How Ordinary People Prepared for Christmas Before Stores | Boring History for Sleep

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How's it going? 
My tired little history buffers 

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tonight. 
We're going back in time to when

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Christmas preparations began, 
not with a trip to the shopping 

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mall. 
But with your own two hands and 

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the changing of the seasons in 
the centuries. 

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Before mass production 
transformed, our holidays 

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Ordinary People spent months 
planning, preserving, crafting, 

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and creating everything needed 
for their Christmas 

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celebrations. 
Tonight, we'll walk through 

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those preparations together, 
experiencing the rhythm of a 

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slower, more intentional 
approach to the season. 

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One that began long before 
December ever arrived. 

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But before we start, I'd love to
know how you're doing down 

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below, where in the world you're
listening in, from what time it 

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is for you. 
Now, while I do my brief little 

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pause, make sure to turn on a 
fan of some kind for some 

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comforting, white noise. 
And let's keep that sleepy. 

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Christmas spirit, goin'. 
You wake on a September morning,

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to find the light as changed it,
slanted through your window at a

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different angle now. 
Gold and rather than white and 

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carries with it. 
The faint promise of cooler. 

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Days ahead, the quality of the 
air is shifted too, still warm 

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yes, but no longer holding that 
thick language heaviness of high

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summer. 
It does a crispness around the 

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edges of things. 
A Clarity that wasn't there a 

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week ago, for your grandmother 
and her grandmother before her. 

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This shift in the light meant 
something specific. 

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Christmas preparation had begun.
The notion seems absurd to you 

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at first Christmas lies. 
Three months away separated from

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this, Warm Morning by the entire
harvest season by Autumn slow 

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decline into winter, and bye 
weeks, and weeks of ordinary 

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time, but your grandmother moves
through the kitchen with 

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purpose. 
Her hands already sorting 

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through the previous year's 
stores. 

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She counts jars of preserved 
fruit examines the seals on 

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Crocks of salted butter and run 
her fingers. 

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Along the hanging herbs to test 
their dryness, her lips moves 

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slightly as she calculates, not 
with anxiety. 

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But with the calm Assurance of 
someone following a pattern laid

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down by Generations, You learn 
that Christmas abundance doesn't

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simply appear it? 
Cumulates layer by layer task by

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task beginning, when the gardens
still yields its Bounty and the 

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orchard. 
Hang heavy with unpicked fruit. 

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the worker head isn't frantic or
stressful instead, it possesses 

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a meditative quality, each 
action flowing naturally from 

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the season that contains it, 
First task involves the pantry 

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itself. 
Before you can fill it with 

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Christmas Provisions, you must 
create space. 

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Your grandmother empty shelves. 
That haven't been Disturbed 

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since spring, finding treasures,
and Oddities in equal measure. 

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A jar of pickled walnuts from 
two Christmases past their 

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brine, turned cloudy. 
A tin of biscuits. 

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Now, soft with humidity 
suitable, only for the chickens,

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a crock of lard that's taken on 
the musty smell of the shelf, 

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beneath it half a bag of flour, 
Weevil infested and Beyond 

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saving a bottle of vanilla 
extract mysteriously half-empty 

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though. 
No one remembers using it. 

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Together, you carry everything 
into the yard, the good items. 

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Returned to the kitchen, the 
questionable ones, go to the 

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pigs and the truly spoiled 
content. 

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Get buried in the garden to 
enrich next year's soil. 

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Nothing goes to waste, not 
really even failure. 

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Feet something with the shelves 
empty you scrub them with water 

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so hot it turns your hands pink.
Your grandmother adds a splash 

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of vinegar to cut through years 
of accumulated, grease, and dust

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the sharp scent makes your nose 
wrinkle, but she seems 

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unbothered humming tuneless as 
she works the scrubbing reveals 

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would grained, forgotten existed
patterns, and not that a 

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disappeared beneath layers of 
grime, once everything. 

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Dries, you line the shelves with
fresh paper saved throughout the

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year from packages and Parcels 
smooth flat and hoarded for 

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precisely this purpose. 
Your grandmother has an eye for 

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which paper goes, where the 
sturdier Brown, wrapping paper 

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lines, the lower shelves, where 
heavier items will rest. 

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The lighter tissue paper saved 
from the Draper shop covers, the

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upper shelves meant for delicate
things. 

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The clean Pantry smells of 
vinegar and possibility. 

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Its bare shells won't remain 
empty for long. 

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By mid-september the plum trees 
in your neighbor's Garden, droop

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under the weight of fruit, that 
must be picked before. 

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It drops and bruises. 
The branches hang so low. 

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They nearly touch the ground and
wasps Circle. 

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The ripest specimens with lazy 
persistence. 

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Your neighbor has more plums 
than any family, could 

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reasonably eat fresh and you 
have strong arms and empty jars,

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The Exchange requires no 
negotiation. 

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You spend an afternoon balanced 
on a ladder dropping purple 

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fruit into a basket hung from 
your belt. 

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While your neighbor's youngest 
child gathers, the windfalls for

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immediate eating the child's 
face and hands turn purple from 

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the juice and she laughs with 
the unselfconscious joy of 

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someone who is discovered a 
simple pleasure. 

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You remember being that age. 
Remember the Revelation that 

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fruit could be eaten directly 
from the tree still warm from 

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the Sun without any intervening 
preparation? 

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The memory makes you smile even 
as you reach for another cluster

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of plums, the plums come home in
bushels and your grandmother 

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transforms the kitchen into 
something between a laboratory 

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and a magical Workshop. 
She sorts the fruit by ripeness 

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setting aside the firmus ones 
for bottling hole. 

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The slightly soft ones for jam 
and the truly ripe ones for a 

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plum wine. 
That won't be ready until next 

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September, but will be 
magnificent when it is you watch

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her work with the Jam first. she
doesn't measure with cups or 

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spoons, but by hand and I a 
method that would horrify a 

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modern cook but produces perfect
results. 

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Every time, the plums go into a 
larger copper pot with sugar and

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the juice of lemons carefully 
preserved in salt since last 

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spring, The pot is so heavy that
it takes both of you to lift it 

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onto the range and once their 
it, occupies two burners. 

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As the mixture heats, the 
kitchen fills with a sense. 

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So rich and sweet. 
It feels almost visible like 

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colored steam. 
The smell wraps around. 

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You clinged your clothes and 
hair and seeps into the very 

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walls days later, you'll catch 
faint traces of it in 

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unexpected. 
Places on the dish towel, 

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hanging by the sink, in the 
curtains of the front room. 

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Your job involves skimming the 
foam that rises to the surface. 

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Use a broad Silver Spoon, one 
Thin at the edges from Decades 

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of this same task and transfer 
the foam to a small bowl. 

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The foam appears delicate full 
of tiny bubbles that catch the 

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Light later. 
Once it cools this foam, will be

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your reward, spread on bread. 
Still warm from the oven. 

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It tastes like the essence of 
Summer preserved in sweetness. 

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The jam takes hours, you stir 
while your grandmother prepares 

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the jars, heating them in a pot 
of boiling water to sterilize 

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them. 
The stirring requires attention,

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but not constant thought and you
find your mind, wandering, 

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pleasantly through the window. 
You watch the afternoon, light 

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chain linking Shadows 
announcing, the approach of 

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evening, Your grandmother test, 
that jam, periodically, dropping

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a spoonful, onto a cold plate 
and watching how it behaves two 

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liquid, and it needs more 
cooking, too stiff and it's gone

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past perfection. 
She's looking for that precise 

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moment when the jamming cool 
slightly when pushed with a 

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finger, but still holds a glossy
Sheen. 

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When the jam finally reaches the
right consistency, she ladles it

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into the waiting jars with 
practice to deficiency. 

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The hot Jam steams as it hits 
the glass. 

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And you can see fragments of 
Plum skin, suspended in the Deep

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Purple Mass. 
Each jar gets sealed with a 

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circle of waxed paper. 
Pressed directly onto the jam 

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surface, then a larger Circle, 
tied over the mouth with string,

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your grandmother writes the 
date. 

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On each one, with a careful 
hand, not just the month and 

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year, but the day two because 
she says it helps her track 

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which batches are oldest and 
should be used. 

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First, the jars, go into the 
pantry, while still warm and you

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hear their Lids pop and seal 
throughout the evening. 

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Each small sound a promise kept 
24 jars of plum jam line. 

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The shelf by bedtime, their 
content still faintly warm their

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labels declaring them ready for 
winter. 

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The next day you'll help with 
bottling The Firm plums whole 

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these get packed into jars with 
sugar syrup and processed in the

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water bath and the fruit softens
slightly but doesn't collapse. 

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The result is something between 
fresh fruit and jam plums that 

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will taste like Summer. 
Even in the depths of February, 

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that can be eaten on their own 
or baked into Tarts or served 

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with cream. 
As a simple dessert, your 

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grandmother bottles fruit with 
an artist Eye for composition. 

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She arranges the plums in each 
jar, so they fit snugly without 

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crushing. 
Turning them to show their best 

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side, creating little still 
life. 

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Compositions, that look almost 
too beautiful to eat. 

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When you comment on this, she 
shrugs we'll eat them. 

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Anyway, she says, but that 
doesn't mean they can't be 

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pretty well. 
We're waiting. 

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The plum wine goes into a large 
earthenware. 

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Crock, the fruit crushed and 
mixed with sugar and water, and 

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a handful of raisins to 
encourage fermentation. 

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Your grandmother covers the 
crock with cheesecloth tied, 

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down tightly, to keep out 
insects while allowing gases to 

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escape. 
The mixture will bubble and work

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for weeks before being strained 
and bottled next year's 

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Christmas will include glasses 
of this wine. 

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It's taste complicated and 
interesting. 

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Nothing like the simple 
sweetness of the fresh fruit. 

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October arrives with morning 
Frost that melts by noon. 

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The last of the garden to mottos
ripen on the window sill their 

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skins wrinkled but their flesh 
still sweet. 

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The chickens molt leaving 
feathers scattered across the 

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yard like careless. 
Confetti each morning, you 

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gather eggs and find fewer than 
you did in summer. 

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Hen's are conserving energy for 
winter survival. 

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Rather than production in the 
village conversations turned to 

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Christmas pudding with a 
seriousness. 

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Usually reserved for matters of 
great importance. 

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You hear discussion in the 
baker's shop at church after 

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Sunday service and in chance 
encounters on the lane, Miss 

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Henderson reveals that she's 
trying a new recipe this year. 

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One that includes grated carrot 
for moisture. 

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Young Mrs. Cooper, confesses 
anxiety about making her first 

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putting as a married woman 
worried. 

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It won't meet her new 
mother-in-law. 

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Standards old Mrs. Barrett 
announces that she's made the 

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same recipe for 63 years and 
sees no reason to change now. 

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This seems comical until you 
understand what Christmas 

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pudding represents it isn't 
merely desert, but a symbol of 

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abundance, a demonstration of a 
household prosperity and 

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preparation. 
A proper pudding contains 

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ingredients that must be 
gathered over months. 

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Dried fruits from Summer suit 
from Autumn butchering, spices, 

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that travel across Ocean's and 
Brandy bought specially and 

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hidden from casual consumption. 
The quality and quantity of a 

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family's pudding. 
Speak volumes about their 

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circumstances and their 
housekeeping skills. 

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Your grandmother keeps a list 
written in her. 

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Careful script on the inside 
cover of her recipe book, each 

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item gets checked off as its 
acquired. 

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Raisins tick, currents tick. 
Can candy Peele made from the 

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oranges that appeared in your 
Christmas stocking last year and

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were carefully preserved for 
this. 

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Exact purpose tick suit obtained
from The Butcher and chopped. 

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So fine, it resembles coarse 
sand tick. 

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Breadcrumbs collected all year, 
from heels of loaves, to dry to 

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eat but too good to waste tick. 
The spices present more of a 

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challenge. 
They're expensive. 

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These fragments of distant 
places and must be purchased 

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with care, your grandmother 
visits. 

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The grocer shop on a gray, 
October afternoon and you 

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accompany her, she examines the 
small tins and packets. 

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With the attention, usually 
reserved for significant 

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purchases, she opens containers 
to smell their contents, 

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checking for freshness and 
strength, cinnamon nutmeg, mace 

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and allspice. 
Each one gets the same care of 

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evaluation before being added to
a basket. 

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The Brandy requires a special 
trip to the wine merchant in the

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next Village. 
Your grandfather handle this 

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purchase returning. 
Home with a bottle wrapped in 

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00:12:34,700 --> 00:12:37,700
brown paper and tied with 
string, the bottle goes into the

231
00:12:37,700 --> 00:12:39,400
cupboard. 
In the front room, place behind 

232
00:12:39,400 --> 00:12:41,900
the Good China, where it won't 
be accidentally discovered and 

233
00:12:41,900 --> 00:12:44,500
consumed Your grandmother checks
on it. 

234
00:12:44,500 --> 00:12:47,800
Periodically as though, it might
evaporate if left unattended, 

235
00:12:47,800 --> 00:12:50,800
the mixing of the pudding, 
happens on a Sunday afternoon in

236
00:12:50,800 --> 00:12:54,500
late October a week before its 
traditionally done, because your

237
00:12:54,500 --> 00:12:55,600
grandmother likes to give her 
pudding. 

238
00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:58,900
Extra time to mature, the 
kitchen table gets cleared of 

239
00:12:58,900 --> 00:13:01,600
everything except the largest 
mixing bowl. 

240
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:05,900
You own cream-colored pottery 
with a blue stripe chipped along

241
00:13:05,900 --> 00:13:09,100
one Edge from the time. 
Your uncle dropped it in 1923 

242
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:13,300
the bowl is so large that it 
barely fits on the table and you

243
00:13:13,300 --> 00:13:17,300
wonder momentarily how anything 
could require such a vessel your

244
00:13:17,300 --> 00:13:20,000
grandmother raised the 
ingredients around the bowl in a

245
00:13:20,000 --> 00:13:23,000
careful Arrangement flour and 
breadcrumbs occupy their own 

246
00:13:23,000 --> 00:13:26,100
bowls. 
The chopped suits in a covered 

247
00:13:26,100 --> 00:13:30,200
dish protected from the warmth 
of the kitchen, the dried fruit 

248
00:13:30,200 --> 00:13:34,500
so much of it pounds and pounds 
fills three separate containers,

249
00:13:34,500 --> 00:13:38,600
dark shoulder that smells of 
molasses eggs beaten until their

250
00:13:38,600 --> 00:13:41,800
frothy and milk with a slash of 
cream added for richness. 

251
00:13:42,700 --> 00:13:46,200
Into the great. 
Bold goes everything flour and 

252
00:13:46,200 --> 00:13:49,100
breadcrumbs. 
First forming a pale base. 

253
00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:52,800
The sweat, gets rubbed in your 
grandmother's fingers. 

254
00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:56,800
Working with swift efficiency. 
Breaking up any clumps until the

255
00:13:56,800 --> 00:14:01,300
mixture resembles coarse meal. 
Dark sugar follows, then the 

256
00:14:01,300 --> 00:14:04,600
spices they're sent rising up to
make you sneeze. 

257
00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:07,800
When you lean too close the 
dried fruit goes in next. 

258
00:14:07,800 --> 00:14:10,200
So much of it, that you wonder 
how the mixture will hold 

259
00:14:10,200 --> 00:14:13,300
together. 
Raisins and currants chopped 

260
00:14:13,300 --> 00:14:16,900
dates, and figs and candied peel
cut into small pieces. 

261
00:14:16,900 --> 00:14:20,800
Your grandmother adds the peel 
of a fresh lemon grated. 

262
00:14:20,800 --> 00:14:24,200
So finely it's almost a powder 
and the juice of that same 

263
00:14:24,200 --> 00:14:27,400
lemon. 
The beaten eggs go in and milk. 

264
00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:31,300
And then she reaches for the 
Brandy, she had to Splash then 

265
00:14:31,300 --> 00:14:33,700
another, then pauses and adds a 
third. 

266
00:14:33,700 --> 00:14:37,000
Because as she says, the putting
will keep better with a generous

267
00:14:37,000 --> 00:14:40,200
hand. 
The Brandy smell Rises sharp and

268
00:14:40,200 --> 00:14:43,100
potent from the bowl. 
Cutting through the sweetness of

269
00:14:43,100 --> 00:14:46,200
the dried fruit. 
The mixing requires everyone in 

270
00:14:46,200 --> 00:14:48,600
the household. 
This tradition carries 

271
00:14:48,600 --> 00:14:51,500
Superstition with it. 
Each person must stir three 

272
00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:54,600
times turning. 
The spoon from east to west in 

273
00:14:54,600 --> 00:14:57,900
honor of 3, wise men, who 
traveled from the East find the 

274
00:14:57,908 --> 00:15:00,100
Christ. 
Child, your grandfather goes, 

275
00:15:00,100 --> 00:15:03,900
first crossing the heavy wooden 
spoon and pulling it through the

276
00:15:03,900 --> 00:15:06,400
mixer. 
With visible effort, your mother

277
00:15:06,400 --> 00:15:08,900
follows. 
Then your father, then your 

278
00:15:08,900 --> 00:15:12,900
youngest siblings in order of 
age, you are your turn watching 

279
00:15:12,900 --> 00:15:15,000
the mixture of evolved as each 
person stirs. 

280
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:19,800
Seems impossibly dense more 
solid than liquid, holding 

281
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:21,900
together in a mass that barely 
shifts. 

282
00:15:21,900 --> 00:15:25,100
Even when the spoon moves 
through it, when your turn comes

283
00:15:25,100 --> 00:15:27,900
you, grasp the heavy wooden 
spoon and pull it through the 

284
00:15:27,900 --> 00:15:30,400
mixture, the resistance 
surprises. 

285
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:33,600
You, even though you watched 
others struggle, this isn't cake

286
00:15:33,600 --> 00:15:36,300
batter that flows smoothly. 
But a dense heavy mass that 

287
00:15:36,300 --> 00:15:39,500
clings to the spoon and requires
real effort to move. 

288
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:44,300
As you stir, you make a wish the
tradition permits this and 

289
00:15:44,300 --> 00:15:47,800
encourages it, even what you 
wish, for remains your secret. 

290
00:15:48,700 --> 00:15:51,200
Though your grandmother watches,
you with eyes that seemed to 

291
00:15:51,200 --> 00:15:54,400
read thoughts and offers a small
knowing smile. 

292
00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:57,800
You can complete your three 
stirs and pass the spoon to the 

293
00:15:57,800 --> 00:16:00,300
next person. 
Your wish sealed into the 

294
00:16:00,300 --> 00:16:02,600
pudding along with everyone 
else's hopes for the coming 

295
00:16:02,600 --> 00:16:06,700
year, once everyone has stirred 
your grandmother adds the final 

296
00:16:06,700 --> 00:16:10,300
secret ingredients. 
A silver Sixpence wrapped in 

297
00:16:10,308 --> 00:16:13,700
paper to keep it clean and a 
small charm in the shape of a 

298
00:16:13,700 --> 00:16:17,400
thimble whoever finds the six in
their portion will have wealth 

299
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:20,200
in the coming year. 
The thimble promises something 

300
00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:23,300
different, depending on who you 
are asked, either can continue 

301
00:16:23,300 --> 00:16:27,900
to hood or a life of usefulness.
You've never quite determined, 

302
00:16:27,900 --> 00:16:30,800
which interpretation your 
grandmother favors and she 

303
00:16:30,800 --> 00:16:33,400
maintains an enigmatic silence 
on the subject. 

304
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:36,800
The putting mixture gets divided
among several basins. 

305
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:40,900
Pottery bowls of various sizes, 
each one Grease with butter 

306
00:16:40,900 --> 00:16:44,200
until it shines. 
Your grandmother has a system 

307
00:16:44,208 --> 00:16:46,900
for this division. 
The largest base and holds the 

308
00:16:46,900 --> 00:16:50,500
main pudding for Christmas day, 
medium sized basins. 

309
00:16:50,500 --> 00:16:53,300
Contain puddings that will be 
given as gifts to family and 

310
00:16:53,300 --> 00:16:55,900
close friends. 
Few small basins, hold 

311
00:16:55,900 --> 00:16:59,200
individual puddings. 
Perfect for households of one or

312
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:01,900
two people. 
Each Basin gets filled to within

313
00:17:01,900 --> 00:17:06,000
an inch of the rim leaving space
for the pudding to expand your 

314
00:17:06,000 --> 00:17:09,200
grandmother covers each Basin 
with a circle of cloth, pleated 

315
00:17:09,200 --> 00:17:11,000
carefully to allow for 
expansion. 

316
00:17:11,000 --> 00:17:14,400
Then ties it down with strings. 
So tightly it would take 

317
00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,700
determination to remove. 
She makes a handle of sorts by 

318
00:17:17,700 --> 00:17:21,099
tying string across the top of 
each base, in creating a loop 

319
00:17:21,099 --> 00:17:23,599
that can be used to lift the 
pudding from its water bath. 

320
00:17:24,300 --> 00:17:28,000
The pudding stem for hours. 
Your grandmother sets them in a 

321
00:17:28,000 --> 00:17:31,400
large pot of simmering water on 
the back of the range where 

322
00:17:31,400 --> 00:17:33,000
they'll cook gently until 
evening. 

323
00:17:33,000 --> 00:17:36,000
The water level must be 
maintained two low. 

324
00:17:36,000 --> 00:17:40,500
And the basins might crack from 
direct heat to high and water 

325
00:17:40,500 --> 00:17:42,700
might seep under the cloth and 
ruin the pudding. 

326
00:17:43,500 --> 00:17:46,900
You check the pot, every half 
hour, adding boiling water from 

327
00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:50,200
the kettle as needed. 
The kitchen grows warm and humid

328
00:17:50,200 --> 00:17:53,100
the windows fogging over until 
you can't see outside. 

329
00:17:54,300 --> 00:17:58,500
Scent of the puddings permeates 
everything, your clothes, your 

330
00:17:58,500 --> 00:18:02,700
hair, and the Very walls. 
It smells of Christmas and 

331
00:18:02,700 --> 00:18:06,900
promises and time suspended. 
The spice is predominate at 

332
00:18:06,900 --> 00:18:09,200
first. 
They're sharp sweetness, filling

333
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:12,300
the air. 
As the hours pass deeper notes 

334
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:16,600
emerge, the caramelizing sugar, 
the Brandy becoming more mellow 

335
00:18:16,600 --> 00:18:20,700
and the dried fruits releasing 
their concentrated Essence, when

336
00:18:20,700 --> 00:18:23,200
the puddings finally finish your
grandmother test them with a 

337
00:18:23,200 --> 00:18:24,900
skewer which should come out 
clean. 

338
00:18:24,900 --> 00:18:28,100
She lifts them from their water 
bath and sets them aside to 

339
00:18:28,100 --> 00:18:30,200
cool. 
They sit on the kitchen table 

340
00:18:30,200 --> 00:18:34,200
like a collection of mysterious 
offerings steam still rising 

341
00:18:34,200 --> 00:18:36,500
from their cloth covering once 
cool. 

342
00:18:36,500 --> 00:18:39,700
Enough to handle the puddings, 
get unwrapped examined for any 

343
00:18:39,700 --> 00:18:42,100
signs of problems. 
Then, re-wrapped in fresh cloth,

344
00:18:42,100 --> 00:18:44,800
and tied up again. 
They'll hang in the pantry now, 

345
00:18:44,800 --> 00:18:48,300
suspended from hooks in the 
ceiling beam where air can 

346
00:18:48,300 --> 00:18:50,700
circulate around them and 
prevent any mold from forming. 

347
00:18:50,700 --> 00:18:54,300
He'll grandmother will check the
weekly looking for any signs of 

348
00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:58,200
spoilage but mostly they'll 
simply hang there slowly 

349
00:18:58,200 --> 00:19:01,300
maturing developing flavors that
can't be rushed. 

350
00:19:02,300 --> 00:19:05,400
The Traditions satisfies 
something deep and wordless 

351
00:19:05,400 --> 00:19:08,700
within you, you've participated 
in a ritual that connects you to

352
00:19:08,700 --> 00:19:11,500
every woman in your family line,
who has performed the same 

353
00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:15,700
actions in kitchens that no 
longer exists with hands. 

354
00:19:15,700 --> 00:19:19,400
Now long gone to dust your 
great-great-grandmother stood 

355
00:19:19,400 --> 00:19:21,700
pudding. 
In the same Bowl, your 

356
00:19:21,700 --> 00:19:24,100
great-grandmother added Brandy 
with the same generous hand, 

357
00:19:24,100 --> 00:19:27,800
your grandmother learned these 
exact motions from her own 

358
00:19:27,800 --> 00:19:31,500
grandmother and now she's 
teaching you the continuity 

359
00:19:31,500 --> 00:19:33,900
feels important. 
Like you're part of something 

360
00:19:33,900 --> 00:19:37,800
larger than your individual life
connected backward through time 

361
00:19:37,800 --> 00:19:41,400
and forward into a future, you 
can't yet see when you have 

362
00:19:41,400 --> 00:19:43,100
children and grandchildren of 
your own. 

363
00:19:43,100 --> 00:19:47,200
If you have them, you'll teach 
them the same Traditions passing

364
00:19:47,200 --> 00:19:51,000
along, not just a recipe, but a 
connection to everyone who came 

365
00:19:51,000 --> 00:19:53,700
before. 
November brings darker Mornings 

366
00:19:53,700 --> 00:19:57,300
in the first real cold? 
You wake in darkness now, the 

367
00:19:57,300 --> 00:20:00,100
Sun not Rising until you're 
already dressed and down stairs,

368
00:20:00,100 --> 00:20:03,200
The Gardener's finished except 
for the winter of vegetables. 

369
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:06,500
Past nips, that tastes better 
off to Frost has converted some 

370
00:20:06,500 --> 00:20:10,100
of their starch to sugar. 
Brussels sprouts that cling 

371
00:20:10,100 --> 00:20:13,000
stubbornly to their stalks like 
strange green flowers. 

372
00:20:13,000 --> 00:20:17,300
And kale that seems immune to 
cold and continues producing 

373
00:20:17,300 --> 00:20:19,500
leaves even as everything else 
dies back. 

374
00:20:20,300 --> 00:20:23,600
Tree stand bear against gray, 
skies their branches. 

375
00:20:23,600 --> 00:20:27,000
Creating delicate patterns that 
shift and changes you move 

376
00:20:27,000 --> 00:20:30,200
without their leaves, the trees 
reveal structure, you don't 

377
00:20:30,200 --> 00:20:34,300
usually see the way branches 
divide and subdivide the 

378
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:37,800
specific architecture each 
species favors, you can identify

379
00:20:37,800 --> 00:20:42,300
trees by their Silhouettes. 
Now the spreading form of Oak, 

380
00:20:42,300 --> 00:20:46,400
the upright thrust of Poplar, 
and the Weeping Grace of birch. 

381
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,000
This is the month of 
transformation when raw 

382
00:20:50,000 --> 00:20:53,000
materials become gifts and 
decorations through patient 

383
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:56,300
work, your grandmother's 
friends, gather weekly now for 

384
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:58,200
what they call their Christmas 
afternoons. 

385
00:20:59,000 --> 00:21:02,100
Though the work continues long 
passed after noon into evening, 

386
00:21:02,100 --> 00:21:06,000
they arrived carrying baskets 
and bags settling into chairs 

387
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:08,200
around the kitchen table with 
sighs of relief. 

388
00:21:08,200 --> 00:21:10,500
As though. 
They have each been waiting all 

389
00:21:10,500 --> 00:21:13,200
week for this moment of 
companionship and productive. 

390
00:21:13,200 --> 00:21:16,700
Rest, the women range in age 
from barely older than you to 

391
00:21:16,700 --> 00:21:20,600
properly ancient Mrs. Henderson 
from next door, whose hands 

392
00:21:20,600 --> 00:21:23,500
Shake slightly until they 
grasped her crochet hook at 

393
00:21:23,500 --> 00:21:25,200
which point. 
They steady as though, the tool 

394
00:21:25,200 --> 00:21:30,300
itself provides medicine, Young 
Mrs. Cooper, married only. 

395
00:21:30,300 --> 00:21:33,500
This past spring is attempting 
her first Christmas as a 

396
00:21:33,500 --> 00:21:37,600
housewife and seeks advice on 
everything from Candy fruits to 

397
00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:42,100
dealing with difficult mothers 
in law, old Mrs. Barrett who 

398
00:21:42,100 --> 00:21:45,000
must be approaching 90 and his 
eyesight is dim to the point 

399
00:21:45,000 --> 00:21:46,900
that she works entirely by field
now. 

400
00:21:47,700 --> 00:21:50,500
Fingers moving through familiar 
patterns without requiring 

401
00:21:50,500 --> 00:21:54,400
visual confirmation. 
They settle into work without 

402
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:56,800
much discussion. 
Needles, Flash. 

403
00:21:57,500 --> 00:22:01,800
Catching light and releasing it 
crochet hooks Dart and dance. 

404
00:22:01,800 --> 00:22:04,000
Pulling thread into intricate 
patterns. 

405
00:22:04,900 --> 00:22:08,000
Knitting needles, click in 
rhythms that vary from Woman to 

406
00:22:08,000 --> 00:22:10,600
Woman. 
Mrs, Henderson Works quickly 

407
00:22:10,600 --> 00:22:15,100
with short sharp clicks while 
Mrs. Cooper slower Pace produces

408
00:22:15,100 --> 00:22:18,200
a more measured sound. 
Collective noise creates a kind 

409
00:22:18,200 --> 00:22:22,400
of music irregular, but Pleasant
the conversation, flows around 

410
00:22:22,400 --> 00:22:26,400
and through the work gossip, 
certainly but also recipes. 

411
00:22:26,400 --> 00:22:30,500
Exchanged problem, solved 
sorrow, shared and Joyce 

412
00:22:30,500 --> 00:22:32,400
celebrated. 
You learn that. 

413
00:22:32,400 --> 00:22:35,000
Mrs. Peterson's, son. 
Has written from London with 

414
00:22:35,000 --> 00:22:39,300
news of a promotion. 
Mrs. Cooper's mother in law 

415
00:22:39,300 --> 00:22:42,200
continues to make pointed 
comments about the state of a 

416
00:22:42,200 --> 00:22:44,700
linen, cupboard. 
Someone's cousin has become 

417
00:22:44,700 --> 00:22:48,200
engaged to a man from the next 
County and opinion on the match 

418
00:22:48,200 --> 00:22:52,300
is divided, the talk shifts, 
Anders touching on everything 

419
00:22:52,300 --> 00:22:55,200
and nothing. 
Someone mentioned a recipe for 

420
00:22:55,200 --> 00:22:57,100
pickled cabbage that sound 
promising. 

421
00:22:57,100 --> 00:23:00,600
Someone else describes a new 
pattern for tatting lace. 

422
00:23:01,700 --> 00:23:05,300
Mrs. Barrett tells a story about
Christmas during her childhood 

423
00:23:05,300 --> 00:23:08,800
when snow fell. 
So heavily, that the village was

424
00:23:08,800 --> 00:23:11,700
cut off for three days and they 
had to make do with whatever 

425
00:23:11,700 --> 00:23:15,300
Provisions were already in their
homes, you sit slightly apart, 

426
00:23:15,300 --> 00:23:19,000
working on your own project. 
Thank you for your father. 

427
00:23:19,000 --> 00:23:22,300
Each one, requiring a rolled 
hem, so tiny, it's almost 

428
00:23:22,300 --> 00:23:25,100
invisible. 
The work demands concentration 

429
00:23:25,100 --> 00:23:28,100
that borders on meditation. 
You fold the edge of the fabric 

430
00:23:28,100 --> 00:23:31,700
over itself, then over again 
creating a role as thin as a 

431
00:23:31,700 --> 00:23:34,400
pencil lead and sew it down with
stitches. 

432
00:23:34,400 --> 00:23:36,700
So small, they almost disappear 
into the cloth. 

433
00:23:36,700 --> 00:23:40,200
Your grandmother taught you. 
This technique sitting beside 

434
00:23:40,200 --> 00:23:43,100
you for hours while you practice
on scraps until your fingers 

435
00:23:43,100 --> 00:23:45,700
learned the motion. 
Now you can complete one 

436
00:23:45,700 --> 00:23:48,700
handkerchief in an evening if 
you work steadily, though, the 

437
00:23:48,700 --> 00:23:51,800
light must be good or the strain
on your eyes becomes too much. 

438
00:23:53,000 --> 00:23:55,700
The conversation around. 
You provides Pleasant background

439
00:23:55,700 --> 00:23:58,700
noise, rising and falling like 
waves. 

440
00:23:58,700 --> 00:24:02,100
You find yourself smiling at 
particularly funny comments, 

441
00:24:02,100 --> 00:24:07,000
making small noises of sympathy 
at sad ones, but mostly you 

442
00:24:07,000 --> 00:24:09,600
simply listen, while your hands 
move through their practice 

443
00:24:09,600 --> 00:24:13,200
motions. 
Misses Henderson has found a 

444
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:17,200
pattern for crochet doilies 
shaped like snowflake's delicate

445
00:24:17,200 --> 00:24:20,500
and beautiful. 
She's making a set of six for 

446
00:24:20,500 --> 00:24:24,000
her daughter's Christmas table. 
Each one slightly different from

447
00:24:24,000 --> 00:24:26,700
the others she works without 
looking at the pattern. 

448
00:24:26,700 --> 00:24:30,600
Now, the design committed to 
memory her hook moving with 

449
00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:35,400
hypnotic speed young, misses 
Cooper's attempting to knit 

450
00:24:35,400 --> 00:24:37,500
slippers for her new husband 
though. 

451
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:40,500
She's had to unravel and restart
three times already because the 

452
00:24:40,500 --> 00:24:43,900
sizing proved wrong. 
She holds up her latest attempt,

453
00:24:43,900 --> 00:24:46,300
and the assembled women examine 
it critically. 

454
00:24:48,000 --> 00:24:49,800
The hill. 
Still not, right Mrs. Barrett 

455
00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:51,400
says, running a fingers over the
work. 

456
00:24:51,400 --> 00:24:54,500
See how it puckers here. 
You need to decrease more 

457
00:24:54,500 --> 00:24:57,700
gradually. 
Mrs, Cooper size, but doesn't 

458
00:24:57,700 --> 00:24:59,600
seem to discouraged. 
She begins. 

459
00:24:59,600 --> 00:25:02,700
Unraveling the slipper again, 
winding the yarn back into a 

460
00:25:02,700 --> 00:25:04,300
ball. 
I'll get it eventually. 

461
00:25:04,300 --> 00:25:07,600
She says, with determined 
optimism, this prompts around of

462
00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:10,700
encouragement from the other 
women along with various pieces 

463
00:25:10,700 --> 00:25:13,700
of advice about initiating 
slippers, the conversation 

464
00:25:13,700 --> 00:25:16,200
meanders from there to the 
general difficulty of making 

465
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:19,500
gifts for men, who somehow 
managed to be both particular 

466
00:25:19,500 --> 00:25:23,200
about comfort and entirely 
unable to articulate what they 

467
00:25:23,200 --> 00:25:29,000
actually want. 
Men's feet, Mrs. Cooper mutters 

468
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:32,000
are completely unreasonable in 
their proportions. 

469
00:25:32,000 --> 00:25:36,300
This prompts General agreement 
and sympathetic laughter the 

470
00:25:36,300 --> 00:25:38,400
conversation. 
Expands to Encompass, the 

471
00:25:38,400 --> 00:25:42,500
general unreasonableness of men,
their inability to locate items 

472
00:25:42,500 --> 00:25:45,200
directly in front of them, 
they're conviction that. 

473
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,800
Any work done, sitting down 
doesn't count as real work and 

474
00:25:48,800 --> 00:25:52,100
their mysterious capacity to 
track mud through a house. 

475
00:25:52,100 --> 00:25:54,800
That was just cleaned your 
grandmother defends your 

476
00:25:54,808 --> 00:25:58,200
grandfather mildly noting that 
he's never once complained, 

477
00:25:58,200 --> 00:26:00,200
about the weeks of Christmas 
preparation. 

478
00:26:00,200 --> 00:26:04,100
That overtake, the household 
that he willingly relinquishes. 

479
00:26:04,100 --> 00:26:06,700
His favorite chair, when it 
needs to hold cooling baked 

480
00:26:06,700 --> 00:26:09,900
goods and that he doesn't 
Grumble when dinner comes late 

481
00:26:09,900 --> 00:26:12,100
because she has been too 
absorbed in some project and 

482
00:26:12,100 --> 00:26:15,200
notice the time. 
Mrs. Barrett's snort, at this 

483
00:26:16,100 --> 00:26:19,400
That's because he knows better. 
She says a smart man learns, 

484
00:26:19,400 --> 00:26:21,900
early that the weeks before 
Christmas aren't the time to 

485
00:26:21,900 --> 00:26:25,300
voice opinions about domestic 
Arrangements, the wise ones, 

486
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:27,900
make themselves scarce and 
appreciate whatever eventually 

487
00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:31,800
appears on the table. 
The afternoon progresses T 

488
00:26:31,800 --> 00:26:35,200
appears at regular intervals, 
accompanied by whatever baking 

489
00:26:35,200 --> 00:26:38,500
is currently being tested for 
the Christmas season today. 

490
00:26:38,500 --> 00:26:42,000
It's Ginger biscuits. 
There is Chris and their centers

491
00:26:42,000 --> 00:26:45,700
still slightly soft. 
The spice, warms your mouth and 

492
00:26:45,700 --> 00:26:48,800
sits pleasantly on your tongue. 
You find yourself taking a 

493
00:26:48,800 --> 00:26:52,200
second one, despite your 
intention to show restraint then

494
00:26:52,200 --> 00:26:55,300
a third until your grandmother 
gives you a look that suggests 

495
00:26:55,300 --> 00:26:58,800
you might want to leave some for
others, the light Fades early, 

496
00:26:58,800 --> 00:27:03,500
these November afternoon's, the 
sun setting by 4:00 Lamps, get 

497
00:27:03,500 --> 00:27:08,200
lit, the glow, warm, and golden.
The kitchen takes on a cozy, 

498
00:27:08,200 --> 00:27:10,400
quality. 
The darkness outside. 

499
00:27:10,400 --> 00:27:13,600
Making the warmth inside feel 
more precious, the work 

500
00:27:13,608 --> 00:27:17,100
continues and you find yourself 
pulled into a comfortable Rhythm

501
00:27:17,100 --> 00:27:21,400
Stitch. 
Breathe, Stitch, breathe your 

502
00:27:21,400 --> 00:27:25,400
handkerchief, gross slowly one 
microscopic hem at a time but 

503
00:27:25,400 --> 00:27:28,300
they grow and that's enough. 
You understand. 

504
00:27:28,300 --> 00:27:31,300
Now why these gatherings matter?
They're not just about 

505
00:27:31,300 --> 00:27:34,200
accomplishing tasks though. 
Tasks certainly get 

506
00:27:34,200 --> 00:27:37,500
accomplished, the women will 
leave tonight with bags full of 

507
00:27:37,500 --> 00:27:40,900
completed work, doilies and 
handkerchiefs mittens and 

508
00:27:40,900 --> 00:27:44,400
scarves and all manner of small 
gifts and useful items. 

509
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:48,400
But the real value lies 
elsewhere in the companionship 

510
00:27:48,400 --> 00:27:52,300
and conversation in the shared 
experience of working toward the

511
00:27:52,300 --> 00:27:55,000
same goal. 
These afternoons, create a 

512
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:56,900
pocket of time outside normal 
time. 

513
00:27:57,700 --> 00:28:00,900
Space where women can be fully 
themselves without the constant 

514
00:28:00,900 --> 00:28:03,400
demands of household management 
and Family Care. 

515
00:28:03,400 --> 00:28:06,600
The work gives their hands 
something to do while their 

516
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:10,000
minds and hearts range free. 
They can speak, honestly here, 

517
00:28:10,000 --> 00:28:13,600
sharing frustrations, and fears.
That might seem Petty or 

518
00:28:13,608 --> 00:28:16,800
inappropriate elsewhere. 
They can laugh without worrying 

519
00:28:16,800 --> 00:28:19,900
about being too loud. 
They can be competent and 

520
00:28:19,900 --> 00:28:22,000
skilled and recognized for that 
competence. 

521
00:28:22,800 --> 00:28:26,000
As the afternoon stretches 
toward evening, someone suggests

522
00:28:26,000 --> 00:28:29,400
that you all should sing. 
This becomes a Carol practice 

523
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:32,500
session of sorts with voices, 
joining and familiar harmonies. 

524
00:28:32,500 --> 00:28:35,200
The singing is informal and 
imperfect. 

525
00:28:35,200 --> 00:28:37,200
Some voice is stronger than 
others. 

526
00:28:37,200 --> 00:28:42,000
Some more tuneful, but it fills 
the kitchen with sound and joy. 

527
00:28:42,000 --> 00:28:45,900
You sing along your voice 
joining the collective Harmony 

528
00:28:45,900 --> 00:28:48,100
and feel connected to these 
women. 

529
00:28:48,100 --> 00:28:51,500
In a way that transcends, the 
specific tasks your performing 

530
00:28:51,500 --> 00:28:53,800
when the Gathering finally 
breaks up. 

531
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:56,900
Well, after dark, everyone 
leaves with full baskets and 

532
00:28:56,900 --> 00:29:00,100
lighter hearts. 
He helped your grandmother tidy,

533
00:29:00,100 --> 00:29:03,300
the kitchen, putting away scraps
of fabric and loose threads, 

534
00:29:03,300 --> 00:29:06,800
washing the teacups and setting 
them to dry the kitchen. 

535
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:09,900
Feels empty and quiet after they
afternoon's bustle. 

536
00:29:09,900 --> 00:29:13,000
But the silence is comfortable 
rather than lonely. 

537
00:29:13,000 --> 00:29:16,000
The problem with a small house 
is that hiding, anything 

538
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:19,900
requires genuine creativity. 
You can't simply tuck a gift 

539
00:29:19,900 --> 00:29:23,300
into a closet or slide, it under
a bed without risking Discovery.

540
00:29:23,300 --> 00:29:25,900
Every cupboard might be opened 
at any moment. 

541
00:29:25,900 --> 00:29:30,600
Every draw might need something 
from its depths The house is too

542
00:29:30,600 --> 00:29:32,600
small and too busy for easy 
concealment. 

543
00:29:32,600 --> 00:29:35,900
And so the gift you're creating 
for your family, must be hidden 

544
00:29:35,900 --> 00:29:39,800
with the care of a spy 
concealing State Secrets, your 

545
00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:42,000
father's handkerchiefs three 
completed. 

546
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:44,500
Now, with three more. 
Still to go live inside a clean 

547
00:29:44,508 --> 00:29:47,100
flour. 
Sack tucked into the very back 

548
00:29:47,100 --> 00:29:49,300
of the pantry. 
Behind jars of pickled onions. 

549
00:29:49,300 --> 00:29:52,000
That won't be opened until 
spring the flour. 

550
00:29:52,000 --> 00:29:55,600
Sack itself is unremarkable 
indistinguishable from others. 

551
00:29:55,600 --> 00:29:58,000
Stored. 
In the same area, your father 

552
00:29:58,000 --> 00:30:01,700
would have no reason to look 
inside it and even if he did the

553
00:30:01,700 --> 00:30:04,000
handkerchiefs are wrapped in 
tissue paper at the bottom, 

554
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:08,100
concealed beneath a layer of 
actual flower you added as 

555
00:30:08,100 --> 00:30:12,300
camouflage, your mother's 
embroidered pillowcase a project

556
00:30:12,300 --> 00:30:14,100
that's consumed. 
Your evening's for the past 

557
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:17,500
month hides and a hat box on top
of the Wardrobe in the guest 

558
00:30:17,500 --> 00:30:21,800
room, raped in tissue paper and 
prayers that no one decides to 

559
00:30:21,800 --> 00:30:24,600
reorganize storage in the next 
few weeks. 

560
00:30:25,200 --> 00:30:28,100
The pillowcase features a design
of roses and forget me. 

561
00:30:28,100 --> 00:30:30,900
Nots worked in colors that match
your mother's bedroom. 

562
00:30:30,900 --> 00:30:33,600
The embroidery is the finest 
work you've ever. 

563
00:30:33,600 --> 00:30:35,900
Done. 
Each petal and leaf rendered 

564
00:30:35,900 --> 00:30:37,900
with care and you're proud of 
it. 

565
00:30:37,900 --> 00:30:39,500
In a way that makes you 
simultaneously. 

566
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:42,900
Eager to give it and reluctant 
to Let It Go. 

567
00:30:44,100 --> 00:30:47,800
Other family members employs 
similar strategies, you notice 

568
00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:51,000
your younger brothers suspicious
interest in the shed the way he 

569
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:52,900
lingers there. 
After completing his usual 

570
00:30:52,900 --> 00:30:57,200
chores when you investigate 
casually as though you just 

571
00:30:57,200 --> 00:31:01,000
happen to be passing. 
You find nothing obvious but the

572
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:03,800
smell of fresh wood. 
Shaving suggests these carving 

573
00:31:03,800 --> 00:31:07,500
something? 
For whom you can't determine but

574
00:31:07,500 --> 00:31:09,400
the evidence of his industry, 
pleases you. 

575
00:31:09,400 --> 00:31:13,400
He's taking this seriously 
putting real effort into 

576
00:31:13,400 --> 00:31:17,000
creating something meaningful. 
Your mother has commented the 

577
00:31:17,000 --> 00:31:19,600
small bedroom that once belonged
to your elder sister before. 

578
00:31:19,600 --> 00:31:23,400
She married and moved away the 
door, stays closed now and your 

579
00:31:23,400 --> 00:31:26,000
mother emerges from it with a 
vague distracted are. 

580
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:29,600
As though, her mind remains 
behind that closed door even as 

581
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:30,800
her body moves through the 
house. 

582
00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:33,800
She's sewing something. 
You're certain though what 

583
00:31:33,800 --> 00:31:37,600
remains a mystery you've caught 
glimpses of fabric something 

584
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:41,900
blue possibly wool but nothing 
clear enough to identify the 

585
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:45,300
final object even your 
grandmother who seems to know 

586
00:31:45,300 --> 00:31:48,000
everything that happens in this 
house has secrets. 

587
00:31:48,900 --> 00:31:52,300
You've caught her Consulting a 
small notebook, the disappears 

588
00:31:52,300 --> 00:31:55,400
into her apron pocket, whenever 
anyone enters the room. 

589
00:31:56,400 --> 00:31:59,500
Planning something. 
But what the notebook is small 

590
00:31:59,500 --> 00:32:03,300
enough to conceal easily and she
guards it with such care that 

591
00:32:03,300 --> 00:32:05,800
your intensely curious about its
contents. 

592
00:32:06,600 --> 00:32:10,000
The subterfuge adds a layer of 
pleasant conspiracy to daily 

593
00:32:10,000 --> 00:32:12,400
life. 
You pass each other in hallways 

594
00:32:12,400 --> 00:32:15,000
and exchange knowing glances. 
That mean nothing and 

595
00:32:15,000 --> 00:32:18,600
everything. you catch your 
brother sneaking into the shed 

596
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:22,300
at odd hours and pretend not to 
notice your mother emerges from 

597
00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:25,200
the closed bedroom with pins in 
her mouth and thread in her hair

598
00:32:25,200 --> 00:32:29,800
and you act as though this is 
perfectly normal The house fills

599
00:32:29,800 --> 00:32:33,200
with secrets, that aren't really
Secrets Mysteries, that will be 

600
00:32:33,200 --> 00:32:37,300
sold in a few short weeks, the 
anticipation builds slowly Like 

601
00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:41,300
Water Rising behind a dam each 
hidden gift represents not just 

602
00:32:41,300 --> 00:32:43,700
the thing itself. 
But the thought and Care 

603
00:32:43,700 --> 00:32:47,700
invested in its creation. 
The hour spent in secret labor 

604
00:32:47,700 --> 00:32:50,600
and the hope that the recipient 
will appreciate the effort 

605
00:32:50,600 --> 00:32:53,800
shopping for the few items that 
must be purchased rather than 

606
00:32:53,800 --> 00:32:57,400
made requires careful planning 
and even more careful, budgeting

607
00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:01,200
The Village Shops and Christmas 
luxuries this time of year 

608
00:33:01,200 --> 00:33:05,600
oranges that arrived in wooden 
crates their skins thick and 

609
00:33:05,600 --> 00:33:10,400
dimpled dates in Long boxes. 
Each fruit nestled against the 

610
00:33:10,400 --> 00:33:16,200
next like dark Jewels figs in 
paper nuts in their shells 

611
00:33:16,200 --> 00:33:18,800
crackers that snap with hidden 
prizes inside. 

612
00:33:18,800 --> 00:33:22,700
But these items cost real money.
And money must be carefully 

613
00:33:22,700 --> 00:33:25,900
allocated across. 
Competing needs your grandmother

614
00:33:25,900 --> 00:33:28,400
keeps the Christmas Fund in a 
brown teapot on the highest 

615
00:33:28,400 --> 00:33:30,600
shelf in the pantry throughout 
the year. 

616
00:33:30,600 --> 00:33:34,100
Small amounts of being added to 
it. 10 is from the egg money 

617
00:33:34,100 --> 00:33:37,200
when the hens laid particularly 
well, a Schilling from selling 

618
00:33:37,200 --> 00:33:40,700
extra vegetables, to neighbors 
and the odd coin found in a coat

619
00:33:40,708 --> 00:33:43,900
pocket and designated for the 
fund rather than General 

620
00:33:43,900 --> 00:33:46,600
expenses. 
The additions have been modest 

621
00:33:46,600 --> 00:33:50,500
but steady the result of small 
economies and careful management

622
00:33:51,500 --> 00:33:54,400
In mid-november. 
She tips the teapots contents 

623
00:33:54,400 --> 00:33:56,300
onto the kitchen table and 
counts. 

624
00:33:56,300 --> 00:34:00,000
It carefully, the coins make 
small, clicking sounds as she 

625
00:34:00,000 --> 00:34:03,500
sorts them into piles. 
Pennies here, sixpences there, 

626
00:34:03,500 --> 00:34:06,400
the occasional Schilling 
standing apart, like a dignitary

627
00:34:06,400 --> 00:34:08,500
among commoners. 
She counts twice. 

628
00:34:08,500 --> 00:34:12,400
Then a third time to be certain 
her lips, moving silently, as 

629
00:34:12,400 --> 00:34:16,300
she calculates, the total seems 
simultaneously more and less 

630
00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:19,600
than you expected more because 
the pile of coins look 

631
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:23,000
substantial when spread across 
the table less because you know 

632
00:34:23,000 --> 00:34:25,500
how quickly money disappears 
when confronted with actual 

633
00:34:25,500 --> 00:34:27,800
prices. 
Enough for oranges. 

634
00:34:27,800 --> 00:34:29,400
Certainly. 
And perhaps some dates. 

635
00:34:30,199 --> 00:34:33,100
Enough for crackers, if they're 
the modest kind rather than the 

636
00:34:33,100 --> 00:34:36,000
elaborate ones in the shop 
window, enough of the extra 

637
00:34:36,000 --> 00:34:39,500
sugar and butter that Christmas 
baking demands, but not enough 

638
00:34:39,500 --> 00:34:42,900
for waste or frivolity. 
Your grandmother divides. 

639
00:34:42,900 --> 00:34:44,300
The money into careful. 
Piles. 

640
00:34:44,300 --> 00:34:49,000
Each representing a category of 
expenditure this much for fruit.

641
00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:51,100
This much for Christmas dinner, 
ingredients. 

642
00:34:51,100 --> 00:34:54,400
The goose, the extra butter, and
the cream for the pudding. 

643
00:34:55,100 --> 00:34:58,400
This much is for small gifts to 
give the postman the Coleman, 

644
00:34:58,400 --> 00:35:01,100
and the other people who serve 
your household throughout the 

645
00:35:01,100 --> 00:35:04,400
year, this much for unexpected 
Necessities, because there are 

646
00:35:04,408 --> 00:35:08,300
always unexpected Necessities 
the calculations absorb her 

647
00:35:08,300 --> 00:35:10,700
completely. 
You watch the concentration on 

648
00:35:10,700 --> 00:35:14,400
her face as she moves coins from
pile to pile, balancing 

649
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:16,800
competing needs against finite 
resources. 

650
00:35:17,900 --> 00:35:21,000
Occasionally she mutters to 
herself, working through some 

651
00:35:21,000 --> 00:35:24,000
mathematical problem. 
Should you buy one more pound of

652
00:35:24,008 --> 00:35:26,000
sugar and make do with fewer 
crackers? 

653
00:35:26,700 --> 00:35:29,400
Would it be better to get less 
expensive fruit and use the 

654
00:35:29,400 --> 00:35:32,400
savings for something else. 
The trip to the Village happens 

655
00:35:32,400 --> 00:35:35,600
on a gray afternoon when rain 
threatens but hasn't yet begun. 

656
00:35:36,600 --> 00:35:40,800
Sky, hangs low and heavy, the 
color of old pewter and the air 

657
00:35:40,800 --> 00:35:42,500
carries that particular 
dampness. 

658
00:35:42,500 --> 00:35:45,900
That suggests precipitation is 
imminent, your company, your 

659
00:35:45,900 --> 00:35:48,500
grandmother carrying the 
shopping basket and the list, 

660
00:35:48,500 --> 00:35:51,300
she's prepared. 
The list is written in her 

661
00:35:51,300 --> 00:35:54,600
careful hand. 
Each item followed by a maximum 

662
00:35:54,600 --> 00:35:56,000
price. 
She's willing to pay. 

663
00:35:56,000 --> 00:35:59,400
The village shop is warm. 
After the chill outside heated. 

664
00:35:59,400 --> 00:36:02,200
By a small stove in the corner, 
that makes the air Shimmer 

665
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:05,000
slightly. 
It smells of Everything at Once 

666
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:10,600
coffee, and soap, paraffin, and 
peppermint dried fish and fresh 

667
00:36:10,600 --> 00:36:15,000
bread to backhoe, and molasses 
the scents layer over each other

668
00:36:15,000 --> 00:36:17,500
creating combinations that 
shouldn't work. 

669
00:36:17,500 --> 00:36:21,600
But somehow do. 
Mr. Morrison behind the counter 

670
00:36:21,600 --> 00:36:23,600
greet. 
Your grandmother by name and 

671
00:36:23,600 --> 00:36:27,000
asks after your grandfather's 
rumors and your grandmother 

672
00:36:27,000 --> 00:36:31,200
reports that its neither better 
nor worse which seems to satisfy

673
00:36:31,200 --> 00:36:35,600
both of them. this exchange of 
pleasantries is obligatory, but 

674
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:39,300
genuine people in the village 
track, each other's health, and 

675
00:36:39,300 --> 00:36:43,300
circumstances with real 
interest, the shopping proceeds 

676
00:36:43,300 --> 00:36:46,700
methodically Your grandmother 
examines each orange 

677
00:36:46,700 --> 00:36:50,000
individually. 
Checking for soft spots or signs

678
00:36:50,000 --> 00:36:52,600
of age. 
She holds them up to the light 

679
00:36:52,600 --> 00:36:56,900
looking for skin that's too thin
or too thick, she sniffs them 

680
00:36:56,900 --> 00:37:00,500
checking for the bright Citrus 
scent that indicates freshness. 

681
00:37:02,000 --> 00:37:04,700
Mr. Morrison watches this 
examination with patient 

682
00:37:04,700 --> 00:37:07,400
amusement. 
He knows better than to Russia 

683
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:10,300
or suggests she's being too 
particular the dates gets 

684
00:37:10,300 --> 00:37:14,300
similar scrutiny she counts them
into a paper bag, one by one 

685
00:37:14,300 --> 00:37:16,500
testing their plumpness with 
gentle pressure. 

686
00:37:17,300 --> 00:37:21,500
To dry and they won't be 
pleasant to eat too soft and 

687
00:37:21,500 --> 00:37:23,000
they might have started to 
ferment. 

688
00:37:23,000 --> 00:37:26,300
She is looking for dates that 
yields slightly under pressure 

689
00:37:26,300 --> 00:37:30,300
but spring back that have a 
glossy skin but not a sticky 

690
00:37:30,308 --> 00:37:33,100
one. 
The crackers require the longest

691
00:37:33,100 --> 00:37:35,900
deliberation. 
She examined several different 

692
00:37:35,900 --> 00:37:40,300
boxes, comparing their contents 
and prices the expensive ones, 

693
00:37:40,300 --> 00:37:44,800
promised better prizes inside, 
silver charms, tiny toys, clever

694
00:37:44,800 --> 00:37:48,700
riddles, the cheaper ones, offer
less exciting rewards but cost 

695
00:37:48,700 --> 00:37:51,500
half as much. 
She debates this for a full five

696
00:37:51,500 --> 00:37:54,700
minutes before selecting a box 
of moderate price, neither the 

697
00:37:54,700 --> 00:37:59,000
cheaper, nor the most expensive.
A compromise that satisfies her 

698
00:37:59,000 --> 00:38:02,300
sense of both economy and 
celebration, the other items on 

699
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:06,600
her list, get selected with 
similar care, extra sugar bought

700
00:38:06,600 --> 00:38:08,500
by weight and poured into a 
paper bag. 

701
00:38:08,500 --> 00:38:11,800
Butter in a wrapped block 
examined, to ensure. 

702
00:38:11,800 --> 00:38:15,500
It hasn't begun to turn rancid 
cream in a small bottle. 

703
00:38:15,500 --> 00:38:20,400
Its contents, rich and yellow. 
Currents and sultanas to 

704
00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:22,200
supplement what she already has 
at home. 

705
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:26,100
A small package of candy, 
cherries a luxury. 

706
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:31,200
She allows herself once a year. 
Mr. Morrison wraps each purchase

707
00:38:31,200 --> 00:38:33,400
with care. 
Creating neat, Parcels tied with

708
00:38:33,400 --> 00:38:35,900
string. 
He makes a show of Consulting, 

709
00:38:35,900 --> 00:38:39,600
his Ledger running his finger 
down Columns of numbers, though.

710
00:38:39,600 --> 00:38:42,600
You suspect, he knows exactly 
what your family owes without 

711
00:38:42,600 --> 00:38:45,300
needing to check your 
grandmother keeps her own 

712
00:38:45,300 --> 00:38:47,700
accounting and the two of them 
compared notes, finding their 

713
00:38:47,700 --> 00:38:52,100
records in agreement, the total 
comes to slightly less than your

714
00:38:52,100 --> 00:38:54,700
grandmother. 
Budgeted a fact that pleases her

715
00:38:54,700 --> 00:38:57,300
visibly. 
She tucks the remaining coins 

716
00:38:57,300 --> 00:38:59,000
back into her. 
Purse with satisfaction 

717
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:03,200
unexpected savings that can be 
deployed elsewhere or simply 

718
00:39:03,200 --> 00:39:08,700
saved against future need On the
walk home fat raindrops Begin to

719
00:39:08,700 --> 00:39:11,500
Fall scattered at first and then
more steadily. 

720
00:39:11,500 --> 00:39:14,700
You hurry the last few yards 
laughing as you burst through 

721
00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:17,800
the door with your Parcels 
intact but your hair decorated 

722
00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:22,700
with droplets the shopping gets 
unpacked and stored away each 

723
00:39:22,700 --> 00:39:26,100
item in its designated place 
ready for the Christmas that 

724
00:39:26,100 --> 00:39:30,100
draws steadily nearer. 
That evening, you add the dates 

725
00:39:30,100 --> 00:39:32,400
to your mental. 
Catalog of Christmas markers. 

726
00:39:32,400 --> 00:39:35,700
The oranges in the pantry, 
wrapped individually and tissue 

727
00:39:35,700 --> 00:39:37,700
paper. 
The crackers are on the high 

728
00:39:37,700 --> 00:39:39,700
shelf. 
Their contents are mystery until

729
00:39:39,700 --> 00:39:42,700
Christmas dinner. 
He's purchased luxuries, join 

730
00:39:42,700 --> 00:39:46,400
the maid things, the jam and 
bottled fruit, the hanging 

731
00:39:46,400 --> 00:39:49,900
puddings, the hidden gifts in 
creating the accumulating 

732
00:39:49,900 --> 00:39:52,200
evidence. 
That Christmas is coming, the 

733
00:39:52,200 --> 00:39:54,100
house itself must be prepared, 
though. 

734
00:39:54,100 --> 00:39:56,600
Not the Frantic, last minute way
of later eras. 

735
00:39:56,600 --> 00:40:00,000
In preparation happens in 
layers. 

736
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:02,800
Each task completed in its 
proper season. 

737
00:40:02,800 --> 00:40:05,700
November brings the deep 
cleaning that will carry the 

738
00:40:05,700 --> 00:40:07,700
household. 
Through Winter's darkest months 

739
00:40:07,700 --> 00:40:10,100
and early. 
December sees the beginning of 

740
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:13,900
decoration, the house must be 
both spotlessly clean and 

741
00:40:13,900 --> 00:40:17,500
festively adorned a combination 
that requires planning and 

742
00:40:17,500 --> 00:40:20,400
sustained effort. 
You start with the windows. 

743
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:24,900
This seems counterintuitive, why
clean windows, when winter rain 

744
00:40:24,900 --> 00:40:27,600
and wind will only dirty them 
again, but your grandmother 

745
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:31,200
insist, Christmas requires 
light, whatever. 

746
00:40:31,200 --> 00:40:34,200
Light can be coaxed from short, 
winter days and Long, Winter 

747
00:40:34,200 --> 00:40:36,800
nights, and dirty Windows, 
diminish. 

748
00:40:36,800 --> 00:40:40,500
Even that meager offering clean 
glass allows every possible. 

749
00:40:40,500 --> 00:40:43,600
Photon to enter brightening 
rooms that spend, most of 

750
00:40:43,600 --> 00:40:47,100
December in Shadow. 
The work requires planning. 

751
00:40:47,100 --> 00:40:50,500
You can't clean windows. 
When rain threatens, or when 

752
00:40:50,500 --> 00:40:52,200
wind might blow dust into the 
wet. 

753
00:40:52,200 --> 00:40:57,300
Glass you wait for a still dry 
day, increasingly rare as winter

754
00:40:57,300 --> 00:41:01,500
deepens, and prepare your 
supplies vinegar and water mixed

755
00:41:01,500 --> 00:41:04,900
in a bucket newspaper. 
Torn into squares for polishing 

756
00:41:04,900 --> 00:41:08,700
Rags for the initial washing and
shamwa leather for the final 

757
00:41:08,700 --> 00:41:11,100
buff. 
The process is more elaborate 

758
00:41:11,100 --> 00:41:14,200
than modern window cleaning. 
You start by washing the glass, 

759
00:41:14,200 --> 00:41:18,000
with the vinegar solution, 
removing the accumulated Grime 

760
00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:22,000
of months, the rag comes away. 
Black revealing just how dirty 

761
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:24,200
the windows of become without 
your quite noticing. 

762
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:28,300
You wash each paint twice, then 
dry it with crumpled newspaper. 

763
00:41:28,300 --> 00:41:31,800
The Printers Inc, leaving faint 
Grace, smudges on your hands. 

764
00:41:32,600 --> 00:41:35,800
The final step involves the 
ShamWow leather, which polishes 

765
00:41:35,800 --> 00:41:38,300
the glass to a Clarity that 
seems almost liquid. 

766
00:41:39,100 --> 00:41:43,000
You work in circular motions 
buffing until the window squeaks

767
00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:46,100
under your touch. 
Transformation is remarkable. 

768
00:41:46,100 --> 00:41:49,200
What seemed? 
Merely Dirty Glass becomes 

769
00:41:49,200 --> 00:41:52,600
transparent. 
Almost invisible, allowing light

770
00:41:52,600 --> 00:41:56,300
to pour through unimpeded. 
You clean windows all morning, 

771
00:41:56,300 --> 00:42:00,400
moving from room to room 
climbing, step, ladders and 

772
00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:03,800
leaning out of upper windows in 
ways that would horrify a modern

773
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:06,400
safety inspector. 
Your arms ache from the 

774
00:42:06,408 --> 00:42:09,800
repetitive motions and your 
fingers grow numb from the cold,

775
00:42:09,800 --> 00:42:14,100
but the work produces visible 
results and they're satisfaction

776
00:42:14,100 --> 00:42:17,600
in that the difference. 
Once you finish seems almost 

777
00:42:17,600 --> 00:42:21,300
miraculous, like pausing to 
rooms that had grown dim without

778
00:42:21,300 --> 00:42:24,600
your quite noticing. 
Corners emerge from Shadow 

779
00:42:24,600 --> 00:42:28,800
revealing cobwebs, that must now
be dealt with colors, Brighton. 

780
00:42:29,700 --> 00:42:33,200
The Faded roses on the wallpaper
are suddenly visible again and 

781
00:42:33,200 --> 00:42:35,800
the blue and white of the 
kitchen Pottery is restored to 

782
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:38,700
its proper. 
Vibrancy, you understand why 

783
00:42:38,700 --> 00:42:40,600
your grandmother insisted on 
this task? 

784
00:42:40,600 --> 00:42:44,100
Despite the effort it required, 
the curtains, come down next. 

785
00:42:44,100 --> 00:42:49,100
All of them, room by room. 
Some get washed, the light 

786
00:42:49,100 --> 00:42:51,500
cotton ones from the bedrooms 
that will survive the treatment.

787
00:42:51,500 --> 00:42:53,800
You fill the copper in the yard 
with water. 

788
00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:57,200
And heated over a fire and soap,
flakes and carefully, submerge 

789
00:42:57,200 --> 00:43:00,200
the curtains. 
They must be agitated gently to 

790
00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:03,100
avoid damage. 
Rinse thoroughly to remove all 

791
00:43:03,100 --> 00:43:06,200
soap and hang to dry in a way 
that prevents wrinkles. 

792
00:43:07,100 --> 00:43:09,000
The heavier curtains receive 
different treatment. 

793
00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:12,600
The Velvet ones from the front 
room would be ruined by washing.

794
00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:15,900
So instead you take them outside
and beat them with a carpet 

795
00:43:15,900 --> 00:43:19,800
beater, releasing clouds of dust
that make you cough and sneeze. 

796
00:43:19,800 --> 00:43:23,400
You work systematically folding 
the curtain over a line and 

797
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:25,900
beating each section until no 
more dust emerges. 

798
00:43:26,900 --> 00:43:29,700
The physical effort leaves you 
breathless, but the curtains 

799
00:43:29,700 --> 00:43:32,800
look significantly better. 
When you finish the wall 

800
00:43:32,800 --> 00:43:35,400
curtains from the dining room, 
get brushed carefully with a 

801
00:43:35,400 --> 00:43:38,600
soft brush working with the nap 
to avoid damage. 

802
00:43:39,600 --> 00:43:42,900
Your grandmother performs, this 
task herself, a movement's, 

803
00:43:42,900 --> 00:43:46,300
patient and methodical. 
Each curtain receives the same 

804
00:43:46,300 --> 00:43:48,600
careful. 
Attention with brushstrokes 

805
00:43:48,600 --> 00:43:51,900
following the Fabrics. 
Natural grain collecting dust 

806
00:43:51,900 --> 00:43:53,500
without a braiding. 
The material. 

807
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:58,600
Once cleaned the curtains must 
be aired before being re-hung, 

808
00:43:58,600 --> 00:44:02,100
you drape them over lines in the
yard where sun and wind work, 

809
00:44:02,100 --> 00:44:05,200
their restorative magic, they 
hang like strange. 

810
00:44:05,200 --> 00:44:07,600
Banners moving gently in the 
breeze. 

811
00:44:07,600 --> 00:44:11,300
Gradually releasing the indoor 
smells they've absorbed and 

812
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:13,400
taking on the fresh scent of 
Outdoors. 

813
00:44:13,400 --> 00:44:17,300
Floors receive attention. 
Next, the rugs go outside for 

814
00:44:17,300 --> 00:44:20,800
beating a job that requires two 
people and considerable 

815
00:44:20,800 --> 00:44:23,500
strength. 
You and your father carry each 

816
00:44:23,500 --> 00:44:27,500
rug to the yard, drape it over a
sturdy line and take turns 

817
00:44:27,500 --> 00:44:31,000
beating it with a carpet beater.
The dust that emerges seems 

818
00:44:31,000 --> 00:44:33,800
impossible. 
How could one rug contain so 

819
00:44:33,800 --> 00:44:37,000
much dirt? 
The beating continues until the 

820
00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:41,000
dust clouds diminished to almost
nothing until your arms burn 

821
00:44:41,000 --> 00:44:43,600
with exhaustion with the rugs 
removed. 

822
00:44:43,600 --> 00:44:47,000
The floorboards beneath them see
light for the first time in 

823
00:44:47,000 --> 00:44:51,700
months, The revealed wood looks 
pale and neglected marked with 

824
00:44:51,700 --> 00:44:55,100
indentations, from furniture 
legs, and dark, and in the Parks

825
00:44:55,100 --> 00:44:58,900
people walk most frequently, you
sweep, these boards thoroughly 

826
00:44:58,900 --> 00:45:02,500
getting into corners and under 
Furniture amazed at how much 

827
00:45:02,500 --> 00:45:05,900
dust and debris, a household can
generate even in rooms that seem

828
00:45:05,900 --> 00:45:09,700
clean in the front room. 
You even polish the floorboards 

829
00:45:09,700 --> 00:45:12,200
with beeswax working on your 
hands and knees with soft 

830
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:14,800
cloths. 
The wax has to be applied 

831
00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:18,800
sparingly and buffed vigorously 
to achieve the proper Sheen. 

832
00:45:18,800 --> 00:45:20,900
Your grandmother shows you the 
technique. 

833
00:45:20,900 --> 00:45:25,100
Small circular motions building 
up heat through friction the 

834
00:45:25,100 --> 00:45:27,400
wax. 
Gradually achieving a deep glow.

835
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:31,300
The work is tedious and hard on 
the knees, but the results 

836
00:45:31,300 --> 00:45:34,400
justify the effort. 
The floorboards gleam like 

837
00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:38,300
honey, reflecting light in a way
that makes the entire room seem 

838
00:45:38,300 --> 00:45:40,800
warmer. 
Your mother tackles the kitchen 

839
00:45:40,800 --> 00:45:43,500
range, a job. 
She's been dreading for weeks, 

840
00:45:43,500 --> 00:45:47,200
the range serves Faithfully, all
the year heating water and 

841
00:45:47,200 --> 00:45:48,800
cooking meals and warming the 
kitchen. 

842
00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:53,100
But it rewards this service by 
accumulating Greece and soot in 

843
00:45:53,100 --> 00:45:54,700
quantities. 
That seemed impossible. 

844
00:45:54,700 --> 00:45:58,800
It's a beast of cast iron and 
firebrick with hot plates and 

845
00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:01,600
ovens and a water reservoir, and
every surface requires 

846
00:46:01,600 --> 00:46:04,500
attention. 
Starts by letting the fire. 

847
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:07,800
Go out completely waiting until 
the range is cool. 

848
00:46:07,800 --> 00:46:10,600
Enough to touch, then she begins
disassembling. 

849
00:46:10,600 --> 00:46:13,200
What can be disassembled hot 
plate? 

850
00:46:13,200 --> 00:46:17,200
Covers oven doors and the 
various metal pieces that can be

851
00:46:17,200 --> 00:46:20,800
removed for separate cleaning. 
Each piece gets soaked in a 

852
00:46:20,800 --> 00:46:23,400
solution of washing soda. 
The course. 

853
00:46:23,400 --> 00:46:25,000
Stick mixer cutting through 
grease. 

854
00:46:25,000 --> 00:46:27,000
That has baked on over months of
use. 

855
00:46:27,800 --> 00:46:30,500
The scrubbing requires, 
determination and elbow. 

856
00:46:30,500 --> 00:46:34,400
Grease, your mother works with 
wire brushes and steel wool, her

857
00:46:34,400 --> 00:46:38,200
hands protected by thick gloves 
that are nevertheless inadequate

858
00:46:38,200 --> 00:46:39,900
against the harsh cleaning 
solution. 

859
00:46:39,900 --> 00:46:43,600
She scrubs until her arms, ache 
removing layers of accumulated 

860
00:46:43,600 --> 00:46:48,000
carbon and grease revealing. 
The original metal beneath You 

861
00:46:48,000 --> 00:46:51,100
help by running back and forth 
with buckets of clean water for 

862
00:46:51,100 --> 00:46:53,500
rinsing and bowls for the dirty 
water. 

863
00:46:53,500 --> 00:46:56,200
The dirty water is 
spectacularly. 

864
00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:59,300
Filthy black with soot and 
clouded with grease. 

865
00:46:59,300 --> 00:47:03,500
You empty bowl after bowling. 
The contents into the drain in 

866
00:47:03,500 --> 00:47:06,100
the yard, watching it soak into 
the ground. 

867
00:47:07,500 --> 00:47:10,200
The range is interior requires, 
special attention. 

868
00:47:10,200 --> 00:47:15,200
The Firebox must be scraped 
clean of Ash and clinker the 

869
00:47:15,200 --> 00:47:19,400
build-up that forms when cold 
Burns incompletely, Your mother 

870
00:47:19,400 --> 00:47:22,700
uses a special tool for this 
working carefully to avoid 

871
00:47:22,700 --> 00:47:24,300
damaging. 
The fire brick lining. 

872
00:47:24,300 --> 00:47:28,700
The flu gets swept releasing a 
fall of soot that must be caught

873
00:47:28,700 --> 00:47:32,400
and disposed of every surface 
gets scrubbed and rinsed and 

874
00:47:32,400 --> 00:47:35,800
dried by the time the range is 
reassembled and Polished. 

875
00:47:35,800 --> 00:47:40,100
Your mother's hands are raw and 
her face streaked with soot but 

876
00:47:40,100 --> 00:47:45,000
the range gleams like knew that 
black Iron shines, the Chrome 

877
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:48,600
fittings Sparkle and the oven 
doors closed with a satisfying 

878
00:47:48,600 --> 00:47:50,600
click. 
It seems to draw better 

879
00:47:50,600 --> 00:47:53,500
afterwards as though it 
appreciates the attention and 

880
00:47:53,500 --> 00:47:56,900
wants to reward the effort with 
improved performance, the 

881
00:47:56,900 --> 00:47:59,900
bedrooms receive fresh. 
White wash, where needed the 

882
00:47:59,900 --> 00:48:02,900
walls in house is of this era 
were painted with the durable, 

883
00:48:02,900 --> 00:48:06,000
paints of late years, but 
whitewashed with a mixture of 

884
00:48:06,008 --> 00:48:09,100
lime and water that absorbed 
dirt and had to be renewed. 

885
00:48:09,100 --> 00:48:12,600
Periodically, your father 
tackles this job mixing, the 

886
00:48:12,600 --> 00:48:16,000
whitewash to the proper 
consistency and applying it with

887
00:48:16,000 --> 00:48:18,500
a wide brush in smooth even 
Strokes. 

888
00:48:19,300 --> 00:48:22,800
The whitewash goes on wet, and 
translucent looking nothing like

889
00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:25,300
its final appearance as it 
dries. 

890
00:48:25,300 --> 00:48:28,200
It transforms becoming opaque 
and Brilliant White. 

891
00:48:29,100 --> 00:48:31,700
The transformation makes rooms 
feel larger and brighter 

892
00:48:31,700 --> 00:48:35,300
reflecting whatever. 
Light managers to enter fresh. 

893
00:48:35,300 --> 00:48:38,800
Whitewash also has a clean 
chalky and somehow optimistic 

894
00:48:38,800 --> 00:48:40,500
smell that makes a room feel 
renewed. 

895
00:48:41,600 --> 00:48:44,000
Minor repairs. 
Get completed in this General 

896
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:47,200
atmosphere of improvement. 
Your father spends a Sunday 

897
00:48:47,200 --> 00:48:50,000
morning with his toolbox, moving
from room to room and addressing

898
00:48:50,000 --> 00:48:53,200
the small maintenance issues 
that have accumulated loose 

899
00:48:53,200 --> 00:48:55,700
door. 
Handles, get tightened squeaky 

900
00:48:55,700 --> 00:48:58,300
hinges. 
Receive drops of oil, a loose 

901
00:48:58,300 --> 00:49:00,000
floorboard in the hallway, gets 
nailed back. 

902
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:03,700
Down the banister that wobbled 
slightly is secured firmly to 

903
00:49:03,700 --> 00:49:06,200
the wall. 
The small fixes, make the house 

904
00:49:06,200 --> 00:49:10,400
feel more solid, more cared for 
the accumulation of minor 

905
00:49:10,400 --> 00:49:13,500
problems. 
None serious individually a 

906
00:49:13,500 --> 00:49:16,100
created, a general sense of 
happiness that you didn't fully 

907
00:49:16,100 --> 00:49:20,100
recognize until it disappeared. 
Now, doors closed, smoothly, 

908
00:49:20,100 --> 00:49:23,000
floors. 
Don't Creak unexpectedly and 

909
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:26,000
everything works as it. 
Should the house settles in 

910
00:49:26,000 --> 00:49:29,300
Tibet order and seems to stand a
bit straighter ready for the 

911
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:32,000
celebration to come. 
Walking through it. 

912
00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:35,000
Now feels different. 
The increased light from clean 

913
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:37,600
windows, the fresh walls and the
gleaming floors. 

914
00:49:37,600 --> 00:49:41,600
All of it combines to create an 
atmosphere of redness and 

915
00:49:41,600 --> 00:49:45,100
welcome in the eyes of adults. 
Children exist somewhere between

916
00:49:45,100 --> 00:49:47,900
helpers and obstacles during 
Christmas preparations. 

917
00:49:48,600 --> 00:49:52,200
You're old enough now to be 
genuinely useful capable of 

918
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:55,700
completing tasks without 
constant supervision, but you 

919
00:49:55,700 --> 00:49:58,000
remember, clearly, when you were
young enough to be merely 

920
00:49:58,000 --> 00:50:01,900
decorative included in tasks, 
more for the traditional of it 

921
00:50:01,908 --> 00:50:05,200
than for any real assistance, 
you could provide the youngest 

922
00:50:05,200 --> 00:50:07,700
cousin visiting for the 
afternoon while her mother helps

923
00:50:07,700 --> 00:50:08,800
your grandmother with some 
project. 

924
00:50:09,700 --> 00:50:14,400
Demonstrates this perfectly. 
She's five years old gap, tooth 

925
00:50:14,400 --> 00:50:18,200
and solemn and she's been set to
stringing popcorn for garlands. 

926
00:50:18,200 --> 00:50:22,200
This is a traditional tasks for 
small children, one that keeps 

927
00:50:22,200 --> 00:50:24,000
their hands busy and produces 
something. 

928
00:50:24,000 --> 00:50:27,200
Genuinely useful. 
While minimizing the potential 

929
00:50:27,200 --> 00:50:30,900
for disaster, she approaches the
work with intense concentration.

930
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:34,300
Her tongue poking slightly from 
the corner of her mouth as she 

931
00:50:34,308 --> 00:50:36,300
threads, each kernel onto the 
string. 

932
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:39,300
The needle is blunt and the 
thread is thick. 

933
00:50:39,300 --> 00:50:43,300
Reducing the likelihood of 
injury, a bowl of popcorn, sits 

934
00:50:43,300 --> 00:50:47,400
beside her carefully prepared 
pop the day before so it's dry 

935
00:50:47,400 --> 00:50:50,200
enough to thread without 
crumbling but not so old, it's 

936
00:50:50,200 --> 00:50:52,900
gone stale. 
The problem you notice with 

937
00:50:52,900 --> 00:50:56,500
Amusement is that she eats 
approximately three kernels for 

938
00:50:56,500 --> 00:50:59,500
every one she threats. 
The process goes like this. 

939
00:51:00,300 --> 00:51:03,000
She selects a kernel from the 
bowl, examines it. 

940
00:51:03,000 --> 00:51:06,600
Carefully and eats it selects 
another kernel threads, it onto 

941
00:51:06,600 --> 00:51:10,300
a string and eats the next one. 
The resulting Garland grows with

942
00:51:10,300 --> 00:51:13,800
glacial slowness, but she 
remains absorbed in the task 

943
00:51:13,800 --> 00:51:17,000
humming tuneless. 
As she works your grandmother 

944
00:51:17,000 --> 00:51:20,800
supervising while she works on 
something else pretends not to 

945
00:51:20,800 --> 00:51:23,300
notice the ratio of eaten to 
threaded popcorn. 

946
00:51:23,300 --> 00:51:27,600
The popcorn is cheap, the 
child's happiness, valuable, and

947
00:51:27,600 --> 00:51:30,200
the mathematics of the 
situation, favor, letting her 

948
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:32,300
continued. 
Even if the garlands progress 

949
00:51:32,300 --> 00:51:35,700
slowly eventually, there will be
enough Garland for decorative 

950
00:51:35,700 --> 00:51:37,800
purposes. 
And in the meantime, the child 

951
00:51:37,800 --> 00:51:41,400
is occupied and content. 
Older children get more 

952
00:51:41,400 --> 00:51:45,100
substantial, responsibilities 
your brother recently, turned 

953
00:51:45,100 --> 00:51:48,900
30, and newly aware of his own 
capabilities, as has been tasked

954
00:51:48,900 --> 00:51:50,800
with polishing, all the brass in
the house. 

