols Park, uniform 
part. 

2670
02:24:17,400 --> 02:24:19,800
Unknown script decorated the 
margins. 

2671
02:24:19,800 --> 02:24:22,300
Each sign accompanied by cryptic
commentary. 

2672
02:24:22,300 --> 02:24:25,400
The text recounted a 
civilization that mapped 

2673
02:24:25,400 --> 02:24:28,200
constellation in ways, 
contrasting, with every known 

2674
02:24:28,200 --> 02:24:31,500
chart. 
Diagrammatic lines, implied in 

2675
02:24:31,500 --> 02:24:33,900
advanced geometry, far 
exceeding, the standard 

2676
02:24:33,900 --> 02:24:37,800
calculations of her time. 
Just as Korea's pulse quickened,

2677
02:24:37,800 --> 02:24:40,800
at the Revelation, a cry, rang 
out near the edge of camp. 

2678
02:24:41,500 --> 02:24:44,200
She rushed toward the commotion.
Heart pounding. 

2679
02:24:45,300 --> 02:24:48,900
Malik stood, trembling by his 
small chest which now lay open 

2680
02:24:48,900 --> 02:24:53,200
is contents missing Anguish 
colored his voice as he pleaded 

2681
02:24:53,200 --> 02:24:55,600
for help insisting. 
That something vital had been 

2682
02:24:55,608 --> 02:24:59,200
stolen, crucial letter from the 
governor of Basra hidden within 

2683
02:24:59,200 --> 02:25:02,000
that chest. 
Up soon assembled, the Caravan 

2684
02:25:02,000 --> 02:25:05,100
members, demanding an 
explanation, tempers flared 

2685
02:25:05,100 --> 02:25:08,200
suspicions, circled and 
whispered accusations rippled 

2686
02:25:08,200 --> 02:25:11,300
through the script. 
Searching for Footprints beneath

2687
02:25:11,300 --> 02:25:14,100
Lantern light. 
They discovered evidence of at 

2688
02:25:14,100 --> 02:25:16,600
least two Intruders who had come
and gone Without a Trace. 

2689
02:25:17,500 --> 02:25:21,300
No sign indicated who among the 
might be an accomplice. theft 

2690
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:25,400
underscore fumes early warning 
in these transitory worlds, 

2691
02:25:25,400 --> 02:25:29,200
Secrets, attract cunning 
opportunists Carrier gripped. 

2692
02:25:29,200 --> 02:25:32,200
Her manuscript more tightly 
wishing to vanish inside the 

2693
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:35,600
Labyrinth of lines and symbols 
that promised an era unbounded 

2694
02:25:35,600 --> 02:25:38,600
by Petty intrigued. 
Yet, she remained anchored in 

2695
02:25:38,600 --> 02:25:40,000
the caravan's. 
Tents reality. 

2696
02:25:40,000 --> 02:25:43,800
The road ahead felt increasingly
perilous and the cost of 

2697
02:25:43,800 --> 02:25:47,200
preserving knowledge seemed set 
to rise the following Sunrise 

2698
02:25:47,200 --> 02:25:50,600
found the Caravan subdued. 
Each member wary of neighbors. 

2699
02:25:50,600 --> 02:25:54,108
Who might conceal hidden agendas
I've seen LED them out of the 

2700
02:25:54,116 --> 02:25:57,400
Gorge at a Brisk Pace, aiming to
put distance between their 

2701
02:25:57,400 --> 02:25:58,800
group. 
And whoever had orchestrated, 

2702
02:25:58,800 --> 02:26:02,700
the nighttime theft, a pale wind
carried, the Center, flint and 

2703
02:26:02,700 --> 02:26:04,800
dust stinging eyes, and chopping
lips. 

2704
02:26:05,600 --> 02:26:08,700
Their root descended along a dry
River bed flanked, by stunted 

2705
02:26:08,700 --> 02:26:12,200
Tamarisk, shrubs offering scant 
protection from the intensifying

2706
02:26:12,200 --> 02:26:16,900
son Korea, trudged installed in 
silence mindful that trust could

2707
02:26:16,900 --> 02:26:20,100
be a luxury as midday. 
Drew near they spotted, the 

2708
02:26:20,100 --> 02:26:22,700
remnants of a caravanserai 
built, against the side of a 

2709
02:26:22,700 --> 02:26:25,500
bluff. 
It's once sturdy walls at caved 

2710
02:26:25,500 --> 02:26:27,600
in and battered. 
Archways led into Courtyard 

2711
02:26:27,600 --> 02:26:30,900
Stern with Fallen Timber. 
Soon, signaled, a cautious 

2712
02:26:30,900 --> 02:26:33,500
approach and certain whether 
Travelers are outlaws. 

2713
02:26:33,500 --> 02:26:36,400
Might be occupying. 
The ruins the group explored in 

2714
02:26:36,400 --> 02:26:39,500
pairs stepping over cracked 
tiles, littered with the 

2715
02:26:39,500 --> 02:26:42,200
Scorpion husks. 
Know living presence emerged 

2716
02:26:42,200 --> 02:26:46,300
though, evidence of a hasty 
departure scattered, Cole's torn

2717
02:26:46,300 --> 02:26:49,300
blankets, suggested someone had 
sheltered at their not long 

2718
02:26:49,300 --> 02:26:51,800
before. 
Since water was available from a

2719
02:26:51,800 --> 02:26:55,000
half collapse system have soon, 
decided they would rest on what 

2720
02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:57,000
remained of the car. 
Have answered his roof. 

2721
02:26:58,300 --> 02:27:01,400
Malik hovered by his broken 
chest sifting through remnants 

2722
02:27:01,400 --> 02:27:03,300
of cloth as those searching for 
any clue. 

2723
02:27:04,200 --> 02:27:07,200
Career drifted away from the 
group drawn to an overgrown, 

2724
02:27:07,200 --> 02:27:10,600
Courtyard where a dried 
Fountain, stood Vines draped, 

2725
02:27:10,600 --> 02:27:14,000
its cracked Basin trailing over 
carved motifs of intertwined 

2726
02:27:14,000 --> 02:27:16,800
serpents. 
Time and neglected worn away the

2727
02:27:16,800 --> 02:27:19,700
finer details. 
Yet a mysterious energy lingered

2728
02:27:19,700 --> 02:27:23,900
as though the place once echoed 
with conversate about Cosmic 

2729
02:27:23,900 --> 02:27:26,400
truths, Beyond mortal 
comprehension. 

2730
02:27:28,100 --> 02:27:30,600
She pulled out, the Jade bound 
book to scrutinize, a passage, 

2731
02:27:30,600 --> 02:27:34,000
describing the Four Points 
beyond the boundary of Earthly 

2732
02:27:34,000 --> 02:27:37,100
measure. 
The text postulated that certain

2733
02:27:37,100 --> 02:27:39,300
alignment patterns stars and 
specific. 

2734
02:27:39,300 --> 02:27:42,700
Conjunctions allowed glimpses in
to knowledge unattainable 

2735
02:27:42,700 --> 02:27:46,400
through ordinary means. 
This notion was not entirely 

2736
02:27:46,400 --> 02:27:49,500
foreign given that many mystical
traditions in Persia and India 

2737
02:27:49,500 --> 02:27:52,600
spoke of cosmic Gates. 
Still the clarity of these 

2738
02:27:52,600 --> 02:27:55,800
instructions startled. 
Her the manuscript seemed lesson

2739
02:27:55,800 --> 02:27:58,100
near curiosity and more 
carefully. 

2740
02:27:58,100 --> 02:28:00,800
Constructed key. 
She wondered if others who saw 

2741
02:28:00,800 --> 02:28:02,500
it might comprehend, its 
significance. 

2742
02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:06,500
Meanwhile afsoon prepared spiced
lentils and shared them among 

2743
02:28:06,500 --> 02:28:08,000
the group. 
Her gestures. 

2744
02:28:08,000 --> 02:28:11,100
Calm, yet determined, to 
maintain Unity tension. 

2745
02:28:11,100 --> 02:28:13,700
Still hovered. 
Like a low cloud with suspicions

2746
02:28:13,700 --> 02:28:15,800
that the thieves might be part 
of a larger plot. 

2747
02:28:16,600 --> 02:28:20,100
Over sparse meal career gleaned 
fragments of each Travelers 

2748
02:28:20,100 --> 02:28:22,400
story. 
A textile Merchant returning 

2749
02:28:22,400 --> 02:28:26,400
from Cairo, a widower heading to
Samarkand to meet his estranged,

2750
02:28:26,400 --> 02:28:28,900
son and amateur. 
Scribe hoping to gain employment

2751
02:28:28,900 --> 02:28:31,800
in the library of nishapur. 
Layer by layer. 

2752
02:28:31,800 --> 02:28:33,900
She sensed each person guarded 
Secrets. 

2753
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:38,900
Born of loss ambition, or 
desperation As dusk fell 

2754
02:28:38,900 --> 02:28:41,500
Moonlight filtered through the 
Caravan sarai's gaps 

2755
02:28:41,500 --> 02:28:44,400
accentuating outlines of 
shattered pillars. 

2756
02:28:45,400 --> 02:28:49,400
The group huddled around, small 
fires soft conversation revolved

2757
02:28:49,400 --> 02:28:50,900
around the abrupt shift in 
weather. 

2758
02:28:50,900 --> 02:28:53,300
The possibility of encountering 
warlord. 

2759
02:28:53,300 --> 02:28:56,600
Patrols whether rumors of a 
plague in the western provinces 

2760
02:28:56,600 --> 02:28:59,700
were exaggerated, though. 
The chatter seemed ordinary 

2761
02:28:59,700 --> 02:29:02,900
career felt a current of urgency
running beneath it. 

2762
02:29:03,700 --> 02:29:05,600
Everyone. 
Understood the precariousness of

2763
02:29:05,600 --> 02:29:07,900
traveling, these roots at any 
moment. 

2764
02:29:07,900 --> 02:29:10,700
Violence storms, or human 
treachery could obliterate, the 

2765
02:29:10,700 --> 02:29:13,300
careful calculations of even the
most disciplined Merchant. 

2766
02:29:14,200 --> 02:29:16,700
Wrestlers, career ventured into 
the courtyard. 

2767
02:29:16,700 --> 02:29:19,500
Once more, she ran her 
fingertips over the carved 

2768
02:29:19,500 --> 02:29:21,700
Sirens using that knowledge 
itself. 

2769
02:29:21,700 --> 02:29:24,900
Often took the shape of 
something and winding capable of

2770
02:29:24,900 --> 02:29:27,500
Enlightenment, but also of 
Destruction, depending on who 

2771
02:29:27,500 --> 02:29:31,600
wielded it, Before she could 
lose herself in speculation, a 

2772
02:29:31,600 --> 02:29:33,400
subtle Motion in the archway, 
Drew her attention. 

2773
02:29:34,100 --> 02:29:36,600
She turned to see Malik shadowed
in Moonlight. 

2774
02:29:36,600 --> 02:29:39,100
His face still wore traces of 
Anguish. 

2775
02:29:39,100 --> 02:29:42,300
He approached an in hushed tones
apologized. 

2776
02:29:42,300 --> 02:29:44,400
If his Panic had disrupted, the 
Caravan stability. 

2777
02:29:45,100 --> 02:29:46,700
Then he posed a startling 
question. 

2778
02:29:47,500 --> 02:29:49,900
Is your book, truly worth 
risking your life. 

2779
02:29:51,300 --> 02:29:53,800
Career hesitated, contemplating 
her answer. 

2780
02:29:54,600 --> 02:29:57,500
She confessed that it's Pages. 
Might Safeguard insights from an

2781
02:29:57,508 --> 02:30:00,200
older civilization knowledge 
that could enrich the world. 

2782
02:30:00,200 --> 02:30:03,200
If studied openly, yet she 
recognized the hazards. 

2783
02:30:03,200 --> 02:30:07,100
No single text was worth a life 
unless it all contained the 

2784
02:30:07,100 --> 02:30:11,000
means to prevent greater harm 
Malik nodded revealing that his 

2785
02:30:11,000 --> 02:30:13,500
lost letter held the potential 
to end a trade, blockades 

2786
02:30:13,500 --> 02:30:16,700
strangling, his home town. 
Without it, he feared entire 

2787
02:30:16,700 --> 02:30:19,800
families would starve. 
They shared a poignant silence. 

2788
02:30:19,800 --> 02:30:23,100
Realizing each Bora, heavy bird 
for reasons that extended Beyond

2789
02:30:23,100 --> 02:30:26,300
self-interest. 
Their exchange was interrupted 

2790
02:30:26,300 --> 02:30:28,300
by a faint. 
Shout from afsoon who was 

2791
02:30:28,300 --> 02:30:31,300
patrolling the perimeter, a 
silhouette darted across the 

2792
02:30:31,300 --> 02:30:35,400
ruins, then vanished behind a 
crumbling wall alarmed carrier 

2793
02:30:35,400 --> 02:30:38,500
and Malik hurried back to the 
main Courtyard, only to find the

2794
02:30:38,500 --> 02:30:39,900
rest of the Travelers on their 
feet. 

2795
02:30:41,400 --> 02:30:44,700
The intrusion lasted mere 
seconds, but it confirmed the 

2796
02:30:44,700 --> 02:30:48,000
presence of Watchers trailing 
them, the memory of the stolen 

2797
02:30:48,000 --> 02:30:51,700
lettered in every mind, 
Gathering her Satchel close 

2798
02:30:51,700 --> 02:30:53,700
carrier, recognized that Pursuit
was inevitable. 

2799
02:30:53,700 --> 02:30:56,700
She could only hope that what 
she carried would Outlast. 

2800
02:30:56,700 --> 02:30:59,900
The desert shifting alliances, 
and the Relentless greed of 

2801
02:30:59,900 --> 02:31:03,300
unknown adversaries early the 
next day after soon, insisted 

2802
02:31:03,300 --> 02:31:05,100
they abandoned the ruin Before 
Sunrise. 

2803
02:31:05,100 --> 02:31:09,100
Lantern swinging from camel 
Saddles cast flickering halos in

2804
02:31:09,100 --> 02:31:13,400
the pre-dawn Gloom Career walked
at the caravan's rear scanning 

2805
02:31:13,400 --> 02:31:16,900
The Horizon for silhouette, she 
felt more exposed than ever 

2806
02:31:16,900 --> 02:31:20,400
especially with the manuscript 
drawing unseen eyes. 

2807
02:31:21,200 --> 02:31:24,700
A swirl of wind rustle, the 
sparse vegetation carrying the 

2808
02:31:24,700 --> 02:31:28,700
lawn of a distant jackal. 
Although no further Intruder 

2809
02:31:28,700 --> 02:31:31,500
appeared the caravan's 
collective nerves remained raw 

2810
02:31:31,500 --> 02:31:35,000
there now, wound through a 
series of Rocky Badlands. 

2811
02:31:35,600 --> 02:31:39,700
It eroded Hills tinted red and 
Oaker rows around them in Jagged

2812
02:31:39,700 --> 02:31:41,900
for nation's reminiscent of a 
broken Amphitheater. 

2813
02:31:42,800 --> 02:31:45,800
At times, the path was scarcely 
wide enough for two camels to 

2814
02:31:45,800 --> 02:31:48,600
pass dust coated. 
Every surface clinging to close 

2815
02:31:48,600 --> 02:31:52,000
and creeping into water skins, 
The Travelers advanced in single

2816
02:31:52,000 --> 02:31:53,200
file. 
Each footstep. 

2817
02:31:53,200 --> 02:31:57,500
Measured Malik, no longer shy. 
Kept pace with Korea, forging, 

2818
02:31:57,500 --> 02:32:00,900
an unspoken Alliance by empathy 
rather than shared purpose. 

2819
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:04,900
By noon, they reached an 
outcropping that afforded a 

2820
02:32:04,900 --> 02:32:06,500
sweeping view of the surrounding
valleys. 

2821
02:32:07,200 --> 02:32:10,700
Of soon pointed to a distant. 
Caravan crossing a ridge, its 

2822
02:32:10,700 --> 02:32:13,100
figures small as insects against
the harsh light. 

2823
02:32:13,900 --> 02:32:16,700
Better to let them move on 
without our parts into secting, 

2824
02:32:16,700 --> 02:32:19,500
she murmured concerned, they 
might be Bandits or rival. 

2825
02:32:19,500 --> 02:32:22,200
Merchants. 
She had planned a side route 

2826
02:32:22,200 --> 02:32:24,700
that skirted known Bandit 
strongholds though. 

2827
02:32:24,700 --> 02:32:27,700
It meant trudging through more 
challenging terrain, no one 

2828
02:32:27,700 --> 02:32:32,500
objected safety trumped speed in
these uncertain Wilds as the day

2829
02:32:32,500 --> 02:32:35,600
wore on the punishing Sun 
pressed down some Travelers 

2830
02:32:35,600 --> 02:32:38,500
began to show signs of heat 
exhaustion of soon. 

2831
02:32:38,500 --> 02:32:41,100
A lot of extra water. 
Rations mindful that supplies 

2832
02:32:41,100 --> 02:32:43,500
were finite careers. 
Thought swirled with 

2833
02:32:43,500 --> 02:32:47,000
calculations how many days until
they reached an established town

2834
02:32:47,000 --> 02:32:50,400
with the manuscripts possible 
Revelations be worth the perils.

2835
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:53,600
She reminded herself that 
knowledge had never come cheap, 

2836
02:32:53,600 --> 02:32:56,700
especially not the kind that 
might undermine established 

2837
02:32:56,700 --> 02:33:00,400
systems of power. 
Still, she felt an undercurrent 

2838
02:33:00,400 --> 02:33:03,600
of apprehension. 
Unseen forces seemed determined 

2839
02:33:03,600 --> 02:33:06,600
to intercept their path. 
Twilight offered a brief 

2840
02:33:06,600 --> 02:33:10,000
respite, they pitched camp at a 
plateau peppered with hearty 

2841
02:33:10,000 --> 02:33:12,800
desert shrubs. 
Wind wove through the Stony 

2842
02:33:12,800 --> 02:33:16,300
Hollows producing a low moan 
that set everyone on edge, this 

2843
02:33:16,300 --> 02:33:20,400
time of soon posted watches in 
rotating pairs. career 

2844
02:33:20,400 --> 02:33:22,900
volunteered for the midnight 
shift, hoping to glean some 

2845
02:33:22,900 --> 02:33:26,300
Solitude for reading When her 
turn arrived, she positioned 

2846
02:33:26,300 --> 02:33:29,700
herself near a small fire 
scanning, the Starlet Horizon 

2847
02:33:29,700 --> 02:33:32,800
while carefully turning pages of
the Jade bound codex. 

2848
02:33:32,800 --> 02:33:36,800
A diagram carefully Inked 
depicted, a swirling Cosmos 

2849
02:33:36,800 --> 02:33:38,600
dotted with unfamiliar 
constellations. 

2850
02:33:38,600 --> 02:33:42,500
The accompanying text mentioned,
a geometry, bridging mind. 

2851
02:33:42,500 --> 02:33:45,300
And universe, though, the 
specifics remained cloaked in 

2852
02:33:45,300 --> 02:33:48,000
archaic jargon. 
She sensed movement at the edge 

2853
02:33:48,000 --> 02:33:50,800
of the firelight and grip the 
book protectively, but it was 

2854
02:33:50,800 --> 02:33:53,300
only an elderly Trader from 
their group, awakened, by 

2855
02:33:53,308 --> 02:33:57,600
coughing he approached nodding 
politely I see that you carry 

2856
02:33:57,600 --> 02:33:59,700
more than curiosity. 
He said, glancing at the 

2857
02:33:59,708 --> 02:34:02,800
manuscript glowing Pages. 
He spoke of his younger days 

2858
02:34:02,800 --> 02:34:05,700
when he traveled to a 
Mountaintop Sanctuary rumored to

2859
02:34:05,700 --> 02:34:07,600
Hell's writing's older than any 
Empire. 

2860
02:34:08,400 --> 02:34:11,500
The priest there, he claimed 
hinted that scattered relics 

2861
02:34:11,500 --> 02:34:14,200
across the Silk Road. 
Formed pieces of a grand puzzle.

2862
02:34:15,000 --> 02:34:18,300
He stopped short of elaborating,
perhaps wary of scaring her with

2863
02:34:18,300 --> 02:34:20,500
him. 
Probable myths, simply reluctant

2864
02:34:20,500 --> 02:34:22,500
to resurrect memory is best left
buried. 

2865
02:34:23,200 --> 02:34:25,700
Carrier nodded intrigued yet 
cautious. 

2866
02:34:26,500 --> 02:34:29,100
She had heard variations of the 
mountain, top Library, Tale in 

2867
02:34:29,100 --> 02:34:32,000
her Journeys. 
One version, placed it in Tibet 

2868
02:34:32,000 --> 02:34:35,100
and other in the highlands of 
Persia and yet another in the 

2869
02:34:35,100 --> 02:34:38,200
Himalayas near the Indus 
regardless of location. 

2870
02:34:38,200 --> 02:34:41,300
The consistent theme was that a 
hidden repository of ancient 

2871
02:34:41,300 --> 02:34:43,700
texts might hold radical 
knowledge of mathematics 

2872
02:34:43,700 --> 02:34:47,300
medicine and astronomy. 
Could her manuscript be part of 

2873
02:34:47,308 --> 02:34:50,400
that Lost Legacy? 
She recalled hearing rumors, 

2874
02:34:50,400 --> 02:34:52,600
that certain references, 
connected the libraries 

2875
02:34:52,600 --> 02:34:56,000
existence, to the taboo notion 
of cyclical time, where 

2876
02:34:56,000 --> 02:34:59,600
civilizations Rose and fell 
repeatedly, each leaving faint 

2877
02:34:59,600 --> 02:35:02,900
Echoes for the next. 
The elderly Trader coughed again

2878
02:35:02,900 --> 02:35:06,800
and excused himself to rest 
alone, Korea gazed at the Codex,

2879
02:35:06,800 --> 02:35:09,700
a swirl of questions filling her
mind. 

2880
02:35:10,600 --> 02:35:12,600
Just then a sharp whistle 
pierced. 

2881
02:35:12,600 --> 02:35:15,900
The night, are she sprang to her
feet have soon, came running 

2882
02:35:15,900 --> 02:35:18,700
sword in hand. 
A scout on the perimeter shouted

2883
02:35:18,700 --> 02:35:21,300
news of footsteps on the far 
side of the plateau, everyone 

2884
02:35:21,300 --> 02:35:24,600
scrambled for weapons. 
Adrenaline, surged within 

2885
02:35:24,600 --> 02:35:27,100
moments, The Intruders. 
Fled Vanishing, a swiftly as 

2886
02:35:27,100 --> 02:35:30,700
they derived leaving only 
Footprints of soon suspected. 

2887
02:35:30,700 --> 02:35:32,400
They were testing the Caravans 
defenses. 

2888
02:35:32,400 --> 02:35:35,700
Tension sawed though, no battle 
in sued. 

2889
02:35:35,700 --> 02:35:38,700
The message was clear someone to
track them with precision. 

2890
02:35:40,000 --> 02:35:42,800
As the group attempted to settle
back into assemblance of rest, 

2891
02:35:42,800 --> 02:35:46,900
Korea's mind, refused to quiet. 
She wondered if the vanished 

2892
02:35:46,900 --> 02:35:49,900
Intruders belonged to a 
clandestine order or was simply 

2893
02:35:49,908 --> 02:35:51,500
Bandits with the knack for 
intimidation. 

2894
02:35:52,500 --> 02:35:55,300
Either way, the manuscript 
significant seemed Amplified. 

2895
02:35:56,100 --> 02:35:58,800
In that uneasy Darkness, she 
cradled her precious book 

2896
02:35:58,800 --> 02:36:02,700
Feeling the weight of unspoken 
centuries pressed between its 

2897
02:36:02,700 --> 02:36:05,000
covers. 
The next day would bring new 

2898
02:36:05,000 --> 02:36:08,300
confrontations but for now she 
could only watch the flickering 

2899
02:36:08,300 --> 02:36:10,200
Embers and await the uncertain 
Dawn. 

2900
02:36:10,900 --> 02:36:13,300
Dawn arrived with a brittle 
Clarity that rendered every 

2901
02:36:13,300 --> 02:36:16,900
stone, a shrub and weary 
expression in sharp focus of 

2902
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:17,800
soon wasted. 
No time. 

2903
02:36:17,800 --> 02:36:21,300
Ordering a quick departure. 
The Caravan assembled under a 

2904
02:36:21,300 --> 02:36:22,900
sky streaked with lavender and 
Rose. 

2905
02:36:22,900 --> 02:36:26,000
A fleeting Beauty overshadowed 
by a need for vigilance. 

2906
02:36:26,900 --> 02:36:31,000
Camels loaded, watch rotations 
decided they moved out following

2907
02:36:31,000 --> 02:36:33,400
a narrow winding track that 
descended toward lower 

2908
02:36:33,400 --> 02:36:36,800
elevations, the arrowhead tasted
metallic as if charged with 

2909
02:36:36,800 --> 02:36:40,000
pent-up tension. 
By mid-morning the landscape 

2910
02:36:40,000 --> 02:36:43,400
began transitioning to Hill 
Country, small streams fed by 

2911
02:36:43,400 --> 02:36:45,500
recent rains, cut through the 
terrain. 

2912
02:36:45,500 --> 02:36:47,800
Offering a chance to refill 
water skins. 

2913
02:36:48,700 --> 02:36:51,000
The Travelers approached a 
shallow Creek where reads 

2914
02:36:51,000 --> 02:36:54,400
Russell in the wind carrier 
noticed footprints in the Soggy 

2915
02:36:54,400 --> 02:36:56,600
Earth. 
A separate group had passed here

2916
02:36:56,600 --> 02:36:58,500
recently heading in the same 
direction. 

2917
02:36:59,800 --> 02:37:03,700
Soon scowled muttering about the
possibility of thin male. 

2918
02:37:03,700 --> 02:37:06,900
They might be trailing those who
had invaded, their camps concern

2919
02:37:06,900 --> 02:37:09,700
Ripple through. 
The Caravan eager to stay ahead 

2920
02:37:09,700 --> 02:37:12,000
as soon. 
Pushed the group onward at a 

2921
02:37:12,000 --> 02:37:15,400
grueling Pace, Korea's carves 
ached as the trail zigzagged 

2922
02:37:15,400 --> 02:37:18,100
between Rocky, slopes and 
patches of thorny vegetation. 

2923
02:37:19,100 --> 02:37:21,300
In the distance, the outlines of
a fortified Town. 

2924
02:37:21,300 --> 02:37:24,400
Occasionally emerged only to 
disappear behind Ridge lines. 

2925
02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:28,100
She guessed it to be garish. 
A mid-sized, Trading, Post 

2926
02:37:28,100 --> 02:37:30,200
rumored to host Pilgrims from 
the industry region. 

2927
02:37:31,000 --> 02:37:33,700
If they could reach Garrosh by 
Nightfall, The Caravan would 

2928
02:37:33,700 --> 02:37:35,900
have a solid parameter Walter 
Shield them at least 

2929
02:37:35,900 --> 02:37:38,900
temporarily. 
Eventually they spotted walls of

2930
02:37:38,900 --> 02:37:39,400
Pale. 
Stone. 

2931
02:37:39,400 --> 02:37:43,500
Crowned by watchtowers, assumed 
signaled for calm, reminding 

2932
02:37:43,500 --> 02:37:46,300
everyone that unknown dangerous 
could look within a walled town 

2933
02:37:46,300 --> 02:37:49,700
as readily as outside 
approaching the gates, they 

2934
02:37:49,700 --> 02:37:53,100
encountered a row of guards 
wearing mismatched armor, After 

2935
02:37:53,100 --> 02:37:55,600
examining a soon's, travel 
permits the guards, allowed the 

2936
02:37:55,600 --> 02:37:57,600
entry in exchange for a modest 
Tolle. 

2937
02:37:58,200 --> 02:38:00,600
Insight, the streets were 
cramped with stalls selling 

2938
02:38:00,600 --> 02:38:03,100
Earth and where died cloth and 
hammered bronze jewelry. 

2939
02:38:04,000 --> 02:38:06,600
The Aromas of grilled meat and 
fresh bread teased weary 

2940
02:38:06,600 --> 02:38:09,300
Travelers, but an undercurrent 
of weariness ran through the 

2941
02:38:09,300 --> 02:38:12,100
crowd of soon. 
Found a secure compound where 

2942
02:38:12,100 --> 02:38:15,700
the Caravan could rest, Stone 
walls, enclosed a courtyard that

2943
02:38:15,700 --> 02:38:18,500
provided storage for the camels 
and a small stable for donkeys. 

2944
02:38:19,200 --> 02:38:22,300
Carrier anxious to glean any 
insight into who might be 

2945
02:38:22,308 --> 02:38:25,500
pursuing them ventured into the 
town's winding Lanes. 

2946
02:38:26,300 --> 02:38:29,300
She discovered a Public Square, 
where men played strategy games 

2947
02:38:29,300 --> 02:38:32,800
on carved, wooden boards, 
nearby, a cluster of pilgrims 

2948
02:38:32,800 --> 02:38:35,900
chanted versus in a language 
unfamiliar to her amid. 

2949
02:38:35,900 --> 02:38:39,900
These scenes rumors. 
Floated a band of masked Riders 

2950
02:38:39,900 --> 02:38:43,600
had passed through a day earlier
asking about a certain traveling

2951
02:38:43,600 --> 02:38:46,700
scholar. 
The mentioned, chilled her, she 

2952
02:38:46,700 --> 02:38:49,600
hurried back to the compound 
only to find Malik pacing by the

2953
02:38:49,600 --> 02:38:53,500
gate, fidgeting, with a Leather 
Pouch, he had overheard similar 

2954
02:38:53,500 --> 02:38:56,800
chatter strangers, seeking news 
of a woman carrying, forbidden, 

2955
02:38:56,800 --> 02:38:59,900
documents Korea, realized the 
net was tightening. 

2956
02:38:59,900 --> 02:39:03,600
They still had a window to slip 
away, but not much of one, she 

2957
02:39:03,600 --> 02:39:06,200
conferred with a soon. 
Who suggested leaving crash 

2958
02:39:06,200 --> 02:39:09,600
undercover of Darkness 
continuing East along, seldom 

2959
02:39:09,600 --> 02:39:13,300
used back roads, although it 
entails more risk weighting 

2960
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:14,900
might let their pursuers 
converge. 

2961
02:39:16,300 --> 02:39:18,800
After Sunset, the Caravan packed
up stealthily. 

2962
02:39:19,500 --> 02:39:22,900
Torches were kept minimal, 
camel's, Silence with Carmen 

2963
02:39:22,900 --> 02:39:25,600
handling, a hush and enveloped 
them as they slip through 

2964
02:39:25,600 --> 02:39:29,300
garages, secondary gate, bribing
a night Watchman, who scarcely? 

2965
02:39:29,300 --> 02:39:33,300
Looked at their faces outside 
the walls, Moonlight on the 

2966
02:39:33,300 --> 02:39:37,300
grassland, Career clutch the 
manuscript absorbing the 

2967
02:39:37,300 --> 02:39:39,500
knight's chill. 
She couldn't escape the 

2968
02:39:39,500 --> 02:39:42,700
conviction that her Mission had 
become a race one in which the 

2969
02:39:42,700 --> 02:39:46,600
cost of failure was irreparable 
loss, not just for her, but for 

2970
02:39:46,600 --> 02:39:49,000
an entire lineage of knowledge 
that might vanish again. 

2971
02:39:49,900 --> 02:39:51,700
Guided by. 
As soon as careful planning, 

2972
02:39:51,700 --> 02:39:54,100
they pressed into a region of 
Rolling Hills shaped by 

2973
02:39:54,108 --> 02:39:58,000
centuries of flood and drought. 
Occasional clusters of Cyprus 

2974
02:39:58,000 --> 02:40:00,608
trees broke the monotony, 
crickets chirped in the 

2975
02:40:00,616 --> 02:40:02,900
darkness. 
The group maintained strict 

2976
02:40:02,900 --> 02:40:04,900
silence. 
Halting often to listen for 

2977
02:40:04,900 --> 02:40:07,400
sounds of pursuit. 
Each time the night Breeze. 

2978
02:40:07,400 --> 02:40:10,300
Whispered through the brush 
carrier braced for a distant who

2979
02:40:10,300 --> 02:40:13,500
have beat or a flash of 
Torchlight yet hours passed with

2980
02:40:13,500 --> 02:40:17,200
no sign of the ambush. 
As the moon descended, they 

2981
02:40:17,200 --> 02:40:20,500
reached to shallow Ravine dotted
with smooth, ancient Boulders 

2982
02:40:20,500 --> 02:40:23,100
assumed called for a halt to 
arrest the animals. 

2983
02:40:23,100 --> 02:40:27,300
Curry Found A Flat Rock and sank
onto it physically spent. 

2984
02:40:27,300 --> 02:40:30,700
But mentally alert. 
She glanced at Malik, whose eyes

2985
02:40:30,700 --> 02:40:33,400
reflected, the same exhaustion 
mixed with defiance. 

2986
02:40:34,500 --> 02:40:37,200
The sky above them, showed the 
faint glow of approaching Dawn 

2987
02:40:37,200 --> 02:40:40,800
tomorrow, or perhaps the next 
day, they would come upon the 

2988
02:40:40,800 --> 02:40:43,900
mountain routes leading to Vara,
Ash, the rumored city of hidden 

2989
02:40:43,900 --> 02:40:46,700
monasteries. 
If the Caravan made it that far 

2990
02:40:46,700 --> 02:40:48,900
the Jade Mania. 
Script might finally find a 

2991
02:40:48,900 --> 02:40:51,400
place where it's Arcane 
Revelation, could be decided 

2992
02:40:51,400 --> 02:40:54,600
without fear. 
But that hope remained fragile 

2993
02:40:54,600 --> 02:40:57,000
like a candle flame in a Gusty 
corridor. 

2994
02:40:57,600 --> 02:41:01,200
The first rays of mourning lit, 
the Ravine revealing Dusty grass

2995
02:41:01,200 --> 02:41:04,300
and scrub that offered little 
camouflage wearily. 

2996
02:41:04,300 --> 02:41:07,700
The Caravan assembled and 
continued mindful that speed was

2997
02:41:07,700 --> 02:41:10,700
their best defense. 
Over the next hours, they 

2998
02:41:10,700 --> 02:41:13,700
traversed, rolling slopes that 
ascended, gradually into Stony 

2999
02:41:13,700 --> 02:41:16,400
Highlands. 
The trail grew hazardous lined 

3000
02:41:16,400 --> 02:41:18,300
with the loose gravel and sharp 
descends. 

3001
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:20,700
Several times. 
A misstep nearly centered 

3002
02:41:20,700 --> 02:41:24,100
donkey, tumbling into a Gorge, 
The group's morale though. 

3003
02:41:24,100 --> 02:41:26,900
Frayed held steady under a 
soon's firm Direction. 

3004
02:41:27,900 --> 02:41:31,100
Korean noticed the are thinning,
as they climbed accompanied by a

3005
02:41:31,100 --> 02:41:33,200
crisp coolness that sharpened 
her senses. 

3006
02:41:34,000 --> 02:41:36,100
Tiny Alpine, flowers, clung to 
crevices. 

3007
02:41:36,900 --> 02:41:40,000
Their vivid petals are welcome 
contrast to weeks of unrelenting

3008
02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:42,600
dust. 
From avantage point, overlooking

3009
02:41:42,600 --> 02:41:46,300
a sprawling Valley, she glimpsed
distant peaks in mysterious Haze

3010
02:41:46,300 --> 02:41:51,000
locals called these the Thousand
Year mountains to shelter, 

3011
02:41:51,000 --> 02:41:54,700
monastic Retreats older than 
recorded dynasties. the prospect

3012
02:41:54,700 --> 02:41:57,600
of reaching them, bolstered her 
spirit, even as her body, 

3013
02:41:57,600 --> 02:42:02,000
complained of fatigue, Near 
midday, the Caravan stopped by a

3014
02:42:02,000 --> 02:42:05,200
regular trickling through a 
rocky defile. while watering the

3015
02:42:05,208 --> 02:42:08,500
animals have soon and Korea 
consulted, a hand sketched map 

3016
02:42:08,500 --> 02:42:11,500
that indicated varache lay two 
more days beyond the far ridges,

3017
02:42:11,500 --> 02:42:15,400
the path ahead would be even 
more treacherous cutting across 

3018
02:42:15,400 --> 02:42:19,700
unpredictable passes, sometimes 
blocked by landslides Korea felt

3019
02:42:19,700 --> 02:42:21,600
her heartbeat. 
Quicken recalling. 

3020
02:42:21,600 --> 02:42:24,700
Rumors that entire Caravans had 
been buried by sudden Rock Falls

3021
02:42:24,700 --> 02:42:27,800
in these mountains, yet the 
urgency to evade pursuers 

3022
02:42:27,800 --> 02:42:31,900
overshadowed every other fear. 
They pressed on the root turning

3023
02:42:31,900 --> 02:42:34,600
into a steep climb dotted with 
ancient stone markers. 

3024
02:42:34,600 --> 02:42:38,600
At each Switchback, carrier saw 
inscriptions worn by centuries 

3025
02:42:38,600 --> 02:42:42,200
of whether she paused to trace 
her fingers over a faint symbol.

3026
02:42:42,200 --> 02:42:46,000
A stylized son in compassed by 
the intersecting circles. 

3027
02:42:46,000 --> 02:42:49,400
Something about it resonated, 
with the diagrams in her Jade 

3028
02:42:49,400 --> 02:42:52,100
bound codex. 
She made a mental note to 

3029
02:42:52,100 --> 02:42:54,500
compare them later. 
Suspecting these markers might 

3030
02:42:54,500 --> 02:42:57,200
be vestiges of the same 
civilization described in the 

3031
02:42:57,200 --> 02:43:01,000
manuscripts cryptic pages. 
Whenever she glimpsed fresh and 

3032
02:43:01,000 --> 02:43:05,100
scriptions, her curiosity 
ignited, and you later in the 

3033
02:43:05,108 --> 02:43:08,500
afternoon, the skies darkened 
ominously, Thunder rumbled among

3034
02:43:08,500 --> 02:43:11,700
the Peaks and a biting wind 
heralded and approaching storm 

3035
02:43:11,700 --> 02:43:14,700
soon urged. 
Everyone to hurry, they located 

3036
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:16,600
a natural overhang near a rocky 
ledge. 

3037
02:43:16,600 --> 02:43:18,800
Providing partial Shelter From 
the elements. 

3038
02:43:19,700 --> 02:43:23,200
Rain Unleashed its Fury soon. 
After they took cover slamming 

3039
02:43:23,200 --> 02:43:27,300
the landscape In Waves lightning
tore the sky Illuminating ragged

3040
02:43:27,300 --> 02:43:30,200
silhouettes of mountains, the 
downpour threatened to wash away

3041
02:43:30,200 --> 02:43:31,900
the path. 
Huddled together. 

3042
02:43:31,900 --> 02:43:34,800
The Travelers watched rivulets 
form across the rocky ground 

3043
02:43:34,800 --> 02:43:38,400
carrying Pebbles and debris. 
Downhill the storm raged for 

3044
02:43:38,400 --> 02:43:41,800
hours, pinning them under the 
overhang career used the 

3045
02:43:41,800 --> 02:43:45,600
enforced pause to wrap the 
Codex, Sheltering it beneath the

3046
02:43:45,600 --> 02:43:47,100
canvas, she examined the 
section. 

3047
02:43:47,100 --> 02:43:50,700
She had not yet deciphered 
focusing on references to a 

3048
02:43:50,700 --> 02:43:53,500
temple of Horizons, the text 
included, mathematical 

3049
02:43:53,500 --> 02:43:55,500
guidelines for charting star 
positions. 

3050
02:43:55,500 --> 02:43:59,000
From an elevated Vantage, With 
each flash of lightning, she 

3051
02:43:59,000 --> 02:44:02,000
glimpsed the manuscript swirling
lines and felt A peculiar 

3052
02:44:02,000 --> 02:44:04,800
kinship with those unknown 
Scholars from centuries passed. 

3053
02:44:05,400 --> 02:44:07,400
They had once braved the 
Wilderness of ideas. 

3054
02:44:07,400 --> 02:44:11,600
Now, in a literal Wilderness. 
She carried their legacy. 

3055
02:44:12,800 --> 02:44:16,000
Eventually the worst of the 
storm passed leaving dripping 

3056
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:17,600
rocks and a deep chilling. 
Its wake. 

3057
02:44:18,400 --> 02:44:20,600
The group decided to remain 
under the overhang for the 

3058
02:44:20,608 --> 02:44:22,700
night. 
Wary of slick, trails and 

3059
02:44:22,700 --> 02:44:26,700
potential landslides. 
By flickering Lamplight, afsoon.

3060
02:44:26,700 --> 02:44:30,100
Distributed, dried figs and 
salted lamb conversation, 

3061
02:44:30,100 --> 02:44:32,900
drifted from The Challengers of 
the climb to more philosophical 

3062
02:44:32,900 --> 02:44:35,900
musings, the futility of borders
in the land shape. 

3063
02:44:35,900 --> 02:44:39,400
By Millennia, the intangible 
line between faith and science. 

3064
02:44:40,400 --> 02:44:43,400
Malik spoke quietly of his 
father, who had died under a 

3065
02:44:43,400 --> 02:44:46,200
tyrants regime while trying to 
protect valuable manuscripts. 

3066
02:44:47,300 --> 02:44:50,100
Listening to him career sense. 
That each traveler had been 

3067
02:44:50,108 --> 02:44:53,300
guided here by a longing for 
redemption or renewal. 

3068
02:44:54,700 --> 02:44:58,100
Sometime after midnight career, 
woked, the faint crackle of 

3069
02:44:58,100 --> 02:45:00,200
footsteps. 
She inched toward the edge of 

3070
02:45:00,200 --> 02:45:04,000
their makeshift shelter, heart, 
pounding two figures hunched, 

3071
02:45:04,000 --> 02:45:05,600
low hovered near the pack 
animals. 

3072
02:45:05,600 --> 02:45:08,300
She recognized them as 
strangers, not members of the 

3073
02:45:08,300 --> 02:45:12,500
Caravan, Before she could raise 
an alarm after soon, emerged 

3074
02:45:12,500 --> 02:45:16,100
from the darkness, like a 
phantom sword drawn, a thirst, 

3075
02:45:16,100 --> 02:45:19,700
standoff, ensued, broken, by 
frantic Whispers, The Intruders 

3076
02:45:19,700 --> 02:45:20,800
fled. 
Once they saw, they were 

3077
02:45:20,800 --> 02:45:24,500
outnumbered The caravan's 
Travelers, now fully awake and 

3078
02:45:24,500 --> 02:45:28,000
spent the rest of the night in 
guarded watch, cold and uneasy 

3079
02:45:28,000 --> 02:45:30,200
with Dawn. 
They surveyed the sodden 

3080
02:45:30,200 --> 02:45:32,600
landscape. 
Landslides had ripped through 

3081
02:45:32,600 --> 02:45:35,500
parts of the trail, but it 
appeared possible with caution. 

3082
02:45:36,300 --> 02:45:39,100
Though, The Intruders had not 
returned the sense of pursuit 

3083
02:45:39,100 --> 02:45:43,100
remained acute carrier conferred
with a soon, both concluding 

3084
02:45:43,100 --> 02:45:46,100
that time was running short. 
For ash was Within Reach. 

3085
02:45:46,100 --> 02:45:49,300
They needed to seize the chance 
before more enemies closed in. 

3086
02:45:50,100 --> 02:45:51,800
Hoisting packs onto weary 
camel's. 

3087
02:45:51,800 --> 02:45:55,200
The group set forth again. 
The distant Peaks, beckoned 

3088
02:45:55,200 --> 02:45:57,100
likes the game and Witnesses and
career. 

3089
02:45:57,100 --> 02:45:59,900
Whispered, a fervent hope that 
the city's rumored monasteries 

3090
02:45:59,900 --> 02:46:02,700
could offer refuge and perhaps 
reveal how to unlock the 

3091
02:46:02,700 --> 02:46:06,700
manuscripts deeper secrets. the 
final stretch to varash proved 

3092
02:46:06,700 --> 02:46:10,000
grueling narrow Trails cling to 
mountain ridges, overlooking 

3093
02:46:10,000 --> 02:46:14,800
missed shrouded abysses, each 
step required vigilance At 

3094
02:46:14,800 --> 02:46:17,500
times, they paused to listen for
rock falls in the distance 

3095
02:46:17,500 --> 02:46:22,100
markers of an unstable Terrain. 
The air grew thinner and breath 

3096
02:46:22,100 --> 02:46:24,900
came in short gasps yet Beyond 
every precarious. 

3097
02:46:24,900 --> 02:46:29,600
Turn a new Vista opened crisp, 
Lakes reflecting the sky hidden 

3098
02:46:29,600 --> 02:46:33,500
valleys studied with wildflowers
the occasional Stone ruined 

3099
02:46:33,500 --> 02:46:35,400
perched on a Ledge like an 
ancient Sentinel. 

3100
02:46:36,200 --> 02:46:39,100
The extreme of this landscape. 
Both ordinance, settled The 

3101
02:46:39,100 --> 02:46:41,800
Travelers. 
By late afternoon, the slopes 

3102
02:46:41,800 --> 02:46:45,400
relaxed into a wide Plateau 
rising from the plateaus Edge. 

3103
02:46:45,400 --> 02:46:48,900
Stood, Vash enclosed by a high 
stone Rampart. 

3104
02:46:49,700 --> 02:46:52,000
At first glance, the city 
appeared carved from the 

3105
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:54,500
mountain itself. 
Its walls blending with the 

3106
02:46:54,508 --> 02:46:57,800
surrounding Cliffs missed 
swirled around parapets, 

3107
02:46:57,800 --> 02:47:02,300
creating a dreamlike vision. 
According to Legend, farash was 

3108
02:47:02,300 --> 02:47:05,800
older than any recorded Dynasty 
built upon a site revered for 

3109
02:47:05,800 --> 02:47:09,800
its Celestial alignments. 
A hush fell over the Caravan as 

3110
02:47:09,800 --> 02:47:12,700
they approached the massive 
Gates inside the city's. 

3111
02:47:12,700 --> 02:47:16,900
Winding streets ascended, in 
tears houses with slate roofs 

3112
02:47:16,900 --> 02:47:20,000
leaned against sturdy. 
Ramparts while Cobblestone Lanes

3113
02:47:20,000 --> 02:47:24,000
converged on a Central Square 
steam Rose from the communal 

3114
02:47:24,000 --> 02:47:28,200
baths that tapped into natural. 
Hot Springs monks in dark robes 

3115
02:47:28,200 --> 02:47:31,300
shuffled along the corridors 
carrying Scrolls tucked beneath 

3116
02:47:31,300 --> 02:47:34,600
their arms. 
Carriers census, ignited, at the

3117
02:47:34,600 --> 02:47:36,100
first glimpse of this 
environment. 

3118
02:47:36,100 --> 02:47:39,200
She could feel an undercurrent 
of scholarship humming through 

3119
02:47:39,200 --> 02:47:40,900
the city, like a Subterranean 
River. 

3120
02:47:41,600 --> 02:47:44,300
Potent, contrast to the chaotic 
markets of Corazon. 

