The Calm Story of How the Great Wall Was Kept Standing | History For Sleep

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Welcome friend to a quiet 
Journey along one of Humanity's 

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most remarkable achievements 
tonight. 

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We'll walk together through the 
daily life of those who kept the

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Great Wall standing not through 
battles or Conquest. 

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But through patient hands, 
careful, Stone placement. 

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And the steady rhythm of 
Maintenance work, that continued

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for centuries. 
Settle in comfortably as we 

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explore the Ming Dynasty period 
around the 16th century, when 

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the wall, you might pick picture
and photographs was actively 

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cared for by ordinary people. 
Doing extraordinary work. 

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You wake before the sun touches 
the watchtowers, curved roof, 

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the air carriers that particular
chill. 

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That comes just before Dawn 
breaks over Northern China. 

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Crisp enough to make you pull 
your padded jacket tighter. 

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But not so cold that frosters 
formed on the stone beneath your

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feet. 
You've been stationed at this 

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section of the wall for three 
years now. 

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And your body has learned to 
recognize the exact moment when 

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night shifts toward morning, 
even before your eyes open, The 

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darkness around, you isn't 
complete Stars. 

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Still scatter across the sky, 
like rice grains spilled on dark

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silk and you can make out the 
walls distinctive crenellations 

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those tooth like parapets 
stretching away in both 

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directions and they blur into 
the pre-dawn Shadows somewhere 

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in the distance. 
A rooster crows from one of the 

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villages tucked Into The Valleys
below. 

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The sound carries strangely. 
Well, in this still our bouncing

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off the mountains in a way that 
makes you smile that rooster 

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belongs to Old Chen's Farm. 
You're fairly certain which 

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means it's probably the brown 
one with the Crooked tail 

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feather. 
You stretch slowly feeling your 

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joints protest in that familiar 
way the stone platform where 

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you've spent the night, isn't 
uncomfortable. 

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Exactly. 
You've slept in worse places but

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it certainly isn't a bed You're 
sleeping, mat has compressed 

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over the hours and you roll it 
up carefully, tucking it into 

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the corner of the Watchtower, 
where it lives during daylight 

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hours. 
The tower itself is roughly 15 

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feet square with walls thick 
enough to keep out most of the 

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Wind. 
Small opening's at regular 

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intervals. 
Allow you to observe the 

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landscape and a larger opening 
phases in would the populated 

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side of the wall. as the sky 
begins to lighten from black to 

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deep blue, you can see the wall 
more clearly This particular 

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section runs along a ridge line 
following the natural Contours 

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of the mountain with an Elegance
that seems almost casual until 

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you remember, the planning 
required to achieve it. 

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The wall dips and Rises curves 
and straightens all while 

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maintaining its essential 
purpose, erased pathway wide 

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enough for soldiers and supplies
protected by parapets on both 

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sides. 
The first True Light catches, 

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the Eastern face of the wall 
turning the grayish Stone, a 

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warm golden color that lasts 
only minutes before fading to 

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its usual tone. 
You've watched this 

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transformation of times and it 
never quite loses its appeal. 

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The stones themselves are 
slightly irregular. 

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This section was built using 
local materials and you can see 

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variations in color and texture 
that tell the story of where 

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each Stone originated, some came
from the mountain just north of 

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here, others? 
From a quarry two, valleys over 

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a, hawk appears circling lazily 
on the morning thermals that are

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just beginning to rise. 
You watch it for a moment. 

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Appreciating the efficiency of 
its movement, Hawks often Patrol

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this section of the wall drawn 
by the mice and small creatures 

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that make homes in the crevices 
between stones. 

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The relationship feels almost 
Co-operative. 

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The wall provides hunting 
grounds and the Hawks provide 

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entertainment for Watchman. 
Who might otherwise find the 

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hours slow you hear footsteps. 
Before you see Wang, your fellow

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Guardian emerging from the 
Watchtower to the east, he moves

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with the careful gate of someone
whose knees remember every 

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winter spent on Cold Stone and 
he is carrying a small Clay Pot 

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that likely contains tea Why is 
perhaps 15 years older than you 

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with a face? 
Weathered by constant exposure 

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to wind and Sun until his skin 
resembles, the leather used for 

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water bags. 
He nods in greeting the gesture 

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economical and friendly without 
requiring conversation, this 

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early in the day, The two of you
stand together in comfortable, 

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silence watching as the valley 
below, gradually reveals itself 

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terrorist Fields become visible 
first. 

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They're careful geometry are 
human Counterpoint to the wild 

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mountains Beyond Then the 
village appears not 

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dramatically, but incrementally,
the smoke from morning fires, 

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begins to rise and the darker 
shapes of building separate 

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themselves from the landscape. 
You can identify individual 

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structures. 
Now, the larger building that 

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serves as a communal Granary the
temple with its distinctive 

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curved roof and the cluster of 
houses where the families live. 

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Your stomach reminds you that 
you haven't eaten since 

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yesterday, evening and one seems
to have the same thought because

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he produces two small rice cakes
from somewhere within his 

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jacket. 
Their slightly stale but welcome

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and you eat your slowly making 
it last. 

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Tie when Wang finally pause it, 
from his pot into two small 

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cups, his barely warm but 
flavored with something perhaps,

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Ginger, that makes it feel 
warming despite its temperature.

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The morning, routine continues 
with a casualness. 

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Born of repetition. 
You walk the section of wall. 

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That is your responsibility 
checking for obvious problems 

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that might have emerged 
overnight, a loose Stone here, 

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some mortar that seems to be 
crumbling there. 

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Nothing urgent, but you make 
mental notes, the wall is always

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changing always requiring 
attention like a very large and 

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very patient animal that needs 
constant grooming. 

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Other Guardians appear as the 
morning progresses emerging from

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their own watchtowers or walking
up the stone ramps that provide 

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access from Below. 
You exchange nods and occasional

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comments about the weather, 
which looks promising. 

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Clear skies suggesting a good 
day for the repair work that's 

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been planned. 
Everyone moves with purpose but 

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without Rush understanding that,
the work ahead requires steady 

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effort rather than bursts of 
energy by mid-morning. 

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You've descended the wall using 
one of the internal staircases 

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steep Stone steps. 
One Smooth by countless feet 

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over decades. 
The Village at the walls base as

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fully awakened and the sounds of
daily life. 

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Created gentle Symphony 
hammering from the Carpenters 

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Workshop. 
The rhythmic thump of someone 

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beating grain children, 
children's voices from the small

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school and Underneath It, All 
the constant background presence

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of chickens making their various
pronouncements about life. 

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The Village exists because of 
the wall. 

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And for the wall, though, after 
Generations, this relationship 

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has become so natural that 
nobody thinks about it much 

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anymore. 
The house is a build from the 

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same Stone as the wall itself. 
Creating a visual continuity, 

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that makes the settlement seemed
to have grown organically from 

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the landscape. 
Narrow Pathways wind between 

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buildings, following routes 
established, by the Practical 

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considerations of daily life. 
Rather than any formal planning,

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you're heading to the workshop 
where supplies are stored and 

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prepared for the days 
maintenance work. 

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The building sits partially 
against the wall itself. 

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Using the massive structure as 
one wall and taking advantage of

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its thermal Mass to keep the 
interior cool in summer and 

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relatively warm in winter. 
Inside you find master Liu 

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already sorting through 
materials. 

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He is the senior Mason for this 
section. 

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A man whose knowledge of stone 
and mortar. 

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Seems almost Supernatural in its
depth, Master Leo, doesn't look 

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up immediately when you enter 
focused on examining a pile of 

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lime that arrived yesterday from
the killed two valleys over. 

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He picks up Pinschers of it, 
rubbing the material between his

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fingers with the concentration 
of someone reading an important 

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text. 
You've learned not to interrupt 

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these examinations. 
The quality of lime varies 

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depending on countless factors 
the type of Rocket was made from

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the temperature of the kill the 
weather during production and 

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Master Luke and detect subtle 
differences, that determine how 

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well it will perform in Mortar. 
Eventually he nods to himself 

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and looks up acknowledging your 
presence with a slight smile 

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that creases his face and 
familiar patterns. 

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Good lime he says simply which 
from Master Luke counts as 

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enthusiastic praise. 
You help him transfer the lime 

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into smaller containers that 
will be easier to carry up the 

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wall. 
Careful not to raise dust. 

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The fine powder has a sharp 
alkaline smell that catches in 

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your throat. 
If you're not careful. 

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Around you the workshop reveals 
the organized complexity of all 

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maintenance wooden shelves, hold
tools in careful Arrangement 

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hammers of various sizes and 
weights chisels with different 

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profiles. 
Wooden mallets, bronze measuring

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devices levels. 
Plumb lines brushes for applying

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mortar and scrapers for removing
old material. 

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Tool has its specific purpose 
and each shows the wear patterns

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of frequent use, some of have 
been in service for decades. 

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There wouldn't handle smooth and
dark from the oils of many hands

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in one corner. 
Bundles of wooden planks lean 

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against the wall waiting to be 
used for scaffolding or perhaps 

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for repairing, the wooden 
buildings that the walls length.

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Small shelters were supplies are
stored or where Guardians can 

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take refuge during severe 
weather. 

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The wood smells pleasantly 
resinous cut recently enough, 

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that sap still marks and pieces.
These planks came from the 

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forest on the mountains. 
Northern slope carried down by 

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the same team that will help. 
Hold them back up when the time 

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comes. 
A Young Apprentice may be 14 

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years old with the gangly 
awkwardness of someone still 

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growing into their adult height.
Enters carrying a yoke across, 

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his shoulders with water buckets
hanging from each end. he moves 

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carefully trying not to slosh 
the precious liquid and you 

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remember being that age trying 
to prove yourself capable of 

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adult responsibilities Master 
Liu. 

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Direct him to pull the water 
into the large, clay vessels 

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kept from mixing mortar and the 
boy does. 

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So with exaggerated care, that 
makes you hide a smile? 

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The preparation continues 
methodically. materials need to 

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be gathered tool selected and 
work assignments, confirmed, 

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you'll be part of a team, 
working on a section, about half

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a mile east of here, where 
Winter's freeze thaw cycles of 

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damaged, some of the mortar 
joints between stones, It's not 

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dramatic work. 
No. 

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Massive reconstruction. 
Just the patient attention that 

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keeps small problems from 
becoming large ones. 

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Other villagers passed by the 
workshop, entrance going about 

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their own business. 
An older woman heard a small 

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group of ducks toward the pond 
murmuring them in the patient 

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tone used for creatures. 
That respond more to voice 

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Rhythm than. 
Actual words, two men carry a 

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large basket of vegetables 
between them probably heading to

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the communal storage. 
A child darts pass chasing a dog

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that has apparently stolen 
something. 

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Maybe a shoe and the resulting 
chaos makes everyone smile. 

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This Village has perhaps 40 
families, their lives into woven

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through marriages friendships, 
shared work, and the simple 

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proximity of living together in 
a remote location. 

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Most families have been here for
Generations though. 

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Occasionally someone arrives 
from elsewhere drawn by the 

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steady work that will 
maintenance provides. 

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The work isn't glamorous or 
particularly well paid but it's 

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reliable in a way that farming 
dependent on whether and luck 

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can never quite be Your return 
to the wall with the morning 

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supplies climbing, the stone 
ramp that ascends at a gentle 

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angle, making the burden of 
carrying materials manageable. 

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Other workers. 
Accompany you some carrying 

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tools others with baskets of 
lime or sand. 

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And one man balancing a wooden 
pole across his shoulders with 

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water containers hanging from 
both ends. 

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Everyone has learned to Pace 
themselves understanding that 

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this work requires endurance, 
rather than speed the wall. 

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At this point, Rises about 25 
feet of the ground. 

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On the Northern side, though, on
the southern side, where it 

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follows The Ridges natural 
elevation, it's only about six 

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feet tall, Walking along the 
top, you're struck again by the 

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width easily wide enough for 
five or six people to walk 

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abreast and in some sections, 
even wider. 

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This isn't just a wall, it's a 
razed road. 

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A military highway that allowed 
troops and supplies to move 

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quickly along China's Northern 
Frontier. 

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The Guardians you work alongside
are for the most part 

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unremarkable. 
People doing remarkable work 

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through sheer persistence. 
There's old ciao who has 

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maintained his section for 30 
years and can apparently sense. 

234
00:12:10,200 --> 00:12:12,300
Structural problems before they 
become visible. 

235
00:12:12,300 --> 00:12:15,800
There's the Widow misses Tang 
whose husband died in an 

236
00:12:15,800 --> 00:12:18,800
accident involving falling 
Stones, 10 years ago, and who 

237
00:12:18,800 --> 00:12:21,500
now manages Supply with an 
efficiency that borders on 

238
00:12:21,500 --> 00:12:24,600
artistic, there's young way 
barely into his twenties, who 

239
00:12:24,600 --> 00:12:27,800
are his every task with an 
enthusiasm that the older 

240
00:12:27,800 --> 00:12:31,700
workers find simultaneously 
endearing and exhausting Your 

241
00:12:31,700 --> 00:12:33,000
own role has evolved over the 
years. 

242
00:12:33,000 --> 00:12:37,300
From simple labor hauling 
materials mixing mortar to more 

243
00:12:37,300 --> 00:12:40,800
skilled work involving actual 
repairs. you've learned to read 

244
00:12:40,800 --> 00:12:43,300
the walls condition in the way 
of physician reads, A patient's 

245
00:12:43,300 --> 00:12:46,700
symptoms understanding that 
small signs, often indicate 

246
00:12:46,700 --> 00:12:50,600
larger issues A crack following 
a particular pattern might 

247
00:12:50,600 --> 00:12:54,200
suggest movement in the earth. 
Beneath the foundation Malta, 

248
00:12:54,200 --> 00:12:57,200
that crumbles to easily could 
indicate that water is getting 

249
00:12:57,200 --> 00:13:00,700
behind the stones vegetation 
growing in joints, means that 

250
00:13:00,700 --> 00:13:03,900
roots are working their way into
the structure slowly but 

251
00:13:03,900 --> 00:13:07,200
inevitably causing damage. 
The section you're working on 

252
00:13:07,208 --> 00:13:09,100
today. 
Shows, typical wear from winter 

253
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:11,500
weather. 
Water has infiltrated joints 

254
00:13:11,500 --> 00:13:15,600
between Stones Frozen during 
cold nights and expanded with 

255
00:13:15,600 --> 00:13:17,200
enough Force to crack the 
mortar. 

256
00:13:17,200 --> 00:13:20,700
The damaged material has fallen 
away leaving gaps. 

257
00:13:20,700 --> 00:13:24,100
That will only worsen if left 
unattended, your task is to 

258
00:13:24,100 --> 00:13:26,900
remove the remaining compromised
mortar clean, the joints 

259
00:13:26,900 --> 00:13:29,400
thoroughly and refill them with 
fresh material. 

260
00:13:29,400 --> 00:13:33,400
Mix to the proper consistency, 
Master lure, arrives to inspect 

261
00:13:33,400 --> 00:13:36,700
the work area running his hands 
over the stones with the gentle 

262
00:13:36,700 --> 00:13:39,900
attention of someone greeting, 
an old friend. he points out 

263
00:13:39,900 --> 00:13:43,600
details, you might have missed 
that has shifted slightly and 

264
00:13:43,600 --> 00:13:46,900
needs to be reset a section 
where water seems to be pooling 

265
00:13:46,900 --> 00:13:49,900
and needs better drainage and a 
crack that requires monitoring. 

266
00:13:49,900 --> 00:13:53,600
But doesn't yet need repair? 
His knowledge comes from Decades

267
00:13:53,600 --> 00:13:57,000
of observation new absorb. 
What you can knowing that this 

268
00:13:57,000 --> 00:14:00,000
expertise can't be learned from 
books or formal instruction. 

269
00:14:00,900 --> 00:14:04,700
The work begins with careful 
removal of old mortar, use a 

270
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:07,900
chisel and Hammer tapping gently
to avoid damaging the stones 

271
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:10,300
themselves. 
The old mortar comes away in 

272
00:14:10,300 --> 00:14:13,300
chunks and power and you 
collected in a basket, not for 

273
00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:16,000
reuse, but because leaving 
debris on the wall, creates 

274
00:14:16,000 --> 00:14:19,900
problems, the material gets 
swept up by wind and clogged 

275
00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:23,200
drainage systems or accumulating
Corners where water, then pools.

276
00:14:24,000 --> 00:14:26,700
As you work, you notice the 
construction details that make 

277
00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:29,600
the wall more sophisticated than
it might appear from a distance.

278
00:14:30,500 --> 00:14:33,700
Stones aren't simply stacked, 
they're carefully selected and 

279
00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:37,400
placed to create a stable 
structure larger stones form. 

280
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:39,900
The face of the wall. 
While the interior is filled 

281
00:14:39,900 --> 00:14:43,500
with smaller Stones, rubble and 
Earth, all taped down to create 

282
00:14:43,500 --> 00:14:46,700
a solid Mass. 
The facing stones are cut or 

283
00:14:46,708 --> 00:14:50,200
selected to fit together closely
minimizing the amount of water 

284
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:52,600
needed and creating a surface 
that resists weathering. 

285
00:14:53,600 --> 00:14:57,200
The mortar itself is a careful 
mixed of lime, clay and sand 

286
00:14:57,200 --> 00:15:00,100
with proportions That Vary 
depending on the specific 

287
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:04,000
application for joints exposed 
to weather more lime, makes them

288
00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:07,900
extra more water resistant for 
interior work, less lime saves 

289
00:15:07,900 --> 00:15:11,300
money without compromising 
strength Master Lewis taught you

290
00:15:11,300 --> 00:15:14,800
to test more to consistency by 
how it holds to a trail too wet 

291
00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:18,000
and its slumps to dry and it 
crumbles just, right? 

292
00:15:18,000 --> 00:15:21,600
And it clings with without 
running Your fellow workers, 

293
00:15:21,600 --> 00:15:25,200
maintain a steady Rhythm, each 
person focused on their task but

294
00:15:25,200 --> 00:15:28,200
aware of the others presents. 
occasionally, someone makes a 

295
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:31,800
comment about the weather about 
a tool that needs sharpening or 

296
00:15:31,800 --> 00:15:34,900
about the village gossip that 
always circulates The 

297
00:15:34,900 --> 00:15:37,900
conversation is minimal but 
friendly punctuated by the 

298
00:15:37,900 --> 00:15:41,600
sounds of tools against Stone, 
the scrape of trowels and the 

299
00:15:41,608 --> 00:15:44,100
soft impact of hammers against 
wooden Stakes. 

300
00:15:45,100 --> 00:15:48,500
A light, wind picks up around 
midday bringing cooler air from 

301
00:15:48,500 --> 00:15:51,700
the mountains to the north. 
It carries sense that tell 

302
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:55,800
stories Pine from the distant, 
forests dust from the planes 

303
00:15:55,800 --> 00:15:59,400
Beyond, and sometimes 
mysteriously, the hint of the 

304
00:15:59,408 --> 00:16:01,400
sea that lies hundreds of miles 
away. 

305
00:16:02,500 --> 00:16:05,700
You pause to drink from your 
water, flask, looking out over 

306
00:16:05,700 --> 00:16:08,100
the landscape that has become 
familiar through daily 

307
00:16:08,100 --> 00:16:10,800
observation. 
The afternoon brings different 

308
00:16:10,800 --> 00:16:13,500
work. 
Actual stone replacement rather 

309
00:16:13,500 --> 00:16:18,300
than just 3 point mortar. 
A section about 30 feet from 

310
00:16:18,300 --> 00:16:20,600
where you were working. 
This morning has several stones 

311
00:16:20,600 --> 00:16:24,900
that have become too damaged to 
remain in place. whether age and

312
00:16:24,900 --> 00:16:27,300
this simple, stress of 
supporting weight of created, 

313
00:16:27,300 --> 00:16:30,600
cracks that compromise the 
stones integrity, They need to 

314
00:16:30,608 --> 00:16:34,000
come out and be replaced. 
This work requires more people 

315
00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:37,600
and more planning Master Liu. 
Supervises, directing the 

316
00:16:37,600 --> 00:16:40,300
placement of wooden props that 
will support the weight while 

317
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:43,400
damage stones are removed. 
The props themselves are 

318
00:16:43,400 --> 00:16:46,500
fascinating piece of 
engineering, adjustable wooden 

319
00:16:46,500 --> 00:16:49,200
beams that can be wedged into 
place and tightened to take 

320
00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:52,300
weight gradually. 
The Wood Creek slightly under 

321
00:16:52,300 --> 00:16:55,800
load but Master you listens to 
the sounds with the attention of

322
00:16:55,800 --> 00:16:59,500
a musician tuning, an instrument
understanding, exactly how much 

323
00:16:59,500 --> 00:17:01,200
stress the props can safely 
handle. 

324
00:17:02,100 --> 00:17:04,700
Removing a stone from the middle
of the wall without causing a 

325
00:17:04,700 --> 00:17:07,400
collapse requires, patience that
borders on meditative. 

326
00:17:08,099 --> 00:17:10,599
First, the mortar around, the 
stone must be completely 

327
00:17:10,599 --> 00:17:14,500
removed, not just loosened, but 
entirely cleared away until the 

328
00:17:14,500 --> 00:17:17,099
stone is held in place only by 
the weight and friction of 

329
00:17:17,099 --> 00:17:20,400
surrounding Stones. 
Then wooden wedges are driven 

330
00:17:20,400 --> 00:17:23,599
into the gaps, slowly increasing
the space and relieving 

331
00:17:23,599 --> 00:17:26,400
pressure. 
Finally, with careful Levering 

332
00:17:26,400 --> 00:17:30,100
and the coordinated effort of 
people, the stone can be shifted

333
00:17:30,100 --> 00:17:33,000
and removed. 
The damaged Stone once extracted

334
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:34,700
reveals. 
Interesting details. 

335
00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:38,600
His back surface is rougher than
the front exactly, as it should 

336
00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:39,600
be. 
The rough. 

337
00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:42,500
Surface provides better grip for
the mortar and ruffle fill. 

338
00:17:43,100 --> 00:17:46,400
You can see tool marks from its 
original shaping, probably made 

339
00:17:46,400 --> 00:17:49,400
by a Mason working decades or 
even centuries ago. 

340
00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:52,200
Depending on when this 
particular section was last 

341
00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:56,300
rebuilt. the stone ways, perhaps
200 pounds and moving it 

342
00:17:56,300 --> 00:17:59,600
requires, a wooden Sledge and 
four people, pulling carefully, 

343
00:17:59,600 --> 00:18:02,900
coordinated ropes Replacement 
stones have been prepared in 

344
00:18:02,900 --> 00:18:06,200
advance selected from the 
stockpile that every maintenance

345
00:18:06,200 --> 00:18:09,200
section keeps. 
Finding stones that match the 

346
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:13,400
existing work in size and shape 
is part art and part practical 

347
00:18:13,400 --> 00:18:16,100
geometry. 
Master Liu examined. 

348
00:18:16,100 --> 00:18:19,100
Several candidates rejecting, 
some for reasons that aren't 

349
00:18:19,100 --> 00:18:22,000
immediately obvious to you one 
has a hairline crack that might 

350
00:18:22,000 --> 00:18:25,100
not matter now, but could cause 
problems later and another is a 

351
00:18:25,108 --> 00:18:27,400
slightly softer stone that will 
weather faster than its 

352
00:18:27,400 --> 00:18:30,000
neighbors. 
The Chosen replacement Stone 

353
00:18:30,000 --> 00:18:33,200
gets fitted carefully into the 
opening, it doesn't simply drop 

354
00:18:33,200 --> 00:18:37,200
into place instead it requires 
small adjustments, shaving a bit

355
00:18:37,208 --> 00:18:41,100
here, shimming there with thin 
Stone flakes until it's sits 

356
00:18:41,100 --> 00:18:44,700
precisely as it should. 
Fit needs to be tight enough to 

357
00:18:44,700 --> 00:18:47,900
provide structural Integrity but
not so tight that it creates 

358
00:18:47,900 --> 00:18:50,900
stress points. 
Master Liu checks the alignment 

359
00:18:50,900 --> 00:18:53,700
using a water level. 
Along tube, filled with water. 

360
00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:57,200
Whose ends must be at the same 
height regardless of the tubes 

361
00:18:57,200 --> 00:19:00,500
path between them. 
While this skilled work proceeds

362
00:19:00,500 --> 00:19:02,100
other tasks. 
Continue around you. 

363
00:19:02,100 --> 00:19:06,000
Someone is clearing vegetation 
from drainage channels a job 

364
00:19:06,008 --> 00:19:08,500
that seems minor until you can 
consider that blocked. 

365
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:11,900
Drainage causes water to 
accumulate freeze and cracked 

366
00:19:11,900 --> 00:19:14,000
Stones. 
Another worker is treating 

367
00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:17,300
wooden elements with a mixture 
of oils that help preserve them 

368
00:19:17,300 --> 00:19:20,800
against weather and insects. 
A third person is checking and 

369
00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:23,500
tightening the stones that pave,
the walls walking surface 

370
00:19:23,500 --> 00:19:26,300
ensuring that none of worked 
loose and might trip someone 

371
00:19:26,300 --> 00:19:29,900
hurrying along in the dark. 
The new stone, finally settles 

372
00:19:29,900 --> 00:19:33,100
into place with a satisfying 
solidity, and mortar is 

373
00:19:33,100 --> 00:19:36,800
carefully packed around it. 
Master Liu uses a thin stick to 

374
00:19:36,800 --> 00:19:40,300
work the mortar into every Gap. 
Ensuring no air pockets, remain.

375
00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:44,600
The excess mortar gets scraped 
away and smooth, creating neat 

376
00:19:44,600 --> 00:19:46,400
joints. 
That will shed water rather than

377
00:19:46,400 --> 00:19:49,700
Channel it into the wall. 
The work won't be fully cured 

378
00:19:49,700 --> 00:19:52,900
for days, but even now you can 
see that it will be virtually 

379
00:19:52,900 --> 00:19:55,300
invisible. 
Once completed, just another 

380
00:19:55,300 --> 00:19:57,200
Stone. 
In an endless line of stones, 

381
00:19:57,200 --> 00:20:00,600
maintaining the walls Integrity 
for whoever comes after you. 

382
00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:04,800
You take a moment to appreciate 
the continuity, this represents 

383
00:20:04,800 --> 00:20:07,100
the stone. 
You've just replaced might have 

384
00:20:07,100 --> 00:20:10,100
been placed by a Mason during 
the Ming Dynasty's early years 

385
00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:12,800
and the stone. 
Now, filling its space might 

386
00:20:12,800 --> 00:20:14,500
remain in place for another few 
centuries. 

387
00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:17,400
Your hands have touched the same
surfaces that. 

388
00:20:17,400 --> 00:20:20,500
Countless other hands touch 
before and countless more will 

389
00:20:20,500 --> 00:20:24,500
touch after the work is humble. 
But the connection to history 

390
00:20:24,500 --> 00:20:27,100
feels tangible in a way that 
written records never quite 

391
00:20:27,100 --> 00:20:29,700
capture. 
As afternoons slides toward 

392
00:20:29,700 --> 00:20:32,700
evening, attention shifts to the
wooden structures along the 

393
00:20:32,700 --> 00:20:36,800
wall, the small buildings, Gates
and shelters that provide 

394
00:20:36,800 --> 00:20:39,200
crucial functionality beyond the
stone and Earth. 

395
00:20:39,800 --> 00:20:42,200
These structures require their 
own form of Maintenance, 

396
00:20:42,200 --> 00:20:46,100
following rhythms determined by 
seasons and weather rather than 

397
00:20:46,100 --> 00:20:48,400
the slower pace of stone 
deterioration. 

398
00:20:49,300 --> 00:20:53,000
The nearest shelter is a small 
building for each square with 

399
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:56,900
walls of Timber and a tiled roof
designed to shed rain and snow 

400
00:20:56,900 --> 00:20:59,800
efficiently. 
It sits against the walls in a 

401
00:20:59,808 --> 00:21:02,800
face using the massive Stone 
structure as shelter. 

402
00:21:02,800 --> 00:21:06,600
From northern winds, Inside the 
space is simple but functional 

403
00:21:06,600 --> 00:21:11,300
storage for emergency supplies a
small, raise platform for 

404
00:21:11,300 --> 00:21:14,700
sleeping and a brassiere for 
heating during cold weather with

405
00:21:14,700 --> 00:21:17,200
a carefully designed chimney 
that vents through the roof. 

406
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:21,100
Today's work involves replacing 
some of the roof tiles that 

407
00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:24,800
cracked during winter freezes. 
You climb a ladder checking its 

408
00:21:24,800 --> 00:21:27,800
stability first because fools 
from even modest. 

409
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:29,900
Heights can be serious and 
carefully. 

410
00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:32,400
Remove the damaged tiles each 
tile. 

411
00:21:32,400 --> 00:21:34,800
Overlaps its neighbors in a 
pattern that creates a 

412
00:21:34,800 --> 00:21:37,700
waterproof surface while 
allowing individual pieces to be

413
00:21:37,700 --> 00:21:39,800
replaced with without disturbing
the entire roof. 

414
00:21:40,900 --> 00:21:44,200
The system is elegant in its 
Simplicity proven over centuries

415
00:21:44,200 --> 00:21:47,300
of use, the replacement tiles. 
Have been fired in the same 

416
00:21:47,300 --> 00:21:50,400
kills that produced tiles for 
village houses maintaining 

417
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:52,100
consistency in color and 
texture. 

418
00:21:53,000 --> 00:21:55,600
The heavier than they look and 
positioning them correctly 

419
00:21:55,600 --> 00:21:59,100
requires attention to detail. 
The tile must sit at the proper 

420
00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:02,200
angle to channel water away and 
the overlap must be sufficient 

421
00:22:02,200 --> 00:22:05,000
to prevent leaks even in driving
rain or melting snow. 

422
00:22:05,000 --> 00:22:09,100
You work slowly testing each 
tiles position before moving to 

423
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:12,700
the next From the roof, you have
an interesting perspective on 

424
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:16,000
the walls construction, you can 
see how the crenellations those 

425
00:22:16,000 --> 00:22:18,600
parapet walls on. 
Either side are actually quite 

426
00:22:18,600 --> 00:22:21,700
complex structures. 
Not simple walls but carefully 

427
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:24,500
designed elements that provide 
protection while allowing 

428
00:22:24,500 --> 00:22:28,300
observation and when necessary 
defensive action, the gaps 

429
00:22:28,300 --> 00:22:30,900
between crenellations are 
positioned to offer, Clear Sight

430
00:22:30,900 --> 00:22:33,700
lines while remaining narrow 
enough that someone standing 

431
00:22:33,700 --> 00:22:35,300
behind them remains largely 
protected. 

432
00:22:35,300 --> 00:22:38,300
Other wooden elements dot the 
walls length. 

433
00:22:38,300 --> 00:22:42,000
There are simple gates in some 
sections, allowing access to 

434
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:44,300
pars The Descent to Villages or 
water sources. 

435
00:22:45,300 --> 00:22:48,200
These Gates need regular 
attention, hinges. 

436
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:52,100
Must be oil, would must be 
treated against rot and the fit 

437
00:22:52,100 --> 00:22:54,600
must be checked to ensure. 
They can still close properly. 

438
00:22:55,800 --> 00:22:59,200
There are also wooden platforms 
at various points, providing 

439
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:02,400
elevated positions for 
observation or simply offering 

440
00:23:02,400 --> 00:23:06,000
level surfaces, where the wall 
itself, slopes steeply, the 

441
00:23:06,000 --> 00:23:08,500
seasonal nature of this. 
Maintenance becomes apparent as 

442
00:23:08,508 --> 00:23:11,600
you work in. 
Spring attention, focuses on 

443
00:23:11,600 --> 00:23:15,400
repairing, winter damage, 
cracked tiles warped, boards and

444
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:19,100
fasteners loosened by freeze 
thaw Cycles in summer, the 

445
00:23:19,100 --> 00:23:22,400
concern, shifts to protection 
against son and insects with 

446
00:23:22,400 --> 00:23:24,900
applications of preservative 
oils and inspection for pest 

447
00:23:24,900 --> 00:23:27,900
damage. 
Autumn brings preparation for 

448
00:23:27,900 --> 00:23:29,900
winter. 
Checking that roofs. 

449
00:23:29,900 --> 00:23:32,800
A sound that shutters closed 
properly and that Supply is 

450
00:23:32,800 --> 00:23:35,300
adequate. 
Winter itself, sees less 

451
00:23:35,300 --> 00:23:38,800
maintenance activity with work, 
limited to Urgent, repairs and 

452
00:23:38,800 --> 00:23:40,700
daily. 
Clearing of snow from critical 

453
00:23:40,700 --> 00:23:44,400
areas, youngway joins you on the
roof bringing additional tiles 

454
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:47,200
and showing the easy confidence 
of someone who has never fallen 

455
00:23:47,200 --> 00:23:50,700
from a height and thus hasn't 
yet learned appropriate caution.

456
00:23:51,500 --> 00:23:54,500
You subtly position yourself to 
block his access to the roof's 

457
00:23:54,500 --> 00:23:56,100
Edge, and he doesn't notice or 
comment. 

458
00:23:57,000 --> 00:23:59,300
He Chatters while working 
talking about his plans to 

459
00:23:59,300 --> 00:24:02,300
perhaps marry next year. 
Maybe start a family and 

460
00:24:02,300 --> 00:24:04,800
continue his work on the wall, 
like his father and grandfather 

461
00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:08,300
before him. 
His enthusiasm is genuine and 

462
00:24:08,300 --> 00:24:11,100
you find yourself slightly 
envious of his certainly about 

463
00:24:11,100 --> 00:24:13,800
the future. 
The sun has moved significantly.

464
00:24:13,800 --> 00:24:16,600
Across the sky, by the time, the
roof work is complete. 

465
00:24:16,600 --> 00:24:20,300
And you climb down carefully, 
feeling the days labor, in your 

466
00:24:20,300 --> 00:24:23,200
shoulders and back. 
The ladder goes back into 

467
00:24:23,200 --> 00:24:25,700
storage. 
A good ladder is valuable and 

468
00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:28,900
needs protection from weather 
and you gather the broken tiles 

469
00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:31,900
for disposal. 
They can't be reused that. 

470
00:24:31,900 --> 00:24:34,800
They'll be buried near the wall 
eventually becoming part of the 

471
00:24:34,800 --> 00:24:37,800
landscape like everything else 
that has served its purpose 

472
00:24:37,800 --> 00:24:40,200
here. 
Evening finds you in the supply 

473
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:42,900
storage area, helping to 
organize materials for 

474
00:24:42,900 --> 00:24:45,700
tomorrow's work. 
This might seem like mundane 

475
00:24:45,700 --> 00:24:49,200
bookkeeping but maintaining the 
wall depend absolutely on having

476
00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:51,800
the right materials in the right
places at the right times. 

477
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:54,900
The logistics of Supply 
management have their own 

478
00:24:54,900 --> 00:24:56,800
complexity, their own 
satisfaction. 

479
00:24:56,800 --> 00:25:01,300
The storage area is actually a 
series of spaces built into an 

480
00:25:01,300 --> 00:25:03,900
against the wall itself. 
Taking advantage of the 

481
00:25:03,900 --> 00:25:07,600
structures mass and protection 
Some storages in vaulted 

482
00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:10,600
chambers within the walls. 
Thickness spaces originally 

483
00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:13,700
designed for military purposes 
but now repurposed for peaceful 

484
00:25:13,700 --> 00:25:16,700
maintenance work. 
Other supplies live in the 

485
00:25:16,708 --> 00:25:18,800
wooden structures. 
Built against the walls in a 

486
00:25:18,800 --> 00:25:23,500
face protected from weather, but
accessible when needed Materials

487
00:25:23,500 --> 00:25:26,400
arrive from various sources 
following Supply chains that 

488
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:29,800
connect this remote section of 
wall to production centers that 

489
00:25:29,800 --> 00:25:33,600
might be days or weeks away. 
Lime comes from Kilns in The 

490
00:25:33,608 --> 00:25:36,200
Valleys where limestone is 
burned in carefully. 

491
00:25:36,200 --> 00:25:40,600
Tended fires, sand is collected 
from specific riverbeds, chosen 

492
00:25:40,600 --> 00:25:44,200
for grain size and mineral 
content Clay comes from deposits

493
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:46,100
identified and worked over 
Generations. 

494
00:25:46,100 --> 00:25:49,700
Would arrives from managed 
forests where trees are 

495
00:25:49,700 --> 00:25:52,400
selectively harvested to make 
the resource for future needs. 

496
00:25:53,400 --> 00:25:55,500
The accounting system is 
surprisingly sophisticated 

497
00:25:55,500 --> 00:25:59,100
maintained by a clerk who visits
every few weeks to update 

498
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:00,900
records and arranged for new 
supplies. 

499
00:26:01,800 --> 00:26:04,700
He uses a combination of written
records and Counting rods. 

500
00:26:04,700 --> 00:26:07,800
The traditional Chinese 
calculation tool that allows 

501
00:26:07,800 --> 00:26:10,700
complex arithmetic through Rod 
position and manipulation 

502
00:26:10,700 --> 00:26:14,000
watching. 
Him work is fascinating, his 

503
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:17,700
fingers move with practice 
speed, calculating quantity is 

504
00:26:17,700 --> 00:26:19,800
and costs with an accuracy that 
matches. 

505
00:26:19,800 --> 00:26:24,600
Any written arithmetic, you help
count and stack tiles organizing

506
00:26:24,600 --> 00:26:28,400
them by size and condition. 
Damage tiles, get separated for 

507
00:26:28,400 --> 00:26:32,300
potential reuse, even broken 
tiles, have value as Rubble or 

508
00:26:32,300 --> 00:26:35,800
drainage material. 
Good tiles are stacked carefully

509
00:26:35,800 --> 00:26:38,600
with straw between layers to 
prevent shipping during storage.

510
00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:43,700
The counting becomes almost 
meditative one, two, three, 

511
00:26:43,700 --> 00:26:46,400
four. 
Continuing in Rhythm, while your

512
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:50,300
mind, wanders to other thoughts,
Other supplies receive similar 

513
00:26:50,300 --> 00:26:52,600
attention. 
Wooden planks are sorted by 

514
00:26:52,608 --> 00:26:55,300
length and thickness, tools are 
inventory. 

515
00:26:55,300 --> 00:26:58,100
And those needing repair are set
aside for the village 

516
00:26:58,100 --> 00:27:01,800
blacksmith's attention. 
Rope gets inspected for wear 

517
00:27:01,800 --> 00:27:04,800
with any showing significant 
fraying marked for replacement 

518
00:27:04,800 --> 00:27:09,000
before it fails during use. 
iron, fittings hinges, brackets 

519
00:27:09,000 --> 00:27:12,600
Nails, accounted and their 
condition noted, even the 

520
00:27:12,600 --> 00:27:15,500
seemingly infinite supply of 
basic materials like sand and 

521
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:18,700
gravel gets monitored with all 
orders placed, when reserves 

522
00:27:18,700 --> 00:27:22,500
dropped below certain levels, 
Mrs. Tang the supply manager 

523
00:27:22,500 --> 00:27:25,700
moves through the storage areas 
with complete confidence in the 

524
00:27:25,700 --> 00:27:28,200
dark spaces. 
She knows where everything is 

525
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:31,800
kept how much of everything 
remains and what will be needed 

526
00:27:31,800 --> 00:27:35,100
for the coming weeks work. 
Her memory seems perfect. 

527
00:27:35,100 --> 00:27:38,800
But you notice, she keeps small 
notation on wooden tablets 

528
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:42,300
character marks that serve as 
memory aids and double checks 

529
00:27:42,300 --> 00:27:45,400
against oversight. 
She explained to you as she's 

530
00:27:45,400 --> 00:27:48,800
explained before that Supply 
management operates on multiple 

531
00:27:48,800 --> 00:27:52,300
time frames simultaneously. 
There are immediate needs 

532
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:55,900
tomorrow's mortar requires lime,
that must be available to day. 

533
00:27:55,900 --> 00:27:58,700
There are seasonal needs tiles 
for winter. 

534
00:27:58,700 --> 00:28:01,700
Repairs must be ordered in 
summer when kills are operating 

535
00:28:01,700 --> 00:28:04,800
and roads are possible. 
And there are long-term 

536
00:28:04,800 --> 00:28:09,100
strategic reserves materials 
kept against unexpected problems

537
00:28:09,100 --> 00:28:13,000
sudden damage from storms or 
earthquakes or interruptions in 

538
00:28:13,000 --> 00:28:16,200
the normal supply chain. 
The system has evolved over 

539
00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:19,500
centuries of trial and error, 
incorporating hard, one lessons 

540
00:28:19,500 --> 00:28:23,100
about what works and what 
doesn't Storing lime in sealed, 

541
00:28:23,100 --> 00:28:24,700
containers keeps it dry and 
active. 

542
00:28:24,700 --> 00:28:27,300
Keeping multiple tool types 
means work. 

543
00:28:27,300 --> 00:28:29,700
Doesn't stop. 
When one breaks Maintaining 

544
00:28:29,700 --> 00:28:32,900
relationships with reliable, 
suppliers, ensures quality and 

545
00:28:32,900 --> 00:28:35,500
availability. 
These aren't written rules so 

546
00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:38,300
much as practical knowledge 
passed down through generations 

547
00:28:38,300 --> 00:28:41,200
of workers. 
As Darkness, settles fully over 

548
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,100
the wall, you finish the 
Infantry work and help secure 

549
00:28:44,100 --> 00:28:47,300
the storage areas. 
Doors are closed and latched. 

550
00:28:47,300 --> 00:28:49,800
Not locked. 
There's little theft here. 

551
00:28:49,800 --> 00:28:52,800
Where everyone knows everyone 
and Community disapproval is 

552
00:28:52,800 --> 00:28:55,800
powerful enforcement, but 
secured against wind and 

553
00:28:55,800 --> 00:28:58,100
animals. 
The satisfaction of good 

554
00:28:58,100 --> 00:29:01,400
organization is real tomorrow's 
work will proceed smoothly 

555
00:29:01,400 --> 00:29:03,800
because tonight's preparation 
was Thoreau. 

556
00:29:05,200 --> 00:29:08,100
The next morning, brings 
different work, attention to the

557
00:29:08,100 --> 00:29:11,300
earthwork that forms much of the
walls mass and provides, its 

558
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:13,800
fundamental stability from a 
distance. 

559
00:29:13,800 --> 00:29:17,400
The wall appears to be primarily
stoned but this visible surface 

560
00:29:17,400 --> 00:29:20,500
is actually just the facing on a
much larger structure of Earth, 

561
00:29:20,500 --> 00:29:25,100
rubble and careful engineering. 
You're working on a section 

562
00:29:25,100 --> 00:29:27,200
where water drainage has become 
problematic. 

563
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:30,100
The walls Foundation here. 
Sits on a relatively 

564
00:29:30,100 --> 00:29:33,700
impermeable, clay layer and 
winter runoff has pooled rather 

565
00:29:33,700 --> 00:29:36,400
than draining away. 
Creating conditions that could 

566
00:29:36,400 --> 00:29:38,000
undermine the structures 
stability. 

567
00:29:39,200 --> 00:29:42,500
The work required involves both 
diagnosis and repair, 

568
00:29:42,500 --> 00:29:46,300
understanding the waters path 
and redirecting, it away from 

569
00:29:46,300 --> 00:29:49,400
vulnerable areas. 
Master Liu has brought several 

570
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:52,400
workers for this project. 
Understanding that earthwork 

571
00:29:52,400 --> 00:29:55,000
requires different skills than 
masonry or carpentry. 

572
00:29:55,900 --> 00:29:59,100
One older man, his name is ghoul
and he's worked on irrigation 

573
00:29:59,100 --> 00:30:02,100
channels for most of his life. 
As the knowledge needed to 

574
00:30:02,100 --> 00:30:04,500
understand how water moves 
through soil and around 

575
00:30:04,500 --> 00:30:07,000
obstacles. 
He walks the area slowly 

576
00:30:07,000 --> 00:30:09,800
observing. 
Subtle changes in vegetation and

577
00:30:09,800 --> 00:30:12,200
soil color that indicate 
moisture patterns. 

578
00:30:12,200 --> 00:30:16,100
The diagnostic process is 
fascinating to watch grow 

579
00:30:16,100 --> 00:30:19,400
examines where water appears 
after rain, noting stains on 

580
00:30:19,408 --> 00:30:21,100
Stone and patterns of moss 
growth. 

581
00:30:21,100 --> 00:30:24,800
He digs small test holes in 
several locations describing, 

582
00:30:24,800 --> 00:30:28,500
what he finds in each, the soil,
composition the depth to 

583
00:30:28,500 --> 00:30:31,200
different layers. 
And the presence of roots or 

584
00:30:31,200 --> 00:30:33,500
rocks that might Channel or 
block water flow. 

585
00:30:33,500 --> 00:30:37,100
He seems to be building a mental
map of the subsurface conditions

586
00:30:37,100 --> 00:30:40,100
and eventually he nods to 
himself and points to where work

587
00:30:40,100 --> 00:30:42,900
should focus. 
The repair involves creating a 

588
00:30:42,900 --> 00:30:45,600
drainage channel, that will 
intercept water before it 

589
00:30:45,600 --> 00:30:48,900
reaches the walls foundation, 
and redirect it to a point where

590
00:30:48,900 --> 00:30:52,700
it can safely Flow Away. 
This requires digging. 

591
00:30:52,700 --> 00:30:56,500
Not the dramatic excavation, you
might imagine, but careful 

592
00:30:56,500 --> 00:30:59,900
methodical removal of Earth. 
Always watching for signs of 

593
00:30:59,908 --> 00:31:01,800
instability. 
That might indicate the wall 

594
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:03,700
itself is being affected by the 
work. 

595
00:31:04,700 --> 00:31:08,200
The Earth here is a mixture of 
clay silt and small stones 

596
00:31:08,200 --> 00:31:10,800
packed hard by centuries of 
compression. 

597
00:31:11,600 --> 00:31:14,800
Removing it requires picks to 
break up the material, followed 

598
00:31:14,800 --> 00:31:18,500
by shovels to clear it away. 
The work is physically demanding

599
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:22,300
in a way that is different from 
stone or woodwork less Precision

600
00:31:22,300 --> 00:31:24,500
required, but more sustained 
physical effort. 

601
00:31:24,500 --> 00:31:28,400
You take turns with the digging 
switching places every 15 or 20 

602
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:32,400
minutes to prevent exhaustion. 
As you dig you encounter layers 

603
00:31:32,400 --> 00:31:33,800
that. 
Tell stories about the walls 

604
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:36,500
history. 
A layer of charcoal indicates a 

605
00:31:36,500 --> 00:31:38,900
fire. 
Probably from a brassiere or 

606
00:31:38,900 --> 00:31:42,300
cooking fire along a go. 
Fragments of pottery show where 

607
00:31:42,300 --> 00:31:45,300
someone broke a vessel and the 
pieces ended up in film 

608
00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:47,800
material. 
Bones from meals, eaten by 

609
00:31:47,800 --> 00:31:49,600
previous generations of workers 
appear. 

610
00:31:49,600 --> 00:31:53,200
Occasionally, usually chicken or
Pig disposed off in the most 

611
00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:56,100
convenient way of available. 
The drainage Channel takes 

612
00:31:56,100 --> 00:31:59,700
shape, gradually a shallow ditch
lined with stones to prevent 

613
00:31:59,700 --> 00:32:02,400
erosion. 
Graded to ensure water flows in 

614
00:32:02,408 --> 00:32:05,200
the intended Direction and 
designed to handle, not just 

615
00:32:05,200 --> 00:32:08,300
typical runoff, but also the 
larger volumes that come with 

616
00:32:08,300 --> 00:32:10,200
spring snowmelt or summer 
storms. 

617
00:32:10,900 --> 00:32:14,000
Master Liu, checks the grade 
using the same water level tool 

618
00:32:14,000 --> 00:32:17,100
employed for stonework ensuring 
that the channel will function 

619
00:32:17,100 --> 00:32:20,400
as intended rather than simply 
moving the problem to a 

620
00:32:20,400 --> 00:32:23,400
different location. 
Once the channel is excavated 

621
00:32:23,400 --> 00:32:26,600
and aligned attention, turns to 
protecting it against damage, 

622
00:32:26,600 --> 00:32:30,100
the channel gets covered with 
flat Stones laid Loosely enough,

623
00:32:30,100 --> 00:32:33,200
that water can still enter But 
animals or cartwheels won't 

624
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:35,700
collapse. 
The structure vegetation will be

625
00:32:35,700 --> 00:32:38,600
encouraged to grow along its 
edges with roots, helping to 

626
00:32:38,600 --> 00:32:40,800
stabilize the soil. 
While the plants themselves 

627
00:32:40,800 --> 00:32:43,000
indicate the drainage is working
properly. 

628
00:32:43,900 --> 00:32:47,200
The work extends into the 
afternoon with breaks for water 

629
00:32:47,200 --> 00:32:50,400
and simple food. 
More rice cakes, some dried 

630
00:32:50,400 --> 00:32:53,900
fruit and tea that somehow stays
warm in misses Tang's Pottery 

631
00:32:53,900 --> 00:32:56,300
container despite the cool air 
temperature. 

632
00:32:57,100 --> 00:32:59,600
The group works with the easy, 
coordination of people who have 

633
00:32:59,600 --> 00:33:02,500
collaborated frequently 
understanding without much 

634
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:07,600
discussion, who should do what? 
And when By late afternoon, the 

635
00:33:07,600 --> 00:33:10,400
drainage work is complete and 
you spend time restoring the 

636
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:13,300
area around the work site to 
something approximating its 

637
00:33:13,300 --> 00:33:16,700
previous appearance. 
Excess Earth gets spread rather 

638
00:33:16,700 --> 00:33:19,200
than left in piles. 
Stones are returned to 

639
00:33:19,208 --> 00:33:21,900
approximately where they came 
from, and the trampled 

640
00:33:21,900 --> 00:33:24,000
vegetation is encouraged to 
stand upright. 

641
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:27,200
Again, the goal is to make the 
repair as invisible as possible 

642
00:33:27,200 --> 00:33:29,300
while ensuring it functions 
effectively. 

643
00:33:30,500 --> 00:33:32,800
As evening approaches and work 
wines down. 

644
00:33:32,800 --> 00:33:35,800
You find yourself sitting on the
wall with several other workers,

645
00:33:35,800 --> 00:33:39,100
eating dinner, and sharing the 
comfortable silence that comes 

646
00:33:39,100 --> 00:33:43,900
after a day of shared labor, But
conversation, eventually starts 

647
00:33:43,900 --> 00:33:45,600
and stories. 
Begin to emerge. 

648
00:33:45,600 --> 00:33:48,800
The Human Experience is that. 
Give meaning to the physical 

649
00:33:48,800 --> 00:33:51,300
work, old Dow. 
The most senior work of 

650
00:33:51,300 --> 00:33:52,800
President talks about his 
grandfather. 

651
00:33:52,800 --> 00:33:55,800
Who worked this, same section of
the wall during the previous 

652
00:33:55,800 --> 00:33:59,400
century, the story is a matter 
of fact, rather than dramatic, 

653
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:01,800
Small incidents and daily 
routines. 

654
00:34:01,800 --> 00:34:05,400
Rather than heroic events, his 
grandfather, apparently had a 

655
00:34:05,408 --> 00:34:08,000
talent for predicting. 
Whether by observing clouds and 

656
00:34:08,000 --> 00:34:10,900
wind patterns, the skill that 
helped the work Crews plan their

657
00:34:10,900 --> 00:34:13,500
activities and take shelter 
before storms arrived. 

658
00:34:14,300 --> 00:34:17,199
The conversation meanders 
through family history and you 

659
00:34:17,199 --> 00:34:19,300
realize that many of the workers
are connected through 

660
00:34:19,300 --> 00:34:22,000
complicated, webs of 
relationships ways. 

661
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:25,600
Mother was Jaws cousin, Mrs. 
Tang's late husband was the 

662
00:34:25,600 --> 00:34:28,600
brother of the village headman. 
Your own connection to. 

663
00:34:28,600 --> 00:34:31,600
This place came through an uncle
who worked here and suggested 

664
00:34:31,600 --> 00:34:33,800
you apply when you needed 
employment years ago. 

665
00:34:34,699 --> 00:34:38,100
These relationships create a 
sense of continuity and mutual 

666
00:34:38,100 --> 00:34:40,199
obligation that goes beyond mere
employment. 

667
00:34:40,900 --> 00:34:43,900
Someone mentions a storm from 
several years back, you remember

668
00:34:43,900 --> 00:34:46,100
it? 
Vaguely a late summer Tempest 

669
00:34:46,100 --> 00:34:49,100
that brought winds, strong 
enough to strip tiles from roofs

670
00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:52,000
and flood the drainage channels 
that normally handle water 

671
00:34:52,000 --> 00:34:54,600
easily. 
The wall itself suffered minor 

672
00:34:54,600 --> 00:34:58,000
damage but the wooden structures
took heavy losses and the 

673
00:34:58,000 --> 00:34:59,900
recovery work. 
Dominated several months. 

674
00:35:00,900 --> 00:35:03,600
The memory is shared among those
who were present with each 

675
00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:05,900
person adding details that 
others had forgotten or 

676
00:35:05,900 --> 00:35:09,000
experienced differently, the 
stories aren't all serious. 

677
00:35:09,000 --> 00:35:12,900
There's the time that young way 
in his first month of work, 

678
00:35:12,900 --> 00:35:16,600
accidentally knocked a bucket of
fresh mortar off the wall and it

679
00:35:16,600 --> 00:35:20,500
landed with remarkable Precision
directly on Master to lose head.

680
00:35:20,500 --> 00:35:23,900
As he walked below the incident 
was apparently spectacular with 

681
00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:27,000
mortared widely enough that 
evidence remained visible for 

682
00:35:27,000 --> 00:35:30,800
weeks to spike cleaning efforts.
Way takes the teasing good 

683
00:35:30,800 --> 00:35:32,700
naturedly though. 
He still looks slightly 

684
00:35:32,700 --> 00:35:36,400
mortified years later. 
There are older stories passed 

685
00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:39,900
down through generations of 
workers a tale about a guardian 

686
00:35:39,900 --> 00:35:41,900
who supposedly saw a dragon in 
the Mist. 

687
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:43,900
One morning though everyone 
agrees. 

688
00:35:43,900 --> 00:35:46,100
It was probably just an 
unusually shaped cloud 

689
00:35:46,100 --> 00:35:48,100
formation. 
They enjoy the story anyway. 

690
00:35:49,200 --> 00:35:52,300
A legend about a stretch of wool
that was completed in record 

691
00:35:52,300 --> 00:35:54,900
time because the workers 
discovered a natural spring that

692
00:35:54,900 --> 00:35:58,300
saved days of water. 
Hauling Stories about visitors, 

693
00:35:58,300 --> 00:36:01,500
who came to inspect the wall 
minor officials, mostly who 

694
00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:04,000
asked obvious questions and then
left without contributing 

695
00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:07,700
anything useful. 
The conversation drifts to 

696
00:36:07,700 --> 00:36:11,100
families and children, the 
universal concerns that connect 

697
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:15,000
workers across time and place. 
Jao's granddaughter is learning 

698
00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:18,000
to read which he finds 
simultaneously impressive and 

699
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:20,400
slightly mysterious having never
learned himself. 

700
00:36:21,900 --> 00:36:24,000
Wait talks again about his 
marriage plans. 

701
00:36:24,000 --> 00:36:27,100
Earning gentle, teasing about 
his romantic optimism. 

702
00:36:27,800 --> 00:36:31,100
Someone mentioned a new baby 
born in the village marveling at

703
00:36:31,100 --> 00:36:33,700
house, small Human start, and 
how quickly they grow. 

704
00:36:34,800 --> 00:36:37,400
Stars begin appearing in the 
darkening, Sky, the 

705
00:36:37,400 --> 00:36:39,900
conversation, grows quieter, and
more reflective. 

706
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:44,200
Someone mentioned that this work
maintaining the wall is a 

707
00:36:44,200 --> 00:36:48,100
strange sort of immortality, the
individual workers come and go 

708
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:50,700
living their brief lives, but 
the wall continues. 

709
00:36:50,700 --> 00:36:54,100
And the work continues 
connecting Generations. 

710
00:36:54,100 --> 00:36:57,700
Through shared purpose. 
Your own hands repair work done 

711
00:36:57,700 --> 00:37:01,200
by hands that turned to dust 
centuries ago and hands. 

712
00:37:01,200 --> 00:37:03,000
Not yet. 
Born will repair your work in 

713
00:37:03,008 --> 00:37:05,800
turn. 
Final day of this particular 

714
00:37:05,800 --> 00:37:07,600
work cycle brings a different 
perspective. 

715
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:11,500
The chance to step back from 
immediate tasks and consider the

716
00:37:11,500 --> 00:37:14,200
larger picture of what this work
means and why it continues. 

717
00:37:14,200 --> 00:37:17,100
Despite the fact that the walls 
military purpose, has largely 

718
00:37:17,100 --> 00:37:20,500
faded you're walking along a 
section of the wall than usual. 

719
00:37:20,500 --> 00:37:23,200
Accompanying Master. 
Liu on an inspection tour, that 

720
00:37:23,200 --> 00:37:26,700
covers several miles. 
The walk itself is peaceful with

721
00:37:26,700 --> 00:37:29,700
Morning Mist, still filling The 
Valleys below and the sun, just 

722
00:37:29,700 --> 00:37:31,600
beginning to warm the stone 
beneath your feet. 

723
00:37:32,500 --> 00:37:34,300
Master Liu points out various 
features. 

724
00:37:34,300 --> 00:37:37,700
As you go sharing knowledge 
accumulated over Decades of 

725
00:37:37,700 --> 00:37:41,000
careful observation, he shows 
you how to identify sections 

726
00:37:41,000 --> 00:37:44,000
built during different periods 
by subtle differences in 

727
00:37:44,000 --> 00:37:47,000
construction. 
Technique earlier sections, tend

728
00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:49,400
to use larger stones with less 
regular shapes. 

729
00:37:49,400 --> 00:37:52,800
While later construction shows 
more standardization, more 

730
00:37:52,800 --> 00:37:55,400
precise, cutting, and more 
sophisticated mortar. 

731
00:37:56,200 --> 00:37:58,900
He points out repairs made by 
previous generations of 

732
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:02,300
Maintenance workers explaining 
how you can often identify 

733
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:05,200
individual Mason's by their 
characteristic patterns. 

734
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:08,500
One person always pointed their 
joints in a particular way. 

735
00:38:08,500 --> 00:38:12,800
Another favored slightly, 
recessed mortar and a third had 

736
00:38:12,800 --> 00:38:17,300
a distinctive signature in how 
they shaped cornerstones. the 

737
00:38:17,300 --> 00:38:20,200
wall itself, tells a story of 
technological, Evolution and 

738
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,300
accumulated knowledge, Drainage 
Systems become more 

739
00:38:23,300 --> 00:38:26,700
sophisticated in later sections.
Incorporating lessons learned 

740
00:38:26,700 --> 00:38:29,900
from earlier failures. 
Foundation work shows increasing

741
00:38:29,900 --> 00:38:32,100
understanding of soil, 
mechanics, and Water Management.

742
00:38:32,100 --> 00:38:35,400
Even the simple details. 
How steps are shaped. 

743
00:38:35,400 --> 00:38:39,000
How parapets are capped how 
doors are hung show incremental 

744
00:38:39,000 --> 00:38:42,600
improvements based on practical 
experience, Master, you talks 

745
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:44,300
about his own role in this 
continuity. 

746
00:38:44,300 --> 00:38:47,400
How we learned from his 
predecessor and is now teaching 

747
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:51,000
the Next Generation. 
The knowledge isn't recorded in 

748
00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:54,500
books or formal documents, there
are no written manuals for wall 

749
00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:57,500
maintenance, but rather passes 
directly from experienced 

750
00:38:57,500 --> 00:39:01,000
workers to apprentices through 
demonstration, correction and 

751
00:39:01,000 --> 00:39:05,400
patient explanation. he worries,
sometimes he admits The crucial 

752
00:39:05,400 --> 00:39:08,600
knowledge, might be lost, if the
chain of transmission breaks, if

753
00:39:08,600 --> 00:39:11,500
the work is interrupted long 
enough that living memory fades,

754
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:14,300
But he's also optimistic 
pointing out that the 

755
00:39:14,300 --> 00:39:17,500
fundamental principles of good 
construction and maintenance are

756
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:21,100
actually quite simple. 
Use quality materials, pay 

757
00:39:21,100 --> 00:39:23,900
attention to drainage address, 
small problems before they 

758
00:39:23,900 --> 00:39:26,800
become large and maintain 
respect for the structure, your 

759
00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:29,700
working on. 
These principles remain valid 

760
00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:32,500
regardless of changing political
circumstances or social 

761
00:39:32,500 --> 00:39:35,500
conditions, ensuring that 
whoever works on the wall in the

762
00:39:35,500 --> 00:39:37,900
future, will be able to figure 
out what needs doing. 

763
00:39:38,700 --> 00:39:42,000
The walk brings you to a section
where the wall ends or at least 

764
00:39:42,000 --> 00:39:44,800
where this particular section 
transitions to a different 

765
00:39:44,800 --> 00:39:47,300
construction style managed by 
different work Crews. 

766
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:50,900
The boundary is marked by a 
watchtower slightly larger than 

767
00:39:50,900 --> 00:39:53,700
usual serving as an 
administrative division Point, 

768
00:39:53,700 --> 00:39:57,800
as well as a structural element.
You rest here eating a simple 

769
00:39:57,800 --> 00:40:01,100
lunch and looking back along the
walls length seeing it curved 

770
00:40:01,100 --> 00:40:04,600
away into the distance until it 
disappears over a ridge. from 

771
00:40:04,600 --> 00:40:07,000
this vantage point, the wall 
seems less like a single 

772
00:40:07,000 --> 00:40:10,600
structure and more like a 
geographical feature something 

773
00:40:10,600 --> 00:40:14,700
that has always been part of the
landscape and always will be The

774
00:40:14,700 --> 00:40:18,100
distinction between natural and 
artificial blurs, the wall 

775
00:40:18,100 --> 00:40:20,700
follows the terrain so 
Faithfully that it seems to grow

776
00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:23,000
from the mountains rather than 
being imposed upon them. 

777
00:40:23,000 --> 00:40:27,100
This integration master who 
suggests is part of what makes 

778
00:40:27,100 --> 00:40:30,600
the structure endure it works 
with the landscape rather than 

779
00:40:30,600 --> 00:40:34,100
against it accepting the lands 
movement and adjustment rather 

780
00:40:34,100 --> 00:40:38,300
than rigidly resisting change. 
The afternoon brings reflection 

781
00:40:38,300 --> 00:40:40,300
on what this work means in 
personal terms. 

782
00:40:41,000 --> 00:40:44,600
For you it's been employment 
certainly and purpose the 

783
00:40:44,600 --> 00:40:47,300
satisfaction of doing something.
Well of maintaining something 

784
00:40:47,300 --> 00:40:50,100
important. 
But it's also been Community 

785
00:40:50,100 --> 00:40:53,400
Connection to other people and 
to history and a kind of 

786
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:55,600
meditation on impermanence and 
continuity. 

787
00:40:56,400 --> 00:41:00,000
Every stone, you've replaced 
every joint you've reported and 

788
00:41:00,000 --> 00:41:02,400
every drainage Channel. 
You've cleared represents a 

789
00:41:02,400 --> 00:41:05,700
small victory against entropy 
against the constant tendency of

790
00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:07,500
organized things to become 
disorganized. 

791
00:41:08,400 --> 00:41:11,200
That you think about the people 
who will walk this wall in the 

792
00:41:11,200 --> 00:41:14,100
future, but centuries from now 
perhaps longer. 

793
00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:17,500
They'll see these Stones you've 
touched walk this path you've 

794
00:41:17,500 --> 00:41:20,300
maintained and benefit from 
drainage channels, you've dug 

795
00:41:20,300 --> 00:41:22,400
and repairs. 
You've made they won't know your

796
00:41:22,400 --> 00:41:24,000
name. 
Won't think about you 

797
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,800
specifically, but your work will
continue serving its purpose 

798
00:41:26,800 --> 00:41:30,800
long after your forgotten This 
anonymity strangely feels 

799
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:34,600
appropriate rather than sad. 
As the sun begins, its descent 

800
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:37,400
toward the Western mountains. 
You start the walk back toward 

801
00:41:37,400 --> 00:41:40,800
your home section, moving at an 
easy Pace that allows attention 

802
00:41:40,800 --> 00:41:44,300
to surroundings. the evening 
light transforms the walls 

803
00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:47,800
Stone, bringing out, warm colors
that the harsh midday Sun washes

804
00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:51,800
out Shadows from crenellations 
create regular patterns that 

805
00:41:51,800 --> 00:41:55,500
March along the walls length. 
A slight breeze carries the cool

806
00:41:55,500 --> 00:41:58,700
breath of approaching night. 
We pass other workers heading 

807
00:41:58,700 --> 00:42:00,900
home, exchanging nods and brief 
words. 

808
00:42:00,900 --> 00:42:04,100
Everyone looks tired in the good
way that comes from physical. 

809
00:42:04,100 --> 00:42:06,800
Work completed satisfactorily 
and there's quiet. 

810
00:42:06,800 --> 00:42:08,700
Contentment in the shared 
exhaustion. 

811
00:42:08,700 --> 00:42:12,700
Tomorrow will bring more work, 
different specific tasks but the

812
00:42:12,700 --> 00:42:15,900
same essential purpose. 
Keeping the wall standing 

813
00:42:15,900 --> 00:42:18,800
functional and ready for 
whatever future use. 

814
00:42:18,800 --> 00:42:22,900
It might serve The Village comes
into view as you descend, it's 

815
00:42:22,900 --> 00:42:25,300
evening, cooking, fires, 
beginning to release smoke, that

816
00:42:25,300 --> 00:42:27,600
rises straight in the still air 
before dispersing. 

817
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:30,800
Children are playing some game 
involving much running and 

818
00:42:30,800 --> 00:42:33,000
shouting their energy seemingly 
inexhaustible. 

819
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:36,700
Despite the day's end. 
Someone is singing, you can't 

820
00:42:36,700 --> 00:42:39,700
make out the words but the 
melody carries a gentle 

821
00:42:39,700 --> 00:42:42,900
Melancholy that suits the 
evening mood, you reach your own

822
00:42:42,900 --> 00:42:46,300
home as Darkness. 
Settles fully Small structure 

823
00:42:46,300 --> 00:42:49,400
built against the walls. 
Southern face sharing one wall 

824
00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:52,200
with a massive structure that 
has defined so much of your 

825
00:42:52,200 --> 00:42:55,600
life. 
Inside you light, a Lampe, it's 

826
00:42:55,600 --> 00:42:57,600
soft glow. 
Pushing back the dark enough to 

827
00:42:57,600 --> 00:43:00,900
prepare a simple meal. 
The physical tiredness feels 

828
00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:04,700
good earned through useful work,
rather than wasted on pointless 

829
00:43:04,700 --> 00:43:07,500
activity. 
Before sleeping, you step 

830
00:43:07,500 --> 00:43:10,600
outside, one more time. 
Looking up at the wall, Rising 

831
00:43:10,600 --> 00:43:14,300
behind your home. 
Stars scatter across the sky and

832
00:43:14,300 --> 00:43:18,100
the wall silhouette stands solid
against their light exactly as 

833
00:43:18,100 --> 00:43:20,200
it stood last night and will 
stand tomorrow night. 

834
00:43:21,100 --> 00:43:24,300
The constancy is comforting a 
reminder that some things 

835
00:43:24,308 --> 00:43:27,700
persist through human effort and
Care maintained by countless 

836
00:43:27,700 --> 00:43:30,200
individuals working quietly 
across Generations. 

837
00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:32,600
You think about the work waiting
Tomorrow? 

838
00:43:32,600 --> 00:43:35,500
There's always more work. 
Always, another section needing 

839
00:43:35,500 --> 00:43:38,800
attention, always small problems
to address before they become 

840
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:41,400
large problems. 
But tonight, the work is done 

841
00:43:41,400 --> 00:43:44,100
and you can rest with the 
satisfaction of knowing you've 

842
00:43:44,100 --> 00:43:47,000
contributed to something larger 
than yourself, something that 

843
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:48,800
will Outlast you. 
And everyone, you know, 

844
00:43:49,500 --> 00:43:52,200
maintained by the quiet 
dedication of ordinary people 

845
00:43:52,200 --> 00:43:55,200
doing extraordinary work through
simple persistence. 

846
00:43:55,200 --> 00:43:59,100
The wall will stand through your
lifetime and Beyond not through 

847
00:43:59,100 --> 00:44:02,000
any single heroic effort. 
But through the accumulated 

848
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:04,500
patient attention of workers, 
who understand? 

849
00:44:04,500 --> 00:44:07,800
That maintenance, not drama 
keeps important. 

850
00:44:07,800 --> 00:44:11,600
Things functioning And in this 
understanding lies, a deeper 

851
00:44:11,600 --> 00:44:14,600
truth, that the truly important 
work of the world happens. 

852
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:18,500
Quietly without Fanfare 
performed by people whose names 

853
00:44:18,500 --> 00:44:21,800
Fade Into Obscurity. 
But whose efforts Echo forward 

854
00:44:21,800 --> 00:44:24,500
through time touching lives. 
They'll never know in ways. 

855
00:44:24,508 --> 00:44:27,700
They can't imagine. 
Sleep comes easily and the wall 

856
00:44:27,700 --> 00:44:29,600
stands. 
Watch through the night solid 

857
00:44:29,600 --> 00:44:31,700
and patient waiting for 
tomorrow's. 

858
00:44:31,700 --> 00:44:35,600
Attention ready for another day 
of careful maintenance by hands 

859
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:43,800
that understand their purpose. 
The afternoon light has that 

860
00:44:43,800 --> 00:44:47,100
particular Amber quality that 
makes dust moats visible in 

861
00:44:47,100 --> 00:44:49,900
still air. 
You've been aware of the 

862
00:44:49,900 --> 00:44:53,400
approaching dinner hours since 
about 4:00 when the households 

863
00:44:53,400 --> 00:44:55,600
Rhythm shifted, almost 
imperceptibly. 

864
00:44:56,600 --> 00:44:59,500
The Parlor maid appeared with 
fresh coals for the drawing room

865
00:44:59,500 --> 00:45:02,100
fire. 
The kitchen below stairs, grew, 

866
00:45:02,100 --> 00:45:06,200
louder with purposeful activity.
Even the house itself seemed to 

867
00:45:06,208 --> 00:45:08,800
straighten. 
Its posture, your upstairs, and 

868
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:11,300
your dressing room now, and the 
act of changing for dinner. 

869
00:45:11,300 --> 00:45:14,800
Feels less like vanity and more,
like, suiting up for a 

870
00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:18,200
performance. 
Your day clothes, perfectly 

871
00:45:18,200 --> 00:45:21,000
respectable for receiving 
morning, callers or writing 

872
00:45:21,000 --> 00:45:23,500
correspondence, won't do for the
evening meal. 

873
00:45:24,500 --> 00:45:26,400
That's simply not how things 
work. 

874
00:45:27,300 --> 00:45:30,500
The woman who helps you dress 
three times daily is already 

875
00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:33,300
laying out your dinner attire 
with a practice deficiency of 

876
00:45:33,300 --> 00:45:36,700
someone who could do this 
blindfolded, a fabric, she 

877
00:45:36,700 --> 00:45:38,900
selected feels heavier than your
afternoon dress. 

878
00:45:39,700 --> 00:45:43,200
Darker too. 
There's a practicality to this, 

879
00:45:43,200 --> 00:45:47,600
that nobody discusses openly 
evening clothes, hide stains 

880
00:45:47,600 --> 00:45:50,700
better under gas light and the 
Richer colors photograph. 

881
00:45:50,700 --> 00:45:54,400
Well if someone important drops 
by with a new camera, but mostly

882
00:45:54,400 --> 00:45:57,200
the weight of the fabric itself,
reminds you to move differently,

883
00:45:57,200 --> 00:46:01,700
slow more deliberately You 
become a slightly different 

884
00:46:01,700 --> 00:46:04,900
version of yourself and dinner. 
Clothings, your corset gets 

885
00:46:04,900 --> 00:46:07,600
tightened again, though. 
Not as severely as it would be 

886
00:46:07,600 --> 00:46:10,000
for a ball. 
You need to breathe well enough 

887
00:46:10,000 --> 00:46:12,400
to eat multiple courses without 
looking distressed. 

888
00:46:13,400 --> 00:46:17,100
There's an art to this Titan 
enough to create the fashionable

889
00:46:17,100 --> 00:46:20,200
silhouette loosen off that you 
won't need smelling salts 

890
00:46:20,200 --> 00:46:22,300
before. 
The fish course, the woman 

891
00:46:22,300 --> 00:46:24,400
dressing. 
You knows exactly where that 

892
00:46:24,400 --> 00:46:27,000
line Falls. 
Has been doing this long enough 

893
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:29,600
to recognize the difference 
between your sharp inhale of 

894
00:46:29,600 --> 00:46:33,100
discomfort and your sharp, 
inhale of I actually cannot 

895
00:46:33,100 --> 00:46:36,300
breathe the house, smells 
different now than it, did two 

896
00:46:36,300 --> 00:46:39,300
hours ago, cooking odors are 
rising through the floorboards. 

897
00:46:39,300 --> 00:46:43,200
Despite everyone's best efforts 
to contain them, you can detect 

898
00:46:43,200 --> 00:46:47,800
roasting meat, something sweet 
and caramelized bread warming 

899
00:46:47,800 --> 00:46:50,300
and Underneath It. 
All the ever-present, cold 

900
00:46:50,300 --> 00:46:52,300
smoke. 
That defines London are. 

901
00:46:52,300 --> 00:46:55,300
These smells don't offend you 
the way they might, if they 

902
00:46:55,300 --> 00:46:59,000
appeared in the drawing room 
here, in the private process of 

903
00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:01,000
dressing, they're almost 
comforting. 

904
00:47:01,800 --> 00:47:04,900
They mean dinner is happening. 
The household is functioning as 

905
00:47:04,900 --> 00:47:07,500
it should, your hands. 
Get special attention. 

906
00:47:07,500 --> 00:47:11,400
They'll be visible all evening 
holding utensils lifting glasses

907
00:47:11,400 --> 00:47:13,600
and gesturing politely during 
conversation. 

908
00:47:14,500 --> 00:47:17,400
The woman helping you dress 
produces a small dish of almond.

909
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:19,300
Paste mixed with honey and Rose 
Water. 

910
00:47:19,300 --> 00:47:23,300
You work it into your palms 
while she fastens the seemingly 

911
00:47:23,300 --> 00:47:25,400
infinite of buttons up your 
back. 

912
00:47:26,400 --> 00:47:28,400
Your nails have been cleaned 
with a small brush. 

913
00:47:28,400 --> 00:47:32,400
Any ink stains from letter 
writing have been scrubbed away 

914
00:47:32,400 --> 00:47:35,000
your hands. 
Now look, like they've never 

915
00:47:35,000 --> 00:47:37,200
done anything more strenuous 
than needlework. 

916
00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:41,800
The jewelry you wet night is 
real but not ostentatious a 

917
00:47:41,800 --> 00:47:45,500
simple gold, brooch at your 
collar, small earrings your 

918
00:47:45,500 --> 00:47:48,300
wedding ring, if your married or
perhaps a family ring. 

919
00:47:48,300 --> 00:47:51,800
If you're not The massive Jewels
stay locked away for actual 

920
00:47:51,800 --> 00:47:55,800
social events dinner at home. 
Even a formal dinner at home. 

921
00:47:55,800 --> 00:47:58,400
Doesn't call for anything. 
That might be mistaken for 

922
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:01,000
showing off. 
That would be vulgar. 

923
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:04,700
The victorians have very 
specific ideas about vulgarity 

924
00:48:04,700 --> 00:48:08,000
and they're more than happy to 
discuss them at length behind 

925
00:48:08,000 --> 00:48:11,000
closed doors. 
Your hair has been dressed since

926
00:48:11,008 --> 00:48:12,900
this afternoon but it gets 
refreshed. 

927
00:48:12,900 --> 00:48:18,800
Now a few pins repositioned any 
loose, strands, tucked back, the

928
00:48:18,800 --> 00:48:20,800
style itself is elaborate enough
to show. 

929
00:48:20,800 --> 00:48:24,100
You've made an effort, but not 
so elaborate that it looks like 

930
00:48:24,100 --> 00:48:25,700
you're trying to impress your 
own family. 

931
00:48:27,200 --> 00:48:31,100
There's a sweet spot here too 
and finding it requires the kind

932
00:48:31,100 --> 00:48:34,500
of social mathematics that 
everyone pretends doesn't exist.

933
00:48:34,500 --> 00:48:39,100
But everyone absolutely 
practices from somewhere below. 

934
00:48:39,100 --> 00:48:41,800
You hear the dining room door 
open and close. 

935
00:48:41,800 --> 00:48:44,600
The butler is doing his final 
inspection. 

936
00:48:44,600 --> 00:48:49,200
He'll be checking that every 
glass is spotless every 4K 

937
00:48:49,200 --> 00:48:51,600
aligned and every candle trim to
the proper height. 

938
00:48:52,500 --> 00:48:55,800
He approaches this task with the
gravity of a general inspecting 

939
00:48:55,800 --> 00:49:00,000
troops before battle. 
In his mind, he probably has 

940
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:04,100
preparing for battle against 
disorder against impropriety 

941
00:49:04,100 --> 00:49:07,400
against anything that might 
suggest this household is less 

942
00:49:07,400 --> 00:49:10,600
than perfectly managed. 
You can hear your husband in his

943
00:49:10,608 --> 00:49:14,100
dressing room across the hall. 
The sounds of male dressing are 

944
00:49:14,100 --> 00:49:19,100
different sharper, quicker, less
fabric rustling, more draw 

945
00:49:19,100 --> 00:49:21,700
closing. 
He's probably struggling with 

946
00:49:21,700 --> 00:49:24,600
his collar, studs. 
He struggles with them every 

947
00:49:24,600 --> 00:49:28,800
evening, and every evening, he 
refuses to admit, he finds them 

948
00:49:28,800 --> 00:49:31,800
annoying. 
Men's Formal Wear in this area. 

949
00:49:31,800 --> 00:49:36,400
Seems designed specifically to 
test patients the high, starched

950
00:49:36,400 --> 00:49:38,700
collars. 
The multiple waistcoat buttons 

951
00:49:38,700 --> 00:49:42,100
and the cufflinks that never 
want to cooperate but he'll 

952
00:49:42,100 --> 00:49:44,000
emerge looking effortlessly 
dignified. 

953
00:49:44,000 --> 00:49:46,600
As though these clothes 
assembled themselves. 

954
00:49:46,600 --> 00:49:50,900
The clock on your mantle shows 
half-past six, dinner is at 7. 

955
00:49:50,900 --> 00:49:54,400
This gives you just enough time 
to finish dressing compose 

956
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:57,200
yourself and descend to the 
drawing room where you'll wait 

957
00:49:57,200 --> 00:49:58,700
the final minutes before the 
meal. 

958
00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:02,800
Nobody arrives in the dining 
room, early that was suggest 

959
00:50:02,800 --> 00:50:05,600
your two eager to eat, which 
would suggest you're not quite 

960
00:50:05,600 --> 00:50:09,500
in control of your appetite. 
Self-control is everything in 

961
00:50:09,500 --> 00:50:12,400
this world. 
Your dress is finally fastened. 

962
00:50:13,500 --> 00:50:16,000
Stand and feel its weight settle
around you. 

963
00:50:16,900 --> 00:50:19,400
The skirt is heavy enough that 
you'll need to think about 

964
00:50:19,400 --> 00:50:23,600
doorways and Furniture Corners. 
The bustle at your back creates 

965
00:50:23,600 --> 00:50:25,700
a silhouette that photographs 
beautifully. 

966
00:50:25,700 --> 00:50:30,000
But sits awkwardly you've long 
since stopped noticing this is 

967
00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:33,200
simply how clothes work a last 
look in the mirror. 

968
00:50:33,200 --> 00:50:36,300
Shows you transformed from your 
afternoon self into your evening

969
00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:38,500
self. 
Same face, different 

970
00:50:38,500 --> 00:50:41,900
presentation, your expression 
has changed too, though. 

971
00:50:41,900 --> 00:50:45,500
You haven't consciously adjusted
it, you look more composed now, 

972
00:50:45,500 --> 00:50:48,500
more formal, ready for the small
theater production. 

973
00:50:48,500 --> 00:50:50,100
That is a proper Victorian 
dinner. 

974
00:50:50,100 --> 00:50:52,600
The drawing room serves as a 
staging area. 

975
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:55,200
You're here. 
Now with your husband, waiting 

976
00:50:55,200 --> 00:50:57,300
for the butler to announce that 
dinner is served. 

977
00:50:58,000 --> 00:51:01,300
Neither of you has much to say. 
This isn't uncomfortable 

978
00:51:01,300 --> 00:51:06,400
silence, its expectancy silents,
your both mentally preparing for

979
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:09,300
the performance ahead. 
The drawing room fire has been 

980
00:51:09,308 --> 00:51:12,200
built up to combat, the Autumn 
chill settling over London. 

981
00:51:13,100 --> 00:51:17,200
Outside your windows, the street
is growing dark lamplighters are

982
00:51:17,200 --> 00:51:20,000
making their rounds. 
You can hear their footsteps on 

983
00:51:20,000 --> 00:51:22,900
the pavement and the small 
whoosh of each Gaslamp in 

984
00:51:22,900 --> 00:51:26,000
knighting. 
In a few minutes, your will glow

985
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:27,800
with that particular, yellowish 
light. 

986
00:51:27,800 --> 00:51:29,800
That makes everything look 
slightly unreal. 

987
00:51:29,800 --> 00:51:33,300
Your husband is pretending to 
read the evening newspaper, but 

988
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:36,500
he's really just holding it. 
You're pretending to examine 

989
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:39,400
some needlework, but you're 
really just holding that too. 