955
00:51:51,700 --> 00:51:55,700
This is a significant job, your 
family possesses a surprising 

956
00:51:55,700 --> 00:51:59,700
amount of brass for people. 
Of modest means candlesticks are

957
00:51:59,700 --> 00:52:03,800
varying sizes, door handles, and
knockers the coal scuttle and 

958
00:52:03,800 --> 00:52:07,500
fire irons, draw, poles and 
picture frames, and even the 

959
00:52:07,500 --> 00:52:09,900
small brass ornaments, your 
grandmother displays on the 

960
00:52:09,900 --> 00:52:12,300
mantle piece. 
He works methodically at the 

961
00:52:12,300 --> 00:52:14,900
kitchen table which has been 
covered with layers of newspaper

962
00:52:14,900 --> 00:52:18,400
to protect it from the Polish, 
his supplies are raid with 

963
00:52:18,400 --> 00:52:22,400
military Precision, a tin of 
metal polish, soft Rags for 

964
00:52:22,400 --> 00:52:26,500
application, slightly, rougher 
ones for buffing a small brush 

965
00:52:26,500 --> 00:52:29,000
for getting into Craisins and a 
bowl of water. 

966
00:52:29,000 --> 00:52:33,100
For renting, his hands between 
items, the work transforms him 

967
00:52:33,100 --> 00:52:36,200
over the course of an afternoon.
He starts cheerful and 

968
00:52:36,200 --> 00:52:39,000
energetic, making good progress.
On the first few items. 

969
00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:43,100
The brass responds to his 
efforts dull, surfaces becoming 

970
00:52:43,100 --> 00:52:46,400
bright tarnished dissolving 
under the polishes chemical 

971
00:52:46,400 --> 00:52:49,300
action. 
But brass polishing is tedious 

972
00:52:49,300 --> 00:52:51,500
work. 
Requiring sustained effort. 

973
00:52:51,500 --> 00:52:56,000
And there's so much brass by the
third Candlestick, his movements

974
00:52:56,000 --> 00:52:59,500
of slowed. 
By the 5th, he singing quietly 

975
00:52:59,500 --> 00:53:03,800
to himself some made up song 
about brass and Christmas and 

976
00:53:03,800 --> 00:53:06,500
the unfairness of having been 
born into a family with. 

977
00:53:06,500 --> 00:53:10,500
So many metal objects, Song has 
a mournful quality but also 

978
00:53:10,500 --> 00:53:15,000
humor, he's complaining, but not
seriously marking time in a way.

979
00:53:15,008 --> 00:53:18,600
That makes the work pass faster.
You take pity on him and help 

980
00:53:18,600 --> 00:53:21,800
with the fire irons which are 
large and awkward and require 

981
00:53:21,800 --> 00:53:24,800
real muscle to polish properly. 
Working together. 

982
00:53:24,800 --> 00:53:29,100
You fall into a rhythm and the 
job moves faster, your brother's

983
00:53:29,100 --> 00:53:32,800
Spirits lift and his song 
becomes slightly less mournful 

984
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:37,800
evolving into something, almost 
cheerful, the transformation of 

985
00:53:37,800 --> 00:53:40,200
each piece of brass follows a 
predictable pattern. 

986
00:53:40,200 --> 00:53:43,900
At first, the Polish seems to 
make things worse, creating a 

987
00:53:43,900 --> 00:53:47,200
dark smudge that obscures what 
ever shine might have existed 

988
00:53:47,200 --> 00:53:51,700
before then as you buff, the 
smudge begins to lift revealing 

989
00:53:51,700 --> 00:53:55,700
brightness beneath Tarnished 
transfers to your cloth leaving 

990
00:53:55,700 --> 00:53:58,500
black marks that demonstrate 
both the amount of cleaning 

991
00:53:58,500 --> 00:54:00,900
needed and the effectiveness of 
your work. 

992
00:54:01,600 --> 00:54:04,700
Final stage requires vigorous 
buffing with a clean cloth, 

993
00:54:04,700 --> 00:54:08,500
building up heat through 
friction the brass warming under

994
00:54:08,500 --> 00:54:10,700
your hands. 
As achieve as its full Shine. 

995
00:54:10,700 --> 00:54:14,500
The reward comes when you hold a
completed piece up to the light 

996
00:54:14,500 --> 00:54:17,600
and see your distorted 
reflection in its gleaming 

997
00:54:17,600 --> 00:54:20,600
surface. 
The smallest children contribute

998
00:54:20,600 --> 00:54:23,400
in their own way mostly by 
staying out of the way. 

999
00:54:23,400 --> 00:54:26,800
At crucial moments, they get 
sent on Ernest Darren's that 

1000
00:54:26,800 --> 00:54:29,300
keep them occupied while 
accomplishing little practical 

1001
00:54:29,300 --> 00:54:32,000
purpose. 
Go count, how many jars of jam 

1002
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:34,700
in the pantry. 
See if you can find my green 

1003
00:54:34,700 --> 00:54:38,300
scarf in the chest upstairs, 
check whether the hens of laid, 

1004
00:54:38,300 --> 00:54:41,300
any eggs in the last hour. 
These missions provide the 

1005
00:54:41,300 --> 00:54:44,300
children with a sense of 
participation while removing 

1006
00:54:44,300 --> 00:54:46,700
them from underfoot during 
delicate operations. 

1007
00:54:46,700 --> 00:54:50,400
Your youngest cousin returns 
from Counting jam jars with a 

1008
00:54:50,400 --> 00:54:53,000
reported total. 
That seems improbable Either she

1009
00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:55,900
can't count accurately yet or 
she lost track partway through 

1010
00:54:55,900 --> 00:54:59,700
but she delivers a report with 
pride and your grandmother. 

1011
00:54:59,700 --> 00:55:04,200
Thanks her Gravely as though the
information is crucial, you 

1012
00:55:04,200 --> 00:55:07,000
remember being that age, 
remember the importance of 

1013
00:55:07,008 --> 00:55:09,900
feeling useful. 
Even when you weren't and you 

1014
00:55:09,900 --> 00:55:12,600
treat the small ones with 
patients when they interrupt 

1015
00:55:12,600 --> 00:55:16,400
important work to show you a 
particularly interesting Stone, 

1016
00:55:16,400 --> 00:55:20,800
they found or to ask whether 
Angels wear shoes, the children 

1017
00:55:20,800 --> 00:55:23,700
questions reveal the way their 
processing Christmas is 

1018
00:55:23,700 --> 00:55:25,900
approaching reality. 
Well, Father. 

1019
00:55:25,900 --> 00:55:27,500
Christmas know we moved to a new
house. 

1020
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:30,300
How does he visit all the 
children in one night? 

1021
00:55:30,300 --> 00:55:34,000
What if the reindeer get tired? 
You answer as best. 

1022
00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:37,600
You can maintaining the magic 
while avoiding outright lies 

1023
00:55:37,600 --> 00:55:41,300
that might later cause trust 
issues as Christmas draws 

1024
00:55:41,300 --> 00:55:43,600
closer. 
The children is excitement. 

1025
00:55:43,600 --> 00:55:46,700
Becomes almost tangible. 
It shimmers around them like, 

1026
00:55:46,700 --> 00:55:50,600
heat Haze visible in the way 
they bounce, rather than walk, 

1027
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:54,100
the way they whisper in Corners 
about suspected GIFs. 

1028
00:55:54,600 --> 00:55:57,700
The way they wake earlier each 
morning as though eager to hurry

1029
00:55:57,700 --> 00:56:01,200
time along, they attempt to stay
awake on Christmas Eve to catch 

1030
00:56:01,200 --> 00:56:04,500
some glimpse of magic. 
Hiding at the top of the stairs,

1031
00:56:04,500 --> 00:56:08,200
peeking around door frames, 
fighting sleep with increasing 

1032
00:56:08,200 --> 00:56:12,700
desperation, they never succeed,
sleep claims them, despite their

1033
00:56:12,700 --> 00:56:15,000
best efforts. 
And they wake Christmas morning 

1034
00:56:15,000 --> 00:56:18,800
with no memory of the transition
disappointed and relieved in 

1035
00:56:18,800 --> 00:56:22,800
equal measure. 
Their Joy proves contagious even

1036
00:56:22,800 --> 00:56:25,800
when you're tired from work or 
frustrated with some tasks that 

1037
00:56:25,800 --> 00:56:28,600
won't come right. 
They are genuine Delight in the 

1038
00:56:28,600 --> 00:56:30,500
season, restores your own 
anticipation. 

1039
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:34,700
You remember why all this effort
matters, why the Traditions 

1040
00:56:34,700 --> 00:56:37,500
continue and why Christmas 
remains worth the work. 

1041
00:56:37,500 --> 00:56:40,300
It requires watching your 
youngest cousins string. 

1042
00:56:40,300 --> 00:56:43,500
Her slow, Garland eating more 
popcorn than she threads. 

1043
00:56:43,500 --> 00:56:47,100
You reminded that Christmas 
isn't really about perfection or

1044
00:56:47,100 --> 00:56:50,200
efficiency. 
It's about participation about 

1045
00:56:50,200 --> 00:56:53,700
belonging to something larger 
than yourself and about sharing 

1046
00:56:53,700 --> 00:56:56,500
in Traditions that connect you 
backwards through time and 

1047
00:56:56,500 --> 00:57:00,100
forward into the future. 
The child's imperfect Garland 

1048
00:57:00,100 --> 00:57:02,600
matters More Than A thick one 
purchased from a shop. 

1049
00:57:03,300 --> 00:57:06,700
Precisely, because she made it 
herself because it represents 

1050
00:57:06,700 --> 00:57:09,000
her contribution to the family 
celebration. 

1051
00:57:10,200 --> 00:57:13,500
Christmas preparation isn't 
entirely a household Affair. 

1052
00:57:13,500 --> 00:57:17,700
The Village itself participates 
with various communal efforts, 

1053
00:57:17,700 --> 00:57:20,700
that distribute both work and 
celebration across multiple 

1054
00:57:20,700 --> 00:57:23,400
families. 
The church requires decorating, 

1055
00:57:23,400 --> 00:57:26,900
the Village Hall needs preparing
for the Christmas dance, and 

1056
00:57:26,900 --> 00:57:30,000
various small, kindnesses must 
be organized for those who need 

1057
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:32,000
them. 
These Collective efforts create 

1058
00:57:32,000 --> 00:57:35,700
bonds that extend beyond 
individual households weaving 

1059
00:57:35,700 --> 00:57:38,300
the community together in 
preparation for a shared 

1060
00:57:38,300 --> 00:57:40,600
celebration. 
You volunteer to help with the 

1061
00:57:40,608 --> 00:57:44,900
church decorations, partly from 
genuine devotion and partly 

1062
00:57:44,900 --> 00:57:47,200
because you enjoy the 
companionship of working 

1063
00:57:47,200 --> 00:57:51,000
alongside neighbors, you might 
not otherwise, see often the 

1064
00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:54,100
work happens on a bitterly cold 
after noon in early, December 

1065
00:57:54,100 --> 00:57:57,900
with frosts still lingering in 
the shadows of gravestones and 

1066
00:57:57,900 --> 00:58:01,200
your breath visible in white 
clouds that dissipate slowly in 

1067
00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:04,700
the still air. 
The churchyard shows signs of 

1068
00:58:04,700 --> 00:58:07,500
Winter's Advanced. 
The grass is turned brown and 

1069
00:58:07,500 --> 00:58:09,100
brittle crunching under your 
feet. 

1070
00:58:09,100 --> 00:58:12,600
The trees stand bare. 
Their branches black against the

1071
00:58:12,600 --> 00:58:16,500
colorless Sky, a few late roses 
cling to bushes near the church 

1072
00:58:16,500 --> 00:58:19,100
door, their petals browned and 
fragile. 

1073
00:58:19,900 --> 00:58:22,300
Lasting days passed. 
What seems possible. 

1074
00:58:23,100 --> 00:58:25,300
Inside the church. 
It's not much warmer than 

1075
00:58:25,300 --> 00:58:27,800
outside but at least your 
sheltered from the wind. 

1076
00:58:28,500 --> 00:58:30,500
Stone walls, seem to radiate 
cold. 

1077
00:58:30,500 --> 00:58:33,600
And you can see Frost patterns 
in the corners of Windows. 

1078
00:58:33,600 --> 00:58:36,900
The Vicar's wife has organized 
the effort with military 

1079
00:58:36,900 --> 00:58:39,100
Precision. 
She stands at the front of the 

1080
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:42,600
church with a clipboard and a 
list Consulting, it frequently 

1081
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:45,900
and dispatching, volunteers to 
various tasks with clear 

1082
00:58:45,900 --> 00:58:50,100
Specific Instructions. 
Your assigned to Greenery 

1083
00:58:50,100 --> 00:58:53,900
collection, a job that sends you
back outside with clippers and 

1084
00:58:53,908 --> 00:58:57,000
baskets, searching hedgerows and
Woodland edges. 

1085
00:58:57,000 --> 00:59:00,700
For Holly Ivy, and anything 
else, suitably festive, several 

1086
00:59:00,700 --> 00:59:04,000
other volunteers, join you on 
this Expedition and you spread 

1087
00:59:04,000 --> 00:59:05,700
out across the surrounding 
Countryside. 

1088
00:59:05,700 --> 00:59:09,200
Each person taking a different 
direction to maximize coverage. 

1089
00:59:09,200 --> 00:59:12,500
The work requires more 
discernment than you initially 

1090
00:59:12,500 --> 00:59:15,800
expected. 
Not just any Holly will do you 

1091
00:59:15,800 --> 00:59:19,000
need branches with good Berry 
production, the bright red 

1092
00:59:19,000 --> 00:59:22,200
barriers, that symbolize 
Christmas joy, and the leaves 

1093
00:59:22,200 --> 00:59:26,100
should be glossy and dark green 
rather than pale or damaged by 

1094
00:59:26,100 --> 00:59:30,800
Frost. the perfect Holly branch 
has clustered thickly along the 

1095
00:59:30,800 --> 00:59:34,600
stem leaves that a hole and 
vibrant and a shape that will 

1096
00:59:34,600 --> 00:59:39,400
look good when arranged Finding 
such branches takes time, you 

1097
00:59:39,400 --> 00:59:42,300
walk along, hedgerows examining 
each hollybush. 

1098
00:59:42,300 --> 00:59:46,300
Critically many a few or No 
Berries, perhaps birds have 

1099
00:59:46,300 --> 00:59:49,300
already taken them or perhaps 
the summer weather, didn't favor

1100
00:59:49,300 --> 00:59:54,000
Berry production, others, have 
berries, but damaged leaves or 

1101
00:59:54,000 --> 00:59:57,200
leaves in good condition. 
But sparse berries, you're 

1102
00:59:57,200 --> 01:00:00,000
looking for that perfect 
combination and it's rarer than 

1103
01:00:00,000 --> 01:00:03,300
you'd hoped, The Ivy must be 
Supple enough to drape 

1104
01:00:03,300 --> 01:00:06,700
gracefully rather than breaking 
when bent you test, this by 

1105
01:00:06,700 --> 01:00:09,800
carefully bending strands seeing
which ones Flex smoothly, and 

1106
01:00:09,800 --> 01:00:14,500
which snap Ivy has a slight 
shine to its leaves and trails 

1107
01:00:14,500 --> 01:00:17,400
in Long, elegant lengths, that 
can be woven into Garland or 

1108
01:00:17,400 --> 01:00:20,700
draped over Stone. 
You also look for Pine or fur 

1109
01:00:20,700 --> 01:00:24,000
bows, not common in this area, 
but a neighbor has a few 

1110
01:00:24,000 --> 01:00:25,800
ornamental Evergreens in his 
garden. 

1111
01:00:25,800 --> 01:00:27,400
And has given permission for 
some cutting. 

1112
01:00:27,400 --> 01:00:31,100
The pine smells wonderful, sharp
and resinous. 

1113
01:00:31,900 --> 01:00:34,200
Ascent that speaks of winter and
festivals. 

1114
01:00:35,100 --> 01:00:38,800
The needles are soft when young,
but sharp when mature, when you 

1115
01:00:38,808 --> 01:00:41,800
learned to handle the branches 
carefully to avoid getting stuck

1116
01:00:41,800 --> 01:00:45,300
after an hour of searching, your
basket is full of carefully, 

1117
01:00:45,300 --> 01:00:48,400
selected Greenery. 
He returned to the church, to 

1118
01:00:48,400 --> 01:00:50,400
find it transformed into a hive 
of activity. 

1119
01:00:50,400 --> 01:00:54,500
The men of constructed, a 
framework for the nativity scene

1120
01:00:54,500 --> 01:00:56,500
measuring and soaring in the 
side. 

1121
01:00:56,500 --> 01:00:59,000
Aisle with good-natured 
arguments about the proper way 

1122
01:00:59,000 --> 01:01:01,200
to join. 
Would someone's aren't arrangers

1123
01:01:01,200 --> 01:01:03,900
candles along the windowsills 
with mathematical Precision 

1124
01:01:03,900 --> 01:01:06,700
ensuring each one stands at 
exactly. 

1125
01:01:06,700 --> 01:01:10,200
The same height and spacing a 
group of children practices 

1126
01:01:10,200 --> 01:01:13,600
carols under the direction of 
the choir Master, their voices, 

1127
01:01:13,600 --> 01:01:17,100
sweet and uncertain in equal 
measure, the greenery gets 

1128
01:01:17,100 --> 01:01:19,200
sorted and allocated to 
different projects. 

1129
01:01:19,200 --> 01:01:22,900
Some will be woven into 
garlands, some arranged in great

1130
01:01:22,900 --> 01:01:26,100
sheaves and some used to 
decorate the window, Ledges and 

1131
01:01:26,108 --> 01:01:29,700
frame the nativity scene, the 
Vicar's wife oversees this 

1132
01:01:29,700 --> 01:01:33,300
distribution, her organizational
skills and showing that every 

1133
01:01:33,300 --> 01:01:35,700
area of the church receives 
appropriate attention. 

1134
01:01:36,700 --> 01:01:39,600
Your set to work on Garland 
making with Mrs. Henderson and 

1135
01:01:39,600 --> 01:01:43,000
two other women, the process 
involves taking Ivy as a base 

1136
01:01:43,000 --> 01:01:46,200
and weaving in Holly, creating a
rope of greenery that can be 

1137
01:01:46,208 --> 01:01:48,400
draped along pews or wrapped 
around pillars. 

1138
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:52,500
The Ivy provides the structure. 
Its flexibility, allowing you to

1139
01:01:52,500 --> 01:01:56,600
twist and wind it while the Holy
adds color and visual interest. 

1140
01:01:57,500 --> 01:02:01,200
The work requires manual 
dexterity, and patience the 

1141
01:02:01,200 --> 01:02:02,600
holy. 
Prickles your fingers, even 

1142
01:02:02,600 --> 01:02:06,000
through gloves, and the ivies 
tendency to tangle must be 

1143
01:02:06,008 --> 01:02:10,200
managed carefully. 
You develop a rhythm win the IV 

1144
01:02:10,200 --> 01:02:13,200
tuck in Holly secure any Loose 
Ends. 

1145
01:02:13,200 --> 01:02:17,900
Move forward a few inches and 
repeat the Garland grows slowly 

1146
01:02:17,900 --> 01:02:21,200
but steadily becoming more 
impressive with each addition. 

1147
01:02:21,900 --> 01:02:24,900
The women Chatters, they work 
conversation flowing easily 

1148
01:02:24,900 --> 01:02:29,300
around and through the task at 
hand, misses Henderson shares 

1149
01:02:29,300 --> 01:02:31,800
news from her daughter who 
married and moved to the next 

1150
01:02:31,800 --> 01:02:34,000
County. 
Someone else asks about the 

1151
01:02:34,000 --> 01:02:37,100
Christmas dance, being planned 
for the village hall and a 

1152
01:02:37,100 --> 01:02:39,600
lively discussion ensues about 
music and refreshments. 

1153
01:02:39,600 --> 01:02:43,200
And whether the floor should be 
chalked for better dancing as 

1154
01:02:43,200 --> 01:02:46,700
the afternoon, progresses the 
church transforms, the garlands 

1155
01:02:46,700 --> 01:02:49,800
get hung their dark green 
punctuated by red berries, 

1156
01:02:49,800 --> 01:02:53,900
creating a festive atmosphere. 
The nativity scene takes shape, 

1157
01:02:53,900 --> 01:02:57,000
its wooden framework awaiting 
the figures that will populate 

1158
01:02:57,000 --> 01:03:00,600
it on Christmas Eve. 
Candles, multiply along every 

1159
01:03:00,600 --> 01:03:04,500
horizontal surface ready to be 
lit for Christmas services, and 

1160
01:03:04,500 --> 01:03:06,500
turn the church into a palace of
light. 

1161
01:03:06,500 --> 01:03:10,000
The Children's Choir, improves 
with practice, their voice is 

1162
01:03:10,000 --> 01:03:13,700
gaining confidence and blending 
more harmoniously their learning

1163
01:03:13,700 --> 01:03:18,300
traditional carols while 
Shepherds watched The first nail

1164
01:03:18,300 --> 01:03:22,900
and Hark the Herald Angels. 
Sing The choir is patient but 

1165
01:03:22,900 --> 01:03:26,500
demanding making them repeat 
sections, until they achieve the

1166
01:03:26,500 --> 01:03:29,300
sound. 
He wants by late afternoon when 

1167
01:03:29,300 --> 01:03:33,300
the light fails completely and 
work must cease, the church has 

1168
01:03:33,300 --> 01:03:35,200
become something other than it 
every day. 

1169
01:03:35,200 --> 01:03:40,000
Self it glows with promise The 
Greenery and candles 

1170
01:03:40,000 --> 01:03:43,000
transforming, its austere. 
Stone into something warm and 

1171
01:03:43,000 --> 01:03:47,900
welcoming, you walk home in the 
dark tired, but satisfied part 

1172
01:03:47,900 --> 01:03:51,000
of something larger than your 
individual household, The 

1173
01:03:51,000 --> 01:03:53,600
Village organizes other communal
efforts as well. 

1174
01:03:53,600 --> 01:03:57,100
The women's group assembles 
baskets for elderly residents 

1175
01:03:57,100 --> 01:04:00,200
who live alone and for families 
facing particular hardship this 

1176
01:04:00,200 --> 01:04:03,200
year. 
These baskets aren't charity. 

1177
01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:07,000
Exactly. 
The giving happens to quietly to

1178
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:09,900
tactfully for that. 
Instead they represent 

1179
01:04:09,900 --> 01:04:13,400
thoughtful kindness the 
community caring for his own. 

1180
01:04:13,400 --> 01:04:16,200
Each basket. 
Contains a mixture of practical 

1181
01:04:16,200 --> 01:04:20,200
items and treats a jar of jam 
chose and from someone's 

1182
01:04:20,200 --> 01:04:24,000
birthday. 
Small fruitcake, carefully. 

1183
01:04:24,000 --> 01:04:28,300
Orange is a date or sugar or 
flour. 

1184
01:04:28,300 --> 01:04:30,900
Basic necessities. 
That are always welcome. 

1185
01:04:31,900 --> 01:04:34,900
The contents vary depending on 
what organizers know about. 

1186
01:04:34,900 --> 01:04:38,200
The recipient circumstances and 
preferences, your mother 

1187
01:04:38,200 --> 01:04:41,500
contributes to several baskets 
and you help her pack them. 

1188
01:04:41,508 --> 01:04:45,800
Each one gets assembled with 
care with items arranged to look

1189
01:04:45,800 --> 01:04:49,600
abundant rather than sparse. 
The jam goes in first as a 

1190
01:04:49,608 --> 01:04:52,400
foundation. 
The Fruitcake gets wrapped in a 

1191
01:04:52,400 --> 01:04:53,800
clean cloth and placed 
prominently. 

1192
01:04:53,800 --> 01:04:56,500
The fresh items. 
Get arranged on top where 

1193
01:04:56,500 --> 01:04:59,200
they'll be seen immediately. 
A handwritten note. 

1194
01:04:59,200 --> 01:05:02,600
A company is each basket. 
Nothing that highlights need or 

1195
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:05,000
poverty. 
Just warm wishes for a happy 

1196
01:05:05,008 --> 01:05:08,700
Christmas from Neighbors. 
Delivering the baskets becomes 

1197
01:05:08,700 --> 01:05:12,200
an afternoon's, work a few days 
before Christmas, you accompany 

1198
01:05:12,200 --> 01:05:14,900
your mother on her rounds 
visiting Cottages. 

1199
01:05:14,900 --> 01:05:16,900
You've never entered before and 
homes. 

1200
01:05:16,900 --> 01:05:20,100
You pass regularly, but rarely 
visit the route. 

1201
01:05:20,100 --> 01:05:23,100
Takes you across the Village 
from one end to the other up, 

1202
01:05:23,100 --> 01:05:27,000
Lane's and down paths to houses 
tucked behind Hedges and 

1203
01:05:27,000 --> 01:05:29,200
Cottages sitting prominently on 
the main road. 

1204
01:05:30,200 --> 01:05:33,000
The recipients react with 
pleasure that seems genuine 

1205
01:05:33,000 --> 01:05:35,900
rather than polite. 
You share tea with an ancient 

1206
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:38,800
Widow who lives surrounded by 
cats and tell stories about 

1207
01:05:38,800 --> 01:05:42,600
Christmases from her youth. 
When the village was smaller and

1208
01:05:42,600 --> 01:05:45,000
everyone knew everyone else's 
business in ways, both 

1209
01:05:45,000 --> 01:05:49,000
comforting and intrusive. 
She describes Christmas pudding.

1210
01:05:49,000 --> 01:05:53,700
Steamed in cloths and hung from 
ceiling beams to mature outdoor,

1211
01:05:53,700 --> 01:05:57,300
ice houses, that kept food, 
fresh and traveling musicians, 

1212
01:05:57,300 --> 01:05:59,300
who came through the village 
playing carols. 

1213
01:05:59,300 --> 01:06:02,100
You listen to a retired. 
Shepherd, explain his theory 

1214
01:06:02,100 --> 01:06:04,800
about why the sheep in the 
Christmas story was specifically

1215
01:06:04,800 --> 01:06:07,400
mentioned. 
According to him, Shepherds 

1216
01:06:07,400 --> 01:06:09,500
wouldn't have been out with 
their flocks in Winter and 

1217
01:06:09,500 --> 01:06:12,300
unless something unusual was 
happening, perhaps a 

1218
01:06:12,300 --> 01:06:15,400
particularly warm year or 
perhaps the Sheep were being 

1219
01:06:15,400 --> 01:06:17,100
prepared for some special 
purpose. 

1220
01:06:17,100 --> 01:06:21,000
His theory becomes quite 
elaborate involving theological 

1221
01:06:21,000 --> 01:06:24,100
interpretation and practical 
sheep husbandry in equal 

1222
01:06:24,100 --> 01:06:26,800
measure. 
You sit in a parlor crowded with

1223
01:06:26,800 --> 01:06:29,800
photographs and knick-knacks. 
While their owner points out 

1224
01:06:29,800 --> 01:06:33,000
each item's history, this clock 
was a grandmother's. 

1225
01:06:33,700 --> 01:06:37,100
That vast came from her, uncle 
who worked on ships and traveled

1226
01:06:37,100 --> 01:06:40,100
to distant ports. 
These candlesticks were her 

1227
01:06:40,100 --> 01:06:42,400
wedding gift from someone whose 
name, she can no longer. 

1228
01:06:42,400 --> 01:06:45,800
Quite remember the accumulated 
possession of a long life 

1229
01:06:45,800 --> 01:06:48,300
surround. 
Her each one carrying memories 

1230
01:06:48,300 --> 01:06:51,900
and meaning The visits take 
hours but they don't feel like 

1231
01:06:51,900 --> 01:06:54,300
work. 
You're Connecting Threads in The

1232
01:06:54,300 --> 01:06:57,800
Villages social fabric, 
maintaining relationships that 

1233
01:06:57,800 --> 01:07:02,100
matter even if they're not 
exercised daily, your in 

1234
01:07:02,100 --> 01:07:05,900
Christmas reaches everyone, even
those who might otherwise spend 

1235
01:07:05,900 --> 01:07:08,300
it alone. 
Some people you visit are more 

1236
01:07:08,308 --> 01:07:12,300
reserved, accepting the basket 
with quiet dignity and few 

1237
01:07:12,300 --> 01:07:16,700
words, they're gratitude 
expresses itself differently and

1238
01:07:16,700 --> 01:07:17,700
careful. 
Attention to your mother's 

1239
01:07:17,700 --> 01:07:21,500
questions about Family Health in
offers of teed despite modest 

1240
01:07:21,500 --> 01:07:24,400
circumstances. 
And in promises to remember you 

1241
01:07:24,400 --> 01:07:27,700
all in their prayers walking 
between houses, you and your 

1242
01:07:27,700 --> 01:07:30,600
mother discuss the visits she 
points out details. 

1243
01:07:30,600 --> 01:07:34,300
You might have missed the warn 
state of Mrs. Cooper's shoes. 

1244
01:07:34,300 --> 01:07:37,600
Suggesting she needs more than a
Christmas basket but would be 

1245
01:07:37,600 --> 01:07:42,000
too proud to accept direct help.
The excellent condition of Mr. 

1246
01:07:42,000 --> 01:07:46,500
Barrett's Cottage, despite his 
age indicating his managing well

1247
01:07:46,500 --> 01:07:49,000
and takes pride. 
In his surroundings, the 

1248
01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:51,800
photographs of children and 
grandchildren the crowd, every 

1249
01:07:51,800 --> 01:07:55,800
surface in Mrs. Peterson's 
parlor, evidence of a family 

1250
01:07:55,800 --> 01:07:58,300
Network that should be providing
more support than they 

1251
01:07:58,300 --> 01:08:01,400
apparently are. 
These observations aren't gossip

1252
01:08:01,400 --> 01:08:05,100
but information part of the 
communities, informal welfare 

1253
01:08:05,100 --> 01:08:07,400
system. 
Your mother makes mental notes 

1254
01:08:07,400 --> 01:08:10,300
about who might need additional 
help, who should be checked on 

1255
01:08:10,300 --> 01:08:13,600
more frequently and whose 
circumstances require watching. 

1256
01:08:14,400 --> 01:08:17,700
By the time you return home, 
darkness is Fallen. 

1257
01:08:17,700 --> 01:08:20,899
Completely in your feet, ache 
from walking but you carry with 

1258
01:08:20,899 --> 01:08:23,600
you a fuller understanding of 
The Villages interconnected 

1259
01:08:23,600 --> 01:08:26,200
lives. 
The ways people support and care

1260
01:08:26,200 --> 01:08:28,500
for each other. 
And the quiet kindness is that 

1261
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:30,000
happen. 
Out of public view. 

1262
01:08:30,000 --> 01:08:33,000
Christmas preparation, you 
realize extends Beyond 

1263
01:08:33,000 --> 01:08:36,800
individual households, to 
Encompass the entire Community, 

1264
01:08:36,800 --> 01:08:40,899
creating a network of mutual 
support and shared celebration, 

1265
01:08:40,899 --> 01:08:45,200
December brings real cold, the 
kind that freezes water in 

1266
01:08:45,200 --> 01:08:48,399
basins overnight. 
And creates Frost patterns on 

1267
01:08:48,399 --> 01:08:51,800
the inside of Windows, the house
contracts in the cold 

1268
01:08:51,800 --> 01:08:56,100
floorboards, Creak differently, 
doors sticking their frames and 

1269
01:08:56,100 --> 01:08:59,100
the wind finds gaps. 
You never notice in milder 

1270
01:08:59,100 --> 01:09:02,600
weather the house requires more 
coal for heating, more candles 

1271
01:09:02,600 --> 01:09:06,000
for light and more of everything
that combats Winter's darkness 

1272
01:09:06,000 --> 01:09:09,500
and chill. 
Managing these resources becomes

1273
01:09:09,500 --> 01:09:13,200
crucial balancing Comfort 
against economy and celebration 

1274
01:09:13,200 --> 01:09:16,200
against sustainability. 
Your grandfather takes 

1275
01:09:16,200 --> 01:09:19,800
responsibility for the coal. 
He approaches the coal cellar 

1276
01:09:19,800 --> 01:09:23,200
with a stewards mentality. 
Rationing the supply to last 

1277
01:09:23,200 --> 01:09:26,300
through winter, while allowing 
for some extra usage during 

1278
01:09:26,300 --> 01:09:30,300
Christmas week, the coal arrived
in Autumn delivered by cart and 

1279
01:09:30,300 --> 01:09:32,700
shoveled through a small window 
into the cellar. 

1280
01:09:32,700 --> 01:09:35,200
Beneath the house. 
Your grandfather keeps careful 

1281
01:09:35,200 --> 01:09:38,100
accounting of its usage 
calculating. 

1282
01:09:38,100 --> 01:09:41,399
How much remains and how much is
needed per week to last until 

1283
01:09:41,399 --> 01:09:44,600
spring each morning? 
He descends to the cellar with 

1284
01:09:44,600 --> 01:09:47,000
the coal scuttle. 
A heavy brass bucket with a 

1285
01:09:47,008 --> 01:09:49,399
handle and fills it for the 
day's use. 

1286
01:09:50,100 --> 01:09:53,500
The calculation is precise. 
The front room gets a fire in 

1287
01:09:53,500 --> 01:09:56,100
the evening when the family 
gathers but not during the day 

1288
01:09:56,100 --> 01:10:01,000
when it sits empty, the kitchen 
range Burns continuously but its

1289
01:10:01,000 --> 01:10:02,900
intensity gets modulated 
throughout the day. 

1290
01:10:02,900 --> 01:10:06,600
Damped down to conserve coal 
during periods of lighter. 

1291
01:10:06,600 --> 01:10:10,400
Cooking opened up, when more 
heat is needed, bedrooms receive

1292
01:10:10,400 --> 01:10:13,400
no dedicated heat beyond what 
Rises From Below through 

1293
01:10:13,400 --> 01:10:16,600
ceilings and floorboards. 
You learn to layer clothing 

1294
01:10:16,600 --> 01:10:19,500
against the cold, adding 
sweaters, and shawls, until you 

1295
01:10:19,500 --> 01:10:23,300
resemble a mobile, textile 
exhibition, He is trapping air 

1296
01:10:23,300 --> 01:10:25,600
between layers are is an 
excellent. 

1297
01:10:25,600 --> 01:10:29,100
Insulator, your grandmother 
explains and multiple thin 

1298
01:10:29,100 --> 01:10:32,600
layers work better than a single
thick one you wear a cotton 

1299
01:10:32,600 --> 01:10:35,500
shimmies. 
A flannel Petticoat, a wool 

1300
01:10:35,500 --> 01:10:39,900
dress a cardigan and sometimes a
shawl over everything, your 

1301
01:10:39,900 --> 01:10:42,100
feet, get wool stockings and 
sturdy shoes. 

1302
01:10:42,100 --> 01:10:46,000
Nevertheless slippers, you might
wear in summer, you learn to 

1303
01:10:46,000 --> 01:10:50,000
appreciate the small warm spots 
in the house, the chair near us,

1304
01:10:50,000 --> 01:10:53,200
the range in the kitchen, the 
spot on the half rug in the 

1305
01:10:53,200 --> 01:10:56,500
front room where the dog lies 
because it catches the fires 

1306
01:10:56,500 --> 01:11:00,300
full warmth, and the sunny 
corner of the Parlor during the 

1307
01:11:00,300 --> 01:11:03,000
brief winter. 
Afternoons, when sun manages, to

1308
01:11:03,000 --> 01:11:06,300
penetrate the windows, these 
warms spots become pressure. 

1309
01:11:06,300 --> 01:11:09,600
You find yourself gravitating 
toward them without thinking. 

1310
01:11:10,700 --> 01:11:12,800
The cold isn't uniform 
throughout the house. 

1311
01:11:12,800 --> 01:11:16,100
The kitchen stays warmest 
because of the range. 

1312
01:11:16,100 --> 01:11:19,000
The front room, achieves 
comfortable warmth on evenings 

1313
01:11:19,000 --> 01:11:21,000
when the fire is lit, the 
upstairs. 

1314
01:11:21,000 --> 01:11:24,500
Bedrooms a bitterly cold with 
frost forming on the inside of 

1315
01:11:24,508 --> 01:11:28,000
Windows and your breath visible.
Even beneath the covers, you 

1316
01:11:28,000 --> 01:11:31,400
learn to dress and undress 
quickly to appreciate the weight

1317
01:11:31,400 --> 01:11:34,700
of extra blankets and to tuck a 
hot water bottle wrapped in 

1318
01:11:34,708 --> 01:11:37,100
flannel, near your feet, before 
climbing into bed. 

1319
01:11:38,200 --> 01:11:41,500
Being genuinely cold makes a 
vengeful warmth, feel like a 

1320
01:11:41,500 --> 01:11:45,000
luxury coming in from outside 
your hands numb, and your nose 

1321
01:11:45,000 --> 01:11:47,600
running and standing near the 
kitchen range. 

1322
01:11:47,600 --> 01:11:51,200
While feeling returns to your 
fingers and toes that transition

1323
01:11:51,200 --> 01:11:54,400
from cold to warm becomes a 
small intense pleasure. 

1324
01:11:54,400 --> 01:11:57,800
You understand why people in 
early eras met such a point of 

1325
01:11:57,800 --> 01:12:00,500
hospitality. 
Why offering warmth and shelter 

1326
01:12:00,500 --> 01:12:04,100
to Travelers was considered a 
moral imperative, cold isn't 

1327
01:12:04,100 --> 01:12:07,400
just uncomfortable, it's 
threatening and warmth isn't 

1328
01:12:07,400 --> 01:12:09,900
just Pleasant its life 
sustaining. 

1329
01:12:10,900 --> 01:12:13,500
Canals and lamp oil requires 
similar management. 

1330
01:12:13,500 --> 01:12:17,300
Your grandmother keeps strict 
accounting marking down. 

1331
01:12:17,300 --> 01:12:19,900
Each candle used in each 
refilling of the lamp. 

1332
01:12:20,600 --> 01:12:24,100
The household possesses several 
oil lamps of, varying sizes and 

1333
01:12:24,100 --> 01:12:26,700
quality. 
The best one with a glass 

1334
01:12:26,700 --> 01:12:28,000
chimney. 
That provides bright. 

1335
01:12:28,000 --> 01:12:31,400
Steady light is reserved for 
special occasions, or when 

1336
01:12:31,400 --> 01:12:33,200
particularly detailed work is 
being done. 

1337
01:12:33,900 --> 01:12:37,100
The everyday lamps are simpler. 
Providing adequate, but less 

1338
01:12:37,100 --> 01:12:39,800
brilliant illumination during 
Christmas week. 

1339
01:12:39,800 --> 01:12:41,600
Extra illumination will be 
permitted. 

1340
01:12:41,600 --> 01:12:44,000
Even encouraged the good lamp 
will burn. 

1341
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:47,300
Every evening additional candles
will be placed around the house,

1342
01:12:47,300 --> 01:12:50,600
creating a festive glow. 
But until then through Galaxy 

1343
01:12:50,600 --> 01:12:54,300
rules, you do have work near 
Windows during daylight hours, 

1344
01:12:54,300 --> 01:12:58,100
taking advantage of natural 
light to save candles and lamp 

1345
01:12:58,100 --> 01:13:01,200
oil. 
This requires planning certain 

1346
01:13:01,200 --> 01:13:05,100
tasks, can only be done in good 
light so you save them for 

1347
01:13:05,100 --> 01:13:07,500
afternoons. 
When the sun is strongest, other

1348
01:13:07,500 --> 01:13:09,700
tasks can be accomplished in 
dimmer conditions. 

1349
01:13:09,700 --> 01:13:12,000
So you reserve them for more 
morning and evening. 

1350
01:13:12,800 --> 01:13:15,800
The household gathers in one 
room, rather than dispersing to 

1351
01:13:15,800 --> 01:13:18,800
several Each of which would 
require its own light source. 

1352
01:13:18,800 --> 01:13:23,600
This enforced, togetherness has 
unexpected benefits, evening's 

1353
01:13:23,600 --> 01:13:27,400
become social by necessity with 
family members collecting in the

1354
01:13:27,400 --> 01:13:29,300
kitchen. 
After dinner drawn, by the 

1355
01:13:29,300 --> 01:13:32,200
warmth of the range, and the 
single lamp burning on the table

1356
01:13:32,200 --> 01:13:35,700
conversation flows, more easily.
When you're all together with 

1357
01:13:35,700 --> 01:13:37,700
nothing particular to do except 
talk. 

1358
01:13:38,600 --> 01:13:42,100
Your father tells stories from 
his youth tales, that may be 

1359
01:13:42,100 --> 01:13:44,100
exaggerated but are always 
entertaining. 

1360
01:13:44,100 --> 01:13:48,600
He describes pranks played on 
unpopular teachers Misadventures

1361
01:13:48,600 --> 01:13:51,300
while learning his trade and the
courtship of your mother. 

1362
01:13:51,300 --> 01:13:54,500
Told from his perspective with 
details that make her blush and 

1363
01:13:54,500 --> 01:13:56,800
protest. 
Your mother works on her 

1364
01:13:56,800 --> 01:14:00,100
mysterious sewing project. 
Her hands moving in the 

1365
01:14:00,100 --> 01:14:02,100
Lamplight with practice 
deficiency. 

1366
01:14:03,300 --> 01:14:06,300
Shadows, her hands cast on the 
wall, dance, and shift. 

1367
01:14:06,300 --> 01:14:10,200
As she works occasionally, she 
pauses to thread a new needle or

1368
01:14:10,200 --> 01:14:13,400
consult a pattern, holding the 
paper close to the lamp to see 

1369
01:14:13,400 --> 01:14:16,400
the details. 
Your grandmother knits 

1370
01:14:16,400 --> 01:14:20,000
endlessly, creating socks, and 
mittens for everyone. 

1371
01:14:20,000 --> 01:14:23,900
A hands move without her needing
to watch the needles. 

1372
01:14:23,900 --> 01:14:26,900
Clicking in a rhythm that varies
depending on the complexity of 

1373
01:14:26,900 --> 01:14:31,300
the pattern, she can knit and 
Converse simultaneously, the 

1374
01:14:31,300 --> 01:14:34,100
hands maintaining their work. 
While her attention focuses on 

1375
01:14:34,100 --> 01:14:38,500
whoever is speaking, you read 
aloud, sometimes choosing books 

1376
01:14:38,500 --> 01:14:41,900
from the small collection, your 
family owns the books are well, 

1377
01:14:41,900 --> 01:14:45,800
worn and read multiple times but
familiarity doesn't diminish and

1378
01:14:45,800 --> 01:14:49,500
enjoyment. if anything, knowing 
a story makes the reading more 

1379
01:14:49,500 --> 01:14:53,400
comfortable like visiting an old
friend, you read, Dickens, 

1380
01:14:53,400 --> 01:14:56,900
sometimes particularly 
appropriate for the season and 

1381
01:14:56,900 --> 01:15:00,100
the long sentences, and 
elaborate description suit being

1382
01:15:00,100 --> 01:15:03,200
read aloud, their Rhythm 
matching natural speech 

1383
01:15:03,200 --> 01:15:06,500
patterns, the stories, feel 
different when shared this way, 

1384
01:15:06,500 --> 01:15:11,200
more immediate somehow when you 
reach an exciting part, you feel

1385
01:15:11,200 --> 01:15:14,700
the attention of your listeners.
Intensify pulling, you deeper 

1386
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:18,000
into the narrative, you modulate
your voice for different 

1387
01:15:18,000 --> 01:15:21,500
characters, trying to capture 
their individual personalities, 

1388
01:15:21,500 --> 01:15:24,700
through tone and inflection, 
Your family sometimes. 

1389
01:15:24,700 --> 01:15:28,600
Request favorite passages asking
you to reread sections. 

1390
01:15:28,600 --> 01:15:30,700
They particularly enjoyed the 
house. 

1391
01:15:30,700 --> 01:15:33,700
Smells different in Winter would
smoke and cold. 

1392
01:15:33,700 --> 01:15:37,500
Smoke permeate everything mixing
with the sense of cooking and 

1393
01:15:37,500 --> 01:15:40,600
the faint mustiness that comes 
from keeping windows closed 

1394
01:15:40,600 --> 01:15:42,800
against the cold. 
It's not unpleasant. 

1395
01:15:42,800 --> 01:15:46,200
Exactly. 
Just particular the smell of 

1396
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:48,900
winter and family and making do 
with what you have. 

1397
01:15:49,700 --> 01:15:53,400
You become nose, blind to it. 
Not noticing until you return 

1398
01:15:53,400 --> 01:15:56,000
from being outside and the scent
hits. 

1399
01:15:56,000 --> 01:15:58,500
You a new. 
When you open the door bath 

1400
01:15:58,500 --> 01:16:00,200
night, becomes an elaborate 
production. 

1401
01:16:01,100 --> 01:16:04,100
Water must be heated on the 
Range bucket by bucket, then 

1402
01:16:04,108 --> 01:16:07,000
transferred to the tin tub, that
hangs on the wall outside the 

1403
01:16:07,000 --> 01:16:10,100
rest of the week, the tub is 
small, by modern standards. 

1404
01:16:10,100 --> 01:16:12,900
Forcing, you to sit with your 
knees bent, but it's large 

1405
01:16:12,900 --> 01:16:16,200
enough for washing privacy, is 
achieved by setting up the tub 

1406
01:16:16,200 --> 01:16:18,500
in the kitchen and sending 
everyone else. 

1407
01:16:18,500 --> 01:16:21,600
To other rooms though, you can 
hear them moving about and 

1408
01:16:21,600 --> 01:16:24,400
talking and adjacent spaces. 
You bathe. 

1409
01:16:24,400 --> 01:16:27,700
Quickly aware that the water 
cools rapidly in the unheated 

1410
01:16:27,700 --> 01:16:30,000
air, and that others are waiting
their turn. 

1411
01:16:30,000 --> 01:16:34,300
The bath follows a hierarchy. 
Youngest children first. 

1412
01:16:34,300 --> 01:16:38,900
While the water is cleanest then
older children then adults with 

1413
01:16:38,900 --> 01:16:43,000
more hot water added as needed. 
by the time the last person 

1414
01:16:43,000 --> 01:16:47,100
bathes the water is distinctly 
gray but everyone is clean 

1415
01:16:47,100 --> 01:16:51,400
drying yourself near the range 
provides wonderful warmth your 

1416
01:16:51,400 --> 01:16:55,600
skin tingling as blood flowing 
increases You dressing clean 

1417
01:16:55,600 --> 01:16:59,700
Knight clothes, flannel in 
Winter, soft from many washing 

1418
01:16:59,700 --> 01:17:03,300
and feel, renewed. 
Ready for the weaker head. 

1419
01:17:03,300 --> 01:17:06,600
These small austerities don't 
feel like hardship, exactly. 

1420
01:17:06,600 --> 01:17:10,800
They're simply how life Works in
Winter, how it's always worked. 

1421
01:17:11,700 --> 01:17:14,400
People in your grandmother's 
time, live this way and her 

1422
01:17:14,400 --> 01:17:17,800
grandmother before her, the 
contrast makes Christmas as 

1423
01:17:17,800 --> 01:17:21,000
abundance, more meaningful. 
The extra coal on the fire, the 

1424
01:17:21,000 --> 01:17:24,400
additional candles, the special 
Foods, all of it matters more 

1425
01:17:24,400 --> 01:17:27,100
because it represents a 
temporary relaxation of normal, 

1426
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:31,100
constraints, a period of 
permitted extravagance within an

1427
01:17:31,100 --> 01:17:33,900
otherwise carefully economy. 
The week before Christmas 

1428
01:17:33,900 --> 01:17:37,600
accelerates somehow time moving 
faster, even though the tasks 

1429
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:41,600
themselves can't be rushed, they
seem shorter, not just because 

1430
01:17:41,600 --> 01:17:44,700
of Winter's, limited daylight. 
But because there's so much to 

1431
01:17:44,700 --> 01:17:48,300
accomplish and the deadline 
approaches with alarming speed, 

1432
01:17:48,300 --> 01:17:51,100
your grandmother's kitchen, 
becomes, command Central. 

1433
01:17:51,100 --> 01:17:54,600
With various projects, preceding
simultaneously in different 

1434
01:17:54,600 --> 01:17:58,600
Corners, the thick with 
competing sense and the constant

1435
01:17:58,600 --> 01:18:01,900
bustle of activity. 
The final batch of mince pies 

1436
01:18:01,900 --> 01:18:04,400
waits for its turn in the oven. 
While someone else rolls out, 

1437
01:18:04,400 --> 01:18:08,400
pastry for sausage rolls the 
Christmas cake made months ago 

1438
01:18:08,400 --> 01:18:12,300
and fed regularly with Brandy 
gets its final decoration of 

1439
01:18:12,300 --> 01:18:16,400
Mars of pan and royal icing 
bread dough rises in a warm spot

1440
01:18:16,400 --> 01:18:19,300
by the range while someone else 
chopped nuts for stuffing. 

1441
01:18:20,300 --> 01:18:23,200
The kitchen table is disappeared
beneath an array of bowls, 

1442
01:18:23,200 --> 01:18:27,000
cutting boards and various 
preparations in different stages

1443
01:18:27,000 --> 01:18:29,500
of completion. 
You move from task to task 

1444
01:18:29,500 --> 01:18:32,300
helping where your needed 
learning skills through 

1445
01:18:32,300 --> 01:18:34,100
immersion rather than 
instruction. 

1446
01:18:34,100 --> 01:18:37,700
Your hands develop knowledge, 
your mind hasn't quite caught up

1447
01:18:37,700 --> 01:18:41,000
with The right consistency for 
pastry dough. 

1448
01:18:41,000 --> 01:18:43,100
It should hold together, but not
be sticky. 

1449
01:18:43,900 --> 01:18:47,100
The correct temperature for 
proven bread warm but not hot, 

1450
01:18:47,100 --> 01:18:51,700
the dough should rise slowly 
rather than rushing and the way 

1451
01:18:51,700 --> 01:18:55,200
properly whipped cream holds its
shape, soft peaks, that curl. 

1452
01:18:55,200 --> 01:18:57,600
Gently, rather than standing 
stiff and dry. 

1453
01:18:57,600 --> 01:19:00,100
The minced pies are particularly
important. 

1454
01:19:00,100 --> 01:19:04,500
Your grandmother makes dozens of
them enough to serve visitors 

1455
01:19:04,500 --> 01:19:07,400
throughout the Christmas season.
And to give away to neighbors, 

1456
01:19:07,400 --> 01:19:10,100
and Friends. 
A filling was made weeks ago. 

1457
01:19:10,100 --> 01:19:14,500
A dark Rich mixture of dried 
fruits suits spices and Brandy 

1458
01:19:14,500 --> 01:19:16,400
that has been maturing and a 
crock. 

1459
01:19:16,400 --> 01:19:19,800
Now it needs to be portioned 
into pastry shells and baked 

1460
01:19:19,800 --> 01:19:22,300
until the pastry achieves, 
perfect, gold, and brown 

1461
01:19:22,300 --> 01:19:25,000
flakiness. 
You help with the assembly line,

1462
01:19:25,000 --> 01:19:27,900
your grandmother rolls the pace,
tree cutting circles with a 

1463
01:19:27,900 --> 01:19:31,500
cutter You fill each pastry 
shell with a generous spoonful 

1464
01:19:31,500 --> 01:19:34,300
of mincemeat. 
Your mother tops Each pie with a

1465
01:19:34,300 --> 01:19:37,600
smaller circle of pastry, 
crimping the edges to seal them.

1466
01:19:37,600 --> 01:19:40,800
The completed pies, get arranged
on baking, sheets. 

1467
01:19:40,800 --> 01:19:45,300
Brushed with milk for shine and 
marked with small cuts on top to

1468
01:19:45,300 --> 01:19:49,500
allow steam to escape the baking
happens in batches the kitchen 

1469
01:19:49,500 --> 01:19:52,000
growing increasingly warm, as 
the oven Works. 

1470
01:19:52,000 --> 01:19:57,100
Continuously each batch emerges 
golden and fragrant the pastry 

1471
01:19:57,100 --> 01:20:00,700
crisp and Flaky The Filling 
bubbling slightly where it 

1472
01:20:00,700 --> 01:20:04,300
escaped through the steam vents.
The pies cool on racks that 

1473
01:20:04,308 --> 01:20:07,600
cover every surface. 
The kitchen table, the sideboard

1474
01:20:07,600 --> 01:20:10,700
even the top of the Cold Stone 
in the unused parlor. 

1475
01:20:11,300 --> 01:20:14,400
The house fills with baked goods
in various stages of completion.

1476
01:20:14,400 --> 01:20:16,800
Cooling racks cover every 
surface. 

1477
01:20:16,800 --> 01:20:19,900
Tin get packed with biscuits and
small cakes. 

1478
01:20:19,900 --> 01:20:23,400
Each layer separated by paper to
prevent them from sticking 

1479
01:20:23,400 --> 01:20:26,100
together. 
Your grandmother has a system 

1480
01:20:26,100 --> 01:20:29,800
for this story with specific 
tin's designated for specific 

1481
01:20:29,800 --> 01:20:32,400
items. 
The ginger biscuits go in the 

1482
01:20:32,400 --> 01:20:35,800
red tin with the picture of the 
king, the shortbread occupies, 

1483
01:20:35,800 --> 01:20:39,900
the blue tint that wants held T 
the various fancy biscuits made 

1484
01:20:39,900 --> 01:20:42,500
with extra butter and decorated 
with cherries or nots. 

1485
01:20:43,000 --> 01:20:45,100
At the fancy tin. 
That's painted with flowers. 

1486
01:20:46,100 --> 01:20:48,900
Pantry shelves. 
So carefully emptied and cleaned

1487
01:20:48,900 --> 01:20:53,100
months ago now, grown under the 
weight of preparation jars. 

1488
01:20:53,100 --> 01:20:55,500
Of preserves crowd next to 
bottles of cordial. 

1489
01:20:55,500 --> 01:20:59,400
Tins of biscuits are stacked. 
Three High, the Christmas cake 

1490
01:20:59,400 --> 01:21:02,100
sits on its special stand 
waiting for Christmas Day. 

1491
01:21:03,100 --> 01:21:06,400
The puddings hang from their 
hooks dark and mysterious 

1492
01:21:06,400 --> 01:21:10,600
packages of butter, and extra 
sugar purchased from the village

1493
01:21:10,600 --> 01:21:12,300
shop. 
Find their places among the 

1494
01:21:12,300 --> 01:21:15,300
homemade stores. 
Your father brings home, the 

1495
01:21:15,300 --> 01:21:18,600
Christmas goose on the Saturday 
before Christmas, he arrives in 

1496
01:21:18,608 --> 01:21:21,900
the evening, carrying it wrapped
in paper purchased from a local 

1497
01:21:21,900 --> 01:21:24,700
farmer, who raises geese 
specifically for the Christmas 

1498
01:21:24,700 --> 01:21:29,100
trade, the goose is substantial 
easily 10 or 12 pounds 

1499
01:21:29,100 --> 01:21:32,400
representing a significant 
portion of the Christmas budget.

1500
01:21:32,400 --> 01:21:36,400
Your mother examines, it 
critically lifting it from his 

1501
01:21:36,400 --> 01:21:38,100
rapping and assessing its 
qualities. 

1502
01:21:38,100 --> 01:21:42,400
The skin should be pale and free
of blemishes the breast meat 

1503
01:21:42,400 --> 01:21:44,600
substantial and the overall 
condition. 

1504
01:21:44,600 --> 01:21:49,300
Indicating a well-fed bird, she 
declares a self-satisfied and 

1505
01:21:49,300 --> 01:21:52,000
the goose goes to hang in the 
cold Pantry where the 

1506
01:21:52,008 --> 01:21:53,700
temperature stays just above 
freezing. 

1507
01:21:54,900 --> 01:21:57,600
Planning, the Goose's cooking 
becomes a project in itself. 

1508
01:21:57,600 --> 01:22:01,100
It must roast for hours at a 
moderate temperature and the 

1509
01:22:01,100 --> 01:22:03,000
timing must be precise to have 
it. 

1510
01:22:03,000 --> 01:22:06,400
Ready for Christmas dinner, your
mother calculates backward from 

1511
01:22:06,400 --> 01:22:09,700
the desired serving time 
accounting for the resting 

1512
01:22:09,700 --> 01:22:12,900
period after cooking and 
determines when the goose was 

1513
01:22:12,900 --> 01:22:15,900
going to the oven, she writes 
this time on a piece of paper 

1514
01:22:15,900 --> 01:22:18,300
and tax it to the kitchen wall, 
where it won't be forgotten. 

1515
01:22:19,200 --> 01:22:23,100
The Greenery comes inside now or
at least begins to you've been 

1516
01:22:23,100 --> 01:22:26,700
cutting it for days and it's 
been stored outside in buckets 

1517
01:22:26,700 --> 01:22:29,800
of water to keep it fresh, Holly
branches, that scratch her 

1518
01:22:29,800 --> 01:22:34,000
hands, despite gloves Ivy that 
Tangles and must be teased free 

1519
01:22:34,000 --> 01:22:37,500
and pine boughs, that smell 
wonderful, but drop needles 

1520
01:22:37,500 --> 01:22:40,300
everywhere. 
The house gradually transforms 

1521
01:22:40,300 --> 01:22:42,700
as Greenery gets a range 
throughout its rooms. 

1522
01:22:42,700 --> 01:22:45,800
Holly goes along the mantle 
piece in the front room is 

1523
01:22:45,800 --> 01:22:50,100
bright against the dark wood. 
Ivy gets twisted around the 

1524
01:22:50,100 --> 01:22:52,700
banister. 
Creating a green spiral 

1525
01:22:52,700 --> 01:22:55,600
ascending the stairs. 
Pine boughs appear on 

1526
01:22:55,600 --> 01:22:58,700
windowsills filling rooms with 
their resin ascent. 

1527
01:22:59,600 --> 01:23:02,600
The Greenery brings the outdoors
inside, connecting the house to 

1528
01:23:02,600 --> 01:23:05,400
the natural world, even as 
winter makes that world seemed 

1529
01:23:05,400 --> 01:23:08,100
inhospitable. 
You make a kissing Bao for the 

1530
01:23:08,100 --> 01:23:11,200
hallway and elaborate 
construction of Holly, Ivy and 

1531
01:23:11,200 --> 01:23:14,300
missile toe. 
Framework is made of bent 

1532
01:23:14,300 --> 01:23:16,400
Willow. 
Creating a sphere that gets 

1533
01:23:16,400 --> 01:23:19,800
decorated with Greenery until 
the structure disappears. 

1534
01:23:19,800 --> 01:23:22,500
Beneath the leaves and berries, 
you add ribbons. 

1535
01:23:22,500 --> 01:23:26,500
Red ones, save from previous 
years and hang it from a hook in

1536
01:23:26,500 --> 01:23:29,800
the ceiling beam. 
The kissing bow represents a 

1537
01:23:29,800 --> 01:23:31,600
tradition older than Christmas 
itself. 

1538
01:23:31,600 --> 01:23:35,100
Connected to ancient beliefs 
about mistletoes, magical 

1539
01:23:35,100 --> 01:23:38,600
properties, standing beneath it.
According to tradition 

1540
01:23:38,600 --> 01:23:43,300
obligates, those present to 
kiss, Thought makes you slightly

1541
01:23:43,300 --> 01:23:46,000
self-conscious. 
Who will stand beneath it? 

1542
01:23:46,000 --> 01:23:50,100
Who might you encounter there? 
The house is transformational 

1543
01:23:50,100 --> 01:23:53,600
happens gradually. 
Then suddenly one moment is your

1544
01:23:53,608 --> 01:23:57,800
ordinary home for every day. 
The next it's become something 

1545
01:23:57,800 --> 01:24:01,800
special decorated and fragrant 
and full of promise. 

1546
01:24:02,900 --> 01:24:05,900
Change seems to happen without 
your quite noticing, though 

1547
01:24:05,900 --> 01:24:09,500
you've participated in every 
step, small gifts appear under 

1548
01:24:09,500 --> 01:24:12,500
the tree, a modest Affair set up
in the front room. 

1549
01:24:12,500 --> 01:24:16,100
Nothing like the elaborate 
Productions of later eras but 

1550
01:24:16,100 --> 01:24:19,600
precious nonetheless. 
Your family doesn't have a 

1551
01:24:19,600 --> 01:24:22,900
tradition of enormous trees or 
extravagant decoration. 

1552
01:24:22,900 --> 01:24:25,600
The tree is small, perhaps four 
feet tall. 

1553
01:24:25,600 --> 01:24:29,500
Cut from a pine Plantation with 
permission and set in a pot 

1554
01:24:29,500 --> 01:24:33,400
waited with Stone's. 
Tree gets decorated simply but 

1555
01:24:33,400 --> 01:24:36,500
carefully candles and holders 
clamp onto branches. 

1556
01:24:36,500 --> 01:24:40,200
These will only be lit on 
Christmas Day itself and then 

1557
01:24:40,200 --> 01:24:43,900
only under careful supervision 
because the fire risk is real, a

1558
01:24:43,900 --> 01:24:46,300
few glass ornaments that have 
been in the family for years. 

1559
01:24:46,300 --> 01:24:48,900
Each one precious and handled 
with care. 

1560
01:24:49,700 --> 01:24:52,100
Strings of popcorn and 
cranberries made by children. 

1561
01:24:53,000 --> 01:24:56,200
Paper chains in bright colors, 
cut and pasted together. 

1562
01:24:56,200 --> 01:24:59,900
A star for the top made of 
folded paper covered with glue 

1563
01:24:59,900 --> 01:25:02,200
and glitter. 
The wrapped package is 

1564
01:25:02,200 --> 01:25:04,000
accumulate slowly beneath the 
tree. 

1565
01:25:04,000 --> 01:25:07,000
Each one representing thought 
and effort and care. 

1566
01:25:07,000 --> 01:25:10,400
You add your own contributions 
nervous that they won't measure 

1567
01:25:10,400 --> 01:25:13,600
up that your hand work. 
Will seem crude compared to what

1568
01:25:13,600 --> 01:25:16,200
others have created. 
The packages are wrapped in 

1569
01:25:16,208 --> 01:25:18,600
whatever paper is available 
brown paper. 

1570
01:25:18,600 --> 01:25:22,200
Save from Parcels newspaper or 
the occasional piece of actual 

1571
01:25:22,200 --> 01:25:24,100
gift. 
Wrap purchased specially. 

1572
01:25:24,900 --> 01:25:29,100
Christmas Eve arrives with 
shocking sudden despite months 

1573
01:25:29,100 --> 01:25:31,200
of preparation, it's actual 
arrival. 

1574
01:25:31,200 --> 01:25:34,700
Catches you slightly unprepared 
there are still last minute 

1575
01:25:34,700 --> 01:25:38,500
tasks the goose to prepare for 
tomorrow's cooking the table to 

1576
01:25:38,500 --> 01:25:42,100
set with the Good China and the 
final batch of roles to bake for

1577
01:25:42,100 --> 01:25:44,500
breakfast. 
The goose gets its final 

1578
01:25:44,500 --> 01:25:47,100
preparation. 
Your mother removes it from the 

1579
01:25:47,100 --> 01:25:49,400
cold, pantry and examined it one
last time. 

1580
01:25:50,400 --> 01:25:55,300
Trims excess fat Seasons, the 
cavity with salt and herbs, and 

1581
01:25:55,300 --> 01:25:57,700
prepares it for roasting the 
prepared. 

1582
01:25:57,700 --> 01:26:00,700
Goose goes back into the cold 
until tomorrow morning when it 

1583
01:26:00,708 --> 01:26:04,100
will go into the oven. 
The table gets set in the dining

1584
01:26:04,100 --> 01:26:06,500
room. 
A space normally used only for 

1585
01:26:06,500 --> 01:26:09,600
special occasions. 
The good tablecloth comes out. 

1586
01:26:09,600 --> 01:26:13,700
Yellowed slightly with age but 
still beautiful its pattern of 

1587
01:26:13,700 --> 01:26:16,800
vines and flowers embroidered by
your grandmother's grandmother. 

1588
01:26:16,800 --> 01:26:21,000
The Good China gets arranged 
carefully plates for each person

1589
01:26:21,000 --> 01:26:25,000
serving dishes for the various 
parts of the meal, the gravy 

1590
01:26:25,000 --> 01:26:27,800
boat and the special dish meant 
specifically for the pudding. 

1591
01:26:27,800 --> 01:26:31,100
The Christmas candles get tested
to ensure their light properly 

1592
01:26:31,100 --> 01:26:33,900
tomorrow. 
Your father examined each one 

1593
01:26:33,900 --> 01:26:37,400
trimming Wix to the proper 
length, making sure they're 

1594
01:26:37,400 --> 01:26:39,700
secure in their holders. 
Everything must be ready. 

1595
01:26:39,700 --> 01:26:42,000
Because tomorrow will move too 
quickly for last minute 

1596
01:26:42,000 --> 01:26:44,700
adjustments. 
The house feels different on 

1597
01:26:44,700 --> 01:26:47,500
Christmas Eve. 
The light seems soft after the 

1598
01:26:47,500 --> 01:26:50,400
Shadows gentler. 
Everyone moves with a kind of 

1599
01:26:50,400 --> 01:26:53,000
contained. 
Excitement performing, familiar 

1600
01:26:53,000 --> 01:26:57,700
tasks with extra attention. 
Your grandmother hums carols as 

1601
01:26:57,700 --> 01:27:00,100
she works. 
Moving through the kitchen with 

1602
01:27:00,100 --> 01:27:03,400
practice deficiency. 
Your mother sets out, everyone's

1603
01:27:03,400 --> 01:27:06,700
Christmas clothes, brushed and 
pressed, and ready for morning. 

1604
01:27:06,700 --> 01:27:10,500
You attend church for the 
Christmas, Eve service walking 

1605
01:27:10,500 --> 01:27:13,900
through the dark village with 
your family and neighbors the 

1606
01:27:13,900 --> 01:27:17,500
church blazes with candles more 
light than it sees the rest of 

1607
01:27:17,500 --> 01:27:19,800
the year combined every 
available. 

1608
01:27:19,800 --> 01:27:22,500
Surface holds candles, they're 
Flames. 

1609
01:27:22,500 --> 01:27:25,100
Multiplying and reflecting and 
brass and glass. 

1610
01:27:25,100 --> 01:27:27,600
Until the church, seems to float
in a sea of light. 

1611
01:27:27,600 --> 01:27:31,200
The service follows familiar 
patterns comfortable and 

1612
01:27:31,200 --> 01:27:33,600
meaningful precisely because of 
their familiarity. 

1613
01:27:34,800 --> 01:27:36,700
Familiar carols sound different 
tonight. 

1614
01:27:36,700 --> 01:27:40,400
Waited with meaning and joy, you
sing with everyone else. 

1615
01:27:40,400 --> 01:27:43,400
Your voice joining the 
collective, sound, that rises 

1616
01:27:43,400 --> 01:27:46,900
toward the referred Sealing. 
The Vickers sermon speaks of 

1617
01:27:46,908 --> 01:27:50,100
Hope and peace. 
And the Eternal significant of 

1618
01:27:50,100 --> 01:27:53,700
this night, his words carrying 
weight in the candle at space 

1619
01:27:53,700 --> 01:27:58,000
afterwards walking home through 
the cold night, you feel the 

1620
01:27:58,000 --> 01:28:01,600
satisfaction of preparation 
completed everything that could 

1621
01:28:01,600 --> 01:28:05,600
be done has been done tomorrow 
brings celebration but tonight 

1622
01:28:05,600 --> 01:28:09,100
brings the quiet pleasure of 
anticipation fulfilled, The 

1623
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:12,200
Villages dark, except for lights
and windows each household 

1624
01:28:12,200 --> 01:28:15,900
settled in for the night. 
Star shine bright in the cold 

1625
01:28:15,900 --> 01:28:18,400
air and frost crunches under 
your feet. 

1626
01:28:19,200 --> 01:28:22,500
At home, you go to bed with a 
sense of completion and 

1627
01:28:22,500 --> 01:28:26,100
anticipation combined tomorrow 
will bring the culmination of 

1628
01:28:26,100 --> 01:28:30,000
months of work, the reward for 
all the planning and preparing 

1629
01:28:30,000 --> 01:28:33,900
and creating. 
But tonight Christmas Eve holds 

1630
01:28:33,900 --> 01:28:36,700
its own Magic. 
The Magic of waiting of knowing 

1631
01:28:36,700 --> 01:28:39,900
that something wonderful is 
coming of existing in that 

1632
01:28:39,900 --> 01:28:42,400
perfect moment between effort 
and reward. 

1633
01:28:42,400 --> 01:28:46,200
Christmas morning, arrives, 
dark, and cold, but you wake to 

1634
01:28:46,200 --> 01:28:49,000
the smell of baking bread and 
the sound of your mother moving 

1635
01:28:49,000 --> 01:28:52,900
quietly in the kitchen below you
lie in bed for a moment, warm 

1636
01:28:52,900 --> 01:28:55,300
under layers of blankets, 
listening to the house come 

1637
01:28:55,300 --> 01:28:58,100
alive around you. 
Your brothers door opens, then 

1638
01:28:58,100 --> 01:29:01,700
your father's heavier tread on 
the stairs voices murmur in the 

1639
01:29:01,700 --> 01:29:05,100
kitchen too quiet to make out 
words, but the tone is cheerful 

1640
01:29:05,100 --> 01:29:08,400
and expectant the cold air 
outside, your blankets feel 

1641
01:29:08,400 --> 01:29:10,800
sharp against your face and you 
delay. 

1642
01:29:10,800 --> 01:29:14,500
The moment of emergence knowing 
that once you leave this warm 

1643
01:29:14,500 --> 01:29:17,800
cocoon, you'll be fully 
committed to the cold of the 

1644
01:29:17,800 --> 01:29:20,800
unheated bedroom. 
Finally you throw back the 

1645
01:29:20,800 --> 01:29:23,600
covers and dress quickly 
layering on the Christmas 

1646
01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:27,800
clothes, your mother set out 
your best dressing without holes

1647
01:29:27,800 --> 01:29:30,000
and the shawl. 
Your grandmother made for you 

1648
01:29:30,000 --> 01:29:33,400
last Christmas down stairs. 
The kitchen is wonderfully warm.

1649
01:29:33,400 --> 01:29:36,300
The range burning hot and the 
air filled with the center of 

1650
01:29:36,308 --> 01:29:40,900
bread and something sweeter. 
Cinnamon perhaps, or the spices 

1651
01:29:40,900 --> 01:29:44,000
from the mincemeat, your mother 
has been up for hours already, 

1652
01:29:44,000 --> 01:29:47,300
the Christmas bread rising and 
baking, while the rest of the 

1653
01:29:47,300 --> 01:29:51,200
house still slept, the loaves, 
sit cooling on racks, their 

1654
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:53,500
crusts golden and their tops 
marked with the cross. 

1655
01:29:53,500 --> 01:29:55,100
You always scores into Christmas
bread. 

1656
01:29:55,900 --> 01:29:59,300
The day unfolds according to 
tradition and Rhythm each 

1657
01:29:59,300 --> 01:30:01,500
element falling into its proper 
place. 

1658
01:30:01,500 --> 01:30:05,900
Breakfast, first, fresh rolls 
with butter and jam, the good 

1659
01:30:05,900 --> 01:30:07,800
tea rather than the everyday 
kind. 

1660
01:30:07,800 --> 01:30:11,600
And this morning, a special 
treat preserved peaches from 

1661
01:30:11,600 --> 01:30:14,900
last summer, open specifically 
for Christmas breakfast and 

1662
01:30:14,900 --> 01:30:18,200
served with thick cream. 
The peaches are a revelation. 

1663
01:30:19,000 --> 01:30:22,200
You'd almost forgot their flavor
over the months since summer and

1664
01:30:22,200 --> 01:30:24,800
tasting them. 
Now is like tasting sunshine and

1665
01:30:24,800 --> 01:30:28,900
warmth made Solid, the cream, 
softens their sweetness and the 

1666
01:30:28,900 --> 01:30:31,300
combination is perhaps the most 
luxurious thing. 

1667
01:30:31,300 --> 01:30:33,400
You've eaten in months after 
breakfast. 

1668
01:30:33,400 --> 01:30:36,700
The family gathers in the front 
room for the opening of gifts. 

1669
01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:39,800
Fire has been lit, specially 
making the room warm and 

1670
01:30:39,808 --> 01:30:42,500
welcoming. 
The tree stands in its Corner 

1671
01:30:42,500 --> 01:30:45,300
candles, not yet lit. 
But the decorations catching the

1672
01:30:45,300 --> 01:30:47,400
Morning Light the filters 
through clean windows. 

1673
01:30:48,300 --> 01:30:51,400
Small pile of gifts. 
Beneath seems modest, but 

1674
01:30:51,400 --> 01:30:56,700
precious The opening proceeds in
order youngest to oldest each 

1675
01:30:56,700 --> 01:31:00,900
person taking a turn. 
Your youngest cousin staying 

1676
01:31:00,900 --> 01:31:03,500
over Christmas with her parents 
goes first. 

1677
01:31:03,500 --> 01:31:08,200
She unwraps a ragdoll Handmade 
by someone's Aunt with a painted

1678
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:11,300
face and clothe that button and 
unbuttoned for practicing. 

1679
01:31:12,200 --> 01:31:14,900
A joy is uncomplicated and 
complete. 

1680
01:31:15,800 --> 01:31:19,100
Clutches the doll immediately 
already naming it and assigning 

1681
01:31:19,100 --> 01:31:23,000
it to personality your brother 
receives, a pen knife, a 

1682
01:31:23,000 --> 01:31:25,500
grown-up tool. 
That recognizes his increasing 

1683
01:31:25,500 --> 01:31:28,600
maturity. 
Your father shows him how to use

1684
01:31:28,600 --> 01:31:32,400
it, safely demonstrating the 
proper way to open and close the

1685
01:31:32,400 --> 01:31:34,300
blade and warning about the 
sharpness. 

1686
01:31:34,300 --> 01:31:37,200
Your brother listens with 
serious attention, 

1687
01:31:37,200 --> 01:31:40,700
understanding, that this gift 
represents trust as well as 

1688
01:31:40,700 --> 01:31:45,300
utility your turn, comes. 
First package contains the 

1689
01:31:45,300 --> 01:31:48,200
pillowcase you made for your 
mother and watching her open. 

1690
01:31:48,200 --> 01:31:51,600
It provides a peculiar pleasure.
She unwraps it carefully 

1691
01:31:51,600 --> 01:31:55,100
preserving the paper for future 
use and when she sees what's 

1692
01:31:55,100 --> 01:31:58,500
inside her face softens, she 
holds it up to the light, 

1693
01:31:58,500 --> 01:32:01,800
examining the embroidery with 
real appreciation. 

1694
01:32:01,800 --> 01:32:04,300
Running her fingers over the 
tiny stitches. 

1695
01:32:04,300 --> 01:32:08,300
This is beautiful work, she says
and you know, she means it 

1696
01:32:08,300 --> 01:32:10,400
because she's particular about 
such things and doesn't offer 

1697
01:32:10,400 --> 01:32:12,800
false praise the roses are 
perfect. 

1698
01:32:12,800 --> 01:32:15,200
You must have spent hours on 
this. 

1699
01:32:16,200 --> 01:32:18,800
You admit that you did and she 
thanks you with a kiss on the 

1700
01:32:18,808 --> 01:32:19,900
forehead. 
That makes you feel 

1701
01:32:19,900 --> 01:32:23,200
simultaneously. 
Proud and embarrassed, your 

1702
01:32:23,200 --> 01:32:25,700
father admires is handkerchiefs 
with genuine appreciation. 

1703
01:32:25,700 --> 01:32:29,200
Running his fingers. 
Over the tiny rolled hems 

1704
01:32:29,200 --> 01:32:32,600
commenting on the finest of the 
work and the evenness of the 

1705
01:32:32,600 --> 01:32:35,000
stitching. 
He makes a show of tucking, one 

1706
01:32:35,000 --> 01:32:37,600
into his pocket immediately, 
declaring it too. 

1707
01:32:37,600 --> 01:32:40,800
Nice to actually use but perfect
for carrying the gifts you 

1708
01:32:40,800 --> 01:32:43,600
receive. 
Please, you deeply a new book, 

1709
01:32:43,600 --> 01:32:46,100
something you've wanted but 
wouldn't have bought for 

1710
01:32:46,100 --> 01:32:48,800
yourself. 
Scarf in a beautiful blue. 

1711
01:32:48,800 --> 01:32:52,000
That matches your winter coat, 
knitted by your grandmother, 

1712
01:32:52,000 --> 01:32:55,500
with her characteristic skill, a
small bottle of scent from your 

1713
01:32:55,500 --> 01:32:59,000
brother purchased with his own 
money from the village shop and 

1714
01:32:59,000 --> 01:33:00,800
raped. 
So enthusiastically that the 

1715
01:33:00,800 --> 01:33:02,600
paper is more tape than anything
else. 

1716
01:33:02,600 --> 01:33:07,600
Each gift represents thought and
Care chose nor made specifically

1717
01:33:07,600 --> 01:33:11,500
with you in mind, Even the 
modest ones carry weight because

1718
01:33:11,500 --> 01:33:14,200
they demonstrate that people, 
pay attention to your interests 

1719
01:33:14,200 --> 01:33:17,800
and preferences that you matter.
Enough for this attention after 

1720
01:33:17,800 --> 01:33:20,900
gifts, the serious business of 
Christmas dinner Begins. 

1721
01:33:20,900 --> 01:33:24,800
The goose has been in the oven 
since early morning, feeling the

1722
01:33:24,800 --> 01:33:28,300
house with Rich sense, your 
mother base it religiously 

1723
01:33:28,300 --> 01:33:31,900
checking on it with the focused 
attention of a general managing 

1724
01:33:31,900 --> 01:33:34,900
a crucial campaign. 
Each time she opens the oven 

1725
01:33:34,900 --> 01:33:39,300
heat, paused out along with 
intensified smells and she pokes

1726
01:33:39,300 --> 01:33:41,500
the bird with a fork to test his
progress. 

1727
01:33:42,300 --> 01:33:43,600
Vegetables. 
Get prepared. 

1728
01:33:43,600 --> 01:33:46,300
According to a careful schedule.
Potatoes. 

1729
01:33:46,300 --> 01:33:49,600
Go into the goose fat to roast 
becoming crispy on the outside 

1730
01:33:49,600 --> 01:33:53,000
and fluffy Within. 
Brussels sprouts, get trimmed 

1731
01:33:53,000 --> 01:33:57,100
and set to cook in salted water.
Carrots, get glazed with butter 

1732
01:33:57,100 --> 01:34:01,400
and honey bread sauce gets made 
a mixture of milk bread crumbs 

1733
01:34:01,400 --> 01:34:03,600
and onions. 
That sounds strange but tastes 

1734
01:34:03,600 --> 01:34:07,500
wonderful with goose Table is 
extended with extra leaves to 

1735
01:34:07,500 --> 01:34:10,900
accommodate everyone. 
Grandparents your married sister

1736
01:34:10,900 --> 01:34:14,000
and her husband and various 
aunts and uncles who live 

1737
01:34:14,000 --> 01:34:17,100
nearby. 
The Good China gets a final 

1738
01:34:17,100 --> 01:34:19,900
check to ensure. 
Everything is clean and unpicked

1739
01:34:19,900 --> 01:34:23,500
wine gets decanted. 
Having been purchased specially 

1740
01:34:23,500 --> 01:34:25,800
for this meal. 
Everything must be perfect. 

1741
01:34:26,700 --> 01:34:29,500
Dinner happened in the early 
afternoon when everyone has 

1742
01:34:29,500 --> 01:34:32,200
gathered in the goose is a 
perfect doneness. 

1743
01:34:32,200 --> 01:34:36,000
Your father, carves it at the 
table, a ritual that requires 

1744
01:34:36,000 --> 01:34:37,900
skill and Showmanship in equal 
measure. 

1745
01:34:38,600 --> 01:34:41,800
He sharpens, the carving knife 
with long, dramatic Strokes. 

1746
01:34:41,800 --> 01:34:46,200
Then sets to work separating 
breast meat from bone, creating 

1747
01:34:46,200 --> 01:34:50,800
slice's that fan out across the 
serving platter, the food tastes

1748
01:34:50,800 --> 01:34:54,100
impossibly good. 
The goose is Rich and flavorful 

1749
01:34:54,100 --> 01:34:58,300
the fat having basted, the meat 
as it cooked, creating layers of

1750
01:34:58,300 --> 01:35:00,000
taste. 
That seemed to expand in your 

1751
01:35:00,000 --> 01:35:03,200
mouth. 
The roasted potatoes are crispy 

1752
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:06,300
and golden absorbing goose fat 
and becoming something 

1753
01:35:06,300 --> 01:35:09,600
Transcendent the bread Source 
provides creamy. 

1754
01:35:09,600 --> 01:35:13,100
Contrast, the vegetables simply 
prepared tastes fully of 

1755
01:35:13,100 --> 01:35:17,500
themselves conversation, flows 
around the table stories and 

1756
01:35:17,508 --> 01:35:20,700
jokes family news and Village 
gossip. 

1757
01:35:20,700 --> 01:35:24,100
Your uncle tells a long rambling
story about a mishap with a 

1758
01:35:24,108 --> 01:35:27,400
Christmas goose from his 
childhood involving a dog and 

1759
01:35:27,400 --> 01:35:29,300
open window and a Chase through 
the village. 