3121
02:47:45,600 --> 02:47:48,600
Have soon guided the Caravan to 
a spacious Courtyard in used by 

3122
02:47:48,600 --> 02:47:51,800
trade emissaries soon. 
After settling career, excused 

3123
02:47:51,800 --> 02:47:54,600
herself and ventured into the 
city's upper levels following 

3124
02:47:54,600 --> 02:47:56,600
directions gleaned from a scribe
at the Inn. 

3125
02:47:56,600 --> 02:47:59,000
She was searching for a specific
Monastery. 

3126
02:47:59,000 --> 02:48:02,400
Library rumored to house ancient
manuscripts, paralleling, her 

3127
02:48:02,400 --> 02:48:05,600
Jade bound Texas, crossing a 
series of stone bridges. 

3128
02:48:05,600 --> 02:48:08,100
That arched over narrow. 
Gulches she noticed the 

3129
02:48:08,100 --> 02:48:11,100
architecture, displayed 
recurring, motifs spiral, 

3130
02:48:11,100 --> 02:48:14,400
carvings geometric borders. 
Reminiscent of the kodeksas 

3131
02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:18,500
marginal designs at last. 
She arrived at a massive carved 

3132
02:48:18,500 --> 02:48:20,300
door flanked by statues of 
robbed. 

3133
02:48:20,300 --> 02:48:23,500
Figures the discrete sine 
identified it as the library of 

3134
02:48:23,500 --> 02:48:26,200
high windows. 
Inside, the atmosphere was 

3135
02:48:26,200 --> 02:48:29,100
reverential. 
Golden Light, filtered through 

3136
02:48:29,100 --> 02:48:32,100
stained glass windows, 
Illuminating shelves, stacked 

3137
02:48:32,100 --> 02:48:35,400
from floor to ceiling with 
Scrolls codices and tablets 

3138
02:48:35,400 --> 02:48:39,500
monks novices and a few Leonard 
travelers from distant lands. 

3139
02:48:39,500 --> 02:48:43,500
Moved quietly between reading 
alcoves Carrier approached a 

3140
02:48:43,500 --> 02:48:46,400
Tall Bearded monk who introduced
himself as brother Callan. 

3141
02:48:47,200 --> 02:48:49,200
With measured politeness, he 
asked her purpose. 

3142
02:48:49,900 --> 02:48:53,100
Carrier revealed her codex 
explaining in hushed tones that 

3143
02:48:53,100 --> 02:48:55,800
she believed it referenced an 
advanced astronomy predating 

3144
02:48:55,800 --> 02:49:00,200
recognized schools of thought. 
Intrigued brother led her to a 

3145
02:49:00,200 --> 02:49:01,900
private study of chamber by oil 
lamps. 

3146
02:49:02,600 --> 02:49:05,400
There, he produced a set of 
meticulously preserved star 

3147
02:49:05,400 --> 02:49:06,500
charts and subscribed on 
leather. 

3148
02:49:07,300 --> 02:49:10,600
To Korea's amazement certain 
passages aligned closely with 

3149
02:49:10,600 --> 02:49:14,600
the diagrams in her manuscript 
upon closer inspection, they 

3150
02:49:14,600 --> 02:49:17,200
found near identical glyphs 
representing cardinal points 

3151
02:49:17,200 --> 02:49:21,000
Beyond normal mapping. 
Brother's eyes glimmered with 

3152
02:49:21,000 --> 02:49:23,700
excitement. 
These references appear in only 

3153
02:49:23,700 --> 02:49:26,900
are oldest records believed to 
have been copied from text 

3154
02:49:26,900 --> 02:49:31,600
salvaged Millennia ago. 
As the evening deepened, they 

3155
02:49:31,600 --> 02:49:35,100
piece together parallel lines of
text cross reference in them 

3156
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:39,700
with genealogies straw altars 
and cryptic commentaries, The 

3157
02:49:39,700 --> 02:49:42,600
Synergy suggested that the Jade 
bound book might indeed be part 

3158
02:49:42,600 --> 02:49:45,700
of a nearly lost tradition. 
However, a vital section, 

3159
02:49:45,700 --> 02:49:49,600
remained missing, It was rumored
that a system, manuscript lay in

3160
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:51,900
a monastery. 
Father East High in a remote 

3161
02:49:51,900 --> 02:49:55,000
range where few ventured 
carriers Hearts sank. 

3162
02:49:55,000 --> 02:49:58,200
Knowing the road ahead, might 
hold even greater dangers yet. 

3163
02:49:58,200 --> 02:50:01,900
She also felt invigorated, the 
puzzle had grown more intricate 

3164
02:50:01,900 --> 02:50:04,900
weaving, her fate with ancient 
legacies that demanded 

3165
02:50:04,900 --> 02:50:07,600
guardianship. 
Upon returning to the end. 

3166
02:50:07,600 --> 02:50:10,300
She found a soon and Malik in 
heated discussion with the rest 

3167
02:50:10,300 --> 02:50:12,700
of the Caravan. 
News had arrived. 

3168
02:50:12,700 --> 02:50:15,900
That unidentified Riders were 
poking around for ashes Gates 

3169
02:50:15,900 --> 02:50:19,100
questioning Travelers about a 
woman scholar and her prized 

3170
02:50:19,100 --> 02:50:21,000
artifact. 
There are rival. 

3171
02:50:21,000 --> 02:50:24,400
Here was no secret. 
For the moment, the city's laws,

3172
02:50:24,400 --> 02:50:27,700
prevented open aggression, but 
no one believed that protection 

3173
02:50:27,700 --> 02:50:30,500
would last indefinitely. 
Of soon proposed. 

3174
02:50:30,500 --> 02:50:33,000
They break the Caravan into 
smaller groups for anonymity, 

3175
02:50:33,000 --> 02:50:37,200
Malik pledged to stand by Korea,
recognizing that her success. 

3176
02:50:37,200 --> 02:50:41,500
Might Ripple far beyond personal
gain Under the ins Landing, glow

3177
02:50:41,500 --> 02:50:44,100
carrier shared what she and 
brother calendar had uncovered, 

3178
02:50:44,100 --> 02:50:47,700
the group listened in solemn. 
Silence, understanding the 

3179
02:50:47,700 --> 02:50:51,500
gravity of her discovery. 
It offered a new perspective on 

3180
02:50:51,500 --> 02:50:54,300
the cosmos or perhaps it 
threatened structures built on 

3181
02:50:54,300 --> 02:50:57,900
carefully, managed knowledge. 
Either way, they're pursuers 

3182
02:50:57,900 --> 02:51:00,700
would not relent. 
Still career felt A Renewed 

3183
02:51:00,700 --> 02:51:03,500
determination. 
The tapestry of centuries had 

3184
02:51:03,500 --> 02:51:07,200
woven her path into this moment.
With the city of varish as an 

3185
02:51:07,200 --> 02:51:09,800
unlikely Refuge. 
She now held a clearer vision of

3186
02:51:09,800 --> 02:51:13,000
the manuscripts purpose. 
Dawn would bring decisions 

3187
02:51:13,000 --> 02:51:16,800
whether to remain to search for 
the sister text, or to Brave 

3188
02:51:16,800 --> 02:51:19,300
unknown dangers. 
In that flickering moment of 

3189
02:51:19,300 --> 02:51:22,300
possibility, each traveler 
realized they had become part of

3190
02:51:22,308 --> 02:51:25,700
a tale larger than themselves. 
A saga carried Along by 

3191
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:29,600
caravan's, forged in Hidden, 
library's and destined to Echo 

3192
02:51:29,600 --> 02:51:32,200
across the shifting dunes and 
precarious peaks of time. 

3193
02:51:37,300 --> 02:51:40,400
Your eyes opened slowly. 
And the first thing you noticed 

3194
02:51:40,400 --> 02:51:44,100
that is wrong is the light. 
It's not the clean Bright 

3195
02:51:44,100 --> 02:51:48,900
Morning, your used to instead a 
murky yellowish glow, filtered 

3196
02:51:48,900 --> 02:51:51,500
through a window that seems 
smaller than it should be. 

3197
02:51:52,400 --> 02:51:56,100
The glass is thick and slightly,
Wavey and condensation has 

3198
02:51:56,100 --> 02:51:59,100
gathered in the corners like 
tiny pools waiting to spill. 

3199
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:02,600
You're lying on something that 
feels like a mattress but isn't 

3200
02:52:02,600 --> 02:52:05,600
quite right. 
It's firmer than you expect. 

3201
02:52:05,600 --> 02:52:09,800
You can feel the individual 
ridges beneath the fabric, horse

3202
02:52:09,800 --> 02:52:12,200
hair stuffing though. 
You don't know that yet. 

3203
02:52:13,700 --> 02:52:16,700
The sheets are rough against 
your skin, not the smooth 

3204
02:52:16,700 --> 02:52:18,400
cotton. 
You remember going to sleep in? 

3205
02:52:19,100 --> 02:52:22,000
Their linen and they've been 
washed so many times, they've 

3206
02:52:22,000 --> 02:52:25,300
achieved a text just somewhere 
between sandpaper and burlap, 

3207
02:52:25,300 --> 02:52:27,700
though. 
They're surprisingly warm the 

3208
02:52:27,700 --> 02:52:30,600
air tastes different. 
That's the strangest part 

3209
02:52:30,600 --> 02:52:34,800
actually you can taste the air, 
it has a thickness to it like 

3210
02:52:34,800 --> 02:52:38,300
breathing and soup. 
There's cold smoke obviously but

3211
02:52:38,300 --> 02:52:41,000
also something organic and 
vaguely unpleasant that you'll 

3212
02:52:41,000 --> 02:52:42,900
later. 
Realize is the Thames at low 

3213
02:52:42,900 --> 02:52:46,000
tide mixed with a few hundred 
thousand coal fires, burning 

3214
02:52:46,000 --> 02:52:49,900
simultaneously. 
Victorian London, doesn't just 

3215
02:52:49,900 --> 02:52:53,200
smell it. 
Announces itself with every 

3216
02:52:53,200 --> 02:52:56,400
breath. 
As you sit up, your body feels 

3217
02:52:56,400 --> 02:52:58,700
the same, but the room is 
entirely foreign. 

3218
02:52:58,700 --> 02:53:03,500
The ceiling is high much higher 
than modern rooms, but the space

3219
02:53:03,500 --> 02:53:08,600
somehow feels cramped anyway. 
Dark wallpaper with an intricate

3220
02:53:08,600 --> 02:53:12,300
pattern of flowers or Vines 
covers the walls and you 

3221
02:53:12,300 --> 02:53:14,800
realize, with a start that 
there's no light switch. 

3222
02:53:15,900 --> 02:53:18,600
Fact, there are no electrical 
outlets at all. 

3223
02:53:19,600 --> 02:53:23,400
The room is lit by that strange 
window and by the remnants of 

3224
02:53:23,400 --> 02:53:26,400
whatever Coal fire burned in the
small fireplace last night. 

3225
02:53:26,400 --> 02:53:29,400
You're wearing a nightshirt. 
That feels like it's been cut 

3226
02:53:29,400 --> 02:53:33,900
from sail canvas, it's long 
reaching past your knees, and 

3227
02:53:33,900 --> 02:53:36,000
there's absolutely nothing 
underneath it. 

3228
02:53:36,900 --> 02:53:39,900
The victorians had very 
different ideas about sleepwear 

3229
02:53:39,900 --> 02:53:42,600
and comfort wasn't high on their
priority list. 

3230
02:53:43,400 --> 02:53:46,700
Modesty and practicality won 
that battle decisively. 

3231
02:53:47,700 --> 02:53:50,000
Standing up requires more effort
than you expect. 

3232
02:53:51,000 --> 02:53:55,000
The floor is cold, proper cold 
that seeps through your bare 

3233
02:53:55,000 --> 02:53:56,800
feet, like your standing on a 
block of ice. 

3234
02:53:57,600 --> 02:54:01,200
The floorboards are bare wood 
and you can feel every Splinter 

3235
02:54:01,200 --> 02:54:04,300
and groove. 
There's a thin rug beside the 

3236
02:54:04,300 --> 02:54:06,600
bed but it does little to combat
the chill. 

3237
02:54:06,600 --> 02:54:09,500
That seems to radiate from the 
very foundation of the building 

3238
02:54:10,600 --> 02:54:13,600
Forgot outside isn't like fog, 
you've experienced before. 

3239
02:54:14,400 --> 02:54:18,900
This is the famous London, pea 
Super a combination of natural 

3240
02:54:18,900 --> 02:54:21,700
missed and cold smoke that 
creates something almost 

3241
02:54:21,700 --> 02:54:25,300
Supernatural. 
Presses against the Windows like

3242
02:54:25,300 --> 02:54:28,600
something alive, turning the 
street Below in to a series of 

3243
02:54:28,600 --> 02:54:31,600
Shadows and suggestions rather 
than actual shapes. 

3244
02:54:32,500 --> 02:54:36,600
You can hear the city though. 
Matter of horses on cobblestones

3245
02:54:36,600 --> 02:54:40,100
the Cry of a street, vendor 
somewhere in the Merc and the 

3246
02:54:40,100 --> 02:54:43,200
Perpetual background hum of a 
million people going about their

3247
02:54:43,200 --> 02:54:46,500
morning routines. 
Your modern instincts kick in 

3248
02:54:46,500 --> 02:54:48,900
and you look for your phone. 
Of course. 

3249
02:54:48,900 --> 02:54:53,100
There isn't one. 
No phone, no laptop, no tablet. 

3250
02:54:53,100 --> 02:54:57,600
No screen of any kind. 
The silence in the room is 

3251
02:54:57,600 --> 02:55:00,600
complete, except for the sounds 
drifting up from the street in 

3252
02:55:00,600 --> 02:55:02,600
the occasional Creek of the 
building settling. 

3253
02:55:03,500 --> 02:55:05,900
It's the kind of quiet that 
makes you realize how much 

3254
02:55:05,900 --> 02:55:10,500
ambient noise you're used to 
know, refrigerator hum no hate 

3255
02:55:10,500 --> 02:55:14,700
fax system, no electronics of 
any kind emitting their barely 

3256
02:55:14,700 --> 02:55:18,100
perceptible frequency. 
There's a wash stand in the 

3257
02:55:18,100 --> 02:55:21,600
corner with the ceramic pitcher 
and Basin the water in the 

3258
02:55:21,600 --> 02:55:23,500
picture, has a thin skin of ice 
on it. 

3259
02:55:24,300 --> 02:55:27,200
This is how you'll wash your 
face this morning by breaking 

3260
02:55:27,200 --> 02:55:30,500
ice with your fingers and 
splashing freezing water on your

3261
02:55:30,500 --> 02:55:33,200
skin. 
The victorians were apparently, 

3262
02:55:33,200 --> 02:55:36,700
made of Sterner stuff than 
modern humans or perhaps they 

3263
02:55:36,700 --> 02:55:38,200
just didn't have a choice in the
matter. 

3264
02:55:39,500 --> 02:55:43,300
A Looking Glass hangs above the 
washstand and when you peer into

3265
02:55:43,300 --> 02:55:44,800
it you see yourself but 
different. 

3266
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:47,800
Your face is the same but 
there's something in your 

3267
02:55:47,800 --> 02:55:50,300
expression. 
Perhaps, it's the early morning 

3268
02:55:50,300 --> 02:55:53,800
confusion or maybe it's the 
dawning realization that you're 

3269
02:55:53,800 --> 02:55:56,800
about to spend an entire day. 
Without any of the conveniences 

3270
02:55:56,800 --> 02:55:58,600
you've taken for granted your 
whole life. 

3271
02:55:59,500 --> 02:56:02,500
The room tells stories of, you 
know, how to read them, there's 

3272
02:56:02,500 --> 02:56:05,700
a chamber pot, tuck discreetly 
under the bed because bathrooms 

3273
02:56:05,700 --> 02:56:07,900
in the modern sense. 
Don't exist in most Victorian 

3274
02:56:07,900 --> 02:56:10,600
homes. 
There's a small coal scuttle by 

3275
02:56:10,600 --> 02:56:12,200
the fireplace with a few lumps 
of coal. 

3276
02:56:12,200 --> 02:56:14,700
Still in it. 
Your clothes for the day are 

3277
02:56:14,700 --> 02:56:17,800
laid out on a wooden chair that 
looks hand carved and probably 

3278
02:56:17,800 --> 02:56:19,400
older than some Modern 
countries. 

3279
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:22,400
Getting dressed in. 
Victorian clothing is going to 

3280
02:56:22,400 --> 02:56:26,400
be an adventure unto itself. 
But first, you need to face that

3281
02:56:26,400 --> 02:56:30,000
icy water and prepare yourself 
for a day in a world where 

3282
02:56:30,000 --> 02:56:32,000
everything familiar has been 
replaced. 

3283
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:36,400
With historical authenticity, 
the fog continues to press 

3284
02:56:36,400 --> 02:56:38,900
against the windows and 
somewhere in the distance. 

3285
02:56:38,900 --> 02:56:42,800
You hear a church bell, marking 
the hour, It's 7 in the morning 

3286
02:56:42,800 --> 02:56:46,800
and London is already awake. 
Stepping out onto a Victorian. 

3287
02:56:46,800 --> 02:56:50,100
London Street is like walking 
onto a stage where every person 

3288
02:56:50,100 --> 02:56:52,500
is an actor. 
And the set design is both 

3289
02:56:52,500 --> 02:56:54,900
magnificent and slightly 
horrifying. 

3290
02:56:56,400 --> 02:56:59,500
Fog Has Lifted somewhat 
revealing a world that 

3291
02:56:59,500 --> 02:57:02,800
simultaneously more impressive 
and more disturbing than you 

3292
02:57:02,800 --> 02:57:05,300
imagined. 
The cobblestones beneath your 

3293
02:57:05,308 --> 02:57:09,500
feet are uneven, worn, smooth in
some places and Jagged in 

3294
02:57:09,500 --> 02:57:13,400
others, you're wearing boots. 
Now, proper Victorian boots that

3295
02:57:13,400 --> 02:57:16,200
button up the side and take 
approximately 10 minutes to put 

3296
02:57:16,200 --> 02:57:19,700
on correctly, they're stiff, 
uncomfortable and will probably 

3297
02:57:19,708 --> 02:57:22,400
give you blisters by noon but 
they're better than the 

3298
02:57:22,400 --> 02:57:25,200
alternative. 
The streets here, collect 

3299
02:57:25,200 --> 02:57:26,700
things. 
You don't want touching your 

3300
02:57:26,700 --> 02:57:30,200
bare feet, The buildings, Loom 
above you, in a way that modern 

3301
02:57:30,200 --> 02:57:33,900
architecture, really manages. 
Victorian London was built 

3302
02:57:33,900 --> 02:57:37,300
upward out of necessity and the 
result is streets that feel like

3303
02:57:37,300 --> 02:57:41,400
Canyons with all night facade's.
Every building is different, 

3304
02:57:41,400 --> 02:57:44,700
each one competing, to be more 
elaborate than its neighbors. 

3305
02:57:44,700 --> 02:57:49,100
There's carved stonework, 
decorative brickwork and 

3306
02:57:49,100 --> 02:57:52,400
Architectural flourishes that 
serve no practical purpose, 

3307
02:57:52,400 --> 02:57:55,500
except to demonstrate that. 
The owner had money to spend on 

3308
02:57:55,500 --> 02:57:58,900
looking prosperous. 
The real star of the show is the

3309
02:57:58,900 --> 02:58:01,400
sensory overload that hits you 
from every direction. 

3310
02:58:02,300 --> 02:58:05,800
Let's start with the horses 
because Victorian London ran on 

3311
02:58:05,800 --> 02:58:08,000
horse power in the most literal 
sense possible. 

3312
02:58:08,800 --> 02:58:12,700
Everywhere you look there are 
horses pulling handsome calves. 

3313
02:58:12,700 --> 02:58:17,000
Hauling delivery wagons carrying
individual Riders and standing 

3314
02:58:17,000 --> 02:58:20,900
patiently while their owners 
conduct business and horses, as 

3315
02:58:20,900 --> 02:58:25,300
your rapidly discovering produce
waste at an impressive rate, the

3316
02:58:25,300 --> 02:58:28,300
streets are covered in it, not 
completely because there's an 

3317
02:58:28,300 --> 02:58:30,500
entire economy. 
Built around collecting Horseman

3318
02:58:30,500 --> 02:58:32,700
year. 
But enough that watching your 

3319
02:58:32,700 --> 02:58:34,600
step becomes second nature 
within minutes. 

3320
02:58:35,300 --> 02:58:39,200
Crossing sweepers usually 
children weighted intersections 

3321
02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:42,800
with their brooms ready to clear
a path through the muck for a 

3322
02:58:42,800 --> 02:58:46,200
penny. 
It's clever entrepreneurial and 

3323
02:58:46,200 --> 02:58:50,300
deeply depressing all at once. 
The smell is democratic. 

3324
02:58:50,300 --> 02:58:54,500
It affects everyone equally from
the finest gentlemen, in his 

3325
02:58:54,500 --> 02:58:59,000
tail coat to the poorest street 
vendor Coal smoke horse manure, 

3326
02:58:59,000 --> 02:59:03,600
unwashed Humanity, rotting 
vegetables from the markets and 

3327
02:59:03,600 --> 02:59:07,500
the peculiar Tang of industrial 
chemicals, all combined into a 

3328
02:59:07,500 --> 02:59:10,700
scent that you'll eventually 
stopped noticing simply because 

3329
02:59:10,700 --> 02:59:12,500
your nose will give up in 
self-defense. 

3330
02:59:13,500 --> 02:59:17,100
The noise is extraordinary 
without modern sound insulation 

3331
02:59:17,100 --> 02:59:20,600
or noise, pollution laws, 
Victorian London operates at a 

3332
02:59:20,608 --> 02:59:23,400
volume that would violate every 
noise ordinance in a 

3333
02:59:23,400 --> 02:59:27,100
contemporary City. 
Iron shot wheels on cobblestones

3334
02:59:27,100 --> 02:59:30,200
create a constant Rumble like 
Perpetual Thunder. 

3335
02:59:31,100 --> 02:59:33,000
Street vendors. 
Call out their Wares in 

3336
02:59:33,000 --> 02:59:34,900
practice. 
Rhythms that cut through the 

3337
02:59:34,900 --> 02:59:37,300
other noise. 
Horses whinny. 

3338
02:59:37,300 --> 02:59:41,200
Dog's bark children, shout and 
everywhere. 

3339
02:59:41,200 --> 02:59:43,500
There's the background 
percussion of a city made of 

3340
02:59:43,508 --> 02:59:45,800
metal and stone banging against 
itself. 

3341
02:59:46,800 --> 02:59:48,700
The people are the most 
fascinating part. 

3342
02:59:48,700 --> 02:59:52,000
Everyone is wearing layers upon 
layers of clothing because 

3343
02:59:52,000 --> 02:59:56,000
central heating doesn't exist, 
Victorian morality demands that 

3344
02:59:56,000 --> 02:59:59,900
every inch of skin be covered. 
The men are in suits or 

3345
02:59:59,900 --> 03:00:02,500
workloads, all of them were 
wearing hats of some 

3346
03:00:02,500 --> 03:00:05,900
description. 
Top hats for the wealthy cloth, 

3347
03:00:05,900 --> 03:00:08,700
caps for workers and Bowlers for
the middle class. 

3348
03:00:09,900 --> 03:00:12,400
Removing your hat indoors or 
when greeting a lady as 

3349
03:00:12,400 --> 03:00:15,600
mandatory. 
Social signaling was practically

3350
03:00:15,600 --> 03:00:19,000
an Olympic sport. 
In Victorian times, the women 

3351
03:00:19,000 --> 03:00:21,700
are engineering Marvels. 
Those dresses, you've seen in 

3352
03:00:21,700 --> 03:00:23,900
movies. 
They're actually understanding 

3353
03:00:23,900 --> 03:00:27,500
the complexity. 
Under those beautiful Fabrics is

3354
03:00:27,500 --> 03:00:32,500
a construction project involving
corsets petticoats bussells and 

3355
03:00:32,500 --> 03:00:34,700
enough fabric to upholster, a 
small sofa. 

3356
03:00:35,700 --> 03:00:39,500
Women's fashion in the 1880s was
designed to create a specific 

3357
03:00:39,500 --> 03:00:43,200
silhouette that required 
substantial architecture to 

3358
03:00:43,200 --> 03:00:45,800
achieve. 
The result is that women move 

3359
03:00:45,800 --> 03:00:48,200
differently? 
Smaller steps. 

3360
03:00:48,200 --> 03:00:51,800
Careful postures and an 
awareness of their clothing that

3361
03:00:51,800 --> 03:00:56,600
modern fashion rarely demands. 
Social classes visible at a 

3362
03:00:56,600 --> 03:01:00,700
glance the wealthy Glide by and 
private carriages the clothing 

3363
03:01:00,700 --> 03:01:03,200
pristine. 
And elaborate the middle class 

3364
03:01:03,200 --> 03:01:06,500
walks or takes omnibuses their 
clothes respectable but 

3365
03:01:06,500 --> 03:01:09,800
practical. 
The Working, Poor wear whatever 

3366
03:01:09,800 --> 03:01:13,900
holds together often visibly 
patched and worn thin from years

3367
03:01:13,900 --> 03:01:16,800
of use. 
Children from poor families 

3368
03:01:16,800 --> 03:01:18,500
often. 
Go barefoot, even in cold 

3369
03:01:18,500 --> 03:01:22,100
weather, their faces smudged 
with the ever-present cold, dust

3370
03:01:22,100 --> 03:01:25,600
that settles on everything. 
The street vendors had a 

3371
03:01:25,600 --> 03:01:27,500
carnival atmosphere to the urban
landscape. 

3372
03:01:28,300 --> 03:01:31,400
Pie sellers carry their Wares in
wooden trays hung from their 

3373
03:01:31,400 --> 03:01:38,100
necks calling out hot, pies meet
pies, invoices trained carry 

3374
03:01:38,100 --> 03:01:41,400
half a block. 
Flower girls, offer Posey's from

3375
03:01:41,400 --> 03:01:44,100
baskets that look bigger than 
they are men. 

3376
03:01:44,100 --> 03:01:47,800
Sell everything from matches to 
boot laces, to mysterious items.

3377
03:01:47,800 --> 03:01:51,600
You can't quite identify. 
Each one has their own pitch, 

3378
03:01:51,600 --> 03:01:54,700
their own territory and their 
own regular customers who they 

3379
03:01:54,700 --> 03:01:58,100
know by sight. 
The Omnibus is horse-drawn 

3380
03:01:58,100 --> 03:02:01,200
precursors to public buses, 
Lumber through the streets, like

3381
03:02:01,200 --> 03:02:04,100
mobile chaos. 
They are painted in bright 

3382
03:02:04,100 --> 03:02:06,800
colors, advertising their roots 
and they're always full. 

3383
03:02:08,300 --> 03:02:11,800
The driver sits up top. 
Exposed to the weather while 

3384
03:02:11,800 --> 03:02:15,500
passengers cram inside, or climb
the stairs to the open air Upper

3385
03:02:15,500 --> 03:02:18,400
Deck. 
It costs a few Pence to ride and

3386
03:02:18,400 --> 03:02:21,100
the conductor moves through the 
crowd collecting fares with 

3387
03:02:21,100 --> 03:02:25,200
practiced efficiency. handsome 
cab zip through the traffic, 

3388
03:02:25,200 --> 03:02:29,000
with the agility of sports cars,
their drivers shouting, warning 

3389
03:02:29,000 --> 03:02:33,100
to pedestrians who don't move 
fast enough, These are the taxes

3390
03:02:33,100 --> 03:02:36,300
of Victorian London and their 
drivers are legendary for 

3391
03:02:36,300 --> 03:02:38,600
knowing every street and 
shortcut in the city. 

3392
03:02:39,500 --> 03:02:41,900
There are so legendary for their
colorful language. 

3393
03:02:41,900 --> 03:02:45,200
When other traffic gets in their
way though, you're not supposed 

3394
03:02:45,200 --> 03:02:48,400
to acknowledge hearing it. 
The architecture tells you where

3395
03:02:48,400 --> 03:02:50,500
you are in London's complex, 
social geography. 

3396
03:02:51,500 --> 03:02:54,100
The grand buildings of 
Westminster and the West End, 

3397
03:02:54,100 --> 03:02:56,300
advertise Imperial, power and 
wealth. 

3398
03:02:57,100 --> 03:03:00,700
The commercial chaos of the city
London's, Financial District 

3399
03:03:00,700 --> 03:03:03,200
bustles, with Clarks and 
businessman. 

3400
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:06,700
The residential squares of 
Bloomsbury in Belgravia. 

3401
03:03:06,700 --> 03:03:10,700
Hide elegant, homes behind iron.
Railings and private Gardens. 

3402
03:03:11,600 --> 03:03:15,000
And everywhere else is the vast 
middle and working-class London 

3403
03:03:15,000 --> 03:03:18,000
that houses, the millions who 
make the city function. 

3404
03:03:19,000 --> 03:03:21,500
You notice the air quality 
improving as you walk? 

3405
03:03:21,500 --> 03:03:26,600
Well, improving is relative. 
It's still terrible by modern 

3406
03:03:26,600 --> 03:03:29,500
standards. 
But you've moved away from a 

3407
03:03:29,500 --> 03:03:33,000
particularly Smoky area. 
The fog has reduced to a light 

3408
03:03:33,008 --> 03:03:35,500
Haze and you can actually see 
the sky. 

3409
03:03:35,500 --> 03:03:38,500
Though, it's a gray. 
That suggests the sun is more 

3410
03:03:38,500 --> 03:03:42,200
theoretical than actual today. 
Public buildings, provide 

3411
03:03:42,200 --> 03:03:45,600
punctuation in the urban 
landscape churches, Tower of 

3412
03:03:45,600 --> 03:03:48,600
surrounding structures. 
Their spiers reaching toward 

3413
03:03:48,600 --> 03:03:51,000
heaven in defiance of the 
Earthly muck below. 

3414
03:03:51,900 --> 03:03:55,500
The new post office's Victorian 
Britain was modernizing its 

3415
03:03:55,500 --> 03:03:57,900
Communications infrastructure. 
Stan. 

3416
03:03:57,900 --> 03:04:00,900
Proud with their official 
architecture and busy traffic of

3417
03:04:00,900 --> 03:04:02,600
people sending letters and 
telegrams. 

3418
03:04:04,200 --> 03:04:08,400
Banks look like temples, which 
is probably intentional given 

3419
03:04:08,400 --> 03:04:10,100
that money was its own kind of 
religion. 

3420
03:04:10,100 --> 03:04:14,100
In Victorian society, Parks are 
sanctuaries from the urban 

3421
03:04:14,100 --> 03:04:18,000
intensity, even small. 
Squares of Green Space offer 

3422
03:04:18,000 --> 03:04:20,600
relief from the stone and brick 
that dominates everywhere else. 

3423
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:23,900
The grass is real, the trees are
mature. 

3424
03:04:23,900 --> 03:04:26,700
And for a few moments, you can 
breathe there that hasn't been 

3425
03:04:26,708 --> 03:04:31,000
processed through coal, fires 
and horse lungs, By mid-morning,

3426
03:04:31,000 --> 03:04:35,400
Victorian, London has fully 
awakened, and the city operates 

3427
03:04:35,400 --> 03:04:39,700
with a complexity that Rivals 
any modern Metropolis. the 

3428
03:04:39,700 --> 03:04:43,500
difference is that everything 
requires doing by hand with 

3429
03:04:43,500 --> 03:04:46,300
animals, or through mechanical 
Contraptions, that would look 

3430
03:04:46,300 --> 03:04:50,500
steampunk if they weren't 
completely authentic, The shops 

3431
03:04:50,500 --> 03:04:53,700
are opening and shopping in. 
Victorian London is nothing like

3432
03:04:53,700 --> 03:04:55,200
pushing a cart through a 
supermarket. 

3433
03:04:56,500 --> 03:05:00,200
Most shops are small specialized
Affairs where the shopkeeper 

3434
03:05:00,200 --> 03:05:03,400
knows their infantry personally 
and keeps it behind the counter.

3435
03:05:03,400 --> 03:05:07,500
You don't browse you ask for 
what you want and they fetch it.

3436
03:05:08,700 --> 03:05:11,300
The relationship between 
customers and shopkeeper is 

3437
03:05:11,300 --> 03:05:15,000
formal and ritualized with 
proper, greetings and polite, 

3438
03:05:15,000 --> 03:05:17,400
inquiries about health. 
And whether before anyone 

3439
03:05:17,400 --> 03:05:21,100
mentioned what your actually, 
there to purchase, The baker 

3440
03:05:21,100 --> 03:05:23,200
shops smells of yeast and cold 
smoke. 

3441
03:05:23,200 --> 03:05:27,100
The bread is baked in Coal Fired
ovens and the result is 

3442
03:05:27,100 --> 03:05:30,100
delicious but distinctly 
flavored by its cooking method. 

3443
03:05:30,900 --> 03:05:35,700
The loaves are crusty dents and 
absolutely nothing like modern 

3444
03:05:35,700 --> 03:05:39,600
slice to bread. 
Their sold by weight and the 

3445
03:05:39,600 --> 03:05:41,400
baker's. 
Apprentice wraps your purchase 

3446
03:05:41,400 --> 03:05:43,800
in paper, that will disintegrate
if it gets damp. 

3447
03:05:44,500 --> 03:05:47,000
The Butcher Shop is an 
experience, that requires a 

3448
03:05:47,000 --> 03:05:50,600
strong stomach, whole animals, 
hang in the window and the 

3449
03:05:50,600 --> 03:05:53,400
butcher prepares your order 
while you wait cutting and 

3450
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:55,300
wrapping with practice 
deficiency. 

3451
03:05:56,000 --> 03:06:00,300
Refrigeration doesn't exist. 
So meat is sold fresh and meant 

3452
03:06:00,300 --> 03:06:04,100
to be cooked soon. 
The smell is strong and you try 

3453
03:06:04,100 --> 03:06:07,400
not to think too hard about 
hygiene standards, that won't be

3454
03:06:07,400 --> 03:06:09,200
formalized for another several 
decades. 

3455
03:06:10,700 --> 03:06:13,900
The green grocer offers produced
that seasonal, local and muddy. 

3456
03:06:13,900 --> 03:06:17,100
No plastic wrap, no 
Refrigeration know, produce, 

3457
03:06:17,100 --> 03:06:20,500
that's traveled, thousands of 
miles to reach London, what's 

3458
03:06:20,500 --> 03:06:23,200
available depends entirely on 
what is growing in England right

3459
03:06:23,200 --> 03:06:26,800
now, or what's just arrived from
Europe. the variety is limited 

3460
03:06:26,800 --> 03:06:30,200
compared to Modern supermarkets,
but the flavor is often, 

3461
03:06:30,200 --> 03:06:33,200
stronger, vegetables, that 
haven't been bred for 

3462
03:06:33,200 --> 03:06:36,300
transported ability taste like 
themselves in ways that modern 

3463
03:06:36,300 --> 03:06:40,500
produce sometimes doesn't the 
Working Day for most London has 

3464
03:06:40,500 --> 03:06:43,600
started at dawn and will 
continue until dusk or later. 

3465
03:06:44,500 --> 03:06:47,100
Factory workers have been at 
their machines for hours already

3466
03:06:47,100 --> 03:06:50,500
operating equipment. 
That's dangerous and noisy and 

3467
03:06:50,500 --> 03:06:54,200
exhausting. 
Office workers a growing class 

3468
03:06:54,200 --> 03:06:57,700
and Victorian London, a bent 
over desks copying documents by 

3469
03:06:57,700 --> 03:07:00,900
hand or operating the new 
typewriters that are 

3470
03:07:00,908 --> 03:07:04,900
revolutionizing paperwork. 
Shop assistance, stand behind 

3471
03:07:04,900 --> 03:07:08,200
their counters for 12 or 14-hour
stretches, because sitting down 

3472
03:07:08,200 --> 03:07:09,900
while working is considered 
lazy. 

3473
03:07:10,900 --> 03:07:14,400
Pace of life is simultaneously 
slower and more exhausting than 

3474
03:07:14,400 --> 03:07:16,600
modern work. 
Everything takes longer. 

3475
03:07:16,600 --> 03:07:20,600
There are no computers, no 
phones and no quick 

3476
03:07:20,600 --> 03:07:24,400
communication of any kind Beyond
sending a messenger boy, but the

3477
03:07:24,400 --> 03:07:28,600
physical demands are Relentless 
even supposedly Gentile office. 

3478
03:07:28,600 --> 03:07:32,100
Work involves writing by hand 
for hours, which is more tiring 

3479
03:07:32,100 --> 03:07:35,400
than it sounds. 
Street Life provides constant 

3480
03:07:35,400 --> 03:07:37,500
entertainment. 
If you're observing rather than 

3481
03:07:37,500 --> 03:07:41,600
participating, The urchins 
running errands the ladies doing

3482
03:07:41,600 --> 03:07:43,700
their morning shopping with 
servants, carrying their 

3483
03:07:43,700 --> 03:07:47,400
purchases, the businessman 
hurrying to appointments, the 

3484
03:07:47,400 --> 03:07:50,300
police constables walking their 
beats in their distinctive 

3485
03:07:50,300 --> 03:07:54,300
uniforms and Tall helmets. 
Everyone is part of an intricate

3486
03:07:54,300 --> 03:07:57,500
social choreography, The 
Operators on rules, your only 

3487
03:07:57,500 --> 03:08:00,800
beginning to understand the 
postal system is remarkably 

3488
03:08:00,800 --> 03:08:03,700
efficient. 
Letters posted in the morning, 

3489
03:08:03,700 --> 03:08:07,700
will be delivered that same day 
in London carried by postmen who

3490
03:08:07,700 --> 03:08:10,100
walk their Roots multiple times 
daily. 

3491
03:08:11,700 --> 03:08:14,800
The telegraph. 
Victorian London's fastest 

3492
03:08:14,800 --> 03:08:18,100
communication technology. 
Can send messages across the 

3493
03:08:18,100 --> 03:08:21,200
country in minutes though. 
It's expensive and used 

3494
03:08:21,200 --> 03:08:24,900
primarily for important 
business, or emergence of The 

3495
03:08:24,900 --> 03:08:27,000
class system is visible in every
interaction. 

3496
03:08:27,000 --> 03:08:30,600
The wealthy don't acknowledge 
the poor, unless they're 

3497
03:08:30,600 --> 03:08:32,500
servants or tradespeople 
providing services. 

3498
03:08:33,400 --> 03:08:36,900
The middle class imitates the 
wealthy while trying to distance

3499
03:08:36,900 --> 03:08:41,000
themselves from the workers. 
The poor Navigator world where 

3500
03:08:41,000 --> 03:08:45,000
their existence is often treated
as a necessary evil or an 

3501
03:08:45,000 --> 03:08:46,800
unfortunate reality to be 
ignored. 

3502
03:08:47,500 --> 03:08:50,800
It's uncomfortable to watch even
more uncomfortable to 

3503
03:08:50,800 --> 03:08:54,300
participate in, and completely 
normal to everyone around you. 

3504
03:08:55,100 --> 03:08:57,900
The afternoon in Victorian, 
London operates on different 

3505
03:08:57,900 --> 03:09:00,600
rhythms than the morning. 
By two o'clock. 

3506
03:09:00,600 --> 03:09:05,100
The city is shifted gears. 
Frantic morning, energy has 

3507
03:09:05,100 --> 03:09:08,400
settled into something more 
sustained and purposeful though.

3508
03:09:08,400 --> 03:09:11,900
No, less busy. 
Lunch as a concept that varies 

3509
03:09:11,900 --> 03:09:15,300
wildly by class. 
The wealthiest city down to 

3510
03:09:15,300 --> 03:09:19,500
elaborate multi-course Affairs 
in their dining rooms by staff 

3511
03:09:19,500 --> 03:09:21,200
who appear and disappear 
silently. 

3512
03:09:22,800 --> 03:09:25,500
The middle class might have a 
simple meal at home or in one of

3513
03:09:25,508 --> 03:09:28,500
the new restaurants that are 
becoming fashionable. workers 

3514
03:09:28,500 --> 03:09:32,600
grab whatever, they can afford 
from Street vendors, a pie, some

3515
03:09:32,600 --> 03:09:35,708
bread and cheese, perhaps a cup 
of tea from a vendor with a 

3516
03:09:35,716 --> 03:09:39,800
portable The tea itself, 
deserves attention, because 

3517
03:09:39,800 --> 03:09:43,300
Victorian Britain, ran on tea 
the way modern society runs on 

3518
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:46,500
coffee. 
Strong black and sweetened with 

3519
03:09:46,508 --> 03:09:50,000
sugar that still enough of a 
luxury that people measure it 

3520
03:09:50,000 --> 03:09:53,000
carefully. 
Milk is added if you can afford 

3521
03:09:53,000 --> 03:09:56,700
it and the result is a drink 
that's more fortification than 

3522
03:09:56,700 --> 03:10:00,300
refreshment. 
Tea breaks punctuate the working

3523
03:10:00,300 --> 03:10:04,200
day, like, markers on a 
timeline, brief respite from 

3524
03:10:04,200 --> 03:10:08,300
labor, that's often monotonous 
and always demanding the streets

3525
03:10:08,300 --> 03:10:10,100
of changed characters and 
mourning. 

3526
03:10:10,100 --> 03:10:13,500
The commercial delivery is that 
dominated early hours of giving 

3527
03:10:13,500 --> 03:10:17,300
way to personal traffic ladies 
visiting for afternoon calls 

3528
03:10:17,300 --> 03:10:21,500
gentleman conducting business 
and servant's running errands 

3529
03:10:21,500 --> 03:10:24,900
for their employers. 
The traffic is still intense but

3530
03:10:24,900 --> 03:10:29,300
it's more varied, more social, 
and less about getting goods 

3531
03:10:29,300 --> 03:10:33,700
from one place to another. 
The public housing pubs are open

3532
03:10:33,700 --> 03:10:36,800
and they serve as social centers
for working class London. 

3533
03:10:37,700 --> 03:10:39,900
These aren't the Charming 
establishments you might imagine

3534
03:10:39,900 --> 03:10:44,500
from period drama's, they're 
often crowded Smoky and filled 

3535
03:10:44,500 --> 03:10:47,200
with people seeking temporary 
escape from lives that are 

3536
03:10:47,200 --> 03:10:49,400
physically exhausting and 
financially precarious. 

3537
03:10:50,700 --> 03:10:54,700
The beer is warm flat by modern 
standards and considerably 

3538
03:10:54,700 --> 03:10:56,400
stronger than contemporary 
bruise. 

3539
03:10:57,100 --> 03:11:00,200
For the middle and upper classes
afternoon, visiting is serious 

3540
03:11:00,200 --> 03:11:02,700
business. 
Ladies call on each other's 

3541
03:11:02,700 --> 03:11:06,000
homes, according to elaborate 
social, protocols, you leave 

3542
03:11:06,000 --> 03:11:10,000
cards and you sit in parlors 
drinking tea and engaging in 

3543
03:11:10,000 --> 03:11:13,200
conversation that simultaneously
gossip and intelligence 

3544
03:11:13,200 --> 03:11:16,200
gathering. 
Who's engaged, who's in 

3545
03:11:16,200 --> 03:11:20,400
financial trouble, who has been 
seen with whom information flows

3546
03:11:20,400 --> 03:11:23,500
through these afternoon calls, 
like data through Modern social 

3547
03:11:23,500 --> 03:11:26,400
networks. 
The Victorian parlor is a stage 

3548
03:11:26,400 --> 03:11:28,700
set designed to display well and
good taste. 

3549
03:11:28,700 --> 03:11:31,100
Every surface is covered with 
something. 

3550
03:11:31,100 --> 03:11:36,000
Doilies, decorative objects 
photographs in elaborate frames 

3551
03:11:36,000 --> 03:11:39,900
and books carefully, chosen to 
suggest intellectual interests. 

3552
03:11:40,900 --> 03:11:45,000
Fern is heavy dark and arranged 
to encourage formal conversation

3553
03:11:45,000 --> 03:11:48,900
rather than relaxation. 
Comfort is less important than 

3554
03:11:48,900 --> 03:11:51,900
propriety. 
Children from wealthy families 

3555
03:11:51,900 --> 03:11:55,800
are supervised by nannies and 
governesses learning the skills 

3556
03:11:55,800 --> 03:11:57,600
and knowledge appropriate to 
their class. 

3557
03:11:58,600 --> 03:12:00,900
Boys will eventually go to 
schools that prepare them for 

3558
03:12:00,900 --> 03:12:05,000
universities or business girls. 
Learn accomplishments like music

3559
03:12:05,000 --> 03:12:08,600
drawing and languages that will 
make them attractive, marriage, 

3560
03:12:08,600 --> 03:12:11,900
prospects. 
Working-class children are often

3561
03:12:11,900 --> 03:12:16,500
working themselves in factories,
a servants, or helping their 

3562
03:12:16,500 --> 03:12:18,000
families with peace work done at
home. 

3563
03:12:18,000 --> 03:12:20,900
The afternoon, also brings 
educational and cultural 

3564
03:12:20,900 --> 03:12:22,800
opportunities for those with 
time and money. 

3565
03:12:23,600 --> 03:12:26,800
Museums are open though. 
Many charged, admission fees 

3566
03:12:26,800 --> 03:12:30,800
that limit access to the middle 
and upper classes. libraries 

3567
03:12:30,800 --> 03:12:34,200
exist, but are primarily 
subscription Services, you pay 

3568
03:12:34,200 --> 03:12:38,100
an annual fee for borrowing 
privileges Public education is 

3569
03:12:38,100 --> 03:12:42,000
expanding but still limited and 
literacy rates, reflect this 

3570
03:12:42,000 --> 03:12:45,200
reality. 
Hyde Park and other green spaces

3571
03:12:45,200 --> 03:12:46,800
fill with our afternoon 
strollers. 

3572
03:12:46,800 --> 03:12:50,400
The wealthy parade in their 
Finest Clothing, seeing and 

3573
03:12:50,400 --> 03:12:53,500
being seen. 
The middle class takes more 

3574
03:12:53,500 --> 03:12:56,900
modest, walks enjoying fresh 
air, that's marginally less 

3575
03:12:56,900 --> 03:13:00,600
polluted than the streets. 
The very poor might pass through

3576
03:13:00,600 --> 03:13:03,600
on their way to other 
destinations because leisure 

3577
03:13:03,600 --> 03:13:05,500
time is a luxury, they can't 
afford. 

3578
03:13:06,800 --> 03:13:09,600
The light begins to change as 
after noon, progresses toward 

3579
03:13:09,600 --> 03:13:12,300
evening. 
The sun which has been filtering

3580
03:13:12,300 --> 03:13:16,300
weekly through cloud and smoke 
all day, starts at decline. 

3581
03:13:17,000 --> 03:13:20,500
The Shadows length and there's a
subtle shift in the city's 

3582
03:13:20,500 --> 03:13:23,200
energy. 
The afternoons purposeful 

3583
03:13:23,200 --> 03:13:26,000
activity, begins transitioning 
toward the evenings, different 

3584
03:13:26,000 --> 03:13:28,600
rhythms. 
Street vendors, change their 

3585
03:13:28,600 --> 03:13:33,100
offerings, fewer vegetables, and
flowers, more hot food and small

3586
03:13:33,100 --> 03:13:35,000
Comforts for people heading home
from work. 

3587
03:13:36,000 --> 03:13:38,900
The pie sellers do brisk 
business as do. 

3588
03:13:38,900 --> 03:13:41,900
The chestnut Roasters who appear
with their portable braziers 

3589
03:13:41,900 --> 03:13:44,700
filling Corners with the smell 
of roasting nuts. 