990
00:51:39,400 --> 00:51:43,500
These are the props of waiting. 
Everyone knows you're both 

991
00:51:43,508 --> 00:51:46,600
simply marking time until the 
formal part of the evening 

992
00:51:46,600 --> 00:51:48,800
Begins. 
The butler appears in the 

993
00:51:48,808 --> 00:51:51,600
doorway with perfect timing. 
He doesn't speak. 

994
00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:54,400
He simply stands there with a 
slight incline of his head. 

995
00:51:54,400 --> 00:51:58,000
This is the signal you set down 
your needle work. 

996
00:51:59,100 --> 00:52:03,400
Your husband folds his newspaper
with audible crispness together.

997
00:52:03,400 --> 00:52:06,000
You process. 
The 12 feet from drawing room to

998
00:52:06,000 --> 00:52:08,400
dining room with the solemnity 
of a wedding March. 

999
00:52:08,400 --> 00:52:11,100
The dining room hits. 
You first with temperature. 

1000
00:52:11,100 --> 00:52:14,700
It's warmer than the drawing 
room, warmer than anywhere else 

1001
00:52:14,700 --> 00:52:17,500
in the house. 
Fire here has been burning 

1002
00:52:17,500 --> 00:52:20,200
longer, and the kitchen below is
radiating. 

1003
00:52:20,200 --> 00:52:24,000
Heat through the floorboards. 
But it's not uncomfortably warm.

1004
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:26,500
It's the kind of warmth that 
makes you relaxed. 

1005
00:52:26,500 --> 00:52:30,900
Slightly loosening muscles, you 
didn't realize you'd tents then 

1006
00:52:30,900 --> 00:52:34,200
comes the light. 
The dining room is dimmer than 

1007
00:52:34,200 --> 00:52:38,500
you'd expect it primarily by 
candles on the table and in wall

1008
00:52:38,500 --> 00:52:41,100
sconces. 
There's Gaslight too but it's 

1009
00:52:41,100 --> 00:52:44,500
been turned down low. 
The Victorian of discovered that

1010
00:52:44,500 --> 00:52:48,400
dimmer light is more flattering,
more mysterious, and more 

1011
00:52:48,400 --> 00:52:50,600
forgiving of imperfect household
maintenance. 

1012
00:52:51,600 --> 00:52:55,400
In this light, the silver 
gleams, the crystal catches and 

1013
00:52:55,400 --> 00:52:59,200
multiplies flame. 
Even the wallpaper looks richer 

1014
00:52:59,200 --> 00:53:02,500
the table dominates the room, 
like an altar dominates a 

1015
00:53:02,500 --> 00:53:06,200
church, it's not a large table, 
you're not hosting tonight, just

1016
00:53:06,200 --> 00:53:09,600
dining on for meal, but it's 
been set with the full formal 

1017
00:53:09,600 --> 00:53:12,200
service. 
Anyway, this is how things are 

1018
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:14,400
done. 
The white tablecloth is so 

1019
00:53:14,400 --> 00:53:17,200
heavily starched, it could 
practically stand up by itself. 

1020
00:53:18,200 --> 00:53:20,700
Later in the evening. 
If you accidentally brush 

1021
00:53:20,700 --> 00:53:22,400
against it, you'll hear the 
fabric. 

1022
00:53:22,400 --> 00:53:26,100
Crackle, your place, setting are
elaborate enough to confuse a 

1023
00:53:26,100 --> 00:53:30,500
modern person, multiple Forks on
the left, multiple knives and 

1024
00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:34,100
spoons on the right and glasses 
arranged to the knives in a 

1025
00:53:34,108 --> 00:53:37,100
specific pattern. 
There's a logic to the 

1026
00:53:37,100 --> 00:53:39,400
arrangement but it's not 
immediately obvious. 

1027
00:53:39,400 --> 00:53:43,000
He start with the outermost 
utensils and work inward as the 

1028
00:53:43,000 --> 00:53:46,700
horses progress. 
Everyone knows this just like 

1029
00:53:46,700 --> 00:53:49,000
everyone knows you don't discuss
knowing this. 

1030
00:53:49,800 --> 00:53:51,700
The rules are meant to appear 
natural. 

1031
00:53:51,700 --> 00:53:55,400
Not learned the China is your 
second best set. 

1032
00:53:56,300 --> 00:53:59,400
The actual best set only appears
when you're entertaining guests,

1033
00:53:59,400 --> 00:54:02,800
who might notice the quality. 
Tonight's pieces are still 

1034
00:54:02,800 --> 00:54:05,800
lovely white with a delicate 
floral border. 

1035
00:54:06,400 --> 00:54:09,800
But they're meant for regular. 
Use regular, use in. 

1036
00:54:09,800 --> 00:54:12,000
This context means formal 
family. 

1037
00:54:12,000 --> 00:54:16,000
Dinners, the plates are warmed. 
You'll discover this when you 

1038
00:54:16,000 --> 00:54:19,900
first touch one, the victorians 
hate cold food with a passion 

1039
00:54:19,900 --> 00:54:23,600
that borders on irrational, 
Crystal Water goblets, stand at 

1040
00:54:23,600 --> 00:54:26,300
attention, above each knife, 
they'll remain largely 

1041
00:54:26,300 --> 00:54:28,700
decorative. 
You'll drink from the sparingly 

1042
00:54:28,700 --> 00:54:32,700
for tall, wine glasses. 
Wait nearby different shapes for

1043
00:54:32,700 --> 00:54:36,500
different wines. 
The red wine glass has around a 

1044
00:54:36,500 --> 00:54:38,800
bowl. 
The white wine glass is taller 

1045
00:54:38,800 --> 00:54:41,900
and narrower, the Sherry glass 
is the smallest. 

1046
00:54:41,900 --> 00:54:45,700
There's a science to glassware 
that people study seriously. 

1047
00:54:47,100 --> 00:54:51,200
Shape, apparently affects how 
the wine tastes the use of its 

1048
00:54:51,200 --> 00:54:53,700
mostly about having the right 
equipment to demonstrate. 

1049
00:54:53,700 --> 00:54:56,900
You know what the right 
equipment is the centerpiece is 

1050
00:54:56,900 --> 00:55:00,600
a modest rangement of autumn 
flowers, chrysanthemums and some

1051
00:55:00,600 --> 00:55:05,400
Greenery, nothing too tall. 
Nothing too fragrant Tool. 

1052
00:55:05,400 --> 00:55:07,600
Centerpieces block conversation 
across the table. 

1053
00:55:08,400 --> 00:55:10,800
Fragrant ones compete with food 
smells. 

1054
00:55:10,800 --> 00:55:14,600
This Arrangement, is exactly 
tall enough to be decorative and

1055
00:55:14,600 --> 00:55:18,500
exactly neutral enough. 
To offend, no one, it probably 

1056
00:55:18,500 --> 00:55:21,200
took the Parlor, maid 15 minutes
to arrange it this morning. 

1057
00:55:21,208 --> 00:55:25,700
Adjusting and readjusting until 
it achieved perfect, mediocrity,

1058
00:55:25,700 --> 00:55:29,900
silver salt Cellars sit at 
intervals along the table, tiny 

1059
00:55:29,900 --> 00:55:33,500
spoons, rest in them, you'll use
these to transfer salt to the 

1060
00:55:33,500 --> 00:55:36,000
edge of your plate. 
Then pinch the salt from there 

1061
00:55:36,000 --> 00:55:39,700
to season your food. 
Shaking salt directly onto food 

1062
00:55:39,700 --> 00:55:42,600
from a seller would be crude. 
These are the kinds of 

1063
00:55:42,600 --> 00:55:45,500
distinctions that separate your 
class from the ones below and 

1064
00:55:45,500 --> 00:55:48,200
above you. 
The rooms will paper is dark red

1065
00:55:48,200 --> 00:55:50,600
with a subtle pattern in 
Candlelight. 

1066
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:54,600
It looks almost burgundy. 
The victorians favor dark colors

1067
00:55:54,600 --> 00:55:57,200
in dining rooms because they 
don't show soot stains from 

1068
00:55:57,200 --> 00:55:59,900
candles and they created an 
intimate atmosphere. 

1069
00:56:00,800 --> 00:56:02,800
The walls seemed to absorb sound
too. 

1070
00:56:02,800 --> 00:56:06,500
Making the room feel hushed. 
Even when conversation flows, 

1071
00:56:06,500 --> 00:56:10,000
you could whisper here and be 
heard clearly across the table 

1072
00:56:10,000 --> 00:56:14,200
heavy curtains, the windows 
already drawn against the night 

1073
00:56:14,200 --> 00:56:17,800
they're made from the same deep 
red fabric as the wallpapers 

1074
00:56:17,800 --> 00:56:20,900
base color. 
During the day, these curtains 

1075
00:56:20,900 --> 00:56:23,500
stay open to show the street 
that this is a respectable 

1076
00:56:23,500 --> 00:56:27,100
household. during dinner, they 
closed to keep the private 

1077
00:56:27,100 --> 00:56:30,500
theater of dining away from 
public eyes, the sideboard 

1078
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:33,300
against one wall, holds the 
evening Supporting Cast of 

1079
00:56:33,300 --> 00:56:37,300
serving pieces, Covered dishes, 
weight there, keeping food, 

1080
00:56:37,300 --> 00:56:41,400
warm, a crystal decanter of wine
extra napkins. 

1081
00:56:41,400 --> 00:56:44,800
In case of spills, the butler 
will move between table and 

1082
00:56:44,800 --> 00:56:47,600
sideboard throughout the meal 
with choreographed Precision. 

1083
00:56:47,600 --> 00:56:50,900
The fire in the dining room, 
fireplace burns with a different

1084
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:54,600
quality than drawing room fires.
It's more purposeful more 

1085
00:56:54,600 --> 00:56:59,200
utilitarian it's not trying to 
be cozy it's trying to keep the 

1086
00:56:59,200 --> 00:57:01,300
room at the proper temperature 
for digestion. 

1087
00:57:01,300 --> 00:57:04,700
The victorians have theories 
about digestion and temperature,

1088
00:57:04,700 --> 00:57:08,200
most of these theories are 
completely wrong, but everyone 

1089
00:57:08,200 --> 00:57:10,000
believes them with absolute 
confidence. 

1090
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:14,000
Your chair Waits behind you. 
It's a heavy piece of furniture 

1091
00:57:14,000 --> 00:57:17,600
with the arms and a padded seat.
It doesn't slide easily on the 

1092
00:57:17,608 --> 00:57:21,300
carpet, which is intentional. 
Furniture, that's difficult to 

1093
00:57:21,300 --> 00:57:24,000
move appears more permanent more
established. 

1094
00:57:24,800 --> 00:57:27,800
Light furniture that shifts 
around suggest you might leave 

1095
00:57:27,800 --> 00:57:31,400
at any moment which suggests 
instability the butler stands 

1096
00:57:31,400 --> 00:57:34,700
ready to assist with seating. 
This is a choreographed moment 

1097
00:57:34,700 --> 00:57:38,100
that happens the same way every 
evening your husband will be 

1098
00:57:38,100 --> 00:57:40,400
seated. 
First at the head of the table, 

1099
00:57:40,400 --> 00:57:42,100
you'll take your place at the 
foot. 

1100
00:57:42,900 --> 00:57:45,900
Even though you're only two 
people, you'll sit at opposite 

1101
00:57:45,900 --> 00:57:48,100
ends of this table. 
As though commanding a dinner 

1102
00:57:48,100 --> 00:57:51,100
party of 12, the distance 
between you and your husband, 

1103
00:57:51,100 --> 00:57:54,500
probably eight feet is standard 
for formal dining. 

1104
00:57:54,500 --> 00:57:57,400
It allows servants to move 
freely around the table. 

1105
00:57:57,400 --> 00:58:00,400
It creates proper space for food
presentation. 

1106
00:58:01,100 --> 00:58:04,100
It also makes conversations 
slightly difficult, which is 

1107
00:58:04,100 --> 00:58:06,800
either a feature or a bug 
depending on how you feel about 

1108
00:58:06,800 --> 00:58:08,400
your spouse on any given 
evening. 

1109
00:58:08,400 --> 00:58:10,300
The butler. 
Pulls out your chair. 

1110
00:58:11,100 --> 00:58:15,600
The sound of wood legs on carpet
is muffled, but substantial you 

1111
00:58:15,600 --> 00:58:18,300
approach. 
From the left side, always the 

1112
00:58:18,300 --> 00:58:21,800
left and wait until the chair is
positioned correctly before 

1113
00:58:21,800 --> 00:58:25,100
sitting then you sit in one 
smooth motion. 

1114
00:58:25,100 --> 00:58:27,400
While the butler pushes the 
chair forward. 

1115
00:58:28,600 --> 00:58:31,300
It's a small dance. 
You've done hundreds of times 

1116
00:58:31,300 --> 00:58:33,900
some times. 
You wonder what would happen if 

1117
00:58:33,900 --> 00:58:36,500
you just pulled out your own 
chair and sat down like a normal

1118
00:58:36,500 --> 00:58:38,800
person but you know what would 
happen. 

1119
00:58:39,600 --> 00:58:41,700
The butler would be quietly, 
horrified. 

1120
00:58:41,700 --> 00:58:44,800
The entire household would sense
the disruption. 

1121
00:58:45,800 --> 00:58:48,900
The evening would feel slightly 
off like a picture frame 

1122
00:58:48,900 --> 00:58:51,700
hanging. 
Crooked your napkin sits folded 

1123
00:58:51,700 --> 00:58:53,600
on your plate. 
In a laboratory shape. 

1124
00:58:53,600 --> 00:58:59,100
A Bishop's hat may be or a fan. 
The Parlor maid, spent actual 

1125
00:58:59,100 --> 00:59:02,800
time folding these this 
afternoon, you pick it up and 

1126
00:59:02,800 --> 00:59:04,800
unfold it in your lap with 
deliberate movements. 

1127
00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:08,700
The napkin is enormous large 
enough to protect your entire 

1128
00:59:08,700 --> 00:59:11,700
dress front. 
If necessary is also starch, 

1129
00:59:11,700 --> 00:59:14,700
just enough to stay where you 
place it across the table. 

1130
00:59:14,700 --> 00:59:17,200
Your husband is performing the 
same napkin ritual. 

1131
00:59:17,200 --> 00:59:21,700
His napkin is identical to yours
because a quality and napkin 

1132
00:59:21,700 --> 00:59:25,600
size is apparently important. 
You catch his eye and he gives 

1133
00:59:25,600 --> 00:59:28,500
you a small smile. 
This is the moment you both 

1134
00:59:28,500 --> 00:59:31,500
acknowledge the absurdity of 
sitting so far, apart, while 

1135
00:59:31,500 --> 00:59:35,400
dining alone, but acknowledging,
it doesn't mean changing it, the

1136
00:59:35,400 --> 00:59:37,500
ritual matters more than the 
efficiency. 

1137
00:59:37,500 --> 00:59:40,900
The first thing you notice after
sitting is how different, the 

1138
00:59:40,900 --> 00:59:44,400
room looks from this position. 
The centerpiece now blocks your 

1139
00:59:44,400 --> 00:59:47,400
direct view of your husband. 
You can see him around the 

1140
00:59:47,400 --> 00:59:49,300
flowers, but you have to make 
the effort. 

1141
00:59:50,100 --> 00:59:53,100
Every conversation across this 
table will require you to lean 

1142
00:59:53,100 --> 00:59:54,600
slightly to one side or the 
other. 

1143
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:58,000
Your hands rest naturally on the
table Edge but not too far 

1144
00:59:58,000 --> 01:00:00,500
forward elbows. 
Never touch the table. 

1145
01:00:00,500 --> 01:00:04,400
Everyone knows this but hands 
can rest lightly on the table 

1146
01:00:04,400 --> 01:00:08,200
cloth between courses. 
Your posture is straight without

1147
01:00:08,200 --> 01:00:11,400
being rigid comfortable, but not
casual. 

1148
01:00:11,400 --> 01:00:14,600
You'll maintain this posture 
through seven courses and 

1149
01:00:14,600 --> 01:00:18,100
roughly 90 minutes of dining. 
The Butlers, taken his position 

1150
01:00:18,100 --> 01:00:20,100
near the sideboard standing at 
attention. 

1151
01:00:20,100 --> 01:00:24,000
He's not exactly watching you, 
but he's aware of your every 

1152
01:00:24,000 --> 01:00:26,300
movement. 
He'll know the instant, you're 

1153
01:00:26,300 --> 01:00:28,700
ready for the next course, 
you'll notice, if you need 

1154
01:00:28,700 --> 01:00:32,600
water, he's developed a sixth 
sense for anticipating needs 

1155
01:00:32,600 --> 01:00:34,000
before. 
They're expressed. 

1156
01:00:34,800 --> 01:00:37,200
This is what makes him excellent
at his job and probably 

1157
01:00:37,200 --> 01:00:39,100
exhausting to live with the 
room. 

1158
01:00:39,100 --> 01:00:41,100
Settles into its dining 
configuration. 

1159
01:00:42,100 --> 01:00:46,700
Fire pops, softly candle Flames 
wave in some invisible draft. 

1160
01:00:47,500 --> 01:00:51,200
You can hear kitchen sounds from
below muffled clattering and 

1161
01:00:51,200 --> 01:00:54,700
voice giving instructions. 
These sounds don't disturb the 

1162
01:00:54,700 --> 01:00:57,300
dining room atmosphere there 
evidence that everything's 

1163
01:00:57,300 --> 01:01:00,200
working, as it should, your 
husband clears, his throat 

1164
01:01:00,200 --> 01:01:05,500
gently, this is The Unofficial 
signal that dinner May begin The

1165
01:01:05,500 --> 01:01:08,400
butler responds by moving toward
the sideboard to collect the 

1166
01:01:08,400 --> 01:01:12,700
first course. until this moment,
everyone has been in position, 

1167
01:01:12,700 --> 01:01:18,400
but Frozen, Now, the evening can
actually start you adjust your 

1168
01:01:18,400 --> 01:01:22,000
seating slightly settling in for
the long performance ahead. 

1169
01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:25,600
Your corset presses against your
ribs at this angle. 

1170
01:01:25,600 --> 01:01:29,300
You breathe carefully. 
Finding the Rhythm that will 

1171
01:01:29,300 --> 01:01:30,900
work for the next hour and a 
half. 

1172
01:01:31,500 --> 01:01:35,300
Shallow breaths but steady you 
learned this years ago? 

1173
01:01:36,300 --> 01:01:39,400
Fight the corset and you'll be 
miserable work with it. 

1174
01:01:39,400 --> 01:01:41,500
And you barely notice, it's 
there. 

1175
01:01:41,500 --> 01:01:45,000
The chairs arms, provide a 
place, to rest your risk between

1176
01:01:45,000 --> 01:01:48,100
courses, you'll use these 
strategically throughout the 

1177
01:01:48,100 --> 01:01:51,000
meal arms provides stability for
cutting meat. 

1178
01:01:51,000 --> 01:01:55,200
They offer a resting place when 
conversation pauses, they're 

1179
01:01:55,200 --> 01:01:58,600
possibly the most useful part of
dining room furniture, though. 

1180
01:01:58,600 --> 01:02:02,400
Nobody ever mentions this your 
feet touched the floor, solidly 

1181
01:02:03,200 --> 01:02:05,000
Dining chairs are lower than 
drawing room. 

1182
01:02:05,000 --> 01:02:07,700
Chairs and the table. 
Height is calibrated. 

1183
01:02:07,700 --> 01:02:10,600
Exactly. 
Your arms can rest comfortably 

1184
01:02:10,600 --> 01:02:14,700
on the table Edge, your plate, 
when it arrives will sit at the 

1185
01:02:14,708 --> 01:02:17,400
perfect distance for eating 
without hunching forward. 

1186
01:02:18,300 --> 01:02:21,600
Someone calculated these 
measurements decades ago and 

1187
01:02:21,600 --> 01:02:24,000
everyone since is simply 
replicated than without 

1188
01:02:24,000 --> 01:02:26,400
question. 
The temperature at table level 

1189
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:31,200
is perfect too high and you'd 
feel stuffy too low, in the food

1190
01:02:31,200 --> 01:02:34,700
would cool too quickly. 
The victorians of worked out, 

1191
01:02:34,708 --> 01:02:38,200
the Thermo Dynamic of dining 
rooms, the way Engineers, work 

1192
01:02:38,200 --> 01:02:42,300
out Bridge construction. 
There's an ideal temperature 

1193
01:02:42,300 --> 01:02:44,900
zone and considerable effort 
goes into. 

1194
01:02:44,900 --> 01:02:46,700
Maintaining it from your 
position. 

1195
01:02:46,700 --> 01:02:51,200
You can see the fire directly. 
It's been built in layers on the

1196
01:02:51,208 --> 01:02:54,900
bottom producing heat with some 
wood on top producing Ambience. 

1197
01:02:54,900 --> 01:02:59,200
The Flames are energetic, but 
contained Later in the evening, 

1198
01:02:59,200 --> 01:03:02,000
someone will add more coal. 
You're barely notice when this 

1199
01:03:02,000 --> 01:03:06,000
happens the servants are ghosts.
When they want to be the butler 

1200
01:03:06,000 --> 01:03:08,800
returns from the sideboard, 
carrying a covered silver dish. 

1201
01:03:08,800 --> 01:03:12,100
He moves with the deliberate 
pace of someone carrying 

1202
01:03:12,100 --> 01:03:16,000
something valuable. 
His footsteps on the carpet are 

1203
01:03:16,000 --> 01:03:18,500
silent. 
He could be floating for all the

1204
01:03:18,500 --> 01:03:22,700
noisy makes this is the 
beginning, everything before 

1205
01:03:22,700 --> 01:03:27,200
this moment was preparation, now
you're actually dining the 

1206
01:03:27,200 --> 01:03:29,700
butler, place is a small plate 
before you with practice 

1207
01:03:29,700 --> 01:03:31,400
precision. 
Plate. 

1208
01:03:31,400 --> 01:03:35,200
Is warm noticeably warm heated 
in the kitchen before food 

1209
01:03:35,200 --> 01:03:37,100
touched it. 
On the plate. 

1210
01:03:37,100 --> 01:03:39,300
Sit, something that looks 
delicate and carefully 

1211
01:03:39,300 --> 01:03:41,700
constructed. 
It's the first course. 

1212
01:03:41,700 --> 01:03:44,100
And first course is all always 
about restraint. 

1213
01:03:44,100 --> 01:03:47,900
They announced that this will be
a civilized meal, not a Feeding 

1214
01:03:47,900 --> 01:03:50,300
Frenzy. 
Tonight's first course, is 

1215
01:03:50,300 --> 01:03:53,100
oysters. 
Six of them arranged on the 

1216
01:03:53,100 --> 01:03:57,600
plate with geometric precision. 
There in their half shells or 

1217
01:03:57,600 --> 01:04:01,100
already opened in the kitchen. 
A small Fork, rest beside the 

1218
01:04:01,100 --> 01:04:03,800
plate. 
This wasnt part of your original

1219
01:04:03,800 --> 01:04:08,700
place, setting it appeared with 
the oysters as if by Magic, the 

1220
01:04:08,700 --> 01:04:10,900
oysters glistening in the 
candlelight like their made of 

1221
01:04:10,900 --> 01:04:15,300
pewter and silk, each one is 
different slightly different 

1222
01:04:15,300 --> 01:04:18,700
size slightly different shape, 
but they've been arranged to 

1223
01:04:18,700 --> 01:04:21,600
look uniform. 
Someone in the kitchen spent 

1224
01:04:21,600 --> 01:04:25,100
time selecting these making sure
none were too large or too 

1225
01:04:25,100 --> 01:04:27,600
small. 
The first course sets the tone 

1226
01:04:27,600 --> 01:04:30,800
nobody wants to set the tone 
with a massive frightening. 

1227
01:04:30,800 --> 01:04:35,400
Oyster thin slices of lemons, 
sit between the shells, a tiny 

1228
01:04:35,400 --> 01:04:39,600
dish of mignonette sauce vinegar
shallots and pepper appears at 

1229
01:04:39,600 --> 01:04:42,600
your plates Edge. 
Smell reaching you as mostly 

1230
01:04:42,600 --> 01:04:46,600
brine that distinct ocean scent.
That means the oysters are 

1231
01:04:46,600 --> 01:04:50,100
fresh. 
Not yesterday, fresh today. 

1232
01:04:50,100 --> 01:04:53,500
Fresh possibly. 
This afternoon, fresh to noon. 

1233
01:04:53,500 --> 01:04:56,400
You pick up the small fork and 
look across the table at your 

1234
01:04:56,400 --> 01:04:59,300
husband. 
He's examining his own oyster 

1235
01:04:59,300 --> 01:05:02,000
plate, with the expression of a 
man who would rather be eating 

1236
01:05:02,000 --> 01:05:04,300
beef. 
He doesn't dislike oysters 

1237
01:05:04,300 --> 01:05:07,100
exactly. 
He dislikes that oysters a 

1238
01:05:07,100 --> 01:05:10,600
fashionable, he dislikes that 
fashionable things must be eaten

1239
01:05:10,600 --> 01:05:12,300
even when you'd prefer something
else. 

1240
01:05:13,200 --> 01:05:16,100
But Elite them because that's 
what the first course is the 

1241
01:05:16,100 --> 01:05:18,900
technique for eating oysters has
been explained to you many times

1242
01:05:18,900 --> 01:05:21,200
though. 
You learned it so long ago that 

1243
01:05:21,200 --> 01:05:24,000
the explanation feel like 
something you were born Noah. 

1244
01:05:24,600 --> 01:05:28,400
Use the small Fork to detach the
oyster from its shell, cutting 

1245
01:05:28,400 --> 01:05:30,000
the muscles. 
That holds it in place. 

1246
01:05:30,800 --> 01:05:33,700
Then you're supposed to lift the
shell and let the oyster slide 

1247
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:36,200
into your mouth. 
You're definitely not supposed 

1248
01:05:36,200 --> 01:05:38,700
to chew it. 
Let it rest on your tongue. 

1249
01:05:38,700 --> 01:05:41,900
Maybe compress it slightly 
against your palate, then 

1250
01:05:41,900 --> 01:05:45,600
swallow Chewing oysters is what 
people in restaurants. 

1251
01:05:45,600 --> 01:05:48,400
Do proper people simply receive 
oysters. 

1252
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:50,500
You squeeze, lemon over the 
first one. 

1253
01:05:50,500 --> 01:05:54,400
The juice runs down into the 
shells curve mixing with the 

1254
01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:57,800
oysters, natural liquid. 
The smell intensifies. 

1255
01:05:57,800 --> 01:06:00,800
More citrus. 
Now, cutting through the brine. 

1256
01:06:01,600 --> 01:06:03,800
You add a tiny amount of 
mignonette sauce with the 

1257
01:06:03,800 --> 01:06:05,800
miniature spoon provided for 
this purpose. 

1258
01:06:05,800 --> 01:06:09,300
The victorians have specific 
utensils for everything. 

1259
01:06:10,100 --> 01:06:13,100
Somewhere in London, there's 
probably a factory employing 

1260
01:06:13,100 --> 01:06:16,200
dozens of people to make nothing
but tiny spoons for minion 

1261
01:06:16,200 --> 01:06:18,600
netsource. 
The shell is rough against your 

1262
01:06:18,600 --> 01:06:21,900
lips, cold from the oyster, 
slightly sharp along the edge, 

1263
01:06:21,900 --> 01:06:25,200
then the oyster itself, slides 
into your mouth, and you 

1264
01:06:25,200 --> 01:06:27,800
understand why people either 
love these or hate them. 

1265
01:06:28,800 --> 01:06:30,400
The texture is like nothing 
else. 

1266
01:06:31,400 --> 01:06:36,900
Silky and firm at the same time.
Taste is intensely ocean, not 

1267
01:06:36,900 --> 01:06:39,100
fishy, but definitely from 
water. 

1268
01:06:40,000 --> 01:06:40,800
Salt. 
Yes. 

1269
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:44,400
But all so something mineral. 
Something that reminds you of 

1270
01:06:44,400 --> 01:06:47,800
rocks and Tides you let it rest 
on your tongue for a moment. 

1271
01:06:47,800 --> 01:06:52,900
The lemon brightens everything. 
The mignonette adds a sharp 

1272
01:06:52,900 --> 01:06:56,300
vinegar note that cuts through 
the richness, then you swallow 

1273
01:06:56,300 --> 01:07:01,000
and the oyster is gone leaving 
behind just flavor and a faint 

1274
01:07:01,000 --> 01:07:04,000
memory of texture. 
Your husband has eaten his first

1275
01:07:04,000 --> 01:07:06,200
oyster while you were 
contemplating yours. 

1276
01:07:06,200 --> 01:07:09,900
He's reaching for a second the 
meal has officially begun. 

1277
01:07:09,900 --> 01:07:12,700
You're both eating. 
Now both committed to the 

1278
01:07:12,708 --> 01:07:15,400
evenings progression. 
The second oyster is slightly 

1279
01:07:15,400 --> 01:07:18,000
larger than the first more lemon
this time. 

1280
01:07:18,000 --> 01:07:22,100
Less sauce, the third one. 
You eat without any additions at

1281
01:07:22,100 --> 01:07:23,800
all. 
Just to taste the oyster itself.

1282
01:07:23,800 --> 01:07:28,900
It's sweet underneath the bride 
almost buttery these are good 

1283
01:07:28,900 --> 01:07:31,300
oysters. 
Someone at the fishmonger did 

1284
01:07:31,300 --> 01:07:34,000
their job. 
Well, eating oysters creates a 

1285
01:07:34,000 --> 01:07:36,800
rhythm detached lift receive 
swallow. 

1286
01:07:37,700 --> 01:07:42,800
Detach lift received swallow, 
its meditative in its way. 

1287
01:07:42,800 --> 01:07:45,900
Your mind can wander while your 
hands perform. 

1288
01:07:45,900 --> 01:07:48,800
This simple sequence. 
You think about the oysters 

1289
01:07:48,800 --> 01:07:52,100
journey to this table, harvested
somewhere on the coast. 

1290
01:07:52,100 --> 01:07:56,000
Probably this morning packed in 
ice transported, by train to 

1291
01:07:56,000 --> 01:07:58,700
London. 
Sold at Market, carried to your 

1292
01:07:58,700 --> 01:08:02,000
kitchen and opened by someone 
whose hands are probably cut 

1293
01:08:02,000 --> 01:08:06,600
from years of oyster shells. 
All this effort to produce six 

1294
01:08:06,600 --> 01:08:10,100
small bites of food, that take 
maybe three minutes to eat, the 

1295
01:08:10,100 --> 01:08:12,000
butler appears silently to 
refill. 

1296
01:08:12,000 --> 01:08:15,300
Your water glass, you didn't 
notice it was low, he noticed. 

1297
01:08:16,100 --> 01:08:19,300
This is his gift. 
Noticing things before anyone 

1298
01:08:19,300 --> 01:08:22,300
else realizes they need noticing
fourth oyster. 

1299
01:08:23,200 --> 01:08:26,800
The Rhythm continues. 
You're eating slowly but not too

1300
01:08:26,800 --> 01:08:29,800
slowly. 
There's a pace to First courses 

1301
01:08:29,800 --> 01:08:31,899
that everyone understands 
without discussing. 

1302
01:08:32,800 --> 01:08:34,899
Fast enough to show. 
You're not afraid of food. 

1303
01:08:34,899 --> 01:08:38,500
Slower enough to demonstrate. 
You're not desperately hungry. 

1304
01:08:39,399 --> 01:08:41,700
The performance of eating is 
sometimes more important than 

1305
01:08:41,700 --> 01:08:44,899
the eating itself. 
Your husband finishes is oysters

1306
01:08:44,899 --> 01:08:48,399
before you finish yours. 
He sets down his fork, with a 

1307
01:08:48,408 --> 01:08:50,500
soft, click against his plate 
and waits. 

1308
01:08:51,500 --> 01:08:55,399
He could start a conversation 
now, but he doesn't He'll still 

1309
01:08:55,399 --> 01:08:58,100
eating talking. 
While someone is eating oysters 

1310
01:08:58,100 --> 01:09:00,899
would be poor form or oysters 
demand, a certain amount of 

1311
01:09:00,899 --> 01:09:04,300
concentration. 
Fifth, oyster your developing 

1312
01:09:04,300 --> 01:09:06,899
favorites. 
Now, This one is particularly 

1313
01:09:06,899 --> 01:09:10,300
Briny and particularly firm, the
lemon juice. 

1314
01:09:10,300 --> 01:09:12,399
You add seems to make it Sparkle
somehow. 

1315
01:09:13,200 --> 01:09:16,000
Chemistry, you don't understand 
is happening on this shell. 

1316
01:09:16,000 --> 01:09:19,800
The sixth and final oyster feels
almost disappointing. 

1317
01:09:20,700 --> 01:09:22,600
First course is always end too 
quickly. 

1318
01:09:22,600 --> 01:09:26,000
You've barely settled into the 
meals Rhythm and already the 

1319
01:09:26,000 --> 01:09:29,700
opening act is over. 
You eat this last oyster slowly 

1320
01:09:29,700 --> 01:09:34,800
trying to extend the experience 
more, lemon, more sauce. 

1321
01:09:35,500 --> 01:09:36,899
Hold it in your mouth, a moment 
longer. 

1322
01:09:36,899 --> 01:09:41,100
Let the flavors develop fully 
before, swallowing your plate is

1323
01:09:41,100 --> 01:09:44,399
now decorated with six, empty 
shells arranged in a circle 

1324
01:09:44,399 --> 01:09:48,100
around the edge. 
Centers, clean white porcelain. 

1325
01:09:48,100 --> 01:09:50,800
The visual effect is 
surprisingly pleasing. 

1326
01:09:50,800 --> 01:09:54,800
These organic irregular shells 
against the perfect manufactured

1327
01:09:54,800 --> 01:09:56,900
plate. 
It looks like an art 

1328
01:09:56,900 --> 01:09:58,900
installation. 
You'd see in a gallery if 

1329
01:09:58,900 --> 01:10:02,200
galleries existed for dinner 
courses, the butler has been 

1330
01:10:02,200 --> 01:10:05,100
waiting for this moment. 
The instant you set down your 

1331
01:10:05,100 --> 01:10:06,900
fork. 
He moves forward to collect your

1332
01:10:06,900 --> 01:10:09,500
plate. 
Your husband's plate is lifted 

1333
01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:13,200
at the same time, both plate 
disappear, toward the sideboard,

1334
01:10:13,200 --> 01:10:18,300
the oyster Forks, vanished to 
intense seconds, all evidence of

1335
01:10:18,300 --> 01:10:20,600
the first course is gone except 
the taste lingering in your 

1336
01:10:20,600 --> 01:10:22,200
mouth. 
Pause now. 

1337
01:10:22,200 --> 01:10:25,800
Maybe two minutes of nothing. 
This is intentional. 

1338
01:10:27,000 --> 01:10:30,100
The break between courses, gives
your stomach time to register 

1339
01:10:30,100 --> 01:10:34,000
that food has arrived. 
It lets conversation resume if 

1340
01:10:34,000 --> 01:10:37,700
anyone has something to say, it 
builds anticipation for the next

1341
01:10:37,700 --> 01:10:40,400
course. 
The victorians understand that 

1342
01:10:40,400 --> 01:10:43,800
eating is about timing. 
As much as taste, the butler 

1343
01:10:43,800 --> 01:10:46,600
returns carrying two plates that
are noticeably larger than the 

1344
01:10:46,600 --> 01:10:49,700
first course plates. 
These are dinner plates, proper 

1345
01:10:49,700 --> 01:10:52,200
dinner plates, the kind that 
could hold a reasonable amount 

1346
01:10:52,200 --> 01:10:54,500
of food. 
And they do, hold a reasonable 

1347
01:10:54,500 --> 01:10:57,900
amount of food arranged, of 
course with the Precision of a 

1348
01:10:57,900 --> 01:11:02,400
military formation, your plate 
arrives, first on it sits a 

1349
01:11:02,400 --> 01:11:05,800
portion of a roasted lamb 
sliced, thin, and arranged in an

1350
01:11:05,800 --> 01:11:08,600
overlapping pattern. 
Beside the lamb, a small, 

1351
01:11:08,600 --> 01:11:12,200
roasted potatoes, their skins 
crisped and gleaming with 

1352
01:11:12,200 --> 01:11:15,000
butter. 
Green beans run alongside the 

1353
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:17,600
potatoes arranged in a parallel 
line. 

1354
01:11:17,600 --> 01:11:21,500
A small pool of gravy sits in 
the Plate's curved, dark and 

1355
01:11:21,500 --> 01:11:24,100
glossy. 
Everything is positioned with 

1356
01:11:24,100 --> 01:11:28,000
geometric intentionality, the 
smell hits you before, you've 

1357
01:11:28,000 --> 01:11:30,000
even registered all the visual 
details. 

1358
01:11:30,000 --> 01:11:34,400
Roasted meat Rosemary, garlic 
butter and the Deep Savory 

1359
01:11:34,400 --> 01:11:36,600
Center of gravy made from pan 
drippings. 

1360
01:11:36,600 --> 01:11:39,200
This is the smell that makes 
your stomach. 

1361
01:11:39,200 --> 01:11:42,400
Suddenly remember, it's hungry. 
The oysters were interesting. 

1362
01:11:42,400 --> 01:11:45,700
This is food your husband 
receives his plates 

1363
01:11:45,700 --> 01:11:49,200
simultaneously. 
His portion is noticeably larger

1364
01:11:49,200 --> 01:11:52,800
than yours about half again as 
much meat more potatoes. 

1365
01:11:53,800 --> 01:11:57,200
Nobody mentions this discrepancy
because the discrepancy is 

1366
01:11:57,208 --> 01:12:02,300
expected men, get larger 
portions women, get portion 

1367
01:12:02,300 --> 01:12:06,400
sized for their supposedly 
smaller appetites and definitely

1368
01:12:06,400 --> 01:12:10,000
smaller stomachs compressed. 
Buy corsets Whether you're 

1369
01:12:10,000 --> 01:12:13,200
actually less hungry than your 
husband is irrelevant new 

1370
01:12:13,200 --> 01:12:15,300
utensils have appeared beside 
your plate. 

1371
01:12:16,000 --> 01:12:18,600
A proper Denon knife and fork 
larger, and heavier than 

1372
01:12:18,600 --> 01:12:21,900
anything used in the first 
course, the knife has real 

1373
01:12:21,900 --> 01:12:25,100
weight to it. 
Fork, tines are sharp. 

1374
01:12:25,100 --> 01:12:28,600
These are serious, eating 
implements, you arrange your 

1375
01:12:28,600 --> 01:12:31,900
napkin slightly making sure it's
positioned to catch any 

1376
01:12:31,900 --> 01:12:34,700
potential. 
Drips gravy has a way of finding

1377
01:12:34,700 --> 01:12:37,600
shirts and dress bodices through
some kind of malicious 

1378
01:12:37,600 --> 01:12:40,200
navigation system. 
The napkin is your primary 

1379
01:12:40,200 --> 01:12:42,200
defense. 
The lamb has been cooked 

1380
01:12:42,200 --> 01:12:45,100
properly pink in the middle gray
at the edges. 

1381
01:12:45,100 --> 01:12:48,400
You can see this in the slice 
portion on your plate. 

1382
01:12:48,400 --> 01:12:52,300
The outside has that desirable 
crossed where herbs and heat 

1383
01:12:52,300 --> 01:12:55,600
combined to create something 
more delicious than the sum of 

1384
01:12:55,600 --> 01:12:58,000
its parts. 
You select a piece from the 

1385
01:12:58,000 --> 01:12:59,600
middle of the rangement and cut 
it carefully. 

1386
01:13:00,800 --> 01:13:03,000
The knife slides through with 
just the right amount of 

1387
01:13:03,000 --> 01:13:06,200
resistance, two, easy would 
mean, the meat is overcooked, 

1388
01:13:06,200 --> 01:13:08,100
two difficult would mean its 
tough. 

1389
01:13:08,100 --> 01:13:12,500
This is exactly right. 
The first bike, combines lamb 

1390
01:13:12,500 --> 01:13:14,400
gravy and a small piece of 
potato. 

1391
01:13:14,400 --> 01:13:18,300
You've learned that food tastes 
better in combinations than in 

1392
01:13:18,300 --> 01:13:21,900
isolation. 
The lamb is tender and Rich with

1393
01:13:21,900 --> 01:13:24,200
the distinctive slightly gamy, 
flavor. 

1394
01:13:24,200 --> 01:13:28,000
That separates it from beef. 
The gravy add salt and depth. 

1395
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:32,300
Potato provides textural 
contrast and soaks up the gravy 

1396
01:13:32,300 --> 01:13:35,800
like an edible sponge. 
Your mouth is suddenly very 

1397
01:13:35,800 --> 01:13:39,100
happy across the table. 
Your husband is cutting his meat

1398
01:13:39,100 --> 01:13:41,200
with the focused. 
Attention of someone performing 

1399
01:13:41,200 --> 01:13:43,900
surgery men are taught to cut 
meat. 

1400
01:13:43,900 --> 01:13:48,600
Decisively one firm, motion per 
cut, women are taught to cut 

1401
01:13:48,600 --> 01:13:52,100
more delicately with multiple 
small soaring motions. 

1402
01:13:52,100 --> 01:13:56,800
If necessary These gendered 
cutting techniques are important

1403
01:13:56,800 --> 01:13:59,500
enough that people write 
etiquette books, explaining 

1404
01:13:59,500 --> 01:14:02,700
them, the green beans are still 
slightly, crisp, dressed with 

1405
01:14:02,708 --> 01:14:06,200
butter and possibly a touch of 
arm and you want to expecting 

1406
01:14:06,200 --> 01:14:08,400
the Almond. 
That's a nice surprise. 

1407
01:14:08,400 --> 01:14:12,800
The beans taste, green and fresh
despite being cooked, someone in

1408
01:14:12,800 --> 01:14:14,400
the kitchen understands 
vegetables. 

1409
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:18,100
You eat methodically working 
your way around the plate, a 

1410
01:14:18,100 --> 01:14:22,200
bite of lamb, a potato, some 
beans, another bite of lamb with

1411
01:14:22,200 --> 01:14:24,300
gravy. 
Nothing doesn't matter. 

1412
01:14:24,300 --> 01:14:26,500
Exactly. 
But having some pattern to your 

1413
01:14:26,508 --> 01:14:29,000
eating looks better than 
randomly attacking whatever 

1414
01:14:29,000 --> 01:14:32,000
appears closest. 
Even eating alone with your 

1415
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:35,900
husband appearances matter. 
The potatoes have been roasted 

1416
01:14:35,900 --> 01:14:38,600
in duck fat. 
If your palate is correct, they 

1417
01:14:38,600 --> 01:14:41,200
have that particular richness. 
That butter alone doesn't 

1418
01:14:41,200 --> 01:14:43,800
provide. 
They're outsides a crispy, 

1419
01:14:43,800 --> 01:14:47,400
they're insights fluffy. 
They're possibly the best thing 

1420
01:14:47,400 --> 01:14:49,900
on the plate though, you'd never
say this out loud. 

1421
01:14:50,700 --> 01:14:52,900
Admitting you prefer potatoes to
lamb. 

1422
01:14:52,900 --> 01:14:54,700
Would suggest your priorities 
are wrong. 

1423
01:14:54,700 --> 01:14:57,800
Your husband speaks for the 
first time since the main course

1424
01:14:57,800 --> 01:15:00,700
arrived. 
The lamb is very good tonight. 

1425
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:03,400
You agree that the lamb is very 
good tonight. 

1426
01:15:04,400 --> 01:15:07,700
This exchange covers all 
necessary conversation about the

1427
01:15:07,700 --> 01:15:10,900
food going into more detail. 
Would suggest, your overly 

1428
01:15:10,900 --> 01:15:13,500
focused on eating, not 
commenting at all. 

1429
01:15:13,508 --> 01:15:17,000
Would suggest your ungrateful? 
This briefing, knowledgement is 

1430
01:15:17,000 --> 01:15:20,100
The Sweet Spot you're about 
halfway through your portion. 

1431
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,300
When you realize you're eating 
too quickly, First course, is 

1432
01:15:23,300 --> 01:15:24,900
should be eaten at a leisurely 
Pace. 

1433
01:15:24,900 --> 01:15:27,600
Main courses should be eaten at 
a pace. 

1434
01:15:27,600 --> 01:15:30,500
Suggesting your enjoying the 
food, but not obsessed with it. 

1435
01:15:30,500 --> 01:15:34,500
You deliberately slowed down 
setting your knife and fork on 

1436
01:15:34,500 --> 01:15:37,400
your plate between bites. 
This is the proper resting 

1437
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:40,900
position knife and fork in an 
expat on the plate. 

1438
01:15:41,600 --> 01:15:44,900
Setting them parallel with 
signal your finished and you're 

1439
01:15:44,900 --> 01:15:47,400
definitely not finished. 
The wine glasses have been 

1440
01:15:47,408 --> 01:15:51,800
filled red wine for the main 
course you didn't notice when 

1441
01:15:51,800 --> 01:15:54,200
this happened. 
The butler is a magician when he

1442
01:15:54,200 --> 01:15:57,700
wants to be The wine is a 
burgundy, you think or possibly 

1443
01:15:57,700 --> 01:16:00,700
a Claret? 
The victorians aren't as fussy 

1444
01:16:00,700 --> 01:16:04,000
about wine as the French, but 
they do understand that red wine

1445
01:16:04,000 --> 01:16:08,100
goes with red meat. 
You take a small sip, the wine 

1446
01:16:08,100 --> 01:16:10,300
is dry and slightly tannic with 
fruit notes. 

1447
01:16:10,300 --> 01:16:11,900
That complement the Lambs 
richness. 

1448
01:16:11,900 --> 01:16:15,200
Your husband is eating more 
quickly than you but not 

1449
01:16:15,200 --> 01:16:18,200
rapidly. 
His larger portion requires more

1450
01:16:18,200 --> 01:16:20,700
efficient to eating to finish in
a reasonable time frame. 

1451
01:16:20,700 --> 01:16:23,700
He is about three quarters 
through when you are still 

1452
01:16:23,700 --> 01:16:27,400
navigating your halfway point. 
This is normal these 

1453
01:16:27,400 --> 01:16:29,900
proportional timing differences 
work out naturally. 

1454
01:16:29,900 --> 01:16:31,500
If everyone eats at their proper
Pace. 

1455
01:16:31,500 --> 01:16:34,400
The gravy is becoming more 
important as the meal 

1456
01:16:34,400 --> 01:16:37,200
progresses. 
It started doesn't accent and 

1457
01:16:37,200 --> 01:16:39,000
his. 
Now become the element that ties

1458
01:16:39,000 --> 01:16:41,900
everything together. 
You find yourself deliberately 

1459
01:16:41,900 --> 01:16:45,600
saving some for the final bites 
running out of gravy before 

1460
01:16:45,600 --> 01:16:47,200
finishing. 
Your meat would be a small 

1461
01:16:47,200 --> 01:16:49,400
tragedy. 
The rooms temperature is 

1462
01:16:49,400 --> 01:16:52,200
increased slightly from the hot 
plate and the continuing fire. 

1463
01:16:52,900 --> 01:16:54,800
Your warm now but not 
uncomfortable. 

1464
01:16:54,800 --> 01:16:58,200
The wine helps. 
Everything is slightly blurred 

1465
01:16:58,200 --> 01:17:00,700
at the edges in that Pleasant 
way that good food and 

1466
01:17:00,700 --> 01:17:03,700
low-light, create a small piece 
of lamb. 

1467
01:17:03,700 --> 01:17:06,500
Resists your knife. 
You have to sort it slightly 

1468
01:17:06,500 --> 01:17:09,100
more than elegantly these 
moments happen. 

1469
01:17:09,100 --> 01:17:13,200
Nobody has invented meet that 
cuts perfectly every single 

1470
01:17:13,200 --> 01:17:15,600
time. 
You managed to separate the 

1471
01:17:15,600 --> 01:17:18,800
piece without anything, sliding 
off your plate, or making 

1472
01:17:18,800 --> 01:17:22,900
dramatic knife, screeching 
sounds small victories. 

1473
01:17:22,900 --> 01:17:26,300
The potatoes are gone. 
You ate them, strategically 

1474
01:17:26,300 --> 01:17:29,100
spreading them throughout the 
meal instead of consuming them 

1475
01:17:29,100 --> 01:17:31,400
all at once. 
Now, you miss them. 

1476
01:17:32,300 --> 01:17:35,900
Plate looks empty or without 
their gold and presents your 

1477
01:17:35,900 --> 01:17:38,500
husband sets down his utensils 
in the finished position. 

1478
01:17:38,500 --> 01:17:41,200
Parallel across his plate. 
He's done. 

1479
01:17:41,200 --> 01:17:44,300
You're not quite done but close 
enough, that finishing won't 

1480
01:17:44,300 --> 01:17:46,900
take long. 
You work through your final few 

1481
01:17:46,900 --> 01:17:49,500
bites with the knowledge that 
the butler is probably preparing

1482
01:17:49,500 --> 01:17:52,700
to clear plates. 
The last bite of lamb swirls 

1483
01:17:52,700 --> 01:17:55,900
through remaining gravy 
accompanied by a single green 

1484
01:17:55,900 --> 01:17:58,900
bean. 
You choose slowly tasting 

1485
01:17:58,900 --> 01:18:01,400
everything. 
One last time, then it's gone. 

1486
01:18:01,400 --> 01:18:05,800
Your plate is clean, except for 
smears of gravy and butter, your

1487
01:18:05,800 --> 01:18:09,000
Ranger knife and fork in the 
finish position, the Butler 

1488
01:18:09,000 --> 01:18:12,200
materializes Beside You both 
plates are lifted 

1489
01:18:12,200 --> 01:18:16,200
simultaneously. 
Your wine glasses, remain wine 

1490
01:18:16,200 --> 01:18:17,700
carries through multiple 
courses. 

1491
01:18:17,700 --> 01:18:22,600
The empty plates vanished toward
the sideboard, Another pause 

1492
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:25,100
now. 
Longer this time, you've eaten, 

1493
01:18:25,100 --> 01:18:27,200
the substantial part of the 
evening's meal. 

1494
01:18:27,200 --> 01:18:30,500
What comes next is supplementary
the break. 

1495
01:18:30,500 --> 01:18:32,600
After the main course. 
Feels different from the break 

1496
01:18:32,600 --> 01:18:35,600
after oysters. 
Your stomach is genuinely 

1497
01:18:35,600 --> 01:18:38,800
satisfied. 
Now, the slightly frantic Edge 

1498
01:18:38,800 --> 01:18:42,700
that hunger creates as vanished 
You're in that comfortable 

1499
01:18:42,700 --> 01:18:44,600
state? 
Where more food sounds pleasant 

1500
01:18:44,600 --> 01:18:47,500
but not necessary. 
Your husband adjusts his 

1501
01:18:47,508 --> 01:18:49,800
position in his chair settling 
back slightly. 

1502
01:18:49,800 --> 01:18:52,600
This is as casual as he'll get 
during dinner. 

1503
01:18:52,600 --> 01:18:55,200
He's not sprawling or anything 
undignified. 

1504
01:18:55,200 --> 01:18:59,100
He still upright, still proper. 
But the ramrod posture is 

1505
01:18:59,100 --> 01:19:02,000
softened. 
You do the same, nobody 

1506
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:04,300
mentioned this shift but you 
both felt it happened. 

1507
01:19:04,300 --> 01:19:07,500
The wine gets attention, now 
that food isn't competing for 

1508
01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:10,400
your focus. 
You lift your glass and really 

1509
01:19:10,400 --> 01:19:13,500
look at the wine examining its 
color in the candlelight. 

1510
01:19:13,500 --> 01:19:16,600
It's a deep red almost purple at
the edges. 

1511
01:19:18,300 --> 01:19:21,100
The victorians have opinions 
about wine appreciation that 

1512
01:19:21,100 --> 01:19:24,600
they've absorbed from French 
culture holding wine up to the 

1513
01:19:24,600 --> 01:19:27,200
light and contemplating its 
seriously as part of the 

1514
01:19:27,200 --> 01:19:31,000
performance, you take a sip. 
The wine is opened up since you 

1515
01:19:31,000 --> 01:19:33,800
first tasted it, whatever 
tannins were sharp. 

1516
01:19:33,800 --> 01:19:36,800
Before of mellowed, the fruit 
flavors are more prominent 

1517
01:19:37,600 --> 01:19:41,200
You're not a wine expert by any 
stretch but you can tell this is

1518
01:19:41,200 --> 01:19:45,400
decent Wine, Not spectacular, 
but certainly good enough for a 

1519
01:19:45,400 --> 01:19:47,800
family dinner, your husband is 
looking at you with the 

1520
01:19:47,800 --> 01:19:51,000
expression that means he's about
to start an actual conversation.

1521
01:19:52,200 --> 01:19:54,200
The earlier comment about lamb 
was ritual. 

1522
01:19:54,200 --> 01:19:57,800
This will be real. 
I spoke with Matthews today 

1523
01:19:57,800 --> 01:20:00,700
about the property Matthews is 
your solicitor. 

1524
01:20:01,700 --> 01:20:04,100
But he is a small house. 
You're considering purchasing as

1525
01:20:04,100 --> 01:20:07,000
an investment. 
This is the kind of discussion 

1526
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:10,800
that happens during the post. 
Main course lull business, talk 

1527
01:20:10,800 --> 01:20:12,900
is acceptable. 
Now, it wouldn't have been 

1528
01:20:12,900 --> 01:20:15,400
during oysters and it won't be 
during Desert. 

1529
01:20:16,100 --> 01:20:19,400
But right now in the brake 
practical matters can emerge. 

1530
01:20:19,400 --> 01:20:22,500
You ask what? 
Matthew said your husband 

1531
01:20:22,500 --> 01:20:26,100
explained some detail about 
deeds and surveys and structural

1532
01:20:26,100 --> 01:20:29,600
assessments Your listening. 
But also, thinking about how 

1533
01:20:29,600 --> 01:20:32,200
strange it is, that major 
financial decisions get 

1534
01:20:32,200 --> 01:20:36,500
discussed across eight feet of 
dining table over, dirty plates 

1535
01:20:36,500 --> 01:20:39,800
and wine glasses. 
But this is when husbands, and 

1536
01:20:39,800 --> 01:20:43,500
wives often have uninterrupted 
time together, The dining room 

1537
01:20:43,500 --> 01:20:47,100
becomes an office by default. 
The conversation continues for 

1538
01:20:47,100 --> 01:20:49,700
several minutes. 
You offer opinions about the 

1539
01:20:49,700 --> 01:20:53,100
properties location. 
Your husband mentioned concerned

1540
01:20:53,100 --> 01:20:56,900
about drainage You both agree 
that Matthews should proceed 

1541
01:20:56,900 --> 01:21:00,000
with the structural assessment. 
Before any offer is made, this 

1542
01:21:00,000 --> 01:21:03,300
is partnership in Victorian 
marriage, collaborative, 

1543
01:21:03,300 --> 01:21:06,200
decision-making, conducted with 
formal politeness. 

1544
01:21:06,200 --> 01:21:08,800
The butler is waiting somewhere 
in the periphery. 

1545
01:21:08,800 --> 01:21:12,900
He can hear every word of this 
conversation servants, always, 

1546
01:21:12,900 --> 01:21:17,400
can everyone pretends they 
can't, but they absolutely can. 

1547
01:21:18,300 --> 01:21:20,700
Your private discussions about 
property and money are being 

1548
01:21:20,700 --> 01:21:23,500
absorbed by a man who will 
repeat nothing, but remember, 

1549
01:21:23,500 --> 01:21:25,400
everything, you finish your 
wine. 

1550
01:21:26,400 --> 01:21:28,500
The butler appears instantly to 
refill the glass. 

1551
01:21:28,500 --> 01:21:30,600
This timing can't be 
coincidence. 

1552
01:21:30,600 --> 01:21:33,200
He has been watching without 
appearing to watch. 

1553
01:21:33,200 --> 01:21:37,300
Your glass is never empty. 
Your husband's glass is never 

1554
01:21:37,300 --> 01:21:39,800
empty. 
This is the standard, the 

1555
01:21:39,800 --> 01:21:43,200
household, maintains the 
conversation, shifts to social 

1556
01:21:43,200 --> 01:21:45,800
obligations. 
There's a dinner party next week

1557
01:21:45,800 --> 01:21:48,400
at the Hendersons, your expected
to attend. 

1558
01:21:49,400 --> 01:21:52,200
Neither of you is particularly 
enthused about this but 

1559
01:21:52,200 --> 01:21:55,400
attendance is mandatory, the 
Hendersons are connected to 

1560
01:21:55,400 --> 01:21:58,400
people who matter not attending 
would be noticed. 

1561
01:21:58,400 --> 01:22:00,900
Being noticed for absence is 
never good. 

1562
01:22:00,900 --> 01:22:03,300
Your husband mentioned that 
Henderson. 

1563
01:22:03,300 --> 01:22:05,700
Son is a courting, the Thompson 
girl. 

1564
01:22:05,700 --> 01:22:08,800
This is Gossip which is 
technically beneath formal 

1565
01:22:08,800 --> 01:22:12,100
dinner conversation, but you're 
only two people and nobody's 

1566
01:22:12,100 --> 01:22:15,600
keeping score. 
The Thompson girl is perfectly 

1567
01:22:15,600 --> 01:22:19,400
nice but not well connected. 
Hendersons can do better. 

1568
01:22:19,400 --> 01:22:22,400
You both agree on this without 
saying it directly? 

1569
01:22:22,400 --> 01:22:26,100
The victorians have perfected. 
The art of judgmental 

1570
01:22:26,100 --> 01:22:28,700
implication more wine appears in
your glass. 

1571
01:22:28,700 --> 01:22:32,000
Your surprised to realize you've
finished the previous serving 

1572
01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:34,600
already. 
The wine is working its way 

1573
01:22:34,600 --> 01:22:38,000
through your system, creating a 
pleasant warmth that has nothing

1574
01:22:38,000 --> 01:22:41,300
to do with the fire. 
Everything is slightly soft. 

1575
01:22:41,300 --> 01:22:45,200
And now, the candlelight seems 
warmer your husband's face 

1576
01:22:45,200 --> 01:22:47,100
across the table looks younger 
somehow. 

1577
01:22:47,100 --> 01:22:49,900
The discussion meanders to 
household matters. 

1578
01:22:49,900 --> 01:22:52,600
The carpets in the morning, room
need replacing. 

1579
01:22:52,600 --> 01:22:55,600
There's a persistent draft in 
The Upstairs Hall way that 

1580
01:22:55,600 --> 01:22:58,600
nobody can locate. 
The cold delivery man has 

1581
01:22:58,600 --> 01:23:00,700
started arriving at inconvenient
times. 

1582
01:23:00,700 --> 01:23:04,400
These are the mundane details 
that fill actual marriages 

1583
01:23:04,400 --> 01:23:07,700
behind all the formality. 
You're not just discussing 

1584
01:23:07,700 --> 01:23:09,900
property Investments and social 
obligations. 

1585
01:23:09,900 --> 01:23:14,000
Your figuring out how to keep a 
household running, your husband 

1586
01:23:14,000 --> 01:23:16,100
Smiles at something. 
You said about the cold 

1587
01:23:16,100 --> 01:23:19,200
delivery, man. 
A real smile, not the plight in 

1588
01:23:19,200 --> 01:23:21,800
a smile. 
These moments of genuine 

1589
01:23:21,800 --> 01:23:24,800
connection happen in the spaces 
between formal Behavior. 

1590
01:23:24,800 --> 01:23:27,400
Your performing dinner, but 
you're all. 

1591
01:23:27,408 --> 01:23:31,200
So just two people talking about
your lives, the butler shifts 

1592
01:23:31,200 --> 01:23:34,100
position slightly. 
This is the signal that the 

1593
01:23:34,100 --> 01:23:37,700
kitchen is ready for the next 
course, the social interlude is 

1594
01:23:37,700 --> 01:23:40,700
ending you feel it without 
anyone announcing it. 

1595
01:23:41,400 --> 01:23:43,300
The evenings rhythm is. 
Pulling you forward. 

1596
01:23:43,300 --> 01:23:47,600
You straighten slightly in your 
chair, your husband notices and 

1597
01:23:47,600 --> 01:23:50,000
does the same. 
The brief relaxation is over 

1598
01:23:50,000 --> 01:23:53,100
desert is coming and desert 
requires. 

1599
01:23:53,100 --> 01:23:56,400
Its own form of attention. 
The butler approaches with two 

1600
01:23:56,400 --> 01:23:59,100
smaller plates. 
Dessert has arrived with the 

1601
01:23:59,100 --> 01:24:02,800
formality of a diplomatic Envoy,
The plates are clean, white 

1602
01:24:02,800 --> 01:24:05,700
porcelain different from any 
use, so far. 

1603
01:24:05,700 --> 01:24:09,000
This evening, the victorians 
believed that courses deserve 

1604
01:24:09,000 --> 01:24:11,900
their own dishes. 
Using the same plate for 

1605
01:24:11,900 --> 01:24:14,700
multiple courses, would be like 
wearing the same shoes to a 

1606
01:24:14,700 --> 01:24:17,600
wedding and a funeral, tonight's
desert is trifle. 

1607
01:24:17,600 --> 01:24:21,900
You can see it constructed in a 
small Crystal Bowl layers of 

1608
01:24:21,900 --> 01:24:25,500
sponge cake, soaked in Sherry 
custard jam and whipped cream. 

1609
01:24:26,400 --> 01:24:29,000
The bowl itself is possibly more
valuable than the food. 

1610
01:24:29,000 --> 01:24:31,500
Inside it. 
The cream on top has been 

1611
01:24:31,500 --> 01:24:35,600
smoothed with the flat edge of a
knife, creating a pristine White

1612
01:24:35,600 --> 01:24:39,200
surface. 
A single candied, Violet sits in

1613
01:24:39,208 --> 01:24:41,700
the center. 
Purple and delicate. 

1614
01:24:41,700 --> 01:24:45,500
A dessert spoon appears beside 
the bowl, small, and elegant 

1615
01:24:45,500 --> 01:24:48,900
with a rounded Bowl instead of 
the oval shape of soup Spoons. 

1616
01:24:48,900 --> 01:24:52,300
The victorians have different 
spoons for every possible eating

1617
01:24:52,300 --> 01:24:55,000
scenario. 
There's probably a specific 

1618
01:24:55,000 --> 01:24:58,600
spoon for eating trifle. 
That's distinct from the spoon 

1619
01:24:58,600 --> 01:25:00,800
for eating custard directly 
though. 

1620
01:25:00,800 --> 01:25:02,600
You can't imagine what the 
difference would be. 

1621
01:25:02,600 --> 01:25:05,500
You lift the spoon and break 
through the whipped cream 

1622
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:08,300
surface. 
The layers reveal themselves, as

1623
01:25:08,300 --> 01:25:10,600
you dig down, the custard is 
pale, yellow. 

1624
01:25:10,600 --> 01:25:14,300
And the jam is dark red possibly
raspberry. 

1625
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:18,100
The cake at the bottom, has 
absorbed Sherry and turned 

1626
01:25:18,100 --> 01:25:21,900
slightly in exactly the way 
trifle is supposed to be soggy. 

1627
01:25:22,600 --> 01:25:27,400
The first bite is intense. 
Leaked After the Savory land and

1628
01:25:27,400 --> 01:25:30,200
mineral oil oysters, the 
sweetness is almost shocking, 

1629
01:25:30,200 --> 01:25:33,000
your palate. 
Needs a moment to recalibrate 

1630
01:25:33,000 --> 01:25:35,400
then the flavors sort themselves
out. 

1631
01:25:35,400 --> 01:25:38,200
The cream is Rich and barely 
sweet. 

1632
01:25:38,200 --> 01:25:42,800
The custard is vanilla heavy. 
The jam provides tart fruit 

1633
01:25:42,800 --> 01:25:46,300
notes and the Sherry soaked 
cake, adds boozy depth. 

1634
01:25:47,400 --> 01:25:50,900
This is not subtle food. 
This is a celebration in a bowl.

1635
01:25:50,900 --> 01:25:54,000
Your husband is eating his 
trifle with the focused 

1636
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:57,000
attention of someone who 
genuinely enjoys desert. 

1637
01:25:57,700 --> 01:25:59,200
He's not performing for 
enjoyment. 

1638
01:25:59,200 --> 01:26:03,300
He actually likes this. 
You can tell by how carefully 

1639
01:26:03,300 --> 01:26:07,100
he's constructing each spoonful,
making sure to get some of every

1640
01:26:07,100 --> 01:26:09,500
layer. 
The candied Violet, on top of 

1641
01:26:09,500 --> 01:26:11,900
your trifle, turns out to be 
completely edible. 

1642
01:26:12,600 --> 01:26:15,100
You expected it to be 
decorative, but when you taste 

1643
01:26:15,100 --> 01:26:19,400
it cautiously, it's actually 
quite nice floral without being 

1644
01:26:19,400 --> 01:26:22,500
perfume, like slightly crunchy 
from the sugar coating. 

1645
01:26:22,500 --> 01:26:25,500
You eat it, slowly letting it 
dissolve on your tongue. 

1646
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:29,500
Eating trifle creates a kind of 
archaeological dig in Reverse, 

1647
01:26:29,500 --> 01:26:32,500
your deconstructing the layers 
with each spoonful. 

1648
01:26:32,500 --> 01:26:36,600
Working your way down through 
cream and custard and jam until 

1649
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:39,100
you reach the foundation of 
Sherry soaked cake. 

1650
01:26:40,100 --> 01:26:43,100
The cake is almost putting like 
now, barely holding its 

1651
01:26:43,100 --> 01:26:45,600
structure. 
It dissolves in your mouth, more

1652
01:26:45,600 --> 01:26:48,600
than being chewed. 
The cherry flavor becomes more 

1653
01:26:48,600 --> 01:26:52,200
prominent as you go deeper. 
Someone in the kitchen was not 

1654
01:26:52,200 --> 01:26:55,200
shy with the bottle. 
This trifle could probably get 

1655
01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:57,300
you slightly Tipsy if you ate 
enough of it. 

1656
01:26:58,100 --> 01:27:00,300
Combined with the wine you've 
been drinking all evening, 

1657
01:27:00,300 --> 01:27:03,400
you're definitely feeling warmer
and more relaxed than you were 

1658
01:27:03,400 --> 01:27:05,900
at the meals. 
Beginning, your husband finishes

1659
01:27:05,900 --> 01:27:07,900
his trifle before you finish 
yours. 

1660
01:27:07,900 --> 01:27:12,300
This is becoming a pattern. 
He sets his spoon in the empty 

1661
01:27:12,300 --> 01:27:13,800
bowl with a satisfied 
expression. 

1662
01:27:13,800 --> 01:27:17,700
You're still working through 
your bottom layers, savoring, 

1663
01:27:17,700 --> 01:27:21,000
the last few bites. 
The dining room feels Cozier now

1664
01:27:21,000 --> 01:27:23,700
than it did earlier. 
The candles have burned down 

1665
01:27:23,700 --> 01:27:27,900
slightly, creating softer light.
Fire has settled into steady 

1666
01:27:27,900 --> 01:27:32,300
warmth, rather than active Heat.
Outside the curtained windows 

1667
01:27:32,300 --> 01:27:35,800
London is fully dark. 
Your isolated in this warm 

1668
01:27:35,800 --> 01:27:39,400
bubble of food and light. 
The final spoonful of trifle is 

1669
01:27:39,400 --> 01:27:43,400
mostly just soaked cake and jam 
Cream and custard a long gone, 

1670
01:27:43,400 --> 01:27:45,800
you eat it. 
Slowly knowing that finishing 

1671
01:27:45,800 --> 01:27:47,700
this bite marks, the end of the 
formal meal. 

1672
01:27:48,900 --> 01:27:51,600
Once the desert is gone, dinner 
is officially over. 

1673
01:27:52,500 --> 01:27:55,300
What comes next is a different 
part of the evening entirely. 

1674
01:27:55,300 --> 01:27:57,600
You set your spoon in the empty 
bowl. 

1675
01:27:57,600 --> 01:28:01,800
The butler has been waiting for 
this moment. both dessert bowls 

1676
01:28:01,800 --> 01:28:06,400
are cleared, the wine glasses, 
remain still half full The table

1677
01:28:06,400 --> 01:28:09,400
is now clear except for these 
glasses and the centerpiece that

1678
01:28:09,408 --> 01:28:12,100
has been presiding over the 
meal, like a small floral 

1679
01:28:12,100 --> 01:28:14,800
dignitary, your husband stands 
first. 

1680
01:28:15,600 --> 01:28:17,800
This is the signal that dinner 
has concluded. 

1681
01:28:18,600 --> 01:28:21,400
You stand as well. 
Carefully navigating the weight 

1682
01:28:21,400 --> 01:28:25,200
of your skirts and the slight 
wind induced unsteadiness in 

1683
01:28:25,200 --> 01:28:27,600
your legs. 
You've been sitting for nearly 

1684
01:28:27,600 --> 01:28:30,500
90 minutes. 
Standing feels strange. 

1685
01:28:30,500 --> 01:28:34,400
The butler has already moved to 
the door ready to open it for 

1686
01:28:34,400 --> 01:28:37,200
your exit. 
Nobody says the meal is over. 

1687
01:28:37,200 --> 01:28:41,200
The meal is simply over because 
people are standing and moving 

1688
01:28:41,200 --> 01:28:43,900
towards the door. 
The butler understands this 

1689
01:28:43,900 --> 01:28:47,300
language perfectly, you process 
out of the dining room with your

1690
01:28:47,300 --> 01:28:50,500
husband returning to the drawing
room, where the evening began. 

1691
01:28:51,600 --> 01:28:53,100
Fire. 
Here has been maintained during 

1692
01:28:53,100 --> 01:28:55,600
dinner. 
Someone came in while you're 

1693
01:28:55,600 --> 01:28:57,100
eating and added coal and 
adjusted. 

1694
01:28:57,100 --> 01:29:01,200
The logs, the room is warm and 
inviting this is the hour for 

1695
01:29:01,200 --> 01:29:03,300
coffee. 
And after dinner drinks, the 

1696
01:29:03,300 --> 01:29:06,500
drawing room has been set for 
this purpose, a coffee service, 

1697
01:29:06,500 --> 01:29:11,700
on a side table, small cups, and
sources sugar and cream, a 

1698
01:29:11,700 --> 01:29:13,800
decanter of ports. 
Its nearby for your husband. 

1699
01:29:13,800 --> 01:29:17,900
Brandy too, probably though, you
can't see it from where you're 

1700
01:29:17,900 --> 01:29:20,100
standing. 
You settle into a chair near the

1701
01:29:20,108 --> 01:29:22,000
fire. 
A different chair than before 

1702
01:29:22,000 --> 01:29:24,100
dinner. 
That chair was for waiting. 

1703
01:29:24,100 --> 01:29:28,600
This chair is for digesting. 
The distinction feels important,

1704
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:32,300
even if you can't explain 
exactly why the Parlor maid 

1705
01:29:32,300 --> 01:29:35,500
appears with coffee, she paused 
its silently and add sugar and 

1706
01:29:35,500 --> 01:29:37,800
cream, according to your 
preferences without asking. 

1707
01:29:38,700 --> 01:29:41,100
Everyone in the household knows 
how you take coffee. 

1708
01:29:42,100 --> 01:29:44,900
This information is apparently 
filed away in servant memory 

1709
01:29:44,900 --> 01:29:48,500
banks and retrieved whenever 
necessary, the coffee is strong 

1710
01:29:48,500 --> 01:29:52,200
and hot just below schooling. 
You hold the cup carefully, 

1711
01:29:52,200 --> 01:29:53,700
letting the heat, warm your 
hands. 

1712
01:29:53,700 --> 01:29:56,600
The coffee's bitterness cuts, 
through the residual. 

1713
01:29:56,600 --> 01:29:59,900
Sweetness from the trifle. 
Your palate is resetting 

1714
01:29:59,900 --> 01:30:03,400
preparing for the evening's next
phase, your husband takes his 

1715
01:30:03,400 --> 01:30:06,700
port to a chair across from you.
Port is what gentleman drink 

1716
01:30:06,700 --> 01:30:09,800
after dinner? 
eaten fortified and probably 

1717
01:30:09,800 --> 01:30:13,600
completely unnecessary after 
wine and Sherry soaked, trifle, 

1718
01:30:13,600 --> 01:30:17,800
but tradition demands, it He'll 
sip it slowly for the next half.

1719
01:30:17,800 --> 01:30:20,600
Hour, possibly reading the 
newspaper again, or simply 

1720
01:30:20,600 --> 01:30:24,300
staring into the fire. 
This post dinnertime is quieter 

1721
01:30:24,300 --> 01:30:27,800
than the meal itself. 
Four months pressure is ease to 

1722
01:30:27,800 --> 01:30:30,900
fulfill the days formal dining 
obligation. 

1723
01:30:30,900 --> 01:30:34,200
What you do now is more 
flexible, you might do 

1724
01:30:34,200 --> 01:30:39,700
needlework, read, write letters.
Have actual conversation or 

1725
01:30:39,700 --> 01:30:43,500
simply sit in companionable 
silence, digesting and thinking 

1726
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:46,800
about nothing in particular, the
house is settling into its 

1727
01:30:46,800 --> 01:30:48,200
evening. 
Routine around you. 

1728
01:30:48,200 --> 01:30:51,300
You can hear distant sound 
servants. 

1729
01:30:51,300 --> 01:30:54,400
Clearing the dining room washing
dishes in the skullery and 

1730
01:30:54,400 --> 01:30:56,300
preparing tomorrow's breakfast 
items. 

1731
01:30:57,000 --> 01:31:00,800
The household runs on a schedule
that never stops while your 

1732
01:31:00,800 --> 01:31:02,300
resting other people are 
working. 

1733
01:31:02,300 --> 01:31:06,000
This is simply how things 
function, your corset is 

1734
01:31:06,000 --> 01:31:09,200
noticeably uncomfortable. 
Now, it was fine during dinner, 

1735
01:31:09,200 --> 01:31:12,100
he even during Desert, but now 
that you're sitting quietly, 

1736
01:31:12,100 --> 01:31:14,300
it's pressing against your full 
stomach. 

1737
01:31:15,100 --> 01:31:18,000
You shift position carefully 
trying to find an angle that 

1738
01:31:18,000 --> 01:31:20,300
provides relief without looking 
like your squirming. 

1739
01:31:20,300 --> 01:31:23,100
This is the price of fashionable
Silhouettes. 

1740
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,500
The coffee cup is empty. 
You can consider a second cup 

1741
01:31:26,500 --> 01:31:28,700
but decide against it too much 
coffee. 

1742
01:31:28,700 --> 01:31:32,200
This late will keep you awake. 
You have that slightly over full

1743
01:31:32,200 --> 01:31:33,800
feeling that comes from eating a
proper. 

1744
01:31:33,800 --> 01:31:36,900
Multi-course meal, not 
uncomfortable, exactly. 

1745
01:31:36,900 --> 01:31:39,800
But definitely aware that your 
stomach is occupied. 

1746
01:31:39,800 --> 01:31:43,000
Your husband has set aside his 
pork glass and picked up a book.

1747
01:31:43,008 --> 01:31:46,900
He's not really reading it. 
He's just open to a random page 

1748
01:31:46,900 --> 01:31:49,000
and is staring at words without 
absorbing them. 

1749
01:31:49,000 --> 01:31:53,300
This is his version of winding 
down let the food settle. 

1750
01:31:53,300 --> 01:31:58,200
Let the wine metabolize. 
Transition slowly from the 

1751
01:31:58,200 --> 01:32:00,400
formal evening to actual night 
time. 

1752
01:32:00,400 --> 01:32:03,400
The clock on the mantle shows 
half past 8:00. 

1753
01:32:03,900 --> 01:32:06,100
Two hours ago, you are upstairs 
dressing for dinner. 

1754
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:09,900
Now, dinner is over and the 
evening is settling into its 

1755
01:32:09,900 --> 01:32:13,000
final phase. 
In another hour, you'll begin 

1756
01:32:13,000 --> 01:32:16,400
preparing for bed. 
The days formal activities are 

1757
01:32:16,400 --> 01:32:18,600
complete. 
You Close Your Eyes For a 

1758
01:32:18,600 --> 01:32:20,800
Moment, listening to the fire 
crackle and the house. 

1759
01:32:20,808 --> 01:32:24,800
Breathe The evening has been 
exactly what every evening is. 

1760
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:28,000
A careful performance of 
propriety and routine. 

1761
01:32:28,600 --> 01:32:31,900
Nothing, exciting happened. 
Nothing was supposed to happen. 

1762
01:32:31,900 --> 01:32:35,800
The success of the evening lies,
precisely, and how ordinary it 

1763
01:32:35,800 --> 01:32:37,000
was. 
The drawing room. 

1764
01:32:37,000 --> 01:32:40,600
Fire is dying down to Embers. 
The rumors has taken on that. 

1765
01:32:40,600 --> 01:32:43,500
Late evening Stillness, where 
even movement feels like it 

1766
01:32:43,500 --> 01:32:46,700
should be slow and deliberate 
Your husband has closed his 

1767
01:32:46,700 --> 01:32:49,100
book, you've set aside your 
needlework. 

1768
01:32:49,100 --> 01:32:52,300
The evening is winding down 
through mutual unspoken 

1769
01:32:52,300 --> 01:32:54,800
agreement. 
This is the time when the formal

1770
01:32:54,800 --> 01:32:56,400
parts of your personas Fall 
Away. 

1771
01:32:56,400 --> 01:33:00,800
Your both tired from the day 
comfortable from the meal and 

1772
01:33:00,800 --> 01:33:04,400
slightly fuzzy from the wine. 
The need to maintain perfect 

1773
01:33:04,400 --> 01:33:07,600
deportment as faded. 
You can slout slightly in your 

1774
01:33:07,608 --> 01:33:10,000
chair, he can loosen his collar 
just a bit. 

1775
01:33:10,800 --> 01:33:12,700
Nobody's watching anymore, 
except each other. 

1776
01:33:12,700 --> 01:33:16,000
And you've seen each other at 
far less dignified moments than 

1777
01:33:16,000 --> 01:33:17,900
this. 
The house is quieter. 

1778
01:33:17,900 --> 01:33:21,900
Now, the kitchen sounds of 
ceased the Servants of finished,

1779
01:33:21,900 --> 01:33:24,500
their dinner service duties and 
moved on to their own evening 

1780
01:33:24,500 --> 01:33:27,400
routines. 
Soon, the down stairs will be 

1781
01:33:27,400 --> 01:33:30,300
locked up for the night. 
The routine is so established 

1782
01:33:30,300 --> 01:33:33,300
that it happens without anyone 
needing to coordinate it. 

1783
01:33:33,300 --> 01:33:37,100
You think about the meal in 
retrospect the oysters that 

1784
01:33:37,100 --> 01:33:39,900
started everything. 
The lamb that formed the heart 

1785
01:33:39,900 --> 01:33:44,500
of it, Trifle that concluded it,
the wine that accompanied it all

1786
01:33:44,500 --> 01:33:48,500
this same pattern repeats, most 
evenings with variations 

1787
01:33:48,500 --> 01:33:51,300
different first courses, 
different Meats, different 

1788
01:33:51,300 --> 01:33:55,400
desserts but the structure 
remains constant, the ritual 

1789
01:33:55,400 --> 01:33:59,000
doesn't change just because the 
specific foods do, your husband 

1790
01:33:59,000 --> 01:34:03,200
stands and stretches slightly. 
This is his signal that he's 

1791
01:34:03,200 --> 01:34:06,900
ready to retire for the evening.
You stand as well, feeling the 

1792
01:34:06,900 --> 01:34:09,500
full weight of your dinner, 
pressing against your corset. 

1793
01:34:10,200 --> 01:34:12,300
Tomorrow, you'll face these same
rituals again. 

1794
01:34:13,100 --> 01:34:15,600
Dressing for dinner, the 
procession to the dining room. 

1795
01:34:15,600 --> 01:34:17,600
The careful choreography of 
eating. 

1796
01:34:17,600 --> 01:34:21,000
It's exhausting and it's way all
this performance. 

1797
01:34:21,000 --> 01:34:25,400
But there's also comfort in it 
You know exactly what to expect,

1798
01:34:25,400 --> 01:34:29,700
the boundaries are clear, the 
rules are established, you don't

1799
01:34:29,700 --> 01:34:33,500
have to wonder what comes next 
or how to behave the script is 

1800
01:34:33,500 --> 01:34:35,400
written. 
You just have to follow it 

1801
01:34:35,400 --> 01:34:37,600
together. 
You leave the drawing room and 

1802
01:34:37,600 --> 01:34:39,500
climb the stairs to your 
respective dressing rooms 

1803
01:34:39,500 --> 01:34:42,300
tomorrow night. 
You'll do this again and the 

1804
01:34:42,300 --> 01:34:47,000
night after that and the night. 
After that dinner at 7 multiple 

1805
01:34:47,000 --> 01:34:49,000
courses. 
Proper utensils. 

1806
01:34:49,000 --> 01:34:52,600
Perfect posture. 
This is life in a Victorian 

1807
01:34:52,600 --> 01:34:55,400
household. 
This is what dinner really feels

1808
01:34:55,400 --> 01:34:59,000
like the gas light in the 
hallway, cast Long Shadows, as 

1809
01:34:59,000 --> 01:35:02,200
you walk, your footsteps are 
muffled by carpet. 

1810
01:35:02,200 --> 01:35:06,500
The house is preparing for sleep
and so are you behind you, the 

1811
01:35:06,500 --> 01:35:10,000
dining room stands, empty the 
table already cleared and reset 

1812
01:35:10,000 --> 01:35:13,500
for tomorrow's breakfast, the 
cycle, never stops the 

1813
01:35:13,500 --> 01:35:17,200
performance, simply pauses until
the next meal, he reached your 

1814
01:35:17,200 --> 01:35:19,700
dressing room and the woman who 
dressed you for dinner appears 

1815
01:35:19,700 --> 01:35:23,000
to help you on dress. 
The buttons get unfastened in 

1816
01:35:23,000 --> 01:35:25,900
reverse order. 
The heavy evening dress is 

1817
01:35:25,900 --> 01:35:29,200
lifted away. 
The corset loosens with blessed 

1818
01:35:29,200 --> 01:35:31,600
relief. 
Your breathing deepens 

1819
01:35:31,600 --> 01:35:34,900
immediately you put on your 
night dress, soft cotton, 

1820
01:35:34,900 --> 01:35:36,900
comfortable completely 
unpresentable. 

