Who Lived Near Brazil’s Oldest Rock Art 50,000 Years Ago | History For Sleep

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Hey, everyone. 
We're continuing to look into 

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the weird audio issues. 
Every day to make sure they do 

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not return. 
So, please bear with us. 

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Now tonight my friends you don't
need to hold on to details. 

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This is a story that unfolds 
slowly layer by layer. 

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Around 50,000 years ago, people 
live near what is now Brazil's. 

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Oldest rock, art leaving behind 
traces of shelters, tools, 

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pigments, and daily routines. 
That archaeologists would one 

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day piece together in silence. 
If you enjoyed these slow, 

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careful Journeys into the deep 
past. 

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You can like the video 
subscribe. 

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And let me know where you're 
listening from and what time it 

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is. 
Now, dim the light, let a fan or

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soft background noise. 
Fill the room and let's begin, 

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shall we? 
Are settling into a Time long 

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before cities or written words, 
in a landscape of ancient Rock, 

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shelters and wide valleys in. 
What will one day be called 

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Brazil? 
People who live here move 

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through their days with deep 
familiarity, Guided by seasons, 

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and the reliable patterns of the
land around them. 

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You wake as light begins to 
filter through the shelter 

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entrance. 
The rock wall behind you. 

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Still holds yesterday's warmth. 
Around you. 

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Others are already stirring. 
Reaching for tools stored near 

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the wall. 
Stretching and moving toward the

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morning without hurry. 
The air smells clean and 

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slightly cool. 
Someone has already stepped 

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outside. 
You can hear the soft Shuffle of

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footsteps on packed Earth. 
The quiet Russell of movement 

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through the grass that grows 
near the shelter's edge. 

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You stand and walk out into the 
early light. 

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The sky is pale and clear, the 
land stretches out in familiar 

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shapes. 
The line of trees along the 

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Water Source, the open areas 
where certain plants grow, 

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thick, and the rocky outcrops 
that Mark distances, you know, 

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by heart. 
Others are already moving across

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the terrain. 
You see, a few figures near the 

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tree line bending and 
straightening as they work. 

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Someone else walked slowly along
the water's edge scanning the 

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ground. 
There is no rush, everyone knows

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where to go, you head toward a 
patch of low. 

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Shrubs, you noticed, two days 
ago Fruits, there were still 

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green then but today they might 
be ready. 

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As you walk you pass through 
areas, you have crossed hundreds

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of times your feet, know the 
uneven spots the stones that 

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shifts slightly and the places 
where Roots rise above the 

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ground. 
The plants you're looking for 

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grow in a cluster, near A Flat 
Rock. 

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You crouch down and check the 
fruits, some are soft. 

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Now their skins yielding, gently
under your fingers, you pick 

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these and place them in the 
woven container you carry. 

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Others are still firm. 
You leave those nearby. 

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Another person is digging at the
base of a plant with a pointed 

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stick. 
They work steadily loosening the

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soil, around a root. 
When it comes free, they brush 

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off the dirt and add it to their
own container you exchange a 

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glance but do not speak. 
There is no need you move on to 

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another area where tall grasses 
grow, you know, the seeds on 

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these grasses is a good to 
gather. 

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You run your hand along the 
stalks, letting the right seeds.

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Fall into your palm, then 
transfer them to your container.

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The motion is simple and 
repetitive, your mind does not 

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need to focus hard on the task. 
Instead, you notice the warmth 

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beginning to build in the air, 
the way the light shifts as the 

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sun climbs higher, and the small
insects that hover near the 

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grass tops. 
A child walks past following an 

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adult at a short distance. 
The child stops to examine 

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something on the ground, picks 
it up. 

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Turns it over in small hands, 
then drops it and continues 

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walking. 
The adult does not turn around 

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but seems to know the child is 
there. 

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You reach a stand of trees and 
begin looking for certain 

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leaves. 
These leaves are useful, they 

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can wrap food, they can be 
layered for softness and they 

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can be shaped when wet, you 
select the larger undamaged ones

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and fold them carefully into 
your container. 

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The morning continues this way 
you move from place to place 

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following a path shape by memory
and season. 

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You know, which areas will have 
what you need, you know, because

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you have walked this route, many
times and because others have 

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shown you through their own 
movement and selection At one 

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point, you find a cluster of 
mushrooms growing at the base of

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a dead tree, you recognize the 
type. 

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These are safe and good. 
You gather them, gently leaving 

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the smallest ones to grow 
larger. 

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Someone taught you this approach
though. 

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You do not remember exactly when
or how. 

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It is simply what you do. 
Sun is higher. 

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Now, the air is warm. 
You notice others, beginning to 

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move back toward the shelter 
area. 

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You follow not because anyone a 
signaled, but because the Rhythm

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feels right. 
Your container is full enough. 

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Your body is ready to sit and 
rest. 

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Back at the shelter. 
People are arriving from 

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different directions. 
Everyone carries something. 

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Containers are set down near the
fire area. 

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People sit on rocks or on the 
ground settling into comfortable

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positions. 
There is quiet conversation 

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though. 
You do not always join in. 

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Sometimes it is enough to Simply
Be near others. 

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Sharing the same space and the 
same ease. 

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Someone sawed through the 
gathered. 

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Plants. 
Separating types into small 

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piles. 
Another person examine seeds 

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checking for quality. 
These tasks happen naturally 

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without instruction, everyone 
knows what needs to be done 

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because everyone has seen it 
done. 

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Countless times you reach into 
your container and pull out one 

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of the fruits, you gathered, you
bite into it. 

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The Taste is familiar. 
Sweet and slightly. 

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Tart juice runs down your chin. 
You wipe it away with a back of 

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your hand and take another bite.
Child sits down beside you 

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watching your hand. 
The child of fruit, the child 

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takes it, and bites carefully. 
Then choose with concentration. 

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You watch the child's face. 
Noting the flicker of 

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satisfaction there. 
The day is only just begun, but 

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already there is a sense of 
completion. 

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The Gathering is done, what 
comes next will unfold its own 

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pace, just as it always does. 
After the gathered materials are

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sorted and set aside. 
Attention shifts to other tasks.

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You stand and walk to the area 
where tools are kept. 

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This space is near the back of 
the shelter. 

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Where the rock wall curves, 
inward slightly. 

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Tools lean against the stone or 
lie on flat surfaces, summon 

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new. 
Some of being used so many 

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times. 
Their surfaces are smooth and 

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dark. 
You pick up a stone tool that 

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has a small chip along one Edge.
You notice this chip yesterday 

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but did not have time to address
it. 

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Now you do now you sit down on a
low Rock and set the tool on 

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your lap. 
You reach for a rounded 

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Hammerstone nearby and hold it 
in your other hand. 

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The work of reshaping. 
The Edge requires patience. 

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You strike, the stone tool 
carefully, aiming for the spot 

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just behind the chip. 
Small flake breaks away, you 

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examine the result, the edges 
better, but not quite right. 

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You strike again more gently 
this time another flake Falls, 

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the edges sharper now This 
process does not demand intense 

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Focus, only a steady Rhythm, 
your hands know what to do. 

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You have shaped Stones like this
since you were young first 

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watching others, then trying 
yourself under their gaze over 

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time the movements became 
automatic around. 

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You. 
Others are engaged in similar 

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work. 
One person is wrapping cordage 

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around a wooden handle, securing
a stone point to make a 

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composite tool. 
The cordage is made from plant 

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fibers that were soaked and 
twisted days ago, the person 

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wins at tightly then test The 
Connection. 

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By pressing the stone gently. 
It holds another person sits 

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near the shelter wall. 
Working with pigments, there are

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shallow depressions in the Rock 
nearby, natural bowls, where 

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water sometimes collects person 
grinds mineral stones in one of 

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these depressions, had a little 
water to create a pace. 

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Color is deep red earthy and 
Rich. 

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This pigment will be used later,
though. 

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You do not know exactly when or 
for what purpose, it is. 

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Simply part of the ongoing work.
A child sits beside this person.

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Watching closely. 
The child holds a small Stone 

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and tries to grind it in another
depression. 

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The motion is Clumsy at first 
the stones slipping in the 

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child's hand. 
The adult reaches over and 

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adjust the child's grip. 
Then lets the child continued 

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Child's grinding produces only a
faint smudge of color. 

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But the effort is real. 
You finish sharpening your tool 

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and set it down, you reach for 
another object. 

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A woven mat that has begun to 
fray along one Edge. 

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Fibers. 
There are coming loose. 

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You pull out a few strands of 
prepared, cordage from a bundle 

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nearby and begin, weaving them 
into the damaged section. 

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Your fingers move through the 
pattern without hesitation. 

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The repair is simple. 
A matter of matching, what is 

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already there. 
Nearby. 

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Someone is smoothing the surface
of a wooden digging stick. 

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Person uses a rough Stone to 
scrape away. 

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Splinters and rough patches. 
The motion is slow and 

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methodical, wood, shavings fall 
to the ground. 

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The stick surface becomes 
smoother with each pass. 

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Another person is mending, a 
container made from bark, the 

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seam along one side. 
Has split slightly The person 

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presses the edges back together 
and wraps them with thin strips 

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of wet bark, which will dry 
tight and hold the seam closed. 

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The work is quiet and unrushed. 
You notice that the shelter 

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itself is also part of this 
ongoing care. 

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The walls are natural stone, but
areas near the entrance have 

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been reinforced with piled, 
rocks and packed Earth. someone 

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checks the spots, periodically 
adding more material, when 

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erosion begins to create gaps, 
This maintenance happened, so 

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gradually that it is barely 
noticeable yet the shelter 

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remains solid year after year. 
A small fire burned in the 

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Central Area, it has been 
burning continuously for many 

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days. 
Someone adds a few pieces of 

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wood to it now, adjusting the 
placement. 

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So the flame State even. 
Fire is not for warmth right 

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now, but it is useful tools can 
be hardened in his heat food can

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be prepared and its presence is 
a kind of anchor for all the 

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activity around it. 
He set aside the repaired matte 

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and pick up a bone tool that 
needs attention. 

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The tip has become dull from use
You use a stone flake to scrape.

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Along the tip, shaving away, 
tiny curls of bone until the 

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point is sharp again. 
The bone has a smooth almost 

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polished. 
Feel from handling, the work 

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continues through the middle 
part of the day. 

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There is no clear beginning or 
end of these tasks. 

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When something is finished, 
something else is picked up. 

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when someone tires of one type 
of work, they shift to another 

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00:11:41,800 --> 00:11:44,600
The rhythm is personal yet 
somehow synchronized. 

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Everyone contributes, but no one
directs. a breeze moves through 

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the shelter, entrance, stirring 
the air, Smell of dust and stone

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mingles with the faint of the 
pigments being ground. 

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You hear the scrap of stone on 
wood, the soft tap of tool 

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against tool and the quiet 
rustle of fibers being woven. 

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A young person, not quite a 
child, but not yet. 

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Fully grown sits nearby, 
practicing not work. 

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The person's hands fumble with 
the cordage creating Tangles 

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more often than secure notes. 
An adult glances over says 

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nothing but reaches out and 
slowly demonstrates the motion 

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00:12:26,900 --> 00:12:29,600
again. 
The young person watches then 

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tries once more this time, the 
knot holds you finish with the 

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bone tool and stand. 
Stretching your back, you walk 

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to the shelter entrance and look
out at the land. 

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The light is shifted Shadows. 
A shorter. 

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Now, the day is moving forward 
in its familiar way. 

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When you return to your spot you
pick up a high that needs 

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softening. 
The Hyde has been dried and now 

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feel stiff. 
You work it between your hands 

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bending and flexing it rubbing 
it against a smooth Stone. 

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Gradually the fibers begin to 
loosen the hide becomes more 

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playable. 
This process will take time 

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perhaps the rest of the day. 
Perhaps longer, there is no 

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hurry around you. 
Others can continue their own 

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tasks, the sound of making and 
mending for a steady background 

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00:13:14,400 --> 00:13:17,900
hum. 
It is the sound of continuity of

233
00:13:17,900 --> 00:13:21,300
objects being kept useful of 
materials, being shaped and 

234
00:13:21,300 --> 00:13:23,600
reshaped to meet for million 
needs. 

235
00:13:24,500 --> 00:13:26,800
Children move through the space 
with a kind of easy. 

236
00:13:26,800 --> 00:13:29,300
Freedom. 
They are not confined or 

237
00:13:29,300 --> 00:13:31,500
directed but neither are they 
alone? 

238
00:13:32,500 --> 00:13:36,800
Adults are always nearby. 
Always aware even when their 

239
00:13:36,800 --> 00:13:40,500
attention seems elsewhere you 
see a young child perhaps three 

240
00:13:40,500 --> 00:13:42,400
or four years old crouching near
the fire. 

241
00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:45,600
The child is poking at the edge 
of the Ash with a stick 

242
00:13:45,608 --> 00:13:47,800
watching. 
How the ash collapses and 

243
00:13:47,800 --> 00:13:52,000
reforms with each prod. 
An adult sits close by working 

244
00:13:52,000 --> 00:13:54,600
on a tool. 
The adult does not look directly

245
00:13:54,600 --> 00:13:57,800
at the child, but you can tell 
the adult is tracking the 

246
00:13:57,800 --> 00:14:01,800
child's position ready to move. 
If the child gets too close to 

247
00:14:01,800 --> 00:14:05,900
the flames. 
And another child slightly older

248
00:14:05,900 --> 00:14:09,200
wanders over to where someone is
preparing fibers. 

249
00:14:09,900 --> 00:14:13,000
The child picks up a loose 
Strand and tries to twist it the

250
00:14:13,000 --> 00:14:13,900
way. 
The adult is doing. 

251
00:14:14,800 --> 00:14:16,300
The Twist comes undone 
immediately. 

252
00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:20,600
Child tries again. 
The adult watches for a moment 

253
00:14:20,600 --> 00:14:23,400
then reaches over and shows the 
motion more slowly. 

254
00:14:24,600 --> 00:14:28,200
Child, mimics it. 
This time the twist holds a 

255
00:14:28,200 --> 00:14:31,800
little longer Child Care here is
not a separate task. 

256
00:14:31,800 --> 00:14:34,100
It is woven into everything 
else. 

257
00:14:34,100 --> 00:14:38,800
Children are simply present 
learning by watching and trying 

258
00:14:38,800 --> 00:14:42,700
corrected, gently when 
necessary, and mostly left to 

259
00:14:42,700 --> 00:14:45,300
explore within the safe 
boundaries that adults create 

260
00:14:45,300 --> 00:14:48,800
without announcing them. 
A group of children plays near 

261
00:14:48,800 --> 00:14:52,100
the shelter entrance, their 
building, something from stones 

262
00:14:52,100 --> 00:14:55,800
and sticks, arranging them in 
patterns that make sense only to

263
00:14:55,800 --> 00:14:59,300
them. 
Their voices, rise and fall, one

264
00:14:59,300 --> 00:15:02,100
child, disagrees with another 
about where a stone should go. 

265
00:15:02,108 --> 00:15:05,700
They negotiate briefly then 
rearrange the pattern. 

266
00:15:05,700 --> 00:15:10,100
The disagreement dissolves as 
quickly as it appeared. and 

267
00:15:10,100 --> 00:15:14,600
adult walks past the playing 
children, pauses glances down at

268
00:15:14,600 --> 00:15:19,100
their construction and then 
continues on the pause is brief,

269
00:15:19,100 --> 00:15:22,700
but attentive, the adult has 
assessed that everything is 

270
00:15:22,700 --> 00:15:25,000
fine. 
The children do not look up. 

271
00:15:25,000 --> 00:15:27,000
There are absorbed in their 
work. 

272
00:15:27,000 --> 00:15:31,100
You notice an infant secured to 
an adult's back with a woven 

273
00:15:31,100 --> 00:15:33,900
sling. 
The adult is moving around the 

274
00:15:33,900 --> 00:15:38,200
shelter area, Gathering items 
and organizing materials, the 

275
00:15:38,200 --> 00:15:40,400
infant's head Bob's gently with 
the movement. 

276
00:15:40,400 --> 00:15:44,600
The infant is awake. 
Eyes open watching the world 

277
00:15:44,600 --> 00:15:47,900
from the safe Fantage point. 
The adult reaches back 

278
00:15:47,900 --> 00:15:51,100
occasionally to adjust the 
sling, ensuring the infant is 

279
00:15:51,108 --> 00:15:54,300
comfortable. 
And other infant lies on a soft 

280
00:15:54,300 --> 00:15:56,600
hide near. 
West several adults are sitting.

281
00:15:57,200 --> 00:16:00,600
The infant is on its back arms 
and legs moving in. 

282
00:16:00,600 --> 00:16:02,300
The aimless way of very young 
children. 

283
00:16:03,100 --> 00:16:06,400
And adult reaches over now and 
then to touch the infant's belly

284
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:10,600
or hand offering brief contact. 
The infant does not fuss. 

285
00:16:11,400 --> 00:16:14,700
The presence of others is enough
children, old enough to walk, 

286
00:16:14,700 --> 00:16:18,000
but still young enough to Tire 
easily drift between activity 

287
00:16:18,000 --> 00:16:21,200
and rest. 
One child plays energetically 

288
00:16:21,200 --> 00:16:24,200
for a while then comes and sits 
in an adult's. 

289
00:16:24,200 --> 00:16:28,300
Lap, leaning back half asleep. 
The adult continues talking with

290
00:16:28,300 --> 00:16:30,900
another person. 
One arm Loosely around the 

291
00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:34,300
child. 
After a while the child stirs 

292
00:16:34,300 --> 00:16:36,900
slides down and wanders off to 
play again. 

293
00:16:37,800 --> 00:16:40,300
You watch a young child attempt 
to climb onto a low Rock. 

294
00:16:40,300 --> 00:16:42,600
The child's legs are not quite 
long enough. 

295
00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:47,300
The child tries several times 
each attempt ending with a slide

296
00:16:47,300 --> 00:16:51,100
back down. 
An older child, perhaps seven or

297
00:16:51,100 --> 00:16:55,200
eight notices and comes over. 
The older child does not lift 

298
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,600
the young one. 
But instead shows, how to use a 

299
00:16:57,600 --> 00:17:02,200
smaller Stone as a step, The 
younger child tries, this method

300
00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:05,200
and succeeds. 
Both children seemed satisfied, 

301
00:17:05,200 --> 00:17:09,500
feeding happens throughout the 
day when food is prepared 

302
00:17:09,500 --> 00:17:11,800
children, come and take what 
they want. 

303
00:17:12,800 --> 00:17:16,300
Eat a little then run off. 
They returned later and eat 

304
00:17:16,300 --> 00:17:20,300
more, no one scolds them for 
this irregular pattern it is 

305
00:17:20,308 --> 00:17:25,400
simply how children eat an adult
sits shaping a piece of wood a 

306
00:17:25,400 --> 00:17:28,099
child leans against the adult 
side watching the work. 

307
00:17:28,099 --> 00:17:31,200
The child asks, a question 
though. 

308
00:17:31,200 --> 00:17:34,700
You cannot hear what it is. 
The adult answers, briefly and 

309
00:17:34,700 --> 00:17:38,000
continues working. 
Child seems content with this 

310
00:17:38,000 --> 00:17:40,700
response and stays leaning their
quiet. 

311
00:17:40,700 --> 00:17:45,300
Now, simply being closed. 
You see another child carrying a

312
00:17:45,300 --> 00:17:48,300
small container, perhaps 
imitating the Gathering work 

313
00:17:48,300 --> 00:17:52,200
done by adults. 
Container is mostly empty except

314
00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:57,200
for a few leaves and a stick. 
The child walks with purpose as 

315
00:17:57,200 --> 00:18:01,300
if on an important errand. an 
adult Smiles slightly as the 

316
00:18:01,300 --> 00:18:05,200
child passes, but does not 
comment like time care, begins 

317
00:18:05,200 --> 00:18:10,200
long before full dark As the sun
lowers children start to slow 

318
00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:13,600
down, naturally their play 
becomes less energetic. 

319
00:18:13,600 --> 00:18:17,500
They sit more often, they seek 
out adults, more frequently 

320
00:18:17,500 --> 00:18:20,500
leaning against them and 
climbing into lapse. 

321
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:24,800
One child becomes fussy, robbing
eyes and whimpering. 

322
00:18:25,700 --> 00:18:29,100
An adult picks the child up and 
walks slowly around the shelter 

323
00:18:29,100 --> 00:18:31,000
area. 
Swaying slightly. 

324
00:18:32,200 --> 00:18:34,400
Child's head rests on the adult 
shoulder. 

325
00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:38,300
The whimpering Fades the child's
eyes closed. 

326
00:18:38,800 --> 00:18:40,700
The adult continues walking for 
a while. 

327
00:18:40,708 --> 00:18:44,000
Longer than sits down carefully 
still holding the child. 

328
00:18:45,300 --> 00:18:48,300
Other children are already lying
down on hides near the back of 

329
00:18:48,300 --> 00:18:51,400
the shelter. 
They curl up close to adults, or

330
00:18:51,400 --> 00:18:54,300
to each other, their bodies 
relax into sleep. 

331
00:18:54,300 --> 00:18:57,900
Without resistance, there is no 
formal bedtime, no ritual, 

332
00:18:57,900 --> 00:18:59,900
sleep, simply comes. 
When it comes. 

333
00:19:01,300 --> 00:19:03,800
An older child lies down, but is
not yet asleep. 

334
00:19:03,800 --> 00:19:07,500
The child stares at the shelter 
ceiling eyes open. 

335
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:12,300
An adult lies down, nearby, not 
touching the child, but close 

336
00:19:12,300 --> 00:19:14,500
enough that the child can see 
another person there. 

337
00:19:15,400 --> 00:19:18,000
After a while the child's eyes 
begin to drift. 

338
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,500
Close you see a child wake 
briefly in the middle of the 

339
00:19:21,500 --> 00:19:24,300
night. 
The child sits up looks around 

340
00:19:24,300 --> 00:19:27,800
and sees the dim shapes of 
others sleeping nearby. 

341
00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:31,300
The child lies back down and 
still again. 

342
00:19:32,200 --> 00:19:33,800
No one has moved to comfort the 
child. 

343
00:19:33,800 --> 00:19:38,600
The child did not need it, this 
pattern of care requires no 

344
00:19:38,600 --> 00:19:41,900
discussion. 
It is maintained by Presence by 

345
00:19:41,900 --> 00:19:45,200
watchfulness. 
That does not intrude and buy a 

346
00:19:45,200 --> 00:19:48,000
shared understanding that 
children are every once concern.

347
00:19:48,700 --> 00:19:52,000
The children move freely, but 
they are always tethered. 

348
00:19:52,000 --> 00:19:56,200
Always held within a web of 
attention that keeps them safe 

349
00:19:56,200 --> 00:19:59,800
without confining them. 
Work does not fill every moment 

350
00:19:59,800 --> 00:20:03,200
throughout the day, there are 
natural, pauses times when 

351
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:06,900
people simply stop and sit and 
times when movement Slows To 

352
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:09,900
almost nothing. 
You finish a task and set your 

353
00:20:09,900 --> 00:20:12,500
tool down, instead of 
immediately picking up something

354
00:20:12,500 --> 00:20:15,200
else, you sit. 
The Rock you're sitting on is 

355
00:20:15,200 --> 00:20:19,100
smooth and warm from the Sun, 
you lean back slightly letting 

356
00:20:19,100 --> 00:20:21,900
your weight settle. 
There is no particular reason to

357
00:20:21,900 --> 00:20:26,700
move right now around you others
are all so resting, One person 

358
00:20:26,700 --> 00:20:30,700
lies on their back on a flat 
area of ground eyes, closed face

359
00:20:30,700 --> 00:20:34,400
turned toward the sky. 
Another person sits with legs 

360
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:38,500
stretched out hands in lap, 
gazing at nothing in particular.

361
00:20:39,700 --> 00:20:44,200
Silence is comfortable, a child 
runs past then stops and flops 

362
00:20:44,200 --> 00:20:47,900
down onto the ground nearby. 
The child's breathing is quick 

363
00:20:47,900 --> 00:20:53,000
from exertion the child lies, 
their limbs sprawled and does 

364
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:56,600
not get up for a long time. 
No one tells the child to keep 

365
00:20:56,600 --> 00:20:58,000
playing or to do anything 
useful. 

366
00:20:59,100 --> 00:21:03,000
Child simply rests. 
You watch the way light moves 

367
00:21:03,000 --> 00:21:06,000
across the landscape. 
The sun has passed its highest 

368
00:21:06,000 --> 00:21:08,700
point. 
Now, Shadows have begun to 

369
00:21:08,700 --> 00:21:13,000
lengthen, the air is warm but 
not uncomfortably so a light 

370
00:21:13,008 --> 00:21:15,700
Breeze, occasionally stirs 
bringing with it, the center of 

371
00:21:15,708 --> 00:21:19,300
grass and dust. 
Someone nearby is sitting in the

372
00:21:19,300 --> 00:21:22,500
shade of the shelter entrance 
back against The Rock Wall. 

373
00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:26,700
This person is not asleep, but 
is very still with eyes half 

374
00:21:26,700 --> 00:21:29,600
closed. 
The person's hands rest on 

375
00:21:29,600 --> 00:21:34,600
knees, breathing is slow and 
even rest is not sleep though, 

376
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:39,100
sometimes it becomes sleep. 
Rest is simply the absence of 

377
00:21:39,100 --> 00:21:41,700
effort, the permission to be 
still. 

378
00:21:41,700 --> 00:21:44,200
It does not require 
justification. 

379
00:21:45,400 --> 00:21:50,200
When body's attired, they rest 
when tasks are complete, there 

380
00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:53,800
is time to sit. 
This is understood by everyone. 

381
00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:57,100
You notice an older person 
sitting a little apart from the 

382
00:21:57,100 --> 00:22:00,600
group, this person rests more 
often now than they used to, 

383
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:05,100
you, remember when this person 
was quicker and more active age 

384
00:22:05,100 --> 00:22:08,200
has changed the Rhythm, a 
person's contributions are 

385
00:22:08,200 --> 00:22:10,400
different. 
Now more about knowledge shared 

386
00:22:10,400 --> 00:22:15,100
and Quiet Moments Than Physical 
tasks completed The person sits 

387
00:22:15,100 --> 00:22:17,800
and watches. 
And this too is a valid way to 

388
00:22:17,808 --> 00:22:20,900
spend time. 
A group of people sits together 

389
00:22:20,900 --> 00:22:24,400
in a loose cluster, not talking 
just being near each other. 

390
00:22:25,400 --> 00:22:28,900
One person, idly picks up the 
ground with a stick making small

391
00:22:28,900 --> 00:22:32,300
marks in the dirt and other 
person watches this without 

392
00:22:32,300 --> 00:22:36,500
comment the marks mean nothing. 
The activity is simply something

393
00:22:36,500 --> 00:22:41,300
to do with hands while resting. 
You stand after a while and walk

394
00:22:41,300 --> 00:22:45,400
slowly to the Water Source. 
You drink cupping water in your 

395
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:47,100
hands and bringing it to your 
mouth. 

396
00:22:47,900 --> 00:22:51,600
Water is cool and clean. 
You drink until you're no longer

397
00:22:51,608 --> 00:22:54,200
thirsty, then sit down beside 
the water. 

398
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:57,000
You can hear. 
It's gentle movement over 

399
00:22:57,000 --> 00:23:00,200
stones. 
The Sound is constant and 

400
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:03,200
soothing. 
Another person comes to drink 

401
00:23:03,200 --> 00:23:07,800
this person sits down near you. 
After drinking neither of you 

402
00:23:07,800 --> 00:23:11,300
speaks the presence of another 
person is pleasant but does not 

403
00:23:11,300 --> 00:23:14,800
require conversation. 
You both simply sit looking at 

404
00:23:14,800 --> 00:23:17,400
the water at the plants growing 
along its Edge. 

405
00:23:17,400 --> 00:23:21,800
And at the way light reflects 
off the surface, the days he is 

406
00:23:21,800 --> 00:23:24,500
easing. 
Now the sun is low and the 

407
00:23:24,500 --> 00:23:27,300
airfields less heavy. 
This time of day. 

408
00:23:27,300 --> 00:23:30,200
Often brings a kind of 
collective, slowness people, 

409
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:33,300
move less tasks are set aside 
more readily. 

410
00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:37,000
There is an unspoken agreement 
that evening is approaching and 

411
00:23:37,000 --> 00:23:40,700
with it will come different 
activities but for now, rest is 

412
00:23:40,700 --> 00:23:43,200
what the moment. 
Holds you returned to the 

413
00:23:43,200 --> 00:23:47,600
shelter area, you see people in 
various states of repose, some 

414
00:23:47,600 --> 00:23:51,000
are sitting some are lying down 
and some are in that in between 

415
00:23:51,000 --> 00:23:54,300
state where they are awake but 
not quite present Minds 

416
00:23:54,300 --> 00:23:58,300
drifting. 
A child sits in an adult's lap. 

417
00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:01,200
The adults arms are Loosely 
around the child. 

418
00:24:01,200 --> 00:24:07,200
Both of very still the child's 
eyes are open but unfocused the 

419
00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:09,600
adults chin rests on top of the 
child's head. 

420
00:24:10,400 --> 00:24:13,800
They are simply being together 
sharing warmth and presents. 

421
00:24:15,000 --> 00:24:18,500
Find a spot near the shelter 
wall and sit down, you lean your

422
00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:21,800
head back against the stone. 
The surface is hard, but 

423
00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:26,300
familiar you close your eyes. 
Behind your eyelids that light 

424
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:29,600
is red or orange from the Sun, 
you can hear the sound of the 

425
00:24:29,600 --> 00:24:31,500
camp quiet. 
Breathing. 

426
00:24:32,200 --> 00:24:35,900
Occasional shift of a body, the 
faint crackle of the fire and 

427
00:24:35,900 --> 00:24:39,500
distant bird calls. 
Time passes in a way. 

428
00:24:39,508 --> 00:24:43,400
That is hard to measure when you
open your eyes again, the light 

429
00:24:43,400 --> 00:24:47,500
has changed the sun is lowest. 
I still others are beginning to 

430
00:24:47,500 --> 00:24:49,800
stir. 
Moving toward the tasks that 

431
00:24:49,800 --> 00:24:52,900
come with evening. 
But for now you remain sitting, 

432
00:24:52,900 --> 00:24:56,900
there is no urgence, the day 
will progress at its own pace 

433
00:24:56,900 --> 00:25:00,800
and you will join in when you 
are ready. as the day moves into

434
00:25:00,800 --> 00:25:04,500
late, after noon, attention, 
gradually shifts toward food, 

435
00:25:05,600 --> 00:25:09,300
People begin Gathering near the 
central fire area the gathered 

436
00:25:09,300 --> 00:25:11,700
materials, from the morning are 
brought out and examined. 

437
00:25:11,700 --> 00:25:15,300
You see, someone sorting through
roots that were dug up early. 

438
00:25:15,300 --> 00:25:18,700
The person brushes off the 
remaining dirt set. 

439
00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:22,300
Aside any that a damaged and 
arranges the good ones in a 

440
00:25:22,300 --> 00:25:25,000
pile. 
The roots are pale and firm 

441
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:29,000
their surfaces slightly bumpy. 
Another person works with the 

442
00:25:29,008 --> 00:25:33,100
fruits that were gathered 
summary to Fresh, simply picked 

443
00:25:33,100 --> 00:25:37,300
up and biting into others are 
set aside, perhaps to be used 

444
00:25:37,300 --> 00:25:41,700
later in a different way. 
Person Works methodically 

445
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:46,500
creating small organized groups.
The fire is built up. 

446
00:25:46,500 --> 00:25:51,200
Slightly more wood is added the 
Flames, grow taller and the heat

447
00:25:51,200 --> 00:25:54,100
intensifies. 
Flat stones are placed near the 

448
00:25:54,108 --> 00:25:56,100
fire's Edge where they will heat
slowly. 

449
00:25:57,200 --> 00:25:59,800
You pick up a few of the roots 
and carry them to the water 

450
00:25:59,800 --> 00:26:03,000
source. 
You rinse them, rubbing away any

451
00:26:03,000 --> 00:26:05,200
clinging dirt? 
The water runs. 

452
00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:08,300
Clear over your hands. 
When the roots are clean, you 

453
00:26:08,300 --> 00:26:10,600
carry them back to the fire area
and set them down. 

454
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:13,900
Someone takes these roots and 
begins to prepare them. 

455
00:26:13,900 --> 00:26:18,000
Using a sharp Stone flake, the 
person Cuts them into smaller 

456
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,100
pieces, the pieces are then 
wrapped in large leaves. 

457
00:26:21,100 --> 00:26:23,000
The same kind you gathered 
earlier. 

458
00:26:23,800 --> 00:26:26,800
The wrapped bundles are placed 
directly into the coals at the 

459
00:26:26,800 --> 00:26:29,300
fire's Edge. 
Other Foods, require different 

460
00:26:29,300 --> 00:26:31,400
preparation. 
Seeds. 

461
00:26:31,400 --> 00:26:35,100
That were gathered are placed in
a shallow Stone depression and 

462
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:39,200
ground with a rounded Stone. 
The motion is rhythmic and 

463
00:26:39,200 --> 00:26:42,800
produces a coarse powder. 
A little water is added to form 

464
00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:45,900
a thick paste. 
This Paste can be shaped and 

465
00:26:45,900 --> 00:26:50,500
heated or simply eaten as it is.
Someone is preparing meat that 

466
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:54,000
was obtained a day or two ago, 
the meat has been stored in a 

467
00:26:54,008 --> 00:26:58,300
cool spot and still good. 
The person cuts it into strips 

468
00:26:58,300 --> 00:27:02,000
using a stone Blade, the strips 
are then laid across a wooden 

469
00:27:02,000 --> 00:27:05,200
frame position near the fire, 
where the Heat and smoke will 

470
00:27:05,200 --> 00:27:08,300
cook them slowly. 
Children come and take small 

471
00:27:08,300 --> 00:27:09,900
pieces of food as they are 
prepared. 

472
00:27:09,900 --> 00:27:14,000
They eat while standing or 
wander away with food in hand. 

473
00:27:14,800 --> 00:27:19,200
Adults eat as well, but more 
slowly often while continuing to

474
00:27:19,200 --> 00:27:22,900
work. you reach for one of the 
fruits and eat it, The Taste is 

475
00:27:22,900 --> 00:27:27,300
familiar and pleasant you take 
another, then another The eating

476
00:27:27,300 --> 00:27:30,500
is casual driven by hunger 
rather than ceremony. 

477
00:27:31,100 --> 00:27:33,700
Wrapped routes are pulled from 
the coals using sticks. 

478
00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:36,200
The leaves are blackened and 
smoking. 

479
00:27:37,300 --> 00:27:40,400
Someone carefully unwraps, one 
peeling back, the child Leaf to 

480
00:27:40,400 --> 00:27:44,300
reveal the steamed root inside. 
The person breaks off a piece 

481
00:27:44,308 --> 00:27:47,300
and eats it chewing thoughtfully
satisfied. 

482
00:27:47,300 --> 00:27:51,200
The person leaves the rest for 
others, a large hide is spread 

483
00:27:51,200 --> 00:27:54,200
on the ground and various 
prepared foods are placed on it.

484
00:27:55,000 --> 00:27:57,500
People sit around this hide 
reaching for what they want. 

485
00:27:57,500 --> 00:28:01,200
There is no particular order. 
People take what appeals to 

486
00:28:01,200 --> 00:28:04,600
them, eat until they are 
satisfied, and then move away, 

487
00:28:04,600 --> 00:28:09,000
others take their place, you sit
down near the hide, and select 

488
00:28:09,000 --> 00:28:12,300
several items. 
You eat slowly tasting each 

489
00:28:12,300 --> 00:28:14,700
thing. 
The flavors are simple, but 

490
00:28:14,700 --> 00:28:18,600
satisfying, there is a pleasant 
tiredness in your body from the 

491
00:28:18,600 --> 00:28:22,500
days activity. 
The food eases this tiredness. 

492
00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:25,600
Conversation is quiet and 
sporadic. 

493
00:28:25,600 --> 00:28:28,600
Someone mentioned something 
noticed during the Gathering. 

494
00:28:29,300 --> 00:28:33,300
Another person responds briefly.
The talk is not urgent or 

495
00:28:33,300 --> 00:28:36,700
animated, just the gentle 
exchange of observations. 

496
00:28:37,600 --> 00:28:40,100
A child sits down next to you 
and takes a piece of food from 

497
00:28:40,100 --> 00:28:42,900
the hide. 
The child eats quickly, then 

498
00:28:42,900 --> 00:28:46,800
takes more you hand, the child, 
a piece of fruit, the child, 

499
00:28:46,800 --> 00:28:49,700
accepts it and bites into it 
juice. 

500
00:28:49,700 --> 00:28:53,600
Running down the child's chin. 
Someone tends the fire adjusting

501
00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:55,200
the wood to maintain an even 
Heat. 

502
00:28:56,000 --> 00:28:59,200
The meat strips on the frame are
beginning to darken and curl at 

503
00:28:59,200 --> 00:29:03,600
the edges, the smell is Savory. 
And appealing the preparation of

504
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:07,000
food is not a single event but 
an ongoing process that 

505
00:29:07,000 --> 00:29:08,600
stretches across the later 
afternoon. 

506
00:29:09,800 --> 00:29:13,900
People prepare eat, prepare more
and eat again. 

507
00:29:14,800 --> 00:29:18,900
The rhythm is loose and 
accommodating. as the sun begins

508
00:29:18,900 --> 00:29:22,600
to lower toward the Horizon, the
intensity of food preparation 

509
00:29:22,600 --> 00:29:26,500
eases Most of the gathered 
materials have been processed or

510
00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:30,000
set aside bellies are full the 
pace slows. 

511
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:33,700
You see an older person sitting 
near the fire eating very slowly

512
00:29:33,700 --> 00:29:37,000
chewing with care. 
A personal pauses often between 

513
00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:39,700
bites resting. 
There is no rush. 

514
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:42,000
A person will finish when they 
finish. 

515
00:29:42,800 --> 00:29:45,500
Seeds that were Ground earlier 
are mixed with a little fat and 

516
00:29:45,500 --> 00:29:49,300
shaped into small cakes. these 
are placed on the hot Stones 

517
00:29:49,300 --> 00:29:53,000
near the fire, they cook quickly
their surfaces turning golden, 

518
00:29:53,900 --> 00:29:56,300
When they are done, they are 
lifted off the stones with 

519
00:29:56,300 --> 00:29:59,900
sticks and set aside to cool. 
You take one of these cakes, 

520
00:29:59,900 --> 00:30:03,000
when it is cool enough to handle
you break it in half. 

521
00:30:04,200 --> 00:30:06,400
The inside is soft and slightly 
crumbly. 

522
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:11,900
Read one half, then the other. 
Taste is mild and earthy. 

523
00:30:12,600 --> 00:30:13,800
Food. 
That is not eaten. 

524
00:30:13,800 --> 00:30:18,300
Now will be available later. 
Something's keep well, others 

525
00:30:18,300 --> 00:30:19,900
will be consumed over the next 
day. 

526
00:30:20,900 --> 00:30:23,300
There is an intuitive 
understanding of what should be 

527
00:30:23,300 --> 00:30:28,100
eaten soon and what can wait. 
Fire settles into a lower 

528
00:30:28,100 --> 00:30:31,100
steadier burn. 
The heat is less intense. 

529
00:30:31,100 --> 00:30:35,200
People begin to move away from 
the media area finding spots to 

530
00:30:35,200 --> 00:30:40,000
sit and digest to rest. 
After eating you lean back and 

531
00:30:40,000 --> 00:30:41,400
let your hands rest on your 
stomach. 

532
00:30:41,400 --> 00:30:45,900
You feel full and content. 
The light is soft and now 

533
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:49,200
evening is beginning to arrive 
bringing with it. 

534
00:30:49,200 --> 00:30:52,100
The particular quality of that 
time of day, when activity, 

535
00:30:52,100 --> 00:30:57,100
winds down and the land prepares
for night, The sun has dropped 

536
00:30:57,100 --> 00:30:59,200
low enough. 
That it's light comes at a 

537
00:30:59,200 --> 00:31:04,100
slant, casting Long Shadows and 
painting the landscape in warmer

538
00:31:04,100 --> 00:31:06,600
tones. 
People gather near the fire 

539
00:31:06,600 --> 00:31:10,700
drawn by the comfort of its 
light and heat as the air begins

540
00:31:10,700 --> 00:31:13,600
to cool. 
You sit on the ground close to 

541
00:31:13,608 --> 00:31:16,500
the Flames. 
The warmth feels good on your 

542
00:31:16,508 --> 00:31:20,000
face and hands. 
Others arrange themselves in a 

543
00:31:20,000 --> 00:31:23,700
loose circle around the fire. 
Some sit on rocks, some on the 

544
00:31:23,708 --> 00:31:28,300
ground and some unfolded hides. 
The arrangement is casual but 

545
00:31:28,300 --> 00:31:31,300
deliberate enough that everyone 
has a view of the fire and of 

546
00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:34,500
each other. 
Fire itself is steady now, 

547
00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:39,300
Flames, low and even coals 
glowing deep red underneath. 

548
00:31:40,100 --> 00:31:44,100
Someone had a piece of wood, the
wood catch his and the Flames 

549
00:31:44,100 --> 00:31:47,900
rise briefly then settle again. 
The light flickers across 

550
00:31:47,900 --> 00:31:52,100
phases, Illuminating them in 
shifting patterns, conversation 

551
00:31:52,100 --> 00:31:55,500
is quieter at this time of day 
voice is a softer. 

552
00:31:55,500 --> 00:31:59,800
People speak less frequently and
in shorter phrases, much of the 

553
00:31:59,800 --> 00:32:01,600
communication happens through 
glance. 

554
00:32:01,600 --> 00:32:04,500
And gesture, someone points 
toward the Horizon. 

555
00:32:04,500 --> 00:32:08,800
Others look, The sunset is 
unfolding in bands of color. 

556
00:32:08,800 --> 00:32:13,400
Orange, pink and deepening blue.
You notice children settling 

557
00:32:13,400 --> 00:32:16,100
down. 
The Restless energy of the day 

558
00:32:16,100 --> 00:32:19,000
is faded. 
They sit closer to adults now 

559
00:32:19,000 --> 00:32:22,400
leaning against legs or tucking 
themselves into lapse. 

560
00:32:23,200 --> 00:32:26,700
One child lies on the ground 
with head pillowed on an adult's

561
00:32:26,700 --> 00:32:31,500
thigh, eyes open, but heavy. 
An older person is working on 

562
00:32:31,500 --> 00:32:33,800
something hands moving slowly in
the firelight. 

563
00:32:34,700 --> 00:32:38,300
You cannot see exactly what it 
is, but the motion is familiar. 

564
00:32:39,100 --> 00:32:43,800
Careful repetitive work. 
The person's face is calm 

565
00:32:43,800 --> 00:32:48,100
focused inward. 
No one interrupts the smell of 

566
00:32:48,108 --> 00:32:51,800
the fire is Pleasant a mix of 
wood smoke and the faint Center 

567
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:53,900
of roasted food, still lingering
from early. 

568
00:32:54,700 --> 00:32:57,600
The smoke Rises and disperses 
into the evening air. 

569
00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:01,200
Sometimes the wind shifts and 
the smoke blows towards you. 

570
00:33:02,100 --> 00:33:04,300
You turn your head slightly and 
it passes. 

571
00:33:04,300 --> 00:33:08,100
You hear the sound of the land 
as day transitions to night. 

572
00:33:09,100 --> 00:33:12,600
Birds are making their evening 
calls different from the sounds 

573
00:33:12,600 --> 00:33:16,400
of midday. 
Insects begin to whom and chirp.

574
00:33:17,000 --> 00:33:20,000
The air feels full of somehow as
if the cooling temperature 

575
00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:24,900
brings, everything closer. 
Someone starts to hum a low 

576
00:33:24,900 --> 00:33:28,900
sound without clear, Melody. 
another person joins in matching

577
00:33:28,900 --> 00:33:33,400
the tone, The humming continues 
for a while then Fades 

578
00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:37,600
naturally. 
It is not quite music, more a 

579
00:33:37,600 --> 00:33:40,800
shared sound a way of being 
together without words. 

580
00:33:41,600 --> 00:33:45,400
Child asks a question and adult 
answers in a quiet voice. 

581
00:33:45,400 --> 00:33:48,800
The child seemed satisfied and 
snuggles closer. 

582
00:33:50,300 --> 00:33:54,100
Another child is already asleep.
Curled up on, hide near the 

583
00:33:54,100 --> 00:33:56,700
fires edge, face peaceful in the
warm light. 

584
00:33:56,700 --> 00:33:59,100
You look around at the faces in 
the circle. 

585
00:33:59,100 --> 00:34:03,000
These are the people you see 
every day, whose presence is his

586
00:34:03,000 --> 00:34:04,800
familiar as the landscape 
itself. 

587
00:34:06,300 --> 00:34:09,699
There is comfort in this 
familiarity in knowing without 

588
00:34:09,699 --> 00:34:13,699
thinking who will be here and in
recognizing the particular way 

589
00:34:13,699 --> 00:34:19,100
each person sits or moves. 
The light continues to fade the 

590
00:34:19,100 --> 00:34:22,000
sky above is turning from Blue 
to Deep Purple. 

591
00:34:23,100 --> 00:34:26,600
First stars are beginning to 
appear faint but visible if you 

592
00:34:26,600 --> 00:34:30,300
know where to look, you gaze up 
at them, they're always there. 

593
00:34:30,300 --> 00:34:33,400
These lights in the night, sky 
constant and distant. 

594
00:34:34,400 --> 00:34:37,300
Someone shifts position, adding 
another piece of wood to the 

595
00:34:37,300 --> 00:34:40,400
fire. 
The motion is unhurried, the 

596
00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:42,600
woods, settles into place and 
begins to burn. 

597
00:34:42,600 --> 00:34:45,400
The fire Remains the center of 
attention. 

598
00:34:45,400 --> 00:34:49,500
It's light and warmth. 
The reason everyone stays 

599
00:34:49,500 --> 00:34:52,400
closed. 
You feel your own body relaxing,

600
00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:56,100
the tension of the days, work, 
dissolving your shoulders, drop 

601
00:34:56,100 --> 00:35:01,400
your breathing slows, the fires 
warmth is making you drowsy, but

602
00:35:01,400 --> 00:35:04,100
in a pleasant way, you're not 
ready to sleep yet. 

603
00:35:04,100 --> 00:35:06,900
But you're aware of sleep 
waiting at the age of 

604
00:35:06,900 --> 00:35:11,600
consciousness. a person near you
is mending, something fingers 

605
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:16,100
working, but feel as much as by 
sight, The task is almost 

606
00:35:16,100 --> 00:35:19,300
finished. 
The person ties, a final knot, 

607
00:35:19,300 --> 00:35:23,000
test the repair then sets the 
object to side. 

608
00:35:23,000 --> 00:35:25,000
With a small sound of 
satisfaction. 

609
00:35:25,000 --> 00:35:29,800
The night is fully arriving now.
The land beyond the fires light 

610
00:35:29,800 --> 00:35:33,200
has become dark. 
Cannot see far into that 

611
00:35:33,200 --> 00:35:35,800
Darkness, but it does not feel 
threatening. 

612
00:35:36,500 --> 00:35:39,700
It is simply the other side of 
day as familiar as morning. 

613
00:35:41,300 --> 00:35:44,000
People begin to prepare for 
sleep but there is no hurry. 

614
00:35:44,800 --> 00:35:48,100
Some remained by the fire, 
others move toward the sleeping 

615
00:35:48,100 --> 00:35:52,500
areas in the shelter. 
The transition is gradual, the 

616
00:35:52,500 --> 00:35:55,000
evening stretches out, unhurried
and peaceful. 

617
00:35:55,000 --> 00:35:58,800
You stay sitting for a while. 
Longer watching the fire, 

618
00:35:58,800 --> 00:36:02,500
feeling its warmth and listening
to the gentle sounds of people. 

619
00:36:02,500 --> 00:36:06,100
Settling this time of day, feels
suspended somehow. 

620
00:36:06,100 --> 00:36:08,600
Neither fully day or fully 
night. 

621
00:36:09,300 --> 00:36:12,900
A time of quiet togetherness 
before, sleep separates everyone

622
00:36:12,900 --> 00:36:17,700
into their own private rest. 
Sleep does not come all at once 

623
00:36:17,700 --> 00:36:20,400
for every one. 
He will settle into rest at 

624
00:36:20,400 --> 00:36:23,300
their own pace Guided by their 
own tiredness. 

625
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:27,200
You watch as the sleeping area 
gradually fills. 

626
00:36:28,100 --> 00:36:31,100
Sleeping area is toward the back
of the shelter where the rock 

627
00:36:31,100 --> 00:36:34,600
wall provides protection and 
holds the days warmth. 

628
00:36:35,600 --> 00:36:39,000
Hides and woven mats. 
Cover the ground creating soft 

629
00:36:39,000 --> 00:36:41,800
surfaces. 
People arrange themselves in 

630
00:36:41,800 --> 00:36:46,100
clusters lying close together. 
There is no privacy but there is

631
00:36:46,100 --> 00:36:49,700
no need for it either. 
You see a family group settling 

632
00:36:49,700 --> 00:36:52,100
down and adult lies on this 
side. 

633
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:56,300
A child curls up against the 
adults chest and another child 

634
00:36:56,300 --> 00:37:01,100
Nestles against the adults back.
Another adult lies, nearby close

635
00:37:01,100 --> 00:37:02,800
enough that their body's are 
almost touching. 

636
00:37:04,000 --> 00:37:07,400
This closeness is automatic 
unremarked upon. 

637
00:37:07,400 --> 00:37:09,900
It is. 
Simply how sleep happens? 

638
00:37:09,900 --> 00:37:11,400
You move to your own sleeping 
spot. 

639
00:37:11,400 --> 00:37:14,600
You lie down on a hide that 
still smells faintly of the 

640
00:37:14,600 --> 00:37:17,500
animal. 
It came from the surface is soft

641
00:37:17,500 --> 00:37:20,100
and familiar. 
You pull another hide over 

642
00:37:20,108 --> 00:37:22,800
yourself for warmth. 
The air is cooling. 

643
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:25,500
Now that the sun is gone though,
it is not uncomfortable. 

644
00:37:26,400 --> 00:37:29,000
Around you people are shifting 
and settling. 

645
00:37:29,700 --> 00:37:33,200
Finding comfortable positions, 
you hear the rustle of movement.

646
00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:37,900
The soft sounds of people 
adjusting hides and the quiet 

647
00:37:37,900 --> 00:37:40,500
murmur of a voice speaking to a 
Restless child. 

648
00:37:41,500 --> 00:37:45,100
A baby begins to cry. 
A thin way in the quiet. 

649
00:37:46,400 --> 00:37:50,400
You hear an adult shifting, 
moving closer to the baby, the 

650
00:37:50,400 --> 00:37:54,400
crying stops almost immediately 
replace by the soft sound of 

651
00:37:54,400 --> 00:37:59,600
Nursing. the baby's breathing 
becomes rhythmic and even the 

652
00:37:59,600 --> 00:38:01,700
adult continues to hold the baby
clothes. 

653
00:38:01,700 --> 00:38:05,700
One hand supporting the small 
body, the other, perhaps 

654
00:38:05,700 --> 00:38:10,000
stroking gently. 
Sleep begins to pull at you but 

655
00:38:10,000 --> 00:38:12,100
you remain aware of the space 
around you. 

656
00:38:13,100 --> 00:38:15,300
You can feel the warmth of 
body's near yours. 

657
00:38:15,300 --> 00:38:19,000
You can hear breathing some slow
and deep some quicker and 

658
00:38:19,000 --> 00:38:21,300
lighter. 
The sounds are reassuring. 

659
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:25,700
You're not alone. 
Child, wakes, part way through 

660
00:38:25,700 --> 00:38:28,700
the night, you hear the small 
Sound Of Confusion? 

661
00:38:29,700 --> 00:38:32,400
Then the child moving seeking an
adult. 

662
00:38:33,200 --> 00:38:36,900
There is a murmur of response. 
The child is gathered close. 

663
00:38:37,600 --> 00:38:39,700
Within moments, the child is 
quiet again. 

664
00:38:39,700 --> 00:38:43,600
Sinking back into sleep. 
Fire outside has died down to 

665
00:38:43,600 --> 00:38:47,100
coals but it still provides a 
faint glow that reaches into the

666
00:38:47,108 --> 00:38:49,700
shelter enough like to see 
shapes. 

667
00:38:49,700 --> 00:38:53,600
If you open your eyes, not 
enough to be disruptive you 

668
00:38:53,600 --> 00:38:57,600
drift in and out of like sleep. 
At one point you wake and need 

669
00:38:57,600 --> 00:38:59,800
to relieve yourself. 
You rise. 

670
00:38:59,800 --> 00:39:02,200
Carefully. 
Stepping over sleeping bodies 

671
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:05,600
outside the night areas. 
Cool against your skin. 

672
00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:10,600
Stars a brilliant overhead more 
numerous than they seemed early.

673
00:39:11,400 --> 00:39:14,800
you move a short distance from 
the shelter and take care of 

674
00:39:14,800 --> 00:39:19,600
your need, then return inside 
you lied back down and pull the 

675
00:39:19,600 --> 00:39:21,800
hide over you Sleep comes 
quickly. 

676
00:39:21,800 --> 00:39:26,400
This time later, you wake again,
briefly someone else's moving 

677
00:39:26,400 --> 00:39:28,900
returning to their sleeping spot
after going outside. 

678
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:32,400
The person settles back down 
with a soft sigh. 

679
00:39:33,200 --> 00:39:36,200
Shelter is quiet, except for 
breathing and the occasional 

680
00:39:36,200 --> 00:39:38,100
small sound of someone shifting 
position. 

681
00:39:39,400 --> 00:39:43,100
Child makes a sound in sleep, 
not quite a cry, but not 

682
00:39:43,100 --> 00:39:45,400
peacefully. 
Either perhaps a dream. 

683
00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:49,700
An adult's hand reaches out, 
finds the child, and rest there.

684
00:39:49,700 --> 00:39:53,800
The child quiet. 
The adults hand stays where it 

685
00:39:53,800 --> 00:39:57,200
is for a while, then withdraws 
as the adult returns to deeper 

686
00:39:57,200 --> 00:40:00,200
sleep. 
The night passes in this way, 

687
00:40:00,200 --> 00:40:03,900
the series of small waking and 
returning to sleep. 

688
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:07,200
No one sleeps straight through 
without interruption. 

689
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:10,100
But the interruption is a minor 
and easily managed. 

690
00:40:11,000 --> 00:40:14,200
Sleep is not a single block of 
unconsciousness, but a fluid 

691
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:17,900
State responsive to the body's 
needs and the needs of others 

692
00:40:17,900 --> 00:40:21,100
nearby. 
You wake once more as the first 

693
00:40:21,100 --> 00:40:23,200
hint of dawn begins to lighten 
the sky. 

694
00:40:24,100 --> 00:40:26,500
It is not yet mourning, but 
Knight is ending. 

695
00:40:27,200 --> 00:40:30,600
You lice, still not yet. 
Ready to rise around. 

696
00:40:30,600 --> 00:40:34,500
You, others are still sleeping. 
The breathing is even and slow 

697
00:40:34,500 --> 00:40:37,700
the air in the shelter has 
warmed from the collective body 

698
00:40:37,700 --> 00:40:39,900
heat. 
A child stars. 

699
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:44,900
Opens eyes looks around. 
Then closes eyes again and is 

700
00:40:44,900 --> 00:40:49,900
still An adult shifts, changes, 
position and continues sleeping.

701
00:40:49,900 --> 00:40:53,300
The shelter is peaceful, holding
everyone. 

702
00:40:53,300 --> 00:40:56,300
In its sheltered space. 
You Close Your Eyes again. 

703
00:40:57,100 --> 00:40:58,600
There is no reason to get up 
yet. 

704
00:40:58,600 --> 00:41:01,200
The day will arrive when it 
arrives. 

705
00:41:01,900 --> 00:41:07,100
For now, there is only this 
warmth, safety, the presence of 

706
00:41:07,100 --> 00:41:10,100
others and the gentle 
continuation of rest. 

707
00:41:11,300 --> 00:41:14,000
Morning arrives again. 
Much like all the mornings 

708
00:41:14,000 --> 00:41:17,100
before it. 
The light returns people. 

709
00:41:17,100 --> 00:41:20,900
Wait and Rise, the day begins. 
Its familiar pattern. 

710
00:41:22,000 --> 00:41:25,700
Nothing has changed and yet 
everything continues. 

711
00:41:26,500 --> 00:41:29,000
You stand near the shelter 
entrance and look out at the 

712
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:31,200
land. 
It is the same land. 

713
00:41:31,200 --> 00:41:35,000
You saw yesterday the same 
shapes and colors and textures. 

714
00:41:36,200 --> 00:41:39,300
The knowledge you have of this 
place is deep and unquestioned, 

715
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:43,100
you know, which plants will 
ripen next, which areas will 

716
00:41:43,100 --> 00:41:46,600
flood with heavy rain and which 
paths lead to which resources. 

717
00:41:47,800 --> 00:41:50,300
This knowledge is not written 
down or formally taught. 

718
00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:55,000
It's simply is passed through 
repetition and observational 

719
00:41:55,000 --> 00:41:58,900
absorbed over Years of Living, 
in constant contact with the 

720
00:41:58,900 --> 00:42:03,100
same Terrain. children are 
already moving around, playing 

721
00:42:03,100 --> 00:42:06,000
the same games, they played 
yesterday and learning through 

722
00:42:06,000 --> 00:42:10,500
the same processes of watching 
and trying They will grow and 

723
00:42:10,500 --> 00:42:13,400
they will know what, you know, 
and they will pass it onto the 

724
00:42:13,400 --> 00:42:17,000
children who come after them. 
You see an older person sitting 

725
00:42:17,000 --> 00:42:19,600
near the fire working slowly on 
a task. 

726
00:42:20,400 --> 00:42:23,600
This person has done this task 
thousands of times. 

727
00:42:23,600 --> 00:42:27,500
The movements are automatic 
efficient, and refined by 

728
00:42:27,500 --> 00:42:32,100
Decades of repetition, when this
person is gone, others will do 

729
00:42:32,100 --> 00:42:35,400
the work in much the same way 
because they have watched and 

730
00:42:35,400 --> 00:42:39,900
learned and practiced alongside 
this person The Rock shelters 

731
00:42:39,900 --> 00:42:42,800
where you live of being used for
longer than anyone can remember.

732
00:42:42,800 --> 00:42:47,400
Generations of slept here, 
worked here and raise children 

733
00:42:47,400 --> 00:42:52,100
here, the walls, bear marks of 
these use There Are Places Worn 

734
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:55,700
Smooth by countless hands, 
touching the same spots there 

735
00:42:55,700 --> 00:42:58,500
are shallow depressions in the 
stone where tools have been 

736
00:42:58,508 --> 00:43:00,700
sharp. 
And again, and again, there are 

737
00:43:00,708 --> 00:43:04,300
faint traces of pigment on the 
rock face applied at some point 

738
00:43:04,300 --> 00:43:06,500
for reasons, you may or may not 
fully understand. 

739
00:43:07,700 --> 00:43:11,000
You think about these marks 
their evidence of presence of 

740
00:43:11,000 --> 00:43:14,300
lives lived here? 
But they do not tell stories in 

741
00:43:14,300 --> 00:43:18,200
the way language does. 
They are simply traces quiet and

742
00:43:18,200 --> 00:43:21,300
persistent. 
They will remain long after you 

743
00:43:21,300 --> 00:43:22,600
and everyone, you know, are 
gone. 

744
00:43:22,600 --> 00:43:28,400
The work of the day unfolds 
Gathering making caring eating 

745
00:43:28,400 --> 00:43:32,200
resting. 
Each task flows into the next 

746
00:43:32,200 --> 00:43:36,400
without Fanfare, the day will 
end and another will be in the 

747
00:43:36,400 --> 00:43:39,400
pattern is reliable. 
You watch a young person 

748
00:43:39,400 --> 00:43:42,800
learning to chip Stone. 
The person's efforts are clumsy,

749
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:47,000
the strikes, imprecise flakes, 
fly off at wrong angles. 

750
00:43:47,000 --> 00:43:50,000
The Edge does not form correctly
at the person. 

751
00:43:50,000 --> 00:43:53,400
Can continue trying learning 
through failure, and correction 

752
00:43:53,400 --> 00:43:57,100
eventually after many attempts 
after much. 

753
00:43:57,100 --> 00:44:00,700
Wasted Stone and much time. 
The person will achieve the 

754
00:44:00,700 --> 00:44:03,700
skill and then they will teach 
another person in the same 

755
00:44:03,700 --> 00:44:07,100
patient wordless way. 
This is how knowledge persists, 

756
00:44:07,100 --> 00:44:10,900
not through Grand, instructional
formal record, but through 

757
00:44:10,900 --> 00:44:16,300
presents proximity and 
repetition, the young watch the 

758
00:44:16,300 --> 00:44:19,700
old The inexperienced, watch the
skilled. 

759
00:44:19,700 --> 00:44:24,500
The patterns are absorbed in 
internalized and enacted. 

760
00:44:24,500 --> 00:44:28,900
And so the ways of doing things 
continue changing, only very 

761
00:44:28,900 --> 00:44:32,800
slowly shaped more by the 
demands of materials and land 

762
00:44:32,800 --> 00:44:36,300
than by Innovation or choice. 
You think about the future 

763
00:44:36,300 --> 00:44:38,800
though? 
The concept is not as distinct 

764
00:44:38,800 --> 00:44:41,800
for you as it might be for 
someone living in another time. 

765
00:44:42,800 --> 00:44:45,500
There is tomorrow. 
And there are the seasons ahead 

766
00:44:45,500 --> 00:44:48,700
and there is the general sense 
that life will continue. 

767
00:44:49,600 --> 00:44:53,700
But there is no grand plan. 
No distant goal. 

768
00:44:53,700 --> 00:44:57,300
There is only the ongoing now 
each day building on the day 

769
00:44:57,300 --> 00:45:01,200
before in small incremental 
ways, You look at the children 

770
00:45:01,200 --> 00:45:04,800
again, they are the future. 
In the simple sense that they 

771
00:45:04,800 --> 00:45:08,000
will be here when you are not. 
They will gather in the same 

772
00:45:08,000 --> 00:45:12,200
place as use the same shelters 
and follow the same paths, the 

773
00:45:12,200 --> 00:45:15,800
land will shape them as it is 
shaped you, the sun is climbing 

774
00:45:15,800 --> 00:45:18,000
higher the morning, work is 
underway. 

775
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:20,400
You see, people move in with 
purpose. 

776
00:45:20,400 --> 00:45:23,300
They're actually actions Guided 
by need and habit. 

777
00:45:24,200 --> 00:45:28,100
There is no urgency but there is
all so no Idol nest. 

778
00:45:28,800 --> 00:45:31,500
Life requires work, and the work
is done. 

779
00:45:32,400 --> 00:45:34,600
You think about the pigments 
that were Ground yesterday? 

780
00:45:34,600 --> 00:45:38,800
They will be used to make marks 
on the rock walls to add to the 

781
00:45:38,808 --> 00:45:42,400
traces that are already there. 
These marks are not pictures in 

782
00:45:42,400 --> 00:45:45,300
the sense that they depict 
specific of their vents or tell 

783
00:45:45,300 --> 00:45:48,600
particular stories. 
They are more abstract than that

784
00:45:48,600 --> 00:45:52,600
more symbolic they might 
represent ideas or simply be 

785
00:45:52,600 --> 00:45:55,400
aesthetic. 
Expressions ways of marking the 

786
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:58,700
space as belonging to people of 
leaving evidence of thought and 

787
00:45:58,700 --> 00:46:04,500
hand. these marks will last long
after the people who made them 

788
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:08,100
are gone long, after the memory 
of those people, as faded, the 

789
00:46:08,100 --> 00:46:11,700
marks will remain Future people 
may see them and wonder what 

790
00:46:11,700 --> 00:46:15,600
they meant or they may not 
Wonder at all the marks will 

791
00:46:15,600 --> 00:46:18,300
simply be there. 
As permanent as the stone 

792
00:46:18,300 --> 00:46:21,300
itself. 
Quiet witnesses to lives lived, 

793
00:46:21,300 --> 00:46:24,600
you move back into the shelter 
and pick up a tool. 

794
00:46:24,600 --> 00:46:30,700
There is work to do the day 
continues the pattern holds in 

795
00:46:30,700 --> 00:46:34,200
the evening as the light Fades 
and people gather by the fire. 

796
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:38,700
Once more, you feel the same 
sense of quiet completion, that 

797
00:46:38,700 --> 00:46:41,900
comes at the end of every day. 
The work is done. 

798
00:46:41,900 --> 00:46:45,600
Food has been eaten. 
People are settling, sleep will 

799
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:49,200
come You look around at the 
faces in the firelight. 

800
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:52,800
Each person is distinct familiar
and known. 

801
00:46:52,800 --> 00:46:56,900
And yet each person is also part
of a larger pattern, a 

802
00:46:56,900 --> 00:47:00,500
continuity that stretches back 
and forward Beyond memory, 

803
00:47:00,500 --> 00:47:04,600
Beyond individual life, The 
stars are beginning to appear. 

804
00:47:05,500 --> 00:47:09,500
Fire Burns, low. 
Children are already sleeping 

805
00:47:09,500 --> 00:47:13,400
curled up against a Dalts. 
Shelter is warm and safe. 

806
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:15,600
You lie down in your sleeping 
spot. 

807
00:47:15,600 --> 00:47:20,500
You pull the hide over yourself.
The day is ending tomorrow, will

808
00:47:20,500 --> 00:47:22,000
come. 
The pattern. 

809
00:47:22,000 --> 00:47:25,500
Will continue. 
And in this continuation, in 

810
00:47:25,500 --> 00:47:29,300
this quiet unremarkable, 
Persistence of daily life. 

811
00:47:29,300 --> 00:47:33,200
There is a kind of Peace, 
nothing dramatic happens, 

812
00:47:33,200 --> 00:47:36,700
nothing needs to happen. 
Life is Simply Life. 

813
00:47:36,700 --> 00:47:41,500
Lived one day at a time in a 
place that holds and sustains 

814
00:47:41,500 --> 00:47:46,100
among people who share the same 
land and the same rhythms, the 

815
00:47:46,100 --> 00:47:49,600
rock art will remain. 
Future people will find it and 

816
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:53,200
try to understand what it meant.
That the real story is not in 

817
00:47:53,200 --> 00:47:56,200
the marks on the wall. 
The real story is in the days 

818
00:47:56,200 --> 00:48:00,100
themselves in the Gathering and 
the making and the caring in the

819
00:48:00,100 --> 00:48:03,400
children learning, and the fires
burning and the seasons turning.

820
00:48:03,400 --> 00:48:07,400
It is a story without drama 
without beginning or end. 

821
00:48:07,400 --> 00:48:11,600
A story of continuity that asks 
nothing more than to continue. 

822
00:48:12,700 --> 00:48:15,900
Close your eyes. 
Your breathing slows, sleep 

823
00:48:15,900 --> 00:48:19,400
comes gently, as it always does.
The shelter is quiet. 

824
00:48:19,400 --> 00:48:23,400
The land is quiet. 
The night, settles over 

825
00:48:23,400 --> 00:48:27,100
everything, and somewhere in 
that vastness the marks on the 

826
00:48:27,100 --> 00:48:28,500
Rock. 
Wait in the darkness. 

827
00:48:28,500 --> 00:48:33,000
Holding their silent testimony 
to the ordinary extraordinary 

828
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:42,000
Persistence of human life. 
Eleanor Roosevelt's name, 

829
00:48:42,008 --> 00:48:45,400
evokes, images of a dignified. 
First lady championing human 

830
00:48:45,400 --> 00:48:48,000
rights and redefining the role 
of women in politics. 

831
00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:51,700
Yet her Story begins in an era 
marked by hush to assumptions 

832
00:48:51,700 --> 00:48:53,200
about what women could and 
should do. 

833
00:48:53,200 --> 00:48:56,400
And her journey from shy, 
orphaned Global influencer was 

834
00:48:56,400 --> 00:49:00,200
no predictable progression. 
Born Anna Eleanor Roosevelt on 

835
00:49:00,200 --> 00:49:04,000
October 11th 1884. 
She entered a family steeped in 

836
00:49:04,000 --> 00:49:06,100
Prestige but also riddled with 
private. 

837
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:09,800
Heartbreak her mother. 
Anna Hall rows of elt was 

838
00:49:09,800 --> 00:49:12,700
renowned for beauty and social 
graces while her father. 

839
00:49:12,700 --> 00:49:15,600
Elliot Roosevelt was the 
charismatic but troubled 

840
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:18,400
younger, brother of future 
president, Theodore Roosevelt. 

841
00:49:19,300 --> 00:49:21,300
Some narratives cast her parents
in Stark. 

842
00:49:21,300 --> 00:49:25,500
Contrasts her mother's alef 
Manor, her father's erratic 

843
00:49:25,500 --> 00:49:27,900
Behavior yet Eleanor recalled 
them. 

844
00:49:27,900 --> 00:49:30,600
Both with a child's longing, 
craving acceptance. 

845
00:49:31,600 --> 00:49:34,000
Her mother's criticisms of her 
looks haunted her. 

846
00:49:34,000 --> 00:49:37,800
And her father struggles with 
alcohol often overshadowed his 

847
00:49:37,800 --> 00:49:41,500
tender devotion, these paradoxes
shaped Eleanor's earliest 

848
00:49:41,500 --> 00:49:45,500
perceptions of self-worth by age
10, she had lost both parents, 

849
00:49:45,500 --> 00:49:50,100
her mother died of diphtheria 
and her father, long embroiled 

850
00:49:50,100 --> 00:49:53,800
in personal turmoil passed away.
Two years later left with their 

851
00:49:53,800 --> 00:49:56,800
protective presence. 
Eleanor moved in with relatives,

852
00:49:56,800 --> 00:49:59,200
who maintained the typical 
decorum of New York, High 

853
00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:01,400
Society. 
She was a timid Child 

854
00:50:01,400 --> 00:50:04,100
overshadowed by cousins who 
found her seriousness 

855
00:50:04,100 --> 00:50:06,800
perplexing. 
She found some solace in reading

856
00:50:06,800 --> 00:50:09,100
stories of Daring heroines and 
moral. 

857
00:50:09,100 --> 00:50:12,900
Dilemmas her maternal, 
grandmother Mary Ludlow Hall 

858
00:50:12,900 --> 00:50:16,200
insisted on conventional. 
Decorum, with the hope that 

859
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:20,000
Eleanor would Bloom into a 
proper debutant. in Stead the 

860
00:50:20,000 --> 00:50:22,600
girl quietly internalized, a 
sense of Duty and 

861
00:50:22,600 --> 00:50:25,900
self-consciousness, she learned 
how to host tease and navigate 

862
00:50:25,900 --> 00:50:30,300
social niceties, but she also 
developed in a resolve The gulf 

863
00:50:30,300 --> 00:50:33,300
between The Confident girls 
around her and her insecurities 

864
00:50:33,300 --> 00:50:36,400
never fully disappeared. 
But she forged a methodical 

865
00:50:36,400 --> 00:50:40,600
approach to self-improvement At 
age, 15, she was shipped to 

866
00:50:40,608 --> 00:50:43,700
Alan's would Academy. 
A boarding school outside London

867
00:50:43,700 --> 00:50:46,400
there? 
Under the guidance of Marie 

868
00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:49,700
souvestre and educator known for
fostering independent thought, 

869
00:50:49,700 --> 00:50:53,000
Elinor found a nurturing 
environment for the first time 

870
00:50:53,000 --> 00:50:56,300
since her parents deaths, 
Sylvester saw potential in her 

871
00:50:56,300 --> 00:50:58,400
seriousness and urged her to 
speak her mind. 

872
00:50:59,200 --> 00:51:01,800
Gone with the constraints of 
superficial Society. 

873
00:51:01,800 --> 00:51:05,400
Gatherings instead classes 
focused on world affairs 

874
00:51:05,400 --> 00:51:09,600
literature and critical thinking
Eleanor traveled across Europe 

875
00:51:09,600 --> 00:51:13,500
absorbing cultural differences, 
forging friendships, and 

876
00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:14,700
learning to question 
assumptions. 

877
00:51:15,800 --> 00:51:18,700
The timid girl from New York 
high society was Awakening to 

878
00:51:18,700 --> 00:51:21,800
the world's complexity returning
to the United States. 

879
00:51:21,800 --> 00:51:25,200
At age 18, she struggled to 
react late to the rigid 

880
00:51:25,200 --> 00:51:30,200
expectations of debutant life. 
Gowns balls and polite, suitors.

881
00:51:30,200 --> 00:51:33,700
Filled her schedule yet. 
She yearned for deeper substance

882
00:51:33,700 --> 00:51:37,500
family members urged her to 
embrace tradition Barry. 

883
00:51:37,500 --> 00:51:41,100
Well, produced heirs and carry 
on the Rosevelt name with 

884
00:51:41,100 --> 00:51:44,900
appropriate, decorum internally.
She felt her convictions 

885
00:51:44,900 --> 00:51:47,000
hardening. 
There was a broader realm where 

886
00:51:47,000 --> 00:51:49,800
she might be of use. 
She began volunteering in 

887
00:51:49,800 --> 00:51:53,000
settlement houses, encountering 
immigrants grappling with 

888
00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:56,600
poverty and discrimination. 
It was her first intimate brush 

889
00:51:56,600 --> 00:52:00,400
with social injustice. 
Around this time she reconnected

890
00:52:00,400 --> 00:52:03,800
with her distant cousin. 
Franklyn Delano Roosevelt a 

891
00:52:03,800 --> 00:52:06,600
Dashing Young Man. 
Set on a political career, their

892
00:52:06,600 --> 00:52:09,200
shared family name and ties to 
Theodore Roosevelt, added 

893
00:52:09,200 --> 00:52:11,600
certain inevitability to their 
courtship. 

894
00:52:11,600 --> 00:52:14,800
Yet their bond was more complex 
than a convenient match. 

895
00:52:14,800 --> 00:52:17,700
Franklyn, admired her 
seriousness and warmth. 

896
00:52:17,700 --> 00:52:20,600
She found in him a lively 
optimism that promised 

897
00:52:20,600 --> 00:52:25,400
Adventure, despite concerns from
his dominion mother, Sara Delano

898
00:52:25,400 --> 00:52:29,900
Roosevelt, they married in 1905,
Theodore Roosevelt, then 

899
00:52:29,900 --> 00:52:33,500
president gave away the bride 
and event that overshadowed the 

900
00:52:33,508 --> 00:52:35,300
couples day with national 
headlines. 

901
00:52:35,300 --> 00:52:38,700
Early married life plunged 
Eleanor into the complexities of

902
00:52:38,700 --> 00:52:43,000
the extended Roosevelt Clan 
dominated by Sara strict ideas 

903
00:52:43,000 --> 00:52:44,700
about household and social 
status. 