3590
03:13:44,700 --> 03:13:47,900
That provides temporary relief 
from Less Pleasant Urban odors. 

3591
03:13:49,000 --> 03:13:51,900
Traffic intensifies as 
businesses, begin closing and 

3592
03:13:51,900 --> 03:13:55,000
workers head home. 
The Omnibus is become even more 

3593
03:13:55,000 --> 03:13:57,400
crowded packed with people who 
can afford the fare. 

3594
03:13:57,400 --> 03:14:01,100
Though, those who can't walk 
off, often considerable distance

3595
03:14:01,100 --> 03:14:03,900
is to reach homes in 
neighborhoods that are cheaper 

3596
03:14:03,900 --> 03:14:07,400
because their father from 
employment centers, The Thames, 

3597
03:14:07,400 --> 03:14:08,800
which has been a presents all 
day. 

3598
03:14:08,800 --> 03:14:11,000
You can smell it. 
Even when you can't see, it 

3599
03:14:11,000 --> 03:14:14,900
becomes more prominent As you 
move towards the river, the 

3600
03:14:14,900 --> 03:14:18,100
docks are busy with ships from 
around the world loading and 

3601
03:14:18,100 --> 03:14:21,100
unloading cargo that will be 
distributed throughout Britain. 

3602
03:14:21,900 --> 03:14:25,700
The river itself is working 
infrastructure crowded with 

3603
03:14:25,700 --> 03:14:29,300
boats of every size. 
All of them contributing to 

3604
03:14:29,300 --> 03:14:32,100
London's position as the world's
largest port. 

3605
03:14:33,100 --> 03:14:35,500
Watching the Thames. 
You're reminded that Victorian. 

3606
03:14:35,500 --> 03:14:37,700
London was the center of a 
global Empire. 

3607
03:14:38,600 --> 03:14:41,800
The goods moving through those 
docks, come from India or 

3608
03:14:41,800 --> 03:14:46,100
Australia, Africa, and the 
Caribbean everywhere, that 

3609
03:14:46,100 --> 03:14:49,300
British power and trade have 
reached its impressive and 

3610
03:14:49,300 --> 03:14:53,700
troubling simultaneously, the 
foundation of prosperity built 

3611
03:14:53,700 --> 03:14:56,900
on colonialism that won't be 
questioned for decades yet. 

3612
03:14:56,900 --> 03:15:01,100
As Twilight approaches 
Victorian, London transforms 

3613
03:15:01,100 --> 03:15:03,500
into something that's 
simultaneously, magical and 

3614
03:15:03,500 --> 03:15:06,000
ominous. 
The lamplighters begin. 

3615
03:15:06,000 --> 03:15:09,200
Their rounds men with long 
poles, who walk through the 

3616
03:15:09,200 --> 03:15:11,900
streets, igniting the gas lamps,
that provide nighttime 

3617
03:15:11,900 --> 03:15:15,100
illumination. 
It's a job that exists only in 

3618
03:15:15,100 --> 03:15:18,200
the brief window between the 
introduction of gaslighting and 

3619
03:15:18,200 --> 03:15:21,100
the arrival of electricity and 
watching them work. 

3620
03:15:21,100 --> 03:15:23,500
Feels like observing a ritual 
from another world. 

3621
03:15:24,400 --> 03:15:27,300
The gas lamps, create pools of 
yellowish light, that push back 

3622
03:15:27,300 --> 03:15:29,200
the darkness without quite 
conquering. 

3623
03:15:29,200 --> 03:15:31,600
It. 
The space is between lamps, 

3624
03:15:31,600 --> 03:15:35,000
remain murky and the overall 
effect is less like illumination

3625
03:15:35,000 --> 03:15:39,100
and more like punctuation marks 
of brightness in an otherwise, 

3626
03:15:39,100 --> 03:15:42,400
dark text. 
The light itself is different 

3627
03:15:42,400 --> 03:15:46,900
from electric lighting, software
warmer and somehow less reliable

3628
03:15:46,900 --> 03:15:49,000
as if it might go out at any 
moment. 

3629
03:15:50,300 --> 03:15:52,700
Quality of the evening. 
Depends, entirely on where you 

3630
03:15:52,700 --> 03:15:54,700
are in London's complex, social 
geography. 

3631
03:15:55,800 --> 03:15:58,400
In the West End, Theatres are 
preparing for their evening 

3632
03:15:58,400 --> 03:16:01,100
performances. 
The theaters themselves are 

3633
03:16:01,100 --> 03:16:04,300
architectural gems to impress 
audiences. 

3634
03:16:04,300 --> 03:16:09,100
Even before the curtain Rises 
gaslighting illuminates, a 

3635
03:16:09,100 --> 03:16:12,900
labyrinth Interiors decorated 
with plush and guilt creating an

3636
03:16:12,900 --> 03:16:16,800
atmosphere of grandeur, that's 
designed to make attendees feel 

3637
03:16:16,800 --> 03:16:21,500
special, just for being there. 
The shows are varied Shakespeare

3638
03:16:21,500 --> 03:16:24,900
performed by celebrated actors 
musical entertainments, 

3639
03:16:24,900 --> 03:16:29,000
melodramas, that allow audiences
to boo villains and cheer Heroes

3640
03:16:29,000 --> 03:16:32,900
and pantomime that combined 
fairy tales with contemporary 

3641
03:16:32,900 --> 03:16:35,900
satire. 
The theater's a social space is 

3642
03:16:35,900 --> 03:16:39,300
where different classes, mixed 
but remain separate the wealthy 

3643
03:16:39,300 --> 03:16:41,400
in their private boxes and 
premium seats. 

3644
03:16:41,400 --> 03:16:45,000
The middle class in the Stalls 
and the working class and the 

3645
03:16:45,008 --> 03:16:48,100
gallery where tickets are cheap 
and behavior as rowdy. 

3646
03:16:48,900 --> 03:16:50,800
Music, Halls offered different 
entertainment. 

3647
03:16:50,800 --> 03:16:56,800
Variety shows, featuring singers
dancers Comedians and Specialty 

3648
03:16:56,800 --> 03:16:59,300
Acts. 
These are less respectable than 

3649
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:02,700
theaters and more working class 
In Their audience and content. 

3650
03:17:03,600 --> 03:17:07,500
The atmosphere is raucous, the 
humor is Broad and drinking is 

3651
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:10,700
encouraged the Music Hall is 
where you go to forget, your 

3652
03:17:10,700 --> 03:17:13,100
troubles rather than be elevated
by Art. 

3653
03:17:13,100 --> 03:17:16,400
Though, the distinction between 
the two is often less clear than

3654
03:17:16,400 --> 03:17:18,500
Victorian. 
Moral Guardians would prefer. 

3655
03:17:19,400 --> 03:17:23,200
In residential areas evening, 
routines vary by class, but 

3656
03:17:23,200 --> 03:17:25,800
share common rhythms. 
Families. 

3657
03:17:25,800 --> 03:17:28,800
Gather for dinner, the main meal
of the day for those who can 

3658
03:17:28,800 --> 03:17:31,700
afford it. 
The wealthy eat elaborate 

3659
03:17:31,700 --> 03:17:33,900
Affairs served in formal dining 
rooms. 

3660
03:17:34,600 --> 03:17:37,800
The middle class has simpler 
fare, but still maintains proper

3661
03:17:37,800 --> 03:17:41,600
table, manners and conversation.
The working class makes do with 

3662
03:17:41,600 --> 03:17:45,000
whatever they can afford often 
eating in kitchens that all. 

3663
03:17:45,000 --> 03:17:47,600
So, serve as living rooms 
because their homes are too 

3664
03:17:47,608 --> 03:17:51,200
small for separate spaces. 
After dinner the evening, 

3665
03:17:51,200 --> 03:17:54,100
stretches ahead with far fewer 
entertainment options, that 

3666
03:17:54,100 --> 03:17:57,900
Modern Life provides. 
Without televisions computers or

3667
03:17:57,900 --> 03:18:01,600
phones. 
People read engage in Hobbies or

3668
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:04,600
simply talk. 
Let her writing is a common 

3669
03:18:04,600 --> 03:18:08,300
evening, activity, maintaining 
correspondence, with family, and

3670
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:11,500
friends requires regular 
attention, and the well-educated

3671
03:18:11,500 --> 03:18:13,900
or expected to be articulate 
writers. 

3672
03:18:15,000 --> 03:18:18,100
For the working class evening, 
might mean a few hours at the 

3673
03:18:18,100 --> 03:18:21,600
pub before exhausted sleep or 
working on peace work projects 

3674
03:18:21,600 --> 03:18:23,700
at home to supplement inadequate
wages. 

3675
03:18:24,900 --> 03:18:28,500
Children are put to bed, early, 
partly, because childhood is 

3676
03:18:28,500 --> 03:18:31,300
shorter in Practical terms. 
They'll be working soon enough. 

3677
03:18:31,300 --> 03:18:34,200
So rest now is pragmatic rather 
than coddling. 

3678
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:37,000
The streets. 
Take on a different character 

3679
03:18:37,000 --> 03:18:40,700
after dark respectable. 
People don't linger outside once

3680
03:18:40,700 --> 03:18:44,100
night falls because Victorian 
London has a well-deserved 

3681
03:18:44,100 --> 03:18:47,100
reputation for Crime. 
That's not entirely exaggerated.

3682
03:18:48,000 --> 03:18:51,500
The police are relatively new 
institution still finding its 

3683
03:18:51,500 --> 03:18:54,900
footing. 
Trolling pairs their presence 

3684
03:18:54,900 --> 03:18:58,700
designed to reassure Laura bite 
in citizens and deter criminals.

3685
03:18:59,500 --> 03:19:02,600
But the city doesn't sleep night
workers are everywhere. 

3686
03:19:02,600 --> 03:19:06,500
Baker starting their work for 
tomorrow's bread like soil. 

3687
03:19:06,500 --> 03:19:09,700
Men collecting waste from 
cesspits and privies and mark, 

3688
03:19:09,700 --> 03:19:11,800
it workers preparing for the 
next day's business. 

3689
03:19:12,800 --> 03:19:15,800
London operates on overlapping 
schedule's with some people 

3690
03:19:15,800 --> 03:19:17,700
ending their day as others. 
Begin theirs. 

3691
03:19:18,600 --> 03:19:22,400
The fog which cleared some 
during the day often returns at 

3692
03:19:22,400 --> 03:19:24,400
night, thicker and more 
oppressive. 

3693
03:19:25,200 --> 03:19:27,700
Combined with the darkness and 
The Limited lighting. 

3694
03:19:27,700 --> 03:19:31,500
Navigating, Victorian London 
after dark requires local 

3695
03:19:31,500 --> 03:19:33,300
knowledge or considerable 
courage. 

3696
03:19:34,000 --> 03:19:37,300
Streets that were merely crowded
during the day become maze-like 

3697
03:19:37,300 --> 03:19:40,700
and vaguely threatening. 
There's a romance to the evening

3698
03:19:40,700 --> 03:19:44,100
gas light, that photographers 
and artists of captured, but the

3699
03:19:44,100 --> 03:19:45,900
lived reality is less 
picturesque. 

3700
03:19:45,900 --> 03:19:49,900
The light is dim enough that 
reading strange your eyes and 

3701
03:19:49,900 --> 03:19:53,500
many Victorian suffer from 
vision problems, partly because 

3702
03:19:53,500 --> 03:19:56,700
they spend their lives squinting
at things in inadequate 

3703
03:19:56,700 --> 03:20:00,100
illumination. 
The gas Flames, consume oxygen 

3704
03:20:00,100 --> 03:20:04,400
making rooms stuffy and they 
produce their own smell. 

3705
03:20:04,400 --> 03:20:08,000
That adds to the complex, 
olfactory Symphony of Victorian,

3706
03:20:08,000 --> 03:20:11,300
urban life. 
For those with evening, social 

3707
03:20:11,300 --> 03:20:14,700
engagements, dinner, parties 
Card Games, Social calls, 

3708
03:20:14,700 --> 03:20:18,800
elaborate preparations, are 
required evening dresses, 

3709
03:20:18,800 --> 03:20:22,600
formal, and highly specific, and
takes substantial time to put on

3710
03:20:22,600 --> 03:20:25,500
correctly. 
Women's evening gowns. 

3711
03:20:25,500 --> 03:20:29,200
Even more complex than they were
with lower necklines. 

3712
03:20:29,200 --> 03:20:32,700
That scandalize foreign visitors
but a perfectly acceptable 

3713
03:20:32,700 --> 03:20:35,100
within the confines of private 
entertainment. 

3714
03:20:36,400 --> 03:20:38,500
The dinner party is a 
performance where multiple 

3715
03:20:38,500 --> 03:20:42,700
courses are served conversation,
follows strict guidelines about 

3716
03:20:42,700 --> 03:20:46,500
appropriate, topics, and every 
gesture, and word is evaluated. 

3717
03:20:46,500 --> 03:20:49,000
According to social rules that 
have been refined over 

3718
03:20:49,000 --> 03:20:51,700
Generations. 
Getting through an evening 

3719
03:20:51,700 --> 03:20:55,500
without committing some faux par
requires constant attention to 

3720
03:20:55,500 --> 03:20:58,500
Etiquette, that modern people 
would find exhausting. 

3721
03:20:59,500 --> 03:21:03,500
Deep night in Victorian, London 
is when the city reveals its 

3722
03:21:03,500 --> 03:21:07,000
most honest face. 
The social pretenses of daylight

3723
03:21:07,000 --> 03:21:09,400
fade. 
And what remains is a complex 

3724
03:21:09,400 --> 03:21:14,600
ecosystem of people, surviving 
thriving working and sleeping in

3725
03:21:14,600 --> 03:21:16,700
a metropolis that never 
completely stops. 

3726
03:21:16,700 --> 03:21:20,100
Moving. 
The darkness is profound in ways

3727
03:21:20,100 --> 03:21:24,200
that Modern urban dwellers 
rarely experience, even with gas

3728
03:21:24,200 --> 03:21:27,600
lamps large portions of London 
remained pitch black after 

3729
03:21:27,600 --> 03:21:30,400
midnight. 
The moon and stars when visible 

3730
03:21:30,400 --> 03:21:33,500
through the Perpetual Haze of 
coal, smoke provides 

3731
03:21:33,500 --> 03:21:36,800
supplemental light but it's not 
enough to eliminate the Shadows 

3732
03:21:36,800 --> 03:21:39,900
that dominate the urban 
landscape in wealthier 

3733
03:21:39,900 --> 03:21:42,200
neighborhoods. 
The houses are mostly dark by 11

3734
03:21:42,200 --> 03:21:45,900
or midnight, their inhabitants 
are sleep behind heavy curtains 

3735
03:21:45,900 --> 03:21:50,300
that block, both light and cold 
The streets are quiet, except 

3736
03:21:50,300 --> 03:21:52,000
for the occasional late cab 
returning. 

3737
03:21:52,000 --> 03:21:55,400
Someone from an evening 
engagement, the horses, hooves, 

3738
03:21:55,400 --> 03:21:58,000
echoing off the buildings, like 
a heartbeat in the Darkness. 

3739
03:21:59,000 --> 03:22:02,200
But in working-class areas, 
Knight is when the city shows 

3740
03:22:02,200 --> 03:22:06,000
its desperation. 
Homeless people and Victorian. 

3741
03:22:06,000 --> 03:22:10,300
London has thousands of them 
seek shelter in doorways under 

3742
03:22:10,300 --> 03:22:13,800
bridges and anywhere that 
provides minimal protection from

3743
03:22:13,800 --> 03:22:16,500
the elements. 
The workhouses offer beds for 

3744
03:22:16,508 --> 03:22:18,200
those desperate enough to accept
them. 

3745
03:22:18,200 --> 03:22:21,300
But they're so Grim that many 
prefer the streets. 

3746
03:22:22,100 --> 03:22:25,200
The night soil men, make their 
rounds collecting human waste 

3747
03:22:25,200 --> 03:22:26,800
from cesspits and outdoor 
privies. 

3748
03:22:27,600 --> 03:22:31,000
It's disgusting work, but it 
pays relatively well, because 

3749
03:22:31,000 --> 03:22:34,100
few people will do it. 
They work in the dark hours, 

3750
03:22:34,100 --> 03:22:38,000
partly for practical reasons. 
Waste is easier to transport 

3751
03:22:38,000 --> 03:22:40,600
when the streets are empty and 
partly to spare. 

3752
03:22:40,600 --> 03:22:43,700
Victorian sensibilities, from 
confronting two directly where 

3753
03:22:43,700 --> 03:22:47,900
all the waste goes The Thames at
night is busy with a different 

3754
03:22:47,908 --> 03:22:52,100
traffic cold, barges move 
undercover of Darkness docking 

3755
03:22:52,100 --> 03:22:53,800
at industrial sites along the 
river. 

3756
03:22:54,800 --> 03:22:57,900
Passenger Ferry's continue 
operating until late, caring 

3757
03:22:57,900 --> 03:23:00,300
people across and along the 
river because bridges are still 

3758
03:23:00,300 --> 03:23:04,300
limited and often congested. 
The water itself is largely 

3759
03:23:04,300 --> 03:23:08,400
invisible in the darkness marked
more by sound and smell and 

3760
03:23:08,400 --> 03:23:11,600
sight. 
Criminal activity, which existed

3761
03:23:11,600 --> 03:23:14,200
all hours becomes more Brazen 
after dark. 

3762
03:23:15,100 --> 03:23:17,800
Pickpockets work, the theater 
crowds and Pub districts. 

3763
03:23:18,500 --> 03:23:21,200
Burglars prefer homes where the 
inhabitants were asleep. 

3764
03:23:22,100 --> 03:23:25,100
The police patrol with increased
vigilance, but their vastly 

3765
03:23:25,100 --> 03:23:28,500
outnumbered and Victorian, 
London has plenty of dark 

3766
03:23:28,500 --> 03:23:31,100
Corners, where criminal 
Enterprise can operate 

3767
03:23:31,100 --> 03:23:34,900
relatively undisturbed. 
The sounds of night are 

3768
03:23:34,900 --> 03:23:38,000
different from day without the 
constant Rumble of commercial 

3769
03:23:38,000 --> 03:23:40,600
traffic. 
Individual sounds become more 

3770
03:23:40,600 --> 03:23:43,400
distinct. 
You can hear voices from open 

3771
03:23:43,400 --> 03:23:46,800
windows. 
The Cry of babies, the arguments

3772
03:23:46,800 --> 03:23:49,400
of couples who think the 
darkness provides privacy. 

3773
03:23:49,400 --> 03:23:54,300
The Barking of dogs, the yowling
of cats and the scarring of rats

3774
03:23:54,300 --> 03:23:56,800
that are as much a part of 
Victorian London as the human 

3775
03:23:56,800 --> 03:24:01,600
inhabitants, Speaking of rats, 
Victorian London has millions of

3776
03:24:01,600 --> 03:24:05,800
them, they live in the sewers in
the walls of buildings and in 

3777
03:24:05,800 --> 03:24:09,800
warehouses and shops, feeding on
the endless supply of waste and 

3778
03:24:09,800 --> 03:24:13,500
garbage that a city of several 
million people producers. 

3779
03:24:14,300 --> 03:24:18,600
At night, when humans are less 
active rats, become bold, 

3780
03:24:18,600 --> 03:24:21,600
venturing into streets and 
alleys in numbers that would 

3781
03:24:21,600 --> 03:24:26,000
horrify modern city dwellers. 
The night markets operate in 

3782
03:24:26,000 --> 03:24:28,800
certain areas selling Goods, 
that might not stand up to 

3783
03:24:28,800 --> 03:24:33,000
Daylight scrutiny. 
Used clothing, questionable food

3784
03:24:33,000 --> 03:24:36,000
items, that might have fallen 
off the back of a cart. 

3785
03:24:36,700 --> 03:24:40,000
The informal economy thrives in 
the hours, when official 

3786
03:24:40,000 --> 03:24:43,500
Commerce is closed. these 
markets, serve people who work 

3787
03:24:43,500 --> 03:24:47,200
odd hours or who can only afford
the cheapest possible Goods 

3788
03:24:47,200 --> 03:24:51,500
regardless of their origin, 
Factory workers on night, shifts

3789
03:24:51,500 --> 03:24:53,600
experience, a different London 
entirely. 

3790
03:24:54,400 --> 03:24:58,200
They enter their workplaces in 
darkness and emerge in darkness 

3791
03:24:58,200 --> 03:25:01,900
seeing their homes and families 
primarily on their one day off 

3792
03:25:01,900 --> 03:25:05,200
per week. 
Factories themselves are lit by 

3793
03:25:05,200 --> 03:25:07,100
gas lamps that create their own 
hazards. 

3794
03:25:07,900 --> 03:25:10,300
The combination of open flames, 
and Industrial. 

3795
03:25:10,300 --> 03:25:14,500
Machinery has predictable 
results and Factory fires are a 

3796
03:25:14,500 --> 03:25:17,200
regular occurrence. 
The baker start, their work 

3797
03:25:17,200 --> 03:25:20,100
around 3 in the morning, firing 
up ovens and beginning. 

3798
03:25:20,100 --> 03:25:22,400
The process of producing the 
bread that will be sold 

3799
03:25:22,400 --> 03:25:25,800
throughout the coming day. 
Walking past a bakery. 

3800
03:25:25,800 --> 03:25:28,800
In the early morning, Darkness 
the smell of baking bread 

3801
03:25:28,800 --> 03:25:32,000
provides a moment of pure 
sensory pleasure but cuts 

3802
03:25:32,000 --> 03:25:36,000
through the usual Urban, odors 
The new technology of the 

3803
03:25:36,000 --> 03:25:39,700
telegraph operates, 24 hours, 
with operators, sitting in 

3804
03:25:39,700 --> 03:25:42,100
offices, sending and receiving 
messages through the night. 

3805
03:25:42,900 --> 03:25:45,900
It's the beginning of the modern
expectation, that information 

3806
03:25:45,900 --> 03:25:48,900
should be available instantly 
rather than waiting for the next

3807
03:25:48,900 --> 03:25:52,100
day's mail delivery. 
Some public houses, stay open 

3808
03:25:52,100 --> 03:25:56,300
late operating in a gray area of
legal and illegal, depending on 

3809
03:25:56,300 --> 03:25:59,400
their location and their 
relationship with local police. 

3810
03:26:00,200 --> 03:26:03,000
These late night establishments 
serve people who work odd hours 

3811
03:26:03,000 --> 03:26:06,500
people with nowhere else to go 
and people who prefer the 

3812
03:26:06,500 --> 03:26:08,400
company of the pub to their own 
lodgings. 

3813
03:26:09,600 --> 03:26:13,100
The atmosphere is different from
daytime drinking quieter or 

3814
03:26:13,100 --> 03:26:16,600
desperate less social and more 
about numbing whatever makes 

3815
03:26:16,600 --> 03:26:19,700
sleep difficult. 
Hospital Wards operate through 

3816
03:26:19,700 --> 03:26:23,800
the night staffed by overworked 
nurses who care for patients in 

3817
03:26:23,800 --> 03:26:27,400
conditions that are gradually 
improving but still shockingly 

3818
03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:31,400
inadequate by modern standards. 
Medical understanding is 

3819
03:26:31,400 --> 03:26:34,700
advancing rapidly in Victorian 
England, but practical 

3820
03:26:34,700 --> 03:26:37,700
application lags behind 
theoretical knowledge and 

3821
03:26:37,700 --> 03:26:40,700
hospitals remain places where 
the poor go because they have no

3822
03:26:40,700 --> 03:26:43,800
other option. 
The churches stand dark and 

3823
03:26:43,800 --> 03:26:47,800
locked except for the very 
largest which maintain small 

3824
03:26:47,800 --> 03:26:51,700
chapels open for prayer. 
Victorian religion is both 

3825
03:26:51,700 --> 03:26:54,300
intensely private and intensely 
public. 

3826
03:26:54,300 --> 03:26:58,000
And the after-hours availability
of religious spaces, reflects 

3827
03:26:58,000 --> 03:27:01,000
this complexity. 
Around four in the morning, 

3828
03:27:01,008 --> 03:27:04,300
London begins its transition 
back toward day. 

3829
03:27:05,100 --> 03:27:07,500
The earliest workers start 
appearing on the streets 

3830
03:27:07,500 --> 03:27:11,100
servants beginning, their 
Raleigh routines delivery, 

3831
03:27:11,100 --> 03:27:14,600
drivers preparing their wagons 
and Market vendors heading to 

3832
03:27:14,600 --> 03:27:17,300
wholesale markets to purchase 
their stock for the day. 

3833
03:27:18,200 --> 03:27:21,200
The darkness starts to feel 
temporary rather than permanent 

3834
03:27:21,200 --> 03:27:24,800
and the city prepares for 
another cycle of its endless 

3835
03:27:24,800 --> 03:27:28,000
routine. 
As Dawn approaches and the sky 

3836
03:27:28,000 --> 03:27:30,400
begins, its slow transition from
black to gray. 

3837
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:35,400
You find yourself in a quiet 
Square sitting, on a damp bench 

3838
03:27:35,400 --> 03:27:37,900
watching. 
Victorian London, wake up for 

3839
03:27:37,900 --> 03:27:41,700
another day. 
The experience of the past 24 

3840
03:27:41,700 --> 03:27:46,200
hours has been overwhelming 
exhausting, fascinating, and 

3841
03:27:46,200 --> 03:27:49,800
occasionally disturbing. 
everything that reality should 

3842
03:27:49,800 --> 03:27:52,200
be, when you strip away the 
comfortable filtering that 

3843
03:27:52,200 --> 03:27:57,100
historical distance provides The
fog is returning or perhaps it 

3844
03:27:57,100 --> 03:28:00,300
never really left. 
Coal fires are being lit in 

3845
03:28:00,300 --> 03:28:02,800
thousands of homes. 
And the smoke is already 

3846
03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:06,300
beginning to accumulate in the 
morning are Soon, the streets 

3847
03:28:06,300 --> 03:28:09,800
will fill again with horses 
people and the complex Machinery

3848
03:28:09,800 --> 03:28:12,100
of urban life that somehow 
functions. 

3849
03:28:12,100 --> 03:28:16,000
Despite operating on principles 
that seem impossibly Antiquated 

3850
03:28:16,000 --> 03:28:19,800
from a modern perspective, 
You've learned Things That No 

3851
03:28:19,800 --> 03:28:21,700
book or documentary could have 
taught you. 

3852
03:28:21,700 --> 03:28:25,000
You now know what coal smoke 
tastes like when it's everywhere

3853
03:28:25,000 --> 03:28:29,100
or Genuine cold feels like 
without central heating and what

3854
03:28:29,100 --> 03:28:31,700
Urban noise sounds like without 
sound insulation. 

3855
03:28:32,500 --> 03:28:35,500
You understand in your body, not
just your mind. 

3856
03:28:35,500 --> 03:28:39,600
What it means to live without 
electricity without instant 

3857
03:28:39,600 --> 03:28:42,400
communication. 
Without any of the technologies 

3858
03:28:42,400 --> 03:28:45,600
that Define modern existence, 
the social observations have 

3859
03:28:45,600 --> 03:28:48,700
been equally educational. 
You've seen how visible 

3860
03:28:48,700 --> 03:28:51,800
inequality is when everyone 
shares the same public spaces, 

3861
03:28:51,800 --> 03:28:55,700
but clearly belongs to different
worlds You've noticed how much 

3862
03:28:55,700 --> 03:28:59,100
energy Victorian society spent 
on maintaining social 

3863
03:28:59,100 --> 03:29:03,900
distinctions on performing class
identity and on signaling status

3864
03:29:03,900 --> 03:29:06,200
through clothes, speech and 
behavior. 

3865
03:29:07,000 --> 03:29:09,800
You've been struck by the 
physicality of Victoria and 

3866
03:29:09,800 --> 03:29:13,600
life, everything requires more 
effort getting dressed. 

3867
03:29:13,600 --> 03:29:18,300
Staying warm getting from place 
to place, obtaining food and 

3868
03:29:18,300 --> 03:29:22,100
staying clean. 
The simple Act of daily 

3869
03:29:22,100 --> 03:29:25,100
existence, that modern people 
accomplish without thought, 

3870
03:29:25,100 --> 03:29:29,800
required sustained, attention 
and considerable labor in the 

3871
03:29:29,800 --> 03:29:33,100
Victorian era. 
But you've also noticed things 

3872
03:29:33,100 --> 03:29:36,900
that Modern Life has lost. 
The bread tastes better because 

3873
03:29:36,900 --> 03:29:40,000
it's made daily from flower that
hasn't been processed into 

3874
03:29:40,000 --> 03:29:43,200
nutritional emptiness. 
Clothes, despite being 

3875
03:29:43,200 --> 03:29:45,800
uncomfortable are made to last 
and often contain better 

3876
03:29:45,800 --> 03:29:47,900
craftsmanship than anything you 
own. 

3877
03:29:48,700 --> 03:29:52,000
The social interactions while 
formal involve actually looking 

3878
03:29:52,000 --> 03:29:55,000
at people and talking to them 
rather than staring at screens. 

3879
03:29:55,800 --> 03:30:00,000
The pace of life is paradoxical.
Everything takes longer yet 

3880
03:30:00,000 --> 03:30:03,900
people seem to accomplish 
enormous amounts, The Victorian 

3881
03:30:03,900 --> 03:30:08,100
era was one of incredible 
productivity Innovation and 

3882
03:30:08,100 --> 03:30:12,100
expansion all achieved without 
computers without modern 

3883
03:30:12,100 --> 03:30:15,000
transportation and without 
instant communication. 

3884
03:30:15,900 --> 03:30:19,100
It's suggests that maybe modern 
efficiency isn't quite as a 

3885
03:30:19,100 --> 03:30:23,200
sufficient as we like to think. 
Or perhaps the efficiency, isn't

3886
03:30:23,200 --> 03:30:25,400
the only measure of a society 
success. 

3887
03:30:26,200 --> 03:30:29,200
The dangers of Victorian London 
have been real and present 

3888
03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:34,100
throughout your journey. 
Disease, accident, crime and 

3889
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:36,600
poverty. 
All of them are closer to the 

3890
03:30:36,608 --> 03:30:39,100
surface than in modern developed
societies. 

3891
03:30:39,900 --> 03:30:42,600
The social safety net. 
That modern people take for 

3892
03:30:42,600 --> 03:30:47,600
granted doesn't exist. if you're
poor sick or unlucky your 

3893
03:30:47,600 --> 03:30:51,600
options range from limited to 
non-existent, The environmental 

3894
03:30:51,600 --> 03:30:54,900
conditions have been a 
revelation, modern people think 

3895
03:30:54,900 --> 03:30:57,900
they understand, historical 
pollution, because they've seen 

3896
03:30:57,908 --> 03:31:02,100
photographs of smoggy cities. 
But photographs, don't convey 

3897
03:31:02,100 --> 03:31:05,500
the taste of the are the way 
smoke, irritates your throat, 

3898
03:31:05,500 --> 03:31:08,600
the omnipresent cold dust that 
settles on everything. 

3899
03:31:09,400 --> 03:31:13,000
The smell of the Thames, all the
sound of thousands of horses 

3900
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:15,700
producing waste faster than it 
can be collected. 

3901
03:31:16,700 --> 03:31:20,400
Yet, there's Beauty here too. 
The architecture is genuinely 

3902
03:31:20,400 --> 03:31:23,600
impressive built by craftsmen 
who took pride in their work. 

3903
03:31:23,600 --> 03:31:27,800
The gaslighting, however, 
inadequate atmospheric effects, 

3904
03:31:27,800 --> 03:31:29,900
that electric lights can't 
match. 

3905
03:31:31,000 --> 03:31:33,700
The sense of community and 
working class neighborhoods, 

3906
03:31:33,700 --> 03:31:38,100
born of shared hardship and 
mutual dependence represents 

3907
03:31:38,100 --> 03:31:41,300
something that modern Suburban 
isolation often Lacks. 

3908
03:31:42,300 --> 03:31:45,000
The people you've observed have 
been the most interesting part. 

3909
03:31:45,800 --> 03:31:48,000
They're not the simplified 
historical figures from 

3910
03:31:48,000 --> 03:31:51,300
textbooks or the Romantic 
characters from period. 

3911
03:31:51,300 --> 03:31:55,400
Dramas Their complex human 
beings dealing with the specific

3912
03:31:55,400 --> 03:31:58,500
challenges of their time, while 
experiencing the universal 

3913
03:31:58,500 --> 03:32:04,600
aspects of human existence. 
Love ambition, fear, hope 

3914
03:32:04,600 --> 03:32:09,100
boredom and joy. 
The children you've seen will 

3915
03:32:09,100 --> 03:32:12,500
grow up to be edwardians to 
experience the first world war 

3916
03:32:12,500 --> 03:32:17,000
and perhaps to live in to the 
1950s and wonder at television 

3917
03:32:17,000 --> 03:32:20,200
and jets. 
The young adults, you've watched

3918
03:32:20,200 --> 03:32:23,500
rushing to work, will be the 
elderly of the 1920s and 30s 

3919
03:32:23,500 --> 03:32:27,300
Living Bridges between the 
Victorian world and modernity 

3920
03:32:27,300 --> 03:32:32,500
history, isn't separate errors. 
It's continuous Human Experience

3921
03:32:32,500 --> 03:32:35,300
flowing from one generation to 
the next. 

3922
03:32:36,300 --> 03:32:40,100
You realize that Victorian 
London isn't passed its the 

3923
03:32:40,100 --> 03:32:42,800
foundation. 
The sewers being built right 

3924
03:32:42,800 --> 03:32:45,100
now, will still be functioning 
in the 21st century. 

3925
03:32:45,100 --> 03:32:48,700
The buildings, you've walked 
past Will Survive Wars and urban

3926
03:32:48,700 --> 03:32:52,700
renewal the institutions being 
established public libraries 

3927
03:32:52,700 --> 03:32:57,400
museums schools, hospitals will 
evolve but persist You're not 

3928
03:32:57,408 --> 03:33:00,400
visiting a dead world, you're 
observing the roots of the 

3929
03:33:00,408 --> 03:33:03,500
world, you know. 
The experience has given you a 

3930
03:33:03,500 --> 03:33:04,900
different perspective on 
progress. 

3931
03:33:05,800 --> 03:33:08,300
Yes. 
Modern Life is more comfortable,

3932
03:33:08,300 --> 03:33:12,900
safer and healthier and offers 
opportunities that victorians 

3933
03:33:12,900 --> 03:33:15,900
couldn't imagine. 
But progress isn't linear 

3934
03:33:15,900 --> 03:33:19,900
Improvement in every aspect. 
The victorians built things to 

3935
03:33:19,900 --> 03:33:24,900
last invested in Beauty, even in
utilitarian projects, and 

3936
03:33:24,900 --> 03:33:28,000
maintained social connections 
that modern efficiency has 

3937
03:33:28,000 --> 03:33:31,100
sometimes eroded. 
The moral complexity is 

3938
03:33:31,100 --> 03:33:34,700
impossible to ignore Victorian, 
Britain, ruled an Empire that 

3939
03:33:34,700 --> 03:33:38,300
brought prosperity to some and 
exploitation to many. 

3940
03:33:39,200 --> 03:33:42,300
The wealth visible in London's 
Grand, building's came partly 

3941
03:33:42,300 --> 03:33:46,600
from Colonial extraction. 
The cheap Goods in London shops 

3942
03:33:46,600 --> 03:33:50,300
were often produced by Colonial 
labor under conditions that 

3943
03:33:50,300 --> 03:33:53,700
would be recognized as 
exploitative even by Victorian 

3944
03:33:53,700 --> 03:33:56,500
standards. 
There's no way to separate. 

3945
03:33:56,500 --> 03:33:59,100
Victorian achievement from 
Victorian imperialism. 

3946
03:34:00,000 --> 03:34:03,500
Similarly, the period social 
progress co-existed with 

3947
03:34:03,500 --> 03:34:07,900
shocking inequality. 
Same society that was expanding,

3948
03:34:07,900 --> 03:34:10,300
education and improving Public 
Health. 

3949
03:34:10,300 --> 03:34:13,600
Also allowed children to work in
factories and mines. 

3950
03:34:14,600 --> 03:34:17,300
The era that produced great 
literature and scientific 

3951
03:34:17,300 --> 03:34:21,500
advances also maintained rigid 
class barriers, and severely, 

3952
03:34:21,500 --> 03:34:25,400
limited women's opportunities. 
These contradictions don't 

3953
03:34:25,400 --> 03:34:28,600
resolve neatly. 
The victorians were not villains

3954
03:34:28,600 --> 03:34:32,200
or Heroes, they were people 
working within their societies, 

3955
03:34:32,200 --> 03:34:35,800
assumptions, while gradually 
questioning and changing those 

3956
03:34:35,800 --> 03:34:39,900
assumptions. progress happened 
because some victorians 

3957
03:34:39,900 --> 03:34:43,600
recognize problems and work to 
address them not because history

3958
03:34:43,600 --> 03:34:47,500
automatically moves toward 
Justice, the gender dynamics of 

3959
03:34:47,500 --> 03:34:49,400
being particularly striking 
throughout your day. 

3960
03:34:50,200 --> 03:34:53,400
Women are everywhere but their 
possibilities are constrained in

3961
03:34:53,408 --> 03:34:55,400
ways that would be intolerable 
to Modern women. 

3962
03:34:55,400 --> 03:34:59,500
Working class women labor in 
factories, shops, and homes. 

3963
03:34:59,500 --> 03:35:03,000
Middle class women manage 
households and raise children 

3964
03:35:03,000 --> 03:35:06,600
within narrow, social confines 
upper class women. 

3965
03:35:06,600 --> 03:35:10,000
Perform elaborate social rituals
that constitute their primary 

3966
03:35:10,000 --> 03:35:13,900
occupation The legal status of 
women is somewhere between 

3967
03:35:13,900 --> 03:35:16,700
persons and property depending 
on their marital status. 

3968
03:35:17,700 --> 03:35:21,900
Yet Victorian women or all so 
pushing boundaries women writers

3969
03:35:21,900 --> 03:35:25,400
are achieving success. 
Women activists are campaigning 

3970
03:35:25,400 --> 03:35:29,200
for education and suffrage and 
women workers are organizing for

3971
03:35:29,200 --> 03:35:32,400
better conditions. 
The changes that will transform 

3972
03:35:32,400 --> 03:35:35,000
women's lives in the 20th. 
Century are beginning here. 

3973
03:35:35,800 --> 03:35:39,600
In small acts of resistance and 
assertion that will eventually 

3974
03:35:39,600 --> 03:35:43,000
remake Society. 
The religious atmosphere has 

3975
03:35:43,000 --> 03:35:45,400
permeated everything you've 
experienced. 

3976
03:35:46,100 --> 03:35:50,200
Victorian Christianity isn't 
just Sunday worship, it's a 

3977
03:35:50,200 --> 03:35:53,800
framework that shapes social 
policy, personal behavior and 

3978
03:35:53,800 --> 03:35:56,900
public discourse. 
Churches are everywhere, 

3979
03:35:56,900 --> 03:36:00,900
religious language, infuses 
ordinary conversation and 

3980
03:36:00,900 --> 03:36:03,500
Christian morality. 
At least its public performance 

3981
03:36:03,500 --> 03:36:07,200
is expected of everyone. 
Regardless of actual belief, 

3982
03:36:08,400 --> 03:36:12,300
religious doubt was also present
growing among intellectuals and 

3983
03:36:12,300 --> 03:36:15,100
work as alike. 
Darwin's theories are being 

3984
03:36:15,100 --> 03:36:18,500
discussed and debated. 
Significant thinking is 

3985
03:36:18,500 --> 03:36:20,800
challenging traditional 
religious explanations. 

3986
03:36:20,800 --> 03:36:24,300
The tension between faith and 
reason that characterizes, 

3987
03:36:24,300 --> 03:36:26,200
Victorian culture isn't 
resolved. 

3988
03:36:26,200 --> 03:36:29,600
It actively being worked through
by thoughtful people on all 

3989
03:36:29,600 --> 03:36:32,800
sides. 
As you sit in the gradually 

3990
03:36:32,800 --> 03:36:36,200
brightening Square, the full 
cycle of the Victorian day, 

3991
03:36:36,200 --> 03:36:38,800
becomes clear. 
It's not so different in 

3992
03:36:38,800 --> 03:36:44,000
structure from Modern days. 
People, wait, work eat, rest and

3993
03:36:44,000 --> 03:36:46,800
sleep. 
The surface details have changed

3994
03:36:46,800 --> 03:36:50,800
dramatically but the underlying 
human rhythms remain constant. 

3995
03:36:51,600 --> 03:36:54,600
People in 1880 had the same 
basic needs and desires as 

3996
03:36:54,600 --> 03:36:58,200
people in the 21st century. 
They just fulfilled them with 

3997
03:36:58,200 --> 03:37:00,500
different Technologies and 
within different social 

3998
03:37:00,500 --> 03:37:03,300
structures. 
The experience has also 

3999
03:37:03,300 --> 03:37:07,100
highlighted how recent modernity
really is electric lights, 

4000
03:37:07,100 --> 03:37:10,600
automobiles, phones, computers 
the Internet. 

4001
03:37:11,400 --> 03:37:13,900
All of these arrived within 
roughly a century. 

4002
03:37:14,600 --> 03:37:19,300
A tiny sliver of human history. 
The Victorian world of gas 

4003
03:37:19,300 --> 03:37:21,500
lamps. 
And Horse Transport is separated

4004
03:37:21,500 --> 03:37:24,500
from the digital age by just 
three or four generations. 

4005
03:37:25,400 --> 03:37:28,000
Your own grandparents or 
great-grandparents might have 

4006
03:37:28,000 --> 03:37:31,100
been born into a world that more
closely resembled Victorian, 

4007
03:37:31,100 --> 03:37:34,900
London and contemporary life. 
This proximity Is both 

4008
03:37:34,900 --> 03:37:38,700
comforting and unsettling. 
Comforting because it suggests 

4009
03:37:38,700 --> 03:37:42,700
humans are remarkably adaptable.
Victorians coped with their 

4010
03:37:42,700 --> 03:37:45,600
challenges as effectively as 
moderns cope with theirs. 

4011
03:37:46,300 --> 03:37:49,900
Unsettling because it raises 
questions about what aspects of 

4012
03:37:49,900 --> 03:37:52,600
modern life will seem as 
Antiquated to Future 

4013
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:55,100
Generations. 
As gaslighting seems to you. 

4014
03:37:56,000 --> 03:37:58,800
The technological changes are 
the most visible differences, 

4015
03:37:58,800 --> 03:38:01,800
but the social changes might be 
more profound. 

4016
03:38:02,400 --> 03:38:05,600
The rigid Victorian class system
has softened in developed 

4017
03:38:05,600 --> 03:38:07,700
countries though, it has not 
disappeared. 

4018
03:38:08,500 --> 03:38:11,300
Gender roles have been 
dramatically reimagined. 

4019
03:38:11,300 --> 03:38:15,200
Racial attitudes have evolved 
though imperfectly. 

4020
03:38:15,900 --> 03:38:20,500
Democratic participation has 
expanded individual Freedom, has

4021
03:38:20,500 --> 03:38:24,100
increased in most areas, most 
surveillance capabilities of 

4022
03:38:24,100 --> 03:38:27,700
also grown. 
The Victorian World believed in 

4023
03:38:27,700 --> 03:38:31,500
hierarchy and tradition the 
modern world celebrates a 

4024
03:38:31,500 --> 03:38:35,100
quality and Innovation though. 
Both theories often fail to live

4025
03:38:35,100 --> 03:38:39,100
up to their stated values. 
As the morning strengthens and 

4026
03:38:39,100 --> 03:38:42,600
the city fully awakened around 
you, you find yourself thinking 

4027
03:38:42,600 --> 03:38:46,100
about what this imaginary 
Journey has offered Beyond mere 

4028
03:38:46,100 --> 03:38:50,200
historical curiosity. 
What gifts does Victorian 

4029
03:38:50,200 --> 03:38:52,600
London? 
Give to a modern person willing 

4030
03:38:52,600 --> 03:38:56,600
to spend a day in its crowded. 
Smoky uncomfortable reality. 

4031
03:38:57,600 --> 03:38:59,500
First, there's the gift of 
proportion. 

4032
03:39:00,300 --> 03:39:04,100
Your own daily complaints. 
The wife is slow, the coffee 

4033
03:39:04,100 --> 03:39:06,500
isn't quite right. 
The commute to an extra 10 

4034
03:39:06,500 --> 03:39:10,100
minutes shrink when compared to 
Victorian challenges. 

4035
03:39:11,400 --> 03:39:13,500
This isn't to say, Modern 
Problems aren't real. 

4036
03:39:14,200 --> 03:39:17,600
But perspective is valuable. 
The victorians dealt with 

4037
03:39:17,600 --> 03:39:22,700
genuine hardship and found 
reasons to Laugh, Love create 

4038
03:39:22,700 --> 03:39:26,200
and persevere. 
Your own resilience is probably 

4039
03:39:26,200 --> 03:39:30,400
greater than you think. 
Second, there's appreciation for

4040
03:39:30,400 --> 03:39:34,000
invisible infrastructure, you'll
never take clean water 

4041
03:39:34,000 --> 03:39:38,400
effective, sewage reliable 
electricity, or modern medicine 

4042
03:39:38,400 --> 03:39:41,500
for granted again after 
experiencing their absence. 

4043
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:45,900
The complex systems that support
Modern Life are easy to ignore 

4044
03:39:45,900 --> 03:39:47,600
until you imagine life without 
them. 

4045
03:39:48,400 --> 03:39:51,900
Thousands of people work to 
build these systems offer in 

4046
03:39:51,900 --> 03:39:55,000
difficult conditions and their 
legacy is the comfort. 

4047
03:39:55,000 --> 03:39:58,900
You experience daily. 
Third is understanding of 

4048
03:39:58,900 --> 03:40:02,100
historical change. 
Victorian London seemed 

4049
03:40:02,100 --> 03:40:05,000
permanent to its inhabitants the
way things. 

4050
03:40:05,000 --> 03:40:08,200
Were seemed like the way things 
would always be yet within 

4051
03:40:08,200 --> 03:40:13,200
decades, much of that world had 
transformed Suggest that your 

4052
03:40:13,200 --> 03:40:16,700
own world which seems stable and
permanent is actually in 

4053
03:40:16,700 --> 03:40:20,100
constant flux. 
The changes might be gradual 

4054
03:40:20,100 --> 03:40:22,800
enough that you don't notice 
them dated day, but the 

4055
03:40:22,800 --> 03:40:25,800
cumulative effect over time can 
be revolutionary. 

4056
03:40:26,600 --> 03:40:28,800
Forth. 
There's recognition of human 

4057
03:40:28,800 --> 03:40:31,800
constants. 
Spite all the differences 

4058
03:40:31,800 --> 03:40:34,500
victorians worried about their 
children's Futures. 

4059
03:40:34,500 --> 03:40:38,200
Work to improve their 
circumstances fell in love. 

4060
03:40:38,900 --> 03:40:44,000
Experienced loss found joy in 
small things and struggled with 

4061
03:40:44,000 --> 03:40:48,000
meaning and purpose. 
The external circumstances, 

4062
03:40:48,000 --> 03:40:52,100
change the internal human 
experience, remains remarkably 

4063
03:40:52,100 --> 03:40:54,000
consistent across time and 
place. 