1821
01:35:36,900 --> 01:35:40,500
This is who you are when 
nobody's watching in bed. 

1822
01:35:40,500 --> 01:35:43,100
Finally, the days formal 
activities received. 

1823
01:35:43,100 --> 01:35:46,600
The Dinner becomes just another 
dinner in an endless series of 

1824
01:35:46,600 --> 01:35:49,400
dinners. 
But while you were in it, while 

1825
01:35:49,400 --> 01:35:51,900
you were sitting at that table, 
with Candlelight and warm plates

1826
01:35:51,900 --> 01:35:54,400
and wine, it was the entire 
world. 

1827
01:35:55,300 --> 01:35:57,100
That's the strange thing about 
routine. 

1828
01:35:57,100 --> 01:36:01,000
Each iteration feels both 
insignificant and somehow 

1829
01:36:01,000 --> 01:36:04,300
important you close your eyes 
and let the evening fade 

1830
01:36:04,300 --> 01:36:07,600
tomorrow will bring the same 
patterns, dressing, dining 

1831
01:36:07,600 --> 01:36:10,600
performing being the proper. 
Victorian person, you're 

1832
01:36:10,600 --> 01:36:14,300
supposed to be But for now 
you're just tired and full and 

1833
01:36:14,300 --> 01:36:17,000
ready for sleep. 
The house settles into complete 

1834
01:36:17,000 --> 01:36:19,500
quiet, even the servants are 
still now. 

1835
01:36:19,500 --> 01:36:23,800
Outside London continues, its 
noisy existence but in here 

1836
01:36:23,800 --> 01:36:27,000
everything has stopped The 
dining room, waits in darkness 

1837
01:36:27,000 --> 01:36:30,700
for tomorrow's breakfast. 
The drawing room, fire burns 

1838
01:36:30,700 --> 01:36:33,700
down to Ash. 
The whole, elaborate structure 

1839
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:36,700
of Victorian, Domesticity Paul's
to catch his breath. 

1840
01:36:36,700 --> 01:36:40,900
This is what dinner, really felt
like, not just the food, though.

1841
01:36:40,900 --> 01:36:44,900
The food mattered, not just the 
wine, though, the wine helped. 

1842
01:36:45,500 --> 01:36:47,200
It was the weight of 
expectation. 

1843
01:36:47,200 --> 01:36:51,700
The comfort of ritual, a 
performance of propriety and 

1844
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:54,800
Underneath It All the simple 
human need to eat and be 

1845
01:36:54,800 --> 01:36:57,900
together. 
Dinner was theater and necessity

1846
01:36:57,900 --> 01:37:00,700
combined. 
It was exhausting and reassuring

1847
01:37:00,700 --> 01:37:03,700
in equal measure and tomorrow 
evening at 7:00. 

1848
01:37:03,700 --> 01:37:16,700
You'll do it all again. 
Imagine waking up on a Tuesday 

1849
01:37:16,700 --> 01:37:21,400
Morning in 1963 somewhere in a 
modest semi-detached house in 

1850
01:37:21,400 --> 01:37:24,800
Suburban Manchester or 
Birmingham or any of a dozen 

1851
01:37:24,800 --> 01:37:28,900
similar cities across Britain. 
The alarm clock one of those 

1852
01:37:28,900 --> 01:37:32,600
wind up affairs with the twin 
bells on top rattles his life at

1853
01:37:32,608 --> 01:37:35,400
half past six and you Shuffle to
the bathroom in slippers that 

1854
01:37:35,400 --> 01:37:38,500
have seen better days the 
Britain outside your window is a

1855
01:37:38,508 --> 01:37:42,700
curious hybrid of old and new 
Some homes on your street still 

1856
01:37:42,700 --> 01:37:45,700
have outside. 
Toilets relics of Victorian 

1857
01:37:45,700 --> 01:37:48,900
construction that nobody's 
gotten around to modernizing? 

1858
01:37:50,400 --> 01:37:53,300
But there's all a television 
aerial sprouting from nearly 

1859
01:37:53,300 --> 01:37:56,500
every roof top and if you listen
carefully you can hear the 

1860
01:37:56,500 --> 01:37:58,100
distant Rumble of morning 
traffic. 

1861
01:37:58,100 --> 01:38:00,400
That's beginning to clogged 
roads. 

1862
01:38:00,400 --> 01:38:03,700
Never designed for this many 
vehicles for detective. 

1863
01:38:03,700 --> 01:38:06,400
Inspector Thomas Henley. 
Let's call him Tom because 

1864
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:10,000
everyone at the station, does 
this particular Tuesday begins 

1865
01:38:10,000 --> 01:38:13,100
like most others? 
He shaves with a safety razor 

1866
01:38:13,100 --> 01:38:16,100
over a porcelain sink. 
The mirror still foggy from The 

1867
01:38:16,100 --> 01:38:18,400
Limited hot water. 
His immersion heater provides 

1868
01:38:19,700 --> 01:38:22,900
His wife has already been up for
an hour preparing breakfast, in 

1869
01:38:22,900 --> 01:38:26,500
a kitchen, where a new electric 
kettle, sits proudly next to the

1870
01:38:26,508 --> 01:38:29,800
old, stovetop one, she can't 
quite bring herself to discard 

1871
01:38:29,800 --> 01:38:33,100
the smell of toast and marmalade
drifts up the stairs. 

1872
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:37,000
This is the Britain of hearty 
breakfasts, where a proper meal 

1873
01:38:37,000 --> 01:38:41,500
means fried eggs, bacon grilled 
tomatoes and toe soldiers. 

1874
01:38:41,500 --> 01:38:45,000
If you're feeling particularly 
traditional, Tom's wife believes

1875
01:38:45,000 --> 01:38:48,800
a man, can't possibly solve 
crimes on an empty stomach and 

1876
01:38:48,800 --> 01:38:51,500
who is he to argue with three 
decades of married wisdom. 

1877
01:38:51,500 --> 01:38:54,900
The newspaper Waiting by his 
plate carries headlines about 

1878
01:38:54,900 --> 01:38:58,000
the perfume most Scandal and the
Beatles latest charts. 

1879
01:38:58,000 --> 01:39:01,900
Success, this peculiar moment 
when Britain seems caught 

1880
01:39:01,900 --> 01:39:04,800
between its stiff, upper lip 
passed and something looser 

1881
01:39:04,800 --> 01:39:07,800
younger and decidedly more 
colorful. 

1882
01:39:08,900 --> 01:39:11,400
But Tom is more interested in 
the local news section. 

1883
01:39:11,400 --> 01:39:15,200
Where a small article mentioned,
a burglary at a chemist shop on 

1884
01:39:15,200 --> 01:39:19,000
the High Street. 
Not his case but he reads it 

1885
01:39:19,000 --> 01:39:22,700
anyway because a good detective,
develops habits of attention 

1886
01:39:22,700 --> 01:39:27,000
that extend beyond official 
assignments, his journey to the 

1887
01:39:27,008 --> 01:39:29,000
station, takes him through 
streets, that would be 

1888
01:39:29,000 --> 01:39:33,600
unrecognizable to someone from 
our time. the corner shop, not 

1889
01:39:33,600 --> 01:39:37,300
yet called a convenience store, 
displays hand-lettered signs, 

1890
01:39:37,300 --> 01:39:42,300
advertising prices in pounds, 
Shillings and Pence, The 

1891
01:39:42,300 --> 01:39:44,900
tobacconist is doing brisk 
business, even at this hour, 

1892
01:39:44,900 --> 01:39:48,900
because smoking is something 
nearly everyone does everywhere 

1893
01:39:48,900 --> 01:39:54,300
all the time. the local pub 
won't open for hours yet but 

1894
01:39:54,300 --> 01:39:56,800
it's windows are already being 
washed by someone who takes 

1895
01:39:56,800 --> 01:40:00,500
pride in keeping the etched 
glass gleaming, Tom walks, past 

1896
01:40:00,500 --> 01:40:03,800
the new wimpy bar which opened 
last month and represents the 

1897
01:40:03,800 --> 01:40:07,300
Leading Edge of American style, 
fast food culture, creeping into

1898
01:40:07,300 --> 01:40:10,600
British life, The teenagers. 
Love it though. 

1899
01:40:10,600 --> 01:40:13,400
Tom can't quite understand 
paying money for something 

1900
01:40:13,400 --> 01:40:16,400
called a hamburger when a proper
Fish and Chips shop is right 

1901
01:40:16,400 --> 01:40:19,600
across the street. 
But then again, he's never quite

1902
01:40:19,600 --> 01:40:23,500
understood teenagers, even when 
he was one, the police station 

1903
01:40:23,500 --> 01:40:25,600
is a solid. 
Victorian building, that smells 

1904
01:40:25,600 --> 01:40:28,900
perpetually a floor wax damp 
wall and the particular 

1905
01:40:28,900 --> 01:40:31,900
mustiness, that seems to 
accumulate in any British 

1906
01:40:31,900 --> 01:40:35,600
institution of sufficient age, 
The front desk. 

1907
01:40:35,600 --> 01:40:40,100
Sergeant nods as a gesture. 
They've exchanged nearly every 

1908
01:40:40,100 --> 01:40:44,500
working day for 15 years. 
Some Partnerships are built on 

1909
01:40:44,500 --> 01:40:47,000
conversation. 
Theirs is built on, comfortable 

1910
01:40:47,000 --> 01:40:50,200
silence, and shared. 
Understanding Tom's office is on

1911
01:40:50,200 --> 01:40:53,900
the second floor, upstairs that 
Creek in a way that announces 

1912
01:40:53,900 --> 01:40:58,200
visitors long before they 
arrive, The room contains a desk

1913
01:40:58,200 --> 01:41:02,200
to filing cabinets, a telephone 
that connects to the switchboard

1914
01:41:02,200 --> 01:41:05,800
downstairs through a system of 
mysterious clicks and buzzes and

1915
01:41:05,800 --> 01:41:07,900
a window that looks out onto a 
car park. 

1916
01:41:07,900 --> 01:41:11,800
Slowly filling with Morris, 
minors, Ford angliers, and the 

1917
01:41:11,808 --> 01:41:14,700
occasional Rover, belonging to 
someone higher up the chain of 

1918
01:41:14,708 --> 01:41:17,200
command. 
The morning briefing won't start

1919
01:41:17,200 --> 01:41:20,400
from another 20 minutes. 
So Tom uses the time to review 

1920
01:41:20,400 --> 01:41:23,000
his Active cases. 
There's the matter of the 

1921
01:41:23,000 --> 01:41:25,800
missing garden gnomes from the 
residential area in the park 

1922
01:41:25,800 --> 01:41:29,700
probably teenagers though. 
Proving it will require either 

1923
01:41:29,700 --> 01:41:32,900
catching them in the act or 
someone's mother finding a dozen

1924
01:41:32,900 --> 01:41:35,100
ceramic gnomes hidden in their 
son's bedroom. 

1925
01:41:36,100 --> 01:41:39,000
There's a string of shoplifting 
incidents at the Woolworths that

1926
01:41:39,000 --> 01:41:41,100
suggests either. 
The same person returning 

1927
01:41:41,100 --> 01:41:45,300
repeatedly, or a small group 
working together and there's the

1928
01:41:45,300 --> 01:41:48,300
peculiar business of threatening
letters being sent to the 

1929
01:41:48,300 --> 01:41:50,100
Headmaster of the local, grammar
school. 

1930
01:41:50,100 --> 01:41:53,400
Written in Block capitals on 
paper that might have come from 

1931
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:55,600
anywhere. 
None of these are murders or 

1932
01:41:55,600 --> 01:41:57,000
bank. 
Robberies, all the kinds of 

1933
01:41:57,008 --> 01:42:00,600
cases that make headlines. 
They're the steady unglamorous 

1934
01:42:00,600 --> 01:42:03,700
work of maintaining order in a 
community where most people are 

1935
01:42:03,700 --> 01:42:06,500
basically decent, but 
occasionally fall into bad 

1936
01:42:06,500 --> 01:42:10,700
decision or temporary Madness. 
Thomas solved, exactly three 

1937
01:42:10,700 --> 01:42:13,800
murders in his career. 
And each one was sold through 

1938
01:42:13,800 --> 01:42:17,900
patience attention to detail and
the kind of shoe leather 

1939
01:42:17,900 --> 01:42:20,900
detective work that involves 
knocking on doors until someone 

1940
01:42:20,900 --> 01:42:24,300
mentioned something useful. 
The tea trolley arrives pushed 

1941
01:42:24,300 --> 01:42:27,400
by Mrs. Patterson, who has been 
providing tea to police officers

1942
01:42:27,400 --> 01:42:29,100
since before Tom joined the 
force. 

1943
01:42:29,900 --> 01:42:34,100
She knows everyone's preference,
Tom takes his with milk and one 

1944
01:42:34,100 --> 01:42:36,800
sugar though his doctor is 
suggested, he might want to cut 

1945
01:42:36,800 --> 01:42:39,600
back on the sugar. 
The tea is strong enough to 

1946
01:42:39,600 --> 01:42:43,200
stand a spoon in brewed in a pot
that's probably older than some 

1947
01:42:43,200 --> 01:42:46,500
of the younger constables and 
served in cups that don't quite 

1948
01:42:46,500 --> 01:42:50,100
match because institutional 
Crockery has a way of gradually 

1949
01:42:50,100 --> 01:42:53,900
becoming an Eclectic collection.
This is how detective work 

1950
01:42:53,900 --> 01:42:58,000
begins in 1960s, Britain. 
Not with dramatic car, chases or

1951
01:42:58,000 --> 01:43:01,500
shootouts, but with tea 
paperwork and the quiet 

1952
01:43:01,500 --> 01:43:05,600
accumulation of small details 
that might eventually form a 

1953
01:43:05,600 --> 01:43:08,600
pattern worth investigating. 
If you've ever watched a modern 

1954
01:43:08,600 --> 01:43:12,700
crime show, you've probably seen
detectives request DNA analysis,

1955
01:43:12,700 --> 01:43:16,500
check surveillance footage and 
pull up computer records that 

1956
01:43:16,500 --> 01:43:18,800
tell them everything about a 
suspect in seconds. 

1957
01:43:19,900 --> 01:43:23,400
Now imagine doing that same job 
with none of those tools and 

1958
01:43:23,400 --> 01:43:26,000
you'll begin to understand the 
particular challenges facing 

1959
01:43:26,000 --> 01:43:30,100
British detectives in the 1960s 
Tom's filing cabinets contain 

1960
01:43:30,100 --> 01:43:33,800
what passes for a database in 
this era. folders organized 

1961
01:43:33,800 --> 01:43:37,000
alphabetically, then by date 
containing handwritten notes, 

1962
01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:40,600
typed reports done on manual 
typewriters that require real 

1963
01:43:40,600 --> 01:43:44,200
finger strength, And photographs
developed in the dark room in 

1964
01:43:44,200 --> 01:43:47,000
the basement. 
Finding information means 

1965
01:43:47,000 --> 01:43:50,000
remembering where you filed it 
because there's no search 

1966
01:43:50,000 --> 01:43:53,200
function beyond your own memory 
and whatever organizational 

1967
01:43:53,200 --> 01:43:56,200
system, you've managed to 
maintain the telephone on his 

1968
01:43:56,200 --> 01:43:59,200
desk, connects to other police 
stations through operators who 

1969
01:43:59,200 --> 01:44:02,500
manually plug cables into 
switchboards, creating 

1970
01:44:02,500 --> 01:44:05,600
connections, that sometimes 
involve waiting several minutes 

1971
01:44:05,600 --> 01:44:09,400
for a line to become available. 
Long distance calls to Scotland 

1972
01:44:09,400 --> 01:44:12,800
Yard in London, require planning
and often involve frustrating 

1973
01:44:12,800 --> 01:44:16,100
delays where you can hear other 
conversations bleeding through 

1974
01:44:16,100 --> 01:44:20,000
the line, ghostly fragments of 
other people's business mixing 

1975
01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:23,200
with your own fingerprint 
analysis exists and is 

1976
01:44:23,200 --> 01:44:26,500
considered remarkably 
sophisticated but it requires 

1977
01:44:26,500 --> 01:44:29,200
first lifting prints from a 
crime scene using powder and 

1978
01:44:29,208 --> 01:44:33,200
tape, then photographing them. 
Then manually comparing them to 

1979
01:44:33,200 --> 01:44:36,900
cards in files that are 
organized by Patent type wolves 

1980
01:44:36,900 --> 01:44:40,300
loops and arches. 
An experienced fingerprint 

1981
01:44:40,300 --> 01:44:42,300
examiner. 
Can perform this matching work 

1982
01:44:42,300 --> 01:44:46,700
with impressive accuracy but it 
takes hours or days rather than 

1983
01:44:46,700 --> 01:44:48,400
the second. 
You see on television 

1984
01:44:48,400 --> 01:44:51,800
photography is both essential 
and frustratingly. 

1985
01:44:51,800 --> 01:44:55,900
Limited crime, scene photographs
must be taken with film cameras,

1986
01:44:55,900 --> 01:44:59,400
which means you get one chance 
to capture each angle correctly.

1987
01:45:00,200 --> 01:45:01,900
There's no deleting and trying 
again. 

1988
01:45:01,900 --> 01:45:04,100
No. 
Checking the image on a screen 

1989
01:45:04,100 --> 01:45:08,000
to make sure you got it right. 
Film must be developed, which 

1990
01:45:08,000 --> 01:45:11,900
means waiting and prints, must 
be made, which means waiting 

1991
01:45:11,900 --> 01:45:15,200
more. 
A complete photographic record 

1992
01:45:15,200 --> 01:45:18,600
of a crime scene, might not be 
available until the following 

1993
01:45:18,600 --> 01:45:22,100
day, by which time memories have
already started to fade and 

1994
01:45:22,100 --> 01:45:24,800
details to blur. 
The forensic laboratory, that 

1995
01:45:24,800 --> 01:45:28,200
serves Tom's region is located 
in a converted Country House. 

1996
01:45:28,200 --> 01:45:31,900
An hour's Drive Away staffed by 
scientists who work with 

1997
01:45:31,900 --> 01:45:36,200
microscopes chemical reagents 
and the kind of meticulous 

1998
01:45:36,200 --> 01:45:38,900
attention to detail that would 
make a watchmaker. 

1999
01:45:38,900 --> 01:45:42,200
Not with approval, they can 
analyze blood types. 

2000
01:45:42,200 --> 01:45:47,400
Examine textile, fibers identify
soil samples and perform other 

2001
01:45:47,400 --> 01:45:50,000
tests, that would have seen 
like, magic a generation early. 

2002
01:45:51,200 --> 01:45:54,600
But each test takes time 
requires careful, documentation,

2003
01:45:54,600 --> 01:45:58,800
and produces results that must 
be interpreted by people who 

2004
01:45:58,800 --> 01:46:03,400
understand both science and its 
limitations Thomas learned to 

2005
01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:05,900
work within these constraints 
through a combination of 

2006
01:46:05,900 --> 01:46:10,500
experienced intuition and what 
he thinks of as a aggressive 

2007
01:46:10,500 --> 01:46:14,300
common sense. 
When a burglar strikes, Tom 

2008
01:46:14,300 --> 01:46:16,900
doesn't wait for forensic 
results before beginning his 

2009
01:46:16,900 --> 01:46:20,100
investigation. 
Instead he walks the 

2010
01:46:20,100 --> 01:46:24,200
neighborhood talking to people 
asking about strangers. 

2011
01:46:24,200 --> 01:46:28,400
They might have noticed unusual 
vehicles or anything that broke 

2012
01:46:28,400 --> 01:46:30,800
the normal pattern of their 
daily routines. 

2013
01:46:30,800 --> 01:46:33,800
Most people are surprisingly 
observe and about their own 

2014
01:46:33,800 --> 01:46:38,800
streets, even if they don't 
realize it, Mrs Jenkins at 

2015
01:46:38,800 --> 01:46:42,200
number 43 might not think she 
knows anything useful but when 

2016
01:46:42,200 --> 01:46:45,800
Tom asks the right questions she
remembers that there was a van 

2017
01:46:45,800 --> 01:46:49,400
parked on the corner Tuesday 
afternoon unusual because it's 

2018
01:46:49,400 --> 01:46:52,600
normally permit parking only and
she noticed because she was 

2019
01:46:52,600 --> 01:46:54,300
worried about getting a ticket 
herself. 

2020
01:46:55,300 --> 01:46:59,400
That van probably means nothing 
but Tom writes it down anyway 

2021
01:46:59,400 --> 01:47:02,500
because you never know which 
detail will matter until you've 

2022
01:47:02,500 --> 01:47:05,900
assembled enough of them to see 
a pattern, the local Bobby. 

2023
01:47:05,900 --> 01:47:08,300
The police Constable who walks 
the same beat every day. 

2024
01:47:08,300 --> 01:47:12,000
Becoming a familiar fixture in 
his neighborhood is one of Tom's

2025
01:47:12,000 --> 01:47:16,100
most valuable resources, PC 
Williams knows everyone on his 

2026
01:47:16,100 --> 01:47:19,700
patch knows which teenagers are 
heading for trouble and which 

2027
01:47:19,700 --> 01:47:23,200
ones are just going through a 
phase nose, which houses have 

2028
01:47:23,200 --> 01:47:26,600
been empty during the day and 
which shot of had new employees 

2029
01:47:26,600 --> 01:47:29,500
recently. 
This kind of knowledge can't be 

2030
01:47:29,500 --> 01:47:33,900
stored in any filing system. 
It exists only in human memory 

2031
01:47:33,900 --> 01:47:37,600
and the relationships built 
through years of daily contact. 

2032
01:47:37,600 --> 01:47:40,100
When Tom needs to check 
someone's background. 

2033
01:47:40,100 --> 01:47:44,300
He can't simply run their name 
through a computer instead. 

2034
01:47:44,300 --> 01:47:48,500
He places telephone calls to 
other stations sends telegrams 

2035
01:47:48,500 --> 01:47:51,900
to the central registry and 
sometimes writes actual letters 

2036
01:47:51,900 --> 01:47:55,300
that travel through the post 
waiting days for replies that 

2037
01:47:55,300 --> 01:47:57,400
might or might not contain 
useful information. 

2038
01:47:58,400 --> 01:48:02,100
Criminal records exist, but 
their paper documents stored in 

2039
01:48:02,108 --> 01:48:05,500
specific locations, and 
accessing them requires knowing 

2040
01:48:05,500 --> 01:48:08,700
where to look and having the 
patience to wait for files to be

2041
01:48:08,700 --> 01:48:11,400
retrieved and copied the 
interview room, where Tom 

2042
01:48:11,400 --> 01:48:14,200
questions, suspects and 
Witnesses is furnished with a 

2043
01:48:14,200 --> 01:48:16,100
table, three chairs and nothing 
else. 

2044
01:48:17,100 --> 01:48:20,600
There's no two-way mirror, no 
recording equipment, and no 

2045
01:48:20,600 --> 01:48:22,700
video cameras, documenting every
moment. 

2046
01:48:23,600 --> 01:48:27,500
Instead a constable sits in the 
corner, taking notes in short 

2047
01:48:27,500 --> 01:48:31,900
hand, creating a written record,
that will be typed up and fired.

2048
01:48:33,100 --> 01:48:35,500
The accuracy of this record 
dependent entirely on the 

2049
01:48:35,500 --> 01:48:38,600
Constable skill, attention and 
honesty. 

2050
01:48:38,600 --> 01:48:41,700
There's no backup. 
No way to review what was 

2051
01:48:41,708 --> 01:48:44,600
actually said beyond. 
What someone wrote down this 

2052
01:48:44,600 --> 01:48:48,500
means that a detectives memory 
observation skills and ability 

2053
01:48:48,500 --> 01:48:53,000
to read people become Paramount.
Thomas trained himself to notice

2054
01:48:53,000 --> 01:48:56,800
body language to hear what 
people aren't saying and to spot

2055
01:48:56,800 --> 01:48:59,300
the small inconsistencies in 
someone's story. 

2056
01:48:59,300 --> 01:49:02,900
That might indicate deception or
confusion, he's learned that the

2057
01:49:02,900 --> 01:49:05,100
truth. 
Usually emerges not in dramatic 

2058
01:49:05,100 --> 01:49:09,100
confrontations but in Quiet 
Moments when someone lets their 

2059
01:49:09,100 --> 01:49:13,200
guard down often over T often 
when they think the formal 

2060
01:49:13,200 --> 01:49:17,400
interview has ended the tools of
1960s detective work. 

2061
01:49:17,400 --> 01:49:22,700
A fundamentally human. 
Attention patience persistence 

2062
01:49:22,700 --> 01:49:26,100
and the ability to convince 
people to tell you things. 

2063
01:49:26,100 --> 01:49:27,700
They might prefer to keep 
hidden. 

2064
01:49:28,900 --> 01:49:33,700
Technology helps fingerprints, 
photographs forensic analysis, 

2065
01:49:33,700 --> 01:49:37,100
but these are supplements to 
human judgment, rather than 

2066
01:49:37,100 --> 01:49:40,100
replacements for it. 
The morning briefing is held in 

2067
01:49:40,100 --> 01:49:43,700
a room with a large map of the 
district pin to one wall marked 

2068
01:49:43,700 --> 01:49:46,000
with colored pins. 
Indicating different types of 

2069
01:49:46,000 --> 01:49:50,700
incidents. read for burglaries, 
blue for assaults, green for 

2070
01:49:50,700 --> 01:49:53,700
traffic accidents and yellow for
what the sergeant calls 

2071
01:49:53,700 --> 01:49:57,900
miscellaneous, mischief, The 
pattern of pins tells a story to

2072
01:49:57,900 --> 01:49:59,300
anyone, who knows how to read 
it. 

2073
01:49:59,900 --> 01:50:03,500
Clusters near the train station,
suggesting opportunistic, theft,

2074
01:50:03,500 --> 01:50:07,600
a line of Red Pins along the 
main shopping street, an 

2075
01:50:07,600 --> 01:50:10,700
isolated Blues, in residential 
areas that usually, involve 

2076
01:50:10,700 --> 01:50:13,400
domestic situations. 
Nobody wants to discuss 

2077
01:50:13,400 --> 01:50:16,300
detective. 
Chief Inspector Morrison runs 

2078
01:50:16,300 --> 01:50:18,400
these briefings with the 
efficiency of someone who 

2079
01:50:18,400 --> 01:50:22,000
learned his trade during the war
and sees no reason to waste 

2080
01:50:22,000 --> 01:50:25,000
words. 
He's the sort of man who uses a 

2081
01:50:25,000 --> 01:50:28,600
pipe as a prop pointing with it 
to emphasize certain points. 

2082
01:50:28,600 --> 01:50:32,900
Consulting it during thoughtful 
silence is and occasionally. 

2083
01:50:32,900 --> 01:50:34,300
Forget getting to actually light
it. 

2084
01:50:35,400 --> 01:50:38,100
The younger officers, find this 
mildly amusing. 

2085
01:50:38,800 --> 01:50:42,000
But nobody mentioned it because 
Morrison is both respected and 

2086
01:50:42,000 --> 01:50:45,400
slightly feared in the way that 
very competent people. 

2087
01:50:45,400 --> 01:50:48,700
Often are Tom's assignment for 
the day, involves following up 

2088
01:50:48,700 --> 01:50:51,000
on the threatening letters to 
the grammar school Headmaster. 

2089
01:50:52,100 --> 01:50:54,500
The letters themselves are 
unsettling without being 

2090
01:50:54,500 --> 01:50:57,300
explicitly. 
Dangerous vague warnings about 

2091
01:50:57,300 --> 01:51:02,300
consequences and Justice written
in pencil on cheap blind paper 

2092
01:51:02,300 --> 01:51:04,800
that could have come from any 
news agent in Britain. 

2093
01:51:06,100 --> 01:51:09,500
The handwriting is deliberately 
disguised each letter. 

2094
01:51:09,500 --> 01:51:12,600
Formed carefully and block 
capitals that tell you nothing 

2095
01:51:12,600 --> 01:51:16,100
about the writer's natural hair 
and the school itself is a 

2096
01:51:16,100 --> 01:51:19,600
Victorian Gothic structure that 
was probably impressive when it 

2097
01:51:19,600 --> 01:51:22,600
was built but now just look 
Stern and slightly forbidding 

2098
01:51:23,700 --> 01:51:27,500
The headmaster's office smells 
of old books, furniture polish 

2099
01:51:27,500 --> 01:51:30,700
and the peculiar mustiness that 
seems to pervade. 

2100
01:51:30,700 --> 01:51:32,700
British educational 
institutions. 

2101
01:51:32,700 --> 01:51:37,100
Headmaster Richardson is a man 
in his late 50s, who still wears

2102
01:51:37,100 --> 01:51:40,700
an academic, gown for assemblies
and believes firmly that 

2103
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:44,600
education should build character
as well as knowledge, Richardson

2104
01:51:44,600 --> 01:51:46,600
has kept all five letters in a 
folder. 

2105
01:51:46,600 --> 01:51:49,900
Handling them by the corners to 
preserve any fingerprints 

2106
01:51:49,900 --> 01:51:52,700
though, he's probably 
contaminated than thoroughly 

2107
01:51:52,700 --> 01:51:55,200
already. 
Tom examines each one carefully 

2108
01:51:55,200 --> 01:51:57,900
noting that they're written on 
different paper. 

2109
01:51:57,900 --> 01:52:02,300
Suggesting either the writer has
access to multiple sources or is

2110
01:52:02,300 --> 01:52:04,200
deliberately varying the 
materials. 

2111
01:52:05,000 --> 01:52:07,200
The Messengers are similar but 
not identical. 

2112
01:52:07,200 --> 01:52:11,000
Each one slightly escalating, 
the implied threat while 

2113
01:52:11,000 --> 01:52:13,600
remaining just vague enough to 
avoid being actionable. 

2114
01:52:13,600 --> 01:52:16,400
What's interesting, is what the 
letters don't say. 

2115
01:52:16,400 --> 01:52:21,000
There's no specific, grievance 
mentioned no clear demand and no

2116
01:52:21,000 --> 01:52:23,100
indication of what the writer 
actually wants. 

2117
01:52:23,900 --> 01:52:27,100
This suggests either someone who
enjoys causing anxiety, for its 

2118
01:52:27,100 --> 01:52:29,900
own sake, or someone building 
towards a demand. 

2119
01:52:29,900 --> 01:52:34,100
They have not yet articulated. 
Tom's experience tells him. 

2120
01:52:34,100 --> 01:52:37,400
This is likely either a 
disgruntled former employee or a

2121
01:52:37,408 --> 01:52:39,400
parent who feels their child was
treated. 

2122
01:52:39,400 --> 01:52:43,400
Unfairly The two most common 
sources of grievances against 

2123
01:52:43,400 --> 01:52:46,200
School administrators. 
He spends the next several 

2124
01:52:46,200 --> 01:52:50,000
hours, conducting interviews, 
the school secretary who has 

2125
01:52:50,000 --> 01:52:52,800
worked there for 20 years and 
knows, everyone can't think of 

2126
01:52:52,800 --> 01:52:54,500
anyone who would do such a 
thing. 

2127
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:59,600
The deputy head who handles 
disciplinary matters, mentions. 

2128
01:52:59,600 --> 01:53:02,700
Three recent expulsions but 
doesn't believe any of the 

2129
01:53:02,708 --> 01:53:05,100
parents involved would resort to
Anonymous letters. 

2130
01:53:06,100 --> 01:53:09,300
Caretaker, who sees the building
from a different angle than the 

2131
01:53:09,308 --> 01:53:13,100
academic staff recalls, that 
someone tried to break into the 

2132
01:53:13,100 --> 01:53:14,900
chemistry lab last month, 
though? 

2133
01:53:14,900 --> 01:53:17,700
Nothing was taken. 
Each interview adds a small 

2134
01:53:17,700 --> 01:53:19,300
piece to a puzzle that doesn't 
yet. 

2135
01:53:19,300 --> 01:53:22,800
Have a clear shape, Tom takes 
notes in a pocket notebook, 

2136
01:53:22,800 --> 01:53:25,000
writing in a personal short 
hand. 

2137
01:53:25,000 --> 01:53:28,800
He's developed over decades, not
the formal short-hand used by 

2138
01:53:28,800 --> 01:53:32,600
secretaries, but his own system 
of abbreviations and symbols 

2139
01:53:32,600 --> 01:53:34,500
that would be nearly eligible to
anyone else. 

2140
01:53:35,900 --> 01:53:38,800
The Notebook itself is a 
physical record that he later 

2141
01:53:38,800 --> 01:53:43,100
transcribed into formal reports 
but in the moment it's just a 

2142
01:53:43,100 --> 01:53:45,300
way of capturing thoughts before
they evaporate. 

2143
01:53:45,300 --> 01:53:49,800
Lunchtime finds Tom, the local 
cafe, the sort of establishment 

2144
01:53:49,800 --> 01:53:53,500
that serves meat, pies mashed 
potatoes, and tea strong enough 

2145
01:53:53,500 --> 01:53:57,200
to revive the Dead. 
The cafe is run by a woman named

2146
01:53:57,200 --> 01:54:01,600
Doris who has been feeding local
workers for 30 years and has 

2147
01:54:01,600 --> 01:54:05,300
opinions about everything from 
politics to proper pie crust. 

2148
01:54:06,200 --> 01:54:09,700
Tom eats here several times a 
week partly, because the food is

2149
01:54:09,700 --> 01:54:13,400
decent and cheap partly because 
Doris sees and hears everything 

2150
01:54:13,400 --> 01:54:17,600
that happens on this street. 
Making her Cafe and unofficial 

2151
01:54:17,600 --> 01:54:20,600
intelligence gathering operation
disguised as a working-class 

2152
01:54:20,600 --> 01:54:23,900
restaurant today, Doris 
mentioned that young Billy 

2153
01:54:23,900 --> 01:54:25,800
Thompson. 
One of the teenagers. 

2154
01:54:25,800 --> 01:54:29,500
Tom suspects in the garden. 
Gnome thefts was in yesterday, 

2155
01:54:29,500 --> 01:54:31,800
spending money, on the new 
pinball machine. 

2156
01:54:32,800 --> 01:54:35,800
This is notable because Billy's 
family isn't well off and 

2157
01:54:35,800 --> 01:54:39,100
unexplained wealth in a teenage 
boy usually means either 

2158
01:54:39,100 --> 01:54:42,500
employment that is mother 
doesn't know about or income 

2159
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:44,600
from activity. 
She definitely doesn't know 

2160
01:54:44,600 --> 01:54:48,400
about It's a small detail, 
possibly meaningless. 

2161
01:54:49,300 --> 01:54:52,400
But Tom files it away in the 
mental drawer labeled worth. 

2162
01:54:52,400 --> 01:54:56,500
Checking the afternoon is spent 
on the more tedious aspect of 

2163
01:54:56,500 --> 01:54:59,800
police work. 
Typing reports making telephone 

2164
01:54:59,800 --> 01:55:03,000
calls and reviewing witness 
statements from other officers. 

2165
01:55:03,000 --> 01:55:06,400
Tom's typing is competent but 
not elegant. 

2166
01:55:06,400 --> 01:55:10,400
The product of a brief course 
years ago that taught him hunt 

2167
01:55:10,400 --> 01:55:13,900
and Peck efficiency without any 
claim to proper technique. 

2168
01:55:13,900 --> 01:55:19,300
Each keystroke requires real for
the manual typewriter and errors

2169
01:55:19,300 --> 01:55:22,900
must be corrected with a special
erasing paper that never quite 

2170
01:55:22,900 --> 01:55:26,000
make the page clean. 
Again, a telephone call to the 

2171
01:55:26,000 --> 01:55:28,700
paper manufacturer reveals that 
the paper used in the 

2172
01:55:28,700 --> 01:55:32,300
threatening letters is sold at 
approximately 300 shops across 

2173
01:55:32,300 --> 01:55:35,600
the region, two common to be 
useful for narrowing down 

2174
01:55:35,600 --> 01:55:38,600
suspects. 
A call to a handwriting expert. 

2175
01:55:38,600 --> 01:55:41,600
Suggests, the disgust printing 
is probably done by someone 

2176
01:55:41,600 --> 01:55:45,200
educated based on certain letter
for nation's that suggests 

2177
01:55:45,200 --> 01:55:48,300
familiarity with cursive 
writing, these aren't 

2178
01:55:48,300 --> 01:55:51,600
breakthroughs but their data 
points that gradually constrain 

2179
01:55:51,600 --> 01:55:54,000
the universe of possibilities by
later. 

2180
01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:57,300
After noon, Thomas developed a 
theory that he can't yet prove 

2181
01:55:58,300 --> 01:56:00,500
the letter strike him as coming 
from someone with some 

2182
01:56:00,500 --> 01:56:04,200
connection to education, not 
necessarily a teacher but 

2183
01:56:04,200 --> 01:56:06,900
someone who speaks the language 
of schools and understands their

2184
01:56:06,900 --> 01:56:10,100
hierarchies. 
The lack of specific grievances,

2185
01:56:10,100 --> 01:56:13,400
suggests someone nursing a 
general resentment rather than a

2186
01:56:13,400 --> 01:56:17,200
particular wrong and the careful
preparation, different papers 

2187
01:56:17,200 --> 01:56:21,500
disguise, handwriting envelopes 
posted from different locations.

2188
01:56:21,500 --> 01:56:26,000
Suggest someone methodical and 
patient he decides to request 

2189
01:56:26,000 --> 01:56:28,400
the school's Personnel records 
for the past 10 years. 

2190
01:56:28,400 --> 01:56:31,800
Looking for anyone who left 
under circumstances, that might 

2191
01:56:31,800 --> 01:56:34,700
breed resentment. 
It's a long shot that will 

2192
01:56:34,700 --> 01:56:38,400
require hours of reading through
files but long shots and patient

2193
01:56:38,400 --> 01:56:41,900
reading are what detective work.
Actually consists of as a 

2194
01:56:41,900 --> 01:56:45,500
dramatic Revelations that 
populate fictional Mysteries. 

2195
01:56:45,500 --> 01:56:48,500
The day ends with Tom walking 
back through streets. 

2196
01:56:48,500 --> 01:56:52,700
Now busy with evening, commuters
shops closing for the day and 

2197
01:56:52,700 --> 01:56:55,900
the smell of dinners, cooking 
behind the curtained windows of 

2198
01:56:55,900 --> 01:56:59,600
terrorists House's. 
He carries his case files home 

2199
01:56:59,600 --> 01:57:02,100
in, a leather satchel that 
starting to show its age 

2200
01:57:02,100 --> 01:57:04,700
planning to spend the evening 
reviewing statements. 

2201
01:57:04,700 --> 01:57:07,100
While his wife watches 
television in the Next Room. 

2202
01:57:07,100 --> 01:57:10,900
This is the rhythm of detective 
work in 1960, Britain. 

2203
01:57:10,900 --> 01:57:14,600
Long stretches of routine 
punctuated by moments of 

2204
01:57:14,600 --> 01:57:16,800
significance. 
That only become apparent in 

2205
01:57:16,800 --> 01:57:20,100
retrospect. 
Patterns emerging slowly from 

2206
01:57:20,100 --> 01:57:23,900
accumulated detail and Truth 
revealed, not through brilliant 

2207
01:57:23,900 --> 01:57:28,400
deduction but through thorough 
patient unglamorous labor, one 

2208
01:57:28,400 --> 01:57:32,300
of the peculiar aspects of 
police work in the 1960s is how 

2209
01:57:32,300 --> 01:57:34,100
visible it remained to ordinary 
citizens. 

2210
01:57:35,300 --> 01:57:38,900
There's no internet to report 
crimes anonymously know, social 

2211
01:57:38,900 --> 01:57:43,900
media to follow investigations 
from a distance instead crime 

2212
01:57:43,900 --> 01:57:47,500
and its investigation happen in 
physical spaces where people can

2213
01:57:47,500 --> 01:57:49,000
see and participate in the 
process. 

2214
01:57:49,000 --> 01:57:52,100
The police box on the corner 
near the main shopping district 

2215
01:57:52,100 --> 01:57:56,200
is one of these visible, symbols
of law enforcement It's a blue 

2216
01:57:56,200 --> 01:57:59,600
painted, wooden structure, not 
unlike the Tardis, from Doctor, 

2217
01:57:59,600 --> 01:58:02,900
Who containing a telephone, that
connects directly to the 

2218
01:58:02,900 --> 01:58:05,800
station. 
Local officers, use it. 

2219
01:58:05,800 --> 01:58:08,900
As a reporting point and 
citizens can use it to report 

2220
01:58:08,900 --> 01:58:12,800
crimes or request assistance. 
There's something reassuring 

2221
01:58:12,800 --> 01:58:17,000
about its solid presence. 
A physical reminder that help is

2222
01:58:17,000 --> 01:58:19,700
theoretically available at the 
corner of Oak Street and the 

2223
01:58:19,700 --> 01:58:23,600
high road when a burglary occurs
neighbors, gather to discuss it 

2224
01:58:23,600 --> 01:58:27,300
not on online forums but on 
front steps, Nova Garden 

2225
01:58:27,300 --> 01:58:30,600
fence's, sharing theories, and 
observations with the kind of 

2226
01:58:30,600 --> 01:58:33,900
Engagement that social media 
would later channel into 

2227
01:58:33,900 --> 01:58:37,800
different forms. 
Mrs. Patterson saw someone 

2228
01:58:37,800 --> 01:58:40,200
unfamiliar walking past around 
tea time. 

2229
01:58:40,200 --> 01:58:43,300
Mr. Chen at the Chinese 
restaurant noticed a vehicle 

2230
01:58:43,308 --> 01:58:46,900
idling where it shouldn't have 
been the postman remembers that 

2231
01:58:46,900 --> 01:58:49,800
the house was empty during his 
rounds because usually someone 

2232
01:58:49,800 --> 01:58:52,800
answers, when he needs a 
signature, these conversations 

2233
01:58:52,800 --> 01:58:56,600
create an informal network of 
surveillance that predate CCTV 

2234
01:58:56,600 --> 01:58:59,800
by decades. 
People notice things not because

2235
01:58:59,800 --> 01:59:02,900
they're particularly observant 
but because the rhythm of daily 

2236
01:59:02,900 --> 01:59:04,900
life in residential 
neighborhoods follows 

2237
01:59:04,900 --> 01:59:08,000
predictable, patterns and 
deviations from those patterns 

2238
01:59:08,000 --> 01:59:10,700
stand out like misplaced notes 
and familiar music. 

2239
01:59:10,700 --> 01:59:14,000
Tom has learned to tap into this
network through Community 

2240
01:59:14,000 --> 01:59:16,700
relationships. 
That is carefully, cultivated 

2241
01:59:16,700 --> 01:59:20,000
over years. 
The news agent knows him by name

2242
01:59:20,000 --> 01:59:22,200
and often mentions unusual 
purchases. 

2243
01:59:22,200 --> 01:59:26,500
Someone buying an odd number of 
the same newspaper, perhaps or a

2244
01:59:26,500 --> 01:59:28,700
stranger asking detailed 
questions about the 

2245
01:59:28,700 --> 01:59:32,100
neighborhood. 
The librarian at the public 

2246
01:59:32,100 --> 01:59:35,700
library, a formidable, woman 
named Miss Thornberry, who runs 

2247
01:59:35,700 --> 01:59:38,100
her institution with the 
Precision of a military 

2248
01:59:38,100 --> 01:59:42,100
operation notices, who reads 
what an occasionally mentioned, 

2249
01:59:42,100 --> 01:59:44,400
when someone's interest strike 
her as unusual. 

2250
01:59:44,400 --> 01:59:46,900
This isn't Official Police 
working exactly. 

2251
01:59:46,900 --> 01:59:50,500
There are no reports filed about
these casual conversations. 

2252
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:53,400
No, formal records of 
information gathered while 

2253
01:59:53,400 --> 01:59:57,300
buying tobacco or returning 
library books, but it's the 

2254
01:59:57,300 --> 02:00:00,700
substrate on which actual 
investigation, builds the 

2255
02:00:00,700 --> 02:00:03,300
community context, that helps 
detectives understand. 

2256
02:00:03,300 --> 02:00:05,800
What's normal. 
And what's not the relationship 

2257
02:00:05,800 --> 02:00:08,400
between police and public in 
1960s. 

2258
02:00:08,400 --> 02:00:10,400
Britain exists in an interesting
space. 

2259
02:00:11,400 --> 02:00:13,700
There's more deference to 
Authority than would be common. 

2260
02:00:13,700 --> 02:00:17,200
A generation later. 
Officers are still called Sir by

2261
02:00:17,200 --> 02:00:20,100
most people, and there's a 
general assumption that police 

2262
02:00:20,100 --> 02:00:22,000
are basically working on the 
side of good. 

2263
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:25,700
Even if individual officers 
might be more or less competent,

2264
02:00:26,500 --> 02:00:29,900
but there's also a weariness 
particularly among working-class

2265
02:00:29,900 --> 02:00:33,400
communities, where police have 
historically been seen as 

2266
02:00:33,400 --> 02:00:37,600
enforces of rules made by, and 
for other people other Tom 

2267
02:00:37,600 --> 02:00:39,800
navigates, this territory 
through a combination of 

2268
02:00:39,800 --> 02:00:44,300
fairness honesty and what is 
wife calls his Relentless 

2269
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:46,800
reasonable illness. 
He doesn't pretend to be 

2270
02:00:46,800 --> 02:00:50,200
something he's not, he's clearly
middle class clearly educated 

2271
02:00:50,200 --> 02:00:51,700
and clearly part of the 
establishment. 

2272
02:00:52,900 --> 02:00:55,600
But he treats everyone with the 
same straightforward respect, 

2273
02:00:55,600 --> 02:00:58,800
whether he's interviewing a 
company direct or a market 

2274
02:00:58,800 --> 02:01:01,300
Porter. 
And people generally respond to 

2275
02:01:01,300 --> 02:01:04,200
that consistency. 
When a shoplifting case brings 

2276
02:01:04,200 --> 02:01:06,700
Tom into contact with the 
teenage girl caught stealing 

2277
02:01:06,700 --> 02:01:09,400
makeup from boots. 
He doesn't lecture her about 

2278
02:01:09,400 --> 02:01:11,700
morality or threatened her with 
dire consequences. 

2279
02:01:12,900 --> 02:01:18,200
Instead he asks her, why not 
aggressively just genuinely 

2280
02:01:18,200 --> 02:01:21,100
curious about what drove this 
particular decision on this 

2281
02:01:21,100 --> 02:01:24,400
particular day? 
The girl expecting to be treated

2282
02:01:24,400 --> 02:01:27,700
as a criminal finds herself 
instead talking to someone who 

2283
02:01:27,700 --> 02:01:30,100
seems interested in 
understanding rather than 

2284
02:01:30,100 --> 02:01:32,300
judging. 
It turns out she was trying to 

2285
02:01:32,300 --> 02:01:35,400
impress, an older group of girls
who had essentially dared her to

2286
02:01:35,400 --> 02:01:38,200
steal something. 
Not an excuse, exactly. 

2287
02:01:38,200 --> 02:01:41,600
But a context that transforms 
the incident from simple 

2288
02:01:41,600 --> 02:01:44,200
criminality into something more 
complex. 

2289
02:01:44,200 --> 02:01:48,600
Peer pressure, adolescent 
insecurity and the desperate 

2290
02:01:48,600 --> 02:01:51,300
desire to belong that can drive 
people to decisions. 

2291
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:54,800
They know are wrong even as 
they're making them, Tom 

2292
02:01:54,800 --> 02:01:57,600
arranges for the girl to return 
to the store to apologize and 

2293
02:01:57,600 --> 02:02:00,500
work off the value of the stolen
items through supervised 

2294
02:02:00,500 --> 02:02:03,600
community service. 
It's not official Police 

2295
02:02:03,600 --> 02:02:06,700
business to arrange such things,
but the storm manager is 

2296
02:02:06,700 --> 02:02:09,700
willing. 
The girls mother is relieved and

2297
02:02:09,700 --> 02:02:13,000
everyone involved gets something
closer to Justice than a formal.

2298
02:02:13,000 --> 02:02:16,600
Prosecution would have provided 
these small interventions 

2299
02:02:16,600 --> 02:02:19,700
unofficial unrecorded, barely 
visible. 

2300
02:02:19,700 --> 02:02:22,700
Even to other police officers 
are where Tom does. 

2301
02:02:22,700 --> 02:02:26,100
Some of his most important work,
the newspapers of the air 

2302
02:02:26,100 --> 02:02:28,800
Retreat crime stories with a 
particular style that blends and

2303
02:02:28,800 --> 02:02:31,500
sensationalism with peculiarly 
British understatement. 

2304
02:02:32,700 --> 02:02:35,600
A brutal assault, might be 
described as an unfortunate 

2305
02:02:35,600 --> 02:02:39,100
incident, while a garden gnome 
theft, could warrant dramatic 

2306
02:02:39,100 --> 02:02:42,200
headlines. 
If it's a slow news week, Thomas

2307
02:02:42,200 --> 02:02:45,000
learned to work with journalists
feeding them, just enough 

2308
02:02:45,000 --> 02:02:48,500
information to keep them 
satisfied without compromising 

2309
02:02:48,500 --> 02:02:52,100
investigations or invading 
victims privacy more than 

2310
02:02:52,100 --> 02:02:54,900
necessary. 
One reporter Jenkins from the 

2311
02:02:54,908 --> 02:02:59,300
local paper has been covering 
police news for 15 years and has

2312
02:02:59,300 --> 02:03:02,100
developed an almost Supernatural
ability to appear at crime 

2313
02:03:02,100 --> 02:03:04,000
scenes shortly after the police 
themselves. 

2314
02:03:05,100 --> 02:03:07,900
Thom suspects Jenkins has 
connections at the station. 

2315
02:03:07,900 --> 02:03:10,900
Possibly someone on the 
switchboard who tips him off, 

2316
02:03:10,900 --> 02:03:14,600
but can't prove it and isn't 
entirely sure he wants to. 

2317
02:03:15,900 --> 02:03:19,500
Jenkins is generally fair in his
reporting and the relationship 

2318
02:03:19,500 --> 02:03:23,400
between police and press. 
While sometimes tents is built 

2319
02:03:23,400 --> 02:03:25,200
on Mutual need and grudging 
respect. 

2320
02:03:25,200 --> 02:03:28,200
The forensic laboratory where 
Tom occasionally visits 

2321
02:03:28,200 --> 02:03:31,500
occupies, a converted manor 
house on the outskirts of the 

2322
02:03:31,500 --> 02:03:33,800
city. 
It's Victorian Grand Junction. 

2323
02:03:33,800 --> 02:03:38,400
Now dedicated to the systematic 
analysis of blood fiber and 

2324
02:03:38,400 --> 02:03:41,800
trace evidence. 
The scientists who work here are

2325
02:03:41,800 --> 02:03:45,500
a particular breed methodical 
patient and possessed of the 

2326
02:03:45,500 --> 02:03:49,500
kind of attention to microscopic
detail that would drive most 

2327
02:03:49,500 --> 02:03:52,900
people to distraction. 
Dr. Margaret Chen runs the 

2328
02:03:52,900 --> 02:03:56,700
textile analysis section working
with a microscope that she 

2329
02:03:56,700 --> 02:03:59,500
treats with the reverence most 
people reserved for religious 

2330
02:03:59,500 --> 02:04:03,100
artifacts. 
She can identify fiber types by 

2331
02:04:03,100 --> 02:04:06,400
their cellular structure, 
distinguished cotton from 

2332
02:04:06,400 --> 02:04:09,800
different regions, based on 
subtle variations in growth 

2333
02:04:09,800 --> 02:04:12,800
patterns and determine with 
reasonable accuracy. 

2334
02:04:12,800 --> 02:04:15,900
How long a fibers been separated
from its source material. 

2335
02:04:17,000 --> 02:04:19,400
Her testimony in court is 
delivered with the calm 

2336
02:04:19,400 --> 02:04:22,400
Precision of someone. 
Explaining simple facts to 

2337
02:04:22,400 --> 02:04:24,300
people who happen to be less 
informed. 

2338
02:04:25,000 --> 02:04:28,100
And juries generally believed 
her because she makes complexity

2339
02:04:28,100 --> 02:04:30,100
feel accessible without dumbing 
it down. 

2340
02:04:30,100 --> 02:04:33,600
Tom brings her a fiber found on 
a windowsill at a burglary 

2341
02:04:33,600 --> 02:04:35,500
scene. 
Single thread. 

2342
02:04:35,500 --> 02:04:39,400
Barely visible caught on a rough
Edge where someone presumably 

2343
02:04:39,400 --> 02:04:43,700
climbed through. 
Under the microscope, it reveals

2344
02:04:43,700 --> 02:04:47,400
itself as wool died, a 
particular shade of blue gray 

2345
02:04:47,400 --> 02:04:50,700
that narrows down its likely 
source to certain manufacturers.

2346
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:54,900
Dr. Chen consults, reference 
books, filled with fiber 

2347
02:04:54,900 --> 02:04:57,900
samples, comparing the evidence 
under different lighting, 

2348
02:04:57,900 --> 02:05:00,400
conditions. 
Measuring property is that Tom 

2349
02:05:00,400 --> 02:05:04,200
barely understands three days 
later she calls with results. 

2350
02:05:05,000 --> 02:05:08,200
Fiber matches a type of wool 
used primarily in manufacturing 

2351
02:05:08,200 --> 02:05:11,700
industrial coveralls sold 
through Workwear suppliers 

2352
02:05:11,700 --> 02:05:13,500
rather than regular clothing 
stores. 

2353
02:05:13,500 --> 02:05:18,200
It's not proof of anything by 
itself but its information that 

2354
02:05:18,200 --> 02:05:21,700
constrains possibilities. 
If Tom suspect Works in 

2355
02:05:21,700 --> 02:05:24,700
construction or a similar trade,
this becomes corroborating 

2356
02:05:24,700 --> 02:05:28,300
evidence If they work in an 
office and wear suits, it 

2357
02:05:28,300 --> 02:05:31,300
suggests either an accomplice or
a completely different line of 

2358
02:05:31,308 --> 02:05:34,000
Investigation. 
The fingerprint Bureau operates 

2359
02:05:34,000 --> 02:05:37,600
in a different wing of the 
building by Specialists who view

2360
02:05:37,600 --> 02:05:41,200
the world through the lens of 
friction Ridge patterns, they 

2361
02:05:41,200 --> 02:05:44,400
maintain files of known 
criminals organized by Patent 

2362
02:05:44,400 --> 02:05:47,900
type, allowing for comparison, 
when Prince from crime, scenes 

2363
02:05:47,900 --> 02:05:51,500
are clear enough to be useful. 
The problem is that prints from 

2364
02:05:51,500 --> 02:05:56,500
actual crime, scenes are often 
partial smudged or contaminated 

2365
02:05:56,500 --> 02:05:59,600
with multiple overlapping 
Impressions that make analysis 

2366
02:05:59,600 --> 02:06:02,500
challenging. 
The fingerprint examiner working

2367
02:06:02,500 --> 02:06:06,500
on Tom's burglary case a 
methodical man named Roberts who

2368
02:06:06,500 --> 02:06:10,000
apparently never hurries. 
Never makes mistakes her spent 

2369
02:06:10,000 --> 02:06:12,600
two days. 
Analyzing Prince lifted from a 

2370
02:06:12,600 --> 02:06:16,100
medicine cabinet. 
He's identified three distinct 

2371
02:06:16,100 --> 02:06:20,000
individuals, the homeowner, the 
homeowners wife and a third 

2372
02:06:20,000 --> 02:06:22,900
party whose prints don't match 
anyone in the known criminal 

2373
02:06:22,900 --> 02:06:26,900
files. this means either a 
first-time offender or someone 

2374
02:06:26,900 --> 02:06:29,900
who has been lucky enough not to
be caught before Roberts 

2375
02:06:29,900 --> 02:06:32,400
explains this in the tone of 
someone discussing weather 

2376
02:06:32,400 --> 02:06:36,100
patterns, showing the comparison
images that demonstrate his 

2377
02:06:36,100 --> 02:06:39,900
analysis To Tom's untrained eye,
the prince looked, nearly 

2378
02:06:39,900 --> 02:06:43,400
identical, but Roberts points 
out specific Ridge 

2379
02:06:43,400 --> 02:06:46,800
characteristics. 
A bifurcation here, an ending 

2380
02:06:46,800 --> 02:06:50,200
Ridge there, and a pattern of 
minutia that he's counted and 

2381
02:06:50,200 --> 02:06:53,500
documented with the Precision of
an accountant balancing 

2382
02:06:53,500 --> 02:06:56,300
complicated. 
Ledges blood analysis in the 

2383
02:06:56,300 --> 02:06:59,800
1960s in tight, but not 
individual identity. 

2384
02:07:00,700 --> 02:07:04,100
When blood is found to seen 
analysts, can tell you, whether 

2385
02:07:04,100 --> 02:07:10,000
it's type a b, a b or o which 
might help eliminate suspects 

2386
02:07:10,000 --> 02:07:12,200
but rarely provides definitive 
proof. 

2387
02:07:13,100 --> 02:07:16,600
The science exist in a space 
between useful and frustrating, 

2388
02:07:16,600 --> 02:07:20,300
capable of providing information
that narrows possibilities 

2389
02:07:20,300 --> 02:07:22,900
without often. 
Delivering absolute, certainly 

2390
02:07:22,900 --> 02:07:26,500
Tom watches, a blood analyst 
performed typing on a sample. 

2391
02:07:26,500 --> 02:07:30,000
From an assault case, adding 
reagents that cause reactions 

2392
02:07:30,000 --> 02:07:33,600
visible under specific lighting 
conditions The processes 

2393
02:07:33,600 --> 02:07:38,000
meticulous repeated multiple 
times to verify results and 

2394
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:40,900
documented with the kind of 
detail note-taking that would 

2395
02:07:40,900 --> 02:07:42,900
satisfy the most demanding 
auditor. 

2396
02:07:44,000 --> 02:07:48,300
The analyst explains that the 
sample is type A positive which 

2397
02:07:48,300 --> 02:07:51,200
matches approximately 40% of the
British population. 

2398
02:07:52,300 --> 02:07:56,600
Helpful for eliminating suspects
who are typos or B useless for 

2399
02:07:56,600 --> 02:07:59,200
proving anything. 
About those who match ballistics

2400
02:07:59,200 --> 02:08:02,600
analysis, used, when Firearms 
are involved relies on the 

2401
02:08:02,608 --> 02:08:05,700
principle, that every gun barrel
leaves unique markings on 

2402
02:08:05,700 --> 02:08:09,400
bullets fired through it. 
The ballistics expert maintains,

2403
02:08:09,400 --> 02:08:13,300
a comparison microscope, that 
allows side-by-side analysis of 

2404
02:08:13,300 --> 02:08:16,900
test, fired rounds and crime 
scene, evidence looking, for 

2405
02:08:16,900 --> 02:08:19,800
matching striations, that 
suggests a common origin. 

2406
02:08:20,700 --> 02:08:24,700
Thomas seen this expert, spend, 
entire afternoons, examining a 

2407
02:08:24,700 --> 02:08:28,400
single bullet making 
measurements taking photographs 

2408
02:08:28,400 --> 02:08:31,600
and building documentation. 
That might eventually support 

2409
02:08:31,600 --> 02:08:34,700
testimony in court. 
What strikes Tom about? 

2410
02:08:34,700 --> 02:08:38,300
All these Specialists is their 
patients with uncertainty They 

2411
02:08:38,300 --> 02:08:41,600
understand that forensic science
in this era provides suggestions

2412
02:08:41,600 --> 02:08:45,900
and probabilities rather than 
certain tips that their role is 

2413
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:49,400
to narrow possibilities and 
support other evidence rather 

2414
02:08:49,400 --> 02:08:51,500
than solve cases 
single-handedly. 

2415
02:08:52,400 --> 02:08:56,200
A comfortable saying possibly 
lightly and consistent with 

2416
02:08:56,200 --> 02:09:00,700
rather than definitely and 
certainly this stands in 

2417
02:09:00,708 --> 02:09:03,800
interesting contrast to how 
forensic science is portrayed, 

2418
02:09:03,800 --> 02:09:07,100
in popular culture, where 
laboratory in analysis, provides

2419
02:09:07,100 --> 02:09:10,900
clear definitive answers that 
immediately identify 

2420
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:15,700
perpetrators. 
The real work is Messier more 

2421
02:09:15,700 --> 02:09:20,000
qualified and infinitely, more 
dependent on human judgment than

2422
02:09:20,000 --> 02:09:22,600
the public. 
Generally understands Thomas 

2423
02:09:22,600 --> 02:09:26,100
learned to work within these 
limitations treating forensic 

2424
02:09:26,100 --> 02:09:29,000
evidence as one data source 
among many rather than the 

2425
02:09:29,000 --> 02:09:32,000
ultimate Arbiter of Truth. 
Fiber. 

2426
02:09:32,000 --> 02:09:35,100
That matches the suspects 
clothing is interesting, but 

2427
02:09:35,100 --> 02:09:38,500
it's not proof. 
Clothing, fibers transfer easily

2428
02:09:38,500 --> 02:09:41,100
and could have arrived through 
innocent contact. 

2429
02:09:42,000 --> 02:09:43,400
Fingerprints are more 
definitive. 

2430
02:09:44,200 --> 02:09:47,500
But only if they're clear enough
for confident matching and found

2431
02:09:47,500 --> 02:09:50,500
in locations, that couldn't be 
explained by legitimate access, 

2432
02:09:50,500 --> 02:09:53,800
the real power of forensic 
science in this area isn't 

2433
02:09:53,800 --> 02:09:57,700
improving Smoking Gun evidence, 
but in helping detectives Focus,

2434
02:09:57,700 --> 02:10:01,300
their investigations, 
eliminating unlikely scenarios 

2435
02:10:01,300 --> 02:10:04,600
and supporting theories that can
be tested through traditional 

2436
02:10:04,600 --> 02:10:08,300
detective work. 
Its a support system for human 

2437
02:10:08,300 --> 02:10:10,800
judgment, rather than a 
replacement for it. 

2438
02:10:10,800 --> 02:10:13,900
The discovery of a body in the 
canal near, the industrial 

2439
02:10:13,900 --> 02:10:17,400
district creates ripples through
the community that extend far 

2440
02:10:17,400 --> 02:10:18,900
beyond the immediate crime 
scene. 

2441
02:10:19,800 --> 02:10:23,300
This is the sort of event that 
transforms abstract, concepts of

2442
02:10:23,300 --> 02:10:25,500
danger, into immediate personal 
fear. 

2443
02:10:25,500 --> 02:10:28,800
Particularly when the victim is 
identified, as a young woman, 

2444
02:10:28,800 --> 02:10:32,100
who worked at the textile mill, 
Tom arrives at the scene. 

2445
02:10:32,100 --> 02:10:35,500
In early morning fog, the kind 
of thick clinging Mist that 

2446
02:10:35,500 --> 02:10:37,300
makes everything look slightly 
unreal. 

2447
02:10:38,600 --> 02:10:41,600
The canal path is lined with 
officers, maintaining a 

2448
02:10:41,600 --> 02:10:44,200
perimeter. 
Keeping away the Curious crowd 

2449
02:10:44,200 --> 02:10:46,400
that has already gathered 
despite the early hour. 

2450
02:10:47,500 --> 02:10:49,900
News travels through 
working-class neighborhoods with

2451
02:10:49,900 --> 02:10:54,600
remarkable speed, passed along 
through networks of gossip and 

2452
02:10:54,600 --> 02:10:58,700
concern that operate far faster 
than official channels, the 

2453
02:10:58,700 --> 02:11:01,200
woman identified from her 
handbag as Sarah. 

2454
02:11:01,200 --> 02:11:03,600
Mitchell appears to have been in
the water for several hours. 

2455
02:11:03,600 --> 02:11:07,800
She's wearing a good coat, not 
expensive but well, kept and 

2456
02:11:07,800 --> 02:11:09,900
shoes suitable for walking home 
from work. 

2457
02:11:10,700 --> 02:11:12,700
There's no obvious sign of 
violence, though. 

2458
02:11:12,700 --> 02:11:14,700
The pathologist who examined her
at the scene? 

2459
02:11:14,700 --> 02:11:16,200
Notes. 
Bruising that could indicate 

2460
02:11:16,200 --> 02:11:19,300
either assault or the body being
moved by water and debris. 

2461
02:11:19,300 --> 02:11:23,000
Tom's initial investigation, 
focuses on establishing a 

2462
02:11:23,000 --> 02:11:24,900
timeline and last known 
movements. 

2463
02:11:25,900 --> 02:11:28,900
Sarah lived with her parents in 
a terrorist house. 15 minutes 

2464
02:11:28,900 --> 02:11:31,600
walk from the mill. 
She typically work the evening 

2465
02:11:31,600 --> 02:11:35,000
shift finishing at 10:00 and 
walked home along. 

2466
02:11:35,000 --> 02:11:37,500
Well lit streets that should 
have been reasonably safe. 

2467
02:11:38,500 --> 02:11:41,700
Her parents expected her home by
half past 10:00 and called the 

2468
02:11:41,700 --> 02:11:42,900
police. 
When she hadn't arrived by 

2469
02:11:42,908 --> 02:11:46,600
midnight the mill manager, a 
harried man named Preston. 

2470
02:11:46,600 --> 02:11:50,000
Who clearly hasn't slept, since 
hearing the news confirms that 

2471
02:11:50,000 --> 02:11:53,500
Sarah left work at her normal 
time, wearing the coat and 

2472
02:11:53,500 --> 02:11:55,700
carrying the handbag that were 
found with her body. 

2473
02:11:56,700 --> 02:11:59,300
Several co-workers saw her 
leaving, but didn't walk with 

2474
02:11:59,300 --> 02:12:01,400
her. 
She preferred to walk alone. 

2475
02:12:01,400 --> 02:12:05,300
Apparently enjoying the quiet 
after a day of industrial noise,

2476
02:12:05,300 --> 02:12:09,100
the pathologist preliminary 
examination suggests drowning as

2477
02:12:09,100 --> 02:12:11,900
the likely cause of death, but 
there are questions that won't 

2478
02:12:11,900 --> 02:12:14,400
be answered until a full 
post-mortem examination. 

2479
02:12:15,300 --> 02:12:18,200
The bruises on her arms, could 
indicate that someone grabbed 

2480
02:12:18,200 --> 02:12:21,000
her or they could have been 
sustained when she fell into the

2481
02:12:21,000 --> 02:12:23,800
water. 
There's no water in her lungs 

2482
02:12:23,800 --> 02:12:26,400
which might suggest she was 
already dead when she entered 

2483
02:12:26,400 --> 02:12:29,800
the canal or might simply mean 
the drowning was rapid enough 

2484
02:12:29,800 --> 02:12:33,000
not to leave that evidence. 
The community's reaction to 

2485
02:12:33,000 --> 02:12:37,200
Sarah's death reveals much about
how 1960s Britain processes 

2486
02:12:37,200 --> 02:12:40,800
sudden tragedy. 
The mill stops production for a 

2487
02:12:40,800 --> 02:12:42,700
day. 
As a mark of respect, which 

2488
02:12:42,700 --> 02:12:45,000
costs money. 
The company can ill afford, but 

2489
02:12:45,000 --> 02:12:47,200
feels necessary to honor a dead 
employee. 

2490
02:12:48,000 --> 02:12:52,000
The local church holds a special
service attended by people who 

2491
02:12:52,000 --> 02:12:55,200
haven't set foot in the building
for months, but feel compelled 

2492
02:12:55,200 --> 02:12:59,400
to mark this particular loss. 
Sarah Street organizes a 

2493
02:12:59,400 --> 02:13:02,900
collection for her parents 
Gathering, small donations, that

2494
02:13:02,900 --> 02:13:06,500
had up to enough for funeral 
expenses, but there's no fear 

2495
02:13:06,500 --> 02:13:09,400
particularly among young women 
who work, similar shifts and 

2496
02:13:09,400 --> 02:13:12,700
walks similar routes. 
The Mills evening shift sees 

2497
02:13:12,700 --> 02:13:15,600
several women who would normally
walk home alone now traveling in

2498
02:13:15,600 --> 02:13:18,800
groups staying later than 
necessary to find companions. 

2499
02:13:19,500 --> 02:13:22,100
Parents who previously allowed 
their daughters Independence? 

2500
02:13:22,100 --> 02:13:26,700
Now, insist on escorts or taxi 
services, they can barely afford

2501
02:13:26,700 --> 02:13:29,100
Tom. 
Finds himself conducting, dozens

2502
02:13:29,100 --> 02:13:32,200
of interviews, with people who 
didn't really know, Sarah, but 

2503
02:13:32,200 --> 02:13:34,900
feel compelled to share, 
whatever tangential information,

2504
02:13:34,900 --> 02:13:39,300
they possess A shopkeeper 
mentions that Sarah sometimes 

2505
02:13:39,300 --> 02:13:42,700
stopped on her way home to buy 
cigarettes, a neighbor recalls 

2506
02:13:42,700 --> 02:13:45,000
seeing her the previous week, 
carrying library books. 

2507
02:13:45,000 --> 02:13:48,200
The news agent remembers that 
she had a sweet tooth and 

2508
02:13:48,200 --> 02:13:50,000
usually bought chocolate on 
Fridays. 

2509
02:13:50,000 --> 02:13:53,000
None of this is immediately 
useful for determining, what 

2510
02:13:53,000 --> 02:13:55,900
happened? 
But Tom listens anyway because 

2511
02:13:55,900 --> 02:13:58,900
sometimes useful information 
emerges from the seemingly 

2512
02:13:58,900 --> 02:14:02,600
irrelevant details and because 
people need to feel their 

2513
02:14:02,600 --> 02:14:05,300
contributing something in the 
face of senseless tragedy. 

2514
02:14:05,300 --> 02:14:08,200
The physical evidence is 
frustratingly limited. 

2515
02:14:09,400 --> 02:14:12,100
Canal path with Sarah, 
presumably entered the water 

2516
02:14:12,100 --> 02:14:16,400
show, signs of a scuffle 
Disturbed, gravel a button. 

2517
02:14:16,400 --> 02:14:17,800
That might have come from her 
coat. 

2518
02:14:18,400 --> 02:14:21,600
But also shows signs of regular 
foot traffic that makes 

2519
02:14:21,600 --> 02:14:24,400
distinguishing relevant evidence
from background noise. 

2520
02:14:24,400 --> 02:14:27,400
Nearly impossible. 
There are no clear Footprints 

2521
02:14:27,400 --> 02:14:31,300
know conveniently, dropped 
identification, and no 

2522
02:14:31,300 --> 02:14:33,400
Witnesses. 
Who saw anything definitive 

2523
02:14:33,400 --> 02:14:37,200
Tom's investigation expands to 
include known sex, offenders in 

2524
02:14:37,200 --> 02:14:40,400
the area, men with previous 
convictions for assault or 

2525
02:14:40,400 --> 02:14:43,800
harassment of women and anyone 
who might have reason to be on 

2526
02:14:43,800 --> 02:14:46,600
that Canal path. 
At that, our Each interview 

2527
02:14:46,600 --> 02:14:50,700
follows a similar pattern 
establishing Alibi, gauging 

2528
02:14:50,700 --> 02:14:53,400
reactions and looking for 
inconsistencies that might 

2529
02:14:53,400 --> 02:14:57,000
suggest involvement or 
knowledge, the Breakthrough when

2530
02:14:57,000 --> 02:15:01,100
it comes arrives through patient
persistence rather than dramatic

2531
02:15:01,100 --> 02:15:04,300
revelation. 
Katrina worker, who uses the 

2532
02:15:04,300 --> 02:15:08,100
canal path for his commute 
mentioned almost as an 

2533
02:15:08,100 --> 02:15:11,600
afterthought that he saw someone
running from the area around the

2534
02:15:11,600 --> 02:15:13,100
time. 
Sarah would have been there. 

2535
02:15:14,000 --> 02:15:16,800
Nothing, particularly 
suspicious, people, jog for 

2536
02:15:16,800 --> 02:15:20,700
exercise, but unusual enough at 
that hour, to register the 

2537
02:15:20,700 --> 02:15:23,000
running figure was male wearing 
dark clothing? 

2538
02:15:23,000 --> 02:15:27,100
And moving away from the city 
center along the Canal Park, The

2539
02:15:27,100 --> 02:15:29,900
witness didn't think much of it 
at the time, but hearing about 

2540
02:15:29,900 --> 02:15:31,900
Sarah's death. 
Made him wonder if it might be 

2541
02:15:31,900 --> 02:15:34,700
relevant. 
He can't provide a detailed 

2542
02:15:34,700 --> 02:15:36,500
description. 
It was dark. 

2543
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:39,200
He was tired. 
He only glimpsed the figure 

2544
02:15:39,200 --> 02:15:42,600
briefly but he remembers the 
general build and the direction 

2545
02:15:42,600 --> 02:15:44,700
of travel. 
This fragment of information 

2546
02:15:44,700 --> 02:15:48,200
combined with patient checking 
of Alibis and whereabouts 

2547
02:15:48,200 --> 02:15:52,800
eventually leads Tom to David 
Porter, a foreman at a factory 

2548
02:15:52,800 --> 02:15:56,400
along the canal route. 
Porter's initial Alibi that he 

2549
02:15:56,400 --> 02:15:59,800
was home with his wife falls 
apart, when Thomas establishes, 

2550
02:15:59,800 --> 02:16:02,400
that his wife was actually 
visiting her mother that evening

2551
02:16:02,400 --> 02:16:06,900
under gentle, but persistent 
questioning Paul's story. 

2552
02:16:06,900 --> 02:16:11,000
Develops inconsistency, that 
suggests both guilt and poor 

2553
02:16:11,000 --> 02:16:13,900
Judgment of, how to handle a 
crisis, the truth. 

2554
02:16:13,900 --> 02:16:18,700
When it finally emerges is both 
tragic and mundane Porter had 

2555
02:16:18,700 --> 02:16:22,400
been having an affair with Sarah
conducted in furtive meetings 

2556
02:16:22,400 --> 02:16:24,200
that both parties had hoped to 
keep Secret. 

2557
02:16:25,100 --> 02:16:27,900
On the night in question, they 
argued near the canal. 

2558
02:16:27,900 --> 02:16:31,100
Porter wanted to win the 
relationship and Sarah was 

2559
02:16:31,100 --> 02:16:33,600
upset, and perhaps threatened to
reveal it to his wife. 

2560
02:16:34,500 --> 02:16:37,799
In the Heat of the argument 
Porter, grabbed Sarah's arm, she

2561
02:16:37,799 --> 02:16:40,500
pulled away lost her balance and
fell into the canal. 

2562
02:16:40,500 --> 02:16:45,100
Porter's subsequent actions 
running from the scene lying 

2563
02:16:45,100 --> 02:16:48,000
about his whereabouts. 
Hoping the death would be ruled 

2564
02:16:48,000 --> 02:16:51,900
accidental, transformed, a 
tragic accident in to something,

2565
02:16:51,900 --> 02:16:55,900
requiring criminal prosecution. 
His panic and poor 

2566
02:16:55,900 --> 02:16:58,799
decision-making turned him from 
a man who made mistakes into 

2567
02:16:58,799 --> 02:17:02,000
someone facing charges of 
manslaughter and leaving the 

2568
02:17:02,000 --> 02:17:04,700
scene of death. 
The community's reaction to this

2569
02:17:04,700 --> 02:17:08,900
resolution is complex. there's 
relief that a dangerous predator

2570
02:17:08,900 --> 02:17:12,100
isn't stalking the streets, but 
also discomfort with the 

2571
02:17:12,100 --> 02:17:15,799
messiness of real human 
behavior, the affair, the 

2572
02:17:15,799 --> 02:17:19,400
argument, the series of small 
decisions that Cascade into 

2573
02:17:19,400 --> 02:17:23,100
tragedy, It's harder to process 
than a simple story of good 

2574
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:25,500
versus evil would have been 
Sarah's. 

2575
02:17:25,500 --> 02:17:28,900
Funeral is well attended, the 
service focusing on her life 

2576
02:17:28,900 --> 02:17:32,600
rather than her death. 
Her mother accepting condolences

2577
02:17:32,600 --> 02:17:35,400
with the dignified grief of 
someone who understands that 

2578
02:17:35,400 --> 02:17:37,000
life. 
Sometimes makes no sense. 

2579
02:17:37,900 --> 02:17:42,100
And all you can do is Endor. 
The mill returns to its normal 

2580
02:17:42,100 --> 02:17:45,000
operations, though. 
Sarah's usual, workstation 

2581
02:17:45,000 --> 02:17:48,799
remains empty for several weeks 
before someone new is quietly 

2582
02:17:48,799 --> 02:17:50,700
assigned to it. 
Tom files. 

2583
02:17:50,700 --> 02:17:53,600
His final reports with the 
satisfaction of having reached 

2584
02:17:53,600 --> 02:17:56,500
truth, if not Justice in any 
simple sense. 

2585
02:17:57,900 --> 02:17:59,600
The case will proceed through 
the courts. 

2586
02:17:59,600 --> 02:18:03,400
Porter will likely face prison 
time and the community will 

2587
02:18:03,400 --> 02:18:06,600
gradually absorb this tragedy 
into its Collective memory. 

2588
02:18:06,600 --> 02:18:09,900
Another story told in hushed 
tones about why you should 

2589
02:18:09,900 --> 02:18:12,900
always be careful while you 
should never trust anyone 

2590
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:16,000
completely and why life is 
fragile in ways. 

2591
02:18:16,000 --> 02:18:19,200
We prefer not to acknowledge 
between the headline cases. 

2592
02:18:19,200 --> 02:18:23,000
The deaths. 
The serious assaults, the crimes

2593
02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:26,400
that communities discuss for 
months afterward lies. 

2594
02:18:26,400 --> 02:18:30,100
The vast majority of police 
work, consisting of matters. 

2595
02:18:30,100 --> 02:18:33,600
So ordinary they barely register
as Mysteries at all. 

2596
02:18:35,000 --> 02:18:37,500
Yet these cases in their own 
way. 

2597
02:18:37,500 --> 02:18:41,100
Reveal as much about human 
nature as any dramatic 

2598
02:18:41,100 --> 02:18:43,900
investigation. 
The matter of the missing Garden

2599
02:18:43,900 --> 02:18:46,799
knows for instance, turns out to
involving exactly the 

2600
02:18:46,799 --> 02:18:49,000
perpetrators Tom suspected from 
the beginning. 

2601
02:18:50,200 --> 02:18:53,400
A group of teenage boys who 
thought relocating ceramic 

2602
02:18:53,400 --> 02:18:57,100
dwarfs to increase in locations,
was the height of Comedy. 

2603
02:18:57,799 --> 02:19:01,100
Tom finds the Gnomes arranged in
elaborate Tableau in an 

2604
02:19:01,100 --> 02:19:04,400
abandoned shed. 
Some fishing in a dry Fountain. 

2605
02:19:04,400 --> 02:19:07,400
Others apparently engaged in a 
ceramic cricket match. 

2606
02:19:07,400 --> 02:19:11,000
All positioned with the kind of 
creative effort that suggests 

2607
02:19:11,000 --> 02:19:14,000
these boys might have actual 
talent if they could find legal 

2608
02:19:14,000 --> 02:19:16,900
outlets for it rather than 
formal charges. 

2609
02:19:16,900 --> 02:19:19,100
Tom arranges for the boys to 
return. 

2610
02:19:19,100 --> 02:19:22,500
Each known personally, 
apologizing, to the owner's 

2611
02:19:22,500 --> 02:19:26,000
face, to face experiencing the 
discomfort of seeing the actual 

2612
02:19:26,000 --> 02:19:29,400
human consequences of what 
seemed like harmless pranks. 

2613
02:19:30,799 --> 02:19:33,700
Most of the nommo owners 
confronted with sheepish 

2614
02:19:33,700 --> 02:19:38,000
teenagers rather than faceless 
criminals respond with a mixture

2615
02:19:38,000 --> 02:19:41,400
of relief, and the kind of stern
lectures that British people 

2616
02:19:41,400 --> 02:19:45,400
have perfected over Generations.
One elderly man, whose prized 

2617
02:19:45,400 --> 02:19:47,799
know had gone. 
Missing tells the culprit about 

2618
02:19:47,799 --> 02:19:51,200
receiving it as a gift from his 
late wife, who had bought it on 

2619
02:19:51,200 --> 02:19:56,100
their honeymoon in Brighton, 40 
years ago, The boy suddenly 

2620
02:19:56,100 --> 02:19:59,000
understanding that he hadn't 
just stolen attack, heard 

2621
02:19:59,000 --> 02:20:01,700
ornament, but a tangible 
connection to someone's personal

2622
02:20:01,700 --> 02:20:04,500
history. 
Looks genuinely stricken in a 

2623
02:20:04,508 --> 02:20:08,000
way that no formal punishment 
could have achieved the 

2624
02:20:08,000 --> 02:20:10,600
shoplifting ring Woolworths 
proves more complex and 

2625
02:20:10,600 --> 02:20:13,200
considerably sadder than simple 
teenage theft. 

2626
02:20:14,100 --> 02:20:16,100
The perpetrators are a mother 
and her two. 

2627
02:20:16,100 --> 02:20:19,200
Daughters systematically 
stealing food children's 

2628
02:20:19,200 --> 02:20:22,800
clothing and other necessities 
that they can't afford on the 

2629
02:20:22,808 --> 02:20:25,300
mother's meager wages from her 
cleaning job. 

2630
02:20:26,300 --> 02:20:28,900
The father left two years ago 
and sends no support. 

2631
02:20:28,900 --> 02:20:33,400
The mother is Too Proud to apply
for assistance and convinced 

2632
02:20:33,400 --> 02:20:35,600
herself that stealing from a 
large company. 