904
00:52:45,700 --> 00:52:48,400
The bore children, eventually 
six one dying in infancy, 

905
00:52:48,400 --> 00:52:51,100
Eleanor struggled to maintain 
her identity. 

906
00:52:51,800 --> 00:52:54,600
She discovered that her new role
often felt like a performance, 

907
00:52:54,600 --> 00:52:58,900
the shy orphan recast as the 
society Hostess and beautiful, 

908
00:52:58,900 --> 00:53:01,700
political wife. 
Yet beneath the formalities. 

909
00:53:01,700 --> 00:53:06,100
She was observing learning and 
quietly resolving to find her 

910
00:53:06,100 --> 00:53:08,500
voice. 
Her childhood taught her to 

911
00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:11,900
survive loss and isolation 
marriage would teach her to 

912
00:53:11,900 --> 00:53:17,000
navigate Duty and compromised by
her mid-20s Eleanor Roosevelt. 

913
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:20,100
Stood at a Crossroads 
respectable wife in a prominent 

914
00:53:20,100 --> 00:53:22,400
family. 
Yep, privately aware of how 

915
00:53:22,400 --> 00:53:24,200
little she truly belonged to 
herself. 

916
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:27,500
She endured tragedy and 
internalized criticism. 

917
00:53:27,500 --> 00:53:30,700
And now balanced motherhood with
a sense that she was meant for 

918
00:53:30,700 --> 00:53:32,800
more. 
As her husband's political 

919
00:53:32,800 --> 00:53:36,400
Ambitions gathered momentum, she
would face new tests of 

920
00:53:36,400 --> 00:53:38,800
resilience and discovered just 
how profound her influence could

921
00:53:38,800 --> 00:53:41,800
become. 
In her first years of married 

922
00:53:41,800 --> 00:53:44,800
life, Eleanor Roosevelt found 
her space and autonomy 

923
00:53:44,800 --> 00:53:47,400
overshadowed by the imposing 
figure of her mother-in-law. 

924
00:53:48,000 --> 00:53:52,000
Sara Delano Roosevelt, Sarah 
managed, the household finances 

925
00:53:52,000 --> 00:53:54,100
and even designed a joining 
living quarters. 

926
00:53:54,100 --> 00:53:56,600
So she could oversee Eleanor's 
management of the children. 

927
00:53:57,600 --> 00:54:00,800
This Arrangement stifled 
Eleanor's Independence leaving 

928
00:54:00,800 --> 00:54:04,100
her feeling perpetually 
monitored Franklin seemed 

929
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:07,200
comfortable with his mother's 
involvement and this tasic 

930
00:54:07,200 --> 00:54:10,200
acceptance further. 
Isolated Eleanor nevertheless, 

931
00:54:10,200 --> 00:54:12,200
she made the best of her 
circumstances. 

932
00:54:12,200 --> 00:54:16,100
She immersed herself in child. 
Rearing determined that her 

933
00:54:16,100 --> 00:54:17,800
children would experience a 
warmth. 

934
00:54:17,800 --> 00:54:20,500
She had too often lacked 
simultaneously. 

935
00:54:20,500 --> 00:54:23,500
She sought outlets for her 
curiosity, about social issues 

936
00:54:23,500 --> 00:54:25,500
volunteering for the Junior 
League. 

937
00:54:25,500 --> 00:54:28,800
She assisted in settlement work 
on Manhattan's Lower East Side. 

938
00:54:28,800 --> 00:54:31,900
Coming face to face with poverty
and labor and Justice's 

939
00:54:31,900 --> 00:54:35,600
observing the hardships of 
immigrant families, Eleanor 

940
00:54:35,600 --> 00:54:38,300
recognized, the Stark gap 
between her privilege Circle, 

941
00:54:38,300 --> 00:54:42,300
and those struggling at 
America's margins around 1910 

942
00:54:42,300 --> 00:54:46,100
Franklins political career began
elected to the New York State 

943
00:54:46,100 --> 00:54:48,300
Senate. 
He moved the family to Albany, 

944
00:54:48,300 --> 00:54:51,200
though, still reluctant to step 
into the public Spotlight, 

945
00:54:51,200 --> 00:54:54,600
Eleanor gleaned, insights into 
legislative processes and 

946
00:54:54,600 --> 00:54:57,800
networking. 
She watched as lawmakers engaged

947
00:54:57,800 --> 00:55:00,800
in the negotiations. 
Formed alliances and faced 

948
00:55:00,800 --> 00:55:03,300
seemingly insurmountable 
challenges that social 

949
00:55:03,300 --> 00:55:06,900
Gatherings, she was the dutiful 
wife exchanging pleasantries 

950
00:55:06,900 --> 00:55:09,000
while quietly absorbing the 
undercurrents of power. 

951
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:12,100
Her Vantage Point revealed a 
system in dire need of 

952
00:55:12,108 --> 00:55:14,700
empathetic leadership tragedy 
soon. 

953
00:55:14,700 --> 00:55:19,100
Intervened in 1912 Ellen's world
was rocked when her eldest 

954
00:55:19,100 --> 00:55:21,600
daughter. 
Anna nearly died of illness 

955
00:55:21,600 --> 00:55:24,900
shortly thereafter. 
She endured her health scares 

956
00:55:24,900 --> 00:55:27,800
and a complicated birth. 
The precariousness of life 

957
00:55:27,800 --> 00:55:30,900
combined with the Relentless 
swirl of political obligations 

958
00:55:30,900 --> 00:55:33,900
Fred her nerves. 
Sarah's hovering presence. 

959
00:55:33,900 --> 00:55:37,900
Exacerbated tensions. 
Yet adversity stirred in Eleanor

960
00:55:37,900 --> 00:55:41,000
a growing resolve. 
She ventured Beyond polite Tea 

961
00:55:41,000 --> 00:55:44,300
Room talk forging, links with 
Progressive women, seeking to 

962
00:55:44,300 --> 00:55:47,600
address, glaring, social 
inequities, She admired 

963
00:55:47,600 --> 00:55:50,600
activists who battled for child 
labor laws and workplace, safety

964
00:55:50,600 --> 00:55:54,500
reforms by 1913. 
Franklyn was appointed assistant

965
00:55:54,500 --> 00:55:56,700
Secretary of the Navy by 
President Woodrow Wilson, 

966
00:55:56,700 --> 00:55:59,700
prompting, a move to Washington 
DC. 

967
00:56:01,400 --> 00:56:04,100
The capitals Elite Social Scene,
revolved around formal 

968
00:56:04,100 --> 00:56:07,700
receptions and ranking protocols
neither of which thrilled 

969
00:56:07,700 --> 00:56:10,200
Eleanor. 
Still, she recognized the city 

970
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:12,100
as a crucible of national 
decision-making. 

971
00:56:12,800 --> 00:56:15,600
She developed friendships with 
progressive-minded officials and

972
00:56:15,600 --> 00:56:19,900
activists, exchanging ideas 
about wages education and 

973
00:56:19,900 --> 00:56:24,300
women's suffrage. 
World War one broke out in 1914,

974
00:56:24,300 --> 00:56:29,000
drawing America, in by 1917, 
Washington became a hive of 

975
00:56:29,000 --> 00:56:33,400
wartime mobilization hospitals, 
overflowed and soldiers returned

976
00:56:33,400 --> 00:56:36,700
with devastating injuries 
Eleanor volunteered at the Red 

977
00:56:36,700 --> 00:56:39,700
Cross, canteens and Naval 
hospitals, an experience that 

978
00:56:39,700 --> 00:56:42,400
brought her face to face with 
Wars human toll. 

979
00:56:43,100 --> 00:56:45,700
She found it impossible to 
return to trivial chatter at 

980
00:56:45,700 --> 00:56:49,200
lavish parties after seeing 
wounded veterans struggled to 

981
00:56:49,200 --> 00:56:52,300
rebuild their lives. 
Even as she navigated demands 

982
00:56:52,300 --> 00:56:55,500
for appearances by Franklin 
side, she yearned to channel her

983
00:56:55,500 --> 00:56:57,300
growing empathy into concrete 
action. 

984
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:02,800
Meanwhile, her personal life. 
Took a shocking, turn in 1918, 

985
00:57:02,800 --> 00:57:05,300
she discovered Franklins 
romantic letters to Lucy, 

986
00:57:05,300 --> 00:57:08,800
Mercer, her social, secretary, 
betrayal, Rockdale and 

987
00:57:08,800 --> 00:57:11,300
foundation's. 
She confronted her husband and 

988
00:57:11,300 --> 00:57:14,400
while divorce was considered, 
Sara Rosevelt threatened to cut 

989
00:57:14,400 --> 00:57:17,900
off financial support. 
The Scandal never fully reached 

990
00:57:17,900 --> 00:57:21,200
the public here but it jolted 
Eleanor into rethinking her 

991
00:57:21,200 --> 00:57:24,700
marriage, although she remained 
married, the emotional bond 

992
00:57:24,700 --> 00:57:27,700
between them change. 
She began cultivating, her 

993
00:57:27,700 --> 00:57:30,600
identity separate from him, 
forging alliances, and 

994
00:57:30,600 --> 00:57:33,400
friendships that didn't revolve 
solely around, Franklin's 

995
00:57:33,400 --> 00:57:36,200
ambitions. 
As the war ended, Washington 

996
00:57:36,200 --> 00:57:38,100
shifted back to peacetime 
routines. 

997
00:57:38,100 --> 00:57:41,600
The Roosevelts returned to New 
York where Franklin resumed his 

998
00:57:41,600 --> 00:57:44,900
political climb. 
However, Eleanor's worldview had

999
00:57:44,900 --> 00:57:47,800
expanded no longer content to 
linger in the background. 

1000
00:57:47,800 --> 00:57:51,100
She immersed herself in 
political clubs, particularly 

1001
00:57:51,100 --> 00:57:54,400
the League of Women Voters and 
the women's Trade Union League. 

1002
00:57:55,200 --> 00:57:58,500
She devoured reports on social 
conditions labor rights and 

1003
00:57:58,500 --> 00:58:01,300
civil liberties. 
She overcame her shyness when 

1004
00:58:01,300 --> 00:58:04,200
speaking in public fueled by the
conviction that she had 

1005
00:58:04,200 --> 00:58:07,600
something to contribute. 
This Evolution coincided with 

1006
00:58:07,600 --> 00:58:11,100
the ratification of the 19th. 
Amendment in 1920, granting 

1007
00:58:11,100 --> 00:58:14,800
women, the right to vote. 
Energized by this Milestone, 

1008
00:58:14,800 --> 00:58:18,300
Eleanor campaigned for franklyn 
when he ran as the Democratic 

1009
00:58:18,300 --> 00:58:21,000
vice presidential candidate at 
that same year, though. 

1010
00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:23,500
They lost the experience 
broadened, her political 

1011
00:58:23,500 --> 00:58:26,000
Network. 
She saw how campaigns were 

1012
00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:30,700
orchestrated, how messages were 
spun and most importantly, how 

1013
00:58:30,700 --> 00:58:33,500
public opinion could be swayed 
toward Progressive ideals. 

1014
00:58:33,500 --> 00:58:39,100
If approached with authenticity,
By the early 1920s Eleanor 

1015
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:42,000
Roosevelt had traversed, 
heartbreak War, volunteerism and

1016
00:58:42,000 --> 00:58:44,200
political initiation. 
She had begun. 

1017
00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:47,800
Forging her path shaped by the 
direct encounters with suffering

1018
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:51,400
and by her growing circle of 
reform-minded peers, her 

1019
00:58:51,400 --> 00:58:53,500
marriage. 
Once the axis of her existence 

1020
00:58:53,500 --> 00:58:57,700
now became just one facet of a 
broader calling As she 

1021
00:58:57,708 --> 00:59:01,000
discovered adversity often 
planted the seeds of purpose. 

1022
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:05,000
The once quiet shy girl. 
Now determined to stand on her 

1023
00:59:05,000 --> 00:59:09,200
own terms Guided by a conscience
that refused to stay silent was 

1024
00:59:09,200 --> 00:59:12,500
emerging. 
The 1920s brought both hardship 

1025
00:59:12,500 --> 00:59:15,500
and opportunity to Eleanor 
Roosevelt, Frank's political 

1026
00:59:15,500 --> 00:59:18,900
career stalled when he lost the 
vice presidential race in 1920, 

1027
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:23,300
but his future seemed boundless 
until polio struck him in 1921 

1028
00:59:23,300 --> 00:59:26,000
that summer during a vacation in
Tampa. 

1029
00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:29,200
Bello, he suddenly found himself
paralyzed from the waist down. 

1030
00:59:29,200 --> 00:59:32,000
Doctors offered little hope for 
complete recovery. 

1031
00:59:33,100 --> 00:59:35,700
The family, rallied yet. 
The crisis triggered. 

1032
00:59:35,700 --> 00:59:38,200
Another shift in his life 
overnight. 

1033
00:59:38,200 --> 00:59:42,600
She transformed into Franklin's 
indispensable Ally, juggling 

1034
00:59:42,600 --> 00:59:46,200
therapy, regimens household 
Logistics, and public relations.

1035
00:59:47,200 --> 00:59:49,900
Many within the Roosevelt Clan 
believed Franklin's, political 

1036
00:59:49,900 --> 00:59:53,300
days were over. 
Sarah Delano Roosevelt pressed 

1037
00:59:53,300 --> 00:59:56,100
him to retire, quietly. 
That Eleanor discerned. 

1038
00:59:56,100 --> 00:59:58,400
That relinquishing his Ambitions
would crush his spirit. 

1039
00:59:59,200 --> 01:00:02,700
She supported his determination 
to regain Mobility, helping him 

1040
01:00:02,700 --> 01:00:06,200
navigate new routines. 
She also shouldered tasks 

1041
01:00:06,200 --> 01:00:08,000
Franklin. 
Previously handled from 

1042
01:00:08,000 --> 01:00:11,400
correspondence to scheduling 
Suddenly, she was more than a 

1043
01:00:11,400 --> 01:00:14,100
supportive spouse. 
She was a gatekeeper, an 

1044
01:00:14,100 --> 01:00:16,400
intermediary, and an architect 
of her husband's comeback. 

1045
01:00:17,300 --> 01:00:20,300
Her own organizational skills. 
Flourished, she managed 

1046
01:00:20,300 --> 01:00:22,700
Franklin's Affairs, and 
dedicated time to committees 

1047
01:00:22,700 --> 01:00:25,800
that advanced her interests, she
joined the women's division of 

1048
01:00:25,800 --> 01:00:28,700
the New York state democratic 
committee, recruiting Women, 

1049
01:00:28,700 --> 01:00:31,500
Voters and championing issues 
that aligned with social 

1050
01:00:31,500 --> 01:00:34,600
reforms. 
This dual Role Family Care 

1051
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:37,300
Taker, and political operator, 
displayed in emerging 

1052
01:00:37,300 --> 01:00:40,400
confidence. 
Shed the last vestiges of social

1053
01:00:40,400 --> 01:00:43,500
committee speaking at rallies 
and forging alliance's with 

1054
01:00:43,500 --> 01:00:46,100
party leaders. 
While some ridiculed her for 

1055
01:00:46,100 --> 01:00:49,300
lacking classic oratory Flair 
others appreciated, her 

1056
01:00:49,300 --> 01:00:53,000
sincerity in 1924. 
Franklyn ventured back into 

1057
01:00:53,000 --> 01:00:55,200
politics by supporting Al Smith 
for the position. 

1058
01:00:55,200 --> 01:00:59,200
Of governor of New York behind 
the scenes, Eleanor ranged 

1059
01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:02,000
events wrote letters and 
networked on his behalf. 

1060
01:01:02,700 --> 01:01:05,800
She began to see how her 
initiatives merged with broader 

1061
01:01:05,800 --> 01:01:08,300
political Machinery. 
The women City Club and the 

1062
01:01:08,300 --> 01:01:11,600
League of Women Voters offered 
her platforms to discuss labor 

1063
01:01:11,600 --> 01:01:14,800
issues and child welfare. 
Her voice carried an 

1064
01:01:14,800 --> 01:01:17,000
authenticity rooted in hands-on 
experience. 

1065
01:01:17,600 --> 01:01:19,800
And she found an audience eager 
for that perspective. 

1066
01:01:20,900 --> 01:01:24,700
Yet her personal Journey wasn't 
all smooth living under the same

1067
01:01:24,700 --> 01:01:27,400
roof as Sarah. 
She faced constant friction 

1068
01:01:27,400 --> 01:01:29,000
about how to manage Franklin's 
care. 

1069
01:01:29,000 --> 01:01:32,600
Moreover Echoes of the Lucy 
Mercer Affair, lingard 

1070
01:01:32,600 --> 01:01:36,800
complicating, the emotional bond
with her husband their marriage 

1071
01:01:36,800 --> 01:01:38,900
though. 
Stable in outward appearance 

1072
01:01:38,900 --> 01:01:41,900
evolved into more of a 
partnership than a traditional 

1073
01:01:41,900 --> 01:01:44,600
Romance. 
Trusted friends, such as 

1074
01:01:44,600 --> 01:01:47,000
journalists Lorena. 
Hickok, entered her life, 

1075
01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:50,600
providing emotional support. 
Speculation about the nature of 

1076
01:01:50,600 --> 01:01:53,900
these friendships arose later 
but at the time, they served as 

1077
01:01:53,900 --> 01:01:59,000
lifeline's sense of self-worth. 
It's franklyn's Mobility, 

1078
01:01:59,000 --> 01:02:02,300
improved incrementally, 
supported by crutches, braces, 

1079
01:02:02,300 --> 01:02:05,100
and daily exercises. 
His political, aspirations 

1080
01:02:05,100 --> 01:02:09,300
reignited, he ran for governor 
of New York in 1928 and won. 

1081
01:02:09,900 --> 01:02:13,300
Suddenly Eleanor had to navigate
her new role as the governor's 

1082
01:02:13,300 --> 01:02:16,200
wife, she disliked the 
ceremonials of the executive 

1083
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:19,600
mansion in Albany, but she saw 
an Avenue to shape policy from 

1084
01:02:19,600 --> 01:02:23,100
within she was no longer content
with simply greeting dignitaries

1085
01:02:23,100 --> 01:02:26,000
at reception instead. 
She turned the governor's 

1086
01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:28,900
residence into a meeting point 
for activists and policymakers. 

1087
01:02:28,900 --> 01:02:33,100
Under her watch Progressive, 
agendas on labor laws and social

1088
01:02:33,100 --> 01:02:37,000
welfare found an informal forum.
Meanwhile, she continued 

1089
01:02:37,000 --> 01:02:39,900
building her own reputation, she
wrote articles, for women's 

1090
01:02:39,900 --> 01:02:43,600
magazines pushing readers to 
engage in Civic matters in one 

1091
01:02:43,600 --> 01:02:46,700
piece and she insisted that the 
success of democracy depended on

1092
01:02:46,700 --> 01:02:49,600
informed citizens. 
Especially newly enfranchised 

1093
01:02:49,600 --> 01:02:53,800
women, a writing style was 
direct and personal resonating 

1094
01:02:53,800 --> 01:02:56,700
with readers tired of lofty 
rhetoric critically. 

1095
01:02:56,700 --> 01:03:00,400
She believed that compassion and
practical Solutions, not empty, 

1096
01:03:00,400 --> 01:03:04,200
slogans made politics 
meaningful, By the close of the 

1097
01:03:04,200 --> 01:03:07,000
1920s, the Roosevelts have 
become a formidable team 

1098
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:10,000
Franklin's, charismatic 
optimism, Drew public 

1099
01:03:10,000 --> 01:03:13,300
admiration, while Ellen has 
growing expertise on social 

1100
01:03:13,300 --> 01:03:18,200
issues, injected substance into 
his political image, the 1929 

1101
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:20,800
stock market crash sent the 
nation reeling. 

1102
01:03:20,800 --> 01:03:24,000
Intensifying scrutiny of 
Leader's efforts to alleviate 

1103
01:03:24,000 --> 01:03:26,900
economic despair as Governor 
Franklin. 

1104
01:03:26,900 --> 01:03:29,200
Grappled with the relief 
measures for the unemployed 

1105
01:03:29,200 --> 01:03:32,200
Eleanor. 
For her part traveled, the state

1106
01:03:32,200 --> 01:03:35,200
for a visiting factories, 
tenements and Rural communities 

1107
01:03:35,200 --> 01:03:39,000
to assess problems firsthand. 
Her dispatchers back to Albany 

1108
01:03:39,000 --> 01:03:42,200
shaped policy debates ensuring 
that the voices of ordinary 

1109
01:03:42,200 --> 01:03:44,900
citizens, didn't get lost in the
shuffling of bureaucracy. 

1110
01:03:44,900 --> 01:03:48,300
It was during this period that 
Ellen has solidified her belief 

1111
01:03:48,300 --> 01:03:50,500
in the potential of government 
to uplift the vulnerable. 

1112
01:03:51,700 --> 01:03:54,300
While critics accused her of 
meddling in Affairs, Beyond a 

1113
01:03:54,300 --> 01:03:56,800
spouse's domain, she brushed off
the barbs. 

1114
01:03:56,800 --> 01:04:01,300
If democracy was to thrive, she 
reasoned it needed more than 

1115
01:04:01,300 --> 01:04:04,400
figureheads it needed. 
Informed Advocates willing to 

1116
01:04:04,400 --> 01:04:06,600
engage directly with citizens 
struggles. 

1117
01:04:07,700 --> 01:04:11,100
As the 1932 presidential 
election approached, franklyn 

1118
01:04:11,100 --> 01:04:12,900
emerged as the Democratic 
front-runner. 

1119
01:04:13,700 --> 01:04:16,800
With the Great Depression. 
Tightening its grip Americans 

1120
01:04:16,800 --> 01:04:19,200
craved leadership that promised 
hope and decisive action. 

1121
01:04:19,200 --> 01:04:22,200
Eleanor stealed the stealed 
herself for the next stage 

1122
01:04:22,200 --> 01:04:25,400
little did she know the White 
House would offer an even 

1123
01:04:25,408 --> 01:04:28,900
broader platform yet also test 
her capacity to balance public 

1124
01:04:28,900 --> 01:04:30,700
influence with private 
conviction. 

1125
01:04:31,400 --> 01:04:34,600
When Franklin D Roosevelt won, 
the 1932 presidential election, 

1126
01:04:34,600 --> 01:04:38,600
America was in the throes of the
Great Depression lines for bread

1127
01:04:38,600 --> 01:04:42,100
and soup stretched across city. 
Blocks Farms were foreclosed and

1128
01:04:42,100 --> 01:04:45,400
unemployment soared. 
Millions looked to the incoming 

1129
01:04:45,400 --> 01:04:48,800
president for salvation. 
Amid the frenzied national 

1130
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:52,000
attention, Eleanor Roosevelt, 
stepped into the role of first 

1131
01:04:52,000 --> 01:04:54,000
lady with an approach that 
defied convention. 

1132
01:04:54,800 --> 01:04:56,600
Rather than focusing on high 
society. 

1133
01:04:56,600 --> 01:04:59,500
Receptions, she resolved to 
become the eyes and ears of the 

1134
01:04:59,508 --> 01:05:02,900
administration, traveling 
extensively to gauge people's 

1135
01:05:02,900 --> 01:05:06,800
realities from the onset. 
She carved out an unprecedented 

1136
01:05:06,800 --> 01:05:09,000
public profile. 
She held weekly. 

1137
01:05:09,000 --> 01:05:12,200
Press conferences for female 
reporters in the women in 

1138
01:05:12,200 --> 01:05:14,800
journalism retained access to 
the political heart of the 

1139
01:05:14,800 --> 01:05:17,500
nation. 
This move sparked controversy 

1140
01:05:17,500 --> 01:05:19,700
know, first lady had ever done 
something. 

1141
01:05:19,700 --> 01:05:23,900
So openly proactive critics 
labeled her a meddler but 

1142
01:05:23,900 --> 01:05:27,300
Eleanor persisted explaining 
that women's voices deserved 

1143
01:05:27,300 --> 01:05:30,500
inclusion in National discourse.
She believed that an 

1144
01:05:30,500 --> 01:05:33,000
Administration ignoring half the
population's perspective was 

1145
01:05:33,000 --> 01:05:36,300
doomed to fail. 
She also launched a syndicated 

1146
01:05:36,300 --> 01:05:39,500
newspaper column my day. 
In it. 

1147
01:05:39,500 --> 01:05:43,200
She chronicled her observations 
on policy, social conditions, 

1148
01:05:43,200 --> 01:05:46,800
and even personal Reflections, 
while some columns, offer daily 

1149
01:05:46,800 --> 01:05:50,000
glimpses into her travels, or 
family life, others pushed 

1150
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:53,400
readers to consider labor 
issues, civil rights, and youth 

1151
01:05:53,400 --> 01:05:56,100
programs. 
The column garnered a massive 

1152
01:05:56,100 --> 01:05:58,800
following. 
Americans, especially women 

1153
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:02,100
found an advocate in the White 
House who spoke plainly about, 

1154
01:06:02,100 --> 01:06:05,900
societal injustice detractors, 
how old about an overstepping 

1155
01:06:05,900 --> 01:06:08,600
spouse? 
But she refused to see the 

1156
01:06:08,600 --> 01:06:12,000
platform, her pain, became a 
conduit for the unheard. 

1157
01:06:12,800 --> 01:06:15,300
Meanwhile, the Roosevelt 
administration rolled out the 

1158
01:06:15,300 --> 01:06:19,000
New Deal an array of programs 
aimed at relief recovery and 

1159
01:06:19,000 --> 01:06:21,500
reform. 
While Franklin handled. 

1160
01:06:21,500 --> 01:06:24,200
The sweeping political 
Maneuvers, Ellen of visited, 

1161
01:06:24,200 --> 01:06:28,000
factories slums, and Rural 
Backwater reporting her findings

1162
01:06:28,000 --> 01:06:30,300
back to him. 
And other officials, her input 

1163
01:06:30,300 --> 01:06:32,500
influenced initiatives like the 
National Youth Administration 

1164
01:06:32,500 --> 01:06:35,400
which provided jobs and 
education for young people. 

1165
01:06:36,200 --> 01:06:38,800
Eleanor believed that social 
welfare wasn't about handouts, 

1166
01:06:38,800 --> 01:06:41,500
but about giving people the 
tools to regain dignity. 

1167
01:06:42,500 --> 01:06:45,200
She pressed agencies to ensure 
these programs reached women 

1168
01:06:45,200 --> 01:06:49,500
minorities and rural families 
often sidelined in bureaucratic 

1169
01:06:49,500 --> 01:06:52,400
distribution. 
Activism caught attention 

1170
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:55,400
outside Washington, Labor 
leaders, praised her empathy 

1171
01:06:55,400 --> 01:06:58,600
while some conservatives accused
soon heater of championing. 

1172
01:06:58,600 --> 01:07:01,300
Socialism unions. 
Specially the newly. 

1173
01:07:01,300 --> 01:07:04,200
Formed Congress of industrial 
organizations CIO. 

1174
01:07:05,000 --> 01:07:07,900
Saw her as an ally willing to 
bring workers grievances to her 

1175
01:07:07,900 --> 01:07:10,600
husband's ear. 
Civil rights groups led by 

1176
01:07:10,600 --> 01:07:12,600
African-American leaders like 
Mary McLeod. 

1177
01:07:12,600 --> 01:07:15,300
Bethune found in Eleanor a rare 
White House. 

1178
01:07:15,300 --> 01:07:19,300
Allah who had openly address 
racial Injustice. famously 

1179
01:07:19,300 --> 01:07:23,100
defined segregation Norms in 
1938 by sitting, in the middle 

1180
01:07:23,100 --> 01:07:25,600
aisle between black and white 
delegates at a Southern 

1181
01:07:25,600 --> 01:07:29,600
Conference critics deemed it a 
publicity stunt, but for many 

1182
01:07:29,600 --> 01:07:32,800
African-Americans it was a 
symbolic stand by someone in 

1183
01:07:32,800 --> 01:07:35,800
power in private though she 
battled frustration and 

1184
01:07:35,800 --> 01:07:39,600
loneliness Franklins polio 
limited his mobility and the 

1185
01:07:39,600 --> 01:07:42,300
Relentless demands of the 
present C deepen, the emotional 

1186
01:07:42,300 --> 01:07:46,300
Gulf between them The White 
House brimmed with staff and 

1187
01:07:46,300 --> 01:07:49,000
visitors leaving little time for
introspection. 

1188
01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:53,000
She relied on friendships with 
women like Lorena, Hickok, Who 

1189
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:55,600
provided an emotional Outlet. 
She rarely found in her 

1190
01:07:55,600 --> 01:07:58,300
marriage. 
Historians later, scrutinized 

1191
01:07:58,300 --> 01:08:00,800
these relationships. 
But at the time, they served as 

1192
01:08:00,808 --> 01:08:03,900
islands of understanding and 
affection in a sea of political 

1193
01:08:03,900 --> 01:08:07,200
chaos. 
Despite the strain, Eleanor 

1194
01:08:07,200 --> 01:08:10,300
recognized her unique influence,
she championed the Arts through 

1195
01:08:10,300 --> 01:08:12,600
projects under the works 
progress administration. 

1196
01:08:13,400 --> 01:08:17,200
Believing creativity spurred. 
Hope she publicly supported 

1197
01:08:17,200 --> 01:08:20,500
Progressive, women in office, 
including Secretary of Labor, 

1198
01:08:20,500 --> 01:08:24,399
Frances Perkins, the first woman
to hold a US cabinet position, 

1199
01:08:25,399 --> 01:08:28,500
In doing so she had Advanced the
notion that women could excel in

1200
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:31,700
governance. 
Ticked at the idea of female 

1201
01:08:31,700 --> 01:08:34,800
leadership, but Ellen has Karma 
and backed by real 

1202
01:08:34,800 --> 01:08:36,800
accomplishments. 
Counted their doubts. 

1203
01:08:36,800 --> 01:08:39,800
She also found herself in 
Tangled in controversies around,

1204
01:08:39,800 --> 01:08:43,399
housing, reforms, Rural 
electrification and migrant 

1205
01:08:43,399 --> 01:08:45,800
labor camps. 
In each case her approach was 

1206
01:08:45,800 --> 01:08:49,899
consistent travel to the site, 
talk to affected families and 

1207
01:08:49,899 --> 01:08:51,800
push her husband's advisors to 
craft Solutions. 

1208
01:08:51,800 --> 01:08:55,700
If she couldn't persuade through
formal channels, she sometimes 

1209
01:08:55,700 --> 01:08:58,399
appealed directly to the public 
through her column or radio 

1210
01:08:58,399 --> 01:09:01,300
addresses. 
Skillfully balance between being

1211
01:09:01,300 --> 01:09:04,000
a supportive first lady and 
being an independent political 

1212
01:09:04,000 --> 01:09:08,000
actor by the late 1930s. 
The Roosevelt administration, 

1213
01:09:08,000 --> 01:09:12,000
confronted new challenges 
fascism rising in Europe and are

1214
01:09:12,000 --> 01:09:14,200
still wobbly economy at home 
through it. 

1215
01:09:14,200 --> 01:09:17,800
All Eleanor's, schedule remained
Relentless, she believed in 

1216
01:09:17,800 --> 01:09:21,600
direct engagement convinced that
a leader unaware of suffering. 

1217
01:09:21,600 --> 01:09:24,600
Had no moral right to shape 
policy though. 

1218
01:09:24,600 --> 01:09:27,700
She never held official office, 
Her counsel influence, decisions

1219
01:09:27,700 --> 01:09:31,200
that altered millions of lives 
with war clouds gathering 

1220
01:09:31,200 --> 01:09:33,500
overseas. 
She would soon discover that her

1221
01:09:33,500 --> 01:09:37,100
role required, not just empathy,
but a Steely resolved to face a 

1222
01:09:37,100 --> 01:09:41,399
global crisis poisoned to test 
America's ideals, as the 1930s 

1223
01:09:41,399 --> 01:09:45,100
ended and World War Two loomed. 
Ellen, Rose often sent a 

1224
01:09:45,100 --> 01:09:48,800
shifting Global landscape. 
She saw fascism trampling human 

1225
01:09:48,800 --> 01:09:51,399
rights in Europe and Asia. 
While America debated isolation 

1226
01:09:51,399 --> 01:09:54,700
versus intervention. 
Though, frankly initially 

1227
01:09:54,700 --> 01:09:58,200
focused on domestic recovery by 
1940, it was clear. 

1228
01:09:58,200 --> 01:09:59,800
The nation. 
Could not ignore International, 

1229
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:04,300
turmoil, Eleanor never shy about
voicing her stance, argued, that

1230
01:10:04,300 --> 01:10:07,600
America's moral responsibility 
extended Beyond its borders. 

1231
01:10:08,500 --> 01:10:11,400
She wrote passionately in my 
day, warning readers, that 

1232
01:10:11,400 --> 01:10:14,400
Democratic Values needed to 
defending less, they perish in 

1233
01:10:14,400 --> 01:10:17,600
the onslaught of tyranny. 
When Franklin won an 

1234
01:10:17,600 --> 01:10:21,400
unprecedented, third term in 
1940, the Roosevelt stealed 

1235
01:10:21,400 --> 01:10:22,800
themselves for a tumultuous 
period. 

1236
01:10:23,600 --> 01:10:26,400
Eleanor accelerated her advocacy
for civil rights and women's 

1237
01:10:26,400 --> 01:10:29,400
involvement in war preparedness 
with men, joining the military. 

1238
01:10:29,400 --> 01:10:33,300
She championed female workers to
fill industrial, roles touring 

1239
01:10:33,300 --> 01:10:36,300
factories, she highlighted the 
contributions of Rosie, the 

1240
01:10:36,300 --> 01:10:40,100
Riveter types, urging Americans 
to shed old prejudices about A 

1241
01:10:40,100 --> 01:10:43,800
Woman's Place. 
Her stance was pragmatic the 

1242
01:10:43,800 --> 01:10:46,300
nation required every capable 
hand to be looming. 

1243
01:10:46,300 --> 01:10:48,700
Threats yet. 
Pearl Harbor's bombing in 

1244
01:10:48,700 --> 01:10:53,000
December 1941 brought to us 
soil, igniting frantic 

1245
01:10:53,000 --> 01:10:56,100
mobilization. 
Eleanor plunged into morale. 

1246
01:10:56,100 --> 01:10:59,300
Building efforts visiting troops
meeting with families of 

1247
01:10:59,300 --> 01:11:02,200
servicemen and pushing for 
improved conditions in military 

1248
01:11:02,200 --> 01:11:04,800
camps. 
Elena believed that even small 

1249
01:11:04,800 --> 01:11:09,600
actions, like providing decent 
food, Medical Care and pay could

1250
01:11:09,600 --> 01:11:11,900
demonstrate the country's 
commitment to those who served 

1251
01:11:11,900 --> 01:11:14,600
despite the water department 
having its structures. 

1252
01:11:14,600 --> 01:11:18,800
Her personal visits, frequently 
revealed, areas of concern, such

1253
01:11:18,800 --> 01:11:22,200
as segregated facilities, 
limited Mental, Health Services 

1254
01:11:22,200 --> 01:11:25,200
or insufficient resources in 
remote training sites. 

1255
01:11:25,200 --> 01:11:28,500
She penned Frank memos to 
generals and even her husband 

1256
01:11:28,500 --> 01:11:32,100
demanding improvements on the 
homefront Warfare fever. 

1257
01:11:32,100 --> 01:11:35,300
Sometimes fueled racism 
Japanese-Americans were forced 

1258
01:11:35,300 --> 01:11:38,800
into internment camps a policy 
Elden, struggled to reconcile 

1259
01:11:38,800 --> 01:11:42,500
with her belief in Democratic 
principles, she quietly lobbied 

1260
01:11:42,500 --> 01:11:45,300
behind the scenes, but her 
opposition to the policy never 

1261
01:11:45,300 --> 01:11:49,200
gained enough track to reverse. 
It critics, later labeled her 

1262
01:11:49,200 --> 01:11:52,000
substance on internment as one 
of her greatest moral failures. 

1263
01:11:52,000 --> 01:11:55,300
Still she strove to mitigate 
conditions by visiting camps and

1264
01:11:55,300 --> 01:11:57,800
advocating for educational 
programs inside them. 

1265
01:11:57,800 --> 01:12:01,600
Mindful that these efforts fell 
short of outright Justice, 

1266
01:12:01,600 --> 01:12:05,500
meanwhile, Civil rights leaders 
urged, the administration to 

1267
01:12:05,500 --> 01:12:06,900
address discrimination in 
defense. 

1268
01:12:06,900 --> 01:12:10,100
Industries, Eleanor became their
conduit in the White House. 

1269
01:12:10,100 --> 01:12:14,400
Franklyn issued executive order 
8802, Banning racial 

1270
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:17,400
discrimination, in defense 
contracts partly due to her 

1271
01:12:17,400 --> 01:12:21,200
persistent urging. 
Though enforcement was patchy it

1272
01:12:21,200 --> 01:12:24,000
set a precedent. 
She continued, her bold stands 

1273
01:12:24,000 --> 01:12:27,500
like publicly supporting the 
Tuskegee Airmen, and ensuring 

1274
01:12:27,500 --> 01:12:30,600
African-American nurses were 
integrated into the Army Nurse 

1275
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:32,900
Corps. 
Each symbolic action fanned 

1276
01:12:32,900 --> 01:12:36,700
controversy among 
segregationists but to her, the 

1277
01:12:36,700 --> 01:12:40,200
quality was non-negotiable 
especially in a war, purportedly

1278
01:12:40,200 --> 01:12:42,500
fought for freedom. 
Abroad. 

1279
01:12:42,500 --> 01:12:45,500
Ellen has reach extended through
her Goodwill tours. 

1280
01:12:45,500 --> 01:12:48,800
She traveled to Britain, and the
South Pacific meeting soldiers, 

1281
01:12:48,800 --> 01:12:51,300
and Allied Leaders, her 
presence, was more than 

1282
01:12:51,300 --> 01:12:53,600
ceremonial. 
She asked probing questions 

1283
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:58,000
about troop morale, supply lines
and local tensions often she 

1284
01:12:58,000 --> 01:12:59,100
cabled. 
Back suggestions for 

1285
01:12:59,100 --> 01:13:02,000
improvements, British prime 
minister Winston, Churchill 

1286
01:13:02,000 --> 01:13:04,800
praised her empathy. 
Even if some in his Entourage 

1287
01:13:04,800 --> 01:13:07,800
found her activism unorthodox 
for a first lady. 

1288
01:13:08,700 --> 01:13:11,200
She reassured War weary 
civilians that American Aid, 

1289
01:13:11,200 --> 01:13:13,900
wasn't just strategic. 
It was driven by genuine 

1290
01:13:13,900 --> 01:13:16,300
commitment to Liberty. 
At home. 

1291
01:13:16,300 --> 01:13:18,600
She confronted a personal 
heartbreak. 

1292
01:13:18,600 --> 01:13:21,800
Her brother Paul Rosevelt 
struggled with alcoholism 

1293
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:24,000
echoing the family's tragic 
Legacy. 

1294
01:13:24,000 --> 01:13:26,900
She tried to arrange support and
discreet care. 

1295
01:13:26,900 --> 01:13:29,900
Balancing private loyalties. 
With public responsibilities, 

1296
01:13:29,900 --> 01:13:33,400
her circle of intimate friends, 
provided emotional ballast 

1297
01:13:33,400 --> 01:13:35,800
Lorena, Hickok remained a 
confidant. 

1298
01:13:35,800 --> 01:13:39,300
The war Logistics limited their 
time together through letters, 

1299
01:13:39,300 --> 01:13:42,500
Eleanor confided. 
Her exhaustion admitting that 

1300
01:13:42,500 --> 01:13:46,800
the Public's expectations often 
felt insurmountable Because the 

1301
01:13:46,800 --> 01:13:49,900
conflict raged on Franklin's 
Health waned, his blood 

1302
01:13:49,900 --> 01:13:53,500
pressure, Rose and stress. 
Weighed heavily, Eleanor stepped

1303
01:13:53,500 --> 01:13:56,200
in more assertively bridging 
gaps in his schedule. 

1304
01:13:57,000 --> 01:14:00,400
She delivered radio addresses, 
championing, war, bonds visited 

1305
01:14:00,400 --> 01:14:03,300
hospitals, treating wounded, 
veterans, and comforted, 

1306
01:14:03,300 --> 01:14:06,500
grieving families. 
Some cynics dismissed her as 

1307
01:14:06,500 --> 01:14:09,900
Madame do good but many others 
found solace in a leader 

1308
01:14:09,900 --> 01:14:11,700
unafraid to see suffering 
firsthand. 

1309
01:14:12,800 --> 01:14:17,000
By 1944, the Allied Forces were 
making significant progress yet.

1310
01:14:17,000 --> 01:14:18,800
Victory. 
Seemed a complicated Prospect, 

1311
01:14:18,800 --> 01:14:21,200
the wars. 
Devastation would require not 

1312
01:14:21,200 --> 01:14:24,500
just triumph over Axis Powers 
but a blueprint for peace. 

1313
01:14:25,600 --> 01:14:28,300
Ellen has mined buzzed with 
questions about refugees 

1314
01:14:28,300 --> 01:14:32,000
post-war reconstruction and a 
re-imagined global framework 

1315
01:14:32,000 --> 01:14:33,500
that might prevent future 
catastrophes. 

1316
01:14:33,500 --> 01:14:37,300
She saw glimpses of a potential 
role for the United States. 

1317
01:14:37,300 --> 01:14:40,400
As a moral leader though. 
She worried domestic politics 

1318
01:14:40,400 --> 01:14:43,600
might hamper that vision. 
In the final year of the war, 

1319
01:14:43,600 --> 01:14:46,800
she began hinting that the world
needed a robust International 

1320
01:14:46,800 --> 01:14:49,300
body to maintain peace for 
shadowing. 

1321
01:14:49,300 --> 01:14:51,700
Her eventual pivotal role in the
United Nations. 

1322
01:14:52,600 --> 01:14:56,500
Franklin D, Roosevelt died, in 
April, 1945 mere weeks before 

1323
01:14:56,500 --> 01:14:59,900
Germany's surrender the nation 
mourned a four-term president, 

1324
01:14:59,900 --> 01:15:03,000
whose New Deal and wartime 
leadership had reshaped America 

1325
01:15:03,000 --> 01:15:06,300
for Eleanor Roosevelt. 
The loss was both intimate and 

1326
01:15:06,300 --> 01:15:09,100
public while she and Franklin 
had forged a practical 

1327
01:15:09,100 --> 01:15:11,900
partnership over the years, she 
grieved the passing of a 

1328
01:15:11,908 --> 01:15:15,100
companion who had despite all 
their marital complexities had 

1329
01:15:15,100 --> 01:15:18,300
walked beside her through 
Monumental transformation when 

1330
01:15:18,300 --> 01:15:20,100
Harry Truman succeeded to the 
president. 

1331
01:15:20,100 --> 01:15:23,700
See, he recognized Ellen as 
unique standing at first. 

1332
01:15:23,700 --> 01:15:26,000
Many assumed she would Retreat 
from public life. 

1333
01:15:26,000 --> 01:15:30,400
Instead, she showed no sign of 
Disappearing into widowhood She 

1334
01:15:30,408 --> 01:15:33,700
considered her husband's death, 
a passing of the Baton, a moment

1335
01:15:33,708 --> 01:15:38,200
demanding continued engagement, 
the war with Japan, still raged 

1336
01:15:38,200 --> 01:15:40,100
and global politics were in 
flux. 

1337
01:15:40,100 --> 01:15:44,200
She quietly rebuffed suggestions
to retire stating famously. 

1338
01:15:44,200 --> 01:15:46,700
The story is over but not the 
journey. 

1339
01:15:48,500 --> 01:15:51,900
In May 1945 v-day victory in 
Europe. 

1340
01:15:51,900 --> 01:15:54,900
Arrived overshadowed by the 
looming. 

1341
01:15:54,900 --> 01:15:58,400
Final battles against Japan. 
Eleanor immersed herself in 

1342
01:15:58,400 --> 01:16:01,700
relief, efforts focusing on 
wounded, veterans returning from

1343
01:16:01,700 --> 01:16:05,400
both theaters, she visited 
hospitals, consoled, families 

1344
01:16:05,400 --> 01:16:09,400
and championed bills aimed at 
their rehabilitation While 

1345
01:16:09,400 --> 01:16:12,100
Truman's Administration tackled 
the complexities of forming a 

1346
01:16:12,100 --> 01:16:14,500
post-war order. 
She used her platform to 

1347
01:16:14,500 --> 01:16:16,900
advocate for a strong 
Cooperative, International 

1348
01:16:16,900 --> 01:16:19,900
Community. 
One of Truman's defining acts 

1349
01:16:19,900 --> 01:16:22,700
was to appoint Eleanor to the 
first American delegation to the

1350
01:16:22,700 --> 01:16:26,900
United Nations in 1945. 
Many in Washington questioned. 

1351
01:16:26,900 --> 01:16:30,100
The choice could a former first 
lady or be at well-traveled 

1352
01:16:30,100 --> 01:16:34,800
effectively navigate high stakes
diplomacy Truman saw something, 

1353
01:16:34,800 --> 01:16:39,100
others overlooked her blend of 
empathy and pragmatism the 

1354
01:16:39,100 --> 01:16:40,900
appointment. 
Signaled, a fresh chapter for 

1355
01:16:40,900 --> 01:16:43,300
both the UN. 
And Eleanor she approached the 

1356
01:16:43,308 --> 01:16:46,600
role with discipline study 
brushing up, on parliamentary 

1357
01:16:46,600 --> 01:16:49,900
rules, international law, and 
economic recovery. 

1358
01:16:49,900 --> 01:16:53,300
Proposals attending the un's 
early session in London. 

1359
01:16:53,300 --> 01:16:55,500
And then at Lake Success, New 
York. 

1360
01:16:55,500 --> 01:16:58,400
She immersed herself in the 
complexities of post-war 

1361
01:16:58,400 --> 01:17:01,600
negotiation nation's wrestled 
with forming stable. 

1362
01:17:01,600 --> 01:17:05,000
Governments in war ravaged 
regions setting up structures to

1363
01:17:05,000 --> 01:17:08,300
prevent future conflicts. 
While seasoned diplomats haggled

1364
01:17:08,300 --> 01:17:11,300
over boundaries and reparations,
Illinois, centered her efforts 

1365
01:17:11,300 --> 01:17:14,700
on human rights. 
She found common cause with his 

1366
01:17:14,700 --> 01:17:18,300
from smaller nation's forging. 
Alliance is that transcended 

1367
01:17:18,300 --> 01:17:20,300
cold war lines just beginning to
emerge. 

1368
01:17:21,300 --> 01:17:24,300
In 1946. 
She chaired the newly formed un 

1369
01:17:24,300 --> 01:17:27,900
Commission on human rights. 
Initially, some delegates saw 

1370
01:17:27,900 --> 01:17:31,300
her as an American figurehead 
polite but lacking intellectual 

1371
01:17:31,300 --> 01:17:34,800
heft, they swiftly learned 
otherwise she steered 

1372
01:17:34,800 --> 01:17:37,900
discussions with firmness, 
ensuring smaller Nations had 

1373
01:17:37,900 --> 01:17:40,900
their say, She insisted the 
commission, draft, not just 

1374
01:17:40,900 --> 01:17:45,000
broad statements but actionable 
principles this laborious 

1375
01:17:45,000 --> 01:17:47,700
process required reconciling 
different cultural values, 

1376
01:17:47,700 --> 01:17:50,900
economic realities, and 
political ideologies. 

1377
01:17:52,300 --> 01:17:54,200
Hours of debate tested. 
Her resolve. 

1378
01:17:54,200 --> 01:17:56,600
She found an ally in French 
philosopher. 

1379
01:17:56,600 --> 01:18:00,800
Renee cassette among others, who
appreciated her unwavering focus

1380
01:18:00,800 --> 01:18:04,000
on practical outcomes. 
The commission's, most famous 

1381
01:18:04,000 --> 01:18:06,800
product, the universal 
Declaration of Human Rights, 

1382
01:18:06,800 --> 01:18:10,200
emerged as a collaborative 
Masterpiece though it bore 

1383
01:18:10,200 --> 01:18:13,000
Ellen, has imprint. 
She reminded delegates that 

1384
01:18:13,000 --> 01:18:15,300
lofty words meant little and 
less every day. 

1385
01:18:15,300 --> 01:18:18,400
People could understand them. 
She pushed for language, that 

1386
01:18:18,400 --> 01:18:22,600
was clear, Universal and free 
from legalistic clutter late 

1387
01:18:22,600 --> 01:18:24,000
night. 
Session's often ended with her 

1388
01:18:24,000 --> 01:18:26,800
scribbling revisions by 
Lamplight fueled by an 

1389
01:18:26,800 --> 01:18:29,800
unshakeable belief that each 
article mattered to someone's 

1390
01:18:29,800 --> 01:18:33,500
dignity Her experience among the
poor and marginalized during the

1391
01:18:33,500 --> 01:18:36,600
Depression shaped her commitment
to ensuring each Clause, 

1392
01:18:36,600 --> 01:18:39,400
addressed fundamental human 
needs. 

1393
01:18:40,100 --> 01:18:42,900
Throughout these intense 
negotiations, she maintained a 

1394
01:18:42,900 --> 01:18:45,500
public speaking schedule 
traveling to universities and 

1395
01:18:45,500 --> 01:18:47,400
women's clubs to explain the 
un's mission. 

1396
01:18:48,100 --> 01:18:51,700
Detractors at home accused her 
of naivete suggesting the Soviet

1397
01:18:51,700 --> 01:18:54,800
Union's, looming, power rendered
human rights talk meaningless. 

1398
01:18:55,600 --> 01:18:57,900
She counted that precisely 
because of geopolitical 

1399
01:18:57,900 --> 01:19:00,000
tensions. 
A moral framework was 

1400
01:19:00,000 --> 01:19:02,800
indispensable. 
She refused to let cynicism 

1401
01:19:02,800 --> 01:19:04,600
overshadow. 
The potential of collective 

1402
01:19:04,600 --> 01:19:07,700
action. 
By 1948, the commission 

1403
01:19:07,700 --> 01:19:10,200
finalized, the universal 
Declaration of Human Rights. 

1404
01:19:11,100 --> 01:19:13,000
The UN General Assembly is 
adoption of it. 

1405
01:19:13,000 --> 01:19:16,600
Marked a significant Milestone, 
though, not legally binding is 

1406
01:19:16,600 --> 01:19:19,400
set a moral standard, Eleanor 
delivered speeches. 

1407
01:19:19,400 --> 01:19:22,900
Describing it as a Magna Carta 
For All Mankind, ensuring the 

1408
01:19:22,908 --> 01:19:25,800
public, understood it as a tool 
to uplift the disenfranchise. 

1409
01:19:27,000 --> 01:19:29,900
International media, credited, 
her leadership, albeit, 

1410
01:19:29,900 --> 01:19:33,200
sometimes grudgingly as she had 
shattered prior assumptions 

1411
01:19:33,200 --> 01:19:34,700
about a first lady's 
capabilities. 

1412
01:19:34,700 --> 01:19:37,600
In the aftermath. 
She found little time for rest. 

1413
01:19:37,600 --> 01:19:40,200
The world was shifting into the 
Cold War era. 

1414
01:19:41,100 --> 01:19:45,000
Economic reconstruction, 
decolonization and ideological 

1415
01:19:45,000 --> 01:19:47,200
battles. 
Now, to find global relations. 

1416
01:19:48,100 --> 01:19:50,800
Even as she stepped away from 
the commission, she continued to

1417
01:19:50,800 --> 01:19:54,300
serve as a roving ambassador of 
sorts championing human rights 

1418
01:19:54,300 --> 01:19:58,200
across continents. 
Helena saw her late husband's 

1419
01:19:58,200 --> 01:20:01,500
passing as an opportunity to 
forge her own unique Legacy, 

1420
01:20:01,500 --> 01:20:05,400
rooted not in being a 
president's wife, but in shaping

1421
01:20:05,400 --> 01:20:09,500
International Norms at a pivotal
moment in history, In the final 

1422
01:20:09,500 --> 01:20:12,500
decade of her life. 
Eleanor Roosevelt, continued as 

1423
01:20:12,500 --> 01:20:16,000
an indefatigable voice for 
social justice, human rights and

1424
01:20:16,000 --> 01:20:19,100
democratic ideals. 
The universal Declaration of 

1425
01:20:19,100 --> 01:20:23,000
Human Rights, adopted in 1948 
remained her crowning 

1426
01:20:23,000 --> 01:20:25,700
achievement. 
However, she refused to rest on 

1427
01:20:25,700 --> 01:20:29,100
her past achievements with the 
onset of the Cold War critics, 

1428
01:20:29,100 --> 01:20:31,800
claimed the un's ideals would 
crumble under superpower 

1429
01:20:31,800 --> 01:20:35,400
rivalry, Eleanor believed, 
otherwise maintaining that 

1430
01:20:35,400 --> 01:20:38,900
shared principles could mitigate
conflict even if progress 

1431
01:20:38,900 --> 01:20:44,000
unfolded slowly, she returned to
private citizenship in 1953, but

1432
01:20:44,000 --> 01:20:48,400
State active in public discourse
writing, lecturing and 

1433
01:20:48,400 --> 01:20:50,700
advocating. 
She championed civil rights at 

1434
01:20:50,700 --> 01:20:53,200
home. 
When African-American students, 

1435
01:20:53,200 --> 01:20:56,100
integrated previously, all white
schools under court order. 

1436
01:20:57,000 --> 01:21:00,100
She lent moral support, 
reminding Americans that 

1437
01:21:00,100 --> 01:21:01,900
equality was part of their 
National fabric. 

1438
01:21:02,700 --> 01:21:06,300
The Columns remained, 
unflinching calling out, racism 

1439
01:21:06,300 --> 01:21:09,800
poverty, and the complacency of 
those who benefited from the 

1440
01:21:09,800 --> 01:21:12,400
status quo. 
Some saw her as anachronistic 

1441
01:21:12,400 --> 01:21:15,700
others discovered in her words. 
A beacon for an America 

1442
01:21:15,700 --> 01:21:18,500
struggling to reconcile its 
ideals with its realities. 

1443
01:21:18,500 --> 01:21:22,000
Her personal networks, still 
included political, heavyweights

1444
01:21:22,000 --> 01:21:24,800
enabling her to press for a 
forms behind the scenes. 

1445
01:21:24,800 --> 01:21:27,800
She served under President John 
F Kennedy as chair of the 

1446
01:21:27,800 --> 01:21:30,800
presidential commission on the 
status of women established in 

1447
01:21:30,800 --> 01:21:36,200
1961 at an age, when many retire
Elena dissected legal codes 

1448
01:21:36,200 --> 01:21:39,600
Employment Practices and 
educational barriers hindering 

1449
01:21:39,600 --> 01:21:43,300
women, She demanded data case 
studies and policy 

1450
01:21:43,300 --> 01:21:46,700
recommendations aiming to 
transform rhetoric into tangible

1451
01:21:46,700 --> 01:21:50,300
steps that the commission's 
final report spurred legislative

1452
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:54,200
changes under scored her ability
to channel, moral Vision into 

1453
01:21:54,200 --> 01:21:57,600
legal Frameworks. 
Throughout the 1950s and early 

1454
01:21:57,600 --> 01:21:59,900
1960s. 
She traveled the globe. 

1455
01:21:59,900 --> 01:22:02,700
Invitations poured in, from 
countries, wanting to meet the 

1456
01:22:02,700 --> 01:22:04,500
woman behind the Declaration of 
Human Rights. 

1457
01:22:04,500 --> 01:22:07,800
In India, she walks through 
Villages discussing rural 

1458
01:22:07,800 --> 01:22:11,900
development in Israel. 
She Marvel's communities in 

1459
01:22:11,900 --> 01:22:15,100
Africa, she observed newly 
independent nations grappling 

1460
01:22:15,100 --> 01:22:18,100
with post-colonial 
reconstruction, where American 

1461
01:22:18,100 --> 01:22:21,400
ambassadors might exude, 
formality Elena, embraced 

1462
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:25,300
dialogues with every day people.
She returned from each Journey, 

1463
01:22:25,300 --> 01:22:28,900
energized writing extensive 
notes for policymakers, 

1464
01:22:28,900 --> 01:22:32,000
cautioning, against 
condescending attitudes toward 

1465
01:22:32,000 --> 01:22:35,000
emerging Nations. 
Her willingness to learn from 

1466
01:22:35,000 --> 01:22:38,900
other cultures became a Hallmark
of her diplomacy time. 

1467
01:22:38,900 --> 01:22:41,700
And again, she confronted 
critics who branded her a 

1468
01:22:41,700 --> 01:22:44,400
busybody She was neither a 
scholar or a government 

1469
01:22:44,400 --> 01:22:46,600
official. 
Why should she meddle in foreign

1470
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:49,800
or domestic affairs? 
She answered that democracy was 

1471
01:22:49,800 --> 01:22:53,300
every Citizens Business and 
moral responsibility didn't 

1472
01:22:53,300 --> 01:22:56,800
vanish with the end of official 
appointments observers noted, 

1473
01:22:56,800 --> 01:22:59,400
that her brand of activism 
hinged, on practical empathy 

1474
01:22:59,400 --> 01:23:03,300
nurtured from her earliest, 
volunteer days where the 

1475
01:23:03,300 --> 01:23:05,400
lecturing at a university or 
chatting with a rural 

1476
01:23:05,400 --> 01:23:08,200
Cooperative. 
She asked questions and listened

1477
01:23:08,200 --> 01:23:12,300
her convictions were firm yet. 
She respected the complexity of 

1478
01:23:12,308 --> 01:23:15,000
local struggles. 
She also mentored Rising 

1479
01:23:15,000 --> 01:23:18,600
figures, both men and women 
urging them to wield compassion 

1480
01:23:18,600 --> 01:23:22,800
as a strength, not a weakness. 
From civil rights activists in 

1481
01:23:22,800 --> 01:23:24,700
the American South to Young 
diplomats. 

1482
01:23:24,700 --> 01:23:28,500
In the end, she encouraged them 
to merge policy with Humanity. 

1483
01:23:29,400 --> 01:23:32,500
People she mentored off often 
recalled her direct manner, no 

1484
01:23:32,500 --> 01:23:35,300
Idol flattery just pointed 
questions, that force them to 

1485
01:23:35,300 --> 01:23:39,700
clarify their own beliefs rarely
did she scold in public but in 

1486
01:23:39,700 --> 01:23:42,800
private she offered candid 
criticisms designed to Sharp and

1487
01:23:42,800 --> 01:23:45,800
strategies. 
It's a health began to decline 

1488
01:23:45,800 --> 01:23:49,500
in the early 1960s. 
Scaled back her demanding 

1489
01:23:49,500 --> 01:23:51,700
itinerary though not her 
convictions. 

1490
01:23:51,700 --> 01:23:54,700
President Kennedy valued her 
Council on international 

1491
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:58,500
relations and domestic policy. 
She remained a fixture in press 

1492
01:23:58,500 --> 01:24:01,500
interviews, her voice steady 
even if her physical stamina 

1493
01:24:01,500 --> 01:24:03,600
waned. 
She firmly believed in 

1494
01:24:03,600 --> 01:24:07,100
transferring the responsibility 
to the Next Generation in. 

1495
01:24:07,100 --> 01:24:10,400
One of her final interviews, she
expressed hope that the seeds 

1496
01:24:10,400 --> 01:24:12,800
planted by the universal 
declaration would bear fruit, 

1497
01:24:12,800 --> 01:24:16,200
even if it took centuries for 
Humanity to fully embrace the 

1498
01:24:16,200 --> 01:24:22,300
ideals of Justice, Liberty and 
equality Eleanor Roosevelt died 

1499
01:24:22,300 --> 01:24:27,000
on November the 7th 1962, 
tributes poured in from heads of

1500
01:24:27,008 --> 01:24:30,200
state and ordinary citizens 
alike, many lorded. 

1501
01:24:30,200 --> 01:24:33,500
Her as the first lady of the 
world, a title first coined in 

1502
01:24:33,508 --> 01:24:36,600
recognition of her Global 
humanitarian work over the 

1503
01:24:36,600 --> 01:24:39,000
coming years. 
Her Legacy would be Revisited 

1504
01:24:46,300 --> 01:24:49,000
Picture yourself settling into 
your favorite reading chair on a

1505
01:24:49,008 --> 01:24:51,200
foggy. 
Edinburgh evening in 1886. 

1506
01:24:52,200 --> 01:24:54,000
The gas lamps. 
Flicker outside your window, 

1507
01:24:54,000 --> 01:24:57,000
casting Shadows on cobblestone 
streets. 

1508
01:24:57,000 --> 01:25:01,400
That seemed to whisper secrets. 
This exact atmosphere enveloped 

1509
01:25:01,400 --> 01:25:05,500
a young medical student named 
Arthur Conan Doyle as he sat in 

1510
01:25:05,500 --> 01:25:08,500
his cramped, flat staring at a 
blank piece of paper and 

1511
01:25:08,500 --> 01:25:11,000
questioning how he would manage 
to pay his rent. 

1512
01:25:11,900 --> 01:25:14,100
You know that feeling when 
you're desperately trying to 

1513
01:25:14,100 --> 01:25:17,000
come up with a brilliant idea 
and your brain feels like it's 

1514
01:25:17,000 --> 01:25:21,000
been stuffed with cotton wool. 
Well, that's precisely where 

1515
01:25:21,000 --> 01:25:23,600
Arthur found himself. 
He'd been scribbling away at 

1516
01:25:23,600 --> 01:25:26,700
various stories trying to make a
name for himself as a writer, 

1517
01:25:26,700 --> 01:25:30,600
but nothing seemed to stick. 
His medical practice was about a

1518
01:25:30,600 --> 01:25:33,600
successful as a chocolate teapot
and his bank account was looking

1519
01:25:33,600 --> 01:25:37,000
rather anemic. 
But here's where the story gets 

1520
01:25:37,000 --> 01:25:39,500
captivated. 
Arthur had been studying under 

1521
01:25:39,500 --> 01:25:42,200
Professor named, Dr. Joseph 
Bell. 

1522
01:25:42,200 --> 01:25:46,300
And this man was absolutely 
extraordinary, not in a flashy. 

1523
01:25:46,300 --> 01:25:49,700
Look at me, sort of way, but in 
a quietly, brilliant fashion, 

1524
01:25:49,700 --> 01:25:51,100
that would make your jaw. 
Drop. 

1525
01:25:51,100 --> 01:25:54,000
Dr. Belle. 
Have this uncanny ability to 

1526
01:25:54,000 --> 01:25:56,700
look at a patient and deduce. 
Their entire life story. 

1527
01:25:56,700 --> 01:25:59,000
Just from observing the smallest
details. 

1528
01:25:59,800 --> 01:26:02,400
He'd glance at someone's hands 
and tell them their profession. 

1529
01:26:02,400 --> 01:26:06,300
Notice a particular type of mud 
on their boots and know exactly 

1530
01:26:06,300 --> 01:26:08,200
which part of Edinburgh. 
They'd walk through that 

1531
01:26:08,200 --> 01:26:10,500
morning. 
It was like watching a magician 

1532
01:26:10,500 --> 01:26:14,300
except the tricks were real and 
the magic was simply Keen. 

1533
01:26:14,300 --> 01:26:16,400
Observation mixed with logical 
thinking. 

1534
01:26:17,600 --> 01:26:20,200
Arthur would sit in those 
medical lectures completely 

1535
01:26:20,200 --> 01:26:24,300
mesmerized watching Dr. Belle 
work is deductive Wizardry, on 

1536
01:26:24,308 --> 01:26:28,000
unsuspecting patients. 
The excellent doctor would peer 

1537
01:26:28,000 --> 01:26:30,500
at a man's fingernails and 
announce r. 

1538
01:26:30,500 --> 01:26:33,300
I c, you're a carpenter, who's 
been working with Oak recently, 

1539
01:26:33,300 --> 01:26:35,800
and judging by that. 
Slight stain, on your thumb, 

1540
01:26:35,800 --> 01:26:38,100
you've been using a particular 
type of varnish. 

1541
01:26:38,100 --> 01:26:40,000
That's only sold in three shops 
in the city. 

1542
01:26:41,100 --> 01:26:43,200
The patients would stare at him,
like, he'd just read their 

1543
01:26:43,200 --> 01:26:46,000
minds, but Arthur began to 
understand that it wasn't mine 

1544
01:26:46,000 --> 01:26:48,200
reading at all. 
It was merely the skill of 

1545
01:26:48,200 --> 01:26:49,100
recognizing. 
What? 

1546
01:26:49,100 --> 01:26:52,500
Others missed and linking 
seemingly unconnected elements. 

1547
01:26:53,300 --> 01:26:55,100
Dr. Belle was not performing 
magic tricks. 

1548
01:26:55,100 --> 01:26:58,300
He was demonstrating that the 
world is full of Clues. 

1549
01:26:58,300 --> 01:26:59,700
If you just know how to read 
them. 

1550
01:27:01,000 --> 01:27:04,500
As Arthur sat in his flat, that 
foggy evening, the memory of Dr.

1551
01:27:04,500 --> 01:27:07,400
Bell's methods began to 
percolate through his mind, like

1552
01:27:07,400 --> 01:27:11,900
a perfectly brewed cup of tea. 
What if he thought someone could

1553
01:27:11,900 --> 01:27:14,400
solve crime's using the same 
techniques? 

1554
01:27:15,300 --> 01:27:17,800
what if a detective could see, 
not just what happened at a 

1555
01:27:17,808 --> 01:27:23,900
crime scene, but how who, and 
why The idea began to take shape

1556
01:27:23,900 --> 01:27:27,000
slowly like a photograph 
developing in a dark room. 

1557
01:27:28,200 --> 01:27:31,800
Arthur imagined a tall thin man 
with sharp features and even 

1558
01:27:31,808 --> 01:27:35,100
sharper intellect. 
He had the ability to enter a 

1559
01:27:35,100 --> 01:27:38,500
room and instantly identify the 
17 details that others had 

1560
01:27:38,500 --> 01:27:41,000
overlooked. 
A person who found the Ordinary 

1561
01:27:41,000 --> 01:27:43,700
World rather dull, but came 
alive when presented with a 

1562
01:27:43,708 --> 01:27:48,200
puzzle that needed solving. 
And so in that small Edinburgh, 

1563
01:27:48,200 --> 01:27:51,600
flat with the fog, pressing 
against the windows and the gas 

1564
01:27:51,600 --> 01:27:54,800
lamp flickering on his desk. 
Arthur Conan Doyle began to 

1565
01:27:54,800 --> 01:27:57,600
write about a Consulting 
detective named Sherlock Holmes.

1566
01:27:58,300 --> 01:28:00,900
He had no idea that he was about
to create the most famous 

1567
01:28:00,900 --> 01:28:04,300
fictional detective in history, 
that over a century later. 

1568
01:28:04,300 --> 01:28:07,300
People would still be arguing 
about whether Holmes was real or

1569
01:28:07,300 --> 01:28:09,800
not. 
Dr. Bell's methods, didn't just 

1570
01:28:09,800 --> 01:28:13,200
Inspire the character Arthur 
created, he was a blend of 

1571
01:28:13,200 --> 01:28:17,400
Victorian anxieties, scientific 
optimism and the growing belief 

1572
01:28:17,400 --> 01:28:19,000
that logic could solve any 
problem. 

1573
01:28:19,900 --> 01:28:22,700
Holmes, represented everything. 
The Victorian era wanted to 

1574
01:28:22,700 --> 01:28:26,200
believe about itself, that 
reason would try out for chaos. 

1575
01:28:26,200 --> 01:28:29,800
That careful observation could 
reveal truth and that even the 

1576
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:32,700
most complex Mysteries could be 
unraveled by a sufficiently 

1577
01:28:32,700 --> 01:28:35,800
clever mind. 
Little did Arthur know that his 

1578
01:28:35,800 --> 01:28:39,200
creation would outlive him 
outgrow him and eventually 

1579
01:28:39,200 --> 01:28:42,300
become more real to many people 
than the man who dreamed him up.

1580
01:28:42,300 --> 01:28:46,500
Let's delve deeper into Doctor, 
Joseph Bell as comprehending, 

1581
01:28:46,500 --> 01:28:48,600
him is akin to comprehending the
hidden element in your 

1582
01:28:48,600 --> 01:28:51,100
grandmother's. 
Renowned recipe without him. 

1583
01:28:51,100 --> 01:28:54,400
There would be no Sherlock 
Holmes, and the world would be a

1584
01:28:54,400 --> 01:28:56,000
significantly less interesting 
place. 

1585
01:28:56,900 --> 01:28:59,100
Dr. Belle wasn't your typical 
Victorian gentleman. 

1586
01:28:59,100 --> 01:29:01,800
While other doctors of his era 
were still debating. 

1587
01:29:01,800 --> 01:29:04,400
Whether washing hands between 
patients was really necessary. 

1588
01:29:04,400 --> 01:29:07,900
Bell was revolutionizing the 
entire approach to medical 

1589
01:29:07,900 --> 01:29:10,800
diagnosis. 
He believed that a doctor's job 

1590
01:29:10,800 --> 01:29:13,600
wasn't just to treat symptoms 
but to become a detective of the

1591
01:29:13,600 --> 01:29:17,400
human body piecing together 
Clues to solve the mystery of 

1592
01:29:17,400 --> 01:29:19,100
what was actually wrong with a 
patient. 

1593
01:29:20,600 --> 01:29:23,000
Imagine walking into his 
classroom at the University of 

1594
01:29:23,000 --> 01:29:25,100
Edinburgh. 
The room would be thick with 

1595
01:29:25,100 --> 01:29:28,300
anticipation, the students, 
waited to see what Miracle of 

1596
01:29:28,300 --> 01:29:30,300
deduction, their Professor would
perform that day. 

1597
01:29:31,300 --> 01:29:32,800
Bellwood. 
Summon a volunteer patient 

1598
01:29:32,800 --> 01:29:35,500
prompting, a hapless individual 
to shuffle forward. 

1599
01:29:35,500 --> 01:29:39,100
Like Lee pondering their current
circumstances Bellwood 

1600
01:29:39,100 --> 01:29:42,300
meticulously circle around them.
His Keen eyes scrutinizing, 

1601
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:46,600
every detail, ah, he might say 
stroking, his chin thoughtfully.

1602
01:29:46,600 --> 01:29:50,500
I see you've recently returned 
from the continent Germany. 

1603
01:29:50,500 --> 01:29:53,200
I'd say based on the particular 
type of clay and your 

1604
01:29:53,200 --> 01:29:55,600
fingernails. 
Your regard by profession. 

1605
01:29:55,600 --> 01:29:57,900
But you've been doing some 
carpentry work lately. 

1606
01:29:57,900 --> 01:30:01,900
Oak judging by the wood shavings
in your hair and that slight 

1607
01:30:01,900 --> 01:30:04,400
limp suggest you injured. 
Your left leg about three weeks 

1608
01:30:04,400 --> 01:30:08,300
ago, probably from a fall. the 
patient would not in amazement 

1609
01:30:08,300 --> 01:30:10,800
confirming every detail while 
the student scribbled 

1610
01:30:10,800 --> 01:30:14,300
frantically in their notebooks 
trying to capture the magic, But

1611
01:30:14,300 --> 01:30:15,900
Bell would always explain his 
reasoning. 

1612
01:30:16,600 --> 01:30:19,400
The clay was a specific type 
found only in certain German 

1613
01:30:19,400 --> 01:30:22,300
regions. 
The calluses on the man's hands 

1614
01:30:22,300 --> 01:30:24,300
showed the pattern of someone 
who worked with plants. 

1615
01:30:24,300 --> 01:30:27,800
But had recently been gripping, 
different tools, the wood 

1616
01:30:27,800 --> 01:30:30,900
shavings were a clear indicator 
and the man's preference for his

1617
01:30:30,900 --> 01:30:33,400
right leg during walking 
revealed, a recent injury. 

1618
01:30:34,500 --> 01:30:37,900
What made belly extraordinary 
wasn't just his powers of 

1619
01:30:37,900 --> 01:30:41,000
observation, though. 
Those were remarkable but his 

1620
01:30:41,000 --> 01:30:43,500
ability to teach others to see 
the world differently. 

1621
01:30:43,500 --> 01:30:47,100
He would tell his students that 
most people looked but didn't 

1622
01:30:47,100 --> 01:30:50,000
observe. 
They saw a man with dirty hands 

1623
01:30:50,000 --> 01:30:54,000
and thought laborer, but they 
missed the specific type of dirt

1624
01:30:54,000 --> 01:30:56,700
that could tell them exactly 
what kind of work he did and 

1625
01:30:56,700 --> 01:30:58,700
where he'd been doing it. 
Hell. 

1626
01:30:58,700 --> 01:31:01,600
Had this wonderful way of making
the ordinary seem extraordinary.

1627
01:31:02,600 --> 01:31:05,000
He'd pick up a walking. 
Stick left behind by a patient 

1628
01:31:05,000 --> 01:31:07,200
and turned it into a treasure 
Trove of information. 

1629
01:31:08,200 --> 01:31:10,700
The wear patterns on the handle 
could tell him if the owner was 

1630
01:31:10,700 --> 01:31:14,400
left or right handed the type of
wooden Crosman, ship reveal 

1631
01:31:14,400 --> 01:31:17,600
their social class. 
Scratches and dents told stories

1632
01:31:17,600 --> 01:31:20,600
of how it had been used. 
Even the height of the stick 

1633
01:31:20,600 --> 01:31:24,900
provided clues about the owner 
and gate, Arthur Conan Doyle 

1634
01:31:24,900 --> 01:31:26,000
would sit in these 
demonstrations. 

1635
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:30,600
Absolutely captivated years 
later he would write about Dr. 

1636
01:31:30,600 --> 01:31:33,700
Belle with obvious affection, 
describing him as a man who 

1637
01:31:33,700 --> 01:31:35,200
could diagnose, not just 
diseases. 

1638
01:31:35,200 --> 01:31:40,100
But entire life, stories, Bell 
became Arthur's model for what a

1639
01:31:40,100 --> 01:31:41,500
truly observant person could 
achieve. 

1640
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:43,900
And those classroom 
demonstrations became the 

1641
01:31:43,900 --> 01:31:48,000
blueprint for countless 
Sherlock, Holmes Adventures, but

1642
01:31:48,000 --> 01:31:50,500
here's something delightfully 
ironic about the whole 

1643
01:31:50,500 --> 01:31:53,500
situation. 
Dr. Belle, the man who inspired 

1644
01:31:53,500 --> 01:31:56,200
the world's most famous 
detective was, actually quite 

1645
01:31:56,200 --> 01:31:59,800
modest about his abilities. 
He insisted that his methods 

1646
01:31:59,800 --> 01:32:02,200
weren't magical or even 
particularly difficult. 