1760
01:35:29,300 --> 01:35:33,900
The details may be exaggerated 
but the laughter is real the 

1761
01:35:33,900 --> 01:35:37,300
Christmas pudding arrives 
flaming your father having 

1762
01:35:37,300 --> 01:35:40,400
doused it in brandy and set it 
to like just before carrying it 

1763
01:35:40,400 --> 01:35:42,900
in. 
The blue flames danced across 

1764
01:35:42,900 --> 01:35:46,200
its dark surface, and everyone 
watches with a appreciation. 

1765
01:35:46,200 --> 01:35:50,300
For this dramatic presentation 
putting gets served with Brandy 

1766
01:35:50,300 --> 01:35:53,700
butter, a mixture of butter, 
sugar and Brandy, beaten 

1767
01:35:53,700 --> 01:35:57,500
together until light and creamy 
which melts into the hot pudding

1768
01:35:57,500 --> 01:36:01,400
and creates pools of richness. 
Your cousin finds the Sixpence 

1769
01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:03,300
in her portion and shrieks with 
excitement. 

1770
01:36:03,300 --> 01:36:06,700
You find the thimble and try to 
look pleased about its 

1771
01:36:06,700 --> 01:36:10,200
implications for your future. 
The putting itself is dark and 

1772
01:36:10,200 --> 01:36:14,100
Rich the dried fruits plump from
their months of soaking in 

1773
01:36:14,100 --> 01:36:19,100
brandy and the spices complex 
and warming Afterward, everyone 

1774
01:36:19,100 --> 01:36:22,700
sits drowsy and satisfied too 
full to move much. 

1775
01:36:22,700 --> 01:36:26,900
Someone suggests cards and a 
game gets organized, though, 

1776
01:36:26,900 --> 01:36:30,300
several people decline in favor 
of Simply sitting someone else 

1777
01:36:30,300 --> 01:36:34,000
proposes charades, which 
generates enthusiasm from the 

1778
01:36:34,000 --> 01:36:37,300
younger members and groans from 
the older ones, who claim to be 

1779
01:36:37,300 --> 01:36:42,000
too full for such exertion. 
Eventually people scattered to 

1780
01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:44,400
different corners of the house. 
Sumter nap. 

1781
01:36:44,400 --> 01:36:47,100
Some to read some to take a walk
in the pale. 

1782
01:36:47,100 --> 01:36:48,900
Winter off to noon to a 
digestion. 

1783
01:36:48,900 --> 01:36:52,800
You help your grandmother with 
the washing up, an enormous task

1784
01:36:52,800 --> 01:36:55,500
given the number of dishes and 
pots used to create the meal. 

1785
01:36:55,500 --> 01:37:00,000
The work feels companionable 
rather than burdensome you wash,

1786
01:37:00,000 --> 01:37:03,100
while she dries. 
And you talk about the day about

1787
01:37:03,100 --> 01:37:06,400
the preparation that led to it 
and about how quickly it All 

1788
01:37:06,400 --> 01:37:08,900
Passes despite the months of 
work it required. 

1789
01:37:09,900 --> 01:37:12,200
Was it worth it? 
You are thinking of all those 

1790
01:37:12,200 --> 01:37:15,700
hours of Labor, the plum jam 
made in September the putting 

1791
01:37:15,700 --> 01:37:18,400
stirred in October. 
The endless hand work through 

1792
01:37:18,400 --> 01:37:22,300
November and December, and the 
final frantic of cooking and 

1793
01:37:22,300 --> 01:37:24,500
preparing. 
She considers the question. 

1794
01:37:24,500 --> 01:37:28,000
Seriously, her hands. 
Still moving drying. 

1795
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:30,400
Each plate with care before, 
stacking it in the cupboard. 

1796
01:37:31,300 --> 01:37:35,100
The day itself is lovely. 
She says, finally, but the real 

1797
01:37:35,100 --> 01:37:38,800
gift is the preparation, it's 
having something to work toward 

1798
01:37:39,500 --> 01:37:43,300
Something to look forward to. 
It's the Rhythm of the seasons 

1799
01:37:43,300 --> 01:37:46,500
and the Traditions, that connect
us to everyone who came before. 

1800
01:37:47,700 --> 01:37:51,200
Next September, when the light 
changes again will start over 

1801
01:37:51,200 --> 01:37:54,900
and that continuity that cycle. 
That's what matters. 

1802
01:37:54,900 --> 01:37:57,600
Most you understand what she 
means. 

1803
01:37:57,600 --> 01:38:01,600
The preparation wasn't separate 
from the celebration but part of

1804
01:38:01,600 --> 01:38:05,700
it perhaps the better part the 
making and planning and working 

1805
01:38:05,700 --> 01:38:08,400
together created something more 
valuable than the single day 

1806
01:38:08,400 --> 01:38:11,300
could ever contain. 
The afternoon with your 

1807
01:38:11,300 --> 01:38:14,500
grandmother's friends, working 
on hand work and sharing 

1808
01:38:14,500 --> 01:38:18,000
conversation, the community 
effort to decorate the church. 

1809
01:38:18,000 --> 01:38:22,500
The careful selection of oranges
in the village shop, even the 

1810
01:38:22,500 --> 01:38:25,300
tedious work of polishing. 
Brass and cleaning windows 

1811
01:38:25,300 --> 01:38:29,500
contributed to something larger.
The celebration concentrated all

1812
01:38:29,500 --> 01:38:31,400
those months of work into a 
single day. 

1813
01:38:31,400 --> 01:38:34,400
Yes. 
But the work itself had value 

1814
01:38:34,400 --> 01:38:37,600
independent of the result. 
It produced the work created 

1815
01:38:37,600 --> 01:38:41,300
connections between past and 
present between individual and 

1816
01:38:41,300 --> 01:38:44,300
community and between the 
Practical and the meaningful, 

1817
01:38:44,300 --> 01:38:48,300
each jar of jam represented, not
just preserved fruit, but a 

1818
01:38:48,300 --> 01:38:51,200
connection to the September 
afternoon when you picked plums,

1819
01:38:51,200 --> 01:38:53,300
to your grandmother's patient 
teaching. 

1820
01:38:53,300 --> 01:38:56,300
And to all the women in your 
family line, who had performed 

1821
01:38:56,300 --> 01:39:01,600
the same tasks outside night as 
Fallen completely inside the 

1822
01:39:01,600 --> 01:39:03,500
house. 
Glows with the candles lit, 

1823
01:39:03,500 --> 01:39:06,600
specially for Christmas more 
light than any other day of the 

1824
01:39:06,600 --> 01:39:08,500
year. 
The house feels different 

1825
01:39:08,500 --> 01:39:11,900
tonight. 
Warm Or somehow Fuller as 

1826
01:39:11,900 --> 01:39:14,600
though, the walls themselves 
have absorbed some of the days 

1827
01:39:14,600 --> 01:39:17,900
Joy. 
The family gradually reconvenes 

1828
01:39:17,900 --> 01:39:20,800
in the front room, your father, 
the lights, the candles on the 

1829
01:39:20,808 --> 01:39:24,000
tree standing, ready with a bowl
of water in case any should set,

1830
01:39:24,000 --> 01:39:27,200
the pine needle smoldering. 
The candles transformed, the 

1831
01:39:27,200 --> 01:39:30,300
tree their Flames multiplying 
and reflecting creating points 

1832
01:39:30,300 --> 01:39:32,600
of light that seemed to float in
the darkening room. 

1833
01:39:33,500 --> 01:39:37,400
Someone starts singing a Carol 
and other voices, join you sing 

1834
01:39:37,400 --> 01:39:41,600
together the harmonies 
imperfect, but heartfelt filling

1835
01:39:41,600 --> 01:39:45,200
the room with sound, the carols 
feel different sung. 

1836
01:39:45,200 --> 01:39:48,100
Here in the candlelight in the 
warm room with your family 

1837
01:39:48,100 --> 01:39:51,900
around you, then they did in the
church's formal setting here, 

1838
01:39:51,900 --> 01:39:55,000
their intimate and personal 
connecting you to this specific 

1839
01:39:55,000 --> 01:39:56,900
moment with these specific 
people. 

1840
01:39:57,800 --> 01:40:00,500
As the evening progresses and 
the candles burned down. 

1841
01:40:00,500 --> 01:40:04,500
You find yourself thinking about
the year ahead in a few weeks, 

1842
01:40:04,500 --> 01:40:06,400
the decorations will come down 
and be stored. 

1843
01:40:06,400 --> 01:40:09,500
For next year, the leftover food
will be consumed. 

1844
01:40:09,500 --> 01:40:13,300
The house will return to its 
normal State and daily life will

1845
01:40:13,300 --> 01:40:16,700
resume its ordinary rhythms, but
the cycle has been completed. 

1846
01:40:16,700 --> 01:40:21,000
Once more the Traditions 
maintained and passed along Next

1847
01:40:21,000 --> 01:40:23,100
September, when the light 
changes you'll begin. 

1848
01:40:23,100 --> 01:40:25,900
Again, you'll help make jam and 
bottle fruit. 

1849
01:40:25,900 --> 01:40:29,000
You'll stir the Christmas 
pudding, and make your wishes, 

1850
01:40:29,000 --> 01:40:33,800
you'll create gifs and secrets 
and hide them carefully, you'll 

1851
01:40:33,800 --> 01:40:36,200
participate in all the familiar 
rituals that connect you 

1852
01:40:36,208 --> 01:40:39,800
backward through time and 
forward into the future, the 

1853
01:40:39,800 --> 01:40:43,000
continuity, satisfies something 
deep within you. 

1854
01:40:43,000 --> 01:40:45,800
You're part of a chain that 
extends beyond your individual 

1855
01:40:45,800 --> 01:40:49,500
life connected to everyone, who 
came before and everyone who 

1856
01:40:49,500 --> 01:40:52,600
will come after the Traditions, 
your maintaining aren't just 

1857
01:40:52,600 --> 01:40:56,200
quaint Customs, but threads 
connecting past to present, to 

1858
01:40:56,200 --> 01:41:00,500
Future, creating a continuity 
that transcends individual. 

1859
01:41:00,500 --> 01:41:04,200
Existence, tomorrow will bring 
the work of cleaning up of 

1860
01:41:04,200 --> 01:41:07,100
taking down decorations and 
storing them carefully for next 

1861
01:41:07,100 --> 01:41:10,100
year of eating. 
Leftovers and settling back into

1862
01:41:10,100 --> 01:41:14,000
normal routines. 
But tonight you exist in the 

1863
01:41:14,000 --> 01:41:18,000
perfect moment between effort 
and rest between preparation and

1864
01:41:18,000 --> 01:41:20,800
celebration. 
And between the year, Ending and

1865
01:41:20,800 --> 01:41:25,500
the year of about, to begin. 
Handles burn lower their lights 

1866
01:41:25,500 --> 01:41:28,500
softening and dimming your 
youngest cousin has fallen 

1867
01:41:28,500 --> 01:41:31,000
asleep in her mother's lap, 
clutching her new doll. 

1868
01:41:31,800 --> 01:41:34,400
Your grandfather doses in his 
chair by the fire. 

1869
01:41:35,200 --> 01:41:39,000
The conversation, quiets people 
falling into comfortable silence

1870
01:41:39,000 --> 01:41:42,300
simply being together in the 
warm candlelit room. 

1871
01:41:42,300 --> 01:41:44,900
You draw your hands and join 
your family. 

1872
01:41:44,900 --> 01:41:48,400
Finding your spot in the 
familiar arrangement of chairs 

1873
01:41:48,400 --> 01:41:51,800
and people. 
Outside winter continues its 

1874
01:41:51,800 --> 01:41:56,100
cold Dominion but inside your 
warm and fed and surrounded by 

1875
01:41:56,100 --> 01:41:59,400
people, you love the season. 
You've worked toward for months,

1876
01:41:59,400 --> 01:42:03,600
has arrived has happened and now
begins to pass into memory. 

1877
01:42:04,500 --> 01:42:07,500
But the memory will sustain you.
It will carry you through 

1878
01:42:07,500 --> 01:42:12,200
January's darkness and February 
is cold, it will provide hope 

1879
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:15,400
during the difficult parts of 
the Year evidence that joy and 

1880
01:42:15,400 --> 01:42:18,200
abundance are possible. 
And that effort can create 

1881
01:42:18,200 --> 01:42:21,700
meaning and connection, and When
September Comes again, and the 

1882
01:42:21,700 --> 01:42:25,600
light changes once more, you'll 
begin again, adding another 

1883
01:42:25,600 --> 01:42:28,900
layer to the accumulating 
traditions of a life, lived with

1884
01:42:28,900 --> 01:42:35,000
attention and care and love. 
The season of preparation, you 

1885
01:42:35,000 --> 01:42:39,400
realize never really ends. 
It simply cycles each year, 

1886
01:42:39,400 --> 01:42:42,800
building on the last each 
Christmas growing out of the 

1887
01:42:42,800 --> 01:42:46,000
work, that preceded it and 
planting seeds for the Christmas

1888
01:42:46,000 --> 01:42:49,000
to come. 
And that cycle, that eternal 

1889
01:42:49,000 --> 01:42:52,700
return to familiar patterns, and
beloved Traditions, provide 

1890
01:42:52,700 --> 01:42:55,900
structure and meaning that 
transcend, any individual 

1891
01:42:55,900 --> 01:42:59,900
moment, you settle deeper into 
your bed watching the candles 

1892
01:42:59,900 --> 01:43:02,900
flicker and the Fire Glow. 
Listening to your family, 

1893
01:43:02,900 --> 01:43:07,500
breathe and shift around you. 
You feel profoundly grateful for

1894
01:43:07,500 --> 01:43:11,800
this day for this family for the
Traditions that connect you all 

1895
01:43:11,800 --> 01:43:16,000
and for the opportunity to 
participate in something larger 

1896
01:43:16,000 --> 01:43:20,200
than yourself, the Christmas you
prepared for has arrived and it 

1897
01:43:20,208 --> 01:43:23,000
was worth every moment of the 
work that created it. 

1898
01:43:30,100 --> 01:43:34,400
Imagine standing in Alexandria 
around 300 CE when the Great 

1899
01:43:34,400 --> 01:43:37,000
Library still held the 
accumulated wisdom of the 

1900
01:43:37,000 --> 01:43:42,000
ancient world. yes, smells of 
Papyrus lamboil and that 

1901
01:43:42,000 --> 01:43:44,900
particular mustiness, that 
clings to places where knowledge

1902
01:43:44,900 --> 01:43:48,100
Live's Somewhere in a modest 
Workshop near the harbor. 

1903
01:43:48,100 --> 01:43:52,300
A practitioner hunches over a 
clay vessel watching colored 

1904
01:43:52,300 --> 01:43:54,700
smoke. 
Curl upward while making careful

1905
01:43:54,700 --> 01:43:58,000
notes on a wax tablet. 
This is where our story truly 

1906
01:43:58,000 --> 01:43:59,400
begins. 
Though. 

1907
01:43:59,400 --> 01:44:02,400
Alchemy's Roots stretch even 
further back into the fertile 

1908
01:44:02,400 --> 01:44:06,000
valleys of Mesopotamia and the 
temples of ancient Egypt. 

1909
01:44:06,900 --> 01:44:09,900
The word, alchemy itself, 
carries the memory of this 

1910
01:44:09,900 --> 01:44:14,500
Egyptian origin, Al from Arabic 
and chem possibly from the 

1911
01:44:14,508 --> 01:44:16,500
ancient Egyptian word for their 
own land. 

1912
01:44:16,500 --> 01:44:21,700
The black soil of the Nile, 
Delta Black Earth, the source of

1913
01:44:21,700 --> 01:44:24,800
life and fertility, where 
transformational happened every 

1914
01:44:24,800 --> 01:44:27,300
year as floods receded and crops
emerged. 

1915
01:44:27,300 --> 01:44:30,500
The earliest Alchemists were 
trying to get rich quick or 

1916
01:44:30,500 --> 01:44:34,400
discover some magical shortcut, 
they were observers who noticed 

1917
01:44:34,400 --> 01:44:36,400
that the world was full of 
transformation. 

1918
01:44:37,500 --> 01:44:40,300
Clay became Pottery in the kills
Heath grapes. 

1919
01:44:40,300 --> 01:44:43,400
Fermented into wine copper and 
tin two. 

1920
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:46,000
Relatively soft Metals. 
Could be combined to create 

1921
01:44:46,000 --> 01:44:48,800
bronze. 
Something harder and more useful

1922
01:44:48,800 --> 01:44:53,000
than either parent material. 
If such dramatic changes were 

1923
01:44:53,000 --> 01:44:55,400
possible. 
What else might be transformed? 

1924
01:44:55,400 --> 01:44:57,300
Given the right conditions, the 
right knowledge. 

1925
01:44:57,300 --> 01:44:59,700
And the Right Touch in ancient 
Egypt. 

1926
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:02,400
The embalmers held specialized 
knowledge about preserving 

1927
01:45:02,400 --> 01:45:06,900
bodies, a literal attempt to 
defeat death, and decay The 

1928
01:45:06,900 --> 01:45:09,200
metal workers. 
Understood how to extract pure 

1929
01:45:09,200 --> 01:45:12,700
metals from Rocky. 
Oars transforming dull stones 

1930
01:45:12,700 --> 01:45:17,000
into gleaming gold and silver. 
The perfume makers could capture

1931
01:45:17,000 --> 01:45:19,800
the essence of flowers in oils 
that lasted long after the 

1932
01:45:19,800 --> 01:45:23,300
blooms and withered. 
Each craft involved, taking 

1933
01:45:23,300 --> 01:45:25,900
something ordinary and elevating
it to a higher state. 

1934
01:45:25,900 --> 01:45:29,100
These weren't separate practices
in the ancient mind. 

1935
01:45:29,100 --> 01:45:32,200
They were all part of 
understanding Nature's patterns,

1936
01:45:32,200 --> 01:45:35,900
its hidden connections, the 
priest Physicians who made 

1937
01:45:35,900 --> 01:45:39,000
medicine from plants and 
minerals were all so studying 

1938
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:41,900
the stars because they believed 
everything was connected in a 

1939
01:45:41,908 --> 01:45:45,600
grand Cosmic web Your health is 
related to the planets 

1940
01:45:45,600 --> 01:45:50,000
positions, the seasons turning 
and the balance of elements 

1941
01:45:50,000 --> 01:45:53,100
within your body, Greek 
philosophers, particularly those

1942
01:45:53,100 --> 01:45:57,100
influenced by Egyptian, wisdom 
Traditions began systematizing 

1943
01:45:57,100 --> 01:45:58,800
these observations into 
theories. 

1944
01:45:59,800 --> 01:46:03,200
They proposed that all matter, 
consisted of four, fundamental 

1945
01:46:03,200 --> 01:46:07,400
elements earth water air and 
Fire. 

1946
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:11,800
Combined in different 
proportions change one element 

1947
01:46:11,800 --> 01:46:14,800
to another adjust the 
proportions and you could 

1948
01:46:14,800 --> 01:46:17,800
theoretically transform any 
substance into any other 

1949
01:46:17,800 --> 01:46:21,600
substance. 
Lead into gold wasn't absurd 

1950
01:46:21,600 --> 01:46:24,800
within this framework. 
It was just extremely difficult,

1951
01:46:24,800 --> 01:46:28,400
practical work. 
This is crucial to understand as

1952
01:46:28,400 --> 01:46:31,800
you drift towards sleep. 
Alchemy wasn't the practice of 

1953
01:46:31,800 --> 01:46:34,000
foolish people. 
Chasing impossible Dreams. 

1954
01:46:34,700 --> 01:46:37,600
It was the best attempt 
available given the knowledge of

1955
01:46:37,600 --> 01:46:41,200
the time to understand and work 
with the material world. 

1956
01:46:42,500 --> 01:46:45,000
The Alchemists were the 
ancestors of modern chemists 

1957
01:46:45,000 --> 01:46:48,500
Pharmacists and materials 
scientists working without 

1958
01:46:48,500 --> 01:46:51,200
benefit of atomic theory or the 
periodic table. 

1959
01:46:51,200 --> 01:46:54,900
But with careful observation and
genuine curiosity. 

1960
01:46:54,900 --> 01:46:58,200
The Hellenistic world of 
Alexandria brought together 

1961
01:46:58,200 --> 01:47:01,200
Egyptian, practical knowledge, 
Greek, philosophical, 

1962
01:47:01,200 --> 01:47:06,400
speculation and incoming ideas 
from Persia in India. in this 

1963
01:47:06,400 --> 01:47:09,400
intellectual Melting Pot, 
Alchemy began to take 

1964
01:47:09,400 --> 01:47:13,900
recognizable form Practitioners 
started writing treatises, 

1965
01:47:13,900 --> 01:47:17,500
developing specialized equipment
and establishing a tradition, 

1966
01:47:17,500 --> 01:47:20,600
that would spread across 
continents and survived for 

1967
01:47:20,600 --> 01:47:24,300
nearly 2000 years. 
These early Alchemists of the 

1968
01:47:24,300 --> 01:47:27,700
Athena or a specialized furnace.
That could maintain consistent 

1969
01:47:27,700 --> 01:47:31,100
temperatures for days or weeks 
crucial for their long 

1970
01:47:31,100 --> 01:47:34,000
processes. 
They created a limbic for 

1971
01:47:34,000 --> 01:47:37,300
distillation retorts for 
heating, substances in 

1972
01:47:37,300 --> 01:47:40,700
controlled conditions and 
sophisticated glassware for 

1973
01:47:40,700 --> 01:47:42,700
separating and purifying 
materials. 

1974
01:47:44,100 --> 01:47:47,300
Walking into an alchemical 
laboratory in the third Century 

1975
01:47:47,300 --> 01:47:50,400
would have felt surprisingly 
familiar if you'd ever visited a

1976
01:47:50,400 --> 01:47:53,200
modern chemistry lab though, 
you'd notice the absence of 

1977
01:47:53,200 --> 01:47:56,200
safety goggles and the presence 
of considerably more mystical 

1978
01:47:56,200 --> 01:47:59,800
inscriptions, the Roman Empire's
declined scattered. 

1979
01:47:59,800 --> 01:48:03,900
This knowledge like seeds on the
Wind, some texts were preserved 

1980
01:48:03,900 --> 01:48:07,200
in Byzantine, libraries 
carefully copied by monks who 

1981
01:48:07,200 --> 01:48:09,900
might not have fully understood 
what they were preserving. 

1982
01:48:11,100 --> 01:48:14,400
Other manuscripts, traveled 
East, finding new homes in 

1983
01:48:14,400 --> 01:48:17,100
Persian, and eventually arabic 
speaking chords. 

1984
01:48:17,800 --> 01:48:19,800
The great work of alchemy was 
beginning. 

1985
01:48:19,800 --> 01:48:22,300
Its long journey through 
cultures and centuries. 

1986
01:48:22,300 --> 01:48:24,900
Let's move forward. 
Several centuries and travel 

1987
01:48:24,900 --> 01:48:27,900
east to the Islamic golden age. 
When Baghdad was the 

1988
01:48:27,900 --> 01:48:29,300
intellectual center of the 
world. 

1989
01:48:30,300 --> 01:48:33,900
The year is around 800 CE and 
your standing outside, the 

1990
01:48:33,900 --> 01:48:39,700
workshop of jabir, whose name 
the medieval Europeans would 

1991
01:48:39,700 --> 01:48:43,300
later mangle in together. 
Jabez workspace is a Wonder of 

1992
01:48:43,300 --> 01:48:47,100
careful, organization rows of 
glass of vessels line, wooden 

1993
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:50,000
shelves. 
Each labeled with careful Arabic

1994
01:48:50,000 --> 01:48:53,000
script. 
The central workbench holds a 

1995
01:48:53,008 --> 01:48:56,900
complex arrangement of flasks 
connected by cubes positioned 

1996
01:48:56,900 --> 01:48:59,100
over carefully. 
Tended charcoal braziers. 

1997
01:49:00,200 --> 01:49:05,000
The smell here is complex the 
mineral Tang of salamoni the 

1998
01:49:05,000 --> 01:49:08,800
sweet sharp Center, various 
tinctures, and the ever-present 

1999
01:49:08,800 --> 01:49:11,000
background of smoke and heated 
metal. 

2000
01:49:12,100 --> 01:49:16,300
It's not unpleasant just 
intensely present the smell of 

2001
01:49:16,300 --> 01:49:20,100
transformation itself to be a 
represents, a turning point in 

2002
01:49:20,100 --> 01:49:23,600
alchemical history. where 
earlier practitioners often 

2003
01:49:23,600 --> 01:49:27,300
wrote in vague symbolic language
he insisted on careful 

2004
01:49:27,300 --> 01:49:30,700
observation and detailed record 
keeping He understood that, 

2005
01:49:30,700 --> 01:49:34,200
reliable knowledge, came from 
repeatable processes, if you 

2006
01:49:34,200 --> 01:49:37,000
couldn't describe your method 
precisely enough, for another 

2007
01:49:37,000 --> 01:49:40,400
practitioner to duplicate it, 
you didn't really understand 

2008
01:49:40,400 --> 01:49:43,200
what you were doing. 
This is surprisingly modern 

2009
01:49:43,200 --> 01:49:47,300
thinking for the 9th century 
jabard developed, systematic, 

2010
01:49:47,300 --> 01:49:50,900
classification schemes for 
substances distinguishing 

2011
01:49:50,900 --> 01:49:54,900
between what we'd Now, call 
Elements compounds and mixtures.

2012
01:49:54,900 --> 01:50:00,100
He described processes like 
distillation crystallization and

2013
01:50:00,100 --> 01:50:03,900
sublimation with such Clarity 
that his instructions can still 

2014
01:50:03,900 --> 01:50:07,800
be followed today. 
He understood that mercury could

2015
01:50:07,800 --> 01:50:10,600
dissolve gold. 
That substance is had 

2016
01:50:10,600 --> 01:50:14,000
characteristic reactions, that 
could identify them and that 

2017
01:50:14,000 --> 01:50:17,000
careful of temperature and 
timing could mean the difference

2018
01:50:17,000 --> 01:50:20,700
between success and disaster, 
but jabir was working within the

2019
01:50:20,700 --> 01:50:24,100
theoretical framework of his 
time which viewed Mata, very 

2020
01:50:24,108 --> 01:50:27,900
differently than we do now, He 
believed that all metals were 

2021
01:50:27,900 --> 01:50:32,000
composed of mercury and sulfur 
in varying proportions and 

2022
01:50:32,000 --> 01:50:35,700
degrees of purity. 
Gold was perfectly balanced 

2023
01:50:35,700 --> 01:50:39,400
Mercury and sulfur completely 
purified. 

2024
01:50:39,400 --> 01:50:45,400
LED was unbalanced and impure 
Therefore transforming lead into

2025
01:50:45,400 --> 01:50:48,600
gold meant purifying, and 
rebalancing, its fundamental 

2026
01:50:48,600 --> 01:50:50,900
components, theoretically 
possible. 

2027
01:50:50,900 --> 01:50:55,200
Just technically challenging, 
the alchemical laboratory became

2028
01:50:55,200 --> 01:50:58,600
a place where philosophy met 
practice where abstract Theory, 

2029
01:50:58,600 --> 01:51:00,700
encountered stubborn material 
reality. 

2030
01:51:01,400 --> 01:51:04,900
The work required patience that 
modern people might find hard to

2031
01:51:04,900 --> 01:51:08,400
fathom. 
Processes could take weeks or 

2032
01:51:08,400 --> 01:51:11,200
months. 
Requiring constant attention and

2033
01:51:11,200 --> 01:51:14,000
adjustment. 
The Alchemist learned to read 

2034
01:51:14,000 --> 01:51:17,100
subtle signs. 
Slight color changes in a 

2035
01:51:17,100 --> 01:51:20,900
solution, the quality of vapors 
rising from heated flesh. 

2036
01:51:20,900 --> 01:51:24,100
And the way crystals formed, 
along the edges of a cooling 

2037
01:51:24,100 --> 01:51:27,700
vessel fire was the great 
Transformer but it had to be 

2038
01:51:27,700 --> 01:51:32,200
understood in all its moods, a 
gentle heat, that barely warmed.

2039
01:51:32,200 --> 01:51:36,000
The hand could accomplish things
that intense Flames were destroy

2040
01:51:36,000 --> 01:51:40,900
the Athena or that specialized 
furnace was designed to provide 

2041
01:51:40,900 --> 01:51:45,300
this patient steady Heat. 
Some alchemical operations 

2042
01:51:45,300 --> 01:51:48,800
supposedly required maintaining 
specific temperatures for 40 

2043
01:51:48,800 --> 01:51:52,600
days and 40 nights. 
The same period Christ spent in 

2044
01:51:52,600 --> 01:51:55,300
the wilderness and probably not 
coincidentally. 

2045
01:51:55,300 --> 01:51:58,700
The vessels themselves took on 
sacred significance. 

2046
01:51:59,400 --> 01:52:02,700
The alembic used for 
distillation became a symbol of 

2047
01:52:02,708 --> 01:52:07,300
purification, crude matter, 
being vaporized Rising upward 

2048
01:52:07,300 --> 01:52:12,600
and condensing into a pure form.
The retort with its long curved 

2049
01:52:12,600 --> 01:52:17,100
neck contained and controlled 
Transformations preventing 

2050
01:52:17,100 --> 01:52:21,200
precious Vapors from escaping. 
Even the simple mortar and 

2051
01:52:21,200 --> 01:52:25,200
pestle grinding and mixing 
ingredients represented. 

2052
01:52:25,200 --> 01:52:28,600
The breaking down of old forms 
to create new combinations, 

2053
01:52:28,600 --> 01:52:32,100
Islamic Alchemist. 
Like jabir worked in a culture 

2054
01:52:32,100 --> 01:52:35,700
that valued learning and saw no 
contradiction between scientific

2055
01:52:35,700 --> 01:52:37,700
investigation and spiritual 
practice. 

2056
01:52:38,800 --> 01:52:42,000
The Quran itself, encouraged 
Believers to observe nature and 

2057
01:52:42,000 --> 01:52:44,000
discover God's patterns in 
creation. 

2058
01:52:44,900 --> 01:52:47,200
Alchemy fit perfectly into this 
worldview. 

2059
01:52:47,200 --> 01:52:51,100
It was simultaneously practical,
chemistry Philosophical 

2060
01:52:51,100 --> 01:52:53,800
Investigation, and spiritual 
discipline. 

2061
01:52:53,800 --> 01:52:57,500
The substance is they worked 
with a quiet layers of meaning, 

2062
01:52:57,500 --> 01:53:02,300
Mercury liquid and silvery was 
understood as the principal of 

2063
01:53:02,300 --> 01:53:06,700
fusibility and volatility it 
represented, the soul or Spirit 

2064
01:53:06,700 --> 01:53:11,800
of metals Sulfur, which burned 
with that characteristic acid 

2065
01:53:11,800 --> 01:53:16,000
smell was the principal of 
combustibility it represented 

2066
01:53:16,000 --> 01:53:20,200
the soul or animating Force. 
Salt, which remained after 

2067
01:53:20,200 --> 01:53:23,400
burning, was the principal of 
fixity and permanence it 

2068
01:53:23,400 --> 01:53:26,900
represented the body. 
Everything in the alchemical 

2069
01:53:26,900 --> 01:53:30,100
worldview was composed of these 
three principles in varying 

2070
01:53:30,100 --> 01:53:35,700
combinations as Islamic 
civilized to Spain alchemical 

2071
01:53:35,700 --> 01:53:39,400
knowledge traveled with it. 
Libraries and Cordoba and Toledo

2072
01:53:39,400 --> 01:53:43,300
accumulated texts in Arabic 
Persian and Greek. 

2073
01:53:44,300 --> 01:53:47,600
When Christian Scholars began 
learning Arabic and translating 

2074
01:53:47,600 --> 01:53:50,000
these Works into Latin in the 
12th and 13th. 

2075
01:53:50,000 --> 01:53:53,200
Centuries, they discovered an 
intellectual treasure. 

2076
01:53:53,200 --> 01:53:56,900
That would reshape European 
thought the flame and the vessel

2077
01:53:56,900 --> 01:53:59,500
Heaton container process and 
patients. 

2078
01:53:59,500 --> 01:54:02,700
These became the fundamental 
tools of transformation. 

2079
01:54:04,500 --> 01:54:07,200
The Alchemist learned to work 
with Nature's timing, rather 

2080
01:54:07,200 --> 01:54:11,000
than against it understanding 
that some changes could not be 

2081
01:54:11,000 --> 01:54:13,300
rushed. 
You couldn't hurry the 

2082
01:54:13,300 --> 01:54:16,100
maturation of gold in any more 
than you could hurry the growth 

2083
01:54:16,100 --> 01:54:20,000
of an oak tree from an acorn. 
Both required proper conditions 

2084
01:54:20,000 --> 01:54:22,900
and sufficient time. 
Now, let's turn our attention to

2085
01:54:22,900 --> 01:54:24,900
what might become his. 
Most famous Quest. 

2086
01:54:24,900 --> 01:54:27,300
The search for the elixir of 
Life. 

2087
01:54:27,300 --> 01:54:31,700
The substance that could cure 
all diseases, restore Youth and 

2088
01:54:31,700 --> 01:54:36,300
Grant immortality itself. 
This wasn't a side project or a 

2089
01:54:36,308 --> 01:54:39,000
fantasy Edition to Serious 
alchemical work. 

2090
01:54:40,000 --> 01:54:42,200
For many practitioners, it was 
the ultimate goal. 

2091
01:54:42,200 --> 01:54:44,900
More important. 
Even than transmuting base 

2092
01:54:44,900 --> 01:54:48,500
Metals into gold, the logic 
within their framework was 

2093
01:54:48,500 --> 01:54:51,900
compelling. 
If substances could be purified 

2094
01:54:51,900 --> 01:54:56,200
and perfected led into gold 
crude or into gleaming metal, 

2095
01:54:56,200 --> 01:54:59,900
why couldn't the human body? 
Be similarly, transformed. 

2096
01:55:00,800 --> 01:55:03,400
If Alchemy was about 
understanding and working with 

2097
01:55:03,400 --> 01:55:06,700
Nature's principles of 
transformation, surely the 

2098
01:55:06,700 --> 01:55:08,300
ultimate transformation would 
be. 

2099
01:55:08,300 --> 01:55:12,100
Conquering death itself. 
Chinese Alchemists pursued. 

2100
01:55:12,100 --> 01:55:15,000
This goal with particular 
intensity and their work 

2101
01:55:15,000 --> 01:55:18,500
influence practices across Asia 
and eventually reached the 

2102
01:55:18,500 --> 01:55:22,500
Islamic world and Europe. 
In China, the Quest for 

2103
01:55:22,500 --> 01:55:26,300
immortality connected deeply 
with Taurus philosophy, which 

2104
01:55:26,300 --> 01:55:29,000
saw the human body as a 
microcosm of the universe. 

2105
01:55:30,000 --> 01:55:33,600
If you could achieve perfect, 
internal balance, harmonizing 

2106
01:55:33,600 --> 01:55:37,000
the body's energy with Cosmic 
forces, you might transcend 

2107
01:55:37,000 --> 01:55:40,600
ordinary mortality. 
The legendary Elixir took many 

2108
01:55:40,600 --> 01:55:44,700
forms in different traditions, 
Sometimes it was described as a 

2109
01:55:44,700 --> 01:55:48,000
liquid clear as water or golden 
as honey. 

2110
01:55:48,900 --> 01:55:53,000
Other accounts spoke of it as a 
powder or stone something solid,

2111
01:55:53,000 --> 01:55:57,300
that could be dissolved in wine 
or water. the Chinese termed it,

2112
01:55:57,300 --> 01:56:01,400
the pill of immortality While 
Islamic and European Alchemists 

2113
01:56:01,400 --> 01:56:03,700
called it. 
The Elixir from the Arabic 

2114
01:56:03,700 --> 01:56:08,400
alixia, meaning the substance 
itself or perhaps a powder for 

2115
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:11,800
making Solutions, what's 
fascinating as you settle deep 

2116
01:56:11,800 --> 01:56:14,100
into your pillows. 
Is that the search for this 

2117
01:56:14,100 --> 01:56:16,300
Elixir led to genuine medical 
advances? 

2118
01:56:17,200 --> 01:56:20,600
Alchemists experimenting with 
mineral and plants, substances 

2119
01:56:20,600 --> 01:56:23,700
discovered compounds that 
actually worked as medicine's. 

2120
01:56:23,700 --> 01:56:28,000
The distillation processes, they
develop for purifying the elixr 

2121
01:56:28,000 --> 01:56:30,000
gave a stronger more reliable 
medicine. 

2122
01:56:30,000 --> 01:56:34,100
They're careful observations of 
how substances affected the body

2123
01:56:34,100 --> 01:56:37,400
contributed to understanding 
physiology and pharmacology. 

2124
01:56:37,400 --> 01:56:41,600
Paracelsus, a Swiss physician 
and Alchemist of the 16th 

2125
01:56:41,600 --> 01:56:45,100
century, revolutionized Medicine
by treating diseases with 

2126
01:56:45,100 --> 01:56:48,500
carefully prepared, chemical 
medicine's, rather than relying 

2127
01:56:48,500 --> 01:56:51,200
solely on herbs. 
He believed the body was 

2128
01:56:51,200 --> 01:56:54,500
essentially a chemical system 
and diseases were chemical 

2129
01:56:54,500 --> 01:56:57,100
imbalances that required 
chemical Corrections. 

2130
01:56:57,900 --> 01:57:00,900
This was Radical thinking that 
earned him both devoted 

2131
01:57:00,900 --> 01:57:05,400
followers and fierce critics. 
His approach though sometimes 

2132
01:57:05,400 --> 01:57:09,000
spectacularly wrong in details 
pointed toward modern 

2133
01:57:09,000 --> 01:57:12,600
pharmaceutical chemistry, the 
preparation of The Elixir, 

2134
01:57:12,600 --> 01:57:15,100
supposedly required, the same 
patients, and spiritual 

2135
01:57:15,100 --> 01:57:18,000
preparation. 
As creating the Philosopher's 

2136
01:57:18,000 --> 01:57:21,600
Stone, the substance that could 
transform lead into gold. 

2137
01:57:22,500 --> 01:57:25,500
Many texts suggested they were 
actually the same thing or 

2138
01:57:25,500 --> 01:57:29,200
intimately related. 
The stone that perfected Metals 

2139
01:57:29,200 --> 01:57:32,500
would also perfect the human 
body making sense within the 

2140
01:57:32,500 --> 01:57:35,600
alchemical worldview, where 
microcosm and macrocosm and 

2141
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:39,200
reflected each other recipes for
the elixir of varied wildly, 

2142
01:57:39,200 --> 01:57:42,800
partly because alchemical texts,
deliberately obscured their 

2143
01:57:42,800 --> 01:57:47,800
methods with symbolic language. 
One 14th century European text 

2144
01:57:47,800 --> 01:57:51,500
describes a process involving 
repeated distillation of wine 

2145
01:57:51,500 --> 01:57:55,800
mixed with various herbs 
minerals and even gold itself. 

2146
01:57:55,800 --> 01:57:59,500
The entire operation conducted, 
according to astrological 

2147
01:57:59,500 --> 01:58:04,100
timing, final product was 
supposedly a clear liquid that 

2148
01:58:04,100 --> 01:58:08,600
clothed faintly and darkness and
smelled of roses and something 

2149
01:58:08,600 --> 01:58:11,800
indefinable. 
Whether anyone ever produced 

2150
01:58:11,800 --> 01:58:15,600
such a substance is doubtful 
What we know is that the quest 

2151
01:58:15,600 --> 01:58:18,300
LED practitioners to develop 
increasingly sophisticated 

2152
01:58:18,300 --> 01:58:21,100
techniques for purification and 
concentration? 

2153
01:58:22,000 --> 01:58:25,900
They learn to extract the 
quintessence, literally the 5th,

2154
01:58:25,900 --> 01:58:28,200
Essence, beyond the four 
elements from plants. 

2155
01:58:28,200 --> 01:58:32,400
And minerals these concentrated 
extracts were often genuinely 

2156
01:58:32,400 --> 01:58:34,900
potent though. 
Not in the magical ways. 

2157
01:58:34,900 --> 01:58:38,300
Practitioners hoped The Elixir 
wasn't just about physical 

2158
01:58:38,300 --> 01:58:43,000
immortality in Chinese, Alchemy 
particularly and increasingly in

2159
01:58:43,000 --> 01:58:46,300
Islamic and European Traditions.
It represented spiritual 

2160
01:58:46,300 --> 01:58:49,600
transformation. 
The process of creating the 

2161
01:58:49,600 --> 01:58:52,200
Elixir, mirrored the process of 
spiritual refinement. 

2162
01:58:53,200 --> 01:58:56,800
Just as crude matter had to be 
broken down purified and 

2163
01:58:56,800 --> 01:59:00,800
reconstituted at a higher level.
So, to The Alchemist, Soul, 

2164
01:59:00,800 --> 01:59:05,100
underwent, trials purifications,
and ultimate transformational, 

2165
01:59:05,100 --> 01:59:08,600
this spiritual Dimension became 
increasingly important in 

2166
01:59:08,600 --> 01:59:12,400
European Alchemy as the medieval
period gave way to the 

2167
01:59:12,400 --> 01:59:15,700
Renaissance. 
The Alchemist laboratory became 

2168
01:59:15,700 --> 01:59:18,900
a place of meditation and prayer
as much as chemical 

2169
01:59:18,900 --> 01:59:22,500
experimentation. 
The long hours watching vessels 

2170
01:59:22,500 --> 01:59:26,200
heat observing slow color 
changes and waiting for 

2171
01:59:26,200 --> 01:59:29,600
crystallization. 
These became opportunities for 

2172
01:59:29,600 --> 01:59:32,700
contemplation some Alchemists 
claim that the work couldn't 

2173
01:59:32,700 --> 01:59:34,800
succeed without proper spiritual
preparation. 

2174
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:38,700
They spoke of necessary prayers,
fasting, and meditation. 

2175
01:59:38,700 --> 01:59:42,400
The laboratory work was 
Inseparable from inner work. 

2176
01:59:43,100 --> 01:59:45,700
You couldn't perfect matter 
without perfecting yourself. 

2177
01:59:46,700 --> 01:59:49,600
The Elixir that granted 
immortality wasn't just a 

2178
01:59:49,600 --> 01:59:52,600
substance, you swallowed. 
It was the culmination of a 

2179
01:59:52,600 --> 01:59:58,000
complete transformation of both 
matter and spirit Chinese 

2180
01:59:58,000 --> 02:00:00,100
Emperors. 
Desperate for immortality 

2181
02:00:00,100 --> 02:00:04,100
sometimes consumed, alchemical 
preparations with disastrous 

2182
02:00:04,100 --> 02:00:07,700
results. 
Mercury and arsenic both common 

2183
02:00:07,700 --> 02:00:10,700
ingredients in Elixir. 
Recipes are quite toxic. 

2184
02:00:11,900 --> 02:00:14,900
The irony of dying from 
ingesting substances meant to 

2185
02:00:14,900 --> 02:00:16,500
granted. 
Eternal life was not lost on 

2186
02:00:16,500 --> 02:00:20,400
Observers. 
Yet the quest continued driven 

2187
02:00:20,400 --> 02:00:24,400
by that deeply human resistance 
to accepting mortality in 

2188
02:00:24,400 --> 02:00:27,700
gentler forms the search for the
elixr, gave us contributions to 

2189
02:00:27,700 --> 02:00:29,500
herbal medicine that persisted 
today. 

2190
02:00:30,500 --> 02:00:33,300
The careful distillation of 
plant Essence is led to 

2191
02:00:33,300 --> 02:00:36,100
understanding how to concentrate
active ingredients. 

2192
02:00:37,000 --> 02:00:39,700
The documentation of which 
substance is affected, which 

2193
02:00:39,700 --> 02:00:43,000
conditions that often mixed with
symbolic languages and false 

2194
02:00:43,000 --> 02:00:46,800
theories, contained genuine 
observations that informed later

2195
02:00:46,800 --> 02:00:49,500
Medical Practice as you drift 
towards sleep. 

2196
02:00:49,500 --> 02:00:52,100
Let's meet some of the 
remarkable individuals who 

2197
02:00:52,100 --> 02:00:54,400
devoted their lives to the AL 
chemical Arts. 

2198
02:00:55,800 --> 02:00:57,900
These weren't foolish or 
credulous people. 

2199
02:00:57,900 --> 02:01:01,600
They were often the most learned
Scholars of their time, applying

2200
02:01:01,600 --> 02:01:05,000
the best available methods to 
questions that still Fascinate 

2201
02:01:05,000 --> 02:01:08,700
Us in medieval Europe. 
Albertus Magnus Albert, the 

2202
02:01:08,700 --> 02:01:12,100
Great was a Dominican Friar 
whose interests ranged across 

2203
02:01:12,100 --> 02:01:16,300
all of available knowledge. 
Born around 1200, he wrote 

2204
02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:19,900
extensively on logic theology, 
mathematics and natural 

2205
02:01:19,900 --> 02:01:23,000
philosophy. 
His works on minerals and metals

2206
02:01:23,000 --> 02:01:25,000
show. 
Careful, observation mixed with 

2207
02:01:25,000 --> 02:01:29,000
alchemical Theory. he described 
how to test, whether metals were

2208
02:01:29,000 --> 02:01:32,600
pure, catalogued their 
properties and discussed various

2209
02:01:32,600 --> 02:01:36,500
attempts at transmutation, he 
had witnessed or heard about His

2210
02:01:36,500 --> 02:01:39,400
student, Thomas Aquinas would 
become more famous for theology,

2211
02:01:39,400 --> 02:01:43,800
but both teacher and students or
no contradiction between faith 

2212
02:01:43,800 --> 02:01:45,900
and investigating Nature's 
Secrets. 

2213
02:01:45,900 --> 02:01:49,700
Roger Bacon, an English 
Franciscan Friar of 13th 

2214
02:01:49,700 --> 02:01:52,800
century, advocated for 
experimental methods, and 

2215
02:01:52,800 --> 02:01:55,200
mathematical analysis in 
studying nature. 

2216
02:01:55,200 --> 02:01:58,800
He wrote about alchemy as both a
Practical Art and a 

2217
02:01:58,800 --> 02:02:02,500
philosophical Pursuit 
distinguishing between genuine 

2218
02:02:02,500 --> 02:02:06,600
investigation and charlatans who
promised quick gold while 

2219
02:02:06,600 --> 02:02:08,800
delivering only expensive 
disappointment. 

2220
02:02:10,000 --> 02:02:12,900
Bacon understood that real 
knowledge required patient 

2221
02:02:12,900 --> 02:02:17,900
observation and careful testing.
Principles that seem obvious now

2222
02:02:17,900 --> 02:02:19,700
but were revolutionary for his 
time. 

2223
02:02:19,700 --> 02:02:24,200
Let's visit the laboratory of a 
15th century Alchemist perhaps 

2224
02:02:24,200 --> 02:02:28,200
in Prague or Florence. the REM 
occupies, the top floor of a 

2225
02:02:28,200 --> 02:02:31,400
comfortable house Alchemist 
needed, privacy and good 

2226
02:02:31,408 --> 02:02:35,100
ventilation for their work, 
Morning, lights streams through 

2227
02:02:35,100 --> 02:02:36,000
tall. 
Windows. 

2228
02:02:36,000 --> 02:02:38,700
Illuminating floating dust 
Motes. 

2229
02:02:38,700 --> 02:02:41,500
And catching the glass vessels 
arranged on shelves. 

2230
02:02:42,400 --> 02:02:46,800
The furnace carefully built of 
brick and Clay, occupies one 

2231
02:02:46,800 --> 02:02:52,000
corner, it's Firefly, banked 
overnight, but now being coaxed 

2232
02:02:52,000 --> 02:02:54,500
back to working heat our 
Alchemist. 

2233
02:02:54,500 --> 02:02:56,800
Let's imagine her. 
Since women did practice Alchemy

2234
02:02:56,800 --> 02:03:00,400
despite really receiving credit 
begins her day by checking the 

2235
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:04,700
various operations in progress. 
One flask contains a solution 

2236
02:03:04,700 --> 02:03:08,200
that has been slowly evaporating
for two weeks with crystalline 

2237
02:03:08,200 --> 02:03:10,500
formations, just beginning to 
appear at the edges. 

2238
02:03:11,300 --> 02:03:15,000
Another holds a substance 
undergoing digestion sealed and 

2239
02:03:15,008 --> 02:03:18,200
kept at body temperature in a 
bath of warm water and sand. 

2240
02:03:19,400 --> 02:03:23,400
Third sits in a sunny window 
where sunlight gradually Works. 

2241
02:03:23,400 --> 02:03:27,000
Its transformative effect on the
prepared materials within she 

2242
02:03:27,000 --> 02:03:30,000
makes careful notes in her 
journal using the elaborate 

2243
02:03:30,000 --> 02:03:32,800
symbolic language that protects 
alchemical secrets from the 

2244
02:03:32,808 --> 02:03:37,600
uninitiated, a circle with a DOT
represents gold and the Sun. 

2245
02:03:37,600 --> 02:03:40,300
A crescent is silver and the 
Moon. 

2246
02:03:41,300 --> 02:03:45,500
Various animals, the green lion,
the red dragon, and the white 

2247
02:03:45,500 --> 02:03:49,800
swan symbolize specific 
substances and stages of the 

2248
02:03:49,800 --> 02:03:52,100
work. 
To the untrained eye. 

2249
02:03:52,100 --> 02:03:54,400
Her notes look like mystical 
gibberish. 

2250
02:03:55,200 --> 02:03:58,500
To another practitioner, there 
are precise recipe and progress 

2251
02:03:58,500 --> 02:04:02,400
report by the 16th century, 
European courts often employed 

2252
02:04:02,400 --> 02:04:06,500
Alchemists sometimes multiple 
ones competing for patronage. 

2253
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:10,600
The Holy Roman Emperor, Rudolph.
The second ruling from Prague 

2254
02:04:10,600 --> 02:04:14,000
collected Alchemists the way. 
Some collectors, accumulate 

2255
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:17,300
stamps. 
His Prague Court, became a Haven

2256
02:04:17,300 --> 02:04:20,800
for Al chemical investigation 
attracting practitioners from 

2257
02:04:20,800 --> 02:04:23,700
across Europe. 
Some were genuine researchers. 

2258
02:04:23,700 --> 02:04:27,600
Others were impressive con 
artists and most were probably 

2259
02:04:27,600 --> 02:04:31,200
something in between one of the 
most intriguing figures was John

2260
02:04:31,200 --> 02:04:34,700
D, advised her to Queen 
Elizabeth, thus ring of England.

2261
02:04:35,500 --> 02:04:39,600
D was a mathematician astronomer
and Alchemists, who served as a 

2262
02:04:39,600 --> 02:04:42,000
kind of Chief science officer to
the English Court. 

2263
02:04:42,800 --> 02:04:46,300
His library was among the finest
in Europe and his interests 

2264
02:04:46,300 --> 02:04:50,800
range from practical, navigation
problems, crucial for England's,

2265
02:04:50,800 --> 02:04:54,300
growing Maritime power to 
attempting communication with 

2266
02:04:54,300 --> 02:04:57,100
angels through elaborate 
symbolic systems. 

2267
02:04:57,900 --> 02:05:00,400
He represents that 
characteristic Renaissance 

2268
02:05:00,400 --> 02:05:03,800
blending of what we'd now. 
Consider science, magic and 

2269
02:05:03,800 --> 02:05:06,800
religion into a unified pursuit 
of knowledge. 

2270
02:05:06,800 --> 02:05:10,100
The boundary between Alchemy and
Medicine remained fluid. 

2271
02:05:10,900 --> 02:05:13,500
Physician Alchemists like 
paracelsus and his followers, 

2272
02:05:13,500 --> 02:05:17,200
treated diseases with carefully,
prepared, mineral and chemical 

2273
02:05:17,200 --> 02:05:21,000
medicines. 
They developed Tinkers extracts 

2274
02:05:21,000 --> 02:05:25,000
and compounds that actually 
worked though, often not for the

2275
02:05:25,008 --> 02:05:29,000
reasons they believed. 
The drinkable gold preparations 

2276
02:05:29,000 --> 02:05:32,000
that wealthy patients consumed 
probably didn't extend their 

2277
02:05:32,000 --> 02:05:34,600
lives. 
But some of them Mercury and 

2278
02:05:34,600 --> 02:05:37,400
Antony compounds prepared by our
chemical methods. 

2279
02:05:37,400 --> 02:05:41,600
Did treat certain conditions 
despite being rather Toxic by 

2280
02:05:41,600 --> 02:05:44,900
modern standards women's role 
in, alchemy deserves more 

2281
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:46,600
attention than it. 
Usually receives. 

2282
02:05:47,400 --> 02:05:50,800
While men dominated public 
alchemical discourse women 

2283
02:05:50,800 --> 02:05:55,200
participated in the actual work 
particularly in family workshops

2284
02:05:55,200 --> 02:05:57,000
where husbands and wives often 
work together. 

2285
02:05:57,900 --> 02:06:01,300
Some women operated their own 
Laboratories though they face. 

2286
02:06:01,300 --> 02:06:05,100
The usual obstacles of limited, 
education opportunities and 

2287
02:06:05,100 --> 02:06:09,300
social restrictions. 
The legendary Maria, the jewess 

2288
02:06:09,300 --> 02:06:11,900
supposedly working in Alexandria
around. 

2289
02:06:11,900 --> 02:06:15,200
The third century is credited 
with inventing the double 

2290
02:06:15,200 --> 02:06:17,500
boiler. 
Still called a bain-marie in her

2291
02:06:17,508 --> 02:06:20,300
honor and improving, 
distillation apparatus. 

2292
02:06:21,300 --> 02:06:25,000
Whether she actually existed is 
debated but the equipment 

2293
02:06:25,000 --> 02:06:29,000
attributed to her certainly did 
moving into the 17th century. 

2294
02:06:29,000 --> 02:06:32,800
We find Alchemy at a Crossroads.
Some practitioners were 

2295
02:06:32,800 --> 02:06:36,000
beginning to strip away the 
symbolic language and focus 

2296
02:06:36,000 --> 02:06:37,700
purely on material 
transformation. 

2297
02:06:37,700 --> 02:06:41,400
They could observe and measure 
others doubled down on the 

2298
02:06:41,400 --> 02:06:43,400
spiritual and philosophical 
Dimensions. 

2299
02:06:43,400 --> 02:06:47,200
Seeing Alchemy primarily as a 
path to Inner transformation, 

2300
02:06:47,200 --> 02:06:50,700
that happened to involve Aurora 
tree work as his vehicle. 

2301
02:06:51,600 --> 02:06:53,100
Both groups claimed to 
represent. 

2302
02:06:53,100 --> 02:06:56,100
True Alchemy and arguably both 
were right. 

2303
02:06:56,700 --> 02:07:00,800
Alchemy had always contained 
both dimensions, Robert Boyle, 

2304
02:07:00,800 --> 02:07:04,400
working in mid-17th Century 
England conducted careful 

2305
02:07:04,400 --> 02:07:08,100
experiments testing alchemical 
claims while developing what we 

2306
02:07:08,100 --> 02:07:12,900
recognize as modern chemistry. 
He's famous for Boyle's Law 

2307
02:07:12,900 --> 02:07:16,300
describing gas behavior but he 
also performed numerous 

2308
02:07:16,300 --> 02:07:20,000
experiments on transmutation 
approaching it as a testable 

2309
02:07:20,000 --> 02:07:22,400
hypothesis rather than an 
article of faith. 

2310
02:07:23,100 --> 02:07:25,700
His work demonstrates, the 
transitional period. 

2311
02:07:25,700 --> 02:07:29,000
When Alchemy was gradually 
becoming chemistry one of 

2312
02:07:29,000 --> 02:07:31,400
alchemy's most distinctive 
features was its elaborate 

2313
02:07:31,400 --> 02:07:34,100
symbolic language. 
Settled deeper under your 

2314
02:07:34,100 --> 02:07:37,900
blankets while we explore why 
Alchemist wrote in code and what

2315
02:07:37,900 --> 02:07:41,500
those strange symbols, actually 
meant part of the motivation was

2316
02:07:41,500 --> 02:07:45,800
simple, professional secrecy. 
If you believed you discovered 

2317
02:07:45,800 --> 02:07:49,400
important knowledge, perhaps how
to transmute metals, or create 

2318
02:07:49,400 --> 02:07:52,800
powerful medicines, you might 
reasonably, want to control who 

2319
02:07:52,800 --> 02:07:56,900
could access their information. 
Writing in symbolic language 

2320
02:07:56,900 --> 02:08:00,200
meant only trained practitioners
could understand your texts. 

2321
02:08:01,100 --> 02:08:04,600
protecting your discoveries from
theft or misuse, but the 

2322
02:08:04,600 --> 02:08:08,900
symbolism served deeper purposes
Alchemical operations were 

2323
02:08:08,900 --> 02:08:12,900
complex involving multiple 
substances and stages unfolding 

2324
02:08:12,900 --> 02:08:16,500
over time. 
The symbolic language provided a

2325
02:08:16,500 --> 02:08:20,500
rich flexible vocabulary. 
For describing processes that 

2326
02:08:20,500 --> 02:08:22,400
ordinary words couldn't quite 
capture. 

2327
02:08:23,300 --> 02:08:26,600
When an alchemist wrote about 
the green lion devouring the 

2328
02:08:26,600 --> 02:08:29,400
sun, they weren't being 
deliberately obscure for fun. 

2329
02:08:29,400 --> 02:08:33,000
They were using established 
terminology to describe a 

2330
02:08:33,000 --> 02:08:36,900
specific chemical interaction. 
Probably involving vitriol and 

2331
02:08:36,900 --> 02:08:39,900
gold, the symbols Drew, from 
multiple sources. 

2332
02:08:40,900 --> 02:08:45,300
Astrological signs represented 
Metals, gold was the sun silver.

2333
02:08:45,300 --> 02:08:49,900
The moon copper Venus iron. 
Mars tin Jupiter LED Saturn and 

2334
02:08:49,900 --> 02:08:53,500
Mercury both the metal and the 
God was Mercury. 

2335
02:08:54,500 --> 02:08:57,400
This wasn't arbitrary, the 
metals and planets were thought 

2336
02:08:57,400 --> 02:09:00,000
to share essential qualities. 
Gold. 

2337
02:09:00,000 --> 02:09:05,300
Like the sun was perfect 
Incorruptible and radiant LED 

2338
02:09:05,300 --> 02:09:09,500
light, like Saturn was Heavy 
cold and sluggish animals 

2339
02:09:09,500 --> 02:09:12,600
populated alchemical texts with 
specific meanings. 

2340
02:09:13,500 --> 02:09:17,700
The dragon represented raw 
chaotic matter, or sometimes 

2341
02:09:17,700 --> 02:09:20,100
specific, chemicals, depending 
on context. 

2342
02:09:21,200 --> 02:09:24,800
The lion might represent gold or
a stage of the work 

2343
02:09:24,800 --> 02:09:26,700
characterized by intense 
activity. 

2344
02:09:27,800 --> 02:09:30,600
Phoenix dying and reborn from 
its ashes. 

2345
02:09:30,600 --> 02:09:35,800
Symbolized dissolution and 
reconstitution The destruction 

2346
02:09:35,800 --> 02:09:39,500
of old forms and emergence of 
new purified ones. 

2347
02:09:40,400 --> 02:09:43,500
Pelican mythically feeding its 
young with its own blood 

2348
02:09:43,500 --> 02:09:46,400
represented circulation 
processes. 

2349
02:09:46,400 --> 02:09:49,100
Where distilled Vapors 
repeatedly fell back into the 

2350
02:09:49,100 --> 02:09:52,900
vessel colors. 
Marked crucial transitions, the 

2351
02:09:52,900 --> 02:09:56,100
work typically proceeded through
stages identified by color 

2352
02:09:56,100 --> 02:09:58,800
changes than the Greedo or 
blackening. 

2353
02:09:58,800 --> 02:10:03,000
When matter broke down into 
chaos, the Albedo or whitening 

2354
02:10:03,000 --> 02:10:07,400
representing purification the 
Citroen neatest or yellowing a 

2355
02:10:07,400 --> 02:10:10,900
transitional stage. 
And finally the rube beidou or 

2356
02:10:10,900 --> 02:10:13,600
reddening marking completion and
perfection. 

2357
02:10:15,300 --> 02:10:19,200
These were not arbitrary labels 
actual color changes occur 

2358
02:10:19,200 --> 02:10:22,700
during chemical operations and 
practitioners learn to read them

2359
02:10:22,700 --> 02:10:24,400
as signs of progress or 
problems. 

2360
02:10:24,400 --> 02:10:27,800
The most famous alchemical 
symbols was probably the Euro 

2361
02:10:27,800 --> 02:10:31,300
boros the serpent eating its own
tail forming a circle. 

2362
02:10:31,300 --> 02:10:36,800
It represented cyclic processes,
the unity of beginning an end 

2363
02:10:36,800 --> 02:10:39,500
and the principle that 
Transformations were 

2364
02:10:39,500 --> 02:10:41,700
fundamentally circular rather 
than linear. 

2365
02:10:43,000 --> 02:10:46,300
What began as one substance 
became another, but the 

2366
02:10:46,300 --> 02:10:49,900
underlying Essence persisted 
through transformation like the 

2367
02:10:49,900 --> 02:10:53,200
snake continuously consuming and
regenerating itself. 

2368
02:10:53,200 --> 02:10:57,300
Encoded in the symbolic language
was often genuine chemical 

2369
02:10:57,300 --> 02:11:00,300
knowledge. 
The philosophical egg described 

2370
02:11:00,300 --> 02:11:03,300
sealed vessels where materials 
underwent transformation 

2371
02:11:03,300 --> 02:11:05,800
isolated from outside 
interference. 

2372
02:11:07,000 --> 02:11:10,000
The marriage of sun and moon 
referred to combining gold and 

2373
02:11:10,000 --> 02:11:14,400
silver or more, abstractly 
uniting opposing principles. 

2374
02:11:15,400 --> 02:11:18,500
The bath of the king meant 
dissolving gold in special 

2375
02:11:18,500 --> 02:11:21,000
acids. 
Once you learn the code 

2376
02:11:21,000 --> 02:11:23,300
detailed, instructions were 
actually preserved in the 

2377
02:11:23,300 --> 02:11:27,000
seemingly mystical texts, but 
the symbols also carried 

2378
02:11:27,000 --> 02:11:30,900
philosophical and spiritual 
Dimensions the breaking down of 

2379
02:11:30,900 --> 02:11:35,800
matter into Prime components, 
the soul of solvent, coagula 

2380
02:11:35,800 --> 02:11:40,700
dissolving coagulate, Parallel, 
the Mystic dissolution of ego 

2381
02:11:40,700 --> 02:11:44,300
and everyday consciousness. 
The reconstitution into 

2382
02:11:44,300 --> 02:11:46,900
something pure and more. 
Perfect, mirrored spiritual 

2383
02:11:46,900 --> 02:11:49,400
rebirth. 
The Alchemist working in their 

2384
02:11:49,400 --> 02:11:53,500
laboratory was all so, ideally 
working on the cells and the 

2385
02:11:53,500 --> 02:11:56,300
symbolic language captured both 
dimensions simultaneously. 

2386
02:11:56,300 --> 02:12:00,300
Alchemical illustrations became 
increasingly elaborate in 

2387
02:12:00,300 --> 02:12:02,500
printed books from the 15th 
century onward. 

2388
02:12:03,300 --> 02:12:07,400
These images showed complex 
allegorical, scenes kings and 

2389
02:12:07,400 --> 02:12:11,000
queens bathing together in 
pools, Eagles and toads, 

2390
02:12:11,000 --> 02:12:14,500
consuming each other and 
hermaphroditic figures combining

2391
02:12:14,500 --> 02:12:16,400
masculine and feminine 
qualities. 

2392
02:12:17,300 --> 02:12:21,500
On one level, these Illustrated 
specific chemical operations on 

2393
02:12:21,500 --> 02:12:24,200
another, they mapped 
psychological and spiritual 

2394
02:12:24,200 --> 02:12:27,500
Transformations, the effective 
Alchemist could read both 

2395
02:12:27,500 --> 02:12:31,300
messages simultaneously, this 
multi-layered communication 

2396
02:12:31,300 --> 02:12:34,600
created problems. 
Text meant a straightforward 

2397
02:12:34,600 --> 02:12:36,700
laboratory. 
Instructions could be read as 

2398
02:12:36,700 --> 02:12:41,500
pure spiritual allegory. 
Conversely, writing's primarily 

2399
02:12:41,500 --> 02:12:45,000
about inner transformation, got 
interpreted as literal recipes 

2400
02:12:45,000 --> 02:12:48,600
for making gold. 
Misunderstandings multiplied, 

2401
02:12:48,600 --> 02:12:50,600
across, centuries, and language 
translations. 

2402
02:12:51,600 --> 02:12:54,900
An Arabic text written primarily
about Spiritual Development, 

2403
02:12:54,900 --> 02:12:59,000
might reach a medieval European 
reader, who tried to follow it 

2404
02:12:59,000 --> 02:13:02,200
as practical, chemistry, 
instructions producing baffling,

2405
02:13:02,200 --> 02:13:05,600
and dangerous results. 
The symbolic language also 

2406
02:13:05,600 --> 02:13:08,700
permitted creative ambiguity 
that protected Alchemist from 

2407
02:13:08,700 --> 02:13:12,800
dangerous accusations During 
periods of religious intolerance

2408
02:13:12,800 --> 02:13:16,700
writing, that could be read, 
multiple ways provided safety. 

2409
02:13:17,400 --> 02:13:21,000
If challenged about potentially 
heretical ideas, one could 

2410
02:13:21,000 --> 02:13:23,900
always claim the text was merely
about chemical procedures. 

2411
02:13:23,900 --> 02:13:29,200
Not theological speculation. 
If accused of fraud, one could 

2412
02:13:29,200 --> 02:13:32,800
insist the writing was symbolic 
spiritual instruction, not 

2413
02:13:32,800 --> 02:13:36,300
literal promises about making 
gold some Alchemists, 

2414
02:13:36,300 --> 02:13:39,500
particularly in later periods. 
Used the symbolic language 

2415
02:13:39,500 --> 02:13:43,500
almost as a meditation practice 
The act of encoding knowledge 

2416
02:13:43,500 --> 02:13:47,800
and symbols or decoding. 
Others, symbolic texts became a 

2417
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:52,000
form of contemplative exercise. 
Wrestling with meaning holding 

2418
02:13:52,000 --> 02:13:55,700
multiple interpretations 
simultaneously and developing 

2419
02:13:55,700 --> 02:13:59,000
the mental flexibility to see 
connections between seemingly 

2420
02:13:59,000 --> 02:14:03,300
unrelated domains, all of this 
trained the mind in ways 

2421
02:14:03,300 --> 02:14:06,700
practitioners found valuable 
regardless of whether they ever 

2422
02:14:06,700 --> 02:14:09,600
succeeded at. 
Transmutation, as you drift 

2423
02:14:09,600 --> 02:14:11,900
toward that threshold between 
waking and sleeping. 

2424
02:14:11,900 --> 02:14:15,200
Let's explore, how Alchemy 
gradually transformed into 

2425
02:14:15,200 --> 02:14:18,800
chemistry, how the mystical 
became methodical and the 

2426
02:14:18,800 --> 02:14:22,600
symbolic gave way to the 
systemic, the transition wasn't 

2427
02:14:22,600 --> 02:14:25,800
sudden or complete. 
Throughout the 17th century 

2428
02:14:25,800 --> 02:14:30,100
natural philosophers, the era 
scientists often worked in both 

2429
02:14:30,100 --> 02:14:32,300
modes. 
They might spend mornings 

2430
02:14:32,300 --> 02:14:35,700
attempting, transmutation 
experiments and afternoons 

2431
02:14:35,700 --> 02:14:39,300
measuring gas, pressures or 
calculating, planetary orbits 

2432
02:14:40,400 --> 02:14:43,600
The boundaries between, Alchemy 
chemistry physics, and even 

2433
02:14:43,600 --> 02:14:46,400
theology remained fluid Isaac 
Newton. 

2434
02:14:46,400 --> 02:14:50,300
Now, remembered primarily for 
physics and Mathematics devoted 

2435
02:14:50,300 --> 02:14:53,000
enormous energy to Al chemical 
investigation. 

2436
02:14:53,900 --> 02:14:57,800
His private papers unpublished 
during his lifetime contain. 

2437
02:14:57,800 --> 02:15:01,200
Extensive notes on alchemical, 
texts and records of his own 

2438
02:15:01,208 --> 02:15:04,900
experiments. 
For Newton Alchemy represented 

2439
02:15:04,900 --> 02:15:07,600
an attempt to understand 
Nature's fundamental forces. 

2440
02:15:07,600 --> 02:15:11,500
The same goal that motivated. 
His work on gravity and motion. 

2441
02:15:12,200 --> 02:15:15,700
He saw no contradiction between 
calculating, planetary orbits 

2442
02:15:15,700 --> 02:15:17,900
and attempting to transmute 
metals. 

2443
02:15:18,700 --> 02:15:22,400
Both were investigations into 
God's natural laws but certain 

2444
02:15:22,400 --> 02:15:24,500
developments began. 
Distinguishing chemistry from 

2445
02:15:24,500 --> 02:15:27,000
Alchemy. 
The crucial shift was toward 

2446
02:15:27,000 --> 02:15:28,600
precise measurement and 
quantification. 

2447
02:15:30,000 --> 02:15:32,400
Alchemist had always observed. 
Their materials carefully. 

2448
02:15:32,400 --> 02:15:36,400
The chemical Pioneers started 
weighing everything reactants 

2449
02:15:36,400 --> 02:15:40,000
before mixing products after 
reactions and even gases that 

2450
02:15:40,000 --> 02:15:44,300
escaped during processes, This 
obsessive measuring revealed 

2451
02:15:44,300 --> 02:15:47,600
patterns that qualitative 
observation missed when you 

2452
02:15:47,600 --> 02:15:50,700
measure carefully. 
You discover conservation matter

2453
02:15:50,700 --> 02:15:54,200
doesn't disappear or appear 
magically during reactions it 

2454
02:15:54,200 --> 02:15:56,900
transforms while maintaining 
constant total weight. 

2455
02:15:57,800 --> 02:16:00,900
This was devastating for certain
alchemical claims while 

2456
02:16:00,900 --> 02:16:03,900
validating others. 
The idea that lead could become 

2457
02:16:03,900 --> 02:16:07,100
gold looked increasingly 
doubtful when precise 

2458
02:16:07,100 --> 02:16:09,400
measurement show that such 
Transformations. 

2459
02:16:09,400 --> 02:16:13,100
Never actually produced weight 
changes consistent with one 

2460
02:16:13,100 --> 02:16:17,500
element becoming another Yet the
reality of chemical reactions, 

2461
02:16:17,500 --> 02:16:21,500
when new substances emerge with 
completely different properties 

2462
02:16:21,500 --> 02:16:25,000
than they're starting, materials
was confirmed, and extended. 

2463
02:16:25,000 --> 02:16:28,000
The development of better 
operators accelerated. 

2464
02:16:28,000 --> 02:16:32,000
This transition improved vacuum,
pumps allowed studying gases 

2465
02:16:32,000 --> 02:16:35,299
more carefully. more precise, 
thermometers, in abled 

2466
02:16:35,299 --> 02:16:38,700
maintaining specific 
temperatures Better balances 

2467
02:16:38,700 --> 02:16:42,900
detected, tiny weight changes. 
Standardized glassware, made 

2468
02:16:42,900 --> 02:16:46,400
experiments more, reproducible. 
Physical conditions of 

2469
02:16:46,407 --> 02:16:49,799
laboratory, work were becoming 
more controlled and with greater

2470
02:16:49,799 --> 02:16:51,799
control came more, reliable 
results. 

2471
02:16:51,799 --> 02:16:56,000
Antoine Lavoisier working in 
late. 18th century, France. 

2472
02:16:56,000 --> 02:16:59,000
Exemplifies, chemistries 
emergence, as a modern science. 

2473
02:17:00,000 --> 02:17:03,900
He demolished florist on Theory.
The idea that combustible 

2474
02:17:03,900 --> 02:17:06,700
materials contained a fire 
element released during burning 

2475
02:17:06,700 --> 02:17:10,600
by showing that burning actually
involved combination with oxygen

2476
02:17:10,600 --> 02:17:14,000
and the careful. 
Weighing proved this His 

2477
02:17:14,000 --> 02:17:15,799
insistence on precise 
measurement. 

2478
02:17:15,799 --> 02:17:20,200
Systematic experimentation and 
clear nomenclature helped to 

2479
02:17:20,208 --> 02:17:23,100
establish chemistry as a 
distinct discipline with 

2480
02:17:23,100 --> 02:17:26,500
standardized methods. 
The language changed along with 

2481
02:17:26,500 --> 02:17:29,299
the methods. 
Chemical nomenclature became 

2482
02:17:29,299 --> 02:17:32,600
more systematic describing 
compounds based on their 

2483
02:17:32,600 --> 02:17:36,500
composition rather than using 
traditional alchemical names or 

2484
02:17:36,500 --> 02:17:40,500
symbols. 
Vitriol became sulfuric acid. 

2485
02:17:41,400 --> 02:17:44,400
Sal ammoniac became ammonium 
chloride. 

2486
02:17:45,100 --> 02:17:48,400
The transition from poetic 
symbolic names to descriptive, 

2487
02:17:48,400 --> 02:17:52,200
systematic terminology marked a 
fundamental shift in how 

2488
02:17:52,200 --> 02:17:54,299
practitioners thought about 
their materials. 

2489
02:17:54,299 --> 02:17:57,000
Professional Organization 
changed too. 

2490
02:17:57,799 --> 02:18:00,299
The old model of Master 
Alchemist working in private, 

2491
02:18:00,299 --> 02:18:04,299
Laboratories occasionally taking
apprentices, gave away to 

2492
02:18:04,299 --> 02:18:09,100
university positions, scientific
societies and published research

2493
02:18:09,100 --> 02:18:13,400
in specialized journals. 
Priestly Cavendish shield and 

2494
02:18:13,400 --> 02:18:17,900
others were discovering new 
gases, new elements and new 

2495
02:18:17,900 --> 02:18:20,700
compounds an immediately 
publishing their methods and 

2496
02:18:20,708 --> 02:18:22,799
results for others to verify and
extend. 

2497
02:18:24,400 --> 02:18:27,799
The solitary Seeker became the 
collaborative researcher yet. 

2498
02:18:27,799 --> 02:18:32,700
Alchemy didn't simply die. 
It persisted transformed in 

2499
02:18:32,700 --> 02:18:36,200
several forms. 
Some practitioners continue 

2500
02:18:36,200 --> 02:18:39,500
traditional alchemical work 
seeing themselves as guardians 

2501
02:18:39,500 --> 02:18:42,700
of ancient wisdom that modern 
materialist science. 

2502
02:18:42,700 --> 02:18:46,799
Had abandoned organizations like
the rosicrucians and various 

2503
02:18:46,799 --> 02:18:51,100
hermetic societies maintained 
alchemical Traditions though 

2504
02:18:51,100 --> 02:18:54,100
increasingly emphasizing 
spiritual rather than material 

2505
02:18:54,100 --> 02:18:57,100
aspects. 
Meanwhile chemistry absorbed 

2506
02:18:57,100 --> 02:18:59,900
alchemy's techniques and 
questions while discarding its 

2507
02:18:59,900 --> 02:19:03,500
theoretical framework. 
The careful distillations the 

2508
02:19:03,500 --> 02:19:06,700
specialized apparatus the 
patient observation of material 

2509
02:19:06,700 --> 02:19:10,200
Transformations, all of this 
persisted and developed further.

2510
02:19:10,200 --> 02:19:13,700
What changed was the explanatory
framework. 

2511
02:19:14,500 --> 02:19:17,100
Theoretical understanding of 
what was actually happening 

2512
02:19:17,100 --> 02:19:20,799
during chemical reactions. 
The 19th century is chemical, 

2513
02:19:20,799 --> 02:19:24,600
triumphs the periodic table 
organizing elements, molecular 

2514
02:19:24,600 --> 02:19:28,100
theory, explaining how atoms, 
combine and analytical 

2515
02:19:28,100 --> 02:19:31,900
techniques identifying 
substances provided Frameworks 

2516
02:19:31,900 --> 02:19:34,000
for understanding. 
The Alchemist had lacked. 

2517
02:19:34,600 --> 02:19:37,500
It turned out LED couldn't 
become gold through chemical 

2518
02:19:37,500 --> 02:19:40,600
means because elements of 
fundamental they can't be 

2519
02:19:40,600 --> 02:19:42,900
transformed into each other by 
chemical processes. 

2520
02:19:44,000 --> 02:19:47,000
The Alchemist weren't fools but 
they were working without 

2521
02:19:47,000 --> 02:19:49,900
crucial information about 
matters actual structure. 

2522
02:19:49,900 --> 02:19:53,300
Interestingly 20th century 
physics achieved were 

2523
02:19:53,300 --> 02:19:57,400
Alchemists, had claimed was 
possible, Actual transmutation 

2524
02:19:57,400 --> 02:20:00,900
of elements. 
Nuclear reactions can indeed 

2525
02:20:00,900 --> 02:20:04,300
transform lead into gold by 
altering, Atomic nuclei. 

2526
02:20:05,100 --> 02:20:08,900
The cost and difficulty make it 
completely impractical, but it's

2527
02:20:08,900 --> 02:20:10,400
theoretically and practically 
possible. 

2528
02:20:11,300 --> 02:20:14,300
So in a strange sense The 
Alchemist dream was valid. 

2529
02:20:14,300 --> 02:20:17,900
Just achievable only through 
means they never imagined. 

2530
02:20:17,900 --> 02:20:22,500
Requiring, understanding matter,
at Scales far beyond what their 

2531
02:20:22,500 --> 02:20:26,200
operators could access the 
transformation from Alchemy to 

2532
02:20:26,200 --> 02:20:29,100
chemistry illustrates, how 
scientific understanding 

2533
02:20:29,100 --> 02:20:32,600
develops. 
Alchemy wasn't entirely wrong it

2534
02:20:32,600 --> 02:20:34,800
correctly. 
Identified, that substance is 

2535
02:20:34,800 --> 02:20:38,100
could transform into other 
substances, that matter, had 

2536
02:20:38,100 --> 02:20:40,500
hidden properties. 
That careful investigation could

2537
02:20:40,500 --> 02:20:44,000
reveal and that systematic 
practice could produce reliable 

2538
02:20:44,000 --> 02:20:47,000
results. 
What it lacked was the correct 

2539
02:20:47,000 --> 02:20:50,000
theoretical framework for 
explaining observations and 

2540
02:20:50,000 --> 02:20:53,600
predicting outcomes? 
Once that framework developed 

2541
02:20:53,600 --> 02:20:57,100
chemistry could progress rapidly
while Alchemy became history. 

2542
02:20:57,100 --> 02:21:00,200
Now, as your breathing slows and
your thoughts begin that 

2543
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:03,300
Pleasant drift toward dreams. 
Let's consider what the 

2544
02:21:03,300 --> 02:21:05,200
alchemical quest means for us 
today. 

2545
02:21:06,000 --> 02:21:08,100
Centuries. 
After the last serious attempts 

2546
02:21:08,100 --> 02:21:11,900
at transmuting led into gold, 
the obvious Legacy is chemistry 

2547
02:21:11,900 --> 02:21:16,700
itself, modern Pharmaceuticals 
Material, Science industrial 

2548
02:21:16,700 --> 02:21:21,600
processes, and environmental 
analysis. every time you take a 

2549
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:25,800
medicine, appreciate a colorful 
synthetic fabric, or rely on a 

2550
02:21:25,800 --> 02:21:28,900
battery, your benefiting from 
knowledge that traces back 

2551
02:21:28,900 --> 02:21:33,000
Through Chemistry to Alchemy 
Techniques developed by those 

2552
02:21:33,000 --> 02:21:36,400
patient practitioners watching 
their vessels and tending. 

2553
02:21:36,400 --> 02:21:40,000
Their furnaces evolved into 
methods that shape contemporary 

2554
02:21:40,000 --> 02:21:42,500
life but something deeper 
persists too. 

2555
02:21:43,600 --> 02:21:46,500
The alchemical quest was 
ultimately about transformation 

2556
02:21:46,500 --> 02:21:49,200
and that remains profoundly 
human. 

2557
02:21:50,100 --> 02:21:54,200
We still seek ways to transform 
ourselves through education 

2558
02:21:54,200 --> 02:21:57,800
therapy. 
Spiritual practices and physical

2559
02:21:57,800 --> 02:22:01,100
training. 
We pursue transformations of our

2560
02:22:01,100 --> 02:22:04,900
society through political 
movements, technological 

2561
02:22:04,900 --> 02:22:07,100
innovation, and cultural 
evolution. 

2562
02:22:08,200 --> 02:22:11,200
The specific goal of turning 
lead into gold, may be 

2563
02:22:11,200 --> 02:22:14,000
abandoned. 
But the underlying dream of 

2564
02:22:14,000 --> 02:22:18,000
transformation continues modern 
science pursues transformation 

2565
02:22:18,000 --> 02:22:20,000
that would have dazzled 
Alchemists. 