4064
03:40:54,900 --> 03:40:57,500
The Victorian emphasis on 
craftsmanship, offers another 

4065
03:40:57,500 --> 03:41:01,000
lesson in a world of 
mass-produced disposable Goods. 

4066
03:41:01,000 --> 03:41:04,200
There's something appealing 
about objects made by skilled 

4067
03:41:04,200 --> 03:41:07,900
hands to last generation. 
The Victorian building you've 

4068
03:41:07,900 --> 03:41:11,300
been observing with its careful,
stonework and decorative details

4069
03:41:11,300 --> 03:41:14,800
represents an investment of time
and skill that modern 

4070
03:41:14,800 --> 03:41:18,800
construction often skips. 
Perhaps there's value in slowing

4071
03:41:18,800 --> 03:41:21,600
down and doing some things well,
rather than doing everything 

4072
03:41:21,600 --> 03:41:24,400
quickly. 
The social interactions you've 

4073
03:41:24,400 --> 03:41:26,800
observed. 
While often, rigid and formal 

4074
03:41:26,800 --> 03:41:30,300
involved, genuine attention to 
the people physically present. 

4075
03:41:31,200 --> 03:41:34,000
No one is checking their phone 
during conversations because 

4076
03:41:34,000 --> 03:41:35,900
phones don't exist. 
People. 

4077
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:39,600
Look at each other listen to 
each other and engaged directly.

4078
03:41:40,800 --> 03:41:44,500
the Victorian social world for 
all its flaws required presence 

4079
03:41:44,500 --> 03:41:48,000
in ways that Modern Life 
sometimes doesn't the experience

4080
03:41:48,000 --> 03:41:50,800
is also highlighted, the value 
of struggle in ways, that 

4081
03:41:50,800 --> 03:41:54,700
comfortable Modern Life, 
sometimes obscures The 

4082
03:41:54,700 --> 03:41:58,100
victorians Who improve their 
circumstances, learned new 

4083
03:41:58,100 --> 03:42:00,300
skills or contributed to social 
progress. 

4084
03:42:00,300 --> 03:42:02,900
Often did so against significant
obstacles. 

4085
03:42:02,900 --> 03:42:06,000
Their achievements meant 
something partly because they 

4086
03:42:06,000 --> 03:42:09,400
were difficult. 
Modern Life can convenience is 

4087
03:42:09,400 --> 03:42:12,800
wonderful but perhaps something 
is lost when everything becomes 

4088
03:42:12,800 --> 03:42:15,300
easy. 
There's also a lesson in 

4089
03:42:15,300 --> 03:42:18,100
Victorian London's combination 
of grandeur and squalor. 

4090
03:42:18,800 --> 03:42:22,500
The same society that built 
magnificent, public buildings 

4091
03:42:22,500 --> 03:42:26,500
and expanded museums, and 
libraries also, tolerated, 

4092
03:42:26,500 --> 03:42:32,100
horrific slums and child labor. 
This suggests that material 

4093
03:42:32,100 --> 03:42:35,800
progress doesn't automatically 
produce moral progress. 

4094
03:42:36,800 --> 03:42:40,400
Society must consciously choose 
to extend opportunities and 

4095
03:42:40,400 --> 03:42:44,100
protections broadly, not just a 
privileged groups. 

4096
03:42:44,900 --> 03:42:48,300
The Victorian relationship with 
nature, which you've observed in

4097
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:51,700
the carefully, maintained parks 
and the disregard for air and 

4098
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:55,600
water quality reveals a society,
still figuring out how to 

4099
03:42:55,608 --> 03:42:58,400
balance industrial progress with
environmental health. 

4100
03:42:59,300 --> 03:43:02,200
They hadn't yet recognized that 
natural systems have limits, 

4101
03:43:02,200 --> 03:43:06,000
modern society knows this, but 
struggles to act on that 

4102
03:43:06,000 --> 03:43:08,600
knowledge. 
The Victorian mistakes off a 

4103
03:43:08,600 --> 03:43:12,200
warnings, but modern people 
can't claim moral superiority 

4104
03:43:12,200 --> 03:43:14,500
while making similar mistakes 
with greater knowledge. 

4105
03:43:16,000 --> 03:43:18,900
The diversity of Victorian 
London immigrants from across 

4106
03:43:18,900 --> 03:43:23,100
the Empire, visitors from around
the world and people from every 

4107
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:26,900
British region, reminds you that
cities of always been meeting 

4108
03:43:26,900 --> 03:43:30,800
places of different cultures. 
The Victorian response was often

4109
03:43:30,800 --> 03:43:34,100
to maintain strict, social 
hierarchies, but the mere 

4110
03:43:34,100 --> 03:43:36,800
presence of diversity was slowly
undermining. 

4111
03:43:36,800 --> 03:43:40,800
Those higher keys. 
Cities change people by exposing

4112
03:43:40,800 --> 03:43:44,400
them to different Victorian. 
London was doing this work even 

4113
03:43:44,400 --> 03:43:48,300
when Victorian ideology resisted
it. the evening, entertainment 

4114
03:43:48,300 --> 03:43:52,400
options, you observed, theaters,
music Halls, pubs social visits,

4115
03:43:52,400 --> 03:43:56,900
suggests that humans need more 
than work and survival, even in 

4116
03:43:56,900 --> 03:44:00,000
difficult circumstances, people 
sought Beauty, laughter 

4117
03:44:00,000 --> 03:44:04,100
connection, and meaning The 
Victorian investment in public 

4118
03:44:04,100 --> 03:44:09,500
culture, museums library's Parks
performance spaces, reflected a 

4119
03:44:09,500 --> 03:44:13,300
belief that culture matters that
people deserve access to beauty 

4120
03:44:13,300 --> 03:44:17,400
and knowledge, regardless of 
their economic status, Victorian

4121
03:44:17,400 --> 03:44:19,700
earnestness, which modern people
often mock. 

4122
03:44:20,600 --> 03:44:24,000
Actually, reflects an admirable 
quality. the belief that 

4123
03:44:24,000 --> 03:44:27,600
individual actions matter that 
moral Behavior makes a 

4124
03:44:27,600 --> 03:44:31,400
difference and that trying to be
better is worthwhile The 

4125
03:44:31,400 --> 03:44:35,400
specific moral codes were flawed
but the underlying commitment to

4126
03:44:35,400 --> 03:44:38,600
ethical, living and social 
responsibility offers something 

4127
03:44:38,600 --> 03:44:41,500
valuable the square where you've
been sitting is. 

4128
03:44:41,500 --> 03:44:45,400
Now fully awake, the vendors of 
set up, the traffic is building 

4129
03:44:45,400 --> 03:44:48,100
and the working day has begun 
and somewhere. 

4130
03:44:48,100 --> 03:44:51,800
In this moment you feel the 
gentle pulled backward toward 

4131
03:44:51,800 --> 03:44:55,600
your own time, your own world 
and your own comfortable bed 

4132
03:44:55,600 --> 03:44:58,000
with its modern mattress and 
Central Heating. 

4133
03:44:59,600 --> 03:45:03,400
The transition happens gradually
like waking from a particularly 

4134
03:45:03,400 --> 03:45:06,500
Vivid dream. 
Sounds of Victorian London. 

4135
03:45:06,500 --> 03:45:11,500
The horses the street vendors, 
The Peculiar accent of Victorian

4136
03:45:11,500 --> 03:45:15,400
speech, begin to fade. 
The smells diminish. 

4137
03:45:16,200 --> 03:45:18,100
Taste of coal, smoke leaves your
mouth. 

4138
03:45:19,000 --> 03:45:23,000
The physical sensations of 
Victorian clothing, Victorian 

4139
03:45:23,000 --> 03:45:27,100
cold, and diminish and Victorian
Stone beneath your feet. 

4140
03:45:27,100 --> 03:45:31,500
All gently received. 
You're aware of your body in 

4141
03:45:31,500 --> 03:45:35,000
your own bed, in your own time. 
The sheets are soft. 

4142
03:45:35,000 --> 03:45:38,000
The temperature is comfortable, 
and the air is clean. 

4143
03:45:38,900 --> 03:45:41,900
You can hear modern sounds, 
perhaps, traffic, that's 

4144
03:45:41,900 --> 03:45:44,600
motorized, rather than 
horse-drawn the hum of 

4145
03:45:44,600 --> 03:45:47,100
electronics sounds, that 
wouldn't make sense to a 

4146
03:45:47,100 --> 03:45:49,200
Victorian. 
But you bring something back 

4147
03:45:49,200 --> 03:45:50,800
with you from your Victorian 
day. 

4148
03:45:51,500 --> 03:45:54,300
Not physical objects. 
You can't bring Victorian coins 

4149
03:45:54,300 --> 03:45:57,800
or newspapers into your modern 
world. what you bring is 

4150
03:45:57,800 --> 03:46:02,100
understanding the kind that only
comes from imagined experience 

4151
03:46:02,100 --> 03:46:04,800
rather than abstract knowledge 
You understand. 

4152
03:46:04,800 --> 03:46:07,200
Now while your great 
grandparents or great great 

4153
03:46:07,200 --> 03:46:10,500
grandparents might have had 
certain habits that seemed odd 

4154
03:46:10,500 --> 03:46:14,100
to their grandchildren, why they
saved string and washed plastic 

4155
03:46:14,100 --> 03:46:16,000
bags and treated bread with 
reverence. 

4156
03:46:16,900 --> 03:46:20,000
They grew up in or closer to a 
world where such things had real

4157
03:46:20,000 --> 03:46:24,100
value, where wastefulness wasn't
just inefficient, but genuinely 

4158
03:46:24,100 --> 03:46:28,300
harmful to survival. 
You understand why Victorian 

4159
03:46:28,300 --> 03:46:31,500
literature often focuses on 
social class and reputation. 

4160
03:46:32,300 --> 03:46:34,800
When your social position 
determines your opportunities. 

4161
03:46:34,800 --> 03:46:38,300
So completely, and when 
reputation was the primary form 

4162
03:46:38,300 --> 03:46:41,400
of social capital, of course 
people, obsessed over these 

4163
03:46:41,400 --> 03:46:43,800
things. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

4164
03:46:43,808 --> 03:46:45,800
propriety wasn't just 
prudishness. 

4165
03:46:45,800 --> 03:46:50,500
It was a survival strategy. you 
understand why the transition to

4166
03:46:50,500 --> 03:46:53,800
Modern Life was both eagerly 
embraced and sometimes more and 

4167
03:46:54,500 --> 03:46:57,300
The victorians who lived into 
the 20th century experience 

4168
03:46:57,300 --> 03:47:00,000
changes that must have felt like
moving to another planet. 

4169
03:47:01,000 --> 03:47:05,000
Indoor, plumbing, electricity, 
automobiles, movies, and radio. 

4170
03:47:05,000 --> 03:47:08,800
Each one represented a 
fundamental shift in how daily 

4171
03:47:08,800 --> 03:47:11,500
life. 
Functioned, the experiences made

4172
03:47:11,500 --> 03:47:15,400
history, feel more real less 
like a series of dates and 

4173
03:47:15,400 --> 03:47:19,100
events and more like the lived 
experience of actual humans 

4174
03:47:19,100 --> 03:47:20,900
dealing with their specific 
challenges. 

4175
03:47:21,900 --> 03:47:24,900
The Victorian era, wasn't a 
unified period. 

4176
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:27,100
Moving in extrapolate toward 
modernity? 

4177
03:47:28,100 --> 03:47:31,500
It was thousands of days like 
the one you just experienced 

4178
03:47:31,500 --> 03:47:35,300
filled with ordinary people 
making ordinary decisions that 

4179
03:47:35,300 --> 03:47:39,500
cumulatively created change. 
You also understand better why 

4180
03:47:39,500 --> 03:47:43,700
certain problems persist 
inequality environmental damage,

4181
03:47:43,700 --> 03:47:48,300
exploitation and discrimination,
these existed in Victorian 

4182
03:47:48,300 --> 03:47:52,600
London in exist. 
Now, The specific manifestations

4183
03:47:52,600 --> 03:47:56,700
change the underlying human 
Tendencies towards selfishness, 

4184
03:47:56,700 --> 03:47:59,700
short, sightedness and tribalism
and remain constant. 

4185
03:48:00,600 --> 03:48:04,500
Progress requires conscious 
effort, not just the passage of 

4186
03:48:04,500 --> 03:48:07,300
time, the technological 
optimism. 

4187
03:48:07,300 --> 03:48:09,700
You might have felt before this 
journey is now tempered by 

4188
03:48:09,700 --> 03:48:13,000
recognition that technology 
solve some problems while 

4189
03:48:13,000 --> 03:48:16,800
creating others. 
The victorians thought Railways 

4190
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:19,500
and telegraphs would 
revolutionize society and bring 

4191
03:48:19,508 --> 03:48:22,300
Universal peace. 
There are partly right about the

4192
03:48:22,300 --> 03:48:25,200
revolution, but completely wrong
about the peace. 

4193
03:48:26,000 --> 03:48:29,100
Modern faith in technological 
solutions might be similarly 

4194
03:48:29,100 --> 03:48:30,800
naive. 
Yet. 

4195
03:48:30,800 --> 03:48:32,900
There's also hope in the 
Victorian example. 

4196
03:48:32,900 --> 03:48:36,500
They may genuine progress on 
many fronts, public health 

4197
03:48:36,500 --> 03:48:40,700
education, scientific 
understanding and social reform.

4198
03:48:41,700 --> 03:48:45,100
The changes were often gradual 
and incomplete, but they were 

4199
03:48:45,100 --> 03:48:47,500
real. 
If victorians could improve 

4200
03:48:47,500 --> 03:48:51,300
their society despite greater 
obstacles, perhaps, modern 

4201
03:48:51,300 --> 03:48:53,200
people can address their 
challenges, too. 

4202
03:48:54,200 --> 03:48:57,400
As you lie in your comfortable 
bed, fully return to your own 

4203
03:48:57,400 --> 03:48:59,900
time. 
The contrast between Victorian 

4204
03:48:59,900 --> 03:49:02,500
London and Modern Life feels 
almost absurd. 

4205
03:49:03,100 --> 03:49:04,800
You can reach over and turn on a
light. 

4206
03:49:04,808 --> 03:49:07,800
With out leaving bed, you can 
adjust the temperature with a 

4207
03:49:07,808 --> 03:49:11,700
thermostat, you can check the 
weather, the news and messages 

4208
03:49:11,700 --> 03:49:14,100
from friends, using a device 
that would have seemed like 

4209
03:49:14,108 --> 03:49:17,500
magic to victorians. 
The bathroom attached to your 

4210
03:49:17,500 --> 03:49:20,400
bedroom, would have been a 
luxury Beyond imagining for most

4211
03:49:20,400 --> 03:49:24,000
victorians. 
Hot water, from a tap, a flush 

4212
03:49:24,000 --> 03:49:28,000
toilet, a shower, towels that 
you don't have to wash by hand. 

4213
03:49:28,000 --> 03:49:32,100
Each element represents Decades 
of engineering Innovation and 

4214
03:49:32,100 --> 03:49:35,500
infrastructure investment. 
The simple Act of taking a 

4215
03:49:35,500 --> 03:49:38,300
morning shower involves systems 
that victorians would have 

4216
03:49:38,308 --> 03:49:42,100
considered science fiction. 
Your breakfast options would 

4217
03:49:42,100 --> 03:49:45,400
Amaze a Victorian Fresh fruit 
from other hemispheres. 

4218
03:49:45,400 --> 03:49:49,800
Coffee from distant continents 
bread that stays fresh for days,

4219
03:49:49,800 --> 03:49:54,100
refrigerated dairy, products, 
and cereals invented, after the 

4220
03:49:54,100 --> 03:49:57,900
Victorian era ended, the 
Victorian breakfast was porridge

4221
03:49:57,900 --> 03:50:02,100
bread, perhaps, if you could 
afford them, Foods that were 

4222
03:50:02,100 --> 03:50:04,900
locally produced, because long 
distance, food transport was 

4223
03:50:04,900 --> 03:50:08,200
limited. 
Getting dressed takes minutes 

4224
03:50:08,200 --> 03:50:10,100
and stead of the extended 
process. 

4225
03:50:10,100 --> 03:50:15,000
Victorian clothing, required. 
No corsets, no button hooks, no 

4226
03:50:15,000 --> 03:50:19,200
layers of undergarments, modern 
clothing, prioritizes comfort 

4227
03:50:19,200 --> 03:50:22,700
and convenience over the 
elaborate social signaling that 

4228
03:50:22,700 --> 03:50:26,300
Victorian fashion performed. 
You can dress yourself without 

4229
03:50:26,300 --> 03:50:29,300
assistance, which was a 
privilege, reserved for lower 

4230
03:50:29,300 --> 03:50:32,500
classes in Victorian. 
Time's the wealthy needed 

4231
03:50:32,500 --> 03:50:36,300
servants to manage their complex
wardrobe's your commute, 

4232
03:50:36,300 --> 03:50:40,100
however, frustrating it might 
sometimes feel would seem 

4233
03:50:40,100 --> 03:50:44,900
miraculous to victorians Whether
you drive take public transit or

4234
03:50:44,900 --> 03:50:47,900
work from home, your covering 
distance is that would have 

4235
03:50:47,908 --> 03:50:52,100
required hours of travel in 
Victorian times. the modern city

4236
03:50:52,100 --> 03:50:55,000
is physically larger than 
Victorian London, because 

4237
03:50:55,000 --> 03:50:58,300
transportation technology allows
people to live farther from 

4238
03:50:58,300 --> 03:51:02,600
their workplaces, Your workplace
itself, reflects changes the 

4239
03:51:02,600 --> 03:51:04,900
victorians initiated but 
couldn't complete. 

4240
03:51:05,700 --> 03:51:08,400
The office workers, you observed
in Victorian, London were 

4241
03:51:08,400 --> 03:51:12,100
pioneering a new kind of work, 
clerical, labor, that required 

4242
03:51:12,100 --> 03:51:15,100
literacy and numeracy but not 
physical strength. 

4243
03:51:15,900 --> 03:51:18,300
Modern knowledge work. 
Extends that Victorian 

4244
03:51:18,300 --> 03:51:20,900
Innovation though. 
It's now mediated through 

4245
03:51:20,900 --> 03:51:24,700
computers rather than paper 
ledgers the safety standards you

4246
03:51:24,700 --> 03:51:28,500
take for granted would Astound 
of Victoria and Workplace, 

4247
03:51:28,500 --> 03:51:33,700
regulations food safety, 
building codes, traffic laws. 

4248
03:51:33,700 --> 03:51:37,400
All of these represent hard won 
victories by reformers who 

4249
03:51:37,400 --> 03:51:41,200
recognize that industrialization
without regulation was killing 

4250
03:51:41,200 --> 03:51:45,300
people. every modern safety 
feature exists, because someone 

4251
03:51:45,300 --> 03:51:48,900
suffered its absence Your access
to information would seem 

4252
03:51:48,900 --> 03:51:52,400
Godlike to victorians. 
The accumulated knowledge of 

4253
03:51:52,400 --> 03:51:55,200
humanity is available instantly 
through your devices. 

4254
03:51:55,200 --> 03:51:59,200
The Victorian scholar who spent 
hours in libraries researching, 

4255
03:51:59,200 --> 03:52:02,200
basic facts would be astonished 
that you can access the same 

4256
03:52:02,200 --> 03:52:04,500
information in seconds while 
lying in bed. 

4257
03:52:05,400 --> 03:52:08,100
Your medical care represents 
advances, that would seem 

4258
03:52:08,100 --> 03:52:12,300
miraculous in Victorian times. 
Antibiotics alone have saved 

4259
03:52:12,300 --> 03:52:14,300
more lives than any other single
invention. 

4260
03:52:15,400 --> 03:52:21,000
Add modern surgery, Diagnostic 
Imaging, vaccines, dental care 

4261
03:52:21,000 --> 03:52:24,500
and treatments for conditions 
that were death sentences in 

4262
03:52:24,500 --> 03:52:27,300
Victorian times. 
And the Improvement is 

4263
03:52:27,300 --> 03:52:31,100
staggering. 
The Victorian infant mortality 

4264
03:52:31,100 --> 03:52:34,800
rate was roughly 150 per 1,000 
births. 

4265
03:52:35,700 --> 03:52:38,900
In developed countries, today is
under 5 per 1,000. 

4266
03:52:39,800 --> 03:52:42,600
Your life expectancy is 
dramatically longer than the 

4267
03:52:42,600 --> 03:52:45,800
Victorian average. 
A baby born in Victorian 

4268
03:52:45,800 --> 03:52:48,200
Britain, could expect to live 
about 45 years. 

4269
03:52:48,200 --> 03:52:50,800
A baby born in a developed 
country. 

4270
03:52:50,800 --> 03:52:54,900
Today can expect to live past 80
those additional decades 

4271
03:52:54,900 --> 03:52:57,800
represent millions of person 
years of additional Human 

4272
03:52:57,800 --> 03:53:02,300
Experience of knowledge, gained 
of relationships developed and 

4273
03:53:02,300 --> 03:53:05,800
of contributions made. 
Yet, with all these advantages, 

4274
03:53:05,800 --> 03:53:09,700
modern life brings challenges 
that victorians never faced. 

4275
03:53:09,700 --> 03:53:13,000
The constant connectivity that 
puts the world at your 

4276
03:53:13,008 --> 03:53:15,900
fingertips. 
Also means you're never truly 

4277
03:53:15,900 --> 03:53:19,000
unreachable. 
The abundance of choices can 

4278
03:53:19,000 --> 03:53:21,200
become overwhelming rather than 
liberating. 

4279
03:53:22,000 --> 03:53:25,400
The rapid pace of change can 
create anxiety about keeping up.

4280
03:53:26,200 --> 03:53:28,600
The decline of traditional 
communities can lead to 

4281
03:53:28,600 --> 03:53:32,800
isolation despite unprecedented 
communication capabilities. 

4282
03:53:32,800 --> 03:53:36,000
The environmental costs of 
Modern Life are also becoming 

4283
03:53:36,000 --> 03:53:38,800
unavoidable. 
The victorians damaged, their 

4284
03:53:38,800 --> 03:53:41,700
local environments. 
The Thames was essentially a 

4285
03:53:41,700 --> 03:53:45,700
toxic waste dump but modern 
industrial society has scaled up

4286
03:53:45,700 --> 03:53:49,500
those impacts to a global level.
Climate change, biodiversity 

4287
03:53:49,500 --> 03:53:54,500
loss and ocean acidification. 
These problems didn't exist in 

4288
03:53:54,500 --> 03:53:57,800
Victorian times, because human 
industrial capacity was more 

4289
03:53:57,800 --> 03:54:01,300
limited. 
Progress in material Comfort has

4290
03:54:01,300 --> 03:54:04,300
come with ecological costs. 
That future Generations will 

4291
03:54:04,300 --> 03:54:07,400
bear. 
The social fragmentation that 

4292
03:54:07,400 --> 03:54:10,200
characterizes Modern Life Would 
puzzle victorians. 

4293
03:54:10,900 --> 03:54:14,200
Their society was rigid and not 
often cruel but it was also 

4294
03:54:14,200 --> 03:54:18,000
coherent in ways. 
Modern society isn't Most 

4295
03:54:18,000 --> 03:54:20,800
Victorian shared basic 
assumptions about religion, 

4296
03:54:20,800 --> 03:54:23,700
morality and social 
organization. 

4297
03:54:24,600 --> 03:54:28,100
Modern pluralism, brings 
freedom, but also uncertainty 

4298
03:54:28,100 --> 03:54:30,100
about shared values and common 
purpose. 

4299
03:54:31,100 --> 03:54:33,800
The comparison isn't meant to 
suggest Victorian life was 

4300
03:54:33,800 --> 03:54:37,100
better. 
Clearly wasn't by almost any 

4301
03:54:37,100 --> 03:54:40,400
measure. 
Rather it's to recognize that 

4302
03:54:40,400 --> 03:54:44,000
progress in one dimension, 
doesn't automatically mean 

4303
03:54:44,000 --> 03:54:48,400
progress in all Dimensions. 
Modern Life is more comfortable,

4304
03:54:48,400 --> 03:54:52,400
safer, healthier and offers more
individual freedom than 

4305
03:54:52,400 --> 03:54:56,600
Victorian life. 
But is also more complex, more 

4306
03:54:56,600 --> 03:54:59,600
fast-paced and in some ways more
isolating. 

4307
03:55:00,400 --> 03:55:03,500
As you start your modern day 
going about routines, that would

4308
03:55:03,500 --> 03:55:07,000
seem fantastic to victorians. 
You carry something valuable 

4309
03:55:07,000 --> 03:55:10,900
from your imaginary Journey. 
It's not Nostalgia for a past 

4310
03:55:10,900 --> 03:55:13,000
that was genuinely harder and 
often cruel. 

4311
03:55:13,000 --> 03:55:16,600
It's perspective. 
The ability to see your own life

4312
03:55:16,600 --> 03:55:19,500
with fresh Eyes. 
By comparing it to a different 

4313
03:55:19,500 --> 03:55:22,400
way of living. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

4314
03:55:22,400 --> 03:55:25,300
craftsmanship might inspire you 
to Value quality over 

4315
03:55:25,300 --> 03:55:28,400
convenience on time's. 
Their investment in public 

4316
03:55:28,400 --> 03:55:32,300
institutions, might encourage 
you to support libraries museums

4317
03:55:32,300 --> 03:55:34,500
and Parks their social 
connections. 

4318
03:55:34,500 --> 03:55:38,200
However, formal might remind you
to occasionally, put down your 

4319
03:55:38,200 --> 03:55:41,400
device's and actually talk to 
the people physically present. 

4320
03:55:41,400 --> 03:55:45,000
The Victorian struggles for 
reform better working 

4321
03:55:45,000 --> 03:55:49,500
conditions, expanded education, 
improve Public Health, remind 

4322
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:51,500
you, that progress requires 
effort. 

4323
03:55:52,400 --> 03:55:54,800
The improvements you enjoy 
weren't inevitable. 

4324
03:55:54,800 --> 03:55:59,000
They were achieved by people who
recognize problems and work to 

4325
03:55:59,000 --> 03:56:01,900
solve them. 
Your generation faces different 

4326
03:56:01,900 --> 03:56:06,000
challenges, but the principle 
Remains the Same change requires

4327
03:56:06,000 --> 03:56:09,400
intentional effort, not just 
complaints about current 

4328
03:56:09,400 --> 03:56:13,400
conditions, the Victorian 
mistakes, their environmental 

4329
03:56:13,400 --> 03:56:18,500
damage their imperialism, their 
rigid social hierarchies, their 

4330
03:56:18,500 --> 03:56:21,800
limited opportunities for women 
and minorities serve as 

4331
03:56:21,800 --> 03:56:24,400
warnings. 
Having more knowledge than the 

4332
03:56:24,400 --> 03:56:28,100
victorians, doesn't make modern 
people morally Superior unless 

4333
03:56:28,100 --> 03:56:30,300
that knowledge produces better 
actions. 

4334
03:56:31,100 --> 03:56:34,200
The test isn't what you know. 
But what you do with that 

4335
03:56:34,200 --> 03:56:36,800
knowledge, Share human 
resilience. 

4336
03:56:36,800 --> 03:56:39,100
You observe throughout your 
Victorian Day offers 

4337
03:56:39,100 --> 03:56:41,900
encouragement for handling 
modern challenges. 

4338
03:56:43,000 --> 03:56:47,600
People could maintain hope, find
Joy, create Beauty and work for 

4339
03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:50,100
better future while dealing with
Victorian hardships. 

4340
03:56:50,100 --> 03:56:53,300
Modern problems are all so 
manageable despite their 

4341
03:56:53,300 --> 03:56:57,100
complexity. the Victorian day, 
you have imagined as giving you 

4342
03:56:57,100 --> 03:56:59,600
a gift that history, always 
offers when approached with 

4343
03:56:59,600 --> 03:57:04,900
openness context, Your own life 
exists within a specific 

4344
03:57:04,900 --> 03:57:08,500
historical moment shaped by 
decisions made by previous 

4345
03:57:08,500 --> 03:57:11,600
generations and shaping the 
options available to Future 

4346
03:57:11,600 --> 03:57:15,000
Generations. 
Understanding this continuity 

4347
03:57:15,000 --> 03:57:17,100
can be both humbling and 
empowering. 

4348
03:57:18,800 --> 03:57:21,500
As you move through your modern 
day, driving cars that 

4349
03:57:21,500 --> 03:57:24,700
victorians couldn't imagine 
using technology, that would 

4350
03:57:24,700 --> 03:57:27,800
seem like magic solving problems
that didn't exist. 

4351
03:57:27,800 --> 03:57:30,900
In Victorian times. 
You might occasionally think 

4352
03:57:30,900 --> 03:57:35,200
about the Victorian day you 
experience. not to wish you were

4353
03:57:35,200 --> 03:57:39,800
there, but to appreciate where 
you are and maybe, just maybe 

4354
03:57:39,800 --> 03:57:43,600
you'll wonder what someone from 
2150 with think about your life 

4355
03:57:43,600 --> 03:57:47,800
in the early 21st century, What 
aspects of your daily routine 

4356
03:57:47,800 --> 03:57:49,700
would seem charmingly 
Antiquated? 

4357
03:57:49,700 --> 03:57:52,400
What problems would they be 
amazed you? 

4358
03:57:52,400 --> 03:57:55,000
Tolerated? 
What technologies would they 

4359
03:57:55,008 --> 03:57:58,500
find amusingly primitive? 
What aspects of your life? 

4360
03:57:58,500 --> 03:58:00,100
Would they Envy or want to 
preserve? 

4361
03:58:01,000 --> 03:58:04,600
History isn't just about the 
past is about understanding that

4362
03:58:04,600 --> 03:58:08,800
the present is temporary, the 
changes constant and that every 

4363
03:58:08,800 --> 03:58:11,100
generation faces its own 
challenges. 

4364
03:58:11,100 --> 03:58:14,100
While benefiting from dealing 
with the consequences of 

4365
03:58:14,100 --> 03:58:18,400
previous generations choices. 
Victorian London is gone 

4366
03:58:18,400 --> 03:58:22,000
transformed by More Than A 
Century of change. 

4367
03:58:22,600 --> 03:58:25,600
But it's not lost. 
It lives in the infrastructure, 

4368
03:58:25,600 --> 03:58:29,900
it build in the institutions it 
established in the ideas. 

4369
03:58:29,900 --> 03:58:34,100
It developed in the problems, it
created and in the solutions at 

4370
03:58:34,100 --> 03:58:38,600
pioneered, you walk on Victorian
foundations every day whether 

4371
03:58:38,600 --> 03:58:41,600
you realize it or not. 
And perhaps that's the most 

4372
03:58:41,600 --> 03:58:43,600
important lesson from your 
imaginary. 

4373
03:58:43,600 --> 03:58:47,300
Victorian day, you too. 
Are building foundations for 

4374
03:58:47,300 --> 03:58:48,600
futures. 
You'll never see. 

4375
03:58:49,600 --> 03:58:53,000
Your choices, your actions and 
your societies decisions. 

4376
03:58:53,000 --> 03:58:56,600
All of these will influence the 
world that people experienced 

4377
03:58:56,600 --> 03:59:00,300
Generations from now. 
The victorians could not have 

4378
03:59:00,300 --> 03:59:02,600
imagined your life but they 
shake it. 

4379
03:59:02,600 --> 03:59:05,400
Nonetheless. 
You can't imagine the world of 

4380
03:59:05,400 --> 03:59:10,300
200150, but your helping to 
create it with every choice you 

4381
03:59:10,300 --> 03:59:11,800
make. 
Sleep. 

4382
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:14,400
Well, tonight in your 
comfortable bed with its modern 

4383
03:59:14,400 --> 03:59:18,400
mattress and climate control. 
Dream perhaps of gas-lit 

4384
03:59:18,400 --> 03:59:21,800
streets, and horse drawn 
carriages of a world that 

4385
03:59:21,800 --> 03:59:24,800
managed to functional without 
any of the Technologies, you can

4386
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:27,900
consider a central and wake 
tomorrow with fresh 

4387
03:59:27,900 --> 03:59:30,500
appreciation. 
For the complex imperfect 

4388
03:59:30,500 --> 03:59:33,800
remarkable world you inhabit. 
A world. 

4389
03:59:33,800 --> 03:59:37,000
That's different from Victorian 
London, but connected to it, by 

4390
03:59:37,000 --> 03:59:39,500
The Continuous thread of Human 
Experience. 

4391
03:59:39,500 --> 03:59:42,800
Reaching back through centuries,
and forward, into Futures Yet, 

4392
03:59:42,800 --> 03:59:51,300
To Be Imagined. 
Imagine yourself in a muddy 

4393
03:59:51,300 --> 03:59:53,100
Marketplace. 
In what would become France in? 

4394
03:59:53,100 --> 03:59:57,400
1347 Horseman Neuer roasting 
meat unwashed bodies. 

4395
03:59:57,400 --> 04:00:00,400
And what you hope is just 
spoiled cabbage or all in the 

4396
04:00:00,408 --> 04:00:03,300
air. 
Around you pilgrims grip their 

4397
04:00:03,300 --> 04:00:06,400
possessions anxiously Traders 
bargain in three different 

4398
04:00:06,400 --> 04:00:09,300
languages and a lute player 
plays with more passion than 

4399
04:00:09,300 --> 04:00:11,600
skill. 
Imagine now that you're a spy 

4400
04:00:11,600 --> 04:00:15,200
and not just a tourist in this 
medieval seen But set aside, 

4401
04:00:15,200 --> 04:00:18,200
your preconceived notions about 
Espionage based on television 

4402
04:00:18,200 --> 04:00:21,200
and film. 
This is not a place for tuxedos.

4403
04:00:21,200 --> 04:00:25,300
Martinez slick, technology or 
dramatic car chases rather your 

4404
04:00:25,300 --> 04:00:27,100
boots. 
Leak, your most likely wearing 

4405
04:00:27,100 --> 04:00:30,300
the same Rothwell and tunic. 
You've owned for three years and

4406
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:33,100
your idea of Cutting Edge. 
Technology is a quill pen that 

4407
04:00:33,100 --> 04:00:35,900
doesn't split when you write 
medieval Espionage, was more. 

4408
04:00:35,900 --> 04:00:38,500
Akin to being a traveling 
salesman with trust issues and 

4409
04:00:38,500 --> 04:00:41,700
less James Bond. 
An actuality the majority of 

4410
04:00:41,700 --> 04:00:44,500
medieval spies were regular 
people carrying out risky tasks 

4411
04:00:44,500 --> 04:00:48,100
for Mega pay in a time when both
were far more delicate than they

4412
04:00:48,100 --> 04:00:52,800
are now a patchwork of Kingdoms 
dutchies City States and 

4413
04:00:52,800 --> 04:00:56,400
ecclesiastical territories. 
The Medieval World was viewed 

4414
04:00:56,400 --> 04:00:58,700
with the same suspicion. 
You might have for a neighbor 

4415
04:00:58,700 --> 04:01:01,000
who constantly plays music too 
loudly. 

4416
04:01:01,900 --> 04:01:05,100
Although information was 
powerful, it spread quickly and 

4417
04:01:05,100 --> 04:01:07,900
obtaining it frequently required
someone to travel hundreds of 

4418
04:01:07,908 --> 04:01:11,000
miles through areas where being 
caught asking the wrong 

4419
04:01:11,000 --> 04:01:14,100
questions, could land on 
anywhere from incarceration to 

4420
04:01:14,100 --> 04:01:17,200
being stretched on a rack 
medieval rulers had to rely on 

4421
04:01:17,200 --> 04:01:19,600
human intelligence networks. 
That functioned with the 

4422
04:01:19,600 --> 04:01:21,700
efficiency of a medieval Postal 
Service. 

4423
04:01:21,700 --> 04:01:25,300
Meaning that letters arrived 
when they arrived, assuming they

4424
04:01:25,300 --> 04:01:27,600
arrived at all. 
And often contained information 

4425
04:01:27,600 --> 04:01:29,900
that was already outdated. 
By the time they reach their 

4426
04:01:29,900 --> 04:01:32,500
destination. 
This was in contrast to our 

4427
04:01:32,508 --> 04:01:35,200
modern world of instant 
communication and satellites 

4428
04:01:35,200 --> 04:01:38,200
surveillance, the individuals 
who became medieval spies were 

4429
04:01:38,200 --> 04:01:40,300
not chosen for their Advanced 
degrees in international 

4430
04:01:40,300 --> 04:01:42,700
relations or recruited from 
prestigious Academy. 

4431
04:01:42,700 --> 04:01:46,500
They were traders who could 
track truth, movements priests 

4432
04:01:46,500 --> 04:01:48,600
who could learn about noble 
families, from confession 

4433
04:01:48,600 --> 04:01:51,700
servants, who worked in high 
profile homes and could listen 

4434
04:01:51,700 --> 04:01:54,700
in on conversations and 
travelers of all Stripes who 

4435
04:01:54,700 --> 04:01:57,000
could move between areas without
drawing too much. 

4436
04:01:57,008 --> 04:02:00,000
Notice in the world in which 
these early Intelligence 

4437
04:02:00,000 --> 04:02:03,600
Officers worked, the dist. 
Between Espionage and lawful 

4438
04:02:03,600 --> 04:02:06,300
business was as hazy as that 
between Magic and Medicine. 

4439
04:02:07,000 --> 04:02:09,800
Military fortifications. 
May also be noted by a merchant 

4440
04:02:09,800 --> 04:02:11,700
and collecting information about
trade routes. 

4441
04:02:12,400 --> 04:02:15,300
A pilgrim visiting places of 
worship might notice political 

4442
04:02:15,300 --> 04:02:18,000
unrest in other areas 
correspondence. 

4443
04:02:18,000 --> 04:02:20,900
Containing diplomatic Secrets 
could be discovered by a 

4444
04:02:20,900 --> 04:02:22,900
scholar, copying manuscripts in 
different. 

4445
04:02:22,900 --> 04:02:26,700
Monasteries the work required, a
certain kind of Courage, not the

4446
04:02:26,700 --> 04:02:30,700
heroic heroism of combat Glory, 
but the quiet bravery of someone

4447
04:02:30,700 --> 04:02:33,900
who was prepared to like 
convincingly, keep up a full 

4448
04:02:33,900 --> 04:02:37,600
identity for months at a time 
and accept that being discovered

4449
04:02:37,600 --> 04:02:40,300
could mean, not just death, but 
a particularly unpleasant death 

4450
04:02:40,300 --> 04:02:42,300
that was preceded by intense 
interrogation. 

4451
04:02:42,300 --> 04:02:46,400
About exactly what you and who 
you'd told the majority of 

4452
04:02:46,400 --> 04:02:49,100
medieval spies were always aware
that they were balancing on a 

4453
04:02:49,108 --> 04:02:52,900
tightrope over a very deep 
Abyss, their life, and career 

4454
04:02:52,900 --> 04:02:54,900
could end in an instant. 
If they say something 

4455
04:02:54,900 --> 04:02:58,600
inappropriate acts, 
suspiciously, or are recognized 

4456
04:02:58,600 --> 04:03:02,500
by someone from a pastor Simon, 
it was a job that required cycle

4457
04:03:02,500 --> 04:03:06,000
fortitude, in addition to 
courage, which most people just 

4458
04:03:06,000 --> 04:03:08,200
lacked. 
There was very little truth to 

4459
04:03:08,200 --> 04:03:12,300
the romanticized, portrayal of 
the enigmatic, medieval spy SL 

4460
04:03:12,400 --> 04:03:15,800
Shadows and luring information 
from unwearing Nobles. 

4461
04:03:15,800 --> 04:03:19,500
The majority of Espionage work 
involved living conditions that 

4462
04:03:19,500 --> 04:03:22,200
would make modern Backpackers 
complain Place. 

4463
04:03:22,200 --> 04:03:25,500
Scales that hardly covered basic
survival needs and long 

4464
04:03:25,500 --> 04:03:28,400
stretches of border interspersed
with genuine Terror. 

4465
04:03:28,400 --> 04:03:31,700
Yet these ordinary individuals, 
the networks of intelligence 

4466
04:03:31,700 --> 04:03:35,500
that influence the outcome of 
Wars molded, medieval politics 

4467
04:03:35,500 --> 04:03:37,700
and sometimes altered the path 
of History. 

4468
04:03:38,600 --> 04:03:41,900
Their work was dangerous 
necessary and nearly 

4469
04:03:41,900 --> 04:03:45,600
unacknowledged by the societies.
They served their Tales should 

4470
04:03:45,608 --> 04:03:48,200
be told because they were the 
unsung heroes of medieval 

4471
04:03:48,200 --> 04:03:50,600
statecraft. 
Imagine managing a medieval 

4472
04:03:50,600 --> 04:03:53,500
intelligence agency which is 
essentially the same as 

4473
04:03:53,500 --> 04:03:55,700
attempting to set up a 
neighborhood watch program in 

4474
04:03:55,700 --> 04:03:58,100
multiple Nations where the 
majority of people are 

4475
04:03:58,100 --> 04:04:00,300
illiterate and everyone speaks a
different language. 

4476
04:04:01,100 --> 04:04:03,600
For this unachievable position. 
Who would you hire? 

4477
04:04:03,600 --> 04:04:06,500
Almost anyone who could travel 
without drawing suspicion? 

4478
04:04:06,500 --> 04:04:09,800
Had a good reason to ask 
questions and had the emotional 

4479
04:04:09,800 --> 04:04:12,900
strength to keep up a full site.
Identity while constantly 

4480
04:04:12,900 --> 04:04:14,800
running the risk of being caught
was the answer. 

4481
04:04:14,800 --> 04:04:18,800
It turned out, Medieval spy 
Master's needed people who could

4482
04:04:18,800 --> 04:04:21,800
complete the task regardless of 
their background or social 

4483
04:04:21,800 --> 04:04:23,800
standing. 
So they were very picky. 

4484
04:04:23,800 --> 04:04:26,800
It makes sense, that medieval 
intelligence networks were 

4485
04:04:26,800 --> 04:04:29,600
anchored by Merchants. 
They had good reason to inquire 

4486
04:04:29,600 --> 04:04:32,200
about everything from local 
prices to political stability, 

4487
04:04:32,200 --> 04:04:35,400
traveled wide Lee, and 
frequently crossed political 

4488
04:04:35,400 --> 04:04:37,800
boundaries. 
While conducting perfectly 

4489
04:04:37,800 --> 04:04:40,900
normal business operations, a 
wool Merchants traveling from 

4490
04:04:40,900 --> 04:04:44,100
England to Flanders could 
observe military preparations. 

4491
04:04:44,100 --> 04:04:48,100
Record changes in fortifications
and learn about diplomatic 

4492
04:04:48,100 --> 04:04:50,700
relationships. 
These Merchants spies worked in 

4493
04:04:50,700 --> 04:04:53,300
a society where politics and 
business were closely linked. 

4494
04:04:54,300 --> 04:04:56,800
The trader who purchased your 
grain, maybe tallying, the 

4495
04:04:56,800 --> 04:04:59,900
number of soldiers in your 
Garrison and the same person who

4496
04:04:59,900 --> 04:05:02,400
sold you, silke may also be 
assessing the defenses of your 

4497
04:05:02,400 --> 04:05:04,700
city. 
In a time, when most people 

4498
04:05:04,700 --> 04:05:07,100
understood business better than 
they understood International 

4499
04:05:07,100 --> 04:05:10,800
politics, it was Espionage 
masquerading as capitalism and 

4500
04:05:10,800 --> 04:05:13,500
it worked remarkably. 
Well for various reasons, 

4501
04:05:13,500 --> 04:05:17,100
religious leaders were good 
spies throughout Europe monks 

4502
04:05:17,100 --> 04:05:19,800
priests and Friars could move 
between monasteries and churches

4503
04:05:19,800 --> 04:05:23,200
frequently bringing with them 
official letters that made for 

4504
04:05:23,200 --> 04:05:25,100
ideal cover for intelligence 
operations. 

4505
04:05:25,800 --> 04:05:28,300
Due to their religious 
responsibilities, they were able

4506
04:05:28,300 --> 04:05:31,200
to enter Noble homes and were 
typically literate, which was 

4507
04:05:31,200 --> 04:05:34,200
uncommon in medieval Society, 
while traveling between 

4508
04:05:34,200 --> 04:05:37,600
monasteries a Franciscan Friar 
could pretend to be on Strictly 

4509
04:05:37,600 --> 04:05:40,200
religious business while 
carrying messages between 

4510
04:05:40,200 --> 04:05:43,300
intelligence Networks. 
Confessions could reveal 

4511
04:05:43,300 --> 04:05:45,600
political secrets about a family
to a priest. 

4512
04:05:46,600 --> 04:05:49,600
Letters exposing diplomatic 
schemes may be found by a monk 

4513
04:05:49,600 --> 04:05:51,700
copying manuscripts in a Noble's
Library. 

4514
04:05:52,500 --> 04:05:55,300
Intelligence Services made full 
use of the freedom with, which 

4515
04:05:55,300 --> 04:05:58,500
religious leaders moved through 
medieval Society, although 

4516
04:05:58,500 --> 04:06:00,900
historians have frequently 
ignored their contributions. 

4517
04:06:00,900 --> 04:06:05,100
Women played important roles in 
medieval espionage, Well, women 

4518
04:06:05,100 --> 04:06:08,000
from lower social classes could 
work as servants in important 

4519
04:06:08,000 --> 04:06:10,700
households, where they could 
listen in on conversations and 

4520
04:06:10,700 --> 04:06:12,600
watch activities. 
That provided important 

4521
04:06:12,600 --> 04:06:16,000
information Noble, women had 
access to court circles and 

4522
04:06:16,000 --> 04:06:19,500
family networks that were closed
to men The Duchess is lady in 

4523
04:06:19,500 --> 04:06:22,200
waiting, May gain knowledge of 
marriage talks, that could Forge

4524
04:06:22,200 --> 04:06:24,900
New political Connections in a 
Bishop's Home. 

4525
04:06:24,900 --> 04:06:27,700
The kitchen maid May overhear 
conversations about church 

4526
04:06:27,700 --> 04:06:31,100
politics, In order to provide 
information about military 

4527
04:06:31,100 --> 04:06:34,200
movements a Tavern Keepers wife 
might overhear conversations 

4528
04:06:34,200 --> 04:06:37,600
between traveling Nobles because
of their alleged lack of 

4529
04:06:37,608 --> 04:06:41,200
visibility in medieval politics.
Women were actually very good 

4530
04:06:41,200 --> 04:06:44,100
spies in the multilingual 
political environment of 

4531
04:06:44,100 --> 04:06:47,200
medieval Europe, the ability to 
read and write in multiple 

4532
04:06:47,200 --> 04:06:50,200
languages made Scholars and 
Clark's valuable recruits for 

4533
04:06:50,200 --> 04:06:53,500
intelligence work. 
While a Clark who handled 

4534
04:06:53,500 --> 04:06:56,900
correspondence for a noble 
household Mike copy confidential

4535
04:06:56,900 --> 04:07:00,400
documents or add false 
information to Communications a 

4536
04:07:00,400 --> 04:07:03,100
scholar, who could read Latin 
French and German could also act

4537
04:07:03,100 --> 04:07:06,800
as a translator in analyst. 
Most unexpectedly a large number

4538
04:07:06,800 --> 04:07:10,000
of medieval spies were what we 
might refer to as Freelancers. 