1647
01:32:02,200 --> 01:32:06,100
They just required patience 
practice, and a willingness to 

1648
01:32:06,100 --> 01:32:08,200
pay attention to details. 
That others ignored. 

1649
01:32:09,100 --> 01:32:11,800
Bell would often say that the 
key to his success was simply 

1650
01:32:11,800 --> 01:32:15,000
remembering that every person 
carries their story written on 

1651
01:32:15,000 --> 01:32:18,800
their body, in their clothes and
in their mannerisms, most 

1652
01:32:18,800 --> 01:32:21,500
people, he explained are so 
focused on looking ahead that 

1653
01:32:21,500 --> 01:32:24,700
they never really look around. 
They miss the poetry written in.

1654
01:32:24,700 --> 01:32:28,100
Calluses, the stories told by 
shoe leather and the novels 

1655
01:32:28,100 --> 01:32:30,100
hidden in the way someone holds 
their shoulders. 

1656
01:32:31,000 --> 01:32:33,500
When Arthur finally created 
Sherlock Holmes, he was 

1657
01:32:33,500 --> 01:32:36,800
essentially asking the question.
What if someone took Dr? 

1658
01:32:36,800 --> 01:32:40,000
Bell's methods and applied them?
Not to medicine but to cry. 

1659
01:32:40,900 --> 01:32:44,100
What if that Keen eye for detail
and logical mind were turned 

1660
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:47,000
towards solving Mysteries and 
stead of diagnosing illnesses. 

1661
01:32:48,100 --> 01:32:51,100
The result was a character who 
could walk into a room and 

1662
01:32:51,100 --> 01:32:53,800
immediately see things that 
would take Ordinary People hours

1663
01:32:53,800 --> 01:32:56,000
to notice if they notice them at
all. 

1664
01:32:56,000 --> 01:32:59,000
Let's transport ourselves to 
Victorian London for a moment 

1665
01:32:59,008 --> 01:33:02,500
because understanding the world 
that Embrace Sherlock Holmes is 

1666
01:33:02,500 --> 01:33:04,900
like understanding why certain 
songs become hits. 

1667
01:33:05,600 --> 01:33:09,000
It's all about timing atmosphere
and what people desperately need

1668
01:33:09,000 --> 01:33:10,900
to hear at exactly the right 
moment. 

1669
01:33:12,100 --> 01:33:15,600
Picture London in the 1890s and 
you'll find yourself in a city 

1670
01:33:15,608 --> 01:33:19,300
that was both magnificent and 
terrifying often simultaneously.

1671
01:33:20,300 --> 01:33:23,700
The industrial revolution had 
transformed it into this massive

1672
01:33:23,700 --> 01:33:27,100
sprawling, Beast of a metropolis
with over 4 million. 

1673
01:33:27,100 --> 01:33:30,300
People crammed into spaces that 
had been designed for maybe a 

1674
01:33:30,300 --> 01:33:33,300
quarter of that number. 
The city was growing so fast 

1675
01:33:33,300 --> 01:33:36,500
that it seemed to be bursting at
the seams like a sausage. 

1676
01:33:36,500 --> 01:33:39,400
That's been over stuffed. 
You'd walk down streets where 

1677
01:33:39,400 --> 01:33:42,000
magnificent. 
Victorian Mansion, stood just a 

1678
01:33:42,000 --> 01:33:44,700
few blocks away from slums that 
would make your stomach turn. 

1679
01:33:45,400 --> 01:33:48,500
The contrast was jarring, one 
moment, you might be strolling 

1680
01:33:48,500 --> 01:33:51,900
past elegant, gaslit boulevards 
where well-dressed gentleman tip

1681
01:33:51,900 --> 01:33:54,100
their hats to ladies in labor at
bustles. 

1682
01:33:54,100 --> 01:33:57,300
And the next, you'd find 
yourself in narrow fog, choked 

1683
01:33:57,300 --> 01:34:00,700
Alleyways, where the sun barely 
penetrated and danger, lurked 

1684
01:34:00,700 --> 01:34:03,900
around every corner, This was 
the London of Jack, the Ripper 

1685
01:34:03,900 --> 01:34:06,800
after all. 
The very real terror of those 

1686
01:34:06,800 --> 01:34:08,600
unsolved. 
Murders had gripped, the city 

1687
01:34:08,600 --> 01:34:10,800
just a few years before Holmes 
made his debut. 

1688
01:34:11,800 --> 01:34:14,800
People were genuinely frightened
and the police seemed completely

1689
01:34:14,800 --> 01:34:17,100
baffled. 
The idea that someone could 

1690
01:34:17,100 --> 01:34:20,700
commit such horrible crime and 
simply vanish into the urban 

1691
01:34:20,700 --> 01:34:24,300
maze was deeply, unsettling to a
society that prided itself on 

1692
01:34:24,300 --> 01:34:27,000
order and progress. 
But here's where it gets 

1693
01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:29,600
intriguing. 
This era was also the age of 

1694
01:34:29,608 --> 01:34:32,600
scientific optimism. 
People believe that rational 

1695
01:34:32,600 --> 01:34:36,300
thinking and careful observation
could solve any problem, Darwin 

1696
01:34:36,300 --> 01:34:38,700
had shown them that even the 
mysteries of human existence 

1697
01:34:38,700 --> 01:34:42,300
could be unraveled through 
patient study, electric lights, 

1698
01:34:42,300 --> 01:34:45,500
were beginning to push back the 
darkness and the telegraph was 

1699
01:34:45,500 --> 01:34:46,400
shrinking. 
The world. 

1700
01:34:46,400 --> 01:34:50,100
There was this wonderful sense 
that Humanity was on the verge 

1701
01:34:50,100 --> 01:34:52,400
of conquering all the great 
mysteries of existence. 

1702
01:34:53,500 --> 01:34:57,100
Into this mixture of fear and 
hopes step Sherlock Holmes, and 

1703
01:34:57,100 --> 01:35:00,500
he was Flawless for the moment. 
This character could make sense 

1704
01:35:00,500 --> 01:35:03,700
of the chaos of city life. 
He could walk into the most 

1705
01:35:03,700 --> 01:35:07,900
baffling situation and through 
pure logic and observation 

1706
01:35:07,900 --> 01:35:12,000
restore order to the world. 
He was like a lighthouse in a 

1707
01:35:12,000 --> 01:35:14,600
storm cutting through the fog of
uncertainty, with the bright 

1708
01:35:14,600 --> 01:35:17,900
beam of reason. 
The timing couldn't have been 

1709
01:35:17,900 --> 01:35:21,200
better, people wanted stories 
that showed the world made sense

1710
01:35:21,200 --> 01:35:24,500
that every problem had a 
solution and that good could win

1711
01:35:24,500 --> 01:35:27,400
over evil through cleverness 
rather than luck or divine 

1712
01:35:27,400 --> 01:35:30,100
intervention. 
Home's represented, the 

1713
01:35:30,100 --> 01:35:33,500
Victorian dream of the rational 
man who could solve any puzzle. 

1714
01:35:33,500 --> 01:35:36,100
If he just applied enough 
intelligence and careful 

1715
01:35:36,100 --> 01:35:38,900
observation. 
But there was another layer to 

1716
01:35:38,900 --> 01:35:42,600
London's Readiness for homes. 
The city had transformed into a 

1717
01:35:42,600 --> 01:35:45,300
vibrant Hub of individuals from 
diverse backgrounds. 

1718
01:35:45,300 --> 01:35:49,300
In a single day, you might 
encounter a Russian count, a 

1719
01:35:49,300 --> 01:35:53,100
Chinese Merchant and Irish dock 
worker and a Scottish Professor.

1720
01:35:53,100 --> 01:35:57,400
Each person carried Their Own 
Story, their own secrets and 

1721
01:35:57,400 --> 01:36:00,700
their own Mysteries The city 
itself had become a kind of 

1722
01:36:00,700 --> 01:36:03,800
living breathing puzzle and 
people were fascinated by the 

1723
01:36:03,800 --> 01:36:05,600
idea that someone could read the
clues. 

1724
01:36:05,600 --> 01:36:08,700
Hidden in plain sight. 
The police blessed their hearts 

1725
01:36:08,700 --> 01:36:12,100
were doing their best, but they 
were essentially using medieval 

1726
01:36:12,100 --> 01:36:15,400
methods to solve modern crimes. 
They heavily relied on 

1727
01:36:15,400 --> 01:36:19,300
confessions eyewitness testimony
and capturing criminals in the 

1728
01:36:19,300 --> 01:36:21,700
act. 
The idea of carefully examining 

1729
01:36:21,700 --> 01:36:25,300
a crime scene for clues of using
scientific methods to analyze 

1730
01:36:25,300 --> 01:36:28,100
evidence of building a case 
through logical deduction. 

1731
01:36:28,900 --> 01:36:31,200
These were revolutionary 
Concepts that most real 

1732
01:36:31,200 --> 01:36:32,800
detectives hadn't even 
considered. 

1733
01:36:33,800 --> 01:36:37,100
So when readers opened those 
early Holmes stories, they won't

1734
01:36:37,100 --> 01:36:39,600
just getting entertainment. 
They were getting a glimpse of 

1735
01:36:39,600 --> 01:36:42,500
what crime solving could be like
if someone really smart was in 

1736
01:36:42,500 --> 01:36:46,000
charge. 
Home's represented everything 

1737
01:36:46,000 --> 01:36:48,700
that Victorian readers wished. 
Their actual police force could 

1738
01:36:48,700 --> 01:36:53,000
be observant, logical, 
Incorruptible and successful. 

1739
01:36:54,000 --> 01:36:56,600
The story is also tapped into 
something deeply satisfying 

1740
01:36:56,600 --> 01:36:58,000
about. 
The Victorian belief in 

1741
01:36:58,000 --> 01:37:01,900
progress, here was proof that 
human intelligence properly 

1742
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:06,300
applied, could triumph over any 
challenge Holmes never solved 

1743
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:07,700
crimes, through luck or 
accident. 

1744
01:37:07,700 --> 01:37:11,300
He solved them, through careful 
observation, logical thinking 

1745
01:37:11,300 --> 01:37:14,900
and refusing to accept that any 
mystery was unsolvable. 

1746
01:37:15,600 --> 01:37:18,400
This was a society that was 
simultaneously proud of its 

1747
01:37:18,400 --> 01:37:20,800
achievements. 
And worried about its problems, 

1748
01:37:20,800 --> 01:37:24,000
crime was Rising. 
The cities were becoming more 

1749
01:37:24,000 --> 01:37:27,100
complex and dangerous and 
traditional Solutions were not 

1750
01:37:27,100 --> 01:37:29,300
working. 
Holmes, offered hope that 

1751
01:37:29,300 --> 01:37:32,100
intelligence and Method, could 
restore order to a world that 

1752
01:37:32,100 --> 01:37:34,100
sometimes seem to be spinning 
out of control. 

1753
01:37:34,100 --> 01:37:37,600
Now, here's where our story 
takes a fascinating turn because

1754
01:37:37,600 --> 01:37:40,400
Arthur Conan Doyle, didn't just 
create a character he 

1755
01:37:40,400 --> 01:37:42,700
accidentally invented an entire 
literary. 

1756
01:37:42,700 --> 01:37:47,100
Genre The, for the arrival of 
home's crime fiction lacked a 

1757
01:37:47,100 --> 01:37:50,400
crucial component. 
You see crime stories existed 

1758
01:37:50,400 --> 01:37:53,000
before Holmes? 
But they were quite different 

1759
01:37:53,000 --> 01:37:55,200
creatures. 
Most of them were Sensational 

1760
01:37:55,200 --> 01:37:57,900
Tales focused on the gruesome 
details of murders. 

1761
01:37:57,900 --> 01:37:59,900
All the dramatic capture of 
villains. 

1762
01:38:00,800 --> 01:38:03,400
They were less about solving 
puzzles and more about shocking 

1763
01:38:03,400 --> 01:38:05,200
readers with Tales of urban 
horror. 

1764
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:09,100
Think of them as the Victorian 
equivalent of those breathless 

1765
01:38:09,100 --> 01:38:11,200
newspaper headlines. 
You see at the grocery store 

1766
01:38:11,200 --> 01:38:14,500
checkout designed to grab 
attention, rather than Engage 

1767
01:38:14,500 --> 01:38:17,300
The Mind. 
A few detective stories that did

1768
01:38:17,300 --> 01:38:20,700
exist were often clumsy Affairs 
where the solution came out of 

1769
01:38:20,700 --> 01:38:23,800
nowhere, like a magician, 
pulling a rabbit from a hat 

1770
01:38:23,800 --> 01:38:27,500
without showing it to you first.
Readers were expected to sit 

1771
01:38:27,500 --> 01:38:30,200
back and be amazed rather than 
participate in the solving 

1772
01:38:30,200 --> 01:38:32,600
process. 
It was entertaining but it 

1773
01:38:32,608 --> 01:38:34,600
wasn't particularly satisfying 
entertainment. 

1774
01:38:35,500 --> 01:38:38,200
Then Along came home and 
suddenly everything changed 

1775
01:38:38,200 --> 01:38:41,700
Arthur created what would become
known as fair play. 

1776
01:38:41,700 --> 01:38:45,400
Detective fiction stories where 
the reader was all the same 

1777
01:38:45,400 --> 01:38:49,100
Clues as the detective and could
theoretically solve the mystery 

1778
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:52,200
themselves. 
Of course, most of us would miss

1779
01:38:52,200 --> 01:38:55,600
the significance of tobacco, Ash
patterns all the 17th of 

1780
01:38:55,600 --> 01:38:57,900
footprints. 
But the clues were there for 

1781
01:38:57,900 --> 01:38:59,400
anyone, sharp enough to spot 
them. 

1782
01:38:59,400 --> 01:39:02,900
This Innovation was 
revolutionary instead of just 

1783
01:39:02,900 --> 01:39:06,400
reading about crime's, people 
could now participate in solving

1784
01:39:06,400 --> 01:39:09,400
them Arthur had turned passive 
entertainment in to an 

1785
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:12,800
interactive experience readers, 
would eagerly follow homes 

1786
01:39:12,800 --> 01:39:15,500
through his investigations, 
trying to spot the clues 

1787
01:39:15,500 --> 01:39:17,700
themselves. 
Attempting to deduce the 

1788
01:39:17,700 --> 01:39:21,000
solution before the brilliant. 
Detective revealed it, It was 

1789
01:39:21,008 --> 01:39:23,800
akin to the difference between 
observing someone play a game 

1790
01:39:23,800 --> 01:39:27,700
and engaging in it yourself. 
Arthur's Innovation went deeper 

1791
01:39:27,700 --> 01:39:30,900
than just including Clues. 
He devised an impeccable and 

1792
01:39:30,900 --> 01:39:34,000
gratifying framework for 
detective stories, which remains

1793
01:39:34,000 --> 01:39:36,900
in use today. 
Every home story follows a 

1794
01:39:36,900 --> 01:39:40,000
similar pattern. 
A baffling mystery is presented 

1795
01:39:40,000 --> 01:39:42,200
homes. 
Observes details, that others 

1796
01:39:42,200 --> 01:39:44,400
Miss. 
He forms a theory based on 

1797
01:39:44,400 --> 01:39:47,200
logical deduction and then he 
proves his theory through. 

1798
01:39:47,200 --> 01:39:50,700
Dramatic revelation. 
Once you've immersed yourself in

1799
01:39:50,700 --> 01:39:54,300
this, well, choreographed dance.
Other types of crime stories. 

1800
01:39:54,300 --> 01:39:57,900
Begin to feel incomplete. 
The Genius of this structure is 

1801
01:39:57,900 --> 01:40:00,300
that it mirrors the way our 
minds work when we're trying to 

1802
01:40:00,300 --> 01:40:03,300
solve a problem? 
We gather information, we form 

1803
01:40:03,300 --> 01:40:06,600
hypotheses, we test them and we 
reach conclusions. 

1804
01:40:07,800 --> 01:40:09,600
Home's. 
A storytel natural because they 

1805
01:40:09,600 --> 01:40:12,100
followed the same thought 
processes that readers used in 

1806
01:40:12,100 --> 01:40:15,300
their own lives just with much 
more dramatic Stakes. 

1807
01:40:16,100 --> 01:40:19,800
Arthur also created something 
that hadn't existed before the 

1808
01:40:19,800 --> 01:40:23,200
recurring detective character. 
Previous crime stories 

1809
01:40:23,200 --> 01:40:26,500
typically, featured different 
protagonists in each Tale But 

1810
01:40:26,500 --> 01:40:29,000
home's was the same. 
Brilliant detective in every 

1811
01:40:29,000 --> 01:40:32,200
story, growing more familiar to 
readers with the adventure. 

1812
01:40:33,100 --> 01:40:35,200
People began to feel like they 
knew him personally. 

1813
01:40:35,200 --> 01:40:38,000
Like he was a friend. 
They could rely on to make sense

1814
01:40:38,000 --> 01:40:41,400
of a confusing world. 
This familiarity allowed Arthur 

1815
01:40:41,400 --> 01:40:43,500
to develop homes as character in
ways that wouldn't have been 

1816
01:40:43,508 --> 01:40:46,900
possible with one-off 
protagonists. readers learned 

1817
01:40:46,900 --> 01:40:50,900
about his habits, his methods, 
his preferences and even his 

1818
01:40:50,900 --> 01:40:54,600
weaknesses Holmes became real to
people in a way that few 

1819
01:40:54,600 --> 01:40:57,600
fictional characters ever 
achieve, he wasn't just a 

1820
01:40:57,600 --> 01:41:00,800
problem-solving machine, he was 
a person with quirks and flaws 

1821
01:41:00,800 --> 01:41:05,000
and a distinctive personality 
The success of homes is stories.

1822
01:41:05,000 --> 01:41:08,700
Also established the template 
for the detective sidekick Dr. 

1823
01:41:08,700 --> 01:41:11,400
Watson played a crucial role as 
the reader's representative in 

1824
01:41:11,400 --> 01:41:13,700
the story. 
He was intelligent enough to 

1825
01:41:13,700 --> 01:41:17,100
understand home's explanation, 
but not so brilliant that he 

1826
01:41:17,100 --> 01:41:18,500
could solve the Mysteries 
himself. 

1827
01:41:18,500 --> 01:41:22,000
He asked the question that 
readers wanted to ask and 

1828
01:41:22,000 --> 01:41:24,700
expressed the amazement that 
viewers fell when home's 

1829
01:41:24,700 --> 01:41:28,100
revealed his deductions. 
Arthur stumbled upon something 

1830
01:41:28,100 --> 01:41:30,900
that would become one of the 
most enduring formulas in all of

1831
01:41:30,900 --> 01:41:34,100
literature. 
Brilliant detective, the loyal 

1832
01:41:34,100 --> 01:41:38,900
companion, the baffling mystery,
the careful investigation, The 

1833
01:41:38,900 --> 01:41:42,000
Logical solution. 
These elements were so perfectly

1834
01:41:42,000 --> 01:41:45,000
balanced that they created a 
template that countless writers 

1835
01:41:45,000 --> 01:41:47,100
would follow for the next 
century and beyond. 

1836
01:41:48,100 --> 01:41:51,100
What's particularly remarkable 
is that Arthur didn't set out to

1837
01:41:51,100 --> 01:41:53,800
create a new genre. 
He was merely attempting to 

1838
01:41:53,800 --> 01:41:56,500
craft entertaining stories that 
would contribute to his 

1839
01:41:56,500 --> 01:42:00,500
financial stability, but in 
creating homes, he attacked into

1840
01:42:00,500 --> 01:42:04,100
something fundamental about how 
human minds work and what kinds 

1841
01:42:04,100 --> 01:42:06,400
of stories satisfy us at the 
deepest level. 

1842
01:42:07,200 --> 01:42:10,400
The impact was immediate and 
Lasting other writers began 

1843
01:42:10,400 --> 01:42:13,100
creating their own detective 
characters, but they all 

1844
01:42:13,100 --> 01:42:16,600
followed the homes model. 
The genre that Arthur had 

1845
01:42:16,600 --> 01:42:19,000
accidentally invented became one
of the most popular forms of 

1846
01:42:19,000 --> 01:42:23,800
fiction, spawning, thousands of 
books, plays movies and 

1847
01:42:23,800 --> 01:42:27,400
television shows, here's where 
our story takes an ironic twist,

1848
01:42:27,400 --> 01:42:32,000
that would make home himself, 
smile, Riley, Arthur Conan 

1849
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:35,000
Doyle, having created the most 
beloved detective in literary. 

1850
01:42:35,000 --> 01:42:37,600
History began to view his 
Creation with something 

1851
01:42:37,600 --> 01:42:40,200
approaching horror. 
It's like watching someone 

1852
01:42:40,200 --> 01:42:42,900
created a beautiful garden and 
then become frustrated when 

1853
01:42:42,900 --> 01:42:45,500
everyone wants to talk about the
flowers and the vegetables. 

1854
01:42:45,500 --> 01:42:49,800
You see Arthur had big Ambitions
than writing detective stories, 

1855
01:42:49,800 --> 01:42:53,700
he fancied himself, a serious 
literary author, the kind who 

1856
01:42:53,700 --> 01:42:56,300
had writing historical novels 
that would be studied in 

1857
01:42:56,300 --> 01:43:00,000
universities for Generations. 
He dreamed of crafting sweeping 

1858
01:43:00,000 --> 01:43:04,100
epics about medieval, knights 
and Noble causes stories that 

1859
01:43:04,100 --> 01:43:06,800
would Elevate the human spirit 
and earn him a place among the 

1860
01:43:06,800 --> 01:43:10,000
foremost literary Masters. 
But every time he published a 

1861
01:43:10,000 --> 01:43:13,100
historical novel readers would 
politely applaud and then 

1862
01:43:13,100 --> 01:43:17,300
immediately asked When's the 
next home Story coming out, it 

1863
01:43:17,300 --> 01:43:19,300
was like being a chef who 
creates an elaborate 

1864
01:43:19,300 --> 01:43:22,800
seven-course meal, only to have 
everyone ignore the artistically

1865
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:25,900
arranged vegetables and ask for 
more of the simple bread rolls. 

1866
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:29,700
The problem was that homes have 
become phenomenally successful. 

1867
01:43:30,700 --> 01:43:33,900
By the 1890s Arthur was earning 
more money from his detective 

1868
01:43:33,900 --> 01:43:35,700
stories than he had ever dreamed
possible. 

1869
01:43:36,500 --> 01:43:39,200
The Strand magazine was paying 
him handsomely for each new 

1870
01:43:39,200 --> 01:43:41,700
homes adventure and readers 
couldn't get enough of them 

1871
01:43:41,700 --> 01:43:45,300
however Arthur realized that 
success could also be a form of 

1872
01:43:45,308 --> 01:43:48,100
isolation. 
He began to feel like Holmes was

1873
01:43:48,100 --> 01:43:50,500
overshadowing, everything else 
he wanted to accomplish. 

1874
01:43:51,400 --> 01:43:54,100
People introduced him as the 
creator of Sherlock Holmes. 

1875
01:43:54,100 --> 01:43:57,400
Not as the author of historical 
novels about medieval England, 

1876
01:43:57,400 --> 01:44:01,300
his serious literary work was 
being treated as a side project.

1877
01:44:01,300 --> 01:44:04,700
While his detective stories were
considered his main achievement 

1878
01:44:05,500 --> 01:44:07,700
It was deeply frustrating for a 
man who had worked. 

1879
01:44:07,700 --> 01:44:10,400
So hard to establish himself as 
a serious writer. 

1880
01:44:11,300 --> 01:44:14,400
In 1893 Arthur made one of the 
most shocking decisions in 

1881
01:44:14,408 --> 01:44:17,100
literary history. 
Bringing the situation to its 

1882
01:44:17,100 --> 01:44:19,500
peak. 
He decided to kill off Sherlock 

1883
01:44:19,500 --> 01:44:22,000
Holmes. 
He did not kill off Sherlock. 

1884
01:44:22,000 --> 01:44:26,300
Holmes gradually through old age
or in a subtle manner instead, 

1885
01:44:26,300 --> 01:44:29,900
he did so dramatically in a 
story called the final problem, 

1886
01:44:29,900 --> 01:44:33,100
he sent home's tumbling over the
Reichenbach Falls in. 

1887
01:44:33,100 --> 01:44:36,400
Switzerland locked in Mortal 
Combat with his arch, nemesis 

1888
01:44:36,400 --> 01:44:40,300
Professor Moriarty Arthur 
believed he was liberating 

1889
01:44:40,300 --> 01:44:43,400
himself from the detective, whom
he considered a burden. 

1890
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:46,700
He imagined that with Holmes 
gone readers would finally pay 

1891
01:44:46,700 --> 01:44:49,800
attention to his other work. 
He could write about historical 

1892
01:44:49,800 --> 01:44:53,500
subjects, explore spiritual 
themes and create the kind of 

1893
01:44:53,508 --> 01:44:55,600
literature that would earn him 
lasting respect. 

1894
01:44:56,700 --> 01:44:59,400
But Arthur seriously 
underestimated how much people 

1895
01:44:59,400 --> 01:45:02,100
loved homes. 
The reaction to the final 

1896
01:45:02,100 --> 01:45:05,300
problem was unlike anything the 
literary world had ever seen 

1897
01:45:05,300 --> 01:45:10,000
readers were devastated. 
The Strand magazine, lost 20,000

1898
01:45:10,000 --> 01:45:13,300
subscribers overnight. 
People wore black armbands in 

1899
01:45:13,300 --> 01:45:16,700
mourning, some readers wrote, 
Furious letters, accusing Arthur

1900
01:45:16,700 --> 01:45:19,400
of literary murder. 
Others simply refused to believe

1901
01:45:19,400 --> 01:45:22,600
that Holmes was really dead. 
The outcry was so intense that 

1902
01:45:22,600 --> 01:45:25,900
it surprised even after he'd 
considered homes to be merely 

1903
01:45:25,900 --> 01:45:30,000
another character in yet another
story but to readers Holmes had 

1904
01:45:30,000 --> 01:45:33,600
evolved into something far more 
significant, he was a symbol of 

1905
01:45:33,600 --> 01:45:36,800
rational thought triumphing over
chaos of Justice. 

1906
01:45:36,800 --> 01:45:39,900
Prevailing over, evil of 
intelligence, solving problems 

1907
01:45:39,900 --> 01:45:42,700
that seemed impossible. 
Killing home's felt like, 

1908
01:45:42,708 --> 01:45:45,100
killing hope itself for eight 
years. 

1909
01:45:45,100 --> 01:45:48,700
After held firm, he continued 
writing his historical, novels 

1910
01:45:48,700 --> 01:45:52,100
his spiritual Explorations, and 
his serious literary works. 

1911
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:55,400
But the ghost of Holmes, 
haunted, everything he did. 

1912
01:45:56,100 --> 01:45:58,400
Rita kept asking when the 
detective would return 

1913
01:45:58,400 --> 01:46:02,000
Publishers kept offering him 
enormous sums for new home 

1914
01:46:02,000 --> 01:46:04,700
stories and Arthur kept 
insisting, that the character 

1915
01:46:04,700 --> 01:46:09,400
was dead and buried. 
Finally, in 1901, Arthur gave 

1916
01:46:09,400 --> 01:46:13,400
into the pressure, he wrote The 
Hound of the Baskervilles, which

1917
01:46:13,400 --> 01:46:15,900
he positioned as a story from 
before homes as death. 

1918
01:46:16,600 --> 01:46:18,600
But readers weren't satisfied 
with a prequel. 

1919
01:46:18,600 --> 01:46:21,600
They wanted their detective back
in the present, solving new 

1920
01:46:21,600 --> 01:46:25,400
Mysteries. 
The demand was so intense that 

1921
01:46:25,400 --> 01:46:27,200
Arthur eventually had to perform
literary. 

1922
01:46:27,200 --> 01:46:29,900
Resurrection surgery, bringing 
home's back to life in the 

1923
01:46:29,900 --> 01:46:32,300
adventure of the empty house in 
1903. 

1924
01:46:33,500 --> 01:46:36,400
Arthur's explanation for how 
home survived the fall was in 

1925
01:46:36,408 --> 01:46:38,700
genius. 
But clearly written by someone 

1926
01:46:38,700 --> 01:46:41,100
who was trying to solve a 
problem, he'd never intended to 

1927
01:46:41,100 --> 01:46:43,700
create. 
Home's had faked his death. 

1928
01:46:43,700 --> 01:46:46,800
He explained living in hiding 
for three years while tracking 

1929
01:46:46,800 --> 01:46:48,700
down the rest of Moriarty's 
organization. 

1930
01:46:48,700 --> 01:46:52,800
It was a clever solution but you
could almost hear Arthur sighing

1931
01:46:52,800 --> 01:46:55,200
as he wrote it. 
The whole episode reveal 

1932
01:46:55,200 --> 01:46:58,200
something, fascinating about the
relationship between authors and

1933
01:46:58,200 --> 01:47:01,300
their Creations, Arthur had 
intended, homes to be a 

1934
01:47:01,308 --> 01:47:04,400
temporary character. 
A means to an end a way to pay 

1935
01:47:04,400 --> 01:47:06,700
the bills while he worked on 
more important projects. 

1936
01:47:07,600 --> 01:47:09,700
With great, fictional 
characters, have a way of taking

1937
01:47:09,700 --> 01:47:13,000
on lives of their own becoming 
more real to readers than the 

1938
01:47:13,000 --> 01:47:16,600
people who created them. 
For the remainder of his life. 

1939
01:47:16,600 --> 01:47:19,900
Arthur continued to write home 
stories yet, he never fully 

1940
01:47:19,900 --> 01:47:22,000
reconciled with the success of 
his creation. 

1941
01:47:22,000 --> 01:47:25,900
He was proud of the detectives 
popularity, but he was also 

1942
01:47:25,900 --> 01:47:29,100
frustrated that his serious work
never received the same 

1943
01:47:29,108 --> 01:47:31,600
attention. 
It's one of literature's finest 

1944
01:47:31,600 --> 01:47:34,200
ironies that the work Arthur 
considered his lesser 

1945
01:47:34,200 --> 01:47:36,400
achievement, turned out to be 
his greatest contribution to the

1946
01:47:36,400 --> 01:47:38,400
world. 
Now, let's dive into something 

1947
01:47:38,400 --> 01:47:41,100
that makes the home stories 
particularly fascinating. 

1948
01:47:41,800 --> 01:47:44,600
The way Arthur woe real 
scientific advances in his 

1949
01:47:44,600 --> 01:47:47,600
fictional detective work. 
It's like watching someone build

1950
01:47:47,600 --> 01:47:50,500
a bridge between the world of 
imagination and the world of 

1951
01:47:50,500 --> 01:47:53,300
scientific progress, creating 
something that was both 

1952
01:47:53,300 --> 01:47:57,300
entertaining and educational. 
Arthur wasn't just a writer. 

1953
01:47:57,300 --> 01:48:00,400
He was a trained physician who 
had studied the latest 

1954
01:48:00,400 --> 01:48:04,400
scientific methods of his time. 
When he created home's, he was 

1955
01:48:04,400 --> 01:48:07,600
essentially asking the question.
What would crime solving look 

1956
01:48:07,600 --> 01:48:08,900
like? 
If it were approached with the 

1957
01:48:08,900 --> 01:48:13,000
same scientific rigor, that was 
revolutionizing medicine and 

1958
01:48:13,000 --> 01:48:16,400
other fields? 
consider homes as famous method 

1959
01:48:16,400 --> 01:48:19,600
of deducing, someone's entire 
life story from Tiny, physical 

1960
01:48:19,600 --> 01:48:23,300
Clues, This approach wasn't just
literary fantasy. 

1961
01:48:23,300 --> 01:48:26,900
It was based on real scientific 
principles that Arthur had 

1962
01:48:26,908 --> 01:48:30,600
learned in medical school. 
Dr. Joseph Bell had shown that 

1963
01:48:30,600 --> 01:48:33,300
careful observation could reveal
incredible amounts of 

1964
01:48:33,300 --> 01:48:35,400
information about a person's 
life and habits. 

1965
01:48:36,300 --> 01:48:39,000
Arthur took this concept and 
applied it to detective, work, 

1966
01:48:39,000 --> 01:48:42,100
creating a character who could 
read people like books. 

1967
01:48:42,800 --> 01:48:45,500
Holmes's use of fingerprints is 
particularly intriguing because 

1968
01:48:45,500 --> 01:48:47,100
Arthur was actually ahead of his
time. 

1969
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:50,300
Police forces didn't widely, use
fingerprinting until the early 

1970
01:48:50,300 --> 01:48:54,800
1900s, despite the publication 
of the first home story in 1887 

1971
01:48:54,800 --> 01:48:58,100
Arthur, had read about the 
scientific work on fingerprints 

1972
01:48:58,100 --> 01:49:00,200
and Incorporated it into his 
fiction. 

1973
01:49:00,200 --> 01:49:02,400
Before most real detectives had 
even heard of it. 

1974
01:49:03,200 --> 01:49:06,200
In many ways homes was, using 
forensic techniques that 

1975
01:49:06,200 --> 01:49:09,100
wouldn't become standard police 
procedure for another decade or 

1976
01:49:09,100 --> 01:49:11,400
two. 
The same was true for many other

1977
01:49:11,400 --> 01:49:13,500
scientific methods that home's 
employed. 

1978
01:49:13,500 --> 01:49:17,300
He analyzed handwriting studied 
different types of tobacco Ash 

1979
01:49:17,300 --> 01:49:21,000
examined Footprints, with 
scientific precision and used 

1980
01:49:21,000 --> 01:49:23,200
chemical test to detect blood 
stains. 

1981
01:49:24,100 --> 01:49:27,300
These weren't just clever plot 
devices, they were based on real

1982
01:49:27,300 --> 01:49:30,300
scientific techniques that were 
being developed in Laboratories 

1983
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:33,300
around the world. 
Arthur was particularly 

1984
01:49:33,300 --> 01:49:35,600
fascinated by the emerging field
of Toxicology. 

1985
01:49:36,900 --> 01:49:39,500
Study of poisons and their 
effects on the human body. 

1986
01:49:39,500 --> 01:49:43,200
Arthur's medical background, and
his interest in using science to

1987
01:49:43,200 --> 01:49:46,600
solve, crimes are evident in 
several home stories that 

1988
01:49:46,600 --> 01:49:49,000
feature exotic poisons in their 
detection. 

1989
01:49:49,800 --> 01:49:52,300
He understood that poison was 
often a weapon of choice for 

1990
01:49:52,300 --> 01:49:55,100
Cleaver criminals, because it 
was difficult to detect with the

1991
01:49:55,108 --> 01:49:57,400
crude methods of available to 
most police forces. 

1992
01:49:58,500 --> 01:50:02,000
Holmes's laboratory at 221B, 
Baker Street was filled with the

1993
01:50:02,008 --> 01:50:04,700
kind of equipment that real 
scientists were using to make 

1994
01:50:04,700 --> 01:50:08,600
breakthrough discoveries. 
Any serious research facility of

1995
01:50:08,600 --> 01:50:10,800
the time would have contained 
the chemical operators 

1996
01:50:10,800 --> 01:50:13,500
microscopes and reference books 
that are described. 

1997
01:50:13,500 --> 01:50:16,600
He was showing readers that 
scientific methods could be 

1998
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:18,200
applied to criminal 
investigation. 

1999
01:50:18,200 --> 01:50:21,500
Turning detective work from a 
matter of luck and intuition 

2000
01:50:21,500 --> 01:50:25,600
into a systematic process. 
But arthas genius was in. 

2001
01:50:25,600 --> 01:50:28,600
Making these scientific methods 
accessible to ordinary readers. 

2002
01:50:28,600 --> 01:50:32,000
He didn't bog down his stories 
with technical details or 

2003
01:50:32,000 --> 01:50:34,100
lengthy explanations of 
scientific principles. 

2004
01:50:34,100 --> 01:50:38,900
Instead, he showed home's using 
these methods in action solving 

2005
01:50:38,900 --> 01:50:40,900
crimes through careful 
observation and logical 

2006
01:50:40,900 --> 01:50:43,300
analysis. 
Readers could follow the 

2007
01:50:43,300 --> 01:50:46,700
detectives reasoning process 
without needing background in 

2008
01:50:46,700 --> 01:50:49,900
chemistry or biology. 
This approach had an unexpected 

2009
01:50:49,900 --> 01:50:53,300
educational affect many readers 
learned about scientific 

2010
01:50:53,300 --> 01:50:56,200
methods, through holmes' 
stories, often without realizing

2011
01:50:56,200 --> 01:50:58,700
they were getting a science 
lesson along with their 

2012
01:50:58,700 --> 01:51:01,600
entertainment, the stories 
helped popularize. 

2013
01:51:01,600 --> 01:51:04,100
The idea that rational 
scientific thinking could solve 

2014
01:51:04,100 --> 01:51:07,800
complex problems contributing to
the growing public respect for 

2015
01:51:07,800 --> 01:51:10,800
scientific methods. 
The Victorian belief that human 

2016
01:51:10,800 --> 01:51:12,600
behavior, followed logical 
patterns, that were 

2017
01:51:12,608 --> 01:51:16,200
understandable and predictable 
all influenced homes as a coach 

2018
01:51:16,200 --> 01:51:19,800
to Crime solving. if you studied
someone carefully enough home 

2019
01:51:19,800 --> 01:51:23,500
suggested, you could understand 
their motivation predict their 

2020
01:51:23,500 --> 01:51:27,500
actions and solve the puzzles, 
they created This was a 

2021
01:51:27,500 --> 01:51:29,900
reassuring message for readers 
who were living through a period

2022
01:51:29,900 --> 01:51:33,300
of Rapid social change and 
uncertainty, the scientific 

2023
01:51:33,300 --> 01:51:35,300
accuracy of homes is methods, 
varied. 

2024
01:51:35,300 --> 01:51:38,800
Of course, some of his 
deductions were based on solid 

2025
01:51:38,800 --> 01:51:41,200
observational principles. 
While others were more, 

2026
01:51:41,200 --> 01:51:45,800
fantastic was careful to ground 
even his most dramatic solution 

2027
01:51:45,800 --> 01:51:47,400
in plausible, scientific 
reasoning. 

2028
01:51:48,200 --> 01:51:50,600
He wanted readers to believe 
that Holmes is methods could 

2029
01:51:50,600 --> 01:51:53,900
actually work even if they were 
sometimes exaggerated for 

2030
01:51:53,900 --> 01:51:57,000
dramatic effect. 
What's particularly remarkable 

2031
01:51:57,000 --> 01:51:59,800
is how many of homes is 
fictional forensic techniques. 

2032
01:51:59,800 --> 01:52:03,300
Eventually became standard 
police procedure Arthur's 

2033
01:52:03,300 --> 01:52:06,300
imagination frequently for Saul 
real, scientific advancements 

2034
01:52:06,300 --> 01:52:09,500
proposing, investigative 
techniques that would not gain 

2035
01:52:09,500 --> 01:52:11,700
widespread acceptance for years 
or decades. 

2036
01:52:12,800 --> 01:52:15,500
In many ways, the home stories 
served as a kind of training 

2037
01:52:15,500 --> 01:52:18,600
manual for future detectives 
showing them possibilities. 

2038
01:52:18,600 --> 01:52:20,300
They might not have considered 
otherwise. 

2039
01:52:21,200 --> 01:52:23,300
The scientific Foundation of 
homes is methods. 

2040
01:52:23,300 --> 01:52:26,000
Also helped establish The 
credibility of detective fiction

2041
01:52:26,000 --> 01:52:28,300
as a genre. 
These were not just wild 

2042
01:52:28,300 --> 01:52:30,300
adventures stories. 
There were logical. 

2043
01:52:30,300 --> 01:52:31,800
Puzzles. 
That could be solved through 

2044
01:52:31,800 --> 01:52:34,800
careful reasoning. 
This intellectual respectability

2045
01:52:34,800 --> 01:52:37,900
helped, Elevate crime, fiction 
from Mere Sensational 

2046
01:52:37,900 --> 01:52:40,500
entertainment, to a more 
sophisticated form of literature

2047
01:52:40,500 --> 01:52:43,900
as we reach the end of our cozy 
Journey Through the origins of 

2048
01:52:43,900 --> 01:52:46,000
Sherlock Holmes. 
It's worth pondering. 

2049
01:52:46,000 --> 01:52:49,300
Why this character has refused 
to stay buried in the Victorian 

2050
01:52:49,300 --> 01:52:52,900
era where he was born. 
Like a particularly persistent 

2051
01:52:52,900 --> 01:52:56,600
ghost homes has haunted every 
generation since Arthur, first 

2052
01:52:56,600 --> 01:53:00,200
dreamed him up adapting to New 
Times while somehow remaining 

2053
01:53:00,200 --> 01:53:03,900
eternally himself. 
The remarkable thing about homes

2054
01:53:03,900 --> 01:53:06,400
is how he is managed to 
transcend his original time and 

2055
01:53:06,400 --> 01:53:09,100
place, you can transplant him to
modern day. 

2056
01:53:09,100 --> 01:53:11,400
London. 
Give him a smartphone and access

2057
01:53:11,400 --> 01:53:14,000
to the internet and he still 
fundamentally the same 

2058
01:53:14,000 --> 01:53:16,500
character. 
His methods change. 

2059
01:53:16,500 --> 01:53:19,700
He might use DNA analysis 
instead of tobacco, Ash 

2060
01:53:19,700 --> 01:53:22,400
identification, but is 
essential, nature remains 

2061
01:53:22,400 --> 01:53:25,000
unchanged. 
He continues to be a brilliant 

2062
01:53:25,000 --> 01:53:28,600
Outsider, who perceives what 
others Overlook a man capable of

2063
01:53:28,600 --> 01:53:31,100
bringing order to chaos through 
sheer intellect. 

2064
01:53:32,100 --> 01:53:34,800
This adaptability suggests that 
Arthur tapped into something 

2065
01:53:34,800 --> 01:53:37,700
deeper than just Victorian 
anxieties about crime and urban 

2066
01:53:37,708 --> 01:53:40,000
life. 
He created a character who 

2067
01:53:40,000 --> 01:53:43,400
represents Timeless human 
desires, the wish to make sense 

2068
01:53:43,400 --> 01:53:46,700
of a confusing world. 
The hope that intelligence can 

2069
01:53:46,700 --> 01:53:49,500
triumph over evil and the 
comfort of knowing that there's 

2070
01:53:49,500 --> 01:53:52,100
someone out there who can solve 
problems that seem impossible to

2071
01:53:52,100 --> 01:53:55,000
the rest of us. 
Every generation has found its 

2072
01:53:55,000 --> 01:53:57,800
reasons to love homes during the
world wars. 

2073
01:53:57,800 --> 01:54:00,300
He represented British 
resilience and the Triumph of 

2074
01:54:00,300 --> 01:54:04,900
civilization over barbarism In 
the 1960s, he became a 

2075
01:54:04,900 --> 01:54:07,500
counterculture hero. 
The ultimate individualist who 

2076
01:54:07,500 --> 01:54:11,200
refused to conform to social 
expectations in our current age 

2077
01:54:11,200 --> 01:54:13,800
of information overload. 
He's the person who can cut 

2078
01:54:13,800 --> 01:54:16,800
through the noise and find the 
signal who can separate truth 

2079
01:54:16,800 --> 01:54:19,300
from the overwhelming flood of 
data, that surrounds us. 

2080
01:54:20,800 --> 01:54:23,700
The stories themselves have 
taken on a life that goes far 

2081
01:54:23,700 --> 01:54:25,300
beyond what Arthur ever 
imagined. 

2082
01:54:26,300 --> 01:54:29,800
There are more than 25,000 home 
stories that have been written 

2083
01:54:29,800 --> 01:54:33,100
by other authors, creating a 
vast literary universe. 

2084
01:54:33,100 --> 01:54:35,600
That continues to expand more 
than a century after the 

2085
01:54:35,600 --> 01:54:39,500
character's creation. 
Ums has appeared in every medium

2086
01:54:39,500 --> 01:54:42,900
imaginable. 
Radio shows, television series 

2087
01:54:42,900 --> 01:54:47,200
movies, video games, and even 
virtual reality experiences. 

2088
01:54:48,000 --> 01:54:51,400
But perhaps, the most remarkable
thing about homes is how he's 

2089
01:54:51,400 --> 01:54:54,700
managed to become more real than
many, actual people you can 

2090
01:54:54,700 --> 01:54:58,300
visit 221B Baker Street in 
London, where there's a museum 

2091
01:54:58,300 --> 01:55:02,100
dedicated to the fictional 
detective, the Royal Mail issues

2092
01:55:02,100 --> 01:55:05,500
stamps, featuring homes, the 
British government has given him

2093
01:55:05,500 --> 01:55:08,400
an official address, there are 
societies around the world, 

2094
01:55:08,400 --> 01:55:11,200
dedicated to studying his 
methods and analyzing his 

2095
01:55:11,200 --> 01:55:13,900
adventures as if they were 
historical documents. 

2096
01:55:13,900 --> 01:55:16,700
This blurring of the line 
between fiction and reality. 

2097
01:55:16,700 --> 01:55:20,200
Would have amused Arthur, who 
spent so much of his later life.

2098
01:55:20,200 --> 01:55:23,300
Trying to convince people that 
Holmes was just a character in 

2099
01:55:23,300 --> 01:55:24,200
stories. 
He'd written. 

2100
01:55:25,600 --> 01:55:27,800
But the Public's insistence on 
treating homes. 

2101
01:55:27,800 --> 01:55:30,700
As a real person speaks to 
something profound about the 

2102
01:55:30,700 --> 01:55:34,100
power of outstanding, fictional 
characters to capture our 

2103
01:55:34,100 --> 01:55:37,300
imaginations and become part of 
our shared cultural reality. 

2104
01:55:38,800 --> 01:55:41,700
The influence of homes on real 
world, detective work has been 

2105
01:55:41,708 --> 01:55:44,400
enormous. 
Police departments around the 

2106
01:55:44,400 --> 01:55:48,100
world have adopted methods that 
homes used in fiction decades 

2107
01:55:48,100 --> 01:55:50,000
before they became standard 
practice. 

2108
01:55:50,000 --> 01:55:54,300
The careful examination of crime
scenes, the scientific analysis 

2109
01:55:54,300 --> 01:55:57,000
of evidence and the 
psychological profiling of 

2110
01:55:57,000 --> 01:55:59,500
suspects. 
These techniques that seem 

2111
01:55:59,500 --> 01:56:02,200
obvious to us now were 
revolutionary when Arthur first 

2112
01:56:02,200 --> 01:56:05,200
wrote about them. 
Holmes has also influenced how 

2113
01:56:05,200 --> 01:56:07,000
we think about problem solving 
in general. 

2114
01:56:07,700 --> 01:56:10,700
Is method of careful 
observation, logical deduction, 

2115
01:56:10,700 --> 01:56:14,600
and systematic analysis has been
applied to Fields, far beyond 

2116
01:56:14,600 --> 01:56:17,300
criminal investigation, Business
Leaders. 

2117
01:56:17,300 --> 01:56:21,500
Scientists and Educators have 
all found ways to apply homogene

2118
01:56:21,500 --> 01:56:24,500
thinking to their challenges as 
you settled back into your 

2119
01:56:24,500 --> 01:56:27,500
comfortable, chair, and perhaps,
Close Your Eyes For a Moment. 

2120
01:56:27,500 --> 01:56:30,500
Consider this Somewhere in the 
world. 

2121
01:56:30,500 --> 01:56:33,300
Right now, someone is 
discovering Sherlock Holmes for 

2122
01:56:33,300 --> 01:56:36,700
the first time their 
experiencing that same sense of 

2123
01:56:36,700 --> 01:56:39,800
wonder that readers felt more 
than a century ago. 

2124
01:56:39,800 --> 01:56:43,300
When they first encountered the 
tall thin detective with his 

2125
01:56:43,300 --> 01:56:46,600
piercing eyes and incredible 
deductive abilities. 

2126
01:56:47,700 --> 01:56:50,700
The character that Arthur Conan 
Doyle created in frustration, 

2127
01:56:50,700 --> 01:56:53,900
developed with reluctance and 
tried to kill off in 

2128
01:56:53,900 --> 01:56:57,200
exasperation has become one of 
the most enduring figures in all

2129
01:56:57,200 --> 01:57:00,000
of literature. 
Holmes represents our Eternal. 

2130
01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:03,300
Hope that reason can triumph 
over chaos that careful 

2131
01:57:03,300 --> 01:57:05,000
observation can reveal Hidden 
Truths. 

2132
01:57:05,000 --> 01:57:07,800
And that there's always a 
logical solution to even the 

2133
01:57:07,800 --> 01:57:11,900
most baffling mystery. in a 
world that often seems random 

2134
01:57:11,900 --> 01:57:15,000
and senseless homes offers, the 
comforting assurance, that 

2135
01:57:15,000 --> 01:57:17,400
everything makes sense, if you 
just know how to look at it 

2136
01:57:17,400 --> 01:57:21,400
properly, He's the friend. 
We all wish we had the mind. 

2137
01:57:21,400 --> 01:57:24,400
We all wish we possessed. 
And the reassurance, we all need

2138
01:57:24,400 --> 01:57:27,400
that somewhere out there. 
Someone is smart enough to solve

2139
01:57:27,400 --> 01:57:29,100
the problems that baffle the 
rest of us. 

2140
01:57:36,700 --> 01:57:38,300
Picture London on a warm 
evening. 

2141
01:57:38,300 --> 01:57:42,800
In late August, 1939. 
Sun is setting over the Thames, 

2142
01:57:42,800 --> 01:57:47,200
painting, the sky in shades of 
Amber and Rose that reflect off 

2143
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:49,000
the river's surface like liquid 
copper. 

2144
01:57:50,100 --> 01:57:53,400
Street lamps are beginning their
nightly ritual that gentle 

2145
01:57:53,400 --> 01:57:57,200
flickering as they come to life,
one by one, creating pools of 

2146
01:57:57,200 --> 01:57:59,100
yellow warmth along the 
Pavements. 

2147
01:57:59,900 --> 01:58:03,200
Shop Windows glow with displays 
of summer dresses and wireless 

2148
01:58:03,200 --> 01:58:07,200
sets, casting, rectangles of 
light onto the sidewalks where 

2149
01:58:07,200 --> 01:58:10,900
couples stroll arm in arm their 
Shadows long and lazy in the 

2150
01:58:10,908 --> 01:58:13,400
golden hour. 
You can hear the particular 

2151
01:58:13,400 --> 01:58:15,700
sounds of a city and it's 
evening mode. 

2152
01:58:15,700 --> 01:58:20,100
The rumble of red, double decker
buses, the clip-clop of delivery

2153
01:58:20,100 --> 01:58:24,300
horses making their final rounds
and the cheerful Ting of bicycle

2154
01:58:24,300 --> 01:58:26,400
bells as workers, pedal home for
supper. 

2155
01:58:27,400 --> 01:58:30,800
From open Windows, come to the 
smell of cooking roast dinners, 

2156
01:58:30,800 --> 01:58:34,800
boiled potatoes, and the yeasty 
warmth of fresh bread. 

2157
01:58:35,900 --> 01:58:39,700
Radio's played dance, music, the
kind with horns and steady, 

2158
01:58:39,700 --> 01:58:42,400
rhythms that make your foot, tap
out thinking about it. 

2159
01:58:43,200 --> 01:58:45,100
In Paris. 
The cafes are filling with their

2160
01:58:45,100 --> 01:58:48,200
usual evening crowd. 
The Eiffel Tower stands 

2161
01:58:48,200 --> 01:58:50,300
illuminated against the 
darkening Sky. 

2162
01:58:50,300 --> 01:58:53,600
It's iron. 
Lattice outline in electric 

2163
01:58:53,600 --> 01:58:56,300
brilliant, like a piece of 
jewelry against velvet. 

2164
01:58:57,100 --> 01:58:59,300
There are neon signs advertising
a parody. 

2165
01:58:59,300 --> 01:59:02,900
Warm light coming from 
restaurant interiors, and the 

2166
01:59:02,900 --> 01:59:06,800
headlamps of citrus and renaults
making rivers of light along the

2167
01:59:06,800 --> 01:59:10,200
shelter's easy. 
Treat musicians play accordions 

2168
01:59:10,200 --> 01:59:13,800
on Corners their cases open for 
coins that clink with a 

2169
01:59:13,800 --> 01:59:19,000
satisfying metallic ring. 
Berlin 2 is bathed in light, the

2170
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:23,000
grand buildings along unto Den. 
Linden, a floodlit, the 

2171
01:59:23,000 --> 01:59:25,900
neoclassical facades standing 
proud and imposing. 

2172
01:59:26,600 --> 01:59:30,100
The shops, stay open late, their
Windows full of goods, that 

2173
01:59:30,100 --> 01:59:34,400
speak of prosperity and Order. 
Electric trams hum along their 

2174
01:59:34,400 --> 01:59:38,000
tracks, their Interiors bright. 
And modern filled with 

2175
01:59:38,008 --> 01:59:41,100
passengers, reading newspapers 
or chatting about their days. 

2176
01:59:42,100 --> 01:59:44,800
These cities have spent decades 
building their electrical 

2177
01:59:44,800 --> 01:59:47,700
infrastructure. 
Stringing miles of cable, 

2178
01:59:47,700 --> 01:59:51,500
installing countless fixtures 
and creating networks of 

2179
01:59:51,500 --> 01:59:54,900
Illumination that have become as
fundamental to Urban Life as 

2180
01:59:54,900 --> 01:59:59,100
running water or paved streets. 
The age of electric light is 

2181
01:59:59,108 --> 02:00:02,800
barely 50 years old, still. 
Young enough to feel miraculous.

2182
02:00:03,700 --> 02:00:05,700
People who grew up with oil 
lamps and candles. 

2183
02:00:05,700 --> 02:00:09,500
Now, flips, which is without 
thinking, Vanishing Darkness 

2184
02:00:09,500 --> 02:00:12,100
with the Casual gesture that 
would have seemed like sorcery 

2185
02:00:12,100 --> 02:00:15,900
to their grandparents. 
But on September 1st 1939, 

2186
02:00:15,900 --> 02:00:20,000
Everything Changes, Germany 
invades Poland, and within 

2187
02:00:20,000 --> 02:00:23,100
hours, Britain, and France are 
making preparations that have 

2188
02:00:23,108 --> 02:00:24,900
been planned in secret for 
months. 

2189
02:00:25,900 --> 02:00:29,000
Government officials retrieve 
documents from locked safes. 

2190
02:00:29,000 --> 02:00:33,000
Civil defense workers report to 
their posts and ordinary 

2191
02:00:33,000 --> 02:00:36,200
citizens receive instructions. 
That will alter the appearance 

2192
02:00:36,200 --> 02:00:39,900
of their world in ways, both 
profound and peculiar. 

2193
02:00:40,700 --> 02:00:43,700
The blackout is coming. 
You might wonder why Darkness 

2194
02:00:43,700 --> 02:00:45,600
would be chosen as a defense 
strategy. 

2195
02:00:45,600 --> 02:00:48,200
The logic is straightforward, 
but chilling. 

2196
02:00:49,000 --> 02:00:52,100
Bombers, navigating at night, 
need visual reference points to 

2197
02:00:52,100 --> 02:00:55,700
find their targets. 
A city Ablaze with light is as 

2198
02:00:55,700 --> 02:00:58,900
easy to spot from the air as a 
lighthouse on a dark Coast. 

2199
02:00:59,700 --> 02:01:02,900
Remove that light and the 
bombers are flying over an 

2200
02:01:02,900 --> 02:01:06,000
invisible landscape. 
Unable to distinguish a 

2201
02:01:06,000 --> 02:01:09,300
Munitions Factory from a 
residential neighborhood or a 

2202
02:01:09,300 --> 02:01:12,900
railway Junktion, from a park. 
So, the decision is made. 

2203
02:01:13,700 --> 02:01:16,000
When night falls, the lights 
must go out. 

2204
02:01:17,000 --> 02:01:20,800
Not just some lights or most 
lights, but all lights. 

2205
02:01:21,600 --> 02:01:25,000
Every window must be covered 
every Street Lamp extinguished 

2206
02:01:25,000 --> 02:01:28,900
and every card driven with 
hooded headlamps that cast, only

2207
02:01:28,900 --> 02:01:32,900
the faintest glow. 
The great cities of Europe will 

2208
02:01:32,900 --> 02:01:36,100
disappear from view pulled 
beneath the blanket of Darkness 

2209
02:01:36,100 --> 02:01:39,000
as complete as any medieval 
village new. 

2210
02:01:39,800 --> 02:01:42,500
The preparations happen with 
remarkable speed. 

2211
02:01:43,400 --> 02:01:47,300
Shops sell out of black fabric 
within hours, hardware stores 

2212
02:01:47,300 --> 02:01:49,800
run out of paint, tape 
cardboard. 

2213
02:01:49,800 --> 02:01:54,200
Anything that might be used to 
block light the government has 

2214
02:01:54,200 --> 02:01:57,800
printed millions of leaflets 
explaining the regulations and 

2215
02:01:57,800 --> 02:02:01,200
these appear in letterboxes like
strange invitations to a 

2216
02:02:01,200 --> 02:02:04,800
backwards party where the goal 
is to extinguish rather than 

2217
02:02:04,800 --> 02:02:08,900
illuminate You can imagine the 
conversations happening in homes

2218
02:02:08,900 --> 02:02:10,700
across Britain that first 
weekend of September. 

2219
02:02:11,800 --> 02:02:15,200
Family standing in their parlors
looking at their windows with 

2220
02:02:15,200 --> 02:02:19,400
Newfound assessment calculating.
How many yards of material 

2221
02:02:19,400 --> 02:02:22,100
they'll need? 
Whether thick curtains will 

2222
02:02:22,100 --> 02:02:25,500
suffice or if they'll need 
something more substantial? 

2223
02:02:27,100 --> 02:02:30,800
There's an odd Domesticity to 
these calculations as if their 

2224
02:02:30,800 --> 02:02:34,400
redecorating for some peculiar 
aesthetic preference rather than

2225
02:02:34,400 --> 02:02:37,400
preparing for war. 
The instructions are specific 

2226
02:02:37,400 --> 02:02:40,500
and somewhat over Windows must 
be covered. 

2227
02:02:40,500 --> 02:02:43,100
So thoroughly that not a crack 
of light escapes. 

2228
02:02:43,100 --> 02:02:47,800
This includes skylights glass 
doors and even the tiny windows 

2229
02:02:47,800 --> 02:02:50,700
in bathrooms. 
The penalty for showing light is

2230
02:02:50,700 --> 02:02:55,000
not insignificant. finds that 
could strain A Working Families 

2231
02:02:55,000 --> 02:02:58,900
budget and more importantly, the
social pressure of knowing that 

2232
02:02:58,900 --> 02:03:02,400
your carelessness might endanger
your neighbor's On September 

2233
02:03:02,400 --> 02:03:04,600
3rd, Britain. 
Officially declares war on 

2234
02:03:04,600 --> 02:03:07,000
Germany that evening as 
Darkness. 

2235
02:03:07,000 --> 02:03:09,000
Approaches the blackout begins 
in earnest. 

2236
02:03:10,100 --> 02:03:14,000
Someday traditionally a day of 
rest, the family dinners and 

2237
02:03:14,000 --> 02:03:17,100
evening strolls. 
But this Sunday evening will be 

2238
02:03:17,100 --> 02:03:19,900
different from any of the nation
has known in living memory. 

2239
02:03:20,600 --> 02:03:25,400
The sun sets at approximately 
7:30 p.m. on that first blackout

2240
02:03:25,400 --> 02:03:31,700
evening in early September 1939.
Twilight deepens, you would 

2241
02:03:31,700 --> 02:03:35,500
notice something extraordinary 
happening or rather not 

2242
02:03:35,500 --> 02:03:38,400
happening. 
The usual sequence of Lights 

2243
02:03:38,400 --> 02:03:40,800
Awakening across the city simply
doesn't occur. 

2244
02:03:41,900 --> 02:03:44,600
Street lamps. 
Remain dark shop windows. 

2245
02:03:44,600 --> 02:03:47,700
Stay unlit. 
The Familiar glow that typically

2246
02:03:47,700 --> 02:03:51,000
begins to Define buildings and 
streets remained absent. 

2247
02:03:51,900 --> 02:03:55,800
Instead there's a collective 
dimming as if someone is slowly 

2248
02:03:55,800 --> 02:03:58,500
turning down the brightness 
control on the entire world. 

2249
02:03:59,900 --> 02:04:03,200
As the last and natural, light 
Fades from the Western sky, 

2250
02:04:03,200 --> 02:04:06,400
Darkness arrives with unusual 
completeness. 

2251
02:04:07,200 --> 02:04:10,900
Not the partial darkness of a 
normal night punctuated by 

2252
02:04:10,900 --> 02:04:14,000
human-made illumination, but 
something approaching the 

2253
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:16,000
darkness of the countryside or 
Wilderness. 

2254
02:04:16,000 --> 02:04:19,900
The kind of dark that City 
dwellers might encounter only on

2255
02:04:19,900 --> 02:04:22,000
camping trips or during power 
outages. 

2256
02:04:22,000 --> 02:04:27,500
The cycle impact is immediate 
and disorienting Human beings 

2257
02:04:27,500 --> 02:04:30,400
have an ancient hardwired 
response to Darkness. 

2258
02:04:31,100 --> 02:04:35,900
We are diurnal creatures adapted
for daylight activity and are 

2259
02:04:35,900 --> 02:04:38,000
nervous. 
Systems treat Darkness as a 

2260
02:04:38,000 --> 02:04:40,100
signal for rest or potential 
Danger. 

2261
02:04:40,900 --> 02:04:43,500
A thousands of years. 
Darkness meant Retreat to 

2262
02:04:43,508 --> 02:04:47,400
shelter gathering around fires 
and seizing productive, 

2263
02:04:47,400 --> 02:04:51,800
activity, until sunrise. 
Electric light changed all that.

2264
02:04:52,600 --> 02:04:55,600
Extending the day are fishly 
allowing cities to function 

2265
02:04:55,600 --> 02:04:59,000
Around the Clock. 
Now suddenly that ancient 

2266
02:04:59,000 --> 02:05:03,100
relationship with darkness is 
restored but in an urban context

2267
02:05:03,100 --> 02:05:06,600
where it feels profoundly 
unnatural your surrounded by 

2268
02:05:06,600 --> 02:05:09,800
buildings and streets the 
infrastructure of modern 

2269
02:05:09,800 --> 02:05:13,000
civilization. 
Yet experiencing a darkness that

2270
02:05:13,000 --> 02:05:17,400
belongs to a pre-industrial era.
Creates a kind of temporal 

2271
02:05:17,400 --> 02:05:21,300
vertigo as if you've traveled 
backward in time while remaining

2272
02:05:21,300 --> 02:05:24,700
physically in the present. 
The first challenge is simply 

2273
02:05:24,700 --> 02:05:28,200
moving around walking down, a 
familiar Street, becomes an 

2274
02:05:28,200 --> 02:05:31,800
exercise, in careful navigation 
your eyes, strained to 

2275
02:05:31,800 --> 02:05:34,900
distinguish shapes in the glue. 
The outline of a pillar box. 

2276
02:05:34,900 --> 02:05:38,200
The curve of a curb silhouette 
of another person approaching 

2277
02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:43,200
curbs and steps become hazards. 
More than one person trips over 

2278
02:05:43,200 --> 02:05:45,400
their own doorstep. 
In those early blackout, 

2279
02:05:45,400 --> 02:05:48,600
evenings misjudging distances in
the absence of light. 

2280
02:05:49,300 --> 02:05:53,900
Cars and buses face even greater
challenges vehicle headlamps 

2281
02:05:53,900 --> 02:05:57,100
must be fitted with special 
covers that restrict their light

2282
02:05:57,100 --> 02:06:00,800
to a tiny slit casting only the 
weakest beam onto the road 

2283
02:06:00,800 --> 02:06:04,100
ahead. 
Imagine driving at walking speed

2284
02:06:04,100 --> 02:06:06,200
appearing through your 
windshield. 

2285
02:06:06,200 --> 02:06:09,900
At a street, you can barely see 
watching for pedestrians who 

2286
02:06:09,900 --> 02:06:13,500
appear as mere shadows and 
trying to avoid other vehicles 

2287
02:06:13,500 --> 02:06:15,100
that are equally difficult to 
spot. 

2288
02:06:16,700 --> 02:06:19,700
The accident rate in these early
blackout days, spikes 

2289
02:06:19,700 --> 02:06:22,300
alarmingly. 
Collisions between Vehicles, 

2290
02:06:22,300 --> 02:06:27,300
cars strike in pedestrians and 
people walking into lampposts or

2291
02:06:27,300 --> 02:06:30,800
falling into gutters. 
There's a particular comedy to 

2292
02:06:30,800 --> 02:06:33,800
some of these mishaps though. 
Nobody finds them funny at the 

2293
02:06:33,800 --> 02:06:36,800
time. 
Respectable citizens, stumble 

2294
02:06:36,800 --> 02:06:41,500
into Hedges delivery boys, 
cycling into parked cars, a 

2295
02:06:41,500 --> 02:06:43,800
bishop walking home from evening
service mistakes. 

2296
02:06:43,800 --> 02:06:47,500
A strangers front gate for his 
own and spend several confused 

2297
02:06:47,500 --> 02:06:50,100
minutes trying to unlock it 
before realising his error. 

2298
02:06:51,000 --> 02:06:53,900
These little disasters, become 
part of the blackout experience 

2299
02:06:53,900 --> 02:06:58,100
stories to share over tea and 
evidence that everyone is 

2300
02:06:58,100 --> 02:07:00,000
struggling with the same 
Strange. 

2301
02:07:00,000 --> 02:07:03,600
New Reality, the government's 
Airaid, precautions wardens 

2302
02:07:03,600 --> 02:07:07,400
quickly, nicknamed ARP wardens, 
begin their patrols. 

2303
02:07:07,400 --> 02:07:11,700
These are ordinary citizens, 
volunteers and part-timers given

2304
02:07:11,700 --> 02:07:14,100
the authority to enforce 
blackout regulations. 

2305
02:07:14,900 --> 02:07:18,700
They walk the streets with 
masked torches watching for any 

2306
02:07:18,708 --> 02:07:21,300
violation. 
Any crack of light that might 

2307
02:07:21,300 --> 02:07:23,900
betray a city's presence to 
aircraft overhead. 

2308
02:07:24,800 --> 02:07:28,000
The wardens develop a certain 
reputation for zealousness. 

2309
02:07:28,800 --> 02:07:31,900
They'll knock sharply on doors. 
At the faintest glimpse of light

2310
02:07:31,900 --> 02:07:34,600
their voices. 
Carrying through the darkness 

2311
02:07:34,600 --> 02:07:37,300
with urgent. 
Whispers, put that light out. 

2312
02:07:38,300 --> 02:07:40,500
Praise become. 
So common, it turns into a kind 

2313
02:07:40,508 --> 02:07:44,800
of Catchphrase repeated in music
halls and radio comedies of 

2314
02:07:44,800 --> 02:07:48,000
verbal of the blackouts 
intrusion into private life. 

2315
02:07:48,900 --> 02:07:51,500
Insight homes. 
Families are adapting to their 

2316
02:07:51,500 --> 02:07:54,800
new evening routines. 
The process of preparing for 

2317
02:07:54,800 --> 02:07:57,700
blackout becomes a nightly 
ritual performed. 

2318
02:07:57,700 --> 02:08:01,400
As Twilight approaches, you 
would rise from your chair set 

2319
02:08:01,400 --> 02:08:04,700
down your tea and begin, the 
systematic covering of windows 

2320
02:08:05,500 --> 02:08:09,200
Some families use elaborate 
curtain systems heavy fabric on 

2321
02:08:09,200 --> 02:08:13,200
tracks that slide into place. 
Others make do with simpler 

2322
02:08:13,200 --> 02:08:17,300
Solutions, blankets pinned over 
frames, sheets of cardboard 

2323
02:08:17,300 --> 02:08:21,100
wedged into place and layers of 
newspaper taped to glass. 

2324
02:08:22,300 --> 02:08:26,200
The effect on interior space is 
claustrophobic with Windows 

2325
02:08:26,200 --> 02:08:29,300
covered rooms lose their 
connection to the outside world.

2326
02:08:30,100 --> 02:08:33,000
You can't glance out to check. 
The weather, can't see the 

2327
02:08:33,000 --> 02:08:36,100
comforting glow of neighboring 
houses and can't watch the moon 

2328
02:08:36,108 --> 02:08:40,800
rise or stars appear your home 
becomes a sealed box cut off 

2329
02:08:40,800 --> 02:08:44,100
from the usual, visual reference
points that Orient you in time 

2330
02:08:44,108 --> 02:08:46,800
and space. 
Lighting inside must be 

2331
02:08:46,800 --> 02:08:50,300
carefully, managed too many 
families reduce their use of 

2332
02:08:50,300 --> 02:08:53,600
electric lights. 
Partly from habit saving 

2333
02:08:53,600 --> 02:08:56,900
resources for the war effort and
partly from an almost 

2334
02:08:56,900 --> 02:09:00,500
superstitious fear that somehow 
light will escape despite their 

2335
02:09:00,500 --> 02:09:04,100
precautions. 
They rely on stead on single dim

2336
02:09:04,100 --> 02:09:07,800
bulbs or return to older 
Technologies oil lamps can 

2337
02:09:07,800 --> 02:09:09,700
handles and Gaslight where it 
still available. 

2338
02:09:10,800 --> 02:09:13,600
Quality of light changes 
becoming warmer but weaker 

2339
02:09:13,600 --> 02:09:17,500
creating Deep Shadows in room 
Corners, making reading 

2340
02:09:17,500 --> 02:09:20,100
difficult and turning evening 
hours into something. 

2341
02:09:20,100 --> 02:09:24,300
Quieter and more subdued There's
an economic Dimension to this 

2342
02:09:24,300 --> 02:09:27,500
Darkness too. 
Electric companies reduce their 

2343
02:09:27,500 --> 02:09:31,600
output as demand plummets, coal 
consumption drops as power 

2344
02:09:31,600 --> 02:09:34,300
stations. 
Throttle back Street Maintenance

2345
02:09:34,300 --> 02:09:36,600
Crews. 
No longer need to service lamps.

2346
02:09:37,300 --> 02:09:41,100
The entire infrastructure of 
urban illumination built up over

2347
02:09:41,100 --> 02:09:44,900
decades sits idle. 
It's as if a major technological

2348
02:09:44,900 --> 02:09:48,100
achievement has been suddenly, 
paused put on hold for the 

2349
02:09:48,100 --> 02:09:51,100
duration. 
But perhaps the most striking 

2350
02:09:51,100 --> 02:09:53,900
aspect of these first blackout 
nights is the quiet. 

2351
02:09:54,700 --> 02:09:58,400
With activities, constrained by 
Darkness with people staying 

2352
02:09:58,400 --> 02:10:01,000
indoors more. 
And with traffic reduced to a 

2353
02:10:01,008 --> 02:10:06,100
cautious crawl cities, become 
genuinely hushed in a way, they 

2354
02:10:06,100 --> 02:10:08,200
have not been since the 19th 
century. 

2355
02:10:09,700 --> 02:10:12,900
Standing on a London Street at 
9:00 on a blackout evening. 

2356
02:10:12,900 --> 02:10:16,200
You might hear sound that 
normally drown in the urban 

2357
02:10:16,200 --> 02:10:19,100
cacophony. 
Wind rustling through, plain 

2358
02:10:19,100 --> 02:10:23,800
trees, the distant, who of an 
owl in a park, your own 

2359
02:10:23,800 --> 02:10:28,100
footsteps, echoing off building 
for SARS The Creeks of your shoe

2360
02:10:28,100 --> 02:10:30,300
leather and The Whisper of your 
coat. 

2361
02:10:31,800 --> 02:10:34,300
This quiet has its own peculiar 
quality. 

2362
02:10:35,200 --> 02:10:38,200
Different from the Silence of 
the countryside or wilderness. 

2363
02:10:39,100 --> 02:10:42,800
It's a metropolitan quiet. 
The sound of millions of people 

2364
02:10:42,800 --> 02:10:46,100
deliberately hushing themselves 
suppressing their normal 

2365
02:10:46,100 --> 02:10:50,100
activities and existing in a 
state of communal restraint. 

2366
02:10:51,000 --> 02:10:54,300
It feels pregnant with potential
as if the city is holding. 

2367
02:10:54,300 --> 02:10:58,200
Its breath waiting for something
to happen or not happen. 

2368
02:10:59,200 --> 02:11:02,800
The September progresses into 
October and October into 

2369
02:11:02,800 --> 02:11:07,100
November, the blackout stops, 
being a shocking novelty and 

2370
02:11:07,100 --> 02:11:11,300
becomes Instead. 
The New Normal Human beings are 

2371
02:11:11,300 --> 02:11:14,900
remarkably adaptable creatures, 
and people develop strategies 

2372
02:11:14,900 --> 02:11:18,000
habits and even preferences 
around their darkened. 

2373
02:11:18,000 --> 02:11:22,200
Existence, Shops, adjust their 
hours opening early to catch 

2374
02:11:22,200 --> 02:11:24,800
Morning, Light and closing. 
Well before Darkness makes 

2375
02:11:24,800 --> 02:11:28,100
shopping in practical. 
The rhythm of commercial life. 

2376
02:11:28,100 --> 02:11:31,900
Shifts backward becoming more 
diurnal, more aligned with 

2377
02:11:31,900 --> 02:11:36,100
natural light cycles. 
Markets bus at dawn in ways, 

2378
02:11:36,100 --> 02:11:40,000
they haven't for Generations. 
Office workers arrive, early and

2379
02:11:40,000 --> 02:11:42,400
leave early at trying to 
complete their commute. 

2380
02:11:42,400 --> 02:11:44,300
While the Sun's still offers 
some guidance. 

2381
02:11:45,300 --> 02:11:48,700
Fashion adapts to Darkness with 
unexpected creativity. 

2382
02:11:49,700 --> 02:11:52,400
People begin wearing white or 
light-colored clothing in the 

2383
02:11:52,408 --> 02:11:56,000
evenings, making themselves more
visible to others, navigating 

2384
02:11:56,000 --> 02:11:59,400
the Gloom. 
Women carry their white handbags

2385
02:11:59,400 --> 02:12:03,100
rather than darker ones, Men 
Sport white handkerchiefs, in 

2386
02:12:03,108 --> 02:12:06,300
their breast pockets. 
Some particularly safety 

2387
02:12:06,300 --> 02:12:09,400
conscious individuals paint 
white stripes on their clothing.

2388
02:12:09,400 --> 02:12:12,800
Looking rather like zebras as 
they hurry along Pavements. 

2389
02:12:13,600 --> 02:12:15,500
The practice extends to 
inanimate objects. 

2390
02:12:16,500 --> 02:12:18,600
Curves are painted white to make
them visible. 