2566
02:22:20,800 --> 02:22:23,800
We transform energy into matter 
in particle accelerators. 

2567
02:22:23,800 --> 02:22:29,600
We transform genetic information
editing DNA to cure diseases or 

2568
02:22:29,600 --> 02:22:33,500
create new organisms. 
We transform sand and metals 

2569
02:22:33,500 --> 02:22:35,900
into computers that hold 
libraries worth of knowledge. 

2570
02:22:36,700 --> 02:22:40,000
We even manipulate individual 
atoms, positioning them 

2571
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:43,000
precisely using techniques. 
The Alchemist couldn't have 

2572
02:22:43,000 --> 02:22:46,100
imagined. 
In a sense, we've realized their

2573
02:22:46,100 --> 02:22:49,600
dreams through different paths, 
the search for Life Extension 

2574
02:22:49,600 --> 02:22:53,900
continues too though now through
molecular biology genetic 

2575
02:22:53,900 --> 02:22:57,000
engineering and pharmacology, 
rather than through elixirs. 

2576
02:22:58,000 --> 02:23:02,200
Scientists investigate aging 
mechanisms seeking ways to slow 

2577
02:23:02,200 --> 02:23:04,300
or reverse. 
The processes that to eventually

2578
02:23:04,300 --> 02:23:07,400
destroy us. 
We haven't achieved immortality 

2579
02:23:07,400 --> 02:23:10,900
but human lifespans have 
dramatically increased through 

2580
02:23:10,900 --> 02:23:13,700
medical advances, that owe their
methodology. 

2581
02:23:13,700 --> 02:23:17,900
If not their specific techniques
to alchemy's Patient 

2582
02:23:17,900 --> 02:23:21,700
investigation of how substances 
affect the body contemporary 

2583
02:23:21,700 --> 02:23:24,600
interest in alchemy often 
focuses on its cycle and 

2584
02:23:24,600 --> 02:23:28,400
spiritual Dimensions. 
Carl Jung extensively, studied, 

2585
02:23:28,400 --> 02:23:32,600
alchemical texts seeing in the 
symbols for cyclical processes. 

2586
02:23:33,600 --> 02:23:37,900
The alchemical transformation of
Base Metals into gold became in 

2587
02:23:37,900 --> 02:23:41,100
his framework, a metaphor for 
psychological development. 

2588
02:23:42,100 --> 02:23:45,500
Transforming the crude 
unconscious aspects of 

2589
02:23:45,500 --> 02:23:51,000
Personality into something more 
refined and integrated. whether 

2590
02:23:51,000 --> 02:23:54,000
The Alchemist themselves saw 
their work this way is 

2591
02:23:54,000 --> 02:23:57,100
debatable, but Young's 
interpretation gave alchemical 

2592
02:23:57,100 --> 02:24:00,800
symbolism new relevance some 
find in alchemy reminded that 

2593
02:24:00,808 --> 02:24:04,400
knowledge isn't purely objective
and Technical The Alchemists 

2594
02:24:04,400 --> 02:24:07,800
believed the practitioners 
spiritual State matted, that you

2595
02:24:07,808 --> 02:24:11,500
couldn't separate the experiment
from the experimenter and that 

2596
02:24:11,508 --> 02:24:15,600
transformational of matter, 
required transformation of self.

2597
02:24:16,500 --> 02:24:19,600
Modern science, with its 
emphasis on objectivity and 

2598
02:24:19,600 --> 02:24:22,700
reproducibility officially 
rejects this. 

2599
02:24:23,600 --> 02:24:26,600
Chemical reaction should work 
the same regardless of who 

2600
02:24:26,600 --> 02:24:31,200
performs it. yet anyone who has 
done a poetry, work knows that 

2601
02:24:31,200 --> 02:24:36,700
skill patients and even 
intuition matter, The best 

2602
02:24:36,700 --> 02:24:39,700
scientists like the best 
Alchemists brings something 

2603
02:24:39,700 --> 02:24:43,100
personal to their practice that 
transcends pure technique. 

2604
02:24:43,100 --> 02:24:47,200
The El Campo emphasis on Direct 
experience and Hands-On practice

2605
02:24:47,200 --> 02:24:50,500
remains relevant. 
He couldn't learn Alchemy just 

2606
02:24:50,500 --> 02:24:53,700
from books, you had to actually 
work in the laboratory. 

2607
02:24:53,700 --> 02:24:56,500
Gaining embodied. 
Knowledge of how substances, 

2608
02:24:56,500 --> 02:25:00,600
behaved developing sensitivity, 
to subtle, changes and 

2609
02:25:00,600 --> 02:25:03,300
cultivating patience through 
long processes. 

2610
02:25:04,500 --> 02:25:07,700
This contrasts with modern 
education, often abstract 

2611
02:25:07,700 --> 02:25:11,600
theoretical approach. 
There's renewed appreciation for

2612
02:25:11,600 --> 02:25:14,500
Hands-On learning for knowledge,
that lives in the body and 

2613
02:25:14,500 --> 02:25:17,600
hands, not just the head 
environmental movements 

2614
02:25:17,600 --> 02:25:20,500
sometimes in vocal chemical 
language when discussing the 

2615
02:25:20,500 --> 02:25:24,300
transformation of industrial 
processes, cleaning, polluted 

2616
02:25:24,300 --> 02:25:27,100
site, or developing sustainable 
practices. 

2617
02:25:28,200 --> 02:25:31,300
The alchemical ideal of working 
with nature rather than against 

2618
02:25:31,300 --> 02:25:35,000
it, understanding material 
processes, deeply enough to 

2619
02:25:35,000 --> 02:25:38,200
guide them wiseley respects 
limits while achieving 

2620
02:25:38,200 --> 02:25:42,200
meaningful transformation this 
resonates with contemporary 

2621
02:25:42,200 --> 02:25:46,300
efforts towards sustainability, 
the alkyl traditional reminds us

2622
02:25:46,300 --> 02:25:49,400
that science has history. 
The current understanding 

2623
02:25:49,400 --> 02:25:53,000
emerged from long development 
and the even seemingly strange 

2624
02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:56,400
or outdated practices, often 
contained, valuable, insights 

2625
02:25:56,400 --> 02:25:59,100
dismissing, Alchemy, as mere 
Superstition. 

2626
02:25:59,100 --> 02:26:02,300
Mrs. How it represented? 
The best of available attempts 

2627
02:26:02,300 --> 02:26:05,800
to understand matter? 
How it developed techniques we 

2628
02:26:05,800 --> 02:26:08,400
still use? 
And how asked questions we 

2629
02:26:08,400 --> 02:26:11,600
continue pondering? 
Most fundamentally Alchemy 

2630
02:26:11,600 --> 02:26:13,500
embodies the enduring human 
conviction. 

2631
02:26:13,500 --> 02:26:16,700
That transformation is possible.
The world isn't fixed or 

2632
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:19,800
finished. 
Matter can be changed improved 

2633
02:26:19,800 --> 02:26:24,300
and perfected. 
So can we The Alchemist standing

2634
02:26:24,300 --> 02:26:27,700
before their Athen or patiently 
working toward that distant goal

2635
02:26:27,700 --> 02:26:31,000
of the Philosopher's Stone was 
enacting a hope that remained 

2636
02:26:31,000 --> 02:26:34,500
Central to Human Experience. 
The belief that things can be 

2637
02:26:34,500 --> 02:26:37,800
better that effort and knowledge
can Elevate existence. 

2638
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:41,600
And that the ordinary might 
become extraordinary, a sleep 

2639
02:26:41,600 --> 02:26:44,900
gently beckons. 
Imagine yourself in an alchemist

2640
02:26:44,900 --> 02:26:48,900
laboratory, not from any 
specific time or place, but from

2641
02:26:48,900 --> 02:26:52,400
the Timeless realm, where such 
spaces exist in our Collective 

2642
02:26:52,400 --> 02:26:57,400
imagination, the light is gold 
and soft filtering through high 

2643
02:26:57,400 --> 02:27:02,500
Windows glass, vessels catch and
hold the light transforming it 

2644
02:27:02,500 --> 02:27:07,200
into subtle rainbows. 
The furnace breathes quietly and

2645
02:27:07,200 --> 02:27:10,000
its Corner. 
Maintaining its patient, heat 

2646
02:27:10,000 --> 02:27:14,100
the air here, smells of 
mysteries incense, and minerals 

2647
02:27:14,100 --> 02:27:18,400
aged parchment and growing 
things and the metallic Tang of 

2648
02:27:18,400 --> 02:27:21,800
transformation. 
Nothing feels rushed. 

2649
02:27:22,600 --> 02:27:25,400
Time moves differently in this 
space, following its own 

2650
02:27:25,400 --> 02:27:28,500
rhythms. 
Slow drip of distillation. 

2651
02:27:28,500 --> 02:27:31,400
The gradual shift of color in a 
sealed. 

2652
02:27:31,400 --> 02:27:36,400
Flask the almost imperceptible, 
growth of crystals, these Define

2653
02:27:36,400 --> 02:27:39,900
the pace on the workbench, like 
open books with hand-drawn 

2654
02:27:39,900 --> 02:27:43,700
illustrations. 
Symbolic animals, elaborate 

2655
02:27:43,700 --> 02:27:46,900
diagrams and careful notations 
in languages. 

2656
02:27:46,900 --> 02:27:51,100
You have recognized The symbol 
seem to shift slightly when 

2657
02:27:51,100 --> 02:27:54,000
you're not looking directly at 
them as though, they contain, 

2658
02:27:54,000 --> 02:27:57,100
meaning that can't be fixed in 
place, but must be approached 

2659
02:27:57,100 --> 02:28:00,100
sideways through peripheral 
vision and intuition. 

2660
02:28:00,100 --> 02:28:05,300
The laboratory is all a garden. 
Herbs grow in terracotta pots on

2661
02:28:05,300 --> 02:28:07,800
windowsills. 
Each plant, selected for 

2662
02:28:07,800 --> 02:28:12,600
specific virtues roses for their
Essence Rosemary for remembrance

2663
02:28:12,600 --> 02:28:15,600
Sage for wisdom and roofer 
healing. 

2664
02:28:17,100 --> 02:28:19,800
Their living presence. 
Remind you that Alchemy worked 

2665
02:28:19,800 --> 02:28:23,300
with Nature's processes, not 
against them transformation. 

2666
02:28:23,300 --> 02:28:27,500
Requires patience, proper 
conditions and respect for 

2667
02:28:27,500 --> 02:28:30,400
natural timing. 
In this laboratory, you 

2668
02:28:30,400 --> 02:28:32,200
understand what the Alchemists 
sought. 

2669
02:28:32,900 --> 02:28:35,600
Not just gold or immortality 
though. 

2670
02:28:35,600 --> 02:28:39,200
Those would be nice. 
They sought understanding of 

2671
02:28:39,200 --> 02:28:43,200
matter of transformation of the 
Hidden connections between all 

2672
02:28:43,200 --> 02:28:46,100
things they wanted to 
participate, actively in 

2673
02:28:46,100 --> 02:28:49,700
Creations ongoing work, rather 
than being passive Observers. 

2674
02:28:50,600 --> 02:28:53,000
They believed humans could 
collaborate with Nature's 

2675
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:56,500
processes, guiding 
Transformations that elevated 

2676
02:28:56,500 --> 02:29:00,000
both matter and spirit the 
vessels on the shelves, 

2677
02:29:00,000 --> 02:29:03,300
represent stages of the great 
work, each containing its own 

2678
02:29:03,300 --> 02:29:06,800
lesson. 
One holds, nigredo the black 

2679
02:29:06,800 --> 02:29:09,700
stage of dissolution. 
Where old forms break down 

2680
02:29:09,700 --> 02:29:12,700
necessary before anything new 
can emerge? 

2681
02:29:13,600 --> 02:29:17,300
Another contains Albedo the 
white stage of purification 

2682
02:29:17,300 --> 02:29:20,200
where essential qualities 
separate from Dross. 

2683
02:29:21,300 --> 02:29:25,300
Third glows with citrinitas, the
golden yellowing that promises 

2684
02:29:25,300 --> 02:29:29,500
approaching completion. and 
somewhere perhaps still in 

2685
02:29:29,500 --> 02:29:34,600
process, the root beidou awaits 
the red of perfection of 

2686
02:29:34,600 --> 02:29:37,100
transformation completed. 
You understand? 

2687
02:29:37,100 --> 02:29:40,100
Now that the Alchemist 
laboratory was always two places

2688
02:29:40,100 --> 02:29:45,000
at once an actual workspace with
real operators and materials and

2689
02:29:45,000 --> 02:29:47,800
a symbolic space representing in
a transformation. 

2690
02:29:49,000 --> 02:29:52,800
The external work of purifying 
substances mirrored, the 

2691
02:29:52,808 --> 02:29:54,800
internal work of refining 
consciousness. 

2692
02:29:56,200 --> 02:29:58,400
As required for long chemical 
processes. 

2693
02:29:58,400 --> 02:30:02,900
Cultivated spiritual patience. 
The failures and setbacks in the

2694
02:30:02,900 --> 02:30:05,300
laboratory taught, humility and 
persistence. 

2695
02:30:06,100 --> 02:30:09,900
Success, when it came arrived as
much from personal growth. 

2696
02:30:09,900 --> 02:30:12,900
As from technical skill, the 
Philosopher's Stone. 

2697
02:30:12,900 --> 02:30:16,600
You realize in this drowsy State
between waking and dreams was 

2698
02:30:16,600 --> 02:30:20,500
never, just a magical object, it
represented perfected 

2699
02:30:20,500 --> 02:30:23,400
understanding. 
The state where The Alchemist 

2700
02:30:23,400 --> 02:30:25,300
had. 
So completely mastered their 

2701
02:30:25,300 --> 02:30:27,700
practice. 
So thoroughly transform 

2702
02:30:27,700 --> 02:30:30,800
themselves that transformational
of materials became almost 

2703
02:30:30,800 --> 02:30:33,800
effortless. 
The stone was the practitioner's

2704
02:30:33,800 --> 02:30:37,700
own perfected skill and wisdom 
accumulated through years of 

2705
02:30:37,700 --> 02:30:40,300
patient work and the elixir of 
life. 

2706
02:30:41,100 --> 02:30:43,100
Perhaps it was never meant to be
swallowed. 

2707
02:30:43,900 --> 02:30:47,200
Perhaps it was the practice 
itself, the engagement with 

2708
02:30:47,200 --> 02:30:51,700
meaningful work, the pursuit of 
understanding the connection to 

2709
02:30:51,700 --> 02:30:53,700
tradition stretching back 
Millennia. 

2710
02:30:53,700 --> 02:30:58,000
The scents of participating in 
something larger than one cell 

2711
02:30:59,400 --> 02:31:02,100
The Alchemist who devoted 
themselves to the great work, 

2712
02:31:02,100 --> 02:31:05,900
often lived with an intensity 
and purpose that gave their days

2713
02:31:05,900 --> 02:31:10,200
a richness ordinary life lacked.
Maybe that was its own form of 

2714
02:31:10,208 --> 02:31:14,400
immortality in this dream 
laboratory time collapses. 

2715
02:31:15,300 --> 02:31:22,000
Jabir, banayan Japan, work one 
bench, carefully recording 

2716
02:31:22,000 --> 02:31:24,400
observations in precise Arabic 
script. 

2717
02:31:25,000 --> 02:31:27,700
Albertus Magnus tends a 
distillation at another. 

2718
02:31:28,500 --> 02:31:30,300
Occasionally making notes for 
his students. 

2719
02:31:31,900 --> 02:31:34,300
Maria, the Jews adjusted to 
double boiler. 

2720
02:31:34,300 --> 02:31:37,200
Checking the temperature with 
experience fingers. 

2721
02:31:38,000 --> 02:31:40,300
Paracelsus crushes. 
Minerals in a mortar. 

2722
02:31:41,100 --> 02:31:43,600
Preparing medicine's that will 
genuinely heal. 

2723
02:31:44,500 --> 02:31:47,300
They work, companion of bleach. 
These figures from different 

2724
02:31:47,300 --> 02:31:51,400
centuries and cultures United by
their shared Quest, not 

2725
02:31:51,400 --> 02:31:55,600
competing or hoarding Secrets. 
Now In this Timeless space, they

2726
02:31:55,600 --> 02:31:58,900
shared knowledge freely each 
contributing their piece to the 

2727
02:31:58,900 --> 02:32:01,500
great puzzle of understanding 
matter and transformation. 

2728
02:32:02,500 --> 02:32:04,900
The symbolic language. 
They want used to obscure 

2729
02:32:04,900 --> 02:32:08,000
becomes a bridge, connecting 
insights across, cultures and 

2730
02:32:08,000 --> 02:32:12,300
Depots the green lion, the red 
dragon, the philosophical 

2731
02:32:12,300 --> 02:32:16,100
Mercury, these symbols, let them
communicate experiences that 

2732
02:32:16,100 --> 02:32:19,500
ordinary words can't quite 
capture through the laboratory 

2733
02:32:19,500 --> 02:32:23,900
Windows, you climbed Gardens and
Wilderness Beyond The natural 

2734
02:32:23,900 --> 02:32:26,100
world. 
That was always alchemy's true. 

2735
02:32:26,100 --> 02:32:29,300
Teacher, The Alchemist learned 
by observing natural 

2736
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:34,000
Transformations or to metal 
grape to wine and seed to 

2737
02:32:34,000 --> 02:32:37,000
flower. 
Their laboratory work was an 

2738
02:32:37,000 --> 02:32:40,000
attempt to understand and 
consciously guide processes that

2739
02:32:40,000 --> 02:32:43,800
nature performed spontaneously. 
They weren't trying to break 

2740
02:32:43,800 --> 02:32:46,900
nature's laws but to discover 
and work within them. 

2741
02:32:46,900 --> 02:32:49,300
The furnace glows steady and 
warm. 

2742
02:32:49,300 --> 02:32:53,000
Neither too hot nor too cold. 
It's maintained this. 

2743
02:32:53,000 --> 02:32:57,400
Perfect balance for centuries, 
maybe forever, it's patient heat

2744
02:32:57,400 --> 02:33:01,000
represents what The Alchemist 
knew transformational requires 

2745
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:04,700
sustained. 
Gentle effort over time You 

2746
02:33:04,700 --> 02:33:08,300
Can't Hurry the great work, 
Flash and force accomplished 

2747
02:33:08,300 --> 02:33:12,500
nothing but steady application. 
Proper conditions and sufficient

2748
02:33:12,500 --> 02:33:15,800
time can achieve, what seems 
impossible on a shelf. 

2749
02:33:15,800 --> 02:33:17,600
You notice a row of sealed 
vessels? 

2750
02:33:17,600 --> 02:33:20,600
Each containing materials at 
different stages of 

2751
02:33:20,600 --> 02:33:23,500
transformational. 
Some of being here for days, 

2752
02:33:23,500 --> 02:33:27,700
others, for months. 
And some perhaps for years, each

2753
02:33:27,700 --> 02:33:30,500
opens at its proper time. 
Not a moment sooner. 

2754
02:33:31,500 --> 02:33:35,800
The sealed vessel. 
Fast hermeticum, the Hermetic 

2755
02:33:35,800 --> 02:33:39,500
vessel protects transformations 
in progress from outside 

2756
02:33:39,500 --> 02:33:43,100
interference. 
Some processes need isolation 

2757
02:33:43,100 --> 02:33:45,900
and protection, until they reach
completion. 

2758
02:33:45,900 --> 02:33:47,900
You feel yourself becoming 
drowsy. 

2759
02:33:47,900 --> 02:33:50,800
The laboratory is Golden Light 
softening further. 

2760
02:33:51,500 --> 02:33:54,800
The gentle sounds liquid 
dripping furnace breathing 

2761
02:33:54,800 --> 02:33:58,100
occasional, clink of glass 
become a lullaby. 

2762
02:33:59,000 --> 02:34:02,500
This is a good place to rest, 
the great work continues, 

2763
02:34:02,500 --> 02:34:04,900
whether you wake or sleep 
proceeding at its own pace. 

2764
02:34:04,900 --> 02:34:09,200
Requiring nothing from you now, 
except trust in the process, The

2765
02:34:09,200 --> 02:34:12,700
Alchemist understood something 
we sometimes forget Not 

2766
02:34:12,700 --> 02:34:14,800
everything worth doing can be 
finished quickly. 

2767
02:34:15,700 --> 02:34:20,200
Some achievements require years 
decades or even lifetimes of 

2768
02:34:20,200 --> 02:34:23,100
patient effort. 
The work itself becomes the 

2769
02:34:23,108 --> 02:34:27,900
reward, the daily practice, the 
gradual accumulation of skill 

2770
02:34:27,900 --> 02:34:31,400
and understanding, and the 
smaller advances that slowly 

2771
02:34:31,400 --> 02:34:34,900
compound into Mastery. 
They also knew that failure was 

2772
02:34:34,900 --> 02:34:38,200
part of the process. 
Most experiments didn't succeed.

2773
02:34:38,200 --> 02:34:41,700
Most attempt to create the 
Philosopher's Stone or the 

2774
02:34:41,700 --> 02:34:45,600
elixir of Life produced, only 
colorful, disaster's, expensive 

2775
02:34:45,600 --> 02:34:49,600
messes or nothing at all, but 
each failure taught something. 

2776
02:34:50,600 --> 02:34:52,900
The Alchemist learned, what 
didn't work, which was often 

2777
02:34:52,900 --> 02:34:55,600
more useful than knowing what 
theoretically should work. 

2778
02:34:56,500 --> 02:34:59,800
Knowledge grew through a patient
accumulation of both successes 

2779
02:34:59,800 --> 02:35:03,200
and instructive failures as your
Consciousness drifts towards 

2780
02:35:03,200 --> 02:35:06,500
sleep the laboratory around. 
You becomes less defined. 

2781
02:35:06,500 --> 02:35:11,400
Its edges softening into dream. 
But certain truths, remain clear

2782
02:35:11,400 --> 02:35:15,700
transformation is possible 
matter can change its form while

2783
02:35:15,700 --> 02:35:17,500
retaining its underlying 
Essence. 

2784
02:35:17,500 --> 02:35:22,500
So can we The person you are 
today contains the potential for

2785
02:35:22,500 --> 02:35:24,900
the person you might become just
as lead. 

2786
02:35:24,900 --> 02:35:28,500
Theoretically contained gold or 
at least the Alchemists believed

2787
02:35:28,500 --> 02:35:32,800
it did and their belief led the 
chemistry patients matters. 

2788
02:35:32,800 --> 02:35:35,500
Nothing worth achieving happens.
Incidentally. 

2789
02:35:36,400 --> 02:35:39,100
The most profound 
Transformations required, time 

2790
02:35:39,100 --> 02:35:44,200
attention, and sustained effort.
Quick fixes rarely last. 

2791
02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:48,300
But patient work returning day 
after day to your practice. 

2792
02:35:49,100 --> 02:35:53,500
Accumulates into genuine change 
process and outcome into twine, 

2793
02:35:53,500 --> 02:35:55,900
The Alchemist seeking gold learn
chemistry. 

2794
02:35:56,900 --> 02:35:59,900
The practitioner pursuing The 
Elixir developed pharmacology. 

2795
02:36:00,800 --> 02:36:04,400
The Mystic investigating 
symbolic Transformations gained 

2796
02:36:04,400 --> 02:36:07,700
psychological insight. 
The journey shapes The Traveler 

2797
02:36:07,700 --> 02:36:11,800
as much as the destination. 
Everything connects The 

2798
02:36:11,800 --> 02:36:14,500
Alchemists weren't wrong to see,
connections between metals and 

2799
02:36:14,508 --> 02:36:18,000
planets between laboratory, 
work, and spiritual practice, 

2800
02:36:18,000 --> 02:36:20,200
and between microcosm and 
macrocosm. 

2801
02:36:20,200 --> 02:36:25,600
They were recognizing a deep. 
Truth reality is interconnected 

2802
02:36:25,600 --> 02:36:29,900
in ways that rigid categorical 
thinking, misses The boundaries 

2803
02:36:29,900 --> 02:36:33,200
between disciplines between 
matter and spirit between inner 

2804
02:36:33,200 --> 02:36:36,000
and outer. 
These are useful thickens. 

2805
02:36:36,000 --> 02:36:39,200
Not fundamental truths, mystery 
remains. 

2806
02:36:39,900 --> 02:36:43,600
For all the modern science has 
explained, much remains unknown.

2807
02:36:44,400 --> 02:36:48,000
With maps matter down to quarts 
and letters but Consciousness 

2808
02:36:48,000 --> 02:36:52,700
remains mysterious. 
We've decoded DNA, but life's 

2809
02:36:52,700 --> 02:36:56,300
emergencies is still puzzling. 
We've calculated the universe's 

2810
02:36:56,300 --> 02:36:59,400
age but its ultimate nature 
remains debatable. 

2811
02:37:00,200 --> 02:37:03,800
The Alchemist humility before 
mystery the recognition that 

2812
02:37:03,800 --> 02:37:07,100
knowledge was always partial and
understanding always incomplete 

2813
02:37:07,100 --> 02:37:11,700
deserves remembering the vessels
on the shelves Shimmer and fade 

2814
02:37:11,700 --> 02:37:14,400
asleep. 
Takes you, their contents can 

2815
02:37:14,400 --> 02:37:17,400
continue their slow 
transformation, whether observed

2816
02:37:17,400 --> 02:37:21,000
or not. 
The great work proceeds. 

2817
02:37:21,800 --> 02:37:23,700
Somewhere in Laboratories around
the world. 

2818
02:37:23,700 --> 02:37:27,600
People are still investigating 
Transformations, different 

2819
02:37:27,600 --> 02:37:32,100
methods different goals, but the
same fundamental human drive to 

2820
02:37:32,100 --> 02:37:36,600
understand to change to elevate 
matter and spirit towards 

2821
02:37:36,600 --> 02:37:39,200
something better. 
The Alchemist would recognize 

2822
02:37:39,200 --> 02:37:43,100
this continuity, they understood
that knowledge was Collective 

2823
02:37:43,100 --> 02:37:46,500
and cumulative that each 
generation built on previous 

2824
02:37:46,500 --> 02:37:48,700
work. 
And that today's impossible 

2825
02:37:48,700 --> 02:37:52,500
might become tomorrow's routine.
They stood in a tradition that 

2826
02:37:52,500 --> 02:37:55,900
stretched behind them to 
Egyptian temples and a head to 

2827
02:37:55,900 --> 02:37:59,800
labor as they couldn't imagine. 
We stand in that same tradition,

2828
02:37:59,800 --> 02:38:04,200
connecting past and future 
through present practice as you 

2829
02:38:04,200 --> 02:38:08,000
finally slip into sleep. 
A last image that ancient symbol

2830
02:38:08,000 --> 02:38:11,900
the Aurora Ross, the serpent 
eating its own tail beginning 

2831
02:38:11,900 --> 02:38:16,300
and end meet. 
Transformation is circular not 

2832
02:38:16,300 --> 02:38:19,200
linear. 
What dissolves will reconstitute

2833
02:38:19,200 --> 02:38:23,400
what breaks down will rebuild? 
What seems like an ending is 

2834
02:38:23,400 --> 02:38:26,800
really another beginning. 
The great work never truly 

2835
02:38:26,800 --> 02:38:29,800
finishes. 
It just continues in new forms, 

2836
02:38:29,800 --> 02:38:33,200
new context, and new 
practitioners, taking up tools. 

2837
02:38:33,200 --> 02:38:35,500
Their predecessors laid down 
sleep. 

2838
02:38:35,500 --> 02:38:38,800
Now dream of furnaces and 
vessels of patient 

2839
02:38:38,800 --> 02:38:42,200
transformations of substances 
changing their nature. 

2840
02:38:42,200 --> 02:38:45,700
While retaining their Essence 
dream of the long chain of 

2841
02:38:45,708 --> 02:38:49,300
seekers stretching back through 
centuries, each contributing 

2842
02:38:49,300 --> 02:38:53,200
their piece to understanding. 
Dream of gardens where herbs 

2843
02:38:53,200 --> 02:38:57,400
grow under careful tending of 
library's where ancient texts. 

2844
02:38:57,400 --> 02:39:01,500
Preserve hard, one wisdom. 
Of laboratory is where careful 

2845
02:39:01,500 --> 02:39:03,600
observation reveals Nature's 
patterns. 

2846
02:39:03,600 --> 02:39:07,300
The Alchemists are sleeping too.
Those patient workers of 

2847
02:39:07,300 --> 02:39:10,300
transformation. 
But their work continues in 

2848
02:39:10,300 --> 02:39:14,100
every chemistry, lab every 
farmer suitable company and 

2849
02:39:14,100 --> 02:39:16,000
every material science 
experiment. 

2850
02:39:16,000 --> 02:39:20,600
It continues in every Garden 
where someone tends plants in 

2851
02:39:20,600 --> 02:39:23,600
every kitchen, where ingredients
transformed into meals. 

2852
02:39:23,600 --> 02:39:27,300
And in every mind where learning
transforms ignorance, in to 

2853
02:39:27,300 --> 02:39:30,600
understanding the great work is 
never finished because there's 

2854
02:39:30,600 --> 02:39:33,900
always more to learn more to 
discover and more to understand.

2855
02:39:35,300 --> 02:39:38,700
The Philosopher's Stone remains 
eternally, just beyond reach. 

2856
02:39:39,300 --> 02:39:41,300
Which is perhaps exactly as it 
should be. 

2857
02:39:41,300 --> 02:39:44,500
The Sea King matters, more than 
the finding. 

2858
02:39:44,500 --> 02:39:47,000
The question matters, more than 
the answer. 

2859
02:39:47,000 --> 02:39:51,100
The transformation of the Seeker
matters, more than the discovery

2860
02:39:51,100 --> 02:39:55,100
of the sort rest, easy, the 
furnace Burns steadily. 

2861
02:39:55,900 --> 02:40:00,200
The vessels contain their slow 
Miracles, time unfolds at its 

2862
02:40:00,208 --> 02:40:03,300
own pace. 
All is well, in this laboratory 

2863
02:40:03,300 --> 02:40:07,400
between waking and dreams where 
ancient wisdom meets Eternal 

2864
02:40:07,400 --> 02:40:11,700
questions where the possible and
impossible blur together and 

2865
02:40:11,700 --> 02:40:13,800
were transformation is always 
just beginning. 

2866
02:40:13,800 --> 02:40:16,700
The Golden Light Fades to 
comfortable Darkness. 

2867
02:40:17,500 --> 02:40:19,600
The sounds of the laboratory 
become the sound of your own 

2868
02:40:19,600 --> 02:40:23,000
breathing steady and slow. 
The center of transformation, 

2869
02:40:23,000 --> 02:40:25,600
becomes the familiar smell of 
your pillow and blankets. 

2870
02:40:26,800 --> 02:40:29,800
But somewhere in your sleeping 
mind the laboratory remains, 

2871
02:40:29,800 --> 02:40:33,100
always accessible. 
Always inviting always offering 

2872
02:40:33,100 --> 02:40:37,300
the promise that transformation 
of matter, of spirit of 

2873
02:40:37,300 --> 02:40:42,600
understanding remains possible. 
The Alchemist truth, we are all 

2874
02:40:42,600 --> 02:40:47,100
works in progress materials. 
Being slowly refined moving 

2875
02:40:47,100 --> 02:40:50,400
through our own stages from the 
Greedo through Albedo to 

2876
02:40:50,400 --> 02:40:53,800
Rubidoux From dissolution 
through purification, to 

2877
02:40:53,800 --> 02:40:57,900
Perfection the great work, 
applies to substances in vessels

2878
02:40:57,900 --> 02:41:01,700
and to Consciousness itself, we 
are simultaneously The Alchemist

2879
02:41:01,700 --> 02:41:04,500
and the material, the 
practitioner, and the practice, 

2880
02:41:04,500 --> 02:41:08,900
the seeker, and the sort sleep 
deeply transformed while you 

2881
02:41:08,908 --> 02:41:13,600
rest tomorrow, you'll wake 
changed in small ways continuing

2882
02:41:13,600 --> 02:41:16,600
your own great work. 
Your own patient transformation,

2883
02:41:16,600 --> 02:41:20,300
The Alchemist would approve. 
They understood that the most 

2884
02:41:20,300 --> 02:41:23,300
important laboratory is 
consciousness itself and the 

2885
02:41:23,300 --> 02:41:26,400
most crucial transformation 
happens within good night. 

2886
02:41:27,200 --> 02:41:31,700
May your dreams be gold and your
rest transformative, the great 

2887
02:41:31,700 --> 02:41:36,500
work continues as it always has 
and always will in Laboratories 

2888
02:41:36,500 --> 02:41:40,300
both physical and imaginal 
tended by practitioners both 

2889
02:41:40,300 --> 02:41:44,600
waking and sleeping pursuing 
that Eternal Quest to understand

2890
02:41:44,600 --> 02:41:49,700
to change to elevate, to 
transform the base into the 

2891
02:41:49,700 --> 02:41:54,100
pressure, the crude into the 
refined, and the ordinary into 

2892
02:41:54,100 --> 02:42:02,600
the extraordinary. 
Ireland that Green Island City 

2893
02:42:02,600 --> 02:42:05,100
in the Atlantic like a jewel 
that can't quite decide. 

2894
02:42:05,100 --> 02:42:08,100
If it wants to be Emerald or 
Jade has been collecting 

2895
02:42:08,100 --> 02:42:10,600
Stories, the way some people 
collect stamps or vintage 

2896
02:42:10,600 --> 02:42:14,200
teacups, Except these stories 
are much more interesting than 

2897
02:42:14,200 --> 02:42:17,400
stamps and they involve 
considerably more magic than 

2898
02:42:17,400 --> 02:42:19,600
teacups, though. 
Irish tea cups. 

2899
02:42:19,600 --> 02:42:24,300
Do have their own quiet dignity.
long before anyone was writing 

2900
02:42:24,300 --> 02:42:27,100
anything down, Irish 
storytellers, were spinning 

2901
02:42:27,100 --> 02:42:31,200
tales about how Island came to 
be populated And here's the 

2902
02:42:31,200 --> 02:42:34,900
thing about Irish origin myths, 
they're like layers of a very 

2903
02:42:34,900 --> 02:42:38,100
elaborate cake. 
Each group of settlers arriving 

2904
02:42:38,100 --> 02:42:39,900
and adding their own flavor to 
the mix. 

2905
02:42:41,000 --> 02:42:44,200
The first arrivals, according to
the myths were led by a woman 

2906
02:42:44,200 --> 02:42:47,200
named ceir who was supposedly 
known as granddaughter. 

2907
02:42:47,200 --> 02:42:50,900
Yes, that Noah the one with the 
ark. 

2908
02:42:52,300 --> 02:42:55,700
Sir, showed up in Ireland, 50 
days before the biblical flood, 

2909
02:42:55,700 --> 02:42:58,100
which seems like cutting it 
rather fine. 

2910
02:42:58,100 --> 02:43:02,400
Timing wise. 
She brought three men and 50 

2911
02:43:02,400 --> 02:43:04,800
women with her, which sounds 
like someone was either. 

2912
02:43:04,800 --> 02:43:07,100
Very optimistic or very bad at 
planning. 

2913
02:43:07,100 --> 02:43:08,800
Gender ratios for long-term 
survival. 

2914
02:43:08,800 --> 02:43:13,700
The flood came as floods in the 
stories tend to do and only one 

2915
02:43:13,700 --> 02:43:17,300
person survived A fellow named 
fintan who dealt with this 

2916
02:43:17,300 --> 02:43:20,300
apocalyptic inconvenience by 
transforming into a salmon. 

2917
02:43:21,600 --> 02:43:25,300
Because apparently in Irish 
mythology, when things get 

2918
02:43:25,300 --> 02:43:28,200
difficult, the answer is often 
to become a fish. 

2919
02:43:29,200 --> 02:43:31,700
Fintan would later. 
Also become a hawk and an eagle 

2920
02:43:31,700 --> 02:43:35,200
living for thousands of years, 
and witnessing, all of Ireland, 

2921
02:43:35,200 --> 02:43:38,700
subsequent history. 
He was essentially Ireland's 

2922
02:43:38,700 --> 02:43:42,100
first historian, except with 
more shapeshifting and fewer 

2923
02:43:42,100 --> 02:43:45,900
footnotes. 
After the waters receded Islands

2924
02:43:45,900 --> 02:43:49,300
at empty for a while probably 
catching its breath and drying 

2925
02:43:49,300 --> 02:43:54,700
out its many many Hills. 
Then came the path alone's named

2926
02:43:54,700 --> 02:43:58,600
after their leader, pathologies 
were proper settlers, who 

2927
02:43:58,600 --> 02:44:01,100
introduced things, like, Brewing
Agriculture. 

2928
02:44:01,100 --> 02:44:04,600
And the general concept of not 
living like refugees from a 

2929
02:44:04,600 --> 02:44:07,200
flood. 
They built House's, cleared 

2930
02:44:07,200 --> 02:44:11,200
planes and created the first 
Lakes though, how one creates a 

2931
02:44:11,200 --> 02:44:14,300
lake through anything other than
massive excavation projects is 

2932
02:44:14,300 --> 02:44:16,000
one of those mythological 
details. 

2933
02:44:16,000 --> 02:44:17,900
That is best not question to 
closely. 

2934
02:44:19,300 --> 02:44:23,000
The path alone in these thrived 
for about 300 years, which is a 

2935
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:26,100
good run by anyone's standards. 
But then a play killed them all 

2936
02:44:26,100 --> 02:44:29,000
in one week. 
Every single one of them died on

2937
02:44:29,000 --> 02:44:31,700
the same plane, which must have 
made for a very awkward 

2938
02:44:31,700 --> 02:44:34,700
situation afterward. 
You can imagine the first 

2939
02:44:34,700 --> 02:44:38,600
Travelers stumbling across this 
scene and slowly backing away 

2940
02:44:38,600 --> 02:44:41,500
while making mental notes to 
maybe settle somewhere else. 

2941
02:44:42,400 --> 02:44:45,900
Next came, the numidians 
followers of nemed who arrived 

2942
02:44:45,900 --> 02:44:49,100
with his four Sons. 
The named were basically The 

2943
02:44:49,100 --> 02:44:52,000
Unlucky middle children of Irish
mythological settlers. 

2944
02:44:52,600 --> 02:44:55,200
They had to deal with the 
fomorians, think of them, as 

2945
02:44:55,200 --> 02:44:59,500
Ireland's, original antagonists,
a race of monstrous beings, who 

2946
02:44:59,500 --> 02:45:02,700
lived either under the sea, or 
on Islands, depending on which 

2947
02:45:02,700 --> 02:45:07,300
version of the story you prefer.
The fomorians were like that 

2948
02:45:07,300 --> 02:45:10,600
difficult neighbor who keeps 
complaining about your lawn 

2949
02:45:10,600 --> 02:45:13,600
except they also demanded 
oppressive tributes and 

2950
02:45:13,600 --> 02:45:17,200
generally made life miserable. 
Than a medians fought. 

2951
02:45:17,200 --> 02:45:22,000
The Fermi and for years won some
battles, lost others and 

2952
02:45:22,000 --> 02:45:25,100
eventually most of them died or 
left Island in despair. 

2953
02:45:26,300 --> 02:45:29,900
Survivors escaped and their 
descendants would return later 

2954
02:45:29,900 --> 02:45:31,800
with new names and better 
planning. 

2955
02:45:31,800 --> 02:45:35,300
It's like they went away for a 
few Generations regrouped and 

2956
02:45:35,300 --> 02:45:37,100
came back with a revised 
business plan. 

2957
02:45:38,100 --> 02:45:42,100
This pattern of arrivals battles
plagues and departures set the 

2958
02:45:42,100 --> 02:45:46,400
tone for Irish mythology. 
Nothing ever stays simple or 

2959
02:45:46,400 --> 02:45:50,600
peaceful for long but there's 
always someone new arriving with

2960
02:45:50,600 --> 02:45:53,400
fresh ideas about how to make 
living on this rainy. 

2961
02:45:53,400 --> 02:45:57,500
Beautiful island work. 
It's almost soothing and its 

2962
02:45:57,500 --> 02:46:01,400
predictability except for all 
the plagues and monsters which 

2963
02:46:01,400 --> 02:46:03,800
are less soothing and more. 
The sort of thing that makes you

2964
02:46:03,800 --> 02:46:06,900
appreciate modern medicine and 
the absence of seed demons. 

2965
02:46:06,900 --> 02:46:09,900
Now we're getting to the 
interesting part which is saying

2966
02:46:09,900 --> 02:46:13,500
something because mythological 
plagues and shapeshifting 

2967
02:46:13,500 --> 02:46:16,300
historians are already fairly 
interesting. 

2968
02:46:17,200 --> 02:46:20,700
The 12th day danan, whose name 
roughly translates to the people

2969
02:46:20,700 --> 02:46:23,500
of the Goddess. 
Danu were basically, Ireland's. 

2970
02:46:23,500 --> 02:46:26,700
Pantheon of gods though. 
The myths are sometimes Coy 

2971
02:46:26,700 --> 02:46:28,000
about calling them Gods 
directly. 

2972
02:46:29,000 --> 02:46:32,100
They prefer terms like the 
people of skill or the fairy 

2973
02:46:32,100 --> 02:46:35,700
folk, which is very Irish. 
While I use one clear term when 

2974
02:46:35,700 --> 02:46:38,600
you can use several poetic, but 
slightly ambiguous ones. 

2975
02:46:39,500 --> 02:46:42,800
The two are third day, danan 
arrived in Ireland, in dramatic 

2976
02:46:42,800 --> 02:46:46,500
fashion, supposedly descending 
from the sky, and a cloud. 

2977
02:46:47,400 --> 02:46:50,300
Some versions say they actually 
just sale in from the north on 

2978
02:46:50,300 --> 02:46:53,900
boats, then burn their boats and
created the cloud. 

2979
02:46:53,900 --> 02:46:59,800
As either a dramatic effect, be 
military tactics or see an 

2980
02:46:59,800 --> 02:47:01,300
elaborate insurance fraud 
scheme. 

2981
02:47:02,100 --> 02:47:04,400
The myths are genuinely unclear 
on this point. 

2982
02:47:05,300 --> 02:47:08,900
What made the two other day, 
danan special was their Mastery 

2983
02:47:08,900 --> 02:47:12,800
of magic and crafts. 
They brought four, magical 

2984
02:47:12,800 --> 02:47:16,000
Treasures to Ireland each from a
different mythical city. 

2985
02:47:16,900 --> 02:47:20,600
From thalleous, came the stone 
of Destiny, which would cry out.

2986
02:47:20,600 --> 02:47:23,900
When touched by the rightful 
king of Ireland, basically, an 

2987
02:47:23,900 --> 02:47:27,600
ancient Celtic verification 
system, that was significantly 

2988
02:47:27,600 --> 02:47:29,600
more reliable than a driver's 
license. 

2989
02:47:30,900 --> 02:47:33,100
From glorious came, the Spear of
Lou. 

2990
02:47:33,800 --> 02:47:36,300
Which guaranteed Victory to 
whoever wielded it. 

2991
02:47:36,300 --> 02:47:40,200
No battle could be won against 
it, which seems somewhat unfair,

2992
02:47:40,200 --> 02:47:43,900
and definitely violated several 
conventions of sporting conduct.

2993
02:47:44,900 --> 02:47:48,600
From India, came to others sword
from which no one could Escape 

2994
02:47:48,600 --> 02:47:51,400
once it was drawn. 
And from Maria's came, the 

2995
02:47:51,400 --> 02:47:54,500
daggers cauldron, which could 
feed any number of people 

2996
02:47:54,500 --> 02:47:57,600
without ever emptying. 
Essentially, the world's first, 

2997
02:47:57,600 --> 02:48:00,800
all you can eat buffet, but with
more mystical properties and 

2998
02:48:00,800 --> 02:48:05,800
probably better food The 12th 
day danan found Island already 

2999
02:48:05,800 --> 02:48:09,200
occupied by the furball 
descendants of those in a 

3000
02:48:09,200 --> 02:48:12,500
mediums who had fled early. 
Furball would decent folks who 

3001
02:48:12,508 --> 02:48:15,200
had been minding their own 
business farming, and fishing 

3002
02:48:15,200 --> 02:48:19,300
and generally existing in peace.
Then these magical Sky people 

3003
02:48:19,300 --> 02:48:22,600
showed up with their Invincible 
weapons and started making 

3004
02:48:22,600 --> 02:48:24,500
proprietary claims about the 
island. 

3005
02:48:25,900 --> 02:48:29,700
The two groups met at the first 
battle of Mag tour, Ed, which 

3006
02:48:29,700 --> 02:48:33,200
sounds more dramatic in Irish, 
but basically means the plane of

3007
02:48:33,200 --> 02:48:37,400
towers or possibly the plane of 
pillars depending on who's 

3008
02:48:37,400 --> 02:48:40,100
translating. 
The battle was fierce. 

3009
02:48:40,100 --> 02:48:43,800
And while the 12th, our data Nan
won, they suffered a significant

3010
02:48:43,800 --> 02:48:48,200
casualty Their King nuada, lost 
his hand in combat. 

3011
02:48:49,100 --> 02:48:51,500
Now, here's where Irish 
mythology gets interesting and 

3012
02:48:51,500 --> 02:48:53,400
its approach to disability and 
Leadership. 

3013
02:48:54,400 --> 02:48:57,500
The tougher data Nan had a law 
stating that no one with a 

3014
02:48:57,500 --> 02:49:01,100
physical blemish could be king. 
This seems harsh until you 

3015
02:49:01,100 --> 02:49:04,600
remember that in these myths. 
Physical Perfection, often 

3016
02:49:04,600 --> 02:49:06,800
symbolize spiritual, and 
political wholeness. 

3017
02:49:07,600 --> 02:49:11,900
Nuada, despite being otherwise. 
Excellent at his job had to step

3018
02:49:11,900 --> 02:49:13,600
down because he was now missing 
a hand. 

3019
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:17,400
The 12th and Nan. 
Replaced him with breasts. 

3020
02:49:17,400 --> 02:49:20,800
Whose father was for more and 
whose mother was tooth a 

3021
02:49:20,800 --> 02:49:23,100
Deadman. 
Century, a peace, treaty 

3022
02:49:23,100 --> 02:49:26,500
marriage, candidate meant to 
unite the two people's breast. 

3023
02:49:26,500 --> 02:49:30,200
Turned out to be terrible at his
job, he was stingy which in 

3024
02:49:30,200 --> 02:49:32,200
Irish culture was possibly the 
worst floor. 

3025
02:49:32,200 --> 02:49:35,900
A leader could have a good King 
was expected to be, generous 

3026
02:49:35,900 --> 02:49:38,600
hosting feasts and distributing 
wealth. 

3027
02:49:39,500 --> 02:49:42,800
Brezz did none of this. 
He was basically the opposite of

3028
02:49:42,808 --> 02:49:45,400
a good Irish host which made him
deeply unpopular. 

3029
02:49:46,800 --> 02:49:50,700
Meanwhile, a physician named Ian
get and his son miyeok were 

3030
02:49:50,700 --> 02:49:52,800
working on a solution to new 
artists problem. 

3031
02:49:53,700 --> 02:49:59,200
The engaged, a silver hand for 
nuada, that worked perfectly a 

3032
02:49:59,200 --> 02:50:00,900
prosthetic. 
So Advanced it wouldn't be 

3033
02:50:00,900 --> 02:50:03,400
matched in actual technology for
thousands of years. 

3034
02:50:04,600 --> 02:50:06,500
This made New Order technically 
whole again. 

3035
02:50:06,500 --> 02:50:09,900
But there was still the question
of whether a silver hand counted

3036
02:50:09,900 --> 02:50:13,300
as a blemish. 
Then miyeok showing the kind of 

3037
02:50:13,300 --> 02:50:15,900
overachieving ambition that 
causes problems and families 

3038
02:50:15,900 --> 02:50:20,200
everywhere went one better. 
He grew a new hand of flesh and 

3039
02:50:20,200 --> 02:50:23,100
blood for nuada. 
This was medically impressive 

3040
02:50:23,100 --> 02:50:27,100
but politically problematic as 
it completely overshadowed his 

3041
02:50:27,100 --> 02:50:31,400
father's work. 
Diane checked in a fit of 

3042
02:50:31,400 --> 02:50:34,200
professional jealousy. 
That modern academic rivalries 

3043
02:50:34,200 --> 02:50:37,600
can only aspire to killed his 
own son. 

3044
02:50:39,300 --> 02:50:43,100
Mythology is full of family 
dysfunction, but this takes it 

3045
02:50:43,100 --> 02:50:46,500
to another level. 
With his new hand, nuada was 

3046
02:50:46,500 --> 02:50:49,400
restored to King ship and 
breasts was sent packing. 

3047
02:50:50,400 --> 02:50:54,400
Breasts unsurprisingly bitter 
about losing his throne, went to

3048
02:50:54,408 --> 02:50:56,600
his fomorian relatives to raise 
an army. 

3049
02:50:57,400 --> 02:51:01,900
This led to the Second Battle of
Mag 28, which was even more epic

3050
02:51:01,900 --> 02:51:05,100
than the first and featured. 
One of Irish mythologies most 

3051
02:51:05,100 --> 02:51:08,900
important Heroes. 
Enter lug whose full title was 

3052
02:51:08,900 --> 02:51:12,600
log Lambada. 
Lug of the long arm though. 

3053
02:51:12,600 --> 02:51:15,700
This referred to his reaching 
battle rather than any actual 

3054
02:51:15,700 --> 02:51:20,200
anatomical peculiarity. 
Lug was like the kid in school 

3055
02:51:20,200 --> 02:51:22,900
who was annoyingly. 
Good at everything, Sports 

3056
02:51:22,900 --> 02:51:27,200
academics and arts and also 
happened to be a attractive and 

3057
02:51:27,200 --> 02:51:31,900
well liked Except instead of 
just winning spelling bees, Lou 

3058
02:51:31,900 --> 02:51:35,900
was a master of every skill. 
The ancient Irish valued Warrior

3059
02:51:35,900 --> 02:51:40,100
Craftsman poet, musician, 
Sorcerer And physician. 

3060
02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:43,600
He was basically a walking 
Renaissance except several 

3061
02:51:43,600 --> 02:51:46,400
thousand years before the actual
Renaissance, which shows 

3062
02:51:46,400 --> 02:51:51,000
admirable initiative. 
Lose arrived at Tara, the seat 

3063
02:51:51,000 --> 02:51:54,300
of Irish King ship while Noah 
Was preparing for war with the 

3064
02:51:54,300 --> 02:51:57,300
femoris. 
The gatekeeper asked Lou what 

3065
02:51:57,300 --> 02:52:00,800
skill he possessed. 
Since Tara only admitted people 

3066
02:52:00,800 --> 02:52:04,700
who could contribute, something 
unique lug listed his abilities.

3067
02:52:04,700 --> 02:52:09,200
One by one, he was a carpenter, 
A Smith, a warrior, a Harper, a 

3068
02:52:09,200 --> 02:52:12,500
poet, a historian, a sorcerer, 
and so on. 

3069
02:52:13,300 --> 02:52:16,300
To each skill, the gatekeeper 
responded that they already had 

3070
02:52:16,300 --> 02:52:19,100
someone who did that. 
This went on for a while, 

3071
02:52:19,100 --> 02:52:22,800
probably with increasing 
awkwardness until Luke asked the

3072
02:52:22,808 --> 02:52:26,000
Practical question. 
Did they have anyone who could 

3073
02:52:26,000 --> 02:52:29,400
do all of these things? 
The gatekeeper recognizing a 

3074
02:52:29,400 --> 02:52:32,000
rhetorical Checkmate, when he 
heard one let him in. 

3075
02:52:33,200 --> 02:52:36,100
Noida was so impressed with Luke
that he temporarily gave him 

3076
02:52:36,100 --> 02:52:38,500
command of the war against the 
femurs. 

3077
02:52:38,500 --> 02:52:42,000
This was either a sign of great 
wisdom or a symptom of severe 

3078
02:52:42,000 --> 02:52:44,600
imposter syndrome. 
But either way, it worked out 

3079
02:52:45,700 --> 02:52:49,200
Luke led the th'other data Nan 
in the Second Battle of Maguire 

3080
02:52:49,200 --> 02:52:51,300
read, which was less a battle, 
and more. 

3081
02:52:51,300 --> 02:52:55,500
A mythological highlight of 
Supernatural, combat, The battle

3082
02:52:55,500 --> 02:52:57,500
featured, some truly memorable 
moments. 

3083
02:52:58,400 --> 02:53:02,900
The dagda whose name, basically 
means the good God in the sense 

3084
02:53:02,900 --> 02:53:07,300
of good at everything, rather 
than morally upright met with 

3085
02:53:07,300 --> 02:53:10,100
the femoris Morrigan before the 
battle. 

3086
02:53:11,000 --> 02:53:14,000
Their encounter resulted in an 
alliance because apparently 

3087
02:53:14,000 --> 02:53:16,200
military strategy in Irish 
mythology. 

3088
02:53:16,200 --> 02:53:20,200
Sometimes involves Supernatural 
romance with goddesses. 

3089
02:53:20,200 --> 02:53:22,700
Who could shape-shift into 
crows. 

3090
02:53:23,800 --> 02:53:27,600
The dagda also visited the enemy
camp before the battle where the

3091
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:29,800
fomorians decided to mock him by
serving him. 

3092
02:53:29,800 --> 02:53:34,400
A massive portion of porridge, 
his favorite food in a crater 

3093
02:53:34,400 --> 02:53:37,900
sized hole in the ground. 
The porridge contained whole 

3094
02:53:37,900 --> 02:53:42,800
sheep pigs and gallons of milk. 
For more ins expected, this to 

3095
02:53:42,800 --> 02:53:46,200
humiliate the dagda, but he 
simply ate all of it using a 

3096
02:53:46,200 --> 02:53:48,100
ladle. 
So large, it could hold two 

3097
02:53:48,100 --> 02:53:50,800
people lying down. 
They took a nap because that's 

3098
02:53:50,800 --> 02:53:53,200
what you do after eating, 
several livestock worth of 

3099
02:53:53,200 --> 02:53:56,400
porridge. during the actual 
battle, the faced his 

3100
02:53:56,400 --> 02:53:59,300
grandfather Baylor of the evil 
eye, Balers. 

3101
02:53:59,300 --> 02:54:02,600
I was so poisonous that it took 
several men to lift the eyelid 

3102
02:54:02,600 --> 02:54:04,700
and anyone who looked at it 
would die. 

3103
02:54:05,500 --> 02:54:08,500
This was simultaneously a 
formidable weapon and a 

3104
02:54:08,500 --> 02:54:11,800
significant Vision impairment 
Butler, had made it work for 

3105
02:54:11,800 --> 02:54:15,000
him. 
Lug killed Baylor with a sling 

3106
02:54:15,000 --> 02:54:16,300
stone. 
That drove the eye. 

3107
02:54:16,300 --> 02:54:19,100
Through the back of his head, 
causing it to look upon 

3108
02:54:19,100 --> 02:54:20,800
Baylor's, own Army and Destroy 
them. 

3109
02:54:20,800 --> 02:54:24,700
This was Poetic Justice with 
practical military applications.

3110
02:54:24,700 --> 02:54:28,500
The 12th did danan won. 
The battle defeated, the ferror 

3111
02:54:28,500 --> 02:54:32,000
definitively and established 
themselves as the Undisputed 

3112
02:54:32,000 --> 02:54:35,200
rulers of Ireland. 
Luke became one of their 

3113
02:54:35,200 --> 02:54:38,800
greatest Kings and his name echo
through Irish mythology for 

3114
02:54:38,800 --> 02:54:43,300
centuries, he was the father of 
cuchulain islands, greatest 

3115
02:54:43,300 --> 02:54:47,000
hero, proving that being good at
everything is hereditary. 

3116
02:54:47,700 --> 02:54:51,300
The reign of the tuatha de 
danaan represented, a golden age

3117
02:54:51,300 --> 02:54:54,700
in Irish mythology, Time. 
When the gods walked, the land 

3118
02:54:54,700 --> 02:54:58,500
magic was commonplace. 
And every Feast was a 

3119
02:54:58,500 --> 02:55:00,200
celebration of impossible 
abundance. 

3120
02:55:01,100 --> 02:55:03,900
But like all Golden Ages in 
mythology, it couldn't last 

3121
02:55:03,900 --> 02:55:07,700
forever, someone new was coming 
to Ireland and this time, they'd

3122
02:55:07,700 --> 02:55:10,700
be harder to defeat because they
represented something that was 

3123
02:55:10,700 --> 02:55:14,300
the Nan had no defense against 
they represented us. 

3124
02:55:14,300 --> 02:55:18,600
The Malaysians the sons of meal 
with the final wave of 

3125
02:55:18,600 --> 02:55:21,700
mythological Invaders and they 
were different from all the 

3126
02:55:21,700 --> 02:55:25,000
previous groups. 
They represented mortal humans. 

3127
02:55:25,000 --> 02:55:29,100
Our ancestors people without 
magical powers or Divine 

3128
02:55:29,100 --> 02:55:32,700
Heritage who nonetheless had the
audacity to think they could 

3129
02:55:32,708 --> 02:55:37,500
take Ireland from gods. 
The Malaysians came from Spain, 

3130
02:55:37,500 --> 02:55:40,900
supposedly though. 
The Spain in Irish mythology is 

3131
02:55:40,900 --> 02:55:44,800
lesser geographic location and 
more of vague concept of that 

3132
02:55:44,800 --> 02:55:48,700
warmer place to the South they 
sailed to Ireland with the full 

3133
02:55:48,700 --> 02:55:51,700
intention of conquering it, 
Which takes either impressive 

3134
02:55:51,700 --> 02:55:54,600
courage or significant ignorance
of what they were up against. 

3135
02:55:55,900 --> 02:55:58,800
When the Malaysians landed in 
Ireland, they encountered three 

3136
02:55:58,800 --> 02:56:00,800
goddesses. 
Who embodied the land itself. 

3137
02:56:01,700 --> 02:56:06,400
Bamba, fodhla and Erie. 
Each goddess asked that Ireland.

3138
02:56:06,400 --> 02:56:09,100
Be named after her, the 
Malaysians displaying The 

3139
02:56:09,108 --> 02:56:11,400
Diplomatic skills. 
That would later make Irish 

3140
02:56:11,400 --> 02:56:15,200
politicians famous promised each
Goddess, that Ireland would bear

3141
02:56:15,200 --> 02:56:17,900
her name. 
All three names were used at 

3142
02:56:17,900 --> 02:56:21,200
various times, but arrows and 
name of eventually stuck 

3143
02:56:21,200 --> 02:56:24,300
evolving into are, which is 
still Islands. 

3144
02:56:24,300 --> 02:56:28,000
Official name in Irish. 
The 12th day danan tried 

3145
02:56:28,000 --> 02:56:30,900
everything to repel. 
The Invaders, the use their 

3146
02:56:30,900 --> 02:56:33,900
magic to create storms. 
That drove the Malaysian ships 

3147
02:56:33,900 --> 02:56:36,700
back from Shore. 
They made the land appear in 

3148
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:39,800
hospitable and cursed the 
Invaders with various 

3149
02:56:39,800 --> 02:56:43,300
Supernatural obstacles. 
But the milesians had something 

3150
02:56:43,300 --> 02:56:47,500
the previous Invaders lacked. 
Persistent and an apparent 

3151
02:56:47,500 --> 02:56:50,100
immunity to being discouraged by
impossibility. 

3152
02:56:51,200 --> 02:56:54,900
The poet American one of the 
Malaysians spoken incantation 

3153
02:56:54,900 --> 02:56:56,400
when they finally managed to 
land. 

3154
02:56:57,300 --> 02:57:00,900
First recorded poem in Irish 
mythology and it still 

3155
02:57:00,900 --> 02:57:04,000
remarkable today. 
He declared himself to be the 

3156
02:57:04,000 --> 02:57:06,700
wind on the sea. 
The ocean wave, the Roar of the 

3157
02:57:06,708 --> 02:57:10,600
tide and various other natural. 
Phenomena essentially claiming 

3158
02:57:10,600 --> 02:57:14,100
Ireland through identification 
with the land itself, it was 

3159
02:57:14,108 --> 02:57:15,700
like announcing at a party that 
you're not. 

3160
02:57:15,708 --> 02:57:20,100
Just attending you're actually 
the house bold strategy, but it 

3161
02:57:20,100 --> 02:57:24,500
worked The conflict between the 
Malaysians and the tuatha data 

3162
02:57:24,500 --> 02:57:27,600
Nan came to a head in several 
battles, but the outcome was 

3163
02:57:27,600 --> 02:57:30,800
never really endowed. 
The Malaysians represented, the 

3164
02:57:30,800 --> 02:57:34,400
inevitable transition from 
mythological to historical time 

3165
02:57:34,400 --> 02:57:38,200
from a world governed by Magic 
to one governed by human 

3166
02:57:38,200 --> 02:57:41,600
concerns. 
The tuatha de Danna could win 

3167
02:57:41,600 --> 02:57:44,900
every battle and still lose the 
war because they were fighting 

3168
02:57:44,900 --> 02:57:49,400
against narrative inevitability.
The resolution was ingeniously 

3169
02:57:49,400 --> 02:57:52,000
Irish. 
Rather than a fight to the 

3170
02:57:52,000 --> 02:57:56,100
death, the two sides. 
Negotiated, the 12th and agreed 

3171
02:57:56,100 --> 02:58:00,400
to retreat underground into the 
CID fairy Mound and Hills that 

3172
02:58:00,400 --> 02:58:03,800
dot Island landscape. 
They would keep the spiritual 

3173
02:58:03,800 --> 02:58:06,300
sovereignty of Ireland. 
While the Malaysians held the 

3174
02:58:06,300 --> 02:58:09,600
physical land. 
Island was essentially divided. 

3175
02:58:09,600 --> 02:58:13,200
Horizontally with humans getting
the surface and the gods. 

3176
02:58:13,200 --> 02:58:16,300
Getting everything beneath. 
This Arrangement explains one of

3177
02:58:16,300 --> 02:58:19,400
the most distinctive features of
Irish mythology and folklore. 

3178
02:58:20,100 --> 02:58:23,500
The gods never really left. 
They just moved underground 

3179
02:58:23,500 --> 02:58:27,300
where they became the AOC. 
A very Folk. 

3180
02:58:28,200 --> 02:58:31,100
Every Hill might contain an 
entrance to their world. 

3181
02:58:31,900 --> 02:58:34,500
Every body of water, might 
connect to their realm. 

3182
02:58:34,500 --> 02:58:38,700
And at certain times of year, 
particularly samin Halloween and

3183
02:58:38,700 --> 02:58:41,800
Beltane mayday. 
The boundaries between the 

3184
02:58:41,800 --> 02:58:45,400
world's grew thin. 
This transition from Gods to 

3185
02:58:45,400 --> 02:58:48,500
fairies is uniquely Irish in its
practicality. 

3186
02:58:49,300 --> 02:58:52,700
Rather than killing off their 
gods or declaring the false, the

3187
02:58:52,700 --> 02:58:55,400
Irish simply renegotiated their 
living arrangements. 

3188
02:58:56,500 --> 02:58:58,900
The th'other Daytona became the 
good people. 

3189
02:58:58,900 --> 02:59:03,500
The fair folk being who demanded
respect and offering but who 

3190
02:59:03,500 --> 02:59:06,700
could also offer blessings and 
Aid to humans who treated them 

3191
02:59:06,700 --> 02:59:09,900
properly. 
The relationship between humans 

3192
02:59:09,900 --> 02:59:12,700
and the fairy folk became 
Central to Irish culture. 

3193
02:59:12,700 --> 02:59:17,400
You didn't build on fairy pairs.
You didn't cut down fairy thorns

3194
02:59:17,400 --> 02:59:20,500
and you definitely didn't offend
them by calling them names. 

3195
02:59:20,500 --> 02:59:23,500
They might interpreters 
insulting This wasn't 

3196
02:59:23,500 --> 02:59:27,200
Superstition so much as an 
elaborate system of cultural 

3197
02:59:27,200 --> 02:59:29,800
preservation disguised as 
mythology. 

3198
02:59:30,900 --> 02:59:33,600
So the Malaysians took 
possession of Ireland, surface 

3199
02:59:33,600 --> 02:59:36,600
establishing, the ruling 
families that would later claim 

3200
02:59:36,600 --> 02:59:40,300
to sent from these legendary 
ancestors. every significant 

3201
02:59:40,300 --> 02:59:44,300
Irish Clan traced, its lineage 
back to the Malaysians giving 

3202
02:59:44,300 --> 02:59:47,300
them both legitimacy and 
connection to that mythological 

3203
02:59:47,300 --> 02:59:51,500
past when God's walked openly on
the land, Now that we've 

3204
02:59:51,500 --> 02:59:55,000
established how Ireland came to 
be populated and how its gods 

3205
02:59:55,000 --> 02:59:58,600
and humans learned to coexist, 
let's talk about Ireland's 

3206
02:59:58,600 --> 03:00:02,400
greatest hero. 
Crucial in was born as Satanta. 

3207
03:00:03,200 --> 03:00:05,300
A fairly normal name. 
That didn't hint at the 

3208
03:00:05,300 --> 03:00:07,300
absolutely abnormal life. 
He would lead. 

3209
03:00:08,200 --> 03:00:12,300
His father was either the Mortal
Warriors or the god, Luke. 

3210
03:00:13,000 --> 03:00:17,000
The myth can't quite decide but 
the general consensus is that he

3211
03:00:17,000 --> 03:00:20,700
was probably Loke son because 
otherwise his ability don't make

3212
03:00:20,700 --> 03:00:23,400
sense. 
As a boy, Satanta was already 

3213
03:00:23,400 --> 03:00:25,200
showing signs of being 
extraordinary. 

3214
03:00:26,000 --> 03:00:28,400
He asked his mother when he 
could join, the boy Trouper to 

3215
03:00:28,400 --> 03:00:30,400
main matcher. 
The seat of ulster's. 

3216
03:00:30,400 --> 03:00:35,500
King contraband His mother told 
him, he was too young, but 

3217
03:00:35,500 --> 03:00:37,600
Satanta displaying the 
impatience that would 

3218
03:00:37,600 --> 03:00:41,500
characterize his entire short 
life decided to go anyway. 

3219
03:00:42,400 --> 03:00:45,300
He took his toy weapons and 
walked the considerable distance

3220
03:00:45,300 --> 03:00:48,100
to a main matcher. 
When he arrived, the boy 

3221
03:00:48,100 --> 03:00:51,300
warriors were playing hurling, 
an Irish sport that resembles 

3222
03:00:51,300 --> 03:00:54,000
field hockey played by people 
with a death wish. 

3223
03:00:54,800 --> 03:00:57,900
Setanta, not waiting for 
introductions or permission. 

3224
03:00:57,900 --> 03:01:00,700
Simply join the game and 
promptly defeated. 

3225
03:01:00,700 --> 03:01:05,900
All 150, boys single-handedly. 
This was either impressive 

3226
03:01:05,900 --> 03:01:09,900
athletic ability or a sign that 
ulster's boy Warriors needed, 

3227
03:01:09,900 --> 03:01:13,400
better training programs. 
The incident that gave him his 

3228
03:01:13,408 --> 03:01:15,800
famous. 
Name happened when King conjurer

3229
03:01:15,800 --> 03:01:19,700
by invited Satanta to a feast at
the house of Quran, the Smith 

3230
03:01:20,800 --> 03:01:24,700
Setanta was delayed by games and
arrived late after land, had 

3231
03:01:24,700 --> 03:01:28,000
released his guard, dog. 
A massive Hound trained to 

3232
03:01:28,000 --> 03:01:31,000
protect the property, and 
generally be terrifying to 

3233
03:01:31,000 --> 03:01:35,500
uninvited guests. 
The Hound attacked youngsta who 

3234
03:01:35,500 --> 03:01:37,400
was armed only with his hurling 
stick and ball. 

3235
03:01:38,100 --> 03:01:40,700
In what must have been either, 
exceptional, aim or Divine 

3236
03:01:40,700 --> 03:01:43,400
favor. 
So Tanta, hit the ball, straight

3237
03:01:43,400 --> 03:01:46,600
into the hounds mouth and down 
its throat, Then followed up by 

3238
03:01:46,600 --> 03:01:48,700
Smashing the dogs head against a
stone. 

3239
03:01:49,500 --> 03:01:52,400
This was effective self-defense,
but made him unpopular with 

3240
03:01:52,400 --> 03:01:56,600
culin who just lost an expensive
and well-trained guard, dog to 

3241
03:01:56,600 --> 03:01:58,400
an 8 year old with sports 
equipment. 

3242
03:01:59,300 --> 03:02:03,500
Setanta feeling guilty offered 
to serve as Q, lands guard, dog.

3243
03:02:03,500 --> 03:02:05,700
Until a replacement could be 
trained. 

3244
03:02:06,400 --> 03:02:09,100
This is how he got the name cue 
chulin. 

3245
03:02:09,100 --> 03:02:13,600
The Hound of culin, it's worth 
noting that he chose to be named

3246
03:02:13,600 --> 03:02:17,100
after a dog. 
He killed Which is very Irish in

3247
03:02:17,100 --> 03:02:19,900
its combination of guilt honor 
and probably not thinking 

3248
03:02:19,900 --> 03:02:22,600
through the long-term 
implications of your nickname. 

3249
03:02:23,700 --> 03:02:27,200
As crucial and grew he trained 
with the legendary Warrior woman

3250
03:02:27,200 --> 03:02:31,500
scatter in Scotland. 
What was essentially a 

3251
03:02:31,500 --> 03:02:35,000
supernatural Military Academy? 
Teaching Warriors techniques 

3252
03:02:35,000 --> 03:02:38,100
that probably violated several 
conventions about ethical 

3253
03:02:38,100 --> 03:02:41,000
combat. 
She taught keyuan the gay 

3254
03:02:41,000 --> 03:02:44,400
bowling a barbed, spear that 
entered, the body as one point 

3255
03:02:44,400 --> 03:02:48,000
in exited as 30. 
This was either highly Advanced 

3256
03:02:48,000 --> 03:02:51,800
weapons technology or simply 
cruel and unusual depending on 

3257
03:02:51,808 --> 03:02:54,900
your perspective. 
During his training culture, 

3258
03:02:54,900 --> 03:02:59,300
somehow found time to romance. 
Catholics daughter Youth and 

3259
03:02:59,400 --> 03:03:04,100
Feats rival Ife, whom he also 
romance because apparently his 

3260
03:03:04,100 --> 03:03:07,700
training schedule wasn't full 
enough, his relationship with AI

3261
03:03:07,700 --> 03:03:11,600
for produced, a son cobler, who 
story ends tragically, but 

3262
03:03:11,600 --> 03:03:15,200
that's Irish mythology for you. 
Couture lens. 

3263
03:03:15,200 --> 03:03:18,500
Most famous exploit was 
single-handedly defending Ulster

3264
03:03:18,500 --> 03:03:22,300
during the time ball quail. 
The cattle raid of Cooley. 

3265
03:03:23,200 --> 03:03:26,200
Queen Med above Connor, invaded 
Ulster to steal a legendary 

3266
03:03:26,200 --> 03:03:28,300
Bull, and she timed her 
Invasion. 

3267
03:03:28,300 --> 03:03:31,100
For when the men of Ulster were 
affected by a curse that made 

3268
03:03:31,100 --> 03:03:33,000
them as weak as women in 
childbirth. 

3269
03:03:33,900 --> 03:03:36,800
This curse is one of Irish 
mythologies, more creative 

3270
03:03:36,800 --> 03:03:41,000
military disadvantages. 
Kookoolan either immune to the 

3271
03:03:41,008 --> 03:03:44,100
curse or two young to be 
affected, stood alone at the 

3272
03:03:44,100 --> 03:03:46,900
Ford and challenged Med ABS Army
to single combat. 

3273
03:03:47,800 --> 03:03:51,700
For months, he fought champion 
after Champion holding the fort 

3274
03:03:51,700 --> 03:03:55,400
through skill, determination and
occasional Berserker rages where

3275
03:03:55,400 --> 03:03:59,200
he transformed into something. 
So, terrifying that the myths 

3276
03:03:59,200 --> 03:04:00,700
struggled to describe it 
adequately. 

3277
03:04:02,300 --> 03:04:05,300
These rages called the re 
astronaut or warps and 

3278
03:04:05,300 --> 03:04:08,400
transformed Couture and into 
something barely human. 

3279
03:04:09,200 --> 03:04:12,800
His body contorted one. 
I receded into a skull while the

3280
03:04:12,800 --> 03:04:16,600
other bulged out his hair stood 
on end with sparks, flying from 

3281
03:04:16,600 --> 03:04:19,600
each Strand and a pillar of 
blood shot from his head. 

3282
03:04:19,600 --> 03:04:23,400
It was like watching a superhero
transformation sequence. 

3283
03:04:23,400 --> 03:04:28,200
Directed by someone who took the
concept of Rage mode, very 

3284
03:04:28,200 --> 03:04:33,300
literally Despite being 
outnumbered thousands to one two

3285
03:04:33,300 --> 03:04:35,800
chulin held the Ford until the 
rest of Ulster recovered from 

3286
03:04:35,800 --> 03:04:38,600
the curse. 
His stand became legendary. 

3287
03:04:38,600 --> 03:04:41,500
The ultimate example of one 
Warriors to termination 

3288
03:04:41,500 --> 03:04:46,000
defeating overwhelming odds. 
He embodied every virtue of the 

3289
03:04:46,008 --> 03:04:48,600
ancient Irish admired. 
Courage. 

3290
03:04:48,600 --> 03:04:52,800
Skill in battle loyalty to his 
people and the kind of 

3291
03:04:52,808 --> 03:04:55,700
stubbornness that modern 
psychologists would probably 

3292
03:04:55,700 --> 03:04:59,900
flag as concerning but ancient 
warriors considered adorable 

3293
03:04:59,900 --> 03:05:02,900
couples death when it came was 
appropriately. 

3294
03:05:02,900 --> 03:05:05,800
Dramatic. 
Cursed and wounded, knowing he 

3295
03:05:05,800 --> 03:05:08,300
was dying. 
He tied himself to a standing 

3296
03:05:08,300 --> 03:05:10,000
Stone. 
So he could die on his feet, 

3297
03:05:10,000 --> 03:05:13,900
facing his enemies. 
The Morrigan, the war goddess 

3298
03:05:13,900 --> 03:05:17,400
landed on his shoulder in the 
form of a crow and thats how his

3299
03:05:17,400 --> 03:05:19,200
enemies knew. 
He was finally dead. 

3300
03:05:20,200 --> 03:05:22,200
Because only then did he stop 
being dangerous? 

3301
03:05:23,700 --> 03:05:27,900
After crucial and era came the 
time of the Fianna Islands. 

3302
03:05:27,900 --> 03:05:31,300
Legendary Warrior band. 
Think of them as a cross between

3303
03:05:31,308 --> 03:05:36,700
Special Forces Park Rangers and 
wandering poets because in Irish

3304
03:05:36,700 --> 03:05:40,400
mythology, you could absolutely 
be all three simultaneously. 

3305
03:05:41,600 --> 03:05:45,100
The Fianna served the hiking of 
Ireland, but they operated with 

3306
03:05:45,100 --> 03:05:48,500
considerable Independence. 
They lived outside normal 

3307
03:05:48,500 --> 03:05:53,600
society, camping an Islands, 
wild places hunting training and

3308
03:05:53,600 --> 03:05:56,300
generally being available 
whenever the kingdom needed to 

3309
03:05:56,300 --> 03:05:59,100
Defenders their membership. 
Requirements was so demanding. 

3310
03:05:59,100 --> 03:06:03,200
They made Modern Special Forces 
selection look relaxed to join 

3311
03:06:03,200 --> 03:06:05,300
the Fianna. 
A candidate had to prove their 

3312
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:07,200
abilities through a series of 
tests. 

3313
03:06:07,200 --> 03:06:10,800
They had to compose poetry 
because what good is a warrior 

3314
03:06:10,800 --> 03:06:14,100
who can't describe their 
victories in proper verse They 

3315
03:06:14,100 --> 03:06:17,000
had to defend themselves while 
standing in a waist deep hole 

3316
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:20,400
armed only with a shield and a 
Hazel stick while nine Warriors 

3317
03:06:20,400 --> 03:06:22,500
through Spears. 
At the them, they had to run 

3318
03:06:22,500 --> 03:06:25,300
through the forest at full speed
without breaking a twig. 

3319
03:06:25,300 --> 03:06:29,600
Disturbing their braided hair, 
while having a weapon wave in 

3320
03:06:29,600 --> 03:06:32,500
their hands. 
These requirements, effectively 

3321
03:06:32,500 --> 03:06:36,300
filtered out everyone except 
Supernatural athletes with good 

3322
03:06:36,300 --> 03:06:40,400
hair and literary Talent. 
The greatest leader of the 

3323
03:06:40,400 --> 03:06:44,500
Fianna was fionn Macomb Hale, 
whose name means Fair, son of 

3324
03:06:44,508 --> 03:06:46,900
kumhall. 
Fiance's father was killed 

3325
03:06:46,900 --> 03:06:49,100
before, he was born. 
So his mother sent him away to 

3326
03:06:49,100 --> 03:06:52,100
be raised in secret because 
apparently that's just what you 

3327
03:06:52,100 --> 03:06:54,300
did with Legendary Heroes in 
Irish mythology. 

3328
03:06:55,300 --> 03:06:59,400
He was trained by two druidess 
who taught him poetry, the Arts 

3329
03:06:59,400 --> 03:07:02,800
of war and presumably how to 
cook for himself, though. 

3330
03:07:02,800 --> 03:07:05,400
The myths are oddly quiet about 
domestic skills. 

3331
03:07:05,400 --> 03:07:09,000
The defining moment of fearon's 
Youth came, when he was 

3332
03:07:09,000 --> 03:07:12,000
apprenticed to the poet, 
Finnegan, who had spent years 

3333
03:07:12,000 --> 03:07:13,800
trying to catch the salmon of 
knowledge. 

3334
03:07:14,800 --> 03:07:18,100
This salmon had eaten hazelnuts 
from the Trees of wisdom That 

3335
03:07:18,100 --> 03:07:21,600
Grew Around The, Well of cigars 
thereby becoming the most 

3336
03:07:21,600 --> 03:07:23,700
educated fish in Irish 
mythology. 

3337
03:07:25,400 --> 03:07:27,900
Vinegars believed that eating 
this salmon would Grant the 

3338
03:07:27,900 --> 03:07:31,200
knowledge of the world which is 
either profound symbolism of 

3339
03:07:31,200 --> 03:07:34,800
about educational proof that 
ancient Irish dietary advice was

3340
03:07:34,800 --> 03:07:37,800
unusual. 
When Finnegan's finally caught 

3341
03:07:37,800 --> 03:07:41,600
the salmon, he instructed young 
fiancee to cook, it wanted him 

3342
03:07:41,608 --> 03:07:45,100
not to eat any of it. 
Fiona obediently, cook the 

3343
03:07:45,100 --> 03:07:47,800
salmon. 
But while turning it, he burned 

3344
03:07:47,800 --> 03:07:51,400
his thumb on the Hot Fish and 
instinctively stuck his thumb in

3345
03:07:51,400 --> 03:07:55,600
his mouth to cool the burn. 
That tiny taste was enough to 

3346
03:07:55,600 --> 03:07:57,500
transfer. 
All the Salmon's wisdom to 

3347
03:07:57,500 --> 03:08:00,900
fionn. 
From that point on whenever 

3348
03:08:00,900 --> 03:08:03,600
Theon needed knowledge, he would
suck his thumb. 

3349
03:08:04,500 --> 03:08:06,900
Which sounds silly until you 
remember, he gained access to 

3350
03:08:06,900 --> 03:08:08,800
all the world's wisdom through 
the gesture? 

3351
03:08:09,900 --> 03:08:13,000
It was like having Google search
built into your body, except 

3352
03:08:13,000 --> 03:08:15,500
more reliable and with better 
privacy protections. 

3353
03:08:16,900 --> 03:08:20,000
Fiance led the piano through 
countless Adventures, they 

3354
03:08:20,000 --> 03:08:24,400
fought Giant's, battled 
Invaders, hunted magical bars. 

3355
03:08:24,400 --> 03:08:27,500
And generally kept Island safe 
from various Supernatural 

3356
03:08:27,500 --> 03:08:31,400
threats. 
Fiance story is all so notable 

3357
03:08:31,400 --> 03:08:35,400
for its romantic complications 
because Irish Heroes, apparently

3358
03:08:35,400 --> 03:08:38,800
couldn't just focus on their 
work without creating elaborate 

3359
03:08:38,800 --> 03:08:42,200
relationship drama. 
The most famous of these 

3360
03:08:42,200 --> 03:08:45,800
complications involved grand 
theft of the high King. 

3361
03:08:46,600 --> 03:08:49,200
Fionn, now old enough that 
people were politely referring 

3362
03:08:49,200 --> 03:08:52,300
to him as mature was betrothed 
to Young Grande. 

3363
03:08:53,300 --> 03:08:55,700
At the wedding Feast Grand 
looked at her much older, 

3364
03:08:55,700 --> 03:08:59,400
fiancee then looked at his young
girl, more attractive, Warrior 

3365
03:08:59,400 --> 03:09:02,400
DM, weed, and decided she 
preferred the latter. 