2633
02:20:35,600 --> 02:20:38,900
That wouldn't even notice was 
somehow less wrong than 

2634
02:20:38,900 --> 02:20:42,100
accepting charity. 
Tom finds himself navigating the

2635
02:20:42,100 --> 02:20:45,800
gap between law and compassion 
between what the rules require 

2636
02:20:45,800 --> 02:20:47,800
and what actual Justice might 
look like. 

2637
02:20:48,800 --> 02:20:51,700
The storm manager wants 
prosecution to deter others, 

2638
02:20:51,700 --> 02:20:54,400
which Tom understands from a 
business perspective. 

2639
02:20:54,400 --> 02:20:57,900
But finds deeply unsatisfying 
from a human one. 

2640
02:20:58,800 --> 02:21:01,100
He eventually broke as a 
compromise where the mother 

2641
02:21:01,100 --> 02:21:04,200
agrees to repay the stolen value
through additional cleaning work

2642
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:06,300
and to apply for the social 
assistance. 

2643
02:21:06,300 --> 02:21:09,500
She's entitled to while the 
store agrees not to press 

2644
02:21:09,500 --> 02:21:12,800
charges. 
It's not elegant and it probably

2645
02:21:12,800 --> 02:21:15,800
wouldn't satisfy anyone looking 
for Clear moral lines. 

2646
02:21:16,600 --> 02:21:20,100
But in addresses, the actual 
problem, Struggling families, 

2647
02:21:20,100 --> 02:21:23,900
desperate attempt to survive, 
rather than just punishing the 

2648
02:21:23,900 --> 02:21:27,800
symptom, Tom drives, the mother 
to the Social Services office 

2649
02:21:27,800 --> 02:21:31,400
himself, helping her navigate 
forms, that seem deliberately 

2650
02:21:31,400 --> 02:21:35,000
designed to confuse and 
humiliate and feels more 

2651
02:21:35,000 --> 02:21:38,000
satisfaction from this than from
many more celebrated 

2652
02:21:38,000 --> 02:21:41,200
investigative successes, the 
threatening letters to the 

2653
02:21:41,200 --> 02:21:43,900
Headmaster, eventually traced to
a former janitor, who was 

2654
02:21:43,900 --> 02:21:47,200
dismissed for drinking on the 
job, and nursed, his grievance 

2655
02:21:47,200 --> 02:21:49,300
into an elaborate Revenge 
fantasy. 

2656
02:21:50,000 --> 02:21:52,600
The man turns out to be more 
pitiable than frightening, 

2657
02:21:52,600 --> 02:21:56,200
living alone in a bedsit 
consuming too much Cheap whiskey

2658
02:21:56,200 --> 02:22:00,100
clinging to imagine slights 
because they give shape to a 

2659
02:22:00,100 --> 02:22:03,200
life that is otherwise lost, 
meaning Tom Rangers for him to 

2660
02:22:03,200 --> 02:22:06,200
receive a caution rather than 
prosecution with the 

2661
02:22:06,200 --> 02:22:08,800
understanding that he'll seek 
help for his drinking and stay 

2662
02:22:08,800 --> 02:22:11,600
away from the school. 
These cases don't make the 

2663
02:22:11,600 --> 02:22:14,900
newspapers or feature in annual 
crime statistics as anything 

2664
02:22:14,900 --> 02:22:18,200
more than numbers, but they 
consume the majority of TOMS 

2665
02:22:18,200 --> 02:22:21,000
time and energy. 
Each One require the same 

2666
02:22:21,000 --> 02:22:24,500
patient to attention to detail 
the same careful Gathering of 

2667
02:22:24,500 --> 02:22:28,100
evidence and the same navigation
of human complexity that 

2668
02:22:28,100 --> 02:22:30,900
characterizes detective work 
regardless of the crime 

2669
02:22:30,900 --> 02:22:33,600
severity. 
If you were to chart Tom's work 

2670
02:22:33,600 --> 02:22:36,600
week on a graph. 
It would show a rhythm that 

2671
02:22:36,600 --> 02:22:40,500
Cycles between intense focus and
administrative routine. 

2672
02:22:41,200 --> 02:22:45,100
Between human interaction and 
solitary contemplation and 

2673
02:22:45,100 --> 02:22:47,700
between the immediate demands of
Active cases. 

2674
02:22:47,700 --> 02:22:51,100
And the patient accumulation of 
knowledge that makes future 

2675
02:22:51,100 --> 02:22:53,800
investigations possible, Monday 
mornings. 

2676
02:22:53,800 --> 02:22:56,900
Typically, begin with the 
weekends accumulated incidents 

2677
02:22:56,900 --> 02:23:00,700
domestic disputes that escalated
after Saturday night drinking, 

2678
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:03,600
burglaries committed. 
When families were out visiting 

2679
02:23:03,600 --> 02:23:07,500
relatives and traffic accidents.
Involving drivers who misjudged 

2680
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:10,100
their capacity to handle Sunday,
lunch, followed by Sunday 

2681
02:23:10,100 --> 02:23:13,400
driving. 
Tom reviews reports filed by 

2682
02:23:13,400 --> 02:23:17,800
Weekend Duty Officers deciding 
which require his attention and 

2683
02:23:17,800 --> 02:23:20,100
which can be handled by 
uniformed, constables. 

2684
02:23:20,100 --> 02:23:24,700
The paperwork is Relentless and 
multiplying each investigation. 

2685
02:23:24,700 --> 02:23:28,400
Generates reports that must be 
typed filed and cross-reference.

2686
02:23:29,300 --> 02:23:31,800
Witness statements, require 
careful transcription and 

2687
02:23:31,800 --> 02:23:35,400
verification evidence. 
Must be logged stored and 

2688
02:23:35,400 --> 02:23:38,400
tracked through chains of 
custardy that will withstand 

2689
02:23:38,400 --> 02:23:41,800
Court scrutiny. 
Tom spends hours at his 

2690
02:23:41,800 --> 02:23:46,300
typewriter hunting and pecking 
his way through formal language.

2691
02:23:46,300 --> 02:23:50,800
That transforms human drama into
bureaucratic prose, Tuesday, and

2692
02:23:50,800 --> 02:23:53,200
Wednesday often involve Court. 
Appearances. 

2693
02:23:53,200 --> 02:23:56,000
For cases that have worked their
way through the judicial system.

2694
02:23:57,000 --> 02:24:00,400
Tom sits in witness boxes, 
swearing on Bibles to tell the 

2695
02:24:00,400 --> 02:24:03,600
truth, then answering questions 
from barristers who treat 

2696
02:24:03,600 --> 02:24:06,100
cross-examination like a 
competitive sport. 

2697
02:24:06,900 --> 02:24:09,300
He's learned to answer precisely
what's asked without 

2698
02:24:09,300 --> 02:24:12,000
volunteering additional 
information to acknowledge 

2699
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:15,700
uncertainty when he's uncertain 
and to present findings in 

2700
02:24:15,700 --> 02:24:17,300
language that juries can 
understand. 

2701
02:24:17,300 --> 02:24:21,400
Without feeling patronized the 
courts, themselves are exercises

2702
02:24:21,400 --> 02:24:25,300
in traditional and formality. 
Judges in wigs and robes 

2703
02:24:25,300 --> 02:24:27,800
barristers and their own wigs, 
addressing each other with 

2704
02:24:27,800 --> 02:24:31,400
elaborate courtesy and a 
ceremonial dignity that some 

2705
02:24:31,400 --> 02:24:34,700
find reassuring and others find 
absurd. 

2706
02:24:35,600 --> 02:24:37,300
Tom appreciates, the theater of 
it. 

2707
02:24:37,300 --> 02:24:40,600
Understanding that Justice 
requires, not just correct 

2708
02:24:40,600 --> 02:24:44,700
outcomes, but visible processes 
that Inspire public confidence. 

2709
02:24:44,700 --> 02:24:49,200
First days often dedicated to 
community policing visiting 

2710
02:24:49,200 --> 02:24:52,500
schools to talk about safety and
law attending neighborhood 

2711
02:24:52,500 --> 02:24:55,200
meetings, where residents raise 
concerned about parking and 

2712
02:24:55,200 --> 02:24:58,400
noise and maintaining the 
relationships that make his job 

2713
02:24:58,400 --> 02:25:01,300
possible. 
Tom speaks to a group of primary

2714
02:25:01,300 --> 02:25:04,200
school children about stranger 
danger and road safety. 

2715
02:25:04,900 --> 02:25:08,800
Simplifying complex Concepts 
into memorable rules while 

2716
02:25:08,800 --> 02:25:10,800
trying not to terrify them about
the world. 

2717
02:25:10,800 --> 02:25:13,500
They live in the children asked 
questions, with the 

2718
02:25:13,500 --> 02:25:16,000
unselfconscious, directness, 
that had adults of learned to 

2719
02:25:16,008 --> 02:25:19,100
suppress. 
Have you ever arrested anyone? 

2720
02:25:19,100 --> 02:25:22,100
Yes. 
Have you ever been scared? 

2721
02:25:22,100 --> 02:25:24,800
Yes. 
Do you carry a gun? 

2722
02:25:24,800 --> 02:25:27,600
No British police officers. 
Generally. 

2723
02:25:27,600 --> 02:25:29,900
Don't Have you ever met the 
queen? 

2724
02:25:30,600 --> 02:25:33,700
Know, but I met the male once 
which seemed impressive at the 

2725
02:25:33,708 --> 02:25:36,100
time. 
Friday, afternoons, often 

2726
02:25:36,100 --> 02:25:39,800
involve reviewing Active cases 
with other detectives sharing 

2727
02:25:39,800 --> 02:25:42,900
information and theories, and 
informal sessions, that generate

2728
02:25:42,900 --> 02:25:45,300
more useful insights than formal
briefings. 

2729
02:25:46,100 --> 02:25:48,500
These discussions range across 
topics. 

2730
02:25:49,300 --> 02:25:53,000
Patterns in recent burglaries 
concerns about a particular 

2731
02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:56,900
individual's behavior and 
techniques for getting reluctant

2732
02:25:56,900 --> 02:26:01,500
witnesses to cooperate. 
The accumulated wisdom of 

2733
02:26:01,500 --> 02:26:05,100
experienced officers passed 
along through conversation 

2734
02:26:05,100 --> 02:26:07,400
rather than written procedure 
forms. 

2735
02:26:07,400 --> 02:26:10,400
An invisible curriculum, that 
new detectives absorb through 

2736
02:26:10,400 --> 02:26:14,100
participation Tom shares, his 
theory about burglaries tending 

2737
02:26:14,100 --> 02:26:16,800
to Cluster near major roads 
where thieves can make quick 

2738
02:26:16,800 --> 02:26:20,200
escapes while detective Sergeant
William's counters that 

2739
02:26:20,200 --> 02:26:24,700
proximity to railway stations 
seems equally predictive neither

2740
02:26:24,700 --> 02:26:28,300
can prove their hypothesis to 
definitively but the discussion 

2741
02:26:28,300 --> 02:26:31,400
sharp and everyone's attention 
to these factors when examining 

2742
02:26:31,400 --> 02:26:35,000
UK's the evenings that Tom 
doesn't spend reviewing case 

2743
02:26:35,000 --> 02:26:38,800
files are often dedicated to 
reading Not just detective 

2744
02:26:38,800 --> 02:26:43,600
manuals and legal updates but 
psychology sociology and 

2745
02:26:43,600 --> 02:26:46,400
anything that helps him 
understand why people do what 

2746
02:26:46,400 --> 02:26:49,300
they do. 
He's currently working through a

2747
02:26:49,300 --> 02:26:51,800
book about adolescent 
development, trying to 

2748
02:26:51,800 --> 02:26:55,200
understand the teenage mind, 
well enough to predict when 

2749
02:26:55,200 --> 02:26:58,400
minor misbehavior might escalate
into serious trouble. 

2750
02:26:58,400 --> 02:27:01,700
His wife, occasionally asks, if 
he ever stops being a detective 

2751
02:27:01,700 --> 02:27:04,100
and the honest answer is 
probably no. 

2752
02:27:04,800 --> 02:27:08,700
He notices things constantly, 
the man at the bus stop who's 

2753
02:27:08,700 --> 02:27:12,200
watching people to intently. 
The shop window that has the 

2754
02:27:12,200 --> 02:27:15,800
same display week after week 
suggesting the business might be

2755
02:27:15,800 --> 02:27:18,900
struggling and patterns in 
neighborhood foot traffic that 

2756
02:27:18,900 --> 02:27:21,900
might indicate nothing or might 
indicate something worth 

2757
02:27:21,900 --> 02:27:24,600
remembering. 
This constant, awareness is both

2758
02:27:24,600 --> 02:27:27,000
the strength and burden of 
long-term police work. 

2759
02:27:27,800 --> 02:27:31,700
You become very good at reading 
environments and people noticing

2760
02:27:31,700 --> 02:27:35,800
discordance and anomalies, but 
you also lose the ability to 

2761
02:27:35,800 --> 02:27:39,000
Simply exist in space's without 
analyzing them. 

2762
02:27:39,000 --> 02:27:42,600
Every social Gathering includes 
mental notes about whose 

2763
02:27:42,600 --> 02:27:46,500
drinking more than usual, whose 
marriage seems under strain and 

2764
02:27:46,500 --> 02:27:48,800
which teenagers are gravitating 
toward trouble. 

2765
02:27:48,800 --> 02:27:52,900
Tom's destroy contains the 
essential equipment of 1960s. 

2766
02:27:52,900 --> 02:27:56,000
Detective work a collection that
would seem quite quickly 

2767
02:27:56,000 --> 02:27:59,100
inadequate to Modern 
investigators, but represents 

2768
02:27:59,100 --> 02:28:01,300
the best available technology of
its time. 

2769
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:05,900
There's a magnifying glass, 
genuinely useful for examining 

2770
02:28:05,900 --> 02:28:08,100
documents, and small pieces of 
evidence. 

2771
02:28:09,100 --> 02:28:13,400
A measuring tape for documenting
crime scenes, a camera though, 

2772
02:28:13,400 --> 02:28:15,900
the good cameras are kept in the
evidence room and signed out 

2773
02:28:15,900 --> 02:28:18,800
when needed. 
Several notebooks in various 

2774
02:28:18,800 --> 02:28:21,200
stages of completion and address
book. 

2775
02:28:21,200 --> 02:28:24,300
Containing contact information 
for informants experts and 

2776
02:28:24,300 --> 02:28:26,100
useful officials across the 
region. 

2777
02:28:26,100 --> 02:28:30,000
The police radio system 
introduced during the 1950s and 

2778
02:28:30,000 --> 02:28:33,500
still being expanded allows 
limited communication with 

2779
02:28:33,500 --> 02:28:37,000
patrol cars, but requires 
speaking in codes and dealing 

2780
02:28:37,000 --> 02:28:40,400
with interference that sometimes
makes conversations nearly 

2781
02:28:40,400 --> 02:28:45,200
unintelligible. officers learn 
to repeat information, confirm, 

2782
02:28:45,200 --> 02:28:48,600
understanding and accept that 
some messages will need to be 

2783
02:28:48,600 --> 02:28:52,500
delivered through other means 
The squelch and crackle of radio

2784
02:28:52,500 --> 02:28:54,500
transmission becomes background 
noise. 

2785
02:28:54,500 --> 02:28:58,700
Occasionally punctuated by 
urgent calls that send everyone 

2786
02:28:58,700 --> 02:29:01,500
scrambling. 
The patrol cars themselves are 

2787
02:29:01,500 --> 02:29:05,500
mostly small, British saloons 
Morris, minors Ford, angliers 

2788
02:29:05,500 --> 02:29:09,600
and occasionally a larger for 
senior officers, they're not 

2789
02:29:09,608 --> 02:29:13,800
particularly fast or powerful, 
but there are economical and can

2790
02:29:13,800 --> 02:29:16,900
navigate narrow British streets,
that would challenge American 

2791
02:29:16,900 --> 02:29:21,300
style police cruisers Each car 
contains basic Emergency 

2792
02:29:21,300 --> 02:29:24,300
Equipment a first aid kit, a 
blanket. 

2793
02:29:24,300 --> 02:29:27,900
A torch that always seems to 
have batteries that nearly dead 

2794
02:29:27,900 --> 02:29:31,500
and a collection of forms for 
documenting various types of 

2795
02:29:31,500 --> 02:29:35,700
incidents photography at crime 
scenes requires actual skill and

2796
02:29:35,700 --> 02:29:38,200
judgment. 
The photographer must decide 

2797
02:29:38,200 --> 02:29:41,500
which angles matter how to light
scenes in buildings without 

2798
02:29:41,500 --> 02:29:45,000
proper illumination, and how to 
capture both overview shots, 

2799
02:29:45,000 --> 02:29:48,700
that show context and detail 
shots that documents specific 

2800
02:29:48,700 --> 02:29:52,000
evidence. 
There's no instant review, no 

2801
02:29:52,000 --> 02:29:53,800
digital. 
Deletion of failed attempts, 

2802
02:29:53,800 --> 02:29:57,200
each photograph, consumes film. 
That must be carefully. 

2803
02:29:57,200 --> 02:30:00,800
Managed developed and archived. 
The evidence room in the 

2804
02:30:00,808 --> 02:30:03,800
station, basement is a 
fascinating archeology of recent

2805
02:30:03,800 --> 02:30:06,500
crime. 
Boxes containing clothing from 

2806
02:30:06,500 --> 02:30:10,900
assaults bags of items, stolen 
and recovered weapons ranging 

2807
02:30:10,900 --> 02:30:14,600
from knives to improvise clubs 
and documents photocopied for 

2808
02:30:14,600 --> 02:30:18,400
investigative purposes. 
Each item is tagged with case 

2809
02:30:18,400 --> 02:30:21,400
numbers and dates creating a 
physical database. 

2810
02:30:21,400 --> 02:30:24,600
That requires careful 
organizational and occasional 

2811
02:30:24,600 --> 02:30:26,600
purges. 
When storage space becomes 

2812
02:30:26,600 --> 02:30:29,700
critical Tom. 
Sometimes, visits this room just

2813
02:30:29,700 --> 02:30:33,000
to refresh his memory about 
cases, pulling files and 

2814
02:30:33,000 --> 02:30:36,300
examining evidence that didn't 
quite solve Mysteries, but 

2815
02:30:36,300 --> 02:30:39,900
remains available. 
If new information emerges, The 

2816
02:30:39,900 --> 02:30:43,200
unsolved cases bother him more 
than he admits files. 

2817
02:30:43,200 --> 02:30:47,100
That represent questions without
answers victims without Justice 

2818
02:30:47,100 --> 02:30:51,000
and families without closure the
interview techniques available 

2819
02:30:51,000 --> 02:30:54,400
to detectives in this era rely 
entirely on human psychology 

2820
02:30:54,400 --> 02:30:58,900
rather than technological AIDS. 
There's no recording equipment 

2821
02:30:58,900 --> 02:31:03,100
to capture exact words and no 
video to document body language 

2822
02:31:03,100 --> 02:31:07,900
and emotional reactions. 
Instead detectives must remember

2823
02:31:07,900 --> 02:31:12,700
take notes and work with 
Witnesses who may be honest but 

2824
02:31:12,700 --> 02:31:17,500
unreliable dishonest but 
revealing or simply confused 

2825
02:31:17,500 --> 02:31:20,700
about events that happen quickly
in stressful circumstances 

2826
02:31:20,700 --> 02:31:24,600
Thomas developed a particular 
approach that combines patients 

2827
02:31:24,600 --> 02:31:28,200
with strategic persistence. 
He doesn't typically confront 

2828
02:31:28,200 --> 02:31:30,600
suspects with aggressive 
questioning or dramatic 

2829
02:31:30,600 --> 02:31:34,300
accusations. 
Instead he presents information 

2830
02:31:34,300 --> 02:31:38,000
gradually, letting people 
construct their own narratives 

2831
02:31:38,000 --> 02:31:41,200
noting where those narratives 
conflict with the established 

2832
02:31:41,200 --> 02:31:45,400
facts, Many criminals, he's 
learned want to talk about their

2833
02:31:45,400 --> 02:31:49,600
crime, not to confess 
necessarily but to explain 

2834
02:31:49,600 --> 02:31:53,400
justify or relive significant 
experience's. 

2835
02:31:53,400 --> 02:31:56,400
The gap between what someone 
says and what they reveal 

2836
02:31:56,400 --> 02:32:01,000
through a mission, hesitation or
overemphasis, often tells Tom 

2837
02:32:01,000 --> 02:32:05,200
more than direct statements. 
A suspect to provides an 

2838
02:32:05,200 --> 02:32:07,900
extremely detailed Alibi for a 
specific hour. 

2839
02:32:07,900 --> 02:32:11,300
But remains vague about the 
surrounding time may be 

2840
02:32:11,308 --> 02:32:14,900
constructing fiction for the 
period that matters while 

2841
02:32:14,900 --> 02:32:17,400
relying on memory for Less 
critical moments. 

2842
02:32:18,600 --> 02:32:21,900
Someone, who answers questions 
about their relationship with a 

2843
02:32:21,900 --> 02:32:26,700
victim with unexpected, anger or
defensiveness may be revealing 

2844
02:32:26,700 --> 02:32:30,200
more than they intend. 
As the 1960s progressed toward 

2845
02:32:30,200 --> 02:32:33,000
their conclusion, Tom 
increasingly find himself, 

2846
02:32:33,000 --> 02:32:36,300
training younger detectives who 
will carry police work into the 

2847
02:32:36,300 --> 02:32:40,100
next decade and Beyond These new
officers have different 

2848
02:32:40,100 --> 02:32:44,600
backgrounds, some University 
educated bringing act academic 

2849
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:47,900
knowledge to compliment 
practical training, others from 

2850
02:32:47,900 --> 02:32:51,100
working class neighborhoods, 
bringing Street, wisdom and 

2851
02:32:51,100 --> 02:32:53,800
cultural fluency, that helped 
navigate Community 

2852
02:32:53,800 --> 02:32:56,700
relationships. 
Detective Constable Janet 

2853
02:32:56,700 --> 02:33:00,100
Morrison represents the slowly 
increasing presence of women in 

2854
02:33:00,100 --> 02:33:03,800
investigative roles though. 
She still faces assumptions and 

2855
02:33:03,800 --> 02:33:05,700
barriers that male colleagues 
don't encounter. 

2856
02:33:05,700 --> 02:33:10,300
Tom makes a point of a signing 
her cases based on skill rather 

2857
02:33:10,300 --> 02:33:13,100
than gender. 
Watching her develop the 

2858
02:33:13,100 --> 02:33:16,400
particular combination of 
persistence and empathy that 

2859
02:33:16,400 --> 02:33:18,800
characterizes effective 
detective work. 

2860
02:33:19,700 --> 02:33:22,100
She handles interviews with 
assault victims with a 

2861
02:33:22,100 --> 02:33:25,100
sensitivity that some male 
officers struggle to achieve, 

2862
02:33:25,100 --> 02:33:28,400
but also demonstrates the kind 
of analytical rigor, that solves

2863
02:33:28,400 --> 02:33:32,200
complex cases the forensic 
techniques that Tom learned to 

2864
02:33:32,200 --> 02:33:35,800
use are evolving becoming more 
sophisticated and more reliable.

2865
02:33:36,700 --> 02:33:39,700
Blood typing is being 
supplemented by enzyme analysis 

2866
02:33:39,700 --> 02:33:42,300
that can provide additional 
identifying information. 

2867
02:33:43,600 --> 02:33:46,500
Fingerprint classification. 
Systems are being refined and 

2868
02:33:46,500 --> 02:33:49,700
expanded. 
New chemical tests for gunshot. 

2869
02:33:49,700 --> 02:33:52,900
Residue and trace evidence are 
being developed in Laboratories 

2870
02:33:52,900 --> 02:33:56,100
that are becoming increasingly 
professionalized Tom. 

2871
02:33:56,100 --> 02:33:59,000
Attends workshops on these 
emerging techniques, sitting in 

2872
02:33:59,008 --> 02:34:00,300
rooms. 
With other middle-aged, 

2873
02:34:00,300 --> 02:34:02,800
detectives learning about 
scientific advances. 

2874
02:34:02,800 --> 02:34:05,300
That would have seemed like 
fantasy when they began their 

2875
02:34:05,300 --> 02:34:07,700
careers. 
The workshops are taught by 

2876
02:34:07,700 --> 02:34:11,000
Young assigned to treat 
established investigators, the 

2877
02:34:11,000 --> 02:34:14,200
kind of careful respect you show
to people who might feel 

2878
02:34:14,200 --> 02:34:18,100
threatened by change and Tom 
appreciates both their knowledge

2879
02:34:18,100 --> 02:34:20,800
and their diplomatic handling of
ego's. 

2880
02:34:20,800 --> 02:34:24,700
The social changes sweeping 
through 1960s, Britain, a 

2881
02:34:24,700 --> 02:34:26,400
creating new challenges for 
police work. 

2882
02:34:27,100 --> 02:34:31,400
Drug use previously, limited to 
specific, subcultures is 

2883
02:34:31,400 --> 02:34:34,200
spreading among young people 
experimenting with marijuana, 

2884
02:34:34,200 --> 02:34:36,700
and increasingly with hard 
substances. 

2885
02:34:37,600 --> 02:34:40,200
The sexual Revolution is 
complicating traditional 

2886
02:34:40,200 --> 02:34:44,400
approaches to morality crimes. 
Immigration is diversifying 

2887
02:34:44,400 --> 02:34:48,100
communities in ways that require
cultural, sensitivity and 

2888
02:34:48,100 --> 02:34:52,200
language skills that older 
officers often lack Tom finds 

2889
02:34:52,200 --> 02:34:55,000
himself navigating these changes
with mixed feelings. 

2890
02:34:55,800 --> 02:34:59,000
Some shifts seem obviously 
positive, the increasing 

2891
02:34:59,000 --> 02:35:01,500
unwillingness to tolerate 
domestic violence for instance, 

2892
02:35:01,500 --> 02:35:05,400
or the growing recognition, that
criminal justice should serve 

2893
02:35:05,400 --> 02:35:07,600
victims rather than simply 
punish offenders. 

2894
02:35:08,700 --> 02:35:12,200
Other changes feel more 
ambiguous representing the loss 

2895
02:35:12,200 --> 02:35:15,300
of shared social norms that make
community policing simpler. 

2896
02:35:15,300 --> 02:35:20,100
Even if those Norms were always 
just, or Fair the threatening 

2897
02:35:20,100 --> 02:35:24,300
letters to the Headmaster, the 
shoplifting family, the garden 

2898
02:35:24,300 --> 02:35:27,400
gnome thieves. 
All these cases, reveal a 

2899
02:35:27,400 --> 02:35:30,700
Britain in transition of Court, 
between Traditional Values and 

2900
02:35:30,700 --> 02:35:34,200
emerging Alternatives between 
the tight-knit, community of the

2901
02:35:34,200 --> 02:35:36,800
past, and the more 
individualistic Society being 

2902
02:35:36,800 --> 02:35:39,800
born. 
Tom's rolling increasingly 

2903
02:35:39,800 --> 02:35:43,500
involves mediating, these 
tensions finding Justice that 

2904
02:35:43,500 --> 02:35:46,200
serves both lore and human 
complexity. 

2905
02:35:46,200 --> 02:35:49,900
His reputation within the force 
is evolved over decades from 

2906
02:35:49,900 --> 02:35:53,700
promising, newcomer to Reliable 
veteran to unofficial mentor. 

2907
02:35:54,300 --> 02:35:57,300
Younger detectives seek his 
advice, not just about specific 

2908
02:35:57,300 --> 02:36:02,100
cases but about career 
decisions, ethical dilemmas and 

2909
02:36:02,100 --> 02:36:05,300
the challenge of maintaining 
professional objectivity, while 

2910
02:36:05,300 --> 02:36:08,500
remaining emotionally available 
to victims who need compassion. 

2911
02:36:09,800 --> 02:36:12,500
Tom answers these questions. 
As honestly as he can 

2912
02:36:12,500 --> 02:36:16,500
acknowledging that experience 
provides perspective rather than

2913
02:36:16,500 --> 02:36:20,200
certainty and that every 
detective must ultimately find 

2914
02:36:20,200 --> 02:36:23,300
their own path through. 
Moral complexity, the regular 

2915
02:36:23,300 --> 02:36:26,100
Friday evening gathering at the 
pub, near the station, and 

2916
02:36:26,100 --> 02:36:29,500
informal tradition involving, 
whoever finishes their shift 

2917
02:36:29,500 --> 02:36:33,100
around the same time provides 
space for this mentoring to 

2918
02:36:33,100 --> 02:36:36,300
happen naturally. 
Over pints of bitter and packets

2919
02:36:36,300 --> 02:36:40,800
of crisps detectives trade 
stories discuss cases. 

2920
02:36:40,800 --> 02:36:44,100
They can legally discuss and 
gradually transmit the 

2921
02:36:44,100 --> 02:36:46,900
accumulated wisdom that makes 
police work something more than 

2922
02:36:46,900 --> 02:36:50,200
just following procedures, Tom 
shares, the story of his first 

2923
02:36:50,200 --> 02:36:53,900
major investigation, a fatal hit
and run that he sold through 

2924
02:36:53,900 --> 02:36:57,100
patient door knocking and 
attention to vehicle damage. 

2925
02:36:57,100 --> 02:36:58,700
That most people wouldn't have 
noticed. 

2926
02:36:59,900 --> 02:37:03,100
The lesson isn't about the 
specific techniques, but about 

2927
02:37:03,100 --> 02:37:06,400
the value of thorough 
unglamorous work that produces 

2928
02:37:06,400 --> 02:37:10,000
results through accumulation 
rather than inspirational. 

2929
02:37:11,100 --> 02:37:14,000
Young detectives nodding over 
their drinks or absorbing not 

2930
02:37:14,000 --> 02:37:18,000
just methods but attitudes and 
approaches to work that will 

2931
02:37:18,000 --> 02:37:20,600
shape their careers. 
For decades, the Britain that 

2932
02:37:20,608 --> 02:37:23,700
Tom pleases is a country of 
specific textures and rhythms 

2933
02:37:23,700 --> 02:37:26,100
that will largely Disappear by 
the next decade. 

2934
02:37:27,000 --> 02:37:31,800
Shops close at 5:30 and remain 
firmly shut on Sundays creating 

2935
02:37:31,800 --> 02:37:35,300
weekly cycles of activity and 
rest that structure community 

2936
02:37:35,300 --> 02:37:38,300
life. 
Pub servers social centers where

2937
02:37:38,300 --> 02:37:41,900
neighborhood business gets 
conducted relationships form and

2938
02:37:41,908 --> 02:37:44,500
dissolve. 
And the informal News Network 

2939
02:37:44,500 --> 02:37:48,200
that predates, mass media 
continues to flourish, the High 

2940
02:37:48,200 --> 02:37:51,100
Street near, the station 
contains a butcher, a baker, a 

2941
02:37:51,100 --> 02:37:55,300
green grosser, a chemist and a 
Woolworths that serves as a 

2942
02:37:55,300 --> 02:37:58,200
department store for people who 
can't afford actual department 

2943
02:37:58,200 --> 02:38:01,500
stores. 
Tom knows the Proprietors of 

2944
02:38:01,500 --> 02:38:04,900
most of these establishments, 
not through formal community 

2945
02:38:04,900 --> 02:38:07,000
policing. 
But through the simple fact of 

2946
02:38:07,000 --> 02:38:10,400
working in the same area for 
years, becoming a familiar 

2947
02:38:10,400 --> 02:38:12,400
figure whose presence provides 
reassurance. 

2948
02:38:12,400 --> 02:38:16,800
The butcher, a man named Harris.
Who wears a striped apron 

2949
02:38:16,800 --> 02:38:20,000
spotted with blood in ways, that
would probably violate Modern 

2950
02:38:20,000 --> 02:38:22,900
Health codes? 
Occasionally mentions customers 

2951
02:38:22,900 --> 02:38:27,100
whose Behavior strikes him as 
odd. not criminal necessarily, 

2952
02:38:27,100 --> 02:38:30,700
but notable Someone buying 
unusual quantities of meat, 

2953
02:38:30,700 --> 02:38:33,800
perhaps or asking strange 
questions about cutting 

2954
02:38:33,800 --> 02:38:36,800
techniques. 
These observations rarely lead 

2955
02:38:36,800 --> 02:38:40,200
anywhere, but they form part of 
the texture of information that 

2956
02:38:40,200 --> 02:38:42,300
Tom accumulates without 
conscious effort. 

2957
02:38:42,300 --> 02:38:45,600
The chemist is more useful from 
an investigative perspective 

2958
02:38:45,600 --> 02:38:49,600
since poison and pharmaceutical 
theft occasionally featuring 

2959
02:38:49,600 --> 02:38:54,400
cases The chemist maintains 
meticulous records of controlled

2960
02:38:54,400 --> 02:38:57,900
substance prescription noting 
any patterns that might suggest 

2961
02:38:57,900 --> 02:39:02,000
Dr. Shopping or forged 
prescriptions Thomas solve two 

2962
02:39:02,000 --> 02:39:05,000
separate cases involving 
prescription fraud through 

2963
02:39:05,000 --> 02:39:08,500
information provided by this 
methodological slightly fussy 

2964
02:39:08,500 --> 02:39:11,100
man who takes his regulatory 
responsibilities. 

2965
02:39:11,100 --> 02:39:13,900
Seriously. 
The tea rooms were Tom sometimes

2966
02:39:13,900 --> 02:39:17,300
conducts in formal interviews, 
provide neutral territory where 

2967
02:39:17,300 --> 02:39:20,100
Witnesses feel less intimidated 
than they would at the police 

2968
02:39:20,100 --> 02:39:23,800
station. 
Over tea and biscuits served on,

2969
02:39:23,800 --> 02:39:26,400
mismatched China people sharing 
information. 

2970
02:39:26,400 --> 02:39:29,900
They might withhold in more 
formal settings, perhaps because

2971
02:39:29,900 --> 02:39:32,600
the domestic setting makes 
conversation feel so social 

2972
02:39:32,600 --> 02:39:36,800
rather than investigative Thomas
learned to read the specifically

2973
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:40,000
of British class and region. 
Understanding that how someone 

2974
02:39:40,000 --> 02:39:43,000
speaks often tells you as much 
about their background as what 

2975
02:39:43,000 --> 02:39:46,000
they say. 
Particular accent suggests 

2976
02:39:46,000 --> 02:39:49,500
specific neighborhoods, certain 
word choices indicate 

2977
02:39:49,500 --> 02:39:53,200
educational level and social 
class and patterns of speech, 

2978
02:39:53,200 --> 02:39:55,700
reveal whether someone is local 
or from elsewhere. 

2979
02:39:56,500 --> 02:39:59,700
This isn't profiling in any 
prejudicial sense, but rather 

2980
02:39:59,700 --> 02:40:03,000
the kind of contextual 
understanding that comes from 

2981
02:40:03,000 --> 02:40:06,700
Decades of listening carefully. 
The telephone in Tom's office 

2982
02:40:06,700 --> 02:40:08,600
rings with a particular bell 
tone. 

2983
02:40:08,600 --> 02:40:12,000
That's unique to the stations. 
Internal system different from 

2984
02:40:12,000 --> 02:40:15,200
external calls in ways that 
allow him to prepare mentally 

2985
02:40:15,200 --> 02:40:17,100
for different types of 
conversations. 

2986
02:40:18,000 --> 02:40:21,000
Internal calls usually mean, 
assignments, or updates from 

2987
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:23,800
other offices. 
External calls might be 

2988
02:40:23,800 --> 02:40:28,000
Witnesses victims, informants, 
or occasionally criminals who 

2989
02:40:28,000 --> 02:40:30,600
have decided to turn themselves 
in through this specific 

2990
02:40:30,600 --> 02:40:34,700
detective rather than dealing 
with the front desk, Tom's hand 

2991
02:40:34,700 --> 02:40:37,600
writing in his notebooks has 
evolved over the years into a 

2992
02:40:37,608 --> 02:40:41,500
personal script that sufficient 
rather than elegant combining 

2993
02:40:41,500 --> 02:40:44,800
abbreviations with symbols, that
would be nearly meaningless to 

2994
02:40:44,800 --> 02:40:47,900
anyone else. 
The notebooks themselves become 

2995
02:40:47,900 --> 02:40:51,400
physical repositories of 
Investigations occasionally 

2996
02:40:51,400 --> 02:40:55,400
consulted years later when old 
cases developed New Leads or 

2997
02:40:55,400 --> 02:40:58,300
when patterns emerge that 
connect seemingly unrelated 

2998
02:40:58,300 --> 02:41:01,600
incidents as Tom approaches the 
end of his career though. 

2999
02:41:01,600 --> 02:41:03,600
He'll work several more years 
before retirement. 

3000
02:41:03,600 --> 02:41:07,700
He finds himself reflecting on 
what Justice actually means in 

3001
02:41:07,700 --> 02:41:12,400
practice rather than Theory. 
The law provides Frameworks and 

3002
02:41:12,400 --> 02:41:16,600
procedures, but individual cases
rarely fit neatly into legal 

3003
02:41:16,600 --> 02:41:19,800
categories. 
Real human behavior is Messier 

3004
02:41:19,800 --> 02:41:24,100
more complicated and more driven
by circumstance and emotion than

3005
02:41:24,108 --> 02:41:28,100
criminal codes acknowledge Theft
by the struggling mother, for 

3006
02:41:28,100 --> 02:41:31,300
instance was clearly illegal, 
but was it truly criminal in the

3007
02:41:31,308 --> 02:41:34,400
moral sense? 
The law says, yes, but Tom's 

3008
02:41:34,400 --> 02:41:38,500
conscience remains uncertain. 
He followed procedure sort of, 

3009
02:41:38,500 --> 02:41:41,600
while also finding a solution 
that addressed underlying 

3010
02:41:41,600 --> 02:41:44,000
problems rather than just 
punishing symptoms. 

3011
02:41:44,000 --> 02:41:47,800
Whether this represents good 
policing or overstepping, his 

3012
02:41:47,800 --> 02:41:49,600
authority depends on Whose 
perspective. 

3013
02:41:49,600 --> 02:41:53,600
You adopt, the accidental death 
by the canal, followed by a 

3014
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:56,900
panicked cover-up. 
Transformed, a tragic accident 

3015
02:41:56,900 --> 02:42:00,700
in to criminal liability through
David Porter's, subsequent 

3016
02:42:00,700 --> 02:42:04,200
choices. 
Was Justice served by his 

3017
02:42:04,200 --> 02:42:06,900
prosecution. 
Sarah's mother seemed to think 

3018
02:42:06,900 --> 02:42:10,500
so, but her daughter remain dead
regardless of legal outcomes. 

3019
02:42:11,300 --> 02:42:15,700
The community received closure, 
perhaps though the messy truth 

3020
02:42:15,700 --> 02:42:17,900
satisfied. 
Nobody's desire for simple 

3021
02:42:17,900 --> 02:42:20,500
morality. 
Even the garden known theft 

3022
02:42:20,500 --> 02:42:24,400
required, judgments about 
appropriate responses, Formal 

3023
02:42:24,400 --> 02:42:27,000
prosecution would have given 
those boys criminal records for 

3024
02:42:27,000 --> 02:42:30,600
essentially stupid pranks, 
potentially affecting their 

3025
02:42:30,600 --> 02:42:32,800
future employment, and 
educational opportunities. 

3026
02:42:34,100 --> 02:42:37,400
The informal resolution tommer 
range, probably taught them, 

3027
02:42:37,400 --> 02:42:40,000
more useful lessons, while 
avoiding disproportionate 

3028
02:42:40,000 --> 02:42:42,700
consequences. 
But it also meant different 

3029
02:42:42,700 --> 02:42:46,300
treatment based on Tom's 
judgment rather than consistent 

3030
02:42:46,300 --> 02:42:49,400
application of law. 
These ambiguities used to bother

3031
02:42:49,400 --> 02:42:52,900
to more than they do now, 
Experience has taught him. 

3032
02:42:52,900 --> 02:42:56,100
That Justice is a direction. 
You aim toward rather than a 

3033
02:42:56,100 --> 02:42:59,500
destination, you reach. 
That most cases involve 

3034
02:42:59,500 --> 02:43:02,500
balancing competing Goods rather
than choosing between obvious 

3035
02:43:02,500 --> 02:43:05,300
right and wrong. 
The law provides useful guard 

3036
02:43:05,300 --> 02:43:06,900
rails. 
But the space between those 

3037
02:43:06,900 --> 02:43:09,600
guardrails requires human 
judgment, that can't be reduced 

3038
02:43:09,600 --> 02:43:12,600
to procedure. 
The forensic science, he seemed 

3039
02:43:12,600 --> 02:43:15,400
developed during his career 
represents Humanity's attempt to

3040
02:43:15,408 --> 02:43:19,400
make Justice, more objective to 
replace subjective judgment with

3041
02:43:19,400 --> 02:43:23,600
measurable facts. 
Blood type fingerprints and 

3042
02:43:23,600 --> 02:43:27,100
fiber analysis. 
All these reduce uncertainty and

3043
02:43:27,100 --> 02:43:30,300
constrained possibilities. 
But they don't eliminate the 

3044
02:43:30,300 --> 02:43:34,100
need for human interpretation 
for understanding context and 

3045
02:43:34,100 --> 02:43:37,900
motivation or to distinguishing 
between legal guilt and moral 

3046
02:43:37,900 --> 02:43:40,600
culpability Tomas prosecuted 
people. 

3047
02:43:40,600 --> 02:43:43,900
He personally like and felt 
sympathy for because they broke 

3048
02:43:43,900 --> 02:43:47,300
laws that serve important social
purposes regardless of 

3049
02:43:47,300 --> 02:43:51,200
individual circumstances. 
He's also declined to prosecute 

3050
02:43:51,200 --> 02:43:54,200
people who were technically 
guilty, but whose prosecution 

3051
02:43:54,200 --> 02:43:58,500
would serve no useful purpose. 
These decisions, haunt him 

3052
02:43:58,500 --> 02:44:02,400
sometimes late at night, when 
sleep won't come, and he refused

3053
02:44:02,400 --> 02:44:04,300
choices. 
That seemed clear at the time. 

3054
02:44:04,300 --> 02:44:07,900
But look more ambiguous in 
retrospect the victims, he 

3055
02:44:07,900 --> 02:44:11,400
served some grateful, some 
disappointed by outcomes, they 

3056
02:44:11,400 --> 02:44:15,000
couldn't control some angry that
Justice moved too slowly or 

3057
02:44:15,000 --> 02:44:18,400
incompletely, remind him. 
That police work affects real 

3058
02:44:18,400 --> 02:44:21,400
lives in ways that people work 
and procedures can obscure. 

3059
02:44:22,800 --> 02:44:25,600
Assault case might be a 
satisfying check mark on his 

3060
02:44:25,600 --> 02:44:28,600
annual review. 
But for the victim it's the 

3061
02:44:28,600 --> 02:44:32,200
difference between closure and 
endless wandering between 

3062
02:44:32,200 --> 02:44:36,400
Vindication and abandonment. 
Has you prepare for deep sleep 

3063
02:44:36,400 --> 02:44:39,900
or if you are already there, 
consider the detectives who 

3064
02:44:39,900 --> 02:44:42,300
worked tonight in cities across,
Britain and Beyond. 

3065
02:44:43,200 --> 02:44:46,600
People conducting investigations
with tools, that would astounds 

3066
02:44:46,600 --> 02:44:50,800
generation solving crimes 
through DNA analysis and digital

3067
02:44:50,800 --> 02:44:55,300
forensics that seem like magic 
compared to 1960s technology. 

3068
02:44:56,100 --> 02:45:00,100
Yet the fundamental work remains
unchanged paying attention 

3069
02:45:00,100 --> 02:45:04,100
asking questions and 
accumulating small facts into 

3070
02:45:04,100 --> 02:45:07,100
larger truths. 
The Mysteries Tom investigated 

3071
02:45:07,100 --> 02:45:09,000
weren't always dramatic or 
violent. 

3072
02:45:09,000 --> 02:45:13,500
Many involved property rather 
than persons mistakes rather 

3073
02:45:13,500 --> 02:45:17,500
than malice and human weakness 
rather than calculated evil. 

3074
02:45:18,600 --> 02:45:22,400
But each one mattered to someone
the elderly man, whose gnome 

3075
02:45:22,400 --> 02:45:25,400
connected him to his late wife, 
the mother struggling to feed 

3076
02:45:25,400 --> 02:45:29,000
her children, the Headmaster, 
receiving Anonymous threats and 

3077
02:45:29,000 --> 02:45:31,200
Sarah Mitchell's parents seeking
understanding. 

3078
02:45:31,200 --> 02:45:35,900
If not Comfort, detective work 
in the 1960s existed in a 

3079
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:38,700
particular historical moment 
after the introduction of 

3080
02:45:38,700 --> 02:45:42,200
scientific crime solving. 
But before its full flowering in

3081
02:45:42,200 --> 02:45:46,000
communities, cohesive enough to 
notice anomalies, but diverse 

3082
02:45:46,000 --> 02:45:49,100
enough to generate friction 
using technology, that was 

3083
02:45:49,100 --> 02:45:52,600
revolutionary for its time, but 
primitive by our standards. 

3084
02:45:53,500 --> 02:45:56,000
Tom and his colleague's 
navigated this landscape with 

3085
02:45:56,000 --> 02:45:59,600
tools, both crude and 
sophisticated relying. 

3086
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:02,900
On human, observation. 
Supplemented by laboratory 

3087
02:46:02,900 --> 02:46:05,900
analysis and Community 
relationships, in Hands by 

3088
02:46:05,900 --> 02:46:08,200
careful record, keeping the 
Britain. 

3089
02:46:08,200 --> 02:46:11,600
Police is largely gone now 
replaced by something faster, 

3090
02:46:11,600 --> 02:46:15,100
more connected and less 
constrained by tradition, and 

3091
02:46:15,100 --> 02:46:18,400
social hierarchies. 
The high streets, where Tom knew

3092
02:46:18,400 --> 02:46:21,200
every shopkeeper of been 
transformed by chain stores and 

3093
02:46:21,200 --> 02:46:24,200
online shopping. 
Close knit neighborhoods where 

3094
02:46:24,200 --> 02:46:27,000
everyone knew everyone else's 
businesses are fragmented into 

3095
02:46:27,000 --> 02:46:28,500
more Anonymous patterns of 
living. 

3096
02:46:29,500 --> 02:46:32,000
The deference to Authority that 
made police work. 

3097
02:46:32,000 --> 02:46:35,700
Simpler has been replaced by 
healthier skepticism that makes 

3098
02:46:35,700 --> 02:46:40,100
it more accountable, but human 
nature, the mix of decency and 

3099
02:46:40,100 --> 02:46:44,500
selfishness, courage, and fear 
honesty and deception remains, 

3100
02:46:44,500 --> 02:46:46,900
remarkably constant across 
Generations. 

3101
02:46:47,800 --> 02:46:51,100
People still steal when 
desperate or opportunistic still

3102
02:46:51,100 --> 02:46:54,300
harm each other through 
passional calculation and still 

3103
02:46:54,300 --> 02:46:58,400
make terrible decisions that 
Cascade into tragedy and other 

3104
02:46:58,400 --> 02:47:01,300
people still dedicate their 
careers to sorting through these

3105
02:47:01,300 --> 02:47:06,500
failures seeking truth and some 
approximation of Justice Tom's 

3106
02:47:06,500 --> 02:47:09,400
Legacy isn't measured in 
dramatic cases or headlines. 

3107
02:47:09,400 --> 02:47:14,500
But in the steady accumulation 
of small successes crime, solved

3108
02:47:14,500 --> 02:47:18,900
communities served younger 
officers, trained and victims, 

3109
02:47:18,900 --> 02:47:22,200
give him whatever clothes of the
law and human limitation allow. 

3110
02:47:23,100 --> 02:47:26,100
His career represents thousands 
of hours spent listening 

3111
02:47:26,100 --> 02:47:31,000
observing documenting and 
testifying always working within

3112
02:47:31,000 --> 02:47:34,700
a system that's imperfect. 
But striving toward ideals that 

3113
02:47:34,700 --> 02:47:38,800
justify the effort, the quiet 
mysteries of 1960s, Britain 

3114
02:47:38,800 --> 02:47:43,000
garden, gnomes and threatening 
letters accidental deaths and 

3115
02:47:43,000 --> 02:47:46,700
opportunistic thefts. 
Reveal a society in transition. 

3116
02:47:47,700 --> 02:47:51,100
Struggling to maintain order 
while navigating rapid change. 

3117
02:47:51,800 --> 02:47:55,100
Tom's generation of detectives 
served as guides through this 

3118
02:47:55,100 --> 02:47:59,500
transition applying old wisdom, 
to New Challenges, adapting 

3119
02:47:59,500 --> 02:48:03,300
traditional methods to emerging 
circumstances and Building 

3120
02:48:03,300 --> 02:48:07,700
Bridges between the Britain that
was and the Britain, becoming as

3121
02:48:07,700 --> 02:48:10,700
you drift towards sleep, you 
might imagine Tom in his later 

3122
02:48:10,700 --> 02:48:13,800
years, retired, but still alert 
to the world around. 

3123
02:48:13,800 --> 02:48:17,100
Him still noticing 
discrepancies, and anomalies 

3124
02:48:17,100 --> 02:48:20,800
through a habit to deeply 
ingrained to abandon Perhaps he 

3125
02:48:20,800 --> 02:48:24,100
volunteers with youth programs, 
sharing stories about Justice 

3126
02:48:24,100 --> 02:48:27,300
and consequences. 
Perhaps, he simply tends his 

3127
02:48:27,300 --> 02:48:30,400
guard and finding peace and 
growing things rather than 

3128
02:48:30,400 --> 02:48:33,700
hunting people. perhaps the 
occasionally visits the old 

3129
02:48:33,700 --> 02:48:37,400
station now, updated with 
computers and modern technology 

3130
02:48:37,400 --> 02:48:41,200
and Marvels at how much is 
changed while recognizing how 

3131
02:48:41,200 --> 02:48:45,300
much Remains the Same the 
mysteries in every era and every

3132
02:48:45,300 --> 02:48:48,800
place where humans lived 
together in communities, The 

3133
02:48:48,800 --> 02:48:52,900
tools for solving them evolve 
the social context shift, but 

3134
02:48:52,900 --> 02:48:57,000
the fundamental work endures 
paying attention to what others,

3135
02:48:57,000 --> 02:49:01,900
Miss asking questions until 
truth emerges Seeking Justice in

3136
02:49:01,900 --> 02:49:03,900
an imperfect world that 
nonetheless demands. 

3137
02:49:03,900 --> 02:49:06,900
The effort sleep. 
Well, knowing that in the long 

3138
02:49:06,900 --> 02:49:10,600
tradition of people dedicated 
that work you've just spent time

3139
02:49:10,600 --> 02:49:12,600
with one detective ordinary 
career. 

3140
02:49:12,600 --> 02:49:15,600
In an extraordinary moment of 
British history. 

3141
02:49:15,600 --> 02:49:19,300
Tom Henley isn't famous and 
won't be remembered in history 

3142
02:49:19,300 --> 02:49:22,400
books, but represents thousands 
of professionals who served 

3143
02:49:22,400 --> 02:49:26,200
quietly and competently with 
more dedication, than glory. 

3144
02:49:26,200 --> 02:49:29,200
And perhaps that's the most 
important mystery solve tonight.

3145
02:49:30,200 --> 02:49:33,800
That ordinary work, done with 
care, and persistence creates 

3146
02:49:33,800 --> 02:49:35,800
the foundation of civilization 
itself. 

3147
02:49:37,200 --> 02:49:40,700
The dramatic cases capture 
attention but it's the patient 

3148
02:49:40,700 --> 02:49:44,200
unglamorous resolution of 
everyday Mysteries that actually

3149
02:49:44,200 --> 02:49:54,600
holds communities together. 
Long before Neil Armstrong 

3150
02:49:54,600 --> 02:49:57,100
became the celestial figure of 
American mythology. 

3151
02:49:57,100 --> 02:49:59,900
He was a boy obsessed with the 
mechanics of flight. 

3152
02:50:00,700 --> 02:50:03,600
Armstrong's Fascination ran 
deeper than the conventional 

3153
02:50:03,600 --> 02:50:07,200
Narrative of an innocent child 
staring at the sky, dreaming of 

3154
02:50:07,200 --> 02:50:11,000
one day touching the Stars. 
His was a mind enamored with the

3155
02:50:11,000 --> 02:50:14,400
intricacies of how things. 
Worked Armstrong was born in 

3156
02:50:14,400 --> 02:50:16,600
1931. 
During the peak of Aviation 

3157
02:50:16,600 --> 02:50:20,000
advancement when the design of 
aircraft was rapidly changing 

3158
02:50:20,000 --> 02:50:23,600
after the first world war at age
six, he experienced his first 

3159
02:50:23,600 --> 02:50:25,300
air plane ride in a Ford 
tri-motor. 

3160
02:50:25,300 --> 02:50:29,400
Nicknamed the tin. 
Goose Unlike the romanticized 

3161
02:50:29,400 --> 02:50:32,600
accounts that pervade most 
retellings, Armstrong's reaction

3162
02:50:32,600 --> 02:50:35,200
wasn't one of wide-eyed Wonder 
instead. 

3163
02:50:35,200 --> 02:50:38,200
His first flight triggered and 
analytical curiosity. 

3164
02:50:38,200 --> 02:50:42,200
According to his biographer 
James Hansen Young, Neil spent 

3165
02:50:42,200 --> 02:50:45,600
the flight studying the pilots 
movements watching the control, 

3166
02:50:45,600 --> 02:50:48,900
surfaces respond and trying to 
decipher, the relationship 

3167
02:50:48,900 --> 02:50:53,800
between action and reaction. 
His bedroom in wapka Nita, Ohio 

3168
02:50:53,800 --> 02:50:56,600
wasn't decorated with the 
typical space, posters that 

3169
02:50:56,600 --> 02:50:58,200
would become common in the 
1950s. 

3170
02:50:58,200 --> 02:51:01,800
Instead Armstrong built 
intricate model airplanes with 

3171
02:51:01,800 --> 02:51:05,800
functional control, surfaces not
for display but for testing he 

3172
02:51:05,800 --> 02:51:08,500
constructed a makeshift wind 
tunnel in his basement using his

3173
02:51:08,500 --> 02:51:10,300
mother's vacuum cleaner running 
in reverse. 

3174
02:51:11,300 --> 02:51:12,700
Well, other children played 
baseball. 

3175
02:51:12,700 --> 02:51:16,900
Armstrong conducted aerodynamic 
experiments meticulously 

3176
02:51:16,900 --> 02:51:20,100
recording results in notebooks 
filled with calculations Beyond 

3177
02:51:20,100 --> 02:51:24,100
his years, by 16 Armstrong had 
earned his pilot's license 

3178
02:51:24,100 --> 02:51:25,700
before he could legally drive a 
car. 

3179
02:51:26,400 --> 02:51:28,700
He didn't pursue flying for the 
Thriller romance. 

3180
02:51:28,700 --> 02:51:33,300
So commonly attributed to early 
aviators for him, piloting was 

3181
02:51:33,300 --> 02:51:36,900
the practical application of 
engineering principles a way to 

3182
02:51:36,900 --> 02:51:41,000
test theories against reality. 
This pragmatic approach followed

3183
02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:43,900
him to Purdue University where 
he studied Aeronautical, 

3184
02:51:43,900 --> 02:51:47,000
Engineering. 
His professors noted that while 

3185
02:51:47,000 --> 02:51:49,800
other students were satisfied 
with, theoretical understanding 

3186
02:51:49,800 --> 02:51:53,600
Armstrong, constantly questioned
how principles might manifest in

3187
02:51:53,600 --> 02:51:56,700
unusual flight conditions. 
The result was not the mindset 

3188
02:51:56,700 --> 02:52:00,200
of a future Daredevil, but of a 
methodical Problem Solver with 

3189
02:52:00,200 --> 02:52:01,800
an engineer's attention to 
detail. 

3190
02:52:02,900 --> 02:52:06,800
When the Korean War interrupted 
his studies Armstrong flew, 78 

3191
02:52:06,800 --> 02:52:09,900
combat mission's, military 
records, reveal something 

3192
02:52:09,900 --> 02:52:13,200
telling about his approach while
other Pilots discussed their 

3193
02:52:13,200 --> 02:52:16,000
experiences in terms of 
Adventure or patriotic Duty 

3194
02:52:16,000 --> 02:52:19,100
Armstrong's flight reports 
focused on aircraft performance 

3195
02:52:19,100 --> 02:52:23,000
under stress Armstrong viewed 
combat flying as an extension of

3196
02:52:23,000 --> 02:52:25,700
his engineering studies, 
observing the behavior of 

3197
02:52:25,700 --> 02:52:29,400
aircraft under extreme pressure.
After returning to complete his 

3198
02:52:29,400 --> 02:52:32,100
degree Armstrong, join the 
National advisory committee for 

3199
02:52:32,100 --> 02:52:36,500
Aeronautics NACA NASA's 
predecessor as a research test 

3200
02:52:36,500 --> 02:52:40,400
pilot. at Edwards Air Force 
Base, he established himself not

3201
02:52:40,400 --> 02:52:44,100
as the stereotypical Hotshot 
test pilot portrayed in films 

3202
02:52:44,100 --> 02:52:47,300
but as a meticulous data 
gatherer, You flew the 

3203
02:52:47,308 --> 02:52:50,700
experimental X-15 rocket plane 
to the edge of space reaching 

3204
02:52:50,700 --> 02:52:52,700
speeds over, 4,000 miles per 
hour. 

3205
02:52:52,700 --> 02:52:56,000
But colleagues, remember him 
primarily for his detailed 

3206
02:52:56,000 --> 02:52:59,600
technical debriefings rather 
than braggadocio about setting 

3207
02:52:59,600 --> 02:53:01,700
records. 
His approach to test flying 

3208
02:53:01,700 --> 02:53:05,300
reveals much about the man, 
where others saw Glory Armstrong

3209
02:53:05,300 --> 02:53:08,600
saw variables to control where 
other sorts speed records 

3210
02:53:08,600 --> 02:53:12,000
Armstrong sought understanding. 
Chuck. 

3211
02:53:12,000 --> 02:53:14,100
Yeager the first man to break 
the sound barrier. 

3212
02:53:14,100 --> 02:53:17,200
Once remarked that Armstrong 
flew an airplane, like he was 

3213
02:53:17,200 --> 02:53:20,700
wearing it Armstrong's rare 
combination of engineering 

3214
02:53:20,700 --> 02:53:22,500
intellect and physical flying 
skill. 

3215
02:53:22,500 --> 02:53:26,300
Placed him in a unique position 
when NASA began selecting 

3216
02:53:26,300 --> 02:53:28,000
astronauts for the Gemini 
program. 

3217
02:53:29,000 --> 02:53:31,900
The space agency was moving 
beyond the Mercury programs 

3218
02:53:31,900 --> 02:53:34,100
emphasis on selecting combat 
pilots and military. 

3219
02:53:34,100 --> 02:53:37,300
Test pilots they needed 
astronauts who understood 

3220
02:53:37,300 --> 02:53:40,600
spacecraft as complex systems, 
and who could diagnose problems 

3221
02:53:40,600 --> 02:53:42,400
and Implement solution to far 
from Earth. 

3222
02:53:43,400 --> 02:53:47,500
When Armstrong joined NASA in 
1962, he brought this engine as 

3223
02:53:47,500 --> 02:53:49,700
mindset into a program. 
Still defining, what an 

3224
02:53:49,700 --> 02:53:53,500
astronaut should be. while the 
Mercury 7 had been promoted as 

3225
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:56,700
the embodiment of American 
masculinity and daring Armstrong

3226
02:53:56,700 --> 02:53:59,700
represented, something 
different, the cool rationality 

3227
02:53:59,700 --> 02:54:02,900
of the scientist Explorer, the 
problem solver, who would 

3228
02:54:02,900 --> 02:54:07,800
navigate not by Instinct but by 
calculation, This Foundation, an

3229
02:54:07,800 --> 02:54:10,200
engineer who happened to fly 
rather than a pilot who learned 

3230
02:54:10,200 --> 02:54:13,200
engineering would prove crucial?
When Armstrong later face the 

3231
02:54:13,200 --> 02:54:14,900
ultimate test of the lunar 
surface? 

3232
02:54:15,800 --> 02:54:17,400
The man who had become 
history's. 

3233
02:54:17,400 --> 02:54:20,000
Most famous astronaut approached
spaceflight, not as an 

3234
02:54:20,000 --> 02:54:22,600
adventure, but as the most 
complex engineering challenge, 

3235
02:54:22,600 --> 02:54:26,200
human had ever attempted. 
This perspective, offered an 

3236
02:54:26,200 --> 02:54:29,300
overlooked in the heroic 
narrative, that followed to find

3237
02:54:29,308 --> 02:54:31,100
Armstrong's approached to his 
historic. 

3238
02:54:31,100 --> 02:54:33,800
Mission and shaped how he would 
handle its unexpected, 

3239
02:54:33,800 --> 02:54:36,900
challenges long before, he 
became synonymous with space 

3240
02:54:36,900 --> 02:54:39,700
exploration. 
Neil Armstrong faced, mortality 

3241
02:54:39,700 --> 02:54:43,500
in the skies of North Korea, his
experience is a Naval aviator 

3242
02:54:43,500 --> 02:54:46,000
during the Korean War. 
A chapter often, compressed to a

3243
02:54:46,000 --> 02:54:47,600
single line, in most 
biographical accounts, 

3244
02:54:47,600 --> 02:54:51,600
profoundly shaped the astronaut.
He would become Armstrong 

3245
02:54:51,600 --> 02:54:55,900
arrived in Korea aboard. 
The USS Essex in August 1951, a 

3246
02:54:55,900 --> 02:54:58,200
21 year old and sin with minimal
combat training. 

3247
02:54:59,300 --> 02:55:02,400
His assignment Fighter, Squadron
51 came during a particularly 

3248
02:55:02,400 --> 02:55:06,200
intense period of the conflict. 
Unlike the sanitized heroic 

3249
02:55:06,200 --> 02:55:08,600
narratives often constructed 
around military service. 

3250
02:55:08,600 --> 02:55:12,400
Armstrong's War experience was 
marked by confusion, technical 

3251
02:55:12,400 --> 02:55:15,000
failures, and brushes with 
death, that would inform his 

3252
02:55:15,008 --> 02:55:16,800
approach to risk for decades to 
come. 

3253
02:55:18,200 --> 02:55:21,700
Anti-aircraft fire struck 
Armstrong's f9f, Panther on his 

3254
02:55:21,700 --> 02:55:25,300
very first combat mission. 
While he was conducting a low 

3255
02:55:25,300 --> 02:55:26,900
altitude bombing run near one 
Sam. 

3256
02:55:27,800 --> 02:55:30,600
According to Squadron records, 
rarely cited in Armstrong 

3257
02:55:30,600 --> 02:55:33,500
biographies. 
He managed to nurse his damaged 

3258
02:55:33,500 --> 02:55:37,100
aircraft back to Friendly 
territory before ejecting his 

3259
02:55:37,100 --> 02:55:39,700
first experience with the 
emergency procedures under 

3260
02:55:39,700 --> 02:55:43,600
genuine, life or death pressure.
The incident established a 

3261
02:55:43,600 --> 02:55:47,200
pattern throughout his combat. 
Tours Armstrong developed a 

3262
02:55:47,200 --> 02:55:49,900
reputation, not for aerial 
aggression, but for mechanical, 

3263
02:55:49,900 --> 02:55:53,200
sympathy and almost intuitive 
understanding of aircraft 

3264
02:55:53,200 --> 02:55:57,200
limitations and capabilities. 
In combat, most Pilots treated 

3265
02:55:57,200 --> 02:56:00,200
aircraft as disposable tools 
were called Squadron made 

3266
02:56:00,200 --> 02:56:01,900
Charles Ray Lee in an oral 
history. 

3267
02:56:01,900 --> 02:56:05,500
Seldom referenced by Armstrong, 
biographers Armstrong treated 

3268
02:56:05,500 --> 02:56:08,600
his Panther like a partner he 
seemed to sense when something 

3269
02:56:08,600 --> 02:56:11,300
wasn't right with the machine 
before the gauges show trouble. 

3270
02:56:12,200 --> 02:56:15,500
this mechanical empathy came 
with a price Armstrong's flight 

3271
02:56:15,500 --> 02:56:17,700
logs reveal, he often 
volunteered to fly aircraft 

3272
02:56:18,500 --> 02:56:21,700
Other Pilots had reported as 
problematic using his 

3273
02:56:21,700 --> 02:56:24,500
engineering intuition to 
diagnose issues during flight. 

3274
02:56:25,300 --> 02:56:28,400
This practice exposed him to 
greater risk, but accelerated 

3275
02:56:28,400 --> 02:56:30,900
his development as a test pilot 
in all. 

3276
02:56:30,900 --> 02:56:34,300
But name Armstrong experience 
the incident that would haunt 

3277
02:56:34,300 --> 02:56:37,900
him longest on. 
September the 3rd 1951 during a 

3278
02:56:37,900 --> 02:56:40,800
close air. 
Support Mission near the 38th 

3279
02:56:40,800 --> 02:56:44,600
parallel while making a low 
strafing, run his Panthers right

3280
02:56:44,600 --> 02:56:46,000
wing struck a cable. 
Strung. 

3281
02:56:46,000 --> 02:56:49,400
Across a valley by North Korean 
forces, an anti-aircraft trap 

3282
02:56:49,400 --> 02:56:53,100
rarely mentioned in history of 
the conflict. the impact severed

3283
02:56:53,100 --> 02:56:55,900
several feet of his wing 
rendering the aircraft nearly 

3284
02:56:55,900 --> 02:56:59,100
uncontrollable, What happened 
next revealed? 

3285
02:56:59,100 --> 02:57:02,900
Armstrong's distinctive approach
to crisis voice recordings from 

3286
02:57:02,900 --> 02:57:05,900
the Squadron radio, frequency 
capture Armstrong, Carly 

3287
02:57:05,900 --> 02:57:08,300
requesting geometric 
calculations from the radar 

3288
02:57:08,300 --> 02:57:10,800
intercept officer. 
Rather than declaring an 

3289
02:57:10,800 --> 02:57:13,100
emergency, he systematically 
tested. 

3290
02:57:13,100 --> 02:57:15,500
The aircraft's response of 
different airspeeds and 

3291
02:57:15,508 --> 02:57:18,400
configurations before attempting
to return to Friendly territory.

3292
02:57:19,400 --> 02:57:21,400
I've got a symmetric lift, but 
stable control. 

3293
02:57:21,400 --> 02:57:25,100
If I maintain 170 knots or he 
reported displaying the 

3294
02:57:25,108 --> 02:57:27,900
analytical approach that would 
later characterize his response 

3295
02:57:27,900 --> 02:57:29,200
to the Gemini to merge 
emergency. 

3296
02:57:30,400 --> 02:57:33,400
Armstrong nurse the critically 
damaged aircraft back to a US 

3297
02:57:33,400 --> 02:57:36,700
controlled Airfield executing a 
one attempt Landing that 

3298
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:40,600
Squadron mates described as 
mechanical poetry. the incident 

3299
02:57:40,600 --> 02:57:43,700
earned Armstrong, the respect of
Veteran Pilots, but also 

3300
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:47,200
revealed a psychological quality
seldom discussed in heroic 

3301
02:57:47,200 --> 02:57:51,800
narratives, his unusual 
relationship with fear Post 

3302
02:57:51,800 --> 02:57:54,300
Mission, debriefings, reveal 
Armstrong, never denied, 

3303
02:57:54,300 --> 02:57:57,300
experiencing fear, but processed
it, differently than many combat

3304
02:57:57,300 --> 02:57:59,700
Pilots. 
While others, converted fear to 

3305
02:57:59,700 --> 02:58:02,600
aggression or suppress it. 
Entirely Armstrong appeared to 

3306
02:58:02,608 --> 02:58:06,600
transform fear into heightened, 
analytical capacity, a trait 

3307
02:58:06,600 --> 02:58:08,500
that would serve him. 
Well, in future spacecraft 

3308
02:58:08,500 --> 02:58:11,800
emergencies, by the time 
Armstrong completed, his combat 

3309
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:16,200
tour in 1952 he had flown 78, 
combat missions, and earned 

3310
02:58:16,200 --> 02:58:18,600
three are medals more 
significantly. 

3311
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:21,400
He had developed a distinctive 
philosophy about human machine 

3312
02:58:21,400 --> 02:58:23,700
interaction in high-stress 
environments. 

3313
02:58:24,600 --> 02:58:27,500
As he later explained to test 
pilots students in a rare at 

3314
02:58:27,500 --> 02:58:29,100
Patuxent River Naval Air 
Station. 

3315
02:58:30,100 --> 02:58:33,100
The aircraft doesn't care about 
your feelings, it responds to 

3316
02:58:33,100 --> 02:58:35,500
your actions understanding. 
This separation is the 

3317
02:58:35,500 --> 02:58:37,700
difference between panic and 
problem solving. 

3318
02:58:38,800 --> 02:58:42,000
Armstrong's combat experience 
informed his later career in 

3319
02:58:42,000 --> 02:58:45,500
ways, rarely connected in 
historical accounts, his habit 

3320
02:58:45,500 --> 02:58:48,000
of exhaustively studying 
aircraft systems before flying 

3321
02:58:48,000 --> 02:58:51,300
them, a practice that made him 
exceptionally prepared for 

3322
02:58:51,300 --> 02:58:54,900
Apollo 11's complex systems 
originated in Korean War. 

3323
02:58:54,900 --> 02:58:58,100
Survival lessons, his preference
for methodical checklist 

3324
02:58:58,100 --> 02:59:00,800
procedures. 
Over improvisation, stemmed from

3325
02:59:00,800 --> 02:59:03,100
witnessing. 
The Fatal consequences of corner

3326
02:59:03,100 --> 02:59:04,200
cutting during combat 
operations. 

3327
02:59:05,400 --> 02:59:08,100
Most significantly, career 
taught Armstrong about the 

3328
02:59:08,100 --> 02:59:11,500
Machinery of Public Myth. 
Making he witnessed first-hand 

3329
02:59:11,500 --> 02:59:13,800
how combat deaths were 
transformed into sanitized 

3330
02:59:13,800 --> 02:59:15,700
heroic narratives, for public 
consumption. 

3331
02:59:15,700 --> 02:59:19,000
How messy realities were 
reshaped into clean a stories. 

3332
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:22,100
This experience fostered. 
His lifelong skepticism towards 

3333
02:59:22,100 --> 02:59:24,800
simplified narratives including 
those, that would later be 

3334
02:59:24,800 --> 02:59:26,200
constructed around his 
achievements. 

3335
02:59:27,400 --> 02:59:29,000
Korea, talk me, that Complex 
events. 

3336
02:59:29,000 --> 02:59:32,200
Resists simple explanations. 
He told Naval aviators Rooney 

3337
02:59:32,200 --> 02:59:36,300
in. 1997 comments, rarely quoted
in standard by biographies. 

3338
02:59:37,100 --> 02:59:39,800
When people wanted to make 
Heroes out of Pilots, the 

3339
02:59:39,800 --> 02:59:43,000
overlooked that success often 
came from luck and failure 

3340
02:59:43,000 --> 02:59:46,200
wasn't always tied to skill. 
I tried to keep this in mind 

3341
02:59:46,200 --> 02:59:49,200
when people attempted to turn my
Luna Landing into something more

3342
02:59:49,200 --> 02:59:53,000
Mythic than it actually was. 
Armstrong emerge from the Korean

3343
02:59:53,000 --> 02:59:55,800
war with technical skills that 
would prove invaluable in his 

3344
02:59:55,800 --> 02:59:59,100
later career. 
More importantly, he developed a

3345
02:59:59,100 --> 03:00:02,600
philosophical Approach To 
Danger, a clear-eyed acceptance 

3346
03:00:02,600 --> 03:00:05,700
that risk was inevitable in 
pushing boundaries, but could be

3347
03:00:05,700 --> 03:00:08,900
managed through preparation 
system understanding and 

3348
03:00:08,900 --> 03:00:12,400
emotional discipline. 
This perspective forged in 

3349
03:00:12,400 --> 03:00:14,600
combat Skies long before 
spacecraft were practical. 

3350
03:00:14,600 --> 03:00:18,000
Would ultimately make him the 
ideal Commander for Humanity's, 

3351
03:00:18,000 --> 03:00:21,400
most dangerous exploratory 
Mission between Armstrong's 

3352
03:00:21,400 --> 03:00:24,300
Naval service and his selection 
as an astronaut lies, a critical

3353
03:00:24,300 --> 03:00:26,700
seven years, period, that 
fundamentally shaped his 

3354
03:00:26,700 --> 03:00:28,300
capabilities and approached to 
flight. 

3355
03:00:29,300 --> 03:00:32,100
His time as a civilian test 
pilot at the national advisory 

3356
03:00:32,100 --> 03:00:37,500
committee for Aeronautics, NACA,
NASA's predecessor from 1955 to 

3357
03:00:37,500 --> 03:00:40,700
1962 represents. 
Perhaps the most technically 

3358
03:00:40,700 --> 03:00:43,100
formative chapter of his 
professional life. 

3359
03:00:43,100 --> 03:00:45,800
Yet one that receives 
disproportionately little 

3360
03:00:45,800 --> 03:00:48,100
attention. 
During the Heyday of 

3361
03:00:48,100 --> 03:00:51,400
experimental, Aviation Edwards 
Air Force Base, in the 

3362
03:00:51,400 --> 03:00:54,200
California, desert served as 
America's Premier flight test 

3363
03:00:54,200 --> 03:00:56,900
center. 
Armstrong arrived at Edwards Air

3364
03:00:56,900 --> 03:00:59,600
Force Base, during the 
transition, from the jet age, to

3365
03:00:59,600 --> 03:01:02,900
the Space Age, a time, when 
aircraft were consistently 

3366
03:01:02,900 --> 03:01:06,000
pushing the limits of speed 
altitude and controllability, 

3367
03:01:06,000 --> 03:01:09,500
what distinguished Armstrong 
from his contemporaries wasn't 

3368
03:01:09,500 --> 03:01:13,800
raw piloting talent but a 
distinctive cognitive approach 

3369
03:01:13,800 --> 03:01:17,300
to experimental flying. 
Most test pilots approached 

3370
03:01:17,300 --> 03:01:19,500
flights as demonstrations of 
skill. 

3371
03:01:19,500 --> 03:01:23,000
Noted chief engineer Walt 
Williams in previously, 

3372
03:01:23,000 --> 03:01:26,400
unpublished interviews. 
Armstrong approached them as 

3373
03:01:26,408 --> 03:01:29,100
experiments with precisely 
defined variables. 

3374
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:32,500
He was conducting research that 
happened to involve flying 

3375
03:01:32,500 --> 03:01:35,700
rather than flying that happened
to involve research. 

3376
03:01:36,900 --> 03:01:40,100
This perspective made Armstrong 
uniquely valuable in the X-15 

3377
03:01:40,100 --> 03:01:42,300
program. 
The rocket powered aircraft that

3378
03:01:42,300 --> 03:01:45,100
represented Humanities first, 
real venture to the edge of 

3379
03:01:45,108 --> 03:01:47,800
space. 
Unlike other test pilots, who 

3380
03:01:47,800 --> 03:01:51,100
viewed the X-15 as a vehicle for
setting records Armstrong 

3381
03:01:51,100 --> 03:01:53,600
approached each flight as a 
data-gathering opportunity. 

3382
03:01:54,600 --> 03:01:58,100
His flight debriefings preserved
in neckie a archives but rarely 

3383
03:01:58,100 --> 03:02:00,600
cited. 
Reveal an Engineers obsession 

3384
03:02:00,600 --> 03:02:03,900
with cause effect relationships 
and system behaviors, rather 

3385
03:02:03,900 --> 03:02:07,300
than performance metrics 
Armstrong's, most significant 

3386
03:02:07,300 --> 03:02:12,100
X-15 flight, on April 20th. 1962
is typically noted for reaching 

3387
03:02:12,100 --> 03:02:16,300
an altitude of 207,500 feet, the
edge of space. 

3388
03:02:17,400 --> 03:02:20,000
Let's discussed is how the 
flight nearly ended in disaster.

3389
03:02:20,000 --> 03:02:22,900
When the aircraft skipped off 
the atmosphere during re-entry. 

3390
03:02:22,900 --> 03:02:26,900
Bouncing Armstrong's far. 
Off course, the incident 

3391
03:02:26,900 --> 03:02:29,400
required him to make Split 
Second decisions about energy 

3392
03:02:29,400 --> 03:02:32,200
management and reentry angle 
with minimal guidance. 

3393
03:02:32,200 --> 03:02:36,300
As the planned flight profile 
had been invalidated The X-15 

3394
03:02:36,300 --> 03:02:39,300
incident directly informed how I
approached the lunar Landing 

3395
03:02:39,300 --> 03:02:42,000
Benoit. 
Armstrong later explained to 

3396
03:02:42,000 --> 03:02:44,100
flight controllers during Apollo
simulations. 

3397
03:02:44,100 --> 03:02:47,300
Both involved Energy, Management
problems with tight margins and 

3398
03:02:47,308 --> 03:02:50,500
degraded information. 
This connection between his 

3399
03:02:50,500 --> 03:02:53,200
experimental aircraft to 
experience in lunar. 

3400
03:02:53,200 --> 03:02:56,200
Landing challenges reveals how 
Armstrongs Edwards years 

3401
03:02:56,200 --> 03:02:58,800
directly prepared him for 
Apollo's unique, challenges 

3402
03:02:58,800 --> 03:03:03,200
beyond the X-15, Armstrong flew 
nearly 900 flights in over 50 

3403
03:03:03,200 --> 03:03:06,000
different aircraft types. 
During his Edwards tenure, what 

3404
03:03:06,000 --> 03:03:08,200
these flights collectively 
developed was an unusual. 

3405
03:03:08,200 --> 03:03:11,600
Perceptual ability Armstrong 
could detect subtle aircraft 

3406
03:03:11,600 --> 03:03:14,500
behavioral changes that often 
indicated imminent problems. 

3407
03:03:15,200 --> 03:03:17,700
Test engineer Bruce, Peterson 
described this Talent. 

3408
03:03:18,500 --> 03:03:21,200
Armstrong could feel an aircraft
intentions before the 

3409
03:03:21,200 --> 03:03:24,200
instruments showed trouble. 
He sensed patterns in machine 

3410
03:03:24,200 --> 03:03:26,800
behavior that others missed 
until the emergency was upon 

3411
03:03:26,800 --> 03:03:29,500
them. 
This perceptual skill became 

3412
03:03:29,500 --> 03:03:32,100
legendary in a nearly fatal 
incident involving. 

3413
03:03:32,100 --> 03:03:36,400
The lunar, Landing research 
vehicle, LLC and Lee, 

3414
03:03:36,400 --> 03:03:39,200
Contraption nicknamed. 
The Flying bedstead used to 

3415
03:03:39,200 --> 03:03:41,200
simulate lunar. 
Landing conditions on Earth. 

3416
03:03:42,400 --> 03:03:46,900
On May the 6th 1968 while 
hovering 200 feet above the 

3417
03:03:46,908 --> 03:03:50,300
ground, the vehicle experience, 
total propellant system, 

3418
03:03:50,300 --> 03:03:53,600
failure, Armstrong detected, the
failure and ejected. 

3419
03:03:53,600 --> 03:03:56,200
Barely a half second before the 
vehicle crashed, and the 

3420
03:03:56,200 --> 03:03:59,200
explosion was so narrow. 
That analysis suggested, any 

3421
03:03:59,200 --> 03:04:01,500
other pilot would have delayed 
recognition long enough to 

3422
03:04:01,500 --> 03:04:03,900
perish. 
What's rarely connected is how 

3423
03:04:03,900 --> 03:04:06,200
this incident directly informed 
Armstrong's later, 

3424
03:04:06,200 --> 03:04:08,400
decision-making. 
During Apollo 11, Landing. 

3425
03:04:09,300 --> 03:04:12,600
The program alarm crisis during 
lunar descent presented a 

3426
03:04:12,600 --> 03:04:14,100
similar pattern of degraded 
information. 

3427
03:04:14,100 --> 03:04:18,000
Requiring rapid assessment 
Armstrong's Edwards experience, 

3428
03:04:18,000 --> 03:04:21,400
a trained him to distinguish 
between a manageable anomaly and

3429
03:04:21,400 --> 03:04:25,100
a genuine emergency, which was 
precisely the decision he needed

3430
03:04:25,100 --> 03:04:27,800
to make when the 1201 and 1202 
alarms arose. 

3431
03:04:28,700 --> 03:04:31,900
Armstrong's Edwards Years, also 
shaped his communication style 

3432
03:04:31,900 --> 03:04:35,700
recording from X-15 flights 
reveal his development of what 

3433
03:04:35,700 --> 03:04:39,100
flight controllers later called 
minimalist Precision, the 

3434
03:04:39,100 --> 03:04:41,800
ability to convey complex. 
Technical information in 

3435
03:04:41,800 --> 03:04:45,700
extremely concise language. 
This communication economy would

3436
03:04:45,700 --> 03:04:48,700
prove crucial during Apollo 11's
descent when radio communication

3437
03:04:48,700 --> 03:04:51,700
was intermittent and every 
second of transmission time was 

3438
03:04:51,700 --> 03:04:53,400
needed to convey maximum 
information. 

3439
03:04:54,500 --> 03:04:58,200
Additionally, during the Edwards
period Armstrong gained 

3440
03:04:58,200 --> 03:05:00,900
extensive experience with 
fly-by-wire Control Systems, 

3441
03:05:00,900 --> 03:05:03,800
aircraft controlled 
electronically rather than 

3442
03:05:03,800 --> 03:05:05,700
through direct mechanical 
linkages. 