2391
02:12:18,600 --> 02:12:22,500
The trunks of trees lining 
streets, receive white bands, 

2392
02:12:22,500 --> 02:12:27,300
pillar boxes, get white stripes,
even dog's acquire white collars

2393
02:12:27,300 --> 02:12:29,000
so they can be spotted in the 
Darkness. 

2394
02:12:30,000 --> 02:12:33,700
The effect glimpsed in what ever
dim light is available is oddly 

2395
02:12:33,700 --> 02:12:37,800
festive. as if the city has been
decorated, for some backward 

2396
02:12:37,800 --> 02:12:41,400
celebration where white rather 
than bright colors, provide the 

2397
02:12:41,408 --> 02:12:45,600
decoration Businesses find 
innovative ways to continue 

2398
02:12:45,600 --> 02:12:49,200
operating despite the darkness, 
restaurant's used dim red 

2399
02:12:49,200 --> 02:12:51,600
lights. 
That supposedly don't carry as 

2400
02:12:51,600 --> 02:12:55,400
far as white light. 
Cinema's schedule, more matinee,

2401
02:12:55,400 --> 02:12:59,800
showings pubs installed Double 
Door Systems, Smalling, closed, 

2402
02:12:59,800 --> 02:13:02,800
lobbies were Patron can enter 
and close one door before 

2403
02:13:02,800 --> 02:13:06,200
opening the second preventing 
light, from spilling onto the 

2404
02:13:06,200 --> 02:13:08,800
street. 
These little airlocks become 

2405
02:13:08,800 --> 02:13:13,000
social spaces in the themselves 
places where strangers paused 

2406
02:13:13,000 --> 02:13:15,000
together. 
In compressed transition zones, 

2407
02:13:15,000 --> 02:13:19,500
sharing apologetic, Smiles in 
the darkness before one of them 

2408
02:13:19,500 --> 02:13:23,000
Ventures to open the inner door.
The entertainment industry 

2409
02:13:23,000 --> 02:13:24,800
adapts with characteristic 
resilience. 

2410
02:13:25,900 --> 02:13:29,400
Radio becomes even more Central 
to evening life, providing 

2411
02:13:29,400 --> 02:13:32,300
entertainment, that requires no 
light Beyond what's needed to 

2412
02:13:32,300 --> 02:13:35,300
see the dial. 
Families, gather around their 

2413
02:13:35,300 --> 02:13:39,000
Wireless sets and dimly lit, 
rooms, following dramas and 

2414
02:13:39,000 --> 02:13:42,700
comedies listening to news 
broadcasts that have taken on 

2415
02:13:42,700 --> 02:13:47,200
new urgency. 
The BBC develops new programming

2416
02:13:47,200 --> 02:13:51,800
specifically suited to blackout 
conditions, gentle Carmen 

2417
02:13:51,800 --> 02:13:55,400
content for people sitting in 
dark and rooms trying not to 

2418
02:13:55,400 --> 02:13:58,200
think too much about why they're
sitting in darkened rooms. 

2419
02:13:59,400 --> 02:14:03,100
reading becomes more challenging
even with curtains drawn and no 

2420
02:14:03,100 --> 02:14:06,200
light is escaping many people 
find it difficult to read by the

2421
02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:10,300
dim bulbs, they allow themselves
But held closer to faces, 

2422
02:14:10,300 --> 02:14:13,600
causing ice drain. 
Some people ReDiscover, the 

2423
02:14:13,608 --> 02:14:16,900
pleasure of reading aloud with 
Partners or family members, 

2424
02:14:16,900 --> 02:14:20,700
taking turns performing stories 
or newspaper articles for each 

2425
02:14:20,700 --> 02:14:24,900
other. it's a practice that had 
largely died out with widespread

2426
02:14:24,900 --> 02:14:28,600
literacy and individual reading 
lights now, resurrected by 

2427
02:14:28,600 --> 02:14:32,900
necessity, and turning out to be
rather Pleasant a return to the 

2428
02:14:32,900 --> 02:14:36,400
old tradition of communal 
storytelling updated for the 

2429
02:14:36,400 --> 02:14:40,100
20th century. 
Children adapt to the blackout 

2430
02:14:40,100 --> 02:14:42,300
with the flexibility of Youth 
though. 

2431
02:14:42,300 --> 02:14:46,100
It complicates their lives in 
numerous ways school days 

2432
02:14:46,100 --> 02:14:50,000
reorganize around available 
daylight evening activities 

2433
02:14:50,000 --> 02:14:53,300
Scouts Girl, Guides and youth 
clubs. 

2434
02:14:53,300 --> 02:14:57,000
Either moved to afternoon hours 
or take on a different character

2435
02:14:57,000 --> 02:15:00,000
as participants Gathering 
carefully blacked out Halls. 

2436
02:15:01,000 --> 02:15:03,900
games and activities shift 
toward those that don't require 

2437
02:15:03,900 --> 02:15:08,300
good visibility Card games 
become popular board games 

2438
02:15:08,300 --> 02:15:12,700
experience, a Revival Radio quiz
shows Inspire living room 

2439
02:15:12,700 --> 02:15:15,700
competitions. 
The blackout creates unexpected 

2440
02:15:15,700 --> 02:15:19,100
opportunities for Mischief too 
in the darkness. 

2441
02:15:19,100 --> 02:15:23,000
It's easier to stay out later 
than your parents realize to 

2442
02:15:23,000 --> 02:15:25,800
slip away. 
Unseen and to conduct the small 

2443
02:15:25,800 --> 02:15:30,000
rebellions of adolescents with 
reduced risk of detection, More 

2444
02:15:30,000 --> 02:15:32,800
than one teenager discovers that
the blackout for all its 

2445
02:15:32,800 --> 02:15:36,500
restriction offers, a kind of 
Freedom that comes with reduced 

2446
02:15:36,500 --> 02:15:38,700
surveillance. 
For young couples. 

2447
02:15:38,700 --> 02:15:41,400
The darkness provides both 
challenges and possibilities. 

2448
02:15:42,600 --> 02:15:44,900
Traditional. 
Courtship rituals, evening 

2449
02:15:44,900 --> 02:15:47,500
strolls Cinema visits Cafe 
dates. 

2450
02:15:47,500 --> 02:15:51,200
Must be reconsidered. 
Walking together, requires 

2451
02:15:51,200 --> 02:15:54,600
linking arms, not just 
romantically but practically for

2452
02:15:54,600 --> 02:15:58,200
navigation and safety. 
The darkness creates a kind of 

2453
02:15:58,200 --> 02:16:02,200
intimacy by default. 
A closeness born of necessity 

2454
02:16:02,200 --> 02:16:04,400
that might not otherwise, 
develop so quickly. 

2455
02:16:05,600 --> 02:16:08,300
First kiss is happening in 
deeper Darkness than any 

2456
02:16:08,300 --> 02:16:12,800
previous generation experience 
unobserved by passes by who can 

2457
02:16:12,800 --> 02:16:17,000
barely see their own feet. 
Workers in essential Services, 

2458
02:16:17,000 --> 02:16:20,500
face particular challenges, 
doctors making house calls 

2459
02:16:20,500 --> 02:16:23,800
navigate by memory and 
guesswork, their medical bags. 

2460
02:16:23,800 --> 02:16:26,300
Bumping against their legs as 
they feel their way along 

2461
02:16:26,300 --> 02:16:30,200
streets, Nurses on night shifts.
Move through Hospital. 

2462
02:16:30,200 --> 02:16:34,100
Corridors lit. 
Only by shielded lamps checking 

2463
02:16:34,100 --> 02:16:37,299
on patients in Wards. 
Kept darker than anyone finds 

2464
02:16:37,299 --> 02:16:40,799
comfortable. 
Fire brigades drill extensively 

2465
02:16:40,799 --> 02:16:43,100
for responding to emergencies in
near total. 

2466
02:16:43,100 --> 02:16:47,500
Darkness developing systems of 
communication that rely on sound

2467
02:16:47,500 --> 02:16:49,600
and touch rather than visual 
signals. 

2468
02:16:50,700 --> 02:16:54,500
The Postal Service continues its
rounds though, Postman learn to 

2469
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:56,600
sort mail by feel as much as 
sight. 

2470
02:16:56,600 --> 02:17:00,200
Their fingers, developing 
sensitivity to different paper, 

2471
02:17:00,200 --> 02:17:04,000
stocks and envelope sizes. 
Milk deliveries continue in the 

2472
02:17:04,000 --> 02:17:07,900
pre-dawn darkness, the clink of 
bottles and the rattle of crates

2473
02:17:07,900 --> 02:17:11,600
providing a kind of alarm clock 
announcing the coming day to 

2474
02:17:11,600 --> 02:17:13,400
those awake early enough to hear
it. 

2475
02:17:14,600 --> 02:17:18,400
Public transportation becomes an
exercise in faith and routine. 

2476
02:17:19,200 --> 02:17:22,400
Bus conductors develop an almost
Supernatural ability to 

2477
02:17:22,400 --> 02:17:25,700
recognize stops in the darkness.
Calling them out with 

2478
02:17:25,700 --> 02:17:28,000
confidence. 
Born of long familiarity. 

2479
02:17:29,100 --> 02:17:32,100
passengers learn to count stops 
and to listen for landmarks, 

2480
02:17:33,200 --> 02:17:37,299
Killer church bell, the sound of
the river and the change in Echo

2481
02:17:37,299 --> 02:17:40,100
as the bus passes between 
buildings of different heights. 

2482
02:17:41,100 --> 02:17:44,200
Regular commuters developmental 
Maps so detail. 

2483
02:17:44,200 --> 02:17:47,299
They could navigate their Roots 
blindfolded, which is 

2484
02:17:47,299 --> 02:17:50,600
essentially what they're doing 
as the months progress and 

2485
02:17:50,600 --> 02:17:52,000
Britain. 
Settles into what we become 

2486
02:17:52,000 --> 02:17:55,500
known as the phony War. 
A period when War has been 

2487
02:17:55,500 --> 02:17:58,799
declared, but major fighting 
hasn't yet reached British soil.

2488
02:17:59,500 --> 02:18:02,200
The blackout reveals unexpected 
dimensions. 

2489
02:18:03,200 --> 02:18:06,100
What began as an emergency 
measure starts to disclose 

2490
02:18:06,100 --> 02:18:10,000
peculiar Beauties and strange 
Pleasures that coexist with the 

2491
02:18:10,000 --> 02:18:14,200
anxiety and inconvenience. 
The night sky becomes visible in

2492
02:18:14,200 --> 02:18:17,299
ways that City dwellers haven't 
experienced in decades. 

2493
02:18:18,200 --> 02:18:20,700
Without the light pollution that
normally obscures all. 

2494
02:18:20,700 --> 02:18:24,500
But the brightest stars, the 
full glory of the cosmos appears

2495
02:18:24,500 --> 02:18:27,900
overhead on clear night. 
Stepping outside is like 

2496
02:18:27,900 --> 02:18:30,600
discovering a lost artwork. 
That's been hanging in your home

2497
02:18:30,600 --> 02:18:32,700
all along hidden behind a 
curtain. 

2498
02:18:32,700 --> 02:18:36,900
You didn't realize was there You
can see the Milky Way from 

2499
02:18:36,900 --> 02:18:41,600
Central London that cloudy band 
of distant Stars stretching 

2500
02:18:41,600 --> 02:18:45,799
across the darkness like a river
of light. constellation's 

2501
02:18:45,799 --> 02:18:49,799
appear, not as isolated bright 
points, but as part of complex 

2502
02:18:49,799 --> 02:18:54,799
starfields, Patterns within 
patterns depths and layers that 

2503
02:18:54,799 --> 02:18:56,900
electric light normally renders 
invisible. 

2504
02:18:58,000 --> 02:18:59,799
The moon. 
When it sucks seems 

2505
02:18:59,799 --> 02:19:02,500
preposterously bright casting 
reel. 

2506
02:19:02,500 --> 02:19:06,900
Shadows turning streets into 
silvered mazes and making you 

2507
02:19:06,900 --> 02:19:10,100
understand why poets? 
And lovers of obsessed over at 4

2508
02:19:10,100 --> 02:19:12,799
Millenia. 
Some people find this revelation

2509
02:19:12,799 --> 02:19:15,400
of the night sky almost worth 
the inconvenience of the 

2510
02:19:15,400 --> 02:19:19,000
blackout. 
Astronomy clubs form, taking 

2511
02:19:19,000 --> 02:19:22,600
advantage of viewing conditions 
that rival rural observatories 

2512
02:19:22,600 --> 02:19:27,000
amateur stargazers set up 
telescopes in parks and Gardens 

2513
02:19:27,000 --> 02:19:31,700
sharing glimpses of Jupiter's 
moons, Saturn's rings. 

2514
02:19:31,700 --> 02:19:35,200
And the craters of the Moon in 
unprecedented detail. 

2515
02:19:36,299 --> 02:19:39,600
There's something hopeful about 
this, people looking Upward at 

2516
02:19:39,600 --> 02:19:42,100
Beauty and vastness, while 
preparing for conflict that 

2517
02:19:42,100 --> 02:19:43,900
feels Petty and small by 
comparison. 

2518
02:19:45,100 --> 02:19:48,500
The darkness also reveals the 
bioluminescence that normally 

2519
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:52,500
goes unnoticed. 
On damp nights decaying wood in 

2520
02:19:52,500 --> 02:19:57,100
Parks glows, with Foxfire that 
Eerie green, phosphorescent 

2521
02:19:57,100 --> 02:20:00,700
produced by certain fungi. 
People Discover It by 

2522
02:20:00,700 --> 02:20:05,700
accidentally alarmed by the 
spectral light, then fascinated 

2523
02:20:05,700 --> 02:20:09,700
by this natural illumination, 
that requires no electricity. 

2524
02:20:11,600 --> 02:20:15,000
Some gather pieces of glowing 
would bringing them home like 

2525
02:20:15,000 --> 02:20:19,000
captured fairy lights, watching 
them pulse and fade in darkened 

2526
02:20:19,000 --> 02:20:22,000
rooms. 
Sound takes on new prominence in

2527
02:20:22,000 --> 02:20:25,800
the absence of visual stimuli. 
Your hearing becomes more acute,

2528
02:20:25,800 --> 02:20:28,100
more attentive, the acoustic 
environment. 

2529
02:20:29,200 --> 02:20:32,200
You notice the different sounds 
that shoes make on different 

2530
02:20:32,200 --> 02:20:35,500
surfaces, the crisp click of 
leather on pavement. 

2531
02:20:35,500 --> 02:20:39,400
The softer scuff on dirt and the
hollow Echo, when crossing a 

2532
02:20:39,400 --> 02:20:42,300
bridge. 
You become aware of how sound 

2533
02:20:42,300 --> 02:20:46,100
reflects off buildings, how it 
carries differently in Cold, Air

2534
02:20:46,100 --> 02:20:49,800
versus warm and how wind affects
what you can and cannot hear. 

2535
02:20:50,700 --> 02:20:53,300
Music heard in the blackout 
takes on different qualities. 

2536
02:20:54,100 --> 02:20:57,300
A piano played in a darkened 
room with only the faintest 

2537
02:20:57,300 --> 02:21:00,200
light to illuminate. 
The keys seems to fill the space

2538
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:03,500
more completely, the notes 
appear to have more presents, 

2539
02:21:03,500 --> 02:21:07,400
more weight. 
Street musicians, fewer now, but

2540
02:21:07,400 --> 02:21:11,600
still present create pockets of 
Melody in the darkness and 

2541
02:21:11,600 --> 02:21:14,400
pedestrians, pause to listen in 
ways. 

2542
02:21:14,400 --> 02:21:17,600
They might not in daylight when 
Vision provides so many 

2543
02:21:17,600 --> 02:21:22,500
competing distractions church 
bells continue to Mark time, but

2544
02:21:22,800 --> 02:21:25,300
The sound travels differently 
through the quieted city. 

2545
02:21:26,100 --> 02:21:30,600
Without traffic noise to muffle 
them Bells carry for Miles their

2546
02:21:30,600 --> 02:21:33,300
various tones creating 
unintended harmonies as 

2547
02:21:33,300 --> 02:21:35,000
different churches. 
Mark the hours. 

2548
02:21:35,800 --> 02:21:39,400
Some people begin to navigate by
bell sound using familiar 

2549
02:21:39,400 --> 02:21:42,900
patterns to orient themselves 
even when visual landmarks are 

2550
02:21:42,900 --> 02:21:45,800
invisible. 
The blackout also amplifies 

2551
02:21:45,800 --> 02:21:49,800
smell without visual distraction
your nose provides more 

2552
02:21:49,800 --> 02:21:52,500
information than usual. 
You become aware of the 

2553
02:21:52,500 --> 02:21:56,000
particular. 
Scent of rain on Stone of fog, 

2554
02:21:56,000 --> 02:22:00,100
carrying hints of the river of 
coal smoke from chimneys and of 

2555
02:22:00,100 --> 02:22:03,200
cooking from various houses 
creating an olfactory map of 

2556
02:22:03,200 --> 02:22:06,600
your neighborhood. 
Bakeries become locatable by 

2557
02:22:06,600 --> 02:22:10,700
scent before sight. 
The yeasty warmth of fresh bread

2558
02:22:10,700 --> 02:22:13,900
serving as a beacon that draws 
customers through the darkness. 

2559
02:22:14,800 --> 02:22:17,600
But alongside these unexpected 
Pleasures runs a constant 

2560
02:22:17,600 --> 02:22:21,300
undercurrent of unease. 
The darkness that reveals Stars 

2561
02:22:21,300 --> 02:22:25,000
also conceals potential threats,
every shadow could be an 

2562
02:22:25,000 --> 02:22:27,700
obstacle and every sound might 
signal Danger. 

2563
02:22:28,900 --> 02:22:32,100
Human imagination. 
Deprived of visual input tends 

2564
02:22:32,100 --> 02:22:35,800
to fill in missing information 
with worst case scenarios that 

2565
02:22:35,800 --> 02:22:38,700
bump in the darkness is probably
just someone's elbow, making 

2566
02:22:38,700 --> 02:22:42,600
accidental contact but from a 
moment, your heart rate spikes 

2567
02:22:42,600 --> 02:22:46,000
with more Primal Fear. 
Women particularly feel 

2568
02:22:46,000 --> 02:22:49,400
vulnerable in the darkness, the 
reduced visibility that offers 

2569
02:22:49,400 --> 02:22:53,300
privacy to courting couples, all
so provides cover for harassment

2570
02:22:53,300 --> 02:22:57,700
and assault. reported incidents 
of such crimes increased during 

2571
02:22:57,700 --> 02:23:00,700
the blackout, though it's 
unclear whether the actual rate 

2572
02:23:00,700 --> 02:23:03,700
Rises or if Darkness simply 
enables crimes that would happen

2573
02:23:03,700 --> 02:23:08,300
regardless, Many women alter 
their routines traveling, only 

2574
02:23:08,300 --> 02:23:12,400
in groups, carrying whistles, or
other noise makers, and avoiding

2575
02:23:12,400 --> 02:23:15,200
certain areas that feel 
particularly threatening in the 

2576
02:23:15,200 --> 02:23:20,200
absence of light. the blackout 
also creates social isolation in

2577
02:23:20,200 --> 02:23:23,600
unexpected ways without being 
able to see into neighbor's 

2578
02:23:23,600 --> 02:23:27,500
Windows to note, the comforting 
glow of occupied homes, people 

2579
02:23:27,500 --> 02:23:31,400
feel more alone The physical 
proximity of urban life 

2580
02:23:31,400 --> 02:23:34,800
continues, you're still 
surrounded by thousands of other

2581
02:23:34,800 --> 02:23:37,500
humans living their lives, just 
beyond thin walls. 

2582
02:23:38,600 --> 02:23:42,600
But the visual confirmation of 
that presence disappears, your 

2583
02:23:42,600 --> 02:23:44,900
neighbor might be three feet 
away on the other side of a 

2584
02:23:44,900 --> 02:23:47,900
wall, but in the darkness and 
quiet, they might as well be 

2585
02:23:47,900 --> 02:23:51,600
mussels distant. 
This isolation is particularly 

2586
02:23:51,600 --> 02:23:55,100
hard for the elderly and infirm.
Those who already struggled with

2587
02:23:55,100 --> 02:23:57,900
Mobility, find the darkness 
actively dangerous. 

2588
02:23:58,900 --> 02:24:02,000
The simple Act of walking to a 
corner shop becomes fraught with

2589
02:24:02,000 --> 02:24:04,600
Hazard. 
Unseen curbs to stumble, over 

2590
02:24:04,600 --> 02:24:08,900
obstacles, to collide with and 
the constant possibility of 

2591
02:24:08,900 --> 02:24:11,600
becoming disoriented and lost on
familiar streets. 

2592
02:24:12,800 --> 02:24:16,700
Many older people choose to stay
home more venturing out, only 

2593
02:24:16,700 --> 02:24:21,200
when absolutely necessary 
accepting a constricted life as 

2594
02:24:21,200 --> 02:24:24,100
preferable to the risks of 
navigating, the shadowed City. 

2595
02:24:25,000 --> 02:24:27,900
Mental health professionals, 
notice an increasing reports of 

2596
02:24:27,900 --> 02:24:32,000
anxiety and depression. 
The darkness combined with wall 

2597
02:24:32,000 --> 02:24:35,200
stress creates a psychological 
burden that some people struggle

2598
02:24:35,200 --> 02:24:38,100
to manage. 
Sleep patterns disrupt. 

2599
02:24:38,100 --> 02:24:42,500
Some people sleep, better in the
deeper Darkness While others lie

2600
02:24:42,500 --> 02:24:44,700
awake. 
Listening to every small sound 

2601
02:24:44,700 --> 02:24:47,200
unable to relax into 
vulnerability. 

2602
02:24:48,300 --> 02:24:51,600
Dreams become more Vivid for 
many possibly because the 

2603
02:24:51,600 --> 02:24:55,200
darkness and quiet create fewer 
distractions from internal 

2604
02:24:55,200 --> 02:24:58,200
mental activity. 
Yet, there's all a strange 

2605
02:24:58,200 --> 02:25:01,800
coziness to it all as of 
communal experience that 

2606
02:25:01,800 --> 02:25:04,200
transcends the inconvenience and
danger. 

2607
02:25:05,000 --> 02:25:08,300
Everyone is facing the same 
challenge, making the same 

2608
02:25:08,308 --> 02:25:11,700
adjustments and developing the 
same odd competencies for 

2609
02:25:11,700 --> 02:25:14,600
navigating Darkness. 
There's a camera artery in 

2610
02:25:14,600 --> 02:25:18,000
shared difficulty, a democratic 
leveling that occurs. 

2611
02:25:18,000 --> 02:25:20,900
When Lord and laborer alike, 
must feel their way along the 

2612
02:25:20,900 --> 02:25:25,100
same invisible Street inside the
blacked out homes of Britain 

2613
02:25:25,100 --> 02:25:28,900
family, life reorganizes itself 
around new limitations and 

2614
02:25:28,900 --> 02:25:32,300
possibilities. 
The blackout curtains that seal 

2615
02:25:32,300 --> 02:25:36,600
Windows become daily fixtures. 
Their operation is routine is 

2616
02:25:36,600 --> 02:25:38,900
making tea. 
Each evening. 

2617
02:25:38,900 --> 02:25:40,800
There's natural light begins to 
fade. 

2618
02:25:41,500 --> 02:25:43,400
Someone Rises to perform the 
ritual. 

2619
02:25:43,400 --> 02:25:46,000
Drawing heavy fabric across 
Windows. 

2620
02:25:46,000 --> 02:25:49,500
Checking for gaps and ensuring 
no betrayal. 

2621
02:25:49,500 --> 02:25:53,400
Mark, the house from above. 
The rooms once sealed feel 

2622
02:25:53,400 --> 02:25:57,500
different smaller, somehow even 
though their physical dimensions

2623
02:25:57,500 --> 02:26:00,900
have not changed, the absence of
visual connection to the 

2624
02:26:00,900 --> 02:26:03,300
outside. 
World makes interior spaces feel

2625
02:26:03,300 --> 02:26:08,500
more like caves or cocoons 
enclosed inward-facing and 

2626
02:26:08,500 --> 02:26:12,400
separate from the larger world. 
This can be comforting or 

2627
02:26:12,400 --> 02:26:15,500
claustrophobic depending on 
temperament and Circumstance. 

2628
02:26:16,300 --> 02:26:20,400
For some it creates a pleasant 
sense of snugness everyone 

2629
02:26:20,400 --> 02:26:25,700
tucked safely together. 
For others, it feels confining a

2630
02:26:25,700 --> 02:26:27,500
nightly imprisonment in their 
own homes. 

2631
02:26:28,500 --> 02:26:31,700
Lighting becomes a subject of 
surprising complexity and 

2632
02:26:31,700 --> 02:26:35,200
important. 
How much light is in enough two 

2633
02:26:35,200 --> 02:26:37,800
little strains eyes and hampers 
activities? 

2634
02:26:37,800 --> 02:26:41,000
The too much feels wasteful. 
Almost Reckless. 

2635
02:26:42,000 --> 02:26:44,500
Families, develop their own 
standards and practices. 

2636
02:26:45,300 --> 02:26:48,300
Some maintain just one or two 
lights in the most used rooms 

2637
02:26:48,300 --> 02:26:51,700
leaving hallways and lesser used
spaces in darkness. 

2638
02:26:52,500 --> 02:26:54,900
Others attempt to maintain 
something closer to their 

2639
02:26:54,900 --> 02:26:58,700
pre-war lighting levels, valuing
normalcy over conservation. 

2640
02:26:59,500 --> 02:27:03,900
The quality of light matters 
too, incandescent bulbs cast, 

2641
02:27:03,900 --> 02:27:07,300
warm, yellow, orange light, that
feels friendly and domestic. 

2642
02:27:08,700 --> 02:27:09,900
Slight where it's still 
available. 

2643
02:27:09,900 --> 02:27:14,400
Flickers slightly creating 
moving Shadows that some fine 

2644
02:27:14,400 --> 02:27:18,900
nostalgic and others find eerie.
Candles produced beautiful 

2645
02:27:18,900 --> 02:27:23,500
light, but require attention. 
Someone must trim Wix watch for 

2646
02:27:23,500 --> 02:27:28,200
drips and ensure nothing catches
fire oil, lamps smell 

2647
02:27:28,200 --> 02:27:30,700
distinctive. 
A petroleum scent. 

2648
02:27:30,700 --> 02:27:33,700
That becomes associated with 
winter, evening's and the 

2649
02:27:33,700 --> 02:27:36,500
crackle of the wireless. 
Mealtimes. 

2650
02:27:36,500 --> 02:27:40,400
Adjust to the blackouts rhythms 
dinner happens early while 

2651
02:27:40,400 --> 02:27:43,200
natural light still assists with
cooking and table setting. 

2652
02:27:44,100 --> 02:27:47,800
The ritual of evening tea, 
shifts backward, 2 or transforms

2653
02:27:47,800 --> 02:27:50,700
into a simpler Affair taking in 
dimly lit rooms. 

2654
02:27:51,500 --> 02:27:54,000
Some families find themselves, 
eating more cold meals in the 

2655
02:27:54,008 --> 02:27:57,600
evening, voiding the complexity 
of cooking, and reduced light, 

2656
02:27:57,600 --> 02:28:01,800
and making do with sandwiches 
left over Pi cheese and 

2657
02:28:01,800 --> 02:28:04,000
crackers. 
Yet, there's an increased 

2658
02:28:04,000 --> 02:28:06,000
emphasis on making evening 
meals, special. 

2659
02:28:06,800 --> 02:28:09,800
A conscious effort to maintain 
normalcy and comfort, despite 

2660
02:28:09,800 --> 02:28:13,600
the circumstances mothers and 
wives, take extra care with 

2661
02:28:13,600 --> 02:28:16,300
presentation, setting tables 
nicely. 

2662
02:28:16,300 --> 02:28:20,300
Even if the dining room is dim 
using Good China and creating 

2663
02:28:20,308 --> 02:28:23,600
small, ceremonies that assert 
civilizations continuity. 

2664
02:28:24,900 --> 02:28:28,900
These gestures matter more than 
they might seem their acts of 

2665
02:28:28,900 --> 02:28:32,100
resistance against the 
disruption declarations that 

2666
02:28:32,100 --> 02:28:35,400
ordinary life, persists, despite
extraordinary circumstances 

2667
02:28:35,400 --> 02:28:39,400
after dinner families gathered 
together, more than they might 

2668
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:42,100
have. 
Before with fewer options, for 

2669
02:28:42,100 --> 02:28:45,600
individual entertainment with 
Darkness, making it impractical 

2670
02:28:45,600 --> 02:28:48,100
to pursue separate activities in
different rooms. 

2671
02:28:48,100 --> 02:28:51,000
People, congregate in the best 
lit space. 

2672
02:28:51,000 --> 02:28:55,200
Usually, the city room or 
kitchen, this enforced 

2673
02:28:55,200 --> 02:28:58,900
togetherness recreates patterns 
of family life from early eras 

2674
02:28:58,900 --> 02:29:02,900
before electric light allowed 
household members to scatter to 

2675
02:29:02,900 --> 02:29:05,800
different rooms pursuing 
individual interests, the 

2676
02:29:05,800 --> 02:29:09,600
wireless becomes, the evening's 
focal point, his dial glowing, 

2677
02:29:09,600 --> 02:29:13,200
like a small campfire Gathering 
the family around its broadcast 

2678
02:29:13,200 --> 02:29:18,200
voices, Program structure the 
evening, the news at 9, followed

2679
02:29:18,200 --> 02:29:21,400
by entertainment, then perhaps 
music before bed. 

2680
02:29:22,200 --> 02:29:26,200
Listening becomes a communal 
activity, something shared, and 

2681
02:29:26,200 --> 02:29:28,800
discussed with reactions. 
Exchanged in real time. 

2682
02:29:29,600 --> 02:29:33,400
When something funny happens in 
a comedy programme, the family's

2683
02:29:33,400 --> 02:29:35,300
laughter mingles together in the
dim room. 

2684
02:29:35,300 --> 02:29:39,200
Creating a shared memory. 
A small moment of Joy amidst 

2685
02:29:39,200 --> 02:29:43,100
anxiety. 
Games and puzzles experienced a 

2686
02:29:43,100 --> 02:29:47,200
Renaissance families, bring out 
jigsaws card decks and board 

2687
02:29:47,200 --> 02:29:49,500
games that have been Gathering 
dust and cupboards. 

2688
02:29:50,400 --> 02:29:53,200
These activities work. 
Well, in dim, light and 

2689
02:29:53,200 --> 02:29:55,000
accommodate multiple 
participants. 

2690
02:29:55,000 --> 02:29:58,300
The social Dynamic shifts during
gameplay. 

2691
02:29:58,300 --> 02:30:02,600
Hierarchies flattened children 
can be at adults through luck or

2692
02:30:02,600 --> 02:30:05,800
skill and everyone participates 
on more equal terms. 

2693
02:30:06,900 --> 02:30:09,400
These evening game sessions, 
create their own satisfaction, 

2694
02:30:09,400 --> 02:30:13,100
Simple Pleasures, that don't 
require technology or 

2695
02:30:13,100 --> 02:30:16,100
brightness. 
Conversation too becomes more 

2696
02:30:16,100 --> 02:30:19,700
Central to family life. 
Without the visual stimulation 

2697
02:30:19,700 --> 02:30:21,600
of bright rooms and varied 
activities. 

2698
02:30:21,600 --> 02:30:26,700
People talk more, tell stories 
and share their days in Greater 

2699
02:30:26,700 --> 02:30:29,200
detail. 
Parents discuss these things 

2700
02:30:29,208 --> 02:30:31,500
with children that might 
normally be postponed or 

2701
02:30:31,500 --> 02:30:34,500
abbreviated. 
Siblings who might typically 

2702
02:30:34,500 --> 02:30:37,000
ignore each other in favor of 
separate Pursuits. 

2703
02:30:37,000 --> 02:30:40,400
Find themselves. 
Actually conversing getting to 

2704
02:30:40,400 --> 02:30:43,800
know each other better in these 
enforced periods of proximity. 

2705
02:30:44,700 --> 02:30:48,900
Reading aloud becomes a nightly 
ritual in many households father

2706
02:30:48,900 --> 02:30:51,700
might read from the evening 
paper, sharing news and 

2707
02:30:51,700 --> 02:30:54,100
editorials sometimes with 
commentary. 

2708
02:30:54,800 --> 02:30:58,100
Mother might read from novels 
performing different voices for 

2709
02:30:58,100 --> 02:31:01,000
different characters creating 
entertainment that doesn't 

2710
02:31:01,000 --> 02:31:05,000
require visual props. 
Older children might take turns 

2711
02:31:05,000 --> 02:31:07,900
reading developing their 
expression and comfort with 

2712
02:31:07,900 --> 02:31:11,000
performance. 
These sessions revive an oral 

2713
02:31:11,000 --> 02:31:14,500
tradition that have been fading 
turning literature back into 

2714
02:31:14,500 --> 02:31:18,200
something, communal rather than 
solitary. bedtime routine, 

2715
02:31:18,200 --> 02:31:22,400
simplify in some ways without 
Bright Lights, the natural 

2716
02:31:22,400 --> 02:31:25,400
drowsiness that comes with 
Darkness isn't artificially 

2717
02:31:25,400 --> 02:31:29,400
suppressed, Children. 
Get sleepier their circadian 

2718
02:31:29,400 --> 02:31:32,600
rhythms responding to 
environmental cues that electric

2719
02:31:32,600 --> 02:31:36,300
light normally overrides. 
Parents find it easier to get 

2720
02:31:36,300 --> 02:31:38,900
little ones to bed when the 
whole house is already dim and 

2721
02:31:38,900 --> 02:31:41,200
quiet. 
When there's not much exciting 

2722
02:31:41,200 --> 02:31:44,400
happening to miss. 
But the darkness also 

2723
02:31:44,400 --> 02:31:48,200
introduces, new nighttime fears,
especially for children. 

2724
02:31:49,300 --> 02:31:52,500
Shadows in a dimly lit. 
Bedroom, seem deeper more 

2725
02:31:52,500 --> 02:31:56,000
ominous. 
The usual reassurance of there's

2726
02:31:56,000 --> 02:31:59,700
nothing there becomes harder to 
verify when you actually can't 

2727
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:03,700
see into corners and closets. 
Some parents leave candles 

2728
02:32:03,700 --> 02:32:07,300
burning accepting the fire risk 
as preferable to Childhood 

2729
02:32:07,300 --> 02:32:10,200
Terror. 
Others develop new bed time, 

2730
02:32:10,200 --> 02:32:13,900
rituals longer tucking in 
sessions stories told. 

2731
02:32:13,900 --> 02:32:17,400
In soothing tones and songs 
hummed and until sleep arrives. 

2732
02:32:18,500 --> 02:32:20,900
For parents themselves, the 
blackout creates its own 

2733
02:32:20,900 --> 02:32:24,100
intimacy and distance once 
children are asleep. 

2734
02:32:24,100 --> 02:32:26,700
Couple have the evening to 
themselves in ways, they might 

2735
02:32:26,700 --> 02:32:29,600
not have before. 
When evening activities, might 

2736
02:32:29,600 --> 02:32:32,400
scatter family members to vary 
entertainments? 

2737
02:32:33,700 --> 02:32:37,200
Yet the darkness and quiet also 
emphasized their isolation. 

2738
02:32:38,100 --> 02:32:40,900
Two people in a sealed house on 
a dark and Street. 

2739
02:32:41,600 --> 02:32:44,200
Living Through History without 
knowing how the story ends. 

2740
02:32:45,300 --> 02:32:48,300
Some couples use this time for 
serious conversations, that 

2741
02:32:48,300 --> 02:32:51,700
daylight and distraction had 
allowed them to postpone 

2742
02:32:51,700 --> 02:32:55,400
discussion about money about 
plans, for possible of 

2743
02:32:55,408 --> 02:32:59,600
evacuation about fears and 
hopes, and about what they'll do

2744
02:32:59,600 --> 02:33:04,000
if the war intensifies. 
Other couples deliberately avoid

2745
02:33:04,000 --> 02:33:07,400
heavy topics preferring to 
maintain lightness, to protect 

2746
02:33:07,400 --> 02:33:09,800
their evening hours as refugees 
from worry. 

2747
02:33:10,700 --> 02:33:15,400
They play cards, listen to music
and simply sit together in 

2748
02:33:15,400 --> 02:33:18,900
comfortable silence, taking 
comfort from physical proximity.

2749
02:33:20,100 --> 02:33:22,500
The blackout effects married 
life in unexpected. 

2750
02:33:22,500 --> 02:33:25,400
Ways the darkness provides 
privacy. 

2751
02:33:25,400 --> 02:33:28,500
Even in homes, with thin walls 
and multiple inhabitants 

2752
02:33:28,500 --> 02:33:32,300
intimacy becomes easier when 
visual privacy is assured. 

2753
02:33:32,300 --> 02:33:36,600
When darkness guarantees 
discretion Some couples find 

2754
02:33:36,600 --> 02:33:40,100
their relationships strengthened
by the enforced closeness and 

2755
02:33:40,100 --> 02:33:42,700
the shared experience of 
adapting to strange 

2756
02:33:42,700 --> 02:33:46,800
circumstances. others, find the 
proximity without Escape, 

2757
02:33:46,800 --> 02:33:50,100
grating, the inability to 
retreat into separate 

2758
02:33:50,100 --> 02:33:53,800
activities, creating friction 
that might otherwise dissipate 

2759
02:33:54,600 --> 02:33:57,800
Elderly family members often 
living with their adult children

2760
02:33:57,800 --> 02:34:01,600
face particular challenges. 
Many older people have always 

2761
02:34:01,600 --> 02:34:05,300
relied heavily on visual cues 
and the reduction in light makes

2762
02:34:05,300 --> 02:34:09,200
everything harder reading 
knitting, even just moving 

2763
02:34:09,200 --> 02:34:12,400
around the house safely, 
Families must decide how to 

2764
02:34:12,408 --> 02:34:15,600
balance their Elders needs for 
light with blackout requirements

2765
02:34:15,600 --> 02:34:20,600
and conservation concerns. 
Compromises emerge, brighter 

2766
02:34:20,600 --> 02:34:23,300
lights, and grandmother's room, 
even if the rest of the house 

2767
02:34:23,300 --> 02:34:26,200
remains dim. 
Extra candles placed 

2768
02:34:26,200 --> 02:34:30,000
strategically more assistance 
with evening tasks that Darkness

2769
02:34:30,000 --> 02:34:33,400
makes difficult. 
The blackout also reveals class 

2770
02:34:33,400 --> 02:34:37,000
differences in domestic 
experience, wealthier, families 

2771
02:34:37,000 --> 02:34:40,800
can afford heavier, curtains, 
better, blackout materials, and 

2772
02:34:40,800 --> 02:34:44,100
perhaps even specially designed 
blackout systems with multiple 

2773
02:34:44,100 --> 02:34:46,500
layers. 
Their homes might have more 

2774
02:34:46,500 --> 02:34:50,000
rooms allowing family members 
more privacy, despite the 

2775
02:34:50,000 --> 02:34:53,900
enforced evening togetherness. 
They might maintain closer to 

2776
02:34:53,900 --> 02:34:56,400
normal lighting levels, 
considering the extra 

2777
02:34:56,400 --> 02:34:59,300
electricity expense and 
acceptable cost for comfort. 

2778
02:35:00,300 --> 02:35:04,000
Working class families make do 
with cheaper Solutions, blankets

2779
02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:08,700
nailed over Windows newspaper 
pasted to Glass and curtains 

2780
02:35:08,700 --> 02:35:10,800
sewn from whatever fabric could 
be afforded. 

2781
02:35:11,800 --> 02:35:16,000
Smaller homes mean less privacy.
More enforced, proximity and 

2782
02:35:16,000 --> 02:35:18,900
everyone living in each other's 
Pockets even more than usual. 

2783
02:35:19,900 --> 02:35:22,700
Economies in lighting hit harder
when you're already budgeting 

2784
02:35:22,700 --> 02:35:26,100
carefully for every shilling. 
Yet, there's a democratizing 

2785
02:35:26,100 --> 02:35:28,500
element, too rich and poor 
alike. 

2786
02:35:28,500 --> 02:35:32,000
Must darken their homes, the 
Duke, and his mansion, and the 

2787
02:35:32,000 --> 02:35:35,300
docker in his Terrace row. 
Both spend their evening's in 

2788
02:35:35,300 --> 02:35:39,400
dimmed rooms, both must navigate
the same dark and streets. 

2789
02:35:40,500 --> 02:35:43,600
The blackout is one of the few 
wartime measures that truly 

2790
02:35:43,600 --> 02:35:45,700
applies equally across social 
strata. 

2791
02:35:46,400 --> 02:35:50,100
Creating a rare moment of shared
experience across class lines. 

2792
02:35:51,200 --> 02:35:56,100
As 1939 turns into 1940 and the 
blackout continues month after 

2793
02:35:56,100 --> 02:35:58,900
month. 
Something remarkable happens. 

2794
02:35:58,900 --> 02:36:01,800
People stop thinking about it 
quite so much. 

2795
02:36:01,800 --> 02:36:05,100
The extraordinary becomes 
ordinary through sheer 

2796
02:36:05,100 --> 02:36:09,200
repetition. the nightly ritual 
of darkening, Windows transforms

2797
02:36:09,200 --> 02:36:12,700
from a conscious process into a 
habit, Formed with the 

2798
02:36:12,708 --> 02:36:16,100
automaticity of brushing teeth 
or locking doors. 

2799
02:36:17,100 --> 02:36:20,700
Innovations, accumulate, small 
improvements that collectively 

2800
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:22,200
make the darkness more 
manageable. 

2801
02:36:22,900 --> 02:36:25,900
Enterprise in individuals, 
develop gadgets and solutions 

2802
02:36:25,900 --> 02:36:28,700
that spread through communities 
like helpful folklore. 

2803
02:36:29,400 --> 02:36:32,500
Someone discovers that painting 
steroids with luminous paint 

2804
02:36:32,500 --> 02:36:37,400
makes them safer to navigate. 
The idea spreads and soon 

2805
02:36:37,400 --> 02:36:40,500
glowing starring stairs. 
Become common little safety 

2806
02:36:40,500 --> 02:36:44,800
features that cost pennies but 
prevent countless Falls, Shops. 

2807
02:36:44,800 --> 02:36:49,000
Begin selling specially designed
blackout accessories torches 

2808
02:36:49,000 --> 02:36:51,100
with narrow beams and red 
filters. 

2809
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:53,900
That supposedly don't compromise
night vision. 

2810
02:36:54,700 --> 02:36:58,700
Reflective armbands and badges 
for pedestrians luminous 

2811
02:36:58,700 --> 02:37:00,700
buttons. 
That can be sewn onto coats. 

2812
02:37:01,300 --> 02:37:05,300
White painted walking sticks, 
the commercial World adapts to 

2813
02:37:05,300 --> 02:37:09,200
serve the dark and consumer 
finding profit even in darkness.

2814
02:37:10,000 --> 02:37:12,800
Fashion truly Embraces. 
The blackout aesthetic 

2815
02:37:12,800 --> 02:37:15,700
designers, create clothing with 
safety features. 

2816
02:37:15,700 --> 02:37:20,500
Built in white piping on dark 
coats, reflective threads, woven

2817
02:37:20,500 --> 02:37:24,000
into fabrics and light colored 
accessories that serve the Dual 

2818
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:28,600
purposes of style and visibility
women's magazines run features 

2819
02:37:28,600 --> 02:37:32,700
on Blackout Beauty suggesting 
makeup and hairstyles suited to 

2820
02:37:32,700 --> 02:37:35,800
dim lighting. 
The advice is practical and 

2821
02:37:35,800 --> 02:37:39,700
sometimes, absurd, lighter face 
powder is recommended because 

2822
02:37:39,700 --> 02:37:42,700
it's more visible. 
While dark lipstick is warned. 

2823
02:37:42,700 --> 02:37:45,700
Again, lest you become a pair of
disembodied, lips, floating in 

2824
02:37:45,700 --> 02:37:48,300
the darkness restaurants and 
pubs develop. 

2825
02:37:48,300 --> 02:37:51,800
Elaborate workarounds for the 
blackout, restrictions some 

2826
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:54,500
establishments paint their 
Windows opaque black. 

2827
02:37:54,500 --> 02:37:58,300
But in stalled, elaborate 
interior, lighting, creating 

2828
02:37:58,300 --> 02:38:02,400
spaces that feel almost normal. 
Once you're inside others 

2829
02:38:02,400 --> 02:38:06,100
embrace the dimness installing 
red or blue lights that create 

2830
02:38:06,100 --> 02:38:08,800
atmospheric spaces. 
While technically complying with

2831
02:38:08,800 --> 02:38:12,800
regulations nightclubs, in 
particular find that dim 

2832
02:38:12,800 --> 02:38:16,400
lighting can be romantic or 
mysterious transforming a 

2833
02:38:16,400 --> 02:38:19,500
restriction into a feature. 
The entertainment industry 

2834
02:38:19,500 --> 02:38:23,600
becomes increasingly creative 
Cinemas develop complex 

2835
02:38:23,600 --> 02:38:27,500
procedures for seating people in
darkness ushers with covered 

2836
02:38:27,500 --> 02:38:30,400
torches. 
Luminous floor markers and 

2837
02:38:30,400 --> 02:38:33,800
spaced entry times to prevent 
traffic jams in the lightless 

2838
02:38:33,800 --> 02:38:36,800
Isles. 
Some theaters experiment with 

2839
02:38:36,800 --> 02:38:40,300
matinee, only schedules 
accepting reduced evening 

2840
02:38:40,300 --> 02:38:43,300
business rather than dealing 
with blackout complications. 

2841
02:38:44,000 --> 02:38:47,300
Others Thrive precisely because 
they offer brightest escapism 

2842
02:38:47,300 --> 02:38:49,100
inside. 
While maintaining complete 

2843
02:38:49,100 --> 02:38:53,600
darkness outside radio programs 
evolved to suit their audiences 

2844
02:38:53,600 --> 02:38:57,800
circumstances content, become 
more domestic more suited to 

2845
02:38:57,800 --> 02:39:01,200
family, listening in dimmed 
rooms, comedy programs, 

2846
02:39:01,200 --> 02:39:05,400
emphasize verbal humor, over 
visual gags, dramas rely on 

2847
02:39:05,400 --> 02:39:09,100
sound effects and voice acting 
to create Vivid mental images. 

2848
02:39:10,100 --> 02:39:13,100
The BBC becomes increasingly 
sophisticated in its 

2849
02:39:13,100 --> 02:39:16,500
understanding of how to create 
entertainment for a population 

2850
02:39:16,500 --> 02:39:21,800
city in the dark unable to do 
much else besides listen. local 

2851
02:39:21,800 --> 02:39:25,800
communities, develop Collective,
coping strategies neighborhoods,

2852
02:39:25,800 --> 02:39:29,500
organized blackout socials 
Gathering where people can meet 

2853
02:39:29,500 --> 02:39:33,800
and commingled despite the 
darkness Churches, host, evening

2854
02:39:33,800 --> 02:39:35,800
services that become social 
events. 

2855
02:39:35,800 --> 02:39:39,500
As much as religious ones, 
providing both spiritual comfort

2856
02:39:39,500 --> 02:39:43,000
and human connection. 
Community centers run 

2857
02:39:43,000 --> 02:39:45,800
activities, specifically 
designed for low-light 

2858
02:39:45,800 --> 02:39:49,000
conditions. 
Music sessions discussion groups

2859
02:39:49,000 --> 02:39:51,800
and Collective listening to 
important broadcasts. 

2860
02:39:52,600 --> 02:39:55,200
Street communities become more 
tight-knit through the shared 

2861
02:39:55,200 --> 02:39:57,900
experience. 
Neighbors, who might previously 

2862
02:39:57,900 --> 02:40:00,000
have exchanged only perfunctory 
greetings? 

2863
02:40:00,000 --> 02:40:03,500
Now check on each other help 
each other with blackout 

2864
02:40:03,500 --> 02:40:06,000
preparations and share 
resources, and solutions. 

2865
02:40:06,000 --> 02:40:09,500
The darkness creates a kind of 
Frontier mentality. 

2866
02:40:10,700 --> 02:40:12,100
Sense that you are all in this 
together. 

2867
02:40:12,100 --> 02:40:16,700
Facing common challenges that 
require Mutual support Children 

2868
02:40:16,700 --> 02:40:19,800
remarkably resilient turn the 
blackout into play. 

2869
02:40:20,700 --> 02:40:24,600
They invent games suited to 
Darkness, elaborate version of 

2870
02:40:24,600 --> 02:40:28,200
hide and seek treasure hunts. 
That rely on touch and sound, 

2871
02:40:28,200 --> 02:40:32,700
rather than sight and Theatrical
performance is put on in dimmed 

2872
02:40:32,700 --> 02:40:35,500
Grooms were imagination fills in
for visual spectacle. 

2873
02:40:36,700 --> 02:40:40,400
The blackout becomes normalized 
in their experience, not a 

2874
02:40:40,400 --> 02:40:44,000
temporary disruption but simply 
how the world works as natural 

2875
02:40:44,000 --> 02:40:46,300
as rain or school or Sunday 
roast. 

2876
02:40:47,200 --> 02:40:50,800
Teachers adapt, their lesson 
plans, incorporating blackout 

2877
02:40:50,800 --> 02:40:54,500
realities into education. 
Science classes discuss 

2878
02:40:54,500 --> 02:40:56,400
astronomy. 
With Newfound relevance 

2879
02:40:56,400 --> 02:40:59,000
students, can actually see what 
they're learning about. 

2880
02:41:00,600 --> 02:41:03,000
History lessons. 
Draw, parallels to Medieval 

2881
02:41:03,000 --> 02:41:05,500
life. 
Helping children understand that

2882
02:41:05,500 --> 02:41:08,200
most of human history occurred 
without electric light. 

2883
02:41:09,100 --> 02:41:13,600
Art classes experiment with low 
light media, charcoal drawings 

2884
02:41:13,600 --> 02:41:18,100
shadow puppets and projects that
work despite limited visibility.

2885
02:41:19,200 --> 02:41:21,500
Physical coordination improves 
across the population. 

2886
02:41:21,500 --> 02:41:25,100
As people, develop better, 
spatial awareness. your 

2887
02:41:25,100 --> 02:41:28,700
proprioception that internal 
sense of where your body is in 

2888
02:41:28,700 --> 02:41:34,300
space sharpens when visual input
becomes unreliable, People learn

2889
02:41:34,300 --> 02:41:38,500
to move more carefully, more 
consciously developing a kind of

2890
02:41:38,500 --> 02:41:41,900
bodily intelligence that Modern 
Life had allowed to atrophy. 

2891
02:41:43,300 --> 02:41:47,600
Simple Act of walking becomes 
more mindful, more present, and 

2892
02:41:47,600 --> 02:41:50,100
less the unconscious automatic 
process. 

2893
02:41:50,100 --> 02:41:54,500
It had been health effects 
emerge, both positive and 

2894
02:41:54,500 --> 02:41:58,300
negative accident rates from the
darkness remain elevated. 

2895
02:41:58,300 --> 02:42:02,300
People can continue to trip 
Collide and stumble into 

2896
02:42:02,300 --> 02:42:04,800
objects. 
But there are unexpected 

2897
02:42:04,800 --> 02:42:07,900
benefits, too. 
The early evening, schedules 

2898
02:42:07,900 --> 02:42:11,000
mean, people get more sleep and 
their circadian rhythms. 

2899
02:42:11,000 --> 02:42:13,500
Are more aligned with natural 
light, dark Cycles. 

2900
02:42:14,600 --> 02:42:16,700
The reduction in artificial 
light at night. 

2901
02:42:16,700 --> 02:42:19,200
Might be improving Sleep 
Quality, though. 

2902
02:42:19,200 --> 02:42:22,700
Nobody's conducting formal 
studies to verify this the 

2903
02:42:22,700 --> 02:42:25,900
enforced indoor evenings mean, 
less exposure to cold and damp 

2904
02:42:25,900 --> 02:42:28,900
for some potentially reducing 
winter illness. 

2905
02:42:29,700 --> 02:42:32,100
Seasonal variations in the 
blackout create different 

2906
02:42:32,100 --> 02:42:35,800
challenges and experiences, some
are evenings with their late 

2907
02:42:35,800 --> 02:42:38,800
sunsets, require short periods 
of blackout. 

2908
02:42:38,800 --> 02:42:40,700
Perhaps just three or four 
hours. 

2909
02:42:40,700 --> 02:42:45,800
People can enjoy long Twilights 
and extended time Outdoors while

2910
02:42:45,800 --> 02:42:49,700
it's still enough to see. 
Picnics and garden parties adapt

2911
02:42:49,700 --> 02:42:53,600
to early Escape Jewels wrapping 
up before Darkness makes them in

2912
02:42:53,600 --> 02:42:56,400
practical. 
But winter brings longer 

2913
02:42:56,400 --> 02:43:00,200
blackout periods, sometimes 16 
hours or more of required 

2914
02:43:00,200 --> 02:43:03,200
Darkness. 
The cycle weight of this is 

2915
02:43:03,200 --> 02:43:05,600
considerable, waking in 
darkness. 

2916
02:43:05,600 --> 02:43:09,800
Working through short, daylight 
hours, returning home to more 

2917
02:43:09,800 --> 02:43:13,300
Darkness. 
It feels oppressive endless. 

2918
02:43:14,200 --> 02:43:17,500
Seasonal affective disorder 
though not yet named or 

2919
02:43:17,500 --> 02:43:21,600
officially recognized. 
Surely affects many the lack of 

2920
02:43:21,600 --> 02:43:26,100
light combines with war anxiety 
to create periods of genuine, 

2921
02:43:26,100 --> 02:43:30,100
depression for some December 
1939. 

2922
02:43:30,100 --> 02:43:32,700
Brings the Blackout's first 
winter holiday season. 

2923
02:43:33,600 --> 02:43:35,400
Christmas presents unique 
challenges. 

2924
02:43:35,400 --> 02:43:39,600
How do you maintain festive 
cheer in compulsory Darkness 

2925
02:43:40,500 --> 02:43:43,500
Families rise to the challenge 
with determination that borders 

2926
02:43:43,500 --> 02:43:47,800
on defiance Christmas lights. 
Those strings of colored bulbs, 

2927
02:43:47,800 --> 02:43:51,100
that normally decorate windows, 
and trees must be abandoned or 

2928
02:43:51,100 --> 02:43:54,400
drastically modified. 
Some people crit, elaborate 

2929
02:43:54,400 --> 02:43:58,500
interior displays decorating 
trees in rooms with completely 

2930
02:43:58,500 --> 02:44:02,400
blacked out windows, creating 
private festivals of light that 

2931
02:44:02,400 --> 02:44:07,300
can't be seen from outside. 
Carol singing adapts to blackout

2932
02:44:07,300 --> 02:44:11,100
conditions groups, carry covered
lanterns as they move from house

2933
02:44:11,100 --> 02:44:15,400
to house their voices rising in 
the darkness creating moments of

2934
02:44:15,400 --> 02:44:18,500
beauty and connection. 
That feel more pressure for the 

2935
02:44:18,500 --> 02:44:21,900
surrounding Gloom. 
The ancient hymns about light 

2936
02:44:21,900 --> 02:44:24,500
coming into darkness, take on 
new residents. 

2937
02:44:25,400 --> 02:44:27,600
Silent Night, feels especially 
appropriate. 

2938
02:44:27,600 --> 02:44:30,700
When nights are so profoundly 
silent and dark. 

2939
02:44:31,600 --> 02:44:35,000
Gift-giving focuses on practical
items suited to blackout life, 

2940
02:44:35,000 --> 02:44:39,900
torches, luminous paint warm 
clothing and books for reading 

2941
02:44:39,900 --> 02:44:42,300
aloud. 
But there are frivolous gifts, 

2942
02:44:42,300 --> 02:44:44,400
too. 
Deliberate, assertions of 

2943
02:44:44,408 --> 02:44:48,700
normalcy and joy, despite 
circumstances dolls, and toys 

2944
02:44:48,700 --> 02:44:52,600
soldiers, for children, perfume,
and stockings for wives and 

2945
02:44:52,600 --> 02:44:54,600
pipes and tobacco. 
For husbands. 

2946
02:44:55,300 --> 02:44:59,400
These gestures matter enormously
small Defiance is against the 

2947
02:44:59,400 --> 02:45:02,800
wars restrictions declarations 
that life and pleasure can 

2948
02:45:02,800 --> 02:45:05,200
continue New Year's Eve, 
presents. 

2949
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:09,500
Its own strange circumstances, 
the traditional celebrations 

2950
02:45:09,500 --> 02:45:12,800
gathering in public squares, 
watching for midnight and the 

2951
02:45:12,800 --> 02:45:16,700
explosion of noise and light as 
the new era arrives must be 

2952
02:45:16,700 --> 02:45:19,700
reimagined. 
People celebrate in dark and 

2953
02:45:19,700 --> 02:45:23,800
homes, listening for church 
bells gathering around Wireless 

2954
02:45:23,800 --> 02:45:28,200
sets for special broadcasts. 
When midnight comes they might 

2955
02:45:28,200 --> 02:45:32,100
step out into darkness, hearing 
distant, voices, calling 

2956
02:45:32,100 --> 02:45:34,500
greetings. 
They cannot see feeling 

2957
02:45:34,500 --> 02:45:37,300
connected to Invisible 
neighbors, through sound alone. 

2958
02:45:38,500 --> 02:45:41,200
The turn to 1940 brings renewed 
determination. 

2959
02:45:42,500 --> 02:45:45,500
The blackout will continue but 
people have learned to live with

2960
02:45:45,500 --> 02:45:48,200
it. 
The initial shock has worn off 

2961
02:45:48,208 --> 02:45:51,200
replaced by practiced 
competence. 

2962
02:45:51,900 --> 02:45:55,000
You know, how to navigate your 
street in darkness, you know, 

2963
02:45:55,008 --> 02:45:57,600
how long your blackout 
preparations, take, you know, 

2964
02:45:57,608 --> 02:46:00,700
which activities work in dim 
light in which don't the 

2965
02:46:00,700 --> 02:46:04,400
learning curve has been climbed 
and what remains is simply 

2966
02:46:05,400 --> 02:46:07,800
persistence. 
The blackout continues through 

2967
02:46:07,800 --> 02:46:12,200
1940 and Beyond lasting in 
various forms until September. 

2968
02:46:12,200 --> 02:46:17,000
1944, when regulations finally 
relax as the threat of bombing 

2969
02:46:17,000 --> 02:46:21,000
diminishes, But even before 
official relaxation, the black 

2970
02:46:21,000 --> 02:46:23,100
out of volts and becomes less 
absolute. 

2971
02:46:24,200 --> 02:46:27,900
As military technology improves 
and bombing strategies change 

2972
02:46:27,900 --> 02:46:30,700
the strict requirements. 
Loosened slightly. 

2973
02:46:31,800 --> 02:46:34,400
Dim lights become permissible in
some circumstances. 

2974
02:46:35,500 --> 02:46:38,700
A complete darkness of those 
first months gradually lightened

2975
02:46:38,700 --> 02:46:43,300
to a more manageable glue. 
The first relaxation attentive 

2976
02:46:43,300 --> 02:46:47,000
almost apologetic. 
Regulations. 

2977
02:46:47,000 --> 02:46:49,700
Allow heavily shielded Street 
Lighting in some areas. 

2978
02:46:49,700 --> 02:46:53,900
Not the full illumination of 
pre-war years, but enough to 

2979
02:46:53,908 --> 02:46:57,200
prevent the worst accidents and 
to make navigation possible 

2980
02:46:57,200 --> 02:47:01,100
without constant hazard. 
These new lights, cast pools of 

2981
02:47:01,108 --> 02:47:05,400
dim Radiance that seemed 
extraordinarily bright after 

2982
02:47:05,400 --> 02:47:09,100
years of complete darkness. 
Even though they are actually 

2983
02:47:09,100 --> 02:47:11,000
quite faint by historical 
standards. 

2984
02:47:12,000 --> 02:47:15,200
People's reactions to these 
first returns of public lighting

2985
02:47:15,200 --> 02:47:19,500
reveal, how much the darkness 
has affected them, some feel 

2986
02:47:19,500 --> 02:47:22,500
immediate relief, an easing of 
tension, they hadn't quite 

2987
02:47:22,500 --> 02:47:25,900
realized they were carrying the 
simple ability to see where 

2988
02:47:25,900 --> 02:47:28,900
you're walking to recognize 
faces to orient yourself. 

2989
02:47:28,900 --> 02:47:33,500
Visually These feel like 
luxuries gifts restored after 

2990
02:47:33,500 --> 02:47:36,200
long deprivation. 
Others. 

2991
02:47:36,200 --> 02:47:38,400
Feel oddly uncomfortable with 
the lights return. 

2992
02:47:38,400 --> 02:47:42,800
After years of Darkness even 
dim, lighting can feel exposing 

2993
02:47:42,800 --> 02:47:45,300
and vulnerable. 
Some people have grown 

2994
02:47:45,300 --> 02:47:49,100
accustomed to the anonymity that
Darkness provides the sense of 

2995
02:47:49,100 --> 02:47:51,500
being on seen as you move 
through public spaces. 

2996
02:47:52,300 --> 02:47:55,700
The return of light. 
However, faint removes that 

2997
02:47:55,700 --> 02:47:59,100
protective invisibility. 
The gradual restoration 

2998
02:47:59,100 --> 02:48:03,500
progresses through 1944 as 
allied forces, push across 

2999
02:48:03,500 --> 02:48:05,500
Europe and the threat to 
Britain. 

3000
02:48:05,500 --> 02:48:10,800
Recedes. more lights, return 
regulations, relax further and 

3001
02:48:10,800 --> 02:48:14,000
the familiar glow of evening 
civilization begins to rebuild 

3002
02:48:15,100 --> 02:48:18,900
Shop Windows light up first, 
just modestly but enough to 

3003
02:48:18,900 --> 02:48:21,400
display goods and to create 
welcoming spaces. 

3004
02:48:22,400 --> 02:48:25,100
Then Street lamps return to more
normal operation. 

3005
02:48:25,100 --> 02:48:26,400
They're familiar. 
Yellow. 

3006
02:48:26,400 --> 02:48:29,000
Orange, light painting 
Pavements, and facades. 

3007
02:48:29,800 --> 02:48:31,400
For those who remember the 
change. 

3008
02:48:31,400 --> 02:48:34,100
And by this point, young 
children have lived their entire

3009
02:48:34,100 --> 02:48:36,100
conscious lives under blackout 
conditions. 

3010
02:48:36,100 --> 02:48:41,400
The restoration of light feels 
almost magical treats that had 

3011
02:48:41,400 --> 02:48:44,400
been navigated by memory and 
faiths suddenly reveal 

3012
02:48:44,400 --> 02:48:47,500
themselves in detail. 
Building show their full 

3013
02:48:47,500 --> 02:48:51,500
architectural character. 
Faces become readable from a 

3014
02:48:51,500 --> 02:48:54,700
distance, the urban landscape 
recovers, its visible 

3015
02:48:54,700 --> 02:48:57,700
complexity. 
The psychological impact of 

3016
02:48:57,700 --> 02:49:00,800
restored, lighting is profound 
and multifaceted. 

3017
02:49:01,500 --> 02:49:05,700
They're certainly celebration 
relief and joy at this tangible 

3018
02:49:05,700 --> 02:49:08,700
of the wars. 
Waning But there's also a 

3019
02:49:08,700 --> 02:49:12,700
strange sadness and unexpected 
Nostalgia for something that 

3020
02:49:12,700 --> 02:49:14,900
everyone complained about 
constantly, while it was 

3021
02:49:14,908 --> 02:49:18,000
happening. 
The blackout years for all their

3022
02:49:18,000 --> 02:49:21,800
difficulty. 
Created a kind of Fellowship, a 

3023
02:49:21,800 --> 02:49:25,300
shared experience that had bound
communities together. 

3024
02:49:26,200 --> 02:49:29,300
With the return of light comes 
the return of normal, Urban 

3025
02:49:29,300 --> 02:49:33,600
anonymity, the dissolution of 
that intense Mutual dependence. 

3026
02:49:34,300 --> 02:49:37,200
Some of the Innovations and 
adaptations developed during the

3027
02:49:37,200 --> 02:49:40,900
blackout persist even after 
they're no longer necessary. 

3028
02:49:41,800 --> 02:49:44,800
People who learn to navigate by 
sound and memory retain those 

3029
02:49:44,800 --> 02:49:47,300
skills. 
Families, who discovered they 

3030
02:49:47,300 --> 02:49:49,300
enjoyed evening read aloud 
sessions. 

3031
02:49:49,300 --> 02:49:52,000
Continue them even when bright 
lights would permit individual 

3032
02:49:52,000 --> 02:49:54,500
reading. 
Communities that Drew together 

3033
02:49:54,500 --> 02:49:56,900
in darkness, maintain some of 
that closeness. 

3034
02:49:56,900 --> 02:50:00,800
Those relationships that formed 
during shared difficulty. 

3035
02:50:01,800 --> 02:50:05,400
physical traces of the blackout,
persist too, white painted, 

3036
02:50:05,400 --> 02:50:08,900
curbs and tree trunks remain 
their purpose of sleep, but 

3037
02:50:08,900 --> 02:50:12,600
their present continuing 
blackout curtains, stay up in 

3038
02:50:12,600 --> 02:50:15,600
many homes. 
Why take them down when they're 

3039
02:50:15,600 --> 02:50:18,400
already installed when they 
useful for privacy? 

3040
02:50:18,400 --> 02:50:20,700
When there are reminders of 
survival? 

3041
02:50:22,000 --> 02:50:25,000
Architectural features designed 
for the blackout era. 

3042
02:50:25,000 --> 02:50:28,700
Those double door entries on 
pubs the carefully. 

3043
02:50:28,700 --> 02:50:32,400
Positioned lighting fixtures 
remain as fossils of a 

3044
02:50:32,400 --> 02:50:35,900
particular historical moment. 
Ecological effects of the 

3045
02:50:35,900 --> 02:50:39,300
blackout years, gradually 
reverse as artificial light 

3046
02:50:39,300 --> 02:50:42,100
Returns the night sky slowly 
disappears. 

3047
02:50:42,100 --> 02:50:44,600
Again behind its veil of urban 
globe. 

3048
02:50:45,300 --> 02:50:48,500
The Stars fade from Easy 
visibility the Milky Way 

3049
02:50:48,500 --> 02:50:52,500
withdraws, the darkness that had
revealed Celestial beauty is 

3050
02:50:52,500 --> 02:50:54,300
pushed back by human 
illumination. 

3051
02:50:55,100 --> 02:50:56,700
Some people mourn. 
This loss. 

3052
02:50:56,700 --> 02:51:00,000
Realizing that the black-out had
given them a gift, they'll never

3053
02:51:00,000 --> 02:51:02,500
receive. 
Again the regular sight of the 

3054
02:51:02,508 --> 02:51:06,000
universe, their heads, the 
generation that lived through 

3055
02:51:06,000 --> 02:51:09,000
the blackout carries memories, 
that shape their relationship 

3056
02:51:09,000 --> 02:51:11,500
with light and darkness for the 
rest of their lives. 

3057
02:51:12,300 --> 02:51:14,800
Those who were children during 
the blackout often. 

3058
02:51:14,800 --> 02:51:18,100
Develop, either a strong 
preference for Darkness finding 

3059
02:51:18,100 --> 02:51:19,700
comfort in the nighttime 
environment. 

3060
02:51:19,700 --> 02:51:23,000
They knew as children or an 
equally strong preference, for 

3061
02:51:23,000 --> 02:51:27,300
abundant light, A kind of 
overcompensation for years of 

3062
02:51:27,300 --> 02:51:31,500
enforced dimness. 
The blackout leaves, its mark on

3063
02:51:31,500 --> 02:51:35,500
British culture in subtle ways, 
a certain comfort with dimmer 

3064
02:51:35,500 --> 02:51:39,700
lighting persists British homes 
and public spaces 10 toward more

3065
02:51:39,700 --> 02:51:42,300
modest illumination than their 
American counterparts. 

3066
02:51:43,800 --> 02:51:46,100
If Prince that may Trace 
partially to this period of 

3067
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:50,100
enforced, Darkness, the idea 
that too much light is wasteful 

3068
02:51:50,100 --> 02:51:54,100
even slightly vulgar becomes 
embedded in aesthetic sense of 

3069
02:51:54,100 --> 02:51:56,800
sensibility. 
The historical memory of the 

3070
02:51:56,800 --> 02:51:58,900
blackout carries multiple 
meanings. 

3071
02:51:58,900 --> 02:52:02,900
It becomes a symbol of British 
resilience of the homefront 

3072
02:52:02,900 --> 02:52:05,500
contribution, to the war effort 
and of collective. 

3073
02:52:05,500 --> 02:52:09,800
Sacrifice for a common cause 
politicians and cultural 

3074
02:52:09,800 --> 02:52:13,600
commentators invoke the blackout
as an example of what a society 

3075
02:52:13,600 --> 02:52:17,400
can endure when properly 
motivated when United by shared 

3076
02:52:17,400 --> 02:52:21,800
purpose, but the blackout also 
serves as a reminder of Wars 

3077
02:52:21,800 --> 02:52:25,500
intrusion into civilian life of 
how conflict transforms ordinary

3078
02:52:25,500 --> 02:52:29,500
existence in ways, both large 
and small. it demonstrates that 

3079
02:52:29,500 --> 02:52:33,400
Warfare is not just distant 
battles fought by soldiers, but 

3080
02:52:33,400 --> 02:52:36,900
also the accumulated, small 
deprivations and adjustments 

3081
02:52:36,900 --> 02:52:40,900
that everyone must make the 
nightly ritual of darkening, 

3082
02:52:40,900 --> 02:52:45,200
Windows, the cautious navigation
of familiar streets and the 

3083
02:52:45,200 --> 02:52:48,100
adaptation of every evening 
routine to accommodate the 

3084
02:52:48,100 --> 02:52:51,700
absence of light. 
For modern observers, the 

3085
02:52:51,700 --> 02:52:55,200
blackout offers A peculiar 
window into a world that 

3086
02:52:55,200 --> 02:52:57,900
simultaneously recognizable and 
alien. 

3087
02:52:58,800 --> 02:53:03,800
The Britain of 1939 had 
electricity radio, Automobiles 

3088
02:53:03,800 --> 02:53:08,300
and Cinema all the technological
fixtures of Modern Life. 

3089
02:53:09,200 --> 02:53:13,300
Yet the deliberate removal of 
just one element artificial 

3090
02:53:13,300 --> 02:53:17,300
light after dark. 
Transformed daily experience. 

3091
02:53:17,300 --> 02:53:20,300
In ways that connected people 
backward to pre-industrial, 

3092
02:53:20,300 --> 02:53:22,700
patterns of living. 
There's something almost 

3093
02:53:22,700 --> 02:53:25,700
meditative about contemplating 
the blackout years. 

3094
02:53:25,700 --> 02:53:29,500
This period, when millions of 
people deliberately darken their

3095
02:53:29,508 --> 02:53:35,000
world sitting in dimmed rooms, 
navigating shadowed streets and 

3096
02:53:35,000 --> 02:53:38,700
learning to experience their 
environment through senses other

3097
02:53:38,700 --> 02:53:44,300
than sight, In our current ERA 
of constant illumination, when 

3098
02:53:44,300 --> 02:53:48,100
light pollution is so pervasive 
that many children grow up, 

3099
02:53:48,100 --> 02:53:52,300
never seeing the Milky Way when 
cities glow so brightly that 

3100
02:53:52,300 --> 02:53:55,500
their visible from space. 
There's something oddly 

3101
02:53:55,500 --> 02:53:58,500
appealing about this historical 
moment of chosen Darkness. 

3102
02:53:59,900 --> 02:54:02,500
The blackout reminds us that our
relationship with light and 

3103
02:54:02,500 --> 02:54:06,600
darkness is not fixed or natural
but historically constructed 

3104
02:54:06,600 --> 02:54:11,400
shaped by technology, regulation
and social practice. 

3105
02:54:12,400 --> 02:54:15,100
For most of human history, 
Darkness was inevitable. 

3106
02:54:15,800 --> 02:54:19,200
You made the best light you 
could with fire or oil, but 

3107
02:54:19,200 --> 02:54:23,900
ultimately night meant Darkness.
Electric light changed, this 

3108
02:54:23,900 --> 02:54:27,700
pushing Darkness, back and 
extending the day artificially. 

3109
02:54:29,200 --> 02:54:33,100
The blackout briefly reversed 
this transformation restoring 

3110
02:54:33,100 --> 02:54:35,700
Darkness not through 
technological failure. 

3111
02:54:36,400 --> 02:54:39,500
Through deliberate choice. 
As you lie here. 

3112
02:54:39,500 --> 02:54:43,700
Now, warm and comfortable in a 
room where light is available at

3113
02:54:43,700 --> 02:54:46,700
the flick of a switch. 
It's worth contemplating. 

3114
02:54:46,700 --> 02:54:50,100
What the blackout reveals about 
human adaptability and 

3115
02:54:50,100 --> 02:54:53,500
resilience. 
The people of Britain in 1939 

3116
02:54:53,500 --> 02:54:55,100
didn't know how long the war 
would last. 

3117
02:54:56,000 --> 02:54:59,300
Whether the blackout would be 
needed for weeks or years or 

3118
02:54:59,300 --> 02:55:02,700
whether they are cities would 
survive or be destroyed yet they

3119
02:55:02,700 --> 02:55:06,200
adapted persevered and found 
moments of beauty and 

3120
02:55:06,200 --> 02:55:08,200
connection. 
Amidst the enforced Darkness. 

3121
02:55:09,300 --> 02:55:12,200
The blackout demonstrates 
something essential about human 

3122
02:55:12,200 --> 02:55:16,500
communities that we can endure 
significant disruption to normal

3123
02:55:16,500 --> 02:55:20,300
life when we understand the 
purpose behind it, when we 

3124
02:55:20,300 --> 02:55:23,100
believe we're contributing to 
something larger than our 

3125
02:55:23,100 --> 02:55:27,200
individual comfort. 
The nightly ritual of darkening 

3126
02:55:27,200 --> 02:55:29,200
Windows became a form of 
participation. 

3127
02:55:30,400 --> 02:55:33,900
A tangible action that connected
each household the national 

3128
02:55:33,900 --> 02:55:36,600
effort. 
There's something deeply human 

3129
02:55:36,600 --> 02:55:40,000
about gathering in darkened 
rooms about families coming 

3130
02:55:40,000 --> 02:55:43,600
together, around dim lights 
about Community supporting each 

3131
02:55:43,600 --> 02:55:45,200
other, through shared 
difficulty. 

3132
02:55:45,900 --> 02:55:50,000
These patterns recur throughout 
human history around ancient, 

3133
02:55:50,000 --> 02:55:54,800
campfires in medieval great 
Halls, lit by Rush light and in 

3134
02:55:54,800 --> 02:55:56,300
Pioneer cabins on winter 
evenings. 