4539
04:07:10,000 --> 04:07:13,300
People who obtained information 
and sold it to anyone who would 

4540
04:07:13,300 --> 04:07:16,100
pay for it. 
These included artists who 

4541
04:07:16,100 --> 04:07:18,900
worked on Military 
fortifications itinerant, 

4542
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:22,100
entertainers, who entertained in
aristocratic courts, and even 

4543
04:07:22,100 --> 04:07:25,500
Beggars who were so prevalent in
medieval society that they were 

4544
04:07:25,500 --> 04:07:28,500
practically invisible. 
A Minstrel could convey messages

4545
04:07:28,500 --> 04:07:31,500
between various factions and 
observe political relationships 

4546
04:07:31,500 --> 04:07:33,000
while performing in different 
courts. 

4547
04:07:33,900 --> 04:07:36,700
Detailed information about 
defensive capabilities could be 

4548
04:07:36,700 --> 04:07:39,200
obtained, from a Mason working 
on Castle fortifications. 

4549
04:07:39,200 --> 04:07:41,900
It's possible for a beggar 
outside. 

4550
04:07:41,900 --> 04:07:43,500
A Noble's. 
Home to overhear conversations 

4551
04:07:43,500 --> 04:07:46,700
that contain crucial 
information, their capacity to 

4552
04:07:46,700 --> 04:07:49,600
integrate into medieval Society.
While retaining the cycle, 

4553
04:07:49,600 --> 04:07:53,100
fortitude required for Espionage
work, was what bound these 

4554
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:56,400
disparate recruits together? 
They needed to be at ease with 

4555
04:07:56,400 --> 04:07:59,500
lying, able to retain 
complicated information without 

4556
04:07:59,500 --> 04:08:02,100
writing it down and prepared to 
live with the ongoing 

4557
04:08:02,100 --> 04:08:04,200
possibility that their actions 
would be caught. 

4558
04:08:04,200 --> 04:08:07,400
The actual hiring procedure was 
typically, opportunistic and 

4559
04:08:07,400 --> 04:08:10,900
informal An agency of a 
messenger may approach, a 

4560
04:08:10,900 --> 04:08:13,200
merchant who demonstrated 
intelligence and discretion. 

4561
04:08:14,100 --> 04:08:17,200
during his travels, a priest who
showed loyalty to a certain 

4562
04:08:17,200 --> 04:08:21,400
political faction, might be 
asked to collect information, A 

4563
04:08:21,400 --> 04:08:24,500
servant who demonstrated 
exceptional Insight could be 

4564
04:08:24,500 --> 04:08:26,700
developed as a source of 
information about their 

4565
04:08:26,700 --> 04:08:29,900
employers operations. 
The majority of medieval spies 

4566
04:08:29,900 --> 04:08:33,300
were regular people who took up 
Espionage as a side job rather 

4567
04:08:33,300 --> 04:08:35,200
than professional Intelligence 
Officers. 

4568
04:08:36,000 --> 04:08:39,000
While working covertly for 
intelligence networks, They 

4569
04:08:39,000 --> 04:08:42,100
carried on with their regular 
lives and careers, which gave 

4570
04:08:42,100 --> 04:08:43,900
them the ideal cover for their 
operations. 

4571
04:08:43,900 --> 04:08:46,500
But also meant that they were 
rarely given the support and 

4572
04:08:46,500 --> 04:08:49,600
training that professional spies
might anticipate medieval 

4573
04:08:49,600 --> 04:08:51,800
Espionage. 
As amateur status had benefits 

4574
04:08:51,800 --> 04:08:55,700
and drawbacks intelligence 
networks could on the one hand 

4575
04:08:55,700 --> 04:08:58,300
easily integrate into medieval 
Society. 

4576
04:08:58,300 --> 04:09:02,000
However, it meant that the 
majority of spies acquired their

4577
04:09:02,000 --> 04:09:05,600
skills through trial and error 
frequently with deadly results, 

4578
04:09:05,600 --> 04:09:08,300
for those who made mistakes, 
shut your eyes and visualize 

4579
04:09:08,300 --> 04:09:10,500
organizing a business trip. 
During the Middle Ages. 

4580
04:09:10,500 --> 04:09:15,100
No hotel, reservations, no GPS 
to direct, you know, AAA to call

4581
04:09:15,100 --> 04:09:18,100
in case of an emergency and no 
Airline website to check. 

4582
04:09:18,100 --> 04:09:22,700
Instead, you may have to travel 
for weeks or months through 

4583
04:09:22,700 --> 04:09:24,400
areas where the local government
may find. 

4584
04:09:24,400 --> 04:09:27,400
You suspicious the roads may be 
under Bandit control, and your 

4585
04:09:27,400 --> 04:09:30,200
lodging will make a low cost, 
Motel seem like a five-star 

4586
04:09:30,200 --> 04:09:33,300
hotel, traveling in the Middle. 
Ages was a test of endurance. 

4587
04:09:33,300 --> 04:09:34,900
Mosque rating, as 
transportation. 

4588
04:09:36,100 --> 04:09:38,900
When Rhodes did exist, they were
frequently little more than dirt

4589
04:09:38,900 --> 04:09:41,600
tracks. 
That in wet weather became muddy

4590
04:09:41,600 --> 04:09:44,500
quagmires and in dry weather, 
dusty nightmare's. 

4591
04:09:45,400 --> 04:09:48,700
After centuries of neglect, the 
well-known Roman roads that had 

4592
04:09:48,700 --> 04:09:51,600
once connected Europe were in 
disrepair, and the majority of 

4593
04:09:51,608 --> 04:09:54,100
medieval governments, were more 
concerned with constructing 

4594
04:09:54,100 --> 04:09:57,000
castles than, with keeping up 
with Highway Maintenance. 

4595
04:09:57,000 --> 04:09:59,700
Traveling was not only 
uncomfortable for a medieval 

4596
04:09:59,700 --> 04:10:03,300
spy, but it was also a continual
risk management exercise. 

4597
04:10:03,300 --> 04:10:06,400
You might run into local 
officials, who might insist on 

4598
04:10:06,400 --> 04:10:08,500
seeing documents. 
You didn't have fellow 

4599
04:10:08,500 --> 04:10:11,800
Travelers, who might recognize 
you from past assignments, or 

4600
04:10:11,800 --> 04:10:14,600
Bandits who viewed Travelers as 
mobile treasure chests, every 

4601
04:10:14,600 --> 04:10:17,800
mile you traveled. 
Just getting from point A to 

4602
04:10:17,800 --> 04:10:20,500
point B, could reveal your cover
and put an end to your mission 

4603
04:10:20,500 --> 04:10:23,700
before it even started. 
Medieval spies had few options 

4604
04:10:23,700 --> 04:10:26,800
for transportation and each had 
its own set of difficulties. 

4605
04:10:26,800 --> 04:10:31,000
It was inexpensive but slow to 
walk and you were exposed to the

4606
04:10:31,000 --> 04:10:34,000
weather Bandits and the 
inquisitive questions of 

4607
04:10:34,000 --> 04:10:36,700
everyone. 
You met An individual traveling 

4608
04:10:36,700 --> 04:10:38,900
alone on foot was either 
extremely impoverished, 

4609
04:10:38,900 --> 04:10:43,200
extremely desperate, or 
extremely suspicious, all of 

4610
04:10:43,200 --> 04:10:45,800
which are not suitable, cover 
identity's, for intelligence 

4611
04:10:45,800 --> 04:10:49,000
operations, although they 
offered speed in a certain level

4612
04:10:49,000 --> 04:10:52,600
of social respectability horses.
Also came with high maintenance,

4613
04:10:52,600 --> 04:10:56,000
feeding and cost. 
Since a good horse, was an 

4614
04:10:56,000 --> 04:10:59,900
expensive investment, losing one
to disease accident or thieves 

4615
04:10:59,900 --> 04:11:03,500
could leave a spy stranded far 
from home and unable to finish 

4616
04:11:03,500 --> 04:11:07,400
their mission. additionally 
horses, required food, water and

4617
04:11:07,400 --> 04:11:10,600
rest, which meant making 
frequent stops at locations, 

4618
04:11:10,600 --> 04:11:13,900
where inquisitive innkeepers, 
might awkwardly inquire about 

4619
04:11:13,900 --> 04:11:17,300
your destination and line of 
work carrying supplies and 

4620
04:11:17,300 --> 04:11:19,700
keeping a Merchants cover 
identity were two benefits of 

4621
04:11:19,700 --> 04:11:23,600
traveling by cart or wagon, but 
it was slow and required, good 

4622
04:11:23,600 --> 04:11:27,900
roads, which were frequently 
non-existent, Carts broke down 

4623
04:11:27,900 --> 04:11:31,100
on rough ground got stuck in mud
and caught the attention of 

4624
04:11:31,100 --> 04:11:34,900
Bandits who rightly thought that
anyone with enough Goods to fill

4625
04:11:34,900 --> 04:11:37,900
a wagon might be worth robbing 
Travelers in the Middle Ages. 

4626
04:11:37,900 --> 04:11:40,200
Could find accommodations that 
were anything from hardly 

4627
04:11:40,200 --> 04:11:44,000
suitable to downright hazardous 
When instead exist, they were 

4628
04:11:44,000 --> 04:11:46,400
usually little more than 
spacious rooms with straw 

4629
04:11:46,400 --> 04:11:49,000
mattresses in which Travelers 
shared space with strangers. 

4630
04:11:49,000 --> 04:11:51,500
Who could strange from 
professional thieves to honest 

4631
04:11:51,500 --> 04:11:55,200
merchants Food was whatever The 
Innkeeper happened to be serving

4632
04:11:55,200 --> 04:11:57,400
that day. 
There was no privacy and 

4633
04:11:57,400 --> 04:12:00,800
sanitation was rudimentary 
medieval ins were a constant 

4634
04:12:00,800 --> 04:12:03,700
source of difficulty for Aspire 
attempting to keep up a cover 

4635
04:12:03,700 --> 04:12:06,400
identity. 
Other visitors May inquire in 

4636
04:12:06,400 --> 04:12:09,200
depth about your background, 
your destination or your 

4637
04:12:09,200 --> 04:12:11,600
business. 
By collecting information about 

4638
04:12:11,600 --> 04:12:14,200
tourists to sell to local 
authorities or anybody else, who

4639
04:12:14,200 --> 04:12:17,200
would pay in Keepers frequently 
served as unofficial 

4640
04:12:17,200 --> 04:12:20,800
intelligence agents themselves? 
Your entire Mission could be 

4641
04:12:20,808 --> 04:12:24,300
jeopardized by a thoughtless 
remark made during dinner or a 

4642
04:12:24,300 --> 04:12:27,400
suspicious object spotted in 
your luggage even worse, was the

4643
04:12:27,400 --> 04:12:30,900
alternative to ins Travelers 
could take refuge in monasteries

4644
04:12:30,900 --> 04:12:32,800
which provided rudimentary 
lodging. 

4645
04:12:32,800 --> 04:12:35,700
But also put them under the roof
of religious leaders who might 

4646
04:12:35,700 --> 04:12:38,400
feel compelled to alert, local 
authorities to questionable 

4647
04:12:38,400 --> 04:12:41,300
activities. 
Although country priest had 

4648
04:12:41,300 --> 04:12:44,100
strong ties to local nobility 
and could provide information 

4649
04:12:44,100 --> 04:12:46,500
about odd. 
Travelers rural churches, 

4650
04:12:46,500 --> 04:12:49,600
occasionally offered Sanctuary, 
although camping outside, had 

4651
04:12:49,600 --> 04:12:52,900
its own risks, it avoided the 
social complications of formal 

4652
04:12:52,900 --> 04:12:55,200
lodging. 
Travelers who were alone and 

4653
04:12:55,200 --> 04:12:58,100
vulnerable with the targets of 
Bandit attacks and sleeping 

4654
04:12:58,100 --> 04:13:01,100
outside exposed one to whether 
that could Be anything from 

4655
04:13:01,100 --> 04:13:03,100
mildly uncomfortable to, 
actually fatal. 

4656
04:13:03,800 --> 04:13:06,600
If a spider becomes ill or hurts
the self while camping by the 

4657
04:13:06,600 --> 04:13:09,400
self, they might just vanish 
leaving their mission, 

4658
04:13:09,400 --> 04:13:12,200
uncompleted. 
And their fate uncertain for 

4659
04:13:12,200 --> 04:13:14,700
travelers in the Middle Ages. 
The weather was a continual 

4660
04:13:14,700 --> 04:13:18,100
enemy extreme heat or cold, 
could kill unprepared, 

4661
04:13:18,100 --> 04:13:22,200
Travelers, snow made navigation,
impossible and rain turned roads

4662
04:13:22,200 --> 04:13:27,000
into impossible swamps There 
were no emergencies to call no 

4663
04:13:27,000 --> 04:13:30,500
weather forecast to refer to and
no assurance that assistance 

4664
04:13:30,500 --> 04:13:31,900
would be accessible in the 
event. 

4665
04:13:31,900 --> 04:13:35,200
That conditions deteriorated 
travel conditions and political 

4666
04:13:35,200 --> 04:13:38,400
requirements had to be balanced 
and medieval spies had to 

4667
04:13:38,400 --> 04:13:40,500
schedule their trips around 
seasonal weather patterns. 

4668
04:13:41,500 --> 04:13:45,300
In certain cases the best travel
times occurred during times when

4669
04:13:45,300 --> 04:13:48,100
heightened security made 
Espionage work more hazardous. 

4670
04:13:48,100 --> 04:13:51,300
And in other cases, urgent 
intelligence had to be delivered

4671
04:13:51,300 --> 04:13:54,600
in spite of hazardous weather, 
medieval travel was as difficult

4672
04:13:54,600 --> 04:13:57,300
on the mind, as it was on the 
body, in addition to 

4673
04:13:57,300 --> 04:14:00,700
continuously assuming false 
identities and remaining on the 

4674
04:14:00,700 --> 04:14:04,900
lookout for potential threats. 
Spies spent weeks or months away

4675
04:14:04,900 --> 04:14:08,100
from their homes families, and 
any emotional support systems, 

4676
04:14:08,100 --> 04:14:11,300
even seasoned agents could 
become emotionally weary and 

4677
04:14:11,300 --> 04:14:14,100
prone to making potentially 
fatal mistakes, due to the 

4678
04:14:14,100 --> 04:14:17,300
isolation and stress of medieval
travel and other ongoing. 

4679
04:14:17,300 --> 04:14:21,400
Worry, on medieval travels was 
food long trips, necessitated 

4680
04:14:21,400 --> 04:14:24,300
resupplying, along the way, 
which meant relying on local 

4681
04:14:24,300 --> 04:14:27,700
markets that might not exist, 
local Cuisine that might not be 

4682
04:14:27,700 --> 04:14:30,800
edible, and local prices. 
That might be exorbitant 

4683
04:14:30,800 --> 04:14:33,100
foreigners. 
Travellers brought what 

4684
04:14:33,100 --> 04:14:35,800
Provisions. 
They could a spies ability to 

4685
04:14:35,800 --> 04:14:38,600
finish their mission could be 
severely jeopardized if they 

4686
04:14:38,600 --> 04:14:41,000
became ill from eating poorly 
over. 

4687
04:14:41,000 --> 04:14:44,200
Unable to find enough food 
during the Middle Ages, even the

4688
04:14:44,200 --> 04:14:46,200
basic tasks of navigation was 
difficult. 

4689
04:14:47,000 --> 04:14:50,000
When Maps were available, they 
were frequently erroneous and 

4690
04:14:50,000 --> 04:14:53,100
depicted political boundaries 
that may have changed since they

4691
04:14:53,100 --> 04:14:55,700
were created. 
The majority of tourists 

4692
04:14:55,700 --> 04:14:58,300
depended on locals for 
directions who may have been 

4693
04:14:58,308 --> 04:15:01,800
helpful deceptive or entirely 
incorrect about Roots. 

4694
04:15:01,800 --> 04:15:05,400
They had never taken themselves 
medieval spies somehow managed 

4695
04:15:05,400 --> 04:15:06,900
to keep up intelligence 
networks. 

4696
04:15:06,900 --> 04:15:09,700
That crossed continents 
transmitted information across 

4697
04:15:09,700 --> 04:15:12,900
political boundaries and updated
their employers on political 

4698
04:15:12,900 --> 04:15:16,000
developments in far-off places. 
In spite of all these obstacles.

4699
04:15:17,400 --> 04:15:20,000
There are accomplishments, 
demonstrated human tenacity, 

4700
04:15:20,000 --> 04:15:24,100
resourcefulness and flexibility 
in the face of adversity, that 

4701
04:15:24,100 --> 04:15:26,100
would have tested. 
Even the most advanced, modern 

4702
04:15:26,100 --> 04:15:28,500
Travelers. 
Imagine attempting to send a 

4703
04:15:28,500 --> 04:15:31,800
text message with just a quill 
pen parchment and the hope that 

4704
04:15:31,800 --> 04:15:34,900
it will reach its recipient 
within the next few months, then

4705
04:15:34,900 --> 04:15:39,200
settle back in your cozy chair, 
now picture yourself stretched 

4706
04:15:39,200 --> 04:15:42,300
on a rack or hanging from Egypt 
if someone reads that message 

4707
04:15:42,300 --> 04:15:45,600
and into sets it, Greetings from
the world of secret 

4708
04:15:45,600 --> 04:15:48,900
communication in the Middle Ages
when Ingenuity literally, meant 

4709
04:15:48,900 --> 04:15:52,100
the difference between life and 
death because they had no other 

4710
04:15:52,100 --> 04:15:56,000
optional spies had to become 
expert at the delicate art of 

4711
04:15:56,000 --> 04:15:57,700
concealing information from the 
public. 

4712
04:15:58,500 --> 04:16:01,800
Intelligence Officers created 
increasingly complex techniques 

4713
04:16:01,800 --> 04:16:04,900
to hide their actual 
Communications within seemingly 

4714
04:16:04,900 --> 04:16:07,600
innocent correspondent because 
every message carried the 

4715
04:16:07,600 --> 04:16:10,200
potential for execution. 
If it were discovered the 

4716
04:16:10,200 --> 04:16:13,800
simplest method was invisible 
ink which may sound fancy but 

4717
04:16:13,800 --> 04:16:16,400
was typically created using 
common placing ingredients like 

4718
04:16:16,400 --> 04:16:20,600
milk urine or lemon juice? 
These materials would become 

4719
04:16:20,600 --> 04:16:23,300
Brown. 
When heated exposing hidden text

4720
04:16:23,300 --> 04:16:25,000
between the lines of a regular 
letter. 

4721
04:16:25,900 --> 04:16:28,200
While the true message about 
troop movements was written. 

4722
04:16:28,200 --> 04:16:31,300
In milk between the lines 
invisible until the recipient 

4723
04:16:31,300 --> 04:16:32,900
heat of the parchment near a 
fire. 

4724
04:16:32,908 --> 04:16:36,700
A medieval spy might write a 
perfectly normal business letter

4725
04:16:36,700 --> 04:16:39,500
about wool prices. 
The problem with invisible ink 

4726
04:16:39,500 --> 04:16:42,200
was that the recipient had to be
aware of the existence of a 

4727
04:16:42,200 --> 04:16:44,600
hidden message and know how to 
make it visible. 

4728
04:16:45,500 --> 04:16:48,100
In order to identify when 
letters contained classified 

4729
04:16:48,100 --> 04:16:50,800
information. 
Medieval intelligence networks 

4730
04:16:50,800 --> 04:16:52,700
created complex signaling 
systems. 

4731
04:16:53,500 --> 04:16:56,800
Certain words in the visible 
text a unique signature or a 

4732
04:16:56,808 --> 04:16:59,800
certain Wax Seal, could all be 
signs that the letter contained 

4733
04:16:59,800 --> 04:17:02,600
secret information. 
Book codes were more advanced 

4734
04:17:02,600 --> 04:17:05,800
with references to particular 
words or letters in books that 

4735
04:17:05,800 --> 04:17:08,400
both the sender and the 
recipient owned indicating the 

4736
04:17:08,400 --> 04:17:11,500
true message. 
When a letter refers to the 

4737
04:17:11,500 --> 04:17:14,900
wisdom found in the third word 
of the seventh line on page, 42 

4738
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:17,800
of the chronicle, it may be 
referencing a particular book 

4739
04:17:17,800 --> 04:17:20,300
and providing details 
instructions on how to decode 

4740
04:17:20,300 --> 04:17:23,100
the message. 
This approached necessitated, 

4741
04:17:23,100 --> 04:17:26,500
extensive preparation and 
cooperation amongst intelligence

4742
04:17:26,500 --> 04:17:29,600
agents because books were scarce
and costly during the Middle 

4743
04:17:29,600 --> 04:17:31,800
Ages. 
Null ciphers were a special 

4744
04:17:31,808 --> 04:17:34,700
ingenious methods in which the 
actual message was concealed 

4745
04:17:34,700 --> 04:17:36,700
using preset patterns inside the
text. 

4746
04:17:36,700 --> 04:17:39,100
That was visible. 
The first letter of each 

4747
04:17:39,100 --> 04:17:42,200
sentence, May spell out the 
secret information or every 

4748
04:17:42,200 --> 04:17:44,200
third word may contain the 
actual intelligence. 

4749
04:17:45,000 --> 04:17:47,500
A business letter might hide 
Military Intelligence in the 

4750
04:17:47,508 --> 04:17:50,100
final word of each paragraph or 
a love letter. 

4751
04:17:50,100 --> 04:17:52,800
Might have a secret message in 
the first letter of each line 

4752
04:17:52,800 --> 04:17:55,500
using religious texts. 
As a cover for intelligence 

4753
04:17:55,500 --> 04:17:57,900
messages was one of the most 
inventive ways to hide 

4754
04:17:57,900 --> 04:18:00,800
information. 
A spy might copy out a prayer or

4755
04:18:00,800 --> 04:18:03,900
a passage from the Bible, but 
with extra markings or slightly 

4756
04:18:03,900 --> 04:18:05,800
changed letters that would 
reveal the true. 

4757
04:18:05,800 --> 04:18:07,300
Meaning to someone who knew 
where to look. 

4758
04:18:08,100 --> 04:18:11,500
This method provided excellent 
cover because religious texts 

4759
04:18:11,500 --> 04:18:14,700
were often carried by Travelers 
and religious copying was common

4760
04:18:14,700 --> 04:18:24,000
steigenberger. 
Tablets wooden backing could 

4761
04:18:24,000 --> 04:18:26,500
have text written on it. 
That would not be visible until 

4762
04:18:26,500 --> 04:18:29,700
the wax was removed. 
Messages, could be inscribed on 

4763
04:18:29,700 --> 04:18:33,100
the inside of leather, goods 
stitched into garments, or even 

4764
04:18:33,100 --> 04:18:35,800
Inked on a messenger scalp and 
concealed by hair growth. 

4765
04:18:36,700 --> 04:18:39,400
Finding concealment techniques 
that would withstand the rough 

4766
04:18:39,400 --> 04:18:41,300
treatment of medieval travel was
crucial. 

4767
04:18:41,300 --> 04:18:45,400
Medieval intelligence networks, 
gave rise to coded languages in 

4768
04:18:45,400 --> 04:18:47,900
which common words had hidden 
meaning that only Network 

4769
04:18:47,900 --> 04:18:51,900
participants knew While a letter
from a merchant discussing the 

4770
04:18:51,900 --> 04:18:54,800
purchase of fine wool, might be 
reporting on Military 

4771
04:18:54,800 --> 04:18:57,700
fortifications. 
A discussion of grain prices 

4772
04:18:57,700 --> 04:19:00,400
might be revealing information 
about political alliances. 

4773
04:19:01,100 --> 04:19:04,100
To prevent detection, these 
codes needed to be carefully 

4774
04:19:04,100 --> 04:19:07,300
used and thoroughly memorized in
ways that are nearly impossible 

4775
04:19:07,300 --> 04:19:10,700
for modern Minds to comprehend. 
Physical objects were used as 

4776
04:19:10,700 --> 04:19:13,900
messaging systems. 
For someone who understood how 

4777
04:19:13,900 --> 04:19:16,700
to read these signals, the 
placement of a candle in a 

4778
04:19:16,700 --> 04:19:20,100
window, the way a cloak was hung
or the arrangement of objects on

4779
04:19:20,100 --> 04:19:21,500
a table could all provide 
information. 

4780
04:19:22,500 --> 04:19:25,100
In order to transmit messages 
without leaving, any written 

4781
04:19:25,100 --> 04:19:28,300
records, that could be found and
used as proof medieval 

4782
04:19:28,300 --> 04:19:30,900
intelligence agents. 
Created complex nonverbal 

4783
04:19:30,900 --> 04:19:34,100
communication systems, the more 
educated members of medieval, 

4784
04:19:34,100 --> 04:19:37,600
intelligence networks used, 
mathematical codes, basic 

4785
04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:39,900
security, for written 
communication was offered by 

4786
04:19:39,908 --> 04:19:43,400
simple substitution ciphers in 
which a different letter or 

4787
04:19:43,400 --> 04:19:47,100
symbol was used for each letter.
More advanced agents employed 

4788
04:19:47,100 --> 04:19:50,100
poly alphabetic ciphers which 
made it much harder for 

4789
04:19:50,100 --> 04:19:53,300
unauthorized readers to decipher
the codes by altering the 

4790
04:19:53,300 --> 04:19:56,400
substitution pattern in 
accordance with preset rules, 

4791
04:19:56,400 --> 04:20:00,100
medieval cryptography, face the 
difficulty of striking a balance

4792
04:20:00,100 --> 04:20:04,200
between security and usefulness.
Better protection was offered by

4793
04:20:04,200 --> 04:20:07,900
complex codes, but they also 
took longer to encode and decode

4794
04:20:07,900 --> 04:20:10,900
the possibility of mistakes that
could make messages 

4795
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:14,200
incomprehensible and placed more
strain on the user's memory and 

4796
04:20:14,200 --> 04:20:17,000
education. 
It was worse than useless to 

4797
04:20:17,000 --> 04:20:19,700
have a code that was impossible 
to crack, but impossible to use 

4798
04:20:19,700 --> 04:20:23,100
properly, the issue of key 
distribution or making sure that

4799
04:20:23,100 --> 04:20:26,200
senders and recipients have the 
data required to encode and 

4800
04:20:26,200 --> 04:20:28,600
decode messages was another 
challenge. 

4801
04:20:28,600 --> 04:20:32,300
Faced by medieval intelligence 
Networks, Sharing the secrets 

4802
04:20:32,300 --> 04:20:35,500
required for secret, 
communication, created a paradox

4803
04:20:35,500 --> 04:20:38,200
that took a great deal of 
Ingenuity to resolve in an era 

4804
04:20:38,200 --> 04:20:41,400
without secure communication. 
Medieval secret communication, 

4805
04:20:41,400 --> 04:20:43,600
was further Complicated by 
timing codes. 

4806
04:20:43,600 --> 04:20:47,600
It's possible for messages to be
sent in segments with each 

4807
04:20:47,600 --> 04:20:51,100
segment arriving at a different 
time and only making sense when 

4808
04:20:51,100 --> 04:20:54,600
put together correctly. 
Alternatively, the coded 

4809
04:20:54,600 --> 04:20:57,600
information may include the 
delivery time and date, which 

4810
04:20:57,600 --> 04:21:01,000
recipients must account for when
decoding the message working 

4811
04:21:01,000 --> 04:21:03,900
with secret messages, put a lot 
of psychological strain on 

4812
04:21:03,900 --> 04:21:06,700
employees. 
A single encoding era could give

4813
04:21:06,700 --> 04:21:08,100
the intended recipient. 
No. 

4814
04:21:08,100 --> 04:21:10,800
Meaning at all an entire 
intelligence Network could be 

4815
04:21:10,808 --> 04:21:13,900
exposed by a mistaken. 
Concealment in Portland, 

4816
04:21:13,900 --> 04:21:16,500
intelligence could end up in the
hands of the enemy of the wrong 

4817
04:21:16,500 --> 04:21:19,800
Messengers, chose him. 
Under circumstances that made 

4818
04:21:19,800 --> 04:21:23,100
Perfection all but impossible 
medieval spies had to be 

4819
04:21:23,100 --> 04:21:25,600
Flawless. 
Cryptographers medieval secret, 

4820
04:21:25,600 --> 04:21:28,800
communication systems were 
remarkably successful in spite 

4821
04:21:28,800 --> 04:21:31,400
of these obstacles. 
Intelligence networks were able 

4822
04:21:31,400 --> 04:21:34,100
to coordinate intricate 
operations sustained 

4823
04:21:34,100 --> 04:21:37,000
Communications over long 
distances and protect their most

4824
04:21:37,000 --> 04:21:40,500
sensitive data from hostile 
interception Ingenuity, 

4825
04:21:40,500 --> 04:21:43,700
meticulous planning and the kind
of attention to detail. 

4826
04:21:43,700 --> 04:21:46,000
That could mean the difference 
between personal destruction, 

4827
04:21:46,000 --> 04:21:49,400
and Mission success with the 
foundations of their success. 

4828
04:21:49,400 --> 04:21:53,300
Pour yourself, another cup of 
tea, and think about how you 

4829
04:21:53,300 --> 04:21:55,000
would budget for an intelligent 
network. 

4830
04:21:55,000 --> 04:21:59,100
If you were a medieval King 
attempting to manage one, There 

4831
04:21:59,100 --> 04:22:02,400
are no accounting departments to
monitor operating costs, no 

4832
04:22:02,400 --> 04:22:05,900
standardized pay scales and no 
corporate expense accounts. 

4833
04:22:06,500 --> 04:22:10,100
Instead, you're dealing with a 
shadow economy, where your most 

4834
04:22:10,108 --> 04:22:14,000
critical employees are unable to
provide receipts and where in 

4835
04:22:14,000 --> 04:22:17,000
order to protect all parties, 
payment must frequently be 

4836
04:22:17,000 --> 04:22:19,200
disguised as something 
completely different. 

4837
04:22:19,200 --> 04:22:22,500
The financial theories used in 
medieval Espionage would make 

4838
04:22:22,500 --> 04:22:25,800
modern accountants shudder 
generally speaking spies 

4839
04:22:25,800 --> 04:22:29,100
received, a rattic compensation 
that varied greatly based on the

4840
04:22:29,100 --> 04:22:31,800
value of the information, they 
provided the risk of their 

4841
04:22:31,800 --> 04:22:34,700
missions and the financial 
standing of their employers. 

4842
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:37,600
It was the Pinnacle of 
freelancing with no job 

4843
04:22:37,600 --> 04:22:40,400
security, and retirement 
planning, limited to wishing you

4844
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:42,300
lived. 
Long enough to retired. 

4845
04:22:42,300 --> 04:22:45,000
Spies were typically paid a 
combination of bonuses for 

4846
04:22:45,000 --> 04:22:47,800
certain pieces of valuable 
intelligence and regular 

4847
04:22:47,800 --> 04:22:52,000
stipends for continuing agents. 
To keep him loyal, a merchant 

4848
04:22:52,000 --> 04:22:54,800
who frequently covered political
events in the cities visited, 

4849
04:22:54,800 --> 04:22:57,000
might get a small annual 
payment. 

4850
04:22:57,800 --> 04:23:00,500
For more significant 
information, he might get larger

4851
04:23:00,500 --> 04:23:03,500
sums. 
Maintaining incredible 

4852
04:23:03,500 --> 04:23:06,500
justifications for these 
Financial transactions, was a 

4853
04:23:06,508 --> 04:23:08,900
challenge for both the spy and 
the Spy Master. 

4854
04:23:08,900 --> 04:23:12,000
As luring as that image may be 
for Hollywood money. 

4855
04:23:12,000 --> 04:23:15,200
Couldn't just be handed over in 
Denali ways, payments had to be 

4856
04:23:15,200 --> 04:23:17,900
made under false pretenses that 
would pass muster if they were 

4857
04:23:17,900 --> 04:23:20,500
caught. 
Spy may be compensated by 

4858
04:23:20,500 --> 04:23:23,300
inflated prices for goods. 
They purportedly sold to their 

4859
04:23:23,300 --> 04:23:26,600
Handler loans that were never 
meant to be paid back or 

4860
04:23:26,600 --> 04:23:29,400
winnings from gambling that were
actually intelligence payments. 

4861
04:23:29,400 --> 04:23:32,500
The Practical realities of 
medieval life complicated, the 

4862
04:23:32,500 --> 04:23:35,800
cost structure of medieval 
Espionage in order to maintain 

4863
04:23:35,800 --> 04:23:38,900
their cover identities. 
And obtain information spies had

4864
04:23:38,900 --> 04:23:42,400
to pay for their own travel, 
lodging, and the various bribes 

4865
04:23:42,400 --> 04:23:45,500
and gifts, they would need In 
order to keep their credibility,

4866
04:23:45,500 --> 04:23:48,900
a spy mask grading, as a 
merchant might have to genuinely

4867
04:23:48,900 --> 04:23:52,000
buy and sell Goods, which would 
require them to invest money in 

4868
04:23:52,008 --> 04:23:54,900
inventory in the hopes that 
their trading operations would 

4869
04:23:54,900 --> 04:23:57,900
generate enough Revenue to fund 
their intelligence operations 

4870
04:23:57,900 --> 04:24:00,500
medieval spies face to specially
High. 

4871
04:24:00,500 --> 04:24:03,300
Travel costs. 
Spies earnings from intelligence

4872
04:24:03,300 --> 04:24:06,500
work could easily be outweighed 
by the cost of horses, food, 

4873
04:24:06,500 --> 04:24:10,200
lodging, and the numerous fees 
and told us associated with 

4874
04:24:10,200 --> 04:24:13,100
medieval travel. 
It's likely that many medieval 

4875
04:24:13,100 --> 04:24:16,400
spies lost money on their 
operations, either accepting a 

4876
04:24:16,400 --> 04:24:18,600
lesser standard of living than 
they could have obtained through

4877
04:24:18,600 --> 04:24:21,600
legal employment, or funding, 
their Espionage efforts, with 

4878
04:24:21,600 --> 04:24:25,000
other sources of income. 
For medieval spies financial 

4879
04:24:25,000 --> 04:24:26,500
planning was practically 
impossible. 

4880
04:24:26,500 --> 04:24:28,800
Due to the erotic nature of 
intelligence work. 

4881
04:24:29,500 --> 04:24:33,100
After months of collecting 
information for free, a spy may 

4882
04:24:33,100 --> 04:24:35,500
be paid handsomely for a, 
particularly useful piece of 

4883
04:24:35,500 --> 04:24:38,200
intelligence. 
The ability to maintain a cover 

4884
04:24:38,200 --> 04:24:41,300
identity, even in times of 
financial hardship and 

4885
04:24:41,300 --> 04:24:42,900
significant personal financial 
management. 

4886
04:24:42,900 --> 04:24:45,600
Skills were necessary in this 
feast or famine economy. 

4887
04:24:45,600 --> 04:24:48,900
Currency exchange issues that 
did not exist for contemporary 

4888
04:24:48,900 --> 04:24:51,800
International operations, where 
another issue that medieval 

4889
04:24:51,800 --> 04:24:55,400
intelligence networks had to 
handle exchange rates varied. 

4890
04:24:55,400 --> 04:24:58,500
According to political ties, and
the availability of precious 

4891
04:24:58,500 --> 04:25:02,000
metals and different regions use
different coins with varying 

4892
04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:05,500
weight and Purity requirements. 
A spy who worked in several 

4893
04:25:05,500 --> 04:25:08,300
different areas had to be able 
to handle the intricate 

4894
04:25:08,300 --> 04:25:11,500
Financial aspects of medieval 
trade while also working as an 

4895
04:25:11,500 --> 04:25:15,100
intelligence officer and a 
currency Trader medieval spies 

4896
04:25:15,100 --> 04:25:17,500
who were able to combine their 
intelligence work with legal 

4897
04:25:17,500 --> 04:25:21,300
business ventures that offered 
both cover and extra cash were 

4898
04:25:21,300 --> 04:25:24,900
frequently, the most successful.
Carefully selecting trade routes

4899
04:25:24,900 --> 04:25:27,900
allowed a Merchants by to 
conduct lucrative business that 

4900
04:25:27,900 --> 04:25:29,700
Finance their intelligence 
operations. 

4901
04:25:29,700 --> 04:25:33,500
While simultaneously, obtaining 
useful intelligence, A scholar 

4902
04:25:33,500 --> 04:25:36,000
spy, could obtain information 
about political connections, and

4903
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:39,200
get paid for writing services by
copying manuscripts for 

4904
04:25:39,200 --> 04:25:42,300
Aristocrats because they had 
fewer economic options than men.

4905
04:25:42,300 --> 04:25:45,500
Women who worked in medieval 
intelligence face unique 

4906
04:25:45,500 --> 04:25:49,500
financial difficulties. 
In a noble home, a female spy 

4907
04:25:49,500 --> 04:25:52,700
might serve as a servant earning
Amiga salary while obtaining 

4908
04:25:52,700 --> 04:25:56,300
intelligence but medieval social
norms limited her options for 

4909
04:25:56,300 --> 04:25:58,300
career progression or other 
employment. 

4910
04:25:59,500 --> 04:26:01,900
Because they frequently had to 
depend more on their handlers 

4911
04:26:01,900 --> 04:26:04,800
for financial support. 
Female spies were more 

4912
04:26:04,800 --> 04:26:08,400
susceptible to abuse for many 
agents, regular banking 

4913
04:26:08,400 --> 04:26:11,200
relationships were impossible 
due to the security requirements

4914
04:26:11,200 --> 04:26:14,900
of medieval espionage. 
Operating under a full identity.

4915
04:26:14,900 --> 04:26:17,800
Prevented a spy from keeping 
accounts under their real name. 

4916
04:26:17,800 --> 04:26:20,500
And from having Financial 
records, that could be used to 

4917
04:26:20,500 --> 04:26:22,300
expose their intelligence 
operations. 

4918
04:26:23,100 --> 04:26:26,200
Precious metals or gems were 
likely carried by many medieval 

4919
04:26:26,200 --> 04:26:29,700
spies making them easy targets 
for theft while on the road 

4920
04:26:29,700 --> 04:26:32,600
medieval spies hardly ever plan 
for retirement. 

4921
04:26:32,600 --> 04:26:35,800
There were no Social Security 
Programs or Pension funds. 

4922
04:26:35,800 --> 04:26:38,700
And there was no assurance that 
an intelligence organization 

4923
04:26:38,700 --> 04:26:42,200
would keep paying agents who are
no longer actively contributing.

4924
04:26:43,600 --> 04:26:46,100
If they lived long enough to 
reach old age successful 

4925
04:26:46,100 --> 04:26:48,700
medieval spies had to amass 
enough wealth, during their 

4926
04:26:48,700 --> 04:26:51,800
active careers to sustain 
themselves in their later years.

4927
04:26:51,800 --> 04:26:55,300
Medieval spies family had to 
deal with financial instability.

4928
04:26:55,300 --> 04:26:56,600
That went beyond the agents 
themselves. 

4929
04:26:56,600 --> 04:27:00,400
There was no life insurance, no 
survivor benefits, and 

4930
04:27:00,400 --> 04:27:03,100
frequently no recognition that 
Aspire been working for their 

4931
04:27:03,100 --> 04:27:05,800
employer if they were killed or 
vanished during a mission. 

4932
04:27:06,500 --> 04:27:08,900
Medieval spies wives and kids 
could find themselves 

4933
04:27:08,900 --> 04:27:11,900
unexpectedly poor with no way to
support themselves. 

4934
04:27:11,900 --> 04:27:15,700
And no reason for their loss, 
medieval intelligence networks 

4935
04:27:15,700 --> 04:27:18,300
were able to recruit and retain 
agents who offered their 

4936
04:27:18,300 --> 04:27:21,200
employers valuable services in 
spite of these financial 

4937
04:27:21,200 --> 04:27:23,900
difficulties. 
People who found that Espionage 

4938
04:27:23,900 --> 04:27:26,600
offered better opportunities 
than traditional employment in 

4939
04:27:26,600 --> 04:27:29,400
their social class or who were 
prepared to accept Financial 

4940
04:27:29,400 --> 04:27:31,200
uncertainty. 
In exchange. 

4941
04:27:31,200 --> 04:27:34,500
For the thrill of intelligence 
work were drawn to the work with

4942
04:27:34,500 --> 04:27:37,200
its own Payment Systems, 
financial difficulties and 

4943
04:27:37,200 --> 04:27:39,600
strategies for handling. 
The interplay between money and 

4944
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:43,500
secrecy the shadow economy that 
ran concurrently with the legal 

4945
04:27:43,500 --> 04:27:46,700
medieval economy is revealed by 
the economics of medieval 

4946
04:27:46,700 --> 04:27:49,000
espionage. 
It was capitalism with a 

4947
04:27:49,000 --> 04:27:51,200
conspiracy twist, where 
information was the most 

4948
04:27:51,200 --> 04:27:54,500
valuable resource and the cost 
of Discovery was frequently the 

4949
04:27:54,500 --> 04:27:57,300
highest turned down the lights a
little bit and imagine what it 

4950
04:27:57,308 --> 04:27:59,700
would be like to get out of bed.
Each morning and put on, not 

4951
04:27:59,700 --> 04:28:02,000
just your clothes, but a 
completely different persona. 

4952
04:28:02,800 --> 04:28:05,600
Imagine posing as someone else 
for months or years at a time, 

4953
04:28:05,608 --> 04:28:09,200
never being able to let your 
guard down and never knowing, if

4954
04:28:09,200 --> 04:28:11,400
those around, you are buying 
into your carefully, crafted 

4955
04:28:11,400 --> 04:28:14,200
lies. 
In a world where authenticity 

4956
04:28:14,200 --> 04:28:17,300
was a luxury, they couldnt 
afford medieval spies had to 

4957
04:28:17,300 --> 04:28:20,200
learn not only the methods of 
obtaining intelligence but also 

4958
04:28:20,200 --> 04:28:22,900
the far more challenging art of 
psychological survival 

4959
04:28:22,900 --> 04:28:26,400
maintaining full side dentists 
for extended periods of time 

4960
04:28:26,400 --> 04:28:29,600
while residing close to people 
who might discover the deception

4961
04:28:29,600 --> 04:28:32,200
was the main Obstacle of 
medieval espionage. 

4962
04:28:33,200 --> 04:28:34,800
Compared to contemporary 
communities. 

4963
04:28:34,800 --> 04:28:39,200
Medieval Society was more 
intimate smaller and suspicious.

4964
04:28:40,000 --> 04:28:43,100
Individuals inquired about 
strangers, knew their neighbors 

4965
04:28:43,100 --> 04:28:45,900
and looked for clues that might 
indicate someone's true 

4966
04:28:45,900 --> 04:28:49,500
motivations or background, a 
medieval spy masquerading as a 

4967
04:28:49,500 --> 04:28:52,100
merchant needed to be familiar 
with the finer points, that 

4968
04:28:52,100 --> 04:28:55,700
would persuade seasoned traders.
In addition to the fundamentals 

4969
04:28:55,700 --> 04:28:59,200
of business life They had to 
comprehend seasonal Market. 

4970
04:28:59,200 --> 04:29:03,700
Swings trade route, challenges, 
Regional price disparities and 

4971
04:29:03,700 --> 04:29:06,600
the interpersonal ties between 
merchants and various cities. 

4972
04:29:07,500 --> 04:29:10,300
One discussion with an actual 
Merchants could reveal knowledge

4973
04:29:10,300 --> 04:29:12,500
gaps that could take years to 
fill on their own. 

4974
04:29:12,500 --> 04:29:15,800
There was no way to alleviate 
the psychological stress brought

4975
04:29:15,800 --> 04:29:19,200
on by the ongoing, attention to 
detail needed to maintain cover 

4976
04:29:19,200 --> 04:29:22,500
identities. 
While medieval spies frequently 

4977
04:29:22,500 --> 04:29:25,000
went months without speaking to 
their actual employers or 

4978
04:29:25,000 --> 04:29:28,200
co-workers, modern undercover 
agents can at least communicate 

4979
04:29:28,200 --> 04:29:31,600
with their handlers or take 
breaks from their duties, they 

4980
04:29:31,600 --> 04:29:34,100
maintained personalities. 
That were their own lived in 

4981
04:29:34,108 --> 04:29:37,000
total seclusion and were 
surrounded by untrustworthy 

4982
04:29:37,000 --> 04:29:42,300
people for medieval spies memory
became both a cycle bird and an 

4983
04:29:42,300 --> 04:29:45,800
essential survival skill, they 
had to recall the intricate 

4984
04:29:45,800 --> 04:29:48,000
fictional history. 
They had written for their cover

4985
04:29:48,000 --> 04:29:50,400
identities. 
In addition to the intelligence,

4986
04:29:50,400 --> 04:29:54,600
they had gathered If the Spy was
unable to reliably recall, the 

4987
04:29:54,600 --> 04:29:57,800
specifics of their fake 
background, a casual inquiry 

4988
04:29:57,800 --> 04:30:00,600
about early life or familial 
ties, could turn into a risky 

4989
04:30:00,600 --> 04:30:04,000
situation, medieval Society, 
placed a great value on social 

4990
04:30:04,000 --> 04:30:07,700
connections and Community ties. 
Making the social isolation of 

4991
04:30:07,700 --> 04:30:09,900
medieval Espionage especially 
challenging. 

4992
04:30:10,600 --> 04:30:13,200
Suspicion was immediately raised
against those who appeared to 

4993
04:30:13,208 --> 04:30:17,300
have no family ties roots or 
long-standing Community ties. 

4994
04:30:18,100 --> 04:30:20,700
In the Middle Ages had to 
establish credible social 

4995
04:30:20,700 --> 04:30:23,800
networks, while steering, clear 
of intimate connections, that 

4996
04:30:23,800 --> 04:30:25,600
could expose their true 
identities. 

4997
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:29,300
Medieval Espionage was further 
complicated psychologically by 

4998
04:30:29,300 --> 04:30:32,600
religious conflicts. 
Spies frequently had to maintain

4999
04:30:32,600 --> 04:30:35,400
cover identities that required 
them to support. 

5000
04:30:35,400 --> 04:30:39,400
Political causes they personally
opposed participate in religious

5001
04:30:39,400 --> 04:30:42,600
ceremonies that might violate 
their conscience or pretend to 

5002
04:30:42,608 --> 04:30:45,300
hold religious beliefs that were
at odds with their true beliefs.

5003
04:30:46,300 --> 04:30:49,600
Moral stress resulting from the 
internal struggle between one's 

5004
04:30:49,600 --> 04:30:52,000
personal convictions. 
And professional obligations. 

5005
04:30:52,000 --> 04:30:56,600
Could jeopardize an agent cycle,
stability, and evil spies lived 

5006
04:30:56,600 --> 04:30:59,600
in a state of chronic anxiety. 
That pervaded every part of 

5007
04:30:59,608 --> 04:31:01,700
their lives due to their 
constant fear of being 

5008
04:31:01,700 --> 04:31:04,600
discovered. 
They couldn't afford to unwind. 

5009
04:31:04,600 --> 04:31:08,000
They couldn't believe their gut,
feelings about people, and they 

5010
04:31:08,000 --> 04:31:10,400
couldn't make true friends with 
anyone they met while on 

5011
04:31:10,400 --> 04:31:12,800
missions. 
Physical fatigue was only one 

5012
04:31:12,800 --> 04:31:15,600
aspect of the exhaustion brought
on by the hyper vigilance 

5013
04:31:15,600 --> 04:31:18,800
required for survival. 
The moral ambiguity and guilt of

5014
04:31:18,808 --> 04:31:21,600
their work were other issues 
that medieval spies had to cope 

5015
04:31:21,600 --> 04:31:23,900
with, in order to obtain 
intelligence. 