3366
03:09:03,500 --> 03:09:07,000
She placed diem wood under a 
gase, a magical obligation. 

3367
03:09:07,000 --> 03:09:11,600
Forcing him to elope with her. 
Dear mud was in an impossible 

3368
03:09:11,600 --> 03:09:14,700
situation. 
He was bound by oath to serve 

3369
03:09:14,700 --> 03:09:18,300
fionn loyally, but he was also 
Bound By The Gaze to protect 

3370
03:09:18,300 --> 03:09:21,000
green. 
The resulting Pursuit lasted 

3371
03:09:21,000 --> 03:09:24,600
years with fionn, and the Fianna
chasing the couple across 

3372
03:09:24,600 --> 03:09:28,200
Ireland, while diameter 
repeatedly demonstrated that he 

3373
03:09:28,200 --> 03:09:32,100
could Escape any trap, not 
because he was disloyal, but 

3374
03:09:32,100 --> 03:09:36,100
because he was obligated to 
survive eventually on accepted 

3375
03:09:36,100 --> 03:09:39,400
the situation and yam weed, and 
grain settled down to live 

3376
03:09:39,400 --> 03:09:41,700
peacefully. 
The fiance forgiveness had 

3377
03:09:41,700 --> 03:09:46,700
limits when dealing with later 
wounded by a magical bore Fiona 

3378
03:09:46,700 --> 03:09:50,300
had the power to heal him. 
He needed only to give him water

3379
03:09:50,300 --> 03:09:54,400
carried in his hands. 
Three times fionn went to fetch 

3380
03:09:54,400 --> 03:09:57,500
water and three times. 
He let it trickle through his 

3381
03:09:57,500 --> 03:10:02,700
fingers before reaching diamond.
This was Revenge served, very 

3382
03:10:02,700 --> 03:10:06,500
cold, and it, effectively, 
ended, DMX life. 

3383
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:11,000
The story of Fiona and the Fiona
represents the last age of Irish

3384
03:10:11,000 --> 03:10:15,100
Legendary Heroes, before history
began to be recorded with more 

3385
03:10:15,100 --> 03:10:19,100
reliability. 
Existed in that Twilight space 

3386
03:10:19,100 --> 03:10:21,500
between mythological and 
historical time. 

3387
03:10:21,500 --> 03:10:25,000
Their Adventures becoming 
increasingly grounded in real 

3388
03:10:25,000 --> 03:10:29,000
geography even as they retained 
elements of the Fantastic. 

3389
03:10:30,100 --> 03:10:32,700
One of the most beautiful 
aspects of Irish mythology is 

3390
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:34,500
how it's bound to the physical 
landscape. 

3391
03:10:35,600 --> 03:10:38,800
Unlike some mythologies that 
take place in vague distant 

3392
03:10:38,800 --> 03:10:42,500
Realms, Irish myths, are 
grounded in specific locations. 

3393
03:10:42,500 --> 03:10:47,100
You can actually visit Every 
Hill has a story, every ancient 

3394
03:10:47,100 --> 03:10:50,400
stone might Mark, something 
significant and every body of 

3395
03:10:50,400 --> 03:10:52,100
water. 
Potentially connects to the 

3396
03:10:52,100 --> 03:10:55,400
other world. 
New grains that massive Passage 

3397
03:10:55,400 --> 03:10:58,700
Tomb older than the pyramids was
said to be the home of Angus, 

3398
03:10:58,700 --> 03:11:04,100
OG, the god of love and poetry. 
The monument aligns perfectly 

3399
03:11:04,100 --> 03:11:07,000
with the winter solstice 
Sunrise, which is either 

3400
03:11:07,000 --> 03:11:11,000
sophisticated astronomical 
knowledge or proof that ancient 

3401
03:11:11,000 --> 03:11:14,700
Irish people really cared about 
dramatic lighting for important 

3402
03:11:14,700 --> 03:11:17,400
days. 
Anger supposedly won the house 

3403
03:11:17,400 --> 03:11:21,200
from his father, the dagda 
through a clever word, trick, 

3404
03:11:21,200 --> 03:11:24,300
because Irish Gods appreciated, 
word, play. 

3405
03:11:24,300 --> 03:11:26,700
Almost as much as they 
appreciated Magic. 

3406
03:11:27,900 --> 03:11:30,900
The hill of Tara in County 
meath, served as the seat of The

3407
03:11:30,900 --> 03:11:34,400
High Kings of Ireland. 
Is really more of a gentle Hill 

3408
03:11:34,400 --> 03:11:38,100
than an imposing Fortress. 
But in Irish mythology, it was 

3409
03:11:38,108 --> 03:11:40,500
the political and spiritual 
center of the island. 

3410
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:45,000
Kings were inaugurated, their 
laws were proclaimed, their, and

3411
03:11:45,000 --> 03:11:48,400
the stone of Destiny. 
Stood there, crying out, when 

3412
03:11:48,400 --> 03:11:52,600
touched by the rightful King. 
The site contains multiple 

3413
03:11:52,600 --> 03:11:55,400
Earthworks and monuments 
spanning thousands of years. 

3414
03:11:55,400 --> 03:11:58,800
Each layer adding another 
chapter to Ireland Story. 

3415
03:11:58,800 --> 03:12:03,300
The Giants Causeway, with its 
40,000 interlocking battle. 

3416
03:12:03,300 --> 03:12:09,000
Columns was said to be built by 
the giant fiance Yes, the same 

3417
03:12:09,000 --> 03:12:12,900
on from the Fiona who apparently
moonlighted as a giant in some 

3418
03:12:12,900 --> 03:12:15,500
stories. 
According to Legend, he built 

3419
03:12:15,500 --> 03:12:18,200
the causeway to reach Scotland 
so he could fight a Scottish 

3420
03:12:18,200 --> 03:12:20,800
Giant. 
When he saw how large is 

3421
03:12:20,800 --> 03:12:23,100
opponent. 
Was he disguised himself as a 

3422
03:12:23,108 --> 03:12:26,400
baby and his wife told the 
Scottish giant that this infant 

3423
03:12:26,400 --> 03:12:30,000
was their child. 
The Scottish giant reasoning 

3424
03:12:30,000 --> 03:12:33,900
that if the baby was this big, 
the father must be enormous fled

3425
03:12:33,900 --> 03:12:37,400
back to Scotland in Terror, 
destroying the causeway behind 

3426
03:12:37,400 --> 03:12:39,700
him. 
It's a story that combines 

3427
03:12:39,700 --> 03:12:43,900
geology mythology, and the 
Eternal theme of solving 

3428
03:12:43,900 --> 03:12:46,500
problems through deception 
rather than direct 

3429
03:12:46,500 --> 03:12:49,800
confrontation. 
The cave of crew are challenging

3430
03:12:49,800 --> 03:12:51,100
County. 
Roscommon was known as the 

3431
03:12:51,100 --> 03:12:54,600
entrance to the other world. 
It was from this cave that the 

3432
03:12:54,600 --> 03:12:58,000
destructive birds of Morrigan 
emerged that Supernatural 

3433
03:12:58,000 --> 03:13:01,800
animals escape to wreak havoc in
the mortal world and that the 

3434
03:13:01,800 --> 03:13:04,000
boundary between worlds group 
particularly thin. 

3435
03:13:05,200 --> 03:13:09,300
Medieval Irish texts described 
it as Ireland's gate to hell 

3436
03:13:09,300 --> 03:13:12,900
which seems harsh but certainly 
increased the properties 

3437
03:13:12,900 --> 03:13:16,500
notoriety. 
Loafer in County, Limerick 

3438
03:13:16,500 --> 03:13:20,000
contains an island that appears 
and disappears, supposedly 

3439
03:13:20,000 --> 03:13:23,400
rising from the water, every 
seven years, the Lakers 

3440
03:13:23,400 --> 03:13:27,400
associated with the goddess eind
who represented sovereignty for 

3441
03:13:27,400 --> 03:13:31,700
fertility and the son. 
Once a year according to 

3442
03:13:31,700 --> 03:13:35,400
tradition, you could see ancient
warriors riding around the lake 

3443
03:13:35,400 --> 03:13:38,500
Shores, which would have been 
either a spectacular tourist, 

3444
03:13:38,500 --> 03:13:43,100
attraction or deeply unsettling,
depending on your perspective on

3445
03:13:43,100 --> 03:13:48,000
ghostly cavalry. the paps of Anu
to mountains in County Kerry 

3446
03:13:48,000 --> 03:13:51,600
were named for their resemblance
to breasts and associated with 

3447
03:13:51,600 --> 03:13:57,200
Anu or danu the mother goddess 
of the 12th day Dana Ancient 

3448
03:13:57,200 --> 03:13:59,600
peoples didn't mess around with 
subtle symbolism. 

3449
03:14:00,400 --> 03:14:03,400
If they wanted to honor a mother
goddess, they pointed at Brest 

3450
03:14:03,400 --> 03:14:06,700
shaped mountains and said, those
are definitely hers. 

3451
03:14:07,500 --> 03:14:10,100
These sacred sites weren't just 
backdrops for stories. 

3452
03:14:10,100 --> 03:14:12,700
They were characters in The 
mythology themselves. 

3453
03:14:13,600 --> 03:14:17,000
The land of Ireland was sentient
in these myths capable of 

3454
03:14:17,000 --> 03:14:21,100
blessing or cursing accepting or
rejecting rulers, and 

3455
03:14:21,100 --> 03:14:22,900
maintaining it. 
So spiritual sovereignty, 

3456
03:14:22,900 --> 03:14:26,800
regardless, of who, claimed 
political control. this 

3457
03:14:26,800 --> 03:14:30,500
relationship between land and 
mythology created a culture, 

3458
03:14:30,500 --> 03:14:34,400
where geography itself carried, 
meaning, You couldn't just look 

3459
03:14:34,400 --> 03:14:37,900
at a hill in ancient Island. 
You had to know its story 

3460
03:14:37,900 --> 03:14:41,500
understand which gods or Heroes 
were associated with it. 

3461
03:14:41,500 --> 03:14:45,300
Remember what battles were 
fought there and be aware of 

3462
03:14:45,300 --> 03:14:47,300
which fairy folk might call it 
home? 

3463
03:14:48,600 --> 03:14:51,100
The landscape was a book written
in Earth and stone. 

3464
03:14:51,100 --> 03:14:53,200
And the myths were the key to 
reading it. 

3465
03:14:54,100 --> 03:14:57,900
This tradition continues to day 
in Irish place names, nearly 

3466
03:14:57,900 --> 03:15:00,500
every town, river mountain and 
field. 

3467
03:15:00,500 --> 03:15:02,700
Carries a name, that tells a 
story. 

3468
03:15:03,600 --> 03:15:09,700
Duplin Blackpool became Dublin. 
A gaple valley of the horses 

3469
03:15:09,700 --> 03:15:14,700
tells you what happened there. 
The landscape itself is an 

3470
03:15:14,700 --> 03:15:18,300
archive of stories, each name a 
bookmark in Ireland's long 

3471
03:15:18,300 --> 03:15:21,200
narrative. 
As you drift deeper into sleep, 

3472
03:15:21,200 --> 03:15:25,400
imagine walking through this 
mythological landscape, every 

3473
03:15:25,400 --> 03:15:27,600
step takes you through layers of
Story. 

3474
03:15:27,600 --> 03:15:32,100
Each Stone marking, some ancient
event, each spring connected to 

3475
03:15:32,100 --> 03:15:34,200
some tale of transformational 
healing. 

3476
03:15:34,200 --> 03:15:37,300
It's a world where paying 
attention to the land meant, 

3477
03:15:37,300 --> 03:15:40,300
understanding the stories that 
shape your people's identity. 

3478
03:15:41,500 --> 03:15:44,100
Irish mythologies, Otherworld 
wasn't Hell or Heaven? 

3479
03:15:44,900 --> 03:15:50,100
it was tear and nog, the land of
Youth or magmel the Pleasant 

3480
03:15:50,100 --> 03:15:53,900
Plain, or any of a dozen other 
names for what was essentially a

3481
03:15:53,900 --> 03:15:56,500
parallel Ireland, where 
everything was just slightly 

3482
03:15:56,500 --> 03:16:00,000
better, and nobody aged the 
other world could be reached in 

3483
03:16:00,000 --> 03:16:04,600
various ways, each more poetic 
than the last Sometimes it was 

3484
03:16:04,600 --> 03:16:08,700
underwater, you could ride your 
horse into a lake in a crystal 

3485
03:16:08,700 --> 03:16:11,800
in Kingdom where mer people held
court and time moved 

3486
03:16:11,800 --> 03:16:14,700
differently. 
Sometimes it labor beneath the 

3487
03:16:14,708 --> 03:16:18,200
fairy Mound, accessed through 
doors, that opened only on 

3488
03:16:18,200 --> 03:16:20,600
certain nights or to certain 
people. 

3489
03:16:21,500 --> 03:16:25,300
Sometimes it existed Across the 
Western sea on islands that 

3490
03:16:25,300 --> 03:16:28,300
appeared and disappeared 
depending on whether season. 

3491
03:16:28,300 --> 03:16:32,600
All The Observers worthiness, 
What made the Irish Otherworld 

3492
03:16:32,600 --> 03:16:36,400
fascinating was its ambiguity. 
It wasn't a punishment or 

3493
03:16:36,400 --> 03:16:39,800
reward, it was simply another 
place running parallel to our 

3494
03:16:39,800 --> 03:16:42,500
own. 
The beings there weren't good or

3495
03:16:42,500 --> 03:16:46,100
evil in any absolute sense. 
They were powerful capricious 

3496
03:16:46,100 --> 03:16:49,200
and bound by their own complex 
rules that didn't always make 

3497
03:16:49,200 --> 03:16:52,900
sense to Mortal visitors. 
Time worked differently in the 

3498
03:16:52,900 --> 03:16:56,000
other world following what 
fantasy writers would later 

3499
03:16:56,000 --> 03:16:58,000
call. 
Rip Van Winkle rules. 

3500
03:16:58,700 --> 03:17:01,700
You might spend what felt like a
single Pleasant afternoon there 

3501
03:17:01,700 --> 03:17:05,300
only to return home and discover
that 300 years had passed. 

3502
03:17:06,100 --> 03:17:07,800
OE. 
Seen the son of Fiona. 

3503
03:17:07,800 --> 03:17:10,300
McCombs made exactly this 
mistake. 

3504
03:17:11,100 --> 03:17:14,400
He fell in love with Neve of the
golden hair, who invited him to 

3505
03:17:14,400 --> 03:17:17,100
tear and a nog. 
He went willingly planning to 

3506
03:17:17,108 --> 03:17:21,300
visit briefly in Tiana nog or 
seen lived in perfect happiness 

3507
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:23,200
with Neve. 
The land was beautiful. 

3508
03:17:23,200 --> 03:17:27,100
The weather was always Pleasant 
and nobody grew old or sick. 

3509
03:17:27,900 --> 03:17:30,700
It was like a permanent vacation
in the world's best resort 

3510
03:17:30,700 --> 03:17:33,400
except the resort was an entire 
magical Realm. 

3511
03:17:34,200 --> 03:17:35,800
After what seemed like three 
years. 

3512
03:17:35,800 --> 03:17:38,800
Oishi grew home sick and asked 
to visit Ireland. 

3513
03:17:38,800 --> 03:17:40,900
Just to see his old friends and 
family. 

3514
03:17:42,300 --> 03:17:45,800
Neve agreed but want him not to 
Dismount from his horse or touch

3515
03:17:45,800 --> 03:17:49,000
the ground of Ireland. 
She gave him a white horse and 

3516
03:17:49,000 --> 03:17:52,600
Specific Instructions about 
staying mounted which in Irish 

3517
03:17:52,608 --> 03:17:54,600
mythology. 
Usually means the instructions 

3518
03:17:54,600 --> 03:17:57,100
are extremely important and will
definitely be ignored. 

3519
03:17:57,800 --> 03:18:01,000
Or seen road back to Ireland and
found everything changed. 

3520
03:18:01,000 --> 03:18:05,600
His father was gone the Fianna 
were gone and 300 years. 

3521
03:18:05,600 --> 03:18:07,700
Had passed in what felt like 
three to him. 

3522
03:18:08,500 --> 03:18:11,500
He encountered, people who were 
noticeably smaller and weaker 

3523
03:18:11,500 --> 03:18:14,800
than he remembered. 
Which makes sense since he was 

3524
03:18:14,800 --> 03:18:17,600
still effectively a 
mythological, hero visiting a 

3525
03:18:17,600 --> 03:18:20,700
more historical period. 
While helping some Farmers. 

3526
03:18:20,700 --> 03:18:24,100
Move a stone. 
Oi seems saddle girth, broke. 

3527
03:18:25,000 --> 03:18:28,000
He felt of the ground. 
The moment he touched Irish 

3528
03:18:28,000 --> 03:18:30,800
soil, 300 years caught up with 
him instantly. 

3529
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:36,000
The Aged rapidly becoming an 
ancient blind man in seconds. 

3530
03:18:37,000 --> 03:18:40,000
In some versions, he survived 
long enough to meet Saint 

3531
03:18:40,000 --> 03:18:43,000
Patrick and tell him stories of 
the old days, creating a 

3532
03:18:43,000 --> 03:18:46,500
poignant conversation between 
Ireland, Pagan passed and 

3533
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:49,400
Christian present. 
The other world's relationship 

3534
03:18:49,400 --> 03:18:53,000
with time, wasn't cruel. 
It simply operated on different 

3535
03:18:53,000 --> 03:18:57,100
principles a day. 
There might equally year here or

3536
03:18:57,100 --> 03:19:00,500
vice versa. 
The exchange rate varied, 

3537
03:19:00,500 --> 03:19:04,100
depending on location 
circumstance and possibly the 

3538
03:19:04,100 --> 03:19:07,400
whims of whatever Powers managed
interdimensional Customs 

3539
03:19:07,400 --> 03:19:09,900
control. 
Another route to the other world

3540
03:19:09,900 --> 03:19:14,000
involved, Fairy music. 
Certain Melodies could transport

3541
03:19:14,000 --> 03:19:17,400
listeners across the boundary 
between worlds which made being 

3542
03:19:17,400 --> 03:19:21,100
a musician in ancient Ireland. 
Either a prestigious calling or 

3543
03:19:21,100 --> 03:19:25,100
a dangerous occupation depending
on your ability to resist 

3544
03:19:25,100 --> 03:19:28,700
magical summons. 
Musicians, who heard other 

3545
03:19:28,700 --> 03:19:31,400
worldly music, sometimes 
followed it into the fairy, 

3546
03:19:31,400 --> 03:19:35,400
mounds and never returned or 
returned to change bearing. 

3547
03:19:35,400 --> 03:19:38,500
Knowledge of songs that mortally
is weren't quite meant to hear. 

3548
03:19:39,400 --> 03:19:42,300
The inhabitants of the other 
world were the Tua de danaan, 

3549
03:19:42,300 --> 03:19:45,100
those former Gods who greet to 
move Underground. 

3550
03:19:46,200 --> 03:19:49,900
They lived in splendor beneath 
the hills, hosting Eternal 

3551
03:19:49,900 --> 03:19:52,000
feasts with a food. 
Never ran out. 

3552
03:19:52,000 --> 03:19:53,700
And the entertainment never 
bored. 

3553
03:19:54,600 --> 03:19:57,400
They sometimes invited Mortals 
to join them though. 

3554
03:19:57,400 --> 03:19:59,900
These invitations were less 
requests and more tests of 

3555
03:19:59,900 --> 03:20:04,200
character courage or both. 
Food in the other world was 

3556
03:20:04,200 --> 03:20:05,800
particularly hazardous for 
visitors. 

3557
03:20:05,800 --> 03:20:09,700
Eating fairy food meant you'd be
unable to return to the mortal 

3558
03:20:09,700 --> 03:20:13,100
world trapped in the other world
through some mystical contract 

3559
03:20:13,100 --> 03:20:16,600
formed by digestion. 
This was simultaneously, the 

3560
03:20:16,600 --> 03:20:19,700
world's most effective 
immigration policy and a warning

3561
03:20:19,700 --> 03:20:22,500
about accepting dinner 
invitations from people who live

3562
03:20:22,500 --> 03:20:25,400
under Hills. 
The other world also, served as 

3563
03:20:25,408 --> 03:20:29,200
a source of gifts and curses 
Heroes were Journey there to 

3564
03:20:29,208 --> 03:20:33,400
retrieve magical items swords 
that never missed Shields. 

3565
03:20:33,400 --> 03:20:36,700
That never failed and cauldrons,
that never emptied. 

3566
03:20:37,900 --> 03:20:40,600
But these quests always came 
with conditions and 

3567
03:20:40,600 --> 03:20:44,400
consequences. 
Nothing was freely, given every 

3568
03:20:44,400 --> 03:20:47,000
magical object came with strings
attached. 

3569
03:20:47,600 --> 03:20:52,100
Sometimes literally if it was a 
magical heart. despite its 

3570
03:20:52,100 --> 03:20:55,200
dangers, the other world 
represented something important 

3571
03:20:55,200 --> 03:20:59,300
in Irish mythology, the idea 
that the mundane world wasn't 

3572
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:03,000
all there was beyond the 
everyday struggles of farming 

3573
03:21:03,000 --> 03:21:06,400
fishing and trying to stay warm 
in Ireland's damp climate. 

3574
03:21:07,200 --> 03:21:10,000
There. 
Existed Realms of beauty magic 

3575
03:21:10,000 --> 03:21:13,700
and possibility. 
The other world was hope made 

3576
03:21:13,700 --> 03:21:16,400
tangible. 
Proof that one wonders still 

3577
03:21:16,400 --> 03:21:20,500
existed if you were to look. 
Irish mythologies, treat 

3578
03:21:20,500 --> 03:21:22,900
treatment of female Divine 
figures as remarkably. 

3579
03:21:22,900 --> 03:21:26,800
Nuance for ancient stories. 
These weren't passive princesses

3580
03:21:26,800 --> 03:21:29,700
waiting for rescue. 
They were active forces who 

3581
03:21:29,700 --> 03:21:34,200
shape to vents chose their own 
partners and wielded power that 

3582
03:21:34,200 --> 03:21:36,300
made Mortal Heroes tread 
carefully. 

3583
03:21:37,800 --> 03:21:40,500
The Morrigan was perhaps the 
most complex of these figures. 

3584
03:21:40,500 --> 03:21:45,200
Her name means either Phantom 
queen or great Queen, depending 

3585
03:21:45,200 --> 03:21:50,100
on translation, and she embodied
sovereignty prophecy and War But

3586
03:21:50,100 --> 03:21:52,900
she wasn't just a war goddess, 
in the sense of enjoying battle,

3587
03:21:52,900 --> 03:21:57,600
she was wore itself, the force 
that drove Warriors to Madness 

3588
03:21:57,600 --> 03:21:59,700
and determined, who would 
survive combat? 

3589
03:22:00,700 --> 03:22:04,400
The Morrigan often appeared as 
three sisters or three aspects 

3590
03:22:04,400 --> 03:22:09,300
of the same goddess Badu. 
Matcha, and the main each 

3591
03:22:09,300 --> 03:22:13,500
representing different aspects 
of battle and fate Bad to be 

3592
03:22:13,508 --> 03:22:17,000
appeared as a crow or Raven on 
battlefields, presiding over 

3593
03:22:17,000 --> 03:22:19,700
Carnage with the detached 
interest of someone of 

3594
03:22:19,700 --> 03:22:24,100
evaluating their handy work. 
Masha, represented sovereignty 

3595
03:22:24,100 --> 03:22:28,500
and could curse entire armies. 
As she did to the men of Ulster 

3596
03:22:29,300 --> 03:22:33,100
The mains name means Friendzy 
and she induced panic and 

3597
03:22:33,100 --> 03:22:36,400
confusion and warriors turning 
organized armies into Panic 

3598
03:22:36,400 --> 03:22:39,400
mobs. 
That the Morrigan wasn't simply 

3599
03:22:39,400 --> 03:22:43,600
destructive. 
The Second Battle of Maguire add

3600
03:22:43,600 --> 03:22:47,800
she met with the dagda and their
Union helps secure victory for 

3601
03:22:47,800 --> 03:22:51,600
the Daytona. 
She could prophesy the future 

3602
03:22:51,600 --> 03:22:55,500
sometimes in cryptic poetry that
made perfect sense only after 

3603
03:22:55,500 --> 03:22:57,100
the event. 
She described had already 

3604
03:22:57,100 --> 03:23:00,000
happened which is very like 
prophecy everywhere. 

3605
03:23:00,000 --> 03:23:02,900
Really? 
Her interaction with kutul and 

3606
03:23:02,900 --> 03:23:05,500
demonstrates, the complex nature
of divine attention. 

3607
03:23:06,300 --> 03:23:09,600
She approached the hero in 
various guises offering help and

3608
03:23:09,600 --> 03:23:12,500
affection. 
When he rejected her not 

3609
03:23:12,500 --> 03:23:14,900
recognizing who she was, she 
became his enemy. 

3610
03:23:15,700 --> 03:23:18,500
During the time she harassed him
in the forms of an eel. 

3611
03:23:18,500 --> 03:23:23,300
A wolf and a cattle. 
Stampede each time to Chillin 

3612
03:23:23,300 --> 03:23:25,300
injured. 
Her and each injury would later 

3613
03:23:25,300 --> 03:23:29,500
have consequences. 
After the fighting the maragha 

3614
03:23:29,500 --> 03:23:32,500
appeared to chulin, as an old 
woman, milking a cow. 

3615
03:23:32,508 --> 03:23:35,500
She had three wounds 
corresponding to the three 

3616
03:23:35,500 --> 03:23:37,600
injuries, he'd inflicted on her 
animal forums. 

3617
03:23:38,300 --> 03:23:40,300
Kosherland. 
Not knowing who she was asked 

3618
03:23:40,300 --> 03:23:42,500
for milk. 
She gave him three drinks. 

3619
03:23:42,500 --> 03:23:44,500
And with each one, he blessed 
her. 

3620
03:23:45,300 --> 03:23:48,000
These blessings healed her 
wounds because blessings from a 

3621
03:23:48,000 --> 03:23:51,300
hero carried power. 
There was a moment of Grace 

3622
03:23:51,300 --> 03:23:54,600
between enemies though. 
Khushi inlands, realization of, 

3623
03:23:54,600 --> 03:23:57,100
whom he'd helped probably came 
to late to matter. 

3624
03:23:58,400 --> 03:24:01,800
Other goddesses were associated 
with specific aspects of Irish 

3625
03:24:01,800 --> 03:24:06,100
life and Landscape. 
I need represented summer wealth

3626
03:24:06,100 --> 03:24:08,800
and sovereignty, particularly in
months monster. 

3627
03:24:09,600 --> 03:24:13,800
She could bless crops or destroy
them Grant love or withhold it 

3628
03:24:13,808 --> 03:24:17,900
and once took revenge on a king 
who assaulted her by turning him

3629
03:24:17,900 --> 03:24:21,400
into a goose, which seems 
lenient until you consider what 

3630
03:24:21,400 --> 03:24:23,300
happens to geese at holiday 
meals. 

3631
03:24:24,300 --> 03:24:26,900
Brigid was a goddess. 
So beloved that Christianity 

3632
03:24:26,900 --> 03:24:30,000
couldn't eliminate her. 
So, she became Saint Brigid 

3633
03:24:30,000 --> 03:24:32,500
instead. 
Maintaining much of her Divine 

3634
03:24:32,500 --> 03:24:36,900
Authority, Under a new title. 
she represented poetry healing 

3635
03:24:36,900 --> 03:24:41,900
and Smith craft, the three 
pillars of Irish culture, The 

3636
03:24:41,900 --> 03:24:45,000
feast day in bulk marked, the 
beginning of Spring in the 

3637
03:24:45,008 --> 03:24:48,100
lambing, season. 
That moment when Ireland started

3638
03:24:48,100 --> 03:24:51,600
transitioning from Winter's 
harshness to the possibility of 

3639
03:24:51,600 --> 03:24:55,100
warmth, the goddess area for 
whom Ireland, is named 

3640
03:24:55,100 --> 03:24:57,500
represented the land sovereignty
itself. 

3641
03:24:58,500 --> 03:25:01,300
King's weren't just political 
leaders, they were symbolically 

3642
03:25:01,300 --> 03:25:05,000
married to the land and their 
Fitness to rule was demonstrated

3643
03:25:05,000 --> 03:25:08,800
through the lands fertility. 
Poor harvest suggested, the king

3644
03:25:08,800 --> 03:25:12,500
had lost the lands favor, 
abundant Harvest, proved his 

3645
03:25:12,508 --> 03:25:16,100
legitimate sovereignty. 
This created a practical 

3646
03:25:16,100 --> 03:25:18,800
incentive for King's to take 
agricultural policy. 

3647
03:25:18,800 --> 03:25:22,300
Seriously, these goddesses 
rarely appeared a simple figures

3648
03:25:22,300 --> 03:25:25,200
with single purposes. 
They contained multitudes 

3649
03:25:25,200 --> 03:25:28,800
embodying contradictions that 
made them feel more like real 

3650
03:25:28,800 --> 03:25:32,700
Powers than literary constructs 
the Morrigan, could be a 

3651
03:25:32,700 --> 03:25:35,400
generous lover, and a terrible 
enemy sometimes, in the same 

3652
03:25:35,400 --> 03:25:38,400
story. 
Brigid represented, both the 

3653
03:25:38,400 --> 03:25:42,600
creative spark of inspiration 
and the technical skill of metal

3654
03:25:42,600 --> 03:25:44,800
work. 
They couldn't be reduced to 

3655
03:25:44,808 --> 03:25:48,100
simple archetypes because they 
represented the complexity of 

3656
03:25:48,100 --> 03:25:51,300
life itself. 
The respect shown to these 

3657
03:25:51,300 --> 03:25:53,800
female Divine figures suggest 
that Iron Age. 

3658
03:25:53,800 --> 03:25:57,400
Irish Society had different 
gender Dynamics than many 

3659
03:25:57,400 --> 03:26:01,200
ancient cultures. 
Women could be Warriors, poets, 

3660
03:26:01,200 --> 03:26:06,700
rulers and property owners. 
The myths, reflect this showing 

3661
03:26:06,700 --> 03:26:09,400
goddesses and Mortal women 
making their own choices 

3662
03:26:09,400 --> 03:26:13,300
pursuing their own goals, and 
being taken seriously, as 

3663
03:26:13,300 --> 03:26:16,100
independent actors rather than 
prizes or victims. 

3664
03:26:17,400 --> 03:26:19,200
When Christianity arrived in 
Ireland. 

3665
03:26:19,200 --> 03:26:23,000
Something unusual happened in 
stead of completely destroying 

3666
03:26:23,000 --> 03:26:28,100
the Pagan mythology, Christian 
monks, Incorporated, it recorded

3667
03:26:28,100 --> 03:26:32,200
it, and sometimes baptized it 
literally adding Christian 

3668
03:26:32,200 --> 03:26:34,600
elements, while maintaining the 
Pagan structure. 

3669
03:26:35,400 --> 03:26:37,000
Saint. 
Patrick, Island's, patron, 

3670
03:26:37,000 --> 03:26:39,500
saint. 
Supposedly drove the snakes from

3671
03:26:39,500 --> 03:26:43,000
Ireland, which is a lovely story
except Ireland, never had snakes

3672
03:26:43,000 --> 03:26:46,900
the islands isolation, prevented
snakes from colonizing after the

3673
03:26:46,900 --> 03:26:50,600
last ice age, So, Patrick's 
victory over snakes was either 

3674
03:26:50,600 --> 03:26:55,000
metaphorical representing 
paganism or the easiest Pest 

3675
03:26:55,000 --> 03:26:56,400
Control job in religious 
history. 

3676
03:26:57,800 --> 03:27:00,400
What Patrick and subsequent 
Christian missionaries, actually

3677
03:27:00,400 --> 03:27:04,400
did was more subtle and more 
interesting than snake removal. 

3678
03:27:05,500 --> 03:27:09,900
they learned the Irish language 
studied, Irish lore and worked 

3679
03:27:09,900 --> 03:27:13,500
within Irish Cultural Frameworks
rather than trying to impose 

3680
03:27:13,500 --> 03:27:17,200
Roman Christian Traditions 
wholesale, This created a 

3681
03:27:17,200 --> 03:27:20,500
uniquely Irish Christianity, 
that maintained conversation 

3682
03:27:20,500 --> 03:27:24,600
with its pagan past. the monks 
who recorded Irish mythology, 

3683
03:27:24,600 --> 03:27:27,300
centuries after 
christianization, could have 

3684
03:27:27,300 --> 03:27:30,400
simply destroyed these Pagan 
stories as the work of devils 

3685
03:27:30,400 --> 03:27:35,000
instead, they wrote them down, 
sometimes adding explanatory 

3686
03:27:35,000 --> 03:27:38,900
notes like this is what the 
ignorant pagans believed, but 

3687
03:27:38,900 --> 03:27:42,700
preserving the stories 
nonetheless, These Christians 

3688
03:27:42,700 --> 03:27:46,600
gave us the manuscripts that 
contain Ireland's mythological 

3689
03:27:46,600 --> 03:27:49,800
Heritage even while disapproving
of their content. 

3690
03:27:50,600 --> 03:27:53,700
Sometimes the synthesis between 
Christian and Pagan produced 

3691
03:27:53,700 --> 03:27:56,400
beautiful results. 
The Voyage of Saint Brendan 

3692
03:27:56,400 --> 03:28:00,000
combined traditional Irish Tales
of other world Journeys with 

3693
03:28:00,000 --> 03:28:02,900
Christian themes of fate and 
Divine Providence. 

3694
03:28:04,100 --> 03:28:07,100
Brendan and his monk sailed 
across the Atlantic in 

3695
03:28:07,100 --> 03:28:09,200
countering islands of various 
wonders. 

3696
03:28:09,200 --> 03:28:13,300
Some clearly mythological 
others, possibly based on real 

3697
03:28:13,300 --> 03:28:17,100
Atlantic Islands, The Voyage 
kept the structure of 

3698
03:28:17,108 --> 03:28:19,900
pre-christian Adventure Tales 
While, redirecting their 

3699
03:28:19,900 --> 03:28:23,100
spiritual meaning. 
The story of the children of 

3700
03:28:23,100 --> 03:28:26,800
Leah shows this synthesis. 
Clearly the four children of 

3701
03:28:26,800 --> 03:28:30,000
King Lear were transformed into 
swans by their jealous 

3702
03:28:30,000 --> 03:28:33,600
stepmother. 
Condemned to spend 900 years in 

3703
03:28:33,600 --> 03:28:36,400
bird form. 
They endured centuries of 

3704
03:28:36,408 --> 03:28:39,600
suffering on various Irish 
Lakes, but when they were 

3705
03:28:39,600 --> 03:28:43,100
finally transformed Back To 
Human Form, they were ancient 

3706
03:28:43,100 --> 03:28:46,600
and dying. 
A Christian monk, baptized them 

3707
03:28:46,600 --> 03:28:49,600
just before their deaths. 
Providing salvation at the 

3708
03:28:49,608 --> 03:28:53,400
stories end, a pagan tragedy. 
Give an a Christian resolution. 

3709
03:28:54,300 --> 03:28:57,300
This interaction between 
Christian and Pagan created a 

3710
03:28:57,300 --> 03:28:59,600
double vision in Irish culture 
that persisted today. 

3711
03:29:00,500 --> 03:29:02,800
People could believe in 
Christian doctrine while still 

3712
03:29:02,800 --> 03:29:06,400
maintaining respect for Fairy. 
Forts still avoiding cutting 

3713
03:29:06,400 --> 03:29:10,200
down certain trees and still 
recognizing that the land itself

3714
03:29:10,200 --> 03:29:14,200
held powers that transcended any
single religious framework. 

3715
03:29:15,000 --> 03:29:17,400
Saint Brigid's Day coincided 
within. 

3716
03:29:18,300 --> 03:29:22,300
Festival of the Goddess Brigid. 
The saint inherited the 

3717
03:29:22,300 --> 03:29:25,700
goddesses associations with 
spring fertility and renewal. 

3718
03:29:26,900 --> 03:29:31,200
Brigid's crosses woven from 
Russia's decorated homes on her 

3719
03:29:31,200 --> 03:29:33,900
Feast Day. 
Connecting Christian Devotion to

3720
03:29:33,900 --> 03:29:36,400
much older traditions of 
seasonal, celebration and 

3721
03:29:36,400 --> 03:29:39,600
protection. 
Many Irish Saints had Adventures

3722
03:29:39,600 --> 03:29:42,200
that closely resembled those of 
pagan Heroes. 

3723
03:29:42,900 --> 03:29:44,800
They battled demons that looked 
suspiciously. 

3724
03:29:44,800 --> 03:29:49,700
Like for more informed Miracles 
that resembled druidic magic and

3725
03:29:49,700 --> 03:29:52,500
generally behaved more like 
mythological Heroes than the 

3726
03:29:52,508 --> 03:29:54,900
ascetic monks of Continental 
Christianity. 

3727
03:29:56,000 --> 03:29:59,400
This wasnt confusion, it was 
cultural translation. 

3728
03:29:59,400 --> 03:30:02,700
Expressing Christian themes 
through Irish narrative 

3729
03:30:02,700 --> 03:30:06,600
conventions, The holywells 
scattered across aisle and 

3730
03:30:06,600 --> 03:30:08,500
illustrate this synthesis 
beautifully. 

3731
03:30:09,300 --> 03:30:12,800
Many were originally associated 
with Pagan goddesses or local 

3732
03:30:12,800 --> 03:30:15,900
spirits. 
Christianity reassigned them to 

3733
03:30:15,900 --> 03:30:18,500
Saints for the practices 
remained similar. 

3734
03:30:18,500 --> 03:30:23,100
People still visited the healing
still left offering and still 

3735
03:30:23,100 --> 03:30:25,200
walked around them in prescribed
patterns. 

3736
03:30:26,500 --> 03:30:30,500
The form was Christian. 
The structure was much older. 

3737
03:30:31,500 --> 03:30:34,100
This ability to hold both 
Christian and Pagan. 

3738
03:30:34,100 --> 03:30:38,200
Tradition simultaneously isn't 
contradiction so much as Irish, 

3739
03:30:38,200 --> 03:30:41,800
pragmatism. 
Why abandoned stories that 

3740
03:30:41,800 --> 03:30:44,200
connected you to your landscape 
and ancestors. 

3741
03:30:44,200 --> 03:30:47,300
Just because you'd accepted new 
religious beliefs. 

3742
03:30:48,100 --> 03:30:49,900
The past didn't need to be 
destroyed. 

3743
03:30:49,900 --> 03:30:53,300
It could be incorporated 
reinterpreted and allowed to 

3744
03:30:53,300 --> 03:30:56,700
inform the present. 
We need to talk about the time 

3745
03:30:56,700 --> 03:31:00,100
Ballinger. 
Cattle raid of Cooley because 

3746
03:31:00,100 --> 03:31:03,400
it's the closest thing island 
has to The Iliad, except in 

3747
03:31:03,400 --> 03:31:06,800
stead of Helen of Troy, the 
conflict centers on a bull. 

3748
03:31:06,800 --> 03:31:11,600
This is very Irish The Story 
begins with pillow talk, which 

3749
03:31:11,600 --> 03:31:15,400
is how many problems begin, 
queen medb of Connaught. 

3750
03:31:15,400 --> 03:31:18,800
And her husband King Lil Wayne 
embed comparing their 

3751
03:31:18,800 --> 03:31:21,900
possessions because apparently, 
that's what royal couple's did 

3752
03:31:21,900 --> 03:31:23,300
for entertainment before 
television. 

3753
03:31:24,200 --> 03:31:27,100
They were evenly matched in well
until a little mentioned, his 

3754
03:31:27,100 --> 03:31:31,700
bull, Finn Bannock. 
The white horned Med who had 

3755
03:31:31,700 --> 03:31:35,200
strong opinions about equality 
and marriage wasn't about to let

3756
03:31:35,200 --> 03:31:38,700
her husband claim superiority 
through livestock remembered 

3757
03:31:38,700 --> 03:31:40,400
hearing about an even better 
ball. 

3758
03:31:40,400 --> 03:31:44,900
Don Quail the brown of Cooley 
which belonged to a chieftain in

3759
03:31:44,900 --> 03:31:48,300
Ulster. 
She decided to borrow it when 

3760
03:31:48,300 --> 03:31:51,300
the owner refused she decided to
take it by force. 

3761
03:31:52,000 --> 03:31:54,600
This was either a proportionate 
response or a massive 

3762
03:31:54,600 --> 03:31:58,500
overreaction depending on how 
seriously you take cattle based 

3763
03:31:58,500 --> 03:32:02,300
marital disputes. 
Med based an army from all of 

3764
03:32:02,300 --> 03:32:04,700
Ireland, except Ulster and 
invaded. 

3765
03:32:04,700 --> 03:32:08,200
During the one time when ulcers 
warriors were incapacitated by. 

3766
03:32:08,200 --> 03:32:09,500
That curse, we mentioned 
earlier. 

3767
03:32:10,700 --> 03:32:14,700
Only Couture in was unaffected. 
So he stood alone at the Ford 

3768
03:32:14,700 --> 03:32:18,300
challenging, the Invaders to 
single combat, according to the 

3769
03:32:18,300 --> 03:32:21,700
rules of war that made Irish 
Warfare more organized than 

3770
03:32:21,700 --> 03:32:25,300
rugby, but less organized than 
modern military operations. 

3771
03:32:26,500 --> 03:32:31,500
For months, Quran for champion. 
After champion, each morning, a 

3772
03:32:31,500 --> 03:32:34,500
new Warrior would face him at 
the Ford each evening that 

3773
03:32:34,500 --> 03:32:36,100
Warrior would be dead or 
defeated. 

3774
03:32:36,100 --> 03:32:40,000
The taint describes. 
These combats in loving detail 

3775
03:32:40,000 --> 03:32:44,200
cataloging wounds tactics, and 
the various ways creative 

3776
03:32:44,200 --> 03:32:48,800
violence could be applied using 
Bronze Age weaponry Between 

3777
03:32:48,800 --> 03:32:53,100
fights, cue inlands. 
Divine father, Lou would appear 

3778
03:32:53,100 --> 03:32:56,200
to heal him because even 
Legendary Heroes need medical 

3779
03:32:56,200 --> 03:32:58,700
support after months of 
continuous combat. 

3780
03:32:59,800 --> 03:33:02,300
The downtime also allowed for 
several subplots. 

3781
03:33:02,300 --> 03:33:08,000
Including kuusela brother 
Furrier in a heartbreaking duel 

3782
03:33:08,000 --> 03:33:11,200
that neither wanted. 
But on a demanded the death of 

3783
03:33:11,200 --> 03:33:14,100
third year, represents one of 
Irish mythologies, most human 

3784
03:33:14,100 --> 03:33:18,500
moments, The two men had trained
together fought together and 

3785
03:33:18,500 --> 03:33:22,200
loved each other as brothers. 
But Feria was sworn to Med 

3786
03:33:22,200 --> 03:33:25,300
service and Quran was defending 
Ulster. 

3787
03:33:25,300 --> 03:33:28,200
So they met at the Ford and 
fought for three days. 

3788
03:33:29,200 --> 03:33:31,400
Each evening. 
They stopped fighting embraced 

3789
03:33:31,400 --> 03:33:35,600
as friends, shared food, and 
medical supplies and slept near 

3790
03:33:35,600 --> 03:33:38,500
each other. 
Each morning they resume trying 

3791
03:33:38,500 --> 03:33:40,800
to kill each other on the fourth
day. 

3792
03:33:40,800 --> 03:33:45,800
Crucial in use the gay bowling 
ferdia instantly and immediately

3793
03:33:45,800 --> 03:33:48,400
falling into grief over what 
Duty had made him do. 

3794
03:33:49,500 --> 03:33:52,300
Eventually ulster's Warriors 
recovered from their curse and 

3795
03:33:52,300 --> 03:33:55,300
joined the battle. 
The conflict escalated from 

3796
03:33:55,300 --> 03:33:58,300
single combat to full Warfare 
though. 

3797
03:33:58,300 --> 03:34:01,500
By this point may be his army 
was demoralized from watching 

3798
03:34:01,500 --> 03:34:05,200
their Champions die. 
One at a time at the Ford The 

3799
03:34:05,200 --> 03:34:08,400
Invasion became a fighting 
retreat with Medusa forces, 

3800
03:34:08,400 --> 03:34:10,300
trying to get the brown ball 
back to Connaught. 

3801
03:34:10,300 --> 03:34:14,200
While Ulster pursued the climax 
comes when the brown bull of 

3802
03:34:14,200 --> 03:34:16,000
Cooley and Finn back the white 
horned. 

3803
03:34:16,000 --> 03:34:19,300
Finally meet. 
Remember this entire wall was 

3804
03:34:19,300 --> 03:34:22,300
about bulls. 
The two animals fought across 

3805
03:34:22,300 --> 03:34:24,200
Ireland. 
Their battle destroying 

3806
03:34:24,200 --> 03:34:27,800
landscape features and creating 
new ones when the brown bull 

3807
03:34:27,800 --> 03:34:31,000
finally killed Finn bennock. 
It went mad with battle rage 

3808
03:34:31,000 --> 03:34:34,500
charging across Ireland, with 
parts of its dead, opponent 

3809
03:34:34,500 --> 03:34:37,400
still hanging from its horns 
before finally dying of 

3810
03:34:37,408 --> 03:34:40,700
exhaustion. 
So Med got her Ball but it 

3811
03:34:40,700 --> 03:34:44,100
immediately died making the 
entire War pointless. 

3812
03:34:44,800 --> 03:34:49,100
Ulster defended its territory 
but lost many warriors who won 

3813
03:34:49,100 --> 03:34:51,500
every combat. 
But lost his foster brother, 

3814
03:34:51,500 --> 03:34:54,600
everyone lost something and the 
only winners were the 

3815
03:34:54,608 --> 03:34:57,300
storytellers who got an epic 
poem out of the disaster. 

3816
03:34:58,300 --> 03:35:00,700
The teen is strange by epic 
standards. 

3817
03:35:00,700 --> 03:35:04,400
There's no clear moral Victor. 
The central conflict is 

3818
03:35:04,400 --> 03:35:08,100
simultaneously trivial, and 
deadly serious, and the heroes 

3819
03:35:08,100 --> 03:35:10,800
spend as much time honoring 
their enemies as fighting them, 

3820
03:35:11,700 --> 03:35:15,000
but it captures something 
essentially Irish the idea that 

3821
03:35:15,000 --> 03:35:19,200
honor and Duty can lead to 
absurd situations that conflicts

3822
03:35:19,200 --> 03:35:23,000
escalate beyond their original 
calls is and that Warfare is 

3823
03:35:23,000 --> 03:35:25,100
simultaneously, glorious and 
tragic. 

3824
03:35:25,100 --> 03:35:29,700
Sometimes in the same moment, 
Irish Heroes didn't just carry 

3825
03:35:29,700 --> 03:35:32,700
ordinary weapons. 
They bought objects with history

3826
03:35:32,700 --> 03:35:36,800
is personalities and often 
unfortunate side effects. 

3827
03:35:37,800 --> 03:35:40,600
These magical items were 
characters in their own right? 

3828
03:35:40,600 --> 03:35:44,100
And their stories reveal How the
Irish thought about power 

3829
03:35:44,100 --> 03:35:48,400
responsibility and the cost of 
possessing extraordinary things.

3830
03:35:48,400 --> 03:35:51,300
The lia fail, the stone of 
Destiny. 

3831
03:35:51,300 --> 03:35:54,700
We mentioned earlier, would cry 
out when touched by the rightful

3832
03:35:54,700 --> 03:35:58,500
king of Ireland. this was 
convenient for royal succession,

3833
03:35:58,500 --> 03:36:02,300
but potentially awkward, if you 
accidentally leaned against it, 

3834
03:36:02,300 --> 03:36:06,100
while picnicking on Tara, The 
stone supposedly remains at 

3835
03:36:06,108 --> 03:36:10,200
Tara, though, Scottish tradition
claims ancient, Irish King, gave

3836
03:36:10,200 --> 03:36:13,400
it to Scotland, where it became 
part of the coronation Throne. 

3837
03:36:13,400 --> 03:36:17,100
This dispute over a rock's 
location has continued for 

3838
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:20,800
centuries proving that even 
magical objects can cause 

3839
03:36:20,800 --> 03:36:24,900
political controversy. 
The daggers cauldron choir and 

3840
03:36:24,900 --> 03:36:28,100
sick could feed any number of 
people without emptying. 

3841
03:36:29,000 --> 03:36:32,000
It was essentially infinite 
hospitality and cookware form, 

3842
03:36:32,000 --> 03:36:36,000
which perfectly embodied Irish 
values about generality and 

3843
03:36:36,000 --> 03:36:38,800
community. 
No one ever left the daggers 

3844
03:36:38,800 --> 03:36:42,100
feasts hungry, which must have 
made him popular at parties and 

3845
03:36:42,100 --> 03:36:44,200
impossible to follow on the 
hosting rotation. 

3846
03:36:45,200 --> 03:36:48,600
The sword of Noah from which no 
one could Escape once drawn 

3847
03:36:48,600 --> 03:36:51,900
sound impressive, until you 
consider the logistics. 

3848
03:36:52,800 --> 03:36:56,100
What if you drew it by accident?
What if you wanted to Practice 

3849
03:36:56,100 --> 03:36:58,300
Sword? 
Maintenance, the myths. 

3850
03:36:58,300 --> 03:37:02,000
Don't address these practical 
concerns focusing instead on its

3851
03:37:02,000 --> 03:37:05,700
combat Effectiveness and 
symbolic importance as a marker 

3852
03:37:05,700 --> 03:37:08,800
of rightful sovereignty. 
The gay Bulger. 

3853
03:37:09,300 --> 03:37:12,500
Koo chillens. 
Barbed spear was thrown with the

3854
03:37:12,500 --> 03:37:16,100
foot. 
Yes, the foot and enter the body

3855
03:37:16,100 --> 03:37:19,100
as a single point before 
expanding into 30 barbs. 

3856
03:37:19,900 --> 03:37:24,000
Removing it was fatal leaving it
in was fatal and encountering. 

3857
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:27,800
It was generally fatal. the 
weapons mechanics made no 

3858
03:37:27,800 --> 03:37:31,400
anatomical sense, but it was 
terrifyingly effective in 

3859
03:37:31,400 --> 03:37:36,200
mythology which is What mattered
Musical instruments held special

3860
03:37:36,200 --> 03:37:39,900
power in Irish myth, the dagda 
possessed, a harp that could 

3861
03:37:39,900 --> 03:37:43,500
play three strains, the strain 
of Sorrow that made listeners 

3862
03:37:43,500 --> 03:37:45,900
Weep. 
The strain of joy that made them

3863
03:37:45,900 --> 03:37:49,100
laugh and the strain of sleep 
that put them into Slumber. 

3864
03:37:49,100 --> 03:37:53,300
This was either a remarkably 
versatile instrument or proof 

3865
03:37:53,300 --> 03:37:56,800
that ancient Irish music had 
genuine psychological effects. 

3866
03:37:57,800 --> 03:38:01,200
Cloaks of invisibility appeared 
frequently, usually it 

3867
03:38:01,200 --> 03:38:04,000
convenient moments when Heroes 
need to sneak somewhere. 

3868
03:38:05,200 --> 03:38:08,300
These operated more reliably 
than modern streaming services 

3869
03:38:08,300 --> 03:38:12,100
and had better coverage though 
presumably they required less 

3870
03:38:12,100 --> 03:38:15,000
buffering. 
Magical animals, counted as 

3871
03:38:15,000 --> 03:38:18,900
possessions too, the horses of 
the tuatha de danaan could 

3872
03:38:18,900 --> 03:38:21,800
travel across water as easily as
land, which would have made 

3873
03:38:21,800 --> 03:38:25,100
Ferry, Crossings much simpler. 
Salmon of knowledge. 

3874
03:38:25,100 --> 03:38:28,800
We met earlier counted as a 
magical object though, eating it

3875
03:38:28,800 --> 03:38:32,200
was a one-time benefit that 
couldn't be renewed unlike 

3876
03:38:32,200 --> 03:38:36,300
modern subscription services. 
Cauldrons of rebirth, could 

3877
03:38:36,300 --> 03:38:38,600
restore dead Warriors to life 
though. 

3878
03:38:38,600 --> 03:38:41,800
The revived Warriors couldnt 
speak which seems like a 

3879
03:38:41,800 --> 03:38:45,000
significant limitation but was 
apparently acceptable. 

3880
03:38:45,700 --> 03:38:48,700
These cauldrons made Warfare 
less permanent but didn't solve 

3881
03:38:48,700 --> 03:38:51,000
the fundamental problems causing
the conflicts. 

3882
03:38:51,000 --> 03:38:53,100
So armies kept killing each 
other. 

3883
03:38:53,100 --> 03:38:56,100
Knowing death might be 
temporary, this was either hope 

3884
03:38:56,100 --> 03:38:59,400
or horror, depending on your 
perspective, on his terminal 

3885
03:38:59,400 --> 03:39:03,100
return to the battlefield, what 
United these magical objects was

3886
03:39:03,100 --> 03:39:06,400
their double-edged nature. 
Power came with limitations 

3887
03:39:06,400 --> 03:39:09,700
gifs, came with curses and 
possessing something 

3888
03:39:09,700 --> 03:39:13,600
extraordinary meant taking on 
responsibilities that Ordinary 

3889
03:39:13,600 --> 03:39:18,000
People didn't bear. the heroes 
who wielded these objects were 

3890
03:39:18,000 --> 03:39:21,600
changed by them shaped, by the 
weight of carrying items that 

3891
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:25,400
normal rules didn't apply to 
This theme resonates through 

3892
03:39:25,400 --> 03:39:29,700
Irish mythology that power where
the political magical or 

3893
03:39:29,700 --> 03:39:32,400
military is never simple or 
purely beneficial. 

3894
03:39:33,300 --> 03:39:37,100
Every Advantage creates new 
vulnerabilities every gift, 

3895
03:39:37,100 --> 03:39:40,500
imposes, new obligations, and 
every magical object. 

3896
03:39:40,500 --> 03:39:44,900
Eventually demands payment for 
its use. as you sink deeper into

3897
03:39:44,900 --> 03:39:48,000
sleep, with the weight of the 
blanket and the gentle rhythm of

3898
03:39:48,000 --> 03:39:51,500
your breathing, Consider why 
these ancient Irish stories? 

3899
03:39:51,500 --> 03:39:55,400
Remain compelling enough to keep
people talking about them over a

3900
03:39:55,400 --> 03:39:58,600
thousand years after the society
that created them transformed 

3901
03:39:58,600 --> 03:40:02,800
into something different. 
Irish mythology survives because

3902
03:40:02,800 --> 03:40:06,200
it addresses, his eternal human 
concerns through specific 

3903
03:40:06,200 --> 03:40:10,100
cultural expressions. 
The story speak to Universal 

3904
03:40:10,100 --> 03:40:14,200
experience's love and loss, and 
ambition and failure. 

3905
03:40:14,200 --> 03:40:18,200
The search for meaning, the 
acceptance of mortality. 

3906
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:23,300
While remaining distinctively 
Irish in their telling These 

3907
03:40:23,300 --> 03:40:26,200
myths also, preserve something 
valuable through Ireland's, 

3908
03:40:26,200 --> 03:40:28,300
various conquests and 
colonization. 

3909
03:40:29,500 --> 03:40:32,900
When political sovereignty was 
lost cultural sovereignty, 

3910
03:40:32,900 --> 03:40:36,400
remained encoded in stories, 
passed down through generations.

3911
03:40:36,400 --> 03:40:40,100
The myths reminded Irish people 
who they were when external 

3912
03:40:40,100 --> 03:40:43,500
Powers tried to tell them 
otherwise Stories adapted, 

3913
03:40:43,500 --> 03:40:45,800
remarkably well to changing 
circumstances. 

3914
03:40:47,000 --> 03:40:50,800
When Christianity arrived, the 
myths acquired new meanings 

3915
03:40:50,800 --> 03:40:52,700
without losing their essential 
character. 

3916
03:40:53,500 --> 03:40:56,800
When English colonization 
threatened, Irish culture, the 

3917
03:40:56,800 --> 03:41:01,100
stories persisted in both Irish 
and English languages. when 

3918
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:04,800
modernity suggested myths were 
irrelevant, Irish writers like 

3919
03:41:04,800 --> 03:41:08,500
Yeats and Joyce, demonstrated 
their continued artistic power, 

3920
03:41:09,500 --> 03:41:12,300
What makes Irish mythology 
unique among European 

3921
03:41:12,300 --> 03:41:15,000
Traditions? 
Is this adaptability combined 

3922
03:41:15,000 --> 03:41:18,400
with continuity? 
The stories changed enough to 

3923
03:41:18,400 --> 03:41:20,800
remain relevant with out 
changing so much, they lost 

3924
03:41:20,800 --> 03:41:24,800
connection to their Origins. 
The 1230 Dana transformed from 

3925
03:41:24,800 --> 03:41:28,100
Gods to fairies to literary 
symbols without disappearing 

3926
03:41:28,100 --> 03:41:30,700
entirely. 
The relationship between 

3927
03:41:30,700 --> 03:41:34,600
mythology and Landscape that we 
discussed earlier created Deep 

3928
03:41:34,600 --> 03:41:37,600
Roots. 
Stories attached to specific 

3929
03:41:37,600 --> 03:41:41,600
places became harder to erase 
than stories floating in 

3930
03:41:41,600 --> 03:41:45,100
abstracts space. 
You could suppress the language 

3931
03:41:45,100 --> 03:41:48,900
but the hills remained and the 
hills remembered their names and

3932
03:41:48,900 --> 03:41:51,900
their stories. 
Irish mythology also offered 

3933
03:41:51,900 --> 03:41:54,400
something that more austere 
religious Traditions sometimes 

3934
03:41:54,400 --> 03:41:58,100
lacked. 
A sense of play of cosmic, humor

3935
03:41:58,100 --> 03:42:01,600
of gods and heroes who made 
mistakes and learned from them. 

3936
03:42:02,700 --> 03:42:05,600
The sacred and profane mixed 
freely. 

3937
03:42:06,300 --> 03:42:10,300
The profound and ridiculous, 
coexisted, comfortably, and 

3938
03:42:10,300 --> 03:42:12,400
dignity could survive 
embarrassment. 

3939
03:42:13,500 --> 03:42:16,300
These were stories about 
perfection or absolute moral 

3940
03:42:16,300 --> 03:42:18,400
Clarity. 
They were stories about 

3941
03:42:18,400 --> 03:42:22,100
complicated people in 
complicated situations, making 

3942
03:42:22,100 --> 03:42:25,700
difficult choices with limited 
information and living with 

3943
03:42:25,700 --> 03:42:29,200
consequences. 
This complexity made the more 

3944
03:42:29,200 --> 03:42:33,100
relatable than many mythologies,
built around, clear distinctions

3945
03:42:33,100 --> 03:42:36,700
between Good and Evil. 
As you finally drift into sleep,

3946
03:42:36,700 --> 03:42:38,400
the stories, continue their 
work. 

3947
03:42:38,400 --> 03:42:43,000
They've survived Wars and 
famines colonization and 

3948
03:42:43,000 --> 03:42:46,000
modernization. 
The deaths of the language is, 

3949
03:42:46,000 --> 03:42:49,400
they were first told in their 
translation into languages that 

3950
03:42:49,400 --> 03:42:51,200
didn't exist when they were 
created. 

3951
03:42:52,000 --> 03:42:55,500
They've outlasted King's and 
conquerors and outlive political

3952
03:42:55,500 --> 03:42:57,500
systems and religious 
Transformations. 

3953
03:42:57,500 --> 03:43:01,800
Tomorrow, when you wake the 
world will seem ordinary again. 

3954
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:05,800
Somewhere in Ireland, a hill, 
still carries the name of a 

3955
03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:09,200
goddess, a lake still connects 
to the other world and the 

3956
03:43:09,208 --> 03:43:12,200
boundary between myth and 
reality remains pleasantly 

3957
03:43:12,200 --> 03:43:15,100
uncertain, the stories. 
Wait patiently. 

3958
03:43:15,100 --> 03:43:19,500
As they have for Millennia ready
to transport anyone who listens 

3959
03:43:19,500 --> 03:43:23,000
back to that time when God's 
walk the land and the impossible

3960
03:43:23,000 --> 03:43:25,300
happened with comfortable 
regularity. 

3961
03:43:26,300 --> 03:43:28,500
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that you're 

3962
03:43:28,500 --> 03:43:31,000
connected to a tradition of 
Storytelling that stretches back

3963
03:43:31,000 --> 03:43:34,600
into the Mists of time when 
history and mythology were the 

3964
03:43:34,600 --> 03:43:36,900
same thing. 
And the world was young enough 

3965
03:43:36,900 --> 03:43:45,900
to still believe in magic. 
Imagine yourself on a Liverpool 

3966
03:43:45,900 --> 03:43:49,600
dock in 1838 watching What 
appears to be a sailing ship. 

3967
03:43:49,600 --> 03:43:53,100
Have an affair with a factory 
paddle Wheels, turn the water 

3968
03:43:53,100 --> 03:43:55,800
like enormous. 
Wooden washing machines smoke, 

3969
03:43:55,800 --> 03:43:58,800
billows from tall funnels and 
somewhere deep within this 

3970
03:43:58,800 --> 03:44:01,800
mechanical way. 
Coal fires burn hot enough to 

3971
03:44:01,800 --> 03:44:04,200
convert water into the steam 
that will take you across the 

3972
03:44:04,200 --> 03:44:08,500
Atlantic Ocean in just 18 days 
rather than the customary six 

3973
03:44:08,500 --> 03:44:11,800
weeks, this marks, the beginning
of the steamship era when 

3974
03:44:11,800 --> 03:44:14,400
traveling across the ocean 
became more like following a 

3975
03:44:14,400 --> 03:44:16,500
schedule, rather than a prayer 
to the wind gods. 

3976
03:44:17,500 --> 03:44:20,100
One of the first specially 
designed steamships to 

3977
03:44:20,100 --> 03:44:21,700
frequently Traverse the 
Atlantic. 

3978
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:24,900
The Great Western was 
essentially a floating city with

3979
03:44:24,900 --> 03:44:28,000
a very particular issue. 
How do you feed hundreds of 

3980
03:44:28,008 --> 03:44:29,900
people? 
When the closest supermarket is 

3981
03:44:29,900 --> 03:44:33,100
thousands of miles away, and 
won't be accessible for weeks, 

3982
03:44:33,100 --> 03:44:36,500
prior to steamships, traveling 
by sea, was similar to camping 

3983
03:44:36,500 --> 03:44:39,600
for wealthy people. 
You brought your own food, hoped

3984
03:44:39,600 --> 03:44:42,000
it wouldn't go bad. 
And accepted that meals would 

3985
03:44:42,000 --> 03:44:44,900
consist of whatever the ships 
could prepare using hardtack 

3986
03:44:44,900 --> 03:44:47,400
salt pork and anything that 
wasn't moldy. 

3987
03:44:48,400 --> 03:44:51,500
But everything changed with 
steamships these were luxury 

3988
03:44:51,500 --> 03:44:53,400
hotels. 
That just so happened to float 

3989
03:44:53,400 --> 03:44:56,100
and luxury hotels, require 
luxury dining. 

3990
03:44:56,900 --> 03:44:58,500
They were not merely transport 
ship's. 

3991
03:44:58,500 --> 03:45:00,800
The difficulty of the task was 
magnificent. 

3992
03:45:00,800 --> 03:45:04,100
Imagine a tempting to stock a 
restaurant for three weeks. 

3993
03:45:04,100 --> 03:45:07,200
While your kitchen is always 
changing in three dimensions, 

3994
03:45:07,200 --> 03:45:11,000
you have limited storage space. 
No Refrigeration, other than 

3995
03:45:11,000 --> 03:45:14,300
what nature provides and you are
unable to go outside for fresh 

3996
03:45:14,300 --> 03:45:16,800
ingredients. 
Oh, and your Patron's 

3997
03:45:16,800 --> 03:45:20,100
anticipate, the same level of 
quality that they would find at 

3998
03:45:20,100 --> 03:45:21,900
the best restaurants in New York
or London. 

3999
03:45:21,900 --> 03:45:25,000
This issue was resolved by ship 
designers using the same 

4000
03:45:25,000 --> 03:45:28,500
Victorian inventiveness that 
produced the sewers canal and 

4001
03:45:28,500 --> 03:45:32,200
the London sewer system. 
They developed dining systems, 

4002
03:45:32,200 --> 03:45:35,200
inventive preservation 
techniques and floating 

4003
03:45:35,200 --> 03:45:36,900
pantries. 
That would make contemporary 

4004
03:45:36,900 --> 03:45:40,500
cruise ship designers swoon. 
In addition, to overcoming 

4005
03:45:40,500 --> 03:45:43,600
distance, the steamship was also
transforming the idea of what it

4006
03:45:43,600 --> 03:45:46,000
meant to eat healthily while 
traveling launched. 

4007
03:45:46,000 --> 03:45:49,900
In 1843, the SS Great Britain, 
resembled a mechanical, Marvel 

4008
03:45:49,900 --> 03:45:53,600
crossed with a floating palace. 
It was the world's largest ship 

4009
03:45:53,600 --> 03:45:58,600
measuring 322 feet in length and
its designers recognized that 

4010
03:45:58,600 --> 03:46:01,800
passengers were purchasing an 
experience rather than merely a 

4011
03:46:01,800 --> 03:46:04,000
ticket. 
In addition to reflecting the 

4012
03:46:04,000 --> 03:46:07,300
social structures of the era, 
the dining Arrangements on these

4013
03:46:07,300 --> 03:46:10,600
early steamships introduced new 
types of Maritime Hospitality 

4014
03:46:10,600 --> 03:46:14,200
that would shape Ocean Travel in
the century that followed the 

4015
03:46:14,200 --> 03:46:17,000
way that steamship dining 
addressed issues that a dogged 

4016
03:46:17,000 --> 03:46:19,300
Maritime travel ever. 
Since people first tied logs 

4017
03:46:19,300 --> 03:46:22,400
together and aimed them toward 
the Horizon was what made it so 

4018
03:46:22,400 --> 03:46:25,300
intriguing. 
Proper food storage and menu 

4019
03:46:25,300 --> 03:46:28,700
planning helped prevent scurvy. 
The vitamin deficit disease that

4020
03:46:28,700 --> 03:46:32,000
made Sailors teeth in to lose 
accessories, multi-course, 

4021
03:46:32,000 --> 03:46:33,500
meals. 
That could compete with anything

4022
03:46:33,500 --> 03:46:36,800
served on land, replace the 
boring diet of ship biscuits and

4023
03:46:36,800 --> 03:46:39,200
salt beef. 
The true Revolution however, was

4024
03:46:39,200 --> 03:46:42,900
not in what people ate but 
rather in how dining became an 

4025
03:46:42,900 --> 03:46:44,600
integral part of the steamship 
experience. 

4026
03:46:45,500 --> 03:46:48,500
Like all communities, these 
ships were forming floating, 

4027
03:46:48,500 --> 03:46:50,700
communities centered around 
communal meals. 

4028
03:46:50,700 --> 03:46:54,100
The ship's Dining Saloon 
developed into its Social Hub, 

4029
03:46:54,100 --> 03:46:57,600
where travelers from various 
backgrounds, interacted romances

4030
03:46:57,600 --> 03:47:00,700
blossomed, and the simple Act of
sharing meals, forged 

4031
03:47:00,700 --> 03:47:03,800
relationships that persisted 
long after the ship docked and 

4032
03:47:03,800 --> 03:47:05,200
imagine yourself standing on 
that. 

4033
03:47:05,200 --> 03:47:07,900
Liverpool doc, as you fall 
asleep tonight, watching, people

4034
03:47:07,900 --> 03:47:10,200
bored with their trunks and 
their expectations. 

4035
03:47:11,100 --> 03:47:13,800
The first meal service of a 
voyage that will redefine what 

4036
03:47:13,800 --> 03:47:15,900
it means to eat. 
While traveling is already 

4037
03:47:15,900 --> 03:47:18,600
underway somewhere in the ship's
belly, as the whistle blows and 

4038
03:47:18,608 --> 03:47:20,600
the paddle Wheels start. 
Their rhythmic churning. 

4039
03:47:21,300 --> 03:47:24,200
You're about to learn how these 
floating eateries catered to 

4040
03:47:24,200 --> 03:47:26,600
their patrons, serving 
everything from the most 

4041
03:47:26,600 --> 03:47:30,800
elaborate first class Feast to 
the most basic steerage meal all

4042
03:47:30,800 --> 03:47:34,200
while navigating, the Atlantic 
Ocean's NeverEnding ways, you 

4043
03:47:34,200 --> 03:47:37,100
might not even realize you're on
a ship when you enter the SS 

4044
03:47:37,100 --> 03:47:40,800
Great Eastern's. 
Dining Saloon in 1860 Like a 

4045
03:47:40,800 --> 03:47:44,500
cathedral devoted to the art of 
eating the rooms sprawls out in 

4046
03:47:44,500 --> 03:47:47,000
front of you. 
Long tables covered in a 

4047
03:47:47,000 --> 03:47:50,100
macular, white linen, stretch 
into the distance, like a Royal 

4048
03:47:50,100 --> 03:47:53,300
Banquet. 
Crystal chandeliers sway softly 

4049
03:47:53,300 --> 03:47:55,700
with the motion of the ship and 
massive mirrors. 

4050
03:47:55,700 --> 03:47:58,900
Reflect Gaslight off polished 
mahogany during the Victorian 

4051
03:47:58,900 --> 03:48:00,500
era. 
These dining saloons were the 

4052
03:48:00,500 --> 03:48:02,100
answer to a very specific 
question. 

4053
03:48:02,100 --> 03:48:06,400
How can you create an atmosphere
of refined Elegance in a space? 

4054
03:48:06,400 --> 03:48:10,300
That is surrounded by thousands 
of tons of cold, sea water and 

4055
03:48:10,300 --> 03:48:14,200
is always in motion. most people
were unaware that the answer 

4056
03:48:14,200 --> 03:48:17,300
required more theatrical 
stagecraft, Every component, 

4057
03:48:17,300 --> 03:48:20,300
including the substantial 
Furniture fastened to the deck 

4058
03:48:20,300 --> 03:48:23,800
and the specially-made fiddles 
those elevated edges, that 

4059
03:48:23,800 --> 03:48:25,200
prevented plates from slipping 
off. 

4060
03:48:25,200 --> 03:48:28,400
Tables was thoughtfully arranged
to preserve the appearance of 

4061
03:48:28,400 --> 03:48:32,000
stability and elegance with 400 
seats available at once. 

4062
03:48:32,000 --> 03:48:35,700
The great Easterns Dining Saloon
was larger than the majority of 

4063
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:39,400
eateries in New York or London. 
This one, however, had to 

4064
03:48:39,400 --> 03:48:42,800
operate, while tilting rolling, 
and occasionally, lurching in 

4065
03:48:42,800 --> 03:48:45,300
ways that would cause a 
terrestrial Matrix D to go into 

4066
03:48:45,300 --> 03:48:48,900
cardiac arrest in contrast to 
those land-based establishments.

4067
03:48:49,800 --> 03:48:52,400
Ship designers used invention's 
that combined engineering 

4068
03:48:52,400 --> 03:48:56,800
prowess and magical thinking to 
overcome these obstacles wide 

4069
03:48:56,800 --> 03:48:59,200
low tables with the 
characteristic raised edges, 

4070
03:48:59,200 --> 03:49:01,900
that came to Define dining at 
Sea were constructed. 

4071
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:04,800
Chairs were made to remain 
stationary in the event of 

4072
03:49:04,800 --> 03:49:07,700
choppy seas, and were heavier 
than their cousins on shore. 

4073
03:49:08,500 --> 03:49:11,200
Thick carpets that absorbed 
sound and offered traction. 

4074
03:49:11,200 --> 03:49:14,400
Covered the floors, creating an 
acoustic space where diners 

4075
03:49:14,400 --> 03:49:17,100
could hear one another over the 
continuous hum of paddle wheels 

4076
03:49:17,100 --> 03:49:19,500
and steam engines. 
Lighting post, special 

4077
03:49:19,500 --> 03:49:22,900
difficulties of its own dining. 
Saloons were reliant on oil 

4078
03:49:22,900 --> 03:49:26,100
lamps and later gas fixtures 
which had to be built to be safe

4079
03:49:26,100 --> 03:49:28,800
even when the ship was pitching 
in severe weather because 

4080
03:49:28,800 --> 03:49:32,600
candles were fire hazards on 
Wooden Ships, As a result even 

4081
03:49:32,600 --> 03:49:36,100
basic meals, felt refined and 
sophisticated thanks to the warm

4082
03:49:36,100 --> 03:49:39,100
golden illumination. 
Many Travelers recalled the 

4083
03:49:39,108 --> 03:49:41,900
entire experience more vividly 
than the places they were 

4084
03:49:41,900 --> 03:49:45,000
sailing toward because the food 
and passengers looked better. 

4085
03:49:45,000 --> 03:49:48,300
And the whole thing took on an 
almost dreamlike quality, these 

4086
03:49:48,300 --> 03:49:51,600
dining saloons social dynamics 
were meticulously planned out 

4087
03:49:51,600 --> 03:49:54,400
like a ballet. 
Based on their social standing 

4088
03:49:54,400 --> 03:49:56,800
class of travel and occasionally
their nationality. 

4089
03:49:56,800 --> 03:50:00,800
Passengers were given seats. 
Prominent passengers might find 

4090
03:50:00,800 --> 03:50:03,700
themselves dining with the ships
officers and exchanging tales 

4091
03:50:03,700 --> 03:50:06,200
that would eventually become 
part of Maritime folklore at the

4092
03:50:06,208 --> 03:50:08,600
Captain's Table. 
The most prestigious seating 

4093
03:50:08,600 --> 03:50:11,300
arrangement, the way these 
dining saloons manage the 

4094
03:50:11,300 --> 03:50:14,000
straightforward Logistics of 
serving hundreds of meals at 

4095
03:50:14,000 --> 03:50:16,100
once. 
While the entire restaurant was 

4096
03:50:16,100 --> 03:50:18,900
constantly moving was perhaps 
their most impressive feature. 

4097
03:50:20,000 --> 03:50:23,800
Waiters also known as stewards 
created methods that combined 

4098
03:50:23,800 --> 03:50:25,500
elements of martial arts and 
dance. 

4099
03:50:25,500 --> 03:50:28,800
They developed an almost 
Supernatural ability to carry 

4100
03:50:28,800 --> 03:50:31,900
loaded trays, across a rolling 
deck without losing a single 

4101
03:50:31,900 --> 03:50:34,700
dinner role as they learn to 
anticipate the movement of the 

4102
03:50:34,700 --> 03:50:36,600
ship and time their steps to its
Rhythm. 

4103
03:50:36,600 --> 03:50:40,200
There was nothing like the sound
of a steamship Dining Saloon in 

4104
03:50:40,208 --> 03:50:43,800
full operation on land. 
The soft chatter of passengers, 

4105
03:50:43,800 --> 03:50:47,300
the clink of silverware, the 
rustle of stewards feet on the 

4106
03:50:47,300 --> 03:50:51,300
plush carpet, and beneath it all
the steady hum of the engines 

4107
03:50:51,300 --> 03:50:54,600
that powered this floating 
Eatery, as a reminder, that this

4108
03:50:54,600 --> 03:50:57,900
sophisticated social area was 
encircled by the vastness of the

4109
03:50:57,908 --> 03:51:00,100
ocean. 
You may occasionally hear the 

4110
03:51:00,100 --> 03:51:03,800
distant sound of waves against 
the hull or the Cry of seabirds 

4111
03:51:03,800 --> 03:51:06,500
meals in the evening were 
especially magical events. 

4112
03:51:07,200 --> 03:51:10,200
In the midst of the trackless 
sea, the Dining Saloon turned 

4113
03:51:10,200 --> 03:51:13,200
into a cozy Haven of 
civilization as the daylight 

4114
03:51:13,200 --> 03:51:16,500
dimmed and the lamps were lit. 
For a few hours, the 

4115
03:51:16,500 --> 03:51:19,800
difficulties and discomforts of 
sea travel would be replaced by 

4116
03:51:19,800 --> 03:51:24,300
conversation, delicious food and
the strange intimacy that arises

4117
03:51:24,300 --> 03:51:26,800
when strangers share an 
extraordinary experience. 

4118
03:51:27,700 --> 03:51:29,200
Passengers would dress to 
impress. 

4119
03:51:29,200 --> 03:51:32,000
Formal, dining was expected on 
steamships. 

4120
03:51:32,000 --> 03:51:35,800
These dining swoons menu cards 
are poetic codes to Victorian. 

4121
03:51:35,800 --> 03:51:39,800
Plenty, Dish would be described 
in such a way that even the most

4122
03:51:39,800 --> 03:51:42,700
basic preparations would seem 
like culinary masterpieces. 

4123
03:51:42,700 --> 03:51:46,200
And course, after course, would 
be listed in intricate script. 

4124
03:51:47,100 --> 03:51:49,500
This theatrical presentation, 
however, was based on a 

4125
03:51:49,508 --> 03:51:52,700
sophisticated understanding of 
what worked in Maritime dining. 

4126
03:51:53,400 --> 03:51:54,900
Foods. 
That could be prepared ahead of 

4127
03:51:54,900 --> 03:51:57,400
time that traveled. 
Well, and that would retain 

4128
03:51:57,400 --> 03:52:00,100
their excellent flavor even 
after being served in a 

4129
03:52:00,100 --> 03:52:03,400
constantly moving room. 
Consider yourself in 1875 

4130
03:52:03,400 --> 03:52:06,000
sitting down to dinner. 
After becoming wealthy enough to

4131
03:52:06,000 --> 03:52:09,000
reserve first-class passage on 
the RMS Britannic. 

4132
03:52:09,700 --> 03:52:13,500
With dishes like turtle soup, 
salmon with lobster sauce, roast

4133
03:52:13,500 --> 03:52:16,700
beef, with Yorkshire pudding, 
game pie, Charlotte Russe, and 

4134
03:52:16,700 --> 03:52:18,500
fresh fruit. 
That somehow survived the 

4135
03:52:18,508 --> 03:52:20,600
journey from Mediterranean 
Groves to your plate. 

4136
03:52:20,600 --> 03:52:22,300
Without wilting in the Atlantic 
spray. 

4137
03:52:22,300 --> 03:52:25,500
The menu in front of you reads 
like a love letter to Victorian 

4138
03:52:25,500 --> 03:52:27,700
access. 
This was more than just dinner. 

4139
03:52:27,700 --> 03:52:31,200
It was a show of Humanity's 
ability to overcome the inherent

4140
03:52:31,200 --> 03:52:35,400
constraints of Maritime travel. 
Every component on your plate. 

4141
03:52:35,400 --> 03:52:39,100
Symbolized a triumph over 
spoiling and each expertly 

4142
03:52:39,100 --> 03:52:41,900
prepared dish was a protest 
against the ocean's attempt to 

4143
03:52:41,900 --> 03:52:44,000
turn your food into salted, meat
and hardtack. 

4144
03:52:44,900 --> 03:52:47,400
First class passengers were 
purchasing temporary protection 

4145
03:52:47,400 --> 03:52:49,900
from the harsh reality of Life 
at Sea. 

4146
03:52:49,900 --> 03:52:53,300
Not just a means of 
transportation a contemporary 

4147
03:52:53,300 --> 03:52:56,100
supply chain manager would have 
been impressed by the logistics 

4148
03:52:56,100 --> 03:52:59,200
of these elaborate meals. 
Consider that fresh fruit. 

4149
03:53:00,000 --> 03:53:03,300
The rightness of Spanish oranges
English, Apple's and French 

4150
03:53:03,300 --> 03:53:06,700
grapes had to be carefully, 
chose and packed to protect them

4151
03:53:06,700 --> 03:53:09,400
from ship motion and kept in. 
Specially, ventilated 

4152
03:53:09,400 --> 03:53:12,400
compartments that allowed just 
enough air circulation to keep 

4153
03:53:12,400 --> 03:53:15,600
wrote at Bay without allowing in
the Salt Air that would destroy 

4154
03:53:15,600 --> 03:53:18,000
everything. 
The problems with meat were even

4155
03:53:18,000 --> 03:53:21,100
worse, they didn't just throw 
that roast beef in the ships, 

4156
03:53:21,108 --> 03:53:24,400
pantry and hope for the best. 
It was a component of a 

4157
03:53:24,400 --> 03:53:27,400
well-planned system, the 
included traditional salt, 

4158
03:53:27,400 --> 03:53:30,700
preserved Meats for longer 
voyages, live cattle, kept in, 

4159
03:53:30,700 --> 03:53:33,500
pens on deck and cutting-edge 
preservation, methods that 

4160
03:53:33,500 --> 03:53:35,600
stretched. 
The limits of 19th century, food

4161
03:53:35,600 --> 03:53:38,300
science. 
Some ships even had their own 

4162
03:53:38,300 --> 03:53:40,500
ice houses which were 
essentially floating 

4163
03:53:40,500 --> 03:53:43,400
refrigerators that allowed 
perishables to last far longer 

4164
03:53:43,400 --> 03:53:45,100
than they could have a 
generation ago. 