3135
02:55:57,700 --> 02:56:00,600
The blackout temporarily 
restored, these older patterns 

3136
02:56:00,600 --> 02:56:04,700
using modern technology to 
recreate, pre-modern conditions.

3137
02:56:05,800 --> 02:56:10,000
Sensory richness of the blackout
experience, the visible stars, 

3138
02:56:10,000 --> 02:56:13,400
the Amplified sounds, the 
heightened awareness of smell 

3139
02:56:13,400 --> 02:56:16,100
and touch. 
Suggests that our normal 

3140
02:56:16,100 --> 02:56:19,200
brightly lit, existence May 
diminish, certain forms of 

3141
02:56:19,208 --> 02:56:23,100
awareness and experience. 
We gain practical benefits from 

3142
02:56:23,100 --> 02:56:26,400
abundant light certainly, but we
may lose other kinds of 

3143
02:56:26,408 --> 02:56:29,100
perception. 
Other ways of experiencing our 

3144
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:31,600
environment. 
In each other, the blackouts in 

3145
02:56:31,600 --> 02:56:34,700
force slowed down its 
requirement for more careful 

3146
02:56:34,700 --> 02:56:39,200
movement, more deliberate action
and more time spent in quiet 

3147
02:56:39,200 --> 02:56:43,400
domestic setting these Creator 
quality of life that many people

3148
02:56:43,400 --> 02:56:47,300
found surprisingly satisfying, 
despite the circumstances, 

3149
02:56:48,400 --> 02:56:53,300
Frantic pace of Modern Life, the
constant visual stimulation, the

3150
02:56:53,300 --> 02:56:56,600
ability to pursue individual 
activities, in separate rooms 

3151
02:56:56,600 --> 02:57:00,600
with independent lighting. 
All these Innovations have costs

3152
02:57:00,600 --> 02:57:03,900
as well as benefits. 
Consider how the blackout 

3153
02:57:03,900 --> 02:57:07,900
changed social interaction. 
In darkness, you couldn't judge 

3154
02:57:07,900 --> 02:57:10,300
people by their appearance quite
so readily. 

3155
02:57:11,000 --> 02:57:14,300
Conversations happened, without 
the constant visual feedback. 

3156
02:57:14,300 --> 02:57:17,500
We normally rely on people, 
learn to listen, more carefully 

3157
02:57:17,500 --> 02:57:20,800
to pay attention to voice, tone 
and word choice rather than 

3158
02:57:20,800 --> 02:57:22,700
facial expressions and body 
language. 

3159
02:57:23,600 --> 02:57:26,500
This created different kinds of 
intimacy and different patterns 

3160
02:57:26,500 --> 02:57:29,700
of connection. 
The democratizing effect of the 

3161
02:57:29,700 --> 02:57:32,000
blackout the way, it affected 
rich. 

3162
02:57:32,000 --> 02:57:35,700
And poor alike, created, a rare 
moment of genuinely shared 

3163
02:57:35,700 --> 02:57:39,200
experience across social 
classes. the Duke and the 

3164
02:57:39,200 --> 02:57:43,600
doctor, both navigated the same,
dark and streets, both sat in 

3165
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:47,400
dimmed rooms and both face the 
same challenges of maintaining 

3166
02:57:47,400 --> 02:57:51,600
normal life despite abnormal 
conditions, This shared 

3167
02:57:51,600 --> 02:57:55,500
experience contributed to the 
social solidarity, that 

3168
02:57:55,500 --> 02:57:57,500
characterized Britain during the
War years. 

3169
02:57:58,400 --> 02:58:00,700
The blackout also reveals 
something about the relationship

3170
02:58:00,700 --> 02:58:05,400
between freedom and security. 
The regulations represented, a 

3171
02:58:05,400 --> 02:58:08,500
significant restriction of 
personal Liberty, you couldn't 

3172
02:58:08,500 --> 02:58:11,800
light your own home as you 
wished couldn't move freely at 

3173
02:58:11,800 --> 02:58:15,500
night without risk and face 
penalties for violations. 

3174
02:58:16,400 --> 02:58:20,000
Yet, most people accepted these 
restrictions as legitimate and 

3175
02:58:20,000 --> 02:58:23,200
necessary, a reasonable 
trade-off for Collective safety.

3176
02:58:24,400 --> 02:58:27,800
The balance between individual 
freedom and common security is 

3177
02:58:27,800 --> 02:58:30,000
never simple. 
Never permanent. 

3178
02:58:30,000 --> 02:58:34,000
It must be constantly negotiated
and renegotiated. 

3179
02:58:34,900 --> 02:58:37,600
The Innovations and adaptations 
that emerged during the 

3180
02:58:37,600 --> 02:58:41,100
blackout, the Luminous paint, 
the white marked curbs. 

3181
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:44,200
The hooded headlamps the double 
door entries. 

3182
02:58:44,200 --> 02:58:47,900
Represent human creativity 
responding to constraint. 

3183
02:58:49,100 --> 02:58:52,700
Necessity, truly does mother 
invention and the blackout 

3184
02:58:52,700 --> 02:58:54,200
years? 
Produced countless small 

3185
02:58:54,200 --> 02:58:56,900
solutions to the problems that 
Darkness created. 

3186
02:58:57,700 --> 02:59:01,000
These Innovations demonstrate, 
the restrictions can Inspire 

3187
02:59:01,000 --> 02:59:05,500
rather than merely limit that 
working within constraints can 

3188
02:59:05,500 --> 02:59:08,700
generate creativity. 
The return of light. 

3189
02:59:08,700 --> 02:59:11,600
After years of Darkness must 
have felt like emerging from a 

3190
02:59:11,600 --> 02:59:14,500
long tunnel. 
The Familiar World revealed 

3191
02:59:14,500 --> 02:59:18,400
again, the simple pleasure of 
seeing clearly of moving without

3192
02:59:18,400 --> 02:59:22,700
constant caution of Windows that
connect rather than seal. 

3193
02:59:23,600 --> 02:59:26,800
Yet along with this relief, came
the loss of something too. 

3194
02:59:27,600 --> 02:59:31,500
That peculiar intimacy, that 
Darkness had created, that 

3195
02:59:31,500 --> 02:59:35,200
sharpened awareness that sense 
of shared endurance. 

3196
02:59:36,400 --> 02:59:39,200
For those who live through it. 
The blackout becomes one of 

3197
02:59:39,208 --> 02:59:42,900
those formative experiences that
shape perception for a lifetime.

3198
02:59:43,700 --> 02:59:46,000
The carry memories of navigating
Darkness. 

3199
02:59:46,000 --> 02:59:50,300
The families gathered in dim 
rooms of stars, brilliant 

3200
02:59:50,300 --> 02:59:53,600
overhead and of the particular 
quality of Silence that 

3201
02:59:53,600 --> 02:59:55,800
descended on cities designed for
noise. 

3202
02:59:56,900 --> 03:00:01,800
These memories become stories, 
then history, then Legend part 

3203
03:00:01,800 --> 03:00:04,400
of the narrative that nation's 
tell themselves about their 

3204
03:00:04,400 --> 03:00:07,000
past. 
As we come to the end of our 

3205
03:00:07,000 --> 03:00:10,200
journey through the blackout 
years, as your eyelids grow 

3206
03:00:10,200 --> 03:00:13,900
heavy, and your breathing slows.
Let's gather the gentle lessons 

3207
03:00:13,900 --> 03:00:16,700
that this history offers for 
your own rest to night. 

3208
03:00:18,100 --> 03:00:21,200
The blackout teachers us that 
darkness is not necessarily 

3209
03:00:21,200 --> 03:00:25,000
something to fear but rather a 
natural state that humans lived 

3210
03:00:25,000 --> 03:00:27,700
with for Millennia before 
electric light became common. 

3211
03:00:27,700 --> 03:00:31,900
Those wartime Britains learn to 
find comfort and even Beauty and

3212
03:00:31,900 --> 03:00:35,900
darkness, the visible stars, the
heightened awareness of sound 

3213
03:00:35,900 --> 03:00:39,800
and smell and the coziness of 
dimly lit rooms where families 

3214
03:00:39,800 --> 03:00:44,400
gathered close As you prepare 
for Sleep, your participating in

3215
03:00:44,400 --> 03:00:49,000
the same ancient human practice.
voluntarily entering, Darkness 

3216
03:00:49,000 --> 03:00:52,700
trusting it to hold you safely 
while your Consciousness dims 

3217
03:00:53,500 --> 03:00:57,900
The darkness of sleep is 
restorative necessary and a gift

3218
03:00:57,900 --> 03:01:01,500
rather than a threat. 
Like those blackout nights. 

3219
03:01:01,500 --> 03:01:05,300
It offers a time of rest of 
withdrawal, from the constant 

3220
03:01:05,300 --> 03:01:08,800
stimulation of Waking Life and 
of renewal that comes through 

3221
03:01:08,800 --> 03:01:11,300
quiet. 
And absence of light, the 

3222
03:01:11,300 --> 03:01:14,900
blackout families who learn to 
slow down to move more carefully

3223
03:01:14,900 --> 03:01:17,500
to pay attention to senses 
Beyond sight. 

3224
03:01:17,500 --> 03:01:21,800
They discovered rhythms that 
sleep requires to the winding 

3225
03:01:21,800 --> 03:01:26,200
down, the gradual dimming, the 
shift from activity to 

3226
03:01:26,200 --> 03:01:30,200
Stillness. 
These transitions matter, they 

3227
03:01:30,200 --> 03:01:32,900
prepare body and mind for the 
darkness of sleep. 

3228
03:01:32,900 --> 03:01:35,600
Just as blackout preparations. 
Ready? 

3229
03:01:35,600 --> 03:01:39,700
Homes for the darkness of night.
The resilience of those blackout

3230
03:01:39,700 --> 03:01:43,300
years, remind us that humans can
adapt to almost anything and can

3231
03:01:43,300 --> 03:01:45,500
find peace. 
And even pleasure in 

3232
03:01:45,500 --> 03:01:49,200
circumstances that initially 
seemed impossible if they could 

3233
03:01:49,200 --> 03:01:52,700
learn to thrive in dark and 
cities, you can certainly trust 

3234
03:01:52,700 --> 03:01:56,300
yourself to the darkness of your
bedroom, to the natural process 

3235
03:01:56,300 --> 03:01:58,600
of sleep, that your body knows 
how to perform. 

3236
03:01:59,700 --> 03:02:02,200
The community and connection 
that emerged from the shared 

3237
03:02:02,200 --> 03:02:05,500
blackout experience suggests, 
something about the importance 

3238
03:02:05,500 --> 03:02:09,700
of letting go of accepting 
limitations and of working with 

3239
03:02:09,700 --> 03:02:13,100
rather than against 
circumstances sleep requires 

3240
03:02:13,100 --> 03:02:15,700
this same surrender, you cannot 
force it. 

3241
03:02:15,700 --> 03:02:18,300
Only create conditions that 
welcome it. 

3242
03:02:18,900 --> 03:02:21,800
Like those families dimming 
their lights and settling into 

3243
03:02:21,800 --> 03:02:24,800
evening quiet. 
You prepare the space and then 

3244
03:02:24,800 --> 03:02:26,900
allow the darkness to do its 
work. 

3245
03:02:27,700 --> 03:02:31,700
Those visible stars during the 
blackout, the celestial beauty 

3246
03:02:31,700 --> 03:02:35,300
that emerged when artificial 
light with Drew remind us that 

3247
03:02:35,300 --> 03:02:37,800
Darkness reveals as well as 
conceals. 

3248
03:02:38,900 --> 03:02:43,100
In sleeps, Darkness dreams 
emerge, unconscious. 

3249
03:02:43,100 --> 03:02:47,200
Processes do their necessary 
work and the mind sorts and 

3250
03:02:47,208 --> 03:02:51,100
files and heals in ways that 
can't happen in waking light. 

3251
03:02:52,300 --> 03:02:54,900
Trust the darkness to show you 
what you need to see. 

3252
03:02:55,900 --> 03:02:59,000
The gradual adaptation to the 
blackout, the way, fear, 

3253
03:02:59,000 --> 03:03:02,200
transformed to competence, and 
then, Comfort mirrors. 

3254
03:03:02,200 --> 03:03:04,400
The journey into sleep that you 
make each night. 

3255
03:03:05,300 --> 03:03:07,800
At first letting go of 
Consciousness can feel 

3256
03:03:07,800 --> 03:03:13,600
vulnerable, even frightening. 
But with practice with trust it 

3257
03:03:13,600 --> 03:03:18,500
becomes natural, even welcome. 
The darkness becomes familiar 

3258
03:03:18,500 --> 03:03:21,900
safe and a friend rather than a 
threat. 

3259
03:03:23,200 --> 03:03:26,000
As the blackout eventually, 
lifted and light returned. 

3260
03:03:26,000 --> 03:03:29,100
So too, will you wake tomorrow 
to light an activity? 

3261
03:03:29,100 --> 03:03:33,500
But, for now, like those wartime
family settling into their 

3262
03:03:33,500 --> 03:03:37,800
dimmed homes, You can Embrace 
this time of darkness and quiet.

3263
03:03:38,700 --> 03:03:42,000
Let your eyes closed like black 
out, curtains drawing shut. 

3264
03:03:42,900 --> 03:03:45,400
Feel your awareness dim like 
lights turning down. 

3265
03:03:45,400 --> 03:03:49,800
Allow yourself to sink into 
Stillness like a City, Going 

3266
03:03:49,800 --> 03:03:54,200
Quiet under the night sky. 
People of the blackout years 

3267
03:03:54,200 --> 03:03:57,400
survived, not through constant 
vigilance, but through 

3268
03:03:57,400 --> 03:04:02,500
acceptance adaptation and the 
ability to find peace in Altered

3269
03:04:02,500 --> 03:04:07,000
circumstances, they learned that
Darkness could be endured that 

3270
03:04:07,000 --> 03:04:09,900
it brought gifts along with its 
challenges and that life 

3271
03:04:09,900 --> 03:04:12,300
continued and even flourished 
under its cover. 

3272
03:04:13,600 --> 03:04:17,200
Your sleep tonight is your 
personal blackout a time of 

3273
03:04:17,200 --> 03:04:20,400
chosen. 
Darkness of withdrawal from the 

3274
03:04:20,400 --> 03:04:23,700
world's demands of rest and 
restoration. 

3275
03:04:24,600 --> 03:04:27,900
Like those wartime britons, you 
don't know exactly what tomorrow

3276
03:04:27,900 --> 03:04:30,600
will bring. 
You can trust that this period 

3277
03:04:30,600 --> 03:04:33,300
of Darkness will prepare you for
whatever light reveals. 

3278
03:04:34,100 --> 03:04:36,700
The last lesson of the blackout 
is, perhaps the most important 

3279
03:04:36,700 --> 03:04:40,600
that sometimes the most valuable
thing we can do is simply stop. 

3280
03:04:40,600 --> 03:04:45,700
Darken our world and rest. 
Not as defeat or Retreat. 

3281
03:04:45,700 --> 03:04:48,600
That is necessary preparation 
for continuing. 

3282
03:04:49,800 --> 03:04:52,500
Those nightly blackout rituals 
weren't just safety measures. 

3283
03:04:52,500 --> 03:04:55,800
They were acknowledgments that 
activity must balance with 

3284
03:04:55,800 --> 03:04:59,800
Stillness that light needs 
Darkness as a Counterpoint and 

3285
03:04:59,800 --> 03:05:02,700
that life requires periods of 
quiet and rest. 

3286
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:07,400
So let yourself rest. 
Now let the darkness hold you as

3287
03:05:07,400 --> 03:05:10,900
it held those millions of people
through their blackout years 

3288
03:05:10,900 --> 03:05:16,200
safely, gently preparing you for
whatever tomorrow's light will 

3289
03:05:16,200 --> 03:05:18,500
bring. 
Your eyes are growing heavy. 

3290
03:05:19,400 --> 03:05:22,800
Your breath is slowing. 
The darkness around, you is 

3291
03:05:22,800 --> 03:05:25,600
peaceful protective and 
appropriate. 

3292
03:05:26,500 --> 03:05:28,600
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that you're 

3293
03:05:28,600 --> 03:05:31,000
participating in one of 
Humanity's oldest and most 

3294
03:05:31,008 --> 03:05:34,500
natural practices. 
The darkness is your friend 

3295
03:05:34,500 --> 03:05:37,900
tonight just as it became the 
friend of those who learned to 

3296
03:05:37,900 --> 03:05:42,100
live through the great blackout 
rest easy rest deep rest. 

3297
03:05:42,100 --> 03:05:45,500
Well and when morning comes when
light returns you'll wake 

3298
03:05:45,500 --> 03:05:48,200
refreshed as those blackout 
families woke to another day 

3299
03:05:48,200 --> 03:05:51,600
resilient and adapted and ready 
to continue. 

3300
03:05:52,600 --> 03:05:56,000
For now though, just darkness, 
just quiet, just rest. 

3301
03:05:56,900 --> 03:06:06,500
Sleep. 
Well. picture yourself on the 

3302
03:06:06,500 --> 03:06:10,200
front, porch of a house, in a 
small town in America on October

3303
03:06:10,200 --> 03:06:15,600
31st 1909 It's about 5:00 in the
evening and the light in the 

3304
03:06:15,600 --> 03:06:18,000
fall. 
Has that special quality that 

3305
03:06:18,000 --> 03:06:21,100
photographers spend their whole 
lives, trying to get golden 

3306
03:06:21,100 --> 03:06:24,800
slanting, making everything it 
touches look like it belongs in 

3307
03:06:24,800 --> 03:06:27,200
a painting, you'd find in your 
grandmother's parlor. 

3308
03:06:27,900 --> 03:06:30,500
The air is cool. 
Like it is in October which 

3309
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:32,700
makes you happy to have a 
cardigan or wool jacket. 

3310
03:06:32,700 --> 03:06:35,300
But not so cold that you need to
hurry inside. 

3311
03:06:36,300 --> 03:06:40,100
You can't make the smell in the 
air to fishly to mix of wood, 

3312
03:06:40,100 --> 03:06:43,300
smoke from someone's chimney, 
and the earthy smell of leaves 

3313
03:06:43,300 --> 03:06:45,400
that fell yesterday and got wet 
in the rain. 

3314
03:06:46,500 --> 03:06:50,300
Underneath It All, is that smell
of autumn that can't be put into

3315
03:06:50,300 --> 03:06:54,100
words, you could be in any 
number of towns like Oberlin 

3316
03:06:54,100 --> 03:06:58,500
Ohio, Concord Massachusetts, or 
Galesburg, Illinois. 

3317
03:07:00,100 --> 03:07:03,100
In 1909 these towns. 
All had tree-lined streets with 

3318
03:07:03,100 --> 03:07:05,900
Maples that were putting on 
their annual firework show of 

3319
03:07:05,900 --> 03:07:09,400
color houses, that were close 
enough to feel like neighbors, 

3320
03:07:09,400 --> 03:07:11,300
but far enough apart for 
privacy. 

3321
03:07:11,300 --> 03:07:15,800
And a pace of life, that modern 
people would find either 

3322
03:07:15,800 --> 03:07:19,600
relaxing or maddeningly slow, 
depending on their mood. 

3323
03:07:20,800 --> 03:07:23,800
Most of the houses on your 
street are made of wood and are 

3324
03:07:23,800 --> 03:07:28,200
painted in sensible colors, like
white gray, or sometimes a bold 

3325
03:07:28,200 --> 03:07:30,800
cream. 
These are not the perfectly 

3326
03:07:30,800 --> 03:07:32,700
restored. 
Victorian homes, you see in 

3327
03:07:32,700 --> 03:07:36,100
historic districts today. 
These are homes that people live

3328
03:07:36,100 --> 03:07:39,200
in and some of them need a 
little paint, touch-up While 

3329
03:07:39,200 --> 03:07:41,800
others have porches that sag a 
little in the middle from years 

3330
03:07:41,800 --> 03:07:44,700
of use. 
But they are all well taken care

3331
03:07:44,700 --> 03:07:48,300
of with walkways that are swept 
and windows, that catch the 

3332
03:07:48,300 --> 03:07:52,300
evening light like Amber. 
The big party that October 31st 

3333
03:07:52,300 --> 03:07:55,100
1909 would become wasn't yet a 
big deal. 

3334
03:07:56,000 --> 03:08:00,000
People still called it Halloween
or Halloween, which is a cute 

3335
03:08:00,000 --> 03:08:03,000
old-fashioned way to say it. 
But it wasn't a day that needed 

3336
03:08:03,000 --> 03:08:05,600
to be planned weeks in advance 
or taken off work. 

3337
03:08:06,500 --> 03:08:09,600
Kids went to school like usual 
adults went about their daily 

3338
03:08:09,600 --> 03:08:13,400
lives and the parties that night
mostly took place in homes and 

3339
03:08:13,400 --> 03:08:16,200
church, social halls, and of 
turning entire neighborhoods in 

3340
03:08:16,200 --> 03:08:19,700
haunted displays. 
At this time of day, the streets

3341
03:08:19,700 --> 03:08:23,000
are starting to quiet down. 
Men are coming home from work 

3342
03:08:23,000 --> 03:08:26,100
stores and offices. 
They are walking home because in

3343
03:08:26,100 --> 03:08:28,600
a town like this, most things 
are close enough to walk to 

3344
03:08:29,500 --> 03:08:32,600
their dressed up in suits, but 
not because it's a special 

3345
03:08:32,608 --> 03:08:35,600
occasion. 
That's just what men water work.

3346
03:08:36,300 --> 03:08:40,100
They were dark wool suits with 
vests pocket watches on chains 

3347
03:08:40,100 --> 03:08:42,700
and hats that they would hang on
coat racks. 

3348
03:08:42,700 --> 03:08:46,600
As soon as they got home, women 
can be seen through lit Windows 

3349
03:08:46,600 --> 03:08:49,500
moving around their kitchens in 
the strange, dance of making 

3350
03:08:49,500 --> 03:08:52,900
dinner. 
In 1909 cooking dinner, didn't 

3351
03:08:52,900 --> 03:08:55,700
mean following an online recipe 
or reheating? 

3352
03:08:55,700 --> 03:08:58,800
Something from the store. 
It was a big deal that needed 

3353
03:08:58,800 --> 03:09:03,400
constant attention coal or wood 
stoves ingredients that have 

3354
03:09:03,400 --> 03:09:06,400
been picked out the day before 
or that morning and skills that 

3355
03:09:06,400 --> 03:09:10,100
took years to learn and were 
passed down through generations.

3356
03:09:10,100 --> 03:09:13,900
Like family heirlooms The kids 
are all excited and this is 

3357
03:09:13,900 --> 03:09:15,500
where Halloween starts to show 
itself. 

3358
03:09:15,500 --> 03:09:18,800
Their parents are trying to keep
them calm until after dinner, 

3359
03:09:18,800 --> 03:09:21,900
there will be parties tonight 
after dinner and the dishes are 

3360
03:09:21,900 --> 03:09:24,900
done, not the kind you're 
thinking of with loud music and 

3361
03:09:24,900 --> 03:09:28,700
lots of people, you don't know. 
These are gathering in parlors 

3362
03:09:28,700 --> 03:09:32,300
and church basements where games
will be played, fortunes will be

3363
03:09:32,308 --> 03:09:35,800
told and the line between the 
normal world and something a 

3364
03:09:35,800 --> 03:09:37,800
little stranger will seem to 
blur for a few hours. 

3365
03:09:38,700 --> 03:09:41,100
You can tell it's full from the 
porch as the evening gets 

3366
03:09:41,100 --> 03:09:42,900
darker. 
There are things that make it 

3367
03:09:42,900 --> 03:09:45,700
clear that this is full no 
matter what year it is. 

3368
03:09:45,700 --> 03:09:49,500
There a pumpkin on the porches? 
These are not the carved 

3369
03:09:49,500 --> 03:09:51,900
jack-o-lanterns that will become
popular later. 

3370
03:09:51,900 --> 03:09:54,300
Instead, they are whole 
pumpkins. 

3371
03:09:54,300 --> 03:09:57,100
Some of which are quite large 
that were bought from local 

3372
03:09:57,100 --> 03:09:59,800
farms to be used as decorations 
and eaten later. 

3373
03:10:00,800 --> 03:10:04,300
Some might have simple faces 
carved into them, but just as 

3374
03:10:04,300 --> 03:10:07,600
many are left hole. 
The orange color is enough to 

3375
03:10:07,600 --> 03:10:11,100
make them look like Christmas 
people of Tide corn, stalks to 

3376
03:10:11,100 --> 03:10:13,700
the railings of their porches 
and the posts of their fences. 

3377
03:10:13,700 --> 03:10:17,300
They're already dry and rustling
in the light evening Breeze. 

3378
03:10:17,300 --> 03:10:21,000
Making a sound that is both sad 
and somehow comforting. 

3379
03:10:22,000 --> 03:10:24,700
Some homes, have put them 
together in shocks, which are 

3380
03:10:24,700 --> 03:10:27,500
tent-like structures. 
That farmers use in fields, but 

3381
03:10:27,500 --> 03:10:31,200
a smaller for decoration you 
might also see gourds in 

3382
03:10:31,208 --> 03:10:35,500
different shapes Autumn Leaves 
tied together in bundles and may

3383
03:10:35,500 --> 03:10:38,200
be some pots with late blooming 
Crescent of themes in the 

3384
03:10:39,100 --> 03:10:42,600
Declaration's from 1909 are 
handmade seasonal and temporary 

3385
03:10:42,600 --> 03:10:45,600
which shows a different way of 
thinking about material Goods. 

3386
03:10:46,300 --> 03:10:48,600
There are no plastic or mass 
produced items here. 

3387
03:10:48,600 --> 03:10:52,800
Everything has been made bought 
or found locally. 

3388
03:10:53,600 --> 03:10:56,500
These decorations won't be put 
away in labeled storage bins for

3389
03:10:56,500 --> 03:10:59,100
next year. 
When November comes, Instead, 

3390
03:10:59,100 --> 03:11:03,700
they'll be composted burned or 
returned to the ground, a new 

3391
03:11:03,708 --> 03:11:07,400
ones will be made in October. 
When it starts to get dark, 

3392
03:11:07,400 --> 03:11:11,100
which happens around 6:00 in 
late October 1909 without 

3393
03:11:11,100 --> 03:11:14,900
daylight, saving time, you can 
see candles being lit in Windows

3394
03:11:14,900 --> 03:11:18,600
in 1909 there are electric 
lights but they aren't 

3395
03:11:18,600 --> 03:11:21,600
everywhere in small towns and 
rural areas. 

3396
03:11:21,600 --> 03:11:25,200
A lot of homes, still use 
gaslights or kerosene lamps, 

3397
03:11:25,200 --> 03:11:28,800
even homes with electricity, 
might use candles to night to 

3398
03:11:28,800 --> 03:11:31,400
set the mood. 
These aren't the fake flameless 

3399
03:11:31,400 --> 03:11:35,200
LED candles you have now or even
the scented candles that come in

3400
03:11:35,208 --> 03:11:38,300
pretty jars. 
These candles are made of Tallow

3401
03:11:38,300 --> 03:11:41,300
or beeswax and some are 
hand-dipped While others are 

3402
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:43,500
molded. 
They all give off a warm 

3403
03:11:43,500 --> 03:11:44,900
slightly. 
Flickering light. 

3404
03:11:44,900 --> 03:11:47,900
That makes every room look like 
a painting by a Dutch Master. 

3405
03:11:48,900 --> 03:11:53,000
The light doesn't fill rooms 
like, electric bulbs do instead.

3406
03:11:53,000 --> 03:11:56,500
It makes pools of light 
surrounded by Soft Shadows, 

3407
03:11:56,500 --> 03:11:59,200
which makes homes, look, both 
cozy and mysterious. 

3408
03:12:00,300 --> 03:12:03,100
To get a better idea of what 
Halloween meant in 1909. 

3409
03:12:03,100 --> 03:12:06,800
You need to go back. 
Even further in time to when 

3410
03:12:06,800 --> 03:12:09,300
this night had other names and 
served other purposes. 

3411
03:12:09,300 --> 03:12:12,800
Don't worry, this won't be a 
boring history class. 

3412
03:12:13,600 --> 03:12:16,200
Think of it more, like figuring 
out the layers of tradition that

3413
03:12:16,200 --> 03:12:21,200
have built up on this date over 
time like rings on a tree. each 

3414
03:12:21,200 --> 03:12:24,300
layer adds meaning without 
completely erasing what came 

3415
03:12:24,300 --> 03:12:27,600
before it Like many stories from
October. 

3416
03:12:27,600 --> 03:12:31,600
This one starts with the ancient
Celts who lived in what is now 

3417
03:12:31,600 --> 03:12:34,300
Ireland? 
Scotland, Wales and parts of 

3418
03:12:34,300 --> 03:12:38,400
France, thousands of years ago. 
Saman was a festival that people

3419
03:12:38,400 --> 03:12:43,400
pronounced, so in like the 
female pig, not Samhain, which 

3420
03:12:43,400 --> 03:12:47,200
is what most people think. 
The Celts thought of winter as a

3421
03:12:47,200 --> 03:12:50,700
time of death, just like they 
thought of spring as a time of 

3422
03:12:50,700 --> 03:12:52,600
life. 
Samhain. 

3423
03:12:52,600 --> 03:12:55,000
Mark the end of the harvest 
season and the start of winter. 

3424
03:12:55,000 --> 03:12:59,400
But from your cozy spot in the 
present, here's what makes saman

3425
03:12:59,400 --> 03:13:02,100
interesting. 
It wasn't mostly a scary 

3426
03:13:02,100 --> 03:13:03,500
holiday. 
Yes. 

3427
03:13:03,500 --> 03:13:06,600
The Celts thought that the line 
between the living world and the

3428
03:13:06,600 --> 03:13:09,300
world of the Dead became less 
clear on this night. 

3429
03:13:10,200 --> 03:13:14,000
Yes, they believed that Spirits 
could cross over but they didn't

3430
03:13:14,000 --> 03:13:18,200
respond with fear instead. 
They were friendly, but careful,

3431
03:13:18,200 --> 03:13:21,900
they left food out for wandering
Spirits lit. 

3432
03:13:21,900 --> 03:13:25,600
Bonfires to help The Souls of 
the Dead, find their way and 

3433
03:13:25,600 --> 03:13:28,700
were happy to be able to talk to
their ancestors who had died. 

3434
03:13:29,500 --> 03:13:32,800
Picture this. 
Once a year, the barrier between

3435
03:13:32,800 --> 03:13:35,300
you and your beloved 
grandmother, who died become, so

3436
03:13:35,300 --> 03:13:37,100
thin that she can come over for 
dinner. 

3437
03:13:37,100 --> 03:13:41,500
You wouldn't lock the doors in 
fear instead, you'd set an extra

3438
03:13:41,508 --> 03:13:43,800
place at the table and hope 
she'd share her knowledge with 

3439
03:13:43,800 --> 03:13:46,600
you one more time. 
That was more like the spirit of

3440
03:13:46,600 --> 03:13:49,100
Sam in the scary Halloween, we 
know today. 

3441
03:13:49,900 --> 03:13:53,300
As Christianity spread through 
Celtic lands, which took 

3442
03:13:53,300 --> 03:13:56,300
hundreds of years and wasn't a 
single dramatic conversion. 

3443
03:13:56,300 --> 03:14:00,000
Moment the church did something 
smart that they had done with 

3444
03:14:00,000 --> 03:14:03,800
many Pagan festivals. 
Instead of trying to get rid of 

3445
03:14:03,808 --> 03:14:07,200
Som Hein completely, they just 
took it in and made All Saints 

3446
03:14:07,200 --> 03:14:10,000
Day on November 1st and All 
Souls day on November 2nd. 

3447
03:14:10,800 --> 03:14:13,400
All Hallows Eve was the night 
before All Saints Day. 

3448
03:14:14,200 --> 03:14:19,000
Over time, it became Halloween. 
this chrystian Lehr, didn't get 

3449
03:14:19,000 --> 03:14:23,400
rid of the older traditions 
instead, it baptized them giving

3450
03:14:23,400 --> 03:14:27,000
them new meanings while the old 
ones still echoed underneath It 

3451
03:14:27,000 --> 03:14:30,200
became a Christian tradition to 
like candles for the dead, but 

3452
03:14:30,200 --> 03:14:32,400
it wasn't that different from 
the Celtic bonfires. 

3453
03:14:33,200 --> 03:14:35,800
The idea that the dead was 
somehow closer on this night 

3454
03:14:35,800 --> 03:14:39,100
stayed the same, but it was seen
through a different religious 

3455
03:14:39,100 --> 03:14:43,800
lens when these Customs got to 
America mostly through Irish and

3456
03:14:43,800 --> 03:14:45,800
Scottish immigrants in the 
1800s. 

3457
03:14:45,800 --> 03:14:48,500
They had already changed a 
little, from where they came 

3458
03:14:48,500 --> 03:14:51,700
from the immigrants brought 
memories of home that were part 

3459
03:14:51,700 --> 03:14:55,900
real folk, practice and part 
romanticized, nostalgia, They 

3460
03:14:55,900 --> 03:15:00,300
remembered the parties, the 
games, the fortune-telling, and 

3461
03:15:00,300 --> 03:15:03,800
the general feeling that this 
night was special, even if they 

3462
03:15:03,800 --> 03:15:07,500
weren't sure why, it had started
Halloween in America is still 

3463
03:15:07,508 --> 03:15:11,100
figuring out who it is in 1909. 
It won't be a holiday for kids 

3464
03:15:11,100 --> 03:15:15,700
to get candy, until the 1950s. 
Instead, it's mostly an evening 

3465
03:15:15,700 --> 03:15:18,600
for teens and young adults to 
hang out, play games. 

3466
03:15:18,600 --> 03:15:21,100
And most importantly, tell 
fortunes about love. 

3467
03:15:22,100 --> 03:15:24,600
One of the most common beliefs 
about Halloween, which is 

3468
03:15:24,608 --> 03:15:27,700
changed over time, is that it 
was a good night to find out 

3469
03:15:27,700 --> 03:15:29,400
what your love life would be 
like in the future. 

3470
03:15:29,400 --> 03:15:33,300
People who celebrated Halloween 
in 1909, probably didn't know 

3471
03:15:33,300 --> 03:15:36,700
much about samanes history. 
All the complicated theological 

3472
03:15:36,700 --> 03:15:40,400
talks that went on in the 
medieval Church They know that 

3473
03:15:40,400 --> 03:15:44,100
their grandparents and parents 
celebrated this night that there

3474
03:15:44,100 --> 03:15:46,900
are certain things you do on 
Halloween and that this 

3475
03:15:46,900 --> 03:15:49,200
something nice and mysterious 
about a night. 

3476
03:15:49,200 --> 03:15:52,400
When you look into the future, 
and realized that the world 

3477
03:15:52,400 --> 03:15:55,600
might be Stranger Than it, seems
you could say that this is 

3478
03:15:55,600 --> 03:15:57,400
Halloween in the middle of a 
change. 

3479
03:15:57,400 --> 03:16:01,200
It has changed a lot since its 
folk routes, but it hasn't yet 

3480
03:16:01,200 --> 03:16:03,500
become the commercial Powerhouse
of your time. 

3481
03:16:03,500 --> 03:16:07,100
It lives in this interesting. 
Middle ground where folk 

3482
03:16:07,100 --> 03:16:11,100
Traditions mixed with Victorian 
parlor games, rural Harvest 

3483
03:16:11,100 --> 03:16:15,200
celebrations, mixed with Urban 
social entertainment, and real 

3484
03:16:15,200 --> 03:16:18,700
belief in the Supernatural turns
into playful superstition. 

3485
03:16:19,600 --> 03:16:23,700
Once the sun goes down in your 
1909 neighborhood, the real work

3486
03:16:23,700 --> 03:16:25,200
of getting ready for Halloween 
begins. 

3487
03:16:25,200 --> 03:16:29,100
Inside the houses, this is where
you'd see how people celebrated 

3488
03:16:29,100 --> 03:16:33,100
holidays in the past compared to
now, There are no costume shops 

3489
03:16:33,100 --> 03:16:37,100
know places to buy a lot of 
pre-made decorations and no 

3490
03:16:37,100 --> 03:16:39,800
party supply. 
Warehouses, you have to make 

3491
03:16:39,800 --> 03:16:43,700
everything by hand for tonight 
to be special and making things 

3492
03:16:43,700 --> 03:16:45,400
is part of the celebration 
itself. 

3493
03:16:46,400 --> 03:16:48,200
Let's take a look inside a 
normal home. 

3494
03:16:48,200 --> 03:16:49,700
That is hosting a Halloween 
party. 

3495
03:16:50,700 --> 03:16:53,800
Parlor has changed. 
If you don't know what a parlor 

3496
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:57,000
is, it's the formal sitting room
where guests were entertained. 

3497
03:16:57,900 --> 03:17:00,600
In homes of working class or 
middle class people. 

3498
03:17:00,600 --> 03:17:03,900
This might be the only room 
besides bedrooms, that is used 

3499
03:17:03,900 --> 03:17:06,100
for both every day living and 
special events. 

3500
03:17:07,100 --> 03:17:10,100
In wealthier homes. 
The Parlor was used for guests 

3501
03:17:10,100 --> 03:17:13,500
while the family used to less 
formal sitting room for Every 

3502
03:17:13,500 --> 03:17:16,000
Day Life. 
The everyday Furniture has been 

3503
03:17:16,008 --> 03:17:18,200
moved around to make more room 
for tonight's Gathering. 

3504
03:17:19,400 --> 03:17:22,500
Heavier, pollster chairs, and 
settees, which are made to last 

3505
03:17:22,500 --> 03:17:25,500
for generations and weigh about 
as much as modern cars have been

3506
03:17:25,500 --> 03:17:28,800
pushed back against the walls. 
The middle of the room is open 

3507
03:17:28,800 --> 03:17:32,100
for games that might require 
some movement but not too much. 

3508
03:17:32,100 --> 03:17:36,900
Keep in mind that this is 9909 
and Victorian manners are still 

3509
03:17:36,908 --> 03:17:40,100
affecting how people act even 
though the Edwardian era is 

3510
03:17:40,100 --> 03:17:41,500
making things a little more 
relaxed. 

3511
03:17:42,400 --> 03:17:45,300
The decoration show both 
creativity and a lack of it. 

3512
03:17:46,000 --> 03:17:48,800
Black and orange construction. 
Paper chains, hang from the 

3513
03:17:48,800 --> 03:17:51,200
corners and loop across the 
ceiling. 

3514
03:17:51,900 --> 03:17:55,600
Someone probably the teenage 
daughter of the house and her 

3515
03:17:55,600 --> 03:17:59,100
younger siblings, spent the 
afternoon, cutting strips of 

3516
03:17:59,100 --> 03:18:03,300
paper, making them into circles 
and sticking them together with 

3517
03:18:03,300 --> 03:18:06,500
flour paste. 
Some of the circles in the 

3518
03:18:06,500 --> 03:18:09,400
chains are more perfect than 
others, which gives them the 

3519
03:18:09,400 --> 03:18:11,800
Charming imperfection of things 
made by hand. 

3520
03:18:11,800 --> 03:18:16,000
There are cutouts of black cats 
witches on broomsticks and 

3521
03:18:16,000 --> 03:18:19,900
Crescent moons on the walls. 
these were probably copied from 

3522
03:18:19,900 --> 03:18:23,500
templates in women's magazines, 
like, Ladies Home Journal or 

3523
03:18:23,500 --> 03:18:26,800
woman's Home Companion, which 
often had craft projects for 

3524
03:18:26,800 --> 03:18:31,400
holidays The Silhouettes are 
simple and easy to recognize and

3525
03:18:31,400 --> 03:18:34,300
they make the room feel festive 
without being too scaredy. 

3526
03:18:35,800 --> 03:18:38,800
This decoration is meant to make
you feel playful and mysterious 

3527
03:18:38,800 --> 03:18:42,300
not scared. 
The Jacqueline is probably the 

3528
03:18:42,300 --> 03:18:46,500
most atmospheric decoration, but
in 1909 it might have been a 

3529
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:49,500
turnip plan or a hollowed-out 
gourd and of a pumpkin. 

3530
03:18:50,800 --> 03:18:53,700
The custom of carving, 
vegetables until Lantern started

3531
03:18:53,700 --> 03:18:57,300
in Ireland, and Scotland, where 
they used turnips and rutabagas 

3532
03:18:57,300 --> 03:19:00,600
at first. 
Irish immigrants brought the 

3533
03:19:00,600 --> 03:19:04,600
tradition to America and found 
that pumpkins worked even better

3534
03:19:04,600 --> 03:19:09,400
because they were bigger softer 
and easier to carve the jack 

3535
03:19:09,400 --> 03:19:11,800
o'lantern on the table or mantle
piece has a face. 

3536
03:19:11,800 --> 03:19:16,100
That is more funny than scary. 
The features are simple, a 

3537
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:19,900
triangular nose, and eyes a 
gap-toothed grin, and a lot of 

3538
03:19:19,900 --> 03:19:24,100
patience and a strong knife. 
Candle flickers inside making 

3539
03:19:24,100 --> 03:19:26,900
the face look like it's moving 
and dancing in the low light. 

3540
03:19:27,600 --> 03:19:29,900
The smell of slightly burnt. 
Pumpkin flesh. 

3541
03:19:29,900 --> 03:19:33,100
Adds to the mood mixing with the
other smells of the night. 

3542
03:19:34,200 --> 03:19:37,100
King of smells the house is full
of them, which might be too much

3543
03:19:37,100 --> 03:19:39,300
for someone who is used to 
Modern air conditioning and 

3544
03:19:39,300 --> 03:19:43,100
places that don't smell. 
The smell of wood smoke from the

3545
03:19:43,100 --> 03:19:45,900
stove. 
Tang of apples from a bowl 

3546
03:19:45,900 --> 03:19:47,800
waiting to be used in the 
evening's game. 

3547
03:19:47,800 --> 03:19:52,300
The sweet spicy smell of cider 
warming on the stove, and the 

3548
03:19:52,300 --> 03:19:55,300
smell of a house that has been 
closed up against the cooling 

3549
03:19:55,300 --> 03:19:58,300
evening. 
It's a mix of wood that brick 

3550
03:19:58,300 --> 03:20:00,900
old paper. 
And people living there that 

3551
03:20:00,900 --> 03:20:04,600
isn't bad, but is very alive. 
People are getting ready for the

3552
03:20:04,600 --> 03:20:06,400
snacks. 
That will be served later in the

3553
03:20:06,400 --> 03:20:09,400
dining room or kitchen. 
This isn't a full meal. 

3554
03:20:09,400 --> 03:20:11,500
Guess what? 
Would have eaten dinner at home 

3555
03:20:11,500 --> 03:20:15,200
before coming instead? 
It's what people of this time 

3556
03:20:15,200 --> 03:20:19,500
called light refreshments This 
usually means cider, both 

3557
03:20:19,500 --> 03:20:23,200
regular and maybe some spiked 
for the adults cookies or small 

3558
03:20:23,200 --> 03:20:27,100
cakes, candied apples, popcorn 
balls and maybe roasted nuts. 

3559
03:20:28,100 --> 03:20:31,500
The kitchen is a place where 
people work, hard the stove, 

3560
03:20:31,500 --> 03:20:34,600
whether it's a cold range, or 
one of the newer gas models has 

3561
03:20:34,600 --> 03:20:37,500
been going for hours, keeping 
the right temperature for each 

3562
03:20:37,500 --> 03:20:41,500
dish. 
In 1909 baking was more like 

3563
03:20:41,500 --> 03:20:45,100
chemistry done by Instinct and 
experienced and following exact 

3564
03:20:45,100 --> 03:20:49,000
recipes. a woman who has been in
charge of a household for years 

3565
03:20:49,000 --> 03:20:51,900
can tell if the oven is at the 
right temperature by how quickly

3566
03:20:51,900 --> 03:20:55,500
a piece of paper browse she can 
also tell if bread is done by 

3567
03:20:55,500 --> 03:20:59,000
the sound, it makes when tapped 
on the bottom, Treats being made

3568
03:20:59,000 --> 03:21:02,200
based on both tradition and what
is going on in farming in 

3569
03:21:02,200 --> 03:21:05,200
October. 
Pools are a big part of this 

3570
03:21:05,200 --> 03:21:07,600
time of year because it's the 
height of apple season. 

3571
03:21:07,600 --> 03:21:10,900
And they've been a big part of 
Halloween for hundreds of years.

3572
03:21:10,900 --> 03:21:14,400
Some apples are being Candy by 
dipping them in a mixture of 

3573
03:21:14,400 --> 03:21:18,200
sugar, corn syrup and red food 
coloring, and then letting them 

3574
03:21:18,200 --> 03:21:22,000
hard on waxed paper. 
It's a sticky and what difficult

3575
03:21:22,000 --> 03:21:24,400
process that makes treats that 
are so sweet. 

3576
03:21:24,400 --> 03:21:26,600
They hurt your teeth and so 
hard. 

3577
03:21:26,600 --> 03:21:27,900
You have to work hard to chew 
them. 

3578
03:21:27,900 --> 03:21:30,600
Some apples are meant for games 
and eating. 

3579
03:21:30,600 --> 03:21:34,600
They've been polished until they
shine and put in a big metal tub

3580
03:21:34,600 --> 03:21:37,000
or wooden barrel. 
That will be filled with water 

3581
03:21:37,000 --> 03:21:39,800
for apple bobbing. 
This is one of the most 

3582
03:21:39,800 --> 03:21:42,800
traditional and popular 
Halloween activities, even 

3583
03:21:42,800 --> 03:21:44,700
though it's hard and not very 
dignified. 

3584
03:21:44,700 --> 03:21:47,600
A big pot on the stove is making
popcorn. 

3585
03:21:47,600 --> 03:21:51,300
The kernels were bought in bulk 
from a general store and I kept 

3586
03:21:51,300 --> 03:21:53,708
in a jar in the pantry. 
You have to keep an eye on the 

3587
03:21:53,716 --> 03:21:56,000
pot and shake it. 
Hard to keep the popcorn from 

3588
03:21:56,000 --> 03:21:59,900
burning in 1909. 
After they pop, the fluffy white

3589
03:21:59,900 --> 03:22:02,600
kernels will be shaped into 
balls and held together with 

3590
03:22:02,600 --> 03:22:06,000
molasses or sugar syrup. 
These treats are part candy 

3591
03:22:06,000 --> 03:22:10,100
Parts, snack, and all seasonal. 
Usually more than one generation

3592
03:22:10,100 --> 03:22:11,900
works together to make these 
drinks. 

3593
03:22:12,700 --> 03:22:14,500
The grandmother of the house 
might be in charge. 

3594
03:22:14,500 --> 03:22:17,500
While a daughter, does the 
harder work, the kids can help 

3595
03:22:17,500 --> 03:22:20,800
with easy tasks like polishing 
apples or counting out cookies 

3596
03:22:20,800 --> 03:22:23,900
onto serving plates. 
Even getting ready is a kind of 

3597
03:22:23,900 --> 03:22:26,900
visit since family members 
worked together and talk about 

3598
03:22:26,900 --> 03:22:28,900
the days of events gossip and 
opinions. 

3599
03:22:29,900 --> 03:22:33,900
As the time for guests to arrive
draws near probably around 7 or 

3600
03:22:33,900 --> 03:22:37,700
7:30 in the evening. 
Final check of the preparation 

3601
03:22:37,700 --> 03:22:41,000
is made. 
Are there enough seats is the 

3602
03:22:41,000 --> 03:22:44,300
jack-o-lantern in a place? 
Where people can see it, but not

3603
03:22:44,300 --> 03:22:49,100
accidentally knock it over the 
games, set up is the fire in the

3604
03:22:49,100 --> 03:22:51,100
fireplace. 
Keeping the room warm without 

3605
03:22:51,100 --> 03:22:54,400
making it too hot. 
The house is as ready as it's 

3606
03:22:54,400 --> 03:22:56,400
going to get. 
It's changed from how it usually

3607
03:22:56,400 --> 03:22:59,600
looks into something special. 
The change isn't big. 

3608
03:22:59,600 --> 03:23:02,300
No one would think this is 
anything other than a nice 

3609
03:23:02,308 --> 03:23:05,200
middle-class home, but there is 
a purpose behind it. 

3610
03:23:05,200 --> 03:23:08,600
And it seems like effort has 
been made to make the place feel

3611
03:23:08,600 --> 03:23:10,300
right for this mysterious 
Knight. 

3612
03:23:12,100 --> 03:23:14,600
Its guests start to arrive 
walking through the darkening 

3613
03:23:14,600 --> 03:23:17,100
streets because most people live
close enough that they don't 

3614
03:23:17,100 --> 03:23:20,100
need cars. 
The real heart of a 1909 

3615
03:23:20,100 --> 03:23:24,700
Halloween party starts to show 
itself. this is a night mostly 

3616
03:23:24,700 --> 03:23:28,500
for games, but not just any 
games, these games are meant to 

3617
03:23:28,500 --> 03:23:32,100
show you what your romantic 
future will be like these days 

3618
03:23:32,100 --> 03:23:35,900
Halloween is less about 
costumes, and candy and more 

3619
03:23:35,900 --> 03:23:38,200
about young people, trying to 
figure out who they might marry 

3620
03:23:39,300 --> 03:23:42,000
You need to know what's going on
in society to understand why 

3621
03:23:42,000 --> 03:23:46,100
this is so important. 
Romantic relationships in 1909 

3622
03:23:46,100 --> 03:23:48,800
were both more limited and more 
important than they are now. 

3623
03:23:49,700 --> 03:23:53,200
Young men and women didn't date.
A lot of people at once lived 

3624
03:23:53,200 --> 03:23:56,400
together before, getting married
or spend years, trying to figure

3625
03:23:56,400 --> 03:23:59,900
out what they wanted. 
Courtship was a serious matter 

3626
03:23:59,900 --> 03:24:02,800
that had real effects on 
people's lives and finances. 

3627
03:24:02,800 --> 03:24:05,700
And marriage was the most 
important thing that happened to

3628
03:24:05,700 --> 03:24:09,700
most people, especially women. 
So an evening of games that 

3629
03:24:09,700 --> 03:24:13,400
might show you your romantic 
future wasn't just a fun way to 

3630
03:24:13,400 --> 03:24:16,400
pass the time. 
It was a way to deal with a real

3631
03:24:16,400 --> 03:24:19,600
worry through the socially 
acceptable form of light-hearted

3632
03:24:19,600 --> 03:24:22,700
superstition. 
No one really thought that 

3633
03:24:22,700 --> 03:24:25,100
bobbing for apples could tell 
them who their future spouse 

3634
03:24:25,100 --> 03:24:27,500
would be, but no one really 
didn't believe it either. 

3635
03:24:28,200 --> 03:24:31,000
It was in that comfortable space
between what is certain? 

3636
03:24:31,000 --> 03:24:35,000
And what is possible that makes 
folklore work. 

3637
03:24:35,000 --> 03:24:38,400
The host family greets, the 
first guests at the door and for

3638
03:24:38,400 --> 03:24:40,300
a brief moment. 
People move from the cold 

3639
03:24:40,300 --> 03:24:43,100
October night to the warm candle
in side. 

3640
03:24:43,900 --> 03:24:46,500
People take off their coats and 
hang them on the coat tree, and 

3641
03:24:46,500 --> 03:24:49,500
the hall hats are carefully. 
Put on the right surface. 

3642
03:24:49,500 --> 03:24:53,400
Is people greet each other 
properly, which may seem stiff 

3643
03:24:53,400 --> 03:24:56,900
to Modern people, but gives 
social interactions are 

3644
03:24:56,900 --> 03:24:59,600
comfortable structure. 
Most of the guests are young 

3645
03:24:59,600 --> 03:25:01,500
people in their late, teens and 
early 20s. 

3646
03:25:02,700 --> 03:25:05,400
But some older friends or family
members might come along to keep

3647
03:25:05,400 --> 03:25:08,800
an eye on the or just because 
Community social events on his 

3648
03:25:08,800 --> 03:25:10,900
age segregated as they will be 
later. 

3649
03:25:10,900 --> 03:25:14,200
Everyone is wearing their best 
clothes which aren't fancy 

3650
03:25:14,200 --> 03:25:18,000
formal clothes but nice a day or
evening clothes that show 

3651
03:25:18,000 --> 03:25:19,600
respect for the event and the 
hosts. 

3652
03:25:20,400 --> 03:25:23,100
The game start, when enough 
people are there to make a real 

3653
03:25:23,100 --> 03:25:25,500
party. 
And the first game is almost 

3654
03:25:25,500 --> 03:25:29,100
always apple bobbing, which is 
an old game that somehow 

3655
03:25:29,100 --> 03:25:31,000
manages, to be both silly and 
serious. 

3656
03:25:31,000 --> 03:25:33,900
At the same time, the apples are
floating on the surface of the 

3657
03:25:33,900 --> 03:25:37,400
big tub or barrel of water. 
They bob up and down slowly 

3658
03:25:37,400 --> 03:25:39,600
making them look like they are 
easy to catch. 

3659
03:25:41,000 --> 03:25:43,800
The rule is simple. 
You can only catch an apple with

3660
03:25:43,800 --> 03:25:47,900
your mouth, not your hands. 
The truth is that it's a lot 

3661
03:25:47,908 --> 03:25:51,200
harder, especially when you 
think about how strict fashion 

3662
03:25:51,200 --> 03:25:55,900
and propriety were in 1909. 
The young women wear blouses or 

3663
03:25:55,900 --> 03:26:00,200
dresses with high collars and 
fancy fronts that absolutely 

3664
03:26:00,200 --> 03:26:03,500
cannot get wet without causing 
real social problems. 

3665
03:26:04,400 --> 03:26:06,600
The young men wear collars that 
will Wilt right away. 

3666
03:26:06,600 --> 03:26:10,200
If they get wet ruining the 
carefully, starched look, they 

3667
03:26:10,200 --> 03:26:13,000
had before. 
So the game is all about trying 

3668
03:26:13,000 --> 03:26:16,100
to keep your dignity while you 
dunk your face into cold water 

3669
03:26:16,100 --> 03:26:18,900
and Chase slippery apples around
with your teeth. 

3670
03:26:19,900 --> 03:26:22,700
The first Brave person to try 
usually walks up to the tub with

3671
03:26:22,700 --> 03:26:26,400
confidence, but that confidence 
quickly Fades after the first 

3672
03:26:26,400 --> 03:26:29,000
try. 
The Apple moves away just as 

3673
03:26:29,000 --> 03:26:32,500
your mouth gets to it, pushed by
the ripples, your own movement 

3674
03:26:32,500 --> 03:26:35,600
makes you come up sputtering. 
And your friends laugh at you, 

3675
03:26:35,600 --> 03:26:38,800
your hair is wet and your pride 
is a little hurt. 

3676
03:26:39,600 --> 03:26:42,800
But social pressure and real 
fun, make you want to try again.

3677
03:26:42,800 --> 03:26:45,900
And if you're lucky, you're 
persistent, you finally win with

3678
03:26:45,900 --> 03:26:49,100
an apple in your mouth. 
Tradition says that the first 

3679
03:26:49,100 --> 03:26:51,700
person to Bob, an apple will be 
the first person in the group to

3680
03:26:51,700 --> 03:26:54,100
get married. 
This is where the Romantic 

3681
03:26:54,100 --> 03:26:57,500
fortune-telling part comes from.
It doesn't really matter. 

3682
03:26:57,500 --> 03:27:00,400
If anyone believes this, the 
attempt is Fun. 

3683
03:27:00,400 --> 03:27:04,200
The success is a small win and 
the prophecy gives you something

3684
03:27:04,200 --> 03:27:05,900
to laugh about for the rest of 
the night. 

3685
03:27:07,000 --> 03:27:10,300
Another fun game is to hang 
Donuts or apples on strings that

3686
03:27:10,300 --> 03:27:11,900
are attached to a rod or the 
ceiling. 

3687
03:27:12,600 --> 03:27:14,800
People have to wait the treat 
that is hanging without using 

3688
03:27:14,800 --> 03:27:18,000
their hands, which is harder 
than it sounds because the 

3689
03:27:18,000 --> 03:27:19,600
target moves away. 
With each bite. 

3690
03:27:19,600 --> 03:27:22,900
The good thing about this game 
is that it keeps everyone's 

3691
03:27:22,900 --> 03:27:26,300
clothes mostly dry while still 
being funny and hard. 

3692
03:27:27,100 --> 03:27:30,100
There are also quieter more 
mysterious games that use real 

3693
03:27:30,100 --> 03:27:32,200
Divination in stead of just 
playing to win. 

3694
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:36,600
One of the oldest ones is to sit
in a dark room in front of a 

3695
03:27:36,600 --> 03:27:38,800
mirror. 
Eat an apple by candlelight. 

3696
03:27:38,800 --> 03:27:41,700
And look over your shoulder. 
Into the mirror, as midnight 

3697
03:27:41,700 --> 03:27:44,900
approaches. 
People say that if you look in 

3698
03:27:44,900 --> 03:27:47,400
there, you will see the face of 
your future spouse. 

3699
03:27:48,300 --> 03:27:51,400
Not many people take this ritual
seriously they usually laugh 

3700
03:27:51,400 --> 03:27:54,700
make nervous jokes and feel 
better when nothing strange 

3701
03:27:54,700 --> 03:27:57,300
happens. 
But the attempt shows that 

3702
03:27:57,300 --> 03:28:00,200
Halloween is supposed to be a 
night when the normal rules are 

3703
03:28:00,200 --> 03:28:02,600
broken and you might see 
something Beyond normal reality.

3704
03:28:03,700 --> 03:28:06,500
Putting nuts on the half of the 
fireplace, is another way to 

3705
03:28:06,500 --> 03:28:09,700
tell the future. 
Two nuts are named after a 

3706
03:28:09,700 --> 03:28:13,300
couple and as they heat up their
behavior is supposed to show, 

3707
03:28:13,300 --> 03:28:15,200
what will happen in the future 
of the relationship. 

3708
03:28:15,200 --> 03:28:19,100
The relationship will be good if
the nuts burn quietly next to 

3709
03:28:19,100 --> 03:28:21,900
each other. 
If they pop and jump apart, the 

3710
03:28:21,900 --> 03:28:25,500
love is over. 
Fact that nutty behavior when 

3711
03:28:25,500 --> 03:28:28,500
heated probably has more to do 
with moisture content than 

3712
03:28:28,500 --> 03:28:31,700
mystical Revelation, doesn't 
make anyone less interested in 

3713
03:28:31,700 --> 03:28:34,700
seeing their romantic future. 
Supposedly revealed in little 

3714
03:28:34,700 --> 03:28:37,900
explosions. 
Another way to tell the future 

3715
03:28:37,900 --> 03:28:40,900
is to peel apples. 
The goal is to peel an apple in 

3716
03:28:40,900 --> 03:28:44,800
one long unbroken strip of skin 
and then throw the peel over 

3717
03:28:44,800 --> 03:28:47,700
your shoulder. 
The way, the peel lands is said 

3718
03:28:47,700 --> 03:28:50,500
to make the first letter of your
future spouse's name. 

3719
03:28:51,300 --> 03:28:53,500
You need to be good at peeling 
apples and have a lot of 

3720
03:28:53,508 --> 03:28:56,500
imagination to figure out what 
the shape's mean since they 

3721
03:28:56,500 --> 03:29:00,100
don't usually look like letters.
In between these more 

3722
03:29:00,100 --> 03:29:03,100
traditional activities, people 
play card games and parlor 

3723
03:29:03,100 --> 03:29:05,500
games. 
People play games like charades 

3724
03:29:05,500 --> 03:29:09,100
Progressive, Yuka and other 
guessing games that were popular

3725
03:29:09,100 --> 03:29:11,900
at the time. 
The games are meant to help 

3726
03:29:11,900 --> 03:29:14,000
people who don't know each other
well get to know each other 

3727
03:29:14,000 --> 03:29:19,000
better, they are social not 
solitary and competitive but not

3728
03:29:19,000 --> 03:29:21,900
cutthroat. 
The entertainment for the 

3729
03:29:21,900 --> 03:29:24,800
evening, shows a different way 
of dealing with boredom and fun 

3730
03:29:24,800 --> 03:29:28,400
than you're used to. 
When conversation slows down in 

3731
03:29:28,400 --> 03:29:32,500
1909, there are no TVs phones or
Internet. 

3732
03:29:32,500 --> 03:29:35,500
To look at people have learned 
how to make entertainment 

3733
03:29:35,500 --> 03:29:38,300
instead of just watching it and 
they have the skills and 

3734
03:29:38,300 --> 03:29:41,200
patience to do things that 
require a lot of focus and 

3735
03:29:41,200 --> 03:29:44,400
engagement. 
This means that charades which 

3736
03:29:44,400 --> 03:29:47,300
might seem old-fashioned or 
boring to someone who is used to

3737
03:29:47,300 --> 03:29:51,300
constant digital stimulation. 
Can be really fun when it's the 

3738
03:29:51,300 --> 03:29:54,400
only thing to do and the 
audience is good at both acting 

3739
03:29:54,400 --> 03:29:58,700
and guessing The slow pace of 
the evening, getting games 

3740
03:29:58,700 --> 03:30:00,600
ready, playing them and 
finishing them. 

3741
03:30:01,300 --> 03:30:06,400
Feels nice in because no one is 
always comparing it to faster. 

3742
03:30:06,400 --> 03:30:10,600
Pace options as the evening goes
on and the parlor games come to 

3743
03:30:10,600 --> 03:30:13,400
a natural end. 
Someone suggests one of the most

3744
03:30:13,400 --> 03:30:16,900
popular Halloween traditions of 
the time a walk through the 

3745
03:30:16,900 --> 03:30:19,700
night. 
This wasn't a plan event like 

3746
03:30:19,700 --> 03:30:21,300
trick or treaty would later 
become. 

3747
03:30:21,300 --> 03:30:25,600
Instead it was an unplanned trip
into the dark that served many 

3748
03:30:25,600 --> 03:30:29,200
purposes at once. 
For the teens at the party and 

3749
03:30:29,200 --> 03:30:32,400
nightwalk gave them something 
rare in a time when adults were 

3750
03:30:32,400 --> 03:30:34,200
always watching them some 
privacy. 

3751
03:30:35,200 --> 03:30:36,800
Chaperones might go with the 
group. 

3752
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:40,400
But once everyone was spread out
along a dark Country Road or 

3753
03:30:40,400 --> 03:30:43,600
Village Street, couples could 
drift apart a little and have 

3754
03:30:43,600 --> 03:30:46,600
short conversations without old 
people watching every move. 

3755
03:30:47,200 --> 03:30:50,900
It wasn't exactly scandalous but
it was a rare chance to be alone

3756
03:30:50,900 --> 03:30:53,200
with someone in a world where 
most courtship happened in 

3757
03:30:53,208 --> 03:30:55,500
public. 
The group meets in the front 

3758
03:30:55,500 --> 03:30:57,900
hall and gets their coats and 
wraps from where they left them 

3759
03:30:57,900 --> 03:31:00,800
earlier. 
The women put on wool cloaks or 

3760
03:31:00,800 --> 03:31:04,800
coats and sometimes shawls to 
keep warm the men put on their 

3761
03:31:04,800 --> 03:31:08,600
suits and overcoats as well as 
the hats that no respectable 

3762
03:31:08,600 --> 03:31:13,100
person would go outside without 
someone like to Landon either an

3763
03:31:13,100 --> 03:31:15,500
oil lamp or a flash light if 
they are lucky enough to have 

3764
03:31:15,500 --> 03:31:20,600
one of those newfangled devices.
The moon, if it is visible also 

3765
03:31:20,600 --> 03:31:23,000
provides a light, once your eyes
get used to it. 

3766
03:31:23,800 --> 03:31:26,200
Going outside is like going to A
Whole New World. 

3767
03:31:27,400 --> 03:31:30,500
The air has that crisp clear 
quality that Autumn nights have 

3768
03:31:30,500 --> 03:31:33,000
and the temperature has dropped 
a lot since sunset. 

3769
03:31:34,000 --> 03:31:38,000
Cold feels good in stead of bad,
when you breathe, you make small

3770
03:31:38,000 --> 03:31:41,900
clouds that quickly disappear. 
The smells from earlier in the 

3771
03:31:41,900 --> 03:31:44,400
evening like would smoke and 
damp leaves have gotten 

3772
03:31:44,400 --> 03:31:47,000
stronger. 
You might even be able to smell 

3773
03:31:47,000 --> 03:31:50,000
Frost even though it hasn't 
gotten cold enough yet. 

3774
03:31:50,900 --> 03:31:54,500
It's hard to imagine how dark it
was in 1909 in most places 

3775
03:31:54,500 --> 03:31:56,900
today. 
There aren't any street lights 

3776
03:31:56,900 --> 03:32:00,500
in neighborhoods, porch lights. 
That stay on all night or 

3777
03:32:00,500 --> 03:32:03,000
shopping centers, or Office 
Buildings that give off light. 

3778
03:32:03,900 --> 03:32:06,700
The windows of individual homes 
let in warm light. 

3779
03:32:06,700 --> 03:32:10,400
But these little spots of light 
only make the darkness around 

3780
03:32:10,400 --> 03:32:14,400
them seem deeper. 
If the sky is clear, the stars 

3781
03:32:14,400 --> 03:32:17,200
are beautiful. 
Lots of light that people in 

3782
03:32:17,200 --> 03:32:21,300
your time usually only see in 
planetariums the group leaves 

3783
03:32:21,300 --> 03:32:23,400
without a specific destination 
in mind. 

3784
03:32:23,400 --> 03:32:27,000
They walk along streets and 
paths that everyone knows during

3785
03:32:27,000 --> 03:32:29,200
the day, but that look different
at night. 

3786
03:32:30,100 --> 03:32:33,500
Landmarks that are easy to find.
Turn into strange shapes. 

3787
03:32:34,600 --> 03:32:37,500
The tree that marks the edge of 
someone's property, becomes a 

3788
03:32:37,500 --> 03:32:40,700
shadowy figure against the sky, 
which is a little lighter. 

3789
03:32:40,700 --> 03:32:44,500
You don't notice the fence you 
pass every day until you trip 

3790
03:32:44,500 --> 03:32:46,200
over it and need to pay 
attention to it. 

3791
03:32:46,200 --> 03:32:49,500
Voices sound different at night 
than they do during the day, 

3792
03:32:49,500 --> 03:32:52,000
they sound clearer and farther 
away. 

3793
03:32:53,300 --> 03:32:56,000
The groups talking makes a 
bubble of human sound. 

3794
03:32:56,000 --> 03:32:58,100
That is surrounded by the sound 
of the night. 

3795
03:32:58,100 --> 03:33:02,300
Like the rustling of leaves, The
Barking, of a dog in the 

3796
03:33:02,300 --> 03:33:06,700
distance, the hooting of an owl 
and the wind moving through bare

3797
03:33:06,700 --> 03:33:08,800
branches with a sound like 
running water. 

3798
03:33:10,200 --> 03:33:12,100
These natural sounds aren't 
scary. 

3799
03:33:12,900 --> 03:33:16,100
They're more like friends. 
Reminding us that the dark is 

3800
03:33:16,100 --> 03:33:18,200
full of life going about its 
business. 

3801
03:33:19,200 --> 03:33:21,700
While the group is walking, 
someone might tell ghost stories

3802
03:33:21,700 --> 03:33:25,900
or stories about the area. 
In 1909 every town had these 

3803
03:33:25,900 --> 03:33:28,900
things the house where someone 
died in a strange. 

3804
03:33:28,900 --> 03:33:32,600
Way 50 years ago, the crossroads
were a headless horseman is said

3805
03:33:32,600 --> 03:33:34,400
to ride. 
Washington. 

3806
03:33:34,400 --> 03:33:37,900
Irving story was published in 
1820 and had become very popular

3807
03:33:37,900 --> 03:33:41,300
and the cemetery where lights 
are sometimes seen floating 

3808
03:33:41,300 --> 03:33:44,700
among the graves These stories 
aren't meant to scare you. 

3809
03:33:44,700 --> 03:33:47,300
Remember, it's a gentle 
Halloween. 

3810
03:33:47,300 --> 03:33:50,700
They're meant to remind you, 
that there might be mysteries in

3811
03:33:50,708 --> 03:33:52,200
the world that you don't see 
every day. 

3812
03:33:53,500 --> 03:33:57,600
The Storyteller talks in a low 
voice, not to scare everyone but

3813
03:33:57,600 --> 03:34:00,100
because it seems right to talk 
quietly about these things in 

3814
03:34:00,100 --> 03:34:02,700
the dark. 
The people who hear it. 

3815
03:34:02,700 --> 03:34:04,400
Laugh nervously and shiver a 
lot. 

3816
03:34:05,200 --> 03:34:07,000
Showing fear more than feeling 
it. 

3817
03:34:08,400 --> 03:34:11,200
If the group goes past a 
cemetery which is often close to

3818
03:34:11,200 --> 03:34:15,300
homes in small towns, they might
stop at the fence, not to go in 

3819
03:34:15,300 --> 03:34:18,100
because that would be 
disrespectful to the dead, but 

3820
03:34:18,100 --> 03:34:21,300
to recognize the place and maybe
think of friends and family who 

3821
03:34:21,300 --> 03:34:24,500
are buried there. 
The victorians and edwardians 

3822
03:34:24,500 --> 03:34:26,400
had a complicated relationship 
with death. 

3823
03:34:26,400 --> 03:34:29,600
They were more familiar with it 
than people today because it 

3824
03:34:29,600 --> 03:34:32,400
happened at home instead of in 
hospitals and the death rate was

3825
03:34:32,400 --> 03:34:34,500
higher. 
They were also more sentimental 

3826
03:34:34,500 --> 03:34:36,900
about it. 
The walk could take you to a 

3827
03:34:36,900 --> 03:34:40,200
place that is important to the 
area like a Hilltop with a view 

3828
03:34:40,200 --> 03:34:44,300
of the countryside, a bridge 
over a stream or a big old tree 

3829
03:34:44,300 --> 03:34:46,200
that has been a landmark for 
Generations. 

3830
03:34:47,100 --> 03:34:50,900
These places the group might 
stop not for any planned reason,

3831
03:34:50,900 --> 03:34:55,200
but just to enjoy the night, the
October are and being young 

3832
03:34:55,200 --> 03:34:59,600
alive and part of a community. 
This nightwalk gives some of the

3833
03:34:59,600 --> 03:35:01,900
group a chance to think about 
the deeper, meaning of 

3834
03:35:01,900 --> 03:35:05,400
Halloween, it's easier to 
believe that the veil Between 

3835
03:35:05,400 --> 03:35:09,000
Worlds is really thinner and 
that those who have died a 

3836
03:35:09,000 --> 03:35:12,600
really closer when you stand in 
the dark Under the Stars, these 

3837
03:35:12,600 --> 03:35:15,600
thoughts don't have to be scary.
It's Comforting. 

3838
03:35:15,600 --> 03:35:18,300
Rather than scary to think that 
your grandmother, or a friend 

3839
03:35:18,308 --> 03:35:20,100
who is passed away, might be 
nearby. 

3840
03:35:22,000 --> 03:35:24,500
Practical parts of the Walker 
Charming in their own way. 

3841
03:35:24,500 --> 03:35:28,500
Women walk through the dark 
while wearing long skirts that 

3842
03:35:28,500 --> 03:35:31,600
get caught on plants and shoes 
that aren't meant for rough 

3843
03:35:31,600 --> 03:35:34,500
ground. 
Men offer their arms to help 

3844
03:35:34,500 --> 03:35:38,300
women over hard places, which is
both practical and romantic. 

3845
03:35:39,300 --> 03:35:41,400
The person carrying the lantern 
becomes important. 

3846
03:35:41,400 --> 03:35:45,000
For a short time, they hold the 
light that keeps everyone on the

3847
03:35:45,000 --> 03:35:46,600
path and draw the group's 
attention. 

3848
03:35:47,400 --> 03:35:49,800
Eventually the group goes home 
because it's too cold. 

3849
03:35:49,800 --> 03:35:52,400
It's too late. 
Or they're just too tired from 

3850
03:35:52,400 --> 03:35:53,600
all the fun. 
They had that night. 

3851
03:35:54,800 --> 03:35:58,100
The walk back often seems 
shorter than the walk out, which

3852
03:35:58,100 --> 03:35:59,700
is what happens when you walk 
home. 

3853
03:35:59,700 --> 03:36:04,000
People might be talking less now
and thinking more and the energy

3854
03:36:04,000 --> 03:36:06,500
from early in the evening as 
turned into satisfied, 

3855
03:36:06,500 --> 03:36:09,500
tiredness. 
As they get closer to the house 

3856
03:36:09,500 --> 03:36:13,300
with the party started, the warm
light coming through the windows

3857
03:36:13,300 --> 03:36:15,200
looks. 
Especially inviting after being 

3858
03:36:15,200 --> 03:36:18,500
in the dark for a while. 
The group is grateful for the 

3859
03:36:18,508 --> 03:36:21,900
warmth and light when they come 
back in, especially since it's 

3860
03:36:21,900 --> 03:36:27,000
so cold and dark outside. 
This change from dark to light 

3861
03:36:27,000 --> 03:36:30,700
and cold to warm is small. 
But it touches on something. 

3862
03:36:30,700 --> 03:36:35,300
Deep down that makes a home, 
feel like a safe place. once 

3863
03:36:35,300 --> 03:36:39,200
back in the warm house with cold
cheeks and hair that have been 

3864
03:36:39,200 --> 03:36:42,800
messed up by the wind, The 
conversation often turns to the 

3865
03:36:42,800 --> 03:36:47,500
spooky parts of Halloween. 
But in 1909 beliefs in the 

3866
03:36:47,500 --> 03:36:50,700
Supernatural are in a strange 
Place between real faith and fun

3867
03:36:50,700 --> 03:36:53,900
between old-fashioned beliefs 
new fashion doubt. 

3868
03:36:54,700 --> 03:36:58,200
You should know that 1909 is an 
interesting time in history for 

3869
03:36:58,200 --> 03:36:59,900
people who believe in the 
Supernatural. 

3870
03:37:00,600 --> 03:37:04,400
This is an age of growing 
scientific knowledge, widespread

3871
03:37:04,400 --> 03:37:07,000
education and technological 
progress. 

3872
03:37:07,000 --> 03:37:09,100
That is changing how people live
every day. 

3873
03:37:10,200 --> 03:37:13,700
Spiritualism, the idea that the 
dead can talk to the living 

3874
03:37:13,700 --> 03:37:16,600
through. 
Mediums was very popular in the 

3875
03:37:16,600 --> 03:37:19,200
late 1800s, and still has a lot 
of followers. 

3876
03:37:19,200 --> 03:37:23,100
The ghost stories and Gothic 
literature of the last 100 years

3877
03:37:23,100 --> 03:37:26,700
have made Supernatural, 
encounters seem very romantic, 

3878
03:37:27,500 --> 03:37:30,400
As a result, most educated 
people in 1909. 