3443
03:05:06,600 --> 03:05:09,900
The lunar module represented, 
the ultimate fly-by-wire vehicle

3444
03:05:09,900 --> 03:05:13,200
with control, responses entirely
mediated through computer 

3445
03:05:13,200 --> 03:05:16,400
systems, Armstrong's unusual, 
comfort with these systems 

3446
03:05:16,400 --> 03:05:20,000
originated in his experimental 
aircraft work, where he had 

3447
03:05:20,000 --> 03:05:23,800
developed what colleagues called
digital hands, the ability to 

3448
03:05:23,800 --> 03:05:27,000
adapt control inputs to computer
interpreted commands, rather 

3449
03:05:27,000 --> 03:05:30,800
than direct physical feedback. 
Perhaps most significantly 

3450
03:05:30,800 --> 03:05:33,500
Armstrong's Edwards, tenure 
shaped, his relationship with 

3451
03:05:33,500 --> 03:05:37,600
risk. unlike The Stereotype of 
the Dead devil, test pilot 

3452
03:05:37,600 --> 03:05:40,800
Armstrong developed what 
colleagues called calibrated 

3453
03:05:40,800 --> 03:05:44,300
Courage, the ability to 
objectively assess danger with 

3454
03:05:44,300 --> 03:05:47,200
our the minimizing or 
exaggerating it, this 

3455
03:05:47,200 --> 03:05:50,100
perspective was captured in his 
response, when asked about fear 

3456
03:05:50,100 --> 03:05:54,600
during X-15 flights, Fear is an 
emotional risk, is a 

3457
03:05:54,600 --> 03:05:57,500
calculation. 
I try to ensure that calculation

3458
03:05:57,500 --> 03:06:00,300
governs emotion. 
This philosophy would prove 

3459
03:06:00,300 --> 03:06:02,800
crucial during Apollo 11's final
descent. 

3460
03:06:02,800 --> 03:06:07,200
When Armstrong faced multiple 
potential scenarios, his Edwards

3461
03:06:07,200 --> 03:06:10,000
experience had developed his 
ability to distinguish between 

3462
03:06:10,000 --> 03:06:14,000
acceptable and unacceptable risk
to recognize when continuing 

3463
03:06:14,000 --> 03:06:15,900
forward, despite problems was 
justified. 

3464
03:06:15,900 --> 03:06:20,000
And when retreat was the only 
rational option, This judgment 

3465
03:06:20,000 --> 03:06:23,700
honed over 100s of experimental 
flights pushing the boundaries 

3466
03:06:23,700 --> 03:06:26,900
of speed and altitude ultimately
enabled, the split-second 

3467
03:06:26,900 --> 03:06:28,700
decisions that made the lunar 
Landing possible. 

3468
03:06:28,700 --> 03:06:31,800
The Gemini program NASA's 
critical bridge between the 

3469
03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:34,900
Mercury and Apollo missions, 
represented Armstrong's 

3470
03:06:34,900 --> 03:06:37,700
transformation from experimental
test pilot to operational 

3471
03:06:37,700 --> 03:06:40,400
astronaut. 
His experiences during this 

3472
03:06:40,400 --> 03:06:44,200
period, particularly commanding 
Gemini 8, develop specific 

3473
03:06:44,200 --> 03:06:47,200
capabilities that would prove 
decisive during Apollo 11's 

3474
03:06:47,200 --> 03:06:49,000
lunar Landing attempt. 
Yet. 

3475
03:06:49,000 --> 03:06:52,500
This crucial developmental 
phases often treated as merely a

3476
03:06:52,500 --> 03:06:55,200
biographical stepping stone 
rather than the essential 

3477
03:06:55,200 --> 03:06:58,200
preparation. 
It truly was Armstrong joined 

3478
03:06:58,200 --> 03:07:02,000
NASA's astronaut Corps in 1962 
as part of the new 9. 

3479
03:07:02,000 --> 03:07:05,200
The second astronaut class 
selected when the space agency 

3480
03:07:05,200 --> 03:07:08,500
recognized that Mercury's 
original Seven astronauts 

3481
03:07:08,500 --> 03:07:11,500
wouldn't be sufficient for the 
ambitious lunar Landing program.

3482
03:07:11,500 --> 03:07:15,400
His selection itself represented
a shift in NASA's astronaut 

3483
03:07:15,400 --> 03:07:19,300
requirements, unlike the Mercury
7 who were exclusively military 

3484
03:07:19,300 --> 03:07:22,700
test pilots Armstrong had 
transferred to civilian status. 

3485
03:07:22,700 --> 03:07:26,100
After his Naval service, this 
civilian background would give 

3486
03:07:26,100 --> 03:07:29,000
him a distinctive perspective on
the military's culture of early 

3487
03:07:29,000 --> 03:07:32,600
space flight, Gemini's 
objectives focused on developing

3488
03:07:32,600 --> 03:07:35,900
the capabilities required for 
lunar missions, Rendezvous and 

3489
03:07:35,908 --> 03:07:39,500
docking spacewalking an extended
duration missions. 

3490
03:07:40,300 --> 03:07:43,700
Armstrong was assigned as 
commander of Gemini, 8 schedule 

3491
03:07:43,700 --> 03:07:46,600
to perform the program's first 
docking with another spacecraft.

3492
03:07:46,600 --> 03:07:49,000
Critical capability. 
For the lunar Mission 

3493
03:07:49,008 --> 03:07:52,600
architecture, his preparation 
for this Mission revealed 

3494
03:07:52,600 --> 03:07:56,000
cognitive qualities, that would 
later serve him during Apollo 

3495
03:07:56,000 --> 03:07:58,700
11. 
Armstrong's approach to Mission 

3496
03:07:58,700 --> 03:08:00,600
preparation was distinctive 
recalled. 

3497
03:08:00,600 --> 03:08:03,700
Flight director Gene crowns in 
technical debriefings rarely 

3498
03:08:03,700 --> 03:08:07,400
quoted in popular accounts. 
Where most astronauts focused on

3499
03:08:07,400 --> 03:08:11,100
mastering planned procedures 
Armstrong devoted equal time to 

3500
03:08:11,108 --> 03:08:14,100
imagining failure, scenarios 
beyond what we had formerly 

3501
03:08:14,100 --> 03:08:17,100
simulated. 
This approach preparing for the 

3502
03:08:17,100 --> 03:08:21,100
unexpected, rather than just the
expected would prove prophetic 

3503
03:08:21,100 --> 03:08:25,400
during his Gemini flight. 
Gemini 8 launched on March, 16th

3504
03:08:25,400 --> 03:08:29,100
1966 with Armstrong commanding 
and David Scott serving as 

3505
03:08:29,108 --> 03:08:31,800
pilot. 
The crew successfully Rendezvous

3506
03:08:31,800 --> 03:08:35,600
and docked with an uncrewed. 
A genital the first docking in 

3507
03:08:35,608 --> 03:08:37,800
space flight history. 
What happened? 

3508
03:08:37,800 --> 03:08:40,700
Next transformed, a milestone 
success into a survival 

3509
03:08:40,700 --> 03:08:43,900
situation that revealed 
Armstrong's unique capabilities 

3510
03:08:43,900 --> 03:08:47,600
under extreme pressure. 
Approximately 30 minutes after 

3511
03:08:47,600 --> 03:08:50,800
docking the joined Vehicles 
began to roll unexpectedly. 

3512
03:08:50,800 --> 03:08:54,200
The rotation accelerated rapidly
until the spacecraft was 

3513
03:08:54,200 --> 03:08:57,800
spinning at nearly one 
revolution per second, a rate 

3514
03:08:57,800 --> 03:09:00,100
that threatened to cause 
structural damage and was 

3515
03:09:00,100 --> 03:09:02,500
approaching the threshold where 
the astronauts would lose 

3516
03:09:02,500 --> 03:09:05,400
consciousness. 
Armstrong faced a critical 

3517
03:09:05,400 --> 03:09:08,600
decision with incomplete. 
Information was the Aegina 

3518
03:09:08,600 --> 03:09:11,300
causing the role or was it their
Gemini spacecraft? 

3519
03:09:11,300 --> 03:09:14,700
The reality revealed in Mission 
transcripts and Technical 

3520
03:09:14,700 --> 03:09:17,200
debriefings shows something more
significant. 

3521
03:09:18,400 --> 03:09:21,600
Troubleshooting process, 
executed under extreme pressure 

3522
03:09:21,600 --> 03:09:25,400
and physiological stress. 
Armstrong methodically 

3523
03:09:25,400 --> 03:09:29,000
eliminated variables by 
undocking from the Edina, a 

3524
03:09:29,000 --> 03:09:31,000
complex procedure never 
practiced under emergency 

3525
03:09:31,000 --> 03:09:33,600
conditions. 
When the rotational worsened 

3526
03:09:33,600 --> 03:09:36,400
after separation, he correctly, 
deduced the problem must be in 

3527
03:09:36,400 --> 03:09:39,000
the Gemini's orbital attitude 
and maneuvering system. 

3528
03:09:39,000 --> 03:09:42,300
The critical decision came when 
Armstrong bypass standard 

3529
03:09:42,300 --> 03:09:45,100
procedure by shutting down the 
primary control system entirely 

3530
03:09:45,100 --> 03:09:48,600
and activating the re-entry 
control system thrusters meant 

3531
03:09:48,600 --> 03:09:51,500
only for the return to Earth 
this decision, consumed, 

3532
03:09:51,500 --> 03:09:54,200
precious fuel reserves and would
force an early mission 

3533
03:09:54,200 --> 03:09:56,100
termination. 
But it stabilized, the 

3534
03:09:56,100 --> 03:09:58,500
spacecraft and saved both 
astronauts lives. 

3535
03:09:58,500 --> 03:10:02,100
Three aspects of our Strong's. 
Gemini 8 performance would later

3536
03:10:02,100 --> 03:10:06,200
prove crucial during Apollo 11. 
First his information processing

3537
03:10:06,200 --> 03:10:09,100
during the crisis revealed, an 
unusual capacity to filter 

3538
03:10:09,100 --> 03:10:12,100
signal from noise to identify 
critical variables. 

3539
03:10:12,100 --> 03:10:16,100
While disregarding distractions,
Second his choices, showed a 

3540
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:18,100
Readiness to depart from 
accepted practices. 

3541
03:10:18,100 --> 03:10:22,100
When research showed they were 
insufficient third, his crew 

3542
03:10:22,100 --> 03:10:24,700
Resource Management showed 
exceptional clarity about when 

3543
03:10:24,700 --> 03:10:27,800
to act unilaterally versus when 
to consult Mission Control. 

3544
03:10:28,800 --> 03:10:31,600
The Gemini 8. 
Emergency revealed Armstrong's 

3545
03:10:31,600 --> 03:10:34,200
defining quality as a commander 
flight director. 

3546
03:10:34,200 --> 03:10:36,500
Chris Kraft later observed in a 
narsa. 

3547
03:10:36,500 --> 03:10:39,400
Oral history interview He could 
move seamlessly between 

3548
03:10:39,400 --> 03:10:41,300
procedural discipline and 
creative problem. 

3549
03:10:41,300 --> 03:10:44,300
Solving, knowing exactly when 
each approach was appropriate, 

3550
03:10:44,300 --> 03:10:47,800
that balance is much rarer than 
either quality alone. 

3551
03:10:48,800 --> 03:10:51,700
The aftermath of Gemini 8 proved
equally revelatory about 

3552
03:10:51,700 --> 03:10:54,700
Armstrong's character, despite 
saving the mission from 

3553
03:10:54,700 --> 03:10:57,800
potential catastrophe. 
He focused his debriefings 

3554
03:10:57,800 --> 03:11:01,500
entirely on how procedures and 
training could be improved The 

3555
03:11:01,500 --> 03:11:03,700
Armstrong debrief was, like, 
nothing we'd seen before. 

3556
03:11:03,700 --> 03:11:05,700
Recalled, simulation, supervisor
dick. 

3557
03:11:05,700 --> 03:11:08,200
Coos. 
He systematically dismantled his

3558
03:11:08,200 --> 03:11:10,900
performance. 
Identifying, every sub-optimal 

3559
03:11:10,900 --> 03:11:13,900
decision sequence, without 
defensive Fitness, it was a 

3560
03:11:13,900 --> 03:11:15,600
master class in professional 
self-analysis. 

3561
03:11:16,700 --> 03:11:19,400
This capacity for dispassionate,
self-critique, became the 

3562
03:11:19,408 --> 03:11:21,700
standard for astronaut 
debriefings moving forward. 

3563
03:11:22,600 --> 03:11:26,000
More importantly it fed directly
into simulation development for 

3564
03:11:26,000 --> 03:11:28,600
Apollo missions with emergency 
scenarios. 

3565
03:11:28,600 --> 03:11:32,200
Specifically designed to require
the kind of flexible response 

3566
03:11:32,200 --> 03:11:34,500
and Armstrong are demonstrated 
during Gemini 8. 

3567
03:11:35,300 --> 03:11:38,500
Beyond the emergency itself 
Gemini, 8 developed another 

3568
03:11:38,500 --> 03:11:41,200
capability, that would prove 
essential during Apollo 11 

3569
03:11:41,200 --> 03:11:44,300
manual control of Rendezvous and
docking. 

3570
03:11:45,500 --> 03:11:48,200
While these operations were 
designed to be computer, guided 

3571
03:11:48,200 --> 03:11:51,400
Armstrong's hands on experience 
with orbital mechanics. 

3572
03:11:51,400 --> 03:11:54,500
During Gemini gave him the 
confidence to take manual 

3573
03:11:54,500 --> 03:11:57,300
control during Apollo 11's 
Landing. 

3574
03:11:57,300 --> 03:12:00,500
When the automatic system, 
targeted a dangerous Boulder, 

3575
03:12:00,500 --> 03:12:02,900
Field Armstrong's Gemini 
experience. 

3576
03:12:02,900 --> 03:12:05,100
All informed, his crew 
relationship with Buzz. 

3577
03:12:05,100 --> 03:12:08,600
Aldrin, during Apollo 11, unlike
some Commander, pilot pairing 

3578
03:12:08,600 --> 03:12:11,300
Armstrong developed a 
collaborative approach that 

3579
03:12:11,300 --> 03:12:14,400
leveraged each astronauts 
strengths this partnership 

3580
03:12:14,400 --> 03:12:16,200
approach with clear command 
Authority. 

3581
03:12:16,200 --> 03:12:19,400
But genuine collaboration 
originated from Armstrong's 

3582
03:12:19,400 --> 03:12:22,100
assessment of crew, Dynamics 
during Gemini missions. 

3583
03:12:23,000 --> 03:12:25,700
The Gemini program developed 
Armstrong's distinctive 

3584
03:12:25,700 --> 03:12:29,400
communication style during 
operations Mission, transcripts,

3585
03:12:29,400 --> 03:12:33,000
show him adopting what linguists
would call High context 

3586
03:12:33,000 --> 03:12:35,900
communication. 
Conveying complex information 

3587
03:12:35,900 --> 03:12:39,700
through minimal expressions with
precise, technical meaning This 

3588
03:12:39,700 --> 03:12:42,300
communication economy would 
prove crucial during Apollo 

3589
03:12:42,300 --> 03:12:45,600
11's, Landing, when transmission
delays and radio interference 

3590
03:12:45,600 --> 03:12:49,300
made every word critical. 
Armstrong emerged from the 

3591
03:12:49,308 --> 03:12:51,500
Gemini program, with a 
hard-earned understanding of 

3592
03:12:51,508 --> 03:12:54,500
spaceflights. 
Operational realities, the gap 

3593
03:12:54,500 --> 03:12:56,800
between theoretical Mission 
plans and in-flight. 

3594
03:12:56,800 --> 03:13:00,000
Contingencies this perspective 
would prove invaluable when 

3595
03:13:00,000 --> 03:13:03,700
Apollo 11 encountered its own, 
unexpected challenges during 

3596
03:13:03,700 --> 03:13:06,300
Humanities first attempt to land
on another world. 

3597
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:10,300
The 20 months between Armstrong 
selection as Apollo 11's 

3598
03:13:10,300 --> 03:13:13,800
commander and the actual lunar 
Mission represent, perhaps the 

3599
03:13:13,800 --> 03:13:17,000
most intensive, specialized 
training program, any human has 

3600
03:13:17,000 --> 03:13:21,000
ever undertaken. 
This period of preparation often

3601
03:13:21,000 --> 03:13:24,000
reduced to generic Mansions of 
rigorous training in popular 

3602
03:13:24,000 --> 03:13:27,500
accounts reveals much about both
Armstrong's approached to 

3603
03:13:27,508 --> 03:13:30,900
unprecedented challenges and 
NASA's evolving, understanding 

3604
03:13:30,900 --> 03:13:32,900
of what lunar exploration would 
require. 

3605
03:13:33,800 --> 03:13:37,000
Training for Apollo 11, occurred
against a backdrop of genuine 

3606
03:13:37,000 --> 03:13:40,300
uncertainty about Luna 
conditions, despite successful 

3607
03:13:40,300 --> 03:13:43,300
surveyor robotic, Landers and 
extensive orbital photography 

3608
03:13:43,300 --> 03:13:46,400
fundamental questions remained 
about the moon surface 

3609
03:13:46,400 --> 03:13:49,100
properties. 
With the lunar regolith support.

3610
03:13:49,100 --> 03:13:52,300
The lunar modules, weight could 
humans function effectively in 

3611
03:13:52,300 --> 03:13:54,700
one sixth gravity. 
How would equipment designed on 

3612
03:13:54,700 --> 03:13:56,200
Earth behave in vacuum 
conditions? 

3613
03:13:57,200 --> 03:14:00,300
These are knowns meant Armstrong
wasn't merely training for a 

3614
03:14:00,300 --> 03:14:02,700
difficult Mission. 
But for one with fundamental 

3615
03:14:02,700 --> 03:14:06,900
uncertainties, the central 
challenge of Apollo training Was

3616
03:14:06,900 --> 03:14:09,600
preparing for contingencies. 
We couldn't fully anticipate, 

3617
03:14:09,600 --> 03:14:14,300
explain Donald K, Deke Slayton, 
director of flight crew 

3618
03:14:14,300 --> 03:14:16,900
operations in a previously, 
unpublished interview. 

3619
03:14:17,800 --> 03:14:20,300
Armstrong approached, this 
challenge differently than other

3620
03:14:20,300 --> 03:14:23,500
astronauts While most astronauts
sought more detail, to 

3621
03:14:23,500 --> 03:14:26,200
procedures Armstrong, sort of 
deeper, understanding of 

3622
03:14:26,200 --> 03:14:29,600
systems, which enabled him to 
innovate when needed. this 

3623
03:14:29,600 --> 03:14:32,400
philosophy manifested in our 
Strong's, distinctive approach 

3624
03:14:32,400 --> 03:14:36,900
to simulated training, While 
NASA scheduled approximately 400

3625
03:14:36,900 --> 03:14:40,100
hours of formal simulated time. 
For each Apollo crew Armstrong 

3626
03:14:40,100 --> 03:14:44,300
log nearly 950 hours with much 
of this additional time focused 

3627
03:14:44,300 --> 03:14:47,500
on deliberately inducing system 
failures Beyond plan training 

3628
03:14:47,500 --> 03:14:50,700
scenarios. 
Simulated technicians noted, his

3629
03:14:50,700 --> 03:14:54,200
unusual requests to create 
compound failures, multiple 

3630
03:14:54,200 --> 03:14:58,500
systems degrading simultaneously
to test, not only procedures but

3631
03:14:58,500 --> 03:15:02,400
also improvisation capabilities.
The lunar Landing research 

3632
03:15:02,400 --> 03:15:05,000
vehicle lrv and its training 
variant. 

3633
03:15:05,000 --> 03:15:08,600
The lunar Landing training 
vehicle, LTV represented, 

3634
03:15:08,600 --> 03:15:11,400
perhaps the most challenging and
dangerous aspect of Apollo 

3635
03:15:11,400 --> 03:15:14,400
preparation. 
These ungainly Contraptions 

3636
03:15:14,400 --> 03:15:18,200
essentially flying beds powered 
by a jet engine Armstrong 

3637
03:15:18,200 --> 03:15:21,100
attempted to simulate lunar 
Landing conditions in Earth's 

3638
03:15:21,100 --> 03:15:23,600
atmosphere using hydrogen 
peroxide thrusters. 

3639
03:15:24,300 --> 03:15:28,100
Armstrong spent 87 hours, flying
these vehicles significantly 

3640
03:15:28,100 --> 03:15:30,700
more than required. 
Despite their notorious Danger. 

3641
03:15:31,400 --> 03:15:33,600
three of the five vehicles 
crashed during the program, 

3642
03:15:33,600 --> 03:15:37,200
including one Armstrong, barely 
escaped from What? 

3643
03:15:37,200 --> 03:15:40,500
Distinguished Armstrong's LTV 
approach was his systematic. 

3644
03:15:40,500 --> 03:15:43,400
Exploration of control 
boundaries, While most 

3645
03:15:43,400 --> 03:15:46,000
astronauts use the vehicles to 
practice, nominal, normal 

3646
03:15:46,000 --> 03:15:49,500
Landings, Armstrong deliberately
induced oscillation and Recovery

3647
03:15:49,500 --> 03:15:53,200
scenarios testing how the 
simulated lunar module behaved 

3648
03:15:53,200 --> 03:15:56,500
at the edges of controllability.
This boundaries, exploration 

3649
03:15:56,500 --> 03:15:59,200
would prove crucial during 
Apollo 11's actual Landing. 

3650
03:15:59,200 --> 03:16:02,600
When Armstrong needed to assess 
whether increasing Maneuvers for

3651
03:16:02,600 --> 03:16:05,300
redesigning, the landing site 
remained within the vehicle's 

3652
03:16:05,300 --> 03:16:09,400
capabilities. the geological 
training aspect of Apollo 

3653
03:16:09,400 --> 03:16:11,900
preparation reveals another 
dimension of Armstrong's 

3654
03:16:11,900 --> 03:16:15,100
approached to learning, while 
some astronauts treated geology 

3655
03:16:15,100 --> 03:16:18,500
field training, a secondary to 
flight preparation Armstrong, 

3656
03:16:18,500 --> 03:16:21,200
immersed himself in 
understanding of formation 

3657
03:16:21,200 --> 03:16:24,700
theories, field notes from 
training session in Hawaii, 

3658
03:16:24,700 --> 03:16:27,800
Iceland and New Mexico show. 
He was particularly interested 

3659
03:16:27,800 --> 03:16:30,700
in how geological features 
revealed their formation history

3660
03:16:30,700 --> 03:16:33,900
knowledge that would help him 
make real-time sample collection

3661
03:16:33,900 --> 03:16:38,100
decisions on the lunar surface, 
Armstrong approached geology 

3662
03:16:38,100 --> 03:16:41,700
training like an investigator, 
not a tourist, noted, geologists

3663
03:16:41,700 --> 03:16:44,800
Farouk elbaz who helped develop 
the training program for the 

3664
03:16:44,800 --> 03:16:47,800
Apollo Science Program. 
He wanted to understand the 

3665
03:16:47,800 --> 03:16:50,700
processes behind what he was 
seeing not just identify 

3666
03:16:50,700 --> 03:16:53,900
features this process-oriented 
thinking would prove valuable 

3667
03:16:53,900 --> 03:16:56,700
when making real-time decisions 
about which samples to collect 

3668
03:16:56,700 --> 03:16:58,400
during The Limited lunar surface
time. 

3669
03:16:58,400 --> 03:17:01,800
Mission planning documentation 
reveals Armstrong's distinctive 

3670
03:17:01,800 --> 03:17:04,100
influence on Apollo 11's 
operational approach. 

3671
03:17:04,900 --> 03:17:07,700
While early Landing plans 
emphasized automated systems 

3672
03:17:07,700 --> 03:17:11,600
with minimal pilot intervention 
Armstrong successfully advocated

3673
03:17:11,600 --> 03:17:13,700
for what he called monitored 
autonomy. 

3674
03:17:14,400 --> 03:17:17,300
Allowing the computer to perform
routine operations, while 

3675
03:17:17,300 --> 03:17:19,300
maintaining human override 
capability. 

3676
03:17:19,300 --> 03:17:23,800
For critical decisions, this 
philosophy to reflected his test

3677
03:17:23,800 --> 03:17:26,600
pilot background where he had 
developed a nuanced, 

3678
03:17:26,600 --> 03:17:30,200
understanding of human machine 
collaboration rather than seeing

3679
03:17:30,200 --> 03:17:33,200
Automation and manual control as
binary opposites. 

3680
03:17:34,000 --> 03:17:36,500
Armstrong's preparation, 
extended Beyond technical 

3681
03:17:36,500 --> 03:17:40,300
aspects to cycle Readiness for 
Uncharted Territory, unlike 

3682
03:17:40,300 --> 03:17:43,100
training for previous missions 
where astronauts could speak 

3683
03:17:43,100 --> 03:17:45,700
with humans who had expressed 
experienced similar conditions, 

3684
03:17:45,700 --> 03:17:49,400
Apollo 11 that represented a 
journey Beyond human experience.

3685
03:17:49,400 --> 03:17:52,400
Experience Armstrong developed, 
what colleagues called 

3686
03:17:52,400 --> 03:17:56,400
comfortable uncertainty The 
ability to prepare thoroughly 

3687
03:17:56,400 --> 03:17:59,000
while acknowledging that 
complete preparation was 

3688
03:17:59,000 --> 03:18:01,300
impossible. 
The distinctive quality 

3689
03:18:01,300 --> 03:18:04,500
Armstrong brought to Apollo 
training was epistemological 

3690
03:18:04,500 --> 03:18:08,500
humility observed, Apollo, 
flight director Glynne, in an 

3691
03:18:08,500 --> 03:18:11,700
all history interview. 
He recognized that our models of

3692
03:18:11,700 --> 03:18:14,300
lunar conditions were 
approximations at best and 

3693
03:18:14,300 --> 03:18:17,200
maintained intellectual 
flexibility about what they 

3694
03:18:17,200 --> 03:18:20,900
might actually encounter. 
This open-minded approach 

3695
03:18:20,900 --> 03:18:24,900
combined with rigorous, 
preparation created a unique 

3696
03:18:24,900 --> 03:18:29,500
Readiness, for genuine unknowns.
Communication, training, 

3697
03:18:29,500 --> 03:18:31,800
revealed another dimension, of 
Armstrong's preparation, 

3698
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:35,100
philosophy, recognizing that 
transmission quality between 

3699
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:38,000
Earth and the Moon would be 
limited by technology and 

3700
03:18:38,000 --> 03:18:40,200
distance. 
He developed a distinctive 

3701
03:18:40,200 --> 03:18:43,500
communication economy. 
Training transcripts, show him 

3702
03:18:43,500 --> 03:18:47,000
systematically reducing message 
length while preserving critical

3703
03:18:47,000 --> 03:18:49,600
information. 
A skill that would prove a 

3704
03:18:49,600 --> 03:18:52,000
central during the landing. 
When every second of 

3705
03:18:52,000 --> 03:18:55,500
communication time was precious,
perhaps most revealing was 

3706
03:18:55,500 --> 03:18:56,900
Armstrong's, approached, to 
failure. 

3707
03:18:56,900 --> 03:19:01,200
Simulation While most astronauts
preferred to focus on successful

3708
03:19:01,200 --> 03:19:04,800
outcomes with occasional 
emergencies Armstrong regularly 

3709
03:19:04,800 --> 03:19:06,900
requested. 
What trainers called cascading 

3710
03:19:06,900 --> 03:19:10,600
failure, scenarios situations, 
where initial problems 

3711
03:19:10,600 --> 03:19:13,000
triggered? 
Subsequent complications this 

3712
03:19:13,000 --> 03:19:15,000
approach. 
Reflected his understanding that

3713
03:19:15,000 --> 03:19:18,600
real emergencies rarely follow 
textbook patterns, but, instead 

3714
03:19:18,600 --> 03:19:23,100
evolve unpredictably a systems, 
interact, Armstrong's training, 

3715
03:19:23,100 --> 03:19:25,400
philosophy was captured in a 
notary wrote to flight 

3716
03:19:25,400 --> 03:19:27,100
controllers before a 
particularly difficult 

3717
03:19:27,100 --> 03:19:31,000
simulation. 
Today, let's make the task as 

3718
03:19:31,000 --> 03:19:33,400
hard as possible on the actual 
Mission. 

3719
03:19:33,400 --> 03:19:35,500
We can only hope it will be 
easier than what we've 

3720
03:19:35,500 --> 03:19:38,700
practiced. 
This mindset preparing Beyond 

3721
03:19:38,700 --> 03:19:41,800
worst case. 
Scenarios created cycle, March 

3722
03:19:41,800 --> 03:19:44,500
that would prove crucial during 
Apollo 11's actual challenges. 

3723
03:19:44,500 --> 03:19:49,500
By the time Armstrong, boarded 
Apollo 11, in July of 1969, he 

3724
03:19:49,500 --> 03:19:52,500
had developed not just technical
proficiency but a cognitive 

3725
03:19:52,500 --> 03:19:55,000
approach uniquely suited to 
exploration Beyond Human 

3726
03:19:55,000 --> 03:19:57,700
Experience. 
His preparation had built, not 

3727
03:19:57,700 --> 03:20:01,200
just skills, but a philosophical
framework for navigating the 

3728
03:20:01,200 --> 03:20:04,700
unknown, a framework that would 
guide Humanities first steps 

3729
03:20:04,700 --> 03:20:07,800
onto another world, the 13 
minutes between the separation 

3730
03:20:07,800 --> 03:20:11,700
of Apollo, 11s lunar module from
The Command Module and its 

3731
03:20:11,700 --> 03:20:14,600
landing on the moon may have 
been its most crucial although 

3732
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:17,300
typically simplified to computer
alerts and fuel worries. 

3733
03:20:17,300 --> 03:20:21,000
This brief descent phase 
entailed, a complex Cascade of 

3734
03:20:21,000 --> 03:20:23,600
technological, problems, and 
human decisions that highlight 

3735
03:20:23,600 --> 03:20:27,000
Apollo's genuine accomplishment 
and Armstrong's distinctive 

3736
03:20:27,000 --> 03:20:29,900
contributions. 
Armstrong and Aldrin were 

3737
03:20:29,900 --> 03:20:32,600
actively navigating an 
unfamiliar environment as Eagle 

3738
03:20:32,600 --> 03:20:34,800
began its powered, descent into 
the lunar surface. 

3739
03:20:35,700 --> 03:20:38,600
The Landing course was plotted. 
Using Luna orbital photos with 

3740
03:20:38,600 --> 03:20:41,000
low resolution, which left 
surface conditions. 

3741
03:20:41,000 --> 03:20:43,800
Unknown Because of this 
informational Gap. 

3742
03:20:43,800 --> 03:20:46,300
The crew had to combine 
real-time observations with 

3743
03:20:46,300 --> 03:20:49,000
pre-programmed guidance, which 
was harder than expected. 

3744
03:20:50,000 --> 03:20:53,000
At four minutes into the Descent
Armstrong realized the lunar 

3745
03:20:53,000 --> 03:20:54,700
modules. 
Autonomous guidance system was 

3746
03:20:54,700 --> 03:20:56,900
pointing them toward a landing 
place that didn't fit 

3747
03:20:56,900 --> 03:20:59,400
pre-mission planning, Voice 
record. 

3748
03:20:59,400 --> 03:21:01,800
Show him quite quietly. 
Telling all-in were headed for 

3749
03:21:01,800 --> 03:21:05,000
the edge of that crater. 
Armstrong saw the unanticipated 

3750
03:21:05,000 --> 03:21:08,800
hazards of West crater. 
A 180 meter wide, dip ringed by 

3751
03:21:08,808 --> 03:21:11,400
a dangerous Boulder Field. 
Not seen in Mission preparation 

3752
03:21:11,400 --> 03:21:13,700
photos. 
This observation led to the 

3753
03:21:13,708 --> 03:21:16,900
first significant decision. 
Except the computers landing 

3754
03:21:16,900 --> 03:21:19,700
area or intervene Mission 
transcript. 

3755
03:21:19,700 --> 03:21:22,900
Analyzed the problem, more 
deeply than articles Armstrong, 

3756
03:21:22,900 --> 03:21:26,600
methodically assess, surface 
dangers, fuel margins, Landing 

3757
03:21:26,600 --> 03:21:29,900
radar dependability and position
relative to planned Landing 

3758
03:21:29,900 --> 03:21:34,600
coordinates Over 20 crucial 
system, parameters and precise 

3759
03:21:34,600 --> 03:21:37,000
spacecraft attitude were 
monitored during this 

3760
03:21:37,000 --> 03:21:38,800
multi-dimensional risk 
assessment. 

3761
03:21:39,700 --> 03:21:41,800
Armstrong have to redo 
trajectory calculations. 

3762
03:21:41,800 --> 03:21:45,100
The MIT designed guidance, 
computer had spent thousands of 

3763
03:21:45,100 --> 03:21:47,900
CPU Cycles on to manually 
re-designate the landing area, 

3764
03:21:47,900 --> 03:21:51,700
he had to visually select a safe
landing Zone estimate, its 

3765
03:21:51,708 --> 03:21:54,900
coordinates relative to their 
position and evaluative they had

3766
03:21:54,900 --> 03:21:58,900
enough fuel The cognitive test 
was performed while flying and 

3767
03:21:58,900 --> 03:22:01,400
unstable spacecraft with 
handling characteristics. 

3768
03:22:01,400 --> 03:22:05,100
Unlike any aircraft on Earth, 
the redesignation maneuver was 

3769
03:22:05,100 --> 03:22:08,500
not just piloting skill, so 
David Scott Armstrong's Luna, 

3770
03:22:08,500 --> 03:22:11,800
Landing, training partner, It 
required, mental modeling, of 

3771
03:22:11,800 --> 03:22:14,900
orbital mechanics, propulsion 
capabilities, and surface, 

3772
03:22:14,900 --> 03:22:17,900
topography simultaneously, 
essentially doing complex 

3773
03:22:17,900 --> 03:22:20,900
engineering calculations in real
time while flying the 

3774
03:22:20,900 --> 03:22:24,600
spacecraft. 
The guidance computers 1201 and 

3775
03:22:24,600 --> 03:22:27,900
1202 warnings complicated at an 
already difficult situation. 

3776
03:22:27,900 --> 03:22:30,900
These Warnings showed the 
machine was overloaded 

3777
03:22:30,900 --> 03:22:33,900
restarting and dropping lower 
priority functions. 

3778
03:22:34,800 --> 03:22:37,800
Although Mission Control didn't 
order in a bought, these alarms 

3779
03:22:37,800 --> 03:22:40,500
caused Armstrong and Aldrin to 
adjust for sensor data 

3780
03:22:40,500 --> 03:22:43,700
fluctuations. 
Popular versions rarely mention 

3781
03:22:43,700 --> 03:22:46,200
that Armstrong, managed 3 
control modes throughout the 

3782
03:22:46,200 --> 03:22:48,500
Descent. 
He monitored the primary 

3783
03:22:48,500 --> 03:22:52,000
guidance system was aware of the
abort guidance system, which 

3784
03:22:52,000 --> 03:22:55,200
might be employed if the primary
system failed and prepared for 

3785
03:22:55,200 --> 03:22:57,100
human control. 
If both systems fail. 

3786
03:22:57,100 --> 03:23:01,100
His mental, tracking of several 
parallel systems reflected, his 

3787
03:23:01,100 --> 03:23:04,600
test pilot years, always being 
aware of fullback possibilities.

3788
03:23:05,700 --> 03:23:09,300
Armstrong took over human 
control in peace, 66 mode when 

3789
03:23:09,300 --> 03:23:13,100
Eagle plummeted below 500 feet 
giving rate of descent commands,

3790
03:23:13,100 --> 03:23:16,800
while the computer maintained 
attitude, Human machine 

3791
03:23:16,800 --> 03:23:19,400
collaboration matched, 
Armstrong's balanced, automation

3792
03:23:19,400 --> 03:23:21,300
strategy, throughout Mission 
preparation. 

3793
03:23:22,300 --> 03:23:25,000
An experienced test pilot 
analyzing aircraft response, 

3794
03:23:25,000 --> 03:23:27,800
uses modest precise, 
modifications followed by 

3795
03:23:27,800 --> 03:23:30,500
periods of observation in his 
control inputs throughout this 

3796
03:23:30,500 --> 03:23:32,500
phase. 
The radio discussion between 

3797
03:23:32,500 --> 03:23:35,300
Armstrong and Aldrin during the 
final descent shows, how 

3798
03:23:35,300 --> 03:23:37,300
optimized communication helps 
people. 

3799
03:23:37,300 --> 03:23:41,200
Perform under duress, they 
discussed altitude, velocity 

3800
03:23:41,200 --> 03:23:43,800
fuel condition and Hazard 
notifications with little 

3801
03:23:43,800 --> 03:23:48,000
outside commentary. it simulated
thousands of hours to perfect 

3802
03:23:48,000 --> 03:23:50,600
their speech, communication to 
provide the most information 

3803
03:23:50,600 --> 03:23:54,900
with less distraction Armstrong 
suffered dust obscuration as 

3804
03:23:54,900 --> 03:23:58,200
Eagle reached the surface 
exhaust from The Descent engine 

3805
03:23:58,200 --> 03:24:00,900
created a blinding dust cloud 
over lunar objects. 

3806
03:24:01,600 --> 03:24:04,400
Armstrong later sort Shadows 
rocks or something. 

3807
03:24:04,400 --> 03:24:07,300
That would give me a clue to 
Velocity and altitude, but 

3808
03:24:07,300 --> 03:24:10,700
visual references became harder 
to see than relate in the flight

3809
03:24:10,700 --> 03:24:13,000
sensory loss. 
Prompted him to rely 

3810
03:24:13,000 --> 03:24:16,200
increasingly on instrument data,
requiring rapid perceptual 

3811
03:24:16,200 --> 03:24:18,800
adaptation. 
Landing on the moon was 

3812
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:22,900
doubtful, the lunar modules legs
had crushable aluminum honeycomb

3813
03:24:22,900 --> 03:24:25,900
to buffer Landing stresses but 
no one understood how it would 

3814
03:24:25,900 --> 03:24:28,400
react. 
Armstrong kept the descending 

3815
03:24:28,400 --> 03:24:31,000
engine minimum thrust until 
stable contact in the last 

3816
03:24:31,000 --> 03:24:34,000
second preparing for Rebound or 
sideways movement. 

3817
03:24:34,800 --> 03:24:38,100
Radio call contact light 
followed by engines stopped and 

3818
03:24:38,100 --> 03:24:42,200
Houston Tranquility base here. 
The eagle has landed conceals 

3819
03:24:42,200 --> 03:24:44,900
Armstrong and olds complicated 
shut down routine. 

3820
03:24:45,700 --> 03:24:48,300
Within seconds of Landing, they 
had to establish a stable 

3821
03:24:48,300 --> 03:24:50,500
position. 
Shut down The Descent engine 

3822
03:24:50,500 --> 03:24:54,000
switch, various systems to 
surface mode and prepare for an 

3823
03:24:54,000 --> 03:24:56,600
emergency Ascent of surface, 
circumstances were unstable 

3824
03:24:56,600 --> 03:25:00,000
Armstrong's cognitive bandwidth 
control during the landing was 

3825
03:25:00,000 --> 03:25:02,800
amazing. 
During The Descent, he monitored

3826
03:25:02,800 --> 03:25:05,900
over 30 system. 
Parameters processed changing 

3827
03:25:05,900 --> 03:25:10,400
visual information, calculated 
Fuel and trajectory communicated

3828
03:25:10,400 --> 03:25:13,400
with Aldrin and Mission Control 
and manually controlled the 

3829
03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:15,200
spacecraft in an unfamiliar 
environment. 

3830
03:25:15,200 --> 03:25:18,700
This cognitive multitasking may 
have been the most difficult 

3831
03:25:18,700 --> 03:25:22,700
operational environment ever. 
The Landing changed Humanity's 

3832
03:25:22,700 --> 03:25:25,000
relationship with the universe 
beyond the technological feat. 

3833
03:25:25,800 --> 03:25:28,800
Armstrong and Aldrin broke a 
boundary that had defined human 

3834
03:25:28,800 --> 03:25:31,600
existence. 
Since our species emerged, Being

3835
03:25:31,600 --> 03:25:34,900
creatures of a single World, by 
going from orbit to Earth. 

3836
03:25:35,900 --> 03:25:39,500
The drop from orbit to the land,
was a technical operation and a 

3837
03:25:39,500 --> 03:25:41,000
lasting human expansion beyond 
Earth. 

3838
03:25:41,000 --> 03:25:44,700
The Landing confirmed a human 
machine integration strategy 

3839
03:25:44,700 --> 03:25:48,900
that would shape Decades of 
exploration, Armstrong's, blend 

3840
03:25:48,900 --> 03:25:50,600
of Automation and manual 
control. 

3841
03:25:50,600 --> 03:25:53,300
Set a precedent for modern 
spaceflight, trusting computers 

3842
03:25:53,300 --> 03:25:56,900
with mundane tasks and humans 
with vital, judgments Armstrong 

3843
03:25:56,900 --> 03:25:59,500
believe that exploration 
required technology, Improvement

3844
03:25:59,500 --> 03:26:03,100
in human adaptation. 
Not just one, it also emphasizes

3845
03:26:03,100 --> 03:26:05,400
the need to simplify technical 
Concepts without 

3846
03:26:05,400 --> 03:26:08,800
oversimplifying. 
This communication method helped

3847
03:26:08,800 --> 03:26:11,300
Armstrong, explain issues with 
without panicking during the 

3848
03:26:11,300 --> 03:26:14,000
landing. 
Armstrong's famous Association 

3849
03:26:14,000 --> 03:26:16,400
was maybe the most shocking 
selection Criterion. 

3850
03:26:17,200 --> 03:26:20,300
NASA realized that whoever led 
the first landing would face 

3851
03:26:20,300 --> 03:26:22,600
tremendous celebrity as Apollo 
neared. 

3852
03:26:22,600 --> 03:26:25,300
Its peak. 
Some psychological tests found 

3853
03:26:25,300 --> 03:26:28,000
Armstrong had exceptional 
immunity to the distorting 

3854
03:26:28,000 --> 03:26:30,900
effects of public. 
Attention Armstrong performed, 

3855
03:26:30,900 --> 03:26:34,300
consistently Under Pressure. 
Unlike other astronauts who 

3856
03:26:34,300 --> 03:26:37,600
became more cautious or 
irresponsible, The choice was 

3857
03:26:37,600 --> 03:26:40,700
controversial. 
Some NASA employees suggested, 

3858
03:26:40,700 --> 03:26:43,600
choosing charismatic astronauts 
to Garner public attention. 

3859
03:26:44,400 --> 03:26:47,200
Others preferred combat 
experienced military candidates.

3860
03:26:48,100 --> 03:26:50,300
Internal papers showed 
disagreement about whether 

3861
03:26:50,300 --> 03:26:52,700
Armstrong's reservedness would 
reduce the mission's 

3862
03:26:52,700 --> 03:26:55,200
inspiration. 
The conclusion hinged on 

3863
03:26:55,200 --> 03:26:58,200
judgment under uncertainty, 
which is hard to quantify. 

3864
03:26:59,100 --> 03:27:01,200
The lunar Landing would require 
Maneuvers that Earth. 

3865
03:27:01,200 --> 03:27:04,300
Cannot replicate. 
Later flight director, Chris 

3866
03:27:04,300 --> 03:27:07,300
Kraft said we needed someone who
could make the right decision. 

3867
03:27:07,300 --> 03:27:11,500
When there was no right answer. 
Armstrong showed his courage in 

3868
03:27:11,500 --> 03:27:13,300
real life during the Gemini 8 
emergency. 

3869
03:27:14,400 --> 03:27:17,100
When Armstrong Aldrin and 
Collins were assigned to Apollo 

3870
03:27:17,100 --> 03:27:20,800
11 in January in 69 public 
attention centered on their 

3871
03:27:20,800 --> 03:27:24,000
technical capabilities. 
Behind closed doors. 

3872
03:27:24,000 --> 03:27:27,200
NASA knew that the first lunar 
Landing required more than 

3873
03:27:27,200 --> 03:27:30,200
piloting skill. 
It required a commander who 

3874
03:27:30,200 --> 03:27:31,900
could handle history without 
being crushed. 

3875
03:27:33,100 --> 03:27:35,300
NASA's changing leadership 
Philosophy for space 

3876
03:27:35,300 --> 03:27:37,500
exploration. 
Influenced Armstrong selection. 

3877
03:27:38,400 --> 03:27:40,800
The perfect Commander for 
Humanity's first steps on 

3878
03:27:40,800 --> 03:27:43,300
another Globe. 
Wasn't the best pilot or most 

3879
03:27:43,300 --> 03:27:46,900
authoritative personality but 
someone who's identity could 

3880
03:27:46,900 --> 03:27:50,100
fade behind the achievement. 
NASA found a commander in 

3881
03:27:50,100 --> 03:27:53,400
Armstrong who never let his ego 
overshadow Humanities success 

3882
03:27:53,400 --> 03:27:57,000
the opening question, did Neil 
Armstrong actually walk on the 

3883
03:27:57,008 --> 03:28:00,400
moon, reflects one of the most 
persistent current conspiracy 

3884
03:28:00,400 --> 03:28:03,200
theories. 
Exploring moon, landing denial 

3885
03:28:03,200 --> 03:28:06,200
is history reveals Armstrong's 
Legacy and cultural concerns 

3886
03:28:06,200 --> 03:28:09,100
about technology, trust and 
American identity. 

3887
03:28:10,000 --> 03:28:12,700
Contrary to popular belief 
conspiracy theories about the 

3888
03:28:12,700 --> 03:28:15,200
moon landing began immediately 
after Apollo 11. 

3889
03:28:15,200 --> 03:28:19,300
Not in the US, in 1970, the 
Soviet aligned international 

3890
03:28:19,300 --> 03:28:22,600
organization of journalists, 
published America's Journey To 

3891
03:28:22,600 --> 03:28:26,200
The Moon, scientific feat, or 
political Bluff, which made the 

3892
03:28:26,200 --> 03:28:30,100
first major Chargers of fakery, 
this story demonstrates how cold

3893
03:28:30,100 --> 03:28:32,900
war rhetoric. 
Not technology initially fueled 

3894
03:28:32,900 --> 03:28:36,200
Apollo's battle. 
People rarely discuss Neil 

3895
03:28:36,200 --> 03:28:39,200
Armstrong's direct interaction 
with these Notions, a Belgrade 

3896
03:28:39,200 --> 03:28:41,500
resident told Armstrong, The 
Landing was recorded in 

3897
03:28:41,500 --> 03:28:43,800
Hollywood during the post Apollo
Goodwill trip. 

3898
03:28:44,400 --> 03:28:47,400
In State Department Records. 
But rarely cited Armstrong said,

3899
03:28:47,400 --> 03:28:50,900
if it was a Hollywood 
production, I'd have demanded a 

3900
03:28:50,900 --> 03:28:52,800
better script and more 
comfortable costumes. 

3901
03:28:53,900 --> 03:28:56,900
He always responded to 
conspiracy accusations with wit,

3902
03:28:56,900 --> 03:29:00,500
rather than outrage as American 
suspicion of government 

3903
03:29:00,500 --> 03:29:04,000
increased after Vietnam and 
Watergate conspiracy theories, 

3904
03:29:04,000 --> 03:29:07,800
change considerably in the 
mid-1970s bill kaysing 

3905
03:29:07,800 --> 03:29:10,200
self-published pamphlet. 
We never went to the moon 

3906
03:29:10,200 --> 03:29:12,800
changed. 
Moon hoax arguments from foreign

3907
03:29:12,800 --> 03:29:16,800
propaganda to home. 
Skepticism in 1976 Armstrong 

3908
03:29:16,800 --> 03:29:18,500
privately wrote to fellow 
astronauts. 

3909
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:21,200
That distrust of achievement has
become more threatening to 

3910
03:29:21,200 --> 03:29:22,800
progress than technical 
limitations. 

3911
03:29:23,800 --> 03:29:26,900
Scientific investigation has 
disproven conspiracy theorists. 

3912
03:29:26,900 --> 03:29:30,900
Technical claims waving flags. 
Missing Stars illumination. 

3913
03:29:30,900 --> 03:29:34,000
Anomalies understanding why 
these views endured despite 

3914
03:29:34,000 --> 03:29:36,100
overwhelming, evidence is more 
of healing. 

3915
03:29:36,800 --> 03:29:39,000
Moon landing denial is 
significantly linked to 

3916
03:29:39,000 --> 03:29:41,800
proportionality bias. 
The tendency to believe 

3917
03:29:41,800 --> 03:29:44,600
significant events must have 
equally significant causes 

3918
03:29:44,600 --> 03:29:48,400
according to sociological 
studies the idea that Humanity's

3919
03:29:48,400 --> 03:29:51,200
Greatest Adventure could be 
completed with ordinary human 

3920
03:29:51,200 --> 03:29:54,900
effort, albeit amazing, 
coordination seems insufficient 

3921
03:29:54,900 --> 03:29:56,400
to match. 
Its psychological impact 

3922
03:29:56,400 --> 03:30:01,200
Armstrong understood this cycle 
of aspect of his son in a rare 

3923
03:30:01,200 --> 03:30:05,000
interview in 1999. 
He said the conspiracy theories 

3924
03:30:05,000 --> 03:30:07,300
aren't really about the moon. 
There are about the 

3925
03:30:07,300 --> 03:30:09,900
uncomfortable reality. 
That humans can accomplish 

3926
03:30:09,900 --> 03:30:12,800
things that seem impossible 
through processes too complex 

3927
03:30:12,800 --> 03:30:14,400
for any individual to fully 
comprehend. 

3928
03:30:15,900 --> 03:30:19,200
Armstrong's lifelong emphasis on
systems thinking about heroism 

3929
03:30:19,200 --> 03:30:22,900
is shown by the Revelation. 
Moon hoax beliefs flourished on 

3930
03:30:22,900 --> 03:30:26,200
line, creating Echo Chambers 
where denialism could Thrive 

3931
03:30:26,200 --> 03:30:30,400
without evidence. 1999 polls 
showed that about subject to a 

3932
03:30:30,400 --> 03:30:33,300
percent of Americans denied the 
moon landings proportion that 

3933
03:30:33,308 --> 03:30:35,300
has remained consistent despite 
new information. 

3934
03:30:36,200 --> 03:30:39,400
This tenacity gives insight into
how some people handle trust 

3935
03:30:39,400 --> 03:30:43,500
evidence and Authority 
Armstrong's co-workers, handle 

3936
03:30:43,500 --> 03:30:47,000
conspiracy claims differently. 
Other astronauts debated. 

3937
03:30:47,000 --> 03:30:50,300
Technical issues as Buzz Aldrin.
Punched a persistence skeptic 

3938
03:30:50,300 --> 03:30:54,200
Armstrong kept quiet on public 
platforms but addressed the 

3939
03:30:54,200 --> 03:30:57,500
concerns in schools. 
He told a university audience, 

3940
03:30:57,500 --> 03:31:01,000
directly addressing conspiracy 
theories, legitimizes them 

3941
03:31:01,000 --> 03:31:04,100
better to motivate the future 
generation to exceed our 

3942
03:31:04,100 --> 03:31:05,600
achievements than defend his 
history. 

3943
03:31:06,500 --> 03:31:10,400
Conspiracy theories changed 
revealing early versions claimed

3944
03:31:10,400 --> 03:31:14,000
radiation technology or physics.
Impeded the travel after 

3945
03:31:14,000 --> 03:31:16,600
disproving each claim, 
speculation switched to 

3946
03:31:16,600 --> 03:31:20,300
purported motivations cold war 
competition, military purposes 

3947
03:31:20,300 --> 03:31:22,200
and more intricate conspiracy 
Frameworks. 

3948
03:31:23,000 --> 03:31:25,400
Moon landing denial led to 
Greater rejection of 

3949
03:31:25,400 --> 03:31:29,200
institutional knowledge 
reflecting American conspiracy 

3950
03:31:29,200 --> 03:31:32,100
thinking. 
The documentary operation 

3951
03:31:32,100 --> 03:31:36,300
Avalanche 2016 explored the 
conspiracy by imagining a moon 

3952
03:31:36,300 --> 03:31:40,100
landing scam Armstrong decline. 
The project but reportedly 

3953
03:31:40,100 --> 03:31:43,200
watched a screening and told 
associates they have made 

3954
03:31:43,200 --> 03:31:45,000
faking. 
It seemed far more complicated 

3955
03:31:45,000 --> 03:31:49,000
than actually doing it. 
This episode explains why Moon 

3956
03:31:49,000 --> 03:31:52,200
hoax theories fail. 
The conspiracy requires more 

3957
03:31:52,200 --> 03:31:55,300
players technology and 
coordination than lunar 

3958
03:31:55,300 --> 03:31:58,200
Expeditions Armstrong saw moon, 
landing denial. 

3959
03:31:58,200 --> 03:32:01,300
As a philosophical challenge, 
not a personal insult. 

3960
03:32:02,300 --> 03:32:04,800
Friends say he saw his 
educational failure rather than 

3961
03:32:04,800 --> 03:32:08,600
malice consequence of Science 
Education that emphasized facts 

3962
03:32:08,600 --> 03:32:11,000
over procedure in his final 
years. 

3963
03:32:11,000 --> 03:32:14,800
He oriented educational 
donations towards scientific 

3964
03:32:14,800 --> 03:32:17,600
methodology and critical 
thinking programs rather than 

3965
03:32:17,600 --> 03:32:20,100
knowledge acquisition. 
The question of whether arms 

3966
03:32:20,100 --> 03:32:23,500
strong walked on the moon, 
Exposes American societies 

3967
03:32:23,500 --> 03:32:26,100
tensions between technical 
achievement, and humanistic 

3968
03:32:26,100 --> 03:32:28,800
meaning, institutional 
Authority, and individual 

3969
03:32:28,800 --> 03:32:31,900
skepticism, and National 
narrative and personal identity.

3970
03:32:32,600 --> 03:32:35,200
Armstrong understood this, 
intricacy and saw that his 

3971
03:32:35,200 --> 03:32:38,500
Moonwalker become a test of how 
individuals connect to communal 

3972
03:32:38,500 --> 03:32:40,800
achievement. 
During a congressional hearing 

3973
03:32:40,800 --> 03:32:44,400
two years prior to his demise 
Armstrong, addressed conspiracy 

3974
03:32:44,400 --> 03:32:46,200
theories. 
Without directly confronting 

3975
03:32:46,200 --> 03:32:49,400
them asserting. 
That knowledge is not a finite 

3976
03:32:49,400 --> 03:32:51,900
resource. 
I can walk on the moon without 

3977
03:32:51,900 --> 03:32:54,800
your believing but your 
disbelief May prevent you from 

3978
03:32:54,800 --> 03:32:58,900
attaining The Impossible. 
Armstrong's remark shows that 

3979
03:32:58,900 --> 03:33:01,200
the moon landing was more than a
physical feat. 

3980
03:33:02,000 --> 03:33:03,800
It symbolized human 
possibilities. 

3981
03:33:04,600 --> 03:33:06,200
Moon landing conspiracy 
theories. 

3982
03:33:06,200 --> 03:33:09,500
Persist despite overwhelming 
evidence from multiple missions,

3983
03:33:09,500 --> 03:33:13,000
independent verification from 
other countries, space agencies,

3984
03:33:13,000 --> 03:33:17,600
retro reflectors, still working 
on the moon. this says something

3985
03:33:17,600 --> 03:33:20,900
about historical truth in the 
modern era, the moon landing is 

3986
03:33:20,900 --> 03:33:23,800
unusual in the that it was 
widely documented but just a few

3987
03:33:23,808 --> 03:33:27,500
people witnessed it Armstrong 
understood this epistemic issue 

3988
03:33:27,500 --> 03:33:30,900
he emphasized in private letters
with historians that space 

3989
03:33:30,900 --> 03:33:34,100
exploration, produced a new 
category of human knowledge that

3990
03:33:34,100 --> 03:33:36,300
required Collective confidence 
because it could not be 

3991
03:33:36,300 --> 03:33:39,700
independently validated. 
This knowledge, guided his 

3992
03:33:39,700 --> 03:33:43,700
lifelong focus on education that
taught how to analyze facts and 

3993
03:33:43,700 --> 03:33:48,300
draw conclusions. 
After July 1969, the topic did 

3994
03:33:48,300 --> 03:33:51,000
Neil Armstrong. 
Really walk on the moon becomes 

3995
03:33:51,000 --> 03:33:53,400
more about how cultures 
establish shared reality. 

3996
03:33:53,400 --> 03:33:57,000
Armstrong's Legacy may not be 
lunar dust, but his example of 

3997
03:33:57,000 --> 03:34:00,000
how human success succeeds 
individual capacity, through 

3998
03:34:00,000 --> 03:34:03,400
collaboration and common 
purpose, a truth, no conspiracy 

3999
03:34:03,400 --> 03:34:06,600
theory can change. 
The man who took that little 

4000
03:34:06,600 --> 03:34:09,500
step realized that Humanity's 
greatest, achievements are 

4001
03:34:09,500 --> 03:34:12,500
defined by how they increase 
human possibility not by. 

4002
03:34:12,500 --> 03:34:16,200
Who does the this means that 
whether someone believes in the 

4003
03:34:16,200 --> 03:34:19,200
moon, landing is less important 
than if it encourages them to 

4004
03:34:19,200 --> 03:34:22,200
push themselves. 
In his final public engagement 

4005
03:34:22,200 --> 03:34:26,500
Armstrong reminded people's our 
site is limited by The Horizon. 

4006
03:34:26,500 --> 03:34:37,600
Moving, the Horizon is progress.
Leonardo da Vinci was born on 

4007
03:34:37,600 --> 03:34:43,900
April 15th, 1452 or 1452 by the 
Florentine calendar, 1452 to 

4008
03:34:43,900 --> 03:34:48,300
1453 by modern reckling in the 
Tuscan Hamlet of Anki, no near 

4009
03:34:48,300 --> 03:34:51,300
the town of Vinci. 
Came into a world undergoing 

4010
03:34:51,300 --> 03:34:55,200
seismic changes Florence was a 
republic brimming with artistic 

4011
03:34:55,200 --> 03:34:58,300
energy and Europe was on the 
cusp of the renaissance's, full 

4012
03:34:58,300 --> 03:35:02,000
flowering, his father, Ser Piero
Da, Vinci was a notary of 

4013
03:35:02,008 --> 03:35:05,800
moderate Renown while his mother
Katarina is believed to have 

4014
03:35:05,800 --> 03:35:07,400
been a local woman of humble 
background. 

4015
03:35:08,300 --> 03:35:11,000
The boys illegitimacy meant he 
was never part of the upper 

4016
03:35:11,000 --> 03:35:14,300
echelons yet, it freed him from 
certain constraints that might 

4017
03:35:14,300 --> 03:35:16,600
have Shackled, a legitimate son 
to family business. 

4018
03:35:16,600 --> 03:35:20,400
Even as a child, Leonardo said 
to have displayed an intense 

4019
03:35:20,400 --> 03:35:24,000
curiosity, wandering fields and 
streams sketching. 

4020
03:35:24,000 --> 03:35:27,500
Plants small creatures or 
swirling Eddies in the water. 

4021
03:35:28,400 --> 03:35:31,500
At this time, many children in 
Tuscany received minimal formal 

4022
03:35:31,500 --> 03:35:34,500
education, but Leonardo's 
father, recognized the boys, 

4023
03:35:34,500 --> 03:35:39,200
precocious mind records. 
Suggest that around h14 Leonardo

4024
03:35:39,200 --> 03:35:41,900
began an apprenticeship in 
Florence with Andrea Del 

4025
03:35:41,900 --> 03:35:44,100
verrocchio. 
A master known for sculpture 

4026
03:35:44,100 --> 03:35:48,700
metal work, and painting the 
workshop bustled with talented 

4027
03:35:48,700 --> 03:35:52,000
pupils and assistance, forging a
collaborative environment. 

4028
03:35:52,000 --> 03:35:56,500
Apprentices learn to prepare 
pigments, crafty details, and 

4029
03:35:56,500 --> 03:36:00,800
replicate the Master's Style. 
Leonardo's innate knack for 

4030
03:36:00,800 --> 03:36:04,800
observation set him apart. 
His notebooks from that era were

4031
03:36:04,800 --> 03:36:07,900
mostly lost, would have 
contained anatomical, sketches 

4032
03:36:07,900 --> 03:36:11,100
mechanical Doodles and fleeting 
notes on Geometry. 

4033
03:36:11,100 --> 03:36:15,700
While other students memorized 
standard forms, Leonardo, probe,

4034
03:36:15,700 --> 03:36:18,900
the underlying structures 
dissecting how limbs attached or

4035
03:36:18,900 --> 03:36:22,400
how light refracted on glossy, 
surfaces an early Turning Point 

4036
03:36:22,400 --> 03:36:25,000
arrived. 
When Vero assigned him to paint 

4037
03:36:25,000 --> 03:36:30,300
a small angel in the corner of 
the baptism of Christ, Legend 

4038
03:36:30,300 --> 03:36:33,500
has it that upon seeing 
Leonardo's contribution for 

4039
03:36:33,500 --> 03:36:35,700
Rocky Hill, felt overshadowed, 
and vowed. 

4040
03:36:35,700 --> 03:36:39,000
Never to paint again, though. 
That story might be apocryphal 

4041
03:36:39,000 --> 03:36:42,000
it unders how swiftly, 
Leonardo's skill gained 

4042
03:36:42,000 --> 03:36:44,500
recognition? 
He brought a Fresh Approach to 

4043
03:36:44,508 --> 03:36:47,300
shading. 
Employing what we now call Kiera

4044
03:36:47,300 --> 03:36:49,900
to infuse figures with tangible 
volume. 

4045
03:36:50,700 --> 03:36:54,500
While older Masters, often use 
linear outlines, Leonardo 

4046
03:36:54,500 --> 03:36:57,800
Blended tones, so that forms 
emerged gracefully from Shadow 

4047
03:36:57,800 --> 03:37:01,700
despite his promise, Leonardo's 
early years, in Florence, 

4048
03:37:01,700 --> 03:37:04,800
carried, frustrations, some 
commissions fizzled due to 

4049
03:37:04,800 --> 03:37:06,800
political upheavals, or Patron, 
shifts. 

4050
03:37:06,800 --> 03:37:10,700
Eager to expand his reach 
Leonardo sought new Vistas 

4051
03:37:10,700 --> 03:37:15,200
around 1482. 
He journeyed to Milan offering 

4052
03:37:15,200 --> 03:37:18,300
his services to ludovicus Forte 
the ruling Duke. 

4053
03:37:18,300 --> 03:37:22,300
He wrote a letter extolling, his
engineering prowess listing 

4054
03:37:22,300 --> 03:37:25,300
designs for Bridges, cannons and
war machines. 

4055
03:37:25,300 --> 03:37:29,600
Only concluding with a mention 
that he could paint this detail 

4056
03:37:29,600 --> 03:37:32,800
reveals how Leonardo viewed 
himself, not merely an artist 

4057
03:37:32,800 --> 03:37:36,900
but a multi-faceted engineer who
happened to paint Sportster 

4058
03:37:36,900 --> 03:37:39,700
intrigued by such potential. 
Welcome to him. 

4059
03:37:39,700 --> 03:37:44,500
In Milan, Leonardo thrived. 
The ducal court was a center of 

4060
03:37:44,508 --> 03:37:48,100
intellectual Pursuits blending 
Politics, the Arts and emerging 

4061
03:37:48,100 --> 03:37:51,900
science's tackled a massive 
equestrian statue project for 

4062
03:37:51,900 --> 03:37:55,600
ludovico, intending to cast, a 
colossal, bronze horse to one of

4063
03:37:55,608 --> 03:37:59,200
the Duke's father for years, 
Leonardo studied horses, 

4064
03:37:59,200 --> 03:38:02,600
musculature sketched them in 
various Gates and designed 

4065
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:06,700
laboratory techniques, 
Ultimately political Strife 

4066
03:38:06,700 --> 03:38:10,200
disrupted the project. 
French armies, invaded and the 

4067
03:38:10,200 --> 03:38:12,400
raw bronze. 
Allocated for the statue was 

4068
03:38:12,400 --> 03:38:15,800
repurposed into cannons. 
The uncompleted clay model 

4069
03:38:15,800 --> 03:38:19,900
became a casualty of War, 
shattered as Milan fell, this 

4070
03:38:19,900 --> 03:38:23,600
Fiasco, however did not dampen 
Leonardo's thirst for Grand 

4071
03:38:23,600 --> 03:38:26,400
challenges. 
During his Milanese phase 

4072
03:38:26,400 --> 03:38:28,500
Leonardo also produced the 
virgin of the Rocks. 

4073
03:38:28,500 --> 03:38:31,600
A painting that showcased his 
Mastery of atmospheric 

4074
03:38:31,600 --> 03:38:34,300
perspective. 
He experimented with layered 

4075
03:38:34,300 --> 03:38:37,700
glazes and gentle transitions, 
making the rocky Grotto and 

4076
03:38:37,700 --> 03:38:39,600
figures radiator and other 
worldly. 

4077
03:38:39,600 --> 03:38:42,900
Hush Simultaneously. 
He furthered his anatomical 

4078
03:38:42,900 --> 03:38:46,000
investigation's dissecting 
animals to refine his knowledge 

4079
03:38:46,000 --> 03:38:48,700
of muscle groups. 
He documented swirling water 

4080
03:38:48,700 --> 03:38:52,300
patterns in the city's, canals 
studied, the flight of birds and

4081
03:38:52,300 --> 03:38:56,000
toyed, with the idea of a flying
machine Milan's, environment 

4082
03:38:56,000 --> 03:38:59,400
gave him the space to roam 
intellectually bridging Artistry

4083
03:38:59,400 --> 03:39:03,300
with scientific speculation in a
manner, really seen before yet. 

4084
03:39:03,300 --> 03:39:07,900
These Pursuits co-existed with 
real world demands, the sport to

4085
03:39:07,900 --> 03:39:11,100
court needed fortifications, 
Festival designs and mechanical 

4086
03:39:11,100 --> 03:39:15,300
Contraptions Leonardo obliged 
Penning trees on Geometry. 

4087
03:39:15,300 --> 03:39:17,200
Building stage sets for 
pageants. 

4088
03:39:17,200 --> 03:39:20,700
An engineering, a femoral 
wonders, some found him 

4089
03:39:20,700 --> 03:39:22,800
eccentric specially as he 
scribbled notes. 

4090
03:39:22,800 --> 03:39:25,600
In Mira writing others, 
recognized him, as an 

4091
03:39:25,600 --> 03:39:28,800
inexhaustible thinker who might 
at any moment produce the next 

4092
03:39:28,800 --> 03:39:31,700
stroke of Genius. 
By the late 15th century 

4093
03:39:31,700 --> 03:39:34,800
Leonardo had established himself
as a leading figure of the 

4094
03:39:34,800 --> 03:39:37,600
Renaissance though, his Restless
mind, kept him. 

4095
03:39:37,600 --> 03:39:40,400
Pushing forward, always hungry 
for the next Frontier of 

4096
03:39:40,408 --> 03:39:43,500
knowledge. 
Leonardo's life in Milan was 

4097
03:39:43,508 --> 03:39:46,300
bustling yet. 
Destiny had other turns in store

4098
03:39:46,300 --> 03:39:49,800
in 1499. 
French forces under King Louis 

4099
03:39:49,800 --> 03:39:53,200
the 12th Concord Milan. 
The once powerful sports are 

4100
03:39:53,200 --> 03:39:55,800
Dynasty collapsed, leaving 
Leonardo and his Patron 

4101
03:39:55,800 --> 03:39:58,500
scrambling. 
With the city's Patron gone, 

4102
03:39:58,500 --> 03:40:02,700
Leonardo lost his secure base. 
He departed Milan, traveling to 

4103
03:40:02,700 --> 03:40:06,600
Venice and briefly to manchur 
carrying an uneven portfolio of 

4104
03:40:06,600 --> 03:40:08,900
half-finished, commission's and 
a head brimming with 

4105
03:40:08,900 --> 03:40:11,600
experiments. 
The aftermath was a tumultuous 

4106
03:40:11,600 --> 03:40:15,400
period marked by shifting 
alliances across Italy city 

4107
03:40:15,400 --> 03:40:18,100
states. 
In Mantua, the Marciano's, 

4108
03:40:18,100 --> 03:40:21,300
Isabella desky, welcome, Tim 
seeking a portrait. 

4109
03:40:22,200 --> 03:40:25,200
She was a formidable Patron that
Leonardo's restlessness 

4110
03:40:25,200 --> 03:40:28,300
prevailed. 
He quickly moved on, possibly 

4111
03:40:28,300 --> 03:40:31,700
uninterested in the standard 
portrait tasks, by the 

4112
03:40:31,700 --> 03:40:34,000
mid-1500s. 
He found his way back to 

4113
03:40:34,000 --> 03:40:37,700
Florence after two decades away.
The city had changed. 

4114
03:40:37,700 --> 03:40:41,500
It was now under the sway of the
Republican government, briefly 

4115
03:40:41,500 --> 03:40:43,100
influenced by the fiery 
preacher. 

4116
03:40:43,100 --> 03:40:46,900
Savannah Rolla tension, simmered
and art commissions. 

4117
03:40:46,900 --> 03:40:50,700
Had a new flavor patriotic or 
moralistic yet. 

4118
03:40:50,700 --> 03:40:54,300
Florence remembered Leonardo's 
early promise he was invited to 

4119
03:40:54,300 --> 03:40:56,900
paint a major Altarpiece though 
negotiations. 

4120
03:40:56,900 --> 03:41:01,800
Stalled instead he seized on a 
more prestigious assignment a 

4121
03:41:01,800 --> 03:41:05,000
mural in the Palazzo, Della 
signoria the seat of Florence's 

4122
03:41:05,000 --> 03:41:09,200
government. this mural project 
known as the Battle of anghiari 

4123
03:41:09,200 --> 03:41:13,900
was meant to commemorate a 1440 
Florence in Victory, Across 

4124
03:41:13,900 --> 03:41:16,400
town, Michelangelo was 
commissioned to do a different 

4125
03:41:16,400 --> 03:41:19,800
battle scene in the same Hall. 
The city braced for a 

4126
03:41:19,800 --> 03:41:24,000
competition between two towering
Geniuses Leonardo approached. 

4127
03:41:24,000 --> 03:41:27,300
The mural, with an experimental 
technique, he planted to use a 

4128
03:41:27,300 --> 03:41:31,800
wax base paint to speed drying a
giant scaffold and devised 

4129
03:41:31,800 --> 03:41:35,000
Advanced heating systems to help
the paint set but the Innovation

4130
03:41:35,000 --> 03:41:38,700
backfired heart of the mural 
dripped or refused to adhere 

4131
03:41:38,700 --> 03:41:41,700
despite partial success in 
depicting dramatic. 

4132
03:41:41,700 --> 03:41:45,400
Cavalry Charges The painting 
never reached its final form 

4133
03:41:45,400 --> 03:41:48,500
over time. 
The incomplete mural decayed or 

4134
03:41:48,500 --> 03:41:51,400
was covered by later. 
Renovations, still the surviving

4135
03:41:51,400 --> 03:41:53,500
sketches and copies hint that it
was a dynamic. 

4136
03:41:54,600 --> 03:41:57,800
Swirling composition of men and 
horses locked in ferocious 

4137
03:41:57,800 --> 03:42:00,200
combat. 
During the same stretch, 

4138
03:42:00,200 --> 03:42:03,800
Leonardo painted, the Mona Lisa 
commissioned by Francesco Del 

4139
03:42:03,800 --> 03:42:07,200
giocondo for his wife Lisa, it 
was initially a private portrait

4140
03:42:07,200 --> 03:42:10,700
yet, Leonardo spent years 
refining, it working and 

4141
03:42:10,700 --> 03:42:14,600
reworking, subtle glazes. 
The faces elusive smile and 

4142
03:42:14,600 --> 03:42:17,400
luminous complexion resulted 
from layering translucent. 

4143
03:42:17,400 --> 03:42:22,900
Paint each layer diffused light.
The paintings mysterious Aura 

4144
03:42:22,900 --> 03:42:25,900
also came from Leonardo's habit 
of constantly altering details, 

4145
03:42:25,900 --> 03:42:28,400
while smaller than some Grand 
frescoes. 

4146
03:42:28,400 --> 03:42:31,200
The peace represented, a 
culmination of his few motto 

4147
03:42:31,200 --> 03:42:34,200
technique. 
The background hazy mounted and 

4148
03:42:34,200 --> 03:42:37,300
winding roads, miracle and Ians 
fascination with geology and 

4149
03:42:37,300 --> 03:42:40,900
fluid dynamics over time. 
He kept the painting with him. 

4150
03:42:40,900 --> 03:42:42,900
Never delivering it to the 
patron. 

4151
03:42:43,800 --> 03:42:45,900
Possibly, he saw it as a 
personal Testament to 

4152
03:42:45,900 --> 03:42:49,100
portraitures Pinnacle. 
Parallel to these artistic 

4153
03:42:49,100 --> 03:42:52,500
Feats, Leonardo Advanced his 
scientific exploration. 

4154
03:42:53,500 --> 03:42:56,200
He dissected human career, as in
hospitals, outside Florence 

4155
03:42:56,200 --> 03:42:59,000
sketching, cross-sections of 
muscles and bones. 

4156
03:42:59,900 --> 03:43:03,500
The dissection was sensitive 
certain hospitals allowed it for

4157
03:43:03,500 --> 03:43:06,900
educational ends. 
His anatomical, drawings some 

4158
03:43:06,900 --> 03:43:09,500
discovered. 
Centuries later revealed a near 

4159
03:43:09,500 --> 03:43:12,300
modern, understanding of the 
spine, the arrangement of 

4160
03:43:12,300 --> 03:43:14,800
internal organs and the 
skeletons mechanics. 

4161
03:43:14,800 --> 03:43:19,200
He planned an extensive Treatise
on Anatomy, combining text with 

4162
03:43:19,200 --> 03:43:22,900
the diagrammatic Precision 
anticipating the modern concept 

4163
03:43:22,900 --> 03:43:26,400
of Illustrated, medical 
textbooks, however, like many 

4164
03:43:26,400 --> 03:43:29,300
Leonardo projects. 
It was never formally published 

4165
03:43:29,300 --> 03:43:33,100
in his lifetime. 
Politics royalty again, in 1503 

4166
03:43:33,100 --> 03:43:35,300
to 1504 when Pisa threatened 
Florence. 

4167
03:43:36,300 --> 03:43:38,500
Leonardo contributed to 
engineering Solutions 

4168
03:43:38,500 --> 03:43:42,500
brainstorming ways to divert the
Arno River to hamper's supply 

4169
03:43:42,500 --> 03:43:45,900
lines. 
He drafted canals levies and 

4170
03:43:45,900 --> 03:43:49,600
even considered flooding tactics
The plan was bold but face 

4171
03:43:49,600 --> 03:43:52,300
practical obstacles in Tuscany's
terrain though. 

4172
03:43:52,300 --> 03:43:55,200
Partially attempted the scheme 
never fully materialized. 

4173
03:43:55,200 --> 03:43:58,200
The episode highlight Leonardo's
willingness to tackle 

4174
03:43:58,200 --> 03:44:01,000
large-scale, engineering 
challenges lending, 

4175
03:44:01,000 --> 03:44:03,300
topographical studies with 
strategic Insight. 

4176
03:44:03,300 --> 03:44:06,200
The lessons gleaned would echo 
in his future city. 

4177
03:44:06,200 --> 03:44:07,800
Planning sketches and Water 
Management. 

4178
03:44:07,800 --> 03:44:12,700
Designs by 1506 French rule 
stabilized in Milan opening the 

4179
03:44:12,700 --> 03:44:14,800
city. 
Once more long gone was 

4180
03:44:14,800 --> 03:44:17,700
ludovico, Sportster, but the new
French Governors, Beck and 

4181
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:21,900
Leonardo eager to revisit 
uncompleted ideas like the giant

4182
03:44:21,900 --> 03:44:23,200
horse statue. 
He returned. 

4183
03:44:24,100 --> 03:44:27,700
Florence, parted ways with him, 
under a cloud of frustration as 

4184
03:44:27,700 --> 03:44:30,700
the Battle of anghiari. 
Lingard Unfinished yet. 

4185
03:44:30,700 --> 03:44:33,700
Leonardo's departure signaled. 
That loyalty to a single city. 

4186
03:44:33,700 --> 03:44:37,100
Was never his style. 
He roamed following whichever 

4187
03:44:37,100 --> 03:44:39,400
environment, let him Chase 
multiple intellectual. 

4188
03:44:39,400 --> 03:44:42,100
Pursuits. 
In returning to Milan, he sought

4189
03:44:42,100 --> 03:44:44,900
continuity for the scientific 
and artistic projects left 

4190
03:44:44,900 --> 03:44:50,100
behind a decade prior. 
Thus, by the mid-1500s, Leonardo

4191
03:44:50,100 --> 03:44:53,500
had become an artist engineer. 
Bridging city-states forging. 

4192
03:44:53,500 --> 03:44:55,900
A pattern of partial 
achievements and unfinished 

4193
03:44:55,900 --> 03:44:58,000
Marvels. 
Some critics found him 

4194
03:44:58,000 --> 03:45:02,200
unreliable and eternal tinkerer 
yet few denied His Brilliant. 

4195
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:05,800
He left Florence, have a 
revolutionized portraiture in 

4196
03:45:05,800 --> 03:45:09,200
capturing a femoral visual 
mysteries in the Mona Lisa. 

4197
03:45:10,100 --> 03:45:12,700
While also nearly 
revolutionizing mural painting. 

4198
03:45:13,700 --> 03:45:16,400
The stage was set for further 
Meandering in Milan, and 

4199
03:45:16,400 --> 03:45:19,600
eventually Beyond as Europe, 
recognized him as a truly 

4200
03:45:19,600 --> 03:45:22,100
singular figure. 
A testament to the Renaissance 

4201
03:45:22,100 --> 03:45:26,100
is Union of Art and Science. 
Leonardo's second stint in Milan

4202
03:45:26,100 --> 03:45:30,000
began around 1506, under the 
patronage of, Charles DMV was 

4203
03:45:30,000 --> 03:45:33,700
the French governor this time. 
The city was controlled by the 

4204
03:45:33,700 --> 03:45:37,700
French Crown, not the sport of 
family, the environment was 

4205
03:45:37,700 --> 03:45:41,800
different less personal loyalty,
more, bureaucratic oversight, 

4206
03:45:42,800 --> 03:45:46,100
But Leonardo's Fame had grown. 
He was recognized as a 

4207
03:45:46,100 --> 03:45:49,800
renaissance man whose counsel 
was prized for everything from 

4208
03:45:49,800 --> 03:45:53,100
architecture to Geometry. 
Some records indicate. 

4209
03:45:53,100 --> 03:45:55,800
He was granted a Workshop near 
the port of virtually District 

4210
03:45:55,800 --> 03:45:59,500
where he resumed anatomical 
mechanical and Artistic 

4211
03:45:59,500 --> 03:46:01,100
Endeavors. 
One. 

4212
03:46:01,100 --> 03:46:03,300
Ongoing Obsession was the 
equestrian Monument. 

4213
03:46:03,300 --> 03:46:06,100
He had once planned for 
ludovico's Forza, though. 

4214
03:46:06,100 --> 03:46:09,300
The bronze had been lost to war,
Leonardo still dreamed of 

4215
03:46:09,300 --> 03:46:11,300
building the largest horse, 
statue known. 

4216
03:46:11,300 --> 03:46:15,200
He refined the design, adjusting
how a rearing stallion might 

4217
03:46:15,200 --> 03:46:18,600
balance on hind legs. 
He sketched Innovative casting 

4218
03:46:18,600 --> 03:46:21,600
methods, hoping to circumvent 
early meltdown issues. 

4219
03:46:21,600 --> 03:46:25,100
However the politics had shifted
with ludovico. 

4220
03:46:25,100 --> 03:46:29,500
Deposed the impetus for a sports
and Memorial dissipated Leonardo

4221
03:46:29,500 --> 03:46:32,400
might have pitched the idea to 
the French Administration but it

4222
03:46:32,400 --> 03:46:35,200
never crystallized. 
He remained Resolute in 

4223
03:46:35,200 --> 03:46:39,800
exploring, equine Anatomy, 
capturing every sinew and tendon

4224
03:46:39,800 --> 03:46:43,100
in fresh Skechers during this 
period. 

4225
03:46:43,100 --> 03:46:47,500
Leonardo welcome to youthful. 
Apprentice named Francesco who 

4226
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:50,300
would become his most devoted 
disciple and eventually executor

4227
03:46:50,300 --> 03:46:53,800
of his estate. 
Melty from a noble Milanese 

4228
03:46:53,800 --> 03:46:58,100
family, offered loyalty scribing
capabilities and stable 

4229
03:46:58,100 --> 03:47:01,100
finances. 
The accompanied Leonardo on 

4230
03:47:01,100 --> 03:47:04,500
trips helped, organize notes and
became the Masters confidant. 

4231
03:47:05,700 --> 03:47:08,400
So the stem or respectful 
Apprentice might have provided 

4232
03:47:08,400 --> 03:47:12,200
Leonardo, the continuity had 
long sought Flee after dealing 

4233
03:47:12,200 --> 03:47:15,400
with earlier assistance who 
sometimes parted on mixed terms,

4234
03:47:15,400 --> 03:47:19,100
meanwhile glimpses of his 
scientific Mania multiplied. 

4235
03:47:19,100 --> 03:47:23,000
He dissected more Cadet, as 
filling notebooks with nuanced 

4236
03:47:23,000 --> 03:47:27,900
drawings of hearts muscles, the 
bronchial system, observing that

4237
03:47:27,900 --> 03:47:29,500
heart, valves directed blood 
flow. 

4238
03:47:29,500 --> 03:47:33,100
He speculated about circulation 
decades, before William Harvey's

4239
03:47:33,100 --> 03:47:36,900
formal discovery, He studied the
vitreous humor in an ox's. 

4240
03:47:36,900 --> 03:47:41,400
I investigating how images 
formed While the Catholic church

4241
03:47:41,400 --> 03:47:44,000
mostly tolerated such 
dissections for medical 

4242
03:47:44,000 --> 03:47:46,900
progress, certain clergy frowned
on it. 