4165
03:53:45,100 --> 03:53:48,500
These look serious steamships 
had Wine sellers that were Feats

4166
03:53:48,500 --> 03:53:51,700
of engineering and taste in 
order to maintain appropriate 

4167
03:53:51,700 --> 03:53:54,700
storage conditions bottles 
needed to be fastened against 

4168
03:53:54,700 --> 03:53:58,500
the ships continuous motion. 
The wine Steward who frequently 

4169
03:53:58,500 --> 03:54:01,800
held a highly esteemed position 
on Border ship was knowledgeable

4170
03:54:01,800 --> 03:54:04,700
about both wines and the unique 
difficulties of serving them in 

4171
03:54:04,700 --> 03:54:06,300
a constantly tilting 
environment. 

4172
03:54:07,200 --> 03:54:10,500
If handled improperly a vintage 
ball dough that was excellent on

4173
03:54:10,500 --> 03:54:13,100
land could become unfit for 
consumption, while traveling 

4174
03:54:13,100 --> 03:54:16,600
across the Atlantic first class 
breakfasts, which catered to the

4175
03:54:16,600 --> 03:54:19,300
international character of 
steamship travel range from 

4176
03:54:19,300 --> 03:54:22,500
traditional English, fair to 
Continental Delicacies, and 

4177
03:54:22,500 --> 03:54:25,900
could last for hours. 
A ship's others which had to 

4178
03:54:25,900 --> 03:54:27,600
work. 
While the entire kitchen was 

4179
03:54:27,600 --> 03:54:30,700
rolling through ocean swells. 
Baked fresh bread, every day, 

4180
03:54:30,700 --> 03:54:34,000
every morning, the first class 
corridors would fill with the 

4181
03:54:34,000 --> 03:54:37,700
aroma of Freshly Baked Goods, a 
homely comfort that transformed 

4182
03:54:37,700 --> 03:54:40,600
the ship from a mechanical 
vehicle into a floating 

4183
03:54:40,600 --> 03:54:43,100
residents. 
However, the way first class 

4184
03:54:43,100 --> 03:54:45,900
dining of accommodated, special 
dietary requirements and 

4185
03:54:45,900 --> 03:54:50,700
preferences was arguably, its 
most remarkable feature Wealthy 

4186
03:54:50,700 --> 03:54:52,700
passengers. 
Expected their shipboard meals 

4187
03:54:52,700 --> 03:54:55,600
to reflect the increasingly 
complex ideas about nutrition 

4188
03:54:55,600 --> 03:54:59,100
and health that were emerging in
Victorian society for 

4189
03:54:59,100 --> 03:55:01,600
passengers, who were worried 
about their health ships 

4190
03:55:01,600 --> 03:55:04,900
carried, special preparations 
for invalids, kid-friendly 

4191
03:55:04,900 --> 03:55:07,800
meals, and even the earliest 
iterations of what we might. 

4192
03:55:07,800 --> 03:55:11,400
Now know, as spark Cuisine first
class food was presented in a 

4193
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:14,500
theatrical fashion. 
Of course became a miniature 

4194
03:55:14,500 --> 03:55:16,200
performance. 
A silver covered. 

4195
03:55:16,200 --> 03:55:19,700
Dishes arrived at tables and was
simultaneously lifted by white 

4196
03:55:19,700 --> 03:55:22,000
gloved. 
Stewards resulting in dramatic 

4197
03:55:22,000 --> 03:55:26,300
reveals. 
At Sea of passengers were served

4198
03:55:26,300 --> 03:55:28,400
meal after meal with the finest 
China. 

4199
03:55:28,400 --> 03:55:31,400
Crystal and silverware. 
That would have been reserved 

4200
03:55:31,400 --> 03:55:33,200
for the most aristocratic homes 
on land. 

4201
03:55:33,200 --> 03:55:36,600
Protocols in the first class. 
Dining Saloon were a strict as 

4202
03:55:36,600 --> 03:55:40,000
those in the best hotels. 
In London, the social graces 

4203
03:55:40,000 --> 03:55:42,700
that affluent passengers 
expected were taught to stewards

4204
03:55:42,700 --> 03:55:46,100
in addition to Food Service. 
They knew how to clear horses in

4205
03:55:46,100 --> 03:55:49,500
the right order how to serve 
wine properly and the delicate 

4206
03:55:49,500 --> 03:55:51,400
art of paying attention without 
being obtrusive. 

4207
03:55:52,300 --> 03:55:55,000
Many of these men brought 
land-based experience to the 

4208
03:55:55,000 --> 03:55:57,200
particular difficulties of 
Maritime service. 

4209
03:55:57,200 --> 03:56:00,400
Having previously, worked in 
upscale homes or restaurants. 

4210
03:56:00,400 --> 03:56:02,300
First class, meals were 
scheduled. 

4211
03:56:02,300 --> 03:56:05,100
According to patterns that 
represented both practical needs

4212
03:56:05,100 --> 03:56:08,900
and social expectations in order
to allow passengers to wake up 

4213
03:56:08,900 --> 03:56:11,800
at their own pace breakfast. 
May be served from 8 to 10, 

4214
03:56:11,800 --> 03:56:16,700
Light Affair was usually served 
at lunchtime however dinner ah 

4215
03:56:16,700 --> 03:56:19,800
dinner was the focal point of 
the day presented with such 

4216
03:56:19,800 --> 03:56:23,200
Grandeur and ceremony that it 
was The Culinary and social high

4217
03:56:23,200 --> 03:56:25,500
point of life. 
Aboard ship passengers had to 

4218
03:56:25,500 --> 03:56:28,400
pack formal attire for what was 
effectively camping on water 

4219
03:56:28,400 --> 03:56:31,200
because first class dinner 
required evening, dress. 

4220
03:56:32,100 --> 03:56:35,300
Women wore ornate gowns that had
to be made to look elegant while

4221
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:37,400
taking into account the 
practicalities of life. 

4222
03:56:37,400 --> 03:56:40,300
On a moving ship, on men showed 
up wearing white tie. 

4223
03:56:40,300 --> 03:56:43,500
And Tails, the end result was a 
fashion show every night. 

4224
03:56:43,500 --> 03:56:46,300
That was on par with anything. 
You might see at a grand ball or

4225
03:56:46,300 --> 03:56:49,300
the Opera, these sophisticated 
meals could become Applied 

4226
03:56:49,300 --> 03:56:52,400
Physics Adventures, depending on
the weather, even the most 

4227
03:56:52,400 --> 03:56:55,700
meticulously planned service 
could devolve into chaos when 

4228
03:56:55,700 --> 03:56:57,300
the shipping countered choppy 
Waters. 

4229
03:56:58,300 --> 03:57:01,100
While novices frequently found 
themselves chasing their dinner 

4230
03:57:01,100 --> 03:57:03,900
rolls across the table or 
wearing their soup seasoned 

4231
03:57:03,900 --> 03:57:06,000
Travelers. 
Learn to time their movements to

4232
03:57:06,000 --> 03:57:09,200
the ship's Rhythm. 
However, even when the laws of 

4233
03:57:09,200 --> 03:57:12,100
gravity were momentarily 
suspended the staff always 

4234
03:57:12,100 --> 03:57:14,800
managed to preserve an air of 
refinement and dignity. 

4235
03:57:14,800 --> 03:57:17,300
The lower levels of the ship 
were a different culinary 

4236
03:57:17,300 --> 03:57:21,100
Universe where the majority of 
passengers immigrants working 

4237
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:24,100
class Travelers and those 
seeking their Fortunes in new 

4238
03:57:24,100 --> 03:57:26,600
lands. 
Experienced steamship dining in 

4239
03:57:26,600 --> 03:57:30,700
ways that were both more basic 
and in some ways more authentic 

4240
03:57:30,700 --> 03:57:33,800
to the maritime experience. 
While first class passengers 

4241
03:57:33,800 --> 03:57:37,100
were enjoying turtle soup, and 
Vintage Wines steerage. 

4242
03:57:37,100 --> 03:57:40,100
Passengers had to eat in 
cramped, utilitarian rather than

4243
03:57:40,100 --> 03:57:41,800
aesthetically pleasing 
compartments. 

4244
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:44,000
That would have made 
contemporary Airline seats 

4245
03:57:44,000 --> 03:57:47,200
appear. 
Roomy, Passengers used pewter 

4246
03:57:47,200 --> 03:57:49,600
utensils, that could survive the
rough treatment of shipboard. 

4247
03:57:49,600 --> 03:57:53,500
Life, ate from metal plates, 
rather than China and sat on 

4248
03:57:53,500 --> 03:57:56,500
benches rather than chairs and 
communal dining areas crowded 

4249
03:57:56,500 --> 03:57:57,700
with long. 
Wooden tables. 

4250
03:57:57,700 --> 03:58:00,500
However, don't think of this as 
depressing experience. 

4251
03:58:00,500 --> 03:58:04,400
Steerage meals were filling 
healthy and frequently more 

4252
03:58:04,400 --> 03:58:06,900
interesting than what many 
passengers had experienced back 

4253
03:58:06,900 --> 03:58:09,200
home. 
Good food became one of the few 

4254
03:58:09,200 --> 03:58:12,300
consistent Pleasures in their 
everyday routine and ship Cooks.

4255
03:58:12,300 --> 03:58:14,800
Recognized that these Travelers 
were frequently dealing with 

4256
03:58:14,808 --> 03:58:19,000
weeks of uncertainty and 
discomfort, thick stews freshly 

4257
03:58:19,000 --> 03:58:21,500
baked bread. 
Hearty meat dishes and 

4258
03:58:21,500 --> 03:58:23,600
straightforward desserts that 
were both comforting and 

4259
03:58:23,608 --> 03:58:27,300
nourishing with a focus, not 
Elegance, typically steerage, 

4260
03:58:27,300 --> 03:58:30,700
passengers breakfast, consisted 
of porridge, not the fancy 

4261
03:58:30,700 --> 03:58:32,300
oatmeal. 
You might find in first class 

4262
03:58:32,300 --> 03:58:35,300
but substantial filling 
preparations that could keep 

4263
03:58:35,300 --> 03:58:38,300
hard working people going for 
extended periods of inactivity. 

4264
03:58:39,800 --> 03:58:43,400
Bread butter and occasionally 
salt pork or bacon was served 

4265
03:58:43,400 --> 03:58:47,500
with this coffee or tea offered 
caffeine, and warmth to 

4266
03:58:47,500 --> 03:58:49,300
Essentials. 
When your quarters may be cold 

4267
03:58:49,300 --> 03:58:52,400
and your sleep is regularly 
disturbed by ship motion. 

4268
03:58:52,400 --> 03:58:55,700
Steel lunches were typically 
thick broths made with barley 

4269
03:58:55,700 --> 03:59:00,100
vegetables, and whatever protein
was on hand In addition to being

4270
03:59:00,100 --> 03:59:03,300
nourishing and filling these 
soups could be made in bulk and 

4271
03:59:03,300 --> 03:59:05,900
were comparatively simple to 
serve an inclement weather. 

4272
03:59:05,900 --> 03:59:09,100
When maintaining liquids and 
bowls became a skill, and a 

4273
03:59:09,100 --> 03:59:12,500
matter of luck, The majority of 
meals were accompanied by ships 

4274
03:59:12,500 --> 03:59:16,200
biscuits, a hard tack that had 
been refined over centuries of 

4275
03:59:16,200 --> 03:59:18,900
seafaring and provided 
carbohydrates that could 

4276
03:59:18,900 --> 03:59:22,100
withstand any conditions. 
The ocean might present the 

4277
03:59:22,100 --> 03:59:24,800
substantial meal of the day for 
ordinary passengers was dinner, 

4278
03:59:24,800 --> 03:59:28,800
which frequently consisted of 
salt, pork or beef, variously 

4279
03:59:28,800 --> 03:59:31,000
prepared. 
Potatoes, cabbage or other 

4280
03:59:31,000 --> 03:59:33,900
preserved, vegetables, and 
occasionally fresh fish that the

4281
03:59:33,900 --> 03:59:35,500
ship's crew had caught while at 
sea. 

4282
03:59:36,500 --> 03:59:38,600
Passengers from various 
backgrounds gathered around 

4283
03:59:38,600 --> 03:59:41,900
tables, exchange stories and 
developed the odd bond that 

4284
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:44,600
arises when people share a 
remarkable experience, during 

4285
03:59:44,600 --> 03:59:47,300
these communal meals in 
actuality serving. 

4286
03:59:47,300 --> 03:59:50,000
First class diners, was easier 
than the logistics of feeding 

4287
03:59:50,000 --> 03:59:53,400
steerage, passengers steerage. 
Could accommodate hundreds of 

4288
03:59:53,408 --> 03:59:56,600
people, all of whom needed to be
fed effectively and affordably 

4289
03:59:56,600 --> 04:00:00,500
while wealthy passengers might 
number in the dozens, passengers

4290
04:00:00,500 --> 04:00:03,000
rotated, through the dining 
areas and groups that could fit 

4291
04:00:03,000 --> 04:00:06,200
the seating and serving personal
available and meals were served 

4292
04:00:06,200 --> 04:00:09,600
in shifts in steerage. 
Water was a valuable resource, 

4293
04:00:09,600 --> 04:00:11,600
that was mostly utilized for 
cooking and drinking. 

4294
04:00:11,600 --> 04:00:14,600
Instead of the ornate table 
settings that were typical of 

4295
04:00:14,600 --> 04:00:17,900
first class, In order to make 
room for the next group of 

4296
04:00:17,900 --> 04:00:21,200
diners passengers, learned how 
to eat efficiently and clean 

4297
04:00:21,200 --> 04:00:24,100
their utensils quickly. 
In contrast to the formal 

4298
04:00:24,100 --> 04:00:26,600
service upstairs, this 
established a communal. 

4299
04:00:26,600 --> 04:00:29,400
Dining Rhythm that was more 
personal and Democratic many 

4300
04:00:29,400 --> 04:00:31,500
steerage passengers brought 
extra foods. 

4301
04:00:31,500 --> 04:00:34,900
Such as nuts dried, fruits, 
preserved, meats and other 

4302
04:00:34,900 --> 04:00:38,500
non-perishables to add variety 
to the ship's regular meals. 

4303
04:00:39,700 --> 04:00:42,500
The international nature of 
steamship travel was reflected 

4304
04:00:42,500 --> 04:00:45,100
in the informal networks of 
culinary exchange that were 

4305
04:00:45,100 --> 04:00:48,000
formed when traveling companions
or new acquaintances shared 

4306
04:00:48,000 --> 04:00:50,600
these personal Provisions. 
Steerage, passengers had 

4307
04:00:50,600 --> 04:00:52,700
limited, but adequate cooking 
facilities. 

4308
04:00:52,700 --> 04:00:56,400
Some ships gave passengers 
access to basically, he's where 

4309
04:00:56,400 --> 04:00:58,900
they could reheat food, they had
brought with them, or make hot 

4310
04:00:58,900 --> 04:01:01,400
beverages. 
These communal kitchens 

4311
04:01:01,400 --> 04:01:04,800
developed into social hubs where
people could exchange recipes, 

4312
04:01:04,800 --> 04:01:08,800
practice cooking and create 
improvised Fusion Cuisine by 

4313
04:01:08,800 --> 04:01:10,700
combining. 
The Culinary traditions of 

4314
04:01:10,700 --> 04:01:13,500
various cultures special 
attention was given to the 

4315
04:01:13,500 --> 04:01:17,200
feeding of children in steerage.
The ships Cooks were aware that 

4316
04:01:17,200 --> 04:01:20,200
young passengers had different 
nutritional needs and were more 

4317
04:01:20,208 --> 04:01:21,900
prone to travel related 
illnesses. 

4318
04:01:21,900 --> 04:01:25,100
Like seasickness treats like 
sugar, cookies, or fruit 

4319
04:01:25,100 --> 04:01:27,300
preserves offered solids to 
homesick children. 

4320
04:01:27,300 --> 04:01:29,600
Who faced an uncertain future 
and foreign Nations. 

4321
04:01:29,600 --> 04:01:32,600
While simple Bland Foods were 
available for those with 

4322
04:01:32,600 --> 04:01:36,400
sensitive stomachs in steerage, 
the serving crew hone their own 

4323
04:01:36,400 --> 04:01:39,200
unique abilities. 
In contrast to First Class 

4324
04:01:39,200 --> 04:01:41,600
formal stewards. 
These employees had to be 

4325
04:01:41,600 --> 04:01:46,000
amiable productive and able to 
oversee sizable dining parties 

4326
04:01:46,000 --> 04:01:49,900
in confined spaces by mediating 
between passengers who spoke 

4327
04:01:49,900 --> 04:01:52,800
different languages. 
Resolving small arguments 

4328
04:01:52,800 --> 04:01:56,400
overseeing and upholding order 
in areas where tension and 

4329
04:01:56,400 --> 04:01:58,800
uncertainty could quickly 
degenerate into conflict. 

4330
04:01:58,800 --> 04:02:02,100
They turned into amateur 
diplomats steerage. 

4331
04:02:02,100 --> 04:02:04,800
Dining was more significantly 
impacted by weather than first 

4332
04:02:04,800 --> 04:02:07,500
class service. 
Passengers would have to settle 

4333
04:02:07,500 --> 04:02:10,800
for cold food bread and whatever
could be distributed without 

4334
04:02:10,800 --> 04:02:13,600
running the risk of getting hurt
by flying plates or scolding 

4335
04:02:13,600 --> 04:02:16,000
liquids. 
When the Seas were rough, as it 

4336
04:02:16,000 --> 04:02:18,100
might be impossible to serve, 
hot meals safely. 

4337
04:02:19,500 --> 04:02:22,700
Not only for Comfort, but also 
as a practical measure to help 

4338
04:02:22,700 --> 04:02:25,500
passengers deal with the 
physical challenges of severe 

4339
04:02:25,500 --> 04:02:27,300
weather. 
The crew would frequently 

4340
04:02:27,300 --> 04:02:30,200
distribute extra rations of 
spirits during these times. 

4341
04:02:30,200 --> 04:02:33,100
Many steerage passengers had 
pleasant memories of their 

4342
04:02:33,100 --> 04:02:36,100
shipboard meals, despite the 
simpler, fare and more basic 

4343
04:02:36,100 --> 04:02:39,800
accommodations eating together 
in that floating community and 

4344
04:02:39,800 --> 04:02:42,700
sharing food, while traveling 
across the ocean to start over 

4345
04:02:42,700 --> 04:02:44,700
with something. 
That forged lifelong friendships

4346
04:02:44,700 --> 04:02:47,100
and memories. 
Even though the meals were 

4347
04:02:47,100 --> 04:02:50,400
straightforward, they were 
infused with optimism excitement

4348
04:02:50,400 --> 04:02:54,100
and the unique taste that comes 
from eating as one Journeys 

4349
04:02:54,100 --> 04:02:57,600
toward an unknowable future. 
The true Center of Maritime 

4350
04:02:57,600 --> 04:03:01,300
dining was located deep within a
steamships belly, beneath the 

4351
04:03:01,300 --> 04:03:04,800
crowded steerage compartments 
and elegant dining saloons, the 

4352
04:03:04,800 --> 04:03:07,400
ship's kitchens or galleys as 
they were officially known 

4353
04:03:07,400 --> 04:03:10,700
combining, the functionality of 
a professional restaurant 

4354
04:03:10,700 --> 04:03:13,500
kitchen with the space 
limitations of a submarine, and 

4355
04:03:13,500 --> 04:03:16,200
the additional difficulty of 
functioning while continuously 

4356
04:03:16,200 --> 04:03:19,700
moving these areas were Marvel's
of compact efficiently. 

4357
04:03:19,700 --> 04:03:22,600
Imagine a kitchen that is about 
the size of a contemporary 

4358
04:03:22,600 --> 04:03:27,800
studio apartment and is set up 
to serve, 200 to 2000 people 3 

4359
04:03:27,800 --> 04:03:31,800
meals a day for weeks at a time.
Every square inch was utilized 

4360
04:03:31,800 --> 04:03:35,000
with storage compartments into 
walls cooking. 

4361
04:03:35,000 --> 04:03:37,800
Surfaces that could be secured 
during rough weather and 

4362
04:03:37,800 --> 04:03:41,000
ingenious systems for managing 
everything from freshwater to 

4363
04:03:41,000 --> 04:03:43,400
food waste. 
It was similar to watching 

4364
04:03:43,400 --> 04:03:45,700
someone create a restaurant 
inside a running, washing 

4365
04:03:45,700 --> 04:03:47,700
machine, on a large steamship, 
the head. 

4366
04:03:47,708 --> 04:03:50,400
Chef was a highly respected 
individual, who was respected 

4367
04:03:50,400 --> 04:03:54,000
by, both crew and passengers, an
expert in food, preservation 

4368
04:03:54,000 --> 04:03:58,200
nutrition psychology and the odd
physics of cooking in a 

4369
04:03:58,200 --> 04:04:01,700
constantly changing environment.
This person was more than just a

4370
04:04:01,700 --> 04:04:03,900
skilled chef. 
In order to address the 

4371
04:04:03,900 --> 04:04:07,200
particular difficulties of 
dining at Sea, many head chefs 

4372
04:04:07,200 --> 04:04:10,200
on the great steamships were 
hired from the best restaurants 

4373
04:04:10,200 --> 04:04:13,300
in London Paris or New York. 
These galleys cooking 

4374
04:04:13,300 --> 04:04:16,300
apparatuses were the Pinnacle of
19th century technology. 

4375
04:04:17,000 --> 04:04:18,900
To avoid carbon monoxide 
poisoning. 

4376
04:04:18,900 --> 04:04:22,200
Coal Fired ranges had to be 
built with a fishing combustion 

4377
04:04:22,200 --> 04:04:26,700
and adequate ventilation. 
Despite the ship's motion ovens 

4378
04:04:26,700 --> 04:04:30,200
had to keep their temperatures 
constant to keep prepared foods.

4379
04:04:30,200 --> 04:04:33,200
Warm, without overcooking them 
steam tables made use of the 

4380
04:04:33,200 --> 04:04:35,900
ship's power plant. 
Everything was designed to be 

4381
04:04:35,908 --> 04:04:39,300
safe workable and able to 
produce a lot of food in 

4382
04:04:39,300 --> 04:04:41,100
conditions. 
That would be difficult for even

4383
04:04:41,100 --> 04:04:43,800
the most seasoned chefs to 
handle on steamships. 

4384
04:04:43,800 --> 04:04:46,300
Storing food was like playing 
three-dimensional chess. 

4385
04:04:47,100 --> 04:04:49,200
Compartments. 
That maximize air, circulation 

4386
04:04:49,200 --> 04:04:52,300
and minimized temperature. 
Fluctuations, were used to store

4387
04:04:52,300 --> 04:04:55,100
fresh provisions. 
Meets that had been salt 

4388
04:04:55,100 --> 04:04:58,400
preserved were hung in special 
areas that allowed for adequate 

4389
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:00,100
ventilation without 
contaminating them. 

4390
04:05:00,900 --> 04:05:03,500
Containers used to store dry 
goods were made to withstand 

4391
04:05:03,500 --> 04:05:06,700
ship motion, while shielding 
their contents from moisture and

4392
04:05:06,700 --> 04:05:10,300
rodents. in order to create 
floating Farms that supplied 

4393
04:05:10,300 --> 04:05:13,500
fresh meat and eggs throughout 
the journey, Some ships even 

4394
04:05:13,500 --> 04:05:16,500
carried live poultry and small 
livestock because feeding 

4395
04:05:16,500 --> 04:05:19,800
hundreds of people required 
constant preparation, the Food 

4396
04:05:19,800 --> 04:05:21,900
Service crew worked in shifts 
around the clock. 

4397
04:05:21,900 --> 04:05:24,500
While the majority of passengers
were still asleep. 

4398
04:05:24,500 --> 04:05:27,700
Baker started, working Before 
Dawn making the bread for the 

4399
04:05:27,700 --> 04:05:29,900
day. 
In order to prepare elaborate 

4400
04:05:29,900 --> 04:05:32,400
meals prep Cooks, had to spend 
hours chopping vegetables, 

4401
04:05:32,400 --> 04:05:35,700
making stocks and doing the 
innumerable little chores. 

4402
04:05:35,700 --> 04:05:39,800
Despite the ship's continuous 
motion, the gallery, as a whole 

4403
04:05:39,800 --> 04:05:43,600
transformed into a choreographed
dance of cooks servers and 

4404
04:05:43,600 --> 04:05:46,900
kitchen assistant, cooperating 
during meal service, there were 

4405
04:05:46,900 --> 04:05:49,400
particular difficulties in 
managing fresh water for 

4406
04:05:49,400 --> 04:05:51,800
cooking. 
Larger amounts of fresh water 

4407
04:05:51,800 --> 04:05:54,200
were transported by steamships 
for cooking and drinking. 

4408
04:05:54,200 --> 04:05:57,500
Each gallon needed to be 
carefully, rationed and used 

4409
04:05:57,500 --> 04:06:01,200
effectively systems for cleaning
utensils and dishes, had to 

4410
04:06:01,200 --> 04:06:03,500
reduce water waste, while 
upholding the hygienic 

4411
04:06:03,500 --> 04:06:06,000
requirements needed to keep 
people healthy in a ship's, 

4412
04:06:06,000 --> 04:06:08,500
cramped quarters. 
To make the most of their 

4413
04:06:08,500 --> 04:06:11,600
valuable Fresh Water Resources. 
Some ships first cleaned with 

4414
04:06:11,608 --> 04:06:13,800
sea water and then rinsed with 
fresh water. 

4415
04:06:13,800 --> 04:06:15,900
Steamship galleys, Waste 
Management. 

4416
04:06:15,900 --> 04:06:17,600
Systems were engineering 
Marvels. 

4417
04:06:18,300 --> 04:06:20,800
Food scraps needed to be 
disposed of properly to avoid 

4418
04:06:20,800 --> 04:06:24,200
attracting rodents or causing 
sanitary issues to avoid 

4419
04:06:24,200 --> 04:06:27,600
contaminating, the ships water 
supply grease and cooking oils 

4420
04:06:27,600 --> 04:06:30,800
needed to be handled carefully. 
Anything that could not be 

4421
04:06:30,800 --> 04:06:33,600
recycled or used. 
Again, was either disposed of 

4422
04:06:33,600 --> 04:06:36,500
Overboard in ways, that would 
not interfere with the ship's 

4423
04:06:36,500 --> 04:06:38,100
ability to operate, or fed to 
livestock. 

4424
04:06:38,100 --> 04:06:41,600
That was transported on board. 
Controlling the galleys 

4425
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:45,400
temperature was a never-ending 
struggle These areas which were 

4426
04:06:45,400 --> 04:06:48,400
deep inside the ship with little
ventilation produced, massive 

4427
04:06:48,400 --> 04:06:51,200
amounts of heat from Steam 
systems and cooking fires. 

4428
04:06:51,900 --> 04:06:54,500
Working in conditions that would
make a contemporary restaurant. 

4429
04:06:54,500 --> 04:06:57,100
Kitchen. 
Seem refreshingly, cool, Cook's 

4430
04:06:57,100 --> 04:06:59,800
perspired in temperatures that 
could reach over 100 degrees 

4431
04:06:59,800 --> 04:07:02,200
Fahrenheit. 
Even in moderate weather while 

4432
04:07:02,200 --> 04:07:04,400
donning, bulky, clothing to 
prevent Burns. 

4433
04:07:04,400 --> 04:07:07,400
Steamship galleys, social 
structure, was a reflection of 

4434
04:07:07,400 --> 04:07:09,800
both practical necessity and 
Maritime tradition. 

4435
04:07:10,700 --> 04:07:12,400
For the authority of a ship's 
officer. 

4436
04:07:12,400 --> 04:07:15,700
The head, chef oversaw, the 
kitchen making choices about 

4437
04:07:15,700 --> 04:07:19,600
menus, the use of ingredients 
and meal timing that had an 

4438
04:07:19,600 --> 04:07:22,700
impact on the entire Journey. 
One sous chef might specialize 

4439
04:07:22,700 --> 04:07:26,500
in roasted Meats, another, in 
soups, and stews, and a third in

4440
04:07:26,500 --> 04:07:29,400
the intricate desserts that are 
expected in first class service 

4441
04:07:29,400 --> 04:07:32,600
systems that could work. 
In spite of the ship's noise and

4442
04:07:32,600 --> 04:07:35,500
the separation between the 
cooking and serving areas were 

4443
04:07:35,500 --> 04:07:38,300
needed for communication between
the galley and dining areas. 

4444
04:07:39,100 --> 04:07:41,800
The intricate Logistics of 
delivering hot food from the 

4445
04:07:41,800 --> 04:07:44,400
kitchen to the table. 
While upholding the passenger 

4446
04:07:44,400 --> 04:07:47,700
expected presentation standards 
were managed by hand signals, 

4447
04:07:47,700 --> 04:07:50,100
written notes and Timing 
Systems. 

4448
04:07:51,000 --> 04:07:53,700
This communication was even more
important during inclement 

4449
04:07:53,700 --> 04:07:57,400
weather because safety concerns 
impacted all facets of food 

4450
04:07:57,400 --> 04:08:00,700
service in steamship galleys. 
The night shift, had a distinct 

4451
04:08:00,700 --> 04:08:04,800
personality Skeletal Crews, kept
the constant watchfulness needed

4452
04:08:04,800 --> 04:08:07,000
to safely manage coal fires 
throughout the night. 

4453
04:08:07,800 --> 04:08:10,500
Prepared the meals for the 
following day and attended to 

4454
04:08:10,500 --> 04:08:12,300
slow cooking dishes. 
That would be ready for 

4455
04:08:12,300 --> 04:08:14,900
breakfast. 
While passengers, slept the most

4456
04:08:14,908 --> 04:08:17,500
intricate food, preparation 
frequently, took place during 

4457
04:08:17,500 --> 04:08:21,100
these quiet hours, including 
elaborate stocks that needed to 

4458
04:08:21,100 --> 04:08:24,400
simmer for hours, bread doughs. 
That needed to rise for a long 

4459
04:08:24,408 --> 04:08:28,300
time and desserts that needed to
set overnight steamship Galley 

4460
04:08:28,300 --> 04:08:30,100
menu planning. 
Struck a balance between 

4461
04:08:30,100 --> 04:08:32,700
passenger, expectations and real
world constraints. 

4462
04:08:33,400 --> 04:08:36,900
Using ingredients, that could 
withstand weeks at Sea efficient

4463
04:08:36,900 --> 04:08:40,300
rather than adaptable cooking 
equipment and storage systems. 

4464
04:08:40,300 --> 04:08:43,100
That prevented the last minute 
shopping that defined land-based

4465
04:08:43,100 --> 04:08:46,000
restaurants, chefs had to 
produce a variety of intriguing 

4466
04:08:46,000 --> 04:08:48,500
meals. 
This restriction frequently 

4467
04:08:48,500 --> 04:08:51,600
resulted in Creative pairings 
and methods that impacted 

4468
04:08:51,600 --> 04:08:54,100
culinary advancements. 
Well beyond the maritime realm 

4469
04:08:54,100 --> 04:08:57,100
steamship Galley crew members, 
acquired skills, that made them 

4470
04:08:57,100 --> 04:08:59,300
employable long, after their 
time, at Sea was over. 

4471
04:08:59,300 --> 04:09:03,000
They knew how to produce food on
a large scale, manage resources,

4472
04:09:03,000 --> 04:09:05,200
effectively, and collaborate 
under pressure. 

4473
04:09:06,100 --> 04:09:09,000
Many went on to become 
prosperous hotels, chefs Food, 

4474
04:09:09,000 --> 04:09:12,200
Service managers, or rest 
returns bringing Maritime 

4475
04:09:12,200 --> 04:09:15,700
efficiency to hospitality 
Enterprise's on land, steamship 

4476
04:09:15,700 --> 04:09:18,600
companies realize that special 
occasions could turn a simple 

4477
04:09:18,600 --> 04:09:22,000
journey into a lifelong memory, 
and there's something magical 

4478
04:09:22,000 --> 04:09:24,800
about celebrating while 
surrounded by the vast emptiness

4479
04:09:24,800 --> 04:09:28,400
of the ocean. 
These ships became floating 

4480
04:09:28,400 --> 04:09:32,000
stages for celebrations, that 
Blended Maritime tradition with 

4481
04:09:32,000 --> 04:09:35,400
the unique intimacy that arises 
among Travelers, sharing an 

4482
04:09:35,400 --> 04:09:38,200
extraordinary experience, 
whether it was a passenger's, 

4483
04:09:38,200 --> 04:09:41,300
birthday Christmas day in the 
middle of the Atlantic, or the 

4484
04:09:41,308 --> 04:09:44,600
customary ceremony of crossing 
the Equator on a steamship 

4485
04:09:44,600 --> 04:09:47,400
Christmas took months of 
preparation and a great deal of 

4486
04:09:47,400 --> 04:09:50,000
imagination. 
Imagine trying to create a 

4487
04:09:50,000 --> 04:09:53,000
traditional holiday feast when 
your ingredients have to be 

4488
04:09:53,000 --> 04:09:56,600
selected and preserved weeks 
before departure, your dining 

4489
04:09:56,600 --> 04:09:59,900
room was constantly in motion 
and your guests included people 

4490
04:09:59,900 --> 04:10:02,500
from dozens of different 
countries with their own holiday

4491
04:10:02,500 --> 04:10:05,400
traditions. 
In response to this challenge, 

4492
04:10:05,400 --> 04:10:08,600
the ship's developed 
innovation's that would shape 

4493
04:10:08,600 --> 04:10:12,700
holiday dining for many years to
come in. 1875 the RMS, 

4494
04:10:12,700 --> 04:10:15,300
britannia's Christmas menu, 
sounded like a celebration of 

4495
04:10:15,300 --> 04:10:19,600
preservation methods Musketeers 
as festive plenty Mints pies 

4496
04:10:19,600 --> 04:10:22,200
made with fruits candy and 
preserved using methods. 

4497
04:10:22,200 --> 04:10:24,100
That stretched. 
The limits of Victorian food, 

4498
04:10:24,100 --> 04:10:27,400
science Plum, puddings that had 
been maturing in the ship stores

4499
04:10:27,400 --> 04:10:30,800
since before departure and roast
Goose that had been specially 

4500
04:10:30,800 --> 04:10:32,300
prepared and packed for the 
journey. 

4501
04:10:33,500 --> 04:10:36,000
The end product was a dish that 
represented outstanding 

4502
04:10:36,000 --> 04:10:38,500
accomplishments in Maritime 
Logistics and tasted 

4503
04:10:38,500 --> 04:10:41,200
traditionally familiar, modern 
party planners would be 

4504
04:10:41,208 --> 04:10:43,900
impressed by the inventiveness 
needed to decorate for Christmas

4505
04:10:43,900 --> 04:10:46,800
on a steamship. 
Since it was impossible to get 

4506
04:10:46,800 --> 04:10:50,100
fresh Greenery, decorations, had
to be made of materials that 

4507
04:10:50,100 --> 04:10:53,800
wouldn't Wilt or deteriorate 
after weeks at Sea, despite 

4508
04:10:53,800 --> 04:10:56,300
being surrounded by thousands of
miles of frigid. 

4509
04:10:56,300 --> 04:10:59,800
Ocean sterile dining, saloons 
were transformed into festive 

4510
04:10:59,800 --> 04:11:03,400
spaces with paper flowers, 
fabric Bunting and creative 

4511
04:11:03,400 --> 04:11:05,600
arrangements made from the 
ship's own materials. 

4512
04:11:05,600 --> 04:11:08,400
Steamship New Year's Eve 
festivities develop their own 

4513
04:11:08,400 --> 04:11:11,700
distinctive customs. 
Because midnight is arbitrary 

4514
04:11:11,700 --> 04:11:13,500
when traveling across time zones
at Sea. 

4515
04:11:13,500 --> 04:11:16,500
People have come up with 
inventive ways to determine the 

4516
04:11:16,500 --> 04:11:20,100
exact start of the new year. 
While some ships, observe the 

4517
04:11:20,108 --> 04:11:22,700
New Year in accordance, with the
time zone of their departure 

4518
04:11:22,700 --> 04:11:25,300
Port. 
Others, celebrated several times

4519
04:11:25,300 --> 04:11:28,500
as they traveled across 
different meridians as a result 

4520
04:11:28,500 --> 04:11:31,000
passengers would frequently 
celebrate for hours on end 

4521
04:11:31,000 --> 04:11:33,000
sipping. 
Champagne that somehow managed 

4522
04:11:33,000 --> 04:11:35,700
to stay perfectly chilled in 
spite of the lack of modern 

4523
04:11:35,700 --> 04:11:38,800
refrigeration birthday is 
wedding anniversaries and other 

4524
04:11:38,800 --> 04:11:40,500
private festivities gained 
particular. 

4525
04:11:40,500 --> 04:11:44,400
Meaning on steamships individual
celebrations became shared 

4526
04:11:44,400 --> 04:11:47,700
experiences for all passengers 
due to the limited entertainment

4527
04:11:47,700 --> 04:11:49,900
options. 
And the close knit community 

4528
04:11:49,900 --> 04:11:53,200
that formed during lengthy 
voyages, the ship's Bakers 

4529
04:11:53,200 --> 04:11:56,300
became skilled at making unique 
cakes and desserts using few 

4530
04:11:56,300 --> 04:11:59,400
ingredients and other Travelers 
helped with the entertainment 

4531
04:11:59,400 --> 04:12:02,500
and decorations, that turn these
private milestones in to group 

4532
04:12:02,500 --> 04:12:05,400
festivities crossing. 
The Equator is a tradition that 

4533
04:12:05,400 --> 04:12:08,400
has its own culinary. 
Traditions, the celebration of 

4534
04:12:08,400 --> 04:12:11,500
King Neptune's Feast combined 
long-standing Maritime customs 

4535
04:12:11,500 --> 04:12:14,100
with the pragmatic requirement 
to Signal. 

4536
04:12:14,100 --> 04:12:18,300
The halfway point of protracted 
voyages to Asia Africa or South 

4537
04:12:18,300 --> 04:12:21,100
America. 
The majority of passengers found

4538
04:12:21,100 --> 04:12:23,500
these meals to be exotic with 
dishes. 

4539
04:12:23,500 --> 04:12:26,300
That reflected the international
character of steamship travel 

4540
04:12:26,300 --> 04:12:30,300
fish, caught by the ship's crew 
and tropical fruits of Tainted 

4541
04:12:30,300 --> 04:12:33,500
during recent portals, when 
travelers from various nations 

4542
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:36,400
were celebrating on the same 
ship during national holidays. 

4543
04:12:36,400 --> 04:12:40,600
It created intriguing problems. 
While British passengers 

4544
04:12:40,600 --> 04:12:44,300
expected the Queen's birthday to
be properly, recognized American

4545
04:12:44,300 --> 04:12:46,600
passengers, might want to 
observe the Fourth of July. 

4546
04:12:47,600 --> 04:12:50,500
Diplomatic meals, that respected
various Customs without 

4547
04:12:50,500 --> 04:12:53,100
favouring. 
Anyone nationality, tort ships 

4548
04:12:53,108 --> 04:12:56,400
officers how to handle these 
potentially delicate situations.

4549
04:12:56,400 --> 04:12:59,700
One of the most, eagerly awaited
aspects of any steamship Journey

4550
04:12:59,700 --> 04:13:02,700
was the farewell dinner, which 
was served the final night 

4551
04:13:02,700 --> 04:13:04,700
before arriving at the 
destination port. 

4552
04:13:05,700 --> 04:13:08,400
In order to create memorable, 
fair for passengers who had 

4553
04:13:08,400 --> 04:13:11,700
become temporary communities. 
During their time at Sea, the 

4554
04:13:11,700 --> 04:13:14,200
crew had the chance to 
demonstrate their best abilities

4555
04:13:14,200 --> 04:13:16,700
by using up perishable 
ingredients, that wouldn't 

4556
04:13:16,700 --> 04:13:20,500
survive to the next voyage. 
These meals frequently included 

4557
04:13:20,500 --> 04:13:23,100
fair that had been unattainable 
earlier in the journey. 

4558
04:13:23,100 --> 04:13:27,100
New Goods brought in at recent 
portals complex dishes, that 

4559
04:13:27,100 --> 04:13:29,700
could only be tried when the 
galley didn't have to budget for

4560
04:13:29,700 --> 04:13:32,200
more days at Sea, though. 
It may sound contradictory. 

4561
04:13:32,200 --> 04:13:35,700
Seasoned steamship passengers 
created Customs for 

4562
04:13:35,700 --> 04:13:38,900
commemorating the survival of 
exceptionally harsh weather. 

4563
04:13:39,900 --> 04:13:42,000
Passengers and crew would 
assemble for meals that 

4564
04:13:42,000 --> 04:13:44,300
commemorated. 
Their common experience of 

4565
04:13:44,300 --> 04:13:47,900
confronting Nature's might and 
escaping safely once the threat 

4566
04:13:47,900 --> 04:13:50,200
had passed and the ship had 
returned to Karma Waters. 

4567
04:13:51,700 --> 04:13:54,400
These were frequently, 
straightforward events, hot 

4568
04:13:54,400 --> 04:13:57,800
soup, freshly baked bread and 
anything else that could be made

4569
04:13:57,800 --> 04:14:00,800
fast, but They Carried. 
Emotional significance. 

4570
04:14:00,800 --> 04:14:03,900
That went well beyond their 
culinary complexity steamships 

4571
04:14:03,900 --> 04:14:06,200
had to be considerate of the 
various religious beliefs of 

4572
04:14:06,200 --> 04:14:08,800
their International passengers. 
When it came to religious 

4573
04:14:08,800 --> 04:14:12,600
observances, the ship's chefs 
developed the ability to create 

4574
04:14:12,600 --> 04:14:15,200
festive settings. 
That could accommodate diverse 

4575
04:14:15,200 --> 04:14:17,800
worship, Customs, while 
preparing meals, that respected,

4576
04:14:17,800 --> 04:14:21,100
a range of dietary restrictions.
The intricate cultural 

4577
04:14:21,100 --> 04:14:23,600
navigation needed on board. 
These floating communities 

4578
04:14:23,600 --> 04:14:27,800
included Friday, fish dinners 
for Catholic passengers, special

4579
04:14:27,800 --> 04:14:30,500
preparations for Jewish 
Travelers at hearing to kosher 

4580
04:14:30,500 --> 04:14:33,000
dietary laws. 
And acknowledgment, of Eastern 

4581
04:14:33,000 --> 04:14:36,600
Orthodox fasting periods on 
steamships, crew, and fellow 

4582
04:14:36,600 --> 04:14:39,000
passengers paid particular 
attention to the birthday 

4583
04:14:39,000 --> 04:14:42,300
celebration of children. 
These young passengers, who 

4584
04:14:42,300 --> 04:14:44,000
frequently left home with their 
families. 

4585
04:14:44,000 --> 04:14:47,400
In search of Uncertain, Futures 
were surrounded by a transient 

4586
04:14:47,400 --> 04:14:50,100
extended family of fellow 
Travelers, who helped to make 

4587
04:14:50,108 --> 04:14:53,800
them memorable special days. 
Ship Bakers developed a skill 

4588
04:14:53,800 --> 04:14:55,800
for making easy at, delicious 
treats. 

4589
04:14:55,800 --> 04:14:58,500
That could cheer up home sick 
kids, who are struggling with 

4590
04:14:58,500 --> 04:15:02,100
life at Sea on steamships. 
The entertainment that went with

4591
04:15:02,100 --> 04:15:04,800
special occasionally meals 
represented the potential, and 

4592
04:15:04,800 --> 04:15:08,600
constraints of Life on board. in
order to turn dining saloons 

4593
04:15:08,600 --> 04:15:11,300
into make shift, theaters 
passengers stage, their own 

4594
04:15:11,300 --> 04:15:15,800
musical performances, recited 
poetry told stories and invented

4595
04:15:15,800 --> 04:15:20,200
diversions These areas Acoustics
which were largely intended for 

4596
04:15:20,200 --> 04:15:22,200
conversation during meals 
frequently. 

4597
04:15:22,200 --> 04:15:25,300
Produced surprisingly small 
performance spaces where 

4598
04:15:25,300 --> 04:15:28,100
unprofessional performers could 
showcase their skills to 

4599
04:15:28,100 --> 04:15:31,500
Grateful audiences celebrations 
at ports, celebrated the 

4600
04:15:31,500 --> 04:15:35,000
successful completion of ocean 
Crossings and gave Travelers a 

4601
04:15:35,000 --> 04:15:37,400
chance to talk about their 
experiences with newcomers 

4602
04:15:37,400 --> 04:15:39,100
getting ready for their own 
Journeys. 

4603
04:15:40,200 --> 04:15:43,100
Major port cities like Liverpool
New York and Hamburg were 

4604
04:15:43,100 --> 04:15:46,100
transformed into stages for 
continuous Maritime festivals 

4605
04:15:46,100 --> 04:15:49,200
where the conclusion of one 
Voyage served as the impetus for

4606
04:15:49,208 --> 04:15:52,800
the next thanks to these 
transitions which produced an 

4607
04:15:52,800 --> 04:15:55,200
endless cycle of Celebration and
expectation. 

4608
04:15:55,200 --> 04:15:58,400
It's worthwhile to think about 
how those early steamships, not 

4609
04:15:58,400 --> 04:16:00,800
only revolutionized 
Transportation but also 

4610
04:16:00,800 --> 04:16:04,500
profoundly changed how people 
relate to food dining and the 

4611
04:16:04,500 --> 04:16:07,400
idea of eating while traveling, 
as you, curl up with your 

4612
04:16:07,400 --> 04:16:11,400
blanket and maybe take one loss 
of tea, the necessity of feeding

4613
04:16:11,400 --> 04:16:15,200
hundreds of people in floating 
metal boxes, led to innovations 

4614
04:16:15,200 --> 04:16:18,500
that would eventually impact 
everything from Airline meals to

4615
04:16:18,500 --> 04:16:21,600
contemporary cruise ship's from 
restaurants service procedures 

4616
04:16:21,600 --> 04:16:24,600
to food preservation methods. 
The idea that meals on 

4617
04:16:24,600 --> 04:16:27,900
steamships could be more than 
just a means of subsistence was 

4618
04:16:27,900 --> 04:16:30,300
the most direct Legacy of 
steamship dining. 

4619
04:16:31,000 --> 04:16:34,000
Eating while traveling was a 
survival strategy prior to the 

4620
04:16:34,000 --> 04:16:37,000
great steamships. 
You packed what you could hoped 

4621
04:16:37,000 --> 04:16:39,700
it wouldn't spoil and accepted, 
that meals would be basic 

4622
04:16:39,700 --> 04:16:41,500
repetitive and frequently 
unpleasant. 

4623
04:16:42,300 --> 04:16:45,000
The groundbreaking notion that 
eating could be one of the joys 

4624
04:16:45,000 --> 04:16:47,900
of travel rather than one of its
challenges was made possible by 

4625
04:16:47,900 --> 04:16:51,000
steamships this changed laid, 
the groundwork for the modern 

4626
04:16:51,000 --> 04:16:54,400
field of hospitality management 
companies, that operated 

4627
04:16:54,400 --> 04:16:57,200
steamships were among the first 
to realize that the customer 

4628
04:16:57,200 --> 04:17:01,200
experience, encompassed, all 
facets of service from the time 

4629
04:17:01,200 --> 04:17:03,700
passengers boarded until they 
arrived at their destination. 

4630
04:17:04,800 --> 04:17:07,800
Hotel dining rooms restaurants 
service standards, the 

4631
04:17:07,800 --> 04:17:10,300
burgeoning tourism industry. 
That would thrive in the late. 

4632
04:17:10,300 --> 04:17:13,800
19th, and early 20th centuries 
were all impacted by the 

4633
04:17:13,800 --> 04:17:16,000
complex, dining protocols 
established aboard. 

4634
04:17:16,000 --> 04:17:19,200
The ship's, the uses of food 
preservation methods developed 

4635
04:17:19,200 --> 04:17:21,900
on steamships extended. 
Well, beyond dining on board. 

4636
04:17:22,900 --> 04:17:25,500
In order to transport produce 
over longer distances and 

4637
04:17:25,500 --> 04:17:28,300
prolonged growing Seasons By 
shipping foods, from different 

4638
04:17:28,300 --> 04:17:31,500
climate zones, technique for 
storing fresh, fruits, and 

4639
04:17:31,508 --> 04:17:33,600
vegetables. 
During lengthy ocean Crossing's 

4640
04:17:33,600 --> 04:17:36,600
had an impact on agricultural 
Distribution Systems. 

4641
04:17:37,400 --> 04:17:40,500
The globalization of food that 
defines contemporary Cuisine was

4642
04:17:40,500 --> 04:17:44,300
facilitated by these inventions,
the schedule and format of meals

4643
04:17:44,300 --> 04:17:46,500
on steamships. 
Created trends that affected 

4644
04:17:46,500 --> 04:17:49,100
dining habits in newly popular 
tourist locations. 

4645
04:17:49,800 --> 04:17:53,600
Early Airlines resort hotels and
railroad dining cars. 

4646
04:17:53,600 --> 04:17:56,000
All adopted aspects of steamship
meal service. 

4647
04:17:56,000 --> 04:17:59,300
Resulting in standardized 
methods for effectively serving 

4648
04:17:59,300 --> 04:18:02,500
large numbers of passengers 
while upholding standards for 

4649
04:18:02,500 --> 04:18:05,000
quality and presentation? 
What historians? 

4650
04:18:05,000 --> 04:18:07,500
Now, acknowledged as one of the 
first truly global fusion 

4651
04:18:07,500 --> 04:18:10,600
Cuisines was influenced by the 
international nature of 

4652
04:18:10,600 --> 04:18:14,100
steamship dining. 
Recipes were shared among crew, 

4653
04:18:14,100 --> 04:18:16,400
members from different 
countries, passengers from 

4654
04:18:16,400 --> 04:18:19,400
different countries, shared 
tables and menu planning had to 

4655
04:18:19,408 --> 04:18:21,600
take into account of cultural 
preferences. 

4656
04:18:22,500 --> 04:18:24,800
Immigrant food, Customs, Port 
City eateries. 

4657
04:18:24,800 --> 04:18:27,300
And the slow, 
internationalization of urban 

4658
04:18:27,300 --> 04:18:31,400
dining which would pick up speed
throughout the 20th century were

4659
04:18:31,400 --> 04:18:34,400
all impacted by this 
cross-cultural and to change for

4660
04:18:34,400 --> 04:18:36,500
Generations. 
The hospitality industry was 

4661
04:18:36,500 --> 04:18:39,400
impacted by the Professional 
Standards established by staff 

4662
04:18:39,400 --> 04:18:42,800
training programs created for 
steamship dining service. 

4663
04:18:43,600 --> 04:18:46,500
Specialized skills were needed 
to manage large groups of diners

4664
04:18:46,500 --> 04:18:49,800
with different expectations, 
serve meals efficiently in 

4665
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:52,900
constantly moving environments 
and maintain service quality 

4666
04:18:52,900 --> 04:18:56,900
under difficult circumstances. 
These skills led to workers 

4667
04:18:56,900 --> 04:19:00,500
becoming valuable employees in 
restaurants hotels and other 

4668
04:19:00,500 --> 04:19:03,300
service Industries. 
Early models for modern Supply 

4669
04:19:03,300 --> 04:19:05,600
Chain management were 
established by the logistics 

4670
04:19:05,600 --> 04:19:08,200
systems developed to provide 
food to steamships. 

4671
04:19:09,000 --> 04:19:11,800
It took organizational abilities
and methodical, thinking to 

4672
04:19:11,800 --> 04:19:14,400
coordinate the procurement 
storage and distribution of 

4673
04:19:14,400 --> 04:19:17,700
thousands of ingredients across 
several ports, which had an 

4674
04:19:17,700 --> 04:19:20,000
impact on more General 
advancements in commercial food,

4675
04:19:20,000 --> 04:19:23,300
distribution and inventory 
control long into the modern 

4676
04:19:23,300 --> 04:19:25,900
era, commercial kitchen 
development, was impacted by the

4677
04:19:25,900 --> 04:19:28,900
kitchen design innovations that 
were first introduced aboard 

4678
04:19:28,900 --> 04:19:31,800
steamships. 
Advances in restaurant and 

4679
04:19:31,800 --> 04:19:34,200
institutional. 
Kitchen design were influenced 

4680
04:19:34,200 --> 04:19:36,100
by the need for small effective 
layouts. 

4681
04:19:36,100 --> 04:19:38,900
Due to space constraints. 
The specialized equipment 

4682
04:19:38,900 --> 04:19:42,100
developed for cooking on ships 
and the workflow patterns 

4683
04:19:42,100 --> 04:19:44,900
developed for producing large 
quantities of food under 

4684
04:19:44,900 --> 04:19:47,600
difficult conditions. 
The menu planning methods, 

4685
04:19:47,600 --> 04:19:50,600
created for steamship dining 
created models for large-scale 

4686
04:19:50,600 --> 04:19:54,300
food service, that affected 
institutional dining in schools 

4687
04:19:54,300 --> 04:19:57,400
hospitals, and other places 
where a lot of people needed to 

4688
04:19:57,400 --> 04:19:59,600
be fed in an economical and 
efficient manner. 

4689
04:20:00,500 --> 04:20:02,900
Models that maintain their 
relevance long after steam. 

4690
04:20:02,900 --> 04:20:06,400
Power was replaced by diesel 
engines and jet, aircraft were 

4691
04:20:06,400 --> 04:20:08,800
produced by striking a balance 
between variety and 

4692
04:20:08,800 --> 04:20:11,600
practicality. 
As well as between passenger 

4693
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:15,000
expectations and operational, 
constraints cross-class, social 

4694
04:20:15,000 --> 04:20:18,300
mixing and attitudes toward 
public dining have changed as a 

4695
04:20:18,300 --> 04:20:20,400
result of the social aspects of 
steamship dining. 

4696
04:20:20,400 --> 04:20:24,600
Even though the ship's upheld 
rigid social hierarchies, they 

4697
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:27,000
also made it possible for 
members of various social groups

4698
04:20:27,000 --> 04:20:29,500
to interact in ways that were 
not feasible in more 

4699
04:20:29,500 --> 04:20:33,000
conventional contexts. 
The modern era is broader, 

4700
04:20:33,000 --> 04:20:36,300
social changes were influenced 
by the slow democratization of 

4701
04:20:36,300 --> 04:20:40,100
dining experiences with its 
lavish buffets specialty 

4702
04:20:40,100 --> 04:20:41,900
eateries and 24-hour food 
service. 

4703
04:20:41,900 --> 04:20:44,700
Modern cruise ship. 
Dining has its roots in the 

4704
04:20:44,708 --> 04:20:47,600
inventions made on the great 
steamships of the 19th century. 

4705
04:20:47,600 --> 04:20:51,000
The idea that a ship could 
function as a floating resort 

4706
04:20:51,000 --> 04:20:54,200
with dining experiences. 
As a major component of the 

4707
04:20:54,200 --> 04:20:57,600
total entertainment value, 
created trends that still affect

4708
04:20:57,600 --> 04:21:00,600
leisure travel on the Seas 
today, despite its Infamous 

4709
04:21:00,600 --> 04:21:04,000
reputation airline meal. 
Service also adheres to the same

4710
04:21:04,000 --> 04:21:07,600
standard set forth on those 
early steamships, whether you're

4711
04:21:07,600 --> 04:21:10,400
flying at 35,000 feet or 
steaming a cross, the Atlantic 

4712
04:21:10,400 --> 04:21:13,500
the difficulties of serving a 
large number of passengers, 

4713
04:21:13,500 --> 04:21:17,200
affectively safely and palatable
in a small space while 

4714
04:21:17,200 --> 04:21:19,900
traversing, a potentially 
hostile environment are 

4715
04:21:19,900 --> 04:21:23,600
essentially the same early forms
of hospitality industry research

4716
04:21:23,600 --> 04:21:26,100
that would later develop into 
contemporary customer service 

4717
04:21:26,100 --> 04:21:28,900
analysis and menu, engineering 
were established by the 

4718
04:21:28,900 --> 04:21:31,800
documentation practices 
developed aboard Steamships, 

4719
04:21:31,800 --> 04:21:36,200
including details menu records, 
passenger, feedback systems, and

4720
04:21:36,200 --> 04:21:39,000
operational reports. 
These ships were some of the 

4721
04:21:39,008 --> 04:21:41,500
first companies to 
systematically research what 

4722
04:21:41,500 --> 04:21:44,400
their customers wanted, and how 
to provide it on a regular 

4723
04:21:44,400 --> 04:21:46,800
basis. 
International maritime, law, 

4724
04:21:46,800 --> 04:21:49,600
regarding food, safety, 
passenger, welfare and crew, 

4725
04:21:49,600 --> 04:21:52,900
working conditions traces. 
Its Origins to regulations 

4726
04:21:52,900 --> 04:21:55,500
developed during the steamship 
era legal. 

4727
04:21:55,500 --> 04:21:57,700
Precedence, that still have an 
impact on Maritime. 

4728
04:21:57,700 --> 04:22:00,500
Commerce, were established as a 
result of the difficulty of 

4729
04:22:00,508 --> 04:22:02,800
overseeing food. 
Service in international waters,

4730
04:22:02,800 --> 04:22:06,400
across multiple legal 
jurisdictions and for passengers

4731
04:22:06,400 --> 04:22:09,300
of different nationalities 
dining on steamships. 

4732
04:22:09,300 --> 04:22:12,300
Had a profound cultural impact 
that went well beyond the ships 

4733
04:22:12,300 --> 04:22:14,900
themselves. 
When immigrants crossed the 

4734
04:22:14,900 --> 04:22:18,500
Atlantic with sophisticated meal
service, they returned home with

4735
04:22:18,500 --> 04:22:20,900
higher standards and a wider 
understanding of cooking. 

4736
04:22:21,700 --> 04:22:24,200
Because of the cross-cultural 
interactions that took place on 

4737
04:22:24,200 --> 04:22:26,300
board. 
These floating communities port 

4738
04:22:26,300 --> 04:22:29,100
cities where these ships, docked
developed dining scenes and 

4739
04:22:29,100 --> 04:22:31,300
Cullen, recused Customs. 
That reflected, the 

4740
04:22:31,300 --> 04:22:33,100
international nature of Maritime
travel. 

4741
04:22:33,100 --> 04:22:36,300
The psychological foundation for
contemporary travel dining. 

4742
04:22:36,300 --> 04:22:39,200
The notion that meals eaten 
while traveling should be 

4743
04:22:39,200 --> 04:22:42,300
experiences that enrich rather 
than merely prolong. 

4744
04:22:42,300 --> 04:22:45,800
The trip was arguably most 
significantly established by 

4745
04:22:45,800 --> 04:22:48,500
steamships. 
The elaborate dining cars of 

4746
04:22:48,508 --> 04:22:51,500
luxury trains, the themed 
restaurants of contemporary 

4747
04:22:51,500 --> 04:22:55,000
theme parks the celebrity chef 
Venus aboard modern cruise ships

4748
04:22:55,000 --> 04:22:58,700
and the artisanal food courts in
contemporary airports were all 

4749
04:22:58,700 --> 04:23:01,400
impacted by this idea. 
The need to reduce waste 

4750
04:23:01,400 --> 04:23:05,500
increase efficiency and use all 
available resources, the 

4751
04:23:05,500 --> 04:23:08,600
environmental Consciousness That
Grew on steamships, established 

4752
04:23:08,600 --> 04:23:11,900
early models for sustainable 
Food, Service that are now more 

4753
04:23:11,900 --> 04:23:14,700
relevant than ever in our 
current environmental era. 

4754
04:23:15,400 --> 04:23:17,800
Modern food service operations, 
looking to lessen. 

4755
04:23:17,800 --> 04:23:20,500
Their environmental impact can 
learn from the closed system, 

4756
04:23:20,500 --> 04:23:23,600
thinking needed to run a ship's 
Galley, effectively, labor 

4757
04:23:23,600 --> 04:23:26,500
organization in the hospitality 
sector was impacted by the 

4758
04:23:26,500 --> 04:23:29,300
professional development, 
programs and staff hierarchies 

4759
04:23:29,300 --> 04:23:31,600
that were first implemented on 
steamships. 

4760
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:35,000
Professional Standards that 
influenced restaurant and hotel 

4761
04:23:35,000 --> 04:23:37,900
operations for Generations were 
established by the carer 

4762
04:23:37,900 --> 04:23:41,100
progression from Galley hand to 
head, chef the specific training

4763
04:23:41,100 --> 04:23:44,200
needed for various roles and the
emphasis on teamwork Under 

4764
04:23:44,200 --> 04:23:47,400
Pressure, the early forms of 
hospitality industry economics, 

4765
04:23:47,400 --> 04:23:50,300
that impacted pricing strategies
and profit management. 

4766
04:23:50,300 --> 04:23:53,600
Across the service sector were 
established by the financial 

4767
04:23:53,600 --> 04:23:56,700
models created for steamship 
dining, which included 

4768
04:23:56,700 --> 04:24:00,200
Inventory, management food cost 
calculations and balancing 

4769
04:24:00,200 --> 04:24:02,900
passenger, expectations with 
operational, constraints. 

4770
04:24:03,800 --> 04:24:06,500
Among the first companies to 
systematically examine the 

4771
04:24:06,500 --> 04:24:09,700
connection between customer 
satisfaction and service quality

4772
04:24:09,700 --> 04:24:12,500
in a way that could be 
Quantified and enhanced with 

4773
04:24:12,500 --> 04:24:15,000
these ships. 
Their dining Innovations, moved 

4774
04:24:15,000 --> 04:24:18,300
to New locations and uses a 
steamships changed and 

4775
04:24:18,300 --> 04:24:21,100
eventually made way for quicker,
more effective modes of 

4776
04:24:21,108 --> 04:24:24,500
transportation. 
Steamship dining was transformed

4777
04:24:24,500 --> 04:24:28,000
into even more intricate forms 
of hospitality theater by the 

4778
04:24:28,000 --> 04:24:30,100
great ocean. 
Liners of the early 20th 

4779
04:24:30,100 --> 04:24:33,400
century. 
These Customs have been turned 

4780
04:24:33,400 --> 04:24:36,500
into floating entertainment, 
complexes by contemporary cruise

4781
04:24:36,500 --> 04:24:39,000
ships where meals are expertly. 
Planned. 

4782
04:24:39,000 --> 04:24:41,900
Performance is meant to leave a 
lasting impression, even the 

4783
04:24:41,900 --> 04:24:44,500
most common place, elements of 
contemporary travel dining have 

4784
04:24:44,500 --> 04:24:47,300
their roots in invention's, made
on those first steamships 

4785
04:24:47,300 --> 04:24:49,900
Solutions. 
Initially created to feed 

4786
04:24:49,900 --> 04:24:53,000
passengers travelling across the
Atlantic under steam power. 

4787
04:24:53,000 --> 04:24:56,700
Gave rise to pre-plan meals 
standardized portion sizes, 

4788
04:24:56,700 --> 04:25:00,700
specialized serving utensils 
coordinated meal service, and 

4789
04:25:00,700 --> 04:25:03,900
methodical approaches to meeting
dietary requirements, the 

4790
04:25:03,900 --> 04:25:06,800
cultural exchange that took 
place on steamships is largely 

4791
04:25:06,800 --> 04:25:09,300
responsible for the 
globalization of food culture 

4792
04:25:09,300 --> 04:25:11,500
that defines contemporary 
dining. 

4793
04:25:12,300 --> 04:25:14,500
Food barriers that had 
previously kept National 

4794
04:25:14,500 --> 04:25:18,400
Cuisines separate and distinct 
began to gradually dissolve as a

4795
04:25:18,400 --> 04:25:21,600
result of international 
passengers, sharing meals, crew 

4796
04:25:21,600 --> 04:25:24,000
members from different 
countries, cooperating and ship 

4797
04:25:24,000 --> 04:25:27,000
galleys and port cities, 
modifying, their restaurants to 

4798
04:25:27,000 --> 04:25:30,400
accommodate foreign visitors, 
the importance of ambience in 

4799
04:25:30,400 --> 04:25:33,000
dining areas, the use of 
lighting and Decor to improve 

4800
04:25:33,000 --> 04:25:35,900
the meal experience and the 
timing of service to create 

4801
04:25:35,900 --> 04:25:38,100
seamless. 
Dining experiences are all 

4802
04:25:38,100 --> 04:25:41,400
examples of restaurant Design 
Concepts that started out as 

4803
04:25:41,400 --> 04:25:44,200
ways to make dining on ships, 
which were essentially floating 

4804
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:47,200
restaurants that catered to 
captive audiences for weeks at a

4805
04:25:47,200 --> 04:25:50,200
time more enjoyable. 
The customers experience is 

4806
04:25:50,200 --> 04:25:53,900
crucial attention to detail 
distinguishes between adequate 

4807
04:25:53,900 --> 04:25:56,800
and memorable, service and 
successful operations. 

4808
04:25:56,800 --> 04:26:01,000
Necessitate coordination between
front of house presentation and 

4809
04:26:01,000 --> 04:26:04,400
back of house, efficiency. 
All of which are reflected in 

4810
04:26:04,400 --> 04:26:06,600
the customer service 
philosophies that rule 

4811
04:26:06,600 --> 04:26:08,400
contemporary hospitality 
industries. 

4812
04:26:08,400 --> 04:26:12,000
These principles were first 
established aboard steamships, 

4813
04:26:12,300 --> 04:26:15,600
These ideas which originated 
from the need to ensure 

4814
04:26:15,600 --> 04:26:17,700
passenger satisfaction during 
link. 

4815
04:26:17,700 --> 04:26:20,300
The ocean voyages became the 
Cornerstone of the service 

4816
04:26:20,300 --> 04:26:22,600
economy as a whole Lessons 
Learned aboard. 

4817
04:26:22,600 --> 04:26:24,900
Steamships are still 
incorporated into training 

4818
04:26:24,900 --> 04:26:27,100
programs for contemporary 
Hospitality workers. 

4819
04:26:28,100 --> 04:26:31,200
These lessons include how to 
remain composed and productive 

4820
04:26:31,200 --> 04:26:33,700
Under Pressure. 
How to serve a variety of 

4821
04:26:33,700 --> 04:26:36,300
populations with different 
expectations and cultural 

4822
04:26:36,300 --> 04:26:38,500
backgrounds. 
How to collaborate well, in 

4823
04:26:38,500 --> 04:26:41,400
cramped spaces and how to come 
up with innovative solutions. 

4824
04:26:41,400 --> 04:26:44,100
When traditional ones aren't 
available the measurement 

4825
04:26:44,100 --> 04:26:46,700
analysis, tools. 
Used by contemporary restaurants

4826
04:26:46,700 --> 04:26:50,300
to monitor menu, performance 
customer satisfaction and 

4827
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:53,100
operational efficiency 
originated with steamships, 

4828
04:26:53,100 --> 04:26:57,300
where precise documentation was 
crucial for overseeing intricate

4829
04:26:57,300 --> 04:27:00,000
food, service, operations for 
extended periods of time. 

4830
04:27:00,000 --> 04:27:02,900
Without the possibility of 
outside Assistance or resupply 

4831
04:27:02,900 --> 04:27:06,000
while passenger traffic weather 
and supply, chain Logistics, 

4832
04:27:06,000 --> 04:27:09,200
created predictable patterns of 
busy and slow periods. 

4833
04:27:09,200 --> 04:27:11,700
That required different 
operational, approaches and 

4834
04:27:11,700 --> 04:27:15,000
Staffing strategies. 
Even the seasonal and cyclical 

4835
04:27:15,000 --> 04:27:17,000
patterns that Define modern 
Hospitality. 

4836
04:27:17,000 --> 04:27:20,000
Businesses are reminiscent of 
rhythms established during the 

4837
04:27:20,000 --> 04:27:22,900
steamship era as the gentle 
rocking of our imaginary 

4838
04:27:22,900 --> 04:27:26,000
steamship lulls you towards 
sleet, take a moment to 

4839
04:27:26,000 --> 04:27:28,000
appreciate the remarkable human 
ACH. 

4840
04:27:28,100 --> 04:27:31,100
Represented by these floating 
restaurants of the 19th century.

4841
04:27:32,300 --> 04:27:35,300
Every time you take for granted 
the variety and quality of food 

4842
04:27:35,300 --> 04:27:38,600
available in Modern Life, every 
time you Savor a thoughtfully 

4843
04:27:38,600 --> 04:27:41,600
prepared meal while traveling, 
or every time you appreciate 

4844
04:27:41,600 --> 04:27:44,400
thoughtful service and a 
restaurant, you are reaping the 

4845
04:27:44,400 --> 04:27:46,800
benefits of Innovations. 
Initially, pioneered by 

4846
04:27:46,800 --> 04:27:49,600
individuals, who refuse to 
accept that traveling meant for 

4847
04:27:49,600 --> 04:27:51,100
going the pleasures of fine 
dining. 

4848
04:27:51,100 --> 04:27:54,100
Imagine the SS Great Western 
approaching New York Harbor 

4849
04:27:54,100 --> 04:27:57,200
after 18 days at Sea with the 
sound of her final Dinner. 

4850
04:27:57,200 --> 04:28:00,300
Bell resonating through the 
ship's corridors the Dining 

4851
04:28:00,300 --> 04:28:02,800
Saloon, which has served as the 
passenger's Social Hub. 

4852
04:28:03,600 --> 04:28:06,500
Entertainment venue and daily 
meeting spot during the crossing

4853
04:28:06,500 --> 04:28:10,000
is where they come together. 
One last time, a celebration of 

4854
04:28:10,000 --> 04:28:12,800
human Ingenuity. 
A demonstration of the ability 

4855
04:28:12,800 --> 04:28:15,400
of hospitality to Foster 
Community among strangers. 

4856
04:28:15,400 --> 04:28:18,700
And a reminder that some of our 
greatest inventions stem from 

4857
04:28:18,700 --> 04:28:20,300
resolving. 
The straightforward issue of how

4858
04:28:20,300 --> 04:28:22,000
to meet one another's basic 
needs. 

4859
04:28:22,800 --> 04:28:24,700
The meal they share is more than
just food. 

4860
04:28:24,700 --> 04:28:27,700
The multi-lingual discussion 
that took place around those 

4861
04:28:27,700 --> 04:28:31,300
tables representing dozens of 
distinct cultural backgrounds 

4862
04:28:31,300 --> 04:28:34,300
for shadowed, the increasingly 
interconnected world. 

4863
04:28:34,300 --> 04:28:38,700
We live in today The methods 
created to prepare and preserve 

4864
04:28:38,700 --> 04:28:41,400
those Foods. 
Created habits that still affect

4865
04:28:41,400 --> 04:28:45,400
our eating habits today. 
The hospitality Customs that are

4866
04:28:45,400 --> 04:28:48,500
still practiced in contemporary 
hotels restaurants and 

4867
04:28:48,500 --> 04:28:50,900
entertainment. 
Venues were established by the 

4868
04:28:50,900 --> 04:28:52,900
service standards designed to 
oversee. 

4869
04:28:52,900 --> 04:28:55,700
Those floating communities. 
Perhaps more significantly, 

4870
04:28:55,700 --> 04:28:58,600
though, those steamship dining 
experiences, created the 

4871
04:28:58,600 --> 04:29:00,400
expectation. 
That travel should improve 

4872
04:29:00,400 --> 04:29:02,800
rather than lower our quality of
life. 

4873
04:29:02,800 --> 04:29:05,800
That transient groups of 
strangers could unite around 

4874
04:29:05,800 --> 04:29:09,100
shared meals and that human 
Ingenuity could overcome 

4875
04:29:09,100 --> 04:29:11,800
logistical obstacles that seemed
insurmountable to create 

4876
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:15,200
experiences that fed the body 
and the Soul, when you pour your

4877
04:29:15,200 --> 04:29:18,200
coffee tomorrow morning and make
plans for the day, keep in mind 

4878
04:29:18,200 --> 04:29:21,000
that the coffee in your mug, may
contain beans that were 

4879
04:29:21,000 --> 04:29:25,100
transported across Ocean's using
Transportation Systems developed

4880
04:29:25,100 --> 04:29:28,700
from steamship innovations that 
the breakfast you eat represents

4881
04:29:28,700 --> 04:29:31,200
food preparation and 
preservation technique initially

4882
04:29:31,200 --> 04:29:34,900
perfected in ships, galleys and 
that the very idea of beginning 

4883
04:29:34,900 --> 04:29:38,300
your day with a satisfying meal.
Oh, something to those Victorian

4884
04:29:38,300 --> 04:29:40,800
Travelers, who maintain That 
civilization was portable. 

4885
04:29:40,800 --> 04:29:42,800
That Comfort could be created 
anywhere. 

4886
04:29:43,500 --> 04:29:46,000
And that a good meal shared with
fellow humans was worth, 

4887
04:29:46,000 --> 04:29:47,900
whatever effort. 
It took to make it possible. 

4888
04:29:47,900 --> 04:29:51,300
These days steamships have been 
replaced by container ships, 

4889
04:29:51,300 --> 04:29:54,400
that transport cargo more 
effectively, but disregard the 

4890
04:29:54,400 --> 04:29:57,200
comfort of their passengers and 
buy airline, is that travel 

4891
04:29:57,200 --> 04:30:00,600
across Ocean's in a matter of 
hours rather than weeks but 

4892
04:30:00,600 --> 04:30:03,100
serve meals that are 
insignificant in comparison to 

4893
04:30:03,100 --> 04:30:05,300
what those floating restaurant 
were able to accomplish with 

4894
04:30:05,300 --> 04:30:09,300
much less funding. 
However, their legacy endures. 

4895
04:30:09,300 --> 04:30:13,300
Each time, we assemble around a 
table Transformer meal into a 

4896
04:30:13,300 --> 04:30:16,300
social Gathering, a new food to 
Foster community and make 

4897
04:30:16,300 --> 04:30:19,000
memories that endure long after 
the dishes are cleared away. 

4898
04:30:19,000 --> 04:30:22,200
Sweet dreams of paddle Wheels, 
churning through Atlantic, 

4899
04:30:22,200 --> 04:30:25,600
swells of dining, saloons lit by
Gaslight, and warmed. 

4900
04:30:25,600 --> 04:30:28,600
By human conversation of Galley 
is where skilled Cooks. 

4901
04:30:28,600 --> 04:30:31,500
Worked miracles with limited 
ingredients and unlimited 

4902
04:30:31,500 --> 04:30:35,600
creativity, Imagine a time when 
eating together, could turn a 

4903
04:30:35,600 --> 04:30:38,800
group of strangers into a 
transient family Bound by their 

4904
04:30:38,800 --> 04:30:40,300
common quest for New 
Opportunities. 

4905
04:30:40,300 --> 04:30:44,300
When traveling across the ocean 
was an adventure rather than a 

4906
04:30:44,300 --> 04:30:46,400
hassle. 
And when meals were occasions 

4907
04:30:46,400 --> 04:30:49,300
rather than stops for fuel. 
The final dinner service. 

4908
04:30:49,300 --> 04:30:52,300
Bell is rung, the great ship is 
steaming through the night 

4909
04:30:52,300 --> 04:30:54,700
toward port in the end of 
another amazing journey. 

4910
04:30:54,700 --> 04:30:57,700
The tables of being cleared and 
the passengers have gone to 

4911
04:30:57,708 --> 04:31:01,400
their cabinets. 
However, the invention's customs

4912
04:31:01,400 --> 04:31:05,200
and uncomplicated human warmth 
that made those meals special on

4913
04:31:05,200 --> 04:31:08,200
their own path through time 
impacting our eating habits 

4914
04:31:08,200 --> 04:31:12,300
travel habits and interpersonal 
care in both significant and 

4915
04:31:12,300 --> 04:31:14,700
minor ways. 
Take comfort in the knowledge 

4916
04:31:14,700 --> 04:31:17,600
that you are carrying on a 
tradition that dates back to the

4917
04:31:17,600 --> 04:31:19,900
first Travelers who demanded 
that Pleasant company. 

4918
04:31:19,900 --> 04:31:23,800
Excellent Cuisine, and courteous
service could co-exist 

4919
04:31:23,800 --> 04:31:26,300
peacefully in the middle of the 
vast frigid ocean. 

4920
04:31:27,300 --> 04:31:30,700
Every time we decide to make a 
meal, special invite strangers 

4921
04:31:30,700 --> 04:31:34,200
to our table or reject, the idea
that Civilization and comfort 

4922
04:31:34,200 --> 04:31:37,200
are extravagances, that can only
be enjoyed in ideal 

4923
04:31:37,200 --> 04:31:40,700
circumstances, their legacy 
endures in every Kitchen 

4924
04:31:40,700 --> 04:31:43,700
restaurant and home, where 
people come together to elevate 

4925
04:31:43,700 --> 04:31:46,700
the simple Act of eating into 
something far more meaningful. 

4926
04:31:47,700 --> 04:31:51,500
Celebration of human Community 
creativity and the Limitless 

4927
04:31:51,500 --> 04:31:54,300
possibility that tomorrow's meal
might just be the best one. 

4928
04:31:54,300 --> 04:31:56,800
Yet. 
The steamship dining Bell has 

4929
04:31:56,800 --> 04:32:00,800
gone silent, but it's called to 
gather to share and to turn 

4930
04:32:00,800 --> 04:32:09,900
necessity into pleasure, still 
Before we dive into the history 

4931
04:32:09,900 --> 04:32:12,700
of specific games, let's talk 
about something. 

4932
04:32:12,700 --> 04:32:15,700
You probably experienced today 
without even thinking about it, 

4933
04:32:15,700 --> 04:32:20,100
the urge to play. 
Maybe you did a crossword puzzle

4934
04:32:20,100 --> 04:32:23,100
with your morning coffee or 
played a word game on your phone

4935
04:32:23,100 --> 04:32:26,100
while waiting in line or 
challenge to friend to a quick 

4936
04:32:26,108 --> 04:32:31,000
match of something competitive. 
That impulse that desire to 

4937
04:32:31,000 --> 04:32:34,600
engage in something that doesn't
strictly need to be done, is one

4938
04:32:34,600 --> 04:32:37,300
of the most fundamentally human 
things about us. 

4939
04:32:38,100 --> 04:32:42,500
Scientists of watched animals, 
play puppies wrestle, otters 

4940
04:32:42,500 --> 04:32:44,800
slide down, Riverbanks 
repeatedly for no practical 

4941
04:32:44,800 --> 04:32:48,200
reason, and even crows have been
observed playing what looks 

4942
04:32:48,200 --> 04:32:50,100
suspiciously like games with 
each other. 

4943
04:32:50,900 --> 04:32:54,400
But humans took play and 
transformed it into something 

4944
04:32:54,400 --> 04:32:58,700
more structured, more meaningful
and infinitely more complex. 

4945
04:32:59,700 --> 04:33:04,000
We created games, the urge to 
play seems to be hardwired into 

4946
04:33:04,000 --> 04:33:08,200
our brains, right alongside our 
needs for food, shelter, and 

4947
04:33:08,200 --> 04:33:10,700
connection with others. 
And here's something 

4948
04:33:10,700 --> 04:33:13,700
fascinating. 
Archaeological evidence 

4949
04:33:13,700 --> 04:33:15,800
suggests. 
That humans have been creating 

4950
04:33:15,800 --> 04:33:20,300
formal games for at least 5,000 
years and probably much longer 

4951
04:33:21,599 --> 04:33:24,500
Think about that for a moment 
while our ancestors were 

4952
04:33:24,500 --> 04:33:27,900
figuring out agriculture 
building the first cities and 

4953
04:33:27,900 --> 04:33:31,000
inventing writing, they were 
also sitting down to play board 

4954
04:33:31,000 --> 04:33:33,000
games. 
This tells us something 

4955
04:33:33,000 --> 04:33:36,400
important games, aren't 
frivolous additions to human 

4956
04:33:36,400 --> 04:33:41,200
culture, their Central to it 
games, teachers strategy helped 

4957
04:33:41,200 --> 04:33:44,800
us bond with others. 
Give a safe ways to compete and 

4958
04:33:44,800 --> 04:33:48,300
provide mental challenges, that 
keep our mind Sharp. their 

4959
04:33:48,300 --> 04:33:52,000
practice for real life, but with
lower stakes and more laughed 

4960
04:33:52,000 --> 04:33:55,800
after Imagine the first person 
who looked at some stones or 

4961
04:33:55,800 --> 04:33:59,200
seeds and thought I could make a
game with these. 

4962
04:33:59,200 --> 04:34:02,200
Perhaps it was a Shepherd 
watching over flocks with 

4963
04:34:02,200 --> 04:34:05,800
nothing but time and Pebbles. 
Perhaps it was a child playing 

4964
04:34:05,800 --> 04:34:09,500
in the dirt who noticed patterns
emerging, however, it happened 

4965
04:34:09,500 --> 04:34:13,800
that moment of creative play 
sparked something that has never

4966
04:34:13,808 --> 04:34:17,700
stopped evolving. 
Early games, likely Grew From 

4967
04:34:17,700 --> 04:34:22,099
simple Concepts, moving objects 
from one place to another trying

4968
04:34:22,099 --> 04:34:25,900
to get things to land in certain
spots and competing to see who 

4969
04:34:25,900 --> 04:34:27,800
could throw or a most 
accurately. 