3879
03:37:30,400 --> 03:37:33,500
Don't really believe in the 
Halloween superstitions but they

3880
03:37:33,500 --> 03:37:35,300
don't completely disbelieve them
either. 

3881
03:37:35,300 --> 03:37:38,700
You might not believe in 
astrology but you still know 

3882
03:37:38,700 --> 03:37:41,700
your zodiac sign and feel good. 
When your horoscope says good 

3883
03:37:41,700 --> 03:37:44,600
things are coming. 
The Supernatural is one of those

3884
03:37:44,600 --> 03:37:47,800
things that probably aren't 
real, but could be and it's fun 

3885
03:37:47,800 --> 03:37:52,600
to think about the many way. 
In 1909 Halloween folklore was 

3886
03:37:52,600 --> 03:37:56,200
mostly about spirits of the 
Dead, not demons or other evil 

3887
03:37:56,200 --> 03:37:59,000
beings. 
People believe that the Knight 

3888
03:37:59,000 --> 03:38:01,700
is a time when people who have 
died can come back to see the 

3889
03:38:01,700 --> 03:38:04,200
people and places they loved in 
life. 

3890
03:38:04,900 --> 03:38:08,700
Instead of being scary, this is 
usually shown as a soft even 

3891
03:38:08,700 --> 03:38:12,000
beautiful chants. 
The custom of leaving food for 

3892
03:38:12,000 --> 03:38:14,400
the dead, which goes back to 
Celtic. 

3893
03:38:14,400 --> 03:38:18,000
Sam Hine is still going on, but 
in a less strict way. 

3894
03:38:19,000 --> 03:38:22,200
Some families might set a place 
at the table or put out a plate 

3895
03:38:22,200 --> 03:38:24,600
of treats to show that their 
loved ones, who have passed 

3896
03:38:24,600 --> 03:38:26,400
away, a welcome to come by if 
they want to. 

3897
03:38:27,300 --> 03:38:30,700
You don't do this out of fear or
dread you do it out of the same.

3898
03:38:30,700 --> 03:38:33,400
Kindness you would show to 
living relatives who might stop 

3899
03:38:33,400 --> 03:38:37,400
by without warning. 
The stories told at Halloween 

3900
03:38:37,400 --> 03:38:40,100
parties are more likely to be 
sad and scaredy. 

3901
03:38:40,800 --> 03:38:44,100
Someone might tell a story about
a grandmother who died and whose

3902
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:47,000
favorite perfume was in her old 
room on Halloween night. 

3903
03:38:47,900 --> 03:38:51,400
Or about a father, who died and 
whose pocket watch, which had 

3904
03:38:51,400 --> 03:38:54,900
stopped at the moment of his 
death rang, once at midnight on 

3905
03:38:54,900 --> 03:38:58,700
All Hallows, Eve for no reason. 
These stories talk about loss 

3906
03:38:58,700 --> 03:39:02,100
and grief, but they also say 
that love lives on after death. 

3907
03:39:02,900 --> 03:39:06,000
The Ghost and Halloween story. 
From 1909, aren't the evil 

3908
03:39:06,000 --> 03:39:08,100
ghosts that show up in later 
horror stories. 

3909
03:39:08,800 --> 03:39:11,800
They're more like kind spirits 
who might help or comfort you if

3910
03:39:11,800 --> 03:39:15,900
you treat them with respect. 
The fortune-telling games that 

3911
03:39:15,900 --> 03:39:19,100
were played in the evening 
seemed to call on the spirits as

3912
03:39:19,100 --> 03:39:20,700
sources of information about the
future. 

3913
03:39:21,600 --> 03:39:24,300
When you look in the mirror and 
hope to see your future spouse, 

3914
03:39:24,300 --> 03:39:27,100
you're asking the spirits to 
show you what they know. 

3915
03:39:27,900 --> 03:39:29,700
Even the scary parts of 
Halloween. 

3916
03:39:29,700 --> 03:39:32,500
These days are very mild 
compared to what they used to 

3917
03:39:32,500 --> 03:39:35,000
be. 
There are black cats and witches

3918
03:39:35,000 --> 03:39:38,300
in the decorations, but they are
more stylized and decorative 

3919
03:39:38,300 --> 03:39:41,100
than scary. 
The witch on a broomstick isn't 

3920
03:39:41,100 --> 03:39:45,200
a bad old woman, who eats kids, 
she's a symbol of folk magic and

3921
03:39:45,200 --> 03:39:48,900
wisdom from the countryside. 
The black cat isn't a sign of 

3922
03:39:48,900 --> 03:39:51,400
bad luck. 
It's a creature that is linked 

3923
03:39:51,400 --> 03:39:55,000
to mystery and the line between 
home and Wild Spaces. 

3924
03:39:55,900 --> 03:39:58,900
Most of the time, the local 
Legends told at night are about 

3925
03:39:58,900 --> 03:40:02,800
strange, things that happened. 
Not real horror The light in the

3926
03:40:02,800 --> 03:40:05,100
cemetery, could be Spirits or 
Marsh gas. 

3927
03:40:05,900 --> 03:40:08,300
The fact that it's not clear 
what they are is part of what 

3928
03:40:08,300 --> 03:40:10,900
makes them. 
Interesting, the strange sounds 

3929
03:40:10,900 --> 03:40:13,500
near The Old Mill. 
Could be ghosts or the wind and 

3930
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:16,500
wins imagination. 
The fact that we don't know, for

3931
03:40:16,500 --> 03:40:19,600
sure is what makes the story 
interesting instead of just 

3932
03:40:19,600 --> 03:40:22,700
scary. 
Halloween also has a lot of what

3933
03:40:22,700 --> 03:40:24,300
we might call protective 
folklore. 

3934
03:40:24,300 --> 03:40:27,600
There are ideas about how to 
tell the future and there are 

3935
03:40:27,600 --> 03:40:30,300
also ideas about how to keep 
yourself safe from bad things 

3936
03:40:30,300 --> 03:40:34,100
that might happen on this night.
Evil spirits will be confused if

3937
03:40:34,100 --> 03:40:37,300
you turn your clothes inside out
having a little salt in your 

3938
03:40:37,308 --> 03:40:40,800
pocket will keep you safe. 
Walking around your house in the

3939
03:40:40,808 --> 03:40:44,700
direction of the Sun clockwise 
before bed will keep it safe. 

3940
03:40:44,700 --> 03:40:48,200
These protective Customs are 
done with a wink and a smile as 

3941
03:40:48,200 --> 03:40:52,200
if to say just in case and they 
don't cost anything and might 

3942
03:40:52,200 --> 03:40:56,100
help you don't really believe 
that these things matter but the

3943
03:40:56,100 --> 03:40:58,800
ritual of acknowledging them can
connects you to generations of 

3944
03:40:58,800 --> 03:41:02,100
people who found comfort in 
these small protective gestures.

3945
03:41:02,900 --> 03:41:06,300
It's like how you might avoid 
walking under ladders or feel a 

3946
03:41:06,300 --> 03:41:09,100
small superstitious pleasure in 
finding a penny heads up. 

3947
03:41:10,000 --> 03:41:13,900
In 1909 Halloween had more 
religious meaning than it does. 

3948
03:41:13,900 --> 03:41:17,700
Now when it is more 
commercialized, The name itself,

3949
03:41:17,700 --> 03:41:21,400
All Hallows Eve which means the 
night before. 

3950
03:41:21,400 --> 03:41:25,900
All Saints Day keeps the link to
Christian tradition even though 

3951
03:41:25,900 --> 03:41:28,300
the holiday has many older Pagan
elements. 

3952
03:41:29,200 --> 03:41:31,800
Some families. 
Go to special church services on

3953
03:41:31,800 --> 03:41:34,500
November 1st. 
To remember Saints and family 

3954
03:41:34,500 --> 03:41:38,000
members who have died. 
This makes Halloween part of a 

3955
03:41:38,000 --> 03:41:40,200
longer time of remembering and 
spiritual reflection. 

3956
03:41:40,200 --> 03:41:43,500
Most people don't seem to mind 
that Christian and non-Christian

3957
03:41:43,500 --> 03:41:46,900
elements live together. 
The Christian calendar has 

3958
03:41:46,900 --> 03:41:49,900
always been open to including 
local customs and folk 

3959
03:41:49,900 --> 03:41:53,900
practices. 
By 1909 this mixing of cultures 

3960
03:41:53,900 --> 03:41:56,700
is so common that most people 
don't even think about it. 

3961
03:41:57,500 --> 03:42:01,500
You can honor, Christian Saints 
and also Bob for apples to see 

3962
03:42:01,500 --> 03:42:03,800
what your love life will be like
in the future without any 

3963
03:42:03,800 --> 03:42:06,500
problems. 
The lack of light adds to the 

3964
03:42:06,500 --> 03:42:10,300
supernatural feel of the night. 
Keep in mind that electric 

3965
03:42:10,300 --> 03:42:13,300
lights aren't common yet and 
even where they are people don't

3966
03:42:13,300 --> 03:42:17,100
use them very often. 
There are candles oil lamps and 

3967
03:42:17,100 --> 03:42:19,700
maybe even the light from the 
fireplace in The Parlor. 

3968
03:42:20,400 --> 03:42:23,400
This makes the kind of lighting 
that filmmakers spend a lot of 

3969
03:42:23,400 --> 03:42:27,100
money trying to copy. 
Shadows, that change and move. 

3970
03:42:28,100 --> 03:42:31,400
Faces that come out to the dark 
and into pools of light and 

3971
03:42:31,400 --> 03:42:33,300
corners of rooms that stay 
mysterious. 

3972
03:42:34,400 --> 03:42:36,900
In this light is easy to think 
that you might see something 

3973
03:42:36,900 --> 03:42:40,100
strange. 
Shadow that moves in a strange 

3974
03:42:40,100 --> 03:42:43,000
way, could be an effect of the 
candlelight or it could be 

3975
03:42:43,000 --> 03:42:45,700
something else. 
That feeling of being there. 

3976
03:42:45,700 --> 03:42:48,300
When you were alone in dark 
room, Could Be Your Mind Playing

3977
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:51,200
Tricks on you, or it could be a 
loved one who has passed away 

3978
03:42:51,200 --> 03:42:56,900
checking in. the uncertainty is 
part of the experience, and it 

3979
03:42:56,900 --> 03:42:59,900
seems that most people in 1909 
are happy to leave it that way 

3980
03:42:59,900 --> 03:43:04,000
instead of insisting, on either 
total belief, or total doubt, 

3981
03:43:04,900 --> 03:43:07,800
the fact that people in 1909 
were more comfortable with not 

3982
03:43:07,800 --> 03:43:10,800
knowing about the supernatural 
shows, a bigger cultural 

3983
03:43:10,800 --> 03:43:15,500
difference between then and now,
In today's world, there is a lot

3984
03:43:15,508 --> 03:43:17,800
of pressure to put things into 
one of two groups. 

3985
03:43:18,600 --> 03:43:21,900
Scientifically proven facts or 
superstitions that aren't true. 

3986
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:25,400
But in 1909 people are more 
okay. 

3987
03:43:25,400 --> 03:43:28,700
With the idea that something's 
can't be known that mystery has 

3988
03:43:28,700 --> 03:43:31,800
value and that not everything 
needs to be explained or 

3989
03:43:31,800 --> 03:43:35,000
explained away. 
As the night goes on and people 

3990
03:43:35,000 --> 03:43:37,700
settle into comfy. 
Chairs with cups of warm side 

3991
03:43:37,700 --> 03:43:41,500
cider, the conversation might 
turn to the idea of thin places 

3992
03:43:41,500 --> 03:43:44,700
which are places where the line 
between the normal world and 

3993
03:43:44,700 --> 03:43:46,300
something else seems to be very 
thin. 

3994
03:43:47,100 --> 03:43:51,000
There are such places in every 
town, the old churchyard, the 

3995
03:43:51,000 --> 03:43:54,300
crossroads at the edge of town, 
the ancient tree, that was 

3996
03:43:54,300 --> 03:43:57,100
already old when the first 
settlers came and the spring 

3997
03:43:57,100 --> 03:43:59,800
that never freezes. 
Even in the coldest winter 

3998
03:44:00,900 --> 03:44:02,900
People don't think these thin 
places are dangerous. 

3999
03:44:02,900 --> 03:44:06,400
Instead, they think they are 
special and should be respected 

4000
03:44:06,400 --> 03:44:09,600
and give an attention. 
People don't stay away from 

4001
03:44:09,600 --> 03:44:12,400
them. 
Instead they go to them knowing 

4002
03:44:12,400 --> 03:44:14,200
that they might find something 
strange there. 

4003
03:44:15,400 --> 03:44:18,400
Halloween is a time when people 
believed that the veil Between 

4004
03:44:18,400 --> 03:44:21,700
Worlds gets thinner. 
This makes the whole night feel 

4005
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:23,800
like a thin time when Anything 
Could Happen. 

4006
03:44:25,000 --> 03:44:27,100
The party is now in its last 
phase. 

4007
03:44:27,100 --> 03:44:31,000
The calm time before midnight 
when everyone is tired, but not 

4008
03:44:31,000 --> 03:44:34,600
too tired to have fun. 
The group has enjoyed the snacks

4009
03:44:34,600 --> 03:44:39,100
played the games and had their 
fortunes told with varying 

4010
03:44:39,100 --> 03:44:41,400
levels of faith in how accurate 
they were. 

4011
03:44:42,200 --> 03:44:44,800
Then they went out side into the
October night and came back 

4012
03:44:44,800 --> 03:44:47,800
safely. 
This is the time for quieter 

4013
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:50,600
activities. 
Talking that has become more 

4014
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:53,900
personal as the night went on 
and people let their guard down 

4015
03:44:53,900 --> 03:44:57,300
and for thinking about what 
Halloween means beyond the games

4016
03:44:57,300 --> 03:45:00,600
and traditions, if the family is
Rich enough to have a piano, 

4017
03:45:00,600 --> 03:45:03,800
someone might be playing soft 
music that fits the time of day.

4018
03:45:04,700 --> 03:45:07,500
There are both popular songs 
from the time and older songs 

4019
03:45:07,500 --> 03:45:09,200
that have been passed down 
through the years. 

4020
03:45:09,200 --> 03:45:13,600
If you listen to music from 
1909, it will sound very old 

4021
03:45:13,600 --> 03:45:16,800
fashioned to you. 
The lyrics are sentimental and 

4022
03:45:16,800 --> 03:45:20,200
The Melodies are simple, showing
how people thought in the 

4023
03:45:20,200 --> 03:45:22,900
Victorian era. 
But with a more positive view of

4024
03:45:22,900 --> 03:45:27,200
the Edwardian era but in this 
case, with the October night, 

4025
03:45:27,200 --> 03:45:30,000
pressing against the windows and
the candles burning low, in 

4026
03:45:30,000 --> 03:45:34,100
their holders, The music does 
its job of setting the mood and 

4027
03:45:34,100 --> 03:45:37,100
giving people something to do 
with their attention, that isn't

4028
03:45:37,100 --> 03:45:40,000
as demanding as games or deep 
conversation. 

4029
03:45:41,000 --> 03:45:43,900
Some guests have already left 
especially those who have to 

4030
03:45:43,900 --> 03:45:46,400
walk along way home or who 
strict parents are waiting up 

4031
03:45:46,400 --> 03:45:49,200
for them. 
The elaborate politeness rituals

4032
03:45:49,200 --> 03:45:51,900
of the time. 
Mark, their departures thanking,

4033
03:45:51,900 --> 03:45:54,900
their hosts several times, 
putting on their outdoor clothes

4034
03:45:54,900 --> 03:45:58,700
making last jokes and promising 
to see each other soon at church

4035
03:45:58,700 --> 03:46:01,800
or around town. 
Those who are still there at the

4036
03:46:01,800 --> 03:46:05,100
strong ones, the ones who 
haven't quite let go of the 

4037
03:46:05,100 --> 03:46:08,400
magic of the night yet. 
The mother of the host family 

4038
03:46:08,400 --> 03:46:11,700
might be in the kitchen quietly,
starting to clean up the mess 

4039
03:46:11,700 --> 03:46:15,000
that can't wait until morning. 
She might be putting away food. 

4040
03:46:15,000 --> 03:46:19,300
That will spoil washing cups and
plates and banking the fire in 

4041
03:46:19,300 --> 03:46:22,200
the stove. 
This work is done without 

4042
03:46:22,200 --> 03:46:25,500
complaint or martyrdom, just 
because it's part of being a 

4043
03:46:25,500 --> 03:46:28,200
host. 
There will be more cleaning up 

4044
03:46:28,200 --> 03:46:30,500
in the morning but the worst of 
it can be done. 

4045
03:46:30,500 --> 03:46:33,700
Now, while guests are still 
there but busy if there are any 

4046
03:46:33,700 --> 03:46:36,200
young kids in the house, they 
have long since gone to bed, 

4047
03:46:36,208 --> 03:46:39,000
however, they may still be awake
in their rooms. 

4048
03:46:39,000 --> 03:46:42,900
Trying to stay alert for any 
Supernatural visits or just 

4049
03:46:42,900 --> 03:46:45,900
excited by the strange. 
Sound of a party going on late 

4050
03:46:45,900 --> 03:46:48,800
Into the Night. 
They will remember this night in

4051
03:46:48,800 --> 03:46:52,800
their own way, the strange 
Shadows cast by the candlelight,

4052
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:56,000
the guests laughter, the special
snacks. 

4053
03:46:56,000 --> 03:46:58,700
They got to eat before bed and 
the feeling that something 

4054
03:46:58,700 --> 03:47:02,200
important and magical was going 
on, even though they weren't old

4055
03:47:02,200 --> 03:47:06,300
enough to fully take part. 
As the clock, whether it's a 

4056
03:47:06,300 --> 03:47:08,500
mantle piece clock or wall, 
clock, or someone's pocket. 

4057
03:47:08,500 --> 03:47:11,400
Watch gets closer to midnight 
people. 

4058
03:47:11,400 --> 03:47:13,300
Often take a moment to 
acknowledge it. 

4059
03:47:14,100 --> 03:47:17,100
Halloween night is traditionally
the most powerful time of the 

4060
03:47:17,100 --> 03:47:20,800
year and midnight is when the 
veil Between Worlds is thinnest.

4061
03:47:20,800 --> 03:47:24,900
Spirits are most likely to be 
present and divination is most 

4062
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:28,500
likely to be accurate. 
The group might stand by a 

4063
03:47:28,500 --> 03:47:31,500
window and look out at the 
night, which is now very still 

4064
03:47:31,500 --> 03:47:35,000
and dark. 
As families go to bed, most of 

4065
03:47:35,000 --> 03:47:36,800
the lights in nearby houses of 
gone out. 

4066
03:47:36,800 --> 03:47:40,300
If you can see the moon, it has 
moved across the sky. 

4067
03:47:40,300 --> 03:47:43,400
Since the party started, the 
wind could have gotten stronger 

4068
03:47:43,400 --> 03:47:45,900
or weaker. 
The temperature has definitely 

4069
03:47:45,900 --> 03:47:48,500
dropped even more. 
And by morning, there will 

4070
03:47:48,500 --> 03:47:52,300
probably be frost In some places
people, have a tradition of 

4071
03:47:52,300 --> 03:47:54,300
being quiet. 
When the clock, strikes midnight

4072
03:47:54,300 --> 03:47:57,600
and listening for sounds that 
might not be from this world. 

4073
03:47:58,500 --> 03:48:02,700
We do this with Open Hearts, not
scared ones, because we know 

4074
03:48:02,700 --> 03:48:05,400
that if Spirits are around, this
is when they might show 

4075
03:48:05,400 --> 03:48:09,100
themselves, the silence is 
friendly not tense. 

4076
03:48:09,100 --> 03:48:11,400
And the only sound is the 
clock's mechanism. 

4077
03:48:11,400 --> 03:48:15,100
Getting ready to strike 12. 
When the clock strikes midnight,

4078
03:48:15,100 --> 03:48:17,200
there is often a small 
Collective. 

4079
03:48:17,200 --> 03:48:20,800
Exhale as if everyone has 
crossed a line this can be 

4080
03:48:20,808 --> 03:48:25,100
marked by Chimes bells or just 
the quiet agreement of those, 

4081
03:48:25,100 --> 03:48:28,900
checking their watches. 
All Saints Day is started, which

4082
03:48:28,900 --> 03:48:32,100
means that Halloween is over. 
The magical time is over. 

4083
03:48:32,100 --> 03:48:36,400
And while people were aware of 
and welcome the spirits, no one 

4084
03:48:36,400 --> 03:48:39,200
seems to be upset that, nothing 
dramatic, or Supernatural 

4085
03:48:39,200 --> 03:48:42,700
happened. 
What matters was the possibility

4086
03:48:42,700 --> 03:48:46,100
being open to the unknown rather
than Noah? 

4087
03:48:47,200 --> 03:48:50,200
Someone might raise a glass with
the last of the cider or other 

4088
03:48:50,200 --> 03:48:52,800
drink. 
The toast could be to All Saints

4089
03:48:52,800 --> 03:48:56,600
to friend, who can't be there to
the winter that everyone needs 

4090
03:48:56,600 --> 03:48:59,000
to get ready for, or just to the
success. 

4091
03:48:59,000 --> 03:49:02,300
Of the Knights of events people 
raise, their glasses or cuts and

4092
03:49:02,300 --> 03:49:04,800
drink the toast, which makes the
party feel like it's over. 

4093
03:49:04,800 --> 03:49:09,700
Now, is when the last departures
really start, even the most 

4094
03:49:09,700 --> 03:49:12,900
dedicated party go as know that 
the Knight to come to an end. 

4095
03:49:12,900 --> 03:49:17,200
And that tomorrow technically, 
today will come soon with its 

4096
03:49:17,200 --> 03:49:20,500
demands of work school and other
daily tasks. 

4097
03:49:21,500 --> 03:49:24,700
The front door opens several 
times to let groups of guests 

4098
03:49:24,700 --> 03:49:28,300
out into the night each time 
they say thank you and goodbye 

4099
03:49:28,300 --> 03:49:31,700
and remind everyone about 
upcoming community events. 

4100
03:49:32,600 --> 03:49:35,300
For the host family. 
There is a strange mix of 

4101
03:49:35,300 --> 03:49:38,800
tiredness and happiness that 
comes from having successfully 

4102
03:49:38,800 --> 03:49:42,500
entertained. 
The house is a mess, the candles

4103
03:49:42,500 --> 03:49:45,800
are almost out and there is 
still work to be done but the 

4104
03:49:45,800 --> 03:49:47,400
evening did what it was supposed
to do. 

4105
03:49:47,400 --> 03:49:52,200
Bring people together on a 
tradition acknowledge mystery 

4106
03:49:52,200 --> 03:49:55,700
and give young people a chance 
to hang out in a safe structured

4107
03:49:55,700 --> 03:49:58,800
way. 
When the last guests leave for 

4108
03:49:58,800 --> 03:50:01,200
the night, the house becomes 
quiet in a different way. 

4109
03:50:02,100 --> 03:50:04,700
It's not the quiet of waiting 
for the party to start. 

4110
03:50:04,700 --> 03:50:07,700
It's the quiet of an event that 
has ended. 

4111
03:50:08,600 --> 03:50:11,700
The parents and maybe some older
children, who helped host the 

4112
03:50:11,700 --> 03:50:14,000
party start. 
The process of turning the house

4113
03:50:14,000 --> 03:50:17,000
back in to our home This process
has its own. 

4114
03:50:17,000 --> 03:50:20,100
Calm Rhythm, one by one, the 
candles, go out and the light 

4115
03:50:20,100 --> 03:50:22,700
gets dimmer and dimmer until 
they're only one or two lamps 

4116
03:50:22,700 --> 03:50:25,500
left to work by. 
The decorations, will stay up 

4117
03:50:25,500 --> 03:50:27,700
for now. 
They'll come down tomorrow or in

4118
03:50:27,700 --> 03:50:30,000
the next few days. 
The furniture. 

4119
03:50:30,000 --> 03:50:32,900
On the other hand is starting to
move back to its normal places. 

4120
03:50:33,800 --> 03:50:36,500
The cushions are fluffed. 
The windows are checked to make 

4121
03:50:36,500 --> 03:50:38,500
sure they're properly. 
Latched against the night. 

4122
03:50:38,500 --> 03:50:41,300
Are the front door is locked 
with a solid sound. 

4123
03:50:41,300 --> 03:50:43,800
That lets everyone know the 
house is ready for sleep. 

4124
03:50:44,700 --> 03:50:47,100
The last cleaning in the kitchen
is done quickly because of 

4125
03:50:47,100 --> 03:50:50,800
years, of practice, the stove, 
heats the water for washing 

4126
03:50:50,800 --> 03:50:54,300
dishes and the towels that have 
been warming up nearby dry them 

4127
03:50:54,300 --> 03:50:57,000
off. 
Then the dishes are put back in 

4128
03:50:57,000 --> 03:51:00,500
their places in the cupboards. 
The leftover food is looked at 

4129
03:51:00,500 --> 03:51:03,400
to see what can be saved. 
What should be eaten tomorrow 

4130
03:51:03,400 --> 03:51:06,400
and what can be given to the 
chickens if the family has them?

4131
03:51:07,400 --> 03:51:10,500
In a world where most families 
lived, much closer to the edge 

4132
03:51:10,500 --> 03:51:14,500
of subsistence than we do today.
There was no such thing as 

4133
03:51:14,500 --> 03:51:17,100
waste. 
The mother of the house, does 

4134
03:51:17,100 --> 03:51:20,200
one last check of the rooms 
where guests are making sure 

4135
03:51:20,200 --> 03:51:23,600
there are no forgotten items 
that the candles are really out 

4136
03:51:23,600 --> 03:51:26,800
and don't pose a fire risk and 
that she knows what needs to be 

4137
03:51:26,800 --> 03:51:30,000
done in the morning. 
This isn't obsessive kit taking,

4138
03:51:30,000 --> 03:51:33,100
it's just the responsible 
oversight that comes with 

4139
03:51:33,100 --> 03:51:36,500
running a household. 
It requires a lot more attention

4140
03:51:36,500 --> 03:51:39,400
to safety and maintenance than 
modern convenience is due. 

4141
03:51:40,300 --> 03:51:44,100
The father might go outside one 
last time before bed partly to 

4142
03:51:44,100 --> 03:51:47,000
make sure everything is safe and
partly for that private moment 

4143
03:51:47,000 --> 03:51:50,900
under the October stars that men
of his age like to He might 

4144
03:51:50,908 --> 03:51:54,200
smoke one last pipe on the porch
or in the yard thinking about 

4145
03:51:54,200 --> 03:51:58,100
the night and the season, 
everyone can feel that winter is

4146
03:51:58,100 --> 03:52:01,600
coming in the colder night air. 
There are still things to do to 

4147
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:06,200
get ready, hang storm, windows, 
split and stack wood and get the

4148
03:52:06,200 --> 03:52:08,400
garden beds. 
Ready for their winter sleep. 

4149
03:52:09,700 --> 03:52:13,300
Climbing the stairs, to bed. 
Most of the time, bedrooms, were

4150
03:52:13,300 --> 03:52:17,000
upstairs and houses with the 
second floor in 1909, made me 

4151
03:52:17,000 --> 03:52:20,200
feel good about the day. 
The stairs might Creek with 

4152
03:52:20,200 --> 03:52:22,800
familiar. 
Sounds the banister, feels 

4153
03:52:22,800 --> 03:52:26,400
smooth and your hand, and the 
Darkness of the upstairs, feels 

4154
03:52:26,400 --> 03:52:29,400
cozy in stead of strange. 
Now that Halloween is over. 

4155
03:52:30,700 --> 03:52:35,400
By today's standards, bedrooms 
were cold in 1909 most homes. 

4156
03:52:35,400 --> 03:52:39,300
Don't have Central Heating. 
Downstairs rooms might be warmed

4157
03:52:39,300 --> 03:52:43,100
by stoves or fireplaces but 
upstairs rooms get most of their

4158
03:52:43,100 --> 03:52:46,600
heat from the rising warmth of 
daytime fires, which has long 

4159
03:52:46,600 --> 03:52:48,600
since gone away on a late 
October night. 

4160
03:52:49,600 --> 03:52:53,500
People expect bedrooms to be 
cold and they offer sleeping not

4161
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:56,000
lounging around, getting ready 
for bed. 

4162
03:52:56,000 --> 03:52:59,700
Includes both cleaning up and 
relaxing, rituals people wash 

4163
03:52:59,700 --> 03:53:02,700
their faces, by pouring water 
from a picture into a basement. 

4164
03:53:02,700 --> 03:53:06,000
Indoor, plumbing is common in 
cities, but not everywhere, 

4165
03:53:06,000 --> 03:53:10,300
tooth, powered, or paste is used
to clean teeth women. 

4166
03:53:10,300 --> 03:53:14,400
Specially, do the ritual of 
brushing their hair 100 times 

4167
03:53:14,400 --> 03:53:16,300
which was thought to be good for
hair health. 

4168
03:53:17,100 --> 03:53:19,800
Taking off clothes carefully, 
and either folding them up to 

4169
03:53:19,800 --> 03:53:21,800
where again, if they're clean 
enough or putting them in the 

4170
03:53:21,800 --> 03:53:26,800
laundry in 1909, nightclubs were
heavy, women wore long, 

4171
03:53:26,800 --> 03:53:29,600
nightgowns men more night 
shirts, and they might have 

4172
03:53:29,600 --> 03:53:33,400
sleeping caps and bed socks. 
When it was cold people sleep 

4173
03:53:33,400 --> 03:53:36,000
with more clothes on than your 
used to partly, because it's 

4174
03:53:36,000 --> 03:53:39,800
cold and partly because modesty 
standards apply even when you're

4175
03:53:39,800 --> 03:53:43,800
sleeping, Earlier, in the day, 
the bed was made with smooth 

4176
03:53:43,800 --> 03:53:47,100
sheets and arranged blankets and
quilts were added, or taken 

4177
03:53:47,100 --> 03:53:50,000
away, depending on the season. 
When you slip between the 

4178
03:53:50,000 --> 03:53:53,200
sheets, they are cold at first, 
but will warm up from your body 

4179
03:53:53,200 --> 03:53:55,800
heat? 
For a moment, your body can 

4180
03:53:55,800 --> 03:53:59,300
finally rest after hours of 
standing walking and Performing 

4181
03:53:59,300 --> 03:54:02,400
socially. 
Pillow is just write the 

4182
03:54:02,400 --> 03:54:06,100
blankets are heavy and warm and 
the bedroom is completely dark 

4183
03:54:06,100 --> 03:54:08,400
in a way that modern people 
don't offer an experience. 

4184
03:54:09,400 --> 03:54:12,900
There are no LED lights from 
Electronics, no streetlight, 

4185
03:54:12,900 --> 03:54:16,200
shining through the curtains and
no ambient Urban light. 

4186
03:54:17,500 --> 03:54:21,200
In this darkness and quiet. 
Thoughts might go back over the 

4187
03:54:21,200 --> 03:54:25,000
events of the evening. 
The games and laughed after the 

4188
03:54:25,000 --> 03:54:27,800
talks. 
And flirting, the time spent 

4189
03:54:27,800 --> 03:54:30,800
outside under the stars, 
realizing that life may be more 

4190
03:54:30,800 --> 03:54:33,900
mysterious than it seems and the
comfort of community and 

4191
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:38,500
traditional These thoughts mix 
with the start of dreams as 

4192
03:54:38,500 --> 03:54:41,800
Consciousness. 
Let's go and sleep comes. 

4193
03:54:43,000 --> 03:54:47,000
Morning comes like it does in 
November Leighton unwilling with

4194
03:54:47,000 --> 03:54:49,000
gray light. 
That seems to come from the air 

4195
03:54:49,000 --> 03:54:51,400
itself instead of from a 
specific Direction. 

4196
03:54:52,500 --> 03:54:55,300
The first person to wake up has 
to start the fire again by 

4197
03:54:55,300 --> 03:54:59,100
cleaning out the ashes, putting 
down new kindling and coaxing 

4198
03:54:59,100 --> 03:55:02,800
Flames from Embers or matches. 
This will gradually build the 

4199
03:55:02,800 --> 03:55:05,100
fire that will warm the house 
and cook breakfast. 

4200
03:55:05,100 --> 03:55:08,400
The light on November 1st shows 
that the house is still 

4201
03:55:08,400 --> 03:55:11,500
decorated for Halloween. 
But in the light of day, the 

4202
03:55:11,500 --> 03:55:14,400
declaration's look less 
mysterious and more like what 

4203
03:55:14,400 --> 03:55:17,200
they are. 
Paper and vegetables arrange for

4204
03:55:17,200 --> 03:55:20,100
a short time. 
These decorations will be taken 

4205
03:55:20,100 --> 03:55:23,800
down in the next day or two. 
You could cut the pumpkin up for

4206
03:55:23,800 --> 03:55:26,600
pies or stews, the paper 
decorations. 

4207
03:55:26,600 --> 03:55:28,900
Will be careful. 
Taken down and either stored or 

4208
03:55:28,900 --> 03:55:31,500
burned in the stove. 
Since new ones will be needed 

4209
03:55:31,500 --> 03:55:35,000
next year anyway. 
But today, All Saints Day for 

4210
03:55:35,000 --> 03:55:37,800
those who follow the religious 
calendar, there's no need to 

4211
03:55:37,800 --> 03:55:39,700
break up the magic from last 
night, right away. 

4212
03:55:40,800 --> 03:55:43,000
Every day people have to make 
and eat breakfast. 

4213
03:55:43,000 --> 03:55:46,100
Do their chores and go back to 
their normal lives. 

4214
03:55:46,900 --> 03:55:49,800
But the memory of the party is 
still fresh giving, people 

4215
03:55:49,800 --> 03:55:51,500
something to talk about at 
breakfast. 

4216
03:55:51,500 --> 03:55:56,000
And when they run into neighbors
and Friends during the day, On 

4217
03:55:56,000 --> 03:55:57,800
November 1st. 
The town feels a little 

4218
03:55:57,808 --> 03:56:00,000
different than it did on October
31st. 

4219
03:56:00,800 --> 03:56:03,500
But someone looking in from the 
outside, might have a hard time 

4220
03:56:03,500 --> 03:56:06,900
figuring out what has changed. 
It's partly because the calendar

4221
03:56:06,900 --> 03:56:10,100
has changed to a new month, 
partly, because the weather is 

4222
03:56:10,100 --> 03:56:13,500
getting colder and partly, 
because the feeling that a 

4223
03:56:13,500 --> 03:56:17,700
holiday, no matter how small has
come and gone and taken it, 

4224
03:56:17,700 --> 03:56:20,500
special quality with it. 
People who went to Halloween 

4225
03:56:20,500 --> 03:56:23,200
parties, the night before might 
be a little tired from staying 

4226
03:56:23,200 --> 03:56:26,700
up later than usual, but it's a 
nice tiredness that comes from 

4227
03:56:26,700 --> 03:56:29,600
having fun with friends rather 
than from stress or worry. 

4228
03:56:30,500 --> 03:56:33,100
People talk about different 
parties at work and school. 

4229
03:56:33,100 --> 03:56:36,100
Share. 
Funny stories, wonder if the 

4230
03:56:36,100 --> 03:56:37,500
fortune telling games were 
right. 

4231
03:56:37,500 --> 03:56:41,300
And tease, those whose romantic 
Futures were supposedly revealed

4232
03:56:41,300 --> 03:56:44,900
by Apple's nuts. 
All looking in a mirror for 

4233
03:56:44,900 --> 03:56:47,800
those who go the church service 
on All Saints Day is a more 

4234
03:56:47,800 --> 03:56:49,800
serious Counterpoint to the fun 
of Halloween. 

4235
03:56:50,800 --> 03:56:54,700
This day is for remembering the 
dead, recognizing the communion 

4236
03:56:54,700 --> 03:56:58,000
of saints and thinking about 
death and faith. 

4237
03:56:59,200 --> 03:57:02,000
There may be prayers for the 
dead hymns that talk about 

4238
03:57:02,000 --> 03:57:04,100
eternal life and meeting again 
in heaven. 

4239
03:57:04,100 --> 03:57:07,200
And the reading of the names of 
church members who died in the 

4240
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:09,900
past year. 
There is no conflict between the

4241
03:57:09,900 --> 03:57:13,300
games from last night and the 
seriousness of this morning. 

4242
03:57:14,200 --> 03:57:17,100
Halloween and All Saints Day are
both ways to remember the Dead 

4243
03:57:17,100 --> 03:57:21,100
Halloween, does this with fun. 
And hope, while All Saints Day, 

4244
03:57:21,100 --> 03:57:24,600
does it with respect and prayer?
Both of them, know that death 

4245
03:57:24,600 --> 03:57:27,200
doesn't end a relationship. 
It just changes it. 

4246
03:57:28,000 --> 03:57:30,300
As November 1st goes on into the
afternoon. 

4247
03:57:30,300 --> 03:57:33,700
And evening, the change of 
seasons becomes more obvious. 

4248
03:57:33,700 --> 03:57:37,900
The sun sets noticeably earlier 
than it did just a few weeks 

4249
03:57:37,900 --> 03:57:40,900
ago, even though it is already 
low in the sky at noon. 

4250
03:57:42,300 --> 03:57:45,000
The evening comes on with that 
special kind of November 

4251
03:57:45,000 --> 03:57:48,400
darkness that isn't as gold as 
October's but his more complete 

4252
03:57:49,300 --> 03:57:51,700
this kind of Darkness will last 
for the next few months. 

4253
03:57:52,500 --> 03:57:54,700
Farmers and people with 
guardians are getting ready for 

4254
03:57:54,700 --> 03:57:57,600
winter. 
Before a killing Frost in the 

4255
03:57:57,600 --> 03:58:00,300
growing season. 
The last Hardy vegetables need 

4256
03:58:00,300 --> 03:58:04,000
to be picked You need to dig up 
and store, root vegetables. 

4257
03:58:04,000 --> 03:58:06,200
Like turnips, carrots and 
potatoes. 

4258
03:58:06,200 --> 03:58:10,200
You need to get rid of any dead 
plants in your garden beds. 

4259
03:58:10,200 --> 03:58:13,200
You can either add them to 
compost, piles or let them break

4260
03:58:13,200 --> 03:58:16,300
down over the winter. 
The change from October to 

4261
03:58:16,300 --> 03:58:19,100
November also helps people get 
ready for the holidays. 

4262
03:58:19,800 --> 03:58:21,600
There will be a series of 
holidays, coming up, 

4263
03:58:21,600 --> 03:58:24,500
Thanksgiving Christmas and New 
Years. 

4264
03:58:24,500 --> 03:58:28,900
These will break up the dark 
months but on November 1st, 

4265
03:58:28,900 --> 03:58:30,800
those holidays. 
Still seem far away. 

4266
03:58:31,700 --> 03:58:34,700
For now, the main thing to do is
get used to the fact that winter

4267
03:58:34,700 --> 03:58:38,300
means shorter days, Colder 
Weather and having to spend more

4268
03:58:38,300 --> 03:58:41,100
time inside. 
Family start to think about 

4269
03:58:41,100 --> 03:58:43,500
winter projects. 
Well things they can do when 

4270
03:58:43,500 --> 03:58:46,300
they can't work outside. 
Women might plan. 

4271
03:58:46,300 --> 03:58:50,600
So in projects, like making 
quilts fixing, or changing 

4272
03:58:50,600 --> 03:58:54,400
clothes, or making new clothes 
during the winter, when they 

4273
03:58:54,400 --> 03:58:57,300
have to stay inside, men might 
have to fix things sharp and 

4274
03:58:57,300 --> 03:59:00,000
tools or finish projects in 
Barns or workshops. 

4275
03:59:00,900 --> 03:59:03,700
Kids know that school days will 
start and end in the dark. 

4276
03:59:03,700 --> 03:59:06,400
And that recess might be too 
cold for them to play outside 

4277
03:59:06,400 --> 03:59:09,500
comfortably. 
As the months get darker 

4278
03:59:09,500 --> 03:59:13,800
remembering Halloween night is a
bright spot to look back on the 

4279
03:59:13,800 --> 03:59:16,400
games, the laughter. 
And the time spent under the 

4280
03:59:16,400 --> 03:59:20,200
stars in October, all become 
stories that can be told again 

4281
03:59:20,200 --> 03:59:23,400
and again and private memories, 
that can be enjoyed. 

4282
03:59:24,400 --> 03:59:27,800
Depending on your mood and 
beliefs, the predictions made by

4283
03:59:27,800 --> 03:59:30,100
fortune. 
Tellers can be funny or serious.

4284
03:59:31,000 --> 03:59:33,300
The party helped people feel 
like they were part of a 

4285
03:59:33,300 --> 03:59:35,700
community which makes the coming
winter. 

4286
03:59:35,700 --> 03:59:38,700
Feel less lonely. 
Now that it's been over 100 

4287
03:59:38,700 --> 03:59:42,300
years since that Halloween night
in 1909, it's worth thinking 

4288
03:59:42,300 --> 03:59:45,900
about what was lost and what was
kept as Halloween changed into 

4289
03:59:45,900 --> 03:59:48,500
the holiday. 
You know today in many ways 

4290
03:59:48,500 --> 03:59:50,800
Halloween 1909 was the end of an
era. 

4291
03:59:51,400 --> 03:59:53,900
It was the last time, the 
holiday kept its folk character 

4292
03:59:53,900 --> 03:59:56,800
before commercial interests, 
changed it into something 

4293
03:59:56,800 --> 04:00:00,400
completely different. 
At first, the change happened 

4294
04:00:00,400 --> 04:00:05,100
Slowly by the 1920s Halloween 
was becoming more about kids. 

4295
04:00:06,000 --> 04:00:08,800
Schools and Community groups 
were throwing parties that were 

4296
04:00:08,800 --> 04:00:12,200
like the ones that happened in 
homes in 1909 but they were more

4297
04:00:12,200 --> 04:00:15,300
organized and less mysterious 
trick or treating. 

4298
04:00:15,300 --> 04:00:18,600
As we know it started in the 
1930s but it didn't become 

4299
04:00:18,600 --> 04:00:23,400
popular until after World War 2.
In the 1950s Halloween, became a

4300
04:00:23,400 --> 04:00:26,500
candy holiday for kids with 
store bought cost costumes and 

4301
04:00:26,500 --> 04:00:29,500
decorations. 
Every change had its pros and 

4302
04:00:29,500 --> 04:00:33,000
cons Halloween today. 
Reaches more people gives 

4303
04:00:33,000 --> 04:00:36,700
millions of kids fun memories 
and makes people really happy 

4304
04:00:36,700 --> 04:00:40,100
and excited. but when folk 
Traditions turned into a 

4305
04:00:40,100 --> 04:00:44,200
commercial holiday, Something 
was lost the real sense of 

4306
04:00:44,208 --> 04:00:47,800
mystery the connection to 
ancestors and traditions that go

4307
04:00:47,800 --> 04:00:50,500
back. 
Hundreds of years and the focus 

4308
04:00:50,500 --> 04:00:53,800
on fortune telling and romantic 
Futures that made Halloween 

4309
04:00:53,800 --> 04:00:57,900
special for young adults. 
The Halloween of 1909 was a part

4310
04:00:57,908 --> 04:00:59,900
of a cultural history that 
couldn't last. 

4311
04:00:59,900 --> 04:01:03,700
It needed a slow pace of life so
that people could make 

4312
04:01:03,700 --> 04:01:06,200
decorations by hand and play 
long games. 

4313
04:01:06,200 --> 04:01:09,200
It needed communities. 
That were small enough for most 

4314
04:01:09,200 --> 04:01:12,100
people to know each other and 
feel comfortable meeting in 

4315
04:01:12,100 --> 04:01:14,800
homes. 
It needed a connection to 

4316
04:01:14,800 --> 04:01:17,900
Darkness and the supernatural 
that more electricity and 

4317
04:01:17,900 --> 04:01:21,600
Science Education would weaken 
it needed a social structure for

4318
04:01:21,608 --> 04:01:24,200
dating and marriage that were 
changed because of how gender 

4319
04:01:24,200 --> 04:01:26,900
roles and romantic Freedom 
changed in the 20th century. 

4320
04:01:28,200 --> 04:01:31,500
But the main ideas behind 
Halloween, in 1909 are still 

4321
04:01:31,500 --> 04:01:33,300
there in modern versions of the 
holiday. 

4322
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:37,900
The desire to play with fear in 
a safe way, the appeal of 

4323
04:01:37,900 --> 04:01:41,600
changing through costumes, the 
joy of celebrating the seasons 

4324
04:01:41,600 --> 04:01:44,600
and the recognition that the 
line between life and death 

4325
04:01:44,600 --> 04:01:47,900
needs to be respected. 
All of these things are still 

4326
04:01:47,900 --> 04:01:52,300
around but in different ways The
fortune telling games that were 

4327
04:01:52,300 --> 04:01:55,800
such a big part of Halloween in 
1909, are mostly gone now. 

4328
04:01:56,900 --> 04:01:59,900
Is because people's views on 
marriage have changed people. 

4329
04:01:59,900 --> 04:02:02,900
Move around more and people are 
less likely to believe in 

4330
04:02:02,900 --> 04:02:05,700
divination. 
But their Spirit lives on, in 

4331
04:02:05,700 --> 04:02:08,400
the silly superstitions that 
still surround Halloween. 

4332
04:02:08,400 --> 04:02:11,600
Like the idea that some costumes
bring good luck. 

4333
04:02:11,600 --> 04:02:15,300
The rituals that go along with 
eating candy and the small 

4334
04:02:15,300 --> 04:02:17,900
thrill of staying up late and 
walking around neighborhoods 

4335
04:02:17,900 --> 04:02:20,900
after Dark. 
Modern Halloween events like 

4336
04:02:20,900 --> 04:02:24,400
Harvest festivals or churches, 
School parties neighborhood 

4337
04:02:24,400 --> 04:02:27,000
trick, or treating roots that 
get people out of their homes at

4338
04:02:27,000 --> 04:02:29,700
the same time. 
Have kept the focus on community

4339
04:02:29,700 --> 04:02:31,500
Gathering. 
Even adult. 

4340
04:02:31,500 --> 04:02:35,200
Halloween parties are like the 
social events of 1909, but with 

4341
04:02:35,200 --> 04:02:38,400
less fortune telling and more 
costumes, the link to the 

4342
04:02:38,408 --> 04:02:42,100
supernatural has changed in 
stead of going away, modern 

4343
04:02:42,100 --> 04:02:46,000
Halloween, focuses on fake 
scares, like haunted houses, 

4344
04:02:46,000 --> 04:02:50,800
horror movies and scary 
decorations in stead of real 

4345
04:02:50,800 --> 04:02:53,000
interactions with the idea of 
spirits. 

4346
04:02:54,000 --> 04:02:57,400
But even though commercial 
horror scary, there are still a 

4347
04:02:57,400 --> 04:02:59,600
recognition that death deserves 
to be remembered. 

4348
04:03:00,400 --> 04:03:03,200
That the Line Between Worlds can
be playfly crossed. 

4349
04:03:03,900 --> 04:03:06,800
And that darkness and mystery 
are a part of Being Human. 

4350
04:03:07,700 --> 04:03:09,900
From your point of view. 
The most interesting thing about

4351
04:03:09,900 --> 04:03:12,500
Halloween 1909 is how gentle it 
is. 

4352
04:03:13,300 --> 04:03:16,200
The spirits were nice. 
The darkness was friendly. 

4353
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:20,600
Fortune-telling was more fun 
than serious and the celebration

4354
04:03:20,600 --> 04:03:24,000
brought people of all ages and 
interests together instead of 

4355
04:03:24,000 --> 04:03:27,400
separating them. 
It was a holiday that recognized

4356
04:03:27,400 --> 04:03:31,200
mystery without requiring 
belief, that respected tradition

4357
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:35,200
without being strict about it 
and that made room for love hope

4358
04:03:35,200 --> 04:03:39,000
and connection with others. 
This gentleness shows that 

4359
04:03:39,000 --> 04:03:41,500
people in this culture, had a 
different view of fear and the 

4360
04:03:41,508 --> 04:03:44,100
supernatural than they did later
in the 20th century. 

4361
04:03:45,200 --> 04:03:48,000
Even though people say, the 
Victorian and Edwardian eras 

4362
04:03:48,000 --> 04:03:50,600
were very strict. 
They were actually very open 

4363
04:03:50,600 --> 04:03:54,200
about death and spirits. 
People talked about death fairly

4364
04:03:54,200 --> 04:03:57,500
openly and it was a part of life
through mourning rituals and 

4365
04:03:57,500 --> 04:04:00,700
Memorial practices. 
The thought that the dead might 

4366
04:04:00,700 --> 04:04:02,400
come back for a visit wasn't 
scary. 

4367
04:04:02,400 --> 04:04:05,500
It was comforting. 
It was like saying that love and

4368
04:04:05,500 --> 04:04:09,500
connection live on off to death.
By making death a medical issue 

4369
04:04:09,500 --> 04:04:11,800
and taking it out of the home 
culture. 

4370
04:04:11,800 --> 04:04:14,800
In the later 20th century made 
it both less familiar and more 

4371
04:04:14,800 --> 04:04:17,900
scary. 
Halloween changed to reflect 

4372
04:04:17,900 --> 04:04:20,700
this. 
Becoming more about fear and 

4373
04:04:20,700 --> 04:04:23,600
horror than about gentle mystery
and Family Ties. 

4374
04:04:24,400 --> 04:04:27,000
People stopped being careful 
about the Supernatural and 

4375
04:04:27,000 --> 04:04:30,400
started to be afraid of it. 
Spirits turned into scary 

4376
04:04:30,400 --> 04:04:32,300
beings. 
Instead of loved ones coming 

4377
04:04:32,300 --> 04:04:36,300
back. 
But that October night in 1909, 

4378
04:04:36,300 --> 04:04:39,600
when we spent time together, 
Halloween was still the same as 

4379
04:04:39,600 --> 04:04:42,300
it had always been. 
It was a night for young people 

4380
04:04:42,300 --> 04:04:45,700
to dream about their romantic 
futures for communities to come 

4381
04:04:45,700 --> 04:04:48,700
together in warmth and light. 
While acknowledging the cold 

4382
04:04:48,700 --> 04:04:53,000
Darkness outside for traditions 
to be honored and passed on and 

4383
04:04:53,000 --> 04:04:55,900
for the possibility of mystery 
to be acknowledged with without 

4384
04:04:55,900 --> 04:04:59,600
needing proof. 
As you get ready for bed with 

4385
04:04:59,600 --> 04:05:03,200
your own October night, pressing
against your windows, think 

4386
04:05:03,200 --> 04:05:06,600
about what parts of that 
Halloween in 1909 might be worth

4387
04:05:06,600 --> 04:05:10,900
keeping or getting back. 
Not in an nostalgic way that 

4388
04:05:10,900 --> 04:05:14,200
tries to bring back the past. 
Because that passed had its own 

4389
04:05:14,200 --> 04:05:16,600
problems and limitations that we
shouldn't romanticize. 

4390
04:05:18,000 --> 04:05:21,100
Instead we should think about 
what human needs those 

4391
04:05:21,100 --> 04:05:24,400
Traditions met and how those 
needs might still be relevant. 

4392
04:05:25,500 --> 04:05:29,000
The decorations made by hand in 
1909 were both necessary and 

4393
04:05:29,000 --> 04:05:31,500
creative. 
In a world where holiday 

4394
04:05:31,500 --> 04:05:34,500
decorations are made in 
factories, the idea of making 

4395
04:05:34,500 --> 04:05:38,300
your own decorations, even 
simple ones is appealing. 

4396
04:05:39,000 --> 04:05:42,700
For example, cutting out shapes 
from paper, carving pumpkins, 

4397
04:05:42,700 --> 04:05:46,400
with care and arranging, Autumn 
Leaves and corn stalks into 

4398
04:05:46,400 --> 04:05:48,300
Arrangements that celebrate the 
season. 

4399
04:05:49,400 --> 04:05:53,000
The fortune-telling games were 
Silly and fun, but they had a 

4400
04:05:53,008 --> 04:05:57,400
point to remind people that the 
future is unknown, and to give 

4401
04:05:57,400 --> 04:06:00,600
them a chance to think about 
their hopes and dreams in a fun 

4402
04:06:00,600 --> 04:06:03,900
way. 
We don't often let us play with 

4403
04:06:03,900 --> 04:06:06,800
uncertainty like this, because 
modern life is so focused on 

4404
04:06:06,808 --> 04:06:10,400
planning and control. 
There may be Merit in Pursuits 

4405
04:06:10,400 --> 04:06:13,500
that Amalgamated Amusement with 
mild contemplation of our 

4406
04:06:13,500 --> 04:06:17,600
aspirations. 
The night walks of 1909, made it

4407
04:06:17,600 --> 04:06:21,000
possible to experience darkness,
which is becoming less common in

4408
04:06:21,000 --> 04:06:23,600
Modern Life. 
When was the last time you 

4409
04:06:23,600 --> 04:06:27,900
walked in real darkness without 
streetlights flashlights or 

4410
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:30,900
phone screens? 
When was the last time you felt 

4411
04:06:30,900 --> 04:06:33,700
what it was like to be a human 
being for thousands of years. 

4412
04:06:33,700 --> 04:06:37,400
It's good for you to get away 
from artificial light every now 

4413
04:06:37,400 --> 04:06:40,600
and then and experience the 
natural rhythms of day and 

4414
04:06:40,600 --> 04:06:43,200
night. 
The community aspect of 

4415
04:06:43,200 --> 04:06:46,600
Halloween, in 1909 met people's 
needs for connection, and 

4416
04:06:46,600 --> 04:06:49,500
belonging that don't go away 
just because we have social 

4417
04:06:49,500 --> 04:06:53,400
media and texting. 
Even in our connected age, it 

4418
04:06:53,400 --> 04:06:56,600
still worth it to share physical
space play games together and 

4419
04:06:56,600 --> 04:06:59,400
make memories in real time 
instead of writing them down. 

4420
04:06:59,400 --> 04:07:03,300
And posting them later the most 
important thing about the 1909 

4421
04:07:03,300 --> 04:07:05,700
Halloween is its relationship 
with the supernatural. 

4422
04:07:05,700 --> 04:07:09,900
It was open to possibilities, 
without needing to be sure and 

4423
04:07:09,900 --> 04:07:12,300
it accepted mystery without 
being scared of it. 

4424
04:07:13,200 --> 04:07:15,800
This is a good way to deal with 
the unknowns in life. 

4425
04:07:15,800 --> 04:07:18,900
We live in a time when 
everything needs proof and 

4426
04:07:18,900 --> 04:07:22,800
evidence which is useful in some
situations but not in others. 

4427
04:07:23,700 --> 04:07:28,800
Some experience is such as love 
beauty meaning, and the 

4428
04:07:28,800 --> 04:07:31,200
potential for something Beyond 
every day reality. 

4429
04:07:32,100 --> 04:07:36,600
Elude empirical validation, yet 
remains significant to human 

4430
04:07:36,600 --> 04:07:41,600
existence that Halloween night 
in 1909 with its candles and 

4431
04:07:41,600 --> 04:07:45,400
cider games. 
And Gatherings walks in the dark

4432
04:07:45,400 --> 04:07:47,500
of October and back to the warm 
light. 

4433
04:07:47,500 --> 04:07:51,600
And the idea that Spirits might 
be near without being scary, was

4434
04:07:51,600 --> 04:07:55,500
a way of being in the world 
focused on connection Community 

4435
04:07:55,500 --> 04:07:59,500
mystery and gentle Joy. 
You might picture yourself at 

4436
04:07:59,500 --> 04:08:01,600
that 1909 party as you fall 
asleep. 

4437
04:08:02,400 --> 04:08:05,600
After coming in from the cold 
night, you can feel the warmth 

4438
04:08:05,600 --> 04:08:08,100
of the Parlor. 
Apple cider has a sharp 

4439
04:08:08,100 --> 04:08:11,800
sweetness that you can taste. 
Listen to the laughter as 

4440
04:08:11,800 --> 04:08:15,100
someone tries to Bob for apples 
with more enthusiasm than skill.

4441
04:08:15,900 --> 04:08:18,400
You can see the candles 
flickering and the Shadows 

4442
04:08:18,400 --> 04:08:21,100
dancing on the walls that are 
covered in hand cut paper. 

4443
04:08:22,000 --> 04:08:24,200
You can smell the wood smoke. 
The full are. 

4444
04:08:24,208 --> 04:08:26,900
And that hard to describe smell 
of a house full of people 

4445
04:08:26,900 --> 04:08:29,800
celebrating. 
You're part of a tradition that 

4446
04:08:29,800 --> 04:08:33,400
goes back, hundreds of years, it
connects you to the Celts Who 

4447
04:08:33,408 --> 04:08:37,100
lit Bond Fires at Sam Haines. 
The Christians who prayed for 

4448
04:08:37,100 --> 04:08:40,600
the dead on All Hallows Eve. 
The fortune tellers who looked 

4449
04:08:40,600 --> 04:08:44,500
into mirrors in the Victorian 
era, the 1909 Gathering where 

4450
04:08:44,500 --> 04:08:47,600
young people laughed and played 
and hoped for happy Futures. 

4451
04:08:47,600 --> 04:08:51,500
And every Halloween celebration 
that is recognized that mystery 

4452
04:08:51,500 --> 04:08:55,000
and darkness and the chance to 
connect with others beyond the 

4453
04:08:55,000 --> 04:08:58,900
normal world. 
November will keep moving toward

4454
04:08:58,900 --> 04:09:02,800
winter tomorrow but tonight in 
the space between waking and 

4455
04:09:02,800 --> 04:09:06,600
sleeping, you can rest in the 
kind Spirit of that Halloween in

4456
04:09:06,600 --> 04:09:12,400
1909 when Spirits were friendly,
Darkness was kind and the future

4457
04:09:12,400 --> 04:09:16,700
was uncertain, but full of Hope.
sleep well, surrounded by the 

4458
04:09:16,700 --> 04:09:19,500
customs of those who came before
and those who will come after 

4459
04:09:20,300 --> 04:09:23,600
These Customs connectors across 
time because we all need to Mark

4460
04:09:23,600 --> 04:09:27,100
the changing of the seasons 
gathered together to stay warm 

4461
04:09:27,100 --> 04:09:29,800
against the cold, hope for good 
things to come. 

4462
04:09:29,800 --> 04:09:33,400
And remember that the world may 
hold more mystery and Magic than

4463
04:09:33,400 --> 04:09:44,200
we see in our daily lives. 
Long before Neil Armstrong 

4464
04:09:44,200 --> 04:09:46,600
became the celestial figure of 
American mythology. 

4465
04:09:46,600 --> 04:09:49,400
He was a boy obsessed with the 
mechanics of flight. 

4466
04:09:49,400 --> 04:09:53,000
Armstrong's Fascination, ran 
deeper than the conventional 

4467
04:09:53,000 --> 04:09:56,600
Narrative of an innocent child 
staring at the sky, dreaming of 

4468
04:09:56,600 --> 04:10:00,400
one day touching the Stars. 
His was a mind in with the 

4469
04:10:00,400 --> 04:10:03,700
intricacies of how things. 
Worked Armstrong was born in 

4470
04:10:03,700 --> 04:10:06,000
1931. 
During the peak of Aviation 

4471
04:10:06,000 --> 04:10:09,300
advancement when the design of 
aircraft was rapidly changing 

4472
04:10:09,300 --> 04:10:12,900
after the first world war at age
six, he experienced his first 

4473
04:10:12,900 --> 04:10:14,600
air plane ride in a Ford 
tri-motor. 

4474
04:10:14,600 --> 04:10:18,800
Nicknamed the tin. 
Goose Unlike the romanticized 

4475
04:10:18,800 --> 04:10:22,000
accounts that pervade most 
retelling Armstrong's reaction, 

4476
04:10:22,000 --> 04:10:24,600
wasn't one of wide Wonder 
instead. 

4477
04:10:24,600 --> 04:10:27,700
His first flight triggered and 
analytical curiosity. 

4478
04:10:27,700 --> 04:10:31,600
According to his biographer 
James Hansen Young, Neil spent 

4479
04:10:31,600 --> 04:10:35,000
the flight studying the pilots 
movements watching the control, 

4480
04:10:35,000 --> 04:10:38,300
surfaces respond and trying to 
decipher, the relationship 

4481
04:10:38,300 --> 04:10:43,300
between action and reaction. 
His bedroom in Wapakoneta, Ohio 

4482
04:10:43,300 --> 04:10:46,000
wasn't decorated with the 
typical space, posters that 

4483
04:10:46,000 --> 04:10:47,600
would become common in the 
1950s. 

4484
04:10:47,600 --> 04:10:51,200
Instead Armstrong built 
intricate model airplanes with 

4485
04:10:51,200 --> 04:10:55,400
functional control, surfaces not
for display but for testing he 

4486
04:10:55,400 --> 04:10:58,000
constructed a makeshift wind 
tunnel in his basement using his

4487
04:10:58,000 --> 04:10:59,800
mother's vacuum cleaner running 
in reverse. 

4488
04:11:00,800 --> 04:11:03,700
While other children played 
baseball, Armstrong conducted 

4489
04:11:03,700 --> 04:11:07,200
aerodynamic experiments 
meticulously recording results 

4490
04:11:07,200 --> 04:11:10,000
in notebooks filled with 
calculations Beyond his years, 

4491
04:11:10,000 --> 04:11:14,900
by 16 armed, his pilot's license
before he could legally drive a 

4492
04:11:14,900 --> 04:11:17,200
car. 
He didn't pursue flying for the 

4493
04:11:17,200 --> 04:11:19,900
Thriller romance. 
So commonly attributed to early 

4494
04:11:19,900 --> 04:11:23,900
aviators for him, piloting was 
the practical application of 

4495
04:11:23,900 --> 04:11:27,700
engineering principles away to 
test theories against reality. 

4496
04:11:28,900 --> 04:11:32,500
This pragmatic approach followed
him to Purdue University where 

4497
04:11:32,500 --> 04:11:33,900
he studied Aeronautical, 
Engineering. 

4498
04:11:35,000 --> 04:11:37,800
His professors noted that while 
other students were satisfied 

4499
04:11:37,800 --> 04:11:40,700
with, theoretical understanding 
Armstrong, constantly questioned

4500
04:11:40,700 --> 04:11:45,300
how principles might manifest in
unusual flight conditions, the 

4501
04:11:45,300 --> 04:11:48,300
result wasn't the mindset of a 
future dead devil, but of a 

4502
04:11:48,300 --> 04:11:50,700
methodical Problem Solver with 
an engineer's attention to 

4503
04:11:50,700 --> 04:11:53,700
detail. 
When the Korean War interrupted 

4504
04:11:53,700 --> 04:11:58,300
his studies Armstrong flew 78, 
combat missions, military 

4505
04:11:58,300 --> 04:11:59,900
records. 
Reveal something telling about 

4506
04:11:59,900 --> 04:12:03,400
his approach while other Pilots 
discussed their experiences in 

4507
04:12:03,400 --> 04:12:07,200
terms of Adventure or patriotic 
Duty Armstrong's flight reports 

4508
04:12:07,200 --> 04:12:10,900
focused on aircraft performance 
under stress Armstrong viewed 

4509
04:12:10,900 --> 04:12:13,500
combat flying as an extension of
his engineering studies, 

4510
04:12:13,500 --> 04:12:16,800
observing the behavior of 
aircraft under extreme pressure.

4511
04:12:16,800 --> 04:12:20,300
After returning to complete his 
degree Armstrong, joined the 

4512
04:12:20,308 --> 04:12:23,800
National advisory committee for 
Aeronautics NACA NASA's 

4513
04:12:23,800 --> 04:12:26,500
predecessor as a research test 
pilot. 

4514
04:12:27,500 --> 04:12:30,200
At Edwards Air Force Base, he 
established himself not as the 

4515
04:12:30,200 --> 04:12:33,400
stereotypical Hotshot test pilot
portrayed in films. 

4516
04:12:33,400 --> 04:12:36,600
But as a meticulous data 
gatherer, he flew the 

4517
04:12:36,608 --> 04:12:40,100
experimental X-15 rocket plane 
to the edge of space reaching 

4518
04:12:40,100 --> 04:12:42,100
speeds over, 4,000 miles per 
hour. 

4519
04:12:42,100 --> 04:12:45,400
But colleagues, remember him 
primarily for his detailed 

4520
04:12:45,400 --> 04:12:49,000
technical debriefing rather than
braggadocio about setting 

4521
04:12:49,000 --> 04:12:52,300
records, his approach to test 
flying reveals much about the 

4522
04:12:52,300 --> 04:12:55,600
man where others saw Glory 
Armstrong saw variables to 

4523
04:12:55,600 --> 04:12:59,300
control, where are other sort 
speed records Armstrong sought 

4524
04:12:59,300 --> 04:13:01,300
understanding. 
Chuck. 

4525
04:13:01,300 --> 04:13:03,500
Yeager the first man to break 
the sound barrier. 

4526
04:13:03,500 --> 04:13:06,600
Once remarked that Armstrong 
flew an airplane, like he was 

4527
04:13:06,608 --> 04:13:10,200
wearing it Armstrong's rare 
combination of engineering 

4528
04:13:10,200 --> 04:13:11,900
intellect and physical flying 
skill. 

4529
04:13:11,900 --> 04:13:15,700
Placed him in a unique position 
when NASA began selecting 

4530
04:13:15,700 --> 04:13:17,500
astronauts for the Gemini 
program. 

4531
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:21,300
The space agency was moving 
beyond the Mercury programs 

4532
04:13:21,300 --> 04:13:23,600
emphasis on selecting combat 
pilots and military. 

4533
04:13:23,600 --> 04:13:26,700
Test pilots they needed 
astronauts who understood 

4534
04:13:26,700 --> 04:13:30,000
spacecraft as complex systems 
and who could diagnose problems 

4535
04:13:30,000 --> 04:13:31,900
and Implement Solutions far from
Earth. 

4536
04:13:32,900 --> 04:13:37,100
When Armstrong joined NASA in 
1962, he brought this engineer's

4537
04:13:37,100 --> 04:13:39,600
mindset into a program, still 
defining, what an astronaut 

4538
04:13:39,600 --> 04:13:43,100
should be. while the Mercury 7 
had been promoted as the 

4539
04:13:43,100 --> 04:13:46,000
embodiment of American 
masculinity and daring Armstrong

4540
04:13:46,000 --> 04:13:49,000
represented, something 
different, the cool rationality 

4541
04:13:49,000 --> 04:13:52,200
of the scientist Explorer, the 
problem solver, who would 

4542
04:13:52,200 --> 04:13:57,300
navigate not by Instinct but by 
calculation, This Foundation, an

4543
04:13:57,300 --> 04:13:59,600
engineer who happened to fly 
rather than a pilot who learned 

4544
04:13:59,600 --> 04:14:02,600
engineering would prove crucial?
When Armstrong later face the 

4545
04:14:02,600 --> 04:14:04,200
ultimate test of the lunar 
surface? 

4546
04:14:05,200 --> 04:14:07,700
The man who had become history 
is most famous astronaut 

4547
04:14:07,700 --> 04:14:10,500
approached spaceflight, not as 
an adventure, but as the most 

4548
04:14:10,500 --> 04:14:13,200
complex engineering challenge, 
human had ever attempted. 

4549
04:14:14,400 --> 04:14:16,700
This perspective, offered an 
overlooked in the heroic 

4550
04:14:16,700 --> 04:14:20,000
narrative, that followed to find
Armstrong's approached to his 

4551
04:14:20,000 --> 04:14:22,200
historic. 
Mission and shaped, how he would

4552
04:14:22,200 --> 04:14:25,000
handle its unexpected, 
challenges long before, he 

4553
04:14:25,000 --> 04:14:26,700
became synonymous with space 
exploration. 

4554
04:14:26,700 --> 04:14:31,700
Neil Armstrong faced mortality 
in the skies of North Korea, His

4555
04:14:31,700 --> 04:14:34,400
experiences as a Naval aviator 
during the Korean War, a chapter

4556
04:14:34,400 --> 04:14:36,700
often, compressed to a single 
line, in most biographical 

4557
04:14:36,700 --> 04:14:39,100
accounts, profoundly shaped the 
astronaut. 

4558
04:14:39,100 --> 04:14:42,400
He would become Armstrong 
arrived in Korea aboard. 

4559
04:14:42,400 --> 04:14:47,100
The USS Essex in August 1951, a 
21 year old Ensign with minimal 

4560
04:14:47,100 --> 04:14:50,000
combat training. 
His assignment to Fighter. 

4561
04:14:50,000 --> 04:14:52,700
Squadron 51 came during a 
particularly intense period of 

4562
04:14:52,708 --> 04:14:55,600
the conflict. 
Unlike the sanitized heroic 

4563
04:14:55,600 --> 04:14:58,000
narratives often constructed 
around military service. 

4564
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:01,800
Armstrong's War experience was 
marked by confusion, technical 

4565
04:15:01,800 --> 04:15:04,400
failures, and brushes with 
death, that would inform his 

4566
04:15:04,400 --> 04:15:06,300
approach to risk for decades to 
come. 

4567
04:15:07,600 --> 04:15:11,100
Anti-aircraft fire struck 
Armstrong's f9f, Panther on his 

4568
04:15:11,100 --> 04:15:14,500
very first combat mission. 
While he was conducting a lower 

4569
04:15:14,500 --> 04:15:16,200
altitude bombing run near one 
Sam. 

4570
04:15:17,200 --> 04:15:20,000
According to Squadron records, 
rarely cited in our strong 

4571
04:15:20,000 --> 04:15:22,900
biographies. 
He managed to nurse his damaged 

4572
04:15:22,900 --> 04:15:26,500
aircraft back to Friendly 
territory before ejecting his 

4573
04:15:26,500 --> 04:15:29,200
first experience with the 
emergency procedures under 

4574
04:15:29,200 --> 04:15:33,000
genuine, life or death pressure.
The incident established a 

4575
04:15:33,000 --> 04:15:36,700
pattern throughout his combat. 
Tours Armstrong developed a 

4576
04:15:36,700 --> 04:15:39,300
reputation, not for aerial 
aggression, but for mechanical, 

4577
04:15:39,300 --> 04:15:42,600
sympathy and almost intuitive 
understanding of aircraft 

4578
04:15:42,600 --> 04:15:46,600
limitations and capabilities. 
In combat most Pilots treated 

4579
04:15:46,600 --> 04:15:50,100
aircraft as disposable tools 
recalled Squadron made Charles 

4580
04:15:50,100 --> 04:15:52,800
Raley in an oral history. 
Seldom referenced by Armstrong, 

4581
04:15:52,800 --> 04:15:56,400
biographers Armstrong treated 
his Panther like a partner. 

4582
04:15:56,400 --> 04:15:59,000
He seemed to sense when 
something wasn't right with the 

4583
04:15:59,000 --> 04:16:00,700
machine before the gauges show 
trouble. 

4584
04:16:01,700 --> 04:16:05,000
This mechanical empathy came 
with a price Armstrong's flight 

4585
04:16:05,000 --> 04:16:07,200
logs reveal, he often 
volunteered to fly aircraft. 

4586
04:16:07,200 --> 04:16:11,200
Other Pilots had reported as 
problematic using his 

4587
04:16:11,200 --> 04:16:13,900
engineering intuition to 
diagnose issues during flight. 

4588
04:16:13,900 --> 04:16:17,800
This practice exposed him to 
greater risk, but accelerated 

4589
04:16:17,800 --> 04:16:20,500
his development as a test pilot 
in all but name. 

4590
04:16:21,300 --> 04:16:23,700
Armstrong experience the 
incident that would haunt him 

4591
04:16:23,700 --> 04:16:28,100
longest on, September the 3rd 
1951 during a close air. 

4592
04:16:28,100 --> 04:16:32,400
Support Mission near the 38th 
parallel while making a low 

4593
04:16:32,400 --> 04:16:35,100
strafing, run his Panthers right
wing struck a cable. 

4594
04:16:35,100 --> 04:16:37,200
Strung, across a valley by North
Korean forces. 

4595
04:16:37,200 --> 04:16:40,300
An anti-aircraft rarely 
mentioned in his history of the 

4596
04:16:40,300 --> 04:16:44,600
conflict. the impacted several 
feet of his wing, rendering the 

4597
04:16:44,600 --> 04:16:48,500
aircraft nearly uncontrollable, 
What happened next revealed? 

4598
04:16:48,500 --> 04:16:52,400
Armstrong's distinctive approach
to crisis voice recordings from 

4599
04:16:52,400 --> 04:16:55,300
the Squadron radio, frequency 
capture Armstrong, Carly 

4600
04:16:55,300 --> 04:16:57,700
requesting geometric 
calculations from the radar 

4601
04:16:57,700 --> 04:17:01,500
intercept officer rather than 
declaring an emergency, he 

4602
04:17:01,500 --> 04:17:03,900
systematically tested. 
The aircraft's response at 

4603
04:17:03,900 --> 04:17:06,100
different airspeeds and 
configuration as before 

4604
04:17:06,100 --> 04:17:09,800
attempting to return to Friendly
territory, I've got asymmetric 

4605
04:17:09,800 --> 04:17:13,400
lift, but stable control. 
If I maintain 170 knots or he 

4606
04:17:13,400 --> 04:17:15,900
reported displaying the 
analytical approach that would 

4607
04:17:15,900 --> 04:17:18,800
later characterize his response 
to the Gemini 8 emergency. 

4608
04:17:19,800 --> 04:17:22,800
Armstrong nurse the critically 
damaged aircraft back to a US 

4609
04:17:22,800 --> 04:17:26,100
controlled Airfield executing a 
one attempt Landing that 

4610
04:17:26,100 --> 04:17:30,000
Squadron mates described as 
mechanical poetry. the incident 

4611
04:17:30,000 --> 04:17:33,200
earned Armstrong, the respect of
Veteran Pilots, but also 

4612
04:17:33,200 --> 04:17:36,600
revealed a psychological quality
seldom discussed in heroic 

4613
04:17:36,600 --> 04:17:41,200
narratives, his unusual 
relationship with fear Post 

4614
04:17:41,200 --> 04:17:43,600
Mission debriefings, reveal 
Armstrong never denied 

4615
04:17:43,600 --> 04:17:46,100
experience in fear that 
processed it differently than 

4616
04:17:46,100 --> 04:17:49,100
the many combat Pilots. 
While others, converted fear to 

4617
04:17:49,100 --> 04:17:52,000
aggression or suppress it 
entirely Armstrong appeared to 

4618
04:17:52,008 --> 04:17:56,000
transform fear into heightened 
analytical capacity, a trait 

4619
04:17:56,000 --> 04:17:57,900
that would serve him. 
Well, in future spacecraft 

4620
04:17:57,900 --> 04:18:01,200
emergencies, by the time 
Armstrong completed, his combat 

4621
04:18:01,200 --> 04:18:06,000
tour in 1952 he had flown 78, 
combat missions, and earned 3M 

4622
04:18:06,000 --> 04:18:09,200
medals more significantly. 
He had developed a distinctive 

4623
04:18:09,200 --> 04:18:12,500
philosophy about human machine 
interaction in high-stress 

4624
04:18:12,500 --> 04:18:15,600
environments, as he later 
explained to test pilots 

4625
04:18:15,600 --> 04:18:18,600
students in a rare Patuxent 
River Naval Air Station. 