4243
03:47:46,908 --> 03:47:50,400
So Leonardo often performed the 
discreetly or at night. 

4244
03:47:51,100 --> 03:47:53,800
Had he published these findings.
He might have revolutionized 

4245
03:47:53,800 --> 03:47:57,400
medicine, centuries, early, but 
affection, and continuous 

4246
03:47:57,400 --> 03:48:01,300
revision, mentors data, State 
personal locked in cramped 

4247
03:48:01,300 --> 03:48:06,200
notebooks and a mirror script in
parallel Leonardo authored 

4248
03:48:06,200 --> 03:48:09,500
treatises on flight. 
Fascinated by birds Wing 

4249
03:48:09,500 --> 03:48:11,900
structures. 
He dissected Wings to decode the

4250
03:48:11,908 --> 03:48:14,900
interplay of feathers. 
He built mechanical prototypes 

4251
03:48:14,900 --> 03:48:18,500
ornithopters aiming to replicate
flapping flight, they'll never 

4252
03:48:18,508 --> 03:48:21,300
tested on a large scale. 
These Contraptions pressed 

4253
03:48:21,300 --> 03:48:24,800
modern Aviation Concepts. 
You recognize that pure flapping

4254
03:48:24,800 --> 03:48:26,300
wouldn't suffice for human 
flight. 

4255
03:48:26,300 --> 03:48:30,100
He studied gliding surfaces. 
Suspecting the air currents 

4256
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:34,100
could keep a craft Aloft yet the
technology of the era no engines

4257
03:48:34,100 --> 03:48:38,700
or suitable, materials curb, 
these ambitions Even so the 

4258
03:48:38,700 --> 03:48:41,100
sketches reveal an acute 
understanding of aerodynamics. 

4259
03:48:42,300 --> 03:48:47,100
Around 1510 Leonardo's Patron, 
Charles dunbar's died prompting.

4260
03:48:47,100 --> 03:48:50,400
Another shift in Milan's, 
political Circle, Still the 

4261
03:48:50,400 --> 03:48:52,700
French King Louis, the 12th 
value Leonardo. 

4262
03:48:54,000 --> 03:48:57,100
Another momentous figure 
emerged, the newly ascendant, 

4263
03:48:57,100 --> 03:49:01,200
Giuliana de Medici, brother of 
Pope Leo, the 10th vited, 

4264
03:49:01,200 --> 03:49:04,200
Leonardo to return to the 
Florentine orbit or possibly 

4265
03:49:04,200 --> 03:49:07,400
move to Rome where the papacy 
was fueling Grand building 

4266
03:49:07,400 --> 03:49:09,900
projects. 
Leonardo. 

4267
03:49:09,900 --> 03:49:14,000
Now in his late 50s, weighed 
these overtures carefully, The 

4268
03:49:14,000 --> 03:49:16,900
Lure of Rome's architectural 
expansions and advanced 

4269
03:49:16,900 --> 03:49:20,600
scientific resources, might 
prove irresistible eventually 

4270
03:49:20,600 --> 03:49:26,100
around. 1513 Leonardo departed 
Milan for Rome with an Entourage

4271
03:49:26,100 --> 03:49:30,000
that included melts, and some 
assistance in Rome and a Pope 

4272
03:49:30,000 --> 03:49:34,200
Leo, the 10th, the artistic 
scenes, sword, Michelangelo and 

4273
03:49:34,200 --> 03:49:36,400
Raphael, dominated the city's 
commission's. 

4274
03:49:36,400 --> 03:49:40,900
Sistine Chapel expansions Grand 
papal, Apartments, Leonardo 

4275
03:49:40,900 --> 03:49:43,500
expected, a role in major 
architectural or hydraulic 

4276
03:49:43,500 --> 03:49:45,800
projects. 
Instead, he found himself 

4277
03:49:45,800 --> 03:49:50,100
overshadowed by younger Rivals. 
Michelangelo known for Moody 

4278
03:49:50,100 --> 03:49:53,600
brilliant's had little patience 
for Leonardo's diversion while 

4279
03:49:53,600 --> 03:49:56,300
Raphael's rising star in thrall 
the papal Court. 

4280
03:49:57,100 --> 03:49:58,800
Leonardo was offered small 
tasks. 

4281
03:49:58,800 --> 03:50:02,700
For instance, the pope asked him
to devise mechanical amusements,

4282
03:50:02,700 --> 03:50:06,200
or stage designs, but no major 
papal commission emerged, 

4283
03:50:06,200 --> 03:50:10,000
despite the frustration, 
Leonardo utilized Rome's, 

4284
03:50:10,000 --> 03:50:14,200
library's continuing anatomical 
dissections, he took advantage 

4285
03:50:14,200 --> 03:50:16,200
of more cadava Supply from local
hospitals. 

4286
03:50:17,800 --> 03:50:20,300
Some rumors suggest friction 
with the Vatican curia. 

4287
03:50:21,200 --> 03:50:23,900
Specially after a cardinal 
supposedly saw dismembered 

4288
03:50:23,900 --> 03:50:26,800
bodies in Leonardo's. 
Quarters environment, felt 

4289
03:50:26,800 --> 03:50:30,500
stifling He wrote letters, 
implying that the papal, Circle,

4290
03:50:30,500 --> 03:50:33,100
favored, spectacle over more 
profound research. 

4291
03:50:33,800 --> 03:50:36,000
With insufficient official 
support for his large-scale 

4292
03:50:36,000 --> 03:50:39,000
experiments, Leonardo grew 
Restless again. 

4293
03:50:39,000 --> 03:50:42,000
Yet, he found fleeting 
satisfaction exploring the 

4294
03:50:42,000 --> 03:50:45,100
Belvedere Gardens measuring 
ruins of ancient Roman 

4295
03:50:45,100 --> 03:50:47,400
structures. 
He studied geometry with 

4296
03:50:47,400 --> 03:50:51,000
Scholars, exchanging ideas about
perspective and the ptolemaic 

4297
03:50:51,000 --> 03:50:54,600
universe Perhaps a quieter dream
to unify art and Mathematics 

4298
03:50:54,600 --> 03:50:58,400
kept him going. 
Still the Unstoppable politics 

4299
03:50:58,400 --> 03:51:00,700
of Italy soon. 
Overshadowed, local tasks. 

4300
03:51:01,500 --> 03:51:04,800
Shifting alliances in 1516 
catapulted France into 

4301
03:51:04,800 --> 03:51:05,600
dominance. 
Once more. 

4302
03:51:06,300 --> 03:51:10,500
France's the first became king, 
Italy, hungrily for Leonardo. 

4303
03:51:10,500 --> 03:51:14,000
The swirling Intrigue spelled an
opportunity to Pivot yet. 

4304
03:51:14,000 --> 03:51:17,400
Again, the next invitation from 
the French Crown would Beckham 

4305
03:51:17,400 --> 03:51:19,500
across the Alps. 
For what would become the final 

4306
03:51:19,500 --> 03:51:21,300
chapter of his life from 
remarkable Journey? 

4307
03:51:22,200 --> 03:51:25,900
In 1516 King Francis. 
The first of France, a young 

4308
03:51:25,900 --> 03:51:29,200
monk intruded by Art and 
Technology. extended an 

4309
03:51:29,200 --> 03:51:33,000
invitation to Leonardo da Vinci,
hired of Roman politics and 

4310
03:51:33,000 --> 03:51:36,100
seeing limited scope for big 
projects there, the Leonardo 

4311
03:51:36,100 --> 03:51:39,600
accepted, he traveled north 
crossing, the Alps at an 

4312
03:51:39,600 --> 03:51:41,800
advanced stage bearing 
pressure's, painting, and 

4313
03:51:41,800 --> 03:51:45,600
volumes of notes among them, the
Mona, Lisa and likely Saint, 

4314
03:51:45,600 --> 03:51:48,800
John, the Baptist Francis 
offered him the manor house of 

4315
03:51:48,800 --> 03:51:52,200
Chloe near the Royal Chateau. 
Dom was in the Loire Valley. 

4316
03:51:52,200 --> 03:51:56,200
This Arrangement put Leonardo 
under Royal patronage granting 

4317
03:51:56,200 --> 03:51:59,200
him comfort and a platform for 
his creative urges. 

4318
03:51:59,200 --> 03:52:04,100
A closet Leonardo enjoyed 
relative calm gone with a fierce

4319
03:52:04,100 --> 03:52:06,900
rivalries of Florence and the 
ephemeral commissions of Milan. 

4320
03:52:07,800 --> 03:52:09,600
Francis. 
The first often, strolled over 

4321
03:52:09,600 --> 03:52:13,700
discussing fortifications Canal 
systems or mechanical 

4322
03:52:13,700 --> 03:52:16,200
contraptions. 
The king revered. 

4323
03:52:16,200 --> 03:52:19,400
Leonardo is a living legend, a 
reservoir of Renaissance 

4324
03:52:19,400 --> 03:52:22,700
Brilliance, the older man 
reciprocated with sketches of 

4325
03:52:22,700 --> 03:52:25,700
improved Weaponry or designs for
a Grand Palace. 

4326
03:52:25,700 --> 03:52:29,400
However, age and ill health, 
limited the impetus for new 

4327
03:52:29,400 --> 03:52:32,800
large-scale Ventures. some 
accounts, Leonardo tried to 

4328
03:52:32,800 --> 03:52:36,100
outline an ideal city for 
France's merging symmetrical 

4329
03:52:36,100 --> 03:52:38,500
layouts with a fishing 
waterways, but no direct 

4330
03:52:38,500 --> 03:52:43,600
implementation followed Omit. 
This peaceful setting Leonardo's

4331
03:52:43,600 --> 03:52:47,600
health issues worsened, he wrote
fewer lines in his notebooks and

4332
03:52:47,600 --> 03:52:50,200
is once dexterous hand might 
have trembled from possible 

4333
03:52:50,200 --> 03:52:53,200
Strokes or nerve troubles. 
Yet his mind remained 

4334
03:52:53,200 --> 03:52:55,700
inquisitive. 
He refined old anatomical, 

4335
03:52:55,700 --> 03:52:58,700
drawings re-examining them. 
In the quiet orchard near his 

4336
03:52:58,700 --> 03:53:01,900
manner. 
Melty, ever faithful organized. 

4337
03:53:01,900 --> 03:53:05,000
The piles of manuscripts and 
showing references to Geometry. 

4338
03:53:05,000 --> 03:53:09,800
Geology Optics, Anatomy didn't 
vanish into chaos, the older 

4339
03:53:09,800 --> 03:53:12,300
assistance Elie, who had begun 
as a teenage model with a 

4340
03:53:12,300 --> 03:53:15,500
mischievous streak. 
Also lived, there the rumored 

4341
03:53:15,500 --> 03:53:17,700
tensions, occasionally fled 
between him and melty. 

4342
03:53:17,700 --> 03:53:21,500
A highlight of this period was 
visits by French courtiers who 

4343
03:53:21,500 --> 03:53:24,800
marveled at the Mona Lisa. 
They admired her half smile 

4344
03:53:24,800 --> 03:53:28,000
rumored to be a representation 
of intangible Grace. 

4345
03:53:29,000 --> 03:53:31,600
Francis, the first himself is 
said to have purchased the 

4346
03:53:31,600 --> 03:53:35,400
painting directly from Leonardo 
or inherited it after the artist

4347
03:53:35,400 --> 03:53:39,200
death, eventually placing it in 
Fontainebleau, then it traveled 

4348
03:53:39,200 --> 03:53:42,100
to the Louvre later. 
Another puzzle. 

4349
03:53:42,700 --> 03:53:45,400
Saint John. 
The Baptist a moody half-lit 

4350
03:53:45,400 --> 03:53:49,000
figure pointing heavenwood also 
accompanied him to France. 

4351
03:53:49,000 --> 03:53:53,100
It's swirling hair and ambiguous
expression, invited speculation,

4352
03:53:53,100 --> 03:53:55,600
that it was a deeply personal 
reflection on spiritual 

4353
03:53:55,600 --> 03:53:59,800
transformation. 
Those slowed physically Leonardo

4354
03:53:59,800 --> 03:54:02,300
sometimes, produced, ephemeral 
amusements, for the court. 

4355
03:54:02,300 --> 03:54:06,700
Francis might request a 
mechanical lion that roared or a

4356
03:54:06,700 --> 03:54:09,000
winged Contraption to amuse 
guests. 

4357
03:54:10,000 --> 03:54:12,700
These ephemeral wonders were 
reminiscent of his younger days 

4358
03:54:12,700 --> 03:54:15,800
planning festivals for the 
Milanese Dukes in letters. 

4359
03:54:15,800 --> 03:54:17,900
Watchers described him as 
gracious. 

4360
03:54:17,900 --> 03:54:21,400
But occasionally melancholic 
lamenting the ephemeral nature 

4361
03:54:21,400 --> 03:54:24,600
of grand projects. 
He never completed. the once 

4362
03:54:24,600 --> 03:54:27,400
Unstoppable polymath was 
contending with the reality that

4363
03:54:27,400 --> 03:54:31,000
time was finite, He also penned 
Reflections on theology, 

4364
03:54:31,000 --> 03:54:33,900
bridging, Catholic doctrines 
with his own scientific 

4365
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:37,000
viewpoint. 
While devout in belief, he had 

4366
03:54:37,000 --> 03:54:38,800
long championed rational 
inquiry. 

4367
03:54:38,800 --> 03:54:41,600
Sometimes rattling clergy with 
statements about Earth's 

4368
03:54:41,600 --> 03:54:44,800
position or the universal laws 
of nature in France. 

4369
03:54:44,800 --> 03:54:47,700
The monarchy had a slightly more
flexible attitude toward 

4370
03:54:47,700 --> 03:54:51,200
intellectual exploration. 
So long as loyalties to church, 

4371
03:54:51,200 --> 03:54:55,000
Dogma wasn't overtly challenged.
This gave Leonardo space to 

4372
03:54:55,000 --> 03:54:58,900
fuse, spiritual musics with 
scientific Wonder, if you 

4373
03:54:58,900 --> 03:55:01,500
cryptic lines in his notebooks 
hint that he believed the study 

4374
03:55:01,500 --> 03:55:04,300
of anatomy and nature, only 
deepened, reverence for a Divine

4375
03:55:04,300 --> 03:55:09,000
creator, Socially the small 
circle at Chloe say was cozy 

4376
03:55:09,000 --> 03:55:11,600
Francis. 
The first occasionally dined 

4377
03:55:11,600 --> 03:55:15,000
with Leonardo absorbing Tall, 
Tales From Italy's golden 

4378
03:55:15,000 --> 03:55:18,000
cities. 
Melty recorded these dialogues 

4379
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:19,900
though. 
Few transcripts remain. 

4380
03:55:19,900 --> 03:55:22,500
Meanwhile. 
Rumors circulated about 

4381
03:55:22,500 --> 03:55:24,700
Leonardo's final. 
Unseen manuscripts. 

4382
03:55:24,700 --> 03:55:27,900
Some believed he was pending a 
definitive Treatise on flight or

4383
03:55:27,900 --> 03:55:31,600
universal theory of water. 
Currents in truth, he likely 

4384
03:55:31,600 --> 03:55:34,500
polished segments of older notes
rather than forging, a single 

4385
03:55:34,500 --> 03:55:38,400
cohesive magnum, opus, the 
scattered nature of his archive.

4386
03:55:38,400 --> 03:55:40,800
Meant the future would discover 
His Brilliant piecemeal. 

4387
03:55:41,900 --> 03:55:45,900
During the winter of 1518 to the
1519 Leonardo's conditioned, 

4388
03:55:45,900 --> 03:55:49,800
deteriorated chronic arm pains 
possibly from a stroke, forced 

4389
03:55:49,800 --> 03:55:52,200
him to rely heavily on melt for 
every day tasks. 

4390
03:55:52,900 --> 03:55:58,000
France, Francis hearing of the 
declining for final insights 

4391
03:55:58,000 --> 03:56:01,000
from the Master Legend. 
Has it that the King was at 

4392
03:56:01,000 --> 03:56:02,700
Leonardo's side as he passed on 
May. 

4393
03:56:02,700 --> 03:56:07,800
The second 15 while romanticized
accounts depict Leonardo dying 

4394
03:56:07,800 --> 03:56:09,900
in France's arms, the 
historical. 

4395
03:56:09,900 --> 03:56:13,900
Veracity is uncertain, still the
bond between them was genuine. 

4396
03:56:13,900 --> 03:56:18,500
The Deep mutual respect between 
an aging, Renaissance Titan and 

4397
03:56:18,500 --> 03:56:20,600
a monarchy for cultural 
ascendancy. 

4398
03:56:20,600 --> 03:56:23,200
Thus ended Lee, Leonardo's 
mortal Journey. 

4399
03:56:23,200 --> 03:56:26,500
Far from the Tuscan Hills of his
birth in a French Manor, 

4400
03:56:26,500 --> 03:56:30,200
brightened by orchard blooms 
This final French chapter was 

4401
03:56:30,200 --> 03:56:33,700
quieter reflective yet, still 
brimming with Sparks of 

4402
03:56:33,700 --> 03:56:36,300
creativity. 
From building a femoral 

4403
03:56:36,300 --> 03:56:39,800
mechanical Lions to preserving 
the greatest paintings humankind

4404
03:56:39,800 --> 03:56:44,300
had known Leonardo's culminating
years embodied, a spirit that 

4405
03:56:44,300 --> 03:56:47,600
refused to go dim. 
He might not have erected a 

4406
03:56:47,600 --> 03:56:50,500
final Monument but he left 
behind a personal realm of 

4407
03:56:50,500 --> 03:56:55,400
knowledge, bridging art science 
and Imagination, a legacy that 

4408
03:56:55,400 --> 03:56:58,900
would endure for centuries to 
come in, the immediate aftermath

4409
03:56:58,900 --> 03:57:03,000
of Leonardo, da, Vinci dying, 
the question arose, what would 

4410
03:57:03,000 --> 03:57:05,500
become of his manuscripts and 
personal effects? 

4411
03:57:05,500 --> 03:57:09,600
According to some accounts 
Francesco melts, I emerged as 

4412
03:57:09,600 --> 03:57:13,300
the designated are entrusted 
with safeguarding the thousands 

4413
03:57:13,300 --> 03:57:18,600
of pages brimming with sketches 
notes and drafts Sally, an 

4414
03:57:18,600 --> 03:57:21,500
earlier, companion, received 
certain paintings and minor 

4415
03:57:21,500 --> 03:57:23,900
possessions. 
Yet the sheer volume of 

4416
03:57:23,900 --> 03:57:27,600
Leonardo's papers posed, a 
challenge melty, dedicated years

4417
03:57:27,600 --> 03:57:31,600
trying to organize them, hoping 
to publish coherent treatises at

4418
03:57:31,600 --> 03:57:33,600
the scale was daunting over 
time. 

4419
03:57:33,600 --> 03:57:36,800
It's of the collection. 
Were dispersed Soul sold or 

4420
03:57:36,800 --> 03:57:40,900
gifted by melts across Europe. 
This fracturing explains why 

4421
03:57:40,900 --> 03:57:44,800
Leonardo's notebooks, eventually
surfaced in places from Spain's 

4422
03:57:44,800 --> 03:57:47,400
Royal libraries to British 
aristocratic collections. 

4423
03:57:47,400 --> 03:57:50,100
Each chunk unveiled in a regular
intervals. 

4424
03:57:50,100 --> 03:57:53,800
Europe of the 16th century 
recognized Leonardo's artistic, 

4425
03:57:53,800 --> 03:57:57,800
Brilliance, the Last Supper. 
In Milan though, deteriorating 

4426
03:57:57,800 --> 03:58:01,200
due to his experimental Fresco 
approach was already hailed as 

4427
03:58:01,200 --> 03:58:04,700
an emotional Masterpiece, the 
Mona Lisa now in French Royal 

4428
03:58:04,700 --> 03:58:07,700
possession, attracted courtly 
admiration for her haunting 

4429
03:58:07,700 --> 03:58:10,500
expression. 
Yet the fullest scope of his 

4430
03:58:10,500 --> 03:58:13,700
genius. 
Engineering drawings, anatomical

4431
03:58:13,700 --> 03:58:18,100
plates or treatises on Geometry.
Remained largely hidden the slow

4432
03:58:18,100 --> 03:58:20,800
trickle of discovered. 
Manuscripts fueled centuries of 

4433
03:58:20,800 --> 03:58:23,400
fascination. 
In the 17th century. 

4434
03:58:23,400 --> 03:58:27,900
A few scientists glimpsed, 
certain sketches marveling had 

4435
03:58:27,900 --> 03:58:31,400
advanced concepts of gear 
systems or diving apparatus but 

4436
03:58:31,400 --> 03:58:32,700
it wasn't until the 19th 
century. 

4437
03:58:32,700 --> 03:58:35,400
That broader scholarships 
systematically studied his 

4438
03:58:35,400 --> 03:58:38,700
codices unveiling a mine 
centuries ahead of his era. 

4439
03:58:39,900 --> 03:58:42,300
Leonardo's immediate Legacy in 
art was clearer. 

4440
03:58:42,300 --> 03:58:45,700
His painting style influenced 
degeneration of mannerists who 

4441
03:58:45,700 --> 03:58:49,400
admired his Smoky transitions 
for matter and Atmospheric 

4442
03:58:49,400 --> 03:58:51,900
depth. 
Milanese artists though 

4443
03:58:51,900 --> 03:58:55,100
overshadowed by the city's 
shifting political fortunes, 

4444
03:58:55,100 --> 03:58:58,200
carried forward. 
Elements of his approach in 

4445
03:58:58,200 --> 03:59:01,900
Florence students, who Glimpse 
the aborted Battle of anghiari 

4446
03:59:01,900 --> 03:59:05,400
mural adapted. 
Some compositional ideas that 

4447
03:59:05,400 --> 03:59:07,000
the direct lineage was 
complicated. 

4448
03:59:07,800 --> 03:59:09,800
Leonardo left, no formal 
Academy. 

4449
03:59:09,800 --> 03:59:14,000
He taught a few pupils of 
Thoroughly except for melty and 

4450
03:59:14,000 --> 03:59:17,300
a handful of others. 
The intangible Aura of Leonard 

4451
03:59:17,300 --> 03:59:20,800
desk painting permeated the late
Renaissance with its softness of

4452
03:59:20,800 --> 03:59:23,800
edges and subtle. 
Interplay of light over the 

4453
03:59:23,800 --> 03:59:26,300
next. 
Centuries, as Barack flamboyance

4454
03:59:26,300 --> 03:59:30,300
Rose, certain of Leonardo's 
Works fell out of style others, 

4455
03:59:30,300 --> 03:59:34,000
recognized them as Timeless. 
The last supper, for example, 

4456
03:59:34,000 --> 03:59:37,700
underwent, multiple Restorations
each attempt often introducing 

4457
03:59:37,700 --> 03:59:40,600
fresh problems, leading to 
controversies about how much of 

4458
03:59:40,600 --> 03:59:44,200
Leonardo's original brush. 
Stroke survived, meanwhile in 

4459
03:59:44,200 --> 03:59:47,000
the 19th century, romantic and 
Victorian Scholars. 

4460
03:59:47,000 --> 03:59:50,300
Resurrected The Cult of the 
Renaissance genius, the Leonardo

4461
03:59:50,300 --> 03:59:52,500
emerged as a symbol of the 
solitary Visionary. 

4462
03:59:52,500 --> 03:59:56,700
An introspective figure bridging
reason and art Writers Like 

4463
03:59:56,700 --> 03:59:59,700
Walter, Payton wrap, Sonic 
essays on the Mona Lisa, 

4464
03:59:59,700 --> 04:00:03,600
describing her as an enigma 
embodying centuries of emotion, 

4465
04:00:03,600 --> 04:00:07,300
such a Fusion's etched the 
painting's fame, deep into 

4466
04:00:07,300 --> 04:00:10,700
Western cultural consciousness. 
Only in the modern age. 

4467
04:00:10,700 --> 04:00:13,800
Did the scale of Leonardo's 
scientific Legacy become widely 

4468
04:00:13,800 --> 04:00:17,600
recognized as more codices were 
catalogued like the Codex 

4469
04:00:17,600 --> 04:00:20,900
atlanticus or the Codex Arundel 
historians realized that he had 

4470
04:00:20,908 --> 04:00:24,900
conceptualized flying machines, 
armored vehicles and tension 

4471
04:00:24,900 --> 04:00:28,800
based Mechanical Devices he'd 
studied wave patterns sketched, 

4472
04:00:28,800 --> 04:00:32,100
gear differentials and dissected
the human body with an 

4473
04:00:32,100 --> 04:00:35,800
exactitude unmatched for 
centuries art historians Marvel,

4474
04:00:35,800 --> 04:00:38,400
that how the same man, who 
painted the lady with an ermine.

4475
04:00:38,400 --> 04:00:40,800
Had also measured the 
mathematical proportions of 

4476
04:00:40,808 --> 04:00:44,700
reflection angles, the Synergy 
of Aesthetics and logic rendered

4477
04:00:44,700 --> 04:00:46,100
him. 
The archetype of the Renaissance

4478
04:00:46,100 --> 04:00:49,700
Man, modern Architects gleaned 
from his City Planning Concepts 

4479
04:00:49,700 --> 04:00:52,300
while robotic Engineers. 
Found Prelude to Modern 

4480
04:00:52,300 --> 04:00:56,300
mechanical linkages in his 
swirling diagrams. for a Time, 

4481
04:00:56,308 --> 04:00:59,700
many described Leonardo as a man
out of time, a recent 

4482
04:00:59,700 --> 04:01:02,900
scholarship refines that 
narrative, he was indeed 

4483
04:01:02,900 --> 04:01:06,500
extraordinary, but also a 
product of a vibrant milieu 

4484
04:01:07,300 --> 04:01:10,500
Italian city-states teamed with 
cross-pollination from Greek, 

4485
04:01:10,500 --> 04:01:14,200
Roman Islamic knowledge. 
Leonardo built on the 

4486
04:01:14,208 --> 04:01:16,700
achievements of earlier 
polymaths from the classical 

4487
04:01:16,700 --> 04:01:19,300
treatises of our committees to 
the reintroduced. 

4488
04:01:19,300 --> 04:01:23,400
Works of Al Hayes on Optics. 
Recognizing that Synergy doesn't

4489
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:26,200
lessen his brilliance. 
It situates him in the network 

4490
04:01:26,200 --> 04:01:29,700
that made such leaps feasible. 
Meanwhile, the Mystique around, 

4491
04:01:29,700 --> 04:01:32,000
Leonardo occasionally 
overshadowed more grounded, 

4492
04:01:32,000 --> 04:01:35,700
truths, Tales of him, finishing 
Commissions in a single burst or

4493
04:01:35,700 --> 04:01:38,000
Conjuring bizarre Contraptions 
for stage. 

4494
04:01:38,000 --> 04:01:40,100
Illusions, we came embroidered 
over time. 

4495
04:01:40,100 --> 04:01:44,400
The reality was that he left 
many tasks incomplete struggled 

4496
04:01:44,400 --> 04:01:47,800
with perfectionism and juggled 
ephemeral Court demands. 

4497
04:01:47,800 --> 04:01:51,300
This tension between the 
Unstoppable, imagination of the 

4498
04:01:51,300 --> 04:01:55,100
Practical burden of day-to-day 
labor, infuses his story with a 

4499
04:01:55,100 --> 04:01:58,200
human Dimension. 
He wasn't some aloof superhuman,

4500
04:01:58,200 --> 04:02:01,400
but an individual forging 
through the same complexities 

4501
04:02:01,400 --> 04:02:04,300
and distractions. 
We all face, albeit with an 

4502
04:02:04,300 --> 04:02:08,500
incandescent spark, if you could
rival, thus centuries after his 

4503
04:02:08,500 --> 04:02:12,000
passing Leonardo's name, 
resonates as the embodiment of 

4504
04:02:12,000 --> 04:02:15,900
creative ambition, whether in 
art galleries, engineering Labs 

4505
04:02:15,900 --> 04:02:19,500
or philosophical debates 
references to his Fusion of the 

4506
04:02:19,500 --> 04:02:24,600
imagination and observation 
abound People see him, the ideal

4507
04:02:24,600 --> 04:02:28,600
of curiosity, Unshackled 
Bridging the intangible Rifts 

4508
04:02:28,600 --> 04:02:32,500
between Arts science. 
Beauty and data that intangible 

4509
04:02:32,500 --> 04:02:36,800
Legacy more than any single 
painting or device might stand 

4510
04:02:36,800 --> 04:02:38,600
as the core reason. 
We Revere him. 

4511
04:02:39,400 --> 04:02:42,400
He left behind not just objects 
but a testament that the Quest 

4512
04:02:42,400 --> 04:02:45,900
for knowledge and Mastery can in
the right hands rewrite, the 

4513
04:02:45,900 --> 04:02:50,200
boundaries of possibility in 
contemporary times, Leonardo's 

4514
04:02:50,200 --> 04:02:51,900
Legacy. 
Permeates cultural and 

4515
04:02:51,900 --> 04:02:55,400
scientific discourse in ways, 
both lofty and mundane the Mona.

4516
04:02:55,400 --> 04:02:58,800
Lisa has become a pop icon 
reproduced endlessly, on posters

4517
04:02:58,800 --> 04:03:01,500
and Novelty items. 
It's Rye smile, fueling 

4518
04:03:01,500 --> 04:03:05,200
conspiracy theories about hidden
identities or coded messages. 

4519
04:03:06,400 --> 04:03:10,200
Meanwhile, the Last Supper 
continues to Captivate pilgrims 

4520
04:03:10,200 --> 04:03:12,700
and tourists. 
In Milan the advanced ticket 

4521
04:03:12,700 --> 04:03:15,500
reservations are required to see
the heavily conserved mural. 

4522
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:19,600
Documentaries dissect each 
brushstroke offering competing 

4523
04:03:19,600 --> 04:03:22,300
theories about cryptic symbolism
in the arrangement of bread 

4524
04:03:22,300 --> 04:03:26,500
loaves or Apostolic gestures he 
on these famous works the 

4525
04:03:26,500 --> 04:03:28,900
Leonardo's name adorns 
everything from children's 

4526
04:03:28,900 --> 04:03:33,100
educational kits about invention
to NASA references to lunar 

4527
04:03:33,100 --> 04:03:36,500
craters named in his honor. 
Of innovators, sometimes cited 

4528
04:03:36,500 --> 04:03:39,400
him as a paragon of design, 
thinking, Aesthetics and 

4529
04:03:39,400 --> 04:03:42,400
function. 
The phrase Leonardo like mine's 

4530
04:03:42,400 --> 04:03:46,100
denote, someone Unbound, by 
single domain Museum, stage 

4531
04:03:46,100 --> 04:03:49,500
Blockbuster, exhibitions 
assembling scattered, folios of 

4532
04:03:49,500 --> 04:03:53,000
his Cody's Under One Roof 
visitors queue for hours to 

4533
04:03:53,000 --> 04:03:56,100
climb to the delicate. 
Sketches of a fetus in utero, or

4534
04:03:56,100 --> 04:03:59,200
a swirling aerial. 
Screw in, such Gatherings, 

4535
04:03:59,200 --> 04:04:02,000
viewers witnessed, the raw lines
of a man who wrestled with 

4536
04:04:02,000 --> 04:04:04,900
Nature's secrets on scraps of 
paper unknown. 

4537
04:04:04,900 --> 04:04:06,500
They'd be revered, centuries, 
later. 

4538
04:04:07,500 --> 04:04:11,200
Yet the question arises, what 
would Leonardo have done with 

4539
04:04:11,200 --> 04:04:15,000
modern resources? 
Some imagine him thriving in an 

4540
04:04:15,000 --> 04:04:18,500
era of 3D printers and digital 
imaging, or leading biotech 

4541
04:04:18,500 --> 04:04:21,900
startups. others caution that 
the intangible Synergy of 

4542
04:04:21,908 --> 04:04:25,600
Renaissance Italy, a World open 
to invention but also Bound by 

4543
04:04:25,600 --> 04:04:30,100
Craft Traditions shaped him A 
modern environment might hamper 

4544
04:04:30,100 --> 04:04:32,600
that slow observational 
approach. 

4545
04:04:32,600 --> 04:04:35,700
He thrived in a realm where 
forging your pigments and 

4546
04:04:35,700 --> 04:04:38,900
dissecting cadavers in candlelit
Corners built a holistic sense 

4547
04:04:38,900 --> 04:04:41,800
of wonder. 
Today's rapid data flow might 

4548
04:04:41,800 --> 04:04:43,600
overshadow. 
The meticulous wonder that 

4549
04:04:43,600 --> 04:04:46,500
fueled his slow revelation. 
Scholars. 

4550
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:49,200
Continue analyzing Leonardo's 
notebooks for overlooked. 

4551
04:04:49,200 --> 04:04:52,200
Insights one might find a newly,
deciphered margin note, 

4552
04:04:52,200 --> 04:04:55,000
revealing, how he planned water 
lifting devices for Farmland 

4553
04:04:55,000 --> 04:04:57,900
irrigation. 
Another might unearth a fragment

4554
04:04:57,900 --> 04:05:01,200
referencing a missing treaties 
on mirror, making each fresh 

4555
04:05:01,200 --> 04:05:03,700
Revelation. 
Underscores how incomplete on 

4556
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:06,700
knowledge remains because his 
notebooks were so scattered 

4557
04:05:06,700 --> 04:05:09,000
lines, vanished and private 
collections. 

4558
04:05:09,000 --> 04:05:12,100
Sometimes re-emerging at auction
houses with a million dollar, 

4559
04:05:12,100 --> 04:05:15,700
price tags, Bill Gates, 
famously, purchased the Codex, 

4560
04:05:15,700 --> 04:05:19,800
Leicester in 1994, digitizing 
Pages, for public curiosity. 

4561
04:05:20,900 --> 04:05:23,400
This interplay of private 
ownership and public thirst. 

4562
04:05:23,400 --> 04:05:26,700
For knowledge, epitomizes 
Leonardo's enduring Mystique. 

4563
04:05:27,400 --> 04:05:30,600
One-dimension of modern interest
focuses on Leonardo's, personal 

4564
04:05:30,600 --> 04:05:33,500
life. 
The few references to Intimate 

4565
04:05:33,500 --> 04:05:35,700
Relationships, or sexuality, 
remain ambiguous. 

4566
04:05:35,700 --> 04:05:39,800
Some interpret, his heavy focus 
on male assistance as indicative

4567
04:05:39,800 --> 04:05:42,000
of hidden personal aspects 
others. 

4568
04:05:42,000 --> 04:05:44,400
See, no direct evidence of 
romance in his notes. 

4569
04:05:44,400 --> 04:05:48,300
He rarely wrote about personal 
feelings, preferring coded, 

4570
04:05:48,300 --> 04:05:50,000
references, or allegorical 
musings. 

4571
04:05:50,900 --> 04:05:53,700
The aura of secrecy around his 
private life parallels, the 

4572
04:05:53,700 --> 04:05:56,700
guarded manner in which he 
protected his scientific methods

4573
04:05:56,700 --> 04:06:01,100
fueling endless speculation at 
the same time the notion of the 

4574
04:06:01,100 --> 04:06:04,500
incomplete genius, resonates 
with modern anxieties about 

4575
04:06:04,500 --> 04:06:07,400
productivity. 
Leonardo's many half finished 

4576
04:06:07,400 --> 04:06:09,700
paintings, and ephemeral designs
illustrate. 

4577
04:06:09,700 --> 04:06:13,000
The challenge of reconciling 
curiosity with the finality of 

4578
04:06:13,000 --> 04:06:16,800
deadlines in an age, obsessed 
with completion and output. 

4579
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:20,600
His story hints that the path of
exploration, though. 

4580
04:06:20,600 --> 04:06:23,800
Miami. 
In yield intangible but profound

4581
04:06:23,800 --> 04:06:27,100
insights that he never published
his anatomical volumes. 

4582
04:06:27,100 --> 04:06:30,200
Didn't negate their brilliant. 
Their posture must influence. 

4583
04:06:30,200 --> 04:06:33,100
Shaped fields from architecture 
to fluid dynamics. 

4584
04:06:33,100 --> 04:06:37,100
Many contemporary creatives draw
solace in Leonardo's example, 

4585
04:06:37,100 --> 04:06:40,900
creation can be iterative 
perpetually and flux and still 

4586
04:06:40,900 --> 04:06:44,700
crucial to progress. 
Even so some critics note, that 

4587
04:06:44,700 --> 04:06:47,000
praising Leonardo can 
overshadow, other Renaissance 

4588
04:06:47,000 --> 04:06:50,700
figures like Filippo 
Brunelleschi who concretely, the

4589
04:06:50,700 --> 04:06:54,600
Florence Dome or Luca pacioli 
whose mathematics influence him.

4590
04:06:55,600 --> 04:06:58,500
they are argue that the Leonardo
Legend, occasionally 

4591
04:06:58,500 --> 04:07:02,100
romanticizes, an Irish Synergy, 
well that Synergy was real 

4592
04:07:02,100 --> 04:07:06,200
credit goes to many Leonardo's 
singular star shouldn't blind us

4593
04:07:06,200 --> 04:07:09,300
to the collective Genius of the 
period but precisely, because he

4594
04:07:09,300 --> 04:07:13,500
integrated so many fields. 
Art, science, engineering and 

4595
04:07:13,500 --> 04:07:16,200
Anatomy. 
He became an enduring symbol for

4596
04:07:16,200 --> 04:07:19,600
the entire Renasant moment. 
Capturing the further of 

4597
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:23,500
bridging knowledge, domains. 
Hence, in the 21st century, 

4598
04:07:23,500 --> 04:07:28,500
Leonardo da Vinci remains less 
static historical figure in a 

4599
04:07:28,508 --> 04:07:32,300
living metaphor for potential. 
Each generation reinterprets him

4600
04:07:32,300 --> 04:07:35,700
plugging his name into the 
contexts as varied as Steam, 

4601
04:07:35,700 --> 04:07:39,400
education, cultural diplomacy or
brown marketing. 

4602
04:07:39,400 --> 04:07:43,300
The friction between the legend 
and the historical details keeps

4603
04:07:43,300 --> 04:07:45,800
him relevant. 
People yearn for the secret of 

4604
04:07:45,808 --> 04:07:50,000
how a single mind could roam. 
So broadly producing both 

4605
04:07:50,000 --> 04:07:53,100
Timeless artistic wonders and 
notebooks brimming with half 

4606
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:56,300
realized Marvels. 
That tension between the 

4607
04:07:56,300 --> 04:07:59,300
completed and the fragmentary 
May well be Leonardo's. 

4608
04:07:59,300 --> 04:08:01,500
Final gift spurring us to 
question. 

4609
04:08:01,500 --> 04:08:04,600
How far our curiosity might take
us if we refuse to erect 

4610
04:08:04,600 --> 04:08:08,200
barriers between the Arts and 
Sciences The story of Leonardo 

4611
04:08:08,200 --> 04:08:10,800
da Vinci serves as the lens on 
lifelong reinvention. 

4612
04:08:11,700 --> 04:08:15,700
Born in a modest tusken setting.
He navigated uneven patronage 

4613
04:08:15,700 --> 04:08:18,900
system. 
Accepted partial successes and 

4614
04:08:18,900 --> 04:08:20,700
found resilience In Perpetual 
learning. 

4615
04:08:21,500 --> 04:08:25,300
Each City he lived in Florence. 
Millen Rome and ultimately 

4616
04:08:25,300 --> 04:08:27,600
France, offered fresh Vantage 
points. 

4617
04:08:27,600 --> 04:08:31,200
Reminding us that Mobility can 
spark renewal at any stage in 

4618
04:08:31,208 --> 04:08:33,700
life, though. 
He occasionally lamented in 

4619
04:08:33,700 --> 04:08:35,600
complete tasks. 
He pressed forward. 

4620
04:08:35,600 --> 04:08:37,700
Reaching discipline. 
After discipline. 

4621
04:08:39,200 --> 04:08:41,500
It's worth extracting lessons 
from his approach. 

4622
04:08:41,500 --> 04:08:45,500
He cultivated tell an insatiable
observational habit. 

4623
04:08:46,200 --> 04:08:49,800
Scrutinizing, swirling water. 
The geometry of a flower petal. 

4624
04:08:50,500 --> 04:08:54,300
well, the subtle shift of a 
faces muscles even in an era 

4625
04:08:54,300 --> 04:08:58,100
lacking cameras or modern labs, 
he gleaned Universal patterns by

4626
04:08:58,100 --> 04:09:02,400
focusing on the details. 
As midlife adults, we too can 

4627
04:09:02,400 --> 04:09:05,200
regain that sense of direct 
observation whether it's 

4628
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:08,700
noticing minor changes in a 
friend's demeanor or analyzing 

4629
04:09:08,700 --> 04:09:12,000
complexities at work. 
A lot of desk perspective 

4630
04:09:12,000 --> 04:09:15,600
encourages seeing a new not 
coasting on assumptions. 

4631
04:09:16,400 --> 04:09:19,600
Another facet resonates with 
modern times the Synergy of 

4632
04:09:19,608 --> 04:09:21,700
creative expression and 
methodical research. 

4633
04:09:22,600 --> 04:09:24,500
Leonardo was no Carefree 
Dreamer. 

4634
04:09:25,200 --> 04:09:30,000
He systematically tested ideas, 
building prototypes, dissecting 

4635
04:09:30,000 --> 04:09:34,600
bodies and refining pigments. 
He let imagination drive him but

4636
04:09:34,600 --> 04:09:37,200
insisted on verifying theories 
with experiments. 

4637
04:09:38,100 --> 04:09:42,100
For those in middle, adulthood 
managing teams, families or 

4638
04:09:42,100 --> 04:09:45,500
personal projects balancing 
Vision with practicality. 

4639
04:09:45,500 --> 04:09:50,300
As an art Leonardo's notebooks, 
bristle with micro failures, a 

4640
04:09:50,300 --> 04:09:53,700
water lifting device that jammed
a mural technique that appealed,

4641
04:09:53,700 --> 04:09:57,500
yet each misstep, taught him, 
something this iterative mindset

4642
04:09:57,500 --> 04:10:01,100
Foster's resilience and yields 
deep expertise, moreover, 

4643
04:10:01,100 --> 04:10:03,400
Leonardo's, story, under 
schools, the role of 

4644
04:10:03,400 --> 04:10:05,900
collaboration. 
He soared highest not in 

4645
04:10:05,900 --> 04:10:10,100
isolation, but in Synergy with 
Patron's mentors and assistance,

4646
04:10:11,000 --> 04:10:13,800
The swords are in French courts,
gave him resources to dream big.

4647
04:10:14,600 --> 04:10:18,200
Skilled Workshop, members helped
realize or test Concepts even 

4648
04:10:18,200 --> 04:10:20,900
his competition with 
Michelangelo and Raphael will be

4649
04:10:20,908 --> 04:10:24,600
at fraught with tension. 
Catalyzed fresh impetus in 

4650
04:10:24,600 --> 04:10:28,000
present life Synergy across 
skill sets can amplify outcomes.

4651
04:10:28,000 --> 04:10:31,200
We see parallels and 
cross-functional corporate teams

4652
04:10:31,200 --> 04:10:34,100
or community coalitions that 
blend varied talents to achieve 

4653
04:10:34,100 --> 04:10:36,900
breakthroughs. 
However, we also need to address

4654
04:10:36,900 --> 04:10:40,200
the negative aspect. 
The Eerie feeling of unrealized 

4655
04:10:40,200 --> 04:10:44,100
potential, many of Leonardo's 
Grand designs such as the 

4656
04:10:44,100 --> 04:10:47,200
sports, a horse or the treaters 
on flight remaining complete. 

4657
04:10:48,000 --> 04:10:50,000
Some might interpret him as a 
cautionary, tale about 

4658
04:10:50,000 --> 04:10:53,700
perfectionism indeed he 
sometimes spent years layering 

4659
04:10:53,700 --> 04:10:56,700
glazes on a single painting or 
rewriting the same mechanical 

4660
04:10:56,700 --> 04:10:59,000
design. 
For busy modern adults. 

4661
04:10:59,000 --> 04:11:01,000
It can be a nudge to find 
closure. 

4662
04:11:01,800 --> 04:11:05,000
Not every idea, demands 
indefinite polishing finishing 

4663
04:11:05,000 --> 04:11:08,100
and sharing can unlock new 
phases of growth still 

4664
04:11:08,100 --> 04:11:10,200
Leonardo's. 
Incomplete wanders. 

4665
04:11:10,200 --> 04:11:13,700
Remind us that partial efforts 
can spark future revolutions. 

4666
04:11:13,700 --> 04:11:16,400
Even if we are cells, never see 
them fully blue. 

4667
04:11:17,700 --> 04:11:20,300
His final years in the French 
Quarter, so highlight that one 

4668
04:11:20,300 --> 04:11:23,800
can remain relevant even in 
advanced stage by building a 

4669
04:11:23,800 --> 04:11:25,100
lifelong reputation for 
Innovation. 

4670
04:11:25,100 --> 04:11:28,200
He found fresh Patron who 
treasured his wisdom. 

4671
04:11:28,200 --> 04:11:31,000
He might not have executed large
Public Works. 

4672
04:11:31,000 --> 04:11:34,900
Then he contributed to strategic
discussion and shape cultural 

4673
04:11:34,900 --> 04:11:37,900
enrichment of the French Court. 
Similarly, for those 

4674
04:11:37,900 --> 04:11:41,200
transitioning out of intense 
early career phases, there's a 

4675
04:11:41,200 --> 04:11:44,400
reminder that mentorship 
idea-sharing will specialize as 

4676
04:11:44,400 --> 04:11:46,100
consultancy can be equally 
impactful. 

4677
04:11:47,400 --> 04:11:50,800
Leonardo's Twilight wasn't about
retirement in a quiet sense, but

4678
04:11:50,800 --> 04:11:53,700
about integrating Decades of 
experience into a culminating 

4679
04:11:53,700 --> 04:11:56,600
sphere. 
Another essential angle is how 

4680
04:11:56,600 --> 04:11:59,900
Leonardo balanced religious 
sentiments with rational inquiry

4681
04:11:59,900 --> 04:12:02,400
deeply respectful of Christian 
doctrine. 

4682
04:12:03,100 --> 04:12:05,700
He never let Dogma quell. 
His questions about Nature's 

4683
04:12:05,700 --> 04:12:08,400
mechanisms, you believed 
understanding creation's, 

4684
04:12:08,400 --> 04:12:11,300
intricacies honored? 
The Creator in an era where 

4685
04:12:11,300 --> 04:12:14,700
faith and science sometimes 
clashed navigated a personal 

4686
04:12:14,700 --> 04:12:16,800
path from a modern audience 
frequently. 

4687
04:12:16,800 --> 04:12:18,500
Contending with polarized 
debates. 

4688
04:12:18,500 --> 04:12:21,700
The Leonardo's Outlook offers a 
model rational. 

4689
04:12:21,700 --> 04:12:25,500
Exploration can coexist with 
spiritual death, each fueling 

4690
04:12:25,500 --> 04:12:29,300
gratitude for existence of. 
Marvel's ultimately, the life of

4691
04:12:29,300 --> 04:12:32,400
Leonardo Vinci stands as an 
emblem of boundless curiosity. 

4692
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:37,000
Bridging disciplines that many 
treaters separate, he embraced 

4693
04:12:37,000 --> 04:12:39,400
incremental knowledge 
acknowledging that each 

4694
04:12:39,400 --> 04:12:41,700
Discovery planted the seeds for 
further Mysteries. 

4695
04:12:41,700 --> 04:12:46,000
His notebook, those scattered 
and partial reveal a mind in 

4696
04:12:46,000 --> 04:12:48,500
thrall by the interplay of form 
motion. 

4697
04:12:48,500 --> 04:12:51,800
Cosmic design. 
Five centuries on, we still 

4698
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:54,500
glean from him. 
The power of Wonder the value of

4699
04:12:54,500 --> 04:12:58,200
dogged experimentation and the 
humility to accept that Mastery 

4700
04:12:58,200 --> 04:13:01,200
is a continual Journey. 
Never fully complete. 

4701
04:13:02,000 --> 04:13:04,300
In a world that yearns for 
Innovation and empathy. 

4702
04:13:04,300 --> 04:13:07,500
He remains a shining example of 
what a single human can 

4703
04:13:07,500 --> 04:13:10,900
accomplish when Guided by the 
persistent or at the world's 

4704
04:13:10,900 --> 04:13:15,800
complexities and that perhaps is
Leonardo's Ultimate gift to 

4705
04:13:15,800 --> 04:13:19,200
remind us that even the simplest
observation, like a swirl of 

4706
04:13:19,200 --> 04:13:22,700
water in a basin can unravel 
entire universes of insight. 

4707
04:13:22,700 --> 04:13:32,100
If we only dare to look closely 
enough, Now you may believe that

4708
04:13:32,100 --> 04:13:34,500
you are familiar with Alexander 
Hamilton from the popular 

4709
04:13:34,500 --> 04:13:38,200
Broadway production but for the 
time being let's put the hip hop

4710
04:13:38,200 --> 04:13:41,200
music and dramatic performance 
as aside instead. 

4711
04:13:41,200 --> 04:13:43,700
Think of him as your 
exceptionally intelligent 

4712
04:13:43,700 --> 04:13:45,800
neighbor, who always has 
something interesting to say 

4713
04:13:45,800 --> 04:13:49,100
over the garden fence. 
He's the type of person who sees

4714
04:13:49,100 --> 04:13:52,400
opportunities where others see 
problems and who with time and 

4715
04:13:52,400 --> 04:13:55,500
careful consideration has never 
encountered a difficult problem 

4716
04:13:55,500 --> 04:13:57,600
that he couldn't solve our 
story. 

4717
04:13:57,600 --> 04:14:01,200
Starts on the tiny Caribbean 
island of Nevis where the sound 

4718
04:14:01,200 --> 04:14:04,100
of waves lapping against Coral 
Shores, and the aroma of 

4719
04:14:04,100 --> 04:14:06,500
sugarcane are carried by the 
trade winds. 

4720
04:14:07,000 --> 04:14:10,900
In 1755, a child is born who 
will grow up to have thoughts 

4721
04:14:10,900 --> 04:14:14,300
the size of an entire continent.
The problem with Alexander 

4722
04:14:14,300 --> 04:14:17,100
though is that he didn't begin 
life with any advantages that 

4723
04:14:17,100 --> 04:14:20,000
would indicate greatness was on 
the horizon, you know, how some 

4724
04:14:20,000 --> 04:14:21,500
people seem to have it all from 
birth. 

4725
04:14:22,600 --> 04:14:25,600
Alexander became more akin to a 
wooden spoon that had previously

4726
04:14:25,600 --> 04:14:29,300
been used to stir up, something 
dubious, James, Hamilton, his 

4727
04:14:29,300 --> 04:14:32,500
father had a knack for making 
bad business choices, that would

4728
04:14:32,500 --> 04:14:34,400
make a contemporary, businessman
shutter. 

4729
04:14:34,400 --> 04:14:37,600
Imagine a man who had the 
ability to take something that 

4730
04:14:37,600 --> 04:14:42,000
was certain and somehow make it 
a spectacular failure for you. 

4731
04:14:42,000 --> 04:14:46,200
That's James Hamilton when 
Alexander was ten years old, his

4732
04:14:46,200 --> 04:14:47,900
father did what struggling men 
do. 

4733
04:14:47,900 --> 04:14:52,400
When life becomes too difficult,
he just left He was there one 

4734
04:14:52,400 --> 04:14:55,500
morning discussing his most 
recent business Endeavor that 

4735
04:14:55,500 --> 04:14:58,300
would undoubtedly bring to the 
family and the following 

4736
04:14:58,300 --> 04:15:00,000
morning, his seat at The 
Breakfast. 

4737
04:15:00,008 --> 04:15:03,300
Table was vacant. 
Alexander seemed to brush it off

4738
04:15:03,300 --> 04:15:06,700
as just, another mystery to be 
sold at later time, even though 

4739
04:15:06,700 --> 04:15:09,500
it's the kind of Abandonment 
that could shatter a child's 

4740
04:15:09,500 --> 04:15:12,100
spirit. 
Rachel his mother was left to 

4741
04:15:12,100 --> 04:15:15,100
handle things alone and she did 
so with the Quiet resolve that 

4742
04:15:15,108 --> 04:15:18,400
would later manifest in her 
son's personality She didn't 

4743
04:15:18,400 --> 04:15:20,900
have a lot of money or ties to 
influential families. 

4744
04:15:20,900 --> 04:15:24,900
She had something more valuable.
She was a reader and she made 

4745
04:15:24,900 --> 04:15:27,800
sure Alexander was as well. 
This was like giving him 

4746
04:15:27,800 --> 04:15:31,000
superpowers at a time, when many
people sign their names with an 

4747
04:15:31,000 --> 04:15:34,300
ex, imagine young Alexander 
reading by candlelight in their 

4748
04:15:34,300 --> 04:15:36,000
tiny home as the Caribbean 
night. 

4749
04:15:36,000 --> 04:15:39,500
Humed with insects and sea 
breezes, he devoured, books with

4750
04:15:39,500 --> 04:15:42,700
the same further and seemingly 
insatiable appetite, as some 

4751
04:15:42,700 --> 04:15:46,000
children, consume candy. 
It made no difference whether it

4752
04:15:46,000 --> 04:15:48,700
was history, books, philosophy, 
poetry or mathematics. 

4753
04:15:49,700 --> 04:15:52,500
Alexander wanted to understand 
anything that had words on a 

4754
04:15:52,500 --> 04:15:55,300
page. 
However, harsh lessons come with

4755
04:15:55,308 --> 04:15:57,700
living on a small island and 
Alexander's. 

4756
04:15:57,700 --> 04:15:59,300
Mother passed away when he was 
13. 

4757
04:16:00,400 --> 04:16:02,800
With no family wealth to rely on
and no clear. 

4758
04:16:02,800 --> 04:16:05,300
Way forward. 
This intelligent boy suddenly 

4759
04:16:05,300 --> 04:16:07,500
found himself practically alone 
in the world. 

4760
04:16:08,600 --> 04:16:11,900
This type of circumstance, could
teach someone to be cautious to 

4761
04:16:11,900 --> 04:16:14,300
keep their head down. 
And to seize any little 

4762
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:17,800
opportunities that present 
themselves rather Alexander 

4763
04:16:17,800 --> 04:16:19,900
surveyed his situation and 
concluded that it was 

4764
04:16:19,900 --> 04:16:23,600
unacceptable, not in a furious 
manner, but with the cool 

4765
04:16:23,600 --> 04:16:26,100
resolve of someone, who just 
doesn't think that where you 

4766
04:16:26,100 --> 04:16:30,200
begin is, where you end up, he 
secured a position in a trading 

4767
04:16:30,200 --> 04:16:33,500
company as a clerk managing the 
bookkeeping and correspondence 

4768
04:16:33,500 --> 04:16:35,900
for Traders who transported 
goods between islands. 

4769
04:16:35,900 --> 04:16:38,800
This may seem like a rather 
ordinary way for a future 

4770
04:16:38,800 --> 04:16:42,100
founding father to spend his. 
Adolescence this is where 

4771
04:16:42,100 --> 04:16:45,700
Alexander's unique Brilliance 
began to emerge, Alexander 

4772
04:16:45,700 --> 04:16:49,300
started to comprehend how the 
entire system operated whereas 

4773
04:16:49,300 --> 04:16:51,800
other Clarks might have just 
copied letters and added up 

4774
04:16:51,800 --> 04:16:54,800
Columns of numbers. 
He observed how ships traveled 

4775
04:16:54,800 --> 04:16:58,900
between islands, how many moved 
between locations and how a 

4776
04:16:58,900 --> 04:17:01,700
sugar shortage in one area could
lead to opportunities in another

4777
04:17:01,700 --> 04:17:04,100
today. 
He was like a teenager who 

4778
04:17:04,100 --> 04:17:07,000
Begins by assisting with the 
social media account for a 

4779
04:17:07,000 --> 04:17:09,600
family business, an end up 
knowing more about digital 

4780
04:17:09,600 --> 04:17:11,700
marketing than those who have 
degrees in the field. 

4781
04:17:12,900 --> 04:17:16,500
Alexander, not only carried out 
his duties, but also a 

4782
04:17:16,500 --> 04:17:19,200
simulated, the fundamental ideas
that underpinned successful, 

4783
04:17:19,200 --> 04:17:22,900
Commerce, at the age of 17, 
Alexander experienced a 

4784
04:17:22,900 --> 04:17:27,300
life-altering event in 1772. 
The Caribbean was hit by a huge 

4785
04:17:27,300 --> 04:17:29,500
hurricane. 
The kind of storm that prompts 

4786
04:17:29,500 --> 04:17:32,000
modern weather forecasters to 
use adjectives, like 

4787
04:17:32,000 --> 04:17:36,800
catastrophic and unprecedented. 
Buildings that had withstood 

4788
04:17:36,800 --> 04:17:40,100
years of tropical storms were 
reduced to splinters trees. 

4789
04:17:40,100 --> 04:17:43,400
That had stood for decades, were
uprooted like weeds and the 

4790
04:17:43,408 --> 04:17:46,600
meticulous order of everyday 
life was completely upended. 

4791
04:17:46,600 --> 04:17:49,300
The majority of people would 
have written home about the 

4792
04:17:49,300 --> 04:17:52,500
devastation and perhaps even 
shared some dramatic Tales of 

4793
04:17:52,508 --> 04:17:54,300
how they managed to survive the 
storm. 

4794
04:17:54,300 --> 04:17:58,800
However, Alexander sat down and 
wrote something completely 

4795
04:17:58,800 --> 04:18:00,400
different because he was 
Alexander. 

4796
04:18:01,600 --> 04:18:04,600
In his letter, he characterized 
the hurricane as a window into 

4797
04:18:04,600 --> 04:18:07,700
the great power of nature and 
the Frailty of human ambition. 

4798
04:18:07,700 --> 04:18:10,300
In addition to being a 
destructive force. 

4799
04:18:10,300 --> 04:18:13,400
Everyone who read the letter was
taken aback by its beauty. 

4800
04:18:13,400 --> 04:18:17,600
It wasn't overdone or flowery 
Alexander never like Superfluous

4801
04:18:17,600 --> 04:18:20,500
ornamentation but it 
encapsulated a fundamental 

4802
04:18:20,500 --> 04:18:22,900
aspect of what it was like to 
live through such a moment. 

4803
04:18:24,100 --> 04:18:26,600
It revealed a young man capable 
of finding meaning in 

4804
04:18:26,600 --> 04:18:28,400
Devastation and patterns in 
chaos. 

4805
04:18:28,400 --> 04:18:30,700
It was like watching someone 
realized they have a lovely 

4806
04:18:30,700 --> 04:18:33,200
singing voice when his letter 
appeared in the local newspaper.

4807
04:18:34,100 --> 04:18:37,600
Alexander was suddenly 
recognized as someone special by

4808
04:18:37,600 --> 04:18:40,300
those who had previously thought
of him as just another clocks 

4809
04:18:40,300 --> 04:18:43,100
assistant. 
Local businessmen and clergyman 

4810
04:18:43,100 --> 04:18:45,900
were drawn to the letter and 
concluded that the young man's 

4811
04:18:45,900 --> 04:18:48,300
abilities were too valuable to 
be wasted on a small island. 

4812
04:18:48,300 --> 04:18:52,300
They started a collection which 
is similar to passing a hat 

4813
04:18:52,300 --> 04:18:54,300
around your neighborhood. 
Except that instead of 

4814
04:18:54,308 --> 04:18:57,500
collecting money for someone's 
medical bills, your collecting 

4815
04:18:57,500 --> 04:19:00,200
money to send a teenager to 
college in the United States, 

4816
04:19:00,200 --> 04:19:03,700
the kind of investment in human 
potential, that transforms. 

4817
04:19:03,700 --> 04:19:07,300
Everything was demonstrated by 
this extraordinary Act of Faith 

4818
04:19:07,300 --> 04:19:10,700
in Alexander's potential with 
only a few books, some clothing 

4819
04:19:10,700 --> 04:19:13,400
and some ideas that would 
eventually help reshape a 

4820
04:19:13,400 --> 04:19:16,600
continent 18 year old Alexander 
Hamilton set. 

4821
04:19:16,600 --> 04:19:21,200
Sail for New York in 1773, he 
was leaving behind, not just a 

4822
04:19:21,200 --> 04:19:24,100
location but a whole way of 
thinking about what was possible

4823
04:19:24,100 --> 04:19:26,300
as his Island Home vanished 
behind him. 

4824
04:19:26,300 --> 04:19:29,400
Alexander must have felt like 
Dorothy leaving her Farmhouse. 

4825
04:19:29,400 --> 04:19:32,300
An entering the Land of Oz. 
When he first arrived in New 

4826
04:19:32,300 --> 04:19:36,200
York, only in stead of a Yellow 
Brick, Road Brick Road, he 

4827
04:19:36,200 --> 04:19:39,200
discovered cobblestone streets 
that were busier than his entire

4828
04:19:39,200 --> 04:19:42,900
Island had been With the kind of
energy that comes from living in

4829
04:19:42,900 --> 04:19:44,400
a place where anything seems 
possible. 

4830
04:19:44,400 --> 04:19:48,300
The city was a Whirlpool of 
intellectuals, merchants Sailors

4831
04:19:48,300 --> 04:19:51,900
and Craftsmen all pursuing their
different dreams, King's 

4832
04:19:51,900 --> 04:19:54,800
College, now, known as Columbia 
University was where he 

4833
04:19:54,808 --> 04:19:57,500
enrolled. 
Imagine a young man from a small

4834
04:19:57,500 --> 04:20:00,200
Caribbean island, entering those
Halls for the first time. 

4835
04:20:00,200 --> 04:20:02,300
Surrounded by the sons of 
wealthy. 

4836
04:20:02,300 --> 04:20:04,900
New York families who had been 
raised to take their privileges 

4837
04:20:04,900 --> 04:20:07,300
for granted. 
It might have been frightening 

4838
04:20:07,300 --> 04:20:10,900
but Alexander had something. 
They didn't a voracious appetite

4839
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:12,900
for information. 
That only comes from having 

4840
04:20:12,900 --> 04:20:15,500
earned. 
Every chance Alexander threw 

4841
04:20:15,500 --> 04:20:18,200
himself into his studies like a 
man who realized that education 

4842
04:20:18,200 --> 04:20:20,200
was his only way to influence 
others. 

4843
04:20:21,000 --> 04:20:23,600
Whereas his classmates may have 
approached their studies with 

4844
04:20:23,600 --> 04:20:26,800
the casual attitude of people 
who knew they would inherit 

4845
04:20:26,800 --> 04:20:29,200
their father's businesses, 
regardless of their grades. 

4846
04:20:29,900 --> 04:20:34,000
He studied history economics 
philosophy and law with the 

4847
04:20:34,000 --> 04:20:36,400
further of someone who 
understood that, these subjects 

4848
04:20:36,400 --> 04:20:38,200
were more than merely academic. 
Pursuits. 

4849
04:20:39,000 --> 04:20:41,300
They were instruments, he would 
need to construct the life. 

4850
04:20:41,300 --> 04:20:44,500
He desired what set? 
Alexander apart from even the 

4851
04:20:44,500 --> 04:20:47,500
most committed Learners, 
however, was that he synthesized

4852
04:20:47,500 --> 04:20:49,300
knowledge rather than merely 
absorbing it. 

4853
04:20:49,300 --> 04:20:52,600
He was already considering how 
the lessons he was reading about

4854
04:20:52,600 --> 04:20:55,700
ancient, Greek democracy might 
be applied to the political 

4855
04:20:55,700 --> 04:20:57,900
unrest that was developing in 
colonial America. 

4856
04:20:57,900 --> 04:21:01,200
He was thinking about how 
British economic theory, might 

4857
04:21:01,200 --> 04:21:04,500
apply to a nation that did not 
yet exist, but that he was 

4858
04:21:04,500 --> 04:21:07,500
already starting to Envision 
when he studied it for young 

4859
04:21:07,500 --> 04:21:10,200
people interested in concepts 
related to society and 

4860
04:21:10,200 --> 04:21:13,300
governance. 
The 1770s were a unique period 

4861
04:21:13,300 --> 04:21:17,300
taxes representation and the 
basic issue of who had the 

4862
04:21:17,308 --> 04:21:20,600
authority to decide on other 
people's lives with the subjects

4863
04:21:20,600 --> 04:21:23,400
of escalating disputes between 
the American colonies and 

4864
04:21:23,400 --> 04:21:25,800
Britain. 
These were pressing real world 

4865
04:21:25,800 --> 04:21:28,500
issues that had an impact on 
everyone's day-to-day existence 

4866
04:21:28,500 --> 04:21:32,300
not theoretical philosophical 
arguments taking place in some 

4867
04:21:32,300 --> 04:21:35,400
far off Capital, the political 
conversations that seemed to 

4868
04:21:35,400 --> 04:21:38,800
emerge everywhere whether in 
coffee shops, on street corners,

4869
04:21:38,800 --> 04:21:40,800
or in college dorms later at 
night. 

4870
04:21:40,800 --> 04:21:44,000
When young men with more further
than experience would solve The 

4871
04:21:44,000 --> 04:21:46,300
World's problems over 
Candlelight and what, whatever 

4872
04:21:46,300 --> 04:21:48,500
alcohol, they could afford to 
Drew Alexander in. 

4873
04:21:49,300 --> 04:21:52,300
Alexander however, approached 
these arguments with the gravity

4874
04:21:52,300 --> 04:21:56,100
of someone who thought ideas had
consequences in contrast to many

4875
04:21:56,100 --> 04:21:57,800
of his contemporaries who saw 
them. 

4876
04:21:57,800 --> 04:22:01,600
As intellectual Amusement, he 
started pending pamphlets which 

4877
04:22:01,600 --> 04:22:04,500
were the blog post of the 18th 
century, but they were more 

4878
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:06,000
difficult to create and 
disseminate. 

4879
04:22:06,000 --> 04:22:09,700
His earliest Works revealed a 
mind already pondering difficult

4880
04:22:09,700 --> 04:22:11,500
issues. 
Regarding the interplay between 

4881
04:22:11,500 --> 04:22:14,500
local autonomy and National 
Unity, as well as between 

4882
04:22:14,500 --> 04:22:16,600
individual, liberty and 
collective security. 

4883
04:22:17,900 --> 04:22:20,500
Alexander was developing 
Concepts that he believed would 

4884
04:22:20,500 --> 04:22:23,700
soon become crucial. 
So, these were merely smart 

4885
04:22:23,700 --> 04:22:26,900
academic exercises. 
Alexander was 20 years old. 

4886
04:22:26,900 --> 04:22:31,000
When the Revolutionary War 
finally broke out in 1775 and he

4887
04:22:31,000 --> 04:22:34,300
had to make the same decision 
that all Young Americans had to 

4888
04:22:34,300 --> 04:22:37,100
make. 
Would he try to avoid danger and

4889
04:22:37,100 --> 04:22:38,500
wait to see how things worked 
out? 

4890
04:22:38,500 --> 04:22:41,100
Or would he take up arms for the
cause of Independence? 

4891
04:22:41,100 --> 04:22:44,400
There was really no other option
for someone who had studied 

4892
04:22:44,400 --> 04:22:46,600
political Theory and depth 
during his college Years. 

4893
04:22:47,600 --> 04:22:51,400
Alexander was not an idealistic 
idea list who viewed War as a 

4894
04:22:51,408 --> 04:22:54,300
glorious Adventure when he 
enlisted in the Continental Army

4895
04:22:54,300 --> 04:22:56,500
he realized that winning 
battles. 

4896
04:22:56,500 --> 04:22:59,600
Would only be the first step in 
a long costly and challenging 

4897
04:22:59,600 --> 04:23:01,700
conflict. 
He immediately made a name for 

4898
04:23:01,700 --> 04:23:04,400
himself as someone who could 
solve the kinds of real world 

4899
04:23:04,400 --> 04:23:07,600
issues that armies and counter 
when attempting to wage war 

4900
04:23:07,600 --> 04:23:10,700
without sufficient supplies 
rather than, as a warrior in the

4901
04:23:10,700 --> 04:23:13,600
conventional sense. 
When you don't have enough money

4902
04:23:13,600 --> 04:23:16,400
to buy food. 
How do you feed soldiers when 

4903
04:23:16,400 --> 04:23:18,100
there aren't enough wagons or 
horses? 

4904
04:23:18,100 --> 04:23:21,900
How do you transport supplies? 
When everyone is aware that the 

4905
04:23:21,900 --> 04:23:24,500
enemy has Superior gear and more
consistent funding. 

4906
04:23:24,500 --> 04:23:27,900
How do you keep morale High? 
These may seem like trivial 

4907
04:23:27,900 --> 04:23:31,400
issues but Alexander knew that 
strategy is just as important in

4908
04:23:31,400 --> 04:23:34,900
winning a war as bravery His 
teenage years in the Caribbean 

4909
04:23:34,900 --> 04:23:37,600
trading office had taught him 
that intricate systems 

4910
04:23:37,600 --> 04:23:40,600
necessitate. 
Meticulous attention to details.

4911
04:23:40,600 --> 04:23:43,100
That may appear uninteresting 
but are actually very important.

4912
04:23:44,100 --> 04:23:47,000
No matter how Valiant it 
soldiers are an army that is 

4913
04:23:47,000 --> 04:23:50,900
unable to effectively move, its 
or feed itself will lose General

4914
04:23:50,900 --> 04:23:53,300
George Washington, who was 
facing difficulties, that would 

4915
04:23:53,300 --> 04:23:56,300
have overwhelmed, most leaders 
was drawn to his abilities. 

4916
04:23:56,300 --> 04:23:59,900
In order to effectively manage a
revolutionary war Washington 

4917
04:23:59,900 --> 04:24:02,400
needed, someone who could 
coordinate with other officers 

4918
04:24:02,400 --> 04:24:06,000
draft orders, handle 
correspondents and solve the 

4919
04:24:06,000 --> 04:24:08,100
intricate administrative issues 
that arise. 

4920
04:24:08,100 --> 04:24:11,400
He discovered someone in 
Alexander, who was capable of 

4921
04:24:11,400 --> 04:24:14,100
all of that. 
And who also had a broad 

4922
04:24:14,100 --> 04:24:17,300
understanding of their goals, 
Alexander developed into one of 

4923
04:24:17,308 --> 04:24:20,600
Washington's, most trusted aides
working closely with him for 

4924
04:24:20,600 --> 04:24:24,000
years, allowing him to see 
directly how decisions are made 

4925
04:24:24,000 --> 04:24:27,400
in emergency situation. 
He observed how Washington 

4926
04:24:27,400 --> 04:24:30,600
handle conflicting, demands 
controlled, challenging 

4927
04:24:30,600 --> 04:24:33,800
individuals, and remained 
focused on long-term objectives.

4928
04:24:33,800 --> 04:24:36,900
Even when immediate pressures 
became too much to handle most 

4929
04:24:36,900 --> 04:24:39,300
significantly though. 
Alexander spent those years of 

4930
04:24:39,300 --> 04:24:42,700
war contemplating the future. 
He was already thinking about 

4931
04:24:42,700 --> 04:24:46,000
the more difficult question, how
would they actually govern 

4932
04:24:46,000 --> 04:24:48,100
themselves once they had gained 
the right to do? 

4933
04:24:48,100 --> 04:24:51,400
So, While others, concentrated 
on the pressing issue of gaining

4934
04:24:51,400 --> 04:24:55,300
independence, after the war 
ended in 1783, American had to 

4935
04:24:55,300 --> 04:24:57,800
figure out what it meant to be a
nation a problem. 

4936
04:24:57,800 --> 04:25:00,000
No previous generation had ever 
faced. 

4937
04:25:00,000 --> 04:25:02,200
When you put it that way, it 
sounds easy. 

4938
04:25:02,200 --> 04:25:06,900
But the reality was far more 
intricate 13 distinct colonies 

4939
04:25:06,900 --> 04:25:10,200
each with its own Customs 
passions and views on how things

4940
04:25:10,200 --> 04:25:12,800
ought to be run. 
Had to somehow manage to operate

4941
04:25:12,800 --> 04:25:16,200
as a single country, the 
Articles of Confederation, which

4942
04:25:16,200 --> 04:25:19,000
were essentially a treaty 
between 13, independent states, 

4943
04:25:19,000 --> 04:25:20,900
rather than a blueprint for a 
single government. 

4944
04:25:20,900 --> 04:25:24,500
For the first attempt to solve 
this conundrum, a group of 

4945
04:25:24,500 --> 04:25:27,000
Roommates agreeing to split the 
rent but not granting. 

4946
04:25:27,000 --> 04:25:30,300
Anyone, the power to ensure that
each person pays their share was

4947
04:25:30,300 --> 04:25:33,000
the political equivalent of 
that, Alexander became 

4948
04:25:33,000 --> 04:25:36,000
increasingly convinced that this
system was not going to work as 

4949
04:25:36,000 --> 04:25:38,200
he watched it falter from crisis
to crisis. 

4950
04:25:39,100 --> 04:25:42,600
Because each state produced its 
own currency trade between them 

4951
04:25:42,600 --> 04:25:46,100
became needlessly complicated. 
They treated neighboring states 

4952
04:25:46,100 --> 04:25:48,800
more like foreign Nations than 
as parts of the same country 

4953
04:25:48,800 --> 04:25:51,100
imposing tariffs on each other's
Goods. 

4954
04:25:51,700 --> 04:25:54,400
There was no efficient system in
place to settle disagreements 

4955
04:25:54,400 --> 04:25:57,000
when they occurred. 
Most annoying of all, there was 

4956
04:25:57,008 --> 04:25:59,400
no Dependable method for the 
national government to raise 

4957
04:25:59,408 --> 04:26:01,800
funds. 
It could request funding from 

4958
04:26:01,800 --> 04:26:05,400
the states but not mandate it. 
This meant that soldiers who had

4959
04:26:05,400 --> 04:26:08,100
fought for independence. 
Could not receive their back pay

4960
04:26:08,100 --> 04:26:11,600
debts from the Revolutionary War
remained unpaid and the new 

4961
04:26:11,600 --> 04:26:14,400
nations credit was so bad. 
That foreign governments started

4962
04:26:14,400 --> 04:26:17,400
to question, whether America 
would be able to remain an 

4963
04:26:17,400 --> 04:26:19,900
independent nation. 
This was similar to witnessing a

4964
04:26:19,900 --> 04:26:22,900
business owner, who refused to 
record their revenue or expenses

4965
04:26:22,900 --> 04:26:26,100
and then question, why they were
unable to pay their bills for 

4966
04:26:26,100 --> 04:26:28,600
someone with Alexander's 
background in finance and 

4967
04:26:28,600 --> 04:26:31,300
commerce. 
The issues weren't enigmatic 

4968
04:26:31,300 --> 04:26:34,000
rather. 
They were the inevitable outcome

4969
04:26:34,000 --> 04:26:37,200
of attempting to manage a 
complicated organization without

4970
04:26:37,200 --> 04:26:39,900
delegating decision-making. 
Authority to anyone. 

4971
04:26:39,900 --> 04:26:43,000
Alexander was developing his 
legal career in New York during 

4972
04:26:43,000 --> 04:26:45,400
this time. 
Taking on cases, that allowed 

4973
04:26:45,400 --> 04:26:48,400
him to gain first-hand knowledge
of the day-to-day operations of 

4974
04:26:48,400 --> 04:26:50,300
the nation's legal and economic 
systems. 

4975
04:26:51,100 --> 04:26:54,000
He witnessed the needless 
complexity of business caused by

4976
04:26:54,000 --> 04:26:57,700
the absence of a unified set of 
commercial laws, the confusion 

4977
04:26:57,700 --> 04:27:01,200
and inefficiency caused by the 
lack of a stable, National 

4978
04:27:01,200 --> 04:27:04,700
currency and the difficulty in 
resolving disputes that crossed 

4979
04:27:04,700 --> 04:27:06,900
state lines due to the lack of 
federal Authority. 

4980
04:27:06,900 --> 04:27:10,400
Alexander however started 
formulating solutions to these 

4981
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:12,300
issues rather than merely 
lamenting them. 

4982
04:27:13,100 --> 04:27:16,100
He looked for ideas that might 
apply to the American economy by

4983
04:27:16,100 --> 04:27:19,400
researching the economic systems
of other nations, especially 

4984
04:27:19,400 --> 04:27:22,100
Britain. 
He read, widely about various 

4985
04:27:22,100 --> 04:27:24,400
governmental structures in an 
effort to comprehend. 

4986
04:27:24,400 --> 04:27:27,500
What caused some countries to be
stable and prosperous, While 

4987
04:27:27,500 --> 04:27:31,300
others suffered from ongoing, 
political unrest, by 1787 

4988
04:27:31,300 --> 04:27:34,400
enough, Americans had agreed 
with Alexander that something 

4989
04:27:34,400 --> 04:27:37,300
needed to change, because the 
Articles of Confederation were 

4990
04:27:37,300 --> 04:27:40,800
failing in order to determine 
whether a more efficient system 

4991
04:27:40,800 --> 04:27:43,200
of national government, could be
established to convention was 

4992
04:27:43,200 --> 04:27:46,100
called in Philadelphia, 
supposedly to amend the Articles

4993
04:27:46,100 --> 04:27:49,100
despite being in the awkward 
position of being the only 

4994
04:27:49,100 --> 04:27:51,900
member of his State's delegation
who genuinely wished to 

4995
04:27:51,908 --> 04:27:53,700
establish a powerful federal 
government. 

4996
04:27:53,700 --> 04:27:56,900
Alexander was chosen as one of 
New York's delegates. 

4997
04:27:57,700 --> 04:28:00,900
Because his two colleague's 
favored, the status quo, New 

4998
04:28:00,900 --> 04:28:03,400
York's official stance at the 
convention was typically against

4999
04:28:03,400 --> 04:28:05,900
the kinds of reforms Alexander 
believed were required. 

5000
04:28:05,900 --> 04:28:08,900
Some of America's most 
intelligent political thinkers, 

5001
04:28:08,900 --> 04:28:12,500
men who had pondered society and
governmental issues for years 

5002
04:28:12,500 --> 04:28:14,400
came together for the 
convention. 

5003
04:28:15,200 --> 04:28:19,100
Even so Alexander stood Out 
Among the esteemed group for his

5004
04:28:19,100 --> 04:28:22,100
willingness to think outside the
box and for the breadth of his 

5005
04:28:22,100 --> 04:28:25,200
vision Alexander argued for 
something more fundamental. 

5006
04:28:25,900 --> 04:28:27,700
They needed to establish a 
national government. 

5007
04:28:27,700 --> 04:28:30,600
That was actually capable of 
governing, whereas many 

5008
04:28:30,600 --> 04:28:33,100
delegates saw the conventions 
work, as a matter of making 

5009
04:28:33,100 --> 04:28:37,600
small changes to the current 
system, Instead of depending on 

5010
04:28:37,600 --> 04:28:40,700
state cooperation, this meant 
granting the federal government 

5011
04:28:40,700 --> 04:28:44,700
the authority to impose taxes, 
control interstate commerce and 

5012
04:28:44,700 --> 04:28:47,900
directly enforce its laws. 
Although these might appear to 

5013
04:28:47,900 --> 04:28:51,500
be technical details, Alexander 
realized that they served as the

5014
04:28:51,500 --> 04:28:54,500
Cornerstone for all other goals.
The new country, wish to achieve

5015
04:28:55,300 --> 04:28:58,100
The government could not 
maintain an army pay off debts 

5016
04:28:58,100 --> 04:29:00,600
or fund the kinds of 
infrastructure projects that 

5017
04:29:00,600 --> 04:29:02,800
would support the nation's 
development and prosperity. 

5018
04:29:02,800 --> 04:29:06,900
If it couldn't consistently 
generate income, the United 

5019
04:29:06,900 --> 04:29:09,200
States would not be a true 
National Market. 

5020
04:29:09,200 --> 04:29:12,600
If it did not have the power to 
control interstate commerce, 

5021
04:29:12,600 --> 04:29:18,000
Alexander speech on June 18th, 
1787 outlining his vision for a 

5022
04:29:18,000 --> 04:29:21,100
powerful federal government is 
his most well known contribution

5023
04:29:21,100 --> 04:29:23,900
to the convention. 
Even though the presentation 

5024
04:29:23,900 --> 04:29:27,300
lasted six hours, imagine 
spending that much time watching

5025
04:29:27,300 --> 04:29:30,200
a PowerPoint, it wasn't dull 
academic Theory. 

5026
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:33,500
Alexander was outlining a 
workable plan. 

5027
04:29:33,500 --> 04:29:35,000
For handling the intricate 
problems. 

5028
04:29:35,000 --> 04:29:38,100
That a big diverse country 
faces, although his fellow 

5029
04:29:38,100 --> 04:29:40,700
delegates listened to politely 
many of them thought his ideas 

5030
04:29:40,700 --> 04:29:44,200
were too radical Alexander was 
advocating for a degree of 

5031
04:29:44,208 --> 04:29:47,000
federal power that was higher 
than what the majority of 

5032
04:29:47,008 --> 04:29:48,500
Americans. 
At the time felt was 

5033
04:29:48,500 --> 04:29:51,000
appropriate. 
Many of them weren't prepared to

5034
04:29:51,008 --> 04:29:53,700
establish, a new government that
might turn out to be just as 

5035
04:29:53,700 --> 04:29:56,900
repressive because they had just
fought a war to rid themselves 

5036
04:29:56,900 --> 04:29:59,900
of what they perceived to be. 
Excessive government power, 

5037
04:29:59,900 --> 04:30:04,000
Alexander had a big impact on 
the final Constitution, despite 

5038
04:30:04,000 --> 04:30:06,800
the fact that his specific 
suggestions were not accepted 

5039
04:30:06,800 --> 04:30:10,100
the powers, give to Congress, 
reflected his views, on the 

5040
04:30:10,100 --> 04:30:13,500
necessity of federal control, 
over Taxation and commerce. 

5041
04:30:13,500 --> 04:30:16,500
His focus on establishing a 
government that could take 

5042
04:30:16,500 --> 04:30:20,200
decisive action had an impact on
the executive Branch's layout. 