4970
04:34:28,800 --> 04:34:31,500
These were just time wasters for
boarding ancient people. 

4971
04:34:31,500 --> 04:34:36,000
They were ways to sharpen skills
needed for survival hand. 

4972
04:34:36,000 --> 04:34:40,099
I called Nation strategic 
thinking, and the ability to 

4973
04:34:40,099 --> 04:34:44,099
read an opponent's intention. 
But games also served another 

4974
04:34:44,099 --> 04:34:47,099
crucial purpose that had nothing
to do with survival skills. 

4975
04:34:47,099 --> 04:34:51,099
They were fun. 
In a world where daily life 

4976
04:34:51,099 --> 04:34:56,099
could be harsh uncertain and 
short games, provided moments of

4977
04:34:56,099 --> 04:35:00,000
genuine enjoyment. 
They created spaces where people

4978
04:35:00,000 --> 04:35:04,300
could laugh compete without 
serious consequences and forget 

4979
04:35:04,300 --> 04:35:07,700
their troubles for a while. 
You can almost picture it, can't

4980
04:35:07,707 --> 04:35:10,200
you. 
After a long day of work that 

4981
04:35:10,200 --> 04:35:13,500
would make our modern desk. 
Jobs, look simple, ancient 

4982
04:35:13,500 --> 04:35:17,400
people would gather as the 
sunset bringing out their game 

4983
04:35:17,400 --> 04:35:22,200
boards, their Dice and they're 
playing pieces children watching

4984
04:35:22,200 --> 04:35:24,099
and learning eventually joining 
in. 

4985
04:35:25,099 --> 04:35:29,800
Strangers becoming friends over 
shared Games, winners gloating 

4986
04:35:29,800 --> 04:35:32,800
just enough. 
Losers plotting, their comeback.

4987
04:35:33,700 --> 04:35:36,599
the beautiful thing about games 
is that they require nothing 

4988
04:35:36,599 --> 04:35:39,200
more than agreement between 
players and some basic 

4989
04:35:39,200 --> 04:35:44,599
materials, you don't need wealth
status or power to play, Just 

4990
04:35:44,599 --> 04:35:48,099
willingness to participate in 
this peculiar human tradition of

4991
04:35:48,108 --> 04:35:51,000
creating arbitrary rules and 
following them for enjoyment. 

4992
04:35:52,599 --> 04:35:54,500
As you relax into your pillow to
night. 

4993
04:35:54,500 --> 04:35:57,400
Consider that this very human 
impulse. 

4994
04:35:57,400 --> 04:36:00,599
To play, connects you to every 
generation that came before. 

4995
04:36:01,599 --> 04:36:04,500
The person who will go to sleep 
after playing a video game has 

4996
04:36:04,500 --> 04:36:07,900
more in common with ancient 
Egyptian playing Senate than you

4997
04:36:07,908 --> 04:36:10,800
might think. 
The materials change the 

4998
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:15,099
complexity of wolves, but that 
fundamental Joy of engaging in 

4999
04:36:15,099 --> 04:36:18,500
playful competition remains 
constant across millennia. 

5000
04:36:19,500 --> 04:36:23,099
Let's Travel back to ancient 
Mesopotamia, to the land between

5001
04:36:23,099 --> 04:36:27,599
the Tigris and Euphrates rivers 
around 2,600 BCE. 

5002
04:36:28,599 --> 04:36:32,300
Picture a city with mud brick 
buildings Marketplace. 

5003
04:36:32,300 --> 04:36:36,400
Sounds drifting through warm air
and in a cool interior room. 

5004
04:36:36,400 --> 04:36:38,800
Two people hunched over a 
beautiful board game. 

5005
04:36:38,800 --> 04:36:45,000
This game was called the royal 
game of earth oh are and when 

5006
04:36:45,000 --> 04:36:48,599
archeologists discovered it in 
the 1920s they found something 

5007
04:36:48,599 --> 04:36:51,900
remarkable, not just the game 
boards themselves but also 

5008
04:36:51,900 --> 04:36:56,000
instructions for how to play 
someone over 4,000 years ago, 

5009
04:36:56,000 --> 04:36:59,599
thought to write down the rules.
This tells us that games were 

5010
04:36:59,599 --> 04:37:03,800
important enough to preserve to 
pass down and to make sure 

5011
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:07,200
future Generations could enjoy 
them exactly as intended. 

5012
04:37:08,200 --> 04:37:11,599
The Royal Game of War was played
on a distinctive board that 

5013
04:37:11,599 --> 04:37:14,599
looked like two rectangles 
connected by a narrow bridge. 

5014
04:37:15,500 --> 04:37:19,200
Playing pieces were beautiful, 
often carved from precious 

5015
04:37:19,200 --> 04:37:22,500
materials, and inlaid with shell
and lapis lazuli. 

5016
04:37:23,300 --> 04:37:26,500
This wasn't cheap amusement. 
This was a game that people 

5017
04:37:26,500 --> 04:37:29,400
valued enough to craft with 
Artistry and care. 

5018
04:37:30,200 --> 04:37:33,800
The game involved dice though. 
Not the cubic dice, we know 

5019
04:37:33,800 --> 04:37:37,500
today. 
Ancient Mesopotamian dice were 

5020
04:37:37,500 --> 04:37:41,900
pyramid shaped with two marked 
Corners creating a binary system

5021
04:37:41,900 --> 04:37:45,000
of chance. 
Players would race their pieces 

5022
04:37:45,000 --> 04:37:47,700
around the board landing on 
special squares that either 

5023
04:37:47,700 --> 04:37:49,500
helped or hindered their 
progress. 

5024
04:37:50,300 --> 04:37:54,000
Sound familiar if you've ever 
played Parcheesi or sorry, 

5025
04:37:54,000 --> 04:37:57,300
you've played a distant 
descendant of games like this. 

5026
04:37:58,400 --> 04:38:00,900
Meanwhile, across the world in 
Ancient Egypt. 

5027
04:38:00,900 --> 04:38:05,000
People were equally devoted to 
their games, the Egyptians, 

5028
04:38:05,000 --> 04:38:08,500
particularly loved a game called
Senate, which was so important 

5029
04:38:08,500 --> 04:38:10,599
that they buried game sets in 
tombs. 

5030
04:38:10,599 --> 04:38:13,000
So, the deceased could play in 
the afterlife. 

5031
04:38:14,000 --> 04:38:17,599
Imagine considering a board game
so essential that you'd want it 

5032
04:38:17,599 --> 04:38:21,000
with you for reternity. 
Senate boards have been found in

5033
04:38:21,000 --> 04:38:23,599
tombs ranging from common 
workers to Pharos. 

5034
04:38:24,400 --> 04:38:28,400
The game appears in Egyptian art
showing everyone from Queen's to

5035
04:38:28,400 --> 04:38:31,800
serve and hunched over their 
boards, moving their pieces with

5036
04:38:31,800 --> 04:38:34,500
concentration. 
The boards were often 

5037
04:38:34,500 --> 04:38:37,900
beautifully crafted with 30 
squares arranged in three rows 

5038
04:38:37,900 --> 04:38:41,900
of 10 and pieces that range from
simple porins to elaborately 

5039
04:38:41,900 --> 04:38:45,300
carved figures. 
The game combined luck and 

5040
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:47,700
strategy in ways that made it 
endlessly replayable. 

5041
04:38:48,700 --> 04:38:51,700
Players moved pieces, based on 
the throw of casting sticks, 

5042
04:38:51,700 --> 04:38:55,599
Flat Sticks with one decorated 
side that would land either up 

5043
04:38:55,599 --> 04:38:58,000
or down creating different, move
combinations. 

5044
04:38:59,099 --> 04:39:01,700
The goal was to get all your 
pieces off the board before your

5045
04:39:01,700 --> 04:39:05,599
opponent, but certain squares 
have special meanings including 

5046
04:39:05,599 --> 04:39:07,599
some with religious 
significance. 

5047
04:39:07,599 --> 04:39:10,000
Here's something that might make
you smile. 

5048
04:39:10,000 --> 04:39:13,700
Archaeologists have found 
evidence that ancient Egyptians 

5049
04:39:13,700 --> 04:39:17,400
sometimes cheated at Senate. 
Some board show where patterns 

5050
04:39:17,400 --> 04:39:20,300
suggesting people move their 
pieces in ways that didn't quite

5051
04:39:20,300 --> 04:39:23,700
match the rules even 4,000 years
ago. 

5052
04:39:23,700 --> 04:39:26,800
Some competitive player was 
trying to sneak an extra Square 

5053
04:39:26,800 --> 04:39:28,900
when their opponent wasn't 
looking carefully. 

5054
04:39:29,900 --> 04:39:32,700
Ancient China developed its own 
Rich gaming Traditions. 

5055
04:39:32,700 --> 04:39:39,700
Go known as wakey wakey in 
Chinese emerged over 2,500 years

5056
04:39:39,700 --> 04:39:42,300
ago and is still played today 
with a century. 

5057
04:39:42,300 --> 04:39:46,700
Unchanged rules making it 
possibly the oldest continuously

5058
04:39:46,700 --> 04:39:48,400
played board game in human 
history. 

5059
04:39:49,800 --> 04:39:53,900
The game's elegant is deceiving 
played on a grid with black and 

5060
04:39:53,900 --> 04:39:57,200
white stones. 
It looks simple, but contains 

5061
04:39:57,200 --> 04:40:01,600
such strategic depth that modern
computers only recently learned 

5062
04:40:01,600 --> 04:40:04,700
to beat Master players. 
Go was considered one of the 

5063
04:40:04,700 --> 04:40:07,800
four Arts of the Chinese 
scholar, alongside calligraphy, 

5064
04:40:07,800 --> 04:40:12,000
painting and music. 
This elevated games from Mere 

5065
04:40:12,000 --> 04:40:13,900
entertainment to cultural 
refinement. 

5066
04:40:14,700 --> 04:40:17,200
Learning to play go. 
Well, was seen as developing, 

5067
04:40:17,200 --> 04:40:20,200
mental discipline, strategic 
thinking, and even moral 

5068
04:40:20,200 --> 04:40:23,400
character. 
The game became a metaphor for 

5069
04:40:23,400 --> 04:40:27,000
life itself. 
You can't control everything you

5070
04:40:27,000 --> 04:40:30,800
must work with what you have. 
And sometimes sacrificing, small

5071
04:40:30,800 --> 04:40:33,000
advantages leads to Greater 
victories. 

5072
04:40:33,700 --> 04:40:36,900
The ancient Greeks and Romans 
never ones to be left out of 

5073
04:40:36,900 --> 04:40:39,700
cultural Innovations had their 
own gaming traditions. 

5074
04:40:40,800 --> 04:40:44,200
They played dice games in 
enthusiastically, perhaps two 

5075
04:40:44,200 --> 04:40:47,300
enthusiastically as both 
cultures had laws against 

5076
04:40:47,300 --> 04:40:50,800
gambling in public places, which
naturally meant people did it 

5077
04:40:50,800 --> 04:40:53,800
anyway. 
Just more discreetly Roman 

5078
04:40:53,800 --> 04:40:56,800
soldiers stationed at outposts 
across their vast, Empire 

5079
04:40:56,800 --> 04:41:00,500
scratched game boards into stone
surfaces wherever they were 

5080
04:41:00,500 --> 04:41:03,100
stationed. 
You can still see these boards 

5081
04:41:03,100 --> 04:41:06,400
today, at Hadrian's Wall in 
Britain, at Desert forts in 

5082
04:41:06,400 --> 04:41:09,500
North Africa and at Garrison 
sites throughout Europe. 

5083
04:41:10,300 --> 04:41:14,400
Imagine Roman soldiers, far from
home, finding comfort, and 

5084
04:41:14,400 --> 04:41:17,200
camaraderie in games that 
connected them to their culture 

5085
04:41:17,200 --> 04:41:19,800
and to each other. 
The Romans all. 

5086
04:41:19,800 --> 04:41:22,800
So loved a dice game called 
tesserae testeri. 

5087
04:41:23,500 --> 04:41:26,200
Which was remarkably similar to 
Modern dice games. 

5088
04:41:26,900 --> 04:41:30,700
They had expressions like to 
play with dice as a metaphor for

5089
04:41:30,708 --> 04:41:33,300
taking risks. 
The same way, we might say, 

5090
04:41:33,300 --> 04:41:35,800
someone is rolling the dice on a
decision today. 

5091
04:41:36,800 --> 04:41:39,700
What's particularly touching 
about these ancient games is how

5092
04:41:39,700 --> 04:41:43,800
they reveal, Universal human 
desires that transcend time and 

5093
04:41:43,800 --> 04:41:47,300
culture. 
The Mesopotamian Merchant, the 

5094
04:41:47,300 --> 04:41:51,400
Egyptian priests, the Chinese 
scholar and the Roman soldier. 

5095
04:41:52,200 --> 04:41:54,900
They all wanted the same things 
from their games that you want 

5096
04:41:54,900 --> 04:41:58,700
from yours challenge 
entertainment, social 

5097
04:41:58,700 --> 04:42:01,200
connection. 
And those satisfying moments 

5098
04:42:01,200 --> 04:42:03,900
when strategy and luck aligned 
to deliver victory. 

5099
04:42:05,300 --> 04:42:08,200
As you drift towards sleep 
picture, these ancient game 

5100
04:42:08,200 --> 04:42:11,300
players, the materials they used
might have been different 

5101
04:42:11,300 --> 04:42:16,400
carved, Stone in stead of molded
plastic painted wood, instead of

5102
04:42:16,400 --> 04:42:20,300
printed cardboard. 
But the emotions were identical.

5103
04:42:21,300 --> 04:42:26,100
Concentration, the excitement of
a good move, the grown of bad 

5104
04:42:26,100 --> 04:42:29,300
luck. 
The satisfaction of outsmarting 

5105
04:42:29,300 --> 04:42:31,500
an opponent. 
The laugh laughter when 

5106
04:42:31,500 --> 04:42:37,000
something unexpected happened. 
Across thousands of years games,

5107
04:42:37,000 --> 04:42:40,500
create a continuous thread of 
shared Human Experience. 

5108
04:42:41,100 --> 04:42:45,500
Let's move forward in time to 
Medieval Europe, roughly 1,015, 

5109
04:42:45,500 --> 04:42:50,100
CE picture, a world lit by 
candles and firelight were 

5110
04:42:50,100 --> 04:42:52,600
entertainment options were 
limited compared to today's 

5111
04:42:52,600 --> 04:42:56,300
endless streaming services and 
digital distractions. 

5112
04:42:57,200 --> 04:43:00,000
Yet people in the Middle, Ages 
were no less eager for amusement

5113
04:43:00,000 --> 04:43:04,000
and competition than we are. if 
anything games mattered more 

5114
04:43:04,000 --> 04:43:06,700
because they were one of the few
reliable sources of 

5115
04:43:06,700 --> 04:43:10,700
entertainment, Chess arrived in 
medieval Europe around the 10th 

5116
04:43:10,700 --> 04:43:14,200
Century, traveling along, trade 
routes from Persia, where it was

5117
04:43:14,208 --> 04:43:18,800
called shatranj and ultimately 
originating in India. 

5118
04:43:18,800 --> 04:43:23,200
Centuries earlier as chaturanga,
chaturanga, The game's journey 

5119
04:43:23,200 --> 04:43:27,200
across continents took hundreds 
of years, with rules of evolving

5120
04:43:27,200 --> 04:43:29,700
and pieces transforming to fit 
each new culture. 

5121
04:43:30,800 --> 04:43:34,600
European medieval Society saw 
chess as a perfect symbolic 

5122
04:43:34,600 --> 04:43:40,200
representation of their feudal 
world. king queen Bishops 

5123
04:43:40,200 --> 04:43:44,400
nights, Castle's and porins 
mirrored, the social hierarchy 

5124
04:43:44,400 --> 04:43:48,900
they lived Within Playing chess 
became associated with nobility 

5125
04:43:48,900 --> 04:43:52,100
and education. 
Kings and queens played it 

5126
04:43:52,100 --> 04:43:56,700
clergy studied it and knights 
practiced it to sharpen their 

5127
04:43:56,700 --> 04:43:59,900
strategic Minds. 
The medieval version of Chess 

5128
04:43:59,900 --> 04:44:03,800
was slower than modern chess. 
The queen originally a piece 

5129
04:44:03,800 --> 04:44:07,000
called the advisor. 
Could only move one square 

5130
04:44:07,000 --> 04:44:10,800
diagonally, Imagine how 
frustrating that must have been 

5131
04:44:10,800 --> 04:44:14,400
compared to the powerful Queen. 
We know today, who can sweep 

5132
04:44:14,400 --> 04:44:19,400
across the board in any 
direction The game, underwent a 

5133
04:44:19,400 --> 04:44:21,600
major revolution in the 15th 
century Spain. 

5134
04:44:21,600 --> 04:44:25,500
When the Queen's Powers were 
dramatically increased creating 

5135
04:44:25,500 --> 04:44:29,800
the game, we recognize today. 
Manuscript illumination from the

5136
04:44:29,800 --> 04:44:31,900
period often show people playing
chess. 

5137
04:44:32,700 --> 04:44:36,200
In one famous image, a knight 
and a lady play chess while 

5138
04:44:36,200 --> 04:44:39,200
servants. 
Attend them in another two monks

5139
04:44:39,200 --> 04:44:43,100
played by candlelight These 
images, tell us that chess 

5140
04:44:43,100 --> 04:44:46,900
transcended, social boundaries 
or at least provided one of the 

5141
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:50,000
few spaces where people from 
different classes might interact

5142
04:44:50,000 --> 04:44:53,000
as equals United by the rules of
the game. 

5143
04:44:54,300 --> 04:44:56,500
But Medieval Europe, wasn't just
about Chess. 

5144
04:44:56,500 --> 04:44:59,900
Common, people who couldn't 
necessarily afford elaborate 

5145
04:44:59,900 --> 04:45:02,200
game sets, created their own 
entertainment. 

5146
04:45:03,800 --> 04:45:07,400
Nine men's Morris. 
Astr game played on a grid, 

5147
04:45:07,400 --> 04:45:11,700
could be scratched into wood 
stone or even dirt. 

5148
04:45:12,900 --> 04:45:16,100
Boards for this game, have been 
found carved into church pews 

5149
04:45:16,100 --> 04:45:19,400
and Monastery walls, suggesting 
that even during religious 

5150
04:45:19,400 --> 04:45:22,000
Services, some Minds wandered 
toward play. 

5151
04:45:23,200 --> 04:45:25,200
Dice games, remained popular 
throughout. 

5152
04:45:25,200 --> 04:45:29,500
The medieval period, despite 
repeated attempts by both church

5153
04:45:29,500 --> 04:45:33,400
and secular authorities to ban 
them, particularly when played 

5154
04:45:33,400 --> 04:45:37,800
for money, Students of these 
prohibitions tells us something 

5155
04:45:37,800 --> 04:45:40,600
important people kept playing 
anyway. 

5156
04:45:41,700 --> 04:45:45,000
The medieval love of games was 
stronger than any decree, could 

5157
04:45:45,000 --> 04:45:48,800
suppress backgammon or rather 
its medieval ancestor called 

5158
04:45:48,800 --> 04:45:53,700
tables was enormously popular. 
The game combined the Strategic 

5159
04:45:53,700 --> 04:45:56,900
element of piece placement, with
the random element of dice rolls

5160
04:45:56,900 --> 04:46:00,900
a combination that has proven 
irresistible to humans across 

5161
04:46:00,900 --> 04:46:03,800
cultures. 
Medieval Travelers would carry 

5162
04:46:03,800 --> 04:46:07,800
portable game balls and ins 
often provided boards for guests

5163
04:46:07,800 --> 04:46:11,100
much like hotels. 
Today might provide chess sets 

5164
04:46:11,100 --> 04:46:15,200
or card games in their lobbies. 
Children's games in the medieval

5165
04:46:15,200 --> 04:46:16,500
period included. 
Many. 

5166
04:46:16,500 --> 04:46:17,800
That would look for familiar 
today. 

5167
04:46:18,400 --> 04:46:21,400
They played with dolls, whoops, 
bulls and toys. 

5168
04:46:21,400 --> 04:46:23,600
They played tag and hide and 
seek. 

5169
04:46:23,600 --> 04:46:28,000
They played games with rhymes 
and songs that in some cases 

5170
04:46:28,000 --> 04:46:31,300
have survived to the present day
with remarkably little change. 

5171
04:46:32,100 --> 04:46:34,600
Ring Around the Rosie. 
Might have medieval Origins 

5172
04:46:34,600 --> 04:46:37,600
though. 
Historians debate, this Outdoor 

5173
04:46:37,600 --> 04:46:40,100
games were particularly 
important in an era. 

5174
04:46:40,100 --> 04:46:43,200
When most people worked out side
and children had far more 

5175
04:46:43,200 --> 04:46:47,700
freedom to roam than modern kids
typically enjoy Archery, 

5176
04:46:47,700 --> 04:46:51,200
contests wrestling matches and 
various ball games provided 

5177
04:46:51,200 --> 04:46:54,100
entertainment and helped people 
maintain skills. 

5178
04:46:54,100 --> 04:46:56,500
That might prove useful in 
Warfare or hunting. 

5179
04:46:58,000 --> 04:47:01,900
The nobility enjoyed hunting 
which they considered both Sport

5180
04:47:01,900 --> 04:47:05,400
and training for combat. 
They developed elaborate rules 

5181
04:47:05,400 --> 04:47:08,600
and rituals around hunting, 
turning it into a sophisticated 

5182
04:47:08,600 --> 04:47:11,900
game with its own etiquette and 
scoring system. 

5183
04:47:13,100 --> 04:47:17,000
Falconry hunting with trained. 
Birds of Prey was particularly 

5184
04:47:17,000 --> 04:47:20,400
prestigious and had rules as 
complex as any board game. 

5185
04:47:21,300 --> 04:47:24,800
festivals and holy days, brought
special games and contests 

5186
04:47:25,600 --> 04:47:28,600
Villages would compete in 
everything from races to 

5187
04:47:28,600 --> 04:47:32,300
strength, competitions. 
These events, served important, 

5188
04:47:32,300 --> 04:47:36,200
social functions, allowing 
communities to bond showing off 

5189
04:47:36,200 --> 04:47:39,600
skills, and providing young 
people with opportunities to 

5190
04:47:39,600 --> 04:47:44,100
impress potential partners. 
Games weren't just individual 

5191
04:47:44,100 --> 04:47:46,800
entertainment. 
They were social glue holding 

5192
04:47:46,800 --> 04:47:50,000
communities together. 
One particularly interesting, 

5193
04:47:50,000 --> 04:47:53,100
medieval development was the 
emergence of card games. 

5194
04:47:53,900 --> 04:47:56,700
Playing cards reached Europe 
from the Islamic World by the 

5195
04:47:56,700 --> 04:47:59,900
14th century and there are 
arrival created something of a 

5196
04:47:59,908 --> 04:48:03,300
sensation. 
Here was a game system that was 

5197
04:48:03,300 --> 04:48:07,600
portable endlessly variable and 
accessible to people at all, 

5198
04:48:07,600 --> 04:48:10,900
economic levels. 
You could play cards in a castle

5199
04:48:10,900 --> 04:48:13,100
or a Tavern while traveling, or 
at home. 

5200
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:16,600
Early playing cards were 
hand-painted and expensive 

5201
04:48:16,600 --> 04:48:19,100
available, only to wealthy 
individuals. 

5202
04:48:20,000 --> 04:48:22,900
But printing technology soon, 
made them affordable for common 

5203
04:48:22,900 --> 04:48:27,200
people, the democratization of 
card games represented, an 

5204
04:48:27,200 --> 04:48:30,500
important shift entertainment 
that once belonged only to the 

5205
04:48:30,500 --> 04:48:32,400
elite became available to 
everyone. 

5206
04:48:33,200 --> 04:48:36,400
The medieval period teachers us 
that gains adapt to their 

5207
04:48:36,400 --> 04:48:40,500
cultural context. 
Chess reflected feudal society 

5208
04:48:40,500 --> 04:48:43,700
structure. 
Card games, spread followed 

5209
04:48:43,700 --> 04:48:45,700
trade routes and technological 
innovation. 

5210
04:48:46,400 --> 04:48:48,900
Children's games, mixed 
education with entertainment 

5211
04:48:48,900 --> 04:48:51,800
teaching skills, while providing
fun. 

5212
04:48:52,600 --> 04:48:56,200
And through it all authorities, 
tried and failed to control how 

5213
04:48:56,200 --> 04:49:00,300
and when people played because 
the human need for play refuses 

5214
04:49:00,300 --> 04:49:03,800
to be regulated away. 
A sleep draws closer. 

5215
04:49:03,800 --> 04:49:06,200
Imagine a medieval Hall on a 
winter. 

5216
04:49:06,200 --> 04:49:11,600
Evening outside is dark and cold
inside firelight flickers, 

5217
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:15,100
casting moving Shadows. 
At a table. 

5218
04:49:15,108 --> 04:49:19,300
Two people focus on a chest game
While others watch commenting on

5219
04:49:19,300 --> 04:49:22,200
moves and strategies. 
In a corner. 

5220
04:49:22,200 --> 04:49:25,800
Dice rattle in. 
Someone's hands children play a 

5221
04:49:25,800 --> 04:49:28,500
clapping game. 
Their rhythmic sounds mixing 

5222
04:49:28,500 --> 04:49:32,000
with adult conversation. 
Scene is hundreds of years old, 

5223
04:49:32,000 --> 04:49:37,300
but the feeling it creates 
warmth companionship engagement 

5224
04:49:37,300 --> 04:49:42,100
is timeless. 
Let's step into the 18th and 

5225
04:49:42,100 --> 04:49:45,900
19th century is now in to an Era
when the middle class was 

5226
04:49:45,900 --> 04:49:49,500
expanding and domestic life was 
becoming more structured. 

5227
04:49:49,500 --> 04:49:54,900
And in many ways more formal 
this was the age of parlor games

5228
04:49:54,900 --> 04:49:58,900
entertainment that took place in
the Holmes, most refined space, 

5229
04:49:58,900 --> 04:50:02,800
The Parlor, or drawing room, 
where families and friends 

5230
04:50:02,800 --> 04:50:06,200
gathered for socially 
acceptable, amusement The 

5231
04:50:06,200 --> 04:50:09,000
victorians in particular, were 
enthusiastic game players. 

5232
04:50:09,000 --> 04:50:12,600
They lived in an era that valued
both self-improvement and 

5233
04:50:12,600 --> 04:50:16,200
entertainment and games fit 
perfectly into this worldview. 

5234
04:50:16,200 --> 04:50:20,200
A proper parlor game should be 
mentally stimulating, but not 

5235
04:50:20,200 --> 04:50:24,600
too challenging, socially 
engaging, but not improper an 

5236
04:50:24,600 --> 04:50:28,500
amusing but not crude. 
Charades became wildly popular 

5237
04:50:28,500 --> 04:50:31,900
during the Sierra, the game 
required nothing but imagination

5238
04:50:31,900 --> 04:50:34,400
and willing. 
Participants, perfect for 

5239
04:50:34,400 --> 04:50:36,900
evening entertainment when 
families and visitors gathered, 

5240
04:50:37,700 --> 04:50:41,600
Players would silently act out 
words phrases or titles, While 

5241
04:50:41,600 --> 04:50:45,100
others guessed. 
The game combined, creativity, 

5242
04:50:45,100 --> 04:50:48,800
performance, and mental agility,
all within the bounds of 

5243
04:50:48,800 --> 04:50:52,200
respectable Behavior. 
What's particularly Charming 

5244
04:50:52,200 --> 04:50:55,000
about Victorian trades is how 
seriously people took them. 

5245
04:50:55,000 --> 04:50:58,000
There are counts of elaborate 
preparations with players 

5246
04:50:58,000 --> 04:51:01,300
sometimes creating costumes or 
props specifically for their 

5247
04:51:01,300 --> 04:51:05,100
performance is Victorians might 
have valued restraint and 

5248
04:51:05,100 --> 04:51:09,000
propriety in public, but in the 
privacy of their parlors, they 

5249
04:51:09,000 --> 04:51:11,800
were perfectly willing to make 
fools of themselves for 

5250
04:51:11,800 --> 04:51:14,900
entertainment. 
Word games flourished during 

5251
04:51:14,908 --> 04:51:18,500
this period. 
Across sticks, where words are 

5252
04:51:18,500 --> 04:51:21,700
formed from the first letters of
other words became popular 

5253
04:51:21,700 --> 04:51:25,400
puzzle entertainment. 
Anagrams, challenge players to 

5254
04:51:25,400 --> 04:51:27,700
rearrange, letters to form new 
words. 

5255
04:51:28,500 --> 04:51:31,300
These games appealed to an 
educated middle-class that 

5256
04:51:31,300 --> 04:51:35,100
valued literacy and clever 
wordplay the 19th century. 

5257
04:51:35,100 --> 04:51:38,000
Also saw the emergence of 
commercial board games as we 

5258
04:51:38,000 --> 04:51:42,100
know them today. 
The Game of Life created in 1860

5259
04:51:42,100 --> 04:51:46,100
by Milton Bradley was explicitly
designed to teach moral lessons 

5260
04:51:46,100 --> 04:51:50,500
about making good choices. 
Players move through life stages

5261
04:51:50,500 --> 04:51:54,400
with virtuous decisions, leading
to happiness and poor choices. 

5262
04:51:54,400 --> 04:51:57,800
Resulting in setbacks It was 
entertainment with an 

5263
04:51:57,800 --> 04:52:01,200
educational purpose. 
Very Victorian indeed. 

5264
04:52:02,400 --> 04:52:05,500
Publishers began producing a 
labret board game with colorful 

5265
04:52:05,500 --> 04:52:09,400
printed boards detailed rules 
and specific themes. 

5266
04:52:10,300 --> 04:52:14,200
Many games focused on travel and
exploration reflecting an era 

5267
04:52:14,200 --> 04:52:16,900
when Railways and steamships 
were opening up the world. 

5268
04:52:17,800 --> 04:52:21,400
Games like the continent and 
journey through Europe. 

5269
04:52:21,400 --> 04:52:25,300
Let players imaginatively travel
to places they might never 

5270
04:52:25,300 --> 04:52:28,700
actually visit these travel 
games reveal something 

5271
04:52:28,700 --> 04:52:31,300
interesting about the 
relationship between games and 

5272
04:52:31,300 --> 04:52:34,800
reality. 
For Victorian players, a board 

5273
04:52:34,800 --> 04:52:38,400
game about traveling to India or
crossing America might be the 

5274
04:52:38,400 --> 04:52:40,700
closest they ever came to such 
Adventures. 

5275
04:52:41,600 --> 04:52:45,100
Games provided safe, affordable 
ways to experience exciting 

5276
04:52:45,100 --> 04:52:46,900
scenarios from the comfort of 
home. 

5277
04:52:47,700 --> 04:52:49,900
Card games. 
Evolved significantly during 

5278
04:52:49,900 --> 04:52:55,200
this period whist a trick-taking
game that required four players 

5279
04:52:55,200 --> 04:52:58,200
in two Partnerships became 
enormously popular. 

5280
04:52:59,300 --> 04:53:01,100
Was considered intellectually 
respectable. 

5281
04:53:02,200 --> 04:53:05,600
Serious whist players formed 
clubs and competed in 

5282
04:53:05,600 --> 04:53:08,900
tournaments with the same 
gravity that others brought to 

5283
04:53:08,900 --> 04:53:12,900
business or politics. 
Bridge evolved from West in the 

5284
04:53:12,908 --> 04:53:16,000
late 19th century, adding 
bidding and more complex 

5285
04:53:16,000 --> 04:53:19,300
strategy. 
Within decades Bridge became a 

5286
04:53:19,300 --> 04:53:22,200
cultural phenomenon, 
particularly among educated 

5287
04:53:22,200 --> 04:53:25,400
middle, and upper classes. 
The game required memory. 

5288
04:53:25,400 --> 04:53:29,600
Mathematical calculation 
partnership, cooperation, and 

5289
04:53:29,600 --> 04:53:32,400
strategic thinking Playing 
bridge. 

5290
04:53:32,400 --> 04:53:35,000
Well, was seen as a mark of 
intelligence and sophistication.

5291
04:53:36,300 --> 04:53:39,300
Jigsaw puzzles emerged as 
popular entertainment during 

5292
04:53:39,300 --> 04:53:42,300
this era. 
Originally created by cutting 

5293
04:53:42,300 --> 04:53:46,500
Maps into pieces for educational
purposes, puzzles, evolved into 

5294
04:53:46,500 --> 04:53:49,500
increasingly complex images 
designed purely for 

5295
04:53:49,500 --> 04:53:52,500
entertainment. 
Families would work on puzzles. 

5296
04:53:52,500 --> 04:53:54,500
Together during Long. 
Winter evenings. 

5297
04:53:54,500 --> 04:53:58,500
Combining solitary focus with 
companionable silence. 

5298
04:53:59,600 --> 04:54:02,500
Parlor magic and illusion also 
became popular Home 

5299
04:54:02,500 --> 04:54:05,000
Entertainment. 
Simple magic tricks. 

5300
04:54:05,000 --> 04:54:07,900
That could be performed with 
household objects filled books, 

5301
04:54:07,900 --> 04:54:11,200
marketed to families seeking new
forms of amusement. 

5302
04:54:12,300 --> 04:54:15,000
The person who could entertain 
guests with clever tricks, 

5303
04:54:15,000 --> 04:54:17,200
became a valued addition to 
social gatherings. 

5304
04:54:18,300 --> 04:54:22,400
Victorian children had their own
games many commercials for the 

5305
04:54:22,408 --> 04:54:26,700
first time Pick Up Sticks. 
Marbles Jacks and spinning tops 

5306
04:54:26,700 --> 04:54:29,600
were manufactured and marketed 
specifically for children. 

5307
04:54:30,600 --> 04:54:33,400
This represented a shift in how 
childhood was viewed. 

5308
04:54:33,400 --> 04:54:37,800
No longer just miniature. 
Adults children were recognized 

5309
04:54:37,800 --> 04:54:39,900
as deserving. 
Their own appropriate forms of 

5310
04:54:39,900 --> 04:54:42,800
play. 
The 19th century also saw the 

5311
04:54:42,800 --> 04:54:46,100
birth of modern sports rules 
games that had been played 

5312
04:54:46,100 --> 04:54:49,800
informally for Generations. 
Received standardized rules that

5313
04:54:49,800 --> 04:54:51,200
allowed for organized 
competition. 

5314
04:54:52,100 --> 04:54:55,600
Baseball football, both American
and Association. 

5315
04:54:56,300 --> 04:54:59,800
Tennis and many other sports 
develop their modern forms 

5316
04:54:59,800 --> 04:55:03,000
during this period. 
What had been local variations 

5317
04:55:03,000 --> 04:55:05,500
became unified games? 
That could be played the same 

5318
04:55:05,500 --> 04:55:09,500
way across distances. 
This standardization was enabled

5319
04:55:09,500 --> 04:55:11,900
by improvements in communication
and transportation. 

5320
04:55:12,900 --> 04:55:16,400
People could read about sports 
and newspapers travel to watch 

5321
04:55:16,408 --> 04:55:20,100
matches and forms that competed 
across regions. 

5322
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:24,200
Games were becoming not just 
local pastimes, but shared 

5323
04:55:24,200 --> 04:55:27,200
cultural experiences that 
connected communities across 

5324
04:55:27,200 --> 04:55:30,800
geographical boundaries. 
One, particularly interesting 

5325
04:55:30,800 --> 04:55:34,600
development was the emergence of
games, explicitly designed for 

5326
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:38,000
mixed company. 
Men and women playing together. 

5327
04:55:38,900 --> 04:55:41,900
In an era, when social 
interactions between Sexes were 

5328
04:55:41,900 --> 04:55:45,900
carefully, regulated games 
provided acceptable context for 

5329
04:55:45,900 --> 04:55:48,600
interaction. 
The young man and woman might 

5330
04:55:48,600 --> 04:55:51,500
not be permitted time alone 
together but they could 

5331
04:55:51,500 --> 04:55:54,100
certainly be partners in a game 
of whist or charade. 

5332
04:55:55,400 --> 04:55:58,500
The Parlor game era, reminds us 
that games reflect their social 

5333
04:55:58,500 --> 04:56:01,900
context. 
Victorian games emphasized, 

5334
04:56:01,900 --> 04:56:04,700
propriety education, and 
controlled excitement. 

5335
04:56:05,700 --> 04:56:08,200
They created structured 
opportunities for social 

5336
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:12,700
interaction within acceptable 
boundaries they provided mental 

5337
04:56:12,700 --> 04:56:15,900
stimulation during an era that 
valued intellectual Improvement.

5338
04:56:16,800 --> 04:56:19,600
And they helped Define and 
reinforce class identities, 

5339
04:56:19,600 --> 04:56:23,000
knowing the rules of proper 
games, was part of being 

5340
04:56:23,000 --> 04:56:26,300
properly middle class. 
As you nestled deeper into your 

5341
04:56:26,308 --> 04:56:29,900
blankets, imagine a Victorian 
drawing room on a rainy 

5342
04:56:29,900 --> 04:56:32,300
afternoon. 
Gaslight illuminates. 

5343
04:56:32,300 --> 04:56:36,200
The space. 
A fire crackles in the half at a

5344
04:56:36,200 --> 04:56:38,000
table. 
Four people concentrate on their

5345
04:56:38,000 --> 04:56:41,200
whist hands. 
In another Corner children are 

5346
04:56:41,200 --> 04:56:43,900
utterly absorbed in a board game
about traveling through Africa. 

5347
04:56:44,900 --> 04:56:47,700
Someone sits near the window 
working on a jigsaw puzzle. 

5348
04:56:48,400 --> 04:56:51,300
The rain outside makes the 
warmth and companionship inside 

5349
04:56:51,300 --> 04:56:54,500
feel more precious. 
It's a scene from another era, 

5350
04:56:54,500 --> 04:56:57,500
but the Comfort. 
It describes feels entirely 

5351
04:56:57,500 --> 04:57:00,900
familiar. 
The 20th century transformed 

5352
04:57:00,900 --> 04:57:03,700
games in ways that would have 
seemed like magic to our 

5353
04:57:03,700 --> 04:57:05,200
Victorian parlor, gameplay 
players. 

5354
04:57:06,500 --> 04:57:10,700
Let's trace this remarkable 
Evolution from the early 1900s 

5355
04:57:10,700 --> 04:57:13,600
through the digital Revolution, 
that fundamentally changed. 

5356
04:57:13,600 --> 04:57:16,600
What games could be. 
The early Decades of the century

5357
04:57:16,600 --> 04:57:19,800
saw board games. 
Become big business, Parker 

5358
04:57:19,800 --> 04:57:21,900
Brothers, and Milton Bradley 
weren't just companies. 

5359
04:57:21,900 --> 04:57:24,700
They were cultural institutions 
producing games. 

5360
04:57:24,700 --> 04:57:28,600
That would become household 
names Monopoly introduced in the

5361
04:57:28,600 --> 04:57:30,400
1930s, during the Great 
Depression. 

5362
04:57:30,400 --> 04:57:33,600
Let players buy and sell 
property in an era when many 

5363
04:57:33,608 --> 04:57:35,200
people were losing their real 
homes. 

5364
04:57:36,000 --> 04:57:38,700
There's something both poignant 
and therapeutic about that. 

5365
04:57:39,600 --> 04:57:41,500
Monopolies origin, stories 
itself. 

5366
04:57:41,500 --> 04:57:45,400
Fascinating the game evolved 
from earlier versions designed 

5367
04:57:45,400 --> 04:57:49,000
to demonstrate economic 
principles by the time, it 

5368
04:57:49,000 --> 04:57:51,400
became the version. 
We know with its properties 

5369
04:57:51,400 --> 04:57:55,300
named after Atlantic city 
streets, it combined just enough

5370
04:57:55,300 --> 04:57:58,500
luck and strategy to keep 
players engaged while allowing 

5371
04:57:58,500 --> 04:58:03,400
anyone to potentially win. 
Family arguments over Monopoly. 

5372
04:58:03,400 --> 04:58:06,900
Have been a consistent feature 
of American life for nearly a 

5373
04:58:06,900 --> 04:58:09,600
century. 
Scrabble appeared in 1938 

5374
04:58:09,600 --> 04:58:13,200
created by an unemployed 
architect who was essentially 

5375
04:58:13,200 --> 04:58:15,300
killing time by inventing a word
game. 

5376
04:58:15,300 --> 04:58:20,000
It combined vocabulary knowledge
with spatial strategy and a 

5377
04:58:20,000 --> 04:58:21,800
healthy dose of luck in letter 
drawing. 

5378
04:58:22,800 --> 04:58:25,500
The game became a cultural 
phenomenon, spawning 

5379
04:58:25,500 --> 04:58:29,400
tournaments, clubs and heated, 
family debates about whether 

5380
04:58:29,400 --> 04:58:31,300
certain words are actually in 
the dictionary. 

5381
04:58:32,800 --> 04:58:36,000
The post-world War 2 era saw an 
explosion of board game 

5382
04:58:36,008 --> 04:58:37,900
development. 
Risk. 

5383
04:58:37,900 --> 04:58:40,200
Lets players command armies 
across a world map. 

5384
04:58:40,800 --> 04:58:44,200
Clue combined logic with 
narrative, turning players into 

5385
04:58:44,200 --> 04:58:46,200
detective, solving a murder 
mystery. 

5386
04:58:47,000 --> 04:58:49,300
These games were more 
thematically elaborate than 

5387
04:58:49,300 --> 04:58:52,600
earlier board games telling 
stories as players move through 

5388
04:58:52,600 --> 04:58:55,100
them. 
Televisions arrival, change 

5389
04:58:55,100 --> 04:58:59,500
gaming culture significantly. 
Game shows brought competitive 

5390
04:58:59,500 --> 04:59:03,100
play into millions of homes 
making Ordinary People into 

5391
04:59:03,100 --> 04:59:06,300
temporary celebrities and 
demonstrating the games. 

5392
04:59:06,300 --> 04:59:09,200
Could be spectator. 
Entertainment not just 

5393
04:59:09,200 --> 04:59:13,300
participant activity. 
Children watched concentration 

5394
04:59:13,300 --> 04:59:17,800
or password with their families 
and then created home versions 

5395
04:59:17,800 --> 04:59:21,500
of these games during playtime. 
But the real Revolution was 

5396
04:59:21,500 --> 04:59:24,500
brewing in University, computer 
labs and Engineering departments

5397
04:59:24,500 --> 04:59:30,000
in the 1950s and 60s computer 
scientists and Engineers began, 

5398
04:59:30,000 --> 04:59:33,400
creating simple games on the 
massive mainframe computers of 

5399
04:59:33,408 --> 04:59:36,300
the era, These weren't 
commercial products. 

5400
04:59:36,300 --> 04:59:40,500
They were experiments often 
created during off-hours by 

5401
04:59:40,500 --> 04:59:42,700
people exploring what these new 
machines could do. 

5402
04:59:44,000 --> 04:59:49,400
Space war created in 1962 at MIT
is often considered one of the 

5403
04:59:49,400 --> 04:59:52,800
first true video games. 
Two players controlled 

5404
04:59:52,800 --> 04:59:55,600
spaceships trying to shoot each 
other while avoiding a gravity. 

5405
04:59:55,600 --> 04:59:58,100
Well, in the center of the 
screen, the graphics were 

5406
04:59:58,100 --> 05:00:00,800
primitive. 
Just white lines on a black 

5407
05:00:00,800 --> 05:00:03,900
screen but the game was 
captivating enough that it 

5408
05:00:03,900 --> 05:00:06,900
spread to other research 
institutions played by 

5409
05:00:06,900 --> 05:00:10,400
scientists and students, who 
should probably have been doing 

5410
05:00:10,400 --> 05:00:12,700
other things. 
The leap from University 

5411
05:00:12,700 --> 05:00:15,200
mainframes to home. 
Entertainment, took another 

5412
05:00:15,200 --> 05:00:21,200
decade, In 1972, pong arrived. 
A simple tennis simulation with 

5413
05:00:21,200 --> 05:00:24,600
two paddles and a square ball, 
bouncing between them. 

5414
05:00:25,500 --> 05:00:28,700
The game was so basic that it's 
almost laughable by modern 

5415
05:00:28,700 --> 05:00:30,900
standards, it proved something 
crucial. 

5416
05:00:31,900 --> 05:00:33,900
People would pay to play 
electronic games. 

5417
05:00:34,800 --> 05:00:39,300
Home video game consoles. 
Followed the Atari 2600 released

5418
05:00:39,300 --> 05:00:42,600
in 1977 brought. 
Our Cade experience is in to 

5419
05:00:42,600 --> 05:00:45,200
living rooms. 
Suddenly the same games, you 

5420
05:00:45,200 --> 05:00:47,800
pumped quarters into at the 
arcade, could be played at home 

5421
05:00:47,800 --> 05:00:51,000
anytime you want it. 
The graphics were barely 

5422
05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:54,200
recognizable as what they were 
supposed to represent the 

5423
05:00:54,200 --> 05:00:56,300
adventure. 
Game's Dragon looked more like a

5424
05:00:56,300 --> 05:00:59,700
duck. 
But players imaginations filled 

5425
05:00:59,700 --> 05:01:02,700
in the gaps. 
The early 1980s saw video games 

5426
05:01:02,700 --> 05:01:06,700
explode into mainstream culture.
Pac-Man became a global 

5427
05:01:06,700 --> 05:01:10,100
phenomenon that transcended 
gaming. the character appeared 

5428
05:01:10,100 --> 05:01:13,400
on t-shirts, lunchboxes and 
Saturday morning cartoons, 

5429
05:01:14,100 --> 05:01:17,200
People who didn't play games, 
new Pac-Man, the game. 

5430
05:01:17,200 --> 05:01:20,400
Simple premise. 
Navigator maze, eating dots, 

5431
05:01:20,400 --> 05:01:23,500
while avoiding ghosts proved 
universally appealing. 

5432
05:01:24,500 --> 05:01:28,600
Cades became social spaces where
teenagers gathered creating 

5433
05:01:28,600 --> 05:01:30,800
communities around competitive 
play. 

5434
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:34,400
High score tables gave player 
status and recognition. 

5435
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:37,800
The best players became local 
celebrities. 

5436
05:01:39,000 --> 05:01:41,800
There's something beautifully 
Democratic about Arcade culture.

5437
05:01:41,800 --> 05:01:45,300
Your skill mattered. 
Not your background or 

5438
05:01:45,300 --> 05:01:48,000
resources. 
Everyone started with the same 

5439
05:01:48,000 --> 05:01:51,600
number of lives. 
Home computers in the 1980s. 

5440
05:01:51,600 --> 05:01:55,500
Open new gaming possibilities, 
text based adventure games, like

5441
05:01:55,500 --> 05:01:59,300
Zork created elaborate worlds. 
Using only words challenging 

5442
05:01:59,300 --> 05:02:03,600
players to type commands, like 
go north or take lamp. 

5443
05:02:04,400 --> 05:02:07,200
These games required reading 
comprehension and Imagination. 

5444
05:02:07,200 --> 05:02:10,500
Combining literature with 
interactivity in ways that 

5445
05:02:10,500 --> 05:02:14,800
preceded, modern narrative 
gaming, The Nintendo 

5446
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:18,400
Entertainment System released in
1985 save the video game 

5447
05:02:18,400 --> 05:02:21,200
industry. 
After a major crash, an 

5448
05:02:21,200 --> 05:02:23,700
introduced characters that would
become cultural icons. 

5449
05:02:24,600 --> 05:02:26,900
Super Mario Bros wasn't just a 
game. 

5450
05:02:26,900 --> 05:02:31,400
It was a masterpiece of level 
design control mechanics and 

5451
05:02:31,400 --> 05:02:34,200
play a psychology. 
Its creator. 

5452
05:02:34,200 --> 05:02:38,900
Shigeru Miyamoto. 
Shige, AI, umiya motto, 

5453
05:02:38,900 --> 05:02:42,900
approached game design with an 
artist sensibility, creating 

5454
05:02:42,900 --> 05:02:46,700
experiences that were both 
challenging and joyful the 1990s

5455
05:02:46,700 --> 05:02:51,200
brought 3D graphics, cdromas and
increasingly sophisticated 

5456
05:02:51,200 --> 05:02:54,500
gameplay. 
Games like Myst presented 

5457
05:02:54,500 --> 05:02:57,000
players with hauntingly 
beautiful environments and 

5458
05:02:57,000 --> 05:03:00,600
Abstract puzzles. 
First person shooters like doom 

5459
05:03:00,600 --> 05:03:03,600
and later Half-Life created 
immersive experience that made 

5460
05:03:03,600 --> 05:03:06,400
players feel physically present 
in Virtual spaces. 

5461
05:03:07,400 --> 05:03:10,100
Internet connectivity, 
transformed gaming, again 

5462
05:03:10,100 --> 05:03:14,100
suddenly players could compete 
against or cooperate with people

5463
05:03:14,100 --> 05:03:17,300
across the globe. 
Massively multiplayer online 

5464
05:03:17,300 --> 05:03:21,100
games, like World of Warcraft, 
created persistent, Virtual 

5465
05:03:21,100 --> 05:03:26,300
Worlds, 1000 of players could 
interact simultaneously, These 

5466
05:03:26,300 --> 05:03:29,100
weren't just games. 
They were social spaces where 

5467
05:03:29,100 --> 05:03:33,800
people formed friendships joined
guilds and experienced genuine 

5468
05:03:33,800 --> 05:03:37,200
community. 
Mobile gaming emerging with 

5469
05:03:37,208 --> 05:03:41,200
smartphones in the late 2000s, 
Mets games, truly ubiquitous. 

5470
05:03:42,400 --> 05:03:45,600
Everyone carries a sophisticated
gaming device in their pocket. 

5471
05:03:46,400 --> 05:03:49,700
Games like Angry Birds or Candy,
Crush reached audiences. 

5472
05:03:49,700 --> 05:03:53,800
Who never considered themselves 
gamers Your grandmother might 

5473
05:03:53,800 --> 05:03:57,300
not play console games, but she 
might very well have a puzzle 

5474
05:03:57,300 --> 05:04:00,100
game on her phone. 
The digital Revolution, 

5475
05:04:00,100 --> 05:04:04,100
democratized game, creation 
independent developers could now

5476
05:04:04,100 --> 05:04:06,500
make and distribute games 
without needing major 

5477
05:04:06,500 --> 05:04:09,300
publishers. 
This led to an explosion of 

5478
05:04:09,300 --> 05:04:13,200
creative experimental games that
explored new ideas and themes 

5479
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:18,000
games became recognized as 
legitimate, art forms, capable 

5480
05:04:18,000 --> 05:04:21,900
of telling meaningful stories 
and evoking, genuine emotions. 

5481
05:04:22,600 --> 05:04:25,900
Modern games range from Simple. 
Mobile puzzles to sprawling. 

5482
05:04:25,900 --> 05:04:29,200
Open World Adventures from 
competitive Esports, with 

5483
05:04:29,200 --> 05:04:32,400
professional players to 
relaxing, farming simulations, 

5484
05:04:33,300 --> 05:04:36,700
virtual reality is creating 
entirely new possibilities for 

5485
05:04:36,700 --> 05:04:39,500
immersion. 
Artificial intelligence is 

5486
05:04:39,500 --> 05:04:42,400
enabling more responsive Dynamic
gameplay. 

5487
05:04:43,300 --> 05:04:47,400
The evolution continues at an 
accelerating Pace yet. 

5488
05:04:47,400 --> 05:04:49,200
Through all this technological 
change. 

5489
05:04:49,200 --> 05:04:51,600
Fundamental aspects of games. 
Remain constant. 

5490
05:04:52,400 --> 05:04:56,400
We still Seek challenge, 
competition narrative and 

5491
05:04:56,400 --> 05:04:59,400
connection. 
Where the moving pieces on a 

5492
05:04:59,400 --> 05:05:01,900
wooden board or controlling 
characters in a virtual world 

5493
05:05:01,900 --> 05:05:05,900
where satisfying, the same human
needs that drove our ancestors 

5494
05:05:05,900 --> 05:05:09,100
to scratch game boards into 
stone thousands of years ago. 

5495
05:05:10,100 --> 05:05:12,900
Now, let's talk about something 
that runs through every era of 

5496
05:05:12,900 --> 05:05:18,000
gaming history, we've explored 
games, a social glue as Bridges 

5497
05:05:18,000 --> 05:05:21,800
between people and as creators 
of connection and Community, 

5498
05:05:21,800 --> 05:05:25,600
this is where the history of 
games becomes deeply personal 

5499
05:05:26,600 --> 05:05:29,100
Because it's about relationships
and shared experiences. 

5500
05:05:30,400 --> 05:05:32,400
Think about your own 
relationship with games. 

5501
05:05:32,400 --> 05:05:35,600
Chances are your strongest 
gaming memories involve other 

5502
05:05:35,600 --> 05:05:37,800
people. 
Maybe it's playing cards with 

5503
05:05:37,800 --> 05:05:42,000
grandparents board games. 
With siblings, video games with 

5504
05:05:42,000 --> 05:05:45,100
friends or phone games that you 
can compare scores on with 

5505
05:05:45,100 --> 05:05:47,800
colleagues. 
Games create shared experiences 

5506
05:05:47,800 --> 05:05:51,200
that become part of our 
relationship stories. throughout

5507
05:05:51,200 --> 05:05:55,000
history games of served as 
social facilitators in ancient 

5508
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:58,000
row, bath house is often had 
game boards built into the 

5509
05:05:58,008 --> 05:06:01,300
architecture creating spaces 
where people could socialize 

5510
05:06:01,300 --> 05:06:05,100
while playing Medieval ins 
provided game boards to 

5511
05:06:05,108 --> 05:06:07,200
encourage travelers to linger 
and interact. 

5512
05:06:08,100 --> 05:06:11,600
Victorian parlors used games to 
structure social evenings. 

5513
05:06:12,300 --> 05:06:14,600
Modern game stores. 
Host Game Nights, where 

5514
05:06:14,600 --> 05:06:18,800
strangers become friends over 
shared interests, Games provide 

5515
05:06:18,800 --> 05:06:21,100
structure for social 
interaction, which is 

5516
05:06:21,100 --> 05:06:23,500
particularly valuable in 
situations where people might 

5517
05:06:23,500 --> 05:06:27,700
otherwise struggle to connect. 
Meeting new neighbors, invite 

5518
05:06:27,700 --> 05:06:30,600
them over for game night, 
awkward, family gathering. 

5519
05:06:31,400 --> 05:06:34,300
Break out a board game. 
First date needs an activity. 

5520
05:06:34,300 --> 05:06:36,900
Try an arcade or Board Game 
Cafe? 

5521
05:06:37,900 --> 05:06:40,400
Games, give people something to 
do together while naturally 

5522
05:06:40,400 --> 05:06:42,600
facilitating conversation and 
bonding. 

5523
05:06:43,300 --> 05:06:46,300
The beauty of games as social 
tools is that they create 

5524
05:06:46,300 --> 05:06:49,900
temporary Frameworks, where 
normal social hierarchies can be

5525
05:06:49,908 --> 05:06:54,900
suspended. in a game, the CEO 
and the intern compete on equal 

5526
05:06:54,900 --> 05:06:58,600
terms parents and children can 
challenge each other fairly 

5527
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,000
Strangers can cooperate toward 
shared goals. 

5528
05:07:02,000 --> 05:07:06,800
The rules of the game supersede 
other, social rules, creating 

5529
05:07:06,800 --> 05:07:08,600
temporary communities of 
players. 

5530
05:07:09,700 --> 05:07:12,700
Competitive games reveal 
character in interesting ways. 

5531
05:07:13,700 --> 05:07:16,700
How someone handles winning and 
losing tells you something about

5532
05:07:16,700 --> 05:07:19,500
them? 
Do they gloat or show Grace? 

5533
05:07:19,500 --> 05:07:22,300
Do they make excuses or 
acknowledge defeat? 

5534
05:07:22,300 --> 05:07:25,700
Do they prioritize winning over 
everyone's enjoyment. 

5535
05:07:26,500 --> 05:07:29,600
These Revelations can strengthen
Relationships by creating 

5536
05:07:29,600 --> 05:07:31,600
understanding, and shared 
history. 

5537
05:07:32,500 --> 05:07:35,700
Cooperative games, where players
work together toward a common 

5538
05:07:35,708 --> 05:07:39,500
goal, create different Dynamics.
These games require 

5539
05:07:39,500 --> 05:07:45,000
communication compromise and 
shared strategy, Success feels 

5540
05:07:45,000 --> 05:07:46,700
Collective rather than 
individual. 

5541
05:07:46,700 --> 05:07:50,100
There's something particularly 
satisfying about beating a 

5542
05:07:50,100 --> 05:07:53,400
difficult Cooperative game with 
friends knowing that you 

5543
05:07:53,400 --> 05:07:58,100
succeeded only through teamwork.
Gaming communities form around 

5544
05:07:58,100 --> 05:08:01,700
shared interests creating spaces
where people who might never 

5545
05:08:01,700 --> 05:08:03,800
otherwise meet find common 
ground. 

5546
05:08:04,700 --> 05:08:06,500
Chess clubs. 
Bring together, people across 

5547
05:08:06,500 --> 05:08:10,100
ages and backgrounds online, 
gaming, guilds, create 

5548
05:08:10,100 --> 05:08:14,200
friendships that span continents
board game meet ups at local 

5549
05:08:14,200 --> 05:08:16,300
stores, building neighborhood 
connections. 

5550
05:08:16,300 --> 05:08:20,500
These communities often extend 
beyond gaming into genuine 

5551
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:23,300
friendships. 
The rise of streaming has 

5552
05:08:23,300 --> 05:08:25,400
created another layer of Gaming 
Community. 

5553
05:08:25,400 --> 05:08:29,000
People watch, others. 
Play games, participating 

5554
05:08:29,000 --> 05:08:31,600
through chat and feeling 
connected to both the streamer 

5555
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:34,600
and fellow viewers. 
This might seem odd if you're 

5556
05:08:34,608 --> 05:08:37,800
not part of that culture, why 
watch someone play instead of 

5557
05:08:37,808 --> 05:08:40,800
playing yourself? 
But it's really no different 

5558
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:42,800
than watching sports or cooking 
shows. 

5559
05:08:43,700 --> 05:08:46,400
We enjoy observing skilled 
people doing things were 

5560
05:08:46,400 --> 05:08:49,900
interested in games are provided
crucial connection during times 

5561
05:08:49,900 --> 05:08:53,200
of isolation during the 2020 
pandemic. 

5562
05:08:53,200 --> 05:08:56,400
When physical Gathering was 
dangerous games became 

5563
05:08:56,400 --> 05:09:00,100
lifelines, for maintaining 
social connections, Families 

5564
05:09:00,100 --> 05:09:02,400
played online games to a cross 
distances. 

5565
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:06,800
Friends maintained relationships
through gaming sessions, Animal 

5566
05:09:06,800 --> 05:09:09,700
Crossing became a phenomenon 
partly because it provided a 

5567
05:09:09,700 --> 05:09:14,400
gentle social virtual space when
real social spaces were 

5568
05:09:14,400 --> 05:09:17,600
unavailable. 
Gaming can Bridge generational, 

5569
05:09:17,600 --> 05:09:20,200
divides. 
Grandparents learned to play 

5570
05:09:20,200 --> 05:09:23,600
video games with grandchildren 
creating shared experience. 

5571
05:09:23,600 --> 05:09:27,600
As a decades, children teach 
parents about new games 

5572
05:09:27,600 --> 05:09:31,000
reversing, the usual teaching 
dynamic in ways that can be 

5573
05:09:31,000 --> 05:09:34,900
empowering for young people. 
He shared experience is create 

5574
05:09:34,900 --> 05:09:37,300
memories and stories that become
family history. 

5575
05:09:38,100 --> 05:09:40,800
Games also, creating exclusive 
spaces for people who might 

5576
05:09:40,800 --> 05:09:43,300
struggle with other forms of 
social interaction. 

5577
05:09:44,400 --> 05:09:48,000
For people with social anxiety, 
the structure of games can make 

5578
05:09:48,000 --> 05:09:50,900
interaction easier. 
For people on the autism 

5579
05:09:50,900 --> 05:09:54,400
spectrum games, clear rules, and
predictable patterns can be 

5580
05:09:54,408 --> 05:09:57,700
comfortable online gaming, 
allows people with physical 

5581
05:09:57,700 --> 05:10:00,300
disabilities to compete on equal
terms. 

5582
05:10:01,000 --> 05:10:04,500
Games flexibility makes them 
accessible to diverse players. 

5583
05:10:04,500 --> 05:10:08,500
Cultural exchange happens 
through games when people from 

5584
05:10:08,500 --> 05:10:11,500
different countries play 
together online, they share not 

5585
05:10:11,500 --> 05:10:15,700
just gaming strategies, but also
perspectives humor and cultural 

5586
05:10:15,700 --> 05:10:19,200
references. 
Games like Pokemon or Minecraft 

5587
05:10:19,200 --> 05:10:22,400
have created Global communities 
that transcend National 

5588
05:10:22,400 --> 05:10:26,100
boundaries giving young people 
shared cultural touchstones 

5589
05:10:26,100 --> 05:10:30,200
regardless of where they live. 
Educational research has shown 

5590
05:10:30,200 --> 05:10:34,400
that play including gameplay is 
crucial for developing social 

5591
05:10:34,400 --> 05:10:37,400
skills. 
Children, learn cooperation 

5592
05:10:37,400 --> 05:10:41,100
negotiation and conflict 
resolution through games. 

5593
05:10:41,900 --> 05:10:45,100
They practice taking turns 
following rules and dealing with

5594
05:10:45,100 --> 05:10:48,200
disappointment. 
These lessons transfer to other 

5595
05:10:48,200 --> 05:10:50,000
social situations throughout 
life. 

5596
05:10:50,000 --> 05:10:53,400
This social aspect of gaming has
led to new forms of 

5597
05:10:53,400 --> 05:10:56,800
entertainment, Escape rooms 
combined, gaming with physical 

5598
05:10:56,800 --> 05:11:01,800
experience, requiring groups to 
solve puzzles together Board 

5599
05:11:01,800 --> 05:11:03,700
game. 
Cafes provide spaces where 

5600
05:11:03,700 --> 05:11:07,100
strangers can meet over shared 
tables and shared interests. 

5601
05:11:07,900 --> 05:11:10,600
Gaming conventions, create 
temporary communities, where 

5602
05:11:10,600 --> 05:11:13,300
thousands of people celebrate 
their shared passion. 

5603
05:11:14,100 --> 05:11:16,900
There's something almost 
miraculous about games, ability 

5604
05:11:16,900 --> 05:11:20,700
to create instant communities, 
but a chess board in a public 

5605
05:11:20,700 --> 05:11:24,100
park and players will 
materialize set up a volleyball,

5606
05:11:24,100 --> 05:11:26,400
net on a beach, and a game will 
form. 

5607
05:11:27,200 --> 05:11:30,600
Stream yourself playing a game 
online and viewers will gather 

5608
05:11:30,600 --> 05:11:34,600
to watch and interact. 
Games, create magnetic fields 

5609
05:11:34,600 --> 05:11:37,300
that attract people seeking 
connection through play. 

5610
05:11:38,400 --> 05:11:41,100
Even Competitive Gaming which 
might seem anti-social to 

5611
05:11:41,100 --> 05:11:45,300
outside as create communities 
sports fans, understand this, 

5612
05:11:45,300 --> 05:11:49,200
the Rivalry between teams create
shared identity and passion 

5613
05:11:49,200 --> 05:11:52,900
gaming Works. 
Similarly Players of fighting 

5614
05:11:52,900 --> 05:11:57,100
games, gather at tournaments 
creating communities bonded, by 

5615
05:11:57,100 --> 05:11:59,700
their shared, technical 
knowledge, and competitive 

5616
05:11:59,700 --> 05:12:03,400
spirit. 
The competition itself is a form

5617
05:12:03,400 --> 05:12:06,400
of connection. 
Family game nights have become 

5618
05:12:06,400 --> 05:12:09,200
rituals that structure and 
strengthened family bonds. 

5619
05:12:09,900 --> 05:12:12,800
These regular Gatherings, create
predictability in shared 

5620
05:12:12,800 --> 05:12:16,300
anticipation. 
They provide times when devices 

5621
05:12:16,300 --> 05:12:19,500
are put away and full attention 
is given to being together. 

5622
05:12:20,600 --> 05:12:24,800
Years later people remember 
specific games specific 

5623
05:12:24,800 --> 05:12:28,800
victories and specific moments 
of laughter more vividly than 

5624
05:12:28,800 --> 05:12:30,500
they remember many other family 
activities. 

5625
05:12:32,200 --> 05:12:34,800
As you drift towards sleep, 
think about your own gaming 

5626
05:12:34,800 --> 05:12:37,300
connections. 
Who taught you your favorite 

5627
05:12:37,300 --> 05:12:39,800
game. 
Who do you most enjoy playing 

5628
05:12:39,800 --> 05:12:43,000
with what gaming moments have 
become stories? 

5629
05:12:43,000 --> 05:12:45,600
You tell? 
These memories and relationships

5630
05:12:45,600 --> 05:12:49,300
are part of Gaming's greatest 
Legacy, not the game's 

5631
05:12:49,300 --> 05:12:52,900
themselves, but the connections 
they facilitate and strengthen. 

5632
05:12:54,500 --> 05:12:56,800
we're nearing the end of our 
journey through gaming history 

5633
05:12:56,800 --> 05:13:00,900
and its time to consider 
something fundamental What is it

5634
05:13:00,900 --> 05:13:03,200
about games? 
That makes them so persistently 

5635
05:13:03,200 --> 05:13:05,700
appealing, across all, cultures,
and all ages. 

5636
05:13:05,700 --> 05:13:08,600
Why after thousands of years to 
humans? 

5637
05:13:08,600 --> 05:13:12,500
Keep inventing new ways to play.
The answer lies partly in what 

5638
05:13:12,500 --> 05:13:16,000
games provide that little else 
can voluntary challenge. 

5639
05:13:16,900 --> 05:13:20,400
In games, we choose to face 
obstacles, that we don't have to

5640
05:13:20,400 --> 05:13:24,800
face, we create problems for 
ourselves, capturing an 

5641
05:13:24,800 --> 05:13:28,600
opponent's pieces, solving a 
puzzle, achieving a high score, 

5642
05:13:28,600 --> 05:13:34,000
that have no external necessity.
this voluntary engagement with 

5643
05:13:34,000 --> 05:13:37,700
challenges, uniquely satisfying 
in ways that obligatory 

5644
05:13:37,700 --> 05:13:42,500
challenges rarely are Games give
us control in a world where we 

5645
05:13:42,500 --> 05:13:46,100
often have little, we can't 
control our jobs, our health 

5646
05:13:46,100 --> 05:13:49,100
world events, or even our family
Dynamics. 

5647
05:13:49,900 --> 05:13:51,800
But in a game, the rules are 
clear. 

5648
05:13:51,800 --> 05:13:56,100
The boundaries are defined and 
our choices directly affect 

5649
05:13:56,100 --> 05:13:59,100
outcomes. 
This sense of agency is 

5650
05:13:59,100 --> 05:14:02,300
psychologically, valuable, 
providing relief from the 

5651
05:14:02,300 --> 05:14:06,500
uncertainty and powerlessness, 
we sometimes feel in life, the 

5652
05:14:06,500 --> 05:14:10,100
temporary nature of games is 
part of their appeal, a game has

5653
05:14:10,100 --> 05:14:13,800
a clear beginning and end you 
can win or lose and then start 

5654
05:14:13,800 --> 05:14:16,900
fresh with a new game Life. 
Rarely offers such clean. 

5655
05:14:16,900 --> 05:14:21,400
Resolution problems, persist 
relationships are complicated 

5656
05:14:21,400 --> 05:14:26,000
and outcomes remain ambiguous. 
Games, provide the satisfaction 

5657
05:14:26,000 --> 05:14:29,300
of completion and the 
opportunity for Fresh Starts. 

5658
05:14:30,200 --> 05:14:33,300
Games also satisfy our innate 
love of pattern recognition and 

5659
05:14:33,300 --> 05:14:36,200
Mastery. 
Human brains are pattern finding

5660
05:14:36,200 --> 05:14:38,400
machines. 
Constantly looking for 

5661
05:14:38,400 --> 05:14:42,400
connections and regularities. 
In experience games, provide 

5662
05:14:42,400 --> 05:14:44,700
concentrated pattern, learning 
opportunities. 

5663
05:14:44,700 --> 05:14:50,100
As we play, We recognize 
strategies predict outcomes and 

5664
05:14:50,100 --> 05:14:53,400
develop skills. 
This learning process feels 

5665
05:14:53,400 --> 05:14:56,200
good. 
It's literally rewarding at 

5666
05:14:56,200 --> 05:14:59,800
neurological level. 
The balance between skill and 

5667
05:14:59,800 --> 05:15:01,900
charts and games mirrors. 
Life itself. 

5668
05:15:02,900 --> 05:15:05,500
Pure skill, games can be 
intimidating and frustrating. 

5669
05:15:05,500 --> 05:15:08,200
If you're not good, you'll never
win. 

5670
05:15:09,200 --> 05:15:12,900
Pure chance games, lack the 
satisfaction of Mastery winning 

5671
05:15:12,900 --> 05:15:18,100
feels arbitrary, the best games 
combined, both elements, skill 

5672
05:15:18,100 --> 05:15:20,700
increases your odds, but doesn't
guarantee victory. 

5673
05:15:21,400 --> 05:15:25,300
This reflects how life Works, 
where preparation and ability 

5674
05:15:25,300 --> 05:15:30,200
matter can't ensure success. 
Games, provide safe spaces for 

5675
05:15:30,200 --> 05:15:32,900
experiencing emotions. 
We might not want in real life. 

5676
05:15:33,900 --> 05:15:37,400
Fear frustration, excitement 
Triumph. 

5677
05:15:38,100 --> 05:15:41,700
Games, let us feel these 
intensely but temporarily with 

5678
05:15:41,700 --> 05:15:44,900
no lasting consequences. 
Horror games. 

5679
05:15:44,900 --> 05:15:50,000
Let us experience fear from 
safety competitive games, let us

5680
05:15:50,000 --> 05:15:52,700
experience conflict without 
actual hostility. 

5681
05:15:53,600 --> 05:15:57,600
This emotional exploration is 
psychologically, valuable the 

5682
05:15:57,600 --> 05:16:00,100
aesthetic appeal of games, 
shouldn't be underestimated. 

5683
05:16:01,100 --> 05:16:05,000
Beautiful game boards, elegant 
game mechanics and stunning 

5684
05:16:05,000 --> 05:16:08,100
visual designs. 
These artistic elements make 

5685
05:16:08,100 --> 05:16:10,800
games objects of appreciation 
beyond their playability. 

5686
05:16:11,800 --> 05:16:15,100
From intricately carved medieval
chest sets to gorgeously 

5687
05:16:15,100 --> 05:16:18,900
Illustrated modern board games 
to breathtaking video game 

5688
05:16:18,900 --> 05:16:21,700
environments. 
Games can be works of art that 

5689
05:16:21,700 --> 05:16:24,300
appeal to our aesthetic 
sensibilities while entertaining

5690
05:16:24,300 --> 05:16:28,700
Us games also fulfill our need 
for narrative, even abstract 

5691
05:16:28,700 --> 05:16:30,700
games, create stories through 
play. 

5692
05:16:31,400 --> 05:16:34,800
Each chess match, tells the 
story of two armies in conflict.

5693
05:16:35,600 --> 05:16:39,300
Each round of Monopoly narrates 
a tale of economic rise and 

5694
05:16:39,300 --> 05:16:42,000
fall. 
Video games have evolved into 

5695
05:16:42,000 --> 05:16:45,100
sophisticated narrative 
experiences that rival novels 

5696
05:16:45,100 --> 05:16:48,700
and films in emotional impact 
and storytelling complexity. 

5697
05:16:49,600 --> 05:16:52,300
The social aspect we discussed 
earlier connects to something 

5698
05:16:52,300 --> 05:16:55,300
deeper games as cultural 
transmission. 

5699
05:16:55,300 --> 05:16:58,800
When you teach someone a game 
your passing on knowledge 

5700
05:16:58,800 --> 05:17:04,500
sharing experience and creating 
connection Traditional games, 

5701
05:17:04,500 --> 05:17:07,400
carry cultural memory the 
childhood games. 

5702
05:17:07,400 --> 05:17:10,300
You learned from your parents 
might Trace back Generations. 

5703
05:17:11,100 --> 05:17:13,500
This makes games living links to
the Past. 

5704
05:17:14,300 --> 05:17:16,300
Different cultures have 
different gaming, Traditions 

5705
05:17:16,300 --> 05:17:20,100
that reflect their values and 
World Views goes emphasis on 

5706
05:17:20,100 --> 05:17:22,600
territory and influence, 
reflects, certain Chinese 

5707
05:17:22,600 --> 05:17:26,200
philosophical Concepts. 
The European development of 

5708
05:17:26,200 --> 05:17:28,800
trick, taking card games, 
reflects social structures, 

5709
05:17:28,800 --> 05:17:32,300
around partnership and 
competition indigenous, peoples 

5710
05:17:32,300 --> 05:17:35,100
worldwide, have traditional 
games that encode cultural 

5711
05:17:35,100 --> 05:17:38,100
knowledge and values. 
Games or Windows into how 

5712
05:17:38,100 --> 05:17:41,500
different societies think and 
what they prioritize, the 

5713
05:17:41,500 --> 05:17:44,900
evolution of games parallels, 
technological and social change.

5714
05:17:45,500 --> 05:17:50,200
Ancient games required, only 
natural materials, Stones sticks

5715
05:17:50,200 --> 05:17:54,500
and Bones, medieval games, 
reflected feudal social 

5716
05:17:54,500 --> 05:17:58,000
structures in Industrial 
Revolution, games came from 

5717
05:17:58,000 --> 05:18:02,400
factories standardized and 
widely distributed, digital 

5718
05:18:02,400 --> 05:18:06,500
games mirror are current 
information, age networked and 

5719
05:18:06,500 --> 05:18:11,000
constantly updating yet, despite
these changes, the fundamental 

5720
05:18:11,000 --> 05:18:14,900
appeal remains constant. 
Consider how games adapt while 

5721
05:18:14,900 --> 05:18:16,600
maintaining their essential 
character. 

5722
05:18:16,600 --> 05:18:20,300
Chess has been played for over 
1,000 years with relatively 

5723
05:18:20,300 --> 05:18:23,100
minor rule changes. 
But now, you can play chess 

5724
05:18:23,100 --> 05:18:26,400
against a computer online 
against someone across the world

5725
05:18:26,400 --> 05:18:30,200
or watch Grandma's compete in 
tournaments streamed globally. 

5726
05:18:30,900 --> 05:18:34,500
The game itself hasn't changed, 
but its context and 

5727
05:18:34,500 --> 05:18:36,700
possibilities have expanded 
enormously. 

5728
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:40,100
This adaptability suggests 
something important. 

5729
05:18:41,000 --> 05:18:45,100
Games, tap into fundamental 
aspects of human psychology that

5730
05:18:45,100 --> 05:18:48,500
don't change despite cultural or
technological shifts. 

5731
05:18:49,500 --> 05:18:53,000
Pleasure of strategic thinking, 
the excitement of competition, 

5732
05:18:53,000 --> 05:18:57,300
the satisfaction of skill 
development, and the joy of play

5733
05:18:57,300 --> 05:19:01,500
itself. 
These are human constants Modern

5734
05:19:01,500 --> 05:19:04,400
Neuroscience is beginning to 
explain why games are so 

5735
05:19:04,400 --> 05:19:07,600
compelling. 
When we play games, our brains 

5736
05:19:07,600 --> 05:19:10,700
released dopamine, particularly 
during moments of achievement or

5737
05:19:10,700 --> 05:19:13,500
award. 
This neurochemical response 

5738
05:19:13,500 --> 05:19:18,100
creates the just one more game 
feeling that makes games so 

5739
05:19:18,100 --> 05:19:21,300
engaging. 
Games essentially hijack, our 

5740
05:19:21,300 --> 05:19:25,300
brains reward systems in ways, 
that feel good and keep us 

5741
05:19:25,300 --> 05:19:28,100
coming back. 
The games aren't just cycle 

5742
05:19:28,100 --> 05:19:32,100
tricks, exploiting our 
neurochemistry, they genuinely 

5743
05:19:32,100 --> 05:19:36,200
develop cognitive abilities. 
Strategy games improved planning

5744
05:19:36,200 --> 05:19:40,100
and foresight puzzle games in. 
Hearts problem-solving skills, 

5745
05:19:40,100 --> 05:19:43,800
action games can improve 
reaction time and spatial 

5746
05:19:43,800 --> 05:19:46,500
awareness. 
The mental exercise games 

5747
05:19:46,500 --> 05:19:48,600
provide real benefits Beyond 
entertainment. 

5748
05:19:49,600 --> 05:19:52,500
Research on Aging has shown that
regular gameplay can help 

5749
05:19:52,508 --> 05:19:56,500
maintain cognitive function. 
Seniors who regularly engage 

5750
05:19:56,500 --> 05:19:59,500
with challenging games show 
better memory faster, 

5751
05:19:59,500 --> 05:20:03,200
information processing and more.
Mental flexibility than those 

5752
05:20:03,200 --> 05:20:06,200
who don't. 
This suggests that our lifelong 

5753
05:20:06,200 --> 05:20:08,400
relationship with games isn't 
just about fun. 

5754
05:20:08,400 --> 05:20:11,800
It's about keeping our minds 
sharp and engaged. 

5755
05:20:12,500 --> 05:20:14,700
Games all. 
So serve therapeutic purposes 

5756
05:20:14,700 --> 05:20:17,600
occupational. 
Therapists use games to help 

5757
05:20:17,600 --> 05:20:19,500
patients, develop fine motor 
skills. 

5758
05:20:19,500 --> 05:20:23,300
Psychologists use games to help.
Children express emotions and 

5759
05:20:23,300 --> 05:20:27,000
work through experiences. 
Virtual reality games are being 

5760
05:20:27,008 --> 05:20:32,100
used to treat phobias and PTSD. 
The applications of games extend

5761
05:20:32,100 --> 05:20:34,800
far beyond entertainment into 
healing and development. 

5762
05:20:35,700 --> 05:20:39,400
The gaming industry has become a
major economic Force generating,

5763
05:20:39,400 --> 05:20:42,700
billions in revenue and 
employing hundreds of thousands 

5764
05:20:42,700 --> 05:20:45,700
of people. 
Game designers programmers 

5765
05:20:45,700 --> 05:20:49,700
artists. 
Writers testers and marketers 

5766
05:20:49,700 --> 05:20:54,300
entire career paths exist around
creating and supporting games. 

5767
05:20:55,100 --> 05:20:58,400
This professionalization has 
elevated games from casual 

5768
05:20:58,400 --> 05:21:01,900
entertainment to Serious 
Business and a recognized art 

5769
05:21:01,900 --> 05:21:05,600
form yet despite 
commercialization games retain 

5770
05:21:05,600 --> 05:21:10,100
their essential accessibility 
You can play profound games with

5771
05:21:10,100 --> 05:21:12,200
nothing but a piece of paper and
a pencil. 

5772
05:21:12,200 --> 05:21:17,800
Tic-tac-toe requires only the 
ability to draw X's and O's rock

5773
05:21:17,800 --> 05:21:19,700
paper. 
Scissors needs no equipment at 

5774
05:21:19,700 --> 05:21:23,300
all the most expensive video 
game and the simplest children's

5775
05:21:23,300 --> 05:21:25,100
game. 
Both tap into the same 

5776
05:21:25,100 --> 05:21:29,300
fundamental human drive to play.
the future of games is 

5777
05:21:29,300 --> 05:21:33,100
impossible to predict precisely,
but certain Trends seem clear 

5778
05:21:33,100 --> 05:21:37,600
virtual and augmented reality 
will creating the immersive 

5779
05:21:37,600 --> 05:21:41,500
experience is Artificial 
intelligence will enable more 

5780
05:21:41,500 --> 05:21:45,200
responsive Dynamic. 
Gameplay cloud gaming will make 

5781
05:21:45,200 --> 05:21:47,900
high-end experience as 
accessible without expensive 

5782
05:21:47,900 --> 05:21:51,800
Hardware but whatever forms 
games take, they'll still be 

5783
05:21:51,800 --> 05:21:53,600
serving those Timeless human 
needs. 

5784
05:21:53,600 --> 05:21:56,700
What's particularly exciting is 
that we're living through a 

5785
05:21:56,700 --> 05:22:01,000
golden age of game diversity. 
There are more types of games, 

5786
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:05,300
more ways to play and more 
opportunities to find games that

5787
05:22:05,300 --> 05:22:07,700
match your specific interests 
than ever before. 

5788
05:22:07,700 --> 05:22:11,600
Whether you want relaxing, 
puzzle games intense competitive

5789
05:22:11,600 --> 05:22:15,000
experiences, and narrative 
Adventures, social party games 

5790
05:22:15,000 --> 05:22:19,200
or anything in between options 
exist that previous generations,

5791
05:22:19,200 --> 05:22:22,800
could not have imagined the 
democratization of game. 