4626
04:18:19,500 --> 04:18:22,500
The aircraft doesn't care about 
your feelings, it responds to 

4627
04:18:22,500 --> 04:18:24,900
your actions understanding. 
This separation is the 

4628
04:18:24,900 --> 04:18:27,200
difference between panic and 
problem solving. 

4629
04:18:28,300 --> 04:18:32,600
Experience, informed his later 
career in ways, rarely connected

4630
04:18:32,600 --> 04:18:35,600
in historical accounts. 
His habit of exhaustively 

4631
04:18:35,600 --> 04:18:38,900
studying aircraft systems before
flying them, a practice that 

4632
04:18:38,900 --> 04:18:42,200
made him exceptionally prepared 
for Apollo 11's complex systems 

4633
04:18:42,200 --> 04:18:46,300
originated in Korean War. 
Survival lessons, his preference

4634
04:18:46,300 --> 04:18:48,100
for methodical checklist 
procedures. 

4635
04:18:48,100 --> 04:18:50,600
Over improvisation, stemmed from
witnessing. 

4636
04:18:50,600 --> 04:18:53,300
The Fatal consequences of corner
cutting during combat 

4637
04:18:53,300 --> 04:18:56,700
operations. 
Most significantly Korea taught 

4638
04:18:56,700 --> 04:18:59,000
Armstrong about the Machinery of
public mythmaking. 

4639
04:18:59,000 --> 04:19:02,400
He witnessed first-hand, how 
combat deaths were transformed 

4640
04:19:02,400 --> 04:19:04,700
into sanitized heroic 
narratives, for public 

4641
04:19:04,700 --> 04:19:06,900
consumption. 
How messy realities were 

4642
04:19:06,900 --> 04:19:09,800
reshaped into clean a stories? 
This experience fostered. 

4643
04:19:09,800 --> 04:19:13,400
His life long skepticism towards
simplified narrative, including 

4644
04:19:13,400 --> 04:19:15,100
those that would later be 
constructed around his 

4645
04:19:15,100 --> 04:19:18,000
achievements. 
Career taught me that Complex 

4646
04:19:18,000 --> 04:19:20,000
events. 
Resists simple explanations. 

4647
04:19:20,000 --> 04:19:24,200
He told a naval aviators Rooney 
in 1997 in comments, rarely 

4648
04:19:24,200 --> 04:19:25,800
quoted in standard by 
biographies. 

4649
04:19:26,500 --> 04:19:29,200
When people wanted to make 
Heroes out of Pilots, the 

4650
04:19:29,200 --> 04:19:32,400
overlooked that success often 
came from luck and failure 

4651
04:19:32,400 --> 04:19:35,700
wasn't always tied to skill. 
I tried to keep this in mind 

4652
04:19:35,700 --> 04:19:38,400
when people attempted to turn my
lunar Landing into something 

4653
04:19:38,400 --> 04:19:40,000
more Mythic than it actually 
was. 

4654
04:19:40,900 --> 04:19:43,900
Armstrong emerge from the Korean
war with technical skills that 

4655
04:19:43,900 --> 04:19:45,800
would prove invaluable in his 
later career. 

4656
04:19:45,800 --> 04:19:49,400
More importantly, he developed a
philosophical Approach To 

4657
04:19:49,400 --> 04:19:53,400
Danger, a clear-eyed acceptance 
that risk was inevitable in 

4658
04:19:53,400 --> 04:19:56,600
pushing boundaries, but could be
managed through preparation 

4659
04:19:56,600 --> 04:19:59,300
system understanding and 
emotional discipline. 

4660
04:20:00,000 --> 04:20:02,800
This perspective forged in 
combat Skies long before 

4661
04:20:02,800 --> 04:20:05,700
spacecraft were practical. 
Would ultimately make him the 

4662
04:20:05,700 --> 04:20:09,100
ideal Commander for Humanity's, 
most dangerous exploratory 

4663
04:20:09,100 --> 04:20:11,600
Mission between Armstrong's 
Naval service. 

4664
04:20:11,600 --> 04:20:14,400
In his selection as an astronaut
lies, a critical seven-year 

4665
04:20:14,400 --> 04:20:16,900
period, that fundamentally 
shaped his capabilities and 

4666
04:20:16,900 --> 04:20:20,700
approach to flight, His time as 
a civilian test pilot at the 

4667
04:20:20,700 --> 04:20:24,400
national advisory committee for 
Aeronautics in ACA NASA's 

4668
04:20:24,400 --> 04:20:29,000
predecessor from 1955 to 1962 
represents. 

4669
04:20:29,000 --> 04:20:31,700
Perhaps the most technically 
formative chapter of his 

4670
04:20:31,700 --> 04:20:34,100
professional life. 
Yet one that receives 

4671
04:20:34,100 --> 04:20:35,700
disproportionately little 
attention. 

4672
04:20:36,600 --> 04:20:39,700
During the Heyday of 
experimental, Aviation Edwards 

4673
04:20:39,700 --> 04:20:42,300
Air Force Base, in the 
California, desert served as 

4674
04:20:42,300 --> 04:20:45,800
America's Premier flight, 
Testing Center Armstrong arrived

4675
04:20:45,800 --> 04:20:47,800
at Edwards Air Force Base, 
during the transition, from the 

4676
04:20:47,800 --> 04:20:51,700
jet age, to the Space Age, a 
time, when aircraft were 

4677
04:20:51,700 --> 04:20:55,200
consistently pushing the limits 
of speed altitude and control 

4678
04:20:55,200 --> 04:20:57,500
ability. 
What distinguished Armstrong 

4679
04:20:57,500 --> 04:21:01,800
from his contemporaries wasn't 
raw piloting talent but a 

4680
04:21:01,800 --> 04:21:04,400
distinctive cognitive approach 
to experimental flying. 

4681
04:21:05,300 --> 04:21:08,400
Most test pilots approached 
flights as demonstrations of 

4682
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:11,100
skill. 
Noted chief engineer Walt 

4683
04:21:11,100 --> 04:21:13,600
Williams in previously, 
unpublished interviews. 

4684
04:21:14,400 --> 04:21:17,400
Armstrong approached them as 
experiments with precisely 

4685
04:21:17,400 --> 04:21:20,700
defined variables. 
He was conducting research that 

4686
04:21:20,700 --> 04:21:24,200
happened to involve flying 
rather than flying that happened

4687
04:21:24,200 --> 04:21:27,700
to involve research. 
This perspective made Armstrong 

4688
04:21:27,700 --> 04:21:29,900
uniquely valuable in the X-15 
program. 

4689
04:21:29,900 --> 04:21:33,200
The rocket powered aircraft that
represented Humanity's first 

4690
04:21:33,200 --> 04:21:34,900
real venture to the edge of 
space. 

4691
04:21:35,800 --> 04:21:38,800
Unlike other test pilots who 
viewed the X-15 as a vehicle for

4692
04:21:38,800 --> 04:21:42,200
setting records Armstrong 
approached each flight as a data

4693
04:21:42,200 --> 04:21:45,700
Gathering opportunity. 
His flight, debriefing preserved

4694
04:21:45,700 --> 04:21:47,800
in necky a archives but rarely 
cited. 

4695
04:21:47,800 --> 04:21:51,800
Reveal an Engineers obsession 
with cause effect relationships 

4696
04:21:51,800 --> 04:21:54,800
and system behaviors, rather 
than performance metrics 

4697
04:21:54,800 --> 04:21:59,500
Armstrong's, most significant 
X-15 flight, on April 20th. 1962

4698
04:21:59,500 --> 04:22:05,100
is typically noted for reaching 
an altitude of 207,500 feet, the

4699
04:22:05,100 --> 04:22:08,300
edge of space. 
Let's discuss is how the flight 

4700
04:22:08,300 --> 04:22:11,100
nearly ended in disaster. 
When the aircraft skipped off 

4701
04:22:11,100 --> 04:22:14,800
the atmosphere during re-entry. 
Bouncing Armstrongs far off 

4702
04:22:14,800 --> 04:22:17,000
course. 
The incident required him to 

4703
04:22:17,000 --> 04:22:19,500
make split-second decisions 
about energy management and 

4704
04:22:19,500 --> 04:22:21,700
reentry angle with minimal 
guidance. 

4705
04:22:21,700 --> 04:22:25,700
As the planned flight profile 
had been invalidated the X-15 

4706
04:22:25,700 --> 04:22:28,900
incident directly informed how I
approached the lunar landing and

4707
04:22:30,000 --> 04:22:33,000
Armstrong later explained to 
flight controllers during Apollo

4708
04:22:33,000 --> 04:22:35,200
simulations. 
Both involved Energy, Management

4709
04:22:35,200 --> 04:22:37,600
problems with tight margins and 
degraded information. 

4710
04:22:38,700 --> 04:22:41,200
This connection between his 
experimental aircraft to 

4711
04:22:41,200 --> 04:22:44,200
experience in lunar. 
Landing challenges reveals how 

4712
04:22:44,200 --> 04:22:46,900
Armstrongs Edwards years 
directly prepared him for 

4713
04:22:46,900 --> 04:22:50,800
Apollo's unique, challenges 
beyond the X-15, Armstrong flew 

4714
04:22:50,800 --> 04:22:53,700
nearly 900 flights in over 50 
different aircraft types during 

4715
04:22:53,700 --> 04:22:56,900
his Edwards tenure, What these 
flights collectively developed 

4716
04:22:56,900 --> 04:22:59,600
was an unusual. 
Perceptual ability Armstrong 

4717
04:22:59,600 --> 04:23:02,400
could detect subtle, aircraft 
behavioral changes that often 

4718
04:23:02,400 --> 04:23:06,100
indicated imminent problems. 
Test engineer Bruce, Peterson 

4719
04:23:06,100 --> 04:23:09,500
described this Talent. 
Armstrong could feel an aircraft

4720
04:23:09,500 --> 04:23:11,700
intentions before the 
instruments showed trouble. 

4721
04:23:11,700 --> 04:23:14,800
He sensed patterns in machine 
behavior that others missed 

4722
04:23:14,800 --> 04:23:16,300
until the emergency was upon 
them. 

4723
04:23:17,400 --> 04:23:20,500
This perceptual skill became 
legendary in a nearly fatal 

4724
04:23:20,500 --> 04:23:22,700
incident involving. 
The lunar, Landing research 

4725
04:23:22,700 --> 04:23:27,000
vehicle llv, an ungainly 
Contraption nicknamed, The 

4726
04:23:27,000 --> 04:23:29,700
Flying bedstead used to simulate
lunar. 

4727
04:23:29,700 --> 04:23:34,900
Landing conditions on Earth. 
On May the 6th 1968 while 

4728
04:23:34,900 --> 04:23:38,300
hovering 200 feet above the 
ground, the vehicle experience, 

4729
04:23:38,300 --> 04:23:41,900
total propellant system, 
failure, Armstrong detected, the

4730
04:23:41,900 --> 04:23:44,300
failure and ejected. 
Barely a half second before the 

4731
04:23:44,300 --> 04:23:47,000
vehicle crashed, and the 
explosion was so narrow. 

4732
04:23:47,000 --> 04:23:49,700
That analysis suggested, any 
other pilot would have delayed 

4733
04:23:49,700 --> 04:23:51,200
recognition long enough to 
perish. 

4734
04:23:51,200 --> 04:23:54,800
What's rarely connected is how 
this incident directly informed 

4735
04:23:54,800 --> 04:23:57,500
Armstrong's later decision, 
making during Apollo 11's 

4736
04:23:57,500 --> 04:24:01,100
Landing, The program alarm 
crisis during lunar descent 

4737
04:24:01,100 --> 04:24:03,500
presented a similar pattern of 
degraded information. 

4738
04:24:03,500 --> 04:24:07,400
Requiring rapid assessment 
Armstrong's Edwards experience, 

4739
04:24:07,400 --> 04:24:10,900
had trained him to distinguish 
between a manageable anomaly and

4740
04:24:10,900 --> 04:24:14,500
a genuine emergency, which was 
precisely the decision he needed

4741
04:24:14,500 --> 04:24:17,300
to make when the 1201 and 1202 
alarms arose. 

4742
04:24:18,100 --> 04:24:21,300
Armstrong's Edwards Years, also 
shaped his communication style 

4743
04:24:21,300 --> 04:24:25,100
recording from X-15 flights 
reveal his development of what 

4744
04:24:25,100 --> 04:24:28,500
flight controllers later called 
minimalist Precision, the 

4745
04:24:28,500 --> 04:24:31,200
ability to convey complex. 
Technical information in 

4746
04:24:31,200 --> 04:24:35,100
extremely concise language. 
This communication economy would

4747
04:24:35,100 --> 04:24:38,100
prove crucial during Apollo 11's
descent when radio communication

4748
04:24:38,100 --> 04:24:41,100
was intermittent and every 
second of transmission time was 

4749
04:24:41,100 --> 04:24:42,800
needed to convey maximum 
information. 

4750
04:24:43,900 --> 04:24:47,700
Additionally, during the Edwards
period Armstrong gained 

4751
04:24:47,700 --> 04:24:50,300
extensive experience with 
fly-by-wire Control Systems, 

4752
04:24:50,300 --> 04:24:53,200
aircraft controlled 
electronically rather than 

4753
04:24:53,200 --> 04:24:55,100
through direct mechanical 
linkages. 

4754
04:24:56,000 --> 04:24:59,300
The lunar module represented, 
the ultimate fly-by-wire vehicle

4755
04:24:59,300 --> 04:25:02,000
with control, responses, 
entirely mediated through 

4756
04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:05,100
computer systems. 
Armstrongs unusual comfort with 

4757
04:25:05,100 --> 04:25:08,300
these systems originated in his 
experimental aircraft work, 

4758
04:25:08,300 --> 04:25:11,900
where he developed, what 
colleagues called digital hands,

4759
04:25:11,900 --> 04:25:15,600
the ability to adapt control 
inputs to computer interpreted 

4760
04:25:15,600 --> 04:25:17,900
commands, rather than direct 
physical feedback. 

4761
04:25:18,900 --> 04:25:21,600
Perhaps most significantly 
Armstrongs Edwards, tenure 

4762
04:25:21,600 --> 04:25:25,600
shaped, his relationship with 
risk. unlike The Stereotype of 

4763
04:25:25,600 --> 04:25:28,600
the Dead devil, test pilot 
Armstrong developed what 

4764
04:25:28,600 --> 04:25:32,100
colleagues called calibrated 
Courage, the ability to 

4765
04:25:32,100 --> 04:25:34,800
objectively assess danger, 
without either minimizing or 

4766
04:25:34,800 --> 04:25:38,100
exaggerating, it this 
perspective was captured in his 

4767
04:25:38,100 --> 04:25:42,500
response, when asked about fear 
during X-15 flights, Fear is an 

4768
04:25:42,500 --> 04:25:44,700
emotional risk, is a 
calculation. 

4769
04:25:45,600 --> 04:25:47,800
Try to ensure that calculation 
governs emotion. 

4770
04:25:48,600 --> 04:25:51,800
This philosophy would prove 
crucial during Apollo 11's final

4771
04:25:51,800 --> 04:25:53,800
descent. 
When Armstrong face multiple 

4772
04:25:53,800 --> 04:25:57,300
potential aborts and scenarios 
his Edwards experience had 

4773
04:25:57,300 --> 04:26:00,100
developed his ability to 
distinguish between acceptable 

4774
04:26:00,100 --> 04:26:03,400
and unacceptable risk to 
recognize when continuing 

4775
04:26:03,400 --> 04:26:05,400
forward, despite problems was 
justified. 

4776
04:26:05,400 --> 04:26:09,500
And when retreat was the only 
rational option, This judgment 

4777
04:26:09,500 --> 04:26:13,100
honed over 100s of experimental 
flights pushing the boundaries 

4778
04:26:13,100 --> 04:26:16,300
of speed and altitude ultimately
enabled, the split-second 

4779
04:26:16,300 --> 04:26:18,200
decisions that made the lunar 
Landing possible. 

4780
04:26:18,200 --> 04:26:21,300
The Gemini program NASA's 
critical bridge between the 

4781
04:26:21,300 --> 04:26:24,300
Mercury and Apollo missions, 
represented Armstrong's 

4782
04:26:24,300 --> 04:26:27,200
transformation from experimental
test pilot to operational 

4783
04:26:27,200 --> 04:26:29,800
astronaut. 
His experience is during this 

4784
04:26:29,800 --> 04:26:33,600
period, particularly commanding 
Gemini, 8 developed specific 

4785
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:36,700
capabilities that would prove 
decisive during Apollo 11's 

4786
04:26:36,700 --> 04:26:39,700
lunar Landing attempt yet. 
This crucial developmental 

4787
04:26:39,700 --> 04:26:43,000
phases often treated as milia 
biographical stepping stone 

4788
04:26:43,000 --> 04:26:45,800
rather than the essential 
preparation at truly was 

4789
04:26:46,800 --> 04:26:50,300
Armstrong joined NASA's 
astronaut Corps in 1962 as part 

4790
04:26:50,300 --> 04:26:53,300
of the new 9. 
The second astronaut class 

4791
04:26:53,300 --> 04:26:56,300
selected when the space agency 
recognized that Mercury's 

4792
04:26:56,300 --> 04:26:59,300
original Seven astronauts 
wouldn't be sufficient for the 

4793
04:26:59,300 --> 04:27:03,100
ambitious lunar Landing program.
His selection itself represented

4794
04:27:03,100 --> 04:27:06,800
a shift in NASA's astronaut 
requirements, unlike the Mercury

4795
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:10,500
7 who were exclusively military 
test pilots Armstrong had 

4796
04:27:10,500 --> 04:27:14,100
transferred to civilian status. 
After his Naval service, this 

4797
04:27:14,100 --> 04:27:17,000
civilian background would give 
him a distinctive perspective on

4798
04:27:17,000 --> 04:27:20,700
the militarized culture of early
space flight, Gemini's 

4799
04:27:20,700 --> 04:27:23,400
objectives focused on developing
the capabilities required for 

4800
04:27:23,400 --> 04:27:28,000
lunar missions, Rendezvous and 
docking spacewalking an extended

4801
04:27:28,000 --> 04:27:30,900
duration. 
Missions Armstrong was assigned.

4802
04:27:30,900 --> 04:27:33,800
As commander of Gemini, 8, 
scheduled to perform the 

4803
04:27:33,800 --> 04:27:36,000
program's first docking with 
another spacecraft. 

4804
04:27:36,000 --> 04:27:39,000
Critical capability for the 
lunar Mission architecture. 

4805
04:27:39,000 --> 04:27:43,100
His preparation for this Mission
revealed cognitive qualities, 

4806
04:27:43,100 --> 04:27:45,800
that would later serve him 
during Apollo 11. 

4807
04:27:46,700 --> 04:27:48,900
Armstrong's approached to 
Mission preparation was 

4808
04:27:48,900 --> 04:27:50,800
distinctive were called flight 
director. 

4809
04:27:50,800 --> 04:27:53,500
Gene Kranz in technical 
debriefing rarely quoted in 

4810
04:27:53,500 --> 04:27:57,300
popular accounts Where most 
astronauts focused on mastering 

4811
04:27:57,300 --> 04:28:01,100
planned procedures Armstrong 
devoted equal time to imagining 

4812
04:28:01,100 --> 04:28:04,000
failure, scenarios beyond what 
we had formerly simulated. 

4813
04:28:05,200 --> 04:28:08,200
This approach preparing for the 
unexpected, rather than just the

4814
04:28:08,200 --> 04:28:11,800
expected would prove prophetic 
during his Gemini flight. 

4815
04:28:12,800 --> 04:28:17,400
Gemini 8 launched on March, 16th
1966 with Armstrong commanding 

4816
04:28:17,400 --> 04:28:20,700
and David Scott serving as pilot
the cruise successfully 

4817
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:23,500
Rendezvous and docked with an 
uncrewed Edina Target vehicle. 

4818
04:28:23,500 --> 04:28:27,100
The first docking and 
spaceflight history, What 

4819
04:28:27,100 --> 04:28:28,800
happened? 
Next transformed, a milestone 

4820
04:28:28,800 --> 04:28:31,400
success in to a survival 
situation that revealed 

4821
04:28:31,400 --> 04:28:34,400
Armstrong's unique capabilities 
under extreme pressure. 

4822
04:28:35,500 --> 04:28:38,500
Approximately 30 minutes after 
docking the joined Vehicles 

4823
04:28:38,500 --> 04:28:42,400
began to roll unexpectedly. 
The rotation accelerated rapidly

4824
04:28:42,400 --> 04:28:44,900
until the spacecraft was 
spinning at nearly one 

4825
04:28:44,900 --> 04:28:48,000
revolution per second, a rate 
that threatened to cause 

4826
04:28:48,000 --> 04:28:50,800
structural damage and was 
approaching the threshold where 

4827
04:28:50,800 --> 04:28:52,500
the astronauts would lose 
consciousness. 

4828
04:28:53,500 --> 04:28:56,100
Armstrong faced a critical 
decision with incomplete. 

4829
04:28:56,100 --> 04:28:59,900
Information was the Aegina 
causing the role or was it their

4830
04:28:59,900 --> 04:29:03,000
Gemini spacecraft? 
The reality revealed in Mission 

4831
04:29:03,000 --> 04:29:06,000
transcripts and Technical 
debriefings shows something more

4832
04:29:06,000 --> 04:29:09,200
significant a systematic 
troubleshooting process, 

4833
04:29:09,200 --> 04:29:12,800
executed under extreme pressure 
and physiological, stress. 

4834
04:29:13,700 --> 04:29:16,700
Armstrong methodically 
eliminated variables by unken 

4835
04:29:16,700 --> 04:29:20,000
from the Adena a complex 
procedure never practiced under 

4836
04:29:20,000 --> 04:29:23,000
emergency conditions. 
When the rotational worsened 

4837
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:25,800
after separation, he correctly. 
Deduced the problem must be in 

4838
04:29:25,800 --> 04:29:28,400
the Gemini's orbital attitude 
and maneuvering system. 

4839
04:29:28,400 --> 04:29:31,700
The critical decision came when 
Armstrong bypass standard 

4840
04:29:31,700 --> 04:29:34,500
procedure by shutting down the 
primary control system entirely 

4841
04:29:34,500 --> 04:29:38,000
and activating the re-entry 
control system thrusters meant 

4842
04:29:38,000 --> 04:29:40,900
only for the return to Earth 
this decision, consumed, 

4843
04:29:40,900 --> 04:29:43,600
precious fuel reserves and would
force an early mission 

4844
04:29:43,600 --> 04:29:45,500
termination. 
But it stabilized, the 

4845
04:29:45,500 --> 04:29:47,900
spacecraft and saved both 
astronauts lives. 

4846
04:29:47,900 --> 04:29:51,500
Three aspects of our Strong's. 
Gemini 8 performance would later

4847
04:29:51,500 --> 04:29:55,600
prove crucial during Apollo 11. 
First his information processing

4848
04:29:55,600 --> 04:29:58,500
during the crisis revealed, an 
unusual capacity to filter 

4849
04:29:58,500 --> 04:30:01,500
signal from noise to identify 
critical variables. 

4850
04:30:01,500 --> 04:30:05,500
While disregarding distractions,
Second his choices, showed a 

4851
04:30:05,500 --> 04:30:07,400
Readiness to depart from 
accepted practices. 

4852
04:30:07,400 --> 04:30:11,700
When research showed they were 
insufficient third is crew 

4853
04:30:11,700 --> 04:30:14,100
Resource Management, showed 
exceptional clarity about when 

4854
04:30:14,100 --> 04:30:17,300
to act unilaterally versus when 
to consult Mission Control. 

4855
04:30:18,200 --> 04:30:21,000
The Gemini 8. 
Emergency revealed Armstrong's 

4856
04:30:21,000 --> 04:30:23,700
defining quality as a commander 
flight director. 

4857
04:30:23,700 --> 04:30:25,900
Chris Craft later. 
Observed in a narsa. 

4858
04:30:25,900 --> 04:30:28,800
Oral history interview. 
He could move seamlessly between

4859
04:30:28,800 --> 04:30:30,700
procedural discipline and 
creative problem. 

4860
04:30:30,700 --> 04:30:33,700
Solving, knowing exactly when 
each approach was appropriate, 

4861
04:30:33,700 --> 04:30:37,200
that balance is much rarer than 
either quality alone. 

4862
04:30:38,200 --> 04:30:41,100
The aftermath of Gemini 8 proved
equally revelatory about 

4863
04:30:41,100 --> 04:30:44,100
Armstrong's character, despite 
saving the mission from 

4864
04:30:44,100 --> 04:30:47,200
potential catastrophe. 
He focused his debriefings 

4865
04:30:47,200 --> 04:30:51,000
entirely on how procedures and 
training could be improved The 

4866
04:30:51,000 --> 04:30:52,300
Armstrong deep brief was, like, 
nothing. 

4867
04:30:52,300 --> 04:30:54,900
We'd seen before. 
Recalled, simulation, supervisor

4868
04:30:54,900 --> 04:30:55,400
dick. 
Coos. 

4869
04:30:55,400 --> 04:30:58,200
He systematically dismantled his
performance. 

4870
04:30:58,200 --> 04:31:01,600
Identifying, every sub-optimal 
decision sequence, without 

4871
04:31:01,600 --> 04:31:03,900
defensiveness. 
It was a master class in 

4872
04:31:03,900 --> 04:31:07,800
professional self-analysis. 
This capacity for dispassionate,

4873
04:31:07,800 --> 04:31:10,100
self-critique, became the 
standard for astronaut 

4874
04:31:10,100 --> 04:31:13,600
debriefings moving forward. 
More importantly, it fed 

4875
04:31:13,608 --> 04:31:16,300
directly into simulation 
development for Apollo missions 

4876
04:31:16,300 --> 04:31:19,700
with emergency scenarios 
specifically designed to require

4877
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:22,700
the kind of flexible response on
Armstrong and demonstrated 

4878
04:31:22,700 --> 04:31:26,100
during Gemini 8. 
Beyond the emergency itself 

4879
04:31:26,100 --> 04:31:29,300
Gemini, 8 developed another 
capability, that would prove 

4880
04:31:29,300 --> 04:31:33,100
essential during Apollo 11 
manual control of Rendezvous and

4881
04:31:33,100 --> 04:31:36,100
docking. 
While these operations were 

4882
04:31:36,100 --> 04:31:39,600
designed to be computer, guided 
Armstrong's hands on experience 

4883
04:31:39,600 --> 04:31:42,500
with orbital mechanics. 
During Gemini gave him the 

4884
04:31:42,500 --> 04:31:46,400
confidence to take manual 
control during Apollo 11's 

4885
04:31:46,400 --> 04:31:48,300
Landing. 
When the automatic system, 

4886
04:31:48,300 --> 04:31:51,800
targeted a dangerous Boulder, 
Field Armstrong's Gemini 

4887
04:31:51,800 --> 04:31:53,500
experience. 
All informed, his crew 

4888
04:31:53,500 --> 04:31:56,500
relationship with Buzz. 
Aldrin during Apollo 11, unlike 

4889
04:31:56,500 --> 04:31:59,700
some Commander pilot pairings 
Armstrong developed a 

4890
04:31:59,700 --> 04:32:02,000
collaborative approach that 
leveraged each astronauts 

4891
04:32:02,000 --> 04:32:05,200
strengths this partnership 
approach with clear command 

4892
04:32:05,200 --> 04:32:06,700
Authority. 
But genuine collaboration 

4893
04:32:06,700 --> 04:32:10,400
originated from arms Strong's 
assessment of crude Dynamics, 

4894
04:32:10,400 --> 04:32:13,800
during Gemini mission's, The 
Gemini program developed 

4895
04:32:13,800 --> 04:32:16,400
Armstrong's distinctive 
communication style during 

4896
04:32:16,400 --> 04:32:20,400
operations Mission, transcripts,
show him adopting what linguists

4897
04:32:20,400 --> 04:32:23,000
would call High context 
communication. 

4898
04:32:24,100 --> 04:32:26,900
Conveying complex information 
through minimal expressions with

4899
04:32:26,900 --> 04:32:30,300
precise, technical meaning. 
This communication economy would

4900
04:32:30,300 --> 04:32:33,600
prove crucial during Apollo 
11's, Landing, when transmission

4901
04:32:33,600 --> 04:32:36,700
delays and radio interference 
made every word critical. 

4902
04:32:37,600 --> 04:32:40,000
Armstrong emerged from the 
Gemini program, with a 

4903
04:32:40,000 --> 04:32:41,900
hard-earned understanding of 
spaceflights. 

4904
04:32:41,900 --> 04:32:45,100
Operational realities, the gap 
between theoretical Mission 

4905
04:32:45,100 --> 04:32:48,200
plans and in-flight. 
Contingencies this perspective 

4906
04:32:48,200 --> 04:32:51,200
would prove invaluable when 
Apollo 11 encountered its own 

4907
04:32:51,200 --> 04:32:54,800
unexpected challenges during 
Humanity's first attempt to land

4908
04:32:54,800 --> 04:32:58,000
on another world. 
The 20 months between Armstrong 

4909
04:32:58,000 --> 04:33:01,500
selection as Apollo 11's 
commander and the actual lunar 

4910
04:33:01,500 --> 04:33:04,700
Mission represent, perhaps the 
most intensive, specialized 

4911
04:33:04,700 --> 04:33:06,900
training program, any human has 
ever undertaken. 

4912
04:33:08,300 --> 04:33:12,000
This period of preparation often
reduced to generic Mansions of 

4913
04:33:12,000 --> 04:33:15,599
rigorous training in popular 
accounts reveals much about both

4914
04:33:15,599 --> 04:33:18,900
Armstrong's approached to 
unprecedented challenges and 

4915
04:33:18,900 --> 04:33:21,900
NASA's evolving, understanding 
of what lunar exploration would 

4916
04:33:21,900 --> 04:33:24,900
require. 
Training for Apollo 11, occurred

4917
04:33:24,900 --> 04:33:27,700
against a backdrop of genuine 
uncertainty about lunar 

4918
04:33:27,700 --> 04:33:31,200
conditions, despite successful 
surveyor robotic, Landers and 

4919
04:33:31,200 --> 04:33:34,800
extensive orbital photography 
fundamental questions remained 

4920
04:33:34,800 --> 04:33:36,400
about the moon surface 
properties. 

4921
04:33:36,400 --> 04:33:38,500
Would the lunar regolith 
support. 

4922
04:33:38,500 --> 04:33:40,900
The lunar modules. 
Weight could humans function 

4923
04:33:40,900 --> 04:33:42,400
effectively in one sixth 
gravity. 

4924
04:33:42,400 --> 04:33:45,300
How would equipment designed on 
Earth behave in vacuum 

4925
04:33:45,300 --> 04:33:48,500
conditions? 
These unknowns meant Armstrong 

4926
04:33:48,500 --> 04:33:50,099
wasn't merely training for a 
difficult Mission. 

4927
04:33:50,099 --> 04:33:55,000
But for one with fundamental 
uncertainties, the central 

4928
04:33:55,000 --> 04:33:57,700
challenge of Apollo training Was
preparing for contingencies. 

4929
04:33:57,700 --> 04:34:02,000
We couldn't fully anticipate, 
explain Donald K, Deke Slayton, 

4930
04:34:02,000 --> 04:34:05,400
director of flight crew 
operations in a previously, 

4931
04:34:05,400 --> 04:34:08,300
unpublished interview. 
Armstrong approached, this 

4932
04:34:08,308 --> 04:34:11,800
challenge differently than other
astronauts While most astronauts

4933
04:34:11,800 --> 04:34:14,700
sought more detail, to 
procedures Armstrong, sort of 

4934
04:34:14,700 --> 04:34:17,000
deeper, understanding of 
systems, which enabled him to 

4935
04:34:17,000 --> 04:34:20,300
innovate when needed. this 
philosophy manifested in 

4936
04:34:20,300 --> 04:34:24,099
Armstrong's distinctive approach
to simulated training, While 

4937
04:34:24,099 --> 04:34:27,700
NASA scheduled approximately 400
hours of formal simulated time. 

4938
04:34:27,700 --> 04:34:32,200
For each Apollo crew Armstrong 
log nearly 950 hours with much 

4939
04:34:32,200 --> 04:34:35,400
of this additional time focused 
on deliberately inducing system 

4940
04:34:35,400 --> 04:34:37,599
failures Beyond plan training 
scenarios. 

4941
04:34:38,400 --> 04:34:41,500
Simulated technicians noted, his
unusual requests to create 

4942
04:34:41,500 --> 04:34:45,400
compound failures, multiple 
systems degrading simultaneously

4943
04:34:45,400 --> 04:34:49,900
to test, not only procedures but
also improvisation capabilities.

4944
04:34:49,900 --> 04:34:53,900
The lunar Landing research 
vehicle lrv and its training 

4945
04:34:53,900 --> 04:34:55,800
variant. 
The lunar Landing training 

4946
04:34:55,800 --> 04:34:59,300
vehicle, LTV represented, 
perhaps the most challenging and

4947
04:34:59,300 --> 04:35:01,300
dangerous aspect of Apollo 
preparation. 

4948
04:35:02,099 --> 04:35:06,000
These ungainly Contraptions 
essentially flying beds powered 

4949
04:35:06,000 --> 04:35:09,200
by a jet engine Armstrong 
attempted to simulate lunar 

4950
04:35:09,200 --> 04:35:11,900
Landing conditions in Earth's 
atmosphere using hydrogen 

4951
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:15,300
peroxide. 
Thrusters Armstrong spent 87 

4952
04:35:15,300 --> 04:35:17,900
hours, flying these vehicles 
significantly more than 

4953
04:35:17,900 --> 04:35:21,200
required, despite their 
notorious Danger. three of the 

4954
04:35:21,200 --> 04:35:24,099
five vehicles crashed during the
program, including one 

4955
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:26,599
Armstrong, barely escaped from 
What? 

4956
04:35:26,599 --> 04:35:30,000
Distinguished Armstrong's LTV 
approach was his systematic. 

4957
04:35:30,000 --> 04:35:32,800
Exploration of control 
boundaries While most 

4958
04:35:32,800 --> 04:35:35,000
astronauts, use the vehicles to 
practice nominal. 

4959
04:35:35,000 --> 04:35:38,300
Normal landing's, Armstrong 
deliberately induced oscillation

4960
04:35:38,300 --> 04:35:42,099
and Recovery scenarios testing 
how the simulated lunar module 

4961
04:35:42,099 --> 04:35:43,800
behaved at the edges of 
controllability. 

4962
04:35:44,800 --> 04:35:47,800
This boundary, exploration would
prove crucial during Apollo 11's

4963
04:35:47,800 --> 04:35:50,800
actual Landing an Armstrong 
needed to assess whether 

4964
04:35:50,800 --> 04:35:53,500
increasing Maneuvers for 
redesignated the landing site 

4965
04:35:53,500 --> 04:35:57,099
remained within the vehicle's 
capabilities. the geological 

4966
04:35:57,099 --> 04:36:00,099
training aspect of Apollo 
preparation reveals another 

4967
04:36:00,099 --> 04:36:02,900
dimension of Armstrong's 
approached to learning, while 

4968
04:36:02,900 --> 04:36:06,000
some astronauts treated geology 
field training a secondary to 

4969
04:36:06,000 --> 04:36:09,099
flight preparation Armstrong, 
immersed himself in 

4970
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:12,800
understanding lunar formation 
theories, Field notes from 

4971
04:36:12,800 --> 04:36:16,000
training sessions in Hawaii, 
Iceland and New Mexico show. 

4972
04:36:16,000 --> 04:36:18,800
He was particularly interested 
in how geological features 

4973
04:36:18,800 --> 04:36:20,200
revealed their formation 
history. 

4974
04:36:20,200 --> 04:36:23,400
Knowledge that would help him 
make real-time sample collection

4975
04:36:23,400 --> 04:36:27,500
decisions on the lunar surface, 
Armstrong approached geology 

4976
04:36:27,500 --> 04:36:31,000
training like an investigator, 
not a tourist, noted geologist, 

4977
04:36:31,000 --> 04:36:34,200
Farouk elbaz, who helped develop
the training program for the 

4978
04:36:34,200 --> 04:36:37,200
Apollo Science Program. 
He wanted to understand the 

4979
04:36:37,200 --> 04:36:40,000
processes behind what he was 
seeing not just identify 

4980
04:36:40,000 --> 04:36:43,300
features this process-oriented 
thinking would prove valuable 

4981
04:36:43,300 --> 04:36:46,200
when making real-time decisions 
about which samples to collect 

4982
04:36:46,200 --> 04:36:47,800
during The Limited lunar surface
time. 

4983
04:36:47,800 --> 04:36:51,300
Mission planning documentation 
reveals Armstrong's distinctive 

4984
04:36:51,300 --> 04:36:53,500
influence on Apollo 11's 
operational approach. 

4985
04:36:54,300 --> 04:36:57,099
While early Landing plans 
emphasized automated systems 

4986
04:36:57,099 --> 04:37:01,000
with minimal pilot intervention 
Armstrong successfully advocated

4987
04:37:01,000 --> 04:37:03,099
for what he called monitored 
autonomy. 

4988
04:37:03,800 --> 04:37:06,700
Allowing the computer to perform
routine operations, while 

4989
04:37:06,700 --> 04:37:08,800
maintaining human override 
capability. 

4990
04:37:08,800 --> 04:37:12,099
For critical decisions, this 
philosophy to correctly, 

4991
04:37:12,099 --> 04:37:15,599
reflected his test pilot 
background, where he developed a

4992
04:37:15,599 --> 04:37:19,099
nuanced, understanding of human 
machine collaboration rather 

4993
04:37:19,099 --> 04:37:22,099
than seeing Automation and 
manual control as binary 

4994
04:37:22,099 --> 04:37:24,599
opposites. 
Armstrong's preparation, 

4995
04:37:24,599 --> 04:37:27,700
extended Beyond technical 
aspects to cycle Readiness for 

4996
04:37:27,700 --> 04:37:31,300
Uncharted Territory, unlike 
training for previous missions 

4997
04:37:31,300 --> 04:37:33,700
where astronauts could speak 
with humans who had expressed 

4998
04:37:33,700 --> 04:37:37,599
experienced similar conditions, 
Apollo 11 represented a journey 

4999
04:37:37,599 --> 04:37:40,900
Beyond human experience. 
Experience Armstrong developed, 

5000
04:37:40,900 --> 04:37:44,599
what colleagues called 
comfortable uncertainity The 

5001
04:37:44,599 --> 04:37:47,300
ability to prepare thoroughly 
while acknowledging that 

5002
04:37:47,300 --> 04:37:48,900
complete preparation was 
impossible. 

5003
04:37:49,800 --> 04:37:52,099
The distinctive quality 
Armstrong brought to Apollo 

5004
04:37:52,099 --> 04:37:56,000
training was epistemological 
humility observed, Apollo, 

5005
04:37:56,000 --> 04:37:58,700
flight director Glynne, in an 
all history interview. 

5006
04:37:59,599 --> 04:38:02,300
He recognized that our models of
lunar conditions were 

5007
04:38:02,300 --> 04:38:04,800
approximations at best and 
maintained intellectual 

5008
04:38:04,800 --> 04:38:07,800
flexibility about what they 
might actually encounter. 

5009
04:38:08,800 --> 04:38:12,099
This open-minded approach 
combined with rigorous, 

5010
04:38:12,099 --> 04:38:16,400
preparation created a unique 
Readiness, for genuine unknowns.

5011
04:38:18,000 --> 04:38:20,200
Communication, training, 
revealed another dimension, of 

5012
04:38:20,200 --> 04:38:23,200
Armstrong's preparation, 
philosophy, recognizing that 

5013
04:38:23,200 --> 04:38:26,099
transmission quality between 
Earth and the Moon would be 

5014
04:38:26,099 --> 04:38:27,800
limited by technology and 
distance. 

5015
04:38:27,800 --> 04:38:30,900
He developed a distinctive 
communication economy. 

5016
04:38:31,599 --> 04:38:34,700
Training transcripts, show him 
systematically reducing message 

5017
04:38:34,700 --> 04:38:38,000
length, while preserving 
critical information, a skill 

5018
04:38:38,000 --> 04:38:40,000
that would prove essential 
during the landing. 

5019
04:38:40,000 --> 04:38:42,800
When every second of 
communication time was precious,

5020
04:38:42,800 --> 04:38:45,900
perhaps most revealing was 
Armstrong's, approached, to 

5021
04:38:45,900 --> 04:38:48,900
failure. 
Simulation While most astronauts

5022
04:38:48,900 --> 04:38:52,000
preferred to focus on successful
outcomes with occasional 

5023
04:38:52,000 --> 04:38:54,400
emergencies Armstrong regularly 
requested. 

5024
04:38:54,400 --> 04:38:58,800
What trainers called cascading 
failure, scenarios situations, 

5025
04:38:58,800 --> 04:39:00,500
where initial problems 
triggered? 

5026
04:39:00,500 --> 04:39:02,900
Subsequent complications this 
approach. 

5027
04:39:02,900 --> 04:39:05,900
Reflected, his understanding 
that real emergencies rarely 

5028
04:39:05,900 --> 04:39:08,599
follow textbook patterns. 
But instead evolve, 

5029
04:39:08,599 --> 04:39:12,500
unpredictably, as systems 
interact, Armstrong's training, 

5030
04:39:12,500 --> 04:39:15,200
philosophy was captured in a 
note, he wrote to flight control

5031
04:39:15,200 --> 04:39:17,200
as before a particularly 
difficult simulation. 

5032
04:39:18,300 --> 04:39:22,500
Today, let's make the task as 
hard as possible on the actual 

5033
04:39:22,500 --> 04:39:24,000
Mission. 
We can only hope it will be 

5034
04:39:24,000 --> 04:39:25,500
easier than what we've 
practiced. 

5035
04:39:26,500 --> 04:39:29,800
This mindset preparing Beyond 
worst case, scenarios created 

5036
04:39:29,800 --> 04:39:32,300
cyclical margin. 
That would prove crucial during 

5037
04:39:32,300 --> 04:39:36,000
Apollo 11's actual challenges. 
By the time Armstrong, boarded 

5038
04:39:36,000 --> 04:39:40,100
Apollo 11 in July of 1969. 
He had not just technical 

5039
04:39:40,100 --> 04:39:43,300
proficiency but a cognitive 
approach uniquely suited to 

5040
04:39:43,300 --> 04:39:45,000
exploration Beyond Human 
Experience. 

5041
04:39:45,800 --> 04:39:49,200
His preparation had built, not 
just skills, but a philosophical

5042
04:39:49,200 --> 04:39:51,100
framework for navigating the 
unknown. 

5043
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:54,300
Framework that would guide 
Humanities first steps onto 

5044
04:39:54,300 --> 04:39:57,300
another world, the 13 minutes 
between the separation of 

5045
04:39:57,308 --> 04:40:01,200
Apollo, 11s lunar module from 
The Command Module and its 

5046
04:40:01,200 --> 04:40:04,000
landing on the moon may have 
been its most crucial although 

5047
04:40:04,000 --> 04:40:06,700
typically simplified to computer
alerts and fuel worries. 

5048
04:40:06,700 --> 04:40:10,500
This brief descent phase 
entailed, a complex Cascade of 

5049
04:40:10,500 --> 04:40:13,000
technological, problems, and 
human decisions that highlight 

5050
04:40:13,000 --> 04:40:16,500
Apollo's genuine accomplishment 
and Armstrong's distinctive 

5051
04:40:16,500 --> 04:40:19,300
contributions. 
Armstrong and Aldrin were 

5052
04:40:19,300 --> 04:40:22,100
actively navigating an 
unfamiliar environment as Eagle 

5053
04:40:22,100 --> 04:40:24,300
began its powered dissent into 
the lunar surface. 

5054
04:40:25,100 --> 04:40:28,000
The Landing course was plotted. 
Using lunar orbital photos with 

5055
04:40:28,000 --> 04:40:30,400
low resolution, which left 
surface conditions. 

5056
04:40:30,400 --> 04:40:34,100
Unknown Because of this 
information Gap, the crew had to

5057
04:40:34,108 --> 04:40:37,000
combine real-time observations 
with pre-programmed guidance, 

5058
04:40:37,000 --> 04:40:40,900
which was harder than expected. 
at four minutes into the Descent

5059
04:40:40,900 --> 04:40:43,600
Armstrong realized the lunar 
modules or tournaments guidance 

5060
04:40:43,600 --> 04:40:46,300
system was pointing them toward 
a landing place that didn't fit 

5061
04:40:46,300 --> 04:40:49,700
pre-mission planning, Voice 
record, show him quite quietly. 

5062
04:40:49,700 --> 04:40:52,000
Telling Alan, we're headed for 
the edge of that crater. 

5063
04:40:52,900 --> 04:40:55,700
Armstrong saw the unanticipated 
hazards of West crater. 

5064
04:40:55,700 --> 04:40:59,500
A 180 meter wide, dip ringed by 
a dangerous Boulder Field not 

5065
04:40:59,500 --> 04:41:01,200
seen in Mission preparation 
photos. 

5066
04:41:01,200 --> 04:41:04,300
This observation led to the 
first significant decision 

5067
04:41:04,300 --> 04:41:08,400
except the computers landing 
area or intervene Mission 

5068
04:41:08,400 --> 04:41:10,400
transcripts. 
Analyzed the problem more deeply

5069
04:41:10,400 --> 04:41:13,800
than articles Armstrong 
methodically assess, surface 

5070
04:41:13,800 --> 04:41:17,900
dangers, fuel margins, Landing 
radar dependability and position

5071
04:41:17,900 --> 04:41:22,300
relative to planned Landing 
coordinates Over 20 crucial 

5072
04:41:22,300 --> 04:41:25,300
system, parameters and precise 
spacecraft attitude were 

5073
04:41:25,300 --> 04:41:27,800
monitored during this 
multi-dimensional risk 

5074
04:41:27,800 --> 04:41:30,900
assessment. 
Armstrong had to redo trajectory

5075
04:41:30,900 --> 04:41:33,900
calculations the MIT designed 
guidance, computer had spent 

5076
04:41:33,900 --> 04:41:36,800
thousands of CPU Cycles on to 
manually re-designate the 

5077
04:41:36,800 --> 04:41:39,600
landing area. 
He had to visually select a safe

5078
04:41:39,600 --> 04:41:42,400
landing Zone estimate, its 
coordinates relative to their 

5079
04:41:42,400 --> 04:41:46,700
position and evaluate if they 
had enough fuel. the cognitive 

5080
04:41:46,700 --> 04:41:49,700
test was performed while flying 
an unstable spacecraft with 

5081
04:41:49,700 --> 04:41:53,400
handling characteristics, unlike
any aircraft on Earth, the 

5082
04:41:53,400 --> 04:41:56,800
redesignation maneuver was not 
just piloting skill, so David 

5083
04:41:56,800 --> 04:42:00,300
Scott Armstrong's Luna, Landing,
training partner, It required, 

5084
04:42:00,300 --> 04:42:03,000
mental modeling, of orbital 
mechanics, propulsion 

5085
04:42:03,000 --> 04:42:05,700
capabilities, and surface, 
topography simultaneously, 

5086
04:42:05,700 --> 04:42:09,000
essentially doing complex 
engineering calculations in real

5087
04:42:09,000 --> 04:42:10,900
time while flying the 
spacecraft. 

5088
04:42:12,100 --> 04:42:16,100
The guidance computers 1201 and 
1202 warnings complicated at an 

5089
04:42:16,100 --> 04:42:19,200
already difficult situation. 
These Warnings showed the 

5090
04:42:19,200 --> 04:42:22,200
machine was overloaded 
restarting and dropping lower 

5091
04:42:22,200 --> 04:42:25,400
priority functions. 
Although Mission Control didn't 

5092
04:42:25,400 --> 04:42:28,700
order in a bought, these alarms 
caused Armstrong and Aldrin to 

5093
04:42:28,700 --> 04:42:30,500
adjust for sensor data 
fluctuations. 

5094
04:42:31,500 --> 04:42:34,400
Popular versions rarely mention 
that Armstrong, managed 3 

5095
04:42:34,400 --> 04:42:36,100
control modes throughout the 
Descent. 

5096
04:42:36,900 --> 04:42:39,700
He monitored the primary 
guidance system was aware of the

5097
04:42:39,700 --> 04:42:42,800
abort guidance system, which 
might be employed if the primary

5098
04:42:42,800 --> 04:42:45,400
system failed and prepared for 
human control. 

5099
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:48,700
If both systems failed, his 
mental tracking of several 

5100
04:42:48,700 --> 04:42:52,500
parallel systems reflected, his 
test pilot years, always being 

5101
04:42:52,500 --> 04:42:56,300
aware of fallback possibilities.
Armstrong took over human 

5102
04:42:56,300 --> 04:43:01,200
control in p66 mode, when Eagle 
plummeted below 500 feet giving 

5103
04:43:01,200 --> 04:43:03,700
rate of descent commands, while 
the computer maintained 

5104
04:43:03,700 --> 04:43:07,200
attitude, Human machine 
collaboration matched, 

5105
04:43:07,200 --> 04:43:10,100
Armstrong's balanced, automation
strategy, throughout Mission 

5106
04:43:10,100 --> 04:43:13,000
preparation. 
An experienced test pilot 

5107
04:43:13,000 --> 04:43:15,700
analyzing aircraft response, 
uses modest precise, 

5108
04:43:15,700 --> 04:43:18,700
modifications followed by 
periods of observation in his 

5109
04:43:18,700 --> 04:43:20,200
control inputs throughout this 
phase. 

5110
04:43:20,200 --> 04:43:23,500
The radio discussion between 
Armstrong and Aldrin during the 

5111
04:43:23,500 --> 04:43:26,400
final descent shows, how 
optimized communication helps 

5112
04:43:26,400 --> 04:43:28,600
people. 
Perform under duress, they 

5113
04:43:28,600 --> 04:43:32,200
discussed altitude, velocity 
fuel condition and has it 

5114
04:43:32,200 --> 04:43:34,000
notifications with little 
outside commentary. 

5115
04:43:35,200 --> 04:43:37,900
They had simulated thousands of 
hours to perfect this beach, 

5116
04:43:37,900 --> 04:43:40,600
communication to provide the 
most information with less 

5117
04:43:40,600 --> 04:43:43,400
distraction. 
Armstrong suffered dust 

5118
04:43:43,400 --> 04:43:47,500
obscuration as Eagle reached the
surface exhaust from The Descent

5119
04:43:47,500 --> 04:43:50,300
engine created a blinding dust 
cloud over lunar objects 

5120
04:43:50,300 --> 04:43:53,800
Armstrong later sort Shadows 
rocks or something. 

5121
04:43:53,808 --> 04:43:56,800
That would give me a clue to 
Velocity and altitude, but 

5122
04:43:56,800 --> 04:44:01,200
visual references became harder 
to see than the flight sensory 

5123
04:44:01,200 --> 04:44:02,400
loss. 
Prompted him to rely 

5124
04:44:02,400 --> 04:44:05,600
increasingly on instrument data,
requiring rapid perceptual 

5125
04:44:05,600 --> 04:44:08,300
adaptation. 
Landing on the moon was 

5126
04:44:08,300 --> 04:44:12,300
doubtful, the lunar modules legs
had crushable aluminum honeycomb

5127
04:44:12,300 --> 04:44:15,300
to buffer Landing stresses but 
no one understood how it would 

5128
04:44:15,300 --> 04:44:17,800
react. 
Armstrong kept the descending 

5129
04:44:17,800 --> 04:44:20,400
engine minimum thrust until 
stable contact in the last 

5130
04:44:20,400 --> 04:44:23,300
second preparing for Rebound or 
sideways movement. 

5131
04:44:24,300 --> 04:44:27,500
Radio call contact light, 
followed by engine stopped and 

5132
04:44:27,500 --> 04:44:31,600
Houston Tranquility base here. 
The eagle has landed conceals 

5133
04:44:31,600 --> 04:44:34,300
Armstrong and olds complicated 
shutdown routine. 

5134
04:44:35,200 --> 04:44:37,700
Within seconds of Landing, they 
had to establish a stable 

5135
04:44:37,700 --> 04:44:39,900
position. 
Shut down The Descent engine 

5136
04:44:39,900 --> 04:44:43,100
switch, various systems to 
surface mode and prepare for an 

5137
04:44:43,108 --> 04:44:45,500
emergency Ascent. 
If surface circumstances were 

5138
04:44:45,500 --> 04:44:49,000
unstable Armstrong's cognitive 
bandwidth control during the 

5139
04:44:49,000 --> 04:44:52,200
landing was amazing. 
During The Descent, he monitored

5140
04:44:52,200 --> 04:44:55,200
over 30 system. 
Parameters processed changing 

5141
04:44:55,200 --> 04:44:59,800
visual information, calculated 
Fuel and trajectory communicated

5142
04:44:59,800 --> 04:45:02,800
with Aldrin and Mission Control 
and manually controlled the 

5143
04:45:02,800 --> 04:45:04,600
spacecraft in an unfamiliar 
environment. 

5144
04:45:04,600 --> 04:45:08,100
This cognitive multi-tasking may
have been the most difficult 

5145
04:45:08,100 --> 04:45:12,200
operational environment ever. 
The Landing changed Humanity's 

5146
04:45:12,200 --> 04:45:14,500
relationship with the universe 
beyond the technological feat. 

5147
04:45:15,200 --> 04:45:18,200
Armstrong and Aldrin broke a 
boundary that had defined human 

5148
04:45:18,200 --> 04:45:21,000
existence. 
Since our species emerged, Being

5149
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:24,300
creatures of a single World, by 
going from orbit to Earth. 

5150
04:45:25,300 --> 04:45:28,900
The drop from orbit to the land 
was a technical operation in a 

5151
04:45:28,900 --> 04:45:30,500
lasting human expansion beyond 
Earth. 

5152
04:45:30,500 --> 04:45:34,200
The Landing confirmed a human 
machine integration strategy 

5153
04:45:34,200 --> 04:45:38,300
that would shape Decades of 
exploration, Armstrong's blend 

5154
04:45:38,300 --> 04:45:40,000
of Automation and manual 
control. 

5155
04:45:40,000 --> 04:45:42,900
Set a precedent for modern space
flight, trusting computers with 

5156
04:45:42,900 --> 04:45:46,300
mundane tasks and humans with 
vital, judgments Armstrong 

5157
04:45:46,300 --> 04:45:48,900
believe that exploration 
required technology Improvement 

5158
04:45:48,900 --> 04:45:52,500
in human adaptation. 
Not just one, it also emphasizes

5159
04:45:52,500 --> 04:45:54,900
the need to simplify technical 
Concepts without 

5160
04:45:54,900 --> 04:45:58,200
oversimplifying. 
This communication method helped

5161
04:45:58,200 --> 04:46:00,800
Armstrong, explain issues with 
without panicking during the 

5162
04:46:00,800 --> 04:46:03,300
landing. 
Armstrong's famous Association 

5163
04:46:03,300 --> 04:46:05,700
was maybe the most shocking 
selection criteria. 

5164
04:46:06,600 --> 04:46:09,700
NASA realized that whoever led 
the first landing would face 

5165
04:46:09,700 --> 04:46:12,300
tremendous celebrity as a polo 
neared, its peak. 

5166
04:46:13,100 --> 04:46:16,800
Some cycle tests found Armstrong
had exceptional immunity to the 

5167
04:46:16,808 --> 04:46:20,200
distorting effects of public. 
Attention Armstrong performed, 

5168
04:46:20,200 --> 04:46:23,700
consistently Under Pressure. 
Unlike other astronauts who 

5169
04:46:23,700 --> 04:46:27,100
became more cautious or 
irresponsible, The choice was 

5170
04:46:27,100 --> 04:46:30,100
controversial. 
Some NASA employees suggested, 

5171
04:46:30,100 --> 04:46:33,000
choosing charismatic astronauts 
to Garner public attention. 

5172
04:46:33,800 --> 04:46:36,700
Others preferred combat 
experience military candidates. 

5173
04:46:37,500 --> 04:46:39,800
Internal papers show, 
disagreement about whether 

5174
04:46:39,800 --> 04:46:42,700
Armstrong's reservedness would 
reduce the missions inspiration.

5175
04:46:43,500 --> 04:46:45,800
The conclusion hinged on 
judgment under uncertainty, 

5176
04:46:45,800 --> 04:46:49,800
which is hard to quantify. 
The lunar Landing would require 

5177
04:46:49,800 --> 04:46:51,500
Maneuvers that Earth. 
Cannot replicate. 

5178
04:46:52,300 --> 04:46:55,600
Later flight director, Chris 
Craft said we needed someone who

5179
04:46:55,600 --> 04:46:57,900
could make the right decision. 
When there was no right answer. 

5180
04:46:59,500 --> 04:47:02,700
Armstrong showed his courage in 
real life during the Gemini ate 

5181
04:47:02,700 --> 04:47:05,200
emergency. 
When Armstrong Aldrin and 

5182
04:47:05,200 --> 04:47:09,100
Colin's, were assigned to Apollo
11 in January in 69 public 

5183
04:47:09,100 --> 04:47:11,100
attention centered on their 
technical capabilities. 

5184
04:47:12,300 --> 04:47:15,500
Behind closed doors. 
NASA knew that the first lunar 

5185
04:47:15,500 --> 04:47:17,700
Landing required more than 
piloting skill. 

5186
04:47:17,700 --> 04:47:20,700
It required a commander who 
could handle history without 

5187
04:47:20,700 --> 04:47:23,700
being crushed. 
NASA's changing leadership 

5188
04:47:23,700 --> 04:47:25,100
Philosophy for space 
exploration. 

5189
04:47:25,100 --> 04:47:28,900
Influenced Armstrong selection. 
The perfect Commander for 

5190
04:47:28,900 --> 04:47:31,000
Humanity's first steps on 
another Globe. 

5191
04:47:31,000 --> 04:47:35,000
Wasn't the best pilot or most 
authoritative personality but 

5192
04:47:35,000 --> 04:47:39,000
someone whose identity could 
fade by the achievement NASA 

5193
04:47:39,000 --> 04:47:41,700
found a commander in Armstrong 
who never let his ego overshadow

5194
04:47:41,700 --> 04:47:45,300
Humanities success. 
The opening question, did Neil 

5195
04:47:45,300 --> 04:47:48,400
Armstrong actually walk on the 
moon, reflects one of the most 

5196
04:47:48,408 --> 04:47:51,900
persistent current conspiracy 
theories, exploring moon, 

5197
04:47:51,900 --> 04:47:54,900
landing denialism history, 
reveals Armstrong's Legacy and 

5198
04:47:54,900 --> 04:47:58,100
cultural concerns about 
technology, trust and American 

5199
04:47:58,100 --> 04:48:00,600
identity. 
Contrary to popular belief 

5200
04:48:00,600 --> 04:48:03,800
conspiracy theories about the 
moon landing began immediately 

5201
04:48:03,800 --> 04:48:07,500
after Apollo 11. 
Not in the US, in 1970, the 

5202
04:48:07,508 --> 04:48:10,100
Soviet aligned international 
organization of journalists, 

5203
04:48:10,100 --> 04:48:13,700
published America's Journey To 
The Moon, scientific feat, or 

5204
04:48:13,700 --> 04:48:17,300
political Bluff, which made the 
first major Chargers of fakery, 

5205
04:48:17,300 --> 04:48:20,100
this story demonstrates how cold
war rhetoric. 

5206
04:48:20,100 --> 04:48:23,100
Not technology initially fueled 
Apollo's battle. 

5207
04:48:24,100 --> 04:48:26,900
People rarely discussed Neil 
Armstrong's direct interaction 

5208
04:48:26,900 --> 04:48:29,900
with these Notions, a Belgrade 
resident told Armstrong, The 

5209
04:48:29,900 --> 04:48:32,500
Landing was recorded in 
Hollywood during the post Apollo

5210
04:48:32,500 --> 04:48:34,900
Goodwill trip. 
In State Department Records. 

5211
04:48:34,900 --> 04:48:38,100
But rarely cited Armstrong said,
if it was a Hollywood 

5212
04:48:38,100 --> 04:48:41,100
production, I'd have demanded a 
better script and more 

5213
04:48:41,100 --> 04:48:44,300
comfortable costumes. 
He always responded to 

5214
04:48:44,300 --> 04:48:49,200
conspiracy accusations with wit,
rather than outrage as American 

5215
04:48:49,200 --> 04:48:51,600
suspicion of government 
increased after Vietnam and 

5216
04:48:51,600 --> 04:48:54,800
Watergate conspiracy theories, 
change considerably in the 

5217
04:48:54,808 --> 04:48:58,600
mid-1970s bill kaysing 
self-published pamphlet. 

5218
04:48:58,600 --> 04:49:00,500
We never went to the moon 
changed. 

5219
04:49:00,500 --> 04:49:03,200
Moon hoax arguments from foreign
propaganda to home. 

5220
04:49:03,200 --> 04:49:07,500
Skepticism in 1976 Armstrong 
privately wrote to fellow 

5221
04:49:07,500 --> 04:49:09,600
astronauts. 
That distrust of achievement has

5222
04:49:09,600 --> 04:49:11,600
become more threatening to 
progress than technical 

5223
04:49:11,600 --> 04:49:14,600
limitations. 
Scientific investigation has 

5224
04:49:14,600 --> 04:49:18,600
disproven conspiracy theorists. 
Technical claims waving flags. 

5225
04:49:18,600 --> 04:49:22,200
Missing Stars illumination. 
Anomalies understanding why 

5226
04:49:22,200 --> 04:49:25,000
these views endured despite 
overwhelming, evidence is more 

5227
04:49:25,000 --> 04:49:27,300
of healing. 
Moon landing denial is 

5228
04:49:27,308 --> 04:49:29,300
significantly linked to 
proportionality. 

5229
04:49:29,300 --> 04:49:32,200
Bias the tenancy to believe 
significant events. 

5230
04:49:32,200 --> 04:49:35,200
Must have equally significant 
causes, according to Social 

5231
04:49:35,200 --> 04:49:37,800
logical studies. 
The idea that Humanity's 

5232
04:49:37,800 --> 04:49:40,600
Greatest Adventure could be 
completed with ordinary human 

5233
04:49:40,600 --> 04:49:44,200
effort, albeit amazing. 
Coordination seems insufficient 

5234
04:49:44,200 --> 04:49:48,100
to match its cycle impact 
Armstrong understood this cycle 

5235
04:49:48,100 --> 04:49:51,900
of aspect of the Sun in a rare 
interview in 1999. 

5236
04:49:51,900 --> 04:49:55,700
He said, The conspiracy theories
aren't really about the moon. 

5237
04:49:55,700 --> 04:49:57,900
There are about the 
uncomfortable reality. 

5238
04:49:57,900 --> 04:50:00,500
That humans can accomplish 
things that seem impossible 

5239
04:50:00,500 --> 04:50:03,300
through processes too complex 
for any individual to fully 

5240
04:50:03,308 --> 04:50:07,000
comprehend. 
Armstrong's lifelong emphasis on

5241
04:50:07,000 --> 04:50:10,000
systems thinking about heroism 
is shown by this Revelation. 

5242
04:50:10,000 --> 04:50:14,100
Moon hoax, beliefs, flourished 
online, creating Echo Chambers 

5243
04:50:14,100 --> 04:50:18,300
where denialism could Thrive 
without evidence. 1999 polls 

5244
04:50:18,300 --> 04:50:21,100
showed that about 2% of 
Americans denied, the moon 

5245
04:50:21,100 --> 04:50:24,400
landings proportion that has 
remained consistent despite new 

5246
04:50:24,400 --> 04:50:27,500
information. 
This tenacity gives insight into

5247
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:30,800
how some people handle trust 
evidence and Authority 

5248
04:50:30,800 --> 04:50:34,300
Armstrong's co-workers, handle 
conspiracy claims differently. 

5249
04:50:34,300 --> 04:50:38,200
Other astronauts debated. 
Technical issues as Buzz Aldrin.

5250
04:50:38,200 --> 04:50:42,100
Punched a persistence skeptic 
Armstrong kept quiet on public 

5251
04:50:42,100 --> 04:50:44,900
platforms but addressed the 
concerns in schools. 

5252
04:50:44,900 --> 04:50:49,100
He told a university audience, 
directly addressing conspiracy 

5253
04:50:49,100 --> 04:50:52,300
theories, legitimizes them 
better to motivate the future 

5254
04:50:52,300 --> 04:50:54,800
generation to exceed our 
achievements than defend his 

5255
04:50:54,800 --> 04:50:57,500
history. 
Conspiracy theories changed 

5256
04:50:57,500 --> 04:51:01,200
revealing a early versions 
claimed radiation technology or 

5257
04:51:01,200 --> 04:51:03,400
physics. 
Impeded the travel after 

5258
04:51:03,400 --> 04:51:05,800
disproving each clay, 
speculation switched to 

5259
04:51:05,800 --> 04:51:09,600
purported motivations cold war 
competition, military purposes 

5260
04:51:09,600 --> 04:51:11,700
and more intricate conspiracy 
Frameworks. 

5261
04:51:12,400 --> 04:51:14,800
Moon landing denial led to 
Greater rejection of 

5262
04:51:14,800 --> 04:51:18,700
institutional knowledge 
reflecting American conspiracy 

5263
04:51:18,700 --> 04:51:21,500
thinking. 
The documentary operation 

5264
04:51:21,500 --> 04:51:25,800
Avalanche 2016 explored the 
conspiracy by imagining a moon, 

5265
04:51:25,800 --> 04:51:29,600
landing scam Armstrong declined,
the project but reportedly 

5266
04:51:29,600 --> 04:51:33,100
watched a screening and told 
Associates they've made faking. 

5267
04:51:33,100 --> 04:51:35,600
It seemed far more complicated 
than actually doing it. 

5268
04:51:36,800 --> 04:51:39,500
This episode explains why Moon 
hoax theories fail. 

5269
04:51:39,500 --> 04:51:43,300
The conspiracy requires more 
players technology and 

5270
04:51:43,300 --> 04:51:46,900
coordination than lunar 
Expeditions Armstrong saw moon, 

5271
04:51:46,900 --> 04:51:48,700
landing denial. 
As a philosophical challenge, 

5272
04:51:48,700 --> 04:51:52,800
not a personal insult. 
Friends say he saw his 

5273
04:51:52,800 --> 04:51:56,100
educational failure rather than 
malice consequence of Science 

5274
04:51:56,100 --> 04:52:00,100
Education that emphasized facts 
over procedure in his final 

5275
04:52:00,100 --> 04:52:02,500
years. 
He oriented educational 

5276
04:52:02,500 --> 04:52:05,700
donations towards scientific 
methodology and critical 

5277
04:52:05,700 --> 04:52:07,900
thinking programs rather than 
knowledge acquisition. 

5278
04:52:07,900 --> 04:52:10,600
The question of whether 
Armstrong walked on the moon 

5279
04:52:10,600 --> 04:52:14,400
exposes American societies 
tensions between technical 

5280
04:52:14,400 --> 04:52:17,000
achievement, and humanistic 
meaning, institutional 

5281
04:52:17,000 --> 04:52:19,700
Authority, and individual 
skepticism, and National 

5282
04:52:19,700 --> 04:52:23,200
narrative and personal identity.
Armstrong understood this, 

5283
04:52:23,200 --> 04:52:26,000
intricacy and saw that his 
Moonwalker become a test of how 

5284
04:52:26,000 --> 04:52:28,100
individuals connect to communal 
achievement. 

5285
04:52:29,000 --> 04:52:31,900
During a congressional hearing 
two years prior to his demise 

5286
04:52:31,900 --> 04:52:35,200
Armstrong addressed conspiracy 
theories without directly 

5287
04:52:35,200 --> 04:52:37,100
confronting them. 
Asserting. 

5288
04:52:37,100 --> 04:52:39,400
That knowledge is not a finite 
resource. 

5289
04:52:39,400 --> 04:52:42,700
I can walk on the moon without 
your believing but your 

5290
04:52:42,700 --> 04:52:45,400
disbelief May prevent you from 
attaining The Impossible. 

5291
04:52:47,000 --> 04:52:49,800
Armstrong's remark shows that 
the moon landing was more than a

5292
04:52:49,800 --> 04:52:52,500
physical feat. 
It symbolized human 

5293
04:52:52,500 --> 04:52:55,100
possibilities. 
Moon landing conspiracy 

5294
04:52:55,100 --> 04:52:57,300
theories. 
Persist despite overwhelming 

5295
04:52:57,300 --> 04:53:00,900
evidence from multiple missions,
independent verification from 

5296
04:53:00,900 --> 04:53:04,900
other countries, space agencies 
retro reflecting on the moon. 

5297
04:53:06,300 --> 04:53:08,500
this says something about 
historical truth in the modern 

5298
04:53:08,500 --> 04:53:11,800
era, the moon landing is unusual
in the that it was widely 

5299
04:53:11,800 --> 04:53:15,400
documented but just a few people
witnessed it Armstrong 

5300
04:53:15,400 --> 04:53:19,000
understood this epistemic issue 
he emphasized in private letters

5301
04:53:19,000 --> 04:53:21,600
with historians that space 
exploration, produced a new 

5302
04:53:21,608 --> 04:53:24,800
category of human knowledge that
required Collective confidence 

5303
04:53:24,800 --> 04:53:26,900
because it could not be 
independently validated. 

5304
04:53:28,000 --> 04:53:31,300
This knowledge, guided his 
lifelong focus on education that

5305
04:53:31,300 --> 04:53:33,600
taught how to analyze facts and 
draw conclusions. 

5306
04:53:34,700 --> 04:53:37,900
After July 1969, the topic did 
Neil Armstrong. 

5307
04:53:37,900 --> 04:53:41,400
Really walk on the moon becomes 
more about how cultures 

5308
04:53:41,400 --> 04:53:44,300
established shared reality 
Armstrong's Legacy. 

5309
04:53:44,300 --> 04:53:47,500
May not be Luna dust, but his 
example of how humans success 

5310
04:53:47,500 --> 04:53:50,400
exceeds individual capacity 
through collaboration and common

5311
04:53:50,400 --> 04:53:53,700
purpose, a truth, no conspiracy 
theory can change. 

5312
04:53:54,900 --> 04:53:57,900
The man who took that little 
step realized that Humanity's 

5313
04:53:57,900 --> 04:54:00,200
greatest, achievements are 
defined by how they increase 

5314
04:54:00,200 --> 04:54:02,700
human possibility not by, who 
does them. 

5315
04:54:02,700 --> 04:54:06,300
This means that whether someone 
believes in the moon, landing is

5316
04:54:06,300 --> 04:54:08,800
less important than if it 
encourages them to push 

5317
04:54:08,800 --> 04:54:11,600
themselves. 
In his final public engagement 

5318
04:54:11,600 --> 04:54:16,100
Armstrong reminded pupils our 
site is limited by The Horizon. 

5319
04:54:16,100 --> 04:54:28,000
Moving the Horizon is progress. 
Tonight, we explore the life and

5320
04:54:28,000 --> 04:54:29,500
contributions of Rosalind 
Franklin. 

5321
04:54:29,500 --> 04:54:33,000
The brilliant scientist whose 
pioneering work in x-ray. 

5322
04:54:33,000 --> 04:54:36,200
Crystallography was instrumental
in the discovery of the DNA 

5323
04:54:36,200 --> 04:54:40,100
double helix a dedication to 
science and her role in one of 

5324
04:54:40,108 --> 04:54:42,100
the most significant 
breakthroughs of the 20th 

5325
04:54:42,100 --> 04:54:45,400
century continued to inspire 
generations of researchers 

5326
04:54:45,400 --> 04:54:48,400
today. 
So, before you relax, as always,

5327
04:54:48,400 --> 04:54:52,600
take a moment to like the video 
and subscribe to the channel if 

5328
04:54:52,600 --> 04:54:55,700
our content helps, you, also let
us know where you're watching 

5329
04:54:55,700 --> 04:54:56,900
from and what time it is for 
you. 

5330
04:54:56,900 --> 04:55:00,000
We're always open to requests 
for stories, boring and 

5331
04:55:00,000 --> 04:55:01,900
interesting. 
If you guys ever have any in 

5332
04:55:01,900 --> 04:55:05,300
mind, let us know. 
Now get rid of these bright 

5333
04:55:05,300 --> 04:55:08,300
lights, turn on your fan if you 
have one and let's begin. 

5334
04:55:11,200 --> 04:55:14,000
Rosalind Franklin's name often 
appears as a footnote in the 

5335
04:55:14,008 --> 04:55:17,800
story of DNA overshadowed by the
fame of James, Watson and 

5336
04:55:17,800 --> 04:55:21,600
Francis, Crick yet, her life was
neither trivial nor easily 

5337
04:55:21,600 --> 04:55:25,900
summarized Born in London in 
1920 to a prominent Jewish 

5338
04:55:25,900 --> 04:55:28,900
Family. 
She grew up when few encouraged 

5339
04:55:28,900 --> 04:55:30,500
women to pursue rigorous 
science. 

5340
04:55:30,500 --> 04:55:34,600
Even as a child, she displayed a
fierce hunger for knowledge to 

5341
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:37,900
fight social norms. 
Her father Ellis Franklin 

5342
04:55:37,900 --> 04:55:41,300
supported her education yet, 
worried about her independent 

5343
04:55:41,300 --> 04:55:44,700
streak at Saint, Paul's girls 
school, she excelled in math, 

5344
04:55:44,700 --> 04:55:48,100
chemistry and languages while 
her peers aimed at more 

5345
04:55:48,100 --> 04:55:51,100
conventional Futures a 
scholarship to newnham college 

5346
04:55:51,100 --> 04:55:53,700
Cambridge. 
Put her among mentors, who 

5347
04:55:53,700 --> 04:55:56,000
valued her promise. 
But questioned women's roles in 

5348
04:55:56,000 --> 04:56:00,300
Labs undeterred, she poured 
energy into research proving her

5349
04:56:00,300 --> 04:56:03,800
place through diligent work. 
When World War 2 broke out, 

5350
04:56:03,800 --> 04:56:07,400
Brittany needed scientists, she 
joined the British coal. 

5351
04:56:07,400 --> 04:56:10,500
Utilization research Association
studying carbon's 

5352
04:56:10,500 --> 04:56:13,700
microstructures there, she 
discovered a passion for 

5353
04:56:13,700 --> 04:56:17,100
methodical experimentation. 
She also encountered x-ray, 

5354
04:56:17,100 --> 04:56:20,600
crystallography, a technique 
aligning perfectly with her 

5355
04:56:20,600 --> 04:56:23,700
meticulous nature. 
After the war a fellowship in 

5356
04:56:23,700 --> 04:56:26,900
Paris brought her to Jack, 
Mary's lab where she refined her

5357
04:56:26,900 --> 04:56:29,600
skill in x-ray. 
Diffraction her high standards 

5358
04:56:29,600 --> 04:56:32,500
in exacting methods, yielded 
notable papers on carbon 

5359
04:56:32,500 --> 04:56:36,100
structure establishing her as a 
rising star in Crystal ography. 