5016
04:31:23,900 --> 04:31:25,900
They frequently had to lie to 
people. 

5017
04:31:25,900 --> 04:31:29,400
They thought were their friends,
betray the confidence of those 

5018
04:31:29,400 --> 04:31:32,200
who had been kind to them or 
support military, and political 

5019
04:31:32,200 --> 04:31:34,300
initiatives, that could endanger
innocent people. 

5020
04:31:35,100 --> 04:31:37,400
Over time. 
The psychological toll of these 

5021
04:31:37,400 --> 04:31:41,100
ethical concessions mounted 
resulting in internal strife 

5022
04:31:41,100 --> 04:31:44,100
that might be just as damaging 
as outside dangers. 

5023
04:31:44,100 --> 04:31:47,300
Medieval Espionage, as mental 
health, issues were especially 

5024
04:31:47,300 --> 04:31:50,200
severe because of the inability 
to get support or assistance 

5025
04:31:50,200 --> 04:31:52,100
when experiencing psychological 
issues. 

5026
04:31:53,100 --> 04:31:54,800
When missions became too much to
handle. 

5027
04:31:54,800 --> 04:31:58,300
There were no supervisors to 
offer support know colleagues to

5028
04:31:58,300 --> 04:32:00,500
confide in and no counselors to 
consult. 

5029
04:32:01,400 --> 04:32:04,700
In order to maintain complete 
operational, security medieval 

5030
04:32:04,700 --> 04:32:08,100
spies had to create their own 
coping strategies, medievales, 

5031
04:32:08,100 --> 04:32:10,500
lesbian large, put a tremendous 
strain on family relationships. 

5032
04:32:11,700 --> 04:32:14,400
Married spies were required to 
lie to their wives about their 

5033
04:32:14,400 --> 04:32:18,300
whereabouts activities and 
frequently their core values and

5034
04:32:18,300 --> 04:32:21,600
allegiances. 
Medieval spies had fathers or 

5035
04:32:21,600 --> 04:32:24,500
mothers who were mysteriously, 
evasive about their work and 

5036
04:32:24,500 --> 04:32:26,800
often absent. 
The most significant 

5037
04:32:26,800 --> 04:32:30,500
interpersonal relationships in 
an agent's, life were tainted by

5038
04:32:30,500 --> 04:32:33,100
the secrecy required for 
operational security. 

5039
04:32:33,100 --> 04:32:36,300
After completing intelligence 
missions returning to normal. 

5040
04:32:36,300 --> 04:32:39,500
Life was frequently just as 
psychologically taxing as the 

5041
04:32:39,500 --> 04:32:42,900
actual Espionage work. 
In addition to readjusting to 

5042
04:32:42,900 --> 04:32:46,500
their true identities, medieval 
spies had to make amends with 

5043
04:32:46,500 --> 04:32:48,900
emotionally distant, family 
members, and friends, and 

5044
04:32:48,900 --> 04:32:52,300
somehow cope with months, or 
years of, Deceit and seclusion, 

5045
04:32:52,300 --> 04:32:55,500
without being able to talk about
their experiences with others, 

5046
04:32:55,500 --> 04:32:59,200
because of the ongoing danger, 
the cycle strain of assuming 

5047
04:32:59,200 --> 04:33:02,100
false identities and the moral 
dilemmas that came with their 

5048
04:33:02,100 --> 04:33:04,200
job. 
Some medieval spies most likely 

5049
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:05,800
experienced. 
What is now known as 

5050
04:33:05,800 --> 04:33:10,200
post-traumatic stress disorder. 
Medieval Society lacked 

5051
04:33:10,200 --> 04:33:13,099
resources to assist intelligence
agents and recovering from the 

5052
04:33:13,099 --> 04:33:16,599
cycle of their service, because 
it lack knowledge, about mental 

5053
04:33:16,599 --> 04:33:18,800
health and effective treatment 
techniques. 

5054
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:21,700
Those who are able to 
compartmentalize their emotions.

5055
04:33:21,700 --> 04:33:24,900
Keep a clear separation between 
their true and false identities 

5056
04:33:24,900 --> 04:33:28,500
and find ways to defend the 
moral complexity of their work 

5057
04:33:28,500 --> 04:33:31,300
were likely, the most successful
spies. 

5058
04:33:32,099 --> 04:33:34,800
However, even these 
psychologically strong people 

5059
04:33:34,800 --> 04:33:38,099
had to pay a price in terms of 
their capacity to build genuine,

5060
04:33:38,099 --> 04:33:41,200
bonds and sustained emotional 
ties with others, medieval 

5061
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:43,300
intelligence, networks 
maintained operations, 

5062
04:33:43,300 --> 04:33:46,500
throughout Europe for centuries 
and attracted new recruits in 

5063
04:33:46,500 --> 04:33:49,300
spite of these significant 
psychological obstacles. 

5064
04:33:50,099 --> 04:33:51,800
The thrill of doing meaningful 
work. 

5065
04:33:51,800 --> 04:33:55,400
The Fulfillment of supporting 
causes they supported or just 

5066
04:33:55,400 --> 04:33:57,400
the Allure of a life. 
Very different from the few 

5067
04:33:57,400 --> 04:33:59,700
options available to the 
majority of people in medieval 

5068
04:33:59,700 --> 04:34:03,099
Society must have been the 
satisfactions that offset the 

5069
04:34:03,099 --> 04:34:07,300
cycle costs of the job medieval 
Espionage cycle, reality 

5070
04:34:07,300 --> 04:34:10,900
highlights the human cost of 
intelligence in a time when 

5071
04:34:10,900 --> 04:34:12,400
mental health was poorly 
understood. 

5072
04:34:12,400 --> 04:34:15,400
And there were no resources 
available to support those who 

5073
04:34:15,400 --> 04:34:18,400
compromise their psychological 
well-being to further military 

5074
04:34:18,400 --> 04:34:21,300
and political goals. 
These forgotten Heroes of 

5075
04:34:21,300 --> 04:34:24,700
medieval statecraft and Kurt 
cycle, burden's long after their

5076
04:34:24,700 --> 04:34:27,300
active service ended. 
In addition to the physical 

5077
04:34:27,300 --> 04:34:31,300
risks of their missions. 
Now, let's take a step back and 

5078
04:34:31,300 --> 04:34:34,599
examine the larger picture much 
like when you examine a medieval

5079
04:34:34,599 --> 04:34:37,900
tapestry where individual 
threats come together to form 

5080
04:34:37,900 --> 04:34:41,300
patterns, that are not visible. 
When you concentrate on any, one

5081
04:34:41,300 --> 04:34:45,000
of them without computers phones
or any other communication 

5082
04:34:45,000 --> 04:34:47,300
technology that we now 
considered necessary, for 

5083
04:34:47,300 --> 04:34:50,000
organizing large-scale 
operations, medieval? 

5084
04:34:50,000 --> 04:34:53,400
Intelligence networks were 
organizational Marvels rather 

5085
04:34:53,400 --> 04:34:57,000
they depended on human memory, 
interpersonal, connections, and 

5086
04:34:57,000 --> 04:35:00,300
Trust structures that were both 
necessary and brittle, imagine 

5087
04:35:00,300 --> 04:35:02,099
attempting to manage a 
contemporary business. 

5088
04:35:02,099 --> 04:35:04,800
With only handwritten letters 
that take weeks to deliver 

5089
04:35:04,800 --> 04:35:08,400
in-person meetings, that 
required days or weeks of travel

5090
04:35:08,400 --> 04:35:11,700
to set up and staff members who 
are unable to accept their 

5091
04:35:11,700 --> 04:35:14,599
position. 
When medieval spymasters 

5092
04:35:14,599 --> 04:35:17,099
established, intelligence 
networks that crossed continents

5093
04:35:17,099 --> 04:35:21,000
and impacted the results of Wars
succession disputes and 

5094
04:35:21,000 --> 04:35:23,700
diplomatic negotiations. 
They essentially achieved that 

5095
04:35:23,700 --> 04:35:27,200
although they didn't call it. 
That the cell structure served 

5096
04:35:27,200 --> 04:35:31,000
as the Cornerstone of medieval 
intelligence Networks, Agents, 

5097
04:35:31,000 --> 04:35:34,000
collaborated in small groups, 
each with a limited 

5098
04:35:34,000 --> 04:35:35,700
understanding of the larger 
Network. 

5099
04:35:36,599 --> 04:35:39,500
The identity of two or three 
other agents, may be known to a 

5100
04:35:39,500 --> 04:35:42,300
merchant Buy in one city, but 
they would have known knowledge 

5101
04:35:42,300 --> 04:35:45,800
of intelligence activities in 
other areas, in the event that a

5102
04:35:45,800 --> 04:35:48,000
single agent was apprehended and
interrogated. 

5103
04:35:48,000 --> 04:35:51,900
The network was shielded by this
division, medieval intelligence 

5104
04:35:51,900 --> 04:35:54,500
networks, relied on complex 
networks of cutouts and 

5105
04:35:54,500 --> 04:35:57,900
intermediaries to facilitate 
communication between various 

5106
04:35:57,900 --> 04:36:00,599
components. 
A spy and London might give 

5107
04:36:00,599 --> 04:36:03,000
information to emerge. 
And who would then give it to a 

5108
04:36:03,008 --> 04:36:06,400
monkey in Dover who would then 
include it in a letter to a 

5109
04:36:06,400 --> 04:36:09,599
monastery in Calais. 
From there, another Monk would 

5110
04:36:09,599 --> 04:36:12,900
extract the information and give
it to a local agent, who would 

5111
04:36:12,900 --> 04:36:15,500
then deliver it to a French 
nobleman who was working for 

5112
04:36:15,500 --> 04:36:18,300
English interests. 
Because everyone in this chain 

5113
04:36:18,300 --> 04:36:21,099
was only familiar with their 
closest Associates, ignorance 

5114
04:36:21,099 --> 04:36:24,700
provided security, the 
authentication problem or how to

5115
04:36:24,707 --> 04:36:26,400
confirm that information was 
authentic. 

5116
04:36:26,400 --> 04:36:29,500
And that agents were who they 
said they were was a challenge 

5117
04:36:29,500 --> 04:36:31,200
for medieval intelligence 
Networks. 

5118
04:36:31,900 --> 04:36:34,800
To enable agents to recognize 
one another and verify their 

5119
04:36:34,800 --> 04:36:38,700
legitimacy, they created systems
of codes, passwords, and 

5120
04:36:38,700 --> 04:36:42,099
recognition signals agents who 
had never met before. 

5121
04:36:42,099 --> 04:36:45,599
Could authenticate each other, 
using a unique letter signing 

5122
04:36:45,599 --> 04:36:49,400
style, a phrasing incorporated 
into conversation or a 

5123
04:36:49,400 --> 04:36:52,300
distinctive piece of clothing 
without official schools or 

5124
04:36:52,300 --> 04:36:55,200
training programs, new agents 
had to be recruited and trained.

5125
04:36:56,099 --> 04:36:59,099
Potential recruits were found by
seasoned agents who then 

5126
04:36:59,099 --> 04:37:02,099
gradually exposed them to 
intelligence work and offered 

5127
04:37:02,099 --> 04:37:04,800
unofficial apprenticeships, that
allowed them to gain the skills 

5128
04:37:04,800 --> 04:37:06,599
they needed through hands on 
experience. 

5129
04:37:07,500 --> 04:37:10,200
Before taking on more difficult 
tasks, requiring Advanced 

5130
04:37:10,200 --> 04:37:13,400
tradecraft a new recruit. 
May start out carrying simple 

5131
04:37:13,400 --> 04:37:16,599
messages and work their way up, 
to Gathering basic information, 

5132
04:37:16,599 --> 04:37:20,200
medieval intelligence networks 
face ongoing, quality control 

5133
04:37:20,200 --> 04:37:23,400
challenges, multiple sources, 
had to, be used to confirm 

5134
04:37:23,400 --> 04:37:26,900
information and because medieval
communication was slow, this 

5135
04:37:26,900 --> 04:37:30,400
could take weeks or months. 
False information may have 

5136
04:37:30,400 --> 04:37:33,300
already affected significant 
choices or military operations. 

5137
04:37:33,300 --> 04:37:35,000
By the time it was discovered 
and fixed. 

5138
04:37:36,099 --> 04:37:38,500
In order to assess The 
credibility of sources and 

5139
04:37:38,500 --> 04:37:41,800
information and evil spymasters 
had to cultivate their 

5140
04:37:41,800 --> 04:37:45,300
intuition, medieval intelligence
networks needed to be funded 

5141
04:37:45,300 --> 04:37:48,000
creatively to avoid, drawing the
attention of adversarial 

5142
04:37:48,000 --> 04:37:51,099
authorities. 
Without leaving visible Paper, 

5143
04:37:51,099 --> 04:37:53,800
Trails money had to be 
transferred between various 

5144
04:37:53,800 --> 04:37:56,300
territories and exchanged 
between currents. 

5145
04:37:57,300 --> 04:38:00,700
Trade profits were used to fund 
Espionage activities and 

5146
04:38:00,700 --> 04:38:03,900
legitimate companies, places of 
worship and Merchants 

5147
04:38:03,900 --> 04:38:06,099
Enterprises frequently. 
Functioned as fronts for 

5148
04:38:06,099 --> 04:38:09,700
intelligence funding, in 
addition, medieval intelligence 

5149
04:38:09,700 --> 04:38:12,500
networks had to coordinate 
intricate operations involving 

5150
04:38:12,500 --> 04:38:15,400
numerous agents in various 
locations while maintaining 

5151
04:38:15,400 --> 04:38:19,099
operational security. 
Coordination between agents in 

5152
04:38:19,099 --> 04:38:21,500
multiple cities. 
May be necessary for a plan to 

5153
04:38:21,508 --> 04:38:24,900
obtain Intelligence on an 
enemies military preparation and

5154
04:38:24,900 --> 04:38:26,700
timing is crucial to its 
success. 

5155
04:38:27,500 --> 04:38:30,300
However, coordinating these 
activities necessitated 

5156
04:38:30,300 --> 04:38:33,800
communication that if 
intercepted might jeopardize the

5157
04:38:33,800 --> 04:38:36,200
network. 
As a whole medieval intelligence

5158
04:38:36,200 --> 04:38:39,200
networks were both strong and 
weak due to their inherent 

5159
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:41,800
redundancy. 
The same information could be 

5160
04:38:41,800 --> 04:38:44,400
gathered by multiple agents, 
which would increase the 

5161
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:47,300
likelihood that someone would 
notice unusual interest in 

5162
04:38:47,300 --> 04:38:50,099
certain topics while also 
providing verification. 

5163
04:38:51,300 --> 04:38:54,200
In order to ensure that Vital 
Information would reach its 

5164
04:38:54,200 --> 04:38:57,200
destination, even in the event 
that some channels were 

5165
04:38:57,200 --> 04:39:00,900
compromised networks frequently.
Maintained parallel channels for

5166
04:39:00,900 --> 04:39:03,900
important intelligence because 
of the potential for allies to 

5167
04:39:03,908 --> 04:39:07,099
suddenly turn into enemies. 
Medieval intelligence networks 

5168
04:39:07,099 --> 04:39:09,300
had to adjust to shifting 
political conditions. 

5169
04:39:10,000 --> 04:39:13,700
After a political marriage, a 
succession crisis, or a change. 

5170
04:39:13,700 --> 04:39:17,099
In diplomatic ties and agent who
had spent years cultivating 

5171
04:39:17,099 --> 04:39:20,700
sources in a certain Court, may 
find themselves operating in 

5172
04:39:20,700 --> 04:39:23,800
hostile territory. 
To withstand these political 

5173
04:39:23,800 --> 04:39:25,300
upheavals and continue to 
function. 

5174
04:39:25,300 --> 04:39:29,599
Effectively networks required 
adaptability because medieval 

5175
04:39:29,599 --> 04:39:31,800
intelligence operations lasted 
so long. 

5176
04:39:31,800 --> 04:39:34,599
They faced particular 
difficulties that are uncommon 

5177
04:39:34,599 --> 04:39:37,700
in contemporary intelligence 
services Within the same 

5178
04:39:37,700 --> 04:39:40,800
families organizations, some 
networks can continue to 

5179
04:39:40,800 --> 04:39:43,800
function for decades with a 
agents, transmitting information

5180
04:39:43,800 --> 04:39:48,400
from one generation to the next.
Before he retires among may 

5181
04:39:48,400 --> 04:39:51,900
choose to hire his successor in 
continuity of operations. 

5182
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:55,000
While simultaneously building up
institutional knowledge, that 

5183
04:39:55,000 --> 04:39:58,300
could be disastrous. 
If hostile forces find out the 

5184
04:39:58,300 --> 04:40:01,100
seasonality of medieval life 
presented another challenge for 

5185
04:40:01,108 --> 04:40:04,600
medieval intelligence Networks. 
Well, summer campaigns and 

5186
04:40:04,600 --> 04:40:06,900
harvest Seasons, brought 
opportunities and challenges 

5187
04:40:06,900 --> 04:40:10,600
that necessitated careful timing
of network operations, winter 

5188
04:40:10,600 --> 04:40:12,800
weather, May travel and 
communication much more 

5189
04:40:12,800 --> 04:40:15,300
difficult. 
Political intelligence had to 

5190
04:40:15,300 --> 04:40:17,900
take into consideration. 
The seasonal movements of noble 

5191
04:40:17,900 --> 04:40:20,900
courts, while Military 
Intelligence had to be collected

5192
04:40:20,900 --> 04:40:23,500
and disseminated in accordance 
with campaign schedules. 

5193
04:40:23,500 --> 04:40:26,600
In order to concentrate 
resources on specific kinds of 

5194
04:40:26,600 --> 04:40:29,000
information. 
The most advanced medieval 

5195
04:40:29,000 --> 04:40:33,100
intelligence networks created 
specializations Some networks 

5196
04:40:33,100 --> 04:40:35,600
kept agents close to military 
headquarters and key 

5197
04:40:35,600 --> 04:40:39,400
fortifications in order to focus
on Military Intelligence, others

5198
04:40:39,400 --> 04:40:41,800
developed sources in 
aristocratic courts, and places 

5199
04:40:41,800 --> 04:40:44,400
of worship in order to 
concentrate on political 

5200
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:47,200
intelligence, economic 
intelligence networks. 

5201
04:40:47,200 --> 04:40:51,000
Monitored resource availability 
currency fluctuations in trade 

5202
04:40:51,000 --> 04:40:53,900
Trends, despite not having the 
formal safeguards that 

5203
04:40:53,900 --> 04:40:55,400
contemporary intelligence 
services. 

5204
04:40:55,400 --> 04:40:58,700
Do medieval networks were 
constantly concerned about 

5205
04:40:58,700 --> 04:41:01,900
counterintelligence Because 
their adversaries were also 

5206
04:41:01,900 --> 04:41:04,700
conducting intelligence 
operations medieval. 

5207
04:41:04,700 --> 04:41:07,300
Spies had to be on the lookout 
for any indication that their 

5208
04:41:07,300 --> 04:41:10,800
own actions were being watched. 
As agents, grew weary of one. 

5209
04:41:10,800 --> 04:41:14,000
Another, the paranoia required 
for survival, in this setting 

5210
04:41:14,000 --> 04:41:17,000
could demolish networks. 
From within, although networks 

5211
04:41:17,000 --> 04:41:20,100
had to keep some records in 
order to track agents coordinate

5212
04:41:20,100 --> 04:41:23,000
operations and preserve 
institutional knowledge, the 

5213
04:41:23,000 --> 04:41:25,500
documentation of medieval 
intelligence operations was 

5214
04:41:25,500 --> 04:41:29,100
inevitably minimal. 
There was a continual conflict 

5215
04:41:29,100 --> 04:41:32,700
between operational security and
administrative necessity because

5216
04:41:32,700 --> 04:41:35,800
these records had to be kept 
safe while still being available

5217
04:41:35,800 --> 04:41:39,300
to authorized personnel. 
To avoid Discovery. 

5218
04:41:39,300 --> 04:41:42,200
It's likely that many medieval 
intelligence archives were 

5219
04:41:42,200 --> 04:41:45,500
routinely destroyed in the end. 
The personal traits of those who

5220
04:41:45,500 --> 04:41:48,100
established and maintained 
medieval intelligence networks, 

5221
04:41:48,100 --> 04:41:51,500
determine their success. 
Spymasters had to be able to 

5222
04:41:51,500 --> 04:41:54,600
inspire loyalty while keeping 
the secrecy that made such 

5223
04:41:54,600 --> 04:41:58,400
loyalty dangerous, diplomatic 
skills with brutal, pragmatism 

5224
04:41:58,400 --> 04:42:01,900
and strategic thinking with 
meticulous attention to detail. 

5225
04:42:02,800 --> 04:42:05,700
Those in charge of the most 
successful medieval intelligence

5226
04:42:05,700 --> 04:42:08,800
operations were most likely, 
those who were aware of both the

5227
04:42:08,800 --> 04:42:10,700
potential and constraints of 
human nature. 

5228
04:42:10,700 --> 04:42:13,900
Breathe deeply and prepare 
yourself for what may be the 

5229
04:42:13,900 --> 04:42:16,700
most sobering portion of our 
medieval Espionage Adventure. 

5230
04:42:17,900 --> 04:42:20,500
Although we have discussed the 
achievements and Innovations of 

5231
04:42:20,500 --> 04:42:23,700
medieval intelligence work. 
The truth is that many 

5232
04:42:23,700 --> 04:42:25,500
operations were a complete 
failure. 

5233
04:42:26,300 --> 04:42:29,000
Frequently, with immediate 
severe and long-lasting effect 

5234
04:42:29,000 --> 04:42:31,900
on those involved. 
In the high stakes world of 

5235
04:42:31,900 --> 04:42:35,800
medieval Espionage, failure 
frequently resulted in torture 

5236
04:42:35,800 --> 04:42:40,000
execution and the dismantling of
entire intelligence networks. 

5237
04:42:40,000 --> 04:42:43,400
In addition to professional 
humiliation or career, setbacks 

5238
04:42:43,400 --> 04:42:46,900
months or years of meticulous. 
Network building could be undone

5239
04:42:46,900 --> 04:42:48,700
by the discovery of a single 
spy. 

5240
04:42:48,700 --> 04:42:51,600
Even the most committed agents 
had a limit to how much 

5241
04:42:51,600 --> 04:42:52,900
suffering they could take 
before. 

5242
04:42:52,900 --> 04:42:56,000
Disclosing what they knew and 
medieval interrogation 

5243
04:42:56,000 --> 04:42:58,900
techniques, were intended to 
elicit information, regardless 

5244
04:42:58,900 --> 04:43:02,800
of the subjects, willingness to 
cooperate, A captured spy could 

5245
04:43:02,800 --> 04:43:05,700
jeopardize the identities and 
whereabouts of dozens of other 

5246
04:43:05,700 --> 04:43:07,800
agents, in addition to their own
mission. 

5247
04:43:07,800 --> 04:43:10,900
The human propensity to grow 
accustomed to successful. 

5248
04:43:10,900 --> 04:43:14,200
Routines was one of the most 
frequent reasons why medieval 

5249
04:43:14,200 --> 04:43:18,100
Espionage efforts fail. 
After years of using the same 

5250
04:43:18,100 --> 04:43:21,200
contact methods travel routes 
and cover story. 

5251
04:43:21,200 --> 04:43:23,700
An agent. 
May become predictable enough 

5252
04:43:23,700 --> 04:43:26,200
for enemy Counter Intelligence 
to recognize and follow. 

5253
04:43:27,000 --> 04:43:30,900
Complacency was fostered by 
success and complacency resulted

5254
04:43:30,900 --> 04:43:32,900
in potentially lethal. 
Carelessness. 

5255
04:43:32,900 --> 04:43:36,200
When compromise the 
authentication mechanisms that 

5256
04:43:36,200 --> 04:43:39,400
safeguarded medieval 
intelligence networks might also

5257
04:43:39,400 --> 04:43:43,500
turn into a vulnerability Enemy 
agents could infiltrate a 

5258
04:43:43,500 --> 04:43:46,100
network and feed false 
information while identifying 

5259
04:43:46,100 --> 04:43:49,300
legitimate agents if they 
learned the codes passwords or 

5260
04:43:49,300 --> 04:43:51,400
recognition signals that the 
network uses. 

5261
04:43:52,200 --> 04:43:54,500
Because it fostered false 
confidence while actually 

5262
04:43:54,500 --> 04:43:56,300
advancing the objectives of the 
enemy. 

5263
04:43:56,300 --> 04:43:59,700
A compromised authentication 
system was worse than none at 

5264
04:43:59,700 --> 04:44:03,500
all people, they trusted could 
betray medieval spies sometimes 

5265
04:44:03,500 --> 04:44:05,800
for reasons, unrelated to their 
intelligence work. 

5266
04:44:06,500 --> 04:44:09,500
In order to avoid being 
captured, a fellow agent, May 

5267
04:44:09,500 --> 04:44:13,600
divulge networks Secrets, 
personal grievances Financial 

5268
04:44:13,600 --> 04:44:16,700
strains or shifting political 
allegiances could cause a 

5269
04:44:16,700 --> 04:44:20,100
contact to turn against them. 
If family members felt it was 

5270
04:44:20,100 --> 04:44:23,300
essential to their own Survival,
they might even turn on spy 

5271
04:44:23,300 --> 04:44:26,600
relatives medieval intelligence 
networks were susceptible to 

5272
04:44:26,600 --> 04:44:29,800
catastrophic failures due to 
their sluggish communication 

5273
04:44:29,800 --> 04:44:32,400
systems. 
By the time, it arrived at its 

5274
04:44:32,400 --> 04:44:35,100
destination information, that 
was correct when it was 

5275
04:44:35,108 --> 04:44:37,200
collected could become 
dangerously out of date. 

5276
04:44:38,100 --> 04:44:40,300
When friendly commanders, 
finally received Military 

5277
04:44:40,300 --> 04:44:42,200
Intelligence about enemy troop 
movements. 

5278
04:44:42,200 --> 04:44:45,800
It may have been weeks old 
causing them to base tactical 

5279
04:44:45,800 --> 04:44:48,900
decisions on outdated 
information vulnerabilities 

5280
04:44:48,900 --> 04:44:51,900
created by currency and 
financial systems are not 

5281
04:44:51,908 --> 04:44:54,200
encountered by contemporary 
intelligence Services. 

5282
04:44:54,200 --> 04:44:58,700
If enemy agents, were able to 
identify odd coins or track down

5283
04:44:58,700 --> 04:45:00,300
the origins of financial 
transactions. 

5284
04:45:00,300 --> 04:45:04,200
They could betray a spy using 
the very funds that were used to

5285
04:45:04,200 --> 04:45:07,500
pay them, medieval Espionage 
employed, a regular payment 

5286
04:45:07,500 --> 04:45:10,800
systems, which made it possible 
for agents to be recognized by 

5287
04:45:10,800 --> 04:45:14,100
their suspicious Financial 
activity, or unexplained wealth 

5288
04:45:14,100 --> 04:45:17,300
Intelligence Officers face 
particular risks due to the 

5289
04:45:17,300 --> 04:45:19,100
medical realities of medieval 
life. 

5290
04:45:19,100 --> 04:45:22,700
When working under a false 
identity, a spy who gets 

5291
04:45:22,700 --> 04:45:25,200
seriously ill may not be able to
keep up their cover. 

5292
04:45:25,900 --> 04:45:28,500
particularly if the medical care
they require reveals details 

5293
04:45:28,500 --> 04:45:32,000
about their true activities or 
background, Disease, kept 

5294
04:45:32,000 --> 04:45:35,200
important Agents from fulfilling
their responsibilities or 

5295
04:45:35,200 --> 04:45:38,000
meeting their contacts. 
It could jeopardize entire 

5296
04:45:38,000 --> 04:45:41,900
networks medieval spies working 
across, sectarian lines, face 

5297
04:45:41,900 --> 04:45:45,400
unique risks, due to religious 
conflicts If an agent made 

5298
04:45:45,400 --> 04:45:48,900
mistakes that exposed their true
religious background, they could

5299
04:45:48,900 --> 04:45:50,900
be exposed because their cover 
identity. 

5300
04:45:50,900 --> 04:45:54,100
Required them to take part in 
religious ceremonies due to the 

5301
04:45:54,100 --> 04:45:55,700
strong religious beliefs of the 
Middle. 

5302
04:45:55,700 --> 04:45:58,800
Ages, religious deception, was 
both essential for many 

5303
04:45:58,800 --> 04:46:02,400
operations and very risky of 
Court, medieval legal systems, 

5304
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:06,300
produced unpredictable, and 
challenging to manage risks a 

5305
04:46:06,300 --> 04:46:08,600
spy working, under a false 
identity, could find themselves 

5306
04:46:08,600 --> 04:46:11,600
embroiled in legal proceedings 
that could reveal their true 

5307
04:46:11,600 --> 04:46:14,600
Origins. 
Local regulations pertaining to 

5308
04:46:14,600 --> 04:46:17,900
travel business or religion. 
Could present unseen challenges 

5309
04:46:17,900 --> 04:46:20,700
that compelled agents to divulge
more personal information than 

5310
04:46:20,700 --> 04:46:24,200
was safe agents or their 
handlers had no control over how

5311
04:46:24,200 --> 04:46:27,100
weather and natural disasters, 
could ruin meticulously plan, 

5312
04:46:27,100 --> 04:46:31,000
intelligence operations, Spy may
be forced to take an alternate 

5313
04:46:31,000 --> 04:46:33,000
route that exposes them to 
Discovery. 

5314
04:46:33,000 --> 04:46:35,100
If a bridge is washed out by 
flooding. 

5315
04:46:35,900 --> 04:46:38,100
Time sensitive operations may be
disrupted. 

5316
04:46:38,100 --> 04:46:40,300
If said scheduled meetings are 
impossible due to an 

5317
04:46:40,300 --> 04:46:43,200
exceptionally harsh winter over 
the course of long-term 

5318
04:46:43,200 --> 04:46:46,200
operations spies developed, 
personal relationships, that 

5319
04:46:46,200 --> 04:46:49,700
could lead to both operational 
success, and disastrous failure.

5320
04:46:50,500 --> 04:46:53,000
When an agent maintained a full 
site Dentistry, while forming 

5321
04:46:53,000 --> 04:46:56,300
real friendships, or romantic 
relationships, they ran the risk

5322
04:46:56,300 --> 04:46:58,300
of developing emotional issues 
that could impair their 

5323
04:46:58,300 --> 04:47:01,300
judgment. 
However, abruptly terminating. 

5324
04:47:01,300 --> 04:47:04,100
These relationships, may also 
raise suspicions that result in 

5325
04:47:04,100 --> 04:47:07,300
Discovery when led by a student 
suspicious leaders. 

5326
04:47:07,300 --> 04:47:09,800
Medieval counterintelligence 
operations, could be 

5327
04:47:09,800 --> 04:47:13,000
surprisingly successful despite 
being less organized than 

5328
04:47:13,000 --> 04:47:16,300
contemporary ones. 
A shrewd nobleman might see 

5329
04:47:16,300 --> 04:47:19,200
Trends in the inquiries made by 
various guests or note that 

5330
04:47:19,200 --> 04:47:21,900
particular kinds of information 
appeared to leak to adversaries 

5331
04:47:21,900 --> 04:47:25,100
on a regular basis. 
Experienced medieval leaders 

5332
04:47:25,100 --> 04:47:27,600
were occasionally able to 
recognize and stop enemy 

5333
04:47:27,600 --> 04:47:30,200
intelligence operations. 
Even in the absence of official 

5334
04:47:30,200 --> 04:47:33,700
counterintelligence training, 
failures in medieval Espionage, 

5335
04:47:33,700 --> 04:47:36,500
had far-reaching effects that 
went well, beyond the specific 

5336
04:47:36,500 --> 04:47:40,300
agents involved, Inaccurate 
intelligence could cost military

5337
04:47:40,300 --> 04:47:43,900
leaders battles and thousands of
soldiers could lose their lives 

5338
04:47:43,900 --> 04:47:46,700
as a result. 
Diplomatic choices made by 

5339
04:47:46,700 --> 04:47:49,200
political leaders who were 
tricked by enemy operatives 

5340
04:47:49,200 --> 04:47:52,200
could undermine their standing 
for decades failures. 

5341
04:47:52,200 --> 04:47:55,000
In intelligence, could have 
repercussions that affect entire

5342
04:47:55,000 --> 04:47:58,300
kingdoms and the outcome of Wars
most tragically failed. 

5343
04:47:58,300 --> 04:48:00,900
Medieval spies frequently 
suffered alongside their 

5344
04:48:00,900 --> 04:48:04,300
families and Associates. 
The associates of spies who were

5345
04:48:04,300 --> 04:48:06,500
caught may have been punished 
for their involvement in 

5346
04:48:06,500 --> 04:48:10,300
intelligence operations alone. 
As medieval Justice did not 

5347
04:48:10,300 --> 04:48:13,100
always distinguish between major
offenders and their families. 

5348
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:16,900
Failures in medieval Espionage, 
could have a personal cost to 

5349
04:48:16,900 --> 04:48:20,400
those who are unaware of or did 
not participate in intelligence 

5350
04:48:20,400 --> 04:48:23,700
operations, surviving network 
members to additional 

5351
04:48:23,700 --> 04:48:26,900
difficulties as a result of the 
psychological effects of seeing 

5352
04:48:26,900 --> 04:48:28,900
or hearing about Espionage 
failures. 

5353
04:48:29,800 --> 04:48:32,500
Agents, who are aware that their
co-workers have been taken 

5354
04:48:32,500 --> 04:48:35,600
prisoner and subjected to 
torture had to carry on with 

5355
04:48:35,600 --> 04:48:38,000
their own perilous work while 
dealing with the trauma of 

5356
04:48:38,000 --> 04:48:40,000
knowing that they could suffer 
the same fate. 

5357
04:48:40,600 --> 04:48:43,900
In addition to their other 
psychological burdens medieval 

5358
04:48:43,900 --> 04:48:46,200
spies also had to deal with the 
fear of failure. 

5359
04:48:46,200 --> 04:48:49,600
Medieval intelligence networks, 
persisted in functioning and 

5360
04:48:49,600 --> 04:48:52,500
growing throughout the Medieval 
era in spite of these 

5361
04:48:52,500 --> 04:48:54,500
significant risks and frequent 
breakdowns. 

5362
04:48:55,500 --> 04:48:57,900
Despite being aware of the 
possible, repercussions of 

5363
04:48:57,900 --> 04:49:00,200
failure. 
The individuals involved were 

5364
04:49:00,200 --> 04:49:02,700
strong enough to persevere, and 
the accomplishments were 

5365
04:49:02,700 --> 04:49:06,500
noteworthy enough to offset the 
expenses, their contributions to

5366
04:49:06,500 --> 04:49:09,000
Medieval statecraft are all the 
more noteworthy for their 

5367
04:49:09,000 --> 04:49:10,800
bravery, in the face of such 
dangers. 

5368
04:49:10,800 --> 04:49:15,000
Pour yourself, another cup of 
tea and Marvel at this medieval 

5369
04:49:15,000 --> 04:49:18,100
spies desperate inventiveness in
trying to solve impossible 

5370
04:49:18,100 --> 04:49:21,200
problems, with whatever 
materials they could find led to

5371
04:49:21,208 --> 04:49:23,600
some of the most brilliant 
technological advancements in 

5372
04:49:23,600 --> 04:49:26,100
human history. 
Not from universities or Royal 

5373
04:49:26,100 --> 04:49:28,500
workshops. 
These were not science fiction 

5374
04:49:28,500 --> 04:49:31,100
devices, but rather workable 
Solutions, developed by 

5375
04:49:31,108 --> 04:49:34,100
individuals, who realized that 
staying one step ahead of their 

5376
04:49:34,100 --> 04:49:37,200
adversaries was essential to 
their survival, though. 

5377
04:49:37,200 --> 04:49:40,100
Most of it would seem laughably 
archaic by today's standards. 

5378
04:49:40,100 --> 04:49:43,300
The Medieval Era, saw some 
amazing advancements in what we 

5379
04:49:43,300 --> 04:49:44,900
might call, SB and large 
technology. 

5380
04:49:45,700 --> 04:49:48,900
However, medieval spies 
developed truly sophisticated 

5381
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:52,200
and frequently, remarkably 
effective tools and techniques 

5382
04:49:52,200 --> 04:49:55,400
within the limitations of 
medieval Materials Science, and 

5383
04:49:55,400 --> 04:49:58,700
Manufacturing capabilities. 
Spies pushed the limits of what 

5384
04:49:58,700 --> 04:50:01,500
could be done with pens, income 
parchment, and writing, 

5385
04:50:01,500 --> 04:50:04,200
technology was essential for 
intelligence operations during 

5386
04:50:04,200 --> 04:50:07,200
the Middle Ages. 
They created inks that when 

5387
04:50:07,200 --> 04:50:10,000
heated or exposed to particular 
chemicals could change color 

5388
04:50:10,000 --> 04:50:14,100
making messages appear or vanish
as needed inks that were 

5389
04:50:14,100 --> 04:50:16,800
invisible until exposed to 
specific substances. 

5390
04:50:16,800 --> 04:50:20,600
That only the intended recipient
would know how to apply were 

5391
04:50:20,600 --> 04:50:24,000
made by some medieval spies 
another medieval invention that 

5392
04:50:24,000 --> 04:50:26,800
called for exceptional patience.
And skill was the production of 

5393
04:50:26,800 --> 04:50:30,600
microscopic text. 
In order to conceal entire 

5394
04:50:30,600 --> 04:50:32,800
intelligence reports, in what 
seemed to be ornamental 

5395
04:50:32,800 --> 04:50:36,400
flourishes, on common documents,
spies learn to write messages. 

5396
04:50:36,400 --> 04:50:39,800
So tiny, that they were nearly 
imperceptible to the human eye, 

5397
04:50:39,800 --> 04:50:43,600
only magnifying glasses, which 
were uncommon and costly during 

5398
04:50:43,600 --> 04:50:46,100
the Middle Ages. 
Could read these messages with 

5399
04:50:46,100 --> 04:50:48,700
the hands of medieval 
intelligence networks sealing 

5400
04:50:48,700 --> 04:50:51,700
wax developed into a highly 
Advanced security technology. 

5401
04:50:51,700 --> 04:50:55,000
In order to make it nearly 
impossible to detect tampering, 

5402
04:50:55,000 --> 04:50:58,200
spies developed methods for 
melting and reselling wax. 

5403
04:50:58,200 --> 04:51:01,500
Seals, they develop technique 
for encoding confidential 

5404
04:51:01,500 --> 04:51:05,100
information into the wax itself 
and made unique seal designs 

5405
04:51:05,100 --> 04:51:08,500
with concealed elements, that 
could confirm authenticity by 

5406
04:51:08,500 --> 04:51:11,200
producing phony letters, 
official seals and travel 

5407
04:51:11,200 --> 04:51:13,100
documents that could withstand 
close examination. 

5408
04:51:13,100 --> 04:51:16,800
Medieval spies also made 
significant advances in the 

5409
04:51:16,808 --> 04:51:20,500
field of document forgery. this 
called for in-depth familiarity 

5410
04:51:20,500 --> 04:51:24,400
with the materials methods and 
administrative processes 

5411
04:51:24,400 --> 04:51:29,100
utilized in various regions, in 
addition to artistic talent A 

5412
04:51:29,100 --> 04:51:31,300
successful Forge needed to be 
familiar with the writing. 

5413
04:51:31,300 --> 04:51:34,600
Style's ink formulations and 
paper making procedures, 

5414
04:51:34,600 --> 04:51:37,300
utilized in different 
administrative and Court. 

5415
04:51:37,300 --> 04:51:41,100
Setting, despite being archaic 
by today's standards optical 

5416
04:51:41,100 --> 04:51:45,600
devices were crucial to Medieval
intelligence operations, Spies 

5417
04:51:45,600 --> 04:51:48,600
developed methods for using 
glass and crystal to magnify 

5418
04:51:48,600 --> 04:51:51,900
small text or images. 
Made Simple, telescopes to 

5419
04:51:51,900 --> 04:51:54,800
observe activities in the 
distance and used mirrors, to 

5420
04:51:54,800 --> 04:51:56,700
send light signals over long 
distances. 

5421
04:51:57,700 --> 04:52:00,400
These Optical advancements. 
Necessitated a thorough 

5422
04:52:00,400 --> 04:52:03,100
comprehension of medieval mirror
making and lens. 

5423
04:52:03,100 --> 04:52:06,400
Grinding methods, medieval spies
were able to operate more 

5424
04:52:06,400 --> 04:52:08,800
effectively and with less chance
of being caught. 

5425
04:52:08,800 --> 04:52:11,400
Thanks to the development of 
portable writing and message 

5426
04:52:11,400 --> 04:52:14,100
systems. 
They designed message containers

5427
04:52:14,100 --> 04:52:16,600
that could be hidden in places 
where casual searches wouldn't 

5428
04:52:16,600 --> 04:52:18,800
find them. 
They developed inks, that could 

5429
04:52:18,800 --> 04:52:22,000
be quickly mixed from everyday 
materials and they made writing 

5430
04:52:22,000 --> 04:52:23,500
kits. 
That could be hidden inside 

5431
04:52:23,500 --> 04:52:26,600
everyday objects, even though, 
clock and timing technology is 

5432
04:52:26,608 --> 04:52:28,600
still in their infancy. 
During the Middle Ages 

5433
04:52:28,600 --> 04:52:31,800
intelligence networks, adopted 
them for security and 

5434
04:52:31,800 --> 04:52:35,300
coordination Reasons by using 
natural phenomena like tied, 

5435
04:52:35,300 --> 04:52:38,500
Cycle's star positions and 
Shadow lengths to coordinate 

5436
04:52:38,500 --> 04:52:40,100
activities, across multiple 
locations. 

5437
04:52:40,100 --> 04:52:43,900
Spies created technique for 
timing meetings, and messaged 

5438
04:52:43,900 --> 04:52:47,400
deliveries that did not rely on 
mechanical clocks, as spies 

5439
04:52:47,400 --> 04:52:50,000
produced more precise and in 
depth maps of regions, 

5440
04:52:50,000 --> 04:52:53,600
fortifications and routes of 
travel, medieval cartography 

5441
04:52:53,600 --> 04:52:55,300
evolved into an intelligence 
tool. 

5442
04:52:56,100 --> 04:53:00,000
Militarily sensitive information
such as the locations of Supply 

5443
04:53:00,000 --> 04:53:04,000
caches defensive weaknesses, and
secret routes was frequently 

5444
04:53:04,000 --> 04:53:07,400
included on these Maps. 
Making Maps, required knowledge 

5445
04:53:07,400 --> 04:53:09,500
of military engineering and 
strategic planning. 

5446
04:53:09,500 --> 04:53:12,400
In addition, to geography, 
despite being constrained by 

5447
04:53:12,400 --> 04:53:14,300
medieval manufacturing 
capabilities. 

5448
04:53:14,300 --> 04:53:17,900
Mechanical Devices were 
surprisingly sophisticatedly 

5449
04:53:17,900 --> 04:53:19,700
modified for intelligence 
purposes. 

5450
04:53:21,000 --> 04:53:24,600
Spies made mechanical aids for 
scaling walls or getting around 

5451
04:53:24,600 --> 04:53:27,900
security measures made lock 
picking tools that looked like 

5452
04:53:27,900 --> 04:53:31,000
commonplace tools and made 
secret compartments in every day

5453
04:53:31,000 --> 04:53:34,300
objects despite being founded on
what is now regarded as 

5454
04:53:34,300 --> 04:53:37,500
primitive science, medieval 
intelligence practitioners 

5455
04:53:37,500 --> 04:53:40,400
possess a sophisticated chemical
knowledge. 

5456
04:53:41,300 --> 04:53:44,900
Spies knew how to make sabotage 
related explosives poisonous, 

5457
04:53:44,900 --> 04:53:48,100
that could be used covertly and 
chemical tests that could detect

5458
04:53:48,100 --> 04:53:51,600
tampered documents or materials 
technologies that could Shield 

5459
04:53:51,600 --> 04:53:55,600
confidential documents from 
moisture, insects theft and 

5460
04:53:55,600 --> 04:53:58,600
accidental Discovery were needed
for the preservation and storage

5461
04:53:58,600 --> 04:54:02,400
of intelligence data. 
Waterproof containers hiding 

5462
04:54:02,400 --> 04:54:05,100
spots, that could withstand 
building Renovations and storage

5463
04:54:05,100 --> 04:54:08,500
systems that would keep data 
safe for years or decades while 

5464
04:54:08,500 --> 04:54:10,800
still being available to 
authorized users were all 

5465
04:54:10,800 --> 04:54:13,900
inventions of medieval. 
Spies medieval spies had to 

5466
04:54:13,908 --> 04:54:17,100
invent innovative ways to modify
existing Technologies. 

5467
04:54:17,100 --> 04:54:20,500
In order to communicate over 
great distances, they 

5468
04:54:20,500 --> 04:54:23,900
established networks of human 
Messengers who could transmit 

5469
04:54:23,900 --> 04:54:27,100
information more quickly than 
traditional commercial or 

5470
04:54:27,100 --> 04:54:29,700
diplomatic channels. 
Employed trained Birds to 

5471
04:54:29,700 --> 04:54:32,900
deliver messages and device 
systems of signal fires and 

5472
04:54:32,900 --> 04:54:34,300
mirror flashes for quick 
communication. 

5473
04:54:34,300 --> 04:54:37,900
Medieval spies were able to 
better conceal their activities 

5474
04:54:37,900 --> 04:54:40,400
and change their appearances. 
Thanks to Technologies for 

5475
04:54:40,400 --> 04:54:44,000
disguise and concealment. 
Using the tools and resources 

5476
04:54:44,000 --> 04:54:47,400
available in medieval Society, 
they created ways to alter their

5477
04:54:47,400 --> 04:54:50,400
physical appearance, social 
standing and perceived age. 

5478
04:54:51,200 --> 04:54:53,800
These disguises needed to be 
convincing enough to fool. 

5479
04:54:53,800 --> 04:54:56,000
Anyone who might come into 
contact with the spy on a 

5480
04:54:56,008 --> 04:54:57,900
regular basis. 
Over a long period of Time, 

5481
04:54:57,900 --> 04:55:01,700
Medieval intelligence networks, 
created authentication and 

5482
04:55:01,700 --> 04:55:04,900
verification systems that were 
incredibly difficult to forge 

5483
04:55:04,900 --> 04:55:07,000
and frequently cleverly 
straightforward. 

5484
04:55:07,700 --> 04:55:10,600
They developed physical tokens 
that were almost impossible to 

5485
04:55:10,600 --> 04:55:13,300
counterfeit identification 
systems. 

5486
04:55:13,300 --> 04:55:16,800
Based on information that only 
authorized agents would know and

5487
04:55:16,800 --> 04:55:18,800
recognition. 
Protocols, that could confirm 

5488
04:55:18,800 --> 04:55:21,700
identity without written 
records, the creation of 

5489
04:55:21,700 --> 04:55:24,600
information processing and 
Analysis systems by medieval 

5490
04:55:24,600 --> 04:55:27,400
spies who lacked formal 
bureaucratic structures. 

5491
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:31,400
And computers may have been the 
most remarkable development They

5492
04:55:31,400 --> 04:55:34,200
produce systems for monitoring 
shifting political ties. 