5792
05:22:22,800 --> 05:22:26,300
Creation means new voices are 
entering the field bringing 

5793
05:22:26,300 --> 05:22:30,500
fresh perspectives, and 
innovative ideas games are being

5794
05:22:30,500 --> 05:22:34,300
created by and for all audiences
that were previously 

5795
05:22:34,300 --> 05:22:38,900
underserved, This expansion in 
Rich's gaming culture and 

5796
05:22:38,900 --> 05:22:42,100
ensures that games will continue
evolving and unexpected 

5797
05:22:42,100 --> 05:22:45,600
directions as you settle more 
deeply into your blanket. 

5798
05:22:45,600 --> 05:22:49,900
Consider this tomorrow somewhere
in the world, someone will 

5799
05:22:49,900 --> 05:22:52,900
create a new game. 
Someone else will Master a game.

5800
05:22:52,908 --> 05:22:56,200
They've been practicing. 
Children will learn games from 

5801
05:22:56,200 --> 05:22:59,500
parents, friends will bond over 
shared Play. 

5802
05:22:59,500 --> 05:23:02,300
Strangers will connect through 
online matches. 

5803
05:23:02,300 --> 05:23:06,800
This has been happening every 
day for thousands of years and 

5804
05:23:06,800 --> 05:23:08,400
it will continue for thousands 
more. 

5805
05:23:09,400 --> 05:23:12,200
As we approach the end of our 
journey through gaming history. 

5806
05:23:12,200 --> 05:23:14,500
Let's make this personal for a 
moment. 

5807
05:23:14,500 --> 05:23:19,200
You are part of this story. 
Every game you've played every 

5808
05:23:19,200 --> 05:23:23,400
match You've Won or lost every 
moment of Joy or frustration. 

5809
05:23:23,400 --> 05:23:27,100
These are your contributions to 
Humanity's long gaming 

5810
05:23:27,100 --> 05:23:31,200
tradition. think back to your 
early gaming memories, your 

5811
05:23:31,200 --> 05:23:33,500
remembering a specific board 
game from childhood. 

5812
05:23:33,500 --> 05:23:36,900
The feel of the Warren box and 
the slightly bent cards. 

5813
05:23:37,700 --> 05:23:40,600
Maybe your thinking of 
playground games at school, the 

5814
05:23:40,600 --> 05:23:43,900
rules that vary, by region and 
sometimes by the hour, or 

5815
05:23:43,900 --> 05:23:46,300
perhaps your earliest gaming 
memory, involves watching older 

5816
05:23:46,300 --> 05:23:49,700
siblings or Cousins play 
learning by observation before 

5817
05:23:49,700 --> 05:23:52,900
you were allowed to join. 
These memories aren't just 

5818
05:23:52,900 --> 05:23:57,300
Nostalgia their connections to 
that vast web of play that 

5819
05:23:57,300 --> 05:23:59,900
extends backwards, through 
history and forward into the 

5820
05:23:59,908 --> 05:24:02,700
future. 
When you played Monopoly with 

5821
05:24:02,700 --> 05:24:05,600
your family, you were 
participating in a tradition of 

5822
05:24:05,600 --> 05:24:07,800
family game nights that goes 
back Generations. 

5823
05:24:09,500 --> 05:24:12,700
When you first discovered video 
games, you were joining a 

5824
05:24:12,700 --> 05:24:14,400
cultural revolution. 
That was reshaping 

5825
05:24:14,400 --> 05:24:16,900
entertainment. 
The games that mattered to you 

5826
05:24:16,908 --> 05:24:20,200
growing up, were shaped by when 
and where you lived, if you came

5827
05:24:20,200 --> 05:24:24,100
of age in the 1970s, you might 
remember the explosion of mass 

5828
05:24:24,100 --> 05:24:27,500
Market board games and the 
earliest video game consoles. 

5829
05:24:28,300 --> 05:24:32,400
The 1980s brought arcade culture
and the Nintendo Revolution. 

5830
05:24:33,400 --> 05:24:37,400
The 1990s Saw 3D graphics and 
the early internet changing what

5831
05:24:37,400 --> 05:24:41,200
games could be. 
The 2000s brought online gaming 

5832
05:24:41,200 --> 05:24:45,100
and mobile devices. 
Each generation has its defining

5833
05:24:45,100 --> 05:24:48,000
games. 
The titles that everyone played 

5834
05:24:48,000 --> 05:24:50,500
that created shared cultural 
moments. 

5835
05:24:50,500 --> 05:24:54,000
These games become short-handed 
for periods of Our Lives, 

5836
05:24:54,000 --> 05:24:57,900
mentioned certain games to 
people of similar ages and 

5837
05:24:57,900 --> 05:25:00,900
you'll see recognition and 
memory flash across their faces.

5838
05:25:02,000 --> 05:25:06,300
Games Mark time almost like 
music, does evoking specific 

5839
05:25:06,300 --> 05:25:08,700
errors and the feelings 
associated with them. 

5840
05:25:08,700 --> 05:25:13,000
Your gaming preferences, say 
something about you, do you 

5841
05:25:13,000 --> 05:25:16,200
prefer competitive games that 
test you against others or 

5842
05:25:16,200 --> 05:25:20,000
cooperative games, where you 
work together Do you like games 

5843
05:25:20,000 --> 05:25:24,200
of pure strategy, where skill 
determined everything or do you 

5844
05:25:24,208 --> 05:25:26,300
enjoy the unpredictability of 
chance? 

5845
05:25:26,300 --> 05:25:29,600
Do you seek games with Rich 
narratives? 

5846
05:25:29,600 --> 05:25:32,200
Or are you drawn to abstract 
challenges? 

5847
05:25:33,100 --> 05:25:37,500
These preferences, reflect your 
personality, your values and how

5848
05:25:37,500 --> 05:25:40,700
you approach problems. 
The way you play games or 

5849
05:25:40,700 --> 05:25:44,000
reveals character. 
Are you the person who reads all

5850
05:25:44,000 --> 05:25:45,800
the rules carefully before 
starting? 

5851
05:25:45,800 --> 05:25:48,100
Or do you prefer to learn as you
go? 

5852
05:25:48,900 --> 05:25:52,500
Do you play to win at all costs 
or is the social experience more

5853
05:25:52,500 --> 05:25:55,300
important than Victory? 
Do you finish Games? 

5854
05:25:55,300 --> 05:25:57,700
You start or do you jump from 
one game to another? 

5855
05:25:58,700 --> 05:26:01,700
These patterns often mirror how 
you approach other aspects of 

5856
05:26:01,700 --> 05:26:04,300
life. 
Games of likely shaped you in 

5857
05:26:04,300 --> 05:26:05,900
ways, you might not fully 
realize. 

5858
05:26:06,800 --> 05:26:10,100
The Strategic thinking you 
developed in chess or strategy 

5859
05:26:10,100 --> 05:26:13,500
games applies to planning and 
problem solving in work and 

5860
05:26:13,500 --> 05:26:16,200
life. 
The hand-eye coordination from 

5861
05:26:16,200 --> 05:26:18,900
action games, might help in 
various physical tasks. 

5862
05:26:19,800 --> 05:26:22,500
The patients learned from 
difficult puzzle games transfers

5863
05:26:22,500 --> 05:26:26,500
to other challenging situations.
The social skills developed 

5864
05:26:26,500 --> 05:26:29,500
through multiplayer games affect
how you interact with others. 

5865
05:26:29,500 --> 05:26:33,100
If you've ever taught someone a 
game, you've participated in 

5866
05:26:33,100 --> 05:26:35,600
that ancient tradition of 
cultural transmission through 

5867
05:26:35,600 --> 05:26:40,100
play, explaining rules 
demonstrating strategies, 

5868
05:26:40,100 --> 05:26:44,200
helping someone develop skills. 
This teaching is a gift. 

5869
05:26:44,208 --> 05:26:47,200
You give can connecting another 
person to the Joy. 

5870
05:26:47,200 --> 05:26:50,100
You found in play and like all 
good teaching. 

5871
05:26:50,100 --> 05:26:52,700
It often teaches the teacher, 
something new as well. 

5872
05:26:53,800 --> 05:26:56,800
Your relationship with games has
probably evolved over time 

5873
05:26:56,800 --> 05:26:59,400
games. 
That once seemed impossibly 

5874
05:26:59,400 --> 05:27:03,400
difficult might now feel simple 
games, you want loved might now 

5875
05:27:03,400 --> 05:27:07,000
feel less appealing as your 
taste of matured and changed. 

5876
05:27:07,000 --> 05:27:10,600
You might have periods where you
play intense and periods where 

5877
05:27:10,600 --> 05:27:13,000
games take a back seat to other 
priorities. 

5878
05:27:13,000 --> 05:27:18,300
This evolution is natural, we 
grow and change and our play 

5879
05:27:18,300 --> 05:27:21,500
changes with us. 
Perhaps you've experienced how 

5880
05:27:21,500 --> 05:27:24,100
games can provide Comfort during
difficult times. 

5881
05:27:25,000 --> 05:27:28,300
When life feels overwhelming, 
there's something soothing about

5882
05:27:28,300 --> 05:27:32,900
entering a games structured 
environment where rules are 

5883
05:27:32,900 --> 05:27:38,100
clear and problems are solvable.
Games can provide respite from 

5884
05:27:38,100 --> 05:27:42,100
anxiety. 
Distraction from Pain and escape

5885
05:27:42,100 --> 05:27:44,900
from circumstances. 
We can't immediately change. 

5886
05:27:45,700 --> 05:27:49,800
This therapeutic quality of 
games is real and valuable, you 

5887
05:27:49,800 --> 05:27:52,100
might have gaming Traditions 
with specific people. 

5888
05:27:52,100 --> 05:27:57,100
Family game nights Weekly game 
sessions with friends or annual,

5889
05:27:57,100 --> 05:28:00,700
tournaments, or competitions. 
These Traditions create 

5890
05:28:00,700 --> 05:28:03,300
continuity and anticipation in 
our lives. 

5891
05:28:03,300 --> 05:28:06,100
There are appointments we keep 
with the people we care about 

5892
05:28:06,100 --> 05:28:09,900
times, specifically set aside 
for shared enjoyment and 

5893
05:28:09,900 --> 05:28:13,800
connection. the games you play 
with your children, if you have 

5894
05:28:13,800 --> 05:28:16,500
them or with the younger 
relatives and family friends 

5895
05:28:16,500 --> 05:28:20,900
create memories that will last 
their lifetime, Years from now 

5896
05:28:20,900 --> 05:28:23,800
they might remember specific 
games you played together. 

5897
05:28:25,000 --> 05:28:28,400
Thick moments of Victory or 
defeat or times when you laugh 

5898
05:28:28,400 --> 05:28:30,300
together, over something that 
happened during play. 

5899
05:28:31,200 --> 05:28:34,300
You're creating their gaming 
history, which will someday be 

5900
05:28:34,300 --> 05:28:37,000
their gaming. 
Nostalgia your gaming future is 

5901
05:28:37,000 --> 05:28:40,600
Unwritten new games are being 
developed constantly. 

5902
05:28:40,600 --> 05:28:44,300
Some that will build on familiar
formulas, others that will 

5903
05:28:44,300 --> 05:28:46,700
surprise you. 
With unexpected Innovations 

5904
05:28:46,700 --> 05:28:50,000
technologies will create 
possibilities that don't yet 

5905
05:28:50,000 --> 05:28:53,900
exist your own interests and 
circumstances will evolve 

5906
05:28:53,900 --> 05:28:56,700
leading you to games. 
You can't yet anticipate. 

5907
05:28:58,100 --> 05:29:01,700
But regardless of how technology
changes or what new games emerge

5908
05:29:01,700 --> 05:29:04,400
that fundamental impulse to play
will remain. 

5909
05:29:04,400 --> 05:29:09,400
It's wired into you into all of 
us as deeply as any human 

5910
05:29:09,400 --> 05:29:12,500
characteristic. 
The desire to engage with 

5911
05:29:12,500 --> 05:29:15,600
voluntary challenges, to 
exercise our minds and 

5912
05:29:15,600 --> 05:29:19,200
pleasurable ways and to connect 
with others through shared play.

5913
05:29:20,000 --> 05:29:22,700
These drives will persist as 
long as humans exist. 

5914
05:29:23,800 --> 05:29:27,200
So, as you drift towards sleep 
tonight know that you are part 

5915
05:29:27,200 --> 05:29:30,800
of an unbroken chain of players 
stretching back, thousands of 

5916
05:29:30,800 --> 05:29:34,200
years and extending indefinitely
into the future. 

5917
05:29:35,100 --> 05:29:38,600
The ancient Egyptian moving 
pieces on a senate board, the 

5918
05:29:38,600 --> 05:29:42,400
medieval Noble, contemplating a 
chess move, the Victorian family

5919
05:29:42,400 --> 05:29:46,500
playing whist, the arcade goer 
in the 1980s, chasing a high 

5920
05:29:46,500 --> 05:29:49,500
score and you right now 
preparing for rest. 

5921
05:29:49,500 --> 05:29:52,200
After a day that probably 
included some form of play, 

5922
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:55,700
you're all connected by this 
beautiful seemingly frivolous, 

5923
05:29:55,700 --> 05:29:59,000
but deeply meaningful human 
activity tomorrow. 

5924
05:29:59,000 --> 05:30:01,900
You might play a game. 
It might be a quick puzzle on 

5925
05:30:01,900 --> 05:30:04,800
your phone during a break. 
A card game with friends over 

5926
05:30:04,800 --> 05:30:08,300
lunch, a video game session in 
the evening or something else. 

5927
05:30:08,300 --> 05:30:12,200
Entirely. 
Whatever form, it takes that 

5928
05:30:12,200 --> 05:30:16,200
moment of play connects you to 
Humanity's oldest traditions. 

5929
05:30:17,000 --> 05:30:20,200
You're not wasting time during 
engaging in, one of the most 

5930
05:30:20,200 --> 05:30:23,000
fundamentally human activities 
that exists. 

5931
05:30:24,200 --> 05:30:27,600
As your breathing slows and 
sleep approaches, let's end 

5932
05:30:27,600 --> 05:30:31,100
where we began. 
With the question of why humans 

5933
05:30:31,100 --> 05:30:34,200
play games? 
We've traveled through 5,000 

5934
05:30:34,200 --> 05:30:38,100
years of gaming history, from 
ancient Mesopotamian game boards

5935
05:30:38,100 --> 05:30:41,800
to Modern Virtual Worlds, we've 
seen games, evolved with 

5936
05:30:41,800 --> 05:30:46,500
technology, reflect culture, 
Bridge generations, and create 

5937
05:30:46,500 --> 05:30:49,200
communities. 
Perhaps, the most important 

5938
05:30:49,200 --> 05:30:52,400
thing we've discovered is this 
games aren't separate from 

5939
05:30:52,400 --> 05:30:54,800
serious life. 
They're Central to it. 

5940
05:30:54,800 --> 05:30:58,500
They're how we learn, how we 
Bond, how we challenge 

5941
05:30:58,500 --> 05:31:03,400
ourselves, and how we find joy 
The impulse to play is as vital 

5942
05:31:03,400 --> 05:31:07,100
as the impulse to explore to 
create or to connect with 

5943
05:31:07,100 --> 05:31:09,700
others. 
Every game ever played has been 

5944
05:31:09,700 --> 05:31:13,100
a small Act of defiance against 
the hardships, and uncertainties

5945
05:31:13,100 --> 05:31:17,500
of existence. 
Life can be difficult unfair and

5946
05:31:17,500 --> 05:31:21,000
unpredictable. 
But in the space of a game, we 

5947
05:31:21,000 --> 05:31:25,200
create temporary worlds. 
Where rules are fair outcomes a 

5948
05:31:25,200 --> 05:31:28,000
clear and starting over is 
always possible. 

5949
05:31:28,000 --> 05:31:33,000
This isn't escaping reality, 
it's creating pockets of meaning

5950
05:31:33,000 --> 05:31:35,800
and order. 
That make reality more bearable,

5951
05:31:36,500 --> 05:31:39,200
Games remind us that not 
everything needs to be useful in

5952
05:31:39,200 --> 05:31:41,400
the narrow sense of productivity
or profit. 

5953
05:31:42,200 --> 05:31:45,700
Some things can simply be 
enjoyable, engaging and 

5954
05:31:45,700 --> 05:31:49,200
meaningful in the cells. 
The hours, spent playing a game 

5955
05:31:49,200 --> 05:31:51,800
isn't wasted. 
It's an investment in your 

5956
05:31:51,800 --> 05:31:54,500
well-being, your relationships, 
and your Humanity. 

5957
05:31:55,500 --> 05:31:59,400
The ancient Roman philosopher, 
Plato once said, life must be 

5958
05:31:59,408 --> 05:32:03,200
lived as play. 
He understood something that our

5959
05:32:03,200 --> 05:32:05,600
productivity obsessed culture 
sometimes forgets. 

5960
05:32:06,500 --> 05:32:08,400
Play isn't the opposite of 
seriousness. 

5961
05:32:08,400 --> 05:32:10,400
It's the opposite of 
desperation. 

5962
05:32:11,200 --> 05:32:15,400
Players what allows us to engage
fully with life, to take risks 

5963
05:32:15,400 --> 05:32:19,600
to learn and to create without 
the paralyzing weight of every 

5964
05:32:19,600 --> 05:32:22,300
action needing to matter in some
grand scheme? 

5965
05:32:23,500 --> 05:32:26,400
So as you drift into sleep, 
carrying with you, the stories 

5966
05:32:26,400 --> 05:32:30,000
of games, across centuries, and 
continents know that tomorrow's 

5967
05:32:30,000 --> 05:32:35,700
play, whatever form it takes is 
part of a tradition as old as 

5968
05:32:35,700 --> 05:32:39,300
civilization itself. 
You're not just passing time 

5969
05:32:39,300 --> 05:32:43,100
your participating in one of 
Humanity's most enduring and 

5970
05:32:43,100 --> 05:32:46,900
essential activities sleep. 
Well, fellow player, the game 

5971
05:32:46,908 --> 05:32:50,900
continues to Morrow as it has 
for thousands of years as it 

5972
05:32:50,900 --> 05:32:54,300
will for thousands more. 
And you like countless 

5973
05:32:54,300 --> 05:32:57,900
Generations before you will 
answer Humanity's Eternal 

5974
05:32:57,900 --> 05:33:02,700
invitation come play with us. 
Let's see what happens. 

5975
05:33:02,700 --> 05:33:05,400
Let's enjoy this moment 
together. 

5976
05:33:05,400 --> 05:33:09,200
Let's remember that in a world 
that often takes itself, too. 

5977
05:33:09,200 --> 05:33:13,300
Seriously. 
There's wisdom joy and profound 

5978
05:33:13,300 --> 05:33:15,300
meaning in the simple Act of 
play. 

5979
05:33:16,100 --> 05:33:20,200
The game is never truly over it,
just pauses between sessions 

5980
05:33:20,200 --> 05:33:23,600
waiting for you to return ready 
to provide once again that 

5981
05:33:23,600 --> 05:33:26,300
unique combination of challenge 
connection. 

5982
05:33:26,300 --> 05:33:31,100
And joy, that only games can 
offer Rest now. 

5983
05:33:31,800 --> 05:33:34,800
Tomorrow, another turn awaits 
the end. 

5984
05:33:40,600 --> 05:33:43,500
We uncover the surprising story 
of how Andre Michelin tricked 

5985
05:33:43,500 --> 05:33:47,000
the world turning a tire company
into the Arbiter of fine dining 

5986
05:33:47,008 --> 05:33:50,600
through clever marketing and 
Visionary thinking Michelin. 

5987
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:53,200
Transformed the way people 
travel eat and view quality 

5988
05:33:53,200 --> 05:33:56,000
itself. 
This is the story of a brand, a 

5989
05:33:56,000 --> 05:33:58,400
guide, and the long game of 
global influence. 

5990
05:33:58,400 --> 05:34:02,000
So, before you get comfortable, 
as always, take a moment to like

5991
05:34:02,000 --> 05:34:04,500
the video and subscribe to the 
channel if you haven't already 

5992
05:34:04,500 --> 05:34:07,400
join the crew. 
Also, let us know where you're 

5993
05:34:07,400 --> 05:34:10,100
watching from and what time it 
is for you as we progress 

5994
05:34:10,100 --> 05:34:12,800
through the week, I aimed to 
maintain a concise and enjoyable

5995
05:34:12,800 --> 05:34:15,900
experience for all of you. 
So, turn off the lights, grab 

5996
05:34:15,900 --> 05:34:17,900
your blanket and warm pillow and
let's begin. 

5997
05:34:20,600 --> 05:34:24,400
Claremont. 
Ferron France 1889 in a modest 

5998
05:34:24,400 --> 05:34:27,400
Rubber Factory teetering on the 
edge of bankruptcy Brothers, 

5999
05:34:27,400 --> 05:34:30,700
Andre and Edouard Michela took 
charge with one goal to 

6000
05:34:30,700 --> 05:34:32,800
reinvent, their families failing
business. 

6001
05:34:32,800 --> 05:34:37,000
The company Michelin at Sea had 
been selling farm equipment and 

6002
05:34:37,000 --> 05:34:40,600
vulcanized rubber Goods since 
1832 but by the late 19th 

6003
05:34:40,600 --> 05:34:43,700
century, it needed a new 
Direction, Andrea trained 

6004
05:34:43,700 --> 05:34:46,800
engineer and eduard. 
An artistic Soul turned 

6005
05:34:46,800 --> 05:34:49,700
industrialist believed that the 
future lay on the roads. 

6006
05:34:49,700 --> 05:34:53,200
Specifically in providing the 
tires for France's nascent 

6007
05:34:53,200 --> 05:34:56,400
automobile age. 
The trouble was that in 1889 

6008
05:34:56,400 --> 05:34:59,100
even bicycles which were 
exploding in popularity, 

6009
05:34:59,100 --> 05:35:02,900
constantly waylaid by Punks on 
rough primitive roads. 

6010
05:35:02,900 --> 05:35:06,800
Their first breakthrough came 
unexpectedly courtesy of a weary

6011
05:35:06,800 --> 05:35:09,500
cycling list. 
One day, a man trudged into the 

6012
05:35:09,500 --> 05:35:12,300
workshop with a bicycle tire 
punctured Beyond quick repair. 

6013
05:35:13,100 --> 05:35:15,500
At the time, most tires were 
glued tightly to the wheel 

6014
05:35:15,500 --> 05:35:19,700
making flats and hours, long 
ordeal to fix such punctures 

6015
05:35:19,700 --> 05:35:22,900
were a very common occurrence 
given road conditions of the 

6016
05:35:22,900 --> 05:35:27,000
day, horse shoe nails, broken 
glass and shops stones with a 

6017
05:35:27,000 --> 05:35:31,300
bone natural enemies of early 
cyclists, Edouard Michelin or an

6018
05:35:31,300 --> 05:35:33,800
opportunity. 
He experimented tirelessly and 

6019
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:36,700
by 1891 had patented a 
revolutionary removable 

6020
05:35:36,700 --> 05:35:39,200
pneumatic tire, that could be 
mended in minutes. 

6021
05:35:40,100 --> 05:35:43,200
This invention built upon John 
dunlop's earlier, pneumatic tire

6022
05:35:43,200 --> 05:35:46,400
concept but michelin's 
detachable design was far more 

6023
05:35:46,400 --> 05:35:49,100
practical and quickly proved 
itself in action. 

6024
05:35:50,000 --> 05:35:52,900
The brothers tested their new 
tire in the longest bicycle race

6025
05:35:52,900 --> 05:35:54,500
of the day to demonstrate its 
superiority. 

6026
05:35:55,800 --> 05:35:59,200
Fitted with michelin's, quick 
change tires, cyclist Charles 

6027
05:35:59,200 --> 05:36:03,800
Tyrone won the grueling, 1891 
Paris pres Paris, race 8 hours 

6028
05:36:03,800 --> 05:36:07,200
ahead of his nearest rival. 
It was a stunning victory for 

6029
05:36:07,200 --> 05:36:10,800
both Rider and tire a publicity 
coup that announced Michelin as 

6030
05:36:10,800 --> 05:36:15,100
a new force in transportation. 
In boldend, the michelins turned

6031
05:36:15,100 --> 05:36:18,100
their attention to the 
automobile Contraptions still in

6032
05:36:18,100 --> 05:36:22,100
its infancy, in 1895, they 
entered a peculiar looking 

6033
05:36:22,100 --> 05:36:26,100
vehicle nicknamed LeClaire 
lightning in the Paris, Bordeaux

6034
05:36:26,100 --> 05:36:29,700
Paris competition, one of the 
world's first long-distance car 

6035
05:36:29,700 --> 05:36:34,100
races, the car ran on michelin's
Airfield tires daring, gamble at

6036
05:36:34,100 --> 05:36:36,900
a time when many observers 
doubted that fragile are stuffed

6037
05:36:36,900 --> 05:36:39,200
rubber could support a motor 
cars, wait and speed. 

6038
05:36:40,100 --> 05:36:43,600
True LeClaire didn't win it 
limped in near the back of the 

6039
05:36:43,600 --> 05:36:46,300
pack but its performance was 
convincing enough to create a 

6040
05:36:46,300 --> 05:36:49,100
market. 
Spectators and fellow Engineers 

6041
05:36:49,100 --> 05:36:50,800
saw that a car on pneumatic 
tires. 

6042
05:36:50,800 --> 05:36:53,500
Could survive a rugged? 
732 mile Journey. 

6043
05:36:54,200 --> 05:36:57,500
As one report noted, the race 
virtually launched the market, 

6044
05:36:57,500 --> 05:37:00,200
for detachable. 
Pneumatic automobile tires by 

6045
05:37:00,200 --> 05:37:02,300
proving their resilience and 
practicality. 

6046
05:37:02,300 --> 05:37:05,700
The Michelin Brothers had found 
their calling making 

6047
05:37:05,700 --> 05:37:09,800
indispensable things that nobody
realized they needed until they 

6048
05:37:09,800 --> 05:37:14,000
did Edward reportedly conceived.
The idea for a mascot at a trade

6049
05:37:14,000 --> 05:37:17,500
exhibition, in Leon noticing, a 
stack of tires that uncannily 

6050
05:37:17,500 --> 05:37:20,700
resembled a human form. 
Soon he and Andre commissioned 

6051
05:37:20,700 --> 05:37:23,900
an artist to bring it to life. 
The Michelin Man, a rotund 

6052
05:37:23,900 --> 05:37:27,500
fellow made of stacked tires. 
Debuting in a famous 1898 

6053
05:37:27,500 --> 05:37:29,900
poster. 
This Jolly character dubbed 

6054
05:37:29,900 --> 05:37:32,500
bibendum from the Latin, nunc 
EST bibendum. 

6055
05:37:32,500 --> 05:37:36,400
Now is the time to drink was 
depicted cheerfully raising a 

6056
05:37:36,400 --> 05:37:39,700
goblet brimming with nails and 
broken glass to your health. 

6057
05:37:40,700 --> 05:37:43,700
The message was witty and clear.
Michelin tires, will drink up 

6058
05:37:43,700 --> 05:37:47,100
obstacles on the road, this 
imaginative ad showing the Tire 

6059
05:37:47,100 --> 05:37:48,800
man. 
Merely swallowing road hazards 

6060
05:37:48,800 --> 05:37:50,600
captured, the Public's 
attention. 

6061
05:37:50,600 --> 05:37:54,300
It married humor with a 
practical promise signaling that

6062
05:37:54,300 --> 05:37:57,900
Michelin tires made motoring not
only safer, but a bit more fun. 

6063
05:37:59,200 --> 05:38:02,000
The Michelin Man quickly became 
one of the world's first, truly 

6064
05:38:02,000 --> 05:38:05,900
iconic advertising characters, a
testament to the brothers Flair 

6065
05:38:05,900 --> 05:38:08,900
goal cuts for marketing 
surprises. 

6066
05:38:09,800 --> 05:38:12,100
By 1900, Michela had established
itself. 

6067
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:16,000
As Francis Premier Tire 
innovator, yet the market 

6068
05:38:16,000 --> 05:38:20,000
remained, small automobiles were
still the playthings of the rich

6069
05:38:20,000 --> 05:38:23,500
or the tinkering enthusiast. 
There were fewer than 3,000 cars

6070
05:38:23,500 --> 05:38:26,000
on all the roads of France as 
the new century dawned. 

6071
05:38:26,600 --> 05:38:30,300
For Michela to thrive more 
people needed by cars and drive 

6072
05:38:30,300 --> 05:38:33,700
them far enough to wear out 
their tires, Andre Mitchell and 

6073
05:38:33,700 --> 05:38:35,500
understood. 
That selling tires wasn't just 

6074
05:38:35,500 --> 05:38:38,600
about the rubber, it was about 
selling the adventure of 

6075
05:38:38,608 --> 05:38:42,000
Motoring itself. 
France's rotted, Lanes could be 

6076
05:38:42,008 --> 05:38:45,500
transformed into more welcoming 
Pathways, perhaps many more 

6077
05:38:45,500 --> 05:38:47,900
citizens would be enticed to get
behind the wheel. 

6078
05:38:48,800 --> 05:38:52,000
With characteristic engineering,
he began devising a new kind of 

6079
05:38:52,000 --> 05:38:55,300
product, not just a tire this 
time but a booklet that would 

6080
05:38:55,300 --> 05:38:57,400
boost the entire ecosystem of 
driving. 

6081
05:38:58,400 --> 05:39:01,200
Little, did anyone suspect that 
this next idea would become 

6082
05:39:01,200 --> 05:39:02,700
michelin's greatest Legacy of 
all? 

6083
05:39:02,700 --> 05:39:05,500
Taking an automobile on a 
cross-country Journey, was a 

6084
05:39:05,508 --> 05:39:07,700
daring expedition, in the early 
1900s. 

6085
05:39:07,700 --> 05:39:12,400
Imagine embarking on a 200-mile.
Drive with no road signs, no 

6086
05:39:12,400 --> 05:39:16,000
reliable maps, and no guarantee 
you'd find fuel or a mechanic if

6087
05:39:16,000 --> 05:39:20,300
things went awry. 
For instance, in 1905 Parisian, 

6088
05:39:20,300 --> 05:39:23,700
Gentleman embarking on a journey
to the French Riviera would pack

6089
05:39:23,700 --> 05:39:27,300
extra Patrol, tins, and tools, 
and anticipating the unexpected 

6090
05:39:27,300 --> 05:39:31,900
at every corner. car travel was 
truly an adventure and Andre 

6091
05:39:31,900 --> 05:39:34,500
Mitchell and keenly understood 
that drivers needed, guidance 

6092
05:39:34,500 --> 05:39:37,700
and reassurance, To support 
their customers Journeys. 

6093
05:39:37,700 --> 05:39:40,800
He and his brother compiled, a 
slim red covered handbook. 

6094
05:39:40,800 --> 05:39:43,700
The guide Michelin filled with 
everything, a motorist might 

6095
05:39:43,708 --> 05:39:47,900
need Technical tips on tire 
repair lists of garages and fuel

6096
05:39:47,900 --> 05:39:51,400
Depots recommended hotels, and 
eateries, and even maps and 

6097
05:39:51,400 --> 05:39:54,200
handy Town. 
Indexes Michelin, even included 

6098
05:39:54,200 --> 05:39:57,600
a Whimsical cartoon in the 
guide, showing a weary traveler 

6099
05:39:57,600 --> 05:40:01,100
collapsing, under an arm load of
maps and manuals, only to be 

6100
05:40:01,108 --> 05:40:04,100
rescued by an outstretched hand 
offering a single book. 

6101
05:40:04,100 --> 05:40:08,900
The Michelin guide, The message 
one, small volume could replace 

6102
05:40:08,900 --> 05:40:10,700
a trunk full of disparate 
references. 

6103
05:40:10,700 --> 05:40:14,600
The first Michelin guide, 1900 
was a free. 

6104
05:40:14,600 --> 05:40:18,200
Booklet for motorists, full of 
practical information on Andre 

6105
05:40:18,200 --> 05:40:20,600
Michelin predicted. 
This book appears with the 

6106
05:40:20,600 --> 05:40:22,200
century. 
It will last, as long as it 

6107
05:40:22,200 --> 05:40:26,000
does. the first Michelin guide 
made its debut in 1900, 

6108
05:40:26,000 --> 05:40:30,200
strategically time to the Paris,
World's Fair at the bustling 

6109
05:40:30,200 --> 05:40:33,400
Exposition that year, which Drew
in astonishing, 50 million 

6110
05:40:33,400 --> 05:40:36,700
visitors, attendees could pick 
up a free copy of this new 

6111
05:40:36,700 --> 05:40:39,600
motorist guide book, which 
cataloged hundreds of French 

6112
05:40:39,600 --> 05:40:43,800
towns and advised, where to find
lodging meals gas, and reliable 

6113
05:40:43,800 --> 05:40:47,800
repairs in an ERA, with no GPS 
or roadside assistance, the 

6114
05:40:47,800 --> 05:40:51,500
Little Red Book was a godsend 
That inaugural Edition ran to 

6115
05:40:51,500 --> 05:40:55,400
nearly 400 pages with some 1300 
hotels among its Myriad 

6116
05:40:55,400 --> 05:40:57,400
listings. 
This book appears with the 

6117
05:40:57,408 --> 05:41:00,100
century it will last. 
As long as it does to declared 

6118
05:41:00,100 --> 05:41:04,500
Andre Mishler boldly predicting.
His guides longevity Indeed, the

6119
05:41:04,500 --> 05:41:06,700
guide quickly became more than a
directory. 

6120
05:41:06,700 --> 05:41:10,700
It was a Passport to Adventure, 
its annual release eagerly, 

6121
05:41:10,700 --> 05:41:13,800
awaited by motorists, who saw it
as essential gear for the open 

6122
05:41:13,800 --> 05:41:16,600
road. 
Indeed, as automobiles, 

6123
05:41:16,600 --> 05:41:20,200
proliferated on Europe's roads, 
the Michelin guide emerged as 

6124
05:41:20,200 --> 05:41:24,300
the preferred glove box 
companion for astute drivers by 

6125
05:41:24,300 --> 05:41:27,100
the outbreak of World War 1, 
France had embraced the 

6126
05:41:27,100 --> 05:41:30,200
automobile with gusto. 
In fact, the number of cars in 

6127
05:41:30,200 --> 05:41:35,600
France surged from about 3,000 
and 1900 to over 100,000 by 1914

6128
05:41:35,600 --> 05:41:40,100
and Michels guide had expanded 
far beyond its home turf what 

6129
05:41:40,100 --> 05:41:42,600
started as a local French 
publication, grew into a 

6130
05:41:42,600 --> 05:41:44,600
pan-european phenomenon within a
decade. 

6131
05:41:44,600 --> 05:41:48,900
A Michelin guide for Belgium 
appeared in 1904 followed by 

6132
05:41:48,900 --> 05:41:53,400
editions covering Algeria and 
Tunisia. 1907, the Alps and the 

6133
05:41:53,408 --> 05:41:58,100
Rhine regions 1908, Germany and 
Spain 19010 and the British 

6134
05:41:58,100 --> 05:42:01,900
Isles 1911. 
In 1910 Michelin also launched a

6135
05:42:01,900 --> 05:42:05,600
series of 1 to 200,000 scale. 
Roadmaps to complement, the 

6136
05:42:05,600 --> 05:42:08,200
guides directions and make it 
easier for drivers to find their

6137
05:42:08,200 --> 05:42:10,600
way. 
There was even a special English

6138
05:42:10,600 --> 05:42:13,600
language guide to France 
published in 1909 for the 

6139
05:42:13,600 --> 05:42:16,900
benefit of British and American 
tourists touring the continent 

6140
05:42:16,900 --> 05:42:20,200
by motor car. 
This rapid expansion reflected 

6141
05:42:20,200 --> 05:42:24,000
the exploding interest in motor 
tourism wealthy adventurers were

6142
05:42:24,000 --> 05:42:26,700
now driving through the Alps or 
motoring down to the French 

6143
05:42:26,700 --> 05:42:29,000
Riviera and Michelin was right 
there with them. 

6144
05:42:29,000 --> 05:42:32,300
Its guides offering Dependable 
information in unfamiliar lands.

6145
05:42:32,300 --> 05:42:35,500
If anything the hardships of 
early driving only cemented the 

6146
05:42:35,500 --> 05:42:38,800
guides in Portland cars of that 
era were finicky machines. 

6147
05:42:38,800 --> 05:42:42,100
Prone to breakdowns and Roads 
outside major cities were often 

6148
05:42:42,100 --> 05:42:43,900
little more than rutted Mud 
Parks. 

6149
05:42:44,600 --> 05:42:47,200
Pity The Traveler who didn't 
carry a Michelin guide when his 

6150
05:42:47,200 --> 05:42:49,300
tire blew out miles from the 
nearest town. 

6151
05:42:49,300 --> 05:42:51,500
He might not know that a 
blacksmith in the next Village, 

6152
05:42:51,500 --> 05:42:55,000
doubled as an auto repairman or 
that a certain in down the road,

6153
05:42:55,000 --> 05:42:58,400
offered clean beds and hot 
supper the guide's details. 

6154
05:42:58,400 --> 05:43:01,200
Listings helped, turn chaos into
a manageable Adventure. 

6155
05:43:02,000 --> 05:43:05,900
As War loomed in 1914. 
The Michelin guide had firmly 

6156
05:43:05,900 --> 05:43:08,200
established itself as part of 
the motoring routine. 

6157
05:43:09,000 --> 05:43:12,200
Publication was suspended during
World War One when Europe's 

6158
05:43:12,200 --> 05:43:14,900
focused turned from leisure 
travel to survival, but the 

6159
05:43:14,908 --> 05:43:18,400
groundwork was laid motoring had
arrived as a way of life for the

6160
05:43:18,408 --> 05:43:21,100
well-to-do and thanks to 
michelin's prescient strategy. 

6161
05:43:21,100 --> 05:43:24,200
A tire companies giveaway guide 
had become an authority in its 

6162
05:43:24,200 --> 05:43:26,200
own, right. 
The stage was set for even 

6163
05:43:26,200 --> 05:43:28,800
bigger Transformations. 
After the war, not least, the 

6164
05:43:28,800 --> 05:43:31,600
guides Evolution from a 
utilitarian Road Aid into the 

6165
05:43:31,600 --> 05:43:33,800
venerated. 
Culinary Bible we know today 

6166
05:43:33,800 --> 05:43:37,800
from its Inception, the Michelin
guide served as more than just a

6167
05:43:37,800 --> 05:43:40,300
simple guide for drivers. 
It represented a brilliant 

6168
05:43:40,300 --> 05:43:43,800
marketing strategy. 
Andre Michelin realized that if 

6169
05:43:43,800 --> 05:43:46,700
people drove more they'd wear 
out their tires faster, and need

6170
05:43:46,700 --> 05:43:49,000
Replacements boosting Michelin 
sails. 

6171
05:43:49,000 --> 05:43:52,800
So what better way to Spur Road 
travel and to give drivers a 

6172
05:43:52,800 --> 05:43:56,300
reason to hit the road The free 
guide served as a tire companies

6173
05:43:56,300 --> 05:43:59,100
valuable tool inspiring 
motorists to make longer and 

6174
05:43:59,100 --> 05:44:02,300
more frequent Journeys. 
In modern terms Michelin was 

6175
05:44:02,300 --> 05:44:05,500
pioneering content marketing. 
Offering valuable information to

6176
05:44:05,500 --> 05:44:08,600
customers to stimulate demand 
for its core product long before

6177
05:44:08,600 --> 05:44:13,400
anyone coined that phrase Nearly
35,000 copies of the inaugural 

6178
05:44:13,400 --> 05:44:17,700
1900 shun were distributed at no
charge, handed out to 

6179
05:44:17,700 --> 05:44:21,200
chauffeur's garage owners and 
anyone who owned or even aspired

6180
05:44:21,200 --> 05:44:25,300
to own an automobile. 
Before long drivers considered 

6181
05:44:25,300 --> 05:44:29,000
the Michelin guide nearly 
indispensable as essential as a 

6182
05:44:29,000 --> 05:44:31,200
spare tire or a roadmap on any 
long drive. 

6183
05:44:31,200 --> 05:44:35,200
The message was never by our 
tires, yet every page quietly, 

6184
05:44:35,200 --> 05:44:37,300
served that goal by making 
motoring easier. 

6185
05:44:38,200 --> 05:44:40,600
For two decades. 
Michelin, poured resources into 

6186
05:44:40,600 --> 05:44:43,800
this project Printing and 
updating the guide annually, 

6187
05:44:43,800 --> 05:44:47,500
without earning a cent from it. 
The company stock petrol 

6188
05:44:47,500 --> 05:44:50,200
stations and repair shops with 
stacks of the free red guide, 

6189
05:44:50,200 --> 05:44:53,500
confident, that every road trip 
had encouraged would eventually 

6190
05:44:53,500 --> 05:44:55,600
lead to more worn out tires in 
need of replacement. 

6191
05:44:56,700 --> 05:44:59,100
This Ploy worked brilliantly. 
Perhaps, too. 

6192
05:44:59,100 --> 05:45:03,000
Well, as motoring move from fad 
to mainstream the guide's 

6193
05:45:03,000 --> 05:45:07,300
distribution sword in tandem, 
France, counted over 230,000 

6194
05:45:07,300 --> 05:45:11,100
cars on the road by 1920. 
A huge leap from fewer than 

6195
05:45:11,100 --> 05:45:14,100
3,002 decades earlier and many 
new drivers. 

6196
05:45:14,100 --> 05:45:16,500
Wouldn't dream of setting out 
without the latest Michelin 

6197
05:45:16,500 --> 05:45:20,800
guide in the glove box. 
By 1920, some people have become

6198
05:45:20,800 --> 05:45:23,400
so accustomed to the guide that 
they began to take it lightly. 

6199
05:45:23,400 --> 05:45:27,600
According to company law when 
Andre Mitchell stopped by garage

6200
05:45:27,600 --> 05:45:30,300
one day, he was shocked to see 
his beloved guide being used to 

6201
05:45:30,300 --> 05:45:33,600
prop up, a workbench, outraged, 
and perhaps a little 

6202
05:45:33,608 --> 05:45:35,900
heartbroken. 
He immediately declared the end 

6203
05:45:35,900 --> 05:45:39,800
of the free Michelin guide era. 
Man only truly respects what he 

6204
05:45:39,800 --> 05:45:41,600
pays for. 
He reportedly declared 

6205
05:45:41,600 --> 05:45:43,900
thereafter. 
The guide was no longer a 

6206
05:45:43,900 --> 05:45:45,600
giveaway, but a product in its 
own right. 

6207
05:45:45,600 --> 05:45:49,200
Sold for about seven francs 
roughly, two dollars and not 

6208
05:45:49,208 --> 05:45:52,600
insignificant sum at the time 
and revamped for a new era of 

6209
05:45:52,600 --> 05:45:55,500
Motoring. 
The Michelin guides, 1920 

6210
05:45:55,500 --> 05:45:58,500
Edition marked, a significant 
milestone, Freed from the 

6211
05:45:58,508 --> 05:46:00,200
constraints of being purely 
promotional. 

6212
05:46:00,200 --> 05:46:03,100
The guides content was refined 
and elevated. 

6213
05:46:03,700 --> 05:46:06,700
All advertising was stripped out
to reinforce its impartiality. 

6214
05:46:06,700 --> 05:46:11,100
New features appeared including 
a list of hotels in Paris and an

6215
05:46:11,100 --> 05:46:13,800
expanded directory of 
restaurants now grouped by 

6216
05:46:13,800 --> 05:46:16,900
category and cuisine. 
What had begun as a handy road, 

6217
05:46:16,900 --> 05:46:19,600
atlas was transforming into 
something of a travel handbook, 

6218
05:46:19,600 --> 05:46:22,700
for the Discerning motorist 
readers, wanted more than just 

6219
05:46:22,700 --> 05:46:24,800
gas stations. 
They were increasingly turning 

6220
05:46:24,800 --> 05:46:28,000
to Michelin for dining and 
lodging advice, sensing this 

6221
05:46:28,000 --> 05:46:30,000
shift. 
The Michelin brothers, made a 

6222
05:46:30,000 --> 05:46:33,800
shrewd move, they hired a team 
of anonymous field inspectors to

6223
05:46:33,800 --> 05:46:35,900
visit establishments and quietly
evaluate them. 

6224
05:46:37,100 --> 05:46:39,600
Recognizing the growing 
influence of the guides 

6225
05:46:39,600 --> 05:46:42,500
restaurants section, the company
understood that consistent, 

6226
05:46:42,500 --> 05:46:46,600
trustworthy restaurant reviews, 
would be crucial, these 

6227
05:46:46,600 --> 05:46:49,400
undercovered diners, the first 
of their kind found out to 

6228
05:46:49,400 --> 05:46:53,100
sample meals without ever 
revealing their affiliation It 

6229
05:46:53,100 --> 05:46:56,600
was an unprecedented commitment 
to Quality Control ensuring that

6230
05:46:56,608 --> 05:46:59,300
a Michelin recommendation, truly
meant something to the traveling

6231
05:46:59,300 --> 05:47:01,800
public. 
By the mid-1920s. 

6232
05:47:01,800 --> 05:47:05,300
The Michelin guide had evolved 
from a tire company pamphlet to 

6233
05:47:05,300 --> 05:47:08,500
a more ambitious guide. 
Its original purpose to get 

6234
05:47:08,500 --> 05:47:12,300
people, driving had succeeded 
Beyond expectation and its 

6235
05:47:12,300 --> 05:47:15,000
reputation for fair thorough 
recommendations was growing. 

6236
05:47:15,800 --> 05:47:19,000
Not coincidentally, michelin's 
tire sales were booming as well.

6237
05:47:19,000 --> 05:47:22,500
The brothers had become leading 
suppliers to Europe's fledgling 

6238
05:47:22,500 --> 05:47:25,100
or to Industry Boyd. 
By the growing ranks of 

6239
05:47:25,100 --> 05:47:28,900
motorists, they helped create. 
Now, this little red book was 

6240
05:47:28,900 --> 05:47:32,100
evolving from a glove box Staple
in to a symbol of discernment 

6241
05:47:32,100 --> 05:47:36,000
and credibility, as one Observer
noted, early current Enthusiast,

6242
05:47:36,000 --> 05:47:38,700
even like to keep a Michelin 
guide matching, their vehicles 

6243
05:47:38,700 --> 05:47:40,900
model year in the glove box as a
badge of honor. 

6244
05:47:41,700 --> 05:47:43,400
This set. 
The groundwork for michelin's 

6245
05:47:43,400 --> 05:47:46,200
next brilliant. 
Move transforming a tire 

6246
05:47:46,200 --> 05:47:48,000
companies travel guide. 
Into the world's most 

6247
05:47:48,000 --> 05:47:53,000
influential Authority on fine, 
dining in 1926 Michelin quietly.

6248
05:47:53,000 --> 05:47:55,700
Introduced a new feature that 
would forever change. 

6249
05:47:55,700 --> 05:48:01,300
The guides Destiny star rating. 
That year a small star symbol 

6250
05:48:01,300 --> 05:48:04,200
appeared next to the name of 
Select exceptional restaurants. 

6251
05:48:05,000 --> 05:48:08,800
Five years later in 1931, the 
hierarchy of one, two, and three

6252
05:48:08,800 --> 05:48:12,500
stars was introduced creating a 
graduated honor of dining 

6253
05:48:12,500 --> 05:48:15,300
Excellence. 
A single star denoted, a 

6254
05:48:15,300 --> 05:48:18,400
restaurant that was excellent in
its category, two stars 

6255
05:48:18,400 --> 05:48:20,200
signified. 
Excellent cooking worth the 

6256
05:48:20,200 --> 05:48:23,800
detour and the coveted three 
stars meant exceptional Cuisine 

6257
05:48:23,800 --> 05:48:28,200
worth a special Journey. 
The wording was telling Michelin

6258
05:48:28,200 --> 05:48:32,800
was still in the business of 
inspiring Journeys by 193323 

6259
05:48:32,800 --> 05:48:36,000
restaurants in France, held 
three-star status, their 

6260
05:48:36,000 --> 05:48:38,700
kitchens instantly vaulted into 
the culinary stratosphere. 

6261
05:48:39,500 --> 05:48:42,700
Chefs regarded Michelin stars as
the highest recognition and a 

6262
05:48:42,700 --> 05:48:45,900
three-star ranking of the power 
to transform a remote country in

6263
05:48:45,900 --> 05:48:50,700
into a global destination for 
gourmets. in 1931 Michelin also 

6264
05:48:50,700 --> 05:48:53,700
swapped the guides cover from 
its original blue to now iconic 

6265
05:48:53,700 --> 05:48:57,300
red cementing, the identity of 
the red guide that endures to 

6266
05:48:57,300 --> 05:49:01,400
this day One journalist later 
noted that the little red guy 

6267
05:49:01,400 --> 05:49:05,300
often referred to as the Bible 
of gastronomy holds significant 

6268
05:49:05,300 --> 05:49:09,300
influence among rest returns. 
Over the ensuing decades, the 

6269
05:49:09,300 --> 05:49:13,900
guide's influence only grew 
restaurant for michelin's 

6270
05:49:13,900 --> 05:49:17,400
approval knowing that a star or 
three could bring Prestige and 

6271
05:49:17,408 --> 05:49:20,600
prosperity. 
The guides judgments with their 

6272
05:49:20,600 --> 05:49:24,100
concise descriptions and iconic 
Stars established a benchmark 

6273
05:49:24,100 --> 05:49:26,700
that profoundly influenced the 
concept of fine dining. 

6274
05:49:27,400 --> 05:49:29,900
Even War could only briefly 
interrupt its Authority. 

6275
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:32,600
World War 2 forced to pause in 
publication. 

6276
05:49:32,600 --> 05:49:36,400
But in 1944, the Allied Forces 
famously requested, a special 

6277
05:49:36,400 --> 05:49:39,000
reprint of michela's. 
Last pre-war guide, because it's

6278
05:49:39,000 --> 05:49:42,200
roadmaps of France with the most
detail and reliable available. 

6279
05:49:43,300 --> 05:49:47,000
after the war as Europe, rebuilt
Michelin cautiously resumed, its

6280
05:49:47,000 --> 05:49:50,600
Gourmet guardianship initially 
imposing an upper limit of two 

6281
05:49:50,600 --> 05:49:53,800
stars, giving the era's food 
shortages before restoring three

6282
05:49:53,800 --> 05:49:58,300
star awards in 1951 as Hot 
Cuisine bounce back, By then the

6283
05:49:58,300 --> 05:50:00,900
Michelin guide was entrenched as
the Arbiter of French fine. 

6284
05:50:00,900 --> 05:50:03,400
Dining and its reach was 
extending further afield. 

6285
05:50:04,300 --> 05:50:06,900
What the Gan has a parochial 
handbook for French motorists. 

6286
05:50:06,900 --> 05:50:09,100
Had evolved into an 
international Institution. 

6287
05:50:10,100 --> 05:50:13,200
Michelin published. 
Its first guide to Italy in 1956

6288
05:50:13,200 --> 05:50:15,900
though no restaurant. 
Earned a star in that inaugural 

6289
05:50:15,900 --> 05:50:19,300
in addition and rolled out 
guides across the continent in 

6290
05:50:19,300 --> 05:50:22,200
subsequent years, a Michelin 
guide for Great Britain, and 

6291
05:50:22,208 --> 05:50:26,000
Ireland, reappeared in 1974. 
After a long Hiatus signaling, 

6292
05:50:26,000 --> 05:50:30,500
the guides pan-european scope In
2005, the company finally 

6293
05:50:30,500 --> 05:50:34,100
crossed the Atlantic debuting in
New York City guide and soon 

6294
05:50:34,100 --> 05:50:36,000
afterward. 
In today's show with guides for 

6295
05:50:36,000 --> 05:50:40,000
Tokyo 2007 and Hong Kong and 
Macau 2008. 

6296
05:50:40,800 --> 05:50:44,000
In its first Tokyo Edition. 
Michelin awarded, an 

6297
05:50:44,000 --> 05:50:46,800
unprecedented eight restaurants,
the top three star, rating, 

6298
05:50:46,800 --> 05:50:50,700
declaring, Tokyo, the new world 
leader in Gourmet dining, even 

6299
05:50:50,700 --> 05:50:54,300
ahead of Paris. 
By the 2010s Michelin was 

6300
05:50:54,300 --> 05:50:56,600
publishing annual guides in 
dozens of countries across 

6301
05:50:56,600 --> 05:51:00,300
Europe, North America, and Asia 
is once humble book. 

6302
05:51:00,300 --> 05:51:04,600
Now, a global Arbiter of taste 
for perspective more than 30 

6303
05:51:04,600 --> 05:51:07,800
million Michelin guides have 
been sold worldwide over the 

6304
05:51:07,800 --> 05:51:11,100
past Century. 
A Michelin star became part of 

6305
05:51:11,100 --> 05:51:15,200
the common, lexicon a byword for
culinary Excellence recognized 

6306
05:51:15,200 --> 05:51:18,800
from Boston to Beijing. 
Michelin also added, secondary 

6307
05:51:18,800 --> 05:51:22,100
distinctions over time. 
For instance, the bib Gourmand 

6308
05:51:22,100 --> 05:51:25,700
award denoted, by the face of 
Bender licking, his lips was 

6309
05:51:25,700 --> 05:51:28,100
introduced to highlight 
restaurant offering excellent 

6310
05:51:28,100 --> 05:51:31,400
quality at a reasonable price. 
Proving that not all outstanding

6311
05:51:31,400 --> 05:51:35,100
cooking need be expensive. 
The guide had transformed into a

6312
05:51:35,100 --> 05:51:36,700
luxury brand in Florence in its 
own. 

6313
05:51:36,700 --> 05:51:38,700
Right. 
The endorsement of the Michelin 

6314
05:51:38,700 --> 05:51:41,200
a single Michelin guide could 
Propel a modest Chef to 

6315
05:51:41,200 --> 05:51:44,200
prominence or Transformer remote
Village into a destination for 

6316
05:51:44,200 --> 05:51:46,700
Foodies. 
Tourism boards, even began 

6317
05:51:46,700 --> 05:51:50,300
courting Michela to publish 
guides in their Region's hoping 

6318
05:51:50,300 --> 05:51:53,900
to capitalize on the Michelin 
effect of gastronomic travel. 

6319
05:51:54,900 --> 05:51:58,000
In the world of out Cuisine, the
red covered guide wielded. 

6320
05:51:58,000 --> 05:52:02,000
A clout matched by few 
institutions yet even as its 

6321
05:52:02,000 --> 05:52:04,000
Fame. 
Grew the Michelin guide remained

6322
05:52:04,000 --> 05:52:06,900
cloaked in Mystique, not least 
because it never revealed 

6323
05:52:06,900 --> 05:52:08,700
exactly how it cast its 
judgments. 

6324
05:52:09,500 --> 05:52:12,700
Diners devoured, each annual 
Edition but the identities of 

6325
05:52:12,700 --> 05:52:15,800
michelin's inspectors and the 
inner workings of its writing 

6326
05:52:15,800 --> 05:52:17,900
process were kept rigorously 
secret. 

6327
05:52:17,900 --> 05:52:21,800
Restauranteurs could only guess 
when a Michelin critic had dined

6328
05:52:21,800 --> 05:52:25,000
in their midst, this Aura of 
secrecy became part of the 

6329
05:52:25,000 --> 05:52:28,000
guides Legend and it set the 
stage for the next chapter of 

6330
05:52:28,000 --> 05:52:30,600
the story. 
The secretive inspectors and 

6331
05:52:30,600 --> 05:52:33,000
enigmatic criteria behind those 
Stars. 

6332
05:52:33,000 --> 05:52:36,400
The true genius of the Michelin 
guide and perhaps the key to its

6333
05:52:36,400 --> 05:52:39,900
credibility in the inspectors 
from the 1920s. 

6334
05:52:39,900 --> 05:52:43,100
Onward Michelin cultivated an 
image of rigorous and Anonymous 

6335
05:52:43,100 --> 05:52:46,900
evaluation the company insisted 
that its inspectors always pay 

6336
05:52:46,900 --> 05:52:49,000
for their meals and never reveal
their identities. 

6337
05:52:49,000 --> 05:52:52,400
So restaurants could not carry 
favor pun intended. 

6338
05:52:53,500 --> 05:52:55,700
These Mystery Diners. 
As the Michelin Brothers, 

6339
05:52:55,700 --> 05:52:58,600
conceived them would blend in 
with ordinary patreons and 

6340
05:52:58,600 --> 05:53:02,000
experience restaurants. 
Just as any guests would over 

6341
05:53:02,000 --> 05:53:05,500
time, the guides Mystique became
Central to this covert approach.

6342
05:53:06,400 --> 05:53:09,000
While other guidebooks or 
critics might tolerate freebies,

6343
05:53:09,000 --> 05:53:12,400
or announced their visits 
michelin's taste as moved in 

6344
05:53:12,400 --> 05:53:13,700
silence and picked up their 
checks. 

6345
05:53:14,400 --> 05:53:18,000
Chefs lived in quiet dread of 
unrecognized, gastronomic, spies

6346
05:53:18,000 --> 05:53:21,500
in their dining rooms one 
French, chef famously likened, 

6347
05:53:21,500 --> 05:53:23,600
the suspense to waiting for the 
Executioner. 

6348
05:53:23,600 --> 05:53:27,200
You never knew when they would 
come or who they were, it wasn't

6349
05:53:27,200 --> 05:53:29,900
just who the inspectors were but
what they looked for that set, 

6350
05:53:29,900 --> 05:53:33,000
Michelin apart. 
For decades, the guide said, 

6351
05:53:33,000 --> 05:53:36,200
little publicly about his 
judging criteria letting diners 

6352
05:53:36,200 --> 05:53:39,100
and chefs puzzle over the secret
recipe for earning a star. 

6353
05:53:39,800 --> 05:53:43,100
Only in 1936 did Michelin 
publish a brief description of 

6354
05:53:43,108 --> 05:53:47,600
the standards behind one, two, 
and three stars couching them in

6355
05:53:47,608 --> 05:53:48,900
reassuringly. 
Simple. 

6356
05:53:48,900 --> 05:53:52,600
Terms, a top rated restaurant 
was one that volt worth the 

6357
05:53:52,600 --> 05:53:56,600
journey, a phrase that harked 
back to the guides road trip, 

6358
05:53:56,608 --> 05:54:00,300
origin's behind the scenes, of 
course the inspectors palettes 

6359
05:54:00,300 --> 05:54:04,100
were finely honed and their 
expectations exacting. over 

6360
05:54:04,100 --> 05:54:06,700
time, Michelin quietly, 
established five Universal 

6361
05:54:06,700 --> 05:54:09,400
criteria to guide their 
assessments quality of 

6362
05:54:09,400 --> 05:54:12,900
ingredients Mastery of cooking 
techniques, Harmony of flavors, 

6363
05:54:12,900 --> 05:54:16,300
the personality of the chef in 
the cuisine and consistency 

6364
05:54:16,300 --> 05:54:20,900
across the menu and over time, 
Notably factors like Decor 

6365
05:54:20,900 --> 05:54:24,200
service or Ambience things one 
might assume influence a dining 

6366
05:54:24,200 --> 05:54:26,400
experience. 
Were officially not supposed to 

6367
05:54:26,400 --> 05:54:29,300
affect the rating. 
It was all about the food on the

6368
05:54:29,308 --> 05:54:32,300
plate. 
Michelin would later insist This

6369
05:54:32,300 --> 05:54:36,200
obsessive focus on food quality 
combined with anonymity, gave 

6370
05:54:36,200 --> 05:54:38,300
the Michelangelo reputation for 
integrity. 

6371
05:54:39,300 --> 05:54:42,800
Inspectors often had culinary or
Hospitality backgrounds and they

6372
05:54:42,800 --> 05:54:46,300
ate out nearly every day. 
Sometimes 250 meals a year 

6373
05:54:46,308 --> 05:54:49,900
meticulously writing up reports 
on each experience. 

6374
05:54:50,800 --> 05:54:54,200
Their work was and still is 
shrouded in confidentiality. 

6375
05:54:55,300 --> 05:54:57,400
In an age of Instagram and 
crowdsourced Yelp. 

6376
05:54:57,400 --> 05:54:59,900
Reviews, Michelin to an old 
world. 

6377
05:54:59,900 --> 05:55:04,100
Secrecy Michelin Bard inspectors
from speaking to journalists and

6378
05:55:04,100 --> 05:55:06,200
even discouraged them from 
telling their families about 

6379
05:55:06,200 --> 05:55:09,400
their covert job. 
Michelin even ensures that no 

6380
05:55:09,400 --> 05:55:11,700
single inspector can make or 
break a restaurant. 

6381
05:55:11,700 --> 05:55:15,700
Multiple inspectors visit and 
their reports are pulled with 

6382
05:55:15,700 --> 05:55:17,700
stars. 
Awarded only after a collective 

6383
05:55:17,700 --> 05:55:20,500
deliberation by the inspection 
team and michelin's directors. 

6384
05:55:21,400 --> 05:55:24,400
The guide leverages the secrecy.
And rigor as a marketing asset, 

6385
05:55:24,400 --> 05:55:27,800
it is mysterious and methodical 
and therefore in the eyes of its

6386
05:55:27,800 --> 05:55:30,400
fans impartial and 
authoritative. 

6387
05:55:32,000 --> 05:55:36,700
But secrecy has its price. over 
the years, michelin's veil was 

6388
05:55:36,700 --> 05:55:39,500
occasionally pierced by 
skepticism and controversy 

6389
05:55:39,500 --> 05:55:42,600
critics wondered if a handful of
inspectors could really cover 

6390
05:55:42,600 --> 05:55:45,800
thousands of restaurants 
thoroughly or if bias is crept 

6391
05:55:45,800 --> 05:55:50,100
in, despite claims of 
objectivity X inspector in 

6392
05:55:50,100 --> 05:55:53,100
France, published a book in 2004
alleging that the rigor of the 

6393
05:55:53,100 --> 05:55:55,800
guide was slipping. 
He claimed Michelin employed, 

6394
05:55:55,800 --> 05:55:58,300
only five full-time. 
Inspectors for all of France, 

6395
05:55:58,300 --> 05:56:01,600
each paid a humble salary and 
expected to somehow cover. 

6396
05:56:01,600 --> 05:56:05,400
Well over 10,000 restaurants, 
making it a complete myth that 

6397
05:56:05,400 --> 05:56:08,300
the inspector comes around every
year to each establishment. 

6398
05:56:09,500 --> 05:56:12,000
He also claimed that one third 
of the best and not of the 

6399
05:56:12,000 --> 05:56:15,400
standard expected. 
Michelin vehemently denied. 

6400
05:56:15,400 --> 05:56:18,600
The accusation noting that Remy 
had been dismissed after 

6401
05:56:18,600 --> 05:56:21,100
allegedly trying to extort 
money, to keep his diary on 

6402
05:56:21,100 --> 05:56:24,100
published and the guide's 
overseers insisted their 

6403
05:56:24,100 --> 05:56:25,700
standards remained as strict as 
ever. 

6404
05:56:26,500 --> 05:56:30,600
However, the expose a hidden 
organization despite such drama,

6405
05:56:30,600 --> 05:56:34,200
the guides Prestige proved 
resilient Few diners outside the

6406
05:56:34,200 --> 05:56:37,600
industry, remembered the episode
for long, the Michelin brand of 

6407
05:56:37,600 --> 05:56:41,400
Excellence, had Decades of trust
behind it and no competing guide

6408
05:56:41,400 --> 05:56:45,500
managed to unseat its Authority.
To this day for most chefs and 

6409
05:56:45,508 --> 05:56:48,900
Gastronomy lens. 
Inspectors, remain enigmatic 

6410
05:56:48,900 --> 05:56:52,400
figures wielding power, with 
their pens and forks and keeping

6411
05:56:52,400 --> 05:56:55,200
alive the Allure of an honor 
that is at least in principle 

6412
05:56:55,200 --> 05:56:58,500
purely merit-based as michelin's
influence grew. 

6413
05:56:58,500 --> 05:57:02,100
So did the stakes for those 
under its gaze a Michelin star 

6414
05:57:02,100 --> 05:57:04,800
could make a career. 
But the pressure to keep it 

6415
05:57:04,800 --> 05:57:08,400
could also break one. 
The Tails of this uneasy 

6416
05:57:08,400 --> 05:57:11,100
love-hate relationship with the 
red guide abounded in The 

6417
05:57:11,108 --> 05:57:14,700
Culinary World in 2003 renowned 
French chef. 

6418
05:57:14,700 --> 05:57:18,400
Bernard Lewis, oh tragically 
took his own life and act, 

6419
05:57:18,400 --> 05:57:21,900
widely linked to fears, He was 
about to lose. 

6420
05:57:21,900 --> 05:57:25,700
One of his three Michelin stars.
A downgrade that ultimately did 

6421
05:57:25,700 --> 05:57:29,300
not occur his death, echoed 
across France, spurring public 

6422
05:57:29,300 --> 05:57:32,800
debate about the enormous, 
stress placed on Chefs, the 

6423
05:57:32,800 --> 05:57:36,100
legendary paulus lambasted. 
The culture of I'll give you a 

6424
05:57:36,100 --> 05:57:39,700
star, I'll take one away and how
critics rating toyed with chefs 

6425
05:57:39,700 --> 05:57:41,900
lives. 
In the years that have passed 

6426
05:57:41,900 --> 05:57:44,600
other renowned chefs have 
acknowledged that meeting. 

6427
05:57:44,600 --> 05:57:48,200
Michelin's expectations can be a
challenging task as the same 

6428
05:57:48,200 --> 05:57:51,500
recognition, that draws pilgrims
to their dining rooms also 

6429
05:57:51,500 --> 05:57:54,000
causes the to experience anxiety
at night. 

6430
05:57:54,900 --> 05:57:58,100
Some chefs have even attempted 
to Dethrone Michelin. 

6431
05:57:59,100 --> 05:58:02,400
In 2017 Sebastian. 
Bray the chef of a three-star 

6432
05:58:02,400 --> 05:58:07,200
restaurant located in rural 
Aguila shocked the gastronomic 

6433
05:58:07,200 --> 05:58:09,600
World by requesting that 
Michelin remove his restaurant 

6434
05:58:09,600 --> 05:58:12,800
from its guide. 
After nearly two decades at the 

6435
05:58:12,808 --> 05:58:15,300
summit, he yearned to cook 
without the shadow of constant 

6436
05:58:15,300 --> 05:58:18,800
judgment to be free from the 
pressure as he explained in a 

6437
05:58:18,800 --> 05:58:22,200
video announcement. 
Michelin reluctantly agreed to 

6438
05:58:22,200 --> 05:58:25,700
his request and almost unheard 
of concession, though. 

6439
05:58:25,700 --> 05:58:28,100
A couple of years later. 
Bras found himself back in the 

6440
05:58:28,108 --> 05:58:31,600
guide stars and all after 
Michelin decided, its 

6441
05:58:31,600 --> 05:58:34,100
assessments would remain 
independent of chefs wishes. 

6442
05:58:35,100 --> 05:58:38,100
Brazil's public renunciation 
ignited conversation about 

6443
05:58:38,100 --> 05:58:40,700
whether the pursuit of 
perfection demanded by Michela 

6444
05:58:40,700 --> 05:58:43,400
had gone too far. 
He wasn't alone in his 

6445
05:58:43,400 --> 05:58:46,100
ambivalence. 
Other celebrated Chefs of both, 

6446
05:58:46,100 --> 05:58:47,600
revered the guide and resented 
it. 

6447
05:58:48,500 --> 05:58:50,900
In 2019, the eminent French, 
chef Marc. 

6448
05:58:50,900 --> 05:58:53,600
Veyrat went so far as to sue 
Michela after. 

6449
05:58:53,600 --> 05:58:56,900
His restaurant was demoted from 
three stars to 2, claiming the 

6450
05:58:56,900 --> 05:58:58,500
inspectors had made a factual 
error. 

6451
05:58:58,500 --> 05:59:02,200
The Saga was dubbed cheddar gate
in the press a court. 

6452
05:59:02,200 --> 05:59:05,500
Ultimately, throughout his case,
such dramas underscore the 

6453
05:59:05,500 --> 05:59:08,000
intense emotions. 
Experienced by those minority 

6454
05:59:08,000 --> 05:59:11,500
chefs Beyond individual chefs. 
There are broader cultural 

6455
05:59:11,500 --> 05:59:14,800
critiques for decades Michelin 
was accused of a French and 

6456
05:59:14,800 --> 05:59:17,900
eurocentric bias a favoring 
stiff white tablecloths and 

6457
05:59:17,908 --> 05:59:20,800
classical techniques over more 
diverse or homie culinary 

6458
05:59:20,800 --> 05:59:25,300
experiences in the 2000s and 
2010s as gastronomic awareness, 

6459
05:59:25,300 --> 05:59:28,700
blossomed globally, Michelin 
expanded, its reach across, Asia

6460
05:59:28,700 --> 05:59:30,800
the Americas and Beyond seeking 
to stay relevant. 

6461
05:59:31,800 --> 05:59:34,600
It surprise Skeptics by awarding
stars to Humble street food 

6462
05:59:34,600 --> 05:59:36,200
stalls. 
Such as a hawker, stand in, 

6463
05:59:36,200 --> 05:59:38,200
Singapore, known for two dollar.
Noodle bowls. 

6464
05:59:38,200 --> 05:59:41,600
This was michelin's way of 
saying, Excellence can be found 

6465
05:59:41,600 --> 05:59:44,200
anywhere. 
Not only in gilded temples of 

6466
05:59:44,200 --> 05:59:46,800
Haute Cuisine and yet debate 
continued. 

6467
05:59:46,800 --> 05:59:51,200
Did Michelin truly understand 
local food, cultures, or was it 

6468
05:59:51,200 --> 05:59:53,800
imposing? 
Its standards was a starred. 

6469
05:59:53,800 --> 05:59:57,400
Sushi bar in Tokyo evaluated 
using the same criteria as a 

6470
05:59:57,408 --> 06:00:01,800
fine dining Salon in Paris. 
Such questions provided endless 

6471
06:00:01,800 --> 06:00:04,400
fodder for food, lovers and fuel
for michelin's rivals. 

6472
06:00:05,200 --> 06:00:08,300
What is clear is that a Michelin
star creates a profound economic

6473
06:00:08,300 --> 06:00:11,800
and emotional, ripple effect 
restaurants that earn one often 

6474
06:00:11,800 --> 06:00:15,200
see booking Skyrocket overnight 
allowing them to raise prices 

6475
06:00:15,200 --> 06:00:19,100
and invest in their craft entire
regions of bet on the Michelin 

6476
06:00:19,100 --> 06:00:20,600
effects to boost culinary 
tourism. 

6477
06:00:20,600 --> 06:00:24,100
Sometimes, even reportedly 
subsidizing the guides expansion

6478
06:00:24,100 --> 06:00:27,500
into their cities and civic 
pride is now intertwined with 

6479
06:00:27,500 --> 06:00:31,300
star count cities and countries.
Trumpet, their Michelin Laurel 

6480
06:00:31,300 --> 06:00:34,800
restaurants to entice Travelers 
just as chefs trumpet Their 

6481
06:00:34,800 --> 06:00:37,400
Stars to entice diners 
conversely. 

6482
06:00:37,400 --> 06:00:40,800
Losing a star can feel like a 
public humiliation and can lead 

6483
06:00:40,800 --> 06:00:44,300
to real Financial pain as diners
and investors react. 

6484
06:00:45,800 --> 06:00:48,900
The guide has been called a 
king-maker, a king breaker, a 

6485
06:00:48,900 --> 06:00:51,600
tyrant, and a savior to some 
chefs. 

6486
06:00:51,600 --> 06:00:54,500
It's a benchmark of achievement 
to others, a source of 

6487
06:00:54,508 --> 06:00:57,600
unrelenting pressure. 
In the era of Instagram, 

6488
06:00:57,600 --> 06:01:00,000
influencers, and crowdsourced 
review sites. 

6489
06:01:00,000 --> 06:01:03,000
Some of speculated that 
michelin's old school approach 

6490
06:01:03,000 --> 06:01:06,300
would lose relevance. 
But the continued obsession with

6491
06:01:06,300 --> 06:01:09,400
its verdicts suggest that it's 
star system still holds a unique

6492
06:01:09,400 --> 06:01:13,100
sway of chefs and diners a fact 
as astonishing today. 

6493
06:01:13,100 --> 06:01:16,100
As it was a century ago. 
This tension has only 

6494
06:01:16,100 --> 06:01:19,000
heightened, the Michelin guides,
cultural Aura, love it, or 

6495
06:01:19,000 --> 06:01:22,500
loathe it, those little stars, 
provoke, big emotions, looking 

6496
06:01:22,500 --> 06:01:24,500
back. 
The audacity of Andre Mitchell's

6497
06:01:24,500 --> 06:01:28,100
strategy as astonishing what 
began as a clever ploy to sell 

6498
06:01:28,100 --> 06:01:30,800
more tires evolved into a 
venture that transformed both 

6499
06:01:30,800 --> 06:01:32,900
travel and Gastronomy on a 
global scale. 

6500
06:01:32,900 --> 06:01:36,300
The Michelin guide helped turn 
the act of driving from a novel 

6501
06:01:36,300 --> 06:01:39,500
experiment into a, widespread 
cultural practice, and in doing 

6502
06:01:39,500 --> 06:01:42,000
so, it laid foundations for the 
modern travel industry. 

6503
06:01:42,900 --> 06:01:45,900
Early motorists, with a guide in
hand, felt empowered to explore 

6504
06:01:45,900 --> 06:01:49,100
secure in the knowledge that 
they could find their way, get a

6505
06:01:49,100 --> 06:01:53,200
decent meal and repair a flat. 
In many ways, michelada wrote 

6506
06:01:53,200 --> 06:01:55,900
the first draft of the road trip
over time. 

6507
06:01:55,900 --> 06:01:58,500
That little red book. 
Spawned an entire ecosystem of 

6508
06:01:58,500 --> 06:02:02,400
travel AIDS road maps, tourist, 
guide, books, and travel 

6509
06:02:02,400 --> 06:02:05,800
itineraries indeed, Michela 
eventually, expanded into 

6510
06:02:05,800 --> 06:02:08,400
publishing, green guides to 
cities and regions worldwide. 

6511
06:02:09,700 --> 06:02:12,800
It's no exaggeration to say that
michelin's promotional gamble 

6512
06:02:12,800 --> 06:02:15,400
greased. 
The wheels for 20th century 

6513
06:02:15,400 --> 06:02:19,500
tourism, making distant corners 
of France and later, the world 

6514
06:02:19,500 --> 06:02:22,900
accessible and inviting to those
adventurous enough to motor 

6515
06:02:22,900 --> 06:02:25,300
there. 
The impact on the food industry 

6516
06:02:25,300 --> 06:02:28,900
has been even more profound By 
introducing the idea that 

6517
06:02:28,900 --> 06:02:32,800
restaurants could be rigorously 
evaluated and ranked Michelin 

6518
06:02:32,800 --> 06:02:35,900
inadvertently created, a whole 
new Arena of competition and 

6519
06:02:35,900 --> 06:02:38,800
aspiration among chefs. 
The guide Stars became the 

6520
06:02:38,800 --> 06:02:42,200
Oscars of The Culinary world and
chasing those Stars became a 

6521
06:02:42,200 --> 06:02:45,700
narrative of ambition in 
kitchens from Paris to Shanghai 

6522
06:02:45,700 --> 06:02:48,600
oat Cuisine which was once 
confined to Word of Mouth. 

6523
06:02:48,600 --> 06:02:50,800
Acclaim. 
Now had a codified system of 

6524
06:02:50,800 --> 06:02:54,200
Merit one that could Volta Chef 
to International fame or humble,

6525
06:02:54,200 --> 06:02:58,400
even the mightiest ego this 
innovational turned dining out 

6526
06:02:58,400 --> 06:03:01,300
into a sport for patrons, are 
assuring in the era of the 

6527
06:03:01,300 --> 06:03:05,300
destination restaurant, where 
food Enthusiast strategies, in 

6528
06:03:05,308 --> 06:03:09,700
Tire trips to dine at Michelin 
starred temples of cuisine, A 

6529
06:03:09,700 --> 06:03:12,600
tire maker from Claremore ended 
up setting Trends in the cooking

6530
06:03:12,600 --> 06:03:16,000
of fogra the serving of sushi. 
And the top of pizzas in 

6531
06:03:16,000 --> 06:03:18,600
directly influencing countless 
culinary, Traditions through the

6532
06:03:18,600 --> 06:03:21,700
power of its ratings. 
Michelin's own mascot. 

6533
06:03:21,700 --> 06:03:25,400
The Tubby Tireman Bender, became
a cultural icon in his own right

6534
06:03:25,400 --> 06:03:28,000
name. 
The best logo of the century by 

6535
06:03:28,000 --> 06:03:32,600
the financial times in 2000. 
Perhaps, just as significantly, 

6536
06:03:32,600 --> 06:03:36,800
Michelin demonstrated the power 
of brand extension, through 

6537
06:03:36,800 --> 06:03:38,800
content, long before that term 
existed. 

6538
06:03:40,000 --> 06:03:42,800
The company proved that a brand 
could transcend its original 

6539
06:03:42,800 --> 06:03:47,000
product, rubber tires and insert
itself into consumers lives in 

6540
06:03:47,000 --> 06:03:51,500
more intimate experiment. 
Ways today, when Airlines 

6541
06:03:51,500 --> 06:03:54,100
published travel magazines or 
beverage companies, create 

6542
06:03:54,100 --> 06:03:56,400
lifestyle blogs, they are 
following a trail. 

6543
06:03:56,400 --> 06:04:01,000
Blazed by Michelin in 1900 using
useful content to deepening 

6544
06:04:01,000 --> 06:04:04,500
engagement in michelin's case 
the stunt was so successful in 

6545
06:04:04,500 --> 06:04:07,500
it eventually outgrew its 
marketing purpose entirely The 

6546
06:04:07,500 --> 06:04:10,500
guide established itself as an 
institution, perhaps even 

6547
06:04:10,500 --> 06:04:12,800
surpassing the fame of 
michelin's tires. 

6548
06:04:12,800 --> 06:04:16,500
By the 21st century michelin's 
verdicts could determine a 

6549
06:04:16,500 --> 06:04:19,600
chef's fortunes and cities would
strive to attract a Michelin 

6550
06:04:19,600 --> 06:04:21,900
guide due to its potential 
economic benefits. 

6551
06:04:21,900 --> 06:04:26,400
Dozens of Woodbury imitators 
from crowdsourced website to 

6552
06:04:26,400 --> 06:04:29,700
Alternative ranking lists have 
tried to replicate michelin's 

6553
06:04:29,700 --> 06:04:32,700
formula, but none as quite match
the cashier of those stars. 

6554
06:04:32,700 --> 06:04:35,900
All this originates from a 
scheme dreamed up by two 

6555
06:04:35,900 --> 06:04:37,500
brothers. 
Who simply wanted people to 

6556
06:04:37,500 --> 06:04:40,600
drive more? 
Even in an age of GPS, apps and 

6557
06:04:40,600 --> 06:04:43,300
social media. 
The essence of michelin's Gambit

6558
06:04:43,300 --> 06:04:46,000
to spark Wanderlust and 
celebrate outstanding cooking 

6559
06:04:46,000 --> 06:04:49,800
and in so doing create demand 
for its Core Business remains as

6560
06:04:49,800 --> 06:04:52,600
powerful as ever. 
In the end, the story of how 

6561
06:04:52,600 --> 06:04:55,500
Andre Mitchell and trick the 
world is not one of Deceit, but 

6562
06:04:55,500 --> 06:04:58,400
of vision. 
He understood that selling a 

6563
06:04:58,400 --> 06:05:01,000
lifestyle, the thrill of 
Discovery, the promise of 

6564
06:05:01,000 --> 06:05:03,800
Adventure, the Allure of a 
perfect meal at Journey's. 

6565
06:05:03,800 --> 06:05:05,800
End was the key to selling his 
product. 

6566
06:05:06,800 --> 06:05:09,700
In nurturing that Vision. 
Michelin changed the way people 

6567
06:05:09,700 --> 06:05:12,600
travel, the way we eat, and even
the Way businesses caught 

6568
06:05:12,600 --> 06:05:16,300
customers, the Michelin guide 
Sentry plus Journey, from 

6569
06:05:16,300 --> 06:05:19,700
freebie, pamphlet to Global 
gastronomic, gatekeeper stands 

6570
06:05:19,700 --> 06:05:22,200
as one of the most remarkable 
chapters in marketing and 

6571
06:05:22,200 --> 06:05:25,300
cultural history indeed. 
It's now a textbook example of 

6572
06:05:25,300 --> 06:05:28,100
content marketing, it's a 
well-told yet. 

6573
06:05:28,100 --> 06:05:31,700
Still surprising true story of a
business Gambit that steered its

6574
06:05:31,700 --> 06:05:35,100
way into the hearts of millions 
leaving tire tracks across. 

6575
06:05:35,100 --> 06:05:38,000
The world's roads, and indelible
stars in the world's kitchens 

6576
06:05:38,000 --> 06:05:42,100
Andre Mitchell's Grand trick of 
transforming, a tire for into a 

6577
06:05:42,100 --> 06:05:44,900
cultural taste maker achieved 
unprecedented success.