5043
04:30:20,200 --> 04:30:22,800
Convincing, the American people 
to ratify the. 

5044
04:30:22,800 --> 04:30:26,300
New constitution was the true 
challenge that arose after the 

5045
04:30:26,300 --> 04:30:28,200
Constitutional conventional 
concluded. 

5046
04:30:28,200 --> 04:30:32,700
Its work in September 1787 It 
took more than just persuading 

5047
04:30:32,700 --> 04:30:36,500
politicians to support this. 
It also required a shift in the 

5048
04:30:36,500 --> 04:30:38,800
way, the general public 
perceived the connection between

5049
04:30:38,800 --> 04:30:40,500
individual liberty and group 
government. 

5050
04:30:40,500 --> 04:30:44,100
Alexander recognized that this 
was essentially an ideological 

5051
04:30:44,100 --> 04:30:47,400
conflict and he threw himself 
into it with the ferocity of 

5052
04:30:47,400 --> 04:30:49,800
someone who thought the nation's
future depended on it. 

5053
04:30:50,800 --> 04:30:53,700
He started writing a collection 
of essays with John Jay and 

5054
04:30:53,700 --> 04:30:56,700
James Madison that became known 
as The Federalist Papers. 

5055
04:30:56,700 --> 04:30:59,600
They were all published under 
the same pseudonym Publius. 

5056
04:30:59,600 --> 04:31:03,900
These essays provided thoughtful
in-depth justifications for why 

5057
04:31:03,900 --> 04:31:07,000
the proposed Constitution would 
be superior to the current one, 

5058
04:31:07,000 --> 04:31:11,500
not just catchphrases or 
sentimental please Of the 85 

5059
04:31:11,500 --> 04:31:15,000
essays, Alexander authored 51 
that addressed some of the most 

5060
04:31:15,000 --> 04:31:18,100
intricate and contentious facets
of the new system of government.

5061
04:31:18,100 --> 04:31:21,300
Imagine him working late Into 
the Night by candlelight. 

5062
04:31:21,300 --> 04:31:24,600
In his New York law office 
developing arguments, that were 

5063
04:31:24,600 --> 04:31:27,600
both rigorously intellectual and
understandable to the average 

5064
04:31:27,600 --> 04:31:30,100
reader. 
In essence, he was creating the 

5065
04:31:30,100 --> 04:31:33,300
instruction manual for American 
democracy outlining. 

5066
04:31:33,300 --> 04:31:36,200
Not only the functions of the 
new government, but also the 

5067
04:31:36,200 --> 04:31:39,300
rationale behind its structure 
Alexander carefully. 

5068
04:31:39,300 --> 04:31:41,900
Outlined the reasons why the 
Articles of Confederation were 

5069
04:31:41,900 --> 04:31:46,300
failing in Federalist number. 21
using relatable examples. 

5070
04:31:46,300 --> 04:31:49,400
It was similar to trying to 
manage a household without a 

5071
04:31:49,400 --> 04:31:52,000
steady source of income when the
national government was unable 

5072
04:31:52,000 --> 04:31:54,900
to collect taxes. 
You might manage for a while but

5073
04:31:54,900 --> 04:31:57,100
eventually the bills would 
arrive and you would be unable 

5074
04:31:57,100 --> 04:31:59,600
to pay them. 
He made the case in Federalist 

5075
04:31:59,600 --> 04:32:03,300
number 23 that if a federal 
government was to exist at all, 

5076
04:32:03,300 --> 04:32:06,000
it must be powerful enough to 
carry out its mandate. 

5077
04:32:06,000 --> 04:32:08,900
Establishing a National 
Authority, that was meant to 

5078
04:32:08,900 --> 04:32:12,400
oversee Comer's and provide for 
defense, but lack the authority 

5079
04:32:12,400 --> 04:32:14,400
to do. 
So successfully was pointless 

5080
04:32:14,400 --> 04:32:16,600
his most significant 
contribution. 

5081
04:32:16,600 --> 04:32:21,200
However, was Federalist number 
78 where he introduced the idea 

5082
04:32:21,200 --> 04:32:24,600
of judicial review, the notion 
that courts ought to have the 

5083
04:32:24,600 --> 04:32:28,100
power to judge whether laws are 
constitutional and describe the 

5084
04:32:28,108 --> 04:32:29,700
function of the federal 
judiciary. 

5085
04:32:31,000 --> 04:32:33,700
Alexander was considering how to
keep the new government from 

5086
04:32:33,700 --> 04:32:35,400
going too far while still 
granting. 

5087
04:32:35,400 --> 04:32:37,600
Its sufficient power to carry 
out its duties. 

5088
04:32:37,600 --> 04:32:40,500
So this wasn't just a 
theoretical legal Theory 

5089
04:32:40,500 --> 04:32:43,600
newspapers Across the Nation, 
carried The Federalist Papers, 

5090
04:32:43,600 --> 04:32:47,100
which sparked discussions in 
town squares taverns and family 

5091
04:32:47,100 --> 04:32:49,800
dinner tables. 
Although many Americans were 

5092
04:32:49,800 --> 04:32:53,500
still wary of strong Federal 
Authority, Alexander's arguments

5093
04:32:53,500 --> 04:32:56,200
would generally unpopular but 
eventually gained support 

5094
04:32:56,200 --> 04:32:58,200
because they were both 
practically sound and 

5095
04:32:58,200 --> 04:33:02,100
intellectually sound the task of
transforming abstract plans into

5096
04:33:02,100 --> 04:33:04,200
functional government 
operations, felt a George 

5097
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:07,200
Washington, the first president 
appointed under the new 

5098
04:33:07,200 --> 04:33:10,800
constitution, Selecting 
Alexander Hamilton to be the 

5099
04:33:10,800 --> 04:33:14,000
first Secretary of the Treasury.
A role that would allow Hamilton

5100
04:33:14,000 --> 04:33:16,500
to put many of the ideas. 
He had been working on for years

5101
04:33:16,500 --> 04:33:19,800
and to practice was one of his 
most significant choices. 

5102
04:33:19,800 --> 04:33:24,800
Alexander at 34 was younger than
most cabinet members, but his 

5103
04:33:24,800 --> 04:33:28,000
theoretical background and Real 
World Experience, made him an 

5104
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:30,200
ideal fit for the new country's 
problems. 

5105
04:33:31,000 --> 04:33:33,800
Due to the millions of dollars, 
it owed to both domestic and 

5106
04:33:33,800 --> 04:33:35,500
foreign investors. 
Who had contributed to the 

5107
04:33:35,508 --> 04:33:38,300
Revolutionary Wars funding, the 
federal government was 

5108
04:33:38,300 --> 04:33:41,300
effectively bankrupt. 
Some European observers 

5109
04:33:41,300 --> 04:33:44,099
questioned whether the United 
States would remain an 

5110
04:33:44,099 --> 04:33:47,200
independent nation because of 
the country's extremely low 

5111
04:33:47,200 --> 04:33:50,200
credit rating, Alexander's 
methodical approach to these 

5112
04:33:50,200 --> 04:33:53,200
issues was a reflection of the 
years of study, he had put into 

5113
04:33:53,200 --> 04:33:55,099
his understanding of finance and
economics. 

5114
04:33:56,099 --> 04:33:59,900
Instead of tackling each crisis,
one at a time, he developed a 

5115
04:33:59,900 --> 04:34:02,700
comprehensive plan, that would 
build a stable Financial system,

5116
04:34:02,700 --> 04:34:06,599
restore the nation's credit and 
lay the groundwork for sustained

5117
04:34:06,599 --> 04:34:08,700
economic growth in on Public 
Credit. 

5118
04:34:08,700 --> 04:34:12,000
His first significant report. 
He suggested that the federal 

5119
04:34:12,000 --> 04:34:14,800
government take full 
responsibility for all debts, 

5120
04:34:14,800 --> 04:34:18,500
accrued during the Revolutionary
War, including debts, accrued by

5121
04:34:18,500 --> 04:34:21,900
individual states. 
This was more than simply paying

5122
04:34:21,900 --> 04:34:25,300
back debts. 
Alexander recognized that a 

5123
04:34:25,300 --> 04:34:27,300
country's debt management. 
Reveals a lot about its 

5124
04:34:27,300 --> 04:34:30,500
dependability and character 
States that had already paid off

5125
04:34:30,500 --> 04:34:32,099
their War. 
Debts would ultimately be 

5126
04:34:32,099 --> 04:34:34,900
assisting in the repayment of 
states that hadn't been as 

5127
04:34:34,900 --> 04:34:37,900
fiscally responsible, which made
the proposal contentious. 

5128
04:34:37,900 --> 04:34:42,300
However, Alexander contended 
that this was the cost of moving

5129
04:34:42,300 --> 04:34:45,200
from a loose Confederation of 
independent states to a truly 

5130
04:34:45,200 --> 04:34:47,900
unified Nation. 
Imagine a family that despite 

5131
04:34:47,900 --> 04:34:50,099
some members having been more 
frugal with their money than 

5132
04:34:50,099 --> 04:34:53,200
others, decides to combine their
resources to pay off. 

5133
04:34:53,200 --> 04:34:57,000
Everyone's college loans in the 
short run, it might not seem 

5134
04:34:57,000 --> 04:35:00,700
fair, but it builds a foundation
of mutual commitment and shared 

5135
04:35:00,700 --> 04:35:03,400
responsibility. 
That makes the group stronger in

5136
04:35:03,400 --> 04:35:06,099
order to manage government 
finances, maintain a stable 

5137
04:35:06,099 --> 04:35:09,200
currently and provide credit to 
promote economic growth. 

5138
04:35:09,200 --> 04:35:12,599
Alexander also suggested 
establishing a National Bank. 

5139
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:16,400
While the concept of a central 
bank was widely accepted in 

5140
04:35:16,400 --> 04:35:19,500
Europe, it was revolutionary in 
America where many people 

5141
04:35:19,500 --> 04:35:22,599
equated banks with the type of 
concentrated Financial power 

5142
04:35:22,599 --> 04:35:24,900
from which they had fled the 
National Bank. 

5143
04:35:24,900 --> 04:35:28,000
According to its detractors, 
would favor affluent investors 

5144
04:35:28,000 --> 04:35:31,599
at the expense of common farmers
and artists in response. 

5145
04:35:31,599 --> 04:35:35,000
Alexander said that a well-run 
financial system would help 

5146
04:35:35,000 --> 04:35:38,099
everyone by increasing the 
availability of credit for 

5147
04:35:38,099 --> 04:35:41,300
profitable Investments. 
Stabilizing currency and 

5148
04:35:41,300 --> 04:35:44,000
improving trade efficiency. 
His goal was to build the 

5149
04:35:44,000 --> 04:35:47,500
financial infrastructure that a 
contemporary economy needs not 

5150
04:35:47,500 --> 04:35:51,599
to enrich bankers. 
Reliable financial institutions 

5151
04:35:51,599 --> 04:35:54,200
are necessary to control the 
flow of credit and money. 

5152
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:56,400
That enables Commerce just as 
good. 

5153
04:35:56,400 --> 04:35:58,800
Roads are necessary for the 
efficient transportation of 

5154
04:35:58,800 --> 04:36:03,700
goods Alexander's report on 
manufactures, which he presented

5155
04:36:03,700 --> 04:36:07,700
to Congress in 1791 was arguably
his most forward-thinking 

5156
04:36:07,700 --> 04:36:10,599
contribution as treasury 
secretary, Alexander, 

5157
04:36:10,599 --> 04:36:12,000
envisioned, something more 
ambitious. 

5158
04:36:12,000 --> 04:36:15,700
A country that could produce its
own goods and compete with 

5159
04:36:15,700 --> 04:36:19,599
established industrial powers. 
This was in contrast to the 

5160
04:36:19,599 --> 04:36:22,599
majority of Americans of his era
who believed that the United 

5161
04:36:22,599 --> 04:36:25,300
States would continue to be 
primarily and agricultural 

5162
04:36:25,300 --> 04:36:27,500
country that imported 
manufactured. 

5163
04:36:27,500 --> 04:36:31,000
Goods from Europe in exchange 
for raw materials, Alexander 

5164
04:36:31,000 --> 04:36:33,900
recognized that political 
Independence was useless without

5165
04:36:33,900 --> 04:36:36,700
economic independence. 
So this was more than just 

5166
04:36:36,700 --> 04:36:40,300
economic nationalism, a nation 
that relied on other countries 

5167
04:36:40,300 --> 04:36:43,000
for basic. 
Manufactured goods would always 

5168
04:36:43,000 --> 04:36:46,200
be at risk from political and 
economic pressure, his defense 

5169
04:36:46,200 --> 04:36:49,000
of American manufacturing. 
However, went beyond mere 

5170
04:36:49,000 --> 04:36:52,000
self-sufficiently. 
Alexander thought that is 

5171
04:36:52,000 --> 04:36:55,099
industry, grew more varied, 
economic opportunities would be 

5172
04:36:55,099 --> 04:36:58,500
created enabling Americans to 
pursue a greater variety of 

5173
04:36:58,500 --> 04:37:00,700
careers and raise their standard
of living. 

5174
04:37:01,500 --> 04:37:04,700
Compared to a farmer who solely 
relied on agricultural Revenue, 

5175
04:37:04,700 --> 04:37:08,300
a farmer who was able to work 
part-time in a nearby textile 

5176
04:37:08,300 --> 04:37:10,200
mill had greater Financial 
Security. 

5177
04:37:10,200 --> 04:37:13,099
Additionally, he contended that 
manufacturing would more 

5178
04:37:13,099 --> 04:37:16,099
effectively utilize what 
economists refer to as human 

5179
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:19,400
capital, the abilities and 
skills of individuals who might 

5180
04:37:19,400 --> 04:37:22,900
not be able to fully engage in 
an agricultural economy, women 

5181
04:37:22,900 --> 04:37:26,400
could be paid in textile mills 
children could work in 

5182
04:37:26,400 --> 04:37:28,200
factories. 
This was before the issues 

5183
04:37:28,200 --> 04:37:31,400
surrounding child, labor were 
recognized an immigrant with 

5184
04:37:31,400 --> 04:37:33,900
industrial skills. 
Could immediately contribute to 

5185
04:37:33,900 --> 04:37:37,700
economic growth, instead of 
needing to learn how to farm for

5186
04:37:37,700 --> 04:37:40,500
its time Alexander's. 
Manufacturing Vision was 

5187
04:37:40,500 --> 04:37:44,200
extraordinarily Advanced, he 
realized that building factories

5188
04:37:44,200 --> 04:37:46,700
was not enough for successful 
Industrial Development. 

5189
04:37:46,700 --> 04:37:50,300
It also required access to 
Capital, skilled labor, 

5190
04:37:50,300 --> 04:37:54,500
supportive, infrastructure, and 
Market, big enough to turn a 

5191
04:37:54,500 --> 04:37:56,700
profit. 
Protective tariffs to help 

5192
04:37:56,700 --> 04:37:59,800
American manufacturers compete 
with well-established European 

5193
04:37:59,800 --> 04:38:02,099
producers are among the 
policies. 

5194
04:38:02,099 --> 04:38:04,500
He suggested the government 
Implement to promote these 

5195
04:38:04,500 --> 04:38:07,400
favorable conditions, 
Alexander's, understanding of 

5196
04:38:07,400 --> 04:38:09,099
what is now known as economic 
diversification. 

5197
04:38:09,099 --> 04:38:13,500
Was also demonstrated in the 
report, He maintained that a 

5198
04:38:13,500 --> 04:38:16,500
country with a diverse economy. 
One that includes Manufacturing 

5199
04:38:16,500 --> 04:38:20,000
Services, Agriculture and 
commerce would be more resilient

5200
04:38:20,000 --> 04:38:22,700
than one that relies too much on
any one of these industries. 

5201
04:38:23,599 --> 04:38:26,500
Manufacturing could remain 
profitable even if agricultural 

5202
04:38:26,500 --> 04:38:29,900
prices declined, even if one 
area experienced economic 

5203
04:38:29,900 --> 04:38:33,300
challenges other areas with 
distinct economic foundations 

5204
04:38:33,300 --> 04:38:36,599
could still Thrive Alexander's, 
manufacturing Vision was 

5205
04:38:36,599 --> 04:38:38,599
rejected by critics as 
unrealistic. 

5206
04:38:38,599 --> 04:38:43,200
Fantasy claiming that Americans 
lacked the markets capital and 

5207
04:38:43,200 --> 04:38:46,099
skills required for Effective 
Industrial Development. 

5208
04:38:47,000 --> 04:38:50,200
However, Alexander knew that 
these capabilities could be 

5209
04:38:50,200 --> 04:38:52,800
developed over time with the 
right Investments and policies 

5210
04:38:52,800 --> 04:38:55,599
because he had studied the 
economic development of other 

5211
04:38:55,599 --> 04:38:58,000
countries. 
Alexander was at the center of 

5212
04:38:58,000 --> 04:39:00,700
increasingly contentious 
political discussions, as he 

5213
04:39:00,700 --> 04:39:03,800
carried out his economic and 
financial policies, which 

5214
04:39:03,800 --> 04:39:06,200
ultimately resulted in the 
establishment of the first 

5215
04:39:06,200 --> 04:39:09,900
political parties in America. 
When people, with essentially 

5216
04:39:09,900 --> 04:39:12,500
different ideas, about the 
country, attempted to cooperate 

5217
04:39:12,500 --> 04:39:15,800
partisan divisions emerged, 
which was not something. 

5218
04:39:15,800 --> 04:39:18,099
Anyone had anticipated or 
desired. 

5219
04:39:18,099 --> 04:39:21,700
The founders had hoped to avoid 
the kind of partisan divisions. 

5220
04:39:21,700 --> 04:39:23,700
They associated with European 
politics. 

5221
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:27,000
Thomas Jefferson and James 
Madison, who favored a more, 

5222
04:39:27,008 --> 04:39:30,700
constrained Federal role and 
agricultural economy, and closer

5223
04:39:30,700 --> 04:39:34,500
ties with France disagreed, with
Alexander's vision of a strong 

5224
04:39:34,500 --> 04:39:38,100
federal government, a diverse, 
fight economy, and close ties 

5225
04:39:38,100 --> 04:39:40,500
with Britain. 
These disagreements were not 

5226
04:39:40,500 --> 04:39:43,600
merely about policy. 
They also represented Divergent 

5227
04:39:43,600 --> 04:39:46,200
views on the ideal form of the 
United States of America. 

5228
04:39:46,200 --> 04:39:50,000
Alexander's plan for a National 
Bank, which Jefferson claimed 

5229
04:39:50,000 --> 04:39:53,600
was unconstitutional because the
Constitution didn't specifically

5230
04:39:53,600 --> 04:39:56,300
give the federal government. 
The authority to Charter Banks 

5231
04:39:56,300 --> 04:39:59,900
was the final straw in the 
dispute in response. 

5232
04:39:59,900 --> 04:40:03,700
Alexander presented a thorough 
legal defense of implied powers 

5233
04:40:03,700 --> 04:40:06,100
which hold that. 
The constitution gave the 

5234
04:40:06,100 --> 04:40:08,900
federal government, the right to
do, whatever it takes to 

5235
04:40:08,900 --> 04:40:11,400
effectively exercise, the powers
its specified. 

5236
04:40:11,400 --> 04:40:14,000
In addition to the specific 
Powers it listed. 

5237
04:40:14,000 --> 04:40:17,600
This debate was about how to 
interpret the Constitution and 

5238
04:40:17,600 --> 04:40:20,200
what kind of federal government.
The American people are truly 

5239
04:40:20,200 --> 04:40:22,600
agreed to establish, not just 
about banking. 

5240
04:40:24,200 --> 04:40:27,600
While Jefferson supported strict
construction, which restricted 

5241
04:40:27,600 --> 04:40:30,200
Federal authority to power 
specifically stated in the 

5242
04:40:30,200 --> 04:40:33,100
Constitution. 
Alexander argued for what became

5243
04:40:33,100 --> 04:40:36,400
known as a broad construction of
the document both of his. 

5244
04:40:36,400 --> 04:40:39,000
Most trusted advisors made 
strong cases for their 

5245
04:40:39,000 --> 04:40:42,200
positions, but President 
Washington was forced to make 

5246
04:40:42,200 --> 04:40:46,300
the difficult decision. on the 
bank issue, he finally took 

5247
04:40:46,300 --> 04:40:49,600
Alexander's side but the 
political Rifts that resulted 

5248
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:52,400
from these discussions would 
influence American politics for 

5249
04:40:52,400 --> 04:40:55,500
many years to come, Alexander 
Rose to prominence as the 

5250
04:40:55,500 --> 04:40:58,500
intellectual head of the 
Federalist Party, which promoted

5251
04:40:58,500 --> 04:41:02,100
pro-business policies in 
industrial growth and a powerful

5252
04:41:02,100 --> 04:41:05,600
federal government The 
Democratic Republican Party, 

5253
04:41:05,600 --> 04:41:08,600
founded by Jefferson and Madison
promoted, stringent 

5254
04:41:08,600 --> 04:41:11,800
constitutional, interpretation 
agricultural interests, and 

5255
04:41:11,800 --> 04:41:14,300
limited Federal power. 
Although, these party 

5256
04:41:14,300 --> 04:41:17,500
differences may appear 
regrettable Alexander recognized

5257
04:41:17,500 --> 04:41:19,700
that, they were a positive 
indication of a robust 

5258
04:41:19,700 --> 04:41:22,400
democracy. 
People with differing opinions 

5259
04:41:22,400 --> 04:41:25,500
about politics and policy should
be able to band together, 

5260
04:41:25,500 --> 04:41:29,300
promote their positions and run 
for office in a free Society. 

5261
04:41:30,200 --> 04:41:33,600
Either dictatorship or political
Anarchy was the alternative not 

5262
04:41:33,600 --> 04:41:35,600
peaceful. 
Unity Alexander's. 

5263
04:41:35,600 --> 04:41:38,400
Personal life was characterized 
by both great success and 

5264
04:41:38,400 --> 04:41:42,000
heartbreaking setbacks even as 
he was establishing himself as 

5265
04:41:42,000 --> 04:41:44,400
one of America's most 
significant public figures. 

5266
04:41:44,400 --> 04:41:48,000
He had eight children with 
Elizabeth Schuyler, a member of 

5267
04:41:48,008 --> 04:41:49,800
one of the most well known 
families, in New York. 

5268
04:41:50,600 --> 04:41:53,700
According to all accounts, it 
was a devoted Union founded on 

5269
04:41:53,700 --> 04:41:55,900
respect for one another and 
similar ideals. 

5270
04:41:55,900 --> 04:41:59,000
However, Alexander paid a 
personal price for his 

5271
04:41:59,000 --> 04:42:01,000
unwavering commitment to public 
service. 

5272
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:03,800
In order to achieve his 
political and financial 

5273
04:42:03,800 --> 04:42:07,100
objectives, he frequently, put 
his family and his own health 

5274
04:42:07,100 --> 04:42:11,600
last while working incredibly 
long hours, When he committed to

5275
04:42:11,600 --> 04:42:15,400
a project, he threw himself into
it, wholeheartedly sometimes to 

5276
04:42:15,400 --> 04:42:17,400
the detriment of everything else
in his life. 

5277
04:42:17,400 --> 04:42:20,600
He was the type of person who 
couldn't do anything halfway. 

5278
04:42:20,600 --> 04:42:24,700
Alexander made a choice in 1797 
that would follow him for the 

5279
04:42:24,700 --> 04:42:27,900
rest of his life. 
In an attempt to dispel Rumours 

5280
04:42:27,900 --> 04:42:30,400
that he had exploited his role 
as treasury secretary for 

5281
04:42:30,400 --> 04:42:33,700
personal financial gain, he 
released a pamphlet confessing 

5282
04:42:33,700 --> 04:42:36,300
to an affair. 
The Reynolds pamphlet as it was 

5283
04:42:36,308 --> 04:42:38,700
called demonstrated that 
Alexander was innocent of 

5284
04:42:38,708 --> 04:42:42,400
financial corruption, but guilty
of adultery, both Alexanders 

5285
04:42:42,400 --> 04:42:45,500
complex personality and his 
dedication to public Integrity 

5286
04:42:45,500 --> 04:42:48,800
were evident in this choice. 
Instead of letting people think 

5287
04:42:48,800 --> 04:42:52,200
he had violated The public's 
confidence, he decided to ruin 

5288
04:42:52,200 --> 04:42:55,300
his own reputation. 
This was basically political 

5289
04:42:55,300 --> 04:42:58,500
suicide in a time when political
and personal reputations were 

5290
04:42:58,500 --> 04:43:01,000
intertwined. 
Although Alexander's aspirations

5291
04:43:01,000 --> 04:43:03,100
for higher office were 
essentially dashed by the 

5292
04:43:03,100 --> 04:43:05,700
Scandal. 
His impact on American political

5293
04:43:05,700 --> 04:43:09,000
and economic advancement 
remained unabated, he still 

5294
04:43:09,000 --> 04:43:12,700
advised other political leaders,
wrote about public policy and 

5295
04:43:12,700 --> 04:43:15,500
practiced law. 
His theories of influenced 

5296
04:43:15,500 --> 04:43:19,100
discussions of Economic Policy, 
constitutional, interpretation, 

5297
04:43:19,100 --> 04:43:21,700
and federal power most 
significantly. 

5298
04:43:21,700 --> 04:43:24,500
The Reynolds pamphlet exposed a 
fundamental aspect of 

5299
04:43:24,500 --> 04:43:28,400
Alexander's personality, He was 
prepared to incur significant 

5300
04:43:28,400 --> 04:43:31,400
personal expenses in order to 
uphold his honor as a public 

5301
04:43:31,400 --> 04:43:33,900
official. 
He was aware that democracy 

5302
04:43:33,900 --> 04:43:37,000
relies on people having faith in
their leaders, and he was on 

5303
04:43:37,000 --> 04:43:39,900
willing to let that Faith be 
undermined, even if it meant 

5304
04:43:39,900 --> 04:43:43,200
ruining, his own reputation in a
duel with Aaron Burr, on the 

5305
04:43:43,208 --> 04:43:47,800
Weehawken, New Jersey Cliffs on 
July 11th, 1804 Alexander 

5306
04:43:47,800 --> 04:43:51,100
Hamilton, lost his life. 
The Dual symbolize something 

5307
04:43:51,100 --> 04:43:53,600
greater about the nature of 
honor and public service in 

5308
04:43:53,608 --> 04:43:56,900
early America, but it was also 
the result of years of political

5309
04:43:56,900 --> 04:44:00,100
and personal hostility. 
A newspaper article that quoted 

5310
04:44:00,100 --> 04:44:03,700
Alexander criticizing Burr's 
character was the direct cause 

5311
04:44:03,700 --> 04:44:06,700
of the duel. 
Alexander refused to offer Burr 

5312
04:44:06,700 --> 04:44:09,200
an apology that would have 
appeased by a sense of Honor. 

5313
04:44:10,200 --> 04:44:13,000
They were forced to meet on the 
field of Honor due to the social

5314
04:44:13,000 --> 04:44:16,200
norms of the time, Alexander 
wrote letters to his wife and 

5315
04:44:16,200 --> 04:44:19,300
friends the night before the 
duel outlining his reasoning and

5316
04:44:19,300 --> 04:44:21,100
offering insights into his life 
and work. 

5317
04:44:22,100 --> 04:44:24,900
These letters show a man who 
felt constrained by the social 

5318
04:44:24,900 --> 04:44:27,600
Morris of his class and time. 
But who was also deeply 

5319
04:44:27,600 --> 04:44:30,600
conflicted about the duel? 
He felt that he would lose his 

5320
04:44:30,600 --> 04:44:33,400
ability to influence public 
affairs and become ineffective 

5321
04:44:33,400 --> 04:44:36,800
as an advocate for the causes, 
he supported if he gave in to 

5322
04:44:36,800 --> 04:44:39,700
burst challenge. 
The actual duel was short and 

5323
04:44:39,700 --> 04:44:43,700
tragic both men. 
Fired burst shot found its Mark 

5324
04:44:43,700 --> 04:44:47,000
while Alexander's perhaps on 
purpose went wide. 

5325
04:44:48,500 --> 04:44:50,800
The following day, Alexander 
passed away. 

5326
04:44:50,800 --> 04:44:53,400
Surrounded by loved ones who 
understood that. 

5327
04:44:53,400 --> 04:44:56,200
One of the most extraordinary 
careers in American politics was

5328
04:44:56,200 --> 04:45:00,000
coming to an end Alexander's 
life, which had already made a 

5329
04:45:00,000 --> 04:45:02,600
significant contribution to 
American development and 

5330
04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:04,700
appeared to hold even more 
promise for future 

5331
04:45:04,700 --> 04:45:07,700
accomplishments was cut short at
the age of 49. 

5332
04:45:07,700 --> 04:45:11,800
In addition to establishing the 
nation's Financial system and 

5333
04:45:11,800 --> 04:45:14,300
many of the precedents that 
would shape future Economic 

5334
04:45:14,300 --> 04:45:16,500
Policy. 
He had contributed to the 

5335
04:45:16,500 --> 04:45:20,000
creation of the Constitution and
expressed a vision of American 

5336
04:45:20,000 --> 04:45:23,000
potential, that still shapes our
perception of what the nation 

5337
04:45:23,000 --> 04:45:26,300
could achieve, however his 
intellectual rather than 

5338
04:45:26,300 --> 04:45:28,700
practical Legacy may have been 
his most significant 

5339
04:45:28,700 --> 04:45:32,000
contribution. 
Alexander proved that Concepts 

5340
04:45:32,000 --> 04:45:35,000
have repercussions, that 
thoughtful consideration of 

5341
04:45:35,000 --> 04:45:38,300
difficulty issues, can result in
workable answers and that new 

5342
04:45:38,300 --> 04:45:40,500
institutions can be created that
better meet. 

5343
04:45:40,500 --> 04:45:42,500
The needs of people than the 
ones they replace. 

5344
04:45:42,500 --> 04:45:45,900
It's worthwhile to reflect on 
how Alexander Hamilton's 

5345
04:45:45,900 --> 04:45:49,000
theories, still influence on 
modern world as you sink further

5346
04:45:49,000 --> 04:45:52,200
into your cozy chair and maybe 
finish that cup of tea. 

5347
04:45:53,100 --> 04:45:55,800
His financial system, laid the 
groundwork for the next two 

5348
04:45:55,800 --> 04:45:58,600
centuries of economic expansion 
in the United States. 

5349
04:45:59,700 --> 04:46:03,100
Debates concerning individual 
rights and federal Authority are

5350
04:46:03,100 --> 04:46:05,200
still governed by the 
constitutional principles he 

5351
04:46:05,200 --> 04:46:07,800
outlined. 
His vision of America as a 

5352
04:46:07,808 --> 04:46:11,900
modern diverse and economically 
vibrant country came to pass. 

5353
04:46:11,900 --> 04:46:15,900
However Alexander's, most 
lasting contribution may be his 

5354
04:46:15,900 --> 04:46:19,700
example of how intelligence 
perseverance and a dedication to

5355
04:46:19,700 --> 04:46:22,000
a cause greater than oneself can
help. 

5356
04:46:22,000 --> 04:46:24,400
One overcome the circumstances 
of one's birth. 

5357
04:46:25,100 --> 04:46:28,700
He demonstrated that concepts 
are important that thorough 

5358
04:46:28,700 --> 04:46:31,400
examination of difficulty issues
can result in workable answers 

5359
04:46:31,400 --> 04:46:34,000
and that wisely and 
strategically planned 

5360
04:46:34,000 --> 04:46:37,000
institutions can meet the needs 
of people for many generations. 

5361
04:46:37,000 --> 04:46:40,100
Alexander Hamilton's story 
provides an alternative 

5362
04:46:40,100 --> 04:46:43,200
Viewpoint in our own era. 
When we confront problems that 

5363
04:46:43,200 --> 04:46:45,800
seem into mountable and 
solutions, that seem 

5364
04:46:45,800 --> 04:46:48,600
unattainable. 
The fundamental societal 

5365
04:46:48,600 --> 04:46:51,200
structures were being 
reconstructed and questioned 

5366
04:46:51,200 --> 04:46:54,900
during the time, he lived which 
was a time of great uncertainty 

5367
04:46:54,900 --> 04:46:57,600
and change. 
He had to come up with novel 

5368
04:46:57,600 --> 04:47:00,300
solutions, to problems that had 
never been sold before. 

5369
04:47:00,300 --> 04:47:03,800
However, he approached these 
difficulties with methodical 

5370
04:47:03,800 --> 04:47:07,900
thought, meticulous analysis, 
and an unwavering faith that 

5371
04:47:07,900 --> 04:47:10,500
people could come up with better
ways to arrange their shared 

5372
04:47:10,500 --> 04:47:13,100
lives, rather than with fear or 
despair. 

5373
04:47:13,900 --> 04:47:16,900
He realized that creating a 
successful society called for 

5374
04:47:16,900 --> 04:47:20,000
both bold leadership and patient
compromised, as well as 

5375
04:47:20,000 --> 04:47:22,100
Visionary thinking and attention
to detail. 

5376
04:47:22,100 --> 04:47:25,000
The America that Alexander 
Hamilton helped build, never 

5377
04:47:25,000 --> 04:47:28,600
reached its full potential, He 
passed away before the nation 

5378
04:47:28,600 --> 04:47:32,000
had expanded farifield of the 
Atlantic coast before the 

5379
04:47:32,000 --> 04:47:34,700
Industrial Revolution. 
He had predicted had truly begun

5380
04:47:34,700 --> 04:47:38,000
and before the Diversified 
wealthy and internationally 

5381
04:47:38,000 --> 04:47:40,700
significant country, he had 
imagined had come to pass. 

5382
04:47:40,700 --> 04:47:44,300
However he had sown the seeds 
that would eventually bear fruit

5383
04:47:44,300 --> 04:47:47,000
that he could hardly have 
dreamed of the most significant 

5384
04:47:47,000 --> 04:47:48,800
lesson from Alexander Hamilton's
life. 

5385
04:47:48,800 --> 04:47:51,800
May be that the task of creating
a better world is never fully 

5386
04:47:51,800 --> 04:47:54,500
completed. 
The every generation inherits 

5387
04:47:54,500 --> 04:47:58,000
the successes and unsolved 
issues of its predecessors and 

5388
04:47:58,000 --> 04:48:01,100
that our own contributions will 
be evaluated based on how well, 

5389
04:48:01,100 --> 04:48:03,700
we further The Continuous 
Endeavor of human progress 

5390
04:48:03,700 --> 04:48:07,200
rather than how well, we solve 
every issue, as you get ready 

5391
04:48:07,200 --> 04:48:09,800
for bed tonight, you may 
consider the amazing fact that 

5392
04:48:09,800 --> 04:48:13,400
our thoughts on politics 
economics and Society are still 

5393
04:48:13,400 --> 04:48:16,200
shaped by the ideas of a young 
man from a small Caribbean 

5394
04:48:16,200 --> 04:48:19,100
island who passed away more than
200 years ago. 

5395
04:48:19,800 --> 04:48:22,300
It serves as a reminder, that 
people's lives can have 

5396
04:48:22,308 --> 04:48:24,600
far-reaching effects that are 
beyond their, wildest 

5397
04:48:24,600 --> 04:48:28,000
expectations and that it is 
never a waste of time to 

5398
04:48:28,000 --> 04:48:29,600
carefully. 
Consider how to improve the 

5399
04:48:29,600 --> 04:48:32,100
world. 
Alexander Hamilton was a strong 

5400
04:48:32,100 --> 04:48:34,800
believer in the ability of human
reason, to resolve difficult 

5401
04:48:34,800 --> 04:48:38,300
issues, the potential for 
establishing institutions that 

5402
04:48:38,300 --> 04:48:41,200
promote the common good. 
And the capacity of regular 

5403
04:48:41,200 --> 04:48:43,100
people to achieve extraordinary 
Feats. 

5404
04:48:43,100 --> 04:48:46,500
When given the chance, these 
were hard one lessons from a 

5405
04:48:46,500 --> 04:48:47,900
life spent battling real 
problems. 

5406
04:48:47,900 --> 04:48:50,400
And real responsibilities not 
naive. 

5407
04:48:50,400 --> 04:48:52,800
Optimism. 
His narrative implies that 

5408
04:48:52,800 --> 04:48:55,300
overcoming obstacles with 
consideration and perseverance 

5409
04:48:55,300 --> 04:48:58,900
rather than avoiding them is the
way to meaningful success. 

5410
04:49:00,300 --> 04:49:03,200
Patient analysis and Innovative 
thinking frequently yield 

5411
04:49:03,200 --> 04:49:05,700
solutions to seemingly 
intractable problems. 

5412
04:49:05,700 --> 04:49:08,900
When enough people are dedicated
to the cause of change 

5413
04:49:08,900 --> 04:49:11,800
institutions, that seem 
permanent and unalterable, can 

5414
04:49:11,800 --> 04:49:14,900
be changed or replaced. 
Most significantly Alexander 

5415
04:49:14,900 --> 04:49:17,500
Hamilton's life shows that 
despite uncertainty and 

5416
04:49:17,500 --> 04:49:20,400
disappointment, it is possible 
to hold on to hope and purpose. 

5417
04:49:20,400 --> 04:49:25,700
He endured personal Scandal War 
economic crisis political unrest

5418
04:49:25,700 --> 04:49:28,600
and in numerable other setbacks 
but he never lost. 

5419
04:49:28,600 --> 04:49:31,300
Hope that with clear thinking 
and hard work people could make 

5420
04:49:31,300 --> 04:49:34,400
tomorrow better than today. 
That seems like a nice thing to 

5421
04:49:34,400 --> 04:49:37,500
think as you go to sleep, that 
the future is still up in the 

5422
04:49:37,500 --> 04:49:41,100
air that people are still 
intelligent and kind and that 

5423
04:49:41,100 --> 04:49:43,900
everyone has the chance to add 
something worthwhile to the 

5424
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:46,200
continuing Narrative of our 
shared existence. 

5425
04:49:47,200 --> 04:49:49,800
After beginning his life, as an 
orphan teenager on a small 

5426
04:49:49,808 --> 04:49:53,600
island, Alexander Hamilton went 
on to contribute to the founding

5427
04:49:53,600 --> 04:49:56,000
of a Nation. 
What else could we do? 

5428
04:49:56,000 --> 04:49:59,800
Sweet dreams and may you awaken 
tomorrow with assemblance of 

5429
04:49:59,800 --> 04:50:01,700
Alexander Hamilton's quiet 
Faith. 

5430
04:50:01,700 --> 04:50:05,500
The difficult issues can be 
resolved, that brilliant ideas 

5431
04:50:05,500 --> 04:50:08,800
have the power to transform the 
world and that there is always 

5432
04:50:08,800 --> 04:50:10,400
more significant work to be 
done. 

5433
04:50:17,200 --> 04:50:20,100
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite reading spot 

5434
04:50:20,100 --> 04:50:23,200
perhaps with a warm cup of tea 
steaming beside you. 

5435
04:50:24,100 --> 04:50:27,200
Tonight, we're going to travel 
back to a time when sleep was as

5436
04:50:27,200 --> 04:50:29,500
different from yours, as a 
handwritten letter is from a 

5437
04:50:29,508 --> 04:50:32,100
text message. 
You might think sleep is always 

5438
04:50:32,100 --> 04:50:35,500
been the same 8 hours, a pillow,
maybe, some tossing, and 

5439
04:50:35,500 --> 04:50:39,600
turning, but you'd be wrong. 
before your hands Gutenberg 

5440
04:50:39,600 --> 04:50:43,600
changed everything around 1440, 
sleep move to entirely different

5441
04:50:43,600 --> 04:50:47,500
rhythms, Imagine living in a 
world where Darkness truly meant

5442
04:50:47,500 --> 04:50:50,700
silents, where the only light 
after Sunset came from 

5443
04:50:50,700 --> 04:50:53,400
flickering, candles that cost 
more than most people earned in 

5444
04:50:53,400 --> 04:50:56,600
a day or Smoky, oil lamps that 
made her eyes water, just 

5445
04:50:56,600 --> 04:51:00,700
thinking about them. 
In this world, your 

5446
04:51:00,700 --> 04:51:03,600
great-great-great and many more 
great grandmother didn't fight 

5447
04:51:03,600 --> 04:51:06,100
the darkness. 
He surrendered to it like a 

5448
04:51:06,100 --> 04:51:08,100
worn-out traveler finally 
reaching home. 

5449
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:12,500
When the sun dipped below the 
Horizon, most people began their

5450
04:51:12,500 --> 04:51:16,200
journey into what historians 
Now, call segmented sleep though

5451
04:51:16,200 --> 04:51:18,200
back then. 
Nobody needed a fancy name for 

5452
04:51:18,200 --> 04:51:20,500
it. 
It was simply how humans slept, 

5453
04:51:20,500 --> 04:51:23,000
like the way birds fly or fish 
swim. 

5454
04:51:23,000 --> 04:51:26,900
Here's where it gets intriguing.
People didn't sleep for eight 

5455
04:51:26,900 --> 04:51:29,200
straight hours. 
Instead, they slept in two 

5456
04:51:29,200 --> 04:51:32,600
distinct chunks like a delicious
sandwich with a wide filling of 

5457
04:51:32,608 --> 04:51:35,900
wakefulness in between. 
The First Leap began shortly, 

5458
04:51:35,900 --> 04:51:39,600
after Sunset lasting roughly 
four hours, then sometimes 

5459
04:51:39,600 --> 04:51:42,300
between midnight and two in the 
morning, people would naturally 

5460
04:51:42,300 --> 04:51:44,800
wake up. 
However, the remarkable aspect 

5461
04:51:44,800 --> 04:51:47,600
is that they did not panic about
being awake during the middle of

5462
04:51:47,600 --> 04:51:50,200
the night. 
They did not receive themselves 

5463
04:51:50,200 --> 04:51:52,200
by calculating the number of 
hours of sleep. 

5464
04:51:52,200 --> 04:51:55,000
They were sacrificing or by 
fretting over potential 

5465
04:51:55,000 --> 04:51:56,700
grogginess at work the following
day. 

5466
04:51:56,700 --> 04:52:00,600
In Stead, they Embrace this 
midnight, Awakening as naturally

5467
04:52:00,600 --> 04:52:03,800
as you embrace your morning 
coffee routine, During these 

5468
04:52:03,800 --> 04:52:06,000
quiet hours between sleeps 
people would do the most 

5469
04:52:06,000 --> 04:52:09,600
wonderfully human things. 
They tend to the fire ensuring 

5470
04:52:09,600 --> 04:52:12,400
their family, stayed warm 
through the cold night, they'd 

5471
04:52:12,400 --> 04:52:15,700
monitor on children offering 
Comfort to little ones startled 

5472
04:52:15,700 --> 04:52:18,400
by dreams. 
Couples would talk softly in the

5473
04:52:18,408 --> 04:52:21,700
darkness sharing thoughts and 
feelings that somehow seemed 

5474
04:52:21,700 --> 04:52:25,400
easier to express when the world
felt smaller and more intimate. 

5475
04:52:25,400 --> 04:52:29,800
Some people use this time for 
prayer or meditation, finding a 

5476
04:52:29,800 --> 04:52:32,300
special connection to the Divine
in those hushed hours. 

5477
04:52:32,300 --> 04:52:35,500
When the boundary between day 
and night felt thin as gossip. 

5478
04:52:36,100 --> 04:52:39,600
Others would craft simple items 
by firelight mending clothes, 

5479
04:52:39,600 --> 04:52:43,100
carving Wooden Spoons, or 
braiding rope the wealthy. 

5480
04:52:43,100 --> 04:52:45,700
Might even visit neighbors 
because apparently social calls 

5481
04:52:45,700 --> 04:52:48,100
at one in the morning were 
perfectly acceptable back then. 

5482
04:52:49,400 --> 04:52:52,200
Such Behavior wasn't considered 
insomnia or a sleep disorder. 

5483
04:52:53,100 --> 04:52:56,300
Medical texts from the era 
mentioned, firstly and second 

5484
04:52:56,300 --> 04:52:59,400
sleep as casually as we might 
mention, breakfast, and lunch. 

5485
04:53:00,300 --> 04:53:01,700
People structured their nights 
around. 

5486
04:53:01,700 --> 04:53:04,700
This natural patterning 
activities for their wakeful 

5487
04:53:04,700 --> 04:53:07,400
hours just as carefully as they 
plan their daytime tasks. 

5488
04:53:09,000 --> 04:53:11,600
The darkness that surrounded, 
these midnight activities was 

5489
04:53:11,600 --> 04:53:14,000
profound in ways we can barely 
imagine to today. 

5490
04:53:14,900 --> 04:53:17,700
Step outside your house at night
now, and you'll likely see 

5491
04:53:17,700 --> 04:53:21,800
street lights house lights, the 
glow from Windows, and maybe the

5492
04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:23,300
distant shine of a shopping 
center. 

5493
04:53:23,300 --> 04:53:27,600
Even in relatively rural areas, 
light pollution, reaches far 

5494
04:53:27,600 --> 04:53:32,200
beyond cities, creating what 
astronomers call Sky glow. but 

5495
04:53:32,200 --> 04:53:35,100
in pre-printing press Europe, 
nighttime, Darkness was 

5496
04:53:35,100 --> 04:53:38,800
absolute, the Milky Way, blazed 
overhead, like a river of 

5497
04:53:38,800 --> 04:53:42,000
diamonds and people knew the 
constellations not as romantic 

5498
04:53:42,000 --> 04:53:45,600
Notions, but as practical tools 
for navigation and timekeeping, 

5499
04:53:46,400 --> 04:53:49,100
The moon's phases matter deeply 
because they determined how much

5500
04:53:49,100 --> 04:53:51,300
natural light you'd have for 
nighttime activities. 

5501
04:53:52,200 --> 04:53:55,400
This Darkness shaped, not just 
when people slept, but how they 

5502
04:53:55,400 --> 04:53:58,800
thought about rest itself? 
Sleep, wasn't something to be 

5503
04:53:58,808 --> 04:54:00,600
optimized or tracked with 
devices. 

5504
04:54:00,600 --> 04:54:05,100
It was a natural surrender to 
the rhythm of light and Shadow a

5505
04:54:05,100 --> 04:54:07,800
time when the boundaries between
Consciousness and dreams became 

5506
04:54:07,800 --> 04:54:10,600
delightfully blurred. 
And when the night held 

5507
04:54:10,600 --> 04:54:14,800
Mysteries that daylight, couldnt
touch, Little did anyone know 

5508
04:54:14,800 --> 04:54:17,300
that a gold Smith? 
Son in mind was about to change 

5509
04:54:17,300 --> 04:54:20,500
all of our lives forever. 
Johannes Gutenberg probably 

5510
04:54:20,500 --> 04:54:22,400
never intended to revolutionize 
sleep. 

5511
04:54:22,400 --> 04:54:25,200
He was simply trying to solve a 
problem that had plagued 

5512
04:54:25,200 --> 04:54:27,400
Humanity. 
Since the first person wanted to

5513
04:54:27,400 --> 04:54:30,100
share a story with someone who 
wasn't there to hear it. 

5514
04:54:30,700 --> 04:54:33,700
Before his invention books were 
as rare as unicorns and almost 

5515
04:54:33,700 --> 04:54:36,300
as expensive. 
Which one had to be copied by 

5516
04:54:36,300 --> 04:54:40,300
hand, letter by painstaking, 
letter, by scribes who, 

5517
04:54:40,300 --> 04:54:43,200
specialized in beautiful 
handwriting, and presumably had 

5518
04:54:43,200 --> 04:54:46,900
powerful risks. 
Imagine Desiring to possess a 

5519
04:54:46,900 --> 04:54:49,100
single volume. 
He had a compilation of prayers 

5520
04:54:49,100 --> 04:54:52,000
or perhaps a manual on herb 
gardening, you'd need to save 

5521
04:54:52,000 --> 04:54:54,000
money for months, maybe even 
years. 

5522
04:54:54,900 --> 04:54:56,700
A single book could cost as much
as a farm. 

5523
04:54:57,500 --> 04:55:00,800
Most people owned exactly zero 
books, not because they couldn't

5524
04:55:00,800 --> 04:55:04,100
read though many couldnt, but, 
because books simply weren't 

5525
04:55:04,100 --> 04:55:07,000
available to ordinary folks. 
The scribes who copied. 

5526
04:55:07,000 --> 04:55:10,400
These manuscripts worked in 
scripture, which sounds much 

5527
04:55:10,400 --> 04:55:12,000
more glamorous than it actually 
was. 

5528
04:55:12,900 --> 04:55:16,200
Picture a large cold room filled
with monks hunched over wooden 

5529
04:55:16,200 --> 04:55:19,600
desks carefully, forming each 
letter with quill pen pens that 

5530
04:55:19,600 --> 04:55:22,700
needed constant attention. 
Sneezing at the wrong moment. 

5531
04:55:22,700 --> 04:55:26,000
Could ruin hours of work. 
One, small mistake meant 

5532
04:55:26,000 --> 04:55:27,700
starting an entire page over 
again. 

5533
04:55:28,400 --> 04:55:30,000
These hand-copied books were 
gorgeous. 

5534
04:55:30,000 --> 04:55:33,700
Works of art decorated with 
elaborate illustrations and or 

5535
04:55:33,700 --> 04:55:36,600
Nate initial letters that look 
like tiny masterpieces. 

5536
04:55:38,000 --> 04:55:40,500
But they were also riddled with 
errors errors. 

5537
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:44,200
Often creep in when humans copy 
text by hand much like weeds in 

5538
04:55:44,200 --> 04:55:47,100
a garden. 
A scribe might accidentally skip

5539
04:55:47,100 --> 04:55:50,000
a line. 
Misspelled a word or correct 

5540
04:55:50,000 --> 04:55:51,400
something they thought was 
wrong. 

5541
04:55:52,400 --> 04:55:55,200
Several copies of a text might 
only bear a passing resemblance 

5542
04:55:55,200 --> 04:55:59,300
to the original Gutenberg with 
his Goldsmith's precision and 

5543
04:55:59,300 --> 04:56:01,800
apparent gift for seeing 
Solutions, where others saw, 

5544
04:56:01,800 --> 04:56:04,600
only problems developed movable 
type printing. 

5545
04:56:05,500 --> 04:56:08,900
Instead of carving entire pages 
into wooden blocks which have 

5546
04:56:08,900 --> 04:56:12,200
been tried before he created 
individual metal letters, that 

5547
04:56:12,200 --> 04:56:15,000
could be arranged and rearranged
to form different words and 

5548
04:56:15,000 --> 04:56:17,700
pages. 
It was akin to possessing a 

5549
04:56:17,700 --> 04:56:19,700
highly Advanced collection of 
alphabet blocks. 

5550
04:56:19,700 --> 04:56:22,900
Yet these blocks had the 
potential to fundamentally alter

5551
04:56:22,900 --> 04:56:24,800
the world. 
His printing, press could 

5552
04:56:24,800 --> 04:56:27,400
produce books faster than a 
scribe could even read them. 

5553
04:56:28,200 --> 04:56:31,100
Where it might take amongst six 
months to copy a single book. 

5554
04:56:31,100 --> 04:56:34,900
Gutenberg's press could print 
100 of copies in the same time. 

5555
04:56:35,900 --> 04:56:38,600
Suddenly books were precious 
unicorns, they were becoming 

5556
04:56:38,600 --> 04:56:42,400
more like Friendly Neighborhood,
Cats still special but no longer

5557
04:56:42,400 --> 04:56:46,400
impossibly rare. 
First book Gutenberg chose to 

5558
04:56:46,400 --> 04:56:49,100
print was the Bible, which made 
perfect sense. 

5559
04:56:49,100 --> 04:56:51,700
Since most literacy, at the time
was connected to religious 

5560
04:56:51,700 --> 04:56:53,800
practice. 
But here's where our sleep 

5561
04:56:53,800 --> 04:56:56,100
story. 
Really begins to unfold as 

5562
04:56:56,100 --> 04:56:58,900
printing presses, spread across 
Europe, faster than the news of 

5563
04:56:58,900 --> 04:57:01,400
a royal Scandal. 
They didn't just make books more

5564
04:57:01,400 --> 04:57:03,600
available. 
They made Reading itself a 

5565
04:57:03,600 --> 04:57:07,200
different activity. 
Before printing, most reading 

5566
04:57:07,200 --> 04:57:09,500
was done allowed in groups, 
families. 

5567
04:57:09,500 --> 04:57:12,000
Might gather to hear someone 
read from one of their precious 

5568
04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:14,900
few books. 
Reading was a social activity 

5569
04:57:14,900 --> 04:57:18,200
like sharing a meal or telling 
stories around a fire. 

5570
04:57:19,000 --> 04:57:21,200
People read during daylight 
hours when they could see 

5571
04:57:21,200 --> 04:57:23,300
clearly. 
And reading sessions were often 

5572
04:57:23,300 --> 04:57:25,200
planned events that brought 
communities together. 

5573
04:57:26,400 --> 04:57:28,700
But printed books changed this 
Dynamic entirely. 

5574
04:57:29,600 --> 04:57:32,800
Suddenly, you could own multiple
books and reading became 

5575
04:57:32,800 --> 04:57:35,000
something you could do alone 
quietly. 

5576
04:57:35,000 --> 04:57:37,900
Whenever you want it. 
You didn't need to coordinate 

5577
04:57:37,900 --> 04:57:40,300
with others or wait for someone 
else to finish with the family. 

5578
04:57:40,300 --> 04:57:43,100
Single volume. 
You could read in bed by 

5579
04:57:43,100 --> 04:57:45,600
candlelight in the privacy of 
your thoughts. 

5580
04:57:45,600 --> 04:57:47,900
This shift from communal to 
private. 

5581
04:57:47,900 --> 04:57:51,000
Reading happened gradually Like 
the Way seasons change. 

5582
04:57:51,000 --> 04:57:54,600
You don't notice it day by day 
but suddenly you realize 

5583
04:57:54,600 --> 04:57:57,900
everything is different. 
People began staying up later 

5584
04:57:57,900 --> 04:58:00,100
reading by whatever light they 
could afford. 

5585
04:58:01,000 --> 04:58:03,700
Candlemakers, probably started 
having much better business 

5586
04:58:03,700 --> 04:58:05,500
years without fully 
understanding why. 

5587
04:58:06,500 --> 04:58:08,400
The content of books began to 
change too. 

5588
04:58:08,400 --> 04:58:11,800
Along with religious texts, 
printers started producing. 

5589
04:58:11,800 --> 04:58:14,400
What we might recognize as the 
world's first entertainment 

5590
04:58:14,400 --> 04:58:16,100
reading. 
Stories. 

5591
04:58:16,100 --> 04:58:20,400
Poetry accounts of Adventures in
distant lands, and even early 

5592
04:58:20,400 --> 04:58:23,800
versions of self-help books. 
For the first time in human 

5593
04:58:23,800 --> 04:58:26,600
history, you could disappear 
into a fictional World. 

5594
04:58:26,600 --> 04:58:30,400
Whenever you wanted transported 
by nothing, more than words on a

5595
04:58:30,400 --> 04:58:34,200
page in your own imagination. 
This was revolutionary in ways 

5596
04:58:34,200 --> 04:58:37,100
that go far beyond just having 
more books, to read for 

5597
04:58:37,100 --> 04:58:39,500
thousands of years. 
Humans have lived primarily in 

5598
04:58:39,500 --> 04:58:41,800
the physical world immediately 
around them. 

5599
04:58:41,800 --> 04:58:45,500
Your entertainment came from the
people, you knew the stories, 

5600
04:58:45,500 --> 04:58:47,400
they told and the songs they 
sang. 

5601
04:58:47,400 --> 04:58:51,500
But books opened up infinite 
worlds, all accessible from the 

5602
04:58:51,500 --> 04:58:54,900
comfort of your home, or even 
your bed. the printing press had

5603
04:58:54,900 --> 04:58:57,600
inadvertently created the 
world's first truly portable 

5604
04:58:57,600 --> 04:59:01,300
Entertainment System, As printed
books spread through European 

5605
04:59:01,300 --> 04:59:05,000
towns, like, honey through warm 
bread, something curious began 

5606
04:59:05,000 --> 04:59:07,900
happening to the night. 
You have to remember this 

5607
04:59:07,900 --> 04:59:09,600
transformation didn't occur 
overnight. 

5608
04:59:09,600 --> 04:59:14,100
It unfolded across Generations. 
The way a river slowly carves, a

5609
04:59:14,100 --> 04:59:19,000
new channel through Rock, But 
the change once it began was as 

5610
04:59:19,000 --> 04:59:22,400
irreversible as mourning 
following Darkness, the most 

5611
04:59:22,400 --> 04:59:25,600
immediate shift was practical 
people who could now afford 

5612
04:59:25,600 --> 04:59:28,900
books and by 1500 a printed book
cost roughly. 

5613
04:59:28,900 --> 04:59:32,400
What you might spend on a 
luxurious dinner today Suddenly 

5614
04:59:32,400 --> 04:59:34,300
had a reason to extend their 
waking hours. 

5615
04:59:34,300 --> 04:59:37,300
The new book owners found 
themselves negotiating with the 

5616
04:59:37,300 --> 04:59:39,400
Knight while. 
Previous generations, 

5617
04:59:39,400 --> 04:59:42,200
surrendered to Darkness, as 
naturally as flowers close at 

5618
04:59:42,200 --> 04:59:45,000
sunset. 
Reading by candlelight evolved 

5619
04:59:45,000 --> 04:59:48,000
into a unique art form you 
learned to position yourself. 

5620
04:59:48,000 --> 04:59:51,500
Just so to avoid casting Shadows
on the page, while preventing 

5621
04:59:51,500 --> 04:59:53,600
wax from dripping onto your 
precious book. 

5622
04:59:54,400 --> 04:59:57,200
Candle making evolved too with 
Craftsman, developing longer 

5623
04:59:57,200 --> 05:00:00,000
burning cleaner, burning candles
specifically for readers. 

5624
05:00:00,000 --> 05:00:04,100
The wealthy began investing in 
multiple candles oil lamps, with

5625
05:00:04,100 --> 05:00:07,300
better Wix and even early 
versions of reading glasses to 

5626
05:00:07,300 --> 05:00:10,100
make the most of their dim 
light, but here's where it gets 

5627
05:00:10,100 --> 05:00:12,100
fascinating, from a sleep 
perspective. 

5628
05:00:12,100 --> 05:00:15,800
People weren't just staying up 
later, they were changing what 

5629
05:00:15,800 --> 05:00:18,800
nighttime meant. 
Previously the hours between 

5630
05:00:18,800 --> 05:00:22,200
Sunset and sleep, had been 
family time Community time or 

5631
05:00:22,200 --> 05:00:24,000
practical time for essential 
tasks. 

5632
05:00:24,000 --> 05:00:28,300
Now night time became personal 
time, private time and thinking 

5633
05:00:28,300 --> 05:00:32,200
Time, picture yourself as a 
merchant in 1520 Antwerp, 

5634
05:00:32,200 --> 05:00:35,000
finally able to afford a small 
collection of printed books. 

5635
05:00:35,900 --> 05:00:38,500
After a day of buying and 
selling negotiating with 

5636
05:00:38,500 --> 05:00:41,400
customers and managing your 
shop, you discover that reading 

5637
05:00:41,400 --> 05:00:43,700
offers something unprecedented 
Escape. 

5638
05:00:44,600 --> 05:00:47,800
Not only does reading provide a 
physical escape to distant lands

5639
05:00:47,800 --> 05:00:51,300
described in travel narratives, 
but it also provides a mental 

5640
05:00:51,300 --> 05:00:53,400
escape from the immediate 
concerns of daily life. 

5641
05:00:53,400 --> 05:00:57,100
This mental Escape had profound 
effects on sleep itself. 

5642
05:00:58,000 --> 05:01:01,300
For the first time in human 
history, significant numbers of 

5643
05:01:01,300 --> 05:01:04,500
people were going to bed with 
their minds racing, not from the

5644
05:01:04,500 --> 05:01:07,600
days physical labors or 
immediate social concerns. 

5645
05:01:07,600 --> 05:01:11,200
But from the ideas stories, and 
emotions they'd absorbed from 

5646
05:01:11,200 --> 05:01:13,800
books. 
Their dreams began incorporating

5647
05:01:13,800 --> 05:01:17,900
elements from fictional worlds 
characters they'd never met and 

5648
05:01:17,900 --> 05:01:21,900
places they'd never seen. 
The old pattern of segmented, 

5649
05:01:21,900 --> 05:01:24,700
sleep began to shift, although 
it did not immediately 

5650
05:01:24,700 --> 05:01:27,400
disappear. 
People still often woke in the 

5651
05:01:27,400 --> 05:01:30,100
middle of the night, but in 
stead of using that time for 

5652
05:01:30,100 --> 05:01:33,300
practical tasks or quiet 
conversation, they increase the 

5653
05:01:33,300 --> 05:01:36,000
turn to reading. 
Those midnight hours became 

5654
05:01:36,000 --> 05:01:39,300
precious reading time when the 
house was quiet and distractions

5655
05:01:39,300 --> 05:01:42,000
minimal. 
This created the first real 

5656
05:01:42,000 --> 05:01:44,900
tension between artificial light
and natural sleep patterns 

5657
05:01:44,900 --> 05:01:49,200
Candlelight while dim by our 
standards was bright enough to 

5658
05:01:49,200 --> 05:01:51,900
suppress the body's natural 
production of sleep-inducing 

5659
05:01:51,900 --> 05:01:55,100
hormones. people began 
experiencing what we now 

5660
05:01:55,100 --> 05:01:58,400
recognize as the early stages of
artificial, light impact on 

5661
05:01:58,400 --> 05:02:01,300
circadian rhythms, even though 
they lacked a scientific 

5662
05:02:01,300 --> 05:02:04,700
framework to understand the 
changes occurring, Religious 

5663
05:02:04,700 --> 05:02:07,500
authorities, noticed the change 
and weren't entirely pleased 

5664
05:02:07,500 --> 05:02:11,000
church leaders began warning 
against excessive nighttime 

5665
05:02:11,000 --> 05:02:13,500
reading, particularly of secular
books. 

5666
05:02:14,200 --> 05:02:16,300
Worried. 
They realized that people were 

5667
05:02:16,300 --> 05:02:18,900
literally losing sleep over, 
fictional stories and worldly. 

5668
05:02:18,900 --> 05:02:21,700
Concerns time. 
They could have better spent in 

5669
05:02:21,700 --> 05:02:24,900
prayer or rest. 
Some sermons, from this period, 

5670
05:02:24,900 --> 05:02:28,300
specifically mentioned the 
dangers of night reading and its

5671
05:02:28,300 --> 05:02:30,000
effects on both, spiritual and 
physical health. 

5672
05:02:30,900 --> 05:02:33,700
Medical practitioners of the 
time, began documenting new 

5673
05:02:33,700 --> 05:02:36,900
types of sleep complaints. 
Physicians noted that patients 

5674
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:41,000
particularly educated ones were 
reporting more difficulty, 

5675
05:02:41,000 --> 05:02:45,000
falling asleep, more restless 
nights and more Vivid complex 

5676
05:02:45,000 --> 05:02:47,200
dreams. 
The term. 

5677
05:02:47,200 --> 05:02:49,800
Scholars insomnia, appeared in 
medical texts. 

5678
05:02:49,800 --> 05:02:53,400
Describing a condition primarily
affecting people who read 

5679
05:02:53,400 --> 05:02:57,000
extensively the printing 
Revolution also democratized 

5680
05:02:57,000 --> 05:02:59,500
knowledge in ways that affected 
sleep indirectly, but 

5681
05:02:59,500 --> 05:03:02,900
significantly people could now 
access medical information, 

5682
05:03:02,900 --> 05:03:07,200
including advice about sleep and
health without relying solely on

5683
05:03:07,200 --> 05:03:08,900
local practitioners or folk 
wisdom. 

5684
05:03:09,600 --> 05:03:12,400
This led to the first wave of 
people actively contemplating 

5685
05:03:12,400 --> 05:03:15,700
and trying to optimize their 
sleep rather than simply 

5686
05:03:15,700 --> 05:03:17,400
accepting whatever rest came 
naturally. 

5687
05:03:18,700 --> 05:03:21,700
Books on health diet and daily 
routines became popular. 

5688
05:03:21,700 --> 05:03:24,300
Many offering advice about 
proper sleep habits. 

5689
05:03:24,300 --> 05:03:27,500
Ironically people were staying 
up late, reading books, about 

5690
05:03:27,500 --> 05:03:30,000
how to sleep better. 
The more information they 

5691
05:03:30,000 --> 05:03:32,500
consumed about sleep, the more 
conscious they became of their 

5692
05:03:32,508 --> 05:03:35,300
sleep patterns, which often made
sleep more elusive. 

5693
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:39,200
Meanwhile, the book industry 
itself was creating entirely new

5694
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:42,600
nighttime economies. 
Printers worked long hours to 

5695
05:03:42,600 --> 05:03:46,600
meet, growing demand bookbinders
paper makers and type Founders 

5696
05:03:46,600 --> 05:03:50,300
extended their working days 
candlemakers and lamp oil 

5697
05:03:50,300 --> 05:03:53,000
producers. 
Experienced unprecedented demand

5698
05:03:53,000 --> 05:03:57,000
an entire ecosystem of night 
jobs, emerged to support the 

5699
05:03:57,000 --> 05:04:01,400
growing appetite for reading. 
By the late 1500s complaints, 

5700
05:04:01,400 --> 05:04:04,000
about neighbors, reading late 
into the night became common in 

5701
05:04:04,000 --> 05:04:07,000
urban areas. 
The soft glow of Candlelight 

5702
05:04:07,000 --> 05:04:10,600
from Windows previously assigned
that someone was sick or dealing

5703
05:04:10,600 --> 05:04:14,000
with an emergency increasingly. 
Just meant someone was enjoying 

5704
05:04:14,000 --> 05:04:16,300
a good. 
Buy paper makers, becoming less 

5705
05:04:16,300 --> 05:04:18,000
about rest and more about 
choice. 

5706
05:04:18,800 --> 05:04:21,300
The stage was set for sleep to 
become something entirely 

5707
05:04:21,300 --> 05:04:23,500
different from what humans had 
known for millennia. 

5708
05:04:25,200 --> 05:04:28,500
Something magical happened as 
books became cheaper and more 

5709
05:04:28,500 --> 05:04:32,600
abundant They began migrating 
from public spaces into the most

5710
05:04:32,600 --> 05:04:35,000
private space of all the 
bedroom. 

5711
05:04:36,400 --> 05:04:38,200
This wasn't just a matter of 
convenience. 

5712
05:04:38,200 --> 05:04:42,100
It represented a fundamental 
shift in how humans related to 

5713
05:04:42,100 --> 05:04:46,300
both sleep and stories. 
For the first time in history, 

5714
05:04:46,300 --> 05:04:49,100
the last thing, many people 
experience before sleep. 

5715
05:04:49,100 --> 05:04:52,500
Wasn't the voice of a family 
member, the crackle of a Dying 

5716
05:04:52,500 --> 05:04:54,800
Fire or the settling sounds of 
their house. 

5717
05:04:55,600 --> 05:04:58,300
But words on a page, that 
transported them to entirely 

5718
05:04:58,300 --> 05:05:01,300
different worlds. 
The practice of bed time, 

5719
05:05:01,300 --> 05:05:04,600
reading emerged, gradually, like
a new tradition, nobody plan, 

5720
05:05:04,600 --> 05:05:06,700
but everyone seemed to discover 
independently. 

5721
05:05:07,600 --> 05:05:10,400
Parents who could afford books 
began reading to their children 

5722
05:05:10,400 --> 05:05:13,500
at bedtime creating the first 
generation of humans to 

5723
05:05:13,500 --> 05:05:16,000
associate the transition to 
sleep with storytelling. 

5724
05:05:17,100 --> 05:05:19,800
These were the oral folk tales 
that had been passed down 

5725
05:05:19,800 --> 05:05:22,500
through generations. 
These were printed stories 

5726
05:05:22,500 --> 05:05:25,700
consistent in their telling 
often accompanied by 

5727
05:05:25,700 --> 05:05:27,800
illustration and infinitely. 
Repeatable. 

5728
05:05:28,600 --> 05:05:31,200
Children raised on bedtime 
stories developed different 

5729
05:05:31,200 --> 05:05:33,400
relationships, with both sleep 
and Imagination. 

5730
05:05:33,400 --> 05:05:36,400
In stead of drifting off to 
sleep, thinking of the days of 

5731
05:05:36,408 --> 05:05:39,300
events or tomorrow's chores. 
They fell asleep with their 

5732
05:05:39,300 --> 05:05:42,300
minds full of fictional 
characters and imaginary places 

5733
05:05:42,300 --> 05:05:45,400
and narrative possibilities. 
Their dreams began 

5734
05:05:45,400 --> 05:05:48,800
incorporating, more complex, 
storylines, and many reported 

5735
05:05:48,800 --> 05:05:51,700
dreams that seem to continue 
stories from their bedtime books

5736
05:05:51,700 --> 05:05:54,900
or create entirely new 
adventures, featuring beloved 

5737
05:05:54,900 --> 05:06:00,100
characters, adults 2, Discovery,
pleasure of reading in bed, the 

5738
05:06:00,100 --> 05:06:03,800
combination of physical Comfort,
dim light and engaging stories, 

5739
05:06:03,800 --> 05:06:07,100
created a uniquely conducive 
environment for relaxation. 

5740
05:06:08,000 --> 05:06:11,300
But it also created something 
unprecedented the Cliffhanger 

5741
05:06:11,300 --> 05:06:14,000
bed time. 
For the first time, people were 

5742
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:16,600
deliberately putting themselves 
into emotional suspense right 

5743
05:06:16,600 --> 05:06:19,300
before sleep, their minds 
actively wandering. 

5744
05:06:19,300 --> 05:06:21,000
What would happen next in the 
stories? 

5745
05:06:21,700 --> 05:06:24,500
This led to what historians now 
recognized as the first 

5746
05:06:24,500 --> 05:06:27,600
widespread occurrence of 
voluntary, sleep delay for 

5747
05:06:27,600 --> 05:06:30,600
entertainment purposes. 
People would tell themselves 

5748
05:06:30,600 --> 05:06:33,300
they'd read just one more 
chapter then find themselves 

5749
05:06:33,300 --> 05:06:38,400
still turning Pages hours later.
The phrase I couldn't put it 

5750
05:06:38,400 --> 05:06:41,900
down, entered common usage 
during this period, though. 

5751
05:06:41,900 --> 05:06:44,400
It originally referred 
specifically to the difficulty 

5752
05:06:44,400 --> 05:06:47,600
of stopping reading at bedtime, 
the types of books, people 

5753
05:06:47,600 --> 05:06:50,100
chose, for bed time, reading 
began to influence the content, 

5754
05:06:50,100 --> 05:06:53,400
Publishers produced. 
And Venture stories with chapter

5755
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:56,600
ending Cliffhangers proved in 
enormously popular as did 

5756
05:06:56,600 --> 05:06:59,400
Romantic tales that left 
readers, emotionally satisfied. 

5757
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,400
But for more Publishers 
discovered that books 

5758
05:07:02,400 --> 05:07:04,900
specifically marketed for 
bedtime reading, sold 

5759
05:07:04,900 --> 05:07:08,400
exceptionally well leading to 
the development of what we might

5760
05:07:08,400 --> 05:07:11,400
recognize as the first genre of 
fiction, specifically designed 

5761
05:07:11,400 --> 05:07:14,600
for nighttime consumption. 
Religious bedtime reading, 

5762
05:07:14,600 --> 05:07:17,900
remained popular, but even 
devotional books, began adapting

5763
05:07:17,900 --> 05:07:20,800
to bedtime, reading, habits 
prayer books started. 

5764
05:07:20,800 --> 05:07:23,500
Including shorter sections 
suitable for nighttime, reading,

5765
05:07:23,500 --> 05:07:26,700
and collections of brief, 
comforting religious passages 

5766
05:07:26,700 --> 05:07:29,800
became common. 
The practice of reading a Psalm 

5767
05:07:29,800 --> 05:07:32,700
or brief devotional, passage 
before sleep became so 

5768
05:07:32,700 --> 05:07:35,600
widespread that furniture 
makers, began designing bedside 

5769
05:07:35,600 --> 05:07:39,700
tables specifically, to hold 
books, and candles the wealthy 

5770
05:07:39,700 --> 05:07:42,600
began commissioning special 
bedroom, libraries small 

5771
05:07:42,600 --> 05:07:45,400
collections of books, selected 
specifically for nighttime 

5772
05:07:45,400 --> 05:07:48,100
reading. 
These typically included poetry,

5773
05:07:48,100 --> 05:07:51,500
easy to read, in short, 
segments, inspiring or 

5774
05:07:51,500 --> 05:07:53,800
comforting pros. 
And what Publishers began 

5775
05:07:53,800 --> 05:07:57,600
calling, gentle Adventures, 
exciting enough to be engaging 

5776
05:07:57,600 --> 05:07:59,700
but not so thrilling as to 
prevent sleep. 

5777
05:08:00,700 --> 05:08:02,700
Medical opinion on bedtime 
reading was mixed. 

5778
05:08:02,700 --> 05:08:05,900
Some Physicians warned that 
exciting stories could 

5779
05:08:05,900 --> 05:08:08,300
overstimulate the mine and 
prevent restful sleep. 

5780
05:08:09,000 --> 05:08:11,700
Others are argued that reading 
help transition the Mind from 

5781
05:08:11,700 --> 05:08:14,700
the days concerns to a more 
peaceful State, conducive to 

5782
05:08:14,700 --> 05:08:18,300
rest, This debate marked the 
beginning of what would become 

5783
05:08:18,300 --> 05:08:21,700
centuries of discussion about 
the relationship between mental 

5784
05:08:21,700 --> 05:08:26,400
stimulation and Sleep Quality. 
The practice of reading in bed, 

5785
05:08:26,400 --> 05:08:30,000
created new intimacies between 
Couples married Partners, began 

5786
05:08:30,000 --> 05:08:33,300
sharing books, reading aloud to 
each other and discussing 

5787
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:35,800
stories as a regular part of 
their bedtime routine. 

5788
05:08:36,400 --> 05:08:38,700
Some couples developed elaborate
systems for sharing. 

5789
05:08:38,700 --> 05:08:42,000
Limited reading light, taking 
turns holding candles, or 

5790
05:08:42,000 --> 05:08:43,700
reading aloud. 
While the other rested their 

5791
05:08:43,700 --> 05:08:46,000
eyes. 
This sharing of stories in the 

5792
05:08:46,008 --> 05:08:47,400
marriage. 
Bed represented something 

5793
05:08:47,400 --> 05:08:49,300
entirely new in human 
relationships. 

5794
05:08:49,300 --> 05:08:53,000
Previously, the most intimate 
conversations between couples 

5795
05:08:53,000 --> 05:08:57,000
typically focused on practical 
matters, family, concerns daily 

5796
05:08:57,000 --> 05:09:01,000
events, plans and problems. 
But bedtime reading introduce 

5797
05:09:01,000 --> 05:09:04,500
shared fictional experiences 
imaginary worlds that couples 

5798
05:09:04,500 --> 05:09:07,200
could explore together and 
characters, they could discuss 

5799
05:09:07,200 --> 05:09:10,600
and debate Children growing up 
in households with bed time 

5800
05:09:10,600 --> 05:09:13,400
reading began asking for their 
books earlier than previous 

5801
05:09:13,400 --> 05:09:15,200
generations had shown interest 
in Reading. 

5802
05:09:16,000 --> 05:09:19,300
The association between books 
and comfort books, and the 

5803
05:09:19,300 --> 05:09:22,500
safety of home and books and the
transition to sleep created 

5804
05:09:22,500 --> 05:09:25,400
powerful, positive associations,
with reading that lasted 

5805
05:09:25,400 --> 05:09:29,700
throughout their lives. 
By 1600, a significant portion 

5806
05:09:29,700 --> 05:09:31,700
of the literate. 
Population had Incorporated 

5807
05:09:31,700 --> 05:09:33,600
reading into their bed, time 
routines. 

5808
05:09:34,400 --> 05:09:37,100
What did began as a practical 
way to make use of expensive 

5809
05:09:37,100 --> 05:09:39,800
books and evolved into a new 
cultural ritual? 

5810
05:09:39,800 --> 05:09:43,300
One that transformed both how 
people fell asleep and what they

5811
05:09:43,300 --> 05:09:45,700
dreamed about when they finally 
closed their eyes. 

5812
05:09:46,600 --> 05:09:50,400
The night was no longer just 
Nature's signal for rest, it had

5813
05:09:50,400 --> 05:09:53,700
become reading time. 
By the early, 1600s something 

5814
05:09:53,700 --> 05:09:56,400
unprecedented was happening in 
bedrooms across literate, 

5815
05:09:56,400 --> 05:09:59,800
Europe, people were lying awake,
contemplating sleep itself. 

5816
05:10:00,600 --> 05:10:03,700
For the first time in human 
history, significant numbers of 

5817
05:10:03,708 --> 05:10:05,800
people were actively analyzing 
their rest. 

5818
05:10:05,800 --> 05:10:09,600
Comparing their sleep experience
to advice, they'd read in books 

5819
05:10:09,600 --> 05:10:12,000
and trying to optimize their 
nighttime hours. 

5820
05:10:13,100 --> 05:10:15,700
The printing press had 
accidentally created the world's

5821
05:10:15,700 --> 05:10:19,300
first generation of sleep 
conscious individuals, Medical 

5822
05:10:19,300 --> 05:10:23,200
books, once accessible only to 
Physicians were now available to

5823
05:10:23,200 --> 05:10:24,900
anyone who could read and afford
them. 

5824
05:10:25,900 --> 05:10:29,100
These texts introduced Ordinary 
People to Concepts, like humeral

5825
05:10:29,100 --> 05:10:33,000
balance and the idea that diet 
exercise and daily habits could 

5826
05:10:33,000 --> 05:10:36,700
affect Sleep Quality. 
People began experimenting with 

5827
05:10:36,700 --> 05:10:40,300
the timing of their meals, the 
firmness of their mattresses and

5828
05:10:40,300 --> 05:10:42,000
even the direction, their beds 
face. 

5829
05:10:42,000 --> 05:10:44,900
All based on printed advice from
medical authorities. 

5830
05:10:45,800 --> 05:10:48,800
This marked a fascinating shift 
from passive acceptance to 

5831
05:10:48,800 --> 05:10:52,000
active management. 
Your ancestors had simply slept 

5832
05:10:52,000 --> 05:10:54,500
when they were and woken when 
they were not. 

5833
05:10:54,500 --> 05:10:57,700
But the new book reading, 
population began tracking their 

5834
05:10:57,700 --> 05:11:00,600
sleep patterns noting, which 
activities helped or hindered 

5835
05:11:00,600 --> 05:11:04,000
their rest and developing 
personal theories about optimal 

5836
05:11:04,000 --> 05:11:07,100
sleep conditions. 
The results were mixed to put it

5837
05:11:07,100 --> 05:11:10,000
gently. 
Many people armed with partial 

5838
05:11:10,000 --> 05:11:12,000
medical knowledge and 
conflicting advice from 

5839
05:11:12,000 --> 05:11:16,000
different books began, creating 
elaborate bedtime routines, that

5840
05:11:16,000 --> 05:11:17,600
probably did more harm than 
good. 

5841
05:11:18,300 --> 05:11:20,800
Some would spend an hour before 
bed preparing their sleeping 

5842
05:11:20,800 --> 05:11:23,300
environment, according to 
whatever book, they'd most 

5843
05:11:23,300 --> 05:11:26,700
recently, read adjusting 
ventilation rearranging 

5844
05:11:26,700 --> 05:11:30,100
furniture or consuming specific 
Foods supposed to promote 

5845
05:11:30,100 --> 05:11:32,900
restful sleep. 
Meanwhile, the mere Act of 

5846
05:11:32,908 --> 05:11:36,100
reading about sleep often made 
it more elusive people would lie

5847
05:11:36,100 --> 05:11:38,800
in bed analyzing whether they 
felt sufficiently relaxed, 

5848
05:11:38,800 --> 05:11:41,700
whether they're breathing match 
the patterns described in their 

5849
05:11:41,700 --> 05:11:44,300
health books and whether their 
mattress was positioned 

5850
05:11:44,300 --> 05:11:46,200
correctly. 
According to the latest printed,

5851
05:11:46,200 --> 05:11:49,600
advise the more, they thought 
about sleep the harder, it 

5852
05:11:49,600 --> 05:11:53,500
became Publishers recognizing a 
profitable Trend began producing

5853
05:11:53,500 --> 05:11:57,500
books specifically about sleep 
Improvement. titles like the 

5854
05:11:57,500 --> 05:12:00,300
complete guide to restful 
Slumber and natural methods for 

5855
05:12:00,300 --> 05:12:02,800
perfect sleep, became 
bestsellers, these books 

5856
05:12:02,800 --> 05:12:05,300
typically promise, Simple 
Solutions to sleep problems 

5857
05:12:05,300 --> 05:12:08,200
while simultaneously making 
readers more anxious about 

5858
05:12:08,200 --> 05:12:11,500
whether they were sleeping 
correctly, The wealthy began 

5859
05:12:11,500 --> 05:12:15,000
investing in elaborate sleep, 
optimization equipment, based on

5860
05:12:15,000 --> 05:12:19,300
printed recommendations, special
mattresses, pillows designed. 

5861
05:12:19,300 --> 05:12:22,000
According to particular 
theories, bedroom furniture 

5862
05:12:22,000 --> 05:12:25,400
range to promote better rest and
even clothing designed 

5863
05:12:25,400 --> 05:12:29,100
specifically for sleeping. 
This period saw the birth of the

5864
05:12:29,100 --> 05:12:32,200
idea that Sleep Quality could be
purchased and optimized through 

5865
05:12:32,200 --> 05:12:35,300
the right products. 
An idea we'd recognize today. 

5866
05:12:36,100 --> 05:12:39,000
Religious authorities continued 
to voice their concerns about 

5867
05:12:39,000 --> 05:12:41,400
the evolving relationship 
between books and bedtime. 