5493
04:55:34,200 --> 04:55:37,700
Techniques for integrating data.
From various sources and 

5494
04:55:37,700 --> 04:55:40,700
analytical Frameworks that could
spot patterns and Trends in 

5495
04:55:40,700 --> 04:55:43,100
intricate political 
circumstances these 

5496
04:55:43,100 --> 04:55:45,800
technological advancements. 
Show how extraordinary 

5497
04:55:45,800 --> 04:55:48,800
creativity was driven by 
practical necessity in the field

5498
04:55:48,800 --> 04:55:53,300
of medieval intelligence work. 
Devil spies operating under 

5499
04:55:53,300 --> 04:55:55,000
strict material and 
technological. 

5500
04:55:55,000 --> 04:55:58,600
Limitations developed solutions 
that were sophisticated in their

5501
04:55:58,600 --> 04:56:02,800
application, but often elegant 
in their simplicity, The 

5502
04:56:02,800 --> 04:56:05,500
intelligence technologies that 
would develop over centuries 

5503
04:56:05,500 --> 04:56:08,500
into the systems, utilized by 
contemporary, intelligence 

5504
04:56:08,500 --> 04:56:11,600
agencies were made possible by 
their Innovations. 

5505
04:56:11,600 --> 04:56:13,500
Let's take a step back and 
track. 

5506
04:56:13,500 --> 04:56:16,500
The Unseen strands that link 
those mud, splatted, medieval 

5507
04:56:16,500 --> 04:56:19,300
spies to the advanced 
intelligence operations of 

5508
04:56:19,308 --> 04:56:21,400
today. 
As you approach the bottom of 

5509
04:56:21,400 --> 04:56:26,000
your cup and feel the soft pull 
of impending sleep, With the end

5510
04:56:26,000 --> 04:56:29,600
of the Medieval Era, the methods
networks and values they created

5511
04:56:29,600 --> 04:56:33,600
did not vanish. 
Rather they changed adapted and 

5512
04:56:33,600 --> 04:56:36,600
served as the Cornerstone for 
intelligence operations that 

5513
04:56:36,600 --> 04:56:37,900
still influence our world. 
Today. 

5514
04:56:37,900 --> 04:56:40,800
The establishment of 
intelligence gathering as a 

5515
04:56:40,800 --> 04:56:43,600
crucial government function was 
the most fundamental Legacy of 

5516
04:56:43,600 --> 04:56:47,400
medieval espionage. 
Initially, considering spying a 

5517
04:56:47,400 --> 04:56:51,000
repugnant necessity, medieval 
rulers, eventually realized that

5518
04:56:51,000 --> 04:56:54,500
information was just as crucial 
to preserving political power, 

5519
04:56:54,500 --> 04:56:57,400
as armies as a result of this 
acknowledgment. 

5520
04:56:57,400 --> 04:57:00,400
Permanent intelligence 
organizations were established 

5521
04:57:00,400 --> 04:57:03,900
which later developed into the 
National Intelligence Services 

5522
04:57:03,900 --> 04:57:07,000
of contemporary Nations, 
medieval intelligence networks, 

5523
04:57:07,000 --> 04:57:09,800
created recruitment guidelines 
that set trends that are still 

5524
04:57:09,808 --> 04:57:12,800
used by contemporary 
organizations intelligence, 

5525
04:57:12,800 --> 04:57:15,400
recruitments still heavily 
favors those who could travel 

5526
04:57:15,400 --> 04:57:19,000
with out suspicion who naturally
asked questions, and who have 

5527
04:57:19,000 --> 04:57:21,900
the cycle fortitude to keep up 
full site dentists. 

5528
04:57:22,800 --> 04:57:26,900
The most successful spies as 
demonstrated by medieval spies a

5529
04:57:26,900 --> 04:57:29,200
frequently, those who can blend 
in with the general population. 

5530
04:57:29,200 --> 04:57:32,700
The foundation for contemporary 
intelligence, communication was 

5531
04:57:32,700 --> 04:57:35,800
established by medieval advances
in Secure, communication and 

5532
04:57:35,800 --> 04:57:38,800
cryptography. 
The complex encryption systems 

5533
04:57:38,800 --> 04:57:42,200
that Safeguard contemporary 
intelligence Communications were

5534
04:57:42,200 --> 04:57:44,800
developed from the codes and 
cyphers created by medieval 

5535
04:57:44,800 --> 04:57:47,500
Networks. 
The fundamental concepts of 

5536
04:57:47,500 --> 04:57:51,400
secure, communication message, 
authentication, and key 

5537
04:57:51,400 --> 04:57:54,000
distribution that medieval spies
found difficult to grasp 

5538
04:57:54,000 --> 04:57:57,300
continued, to be major obstacles
for contemporary intelligence 

5539
04:57:57,300 --> 04:58:00,500
organizations, modern 
intelligence Services, continue 

5540
04:58:00,500 --> 04:58:02,900
to employ the organizational 
principles established by the 

5541
04:58:02,900 --> 04:58:05,300
network structures developed by 
medieval intelligence 

5542
04:58:05,300 --> 04:58:07,900
organizations. 
Modern intelligence 

5543
04:58:07,900 --> 04:58:11,000
compartmentalization was based 
on the cell structures that 

5544
04:58:11,000 --> 04:58:13,800
prevented medieval networks from
being totally compromised. 

5545
04:58:13,800 --> 04:58:17,200
When individual agents were 
apprehended one of the main 

5546
04:58:17,200 --> 04:58:19,800
challenges for contemporary 
intelligence operations is 

5547
04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:22,300
maintaining the operational 
security, and coordination, 

5548
04:58:22,300 --> 04:58:25,700
balance that medieval networks 
were able to achieve the 

5549
04:58:25,700 --> 04:58:28,400
fundamentals of contemporary 
defensive intelligence work were

5550
04:58:28,400 --> 04:58:30,600
established by the 
counterintelligence awareness 

5551
04:58:30,600 --> 04:58:33,800
that medieval spies developed in
reaction to enemy. 

5552
04:58:33,800 --> 04:58:37,700
Intelligence activities, modern 
counterintelligence doctrines, 

5553
04:58:37,700 --> 04:58:40,400
which assumed hostile 
intelligence services, are 

5554
04:58:40,400 --> 04:58:43,000
continuously attempting to 
compromise friendly operations. 

5555
04:58:43,000 --> 04:58:45,900
Ah, based on the medieval 
understanding that intelligence 

5556
04:58:45,900 --> 04:58:49,000
Services must defend themselves 
against deception and 

5557
04:58:49,000 --> 04:58:51,700
penetration, modern forensic, 
methods for examining 

5558
04:58:51,700 --> 04:58:54,900
intelligence materials or the 
result of medieval advancements 

5559
04:58:54,900 --> 04:58:56,800
in document analysis and 
verification. 

5560
04:58:57,800 --> 04:59:00,600
Modern intelligence analysis 
techniques which employ 

5561
04:59:00,600 --> 04:59:03,200
technology, but adhere to 
similar logical principles 

5562
04:59:03,200 --> 04:59:06,600
evolved from the abilities that 
medieval spies developed for 

5563
04:59:06,600 --> 04:59:10,400
identifying forged documents, 
evaluating writing styles and 

5564
04:59:10,400 --> 04:59:13,000
confirming the reliability of 
information sources. 

5565
04:59:13,000 --> 04:59:15,600
Modern knowledge of intelligence
operations. 

5566
04:59:15,600 --> 04:59:18,000
Incorporates the psychological 
understanding of human 

5567
04:59:18,000 --> 04:59:21,900
motivation deceit and loyalty 
that medieval intelligence 

5568
04:59:21,900 --> 04:59:25,600
practitioners acquired. 
Medieval spies acquired skills, 

5569
04:59:25,600 --> 04:59:29,100
in motivating agents, evaluating
The credibility of sources and 

5570
04:59:29,100 --> 04:59:31,900
preserving operational security 
while fostering fruitful 

5571
04:59:31,900 --> 04:59:35,000
collaborations. 
These realizations continue to 

5572
04:59:35,000 --> 04:59:37,800
be essential to contemporary 
human intelligence activities, 

5573
04:59:37,800 --> 04:59:41,000
medieval networks successful, 
integration of military and 

5574
04:59:41,000 --> 04:59:44,300
diplomatic operations with 
intelligence, work, created 

5575
04:59:44,300 --> 04:59:45,900
models. 
That contemporary governments 

5576
04:59:45,900 --> 04:59:49,200
can continue to adhere to The 
effective coordination of 

5577
04:59:49,200 --> 04:59:52,900
military action diplomacy and 
intelligence was a lesson 

5578
04:59:52,900 --> 04:59:55,700
learned by medieval rulers that 
are still applicable to 

5579
04:59:55,700 --> 04:59:59,100
contemporary National Security 
strategy, modern intelligence 

5580
04:59:59,100 --> 05:00:01,400
funding and financial management
have their roots. 

5581
05:00:01,400 --> 05:00:04,700
In the economic principles that 
guided medieval intelligence 

5582
05:00:04,700 --> 05:00:07,900
operations. 
Just as it was for medieval spy,

5583
05:00:07,900 --> 05:00:11,400
Master's attempting to pay 
agents covertly the problem of 

5584
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:14,400
Finance in covert operations, 
without leaving, audit trails, 

5585
05:00:14,400 --> 05:00:17,000
that hostile Services could use 
is still present today. 

5586
05:00:17,000 --> 05:00:20,400
Modern intelligence services are
still confronted with the moral 

5587
05:00:20,400 --> 05:00:22,800
and legal, dilemmas brought up 
by medieval Espionage 

5588
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:25,900
operations. 
Modern democratic societies, 

5589
05:00:25,900 --> 05:00:29,200
must strike a balance between 
security requirements, legal 

5590
05:00:29,200 --> 05:00:31,600
restrictions, and ethical 
principles. 

5591
05:00:31,600 --> 05:00:34,800
Medieval societies grappled with
the conflict, between the 

5592
05:00:34,800 --> 05:00:37,300
Practical necessity of 
intelligence work and 

5593
05:00:37,300 --> 05:00:40,600
traditional moral and legal 
principles, modern intelligence.

5594
05:00:40,600 --> 05:00:43,300
Technology development is 
characterized by patterns of 

5595
05:00:43,300 --> 05:00:46,500
adaptation and creativity that 
were established by the 

5596
05:00:46,500 --> 05:00:49,100
technological innovations. 
Pioneered by medieval 

5597
05:00:49,100 --> 05:00:51,900
intelligence Networks. 
In the same way that 

5598
05:00:51,900 --> 05:00:54,500
contemporary intelligence 
agencies, modify commercial 

5599
05:00:54,500 --> 05:00:58,200
Technologies for security 
applications, medieval spies who

5600
05:00:58,200 --> 05:01:00,900
modify civilian Technologies for
intelligence purposes. 

5601
05:01:00,900 --> 05:01:04,600
Started a tradition, medieval 
intelligence Works, global scope

5602
05:01:04,600 --> 05:01:07,300
set the stage for contemporary 
intelligence competition and 

5603
05:01:07,300 --> 05:01:10,400
collaboration cross. 
Political medieval intelligence 

5604
05:01:10,400 --> 05:01:13,400
networks created models for 
state to state intelligence 

5605
05:01:13,400 --> 05:01:16,900
cooperation and competition that
still have an impact on 

5606
05:01:16,900 --> 05:01:18,900
contemporary International 
intelligence, cooperation 

5607
05:01:18,900 --> 05:01:23,200
literature entertainment and the
general Public's perception of 

5608
05:01:23,200 --> 05:01:26,100
intelligence work, all reflect 
the cultural influence of 

5609
05:01:26,108 --> 05:01:29,300
medieval Espionage and continued
to shape how contemporary 

5610
05:01:29,300 --> 05:01:32,700
societies view spies and 
intelligence organizations. 

5611
05:01:32,700 --> 05:01:36,000
The way intelligence work is 
portrayed and understood in 

5612
05:01:36,000 --> 05:01:38,300
popular culture is still 
influenced by The Narrative 

5613
05:01:38,300 --> 05:01:42,000
patterns created by medieval 
Tales of spies and secret 

5614
05:01:42,000 --> 05:01:44,600
agents. 
The value of historical analysis

5615
05:01:44,600 --> 05:01:47,100
for contemporary intelligence 
work was established by the 

5616
05:01:47,100 --> 05:01:50,400
institutional memory, that 
medieval intelligence networks 

5617
05:01:50,400 --> 05:01:54,000
Preserve Medieval practitioners 
set the standard for 

5618
05:01:54,000 --> 05:01:56,700
contemporary intelligence 
services that preserve 

5619
05:01:56,700 --> 05:01:59,800
historical records and analyze 
past operations to enhance 

5620
05:01:59,800 --> 05:02:03,000
present performance by learning 
from the successes and failures 

5621
05:02:03,000 --> 05:02:06,600
of early operations. 
Most significantly medieval 

5622
05:02:06,600 --> 05:02:11,000
Espionage showed that at its 
core intelligence work is not 

5623
05:02:11,000 --> 05:02:14,300
about technology or 
institutional Frameworks but 

5624
05:02:14,300 --> 05:02:18,500
rather about human relationships
and psychology The success or 

5625
05:02:18,500 --> 05:02:21,900
failure of medieval spies was 
determined by their capacity to 

5626
05:02:21,900 --> 05:02:23,600
comprehend and influence human 
behavior. 

5627
05:02:23,600 --> 05:02:27,300
A skill that is essential to 
intelligence operations, even 

5628
05:02:27,300 --> 05:02:30,000
with all of the modern era's 
technological, advancements. 

5629
05:02:30,000 --> 05:02:33,100
Modern intelligent services are 
still influenced by the moral 

5630
05:02:33,100 --> 05:02:35,900
and Professional Standards set 
by The Bravery and commitment of

5631
05:02:35,900 --> 05:02:39,200
medieval intelligence agents. 
Modern intelligence 

5632
05:02:39,200 --> 05:02:42,000
professionals are still inspired
by the traditions of Service 

5633
05:02:42,000 --> 05:02:45,700
established by medieval spies 
who risk their lives for causes.

5634
05:02:45,700 --> 05:02:48,800
They supported upheld 
Professional Standards in the 

5635
05:02:48,800 --> 05:02:51,900
face of personal danger, and 
serve their societies without 

5636
05:02:51,900 --> 05:02:55,300
much credit or compensation, the
principles and techniques that 

5637
05:02:55,300 --> 05:02:58,300
were initially developed by 
those Anonymous medieval agents,

5638
05:02:58,300 --> 05:03:02,900
who traveled, muddy roads, slept
in flea-infested ins and risk 

5639
05:03:02,900 --> 05:03:04,900
their lives to gather 
information that would shape, 

5640
05:03:04,900 --> 05:03:08,100
the course of history are still 
used by modern intelligence 

5641
05:03:08,100 --> 05:03:10,700
agencies, as they confront new 
challenges from International 

5642
05:03:10,700 --> 05:03:15,000
terrorism, technological change,
and evolving security threats. 

5643
05:03:15,000 --> 05:03:18,100
Think about the amazing people 
whose stories we have told 

5644
05:03:18,100 --> 05:03:20,500
tonight is you get ready to 
close this chapter of history 

5645
05:03:20,500 --> 05:03:23,500
and go to sleep. 
They were regular people who 

5646
05:03:23,500 --> 05:03:26,900
made extraordinary Life Choices.
People who put up with 

5647
05:03:26,900 --> 05:03:31,000
discomfort risk of anonymity for
causes that frequently brought 

5648
05:03:31,000 --> 05:03:34,100
the little reward and little 
recognition, the glitzy 

5649
05:03:34,100 --> 05:03:35,900
characters of contemporary 
fiction were not. 

5650
05:03:35,900 --> 05:03:38,100
The medieval spies whose stories
we have exam. 

5651
05:03:38,300 --> 05:03:40,700
And rather they were perhaps 
more admirable. 

5652
05:03:40,700 --> 05:03:44,300
Actual people who bravely 
creatively and resolutely face 

5653
05:03:44,300 --> 05:03:47,500
real challenges, They 
contributed to historical 

5654
05:03:47,500 --> 05:03:49,200
advancements. 
That shape, the world we 

5655
05:03:49,200 --> 05:03:52,000
inherited solved problems. 
That would have challenged 

5656
05:03:52,000 --> 05:03:55,200
contemporary professionals and 
upheld their integrity and 

5657
05:03:55,200 --> 05:03:57,500
situations that would have 
broken many others. 

5658
05:03:57,500 --> 05:04:01,600
These underappreciated Heroes of
medieval statecraft serve as a 

5659
05:04:01,600 --> 05:04:03,200
reminder. 
That history has shaped by the 

5660
05:04:03,200 --> 05:04:06,800
innumerable people who labor 
silently in the background to 

5661
05:04:06,800 --> 05:04:10,600
maintain Communications, gather 
information and provide the 

5662
05:04:10,600 --> 05:04:14,000
intelligence necessary for 
effective leadership not just by

5663
05:04:14,000 --> 05:04:16,400
kings and queens, conflicts and 
treaties. 

5664
05:04:17,200 --> 05:04:19,400
Their contribution should be 
honored because they were the 

5665
05:04:19,400 --> 05:04:22,900
unsung heroes of their time. 
Their experience is also serve 

5666
05:04:22,900 --> 05:04:25,400
as a reminder that the problems 
intelligence professionals. 

5667
05:04:25,400 --> 05:04:28,700
Face such as striking, a balance
between security and 

5668
05:04:28,700 --> 05:04:31,900
Effectiveness juggling personal,
and professional commitments, 

5669
05:04:31,900 --> 05:04:35,000
and balancing morally 
challenging, but necessary work 

5670
05:04:35,000 --> 05:04:39,200
a universal human struggles that
cut across all time periods, 

5671
05:04:39,200 --> 05:04:43,500
dreams of moonlit castle walls. 
Coded messages, concealed in 

5672
05:04:43,500 --> 05:04:45,700
merchant letters or courageous 
people. 

5673
05:04:45,700 --> 05:04:48,400
Walking perilous roads in 
support of causes they believed 

5674
05:04:48,400 --> 05:04:51,100
in they come to mind as you 
drift off to sleep. 

5675
05:04:52,400 --> 05:04:54,800
These dreams introduce you to a 
never-ending tale of 

5676
05:04:54,800 --> 05:04:58,800
selflessness service, and unsung
bravery that has influenced our 

5677
05:04:58,800 --> 05:05:00,600
world. 
In ways we hardly ever recognize

5678
05:05:00,600 --> 05:05:03,900
all the lives of the medieval 
spies we've met tonight were 

5679
05:05:03,900 --> 05:05:07,100
frequently uncomfortable. 
Dangerous and little known. 

5680
05:05:07,100 --> 05:05:09,600
Their work was vital to the 
societies. 

5681
05:05:09,600 --> 05:05:12,200
They served They serve as a 
reminder. 

5682
05:05:12,200 --> 05:05:15,100
That Civilization is not solely 
dependent on the well known 

5683
05:05:15,108 --> 05:05:16,900
people whose names. 
We can still recall. 

5684
05:05:16,900 --> 05:05:20,400
But also on the innumerable, 
unnamed people who make in 

5685
05:05:20,400 --> 05:05:24,300
calculable frequently unseen, 
but always vital contributions 

5686
05:05:24,300 --> 05:05:27,200
to the common good rest easy. 
Knowing that you've spent the 

5687
05:05:27,200 --> 05:05:29,700
evening with some of the bravest
and most devoted people in 

5688
05:05:29,700 --> 05:05:32,100
history. 
People, whose dedication to 

5689
05:05:32,100 --> 05:05:35,200
service and willingness to make 
sacrifices for the greater good 

5690
05:05:35,200 --> 05:05:37,500
made. 
Traditions, that still serve and

5691
05:05:37,500 --> 05:05:41,200
protect our contemporary world. 
Every intelligence professional 

5692
05:05:41,200 --> 05:05:44,100
who carries on their work 
carries on their legacy and 

5693
05:05:44,100 --> 05:05:46,800
their memory is honored. 
Every time we remember the true 

5694
05:05:46,800 --> 05:05:50,500
heroism frequently doesn't wear 
a uniform and doesn't seek 

5695
05:05:50,500 --> 05:05:54,300
recognition, sweet dreams and 
may you rest in peace, knowing 

5696
05:05:54,300 --> 05:05:56,800
that courageous people have 
always worked in silence to 

5697
05:05:56,800 --> 05:05:59,500
defend the society. 
As they served requesting 

5698
05:05:59,500 --> 05:06:01,800
nothing more than the 
Fulfillment of their Duty and 

5699
05:06:01,800 --> 05:06:03,700
service to cause his bigger than
themselves. 

5700
05:06:08,100 --> 05:06:10,800
When Emperor alexios the first 
Common anus despatched, his 

5701
05:06:10,808 --> 05:06:14,400
Emissary to Pope Urban the 
second in 1095, he hardly 

5702
05:06:14,400 --> 05:06:16,100
imagined his diplomatic 
Outreach. 

5703
05:06:16,100 --> 05:06:18,400
Would unleash two centuries of 
Bloodshed across three 

5704
05:06:18,400 --> 05:06:20,700
continents. 
The bees and tine ruler. 

5705
05:06:20,700 --> 05:06:23,000
Merely sought military 
assistance against the Celtic 

5706
05:06:23,000 --> 05:06:26,400
Turks, who had significant 
portion of Anatolia following 

5707
05:06:26,400 --> 05:06:30,300
the Battle of manhatt What 
transpired instead was the 

5708
05:06:30,300 --> 05:06:32,900
weaponization of religious 
further on an unprecedented 

5709
05:06:32,900 --> 05:06:36,000
scale. 
Pope Urban the second's response

5710
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:38,800
at the Council of Claremore 
transcended mere strategic 

5711
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:41,900
calculation. 
The papacy having emerged from 

5712
05:06:41,908 --> 05:06:44,100
the investiture controversy with
authority. 

5713
05:06:44,100 --> 05:06:47,500
Diminished saw an opportunity 
Urban speech. 

5714
05:06:47,500 --> 05:06:51,300
So often sanitized in modern 
retellings, was a masterclass in

5715
05:06:51,300 --> 05:06:54,900
medieval propaganda, deploying 
fabricated, atrocity, stories, 

5716
05:06:54,900 --> 05:06:56,700
and a scatological 
fear-mongering. 

5717
05:06:57,500 --> 05:07:00,400
He falsely claimed that Eastern 
Christians face systematic 

5718
05:07:00,400 --> 05:07:03,400
extermination and that Muslim 
forces were desecrating. 

5719
05:07:03,400 --> 05:07:06,500
Christian holy site in ways that
historical records simply do not

5720
05:07:06,500 --> 05:07:09,800
support. 
Let the Deeds of your ancestors.

5721
05:07:09,800 --> 05:07:12,600
Inspire. 
You Urban proclaimed to the 

5722
05:07:12,600 --> 05:07:15,400
assembled nobility and clergy 
invoking. 

5723
05:07:15,400 --> 05:07:20,100
Not biblical compassion, but 
rather carolingian Conquest. the

5724
05:07:20,100 --> 05:07:23,000
First Crusade was marketed not 
merely as a defensive action, 

5725
05:07:23,000 --> 05:07:27,100
but as a path to spiritual and 
material Redemption, Urban 

5726
05:07:27,100 --> 05:07:30,300
Innovation was profound, he 
offered plenary indulgences 

5727
05:07:30,300 --> 05:07:34,200
complete Absolution from 
temporal punishment for sins to 

5728
05:07:34,200 --> 05:07:37,100
those who took up arms. 
This spiritual economy of 

5729
05:07:37,100 --> 05:07:41,400
violence, transformed killing 
from a sin requirements into a 

5730
05:07:41,400 --> 05:07:44,500
means of achieving it. 
What historians often overlooked

5731
05:07:44,500 --> 05:07:47,800
is how the Crusades emerged 
precisely when Europe was 

5732
05:07:47,800 --> 05:07:50,000
experiencing its. 
First sustained period of 

5733
05:07:50,008 --> 05:07:52,500
economic growth since the 
collapse of the Western Roman 

5734
05:07:52,500 --> 05:07:55,200
Empire. 
Agricultural Innovations, had 

5735
05:07:55,200 --> 05:07:58,200
increased food production, 
creating population, pressures, 

5736
05:07:58,200 --> 05:08:00,300
and land, scarcity, among the 
noble classes. 

5737
05:08:01,200 --> 05:08:04,100
The promise of new territories, 
served the interests of younger 

5738
05:08:04,100 --> 05:08:07,200
Sons disinherited, by 
primogeniture Urban's, call 

5739
05:08:07,200 --> 05:08:09,900
offered a providential solution 
to social pressures that 

5740
05:08:09,900 --> 05:08:12,000
threatened to destabilize the 
feudal order. 

5741
05:08:12,700 --> 05:08:15,400
The earliest crusading armies 
included, not just Knights, but 

5742
05:08:15,400 --> 05:08:18,500
apocalyptic peasant bands, led 
by charismatic, figures like 

5743
05:08:18,500 --> 05:08:20,800
Peter. 
The hermit These popular 

5744
05:08:20,800 --> 05:08:25,000
movements largely written out of
triumphalist narrative conducted

5745
05:08:25,000 --> 05:08:27,500
the first programs against 
Jewish communities across the 

5746
05:08:27,500 --> 05:08:31,200
Rhine land. 
In cities, like, worms mints and

5747
05:08:31,200 --> 05:08:33,400
cologne. 
Thousands of Jews were 

5748
05:08:33,400 --> 05:08:36,000
slaughtered when they refused 
forced baptism. 

5749
05:08:37,000 --> 05:08:39,500
Bishop, Albert of mine's 
eyewitness account notes. 

5750
05:08:39,500 --> 05:08:43,700
That Unless they chose baptism 
the Crusaders, killed the women,

5751
05:08:43,700 --> 05:08:45,600
as well as the men and nursing 
infants. 

5752
05:08:46,600 --> 05:08:49,400
This violence wasn't an 
aberration, but a logical 

5753
05:08:49,400 --> 05:08:52,300
extension of a worldview that 
regarded non-christians as 

5754
05:08:52,300 --> 05:08:55,600
legitimate targets. 
When these irregular forces 

5755
05:08:55,600 --> 05:08:58,600
reached Byzantine territory, 
they subjected Orthodox 

5756
05:08:58,600 --> 05:09:01,700
Christian communities to 
pillaging an assault revealing 

5757
05:09:01,700 --> 05:09:03,600
how quickly religious 
justifications could be 

5758
05:09:03,600 --> 05:09:05,500
abandoned when plunder was at 
stake. 

5759
05:09:06,300 --> 05:09:09,000
Emperor alexios alarmed by the 
supposed allies. 

5760
05:09:09,000 --> 05:09:12,900
Hastily transported the 
Bosphorus where most were 

5761
05:09:12,900 --> 05:09:16,700
promptly massacred by seljuk 
forces at silvertoe an episode 

5762
05:09:16,700 --> 05:09:19,900
sympathetic Chronicle 
strategically minimized, the 

5763
05:09:19,900 --> 05:09:22,700
military contingents that 
followed led by figures like 

5764
05:09:22,700 --> 05:09:26,400
Godfrey of bouillon Raymond of 
Toulouse and bohemond of taranto

5765
05:09:26,400 --> 05:09:30,300
were hardly more disciplined. 
They extorted Provisions from 

5766
05:09:30,300 --> 05:09:33,700
Byzantine cities and refused to 
swear the customary feudal, 

5767
05:09:33,700 --> 05:09:36,800
Oaths to Alexius. 
Exposing the political Ambitions

5768
05:09:36,800 --> 05:09:40,200
that drove many Crusade leaders.
Their journey through Anatolia 

5769
05:09:40,200 --> 05:09:44,100
was marked by tactical blunders 
and internal power struggles 

5770
05:09:44,100 --> 05:09:46,800
that somehow escaped the 
sanitized Chronicles produced by

5771
05:09:46,800 --> 05:09:49,300
clerical propaganda's like 
culture of sharks. 

5772
05:09:49,300 --> 05:09:52,500
What emerges from primary 
sources is not a divinely 

5773
05:09:52,500 --> 05:09:56,000
ordained Mission but a chaotic 
military Expedition Riven by 

5774
05:09:56,008 --> 05:10:00,400
competing interests logistical 
failures of gears and strategic 

5775
05:10:00,400 --> 05:10:03,800
in coherence. 
The Crusaders weren't unified by

5776
05:10:03,800 --> 05:10:06,700
shared purpose so much as 
trapped in a mutual dependency 

5777
05:10:06,700 --> 05:10:09,800
of hostile territory. 
There are eventual success 

5778
05:10:09,800 --> 05:10:12,300
against overwhelming odds at 
Antioch and Jerusalem. 

5779
05:10:12,300 --> 05:10:16,100
Odd more to factual division 
among their Muslim opponents. 

5780
05:10:16,100 --> 05:10:20,200
Unexpected disease, outbreaks 
and sheer desperation than to 

5781
05:10:20,200 --> 05:10:24,600
divine intervention or military 
brilliant's. the mythologizing 

5782
05:10:24,600 --> 05:10:28,000
began almost immediately 
transforming a brutal campaign 

5783
05:10:28,000 --> 05:10:31,200
of Conquest into a miraculous 
Triumph of Fate, the fall of 

5784
05:10:31,208 --> 05:10:36,000
Jerusalem on July the 15th, 1099
stanzas, perhaps the single most

5785
05:10:36,000 --> 05:10:40,000
notorious episode of the entire 
crusading era, The typical 

5786
05:10:40,000 --> 05:10:44,000
narrative describes the conquest
as exceptionally brutal, even by

5787
05:10:44,000 --> 05:10:46,600
medieval standards. 
But seldom examines the 

5788
05:10:46,600 --> 05:10:49,500
psychological mechanics that 
enabled such violence or its 

5789
05:10:49,500 --> 05:10:52,000
broader implications for 
Crusader governance. 

5790
05:10:53,200 --> 05:10:55,800
When the city's defense is 
finally buckled after a 

5791
05:10:55,800 --> 05:10:58,900
month-long Siege Crusader 
forces, moved methodically 

5792
05:10:58,900 --> 05:11:02,300
through the streets Raymond of 
Aguilera and eyewitness 

5793
05:11:02,300 --> 05:11:04,500
described the scene at the 
Temple mount. 

5794
05:11:05,200 --> 05:11:08,600
Men rode in blood up to their 
knees and bridle reins in the 

5795
05:11:08,600 --> 05:11:11,700
temple and Port of Solomon. 
Men rode in blood up to their 

5796
05:11:11,700 --> 05:11:14,700
knees. 
This was not the chaotic frenzy 

5797
05:11:14,700 --> 05:11:17,400
often depicted in popular 
accounts archaeological, 

5798
05:11:17,400 --> 05:11:20,400
evidence indicates a systematic 
execution of the city's 

5799
05:11:20,400 --> 05:11:24,100
inhabitants, the Crusaders 
Corral civilians into confined 

5800
05:11:24,100 --> 05:11:27,700
spaces, synagogues, mosques and 
Courtyards where they could be 

5801
05:11:27,700 --> 05:11:30,900
officially dispatched. 
What's missing from many 

5802
05:11:30,900 --> 05:11:33,100
accounts is how this violence 
was ritualized. 

5803
05:11:33,800 --> 05:11:36,300
Survivors, reported, the 
Crusaders singing, hymns and 

5804
05:11:36,308 --> 05:11:39,700
religious canticles during the 
massacre, their Bloodshed wasn't

5805
05:11:39,700 --> 05:11:43,500
merely strategic, but 
performative, a violent liturgy 

5806
05:11:43,500 --> 05:11:45,700
symbolizing, the purification of
Sacred Space. 

5807
05:11:46,600 --> 05:11:49,100
When Godfrey of Boolean entered 
the Church of the Holy 

5808
05:11:49,100 --> 05:11:52,500
Sepulchre, he did so Barefoot 
and impenitent guard. 

5809
05:11:52,500 --> 05:11:55,300
Even as his followers continued,
their bloody work. 

5810
05:11:56,000 --> 05:11:58,600
This ritualized violence 
established a template, that 

5811
05:11:58,600 --> 05:12:00,600
would be repeated throughout the
crusading, period. 

5812
05:12:00,600 --> 05:12:04,100
The immediate aftermath revealed
the contradictions inherent in 

5813
05:12:04,100 --> 05:12:07,300
the Crusader project. 
Having secured Christianity's 

5814
05:12:07,300 --> 05:12:10,100
holiest sites. 
Most Crusaders fulfilled, their 

5815
05:12:10,100 --> 05:12:14,300
vows and returned to Europe. 
Only a small fraction remained 

5816
05:12:14,300 --> 05:12:17,300
to hold these conquests. 
The kingdom of Jerusalem, that 

5817
05:12:17,300 --> 05:12:20,500
emerged was a precarious entity,
a narrow Coastal strip, 

5818
05:12:20,500 --> 05:12:23,700
perpetually on the defensive, 
never possessing the demographic

5819
05:12:23,700 --> 05:12:27,100
depth to secure its existence 
without constant reinforcement 

5820
05:12:27,100 --> 05:12:29,700
from Europe. 
The governance structures 

5821
05:12:29,700 --> 05:12:32,600
established by the remaining 
Crusaders have been romanticized

5822
05:12:32,600 --> 05:12:37,200
as a model of feudal efficiency.
The reality was Far Messier, the

5823
05:12:37,200 --> 05:12:40,100
Frankish nobility that ruled. 
The kingdom refused meaningful 

5824
05:12:40,100 --> 05:12:41,600
integration with the local 
population. 

5825
05:12:42,700 --> 05:12:44,900
While other conquerors 
throughout history had typically

5826
05:12:44,900 --> 05:12:48,300
intermarried with indigenous 
Elites to secure their rule, the

5827
05:12:48,300 --> 05:12:52,300
Crusader States maintained rigid
social segregation even Eastern.

5828
05:12:52,300 --> 05:12:55,400
Christians were relegated to 
secondary status creating a 

5829
05:12:55,400 --> 05:12:57,600
two-tiered society that 
undermined the kingdoms 

5830
05:12:57,600 --> 05:13:01,400
legitimacy among its subjects. 
perhaps, most revealing was the 

5831
05:13:01,400 --> 05:13:05,300
Crusader States economic 
Foundation Despite religious 

5832
05:13:05,300 --> 05:13:08,700
justifications the kingdom of 
Jerusalem quickly, demonstrated 

5833
05:13:08,700 --> 05:13:10,500
its fundamentally extractive 
nature. 

5834
05:13:10,500 --> 05:13:14,900
The Italian Maritime republics 
Venice, Genoa and Pisa 

5835
05:13:14,900 --> 05:13:18,900
established, commercial quarters
in coastal cities, turning holy 

5836
05:13:18,900 --> 05:13:22,500
war into profitable Enterprise? 
These Merchants secured 

5837
05:13:22,500 --> 05:13:26,000
monopolies on trade between East
and West, transforming religious

5838
05:13:26,000 --> 05:13:27,800
pilgrimage into a commercial 
activity. 

5839
05:13:28,600 --> 05:13:31,600
The kingdom levied taxes on 
Muslim Caravans passing through 

5840
05:13:31,600 --> 05:13:35,500
its territories profiting, from 
the very Commerce with infidels 

5841
05:13:35,500 --> 05:13:37,600
that Crusader rhetoric 
condemned. 

5842
05:13:38,400 --> 05:13:41,000
Agricultural production, relied 
on the exploitation of the 

5843
05:13:41,000 --> 05:13:44,000
Native peasantry through a 
system that differed little from

5844
05:13:44,000 --> 05:13:46,900
serfdom. 
Indigenous farmers were 

5845
05:13:46,900 --> 05:13:50,900
subjected to oppressive taxation
that channeled to a thin layer 

5846
05:13:50,900 --> 05:13:54,500
of Frankish nobility the 
military orders, the Templars 

5847
05:13:54,500 --> 05:13:57,600
and hospitals became major 
landholders developing 

5848
05:13:57,600 --> 05:13:59,900
sophisticated financial 
instruments that made the 

5849
05:13:59,900 --> 05:14:02,100
Europe's first multinational 
corporation's. 

5850
05:14:02,100 --> 05:14:05,200
The gap between rhetorical 
ideals and governance. 

5851
05:14:05,200 --> 05:14:07,400
Reality's widens with each 
passing decade. 

5852
05:14:07,400 --> 05:14:11,600
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

5853
05:14:11,600 --> 05:14:13,700
their origins in the religious 
Warfare. 

5854
05:14:13,700 --> 05:14:16,900
Crusader leaders regularly. 
Formed alliances with Muslim 

5855
05:14:16,900 --> 05:14:19,800
Powers against rival. 
Christians Baldwin for 

5856
05:14:19,800 --> 05:14:22,600
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 
against Damascus. 

5857
05:14:23,400 --> 05:14:26,100
The principality of Antioch 
allied with a leppo against 

5858
05:14:26,100 --> 05:14:29,200
Byzantine claims. 
These expedient Arrangements 

5859
05:14:29,200 --> 05:14:32,300
exposed, the fundamentally 
political nature of Institutions

5860
05:14:32,300 --> 05:14:34,900
and supposedly dedicated to 
defending the faith. 

5861
05:14:35,600 --> 05:14:38,400
The indigenous response to 
Crusader rule was neither the 

5862
05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:41,400
uniform hostility portrayed in 
nationalist historiographies, 

5863
05:14:41,400 --> 05:14:44,400
nor the passive, acceptance, 
suggested by Colonial, 

5864
05:14:44,400 --> 05:14:48,000
narratives archaeological, 
evidence, reveals, creative 

5865
05:14:48,000 --> 05:14:49,800
forms of resistance and 
accommodation. 

5866
05:14:50,500 --> 05:14:53,300
Local Christians, maintain their
religious practices while 

5867
05:14:53,300 --> 05:14:56,800
adapting to new political 
realities Muslim communities, 

5868
05:14:56,800 --> 05:14:59,400
preserve their identities. 
Through parallel institutions 

5869
05:14:59,400 --> 05:15:03,000
Jewish communities, though, 
devastated by the initial 

5870
05:15:03,000 --> 05:15:05,800
Conquest, eventually, 
re-established the cells and 

5871
05:15:05,800 --> 05:15:08,900
peripheral areas. 
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 

5872
05:15:08,900 --> 05:15:10,700
a lasting impact due to its 
brutality. 

5873
05:15:11,500 --> 05:15:13,400
For Muslim population's 
throughout the region. 

5874
05:15:13,400 --> 05:15:16,800
It represented not just a 
military defeat, but a profound 

5875
05:15:16,800 --> 05:15:19,700
betrayal of intercommunal. 
Norms that are generally 

5876
05:15:19,700 --> 05:15:22,200
protected, civilian populations,
during Warfare. 

5877
05:15:23,100 --> 05:15:26,400
The cycle impact reverberated 
far, beyond the immediate 

5878
05:15:26,400 --> 05:15:29,700
victims creating a narrative of 
existential threat that would 

5879
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:32,000
fuel counter Crusade for 
generations to come. 

5880
05:15:32,000 --> 05:15:36,100
Most striking was the Kingdom's 
diplomatic pragmatism despite 

5881
05:15:36,100 --> 05:15:37,900
their origins in the religious 
Warfare. 

5882
05:15:37,900 --> 05:15:41,300
Crusader leaders regularly. 
Formed alliances with Muslim 

5883
05:15:41,300 --> 05:15:44,200
Powers against rival. 
Christians Baldwin for 

5884
05:15:44,200 --> 05:15:47,100
negotiated with Fatimid Egypt 
against Damascus. 

5885
05:15:48,000 --> 05:15:50,500
The principality of Antioch 
allied with a leppo against 

5886
05:15:50,500 --> 05:15:53,600
Byzantine claims. 
These expedient Arrangements 

5887
05:15:53,600 --> 05:15:56,800
exposed, the fundamentally 
political nature of Institutions

5888
05:15:56,800 --> 05:15:59,300
and supposedly dedicated to 
defending the faith. 

5889
05:16:00,100 --> 05:16:02,800
The indigenous response to 
Crusader rule was neither the 

5890
05:16:02,800 --> 05:16:05,800
uniform hostility portrayed in 
nationalist historiographies, 

5891
05:16:05,800 --> 05:16:08,800
nor the passive, acceptance, 
suggested by Colonial, 

5892
05:16:08,800 --> 05:16:12,400
narratives archaeological, 
evidence, reveals, creative 

5893
05:16:12,400 --> 05:16:14,200
forms of resistance and 
accommodation. 

5894
05:16:14,900 --> 05:16:17,700
Local Christians, maintain their
religious practices while 

5895
05:16:17,700 --> 05:16:21,300
adapting to new political 
realities Muslim communities, 

5896
05:16:21,300 --> 05:16:23,800
preserve their identities. 
Through parallel institutions 

5897
05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:27,500
Jewish communities, though, 
devastated by the initial 

5898
05:16:27,500 --> 05:16:30,200
Conquest, eventually 
re-established themselves, and 

5899
05:16:30,200 --> 05:16:33,300
peripheral areas. 
The conquest of Jerusalem, left 

5900
05:16:33,300 --> 05:16:35,100
a lasting impact due to its 
brutality. 

5901
05:16:35,900 --> 05:16:37,800
For Muslim population, 
throughout the region. 

5902
05:16:37,800 --> 05:16:41,200
It represented not just a 
military defeat, but a profound 

5903
05:16:41,200 --> 05:16:44,100
betrayal of intercommunal. 
Norms that are generally 

5904
05:16:44,100 --> 05:16:46,100
protected. 
Civilian population during 

5905
05:16:46,100 --> 05:16:50,400
Warfare The psychological impact
reverberated far, beyond the 

5906
05:16:50,408 --> 05:16:53,800
immediate victims creating a 
narrative of existential threat,

5907
05:16:53,800 --> 05:16:56,400
that would fuel counter Crusade 
for generations to come. 

5908
05:16:56,400 --> 05:17:00,300
Pope in the third who had 
authorized The Crusade initially

5909
05:17:00,300 --> 05:17:02,800
expressed shock but quickly 
accepted the reality 

5910
05:17:02,800 --> 05:17:06,600
legitimizing, the conquest, as 
Divine judgment on Greek's. 

5911
05:17:06,600 --> 05:17:10,000
Mattox, this theological 
flexibility demonstrated how 

5912
05:17:10,000 --> 05:17:13,900
easily crusading ideology could 
be retrofitted to justify naked 

5913
05:17:13,900 --> 05:17:17,700
aggression against fellow 
Christians. the Latin Empire 

5914
05:17:17,700 --> 05:17:20,600
established in Constantinople 
would last less than six 

5915
05:17:20,600 --> 05:17:23,200
decades, but the breach between 
eastern and western 

5916
05:17:23,200 --> 05:17:27,100
Christianity, proved permanent 
The Children's Crusade and 

5917
05:17:27,100 --> 05:17:29,700
Fourth Crusade, bookended a 
crucial transition. 

5918
05:17:29,700 --> 05:17:33,300
What began as a defensive 
response to a specific request 

5919
05:17:33,300 --> 05:17:36,400
for military assistance evolved 
into an Institutional framework.

5920
05:17:36,400 --> 05:17:40,000
That could justify virtually any
exercise of violence when 

5921
05:17:40,000 --> 05:17:42,400
properly sanctioned by 
authorities. 

5922
05:17:43,300 --> 05:17:45,000
The victims of crusading 
violence. 

5923
05:17:45,000 --> 05:17:49,000
Now, included Eastern, 
Christians Jews, Baltic, pagans,

5924
05:17:49,000 --> 05:17:52,300
Christian Heretics and political
opponents of the papacy. 

5925
05:17:53,800 --> 05:17:56,600
Jerusalem had become almost 
incidental to a movement that 

5926
05:17:56,600 --> 05:17:59,000
had developed its own. 
Internal logic of sacred 

5927
05:17:59,000 --> 05:18:02,300
violence, the Islamic response 
to the Crusades challenges, 

5928
05:18:02,300 --> 05:18:04,100
simplistic Narrative of 
religious polarization. 

5929
05:18:05,500 --> 05:18:08,600
Initially Muslim rule is viewed.
The First Crusade, not as an 

5930
05:18:08,608 --> 05:18:12,100
existential religious threat. 
But as merely, another Byzantine

5931
05:18:12,100 --> 05:18:14,800
backed incursion into a 
politically fragmented region. 

5932
05:18:15,900 --> 05:18:18,400
The limited resources committed 
to resisting the initial 

5933
05:18:18,400 --> 05:18:20,900
Invasion. 
Reflected this calculation. 

5934
05:18:21,800 --> 05:18:24,200
Only gradually did a coherent 
counter Crusade. 

5935
05:18:24,200 --> 05:18:27,600
Ideology emerge transforming, 
localized resistance in to a 

5936
05:18:27,600 --> 05:18:31,300
pan-islamic response. 
The early Muslim worlds disunity

5937
05:18:31,300 --> 05:18:36,300
was, its critical vulnerability.
When Jerusalem fell in 1099, the

5938
05:18:36,300 --> 05:18:39,500
Fatimid caliphate of Egypt was 
engaged in bitter rivalry with 

5939
05:18:39,500 --> 05:18:41,800
the Abbasid caliphate centered 
in Baghdad. 

5940
05:18:42,700 --> 05:18:45,700
The seljuk Turkish Empire was 
fragmenting into competing 

5941
05:18:45,700 --> 05:18:48,100
Emirates. 
These divisions allowed the 

5942
05:18:48,100 --> 05:18:51,400
numerically inferior Crusaders 
to establish footholds and 

5943
05:18:51,400 --> 05:18:54,300
territories that might otherwise
have been easily defended. 

5944
05:18:55,400 --> 05:18:58,100
The first systematic. 
Intellectual response came from 

5945
05:18:58,100 --> 05:19:01,100
Alien to here, al-salami, who 
composed? 

5946
05:19:01,100 --> 05:19:06,400
The book of holy war around 
11:05 Al salami interpreted the 

5947
05:19:06,400 --> 05:19:09,200
Crusader Invasion as Divine 
punishment from Muslim disunity 

5948
05:19:09,200 --> 05:19:12,500
and moral laxity. 
Particularly the abandonment of 

5949
05:19:12,500 --> 05:19:16,400
jihad as a communal obligation. 
His work received limited 

5950
05:19:16,400 --> 05:19:19,300
attention in his lifetime, but 
established conceptual 

5951
05:19:19,300 --> 05:19:22,000
Frameworks that later leaders 
would deploy more effectively. 

5952
05:19:23,000 --> 05:19:26,600
Imada Dean zengi, the Turkish at
most solar and Aleppo 

5953
05:19:26,600 --> 05:19:28,900
represented. 
The first phase of organized. 

5954
05:19:28,900 --> 05:19:31,700
Counter Crusade. 
His recapture of a desert in 

5955
05:19:31,700 --> 05:19:34,700
1144. 
The first major Crusader state 

5956
05:19:34,700 --> 05:19:38,100
to fall inspired a new 
Consciousness among Muslim, 

5957
05:19:38,100 --> 05:19:42,000
Elites zeng's propaganda. 
Portrayed him as a mujahid holy 

5958
05:19:42,000 --> 05:19:44,800
Warrior rather than merely a 
territorial ruler. 

5959
05:19:45,600 --> 05:19:49,600
His assassination in 1146 
prevented further advances, but 

5960
05:19:49,600 --> 05:19:51,400
his son. 
Noura, Dean continued, this 

5961
05:19:51,400 --> 05:19:54,700
ideological project. 
Nora dins Innovations were 

5962
05:19:54,700 --> 05:19:57,700
structural rather than merely 
rhetorical he systematically. 