5868
05:12:41,400 --> 05:12:44,900
But their focus shifted from 
moral objections to practical 

5869
05:12:44,900 --> 05:12:48,100
health concerns. 
Church leaders began preaching 

5870
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:50,700
about the importance of proper 
rest for spiritual life. 

5871
05:12:50,700 --> 05:12:54,700
Arguing that people too fatigued
from staying up reading were 

5872
05:12:54,700 --> 05:12:57,100
less able to focus during prayer
or church services. 

5873
05:12:58,000 --> 05:13:00,700
The emerging scientific 
revolution of the 1600s brought 

5874
05:13:00,700 --> 05:13:04,200
new complexity to sleep advice 
books, began presenting, 

5875
05:13:04,200 --> 05:13:06,700
competing theories about what 
happened during sleep? 

5876
05:13:06,700 --> 05:13:11,700
Why dreams occurred and how rest
affected health People found 

5877
05:13:11,700 --> 05:13:14,100
themselves trying to sleep while
mentally debating. 

5878
05:13:14,100 --> 05:13:17,300
Whether sleep was primarily for 
physical restoration, mental 

5879
05:13:17,300 --> 05:13:21,300
processing, or spiritual 
renewal, Coffee introduced to 

5880
05:13:21,308 --> 05:13:24,000
Europe during the same period 
added another layer of 

5881
05:13:24,000 --> 05:13:27,400
complexity to The Sleep 
equation, popular books, about 

5882
05:13:27,400 --> 05:13:30,300
coffee, stimulating effects, led
to elaborate rules about when 

5883
05:13:30,300 --> 05:13:33,000
coffee consumption could occur 
without affecting nighttime 

5884
05:13:33,000 --> 05:13:35,400
rest. 
People began timing, their 

5885
05:13:35,400 --> 05:13:38,200
coffee consumption. 
Based on printed advice often 

5886
05:13:38,200 --> 05:13:40,800
creating more anxiety about 
their sleep than the coffee 

5887
05:13:40,800 --> 05:13:43,600
itself caused. 
The practice of keeping sleep 

5888
05:13:43,600 --> 05:13:45,700
journals emerged among the 
educated classes. 

5889
05:13:46,500 --> 05:13:49,600
People began recording their 
bedtimes, wake times, dream, 

5890
05:13:49,600 --> 05:13:53,000
content, and energy levels 
comparing their experiences to 

5891
05:13:53,008 --> 05:13:54,300
advice. 
They'd read in books. 

5892
05:13:54,300 --> 05:13:57,500
These personal sleep studies 
represented Humanities. 

5893
05:13:57,500 --> 05:14:00,500
First, systematic attempts to 
understand individual, sleep 

5894
05:14:00,500 --> 05:14:03,800
patterns. though, the data was 
often more confusing than 

5895
05:14:03,800 --> 05:14:07,400
Illuminating, Physicians began 
reporting, a new category of 

5896
05:14:07,400 --> 05:14:10,200
patient complaints. 
People who felt their sleep was 

5897
05:14:10,200 --> 05:14:12,000
inadequate. 
Not because they were worn out, 

5898
05:14:12,000 --> 05:14:14,700
but because their sleep didn't 
match descriptions. 

5899
05:14:14,700 --> 05:14:17,700
They dread in books, healthy 
individuals with normal sleep 

5900
05:14:17,700 --> 05:14:20,300
patterns, sought medical help 
because they worried their rest 

5901
05:14:20,300 --> 05:14:22,900
wasn't optimized according to 
the latest printed theories. 

5902
05:14:24,400 --> 05:14:27,000
This period also saw the 
emergence of sleep-related 

5903
05:14:27,000 --> 05:14:30,100
social anxiety. 
People began comparing their 

5904
05:14:30,100 --> 05:14:32,600
sleep habits. 
To those described in popular 

5905
05:14:32,600 --> 05:14:36,800
books worrying that their bed 
time routines, mattresses or 

5906
05:14:36,800 --> 05:14:39,800
sleep positions, mark them as 
unsophisticated or unhealthy. 

5907
05:14:40,800 --> 05:14:43,500
Sleep, which had been a private 
largely unconscious activity, 

5908
05:14:43,500 --> 05:14:46,400
became a topic of social 
discussion and comparison. 

5909
05:14:47,300 --> 05:14:51,100
Everyone recognized the irony, 
some writers of the time noted 

5910
05:14:51,100 --> 05:14:54,000
that Humanity had survived for 
Millennia with perfectly 

5911
05:14:54,000 --> 05:14:56,000
adequate sleep. 
Before anyone thought to write 

5912
05:14:56,000 --> 05:14:58,900
books about it, they observed 
that the more people read about 

5913
05:14:58,900 --> 05:15:01,600
sleep, the more problems, they 
seem to develop with sleeping 

5914
05:15:01,600 --> 05:15:05,300
but there was no going back. 
The printing press had 

5915
05:15:05,300 --> 05:15:07,600
fundamentally altered, 
Humanity's relationship with 

5916
05:15:07,600 --> 05:15:10,400
rest. 
Transforming sleep from a 

5917
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:13,600
natural surrender to Darkness 
into a complex activity. 

5918
05:15:13,600 --> 05:15:17,200
That could be studied analyzed 
optimized and worried about 

5919
05:15:18,000 --> 05:15:22,400
Sleep had become homework as the
1600s progressed into the 1700s.

5920
05:15:22,400 --> 05:15:26,000
Something profound was slipping 
away from Human Experience. 

5921
05:15:26,000 --> 05:15:29,200
So gradually that no one quite 
noticed until it was nearly 

5922
05:15:29,200 --> 05:15:31,200
gone. 
The ancient pattern of 

5923
05:15:31,200 --> 05:15:35,600
segmented, sleep first. 
Sleep, wakeful period, second 

5924
05:15:35,600 --> 05:15:39,200
sleep was dissolving, like 
Morning, Mist, replace by 

5925
05:15:39,200 --> 05:15:41,500
something entirely, different 
books. 

5926
05:15:41,500 --> 05:15:43,900
Weren't just changing when 
people slept, they were 

5927
05:15:43,900 --> 05:15:47,300
fundamentally altering, how 
people slept the transition 

5928
05:15:47,300 --> 05:15:50,800
happened differently in cities 
than in rural areas and faster 

5929
05:15:50,800 --> 05:15:53,600
among the wealthy than the poor,
but the direction was 

5930
05:15:53,600 --> 05:15:56,300
unmistakable. 
People were beginning to sleep 

5931
05:15:56,300 --> 05:15:59,700
in single Consolidated blocks 
much like you do today. 

5932
05:16:01,000 --> 05:16:04,300
This transition might seem like 
a minor technical change but it 

5933
05:16:04,300 --> 05:16:07,000
represented one of the most 
significant shifts in human 

5934
05:16:07,000 --> 05:16:09,500
behavior since the development 
of agriculture. 

5935
05:16:10,600 --> 05:16:13,800
Urban areas LED this 
transformation cities meant more

5936
05:16:13,800 --> 05:16:17,500
artificial, light more scheduled
activities, and more access to 

5937
05:16:17,500 --> 05:16:20,000
books. 
And printed entertainment City 

5938
05:16:20,000 --> 05:16:21,600
dwellers found their old 
midnight. 

5939
05:16:21,600 --> 05:16:23,700
Wake periods increasingly 
inconvenient. 

5940
05:16:24,600 --> 05:16:27,300
If you had to be at work by a 
specific time and needed to 

5941
05:16:27,300 --> 05:16:30,700
maintain your energy throughout 
the day, the segmented sleep 

5942
05:16:30,700 --> 05:16:33,100
pattern began to feel 
inefficient rather than natural 

5943
05:16:33,100 --> 05:16:35,700
books played a crucial role in 
the shift. 

5944
05:16:35,700 --> 05:16:38,900
The growing practice of bedtime 
reading, meant people were 

5945
05:16:38,900 --> 05:16:41,500
staying awake later into the 
evening pushing their first 

5946
05:16:41,500 --> 05:16:45,100
sleep period later. 
And later eventually many people

5947
05:16:45,100 --> 05:16:47,300
were going to bed. 
So late that their natural wake 

5948
05:16:47,300 --> 05:16:51,100
period occurred uncomfortably 
close to Dawn, rather than wait 

5949
05:16:51,100 --> 05:16:52,400
for an hour or two in the middle
of the night. 

5950
05:16:52,400 --> 05:16:54,900
They began sleeping straight 
through until morning. 

5951
05:16:54,900 --> 05:16:57,500
This changed didn't happen 
without consequences. 

5952
05:16:57,500 --> 05:17:01,500
People raised on segmented. 
Sleep patterns often struggled 

5953
05:17:01,500 --> 05:17:03,200
with the new Consolidated 
approach. 

5954
05:17:04,000 --> 05:17:06,200
They'd lie awake during what had
traditionally been their 

5955
05:17:06,200 --> 05:17:09,700
midnight active period, not 
understanding why sleep alluded 

5956
05:17:09,700 --> 05:17:12,000
them. 
Physicians began documenting 

5957
05:17:12,000 --> 05:17:15,500
what they called, Midnight, 
Melancholy periods of wakeful 

5958
05:17:15,500 --> 05:17:17,900
anxiety that occurred when 
people fought against their 

5959
05:17:17,900 --> 05:17:19,900
natural tendency to wake during 
the night. 

5960
05:17:20,600 --> 05:17:23,400
The loss of segmented sleep 
meant The Disappearance of those

5961
05:17:23,400 --> 05:17:26,700
precious midnight hours that had
traditionally been used for 

5962
05:17:26,700 --> 05:17:30,500
quiet conversation. 
Prayer, meditation and gentle 

5963
05:17:30,500 --> 05:17:34,000
activities. 
Couples lost that intimate time 

5964
05:17:34,000 --> 05:17:35,600
of soft conversation in the 
Darkness. 

5965
05:17:36,500 --> 05:17:39,200
Family, stopped sharing those 
peaceful moments of tending, the

5966
05:17:39,200 --> 05:17:40,800
fire and checking on children 
together. 

5967
05:17:41,700 --> 05:17:44,700
Stead all the evenings 
activities conversation, 

5968
05:17:44,700 --> 05:17:48,800
reading, planning and reflection
became compressed into the hours

5969
05:17:48,800 --> 05:17:52,400
between dinner and bedtime. 
This intensification of evening,

5970
05:17:52,400 --> 05:17:55,400
activities created, a faster 
pace of life, that many found 

5971
05:17:55,400 --> 05:17:58,400
overwhelming. 
The gentle rhythm of segmented 

5972
05:17:58,400 --> 05:18:01,300
sleep had provided natural 
breaks in the days, emotional 

5973
05:18:01,300 --> 05:18:04,800
and mental processing. 
Books began reflecting and 

5974
05:18:04,800 --> 05:18:08,500
reinforcing this new sleep 
pattern, authors started writing

5975
05:18:08,500 --> 05:18:11,100
longer chapters. 
Assuming readers would want 

5976
05:18:11,100 --> 05:18:13,900
substantial content for their 
extended evening reading 

5977
05:18:13,900 --> 05:18:17,000
session. 
The concept of the page. 

5978
05:18:17,000 --> 05:18:19,800
Turner a book. 
So engaging you'd read later 

5979
05:18:19,800 --> 05:18:23,400
into the night became a 
marketing Advantage, Publishers 

5980
05:18:23,400 --> 05:18:25,800
discovered that books that kept 
people reading passed. 

5981
05:18:25,800 --> 05:18:28,700
Their traditional First bed 
time, were most likely to become

5982
05:18:28,700 --> 05:18:31,700
popular, the worldly began 
designing, their homes around 

5983
05:18:31,700 --> 05:18:35,300
Consolidated, sleep, patterns 
bedrooms became more elaborate 

5984
05:18:35,300 --> 05:18:40,000
and comfortable designed for 
longer periods of occupancy. the

5985
05:18:40,000 --> 05:18:43,200
concept of the bedroom as a 
retreat, a personal Sanctuary 

5986
05:18:43,200 --> 05:18:46,900
designed specifically for rest 
and relaxation emerge during 

5987
05:18:46,900 --> 05:18:51,800
this period Previously bedrooms 
had been more utilitarian places

5988
05:18:51,800 --> 05:18:55,200
to sleep certainly but not 
necessarily places to lingo or 

5989
05:18:55,208 --> 05:18:58,000
relax. 
Reading Nooks within bedrooms 

5990
05:18:58,000 --> 05:19:00,200
became fashionable among those 
who could afford them. 

5991
05:19:00,200 --> 05:19:03,800
These were specifically designed
spaces for pre-sleep reading 

5992
05:19:03,800 --> 05:19:07,100
with comfortable chairs, good 
lighting and convenient book 

5993
05:19:07,100 --> 05:19:09,700
storage. 
The bedroom was transforming 

5994
05:19:09,700 --> 05:19:12,000
from a place. 
You went only to sleep into a 

5995
05:19:12,008 --> 05:19:14,200
place where you might spend 
several hours each evening 

5996
05:19:14,200 --> 05:19:17,900
reading, relaxing and gradually 
transitioning towards sleep. 

5997
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:22,000
This architectural, shift 
reflected a deeper change in how

5998
05:19:22,000 --> 05:19:23,900
people thought about rest and 
privacy. 

5999
05:19:23,900 --> 05:19:27,300
The bedroom was becoming the 
first truly private space. 

6000
05:19:27,300 --> 05:19:30,400
In most people's homes, a place 
where you could Retreat from 

6001
05:19:30,400 --> 05:19:33,800
social obligations and family 
responsibilities to engage with 

6002
05:19:33,800 --> 05:19:37,400
books and your thoughts. 
Children growing up during this 

6003
05:19:37,400 --> 05:19:39,300
transition experience, something
unprecedented. 

6004
05:19:39,300 --> 05:19:42,700
They were the first generation 
to sleep through the night as a 

6005
05:19:42,700 --> 05:19:46,100
normal expected pattern. 
Their parents and grandparents 

6006
05:19:46,100 --> 05:19:48,300
had grown up expecting to wake 
during the night. 

6007
05:19:48,300 --> 05:19:51,000
But these children learn to 
sleep for eight or nine, 

6008
05:19:51,000 --> 05:19:53,800
continuous hours. 
This created different 

6009
05:19:53,800 --> 05:19:57,000
relationships with both sleep 
and darkness and different 

6010
05:19:57,000 --> 05:19:59,800
capacities for sustained, 
attention and energy throughout 

6011
05:19:59,800 --> 05:20:02,700
long days. 
The old folk wisdom about sleep 

6012
05:20:02,700 --> 05:20:06,900
began to seem obsolete saying 
like the hour before midnight is

6013
05:20:06,900 --> 05:20:10,300
worth two, after made less sense
to people who were going to bed 

6014
05:20:10,300 --> 05:20:13,400
at midnight or later. 
Traditional advice about using 

6015
05:20:13,400 --> 05:20:15,400
wakeful periods for prayer or 
meditation. 

6016
05:20:15,400 --> 05:20:18,800
Seemed irrelevant people who no 
longer experience regular 

6017
05:20:18,800 --> 05:20:24,200
midnight wake periods. 
By 1750 Consolidated, sleep had 

6018
05:20:24,200 --> 05:20:26,600
become the new normal for most 
of the literate population. 

6019
05:20:27,400 --> 05:20:30,500
The segmented sleep pattern that
had characterized human rest for

6020
05:20:30,500 --> 05:20:33,200
Millennia survived. 
Mainly in rural areas where 

6021
05:20:33,200 --> 05:20:36,200
artificial light was still rare 
and daily schedules remained 

6022
05:20:36,200 --> 05:20:40,400
tied to natural daylight Cycles.
Medical authorities of the time,

6023
05:20:40,400 --> 05:20:44,000
noted the change, but generally 
approved of it Consolidated. 

6024
05:20:44,000 --> 05:20:47,000
Sleep seemed more efficient. 
Better suited to the 

6025
05:20:47,000 --> 05:20:49,400
increasingly complex demands of 
Modern Life. 

6026
05:20:50,200 --> 05:20:53,000
If you realize that Humanity was
abandoning arrest pattern that 

6027
05:20:53,000 --> 05:20:55,800
had evolved over thousands of 
years, replacing it with 

6028
05:20:55,800 --> 05:20:58,800
something entirely unprecedented
in Human Experience. 

6029
05:20:59,700 --> 05:21:02,100
The printing, press had 
accidentally engineered the most

6030
05:21:02,100 --> 05:21:05,200
significant change in human 
sleep patterns, since we learned

6031
05:21:05,200 --> 05:21:08,400
to control fire. 
Here you are centuries. 

6032
05:21:08,400 --> 05:21:11,000
Later settling into your 
comfortable bed with perhaps a 

6033
05:21:11,000 --> 05:21:13,800
book on your nightstand, 
completely unaware that your 

6034
05:21:13,800 --> 05:21:17,000
entire relationship with sleep 
was shaped by Goldsmith's 

6035
05:21:17,000 --> 05:21:20,900
invention from the 1400s. 
The Consolidated sleep pattern, 

6036
05:21:20,900 --> 05:21:23,800
you can consider natural 8 hours
of continuous. 

6037
05:21:23,800 --> 05:21:26,900
Rest would have seemed a 
strange, your medieval ancestors

6038
05:21:26,900 --> 05:21:29,600
as their segmented. 
Sleep routine seems to you 

6039
05:21:29,600 --> 05:21:32,100
today. 
The transformation, the 

6040
05:21:32,100 --> 05:21:35,800
printing, press began continues 
to Ripple through your nights in

6041
05:21:35,800 --> 05:21:39,800
ways, both obvious, and subtle. 
Every time you reach for your 

6042
05:21:39,800 --> 05:21:43,000
phone to reach, just one more 
article before sleep, your 

6043
05:21:43,000 --> 05:21:45,400
participating in a tradition 
that began, when the first 

6044
05:21:45,400 --> 05:21:47,900
person Olympic handle to read, 
just one more chapter. 

6045
05:21:48,800 --> 05:21:52,100
The eternal struggle between I 
should go to sleep and I'll just

6046
05:21:52,100 --> 05:21:55,100
read a little longer started 
with those early book owners and

6047
05:21:55,100 --> 05:21:58,100
has never really ended. 
Your bedroom itself is a 

6048
05:21:58,100 --> 05:21:59,400
testament to this 
transformation. 

6049
05:21:59,400 --> 05:22:02,600
The idea that you need a 
comfortable private space, 

6050
05:22:02,600 --> 05:22:04,900
specifically designed for rest 
and relaxation. 

6051
05:22:04,900 --> 05:22:08,700
Complete with good lighting for 
reading comfortable, seating and

6052
05:22:08,700 --> 05:22:10,800
easy, access to ebooks or 
digital devices. 

6053
05:22:10,800 --> 05:22:14,100
Would have been incomprehensible
to people who simply slept 

6054
05:22:14,100 --> 05:22:16,700
wherever they could identify a 
safe warm spot. 

6055
05:22:18,000 --> 05:22:21,100
The printing press didn't just 
change what people read, it 

6056
05:22:21,100 --> 05:22:24,700
changed how they think. 
The ability to access multiple 

6057
05:22:24,700 --> 05:22:28,700
perspectives, compare different 
ideas and engage with complex 

6058
05:22:28,700 --> 05:22:32,100
narratives trained human Minds 
to be more active, more 

6059
05:22:32,100 --> 05:22:36,000
analytical and more imaginative.
These more active Minds 

6060
05:22:36,000 --> 05:22:39,200
naturally took longer to settle 
into sleeping, longer, 

6061
05:22:39,200 --> 05:22:42,200
transition, periods, and more 
comfortable environments. 

6062
05:22:43,200 --> 05:22:45,900
Modern sleep science, has 
rediscovered, some wisdom from 

6063
05:22:45,900 --> 05:22:48,200
the pre-printing era, sleep 
researchers. 

6064
05:22:48,200 --> 05:22:51,000
Now, understand that the 
Consolidated 8-hour sleep 

6065
05:22:51,000 --> 05:22:54,200
pattern while workable isn't 
necessarily optimal for 

6066
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:56,800
everyone. 
Some people naturally function 

6067
05:22:56,800 --> 05:23:00,700
better with segmented sleep or 
alternative patterns, but are 

6068
05:23:00,700 --> 05:23:03,700
modern world of scheduled work 
and artificial lighting makes 

6069
05:23:03,700 --> 05:23:07,400
these patterns difficult to 
maintain The books that line, 

6070
05:23:07,400 --> 05:23:10,500
your shelves, the reading light,
beside your bed, and the 

6071
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:12,700
comfortable chair, where you 
might read before sleep. 

6072
05:23:13,500 --> 05:23:16,100
All of these represent Victory 
is in Humanity's ongoing 

6073
05:23:16,100 --> 05:23:20,300
negotiation with Darkness. 
Generation since Gutenberg has 

6074
05:23:20,300 --> 05:23:23,900
pushed bedtime a little later 
made a little brighter and 

6075
05:23:23,900 --> 05:23:26,400
filled the hours before sleep 
with more, mental stimulation. 

6076
05:23:27,300 --> 05:23:29,400
Your dreams themselves, carry 
the legacy of this 

6077
05:23:29,400 --> 05:23:32,400
transformation. 
The Complex narrative Rich 

6078
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:35,500
dreams, that many people 
experience today, reflect Minds 

6079
05:23:35,500 --> 05:23:37,800
trained on centuries of 
Storytelling tradition. 

6080
05:23:38,900 --> 05:23:41,600
You're sleeping, brain 
processes, not just the days, 

6081
05:23:41,600 --> 05:23:45,600
immediate experience is, but 
also the characters, plots and 

6082
05:23:45,600 --> 05:23:47,400
ideas. 
You've absorbed from books 

6083
05:23:47,400 --> 05:23:50,900
creating dreams that would have 
been impossible for preliterate,

6084
05:23:50,900 --> 05:23:53,900
humans to imagine. 
The Sleep problems that plague 

6085
05:23:53,900 --> 05:23:57,600
Modern Life difficulty, falling 
asleep, racing thoughts at 

6086
05:23:57,600 --> 05:24:01,400
bedtime the temptation to read 
or check devices and of sleeping

6087
05:24:01,400 --> 05:24:03,400
all have their roots in that 
moment. 

6088
05:24:03,400 --> 05:24:06,200
When humans first chose 
artificial light and mental 

6089
05:24:06,200 --> 05:24:08,300
stimulation over natural 
darkness and rest. 

6090
05:24:09,200 --> 05:24:11,900
We traded the simple surrender 
to sleep for the complex, 

6091
05:24:11,900 --> 05:24:14,500
pleasure of extended 
Consciousness, and we're still 

6092
05:24:14,508 --> 05:24:17,100
learning to manage the 
consequences but perhaps this 

6093
05:24:17,100 --> 05:24:20,100
trade-off was worth it. 
The same printing, press 

6094
05:24:20,100 --> 05:24:21,800
Revolution that complicated 
sleep. 

6095
05:24:21,800 --> 05:24:25,900
Also democratized knowledge 
spread literacy enabled, the 

6096
05:24:25,900 --> 05:24:29,100
Scientific Revolution and 
created the foundation for every

6097
05:24:29,100 --> 05:24:31,900
book you've ever loved. 
Those late nights reading by 

6098
05:24:31,900 --> 05:24:33,900
candlelight. 
Gave birth to the modern world 

6099
05:24:33,900 --> 05:24:36,300
with all its complexities and 
possibilities. 

6100
05:24:37,200 --> 05:24:40,200
As you prepare for sleep 
tonight, your participating in a

6101
05:24:40,200 --> 05:24:42,400
ritual that would be 
recognizable to readers from 

6102
05:24:42,408 --> 05:24:46,700
centuries past. 
The details of changed electric 

6103
05:24:46,700 --> 05:24:50,900
lights and of candles printed 
books, or digital screens and of

6104
05:24:50,900 --> 05:24:54,200
hand copied manuscripts. 
But the basic pattern remains 

6105
05:24:54,200 --> 05:24:57,600
you're using artificial light to
extend Consciousness Beyond its 

6106
05:24:57,600 --> 05:25:01,000
natural limits, filling your 
mind with stories and ideas that

6107
05:25:01,000 --> 05:25:04,600
will accompany you to sleep and 
perhaps to dreams the printing, 

6108
05:25:04,600 --> 05:25:06,000
press taught Humanity that 
night. 

6109
05:25:06,000 --> 05:25:08,800
Doesn't have to mean the end of 
the thought that Darkness can be

6110
05:25:08,808 --> 05:25:11,800
filled with light and stories 
and that sleep can be a 

6111
05:25:11,800 --> 05:25:15,100
transition to Worlds even more 
fantastic than the ones we read 

6112
05:25:15,100 --> 05:25:17,300
about. 
Changing how we sleep. 

6113
05:25:17,300 --> 05:25:21,800
Change us as a species more 
thoughtful imaginative and 

6114
05:25:21,800 --> 05:25:23,900
connected to ideas and stories 
than before. 

6115
05:25:24,700 --> 05:25:27,400
So tonight, as you finally turn 
off the light and settle into 

6116
05:25:27,400 --> 05:25:30,600
sleep, your carrying forward, a 
tradition that began. 

6117
05:25:30,600 --> 05:25:34,000
When the first person decided 
that Sunset didn't have to mean 

6118
05:25:34,000 --> 05:25:36,400
the end of reading time, sweet 
dreams. 

6119
05:25:36,400 --> 05:25:39,200
They brought to you by a Hannah 
Berg and everyone who ever 

6120
05:25:39,200 --> 05:25:49,000
stayed up late reading, just one
You wake up Before Dawn in your 

6121
05:25:49,000 --> 05:25:52,500
cell, not because you want to 
but because Marcus the lanista 

6122
05:25:52,500 --> 05:25:55,500
who runs his Gladiator. 
School has a peculiar fondness 

6123
05:25:55,500 --> 05:25:59,300
for Roosters, three of them to 
be exact and they seem to take 

6124
05:25:59,300 --> 05:26:01,300
personal offense at the concept 
of sleep. 

6125
05:26:02,100 --> 05:26:04,900
The crowing Echoes through the 
stone, corridors of the ludus, 

6126
05:26:04,900 --> 05:26:08,500
like a cacophony, a very angry, 
very small trumpets. 

6127
05:26:09,300 --> 05:26:12,300
Your sleeping mat isn't exactly 
what you'd call comfortable. 

6128
05:26:12,300 --> 05:26:15,900
It's essentially a thin piece of
fabric stretched over straw, 

6129
05:26:15,900 --> 05:26:18,900
that seemed better decades, but 
you've grown accustomed to it. 

6130
05:26:18,900 --> 05:26:22,000
The way you've grown accustomed 
to most things in this life that

6131
05:26:22,000 --> 05:26:24,000
shows you rather than the other 
way around. 

6132
05:26:24,000 --> 05:26:29,000
The cell is small about the size
of a, modern walk-in closet with

6133
05:26:29,000 --> 05:26:32,700
walls, that weep moisture in the
winter and radiate heat, like an

6134
05:26:32,700 --> 05:26:36,300
oven in summer. 
You stretch feeling your joints 

6135
05:26:36,300 --> 05:26:38,500
pop in that satisfying, way that
reminds you. 

6136
05:26:38,500 --> 05:26:40,500
You're still alive and 
relatively intact. 

6137
05:26:41,200 --> 05:26:43,200
This is always a good sign in 
your line of work. 

6138
05:26:43,200 --> 05:26:47,300
Your body's a roadmap of small 
scars and Faded bruises each 

6139
05:26:47,300 --> 05:26:48,900
one. 
A story you'd rather not tell it

6140
05:26:48,900 --> 05:26:51,200
dinner parties. 
If you went to dinner parties, 

6141
05:26:51,200 --> 05:26:55,200
which you don't The other 
Gladiators are stirring too, 

6142
05:26:55,200 --> 05:26:59,300
there's gaia-s who snores like a
hibernating bear and somehow 

6143
05:26:59,300 --> 05:27:02,500
always looks surprised when he 
wakes up as if sleep were a 

6144
05:27:02,500 --> 05:27:03,900
magic trick. 
He couldn't quite figure out. 

6145
05:27:05,400 --> 05:27:08,300
Across the corridor, you can 
hear Lucius already doing his 

6146
05:27:08,300 --> 05:27:11,000
morning stretches, the man is 
unnaturally disciplined. 

6147
05:27:11,000 --> 05:27:14,400
The sort who probably organized 
his toys by color as a child. 

6148
05:27:14,408 --> 05:27:18,500
The guards unlock the cells with
a series of metallic clanks that

6149
05:27:18,500 --> 05:27:22,600
serve as your daily alarm clock,
you file out with the others, A 

6150
05:27:22,600 --> 05:27:24,700
procession of disheveled 
Warriors shuffling toward, the 

6151
05:27:24,700 --> 05:27:27,800
communal washing area. 
The water is cold enough to make

6152
05:27:27,800 --> 05:27:31,100
you question your life choices, 
but it does the job of shocking 

6153
05:27:31,100 --> 05:27:34,000
you fully awake. 
Breakfast is barley porridge 

6154
05:27:34,000 --> 05:27:36,400
with a consistency somewhere 
between super and mortar. 

6155
05:27:36,400 --> 05:27:39,300
Sometimes there are bits of 
dried meat floating in it 

6156
05:27:39,300 --> 05:27:41,000
though. 
You've learned not to ask too 

6157
05:27:41,000 --> 05:27:44,900
many questions about the source,
the bread is dense and chewy the

6158
05:27:44,900 --> 05:27:47,600
kind that doubles as a weapon if
you're creative enough but it 

6159
05:27:47,608 --> 05:27:50,800
fills your stomach and in this 
business that's really all you 

6160
05:27:50,800 --> 05:27:55,000
can ask for You eat in relative 
silence, listening to the 

6161
05:27:55,000 --> 05:27:56,800
Morning. 
Sounds of the ludus coming to 

6162
05:27:56,800 --> 05:27:59,100
life. 
Somewhere a blacksmith is 

6163
05:27:59,100 --> 05:28:00,800
already working on equipment, 
repairs. 

6164
05:28:00,800 --> 05:28:03,600
The rhythmic hammering that will
provide the sound track to your 

6165
05:28:03,608 --> 05:28:06,200
day. 
The cook is arguing with a grain

6166
05:28:06,200 --> 05:28:09,100
Merchant about quality their 
voices carrying across the 

6167
05:28:09,100 --> 05:28:12,200
courtyard in Rapid Fire. 
A truscan that sounds like an 

6168
05:28:12,200 --> 05:28:14,300
argument between two very 
passionate Birds. 

6169
05:28:15,400 --> 05:28:18,800
After breakfast, you report to 
the equipment room, where Titus 

6170
05:28:18,800 --> 05:28:21,700
the grizzled old gladiator who 
survived long enough to become 

6171
05:28:21,700 --> 05:28:24,600
an instructor. 
Inspects, each Fighter's Gear 

6172
05:28:24,600 --> 05:28:27,500
with the intensity of her mother
examining her child scraped 

6173
05:28:27,500 --> 05:28:31,500
knee, your leather armor gets a 
thorough once-over straps 

6174
05:28:31,500 --> 05:28:34,400
checked padding adjusted Your 
sword. 

6175
05:28:34,408 --> 05:28:38,400
A Gladius that seen more action 
than a diplomat in Wartime is 

6176
05:28:38,400 --> 05:28:42,700
examined for Nixon wear. 
Your Shield grip is loose tight 

6177
05:28:42,700 --> 05:28:45,400
as mutters his weathered hands. 
Working the leather strapping, 

6178
05:28:45,400 --> 05:28:48,500
loose grip, loose life, remember
that. 

6179
05:28:49,500 --> 05:28:51,900
You nod though, you've heard 
this particular wisdom, roughly 

6180
05:28:51,900 --> 05:28:55,000
300 times. 
Titus has maybe a dozen saying 

6181
05:28:55,000 --> 05:28:58,000
that he rotates through like a 
philosophical water wheel but 

6182
05:28:58,000 --> 05:29:00,000
the man has survived 15 years in
the arena. 

6183
05:29:00,000 --> 05:29:02,800
So you listen in your world 
survival tips. 

6184
05:29:02,800 --> 05:29:06,000
Come from people who've actually
survived, not from people who've

6185
05:29:06,000 --> 05:29:10,000
read about surviving. 
The morning, inspection complete

6186
05:29:10,000 --> 05:29:11,800
you head to the training 
grounds. 

6187
05:29:11,800 --> 05:29:15,300
The sand is already warm under 
your feet heated. 

6188
05:29:15,300 --> 05:29:17,800
By the early Sun filtering 
through the Ludacris's open 

6189
05:29:17,800 --> 05:29:20,000
roof. 
Today will be another day of 

6190
05:29:20,000 --> 05:29:23,700
practice preparation, and trying
not to think too hard about why 

6191
05:29:23,700 --> 05:29:25,600
you're preparing the training 
ground. 

6192
05:29:25,600 --> 05:29:28,200
Is your second home though? 
Calling it home might be 

6193
05:29:28,200 --> 05:29:30,700
generous. 
It's more like that relatives 

6194
05:29:30,700 --> 05:29:33,800
house where you have to stay 
sometimes familiar, but not 

6195
05:29:33,800 --> 05:29:37,700
exactly comfortable. 
The sand is fine and white 

6196
05:29:37,700 --> 05:29:41,400
imported from some distant Beach
where people probably have 

6197
05:29:41,400 --> 05:29:43,600
better career options than 
professional combat. 

6198
05:29:44,600 --> 05:29:47,900
Your first drill of the day is 
footwork, which sounds simple. 

6199
05:29:47,900 --> 05:29:50,900
Until you realize that in the 
arena fancy footwork. 

6200
05:29:50,900 --> 05:29:53,700
Is the difference between going 
home to your cell and going home

6201
05:29:53,700 --> 05:29:55,900
to whatever afterlife the gods 
of planned for you. 

6202
05:29:55,900 --> 05:30:01,800
You practice the basic movements
Advanced Retreat pivot and Dodge

6203
05:30:01,800 --> 05:30:05,600
each step has to be precise. 
Each movement is economic 

6204
05:30:05,600 --> 05:30:07,900
wasted. 
Motion is wasted energy. 

6205
05:30:07,900 --> 05:30:10,900
And wasted energy is how you end
up as entertainment for the 

6206
05:30:10,900 --> 05:30:15,500
crowd in ways you didn't intend.
Titus watches from the sidelines

6207
05:30:15,500 --> 05:30:19,200
occasionally barking. 
Corrections, your dancing, not 

6208
05:30:19,200 --> 05:30:23,400
fighting, this isn't a festival,
his voice carries the authority 

6209
05:30:23,400 --> 05:30:26,400
of someone who seen too many 
promising Gladiators, make 

6210
05:30:26,400 --> 05:30:28,600
simple mistakes with permanent 
consequences. 

6211
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:33,200
You adjust your stance, lower 
your center of gravity and try 

6212
05:30:33,200 --> 05:30:35,300
to look less like your 
performing, a religious 

6213
05:30:35,300 --> 05:30:38,000
ceremony, and more like your 
preparing for controlled 

6214
05:30:38,000 --> 05:30:41,500
violence. the wooden Practice 
Sword feels different from your 

6215
05:30:41,500 --> 05:30:46,700
real blade lighter, but somehow 
more Awkward It feels akin to 

6216
05:30:46,700 --> 05:30:49,900
attempting to write with a stick
after becoming a custom to a 

6217
05:30:49,900 --> 05:30:52,200
proper stylus. 
But the wooden sword won't 

6218
05:30:52,200 --> 05:30:55,100
accidentally remove important 
parts of your training Partners 

6219
05:30:55,100 --> 05:30:58,900
which everyone appreciates. 
Gaius is your sparring partner 

6220
05:30:58,900 --> 05:31:01,600
today, which is both good news 
and bad news. 

6221
05:31:01,600 --> 05:31:05,200
Good news, he's reliable and 
won't try anything. 

6222
05:31:05,200 --> 05:31:08,100
Unnecessarily creative that 
might result in an unplanned 

6223
05:31:08,100 --> 05:31:10,600
trip to the medical tent. 
Bad news. 

6224
05:31:10,600 --> 05:31:13,700
He has the subtlety of a falling
tree and hits about as hard as 

6225
05:31:13,708 --> 05:31:15,600
one. 
Your arms are going to feel like

6226
05:31:15,600 --> 05:31:17,700
overcooked noodles by the end of
this session. 

6227
05:31:17,700 --> 05:31:21,500
You Circle each other in the 
sand, Shields up, wooden swords 

6228
05:31:21,500 --> 05:31:24,200
ready? 
The morning sun is climbing 

6229
05:31:24,200 --> 05:31:27,300
higher and you can already feel 
sweat beginning to gather under 

6230
05:31:27,300 --> 05:31:31,400
your leather armor. 
Gayest makes the first move, a 

6231
05:31:31,400 --> 05:31:33,800
straightforward attack that you 
see coming from roughly, the 

6232
05:31:33,800 --> 05:31:38,000
next Province over you, parry 
riposte and dance backward. 

6233
05:31:38,000 --> 05:31:41,000
As he follows up with a shield 
bash, that would have rearranged

6234
05:31:41,000 --> 05:31:45,200
your face if it had connected. 
Better, Titus calls out but 

6235
05:31:45,200 --> 05:31:48,600
you're still thinking too much, 
trust your training, trust your 

6236
05:31:48,600 --> 05:31:50,900
training. 
This is one of his most 

6237
05:31:50,900 --> 05:31:54,700
cherished saying, while it may 
seem simple to utter, it becomes

6238
05:31:54,700 --> 05:31:57,100
more challenging to execute when
faced with a formidable 

6239
05:31:57,100 --> 05:31:59,300
opponent, even during training 
sessions. 

6240
05:31:59,300 --> 05:32:02,600
You know what he means? 
The hours of repetition, the 

6241
05:32:02,600 --> 05:32:04,900
muscle memory built up through 
countless drills. 

6242
05:32:04,900 --> 05:32:06,900
It's all designed to work 
automatically. 

6243
05:32:06,900 --> 05:32:09,300
When you're conscious, mind is 
busy with other things like 

6244
05:32:09,300 --> 05:32:12,600
staying alive. 
The sparring continues for what 

6245
05:32:12,600 --> 05:32:16,700
feels like hours but is probably
only 30 minutes you and Gaius 

6246
05:32:16,700 --> 05:32:19,900
work through various scenarios 
attacks from different, angles 

6247
05:32:19,900 --> 05:32:23,200
combinations of sword and shield
work and defense against 

6248
05:32:23,200 --> 05:32:26,800
multiple opponents. 
By the end, the sand has managed

6249
05:32:26,800 --> 05:32:29,800
to find its way into places, it 
shouldn't be and you're both 

6250
05:32:29,808 --> 05:32:33,000
Breathing heavily. 
Next comes strength training 

6251
05:32:33,000 --> 05:32:35,800
which in your world means, 
lifting heavy things and 

6252
05:32:35,800 --> 05:32:38,000
carrying them around until your 
muscles. 

6253
05:32:38,000 --> 05:32:41,700
Remember who's in charge? 
There are Stone weights water 

6254
05:32:41,700 --> 05:32:45,100
filled and Quarry and a 
particularly unpleasant exercise

6255
05:32:45,100 --> 05:32:47,600
involving your training partner 
across the sand. 

6256
05:32:47,600 --> 05:32:50,500
While he tries to make your life
Difficult by refusing to 

6257
05:32:50,500 --> 05:32:54,500
cooperate it's like moving 
furniture were actively trying 

6258
05:32:54,500 --> 05:32:57,200
to make you drop it. 
The afternoon brings weapons 

6259
05:32:57,200 --> 05:32:58,800
training with different types of
equipment. 

6260
05:32:58,800 --> 05:33:03,000
Today, it's net and Trident work
which requires a completely 

6261
05:33:03,000 --> 05:33:04,900
different skill set from sword 
and shield. 

6262
05:33:05,700 --> 05:33:08,600
The net is deceptively tricky, 
it looks simple. 

6263
05:33:08,600 --> 05:33:10,600
And you try to throw it with any
accuracy. 

6264
05:33:10,600 --> 05:33:14,600
While someone is actively trying
to avoid being caught, it's like

6265
05:33:14,600 --> 05:33:16,300
trying to catch a fish with a 
blanket. 

6266
05:33:16,300 --> 05:33:18,000
While the fish is running away 
from you. 

6267
05:33:19,100 --> 05:33:22,300
The Trident is heavy and awkward
at first but there's something 

6268
05:33:22,300 --> 05:33:24,500
satisfying about its reach and 
power. 

6269
05:33:24,500 --> 05:33:28,400
It's a weapon that demands 
respect both from you and from 

6270
05:33:28,400 --> 05:33:31,700
anyone facing it. 
The three prongs make it 

6271
05:33:31,700 --> 05:33:34,600
excellent for defense. 
And the length gives you options

6272
05:33:34,600 --> 05:33:37,900
that are shorter weapon, doesn't
provide as the days training 

6273
05:33:37,900 --> 05:33:40,500
winds down, you clean your 
equipment and store it properly 

6274
05:33:40,500 --> 05:33:44,400
in the Gladiator business. 
Taking care of your gear isn't 

6275
05:33:44,400 --> 05:33:48,700
just good practice, it's a 
survival strategy, Rusty sword, 

6276
05:33:48,700 --> 05:33:51,000
or a cracked Shield. 
Can turn a manageable fight into

6277
05:33:51,000 --> 05:33:54,300
a brief career change life in 
the ludus isn't just about 

6278
05:33:54,300 --> 05:33:56,300
fighting. 
It's about mastering the 

6279
05:33:56,300 --> 05:33:59,400
complicated social dynamics of a
place where everyone's job 

6280
05:33:59,400 --> 05:34:02,700
involves potential violence, but
somehow you all have to live 

6281
05:34:02,700 --> 05:34:04,100
together between the violent 
bits. 

6282
05:34:04,100 --> 05:34:06,500
It's like being in a very 
specialized boarding school 

6283
05:34:06,500 --> 05:34:08,600
where detention might involve 
permanent injury. 

6284
05:34:09,400 --> 05:34:11,800
You've learned to read the moods
and personalities of your fellow

6285
05:34:11,800 --> 05:34:14,200
Gladiators. 
The way, a sailor reads, weather

6286
05:34:14,200 --> 05:34:18,300
patterns, there's quintus who 
gets Moody before fights and has

6287
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:20,100
a tendency to pick arguments 
about nothing. 

6288
05:34:20,900 --> 05:34:23,500
Smart money says to give him 
extra space when he starts 

6289
05:34:23,500 --> 05:34:26,500
complaining about the food, the 
weather will the particular way 

6290
05:34:26,500 --> 05:34:29,800
someone else breathes. 
Felix go silent. 

6291
05:34:29,800 --> 05:34:33,100
Before a match as if saving his 
words for a future conversation,

6292
05:34:33,100 --> 05:34:37,100
he may not live to have The 
Gladiator hierarchy is unspoken 

6293
05:34:37,100 --> 05:34:39,900
but clearly understood by 
everyone veterans. 

6294
05:34:39,900 --> 05:34:43,300
Like Titus occupy, the top tier,
they've survived long enough to 

6295
05:34:43,300 --> 05:34:45,500
earn respect and more 
importantly. 

6296
05:34:45,500 --> 05:34:48,400
They've survived long enough to 
teach others how to survive. 

6297
05:34:49,300 --> 05:34:51,900
Below them are the established 
fighters who have proven 

6298
05:34:51,900 --> 05:34:54,600
themselves in the arena but 
haven't yet achieved legendary 

6299
05:34:54,600 --> 05:34:58,000
status. 
Then there are the newer 

6300
05:34:58,000 --> 05:35:01,200
Gladiators like yourself who are
still figuring out, whether this

6301
05:35:01,200 --> 05:35:03,600
career path was a choice or 
something that happened to them.

6302
05:35:04,400 --> 05:35:06,300
At the bottom, are the 
newcomers. 

6303
05:35:06,300 --> 05:35:10,200
The ones who maintain a confused
expression as if there are 

6304
05:35:10,200 --> 05:35:13,100
unsure of their journey to this 
place, you remember having that 

6305
05:35:13,100 --> 05:35:17,100
look, everyone does it usually 
Fades after the first few 

6306
05:35:17,100 --> 05:35:20,300
training sessions replaced by a 
more practical expression that 

6307
05:35:20,300 --> 05:35:24,400
says well this is happening so I
might as well get good at it. 

6308
05:35:25,200 --> 05:35:28,400
Markus, the Lannister is a 
businessman, first and a patron 

6309
05:35:28,400 --> 05:35:31,500
of the Arts, second, if you 
consider gladiatorial combat and

6310
05:35:31,508 --> 05:35:34,400
art form, he consistently 
expresses his thoughts. 

6311
05:35:34,400 --> 05:35:38,900
He expresses his opinions, both 
loudly and frequently he has 

6312
05:35:38,900 --> 05:35:41,100
opinions about fighting style, 
the way other people have 

6313
05:35:41,100 --> 05:35:44,400
opinions about wine or poetry. 
He'll spend 20 minutes 

6314
05:35:44,400 --> 05:35:46,400
explaining why a particular 
Shield technique is 

6315
05:35:46,408 --> 05:35:49,100
aesthetically Superior to 
another while you stand there 

6316
05:35:49,100 --> 05:35:51,200
thinking about lunch and trying 
to look interested. 

6317
05:35:52,000 --> 05:35:54,500
But Marcus isn't cruel, just 
practical. 

6318
05:35:55,400 --> 05:35:57,500
Markers views is Gladiators as 
an investment. 

6319
05:35:57,500 --> 05:36:01,300
That requires maintenance. 
The food is adequate, the 

6320
05:36:01,300 --> 05:36:04,500
medical care is surprisingly, 
excellent, and he doesn't work 

6321
05:36:04,500 --> 05:36:08,000
anyone to the point of being 
useless, He's learned that half 

6322
05:36:08,000 --> 05:36:10,700
dead Gladiators put on 
disappointing shows and 

6323
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:12,700
disappointing shows are bad for 
business. 

6324
05:36:13,600 --> 05:36:17,000
The ludus doctor, a Greek named 
Demetrius treats injuries with 

6325
05:36:17,000 --> 05:36:19,800
the efficiency of someone who 
seen every possible way the 

6326
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:21,500
human body can be damaged in 
combat. 

6327
05:36:22,100 --> 05:36:25,800
He's patched up everything from 
minor cuts to Major sword wounds

6328
05:36:25,800 --> 05:36:28,100
and he does it all with the 
bedside manner of a, 

6329
05:36:28,100 --> 05:36:30,300
particularly unsentimental 
accountant. 

6330
05:36:31,200 --> 05:36:34,600
Don't die is his most common 
medical advice delivered in the 

6331
05:36:34,600 --> 05:36:36,700
same tone. 
Someone might use to remind you 

6332
05:36:36,700 --> 05:36:40,200
to close a door behind you meal 
servers communal Affairs, 

6333
05:36:40,200 --> 05:36:43,700
combining informal strategy 
sessions, gossip exchanges and 

6334
05:36:43,700 --> 05:36:47,000
group therapy, you learn which 
Fighters are struggling with 

6335
05:36:47,000 --> 05:36:50,200
upcoming matches whose been 
having nightmares and whose 

6336
05:36:50,200 --> 05:36:53,800
Family Center letter from home, 
the conversations flow in a 

6337
05:36:53,800 --> 05:36:57,300
mixed of Latin otrogen and the 
occasional borrowed phrase from 

6338
05:36:57,300 --> 05:36:59,100
what ever distant. 
Province someone originally 

6339
05:36:59,100 --> 05:37:01,600
called home. 
Today's dinner conversation 

6340
05:37:01,600 --> 05:37:04,000
centers around rumors of a new 
type of gladiator. 

6341
05:37:04,000 --> 05:37:07,800
Being trained in Rome fighters 
who specialize in some exotic 

6342
05:37:07,800 --> 05:37:10,800
weapon combination. 
That sounds both impressive and 

6343
05:37:10,800 --> 05:37:13,800
impractical. 
Everyone has theories about what

6344
05:37:13,800 --> 05:37:15,400
this development means for the 
professional. 

6345
05:37:15,400 --> 05:37:18,300
But most of those theories 
include complaints about young 

6346
05:37:18,300 --> 05:37:21,300
Gladiators today and how things 
were better in the past. 

6347
05:37:22,300 --> 05:37:24,600
In my time. 
So it's Cassius who's been 

6348
05:37:24,600 --> 05:37:26,400
having his time for about three 
years now. 

6349
05:37:26,400 --> 05:37:28,800
Gladiators learned proper 
fundamentals. 

6350
05:37:28,800 --> 05:37:33,100
None of this fancy Showmanship. 
He waves his bread dramatically 

6351
05:37:33,100 --> 05:37:35,800
as if it were partially 
responsible for the decline of 

6352
05:37:35,808 --> 05:37:39,000
gladiatorial Standards. 
You, listen with half an ear 

6353
05:37:39,000 --> 05:37:41,400
while working on your dinner 
which tonight includes what 

6354
05:37:41,400 --> 05:37:45,300
might be chicken or rabbit or 
possibly something else entirely

6355
05:37:45,300 --> 05:37:47,400
that's been seasoned 
aggressively enough to make 

6356
05:37:47,400 --> 05:37:52,100
identification unnecessary. 
The meat is tender, whatever it 

6357
05:37:52,100 --> 05:37:54,100
is and that's really what 
matters. 

6358
05:37:55,300 --> 05:37:57,700
After dinner, there's a brief 
period of spare time before 

6359
05:37:57,700 --> 05:38:00,400
lights out. 
Some Gladiators, spend this time

6360
05:38:00,400 --> 05:38:03,600
writing letters to family others
practice, simple crafts, like 

6361
05:38:03,600 --> 05:38:07,500
leatherworking or woodcarving. 
Few gather around, Whoever has 

6362
05:38:07,500 --> 05:38:10,700
the best voice for storytelling,
listening to Tales of famous 

6363
05:38:10,700 --> 05:38:15,000
battles, legendary Gladiators or
occasionally, just funny stories

6364
05:38:15,000 --> 05:38:16,700
about things that happened in 
other cities. 

6365
05:38:16,700 --> 05:38:20,400
The summons are on a Tuesday, 
which somehow, worse than it. 

6366
05:38:20,400 --> 05:38:23,500
Tuesdays are supposed to be for 
routine, training and equipment 

6367
05:38:23,500 --> 05:38:25,500
maintenance. 
Not for Life, altering 

6368
05:38:25,500 --> 05:38:29,000
announcements, but there is 
Marcus standing in the courtyard

6369
05:38:29,000 --> 05:38:32,000
with that particular expression.
That means someone's about to 

6370
05:38:32,000 --> 05:38:34,200
have their schedule dramatically
rearranged. 

6371
05:38:35,100 --> 05:38:38,100
We have a match, he announces 
Consulting, a wax tablet. 

6372
05:38:38,100 --> 05:38:40,300
Covered in. 
What looks like notes written by

6373
05:38:40,308 --> 05:38:43,600
someone with either terrible 
handwriting, or very shaky 

6374
05:38:43,600 --> 05:38:46,300
hands. 
Local magistrate is hosting 

6375
05:38:46,300 --> 05:38:49,300
games for his son's coming of 
age three days from now. 

6376
05:38:50,500 --> 05:38:53,000
You experience that peculiar 
dropping sensation in your 

6377
05:38:53,000 --> 05:38:56,400
stomach, similar to the feeling 
of stepping off, a cliff in the 

6378
05:38:56,408 --> 05:38:59,500
dark, three days. 
That's enough, time to worry 

6379
05:38:59,500 --> 05:39:01,800
about it but not enough time to 
do anything productive with the 

6380
05:39:01,808 --> 05:39:04,200
worrying. 
It's akin to receiving an 

6381
05:39:04,200 --> 05:39:07,000
invitation to a dinner party, 
only to discover that the guests

6382
05:39:07,000 --> 05:39:08,300
are plotting your death for 
amusement. 

6383
05:39:09,600 --> 05:39:11,300
The match details are 
straightforward enough. 

6384
05:39:11,300 --> 05:39:14,400
You'll be fighting against a 
gladiator from arrival School. 

6385
05:39:14,400 --> 05:39:16,800
In the next town. 
Over the match will involve 

6386
05:39:16,800 --> 05:39:20,100
standard sword and shield combat
with the winner being the first 

6387
05:39:20,100 --> 05:39:23,100
to surrender or more accurately.
The first to lose the ability to

6388
05:39:23,100 --> 05:39:25,600
surrender. 
The crowd will be relatively 

6389
05:39:25,600 --> 05:39:29,900
small, maybe 200 people, but 
that still 200 people who will 

6390
05:39:29,900 --> 05:39:31,600
be watching. 
You try to stay alive while 

6391
05:39:31,600 --> 05:39:33,400
someone else tries to prevent 
that from happening. 

6392
05:39:34,500 --> 05:39:38,300
Marcus reads off a few more 
details, the time of day after 

6393
05:39:38,300 --> 05:39:40,800
noon, which is good because the 
light will be consistent. 

6394
05:39:40,800 --> 05:39:44,700
The expected duration, however, 
long it takes and the prize 

6395
05:39:44,700 --> 05:39:47,200
money, which will be divided 
between the school and the 

6396
05:39:47,200 --> 05:39:49,500
Gladiator. 
Assuming the Gladiator is in a 

6397
05:39:49,508 --> 05:39:51,000
position to spend money 
afterward. 

6398
05:39:51,900 --> 05:39:54,500
After the announcement, the 
other Gladiators offer, the 

6399
05:39:54,508 --> 05:39:57,000
usual mixture of encouragement 
and practical advice. 

6400
05:39:58,100 --> 05:40:01,400
Remember to keep your Shield up 
as Lucius as if you might forget

6401
05:40:01,400 --> 05:40:04,600
this crucial detail. 
Don't let him get inside your 

6402
05:40:04,600 --> 05:40:08,400
guard at gayest, which is also 
helpful in the way that try not 

6403
05:40:08,408 --> 05:40:12,200
to get hit is beneficial. but 
their concern is genuine, even 

6404
05:40:12,200 --> 05:40:15,300
if their advice is obvious, In 
the Gladiator business. 

6405
05:40:15,300 --> 05:40:18,100
Everyone understands that each 
fight could be someone's last 

6406
05:40:18,100 --> 05:40:20,900
and that knowledge creates a 
particular kind of camaraderie. 

6407
05:40:20,900 --> 05:40:24,600
You're all in the same boat even
if you're taking turns rowing 

6408
05:40:24,600 --> 05:40:28,900
while the others bail water, The
next three days pass in a blur 

6409
05:40:28,900 --> 05:40:32,600
of intensified training, and 
mental preparation, Titus works 

6410
05:40:32,600 --> 05:40:36,100
with you on specific techniques 
drilling combinations and they 

6411
05:40:36,100 --> 05:40:38,700
become automatic. 
Muscle memory. 

6412
05:40:38,700 --> 05:40:42,300
He keeps saying when your brain 
is busy trying not to panic your

6413
05:40:42,300 --> 05:40:44,100
muscles. 
Need to know what to do without 

6414
05:40:44,100 --> 05:40:46,500
instruction. 
You practice against different 

6415
05:40:46,500 --> 05:40:49,100
opponents, each with their 
fighting style, trying to 

6416
05:40:49,100 --> 05:40:50,500
prepare. 
For what ever approach, your 

6417
05:40:50,500 --> 05:40:53,400
actual opponent might use, will 
he be aggressive? 

6418
05:40:53,400 --> 05:40:57,500
And try to overwhelm you quickly
defensive and patient waiting 

6419
05:40:57,500 --> 05:41:00,100
for you to make a mistake. 
He may be trickier and 

6420
05:41:00,100 --> 05:41:02,900
unpredictable. 
Varying his tactics to keep you 

6421
05:41:02,900 --> 05:41:05,100
on your toes. 
There's no way to know until 

6422
05:41:05,100 --> 05:41:06,800
you're actually facing him in 
the sand. 

6423
05:41:08,400 --> 05:41:10,600
The night before the fight sleep
fluctuates. 

6424
05:41:10,600 --> 05:41:14,100
You think about all the things 
that could go wrong then, try 

6425
05:41:14,100 --> 05:41:16,700
not to think about them, but 
that makes you think about them 

6426
05:41:16,700 --> 05:41:18,400
more. 
It's like trying not to think 

6427
05:41:18,400 --> 05:41:21,900
about elephants the harder you 
try, the more elephants show up 

6428
05:41:21,900 --> 05:41:25,200
in your mental landscape. 
Eventually you give up on sleep 

6429
05:41:25,200 --> 05:41:26,900
and spend the pre-dawn hours in 
quiet. 

6430
05:41:26,908 --> 05:41:29,900
Meditation going through the 
fight, mentally, visualizing 

6431
05:41:29,900 --> 05:41:32,000
different scenarios and your 
responses to them. 

6432
05:41:33,300 --> 05:41:36,200
This is another thing. 
Titus taught you fight the 

6433
05:41:36,200 --> 05:41:39,100
battle in your head. 
First work out the problems when

6434
05:41:39,100 --> 05:41:42,300
the stakes are imaginary. 
Dawn arrives, with its usual 

6435
05:41:42,300 --> 05:41:44,800
lack of consideration for 
whether you're ready for it or 

6436
05:41:44,800 --> 05:41:47,300
not. 
Today is the day, your breakfast

6437
05:41:47,300 --> 05:41:50,000
tastes like sand though. 
That might be because there's 

6438
05:41:50,000 --> 05:41:52,300
actual sand in it, the morning 
bread. 

6439
05:41:52,300 --> 05:41:55,400
Sometimes picks up unexpected 
ingredients from the baker's 

6440
05:41:55,400 --> 05:41:58,500
workspace or it might be because
your mouth is dry with 

6441
05:41:58,500 --> 05:42:00,800
anticipation. 
You check your equipment one 

6442
05:42:00,800 --> 05:42:06,300
final Time, sword, sharp and 
balanced Shield solid and 

6443
05:42:06,308 --> 05:42:09,400
properly gripped Armour fitted 
and secure. 

6444
05:42:09,400 --> 05:42:11,600
Everything is as ready as it can
be. 

6445
05:42:11,600 --> 05:42:14,400
Now, it's just a matter of 
getting yourself to the same 

6446
05:42:14,400 --> 05:42:17,400
state of Readiness. 
The arena is smaller than you 

6447
05:42:17,400 --> 05:42:20,300
expected, but somehow that makes
it more intimate and therefore 

6448
05:42:20,300 --> 05:42:24,000
more nerve-racking. 
To perform in someone's living 

6449
05:42:24,000 --> 05:42:27,000
room, except the performance 
involves Mortal Kombat. 

6450
05:42:27,000 --> 05:42:30,100
And the living room is filled 
with people who've paid to watch

6451
05:42:30,100 --> 05:42:33,100
you possibly die. 
The crowd is already Gathering 

6452
05:42:33,100 --> 05:42:36,200
as you arrive, you can hear the 
buzz of conversation and 

6453
05:42:36,200 --> 05:42:39,000
anticipation. 
There's something about the 

6454
05:42:39,000 --> 05:42:41,300
sound of a crowd. 
That's both, energizing and 

6455
05:42:41,300 --> 05:42:43,600
terrifying. 
All those voices blending 

6456
05:42:43,600 --> 05:42:46,000
together into a collective 
murmur of expectation. 

6457
05:42:46,600 --> 05:42:49,000
They're here to see a show and 
you're one of the main 

6458
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:51,700
attractions where the you feel 
ready for the spotlight or not. 

6459
05:42:51,700 --> 05:42:54,400
Your opponent is already in the 
preparation area. 

6460
05:42:54,400 --> 05:42:57,400
When you arrive, he's about your
height, but broader through the 

6461
05:42:57,400 --> 05:43:00,000
shoulders with the kind of build
that suggests. 

6462
05:43:00,000 --> 05:43:01,300
He's been doing his job for a 
while. 

6463
05:43:01,300 --> 05:43:04,400
His equipment looks well 
maintained and professional 

6464
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:07,300
always a bad sign when you're 
hoping for an easy match. 

6465
05:43:08,200 --> 05:43:11,400
He not politely when he sees 
you, which is somehow more 

6466
05:43:11,400 --> 05:43:13,500
unsettling than if he tried to 
intimidate you. 

6467
05:43:14,200 --> 05:43:16,500
Plight opponents are often The 
Most Dangerous Ones. 

6468
05:43:17,200 --> 05:43:19,500
The preparation ritual helps 
calm your nerves through its 

6469
05:43:19,500 --> 05:43:22,900
very familiarity. 
You apply oil to your skin to 

6470
05:43:22,900 --> 05:43:26,800
avoid grappling conduct a final 
inspection of your weapons and 

6471
05:43:26,800 --> 05:43:28,800
make necessary adjustments to 
your armor. 

6472
05:43:28,800 --> 05:43:31,900
Demetrius the ludus doctor gives
you a quick physical 

6473
05:43:31,900 --> 05:43:35,600
examination, checking your 
joints your reflexes, and your 

6474
05:43:35,600 --> 05:43:37,700
general state of not yet being 
injured. 

6475
05:43:38,600 --> 05:43:41,200
Try to stay that way. 
He advises, which is both 

6476
05:43:41,200 --> 05:43:44,300
helpful and obvious. 
Markus appears for a final 

6477
05:43:44,300 --> 05:43:47,300
consultation offering last 
minute, strategy advice and 

6478
05:43:47,300 --> 05:43:49,200
reminders about things you've 
known for months. 

6479
05:43:50,100 --> 05:43:52,500
But his presence is reassuring 
in the way that having a 

6480
05:43:52,500 --> 05:43:55,300
familiar face around is always 
reassuring when you're about to 

6481
05:43:55,300 --> 05:43:56,800
do something that might end 
badly. 

6482
05:43:57,600 --> 05:44:01,500
Remember, he says the crowd 
wants a fantastic show, but they

6483
05:44:01,500 --> 05:44:05,300
also want to see skill, don't 
just survive, demonstrate your 

6484
05:44:05,300 --> 05:44:07,500
training. 
Make it clear that you belong in

6485
05:44:07,500 --> 05:44:10,700
there. 
The waiting is the worst part. 

6486
05:44:10,700 --> 05:44:13,700
You can hear the preliminary of 
events happening in the arena. 

6487
05:44:13,700 --> 05:44:17,400
Animal hunts minor exhibitions 
and warm-up acts, that get the 

6488
05:44:17,400 --> 05:44:19,600
crowd interested and ready for 
the main events. 

6489
05:44:20,400 --> 05:44:23,300
Each cheer from the audience 
marks another step closer to 

6490
05:44:23,308 --> 05:44:26,100
your turn in the sand. 
Finally, it's time. 

6491
05:44:26,100 --> 05:44:29,200
The arena official comes to 
collect you and you walk through

6492
05:44:29,200 --> 05:44:31,700
the tunnel that leads from the 
preparation area to the fighting

6493
05:44:31,700 --> 05:44:35,100
ground. 
The tunnel is cool and shadowy a

6494
05:44:35,100 --> 05:44:37,700
brief respite before you emerge 
into the bright sunlight and the

6495
05:44:37,708 --> 05:44:41,400
noise of the crowd The Arena 
floor is pristine white sand, 

6496
05:44:41,400 --> 05:44:45,800
raked smooth and ready for 
action, the afternoon sun, casts

6497
05:44:45,800 --> 05:44:49,000
sharp Shadows from the arena 
walls, creating areas of bright 

6498
05:44:49,000 --> 05:44:51,400
light, and relative darkness 
that you'll need to navigate 

6499
05:44:51,400 --> 05:44:53,900
during the fight. 
Crowd noise. 

6500
05:44:53,900 --> 05:44:56,100
Hits you like a physical Force 
as you enter. 

6501
05:44:56,100 --> 05:45:01,300
Cheers calls conversations and 
the rustling of fabric as people

6502
05:45:01,300 --> 05:45:04,300
shift in their seats. 
You and your opponent are 

6503
05:45:04,300 --> 05:45:07,100
introduced to the crowd though. 
The announcer gets your name 

6504
05:45:07,100 --> 05:45:09,600
slightly wrong in a way that 
makes you sound like you're from

6505
05:45:09,600 --> 05:45:12,900
a different Province entirely 
The crowd doesn't seem to mine 

6506
05:45:12,900 --> 05:45:15,000
the crowd. 
Cheers, appropriately. 

6507
05:45:15,000 --> 05:45:18,900
Assessing both Fighters with the
experience of those familiar 

6508
05:45:18,900 --> 05:45:21,700
with such events. 
The magistrate who's hosting the

6509
05:45:21,700 --> 05:45:25,100
game's makes a brief speech 
about courage, skill and the 

6510
05:45:25,100 --> 05:45:27,200
noble tradition of gladiatorial 
combat. 

6511
05:45:27,900 --> 05:45:31,500
He's clearly enjoying his role 
as patron of the Arts gesturing.

6512
05:45:31,500 --> 05:45:34,600
Broadly, and speaking with the 
kind of enthusiasm that comes 

6513
05:45:34,600 --> 05:45:39,100
from not being the one holding a
sword. then comes the final 

6514
05:45:39,100 --> 05:45:42,600
ritual, the salute, to the 
audience, the acknowledgment, of

6515
05:45:42,600 --> 05:45:46,700
the magistrate, and the formal 
beginning of the combat, Your 

6516
05:45:46,700 --> 05:45:49,400
opponent raises, his sword and 
shield, and you mirror the 

6517
05:45:49,400 --> 05:45:52,100
gesture. 
The crowd Falls relatively quiet

6518
05:45:52,100 --> 05:45:54,000
sensing that the real shows 
about to begin. 

6519
05:45:54,800 --> 05:45:58,200
The referee and experienced 
former Gladiator himself checks 

6520
05:45:58,200 --> 05:46:01,400
that both Fighters are ready. 
Examines the weapons one last 

6521
05:46:01,400 --> 05:46:03,800
time and steps back to the edge 
of the combat area. 

6522
05:46:04,800 --> 05:46:07,900
Start, he shouts and there's no 
more waiting preparing or 

6523
05:46:07,900 --> 05:46:09,600
worrying. 
Now there's only what is 

6524
05:46:09,600 --> 05:46:13,300
happening, your opponent moves. 
First a cautious advance that 

6525
05:46:13,300 --> 05:46:16,000
tells you he's experienced 
enough not to rush into anything

6526
05:46:16,000 --> 05:46:18,800
stupid. 
Such behavior is both good news 

6527
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:22,500
and bad news, good because you 
won't have to deal with Reckless

6528
05:46:22,500 --> 05:46:25,500
aggression bad because it means 
he knows what he's doing and 

6529
05:46:25,500 --> 05:46:28,500
plans to do it competently. 
You Circle each other, in the 

6530
05:46:28,500 --> 05:46:31,600
sand Shields up Swords, ready 
each trying to read the others 

6531
05:46:31,600 --> 05:46:35,100
intention. 
The crowd noise, Fades into 

6532
05:46:35,100 --> 05:46:37,200
background. 
Static as your attention Narrows

6533
05:46:37,200 --> 05:46:39,300
to focus on the person. 
Trying to hurt you in a 

6534
05:46:39,300 --> 05:46:43,400
professional capacity. 
His footwork is solid, his guard

6535
05:46:43,400 --> 05:46:46,800
position, textbook. 
Perfect the task is going to 

6536
05:46:46,800 --> 05:46:50,500
require actual effort. 
He tests your defenses with a 

6537
05:46:50,500 --> 05:46:53,800
series of quick attacks. 
Nothing committed, just probing 

6538
05:46:53,800 --> 05:46:58,000
strike to see how you respond. 
Your Paris are automatic muscle 

6539
05:46:58,000 --> 05:46:59,900
memory taking over as tight as 
predicted. 

6540
05:47:00,800 --> 05:47:03,700
Despite the artificial nature of
the situation, The Familiar 

6541
05:47:03,700 --> 05:47:07,000
weight of the sword and shield, 
the resistance of Blade against 

6542
05:47:07,000 --> 05:47:09,500
blade, and the smaller 
adjustments of stance and 

6543
05:47:09,508 --> 05:47:13,800
position all feel natural. 
The first real exchange happens 

6544
05:47:13,800 --> 05:47:16,800
when he commits to an overhead 
strike that you deflect with 

6545
05:47:16,800 --> 05:47:20,300
your Shield, following up with a
Thrust that he barely avoids, 

6546
05:47:20,300 --> 05:47:22,800
the crowd responds with 
appreciative noise. 

6547
05:47:22,800 --> 05:47:25,500
They can tell the difference 
between tentative testing and 

6548
05:47:25,500 --> 05:47:28,500
actual combat. 
Your opponent steps back 

6549
05:47:28,500 --> 05:47:31,900
reassessing and you take the 
opportunity to do the same. 

6550
05:47:31,908 --> 05:47:35,900
He's favoring his right side 
slightly which might indicate an

6551
05:47:35,900 --> 05:47:37,600
old injury or just a natural 
tendency. 

6552
05:47:38,600 --> 05:47:42,200
His shield work is defensive but
not passive, he's using it to 

6553
05:47:42,200 --> 05:47:44,600
set up his attacks rather than 
just blocking yours. 

6554
05:47:44,600 --> 05:47:47,800
This tactical thinking is a 
result of his experience and 

6555
05:47:47,800 --> 05:47:50,000
training. 
You try a different approach, 

6556
05:47:50,000 --> 05:47:54,100
varying your attack angles and 
timing, to keep him guessing you

6557
05:47:54,100 --> 05:47:58,100
execute a low-cut, a high thrust
and a shield bash compelling him

6558
05:47:58,100 --> 05:48:00,800
to concede. 
He responds with the combination

6559
05:48:00,800 --> 05:48:02,300
that nearly gets through your 
guard. 

6560
05:48:02,300 --> 05:48:05,800
The tip of his blade, passing 
close enough to your ribs to 

6561
05:48:05,800 --> 05:48:07,900
remind you that the battle isn't
a training exercise. 

6562
05:48:09,500 --> 05:48:11,900
Fight. 
Develops a rhythm Advanced 

6563
05:48:11,900 --> 05:48:17,900
attack defend reassess repeat. 
Both of you are breathing harder

6564
05:48:17,900 --> 05:48:19,300
now. 
Sweat, making your grip 

6565
05:48:19,300 --> 05:48:21,700
slippery, despite the leather, 
wrapping on your sword handle. 

6566
05:48:21,700 --> 05:48:25,600
The sand shifts, under your 
feet, creating small challenges 

6567
05:48:25,600 --> 05:48:28,300
in footing that, add another 
layer of complexity to the 

6568
05:48:28,300 --> 05:48:30,900
combat. 
Minutes pass though. 

6569
05:48:30,900 --> 05:48:34,100
They feel like ours. 
Now the crowding gauges 

6570
05:48:34,100 --> 05:48:36,600
applauding, particularly 
skillful moves from either 

6571
05:48:36,600 --> 05:48:39,800
fighter, You Hear Voices giving 
contradictory and unhelpful 

6572
05:48:39,800 --> 05:48:42,200
advice. 
Your opponent tries a new 

6573
05:48:42,208 --> 05:48:44,900
strategy pressing. 
His attack more aggressively 

6574
05:48:44,900 --> 05:48:47,600
trying to overwhelm your 
defenses through sheer 

6575
05:48:47,600 --> 05:48:49,900
persistence. 
It's a dangerous game. 

6576
05:48:49,900 --> 05:48:53,100
Aggressive attacks create 
opportunities for your opponent,

6577
05:48:53,100 --> 05:48:55,500
that they also create 
opportunities for you. 

6578
05:48:55,500 --> 05:48:59,100
You, whether his initial assault
then counter with a combination 

6579
05:48:59,100 --> 05:49:02,900
that drives him back toward the 
arena wall, Cornering, an 

6580
05:49:02,900 --> 05:49:05,100
opponent is advantageous but 
also dangerous. 

6581
05:49:06,300 --> 05:49:09,800
Spirit Fighters do unpredictable
things and predictability as one

6582
05:49:09,800 --> 05:49:11,400
of the few allies you have in 
this business. 

6583
05:49:11,400 --> 05:49:14,600
He proves the point by 
attempting a move that is either

6584
05:49:14,608 --> 05:49:18,100
brilliant or suicidal a spinning
attack that would either take 

6585
05:49:18,100 --> 05:49:20,500
your head off or leave him 
completely exposed. 

6586
05:49:21,300 --> 05:49:23,500
It turns out to be more suicidal
than brilliant. 

6587
05:49:23,500 --> 05:49:26,900
You definitely sidestep the 
attack, delivering a powerful 

6588
05:49:26,900 --> 05:49:30,900
thrust that pierces, his garden 
hits, his sword arm It's not 

6589
05:49:30,900 --> 05:49:34,500
enough to disable him, but it's 
enough to slow him down and 

6590
05:49:34,500 --> 05:49:37,400
signal to both of you that the 
fight is escalated to a new 

6591
05:49:37,408 --> 05:49:41,200
level of seriousness. 
He backs away shaking his arm to

6592
05:49:41,200 --> 05:49:44,000
restore feeling and reassesses 
his situation. 

6593
05:49:44,700 --> 05:49:47,600
You can see him thinking 
calculating odds and considering

6594
05:49:47,600 --> 05:49:49,900
his options, the crowd can 
sense. 

6595
05:49:49,900 --> 05:49:53,800
The shift in momentum too, their
noise level increases as they 

6596
05:49:53,800 --> 05:49:57,600
anticipate a resolution. 
But experience to Gladiators, 

6597
05:49:57,600 --> 05:50:00,800
don't give up easily and your 
opponent is nothing if not 

6598
05:50:00,800 --> 05:50:03,800
experienced. 
He adjusts his grip to 

6599
05:50:03,800 --> 05:50:06,900
compensate for his injured arm 
and settles into a more 

6600
05:50:06,900 --> 05:50:10,900
defensive stance making you come
to him rather than continuing 

6601
05:50:10,900 --> 05:50:13,800
his aggressive approach. 
The final phase of the fight is 

6602
05:50:13,800 --> 05:50:16,100
a careful, dance of patients and
opportunity. 

6603
05:50:16,900 --> 05:50:18,800
Your opponent, nursing his 
injured. 

6604
05:50:18,800 --> 05:50:22,700
Arm has become more cautious, 
but also more dangerous in the 

6605
05:50:22,700 --> 05:50:26,600
same way that cornered animals 
become more dangerous He now has

6606
05:50:26,600 --> 05:50:30,300
nothing to lose, which makes him
unpredictable in precisely, the 

6607
05:50:30,300 --> 05:50:33,200
way you were hoping to avoid 
you, press your advantage, 

6608
05:50:33,200 --> 05:50:36,700
carefully not wanting to rush 
into a trap but also not wanting

6609
05:50:36,700 --> 05:50:41,000
to let him recover fully. 
The crowd senses the approaching

6610
05:50:41,000 --> 05:50:43,000
Climax and their voices. 
Rise accordingly. 

6611
05:50:43,000 --> 05:50:45,900
Someone is shouting. 
What sounds like betting odds 

6612
05:50:45,900 --> 05:50:47,900
though. 
The numbers are changing faster 

6613
05:50:47,900 --> 05:50:49,900
than you can follow your 
opponent. 

6614
05:50:49,900 --> 05:50:52,800
Tries one more aggressive 
combination putting everything 

6615
05:50:52,800 --> 05:50:55,300
into a series of attacks that 
would either finish the fight 

6616
05:50:55,300 --> 05:50:58,100
quickly or leave him completely 
exposed. 

6617
05:50:58,100 --> 05:51:00,900
It's a calculated risk that 
almost pays off. 

6618
05:51:00,900 --> 05:51:04,800
His first strike gets through 
your guard and scores a shallow 

6619
05:51:04,800 --> 05:51:07,900
cut across your ribs, drawing 
blood and reminding you that the

6620
05:51:07,900 --> 05:51:10,800
fight isn't over. 
Until it's over, however, his 

6621
05:51:10,800 --> 05:51:14,300
follow-up attack, lags slightly 
as his injured, arm fails to 

6622
05:51:14,300 --> 05:51:18,300
respond as expected, you parry 
his thrust and counter with a 

6623
05:51:18,308 --> 05:51:19,900
move. 
Titus drilled into you. 

6624
05:51:19,900 --> 05:51:21,700
So many times, you could do it 
while sleeping. 

6625
05:51:22,600 --> 05:51:25,600
Shield bashed to create 
distance, followed immediately 

6626
05:51:25,600 --> 05:51:29,000
by a Thrust that gets passed. 
His guard and finds the gap 

6627
05:51:29,000 --> 05:51:32,400
between his armor plates. 
The point of your sword comes to

6628
05:51:32,400 --> 05:51:35,000
rest against his chest, just 
above his heart. 

6629
05:51:35,900 --> 05:51:38,900
It's not profound enough to 
inflict significant harm yet. 

6630
05:51:38,900 --> 05:51:41,500
Your placement is accurate 
enough to indicate that his next

6631
05:51:41,500 --> 05:51:42,600
move. 
Could prove lethal. 

6632
05:51:42,600 --> 05:51:45,900
If he persists and fighting For 
a moment. 

6633
05:51:45,908 --> 05:51:50,000
Everything stops the crowd 
noise, Fades to near silent as 

6634
05:51:50,000 --> 05:51:51,700
everyone. 
Waits to see what happens next. 

6635
05:51:52,600 --> 05:51:55,600
Your opponent looks down at the 
sword point, then backs up to 

6636
05:51:55,600 --> 05:51:57,400
your eyes and makes his 
decision. 

6637
05:51:58,600 --> 05:52:01,900
I yield, he says loud enough for
the referee and the crowd to 

6638
05:52:01,900 --> 05:52:05,400
hear clearly. 
The crowd cheers for your win 

6639
05:52:05,400 --> 05:52:08,800
and the fights quality, this is 
what they came to see. 

6640
05:52:09,700 --> 05:52:13,900
Skill courage, and a contest 
decided by ability, rather than 

6641
05:52:13,900 --> 05:52:17,000
luck or accident, you step back 
and lower your sword. 

6642
05:52:17,000 --> 05:52:20,100
Acknowledging, your opponent 
surrender with the respect due 

6643
05:52:20,100 --> 05:52:21,800
to someone who fought well and 
honorably. 

6644
05:52:23,100 --> 05:52:25,300
The magistrate rises from his 
seat and renders. 

6645
05:52:25,300 --> 05:52:28,100
The official decision though, it
was never really endowed. 

6646
05:52:28,100 --> 05:52:31,800
Once the yield was declared, the
crowd continues to cheer as you 

6647
05:52:31,800 --> 05:52:33,700
and your opponent salute each 
other in the audience. 

6648
05:52:34,500 --> 05:52:36,600
Formal conclusion to the formal 
combat. 

6649
05:52:37,400 --> 05:52:40,700
Back in the preparation area, 
Demetrius examines your cut and 

6650
05:52:40,700 --> 05:52:43,300
declares its superficial enough 
to heal without complication 

6651
05:52:43,300 --> 05:52:47,100
your opponent whose name you 
finally learn his servius turns 

6652
05:52:47,100 --> 05:52:49,900
out to be a decent person who 
has been doing his job for about

6653
05:52:49,900 --> 05:52:52,600
as long as you have. 
You share a couple of wine and 

6654
05:52:52,600 --> 05:52:55,600
compare notes about fighting 
techniques training methods and 

6655
05:52:55,600 --> 05:52:58,300
the particular challenges of 
making a living through Combat 

6656
05:52:58,300 --> 05:52:59,800
Sports. 
Good fight. 

6657
05:52:59,800 --> 05:53:03,800
He says and means it That last 
combination was well, executed, 

6658
05:53:03,800 --> 05:53:05,600
your instructor knows his 
business. 

6659
05:53:05,600 --> 05:53:09,000
You agree thinking of Titus and 
his endless drilling of 

6660
05:53:09,000 --> 05:53:11,900
fundamental technique. 
Muscle memory. 

6661
05:53:11,900 --> 05:53:14,000
You say echoing his favorite 
phrase? 

6662
05:53:14,000 --> 05:53:17,500
When your brain gets busy, your 
muscles need to know what to do.

6663
05:53:18,400 --> 05:53:20,800
The ride back to the ludus is 
quiet and comfortable. 

6664
05:53:20,800 --> 05:53:24,100
Marcus is pleased with your 
performance, not just the 

6665
05:53:24,100 --> 05:53:28,200
victory, but the way you 
achieved it Good technique, good

6666
05:53:28,200 --> 05:53:30,800
sportsmanship, good 
entertainment value. 

6667
05:53:30,800 --> 05:53:33,300
He summarizes the magistrate was
impressed. 

6668
05:53:33,300 --> 05:53:36,800
The Experience could lead to 
more opportunities, more 

6669
05:53:36,800 --> 05:53:40,000
opportunities in your business. 
That's both positive news and 

6670
05:53:40,000 --> 05:53:43,100
something to think carefully 
about more opportunities mean, 

6671
05:53:43,100 --> 05:53:46,000
more prize money, and more 
recognition but they also mean 

6672
05:53:46,000 --> 05:53:48,200
more chances for things to go 
wrong in permanent ways. 

6673
05:53:48,200 --> 05:53:50,000
But that's a concern for 
tomorrow. 

6674
05:53:50,000 --> 05:53:53,700
Tonight your back in your 
familiar cell with your familiar

6675
05:53:53,700 --> 05:53:57,200
thin mattress and your familiar 
view of the Stonewall, your 

6676
05:53:57,200 --> 05:54:00,700
equipment is cleaned and stored,
your small wound is bandaged and

6677
05:54:00,700 --> 05:54:04,600
healing and you're alive. 
And relatively intact, you fall 

6678
05:54:04,600 --> 05:54:07,700
asleep to the sound of Gaius 
snoring and the distant murmur 

6679
05:54:07,700 --> 05:54:10,300
of your fellow Gladiators. 
Discussing the days of events. 

6680
05:54:10,300 --> 05:54:13,900
Tomorrow will bring more 
training, more preparation and 

6681
05:54:13,900 --> 05:54:17,600
eventually more fights. 
But tonight you'll simply a 

6682
05:54:17,600 --> 05:54:21,300
person who went to work did 
their job competently and came 

6683
05:54:21,300 --> 05:54:23,900
home safely. 
In the Gladiator business. 

6684
05:54:23,900 --> 05:54:24,800
That's the Pinnacle.