5963
05:19:57,700 --> 05:20:01,500
Redirected religious endowments 
Wok to fund military campaigns 

5964
05:20:01,500 --> 05:20:04,700
against the Crusader states. 
He sponsored the construction of

5965
05:20:04,700 --> 05:20:09,100
madrasas religious schools that 
promoted Jihad ideology while 

5966
05:20:09,100 --> 05:20:12,500
commissioning architectural 
projects like the minbar pulpit 

5967
05:20:12,500 --> 05:20:14,700
intended for Jerusalem's 
Al-Aqsa. 

5968
05:20:14,700 --> 05:20:18,500
Mosque after its recapture this 
material culture of counter 

5969
05:20:18,500 --> 05:20:21,700
Crusade created tangible symbols
around which resistance could 

5970
05:20:21,700 --> 05:20:25,700
coalesce. 
The besant peace, treaty of 1160

5971
05:20:25,700 --> 05:20:29,400
allowed neurodin to focus 
exclusively on the Latin State's

5972
05:20:29,400 --> 05:20:32,200
creating unprecedented pressure 
on the kingdom of Jerusalem. 

5973
05:20:33,400 --> 05:20:36,800
When neurodin forces intervened 
in Fatimid succession struggles 

5974
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:41,900
his Kurdish, General seller, a 
Dean Saladin eventually, emerged

5975
05:20:41,900 --> 05:20:45,000
as ruler of Egypt, creating a 
united front against the 

5976
05:20:45,000 --> 05:20:46,500
Crusader States for the first 
time. 

5977
05:20:47,300 --> 05:20:50,500
Saladin's, complex Legacy has 
been distorted, by both Western 

5978
05:20:50,500 --> 05:20:54,600
Romanticism and modern Arab 
nationalism contemporary 

5979
05:20:54,600 --> 05:20:56,800
evidence suggests. 
He was neither of the Chevelle 

5980
05:20:56,800 --> 05:20:59,900
Rick Paragon portrayed by Sultan
Scott Nora, Proto nationalist, 

5981
05:20:59,900 --> 05:21:02,500
hero. 
His initial campaigns 

5982
05:21:02,500 --> 05:21:05,700
prioritized, eliminating Shear 
influence in Egypt and securing 

5983
05:21:05,700 --> 05:21:09,300
his own dynastic interests. 
Only after consolidating power 

5984
05:21:09,300 --> 05:21:11,700
did. 
He fully Embrace counter Crusade

5985
05:21:11,700 --> 05:21:15,300
as his Central purpose? 
The Battle of hattin in 1187 

5986
05:21:15,300 --> 05:21:17,900
represented. 
The culmination of Decades of 

5987
05:21:17,900 --> 05:21:20,400
strategic preparation and 
ideological development 

5988
05:21:21,300 --> 05:21:25,000
Saladin's victory was not merely
military but psychological the 

5989
05:21:25,000 --> 05:21:28,100
capture of the True Cross, and 
mass execution, of Templar and 

5990
05:21:28,100 --> 05:21:31,000
Hospital in Knights symbolically
reversed the humiliation of 

5991
05:21:31,008 --> 05:21:33,400
Jerusalem's fall nearly a 
century earlier. 

5992
05:21:34,500 --> 05:21:38,100
When Jerusalem surrendered later
that year saladin's calculated 

5993
05:21:38,100 --> 05:21:39,900
clemency toward its Christian 
inhabitants. 

5994
05:21:39,900 --> 05:21:45,000
Explicitly contrasted with the 
1099 Massacre establishing moral

5995
05:21:45,000 --> 05:21:47,100
superiority within the conflicts
narrative. 

5996
05:21:48,000 --> 05:21:52,600
The Third Crusade from 1189 to 
1192 revealed, the changed 

5997
05:21:52,600 --> 05:21:56,200
Dynamic of the conflict. 
Despite mobilizing the full 

5998
05:21:56,200 --> 05:22:00,800
resources of England, France, 
and the Holy Roman Empire, the 

5999
05:22:00,800 --> 05:22:03,700
Expedition secured, only a 
narrow Coastal strip, and 

6000
05:22:03,700 --> 05:22:06,200
negotiated access to Jerusalem 
for pilgrims. 

6001
05:22:07,100 --> 05:22:09,800
This limited outcome, despite 
unprecedented investment 

6002
05:22:09,800 --> 05:22:12,100
Illustrated the counter Crusades
of effectiveness. 

6003
05:22:12,900 --> 05:22:15,800
The Muslim world had developed 
institutional resilience against

6004
05:22:15,800 --> 05:22:19,000
external aggression, while 
crusading had become a fiscally 

6005
05:22:19,000 --> 05:22:21,200
ruinous obligation for European 
monarchs. 

6006
05:22:21,900 --> 05:22:24,800
Less acknowledged in traditional
narratives is how the counter 

6007
05:22:24,800 --> 05:22:26,900
Crusade transformed Islamic 
institutions. 

6008
05:22:27,600 --> 05:22:30,700
The military dominance of slave 
Soldier, mamluk units. 

6009
05:22:30,700 --> 05:22:34,000
Accelerated during this period? 
Eventually culminating in the 

6010
05:22:34,008 --> 05:22:37,000
mamluk sultanate that would 
deliver the final blow to 

6011
05:22:37,000 --> 05:22:41,000
Crusader presence in the Levant.
Religious endowments were 

6012
05:22:41,000 --> 05:22:44,000
increasingly militarized, 
diverting resources from civil 

6013
05:22:44,000 --> 05:22:46,900
development. 
Political legitimacy became 

6014
05:22:46,900 --> 05:22:50,500
increasingly tied to Auntie, 
Frankish credentials narrowing 

6015
05:22:50,500 --> 05:22:52,600
the space for pragmatic 
co-existence. 

6016
05:22:53,600 --> 05:22:56,800
The ayuba dynasty established by
Saladin initially maintained his

6017
05:22:56,800 --> 05:22:59,600
balance to approach, but 
gradually succumb to internal 

6018
05:22:59,600 --> 05:23:02,100
rivalries. 
When are you bid rulers? 

6019
05:23:02,100 --> 05:23:04,700
Negotiated the surrender of 
Jerusalem to Frederick the 

6020
05:23:04,700 --> 05:23:07,100
second during the sixth crusade 
in 1239. 

6021
05:23:08,000 --> 05:23:10,700
They faced intense opposition 
from religious Scholars and the 

6022
05:23:10,708 --> 05:23:14,400
general population. 
The city was retaken by Ayoub 

6023
05:23:14,400 --> 05:23:17,500
bid forces in 1244, 
demonstrating how counter 

6024
05:23:17,500 --> 05:23:20,800
Crusade ideology had become 
self-sustaining, able to 

6025
05:23:20,800 --> 05:23:23,200
override Elite diplomatic 
calculations. 

6026
05:23:24,300 --> 05:23:27,000
The Mongol invasions of the 
mid-13th century initially 

6027
05:23:27,000 --> 05:23:29,300
appeared to Signal a new 
Christian Muslim, alignment 

6028
05:23:29,300 --> 05:23:32,400
against a common threat. 
The Mongols destroyed, the 

6029
05:23:32,408 --> 05:23:36,200
Abbasid caliphate in 1258 
creating a political vacuum that

6030
05:23:36,200 --> 05:23:40,200
transformed Regional Dynamics. 
When Mongol forces entered 

6031
05:23:40,200 --> 05:23:42,700
Syria, they allied with 
christian powers against the 

6032
05:23:42,700 --> 05:23:45,800
mamluks of Egypt, who had 
overthrown the IU bids, the 

6033
05:23:45,800 --> 05:23:49,800
mamluk victory at Angelo in 1260
halted Mongol advancement and 

6034
05:23:49,800 --> 05:23:53,200
paradoxically reinforced counter
Crusade ideology by linking it 

6035
05:23:53,200 --> 05:23:55,300
to broader resistance against 
foreign domination. 

6036
05:23:56,300 --> 05:23:59,200
The final stage of the counter 
Crusade culminated in the 

6037
05:23:59,200 --> 05:24:02,900
systematic dismantling of 
Crusader territory and a mamluk 

6038
05:24:02,900 --> 05:24:06,000
store, Sultan baibars, and his 
successors. 

6039
05:24:07,300 --> 05:24:14,200
The fall of Antioch 1268 Tripoli
1289 and finally a Cree 1291 

6040
05:24:14,200 --> 05:24:17,100
eliminated Latin presence in the
Levant. 

6041
05:24:17,900 --> 05:24:20,500
These campaigns were marked by 
meticulous planning 

6042
05:24:20,500 --> 05:24:24,300
technological innovation, 
particularly in Siege Warfare 

6043
05:24:24,300 --> 05:24:28,300
and strategic ruthlessness. 
The century is long in counter 

6044
05:24:28,300 --> 05:24:30,900
had transformed both his 
military organization and 

6045
05:24:30,900 --> 05:24:34,000
religious thought, creating new 
paradigms that would influence 

6046
05:24:34,000 --> 05:24:37,500
Muslim societies for generations
to come the brutality of the 

6047
05:24:37,500 --> 05:24:40,200
Crusades extended beyond the 
battlefield into the realm of 

6048
05:24:40,208 --> 05:24:43,700
cultural Warfare. 
While physical violence, claimed

6049
05:24:43,700 --> 05:24:46,900
immediate victims, the crusading
movements assault on cultural 

6050
05:24:46,900 --> 05:24:50,100
identity and knowledge produced 
casualties that would never be 

6051
05:24:50,100 --> 05:24:52,700
counted. 
This dimension of Crusader 

6052
05:24:52,700 --> 05:24:57,100
brutality remains under explored
overshadows shadowed by more 

6053
05:24:57,100 --> 05:24:59,200
visually, dramatic aspects of 
military conflict. 

6054
05:24:59,200 --> 05:25:02,700
The library of Tripoli 
reportedly containing over 3, 

6055
05:25:02,700 --> 05:25:06,000
million volumes represented one 
of the medieval world's greatest

6056
05:25:06,000 --> 05:25:09,500
repositories of knowledge. 
Crusaders systematically 

6057
05:25:09,500 --> 05:25:11,200
destroyed. 
This Irreplaceable collection 

6058
05:25:11,200 --> 05:25:16,400
when they captured the city in 
1189 Raymond of agile who had 

6059
05:25:16,400 --> 05:25:19,300
earlier glorified the bloodbath 
at Jerusalem described this 

6060
05:25:19,300 --> 05:25:22,500
destruction as necessary because
many texts contained The 

6061
05:25:22,500 --> 05:25:26,500
Abominable teaching of Muhammad.
the specific targeting of 

6062
05:25:26,500 --> 05:25:30,000
library was not incidental, but 
ideological an attack on 

6063
05:25:30,000 --> 05:25:34,300
knowledge systems that challenge
Latin Christian exclusivity, The

6064
05:25:34,308 --> 05:25:37,100
Crusaders cultural program 
extended to the built 

6065
05:25:37,100 --> 05:25:40,600
environment upon capturing 
Jerusalem, they immediately 

6066
05:25:40,600 --> 05:25:43,400
converted the Dome of the Rock 
in to a church called Templeton 

6067
05:25:43,400 --> 05:25:46,700
domini and also mosque in to 
Temple's Solomon. 

6068
05:25:47,700 --> 05:25:50,100
These Appropriations were 
coupled with iconographic 

6069
05:25:50,100 --> 05:25:51,500
additions. 
That overlaid Christian 

6070
05:25:51,500 --> 05:25:55,200
symbolism onto his name, sacred 
spaces, art historians have 

6071
05:25:55,200 --> 05:25:57,600
documented how Crusader 
modifications deliberately 

6072
05:25:57,600 --> 05:26:01,100
obscured or defaced as 
inscription while preserving 

6073
05:26:01,100 --> 05:26:03,400
architectural elements that 
could be incorporated into 

6074
05:26:03,400 --> 05:26:06,200
Christian narrative. 
Frameworks linguistic violence 

6075
05:26:06,200 --> 05:26:08,400
characterized the Crusader 
States throughout their 

6076
05:26:08,400 --> 05:26:11,400
existence. 
Despite ruling predominantly 

6077
05:26:11,400 --> 05:26:13,500
arabic-speaking populations for 
Generations. 

6078
05:26:13,500 --> 05:26:16,900
Most Frankish Nobles never 
learned the language of their 

6079
05:26:16,900 --> 05:26:19,400
subjects. 
This linguistic isolation was 

6080
05:26:19,400 --> 05:26:23,100
not merely practical, but 
ideological a refusal to engage 

6081
05:26:23,100 --> 05:26:27,200
with local cultural Frameworks. 
When administrative necessity 

6082
05:26:27,200 --> 05:26:30,700
required translation, this work 
was typically performed by local

6083
05:26:30,700 --> 05:26:34,400
Christians or Jews creating 
mediated power relationships. 

6084
05:26:34,400 --> 05:26:36,400
That reinforced Colonial 
hierarchies. 

6085
05:26:37,300 --> 05:26:40,100
The Crusaders ideological 
impact, extended beyond the 

6086
05:26:40,100 --> 05:26:43,300
immediate conflict zones. 
In Europe, the movement 

6087
05:26:43,300 --> 05:26:46,700
accelerated, the development of 
a persecuting society that would

6088
05:26:46,700 --> 05:26:49,100
reach its full expression in the
late medieval period. 

6089
05:26:50,000 --> 05:26:52,600
The juridical framework was 
gradually turned inward 

6090
05:26:52,600 --> 05:26:56,100
providing templates for 
persecuting domestic minorities 

6091
05:26:56,100 --> 05:26:59,800
after being established to 
identify and punish enemies of 

6092
05:26:59,800 --> 05:27:03,600
the Cross abroad. 
Fourth lettering, Council of 

6093
05:27:03,608 --> 05:27:08,100
1215 which formalised much 
crusading theology, mandated, 

6094
05:27:08,100 --> 05:27:11,100
that Jews were distinctive 
clothing, institutionalizing 

6095
05:27:11,100 --> 05:27:14,100
their otherness intellectual 
casualties included, the 

6096
05:27:14,100 --> 05:27:17,400
severing of philosophical and 
scientific exchanges that have 

6097
05:27:17,400 --> 05:27:19,400
previously flourished across 
religious boundaries. 

6098
05:27:20,200 --> 05:27:23,200
The translation movement 
centered in Toledo and Sicily, 

6099
05:27:23,200 --> 05:27:26,500
which had transmitted critical 
Greek, text preserved in Arabic 

6100
05:27:26,500 --> 05:27:28,900
commentaries faced increasing 
suspicion. 

6101
05:27:29,900 --> 05:27:32,900
As crusading ideology, hardened 
boundaries, between Christian 

6102
05:27:32,900 --> 05:27:34,300
and Muslim. 
Intellectual worlds 

6103
05:27:34,300 --> 05:27:37,300
opportunities for cross 
fertilization diminished 

6104
05:27:37,300 --> 05:27:40,600
delaying European access to 
crucial classical knowledge for 

6105
05:27:40,600 --> 05:27:43,200
Generations. 
Even artistic production was 

6106
05:27:43,200 --> 05:27:46,000
militarized. 
The chasson de Roland initially 

6107
05:27:46,000 --> 05:27:49,000
composed before the first 
crusade was expanded and a 

6108
05:27:49,000 --> 05:27:50,900
modified to incorporate 
crusading themes. 

6109
05:27:50,900 --> 05:27:54,400
Transforming a regional conflict
into an existential struggle 

6110
05:27:54,400 --> 05:27:58,300
between Christianity and Islam. 
This literary weaponization 

6111
05:27:58,300 --> 05:28:01,100
created, cultural templates. 
That would influence European 

6112
05:28:01,100 --> 05:28:02,900
perceptions of Muslims for 
centuries. 

6113
05:28:03,800 --> 05:28:06,300
Similar Charles similar 
Transformations occurred in 

6114
05:28:06,300 --> 05:28:09,300
Visual Arts, where depictions of
Muslims became increasingly, 

6115
05:28:09,300 --> 05:28:12,500
stereotyped, and dehumanized in 
manuscript illumination and 

6116
05:28:12,500 --> 05:28:15,400
church, sculpture. 
Women's experience as During the

6117
05:28:15,400 --> 05:28:18,200
crusading period revealed 
particularly complex, dimensions

6118
05:28:18,200 --> 05:28:22,400
of cultural violence. 
Anaconda's Alexia documents, how

6119
05:28:22,400 --> 05:28:26,100
female nobles were forced into 
marriages with Crusader leaders 

6120
05:28:26,100 --> 05:28:28,700
creating Bloodlines to Eastern 
territories. 

6121
05:28:29,600 --> 05:28:33,300
In the Crusade Estates policies,
regarding intermarriage shifted.

6122
05:28:33,300 --> 05:28:36,700
According to demographic 
necessity, rather than principal

6123
05:28:36,700 --> 05:28:39,200
to acceptance. 
Local Christian families 

6124
05:28:39,200 --> 05:28:41,400
permitted temporary 
accommodations with Frankish 

6125
05:28:41,400 --> 05:28:44,200
women when they were scarce but 
these Arrangements remained 

6126
05:28:44,200 --> 05:28:47,200
exceptional role. 
The normative The cultural 

6127
05:28:47,200 --> 05:28:50,400
Legacy of Crusader brutality 
survived long after the military

6128
05:28:50,400 --> 05:28:54,200
conflicts ended the Portuguese 
and Spanish Voyages of Discovery

6129
05:28:54,200 --> 05:28:57,500
explicitly framed their 
Enterprise's extensions of 

6130
05:28:57,508 --> 05:29:01,200
crusading with Columbus carrying
a crusader Banner when he landed

6131
05:29:01,200 --> 05:29:04,000
in the Americas. 
The juridical Frameworks 

6132
05:29:04,000 --> 05:29:06,000
developed to dispossess Muslims 
and Jews. 

6133
05:29:06,000 --> 05:29:08,100
In Iberia following the 
Reconquista were directly 

6134
05:29:08,100 --> 05:29:11,500
transported to the Americas. 
Informing Colonial practices 

6135
05:29:11,500 --> 05:29:14,200
toward indigenous populations 
the papal. 

6136
05:29:14,200 --> 05:29:17,200
Bulls that divided the new world
between European powers, 

6137
05:29:17,200 --> 05:29:21,400
explicitly referenced crusading,
precedence in the Muslim world. 

6138
05:29:21,400 --> 05:29:24,600
The cultural memory of Crusader 
aggression created during 

6139
05:29:24,600 --> 05:29:26,900
suspicion toward Western 
intellectual Traditions. 

6140
05:29:26,900 --> 05:29:30,900
The early openness toward Greek 
philosophical traditions which 

6141
05:29:30,900 --> 05:29:34,000
had produced figures like 
avicenna and avaros faced 

6142
05:29:34,000 --> 05:29:36,600
increasing resistance within 
Muslim intellectual circles. 

6143
05:29:37,500 --> 05:29:40,400
theological positions that 
emphasized distinctive, Islamic 

6144
05:29:40,400 --> 05:29:43,600
identity gained prominence over 
those that had sought common 

6145
05:29:43,600 --> 05:29:47,400
philosophical ground with other 
traditions, This cultural 

6146
05:29:47,400 --> 05:29:50,000
retrenchment represented a 
significant loss for 

6147
05:29:50,000 --> 05:29:53,200
interrelated exchange across 
civilizational boundaries. 

6148
05:29:53,200 --> 05:29:57,600
Perhaps most profoundly the 
Crusades transformed religious 

6149
05:29:57,600 --> 05:30:01,100
violence from an incidental 
feature of political conflict 

6150
05:30:01,100 --> 05:30:03,100
into a central expression of 
devotional. 

6151
05:30:04,200 --> 05:30:07,100
By sanctifying Warfare through 
elaborate theological 

6152
05:30:07,100 --> 05:30:10,300
Frameworks, the movement created
templates for religious 

6153
05:30:10,300 --> 05:30:14,100
militancy that transcended its 
immediate historical context. 

6154
05:30:14,100 --> 05:30:18,200
These templates proved 
remarkably adaptable capable of 

6155
05:30:18,200 --> 05:30:21,000
being invoked in radically 
different circumstances across 

6156
05:30:21,000 --> 05:30:23,800
centuries. 
The cultural brutality of the 

6157
05:30:23,808 --> 05:30:26,800
Crusades thus extended far 
beyond the immediate violence of

6158
05:30:26,800 --> 05:30:29,900
conquest and occupation 
reshaping how religious 

6159
05:30:29,900 --> 05:30:32,100
communities understood 
themselves in relation to 

6160
05:30:32,100 --> 05:30:34,400
others. 
When the Crusaders Rule people 

6161
05:30:34,400 --> 05:30:37,200
had to deal with intimate forms 
of violence every day that are 

6162
05:30:37,200 --> 05:30:39,700
often left out of stories that 
are mostly about battles. 

6163
05:30:40,500 --> 05:30:43,300
These daily acts of violence, 
which hurt, people's bodies, 

6164
05:30:43,300 --> 05:30:46,500
families, and spiritual lives, 
were part of life for 

6165
05:30:46,500 --> 05:30:48,600
indigenous. 
People living on Crusader lands,

6166
05:30:48,600 --> 05:30:52,200
evidence from archaeology court 
records and non-latin, 

6167
05:30:52,200 --> 05:30:55,000
Chronicles shows patterns of 
dominance that went beyond 

6168
05:30:55,000 --> 05:30:58,700
regular military operations. 
Movement itself became a tool of

6169
05:30:58,700 --> 05:31:01,200
control. 
The Crusader States set up 

6170
05:31:01,200 --> 05:31:04,300
complex networks of internal 
checkpoints that made it hard 

6171
05:31:04,300 --> 05:31:06,900
for Palestinian Farmers to get 
to their farms and crops. 

6172
05:31:07,600 --> 05:31:10,600
Toll booths made it costly for 
locals to travel between towns. 

6173
05:31:10,600 --> 05:31:14,100
These limits, significantly 
impacted Muslim pilgrimage 

6174
05:31:14,100 --> 05:31:17,000
routes transforming religious 
Journeys into periods of 

6175
05:31:17,008 --> 05:31:19,000
frequent harassment and 
financial demands. 

6176
05:31:19,800 --> 05:31:23,900
In the 1180 IBN, jubayr was 
moving through Crusader lands 

6177
05:31:23,900 --> 05:31:25,900
and wrote about how Muslim 
Travelers were detained. 

6178
05:31:25,900 --> 05:31:28,700
Without a reason. 
Had their goods taken away and 

6179
05:31:28,700 --> 05:31:30,800
were physically abused at these 
border areas. 

6180
05:31:31,900 --> 05:31:34,200
Physical punishment and crusader
law systems. 

6181
05:31:34,200 --> 05:31:38,000
Demonstrated racial hierarchy. 
The Lira disa sees caught 

6182
05:31:38,000 --> 05:31:40,400
records show that the sentences 
given to francs. 

6183
05:31:40,400 --> 05:31:43,200
And Native Christians were very 
different and the sentences 

6184
05:31:43,200 --> 05:31:45,400
given to Muslims and Jews were 
even tougher. 

6185
05:31:45,400 --> 05:31:48,300
Frankish people who broke 
property laws were usually 

6186
05:31:48,300 --> 05:31:51,300
fined, but native people who 
broke the law could be 

6187
05:31:51,300 --> 05:31:54,200
mutilated. 
Written reports of different 

6188
05:31:54,200 --> 05:31:56,900
punishments are backed up by 
archaeological evidence from 

6189
05:31:56,900 --> 05:32:00,100
burial sites. 
Skeletal remains show patterns 

6190
05:32:00,100 --> 05:32:03,700
of amputated, Limbs and Trauma 
consistent with judicial 

6191
05:32:03,700 --> 05:32:06,600
torture. 
That are more common in non-rich

6192
05:32:06,600 --> 05:32:09,800
cemeteries. 
Under Crusader rule Holmes 

6193
05:32:09,800 --> 05:32:13,500
turned into dangerous places 
Latin, settlers were given more 

6194
05:32:13,500 --> 05:32:14,800
property rights than native 
people. 

6195
05:32:14,800 --> 05:32:18,300
And Native landowners were often
turned into tenants on land that

6196
05:32:18,300 --> 05:32:19,700
their families had owned for 
Generations. 

6197
05:32:20,800 --> 05:32:24,300
In cities housing was separated 
with Muslims and Eastern 

6198
05:32:24,300 --> 05:32:27,200
Christians, living in separate 
areas that got more crowded as 

6199
05:32:27,200 --> 05:32:31,200
Latin settlers moved in and took
the best spots. how to logical 

6200
05:32:31,200 --> 05:32:34,200
digs in a Creator and tired 
during the Crusader era show, 

6201
05:32:34,200 --> 05:32:36,900
the Stark difference between the
large Frankish compounds and the

6202
05:32:36,900 --> 05:32:40,100
more crowded native areas 
Getting to water, which was 

6203
05:32:40,100 --> 05:32:42,900
important in the temperature of 
the Levant became another way of

6204
05:32:42,900 --> 05:32:45,900
controlling people. 
The Crusader government changed,

6205
05:32:45,900 --> 05:32:49,300
the flow of water to help Latin 
towns and military bases, which 

6206
05:32:49,300 --> 05:32:52,500
messed up, traditional 
irrigation systems in Jerusalem,

6207
05:32:52,500 --> 05:32:55,800
systems were increasingly 
reserved for Frankish, use these

6208
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:58,600
restrictions meant that native 
people had to drive farther to 

6209
05:32:58,600 --> 05:33:01,700
get water. 
This hydraulic colonialism in 

6210
05:33:01,700 --> 05:33:04,200
entirely changed farming 
methods, and Community habits 

6211
05:33:04,200 --> 05:33:07,400
that are developed over 100s of 
years to make the best use of 

6212
05:33:07,408 --> 05:33:10,900
water. 
During the Crusades religious 

6213
05:33:10,900 --> 05:33:15,400
experience, changed in big ways,
Muslims and Jews could practice 

6214
05:33:15,400 --> 05:33:18,500
their faiths, but there were 
many restrictions in many 

6215
05:33:18,500 --> 05:33:20,800
places. 
Going to the mosque was limited.

6216
05:33:22,100 --> 05:33:24,900
So Muslims from rural areas 
often had to go to cities for 

6217
05:33:24,900 --> 05:33:27,600
Friday prayers where they could 
be watched more closely. 

6218
05:33:28,500 --> 05:33:31,400
In places where there were many 
Christians, the call to prayer 

6219
05:33:31,400 --> 05:33:35,800
at hand was not allowed. 
The band stopped a key part of 

6220
05:33:35,808 --> 05:33:38,800
Muslim life. 
Jewish communities had to deal 

6221
05:33:38,800 --> 05:33:41,700
with new rules about building, 
and fixing up synagogues. 

6222
05:33:42,400 --> 05:33:45,300
Hockey's logical evidence showed
that Jewish religious buildings 

6223
05:33:45,300 --> 05:33:48,500
were purposely left out of urban
makeover projects. 

6224
05:33:49,400 --> 05:33:51,800
There were many problems for 
Christian villages in the East, 

6225
05:33:51,800 --> 05:33:55,700
theoretically they shared the 
same Faith as the Crusaders yet,

6226
05:33:55,700 --> 05:33:57,800
their distinct religious 
beliefs, and liturgical 

6227
05:33:57,800 --> 05:34:00,200
practices were increasingly 
undermining each other. 

6228
05:34:01,200 --> 05:34:03,900
The Latin, patriarchate 
regularly replaced Orthodox, 

6229
05:34:03,900 --> 05:34:06,900
Bishops, with Latin appointed 
ones disrupting the historical 

6230
05:34:06,900 --> 05:34:08,700
lines of succession within the 
church. 

6231
05:34:09,500 --> 05:34:12,200
Latin power stepped in and took 
away the religious freedom of 

6232
05:34:12,200 --> 05:34:16,700
Greek, Armenian, Syrian and 
Coptic Christians, their actions

6233
05:34:16,700 --> 05:34:19,000
caused divisions Within These 
Christian communities, that 

6234
05:34:19,000 --> 05:34:22,400
lasted longer than the Crusader 
States themselves, during the 

6235
05:34:22,400 --> 05:34:25,200
Crusades, it was challenging to 
start a family and be sexual. 

6236
05:34:26,400 --> 05:34:29,900
When Latin men married, local 
Christian women, a specialty, it

6237
05:34:29,900 --> 05:34:32,500
caused complicated legal 
questions about inheritance and 

6238
05:34:32,500 --> 05:34:34,800
Status these unions placed their
children. 

6239
05:34:34,800 --> 05:34:39,000
In a situation frequently 
faceing abuse from both sides 

6240
05:34:39,000 --> 05:34:41,400
for Muslim. 
Women being Crusaders made the 

6241
05:34:41,400 --> 05:34:45,000
more vulnerable Contemporary, 
Islamic legal, opinions, known 

6242
05:34:45,000 --> 05:34:47,900
as fatawa discussed the 
prevalence of abuse against 

6243
05:34:47,900 --> 05:34:51,200
women by Crusader troops. 
These papers demonstrate, the 

6244
05:34:51,200 --> 05:34:53,700
struggle of communities to 
maintain their Unity amid. 

6245
05:34:53,700 --> 05:34:57,900
Systematic dominance under the 
Crusaders in Uriel system, work 

6246
05:34:57,900 --> 05:35:01,500
in agriculture changed. 
Native American farmers, were 

6247
05:35:01,500 --> 05:35:05,300
given new responsibilities such 
as working as corvey on Crusader

6248
05:35:05,300 --> 05:35:08,000
building projects to meet the 
needs of European markets. 

6249
05:35:08,000 --> 05:35:10,100
Traditional planting patterns 
were changed. 

6250
05:35:10,800 --> 05:35:13,800
Cash crops like sugarcane, which
needed a lot of watering and 

6251
05:35:13,800 --> 05:35:15,400
processing were given more 
attention. 

6252
05:35:16,200 --> 05:35:18,800
Archaeological and paleo 
Botanical studies show that 

6253
05:35:18,800 --> 05:35:22,000
these changes had long-lasting 
effects on the environment such 

6254
05:35:22,000 --> 05:35:25,100
as more soil, erosion, and tree 
loss that change the levantine 

6255
05:35:25,100 --> 05:35:28,100
landscape forever. 
Every day conversations were 

6256
05:35:28,100 --> 05:35:31,900
full of linguistic. 
Abuse Latin or old French court.

6257
05:35:31,900 --> 05:35:34,800
Cases often required native 
defendants to rely on bias 

6258
05:35:34,800 --> 05:35:37,200
translators. 
More business contracts, 

6259
05:35:37,200 --> 05:35:40,600
required Latin documents, making
it harder for Arabs to do 

6260
05:35:40,600 --> 05:35:42,600
business. 
Over Generations. 

6261
05:35:42,600 --> 05:35:46,500
This linguistic, exclusion led 
to a kind of cultural Amnesia as

6262
05:35:46,500 --> 05:35:49,300
in indigenous communities fought
to keep up their literary and 

6263
05:35:49,300 --> 05:35:51,900
intellectual Traditions, while 
being shut out of government 

6264
05:35:51,900 --> 05:35:54,400
programs. 
Medical Care, showed, and 

6265
05:35:54,400 --> 05:35:56,300
strength, and the Order of 
Things in society. 

6266
05:35:57,200 --> 05:35:59,600
Historical records. 
Praise the hospitals built by 

6267
05:35:59,600 --> 05:36:03,100
the military orders, but most of
their clients were pilgrims and 

6268
05:36:03,100 --> 05:36:06,200
settlers from Latin. 
America, native people, relied 

6269
05:36:06,200 --> 05:36:08,700
on traditional networks of 
healing that had fewer means 

6270
05:36:08,700 --> 05:36:12,900
when the Crusaders were in 
charge Archaeological evidence 

6271
05:36:12,900 --> 05:36:16,100
from Cemetery sites shows that 
the health of native people. 

6272
05:36:16,100 --> 05:36:19,100
In those areas, got worse during
the Crusader time. 

6273
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:22,700
Skeletal pathologies show that 
they were malnourished and sick 

6274
05:36:22,700 --> 05:36:25,800
more than people who lived there
before the Crusaders, these 

6275
05:36:25,800 --> 05:36:28,400
kinds of personal violence were 
not just a side effect of 

6276
05:36:28,400 --> 05:36:31,300
Crusader rule. 
They were what it was the 

6277
05:36:31,300 --> 05:36:33,600
Crusader States. 
Didn't just keep their power by 

6278
05:36:33,600 --> 05:36:36,400
the winning battles. 
They also kept it by enforcing 

6279
05:36:36,400 --> 05:36:39,800
daily rules of body control, 
space, separation and spiritual 

6280
05:36:39,800 --> 05:36:42,700
disturbance. 
And Saladin took back Jerusalem 

6281
05:36:42,700 --> 05:36:46,000
in 1187 who was just as 
important that he lifted these 

6282
05:36:46,000 --> 05:36:48,900
daily restrictions on movement 
worship and property ownership. 

6283
05:36:48,900 --> 05:36:50,700
As it was that he won the war 
itself. 

6284
05:36:51,600 --> 05:36:54,200
Native people's support for his 
troops wasn't based on some 

6285
05:36:54,200 --> 05:36:57,300
vague theological agreement. 
It was a response to the 

6286
05:36:57,300 --> 05:36:59,200
personal violence of crusade a 
rule. 

6287
05:36:59,200 --> 05:37:01,500
The Crusades continued to be 
violent. 

6288
05:37:01,500 --> 05:37:05,600
After 8, krefel in 1291 
diplomatic relations, religious 

6289
05:37:05,600 --> 05:37:07,700
discourse, and cultural memory 
still echo. 

6290
05:37:07,700 --> 05:37:11,000
Its effects understanding the 
crusading movements Legacy 

6291
05:37:11,000 --> 05:37:14,100
demands appreciating how its 
violence altered institutions 

6292
05:37:14,100 --> 05:37:17,600
and mentalities throughout 
civilization's generating patins

6293
05:37:17,600 --> 05:37:19,600
that. 
Remain today diplomatic 

6294
05:37:19,600 --> 05:37:21,000
consequences. 
Followed immediately. 

6295
05:37:22,500 --> 05:37:27,300
In 1302 Mongol Emperor, gazan 
Khan issued piece over here to 

6296
05:37:27,300 --> 05:37:30,300
European nations, offering 
United action against the 

6297
05:37:30,300 --> 05:37:34,200
mamluks and creating distrust, 
Pope Boniface the 8th wondered 

6298
05:37:34,200 --> 05:37:37,200
if Islam had tainted. 
The Mongols Christianity, this 

6299
05:37:37,200 --> 05:37:40,700
diplomatic setback showed how 
much crusading ideology has 

6300
05:37:40,700 --> 05:37:42,700
limited cross civilizational 
cooperation. 

6301
05:37:43,400 --> 05:37:45,000
Pragmatic. 
Coalitions, were nearly 

6302
05:37:45,000 --> 05:37:47,700
unimaginable due to the 
religious Warfare Paradigm 

6303
05:37:47,700 --> 05:37:50,700
crusading violence. 
Set permanent precedence in 

6304
05:37:50,700 --> 05:37:54,000
European politics, special 
levies, for expeditions 

6305
05:37:54,000 --> 05:37:57,200
generated new fiscal mechanisms 
that increased state power, 

6306
05:37:58,100 --> 05:38:01,600
Henry, the second of England, 
imposed the salad in the 1188. 

6307
05:38:01,600 --> 05:38:05,000
One of the early systematic 
National taxes in medieval 

6308
05:38:05,000 --> 05:38:07,800
Europe. 
Financial advances out lasted 

6309
05:38:07,800 --> 05:38:10,300
the Crusades and became 
permanent parts of new States. 

6310
05:38:11,100 --> 05:38:14,500
External cruelty helped extract 
resources from local communities

6311
05:38:14,500 --> 05:38:16,800
crusading. 
Laws, were assimilated in 

6312
05:38:16,800 --> 05:38:19,800
European communities, domestic 
religious minorities. 

6313
05:38:19,800 --> 05:38:22,900
Gradually adopted fourth lateran
Council restrictions against 

6314
05:38:22,900 --> 05:38:26,000
enemies of the faith. 
The medieval Inquisition used 

6315
05:38:26,000 --> 05:38:29,100
existing methods to locate and 
suppress Muslim resistance, and 

6316
05:38:29,100 --> 05:38:31,500
conquered regions. 
Crusades were used against 

6317
05:38:31,500 --> 05:38:34,500
cathars and Southern France. 
Pagan people in northeastern 

6318
05:38:34,500 --> 05:38:36,800
Europe and people opponents in 
Italy. 

6319
05:38:37,500 --> 05:38:40,600
European societies, handled 
internal diversity differently. 

6320
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:44,500
Due to this procedural Legacy. 
Colonial expansions after the 

6321
05:38:44,500 --> 05:38:48,600
15th century expressly cited, 
Crusades Portuguese, armies 

6322
05:38:48,600 --> 05:38:51,700
deliberately continue the 
Crusades when they took Suter in

6323
05:38:51,700 --> 05:38:55,500
North Africa and 1415. 
Columbus thought his journeys 

6324
05:38:55,500 --> 05:38:58,600
would revive the possibility of 
freeing Jerusalem by a levoid 

6325
05:38:58,600 --> 05:39:03,800
Muslim, controlled territory. 
Papal, bulls that directly cited

6326
05:39:03,800 --> 05:39:07,300
crusading Powers Justified the 
Spanish conquest of the Americas

6327
05:39:07,300 --> 05:39:09,800
by providing indigenous 
Americans. 

6328
05:39:09,800 --> 05:39:13,300
With foundations, for battle 
against Muslims, the memory of 

6329
05:39:13,300 --> 05:39:16,000
Crusader assault affected, 
ottoman institutions and 

6330
05:39:16,000 --> 05:39:19,300
diplomacy the Millet system 
which United religious 

6331
05:39:19,300 --> 05:39:21,300
minorities under their 
leadership with relative 

6332
05:39:21,300 --> 05:39:24,900
autonomy, was partially a 
response to Crusader subjugation

6333
05:39:24,900 --> 05:39:27,800
of Eastern Christians. 
Ottoman diplomatic 

6334
05:39:27,800 --> 05:39:31,200
correspondence with European 
nation's sometimes invoked 

6335
05:39:31,200 --> 05:39:33,900
Crusader atrocities to frame 
current disputes. 

6336
05:39:34,700 --> 05:39:37,900
The sultanate to Sacred site 
contradicted, the Crusader 

6337
05:39:37,900 --> 05:39:40,900
Narrative of Freedom, the 
Crusades caused significant 

6338
05:39:40,900 --> 05:39:43,600
theological and institutional 
damage to Eastern Christians 

6339
05:39:43,600 --> 05:39:46,700
Eastern Christians, who 
acknowledged people Authority, 

6340
05:39:46,700 --> 05:39:48,400
while keeping their liturgical 
Customs. 

6341
05:39:48,400 --> 05:39:52,400
Formed unih churches, dividing, 
Orthodox communities permanently

6342
05:39:53,300 --> 05:39:56,200
The Maronite Church in Lebanon, 
the Greek Catholic Church in 

6343
05:39:56,200 --> 05:39:59,400
Syria and Palestine and the 
Armenian Catholic Church of 

6344
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:01,600
evolved from these difficult 
talks, between Eastern, 

6345
05:40:01,600 --> 05:40:05,300
Christians and Latin Authority. 
Modern Middle Eastern. 

6346
05:40:05,300 --> 05:40:08,600
Sectarian Dynamics are shaped by
these ecclesiastical divisions 

6347
05:40:08,600 --> 05:40:12,200
political identities, Jewish 
communities across Europe, saw 

6348
05:40:12,200 --> 05:40:14,500
the Crusades as a major break 
with Christianity. 

6349
05:40:15,400 --> 05:40:18,300
The first Crusades targeted 
brutality against Rhineland 

6350
05:40:18,300 --> 05:40:21,700
Villages devastated, centuries 
old Jewish study centres and 

6351
05:40:21,700 --> 05:40:23,400
caused a steady, Eastward 
migration. 

6352
05:40:24,400 --> 05:40:27,000
Sacred, poetry put him 
commemorated. 

6353
05:40:27,000 --> 05:40:29,200
These massacres preserving their
memory. 

6354
05:40:30,200 --> 05:40:32,800
Theological links between 
crusading and anti-jewish 

6355
05:40:32,800 --> 05:40:36,100
violence, set precedence for 
successive persecutions. 

6356
05:40:36,100 --> 05:40:41,800
Including expulsions, from 
England, 1290 France. 1306 and 

6357
05:40:41,800 --> 05:40:45,300
Spain 1492. 
Cultural Legacy created lasting 

6358
05:40:45,300 --> 05:40:48,600
symbols nationalist. 
Colonial and religious groups 

6359
05:40:48,600 --> 05:40:50,400
used the Crusader cross for 
centuries. 

6360
05:40:50,400 --> 05:40:54,200
The Swedish flag used during the
northern Crusades and the 

6361
05:40:54,200 --> 05:40:58,400
International Red Cross flag 
Paradox at humanitarian symbol 

6362
05:40:58,400 --> 05:41:02,500
bear The Crusade across. 
These visual continuity, show 

6363
05:41:02,500 --> 05:41:05,600
How Deeply crusading iconography
shaped European culture. 

6364
05:41:05,600 --> 05:41:08,100
Often without historical 
context. 

6365
05:41:08,800 --> 05:41:10,600
Literary and artistic 
depictions. 

6366
05:41:10,600 --> 05:41:13,500
Skewed stories medieval epic 
poems. 

6367
05:41:13,500 --> 05:41:17,300
Like the song of Roland made 
Muslims into monsters shaping 

6368
05:41:17,300 --> 05:41:19,200
European perceptions for 
Generations. 

6369
05:41:19,200 --> 05:41:23,300
Renaissance paintings of Moors 
used Crusader iconography. 

6370
05:41:24,100 --> 05:41:26,700
These cultural Productions 
actively maintained differences 

6371
05:41:26,700 --> 05:41:28,900
between Christian Europe and the
Muslim world. 

6372
05:41:29,700 --> 05:41:33,000
Modern nationalism in the 19th 
century, politicized crusading 

6373
05:41:33,000 --> 05:41:35,800
memory. 
European Colonial powers in the 

6374
05:41:35,800 --> 05:41:38,600
Middle East Justified their 
presence with Crusader Tales. 

6375
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:42,300
Press coverage, purposely 
evoked, Crusader imagery when 

6376
05:41:42,300 --> 05:41:45,500
British general Allenby invaded 
Jerusalem in 1917. 

6377
05:41:46,300 --> 05:41:48,400
Syrian French mandate, 
authorities rebuilt. 

6378
05:41:48,400 --> 05:41:51,700
Crusader castles as proof of 
their dominance Arab 

6379
05:41:51,700 --> 05:41:53,600
nationalist. 
Organizations, Define their 

6380
05:41:53,600 --> 05:41:56,900
struggle as continuing salads, 
liberation of Jerusalem in 

6381
05:41:56,900 --> 05:41:59,700
response to Colonial 
appropriation political 

6382
05:41:59,700 --> 05:42:02,500
discourse about the Crusade 
shows their unfinished business.

6383
05:42:03,300 --> 05:42:05,900
The immediate uproar, 
demonstrated the lasting impact 

6384
05:42:05,900 --> 05:42:08,100
of the term. 
When President George W, bush, 

6385
05:42:08,100 --> 05:42:12,700
referred to the war on terror. 
As a crusade in 2001, extremist 

6386
05:42:12,700 --> 05:42:15,300
movements in Western and Muslim 
countries, use crusading 

6387
05:42:15,300 --> 05:42:18,600
iconography showing the 
conflicts enduring relevance to 

6388
05:42:18,600 --> 05:42:21,300
Modern Problems. 
Excavation can continue to 

6389
05:42:21,300 --> 05:42:23,700
reveal Crusade of violence is 
material Legacy. 

6390
05:42:24,400 --> 05:42:28,300
Recent excavations at caesarea, 
maritima found, Frankish, and 

6391
05:42:28,300 --> 05:42:30,900
Christian Mass. 
Graves from baybars. 1265 

6392
05:42:30,900 --> 05:42:34,300
Conquest, the bone remains 
indicate hurried burial. 

6393
05:42:34,300 --> 05:42:38,100
After systematic execution. 
Echoing Crusader tactics at 

6394
05:42:38,100 --> 05:42:41,500
Jerusalem about two centuries 
before Popular culture 

6395
05:42:41,500 --> 05:42:44,400
romanticizes, but this 
archaeological record is 

6396
05:42:44,400 --> 05:42:47,000
sobering. 
Many Eastern Mediterranean 

6397
05:42:47,000 --> 05:42:49,800
tourism economies whitewash, 
Crusader, Bloodshed by 

6398
05:42:49,800 --> 05:42:53,600
commodifying their past. 
Crusader castles like crack de 

6399
05:42:53,600 --> 05:42:56,100
chavalier in Syria and Belvoir 
in Israel. 

6400
05:42:56,100 --> 05:42:59,400
A portrayed as architectural 
Marvels rather than military 

6401
05:42:59,400 --> 05:43:02,500
weaponry. 
This limited commemoration shows

6402
05:43:02,500 --> 05:43:05,500
continued difficulties in 
confronting Crusader brutality 

6403
05:43:05,500 --> 05:43:08,300
and its effects on Western 
Middle Eastern relations. 

6404
05:43:09,300 --> 05:43:12,300
Piston melodically the Crusades 
changed how different 

6405
05:43:12,300 --> 05:43:14,300
civilizations perceived 
themselves and others. 

6406
05:43:15,300 --> 05:43:18,800
This time hardened religious 
identities Associated territory 

6407
05:43:18,800 --> 05:43:22,000
with confession and Sanctified 
violence in defense of Faith, 

6408
05:43:22,000 --> 05:43:25,400
all of which continued to impact
contemporary conflicts. 

6409
05:43:26,500 --> 05:43:28,900
The Crusades changed the 
conceptual terrain of 

6410
05:43:28,900 --> 05:43:32,200
international contacts. 
True revolutionary, historical 

6411
05:43:32,200 --> 05:43:34,200
events. 
Create new paradigms that last 

6412
05:43:34,200 --> 05:43:37,300
beyond their immediate 
influence, By this metric, the 

6413
05:43:37,300 --> 05:43:39,200
Crusades violence was one of 
history's. 

6414
05:43:39,200 --> 05:43:43,300
Most significant events after 
nearly a millennium Urban. 

6415
05:43:43,300 --> 05:43:46,300
The second fatal sermon at 
Claremont continues to impact 

6416
05:43:46,300 --> 05:43:49,600
our world because it cuts to the
heart of how civilizations 

6417
05:43:49,600 --> 05:43:52,900
identify themselves and others. 
Crucifer violence. 

6418
05:43:52,900 --> 05:43:55,300
Hans modern discourse. 
As the Middle East struggles 

6419
05:43:55,300 --> 05:43:58,700
with recurrent Wars and Europe, 
grapples with religious and 

6420
05:43:58,700 --> 05:44:01,700
cultural identity. 
Addressing this history is 

6421
05:44:01,700 --> 05:44:03,600
enduring legacies. 
Requires understanding its 

6422
05:44:03,600 --> 05:44:06,400
complexity Beyond triumphalist, 
narratives and simplistic 

6423
05:44:06,400 --> 05:44:10,000
condemnations The Crusades 
cruelty was a revolutionary 

6424
05:44:10,000 --> 05:44:12,100
historical process with lasting 
effects.