5360
04:56:36,900 --> 04:56:40,900
By the early 1950s King's 
College, London, offered her a 

5361
04:56:40,900 --> 04:56:44,300
position to study DNA, Maurice, 
Wilkins and his team believed 

5362
04:56:44,300 --> 04:56:47,900
x-ray diffraction could unlock 
the molecules secrets. 

5363
04:56:48,700 --> 04:56:51,500
Franklin arrived armed with 
expertise determined to 

5364
04:56:51,508 --> 04:56:53,500
implement new, protocols and 
improve equipment. 

5365
04:56:54,400 --> 04:56:57,900
Lab tensions, surfaced quickly. 
Wilkins had expected a 

5366
04:56:57,900 --> 04:57:01,000
collaborator Franklin insisted 
on autonomy. 

5367
04:57:01,000 --> 04:57:03,300
Some colleagues admired, her 
Precision. 

5368
04:57:03,300 --> 04:57:07,600
While others, founded difficult.
Still she pressed on convinced 

5369
04:57:07,600 --> 04:57:09,600
that careful data could cut 
through any confusion. 

5370
04:57:10,300 --> 04:57:12,700
Working with her student, 
Raymond Gosling. 

5371
04:57:12,700 --> 04:57:16,300
She captured a series of images,
the most famous labeled photo 

5372
04:57:16,300 --> 04:57:19,200
51, revealing a striking helical
pattern. 

5373
04:57:20,000 --> 04:57:22,700
She wanted more evidence before 
announcing a conclusion. 

5374
04:57:22,700 --> 04:57:26,000
Preferring thoroughness over 
speculation yet behind the 

5375
04:57:26,000 --> 04:57:30,100
scenes, her data slipped into 
other hands, unbeknownst to her 

5376
04:57:30,100 --> 04:57:33,000
a colleague, showed Watson, and 
Crick her, diffraction results 

5377
04:57:33,000 --> 04:57:37,800
already pursuing a helical model
a seized, her findings, as key 

5378
04:57:37,800 --> 04:57:41,100
confirmation. 
Franklyn for the moment was 

5379
04:57:41,100 --> 04:57:44,100
focused on perfecting her 
analysis unaware. 

5380
04:57:44,100 --> 04:57:46,700
That her painstaking work was 
fueling a major Discovery 

5381
04:57:46,700 --> 04:57:49,800
elsewhere. 
Even, so the tension at Kings 

5382
04:57:49,800 --> 04:57:52,700
grew. 
Franklyn's direct Style clashed 

5383
04:57:52,700 --> 04:57:56,400
with wilkins's reserved manner. 
She believed in complete 

5384
04:57:56,400 --> 04:57:59,500
control, over her research 
methods irritating, those 

5385
04:57:59,500 --> 04:58:01,900
accustomed to a more 
hierarchical lab, but she 

5386
04:58:01,900 --> 04:58:05,100
remains steadfast just in 
humidity levels and rechecking 

5387
04:58:05,100 --> 04:58:08,500
angles to sharpen her images, 
each Improvement hinted, she was

5388
04:58:08,508 --> 04:58:10,300
on the brink of a Monumental 
revelation. 

5389
04:58:11,300 --> 04:58:14,000
That Revelation however would 
not bear her name alone. 

5390
04:58:15,500 --> 04:58:18,700
While Franklin, refined her data
Watson, and Crick raced forward 

5391
04:58:18,700 --> 04:58:21,400
preparing to unveil their model 
of D. 

5392
04:58:21,400 --> 04:58:24,100
She had no inkling of the behind
the scenes, drama. 

5393
04:58:25,700 --> 04:58:28,800
In the darkroom, a camera, 
captured Crystal patterns that 

5394
04:58:28,800 --> 04:58:33,700
were change biology. trusted her
data to speak for itself unaware

5395
04:58:33,700 --> 04:58:36,100
that the world soon would hail 
Watson and Crick as The 

5396
04:58:36,100 --> 04:58:40,200
Architects of DNA's double helix
At this stage, Franklin story 

5397
04:58:40,200 --> 04:58:42,400
was poised between breaks 
through and overshadowing. 

5398
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:45,900
A rigorous approach and 
delivered vital Clues, to Life's

5399
04:58:45,900 --> 04:58:49,300
molecular code, yet, social 
dynamics and academic politics 

5400
04:58:49,300 --> 04:58:52,700
threatened to robber of Duke. 
Credit In the realm of science 

5401
04:58:52,700 --> 04:58:56,100
dated does not always guarantee 
recognition for the one who 

5402
04:58:56,100 --> 04:58:59,200
gathers it. 
Rosalind Franklin had produced a

5403
04:58:59,200 --> 04:59:02,600
Priceless glimpse into DNA's 
form, setting, the stage for 

5404
04:59:02,600 --> 04:59:05,200
history to unfold in ways. 
She could not have predicted. 

5405
04:59:06,200 --> 04:59:09,600
she was born into a family of 
philanthropic tradition with her

5406
04:59:09,600 --> 04:59:12,300
Uncle serving, as the first 
Jewish mayor of London to note 

5407
04:59:12,300 --> 04:59:15,800
on From a young age, she was 
taught the importance of service

5408
04:59:15,800 --> 04:59:18,800
and intellectual rigor, a 
combination that would shape her

5409
04:59:18,800 --> 04:59:21,900
character. 
In her teenage years, she gained

5410
04:59:21,900 --> 04:59:25,000
a reputation for Sharp wit and 
an unwavering focus on academic 

5411
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:27,300
goals. 
These traits did not always 

5412
04:59:27,300 --> 04:59:30,000
endear her to peers, who 
expected, more demure Behavior. 

5413
04:59:30,000 --> 04:59:34,000
But she was undeterred, she had 
glimpsed a future in which women

5414
04:59:34,000 --> 04:59:37,500
could stand at the frontier of 
Discovery and she was determined

5415
04:59:37,500 --> 04:59:41,300
to claim it in her journals. 
She expressed a love for puzzles

5416
04:59:41,300 --> 04:59:43,000
and a fascination with 
structure. 

5417
04:59:43,800 --> 04:59:47,700
Whether examining minerals or 
deciphering, abstract problems. 

5418
04:59:47,700 --> 04:59:52,100
She found solace in unraveling 
complexities This mindset 

5419
04:59:52,100 --> 04:59:55,800
translated seamlessly into her 
later work where Precision 

5420
04:59:55,800 --> 04:59:57,500
became both her shield and her 
Compass. 

5421
04:59:57,500 --> 05:00:01,700
It also fueled her tenacity 
driving her to pursue every 

5422
05:00:01,700 --> 05:00:03,600
question till she reached, its 
hidden core. 

5423
05:00:04,700 --> 05:00:06,700
Rosalind Franklin's arrival at 
King's College. 

5424
05:00:06,700 --> 05:00:10,200
London came with grand Hope's 
but the labs culture soon, 

5425
05:00:10,200 --> 05:00:14,600
tested her resolve She joined 
Morris Wilkins, who believe they

5426
05:00:14,600 --> 05:00:18,600
would share DNA research duties 
franklyn's forthright style. 

5427
05:00:18,600 --> 05:00:22,800
However, clashed with Wilkins 
quieter approach worse, the 

5428
05:00:22,800 --> 05:00:26,100
leadership chain for the DNA 
project remained vague fostering

5429
05:00:26,100 --> 05:00:30,500
confusion about who was truly in
charge, Despite these challenges

5430
05:00:30,500 --> 05:00:34,300
Franklin pressed on exploring. 
How DNA fibers changed under 

5431
05:00:34,300 --> 05:00:37,200
varying humidity. 
She distinguished between A and 

5432
05:00:37,208 --> 05:00:41,000
B forms of the molecule and her 
fastidious x-ray, diffraction 

5433
05:00:41,000 --> 05:00:43,300
work. 
Produced the famed photo 51, 

5434
05:00:43,300 --> 05:00:47,300
which showed an unmistakable 
helical pattern, Franklin 

5435
05:00:47,300 --> 05:00:49,200
acknowledge the significance of 
the image. 

5436
05:00:49,200 --> 05:00:52,000
Yet she refrained from making 
hastir assumptions. 

5437
05:00:52,000 --> 05:00:55,700
She spent hours perfecting 
exposures checking angles and 

5438
05:00:55,700 --> 05:00:59,200
analyzing the precise details 
etched onto photographic plates 

5439
05:00:59,900 --> 05:01:02,400
Meanwhile, across town at the 
Cavendish laboratory. 

5440
05:01:02,400 --> 05:01:05,700
In Cambridge, James, Watson, and
Francis, Crick took a 

5441
05:01:05,700 --> 05:01:08,400
contrasting approach model 
Builders at heart. 

5442
05:01:08,400 --> 05:01:12,000
They chased the DNA structure by
trial and error fueled by 

5443
05:01:12,000 --> 05:01:15,700
Snippets of data gleaned from 
various sources, when Wilkins 

5444
05:01:15,700 --> 05:01:19,700
revealed photo 51 to watts, and 
unbeknownst to franklyn the 

5445
05:01:19,700 --> 05:01:22,400
evidence dovetails perfectly 
with their double helix hunt. 

5446
05:01:23,600 --> 05:01:26,900
By early 1953 Watson and Crick 
completed. 

5447
05:01:26,900 --> 05:01:28,600
A model that would make 
scientific history. 

5448
05:01:28,600 --> 05:01:32,400
Their publication in nature was 
concise yet transformative, 

5449
05:01:32,400 --> 05:01:35,600
announcing a double helical 
structure, that explained? 

5450
05:01:35,600 --> 05:01:39,200
DNA's replication mechanism 
Wilkins and franklyn each 

5451
05:01:39,200 --> 05:01:42,800
contributed supportive papers 
but the spotlight fell Square on

5452
05:01:42,800 --> 05:01:46,400
Watson and Crick Franklins 
images and calculations though 

5453
05:01:46,400 --> 05:01:49,600
pivotal were presented as 
secondary confirmations rather 

5454
05:01:49,600 --> 05:01:53,100
than driving forces. 
She felt the sting of exclusion 

5455
05:01:53,100 --> 05:01:56,700
yet pressed on finalizing, her 
analysis of the molecules 

5456
05:01:56,700 --> 05:01:59,900
geometry, this period, at King's
grew more strained. 

5457
05:02:00,500 --> 05:02:02,500
Franklin's Report with Wilkins 
had cooled. 

5458
05:02:02,500 --> 05:02:05,400
She seemed unwilling to 
compromise on rigorous standards

5459
05:02:05,400 --> 05:02:07,300
and he resented her 
independence. 

5460
05:02:08,000 --> 05:02:12,000
The department itself provided 
limited support content to bask 

5461
05:02:12,000 --> 05:02:13,900
in the sudden Acclaim for the 
DNA breakthrough. 

5462
05:02:13,900 --> 05:02:17,700
Franklin, meanwhile was left to 
Grapple with how her painstaking

5463
05:02:17,700 --> 05:02:19,800
data had been used without her 
direct consent. 

5464
05:02:19,800 --> 05:02:22,600
Recognizing that her future lay 
elsewhere. 

5465
05:02:22,600 --> 05:02:25,700
She began seeking a new post 
where she could direct her 

5466
05:02:25,700 --> 05:02:29,200
research on her terms 
opportunity, arose birkbeck 

5467
05:02:29,200 --> 05:02:32,300
College headed by Crystal John 
Desmond, Bernal. 

5468
05:02:33,100 --> 05:02:35,700
Though, the facilities there 
were humbler, the atmosphere 

5469
05:02:35,700 --> 05:02:39,600
promised greater autonomy. 
Franklin decided to leave kings 

5470
05:02:39,600 --> 05:02:43,000
taking with her a well of 
expertise and the resolve to 

5471
05:02:43,000 --> 05:02:44,800
avoid another scientific Turf 
War. 

5472
05:02:44,800 --> 05:02:47,500
She briefly concluded her work 
by publishing. 

5473
05:02:47,500 --> 05:02:50,800
Her final observation on the 
structural nuances of DNA. 

5474
05:02:50,800 --> 05:02:54,800
Well Watson Crick and Wilkins 
basked in growing accolades. 

5475
05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:58,400
Franklyn exited quietly 
determined to reorient her 

5476
05:02:58,400 --> 05:03:01,000
career. 
She did not wholly, abandon DNA,

5477
05:03:01,000 --> 05:03:03,200
friends, and colleague 
occasionally asked for her 

5478
05:03:03,200 --> 05:03:05,000
insights and she answered 
candidly. 

5479
05:03:05,000 --> 05:03:07,800
She had no desire to untangle 
herself further and debates 

5480
05:03:07,800 --> 05:03:10,500
about authorship or recognition.
The overshadowing. 

5481
05:03:10,500 --> 05:03:14,500
She experienced became a 
cautionary Tale in science data 

5482
05:03:14,500 --> 05:03:17,300
is currently and the one who 
controls its dissemination 

5483
05:03:17,300 --> 05:03:20,600
Wheels significant power, 
Franklin preferred to move 

5484
05:03:20,600 --> 05:03:22,500
forward rather than dwell on 
what might have been done 

5485
05:03:22,500 --> 05:03:24,900
differently in her last month's 
at Kings. 

5486
05:03:24,900 --> 05:03:27,500
She remained cordial, but 
distant focusing. 

5487
05:03:27,500 --> 05:03:30,800
On practical tasks, her 
colleagues recognized her 

5488
05:03:30,800 --> 05:03:33,500
departure as a loss. 
Her techniques have been Central

5489
05:03:33,500 --> 05:03:37,100
to illuminating DNA. 
Still few openly acknowledged, 

5490
05:03:37,100 --> 05:03:39,800
the imbalance that had allowed 
others to LEAP ahead with her 

5491
05:03:39,800 --> 05:03:42,500
findings privately Franklin 
Harbor. 

5492
05:03:42,500 --> 05:03:45,000
Disappointment at the missed 
chance for genuine collaboration

5493
05:03:45,000 --> 05:03:48,900
yet she rarely indulged in 
public complaints, believing the

5494
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:52,900
project success should outweigh 
personal grievances, she fully 

5495
05:03:52,900 --> 05:03:56,500
engaged in planning her new life
at book, back by the mid 1953. 

5496
05:03:57,500 --> 05:04:00,500
She aimed to Pivot to viruses, 
which he saw as a logical 

5497
05:04:00,500 --> 05:04:05,100
extension of molecular biology. 
If DNA held the code viruses, 

5498
05:04:05,100 --> 05:04:08,300
manipulated it for replication. 
It was a fresh Frontier. 

5499
05:04:08,300 --> 05:04:10,700
Free of the swirl around the 
double helix. 

5500
05:04:10,700 --> 05:04:13,700
Some wondered if she might 
regret turning away from a 

5501
05:04:13,700 --> 05:04:17,100
molecule that had just turned 
Global Fame, but franklyn's mind

5502
05:04:17,100 --> 05:04:19,900
was already set. 
Craved, an environment where 

5503
05:04:19,900 --> 05:04:22,600
precision and expiration 
mattered more than departmental 

5504
05:04:22,600 --> 05:04:26,300
politics or star power. 
In this decision Rosslyn 

5505
05:04:26,300 --> 05:04:29,000
Franklin, demonstrated a fierce 
Independence that would define 

5506
05:04:29,000 --> 05:04:32,200
her future endeavors. 
The DNA story continued to 

5507
05:04:32,200 --> 05:04:36,000
unfold with Watson Crick and 
Wilkins moving into the 

5508
05:04:36,000 --> 05:04:39,500
scientific Limelight Franklin. 
Meanwhile, headed for new 

5509
05:04:39,508 --> 05:04:42,500
challenges, confident that her 
diligence and clear sighted 

5510
05:04:42,500 --> 05:04:45,400
approach would again yield 
groundbreaking discoveries, the 

5511
05:04:45,400 --> 05:04:48,000
transition set the stage for the
next chapter of her life. 

5512
05:04:48,000 --> 05:04:52,000
A chapter in which viruses, not 
DNA, would become her primary 

5513
05:04:52,000 --> 05:04:56,800
focus, Rossland Franklins moved 
to birkbeck college in 1953. 

5514
05:04:56,800 --> 05:05:00,500
Allowed her to escape the 
tensions around DNA and Forge a 

5515
05:05:00,500 --> 05:05:04,100
fresh path in virus research. 
Under John Desmond, Bernal. 

5516
05:05:04,900 --> 05:05:07,500
She found greater Independence 
for her meticulous approach 

5517
05:05:07,500 --> 05:05:11,600
while viruses lacked the 
immediate of DNA Frankling 

5518
05:05:11,600 --> 05:05:16,500
considered them equally vital if
DNA was life's blueprint viruses

5519
05:05:16,500 --> 05:05:19,100
were Intruders capable of 
hijacking that plan. 

5520
05:05:19,800 --> 05:05:24,300
Her chosen subject, the tobacco 
mosaic virus TMV presented 

5521
05:05:24,300 --> 05:05:27,900
unique challenges. 
Franklyn painstakingly prepared 

5522
05:05:27,900 --> 05:05:31,800
samples to ensure, uniformity 
using x-ray, diffraction to 

5523
05:05:31,800 --> 05:05:36,300
decode TMV Rod, like structure. 
Teamed up with Aaron klug and 

5524
05:05:36,300 --> 05:05:38,400
others, methodically 
interpreting diffraction 

5525
05:05:38,400 --> 05:05:42,100
patterns. 
Even as a smaller lab birkbeck 

5526
05:05:42,100 --> 05:05:44,800
became a Haven where frankly 
could shape projects by her 

5527
05:05:44,800 --> 05:05:47,500
exacting standards. 
She still carried scars from 

5528
05:05:47,508 --> 05:05:50,100
King's College. 
Some wondered why she had 

5529
05:05:50,100 --> 05:05:53,300
shifted from DNA to viruses, but
Franklin pressed forward. 

5530
05:05:54,200 --> 05:05:55,800
Drawing parallels to her earlier
work. 

5531
05:05:55,800 --> 05:05:59,500
She again, insisted on 
data-driven analysis, never 

5532
05:05:59,500 --> 05:06:02,100
rushing to publish before 
confirming every detail. 

5533
05:06:02,100 --> 05:06:05,700
Her lap environment combined, 
intensity with a collaborative 

5534
05:06:05,700 --> 05:06:09,200
Spirit, offering trainees and 
unparalleled education. 

5535
05:06:09,200 --> 05:06:14,600
And crystallographic rigor. 
Between 1954 and 1955 Franklins 

5536
05:06:14,600 --> 05:06:18,000
group made steady gains. 
They confirmed TMV protein 

5537
05:06:18,000 --> 05:06:20,800
subunits arranged in repeating 
units around the viral. 

5538
05:06:20,800 --> 05:06:24,700
RNA these findings though, less 
glamorous than the double helix 

5539
05:06:24,700 --> 05:06:29,000
garnered respect among 
structural biologists unfazed by

5540
05:06:29,000 --> 05:06:32,600
the overshadowing DNA narrative,
Frankling kept expanding her 

5541
05:06:32,600 --> 05:06:35,300
scope, she ventured into 
spherical viruses. 

5542
05:06:35,300 --> 05:06:38,800
Hypothesizing that structural 
symmetry might unified diverse 

5543
05:06:38,800 --> 05:06:41,800
pathogens. 
A reputation grew, and she 

5544
05:06:41,800 --> 05:06:45,000
presented at conferences 
describing how the same methods 

5545
05:06:45,000 --> 05:06:48,200
that had illuminated DNA. 
Could unpack viral, design 

5546
05:06:48,200 --> 05:06:52,600
publicly, Watson and Crick 
dominated headlines, but within 

5547
05:06:52,600 --> 05:06:56,200
crystals, Franklin was 
acknowledged as a leading 

5548
05:06:56,200 --> 05:06:58,700
figure. 
She rarely spoke of the DNA 

5549
05:06:58,700 --> 05:07:01,700
controversy, though, colleague 
sensed unresolved feelings. 

5550
05:07:01,700 --> 05:07:07,000
Instead she concentrated on 
perfecting viral data, believing

5551
05:07:07,000 --> 05:07:10,400
scientific progress mattered, 
more than personal credit. 

5552
05:07:11,900 --> 05:07:14,800
Outside the lab Franklin, led a 
quiet life. 

5553
05:07:14,800 --> 05:07:17,900
She enjoyed travel and found 
respite in the outdoors. 

5554
05:07:17,900 --> 05:07:20,600
But her main passion remained 
the quest of visualize 

5555
05:07:20,600 --> 05:07:24,200
biological structures. 
Funding was tight and she often 

5556
05:07:24,200 --> 05:07:25,800
lobbied for Grants to buy better
equipment. 

5557
05:07:26,800 --> 05:07:29,100
Each new insight. 
Strengthened her conviction that

5558
05:07:29,100 --> 05:07:32,300
viruses small yet for middles 
merited. 

5559
05:07:32,300 --> 05:07:34,300
The same. 
Painstaking scrutiny. 

5560
05:07:34,300 --> 05:07:37,900
As ding. 
By 1956, her work, expanded 

5561
05:07:37,900 --> 05:07:40,800
further, collaborators, like, 
Aaron Krueger Advanced 

5562
05:07:40,800 --> 05:07:44,000
diffraction and Analysis, 
revealing intricate, protein 

5563
05:07:44,000 --> 05:07:48,000
shells, and casing viral RNA. 
Franklyn believed these advances

5564
05:07:48,000 --> 05:07:50,500
might guide future strategies 
against viral diseases. 

5565
05:07:50,500 --> 05:07:54,600
The thoroughness feared to DNA. 
Now, propelled virology forward 

5566
05:07:54,600 --> 05:07:57,900
and accomplishment overshadowed 
by the double helix is 

5567
05:07:57,900 --> 05:08:01,100
Spotlight, but crucial to 
understanding viral replication.

5568
05:08:01,100 --> 05:08:05,600
Yes, signs of illness emerged. 
She dismissed bouts of pain as 

5569
05:08:05,600 --> 05:08:09,500
stress unwilling to slow down, 
Unbeknownst to her. 

5570
05:08:09,500 --> 05:08:13,300
She faced a serious condition 
that would soon escalate for the

5571
05:08:13,308 --> 05:08:16,900
moment research, remained her 
anchor, and she pressed on 

5572
05:08:16,900 --> 05:08:20,300
analyzing each image that 
emerged from her diffraction, 

5573
05:08:20,300 --> 05:08:24,200
apparatus, her dedication, 
ignited excitement at birkbeck. 

5574
05:08:24,800 --> 05:08:27,100
Motivating younger. 
Scientists to follow in her 

5575
05:08:27,100 --> 05:08:30,800
footsteps though. 
Watson Crick, and Wilkins gained

5576
05:08:30,800 --> 05:08:34,200
prizes and public. 
Adoration for DNA Franklin never

5577
05:08:34,200 --> 05:08:36,700
openly. 
Displayed Envy friends noted she

5578
05:08:36,700 --> 05:08:39,400
remained courteous about the 
double helix maintaining. 

5579
05:08:39,400 --> 05:08:43,800
The stance that data, not 
politics fueled real progress in

5580
05:08:43,800 --> 05:08:45,900
her lab. 
She was known for forging new 

5581
05:08:45,900 --> 05:08:48,900
ground in virus structure. 
Determined that careful work? 

5582
05:08:48,900 --> 05:08:50,400
Would eventually earn its 
acknowledgment. 

5583
05:08:52,000 --> 05:08:54,900
Amid these virus studies. 
Franklin's, commitment to 

5584
05:08:54,900 --> 05:08:58,400
Excellence, never waived, she 
had departed, King's to find a 

5585
05:08:58,400 --> 05:09:01,600
more supportive environment and 
at birkbeck she discovered 

5586
05:09:01,600 --> 05:09:05,000
purpose in unreal rattling new 
puzzles, the Breakthrough. 

5587
05:09:05,000 --> 05:09:08,000
She spearheaded may not have led
to Global headlines but they 

5588
05:09:08,000 --> 05:09:11,000
contributed significantly to the
emerging field of molecular 

5589
05:09:11,000 --> 05:09:13,900
virology. 
All the while her health 

5590
05:09:13,900 --> 05:09:17,600
concerns simmered beneath the 
surface, she continued to travel

5591
05:09:17,600 --> 05:09:20,600
and lecture sharing insights and
forging collaboration's 

5592
05:09:20,600 --> 05:09:24,500
researchers worldwide adapted, 
her techniques marveling at how 

5593
05:09:24,500 --> 05:09:26,300
the same x-ray approach used on 
DNA. 

5594
05:09:26,300 --> 05:09:30,000
Could dissect viral architecture
each success confirmed her 

5595
05:09:30,000 --> 05:09:32,700
choice to abandon the famous of 
DNA and explore. 

5596
05:09:32,700 --> 05:09:36,700
A less explored path. 
Rosalind Franklin's years at 

5597
05:09:36,700 --> 05:09:39,600
birkbeck stand as a testament to
her resilience and intellectual 

5598
05:09:39,600 --> 05:09:42,100
Drive. 
Where others saw missed Fame. 

5599
05:09:42,100 --> 05:09:44,100
She saw a chance to deepen 
knowledge. 

5600
05:09:44,100 --> 05:09:46,900
On a frontier with vast 
implications for medicine and 

5601
05:09:46,900 --> 05:09:49,500
agriculture. 
This period defined her as more 

5602
05:09:49,500 --> 05:09:55,100
than the woman behind photo 51. 
Came a Leading Light in virus, 

5603
05:09:55,100 --> 05:09:59,000
crystallography advancing an 
entire field through tireless 

5604
05:09:59,000 --> 05:10:02,900
devotion. 
By late 1956, Rosalind Franklin 

5605
05:10:02,900 --> 05:10:05,800
could no longer dismiss her 
discomfort as mere fatigue. 

5606
05:10:05,800 --> 05:10:09,600
Severe abdominal pain center to 
a specialist where she received 

5607
05:10:09,600 --> 05:10:12,000
a stark diagnosis ovarian 
cancer. 

5608
05:10:13,400 --> 05:10:16,300
News of the disease, hit hard. 
She was only in her 

5609
05:10:16,300 --> 05:10:19,400
mid-thirties. 
With a thriving Lab at birkbeck 

5610
05:10:19,400 --> 05:10:23,000
and an unrelenting drive to 
uncover the secrets of viruses. 

5611
05:10:24,000 --> 05:10:28,000
She tackled the situation with 
the same determination that 

5612
05:10:28,000 --> 05:10:31,500
characterized her scientific. 
Pursuits franklyn, underwent 

5613
05:10:31,500 --> 05:10:34,600
surgery, followed by radiation 
treatments, that left her 

5614
05:10:34,600 --> 05:10:38,000
exhausted, remarkably. 
She insisted on working whenever

5615
05:10:38,000 --> 05:10:41,500
she even a little strength, Her 
laboratory, colleague's 

5616
05:10:41,500 --> 05:10:45,300
witnessed a woman who despite 
obvious pain, maintained precise

5617
05:10:45,300 --> 05:10:48,000
standards and pressed forward 
with x-ray, diffraction 

5618
05:10:48,000 --> 05:10:51,700
experiments, some merged her to 
rest, but she believed that 

5619
05:10:51,700 --> 05:10:55,000
meaningful research could serve 
as a form of hope, both for 

5620
05:10:55,000 --> 05:10:57,400
herself and for the broader 
scientific Quest. 

5621
05:10:58,400 --> 05:11:01,600
Meanwhile, her research group 
continued, its progress on 

5622
05:11:01,600 --> 05:11:05,500
Tobacco mosaic virus. 
Aaron klug and John Finch helped

5623
05:11:05,500 --> 05:11:08,200
manage day-to-day tasks but 
Franklin remained the 

5624
05:11:08,208 --> 05:11:11,900
intellectual force behind the 
projects analyzing data from her

5625
05:11:11,900 --> 05:11:15,600
hospital bed, when necessary, 
she had always been meticulous 

5626
05:11:15,600 --> 05:11:18,600
but now her instructions became 
even more methodical. 

5627
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:22,000
As if every experiment needed to
be double checked due to the 

5628
05:11:22,000 --> 05:11:24,700
uncertainty of time. 
Medical Treatments showed 

5629
05:11:24,700 --> 05:11:28,300
initial Promise franklyn's 
Health, rebounded enough for her

5630
05:11:28,300 --> 05:11:30,600
to attend conferences, and 
deliver lectures with the 

5631
05:11:30,600 --> 05:11:34,400
renewed Vigor in early 1957. 
She traveled to the United 

5632
05:11:34,400 --> 05:11:37,900
States to discuss her virus. 
Findings colleague's, their 

5633
05:11:37,900 --> 05:11:41,000
Marvel at a Clarity of thought 
and appreciated her, willingness

5634
05:11:41,000 --> 05:11:44,400
to share data and techniques. 
She returned to London with 

5635
05:11:44,400 --> 05:11:47,000
fresh ideas, for comparing the 
structures of different plant. 

5636
05:11:47,000 --> 05:11:50,300
Viruses convinced that a 
unifying principle might exist 

5637
05:11:50,300 --> 05:11:54,100
across various shapes and sizes.
Her perseverance, garnered 

5638
05:11:54,100 --> 05:11:56,400
admiration from both peers and 
subordinates. 

5639
05:11:56,400 --> 05:11:59,700
Many had witnessed how 
overshadowed she'd been in the 

5640
05:11:59,708 --> 05:12:03,000
DNA story yet. 
Here she was forging new 

5641
05:12:03,000 --> 05:12:04,600
breakthroughs. 
Under the most challenging 

5642
05:12:04,600 --> 05:12:08,100
circumstances in private 
Franklin confessed. 

5643
05:12:08,100 --> 05:12:11,700
Occasional frustration about the
slow recognition for her virus 

5644
05:12:11,700 --> 05:12:14,300
work. 
She rarely let bitterness creep 

5645
05:12:14,300 --> 05:12:16,500
into daily lab interactions 
instead. 

5646
05:12:16,500 --> 05:12:20,000
She strove to uplift, younger 
researchers, reminding them that

5647
05:12:20,000 --> 05:12:22,800
quality data was the Bedrock of 
scientific progress. 

5648
05:12:22,800 --> 05:12:26,000
That year she initiated a 
project examining. 

5649
05:12:26,000 --> 05:12:28,700
The polio virus structure 
though, she knew it would be 

5650
05:12:28,708 --> 05:12:31,500
demanding. 
Polio remained, a global Health 

5651
05:12:31,500 --> 05:12:34,400
concern and Franklin hoped that 
precise diffraction studies 

5652
05:12:34,400 --> 05:12:36,800
might reveal new angles for 
vaccine development. 

5653
05:12:38,000 --> 05:12:39,800
She collaborated with 
researchers at other 

5654
05:12:39,800 --> 05:12:43,300
institutions coordinating sample
exchanges, and cross checking 

5655
05:12:43,300 --> 05:12:45,800
results. 
The effort required significant 

5656
05:12:45,800 --> 05:12:49,900
energy but Franklin refused to 
lower her standards by mid-19 

5657
05:12:49,900 --> 05:12:52,400
the 57. 
However, her health took another

5658
05:12:52,400 --> 05:12:56,300
downturn hospital visits became 
more frequent and her doctors 

5659
05:12:56,300 --> 05:12:58,700
suggested further treatments 
this time. 

5660
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:02,700
The prognosis was darker She 
confided in a few close friends 

5661
05:13:02,700 --> 05:13:06,000
at meeting she feared, she might
not complete her most ambitious 

5662
05:13:06,000 --> 05:13:08,600
projects. 
Still, she held onto the lab as 

5663
05:13:08,600 --> 05:13:11,600
her anchor juggling medical 
appointments with diffraction 

5664
05:13:11,600 --> 05:13:13,600
session's that extended late 
Into the Night. 

5665
05:13:14,400 --> 05:13:17,900
In August a sudden Improvement 
sparked, renewed, optimism. 

5666
05:13:18,800 --> 05:13:21,200
You joked with colleagues about 
planning a celebratory trip, 

5667
05:13:21,200 --> 05:13:24,700
once she fully recovered letters
to friends abroad, show her 

5668
05:13:24,700 --> 05:13:27,100
balance, and gratitude for 
extended life, with a 

5669
05:13:27,100 --> 05:13:28,900
scientists. 
Inherent curiosity about her 

5670
05:13:28,900 --> 05:13:31,600
illness. 
She compared cancers Invasion to

5671
05:13:31,600 --> 05:13:35,600
a virus, infiltrating, a cell 
determined to observe and fight 

5672
05:13:35,600 --> 05:13:38,900
it with all the tools available.
Yet the disease progressed 

5673
05:13:38,900 --> 05:13:43,700
relentlessly by Fall pain flared
again and even routine tasks 

5674
05:13:43,700 --> 05:13:46,300
became difficult. 
Franklin's unwavering 

5675
05:13:46,300 --> 05:13:49,100
determination, masked. 
It severity to most Outsiders. 

5676
05:13:50,000 --> 05:13:53,400
She drafted research notes from 
her bed, outlining next steps 

5677
05:13:53,400 --> 05:13:56,500
for her team, in an act of 
foresight, she delegated 

5678
05:13:56,500 --> 05:14:00,300
leadership roles in that ongoing
experiments wouldn't falter if 

5679
05:14:00,308 --> 05:14:03,200
she had to step away. 
Those around her admired this 

5680
05:14:03,208 --> 05:14:07,200
quiet resilience despite her 
personal struggles, franklyn, 

5681
05:14:07,200 --> 05:14:09,600
never overlooked the wide impact
of her research. 

5682
05:14:10,300 --> 05:14:13,700
She viewed viruses as intricate 
pieces of nature with each 

5683
05:14:13,700 --> 05:14:16,900
Discovery serving as a crucial 
tool for comprehending disease, 

5684
05:14:16,900 --> 05:14:20,400
and safeguarding human lives. 
Observers found her courage 

5685
05:14:20,400 --> 05:14:23,200
extraordinary though. 
She rarely framed herself as 

5686
05:14:23,200 --> 05:14:26,900
heroic in her view, she was 
simply continuing what she had 

5687
05:14:26,900 --> 05:14:29,000
always done. 
Methodically Gathering data 

5688
05:14:29,000 --> 05:14:32,100
refining conclusions and 
believing in the power of 

5689
05:14:32,100 --> 05:14:37,300
science to uplift Humanity. 
As 1957 came to an end, Rosalind

5690
05:14:37,300 --> 05:14:39,100
Franklin, found herself at a 
pivotal point. 

5691
05:14:40,000 --> 05:14:43,100
Her lab is brimming with 
fascinating research, on viruses

5692
05:14:43,100 --> 05:14:45,500
that may help unravel biological
Mysteries. 

5693
05:14:46,200 --> 05:14:49,100
She had a disease that no amount
of scientific rigor could cure. 

5694
05:14:50,300 --> 05:14:53,900
Early 1958 brought New Waves of 
uncertainty as Rosalind 

5695
05:14:53,900 --> 05:14:57,700
Franklin's Health deteriorated. 
Yet, within the birkbeck lab 

5696
05:14:57,700 --> 05:15:01,100
momentum, persisted. 
She had established a system of 

5697
05:15:01,100 --> 05:15:05,300
shared responsibilities in that 
vital experiments continued even

5698
05:15:05,300 --> 05:15:09,200
if she needed hospitalization. 
Aaron others stepped up 

5699
05:15:09,200 --> 05:15:13,300
organizing data from the tobacco
mosaic virus and now the polio 

5700
05:15:13,300 --> 05:15:16,700
virus studies Franklin had 
launched despite her weakened 

5701
05:15:16,700 --> 05:15:19,700
State, she remained, mentally 
sharp offering guidance from her

5702
05:15:19,700 --> 05:15:21,500
bedside and carefully written 
directives. 

5703
05:15:22,500 --> 05:15:25,400
Franklin's presence was palpable
during her occasional visits to 

5704
05:15:25,400 --> 05:15:28,200
the lab sporting, a lab coat, 
over her frail frame. 

5705
05:15:28,200 --> 05:15:31,900
She would scrutinize the latest 
diffraction photographs pointing

5706
05:15:31,900 --> 05:15:34,300
out slight anomalies and 
symmetry or angle. 

5707
05:15:35,000 --> 05:15:37,300
Colleagues found at both 
inspired and heartbreaking. 

5708
05:15:37,300 --> 05:15:41,200
Here was a world class mind 
refusing to yield even as her 

5709
05:15:41,200 --> 05:15:46,200
body to She updated notebooks 
with unwavering clarity as 

5710
05:15:46,200 --> 05:15:48,700
though the act of writing 
itself, could keep her Tethered 

5711
05:15:48,700 --> 05:15:51,100
to the work. 
She loved her medical team. 

5712
05:15:51,100 --> 05:15:54,600
Advised rest, but frankly 
impressed on citing not missed 

5713
05:15:54,600 --> 05:15:57,300
stubbornness, but an ethical 
Drive in her view. 

5714
05:15:57,300 --> 05:16:00,000
Scientific progress was a 
collective Venture. 

5715
05:16:00,000 --> 05:16:03,200
If her findings could improve 
the understanding of viruses, 

5716
05:16:04,000 --> 05:16:06,600
She owed it to the broader 
Community to see them through 

5717
05:16:06,600 --> 05:16:10,600
when friends, gently questioned,
whether it was wise to push so 

5718
05:16:10,600 --> 05:16:14,400
hard, she confessed that 
focusing on data helped Stave 

5719
05:16:14,400 --> 05:16:16,900
off despair. 
The lab was her Sanctuary. 

5720
05:16:16,900 --> 05:16:20,300
A place where logic and 
Discovery overshadowed personal 

5721
05:16:20,300 --> 05:16:25,700
anxieties One highlight came in 
February. 1958 a journal 

5722
05:16:25,700 --> 05:16:28,100
accepted, her team's detailed 
paper on TMZ. 

5723
05:16:28,100 --> 05:16:32,400
Structural transitions lording 
Franklins, rigorous methodology.

5724
05:16:33,200 --> 05:16:36,400
She allowed herself a quiet 
moment of satisfaction knowing, 

5725
05:16:36,400 --> 05:16:40,400
such recognition was hard one. 
A few days later she penned 

5726
05:16:40,400 --> 05:16:43,100
letters to collaborators 
proposing further investigations

5727
05:16:43,100 --> 05:16:45,400
into spherical. 
Virus shells, though. 

5728
05:16:45,400 --> 05:16:48,600
Physically diminished her 
intellectual curiosity knew no 

5729
05:16:48,600 --> 05:16:51,500
bounds. 
Outside, the lab Franklin's, 

5730
05:16:51,500 --> 05:16:54,300
close Circle began preparing for
the possibility of bad news. 

5731
05:16:54,300 --> 05:16:59,500
Her father Ellis had passed away
years earlier, but extended 

5732
05:16:59,500 --> 05:17:03,000
family members rallied around 
her, she maintained stoicism 

5733
05:17:03,000 --> 05:17:07,000
rarely discussing prognosis. 
Instead, she inquired about 

5734
05:17:07,000 --> 05:17:10,300
others well-being, asked about 
the latest scientific gossip. 

5735
05:17:10,300 --> 05:17:13,600
A meticulously planned, the next
steps for her virus research. 

5736
05:17:14,500 --> 05:17:17,400
In quite a moments. 
She reflected on how a woman 

5737
05:17:17,400 --> 05:17:19,600
once. 
Overshadowed in the DNA, Saga 

5738
05:17:19,600 --> 05:17:23,200
had found renewed purpose. 
She never openly declared regret

5739
05:17:23,200 --> 05:17:26,300
though, some friends, perceived,
a lingering sadness that she 

5740
05:17:26,300 --> 05:17:28,100
might not see the end of certain
viral. 

5741
05:17:28,100 --> 05:17:31,600
Inquiries rumors circulated 
about potential nominations for 

5742
05:17:31,600 --> 05:17:35,600
significant Awards, though. 
Watson Crick, and Wilkins had 

5743
05:17:35,600 --> 05:17:38,100
gained Global Fame. 
A few scientific bodies 

5744
05:17:38,100 --> 05:17:40,600
recognized Franklin's 
independent contributions. 

5745
05:17:40,600 --> 05:17:44,900
Nothing concrete materialized. 
However And she expressed little

5746
05:17:44,900 --> 05:17:48,200
interest in accolades. 
She believed real achievement in

5747
05:17:48,200 --> 05:17:51,400
the data itself. 
The patterns, the angles, the 

5748
05:17:51,400 --> 05:17:54,100
consistent results, that built a
foundation for future work. 

5749
05:17:54,900 --> 05:17:57,500
As spring approached her 
symptoms worsened. 

5750
05:17:58,100 --> 05:18:02,300
Sharp pains returned and another
surgery was scheduled this time 

5751
05:18:02,300 --> 05:18:05,900
medical intervention offered 
diminishing returns franklyn 

5752
05:18:05,900 --> 05:18:09,000
face the prospect that her life 
might be cut short yet. 

5753
05:18:09,000 --> 05:18:11,600
She approached this possibility 
with the same methodical calm. 

5754
05:18:11,600 --> 05:18:15,200
She brought to her experiments. 
She revised her will setting 

5755
05:18:15,200 --> 05:18:18,000
aside funds for scientific 
causes and ensuring that certain

5756
05:18:18,000 --> 05:18:20,000
personal items went to Cherished
friends. 

5757
05:18:21,000 --> 05:18:23,100
She also took steps to safeguard
her research. 

5758
05:18:23,100 --> 05:18:26,600
Instructing clue and others on 
how to best archived her 

5759
05:18:26,600 --> 05:18:29,700
notebooks and X-ray films on 
excellent days. 

5760
05:18:29,700 --> 05:18:32,400
She still made brief appearances
at birkbeck. 

5761
05:18:33,100 --> 05:18:36,200
One morning in April, she 
examined new images of the polio

5762
05:18:36,200 --> 05:18:39,800
virus noting symmetrical 
patterns that hinted at a 

5763
05:18:39,800 --> 05:18:43,600
uniform protein Arrangement the 
conversation that followed held 

5764
05:18:43,600 --> 05:18:46,400
in hushed tones behind a 
cluttered desk brimmed with 

5765
05:18:46,400 --> 05:18:49,000
excitement. 
She encouraged her colleagues to

5766
05:18:49,000 --> 05:18:51,700
pursue further refining of these
samples convinced. 

5767
05:18:51,700 --> 05:18:56,400
The results might be pivotal Yet
by mid-april her hospital stays 

5768
05:18:56,400 --> 05:18:59,500
grew longer. 
In a final letter to a mentor in

5769
05:18:59,508 --> 05:19:02,200
Paris Franklin described a sense
of urgency. 

5770
05:19:02,200 --> 05:19:06,200
She felt every hour counted she 
signed off with a mixture of 

5771
05:19:06,200 --> 05:19:09,900
humor and resolve quipping that 
illness might slow her body but 

5772
05:19:09,900 --> 05:19:12,800
never her mind. 
The note ended abruptly 

5773
05:19:12,800 --> 05:19:15,400
suggesting that even writing had
become laborious. 

5774
05:19:16,200 --> 05:19:19,100
Still, the spirit that had 
guided her from Saint, Paul's 

5775
05:19:19,100 --> 05:19:21,700
girls school through King's 
College and Burke back remained 

5776
05:19:21,700 --> 05:19:24,700
intact. 
She had consistently emphasized 

5777
05:19:24,700 --> 05:19:26,500
the importance of data over 
speculation. 

5778
05:19:27,400 --> 05:19:29,900
Now, as life's uncertainties 
narrowed. 

5779
05:19:30,600 --> 05:19:34,000
She held to that principal more 
fiercely than ever, every 

5780
05:19:34,000 --> 05:19:38,100
experiment completed, every 
photograph taken was a small 

5781
05:19:38,100 --> 05:19:40,600
triumphs over the frailties of 
The Human Condition. 

5782
05:19:41,600 --> 05:19:44,800
In that sense, she transformed 
her final months into a 

5783
05:19:44,800 --> 05:19:48,500
testament to Scientific 
dedication, a brief but shining 

5784
05:19:48,500 --> 05:19:52,500
era when personal advert 
personal adversity bowed before 

5785
05:19:52,500 --> 05:19:55,800
the truth. 
Rosalind Franklin passed away on

5786
05:19:55,800 --> 05:19:59,500
April 16th, 1958 at the age of 
37. 

5787
05:19:59,500 --> 05:20:02,500
The immediate shock rippled 
through her colleagues, at 

5788
05:20:02,500 --> 05:20:05,500
birkbeck and Beyond. 
Many had witnessed her stubborn 

5789
05:20:05,500 --> 05:20:08,600
fight against Illness, but news 
of her death, still felt sudden 

5790
05:20:08,600 --> 05:20:11,700
as though a brilliant light had 
been snuffed out too soon. 

5791
05:20:12,700 --> 05:20:14,600
She had left behind 
half-finished projects on the 

5792
05:20:14,600 --> 05:20:18,100
structure of viruses along with 
meticulously kept notebooks that

5793
05:20:18,100 --> 05:20:21,500
offered clues for future 
breakthroughs tributes poured in

5794
05:20:21,500 --> 05:20:23,000
from across the scientific 
community. 

5795
05:20:23,900 --> 05:20:27,100
John Desmond Bernal, lauded her 
unwavering Devotion to exacting 

5796
05:20:27,100 --> 05:20:30,100
research, Aaron klug who had 
worked closely with her 

5797
05:20:30,100 --> 05:20:32,600
publicly. 
Credited franklyn's methods for 

5798
05:20:32,600 --> 05:20:35,400
pushing their studies of TMV and
polio virus forward. 

5799
05:20:35,400 --> 05:20:38,800
Even Morris Wilkins whose 
relationship with franklyn had 

5800
05:20:38,800 --> 05:20:42,800
been tense, expressed regret 
that they never truly reconciled

5801
05:20:42,800 --> 05:20:45,600
in hushed conversations some 
recalled. 

5802
05:20:45,600 --> 05:20:48,600
How her DNA data had been 
pivotal to Watson and Crick 

5803
05:20:48,600 --> 05:20:52,100
success lamenting that she never
saw the global accolades that 

5804
05:20:52,100 --> 05:20:55,700
might have been hers under Fair,
a circumstances outside these 

5805
05:20:55,700 --> 05:20:58,700
professional circles. 
However, the name Roswell and 

5806
05:20:58,700 --> 05:21:02,100
frankly in barely registered 
Watson and crick's double helix 

5807
05:21:02,100 --> 05:21:04,100
model. 
Had claimed the Public's 

5808
05:21:04,100 --> 05:21:06,500
imagination. 
Casting, other contributors and 

5809
05:21:06,500 --> 05:21:09,900
peripheral roles newspapers 
printed shorter, obituaries 

5810
05:21:09,900 --> 05:21:12,800
focusing. 
Mainly on DNA Pioneer dies, 

5811
05:21:12,800 --> 05:21:14,900
young. 
It offered scant detail about 

5812
05:21:14,900 --> 05:21:18,300
her virus research. 
In one sense, Franklin's passing

5813
05:21:18,300 --> 05:21:21,700
mirrored, her life, vital work 
overshadowed by allowed a 

5814
05:21:21,700 --> 05:21:24,800
narrative yet for those who 
understood At her impact, the 

5815
05:21:24,800 --> 05:21:28,600
morning came with resolve, Aaron
klug LED efforts to preserve her

5816
05:21:28,600 --> 05:21:31,100
virus samples. 
And continue her research lines,

5817
05:21:31,100 --> 05:21:34,300
he believed that Franklin's 
Legacy deserved more than a 

5818
05:21:34,300 --> 05:21:36,800
fleeting eulogy. 
Scholars at birkbeck and 

5819
05:21:36,800 --> 05:21:38,800
elsewhere vowed to finish the 
tasks. 

5820
05:21:38,800 --> 05:21:41,900
She had begun analyzing the 
protein shells of various 

5821
05:21:41,900 --> 05:21:44,900
viruses and refining the 
diffraction method she had 

5822
05:21:44,900 --> 05:21:48,200
pioneered in their hands. 
Her notebooks became living 

5823
05:21:48,200 --> 05:21:51,200
documents, guiding new 
experiments and interpretations.

5824
05:21:51,200 --> 05:21:55,500
Meanwhile, Watson Crick, and 
Wilkins navigated a complex. 

5825
05:21:55,500 --> 05:21:58,800
Emotional space. 
The broader public saw them as 

5826
05:21:58,800 --> 05:22:01,900
the DNA triumvirate privately 
they acknowledged that 

5827
05:22:01,900 --> 05:22:05,700
Franklin's data had accelerated,
their discoveries Wilkins in 

5828
05:22:05,700 --> 05:22:09,300
particular, hinted, in letters 
that he wished Circumstances had

5829
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:12,400
played out differently. 
Yet the train of recognition had

5830
05:22:12,400 --> 05:22:16,500
long since left the station, the
Nobel Prize in physiology or 

5831
05:22:16,500 --> 05:22:20,500
medicine loomed on the horizon 
Franklin, no longer alive was 

5832
05:22:20,500 --> 05:22:23,700
ineligible under the rules of 
the Nobel committee leaving, 

5833
05:22:23,700 --> 05:22:26,000
many to debate. 
Whether her name would have 

5834
05:22:26,000 --> 05:22:29,400
appeared on that honor had she 
survived Franklin's work on 

5835
05:22:29,408 --> 05:22:32,800
viruses, started to yield 
results in a distinct area of 

5836
05:22:32,800 --> 05:22:35,400
science. 
The structural insights cleaned 

5837
05:22:35,400 --> 05:22:38,700
from her approach, informed the 
eventual creation of vaccines 

5838
05:22:38,700 --> 05:22:41,700
and treatments, subsequent 
generations of researchers, 

5839
05:22:41,700 --> 05:22:45,400
delving into polio and other 
viral pathogens cited, her 

5840
05:22:45,400 --> 05:22:48,900
pioneering methods over time, 
references to Franklin's 

5841
05:22:48,900 --> 05:22:53,000
approach or Franklin's Precision
surface in published papers in 

5842
05:22:53,000 --> 05:22:57,000
these specialized circles, her 
influence quietly grew yet in 

5843
05:22:57,000 --> 05:23:00,200
the popular imagination. 
Her role in DNA remained a 

5844
05:23:00,200 --> 05:23:04,000
buried footnote, the double 
helix story retold him 

5845
05:23:04,000 --> 05:23:05,600
Magazine's and television 
specials. 

5846
05:23:05,600 --> 05:23:08,500
Typically highlighted the Eureka
moments of Watson and Crick. 

5847
05:23:09,300 --> 05:23:11,900
Rarely did they emphasize the 
behind the scenes images or the 

5848
05:23:11,900 --> 05:23:13,500
quiet researcher? 
Who died young? 

5849
05:23:14,300 --> 05:23:16,700
To have friends. 
The Lost was both painful and 

5850
05:23:16,700 --> 05:23:19,100
unsurprising. 
They recognized that history. 

5851
05:23:19,100 --> 05:23:21,300
Often favors the Bold 
personalities who announced 

5852
05:23:21,300 --> 05:23:24,600
breakthroughs not the meticulous
Minds working in the shadows. 

5853
05:23:25,600 --> 05:23:28,500
Still, there were flickers of 
recognition, a handful of 

5854
05:23:28,500 --> 05:23:31,300
articles in scientific 
periodicals praised her for 

5855
05:23:31,300 --> 05:23:34,900
bridging chemistry and biology. 
Female scientists in particular,

5856
05:23:34,900 --> 05:23:37,400
found in Franklin, a model of 
perseverance. 

5857
05:23:37,400 --> 05:23:41,100
She had after all navigated a 
male-dominated field with 

5858
05:23:41,100 --> 05:23:45,100
unflinching dedication, her 
story suggested that Brilliance 

5859
05:23:45,100 --> 05:23:46,800
alone does not guarantee a 
claim. 

5860
05:23:47,800 --> 05:23:51,100
Literally when personal politics
and timing intervene in the 

5861
05:23:51,100 --> 05:23:54,200
months following her funeral 
Bernal include compiled. 

5862
05:23:54,200 --> 05:23:57,500
Her unpublished data releasing 
some of it in collaborative 

5863
05:23:57,500 --> 05:23:59,900
papers. 
These Publications helped 

5864
05:23:59,900 --> 05:24:02,800
virology Advanced gradually even
though they didn't make the 

5865
05:24:02,800 --> 05:24:06,700
front page, Franklyn's name 
appeared on the author lists a 

5866
05:24:06,700 --> 05:24:09,400
silent reminder that her drive 
and insight continued to shape 

5867
05:24:09,400 --> 05:24:12,000
new discoveries, even Beyond her
death. 

5868
05:24:12,000 --> 05:24:15,900
Thus Rosalind, Franklin's 
physical presence vanished in 

5869
05:24:15,900 --> 05:24:20,400
the final tally of 1958, but her
methods and findings endured 

5870
05:24:21,100 --> 05:24:23,100
Scientists who encountered her 
meticulous? 

5871
05:24:23,100 --> 05:24:25,000
Records spoke of feeling her 
presence. 

5872
05:24:25,000 --> 05:24:29,700
Each measured angle each note on
humidity each reference to 

5873
05:24:29,700 --> 05:24:33,600
precise conditions in that 
Precision layer enduring 

5874
05:24:33,600 --> 05:24:36,200
signature. 
A blueprint for doing science 

5875
05:24:36,200 --> 05:24:39,800
with exactitude and Grace. 
The World At Large might have 

5876
05:24:39,800 --> 05:24:43,200
moved on but in small labs 
scattered across the globe, 

5877
05:24:43,200 --> 05:24:45,100
Franklin's influenced quite 
quietly. 

5878
05:24:45,100 --> 05:24:50,500
Persisted seeding the 
breakthroughs of tomorrow. 

5879
05:24:51,600 --> 05:24:55,000
In the decades, after Rosalind 
Franklin's death, her Legacy of 

5880
05:24:55,000 --> 05:24:57,400
evolved in slow transformative 
ways. 

5881
05:24:58,200 --> 05:25:03,600
During the 1960s and 1970s 
Watson Crick and Wilkins became 

5882
05:25:03,600 --> 05:25:06,400
household names. 
Culminating in their shared 

5883
05:25:06,400 --> 05:25:10,600
Nobel Prize in 1962. 
Franklyn admitted from that 

5884
05:25:10,600 --> 05:25:13,900
honor by both death and 
Circumstance remained largely in

5885
05:25:13,900 --> 05:25:17,600
the shadows of popular history. 
Yet among certain scientists, 

5886
05:25:17,600 --> 05:25:20,900
her reputation for precision, 
and perseverance, quite quietly,

5887
05:25:20,900 --> 05:25:24,600
grew at birkbeck College, 
younger, researchers carried on 

5888
05:25:24,600 --> 05:25:27,500
the virus studies. 
She had pioneered Aaron's 

5889
05:25:27,500 --> 05:25:30,200
eventual Nobel Prize in 
chemistry, recognized his work 

5890
05:25:30,200 --> 05:25:33,700
on protein nucleic acid 
complexes Pursuit. 

5891
05:25:33,700 --> 05:25:36,900
Deeply rooted in Franklin's 
methodology in interviews. 

5892
05:25:36,900 --> 05:25:39,800
He pointedly credited her 
meticulous techniques for 

5893
05:25:39,800 --> 05:25:43,100
guiding his path. 
References to Franklin's x-ray 

5894
05:25:43,100 --> 05:25:46,100
approach, began appearing in 
virology circles and 

5895
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:48,800
acknowledgment, that her role, 
extended Beyond DNA. 

5896
05:25:49,500 --> 05:25:53,100
Still mainstream awareness, 
lagged, School textbooks, 

5897
05:25:53,100 --> 05:25:56,800
celebrated the double helix as 
Watson and crick's Triumph, only

5898
05:25:56,800 --> 05:26:00,500
a handful of paragraphs. 
If any acknowledged Franklin's 

5899
05:26:00,500 --> 05:26:04,400
photo 51 or the King's College 
drama, a shifting social 

5900
05:26:04,400 --> 05:26:07,800
climate, however, sparked 
renewed interest, in lesser 

5901
05:26:07,800 --> 05:26:11,200
known, female scientists, 
Feminist Scholars and historians

5902
05:26:11,200 --> 05:26:14,800
began probing archival materials
determined to uncover the 

5903
05:26:14,800 --> 05:26:17,500
stories of women whose 
contributions had been eclipsed.

5904
05:26:18,500 --> 05:26:22,500
By the 1980s, a wave of 
re-examinations cast a spotlight

5905
05:26:22,500 --> 05:26:25,400
on Rosalind Franklin, 
journalists and academics, 

5906
05:26:25,400 --> 05:26:28,900
scrutinized correspondence, lab 
notes, and Memoirs. 

5907
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:31,500
From her colleagues, they 
honored the reality that 

5908
05:26:31,500 --> 05:26:34,600
Franklin had not just assisted 
but Been instrumental in 

5909
05:26:34,600 --> 05:26:38,100
unraveling to a structure. 
The evidence showed that her 

5910
05:26:38,100 --> 05:26:41,700
data shared without her full 
approval had crystallized Watson

5911
05:26:41,700 --> 05:26:44,800
and crick's thinking popular 
media picked up on the 

5912
05:26:44,800 --> 05:26:48,900
controversy framing Franklin as 
the wronged heroine of the DNA 

5913
05:26:48,900 --> 05:26:50,900
Saga. 
While this characterization, 

5914
05:26:50,900 --> 05:26:54,000
sometimes veered into 
caricature, it revived her name 

5915
05:26:54,000 --> 05:26:58,400
simultaneously interest in her 
virus research, flourished among

5916
05:26:58,400 --> 05:27:01,100
Specialists. 
A new generation of molecular, 

5917
05:27:01,100 --> 05:27:05,500
biologists rediscovered, her 
book back work, Amazed at how 

5918
05:27:05,500 --> 05:27:07,300
she tackled the complexities of 
viruses. 

5919
05:27:07,300 --> 05:27:10,500
With the same tenacity, she 
brought to dinner a series of 

5920
05:27:10,500 --> 05:27:13,300
papers analyzing her notebooks 
revealed that her approaches to 

5921
05:27:13,308 --> 05:27:15,000
sample. 
Preparation, and diffraction 

5922
05:27:15,000 --> 05:27:18,800
analysis were decades ahead of 
their time pharmaceutical 

5923
05:27:18,800 --> 05:27:21,500
researchers aiming to combat 
viral outbreaks, through 

5924
05:27:21,500 --> 05:27:24,700
inspiration from her methods, 
demonstrating that her impact 

5925
05:27:24,700 --> 05:27:26,500
reached far beyond a single 
molecule. 

5926
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:31,000
By the 1990s, Rosalind Franklin,
became a symbol for women in 

5927
05:27:31,000 --> 05:27:34,600
stem universities established, 
fellowships and awards bearing 

5928
05:27:34,600 --> 05:27:36,700
her name each designed to 
support. 

5929
05:27:36,700 --> 05:27:40,400
Female researchers in fields, 
like chemistry Crystal and 

5930
05:27:40,400 --> 05:27:43,600
molecular biology. 
Statues and plaques appeared at 

5931
05:27:43,600 --> 05:27:47,000
King's College London and in her
home town celebrating her 

5932
05:27:47,000 --> 05:27:50,100
achievements. 
So many tributes still focused 

5933
05:27:50,100 --> 05:27:52,700
on DNA the deeper picture of her
broader. 

5934
05:27:52,700 --> 05:27:56,000
Scientific passion began to take
shape documentaries and books, 

5935
05:27:56,000 --> 05:27:59,200
offered more nuanced, portraits 
a brilliant scientist who 

5936
05:27:59,200 --> 05:28:01,000
navigated the Prejudice of her 
time. 

5937
05:28:01,000 --> 05:28:03,900
Worked herself to exhaustion and
died young. 

5938
05:28:03,900 --> 05:28:07,300
Leaving a treasure Trove of 
insights debates about ethics 

5939
05:28:07,300 --> 05:28:10,900
and credit allocation continued 
with some championing Watson and

5940
05:28:10,908 --> 05:28:13,300
crick's accomplishments. 
While also acknowledging the 

5941
05:28:13,300 --> 05:28:16,200
Injustice done to franklyn the 
complexities of her 

5942
05:28:16,200 --> 05:28:19,500
relationships at Kings. 
Her shift a book back and her 

5943
05:28:19,500 --> 05:28:22,200
brave fight against cancer, 
found their way into mainstream 

5944
05:28:22,200 --> 05:28:25,200
awareness painting. 
A portrait of a woman whose 

5945
05:28:25,200 --> 05:28:28,100
intellect defied the era's 
constraints today. 

5946
05:28:28,100 --> 05:28:31,900
Rossland Frankland stands as a 
beacon of unyielding dedication.

5947
05:28:31,900 --> 05:28:36,300
Her story resonates with those 
who value Precision, resilience 

5948
05:28:36,300 --> 05:28:40,200
and collaborative respect 
Museums showcase her notebooks 

5949
05:28:40,200 --> 05:28:43,500
featuring the small details that
once seemed in consequential, 

5950
05:28:43,500 --> 05:28:47,600
meticulously labeled film 
plates, humidity, logs and 

5951
05:28:47,600 --> 05:28:50,300
carefully drawn diagrams each 
artifact. 

5952
05:28:50,300 --> 05:28:53,900
Testifies to her belief that 
every scrap of data mattered in 

5953
05:28:53,900 --> 05:28:55,900
academic circles, Franklins 
name. 

5954
05:28:55,900 --> 05:28:58,800
Now holds genuine weight. 
She is sighted, not as a 

5955
05:28:58,800 --> 05:29:01,800
footnote, but as a Pioneer who 
Bridge chemistry and biology 

5956
05:29:01,800 --> 05:29:05,900
Advanced crystallography and 
helped birth modern virology 

5957
05:29:05,900 --> 05:29:08,600
research. 
Initiatives encourage young 

5958
05:29:08,600 --> 05:29:13,500
scientists, especially women. 
To follow her example, embodying

5959
05:29:13,500 --> 05:29:16,900
curiosity. 
Discipline and the courage to 

5960
05:29:16,900 --> 05:29:20,000
question norms. 
The Ark of Rosalind Franklin's 

5961
05:29:20,000 --> 05:29:23,300
reputation thus reveals a 
broader truth recognition in 

5962
05:29:23,300 --> 05:29:27,700
science, can be capricious 
delayed or uneven what was once 

5963
05:29:27,700 --> 05:29:31,300
overshadowed can through 
persistent, re-examination rise 

5964
05:29:31,300 --> 05:29:34,500
to its rightful place, 
franklyn's data, lit the path. 

5965
05:29:34,500 --> 05:29:37,500
For one of the greatest 
discoveries in biology and her 

5966
05:29:37,500 --> 05:29:40,500
virus research, paved the way 
for critical future 

5967
05:29:40,500 --> 05:29:43,300
breakthroughs. 
Generations after her passing 

5968
05:29:43,300 --> 05:29:46,400
the full story of her 
contributions as come into 

5969
05:29:46,400 --> 05:29:50,600
clearer focus in that her voice.
Once muffled, now Echoes across 

5970
05:29:50,600 --> 05:29:56,500
labs and lecture Halls worldwide
and just like that, we've 

5971
05:29:56,500 --> 05:29:58,900
reached the end of our main 
story tonight, about someone who

5972
05:29:58,900 --> 05:30:02,300
was truly brilliant with 
science, Hopefully, you've 

5973
05:30:02,300 --> 05:30:06,400
already drifted to sleep by now 
but if not, I know my insomniacs

5974
05:30:06,400 --> 05:30:09,100
when I see them. 
We got your back with stories of

5975
05:30:09,100 --> 05:30:11,700
different types in case this 
wasn't something interesting to 

5976
05:30:11,700 --> 05:30:14,200
you. 
I hope you have a fantastic day 

5977
05:30:14,200 --> 05:30:17,900
and get the best rest that you 
deserve. sleep peacefully, my 

5978
05:30:17,900 --> 05:30:30,900
friends and as always good 
night, Charles Darwin, one of 

5979
05:30:30,908 --> 05:30:34,200
the most influential figures in 
science is often remembered for 

5980
05:30:34,200 --> 05:30:36,000
his groundbreaking work on 
evolution. 

5981
05:30:37,000 --> 05:30:40,400
But his journey to understanding
the origins of life on Earth was

5982
05:30:40,400 --> 05:30:44,600
anything but straightforward. 
Born in 1809 in Shrewsbury, 

5983
05:30:44,600 --> 05:30:47,500
England, Darwin grew up in a 
world where scientific 

5984
05:30:47,500 --> 05:30:51,100
exploration was on the rise, but
the idea of evolution was not 

5985
05:30:51,100 --> 05:30:55,700
yet widely accepted his life was
filled with scientific curiosity

5986
05:30:55,700 --> 05:30:59,900
ideas and a journey across the 
world that would forever alter 

5987
05:30:59,900 --> 05:31:03,500
the way Humanity viewed itself. 
Darwin was born to a family of 

5988
05:31:03,500 --> 05:31:07,400
notable individuals. 
His father Robert Darwin was a 

5989
05:31:07,400 --> 05:31:11,000
physician and his mother Susanna
came from the Wedgwood family 

5990
05:31:11,000 --> 05:31:12,500
known for their Pottery 
business. 

5991
05:31:13,700 --> 05:31:16,000
Tragically Darwin's mother 
passed away when he was just 

5992
05:31:16,000 --> 05:31:19,200
eight years old, leaving a 
profound impact on him. 

5993
05:31:19,200 --> 05:31:22,300
His father, who had high hopes 
for him to follow in his 

5994
05:31:22,300 --> 05:31:24,600
footsteps. 
As a physician sent him to 

5995
05:31:24,608 --> 05:31:27,300
medical school at the University
of Edinburgh, when he was 16, 

5996
05:31:28,200 --> 05:31:29,600
The darwins interests, lay 
elsewhere. 

5997
05:31:29,600 --> 05:31:32,400
He found the practice of 
medicine distasteful 

5998
05:31:32,400 --> 05:31:35,600
particularly surgery which he 
thought was barbaric. 

5999
05:31:36,400 --> 05:31:38,600
But it wasn't just medicine that
failed to capture his 

6000
05:31:38,600 --> 05:31:41,200
imagination. 
It was the traditional academic 

6001
05:31:41,200 --> 05:31:44,200
curriculum. 
Instead, Darwin was drawn to the

6002
05:31:44,208 --> 05:31:48,600
Natural Sciences, particularly 
geology, and biology subjects 

6003
05:31:48,600 --> 05:31:51,000
that were not typically 
emphasized in the medical field.

6004
05:31:51,000 --> 05:31:53,900
He would spend his free time 
collecting specimens and 

6005
05:31:53,900 --> 05:31:55,700
studying the natural world 
around him. 

6006
05:31:55,700 --> 05:31:59,200
However, despite his deepening 
passion for Natural History, 

6007
05:31:59,200 --> 05:32:03,300
Darwin did not excel in his 
medical studies, his father 

6008
05:32:03,300 --> 05:32:06,800
frustrated with his son's, lack 
of progress, sent him to Christ 

6009
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:09,700
College in Cambridge. 
Hoping that he might find a new 

6010
05:32:09,708 --> 05:32:12,700
Direction in life. 
It was there that Darwin's 

6011
05:32:12,700 --> 05:32:13,800
fascination with natural 
history. 

6012
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:16,800
Truly took off under the 
guidance of influential 

6013
05:32:16,800 --> 05:32:20,800
professors including botanist 
John Stevens, henslow Darwin 

6014
05:32:20,800 --> 05:32:23,200
began to focus his attention on 
the study of nature. 

6015
05:32:23,200 --> 05:32:26,600
A decision that would eventually
lead him to the discovery of the

6016
05:32:26,600 --> 05:32:30,300
theory of evolution. 
During his time at Cambridge, 

6017
05:32:30,300 --> 05:32:33,600
Darwin formed a close friendship
with henslow who encouraged him 

6018
05:32:33,600 --> 05:32:35,300
to pursue a career in Natural 
History. 

6019
05:32:36,400 --> 05:32:39,900
Darwin graduated with a Bachelor
of Arts degree in 1831 and 

6020
05:32:39,900 --> 05:32:43,900
despite having no formal 
training in the field decided to

6021
05:32:43,900 --> 05:32:46,300
join the HMS. Beagle on Voyage 
around the world. 

6022
05:32:47,500 --> 05:32:49,900
It was on this journey that 
Darwin would begin to develop 

6023
05:32:49,900 --> 05:32:52,900
his ideas about natural 
selection and the evolution of 

6024
05:32:52,900 --> 05:32:56,100
species. 
The Voyage of the beagle began 

6025
05:32:56,100 --> 05:33:00,600
in 1831 and lasted nearly five 
years, taking Darwin to places 

6026
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:04,100
as far as South America, the 
Galapagos Islands, Australia, 

6027
05:33:04,100 --> 05:33:08,600
and Africa, Trip provided Darwin
with an unparalleled opportunity

6028
05:33:08,600 --> 05:33:11,500
to observe the natural world in 
its most diverse forms. 

6029
05:33:12,400 --> 05:33:15,800
He meticulously collected 
specimens of plants, animals, 

6030
05:33:15,800 --> 05:33:18,800
and fossils, and took detailed 
notes on his observations. 

6031
05:33:20,100 --> 05:33:22,100
It was during his time in the 
Galapagos Islands. 

6032
05:33:22,100 --> 05:33:24,800
However, that Darwin made a 
discovery that would change 

6033
05:33:24,800 --> 05:33:27,400
everything. 
He noticed that the finches on 

6034
05:33:27,400 --> 05:33:30,500
the islands were all similar but
had distinct variations in their

6035
05:33:30,500 --> 05:33:32,500
beaks, depending on the type of 
food available. 

6036
05:33:33,400 --> 05:33:35,000
This observation led him to 
question. 

6037
05:33:35,000 --> 05:33:37,300
The idea that species were fixed
and unchanging. 

6038
05:33:38,100 --> 05:33:41,400
Darwin began to develop a theory
that species were not created in

6039
05:33:41,400 --> 05:33:45,000
their present form, but evolved 
over time adapting to the 

6040
05:33:45,000 --> 05:33:48,300
environment in which they lived.
He proposed that the differences

6041
05:33:48,300 --> 05:33:51,700
between species were a result of
small changes accumulated over 

6042
05:33:51,700 --> 05:33:54,700
generations, with those 
organisms better suited to their

6043
05:33:54,700 --> 05:33:57,400
environments surviving and 
passing on their advantageous 

6044
05:33:57,400 --> 05:34:00,300
traits. 
This idea known as natural 

6045
05:34:00,300 --> 05:34:03,300
selection became the Cornerstone
of Darwin's theory of evolution.

6046
05:34:04,900 --> 05:34:08,900
Upon returning to England in 
1836 Darwin began to work on his

6047
05:34:08,900 --> 05:34:12,100
observations from the voyage. 
He spent the next several years,

6048
05:34:12,100 --> 05:34:14,800
analyzing his findings 
corresponding with other 

6049
05:34:14,800 --> 05:34:16,700
scientists and developing his 
ideas. 

6050
05:34:17,500 --> 05:34:19,300
It was a slow and meticulous 
process. 

6051
05:34:19,300 --> 05:34:23,100
He was reluctant to publish his 
ideas, knowing that they would 

6052
05:34:23,100 --> 05:34:26,000
be controversial. 
The scientific and religious 

6053
05:34:26,000 --> 05:34:28,800
communities of the time, were 
heavily invested in the idea of 

6054
05:34:28,800 --> 05:34:31,800
creationism. 
The belief that life was created

6055
05:34:31,800 --> 05:34:33,900
by a Divine being in its present
form. 

6056
05:34:34,900 --> 05:34:37,700
Darwin's theory of evolution, 
challenged, the deeply held 

6057
05:34:37,700 --> 05:34:40,400
belief, and he feared the 
backlash that would come with 

6058
05:34:40,400 --> 05:34:44,600
publishing his ideas. 
In 1859, after more than 20 

6059
05:34:44,600 --> 05:34:47,400
years of research Darwin, 
finally published his most 

6060
05:34:47,400 --> 05:34:49,600
famous work on the Origin of 
Species. 

6061
05:34:51,000 --> 05:34:53,800
The book outline, his theory of 
evolution by natural selection 

6062
05:34:53,800 --> 05:34:57,000
and it quickly became one of the
most influential scientific 

6063
05:34:57,000 --> 05:35:00,400
works of all time. 
The reaction to the book was 

6064
05:35:00,400 --> 05:35:03,300
mixed. 
Many scientists praised Darwin's

6065
05:35:03,300 --> 05:35:06,400
work, recognizing the evidence, 
he'd gathered and the 

6066
05:35:06,400 --> 05:35:10,400
implications of his theory. 
However, the religious community

6067
05:35:10,400 --> 05:35:12,600
was outraged and the books 
sparked. 

6068
05:35:12,600 --> 05:35:14,700
A fierce debate that continues 
to this day. 

6069
05:35:16,100 --> 05:35:19,400
One of the most significant 
aspects of Darwin's theory was 

6070
05:35:19,400 --> 05:35:21,800
its challenge to the traditional
view of creation. 

6071
05:35:22,500 --> 05:35:25,000
Prior to Darwin, the widely 
accepted belief. 

6072
05:35:25,000 --> 05:35:28,500
Was that species were fixed and 
immutable created by God. 

6073
05:35:29,400 --> 05:35:32,300
Darwin's theory of natural 
selection suggested that species

6074
05:35:32,300 --> 05:35:35,700
could change over time and that 
all life on Earth, shared a 

6075
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:39,000
common ancestry. 
This idea was revolutionary and 

6076
05:35:39,000 --> 05:35:41,800
it provided a scientific 
explanation for the diversity of

6077
05:35:41,800 --> 05:35:44,700
life on Earth, that did not rely
on divine intervention. 

6078
05:35:45,400 --> 05:35:48,500
Despite the controversy 
surrounding his work, Darwin 

6079
05:35:48,500 --> 05:35:51,400
continued to defend his theory 
and expand upon it throughout 

6080
05:35:51,400 --> 05:35:54,000
his life. 
In addition to his work on 

6081
05:35:54,000 --> 05:35:57,400
Evolution, he made important 
contributions to Fields such as 

6082
05:35:57,400 --> 05:36:00,100
geology biology and 
anthropology. 

6083
05:36:01,200 --> 05:36:03,900
He was also a vocal advocate for
the importance of scientific 

6084
05:36:03,900 --> 05:36:08,200
inquiry and the need to question
established beliefs. his work, 

6085
05:36:08,200 --> 05:36:11,600
laid, the foundation for Modern 
Biology, and helped to shape the

6086
05:36:11,600 --> 05:36:15,500
course of scientific thought, in
the years that followed Darwin's

6087
05:36:15,500 --> 05:36:18,600
personal life was not without 
its struggles, he suffered from 

6088
05:36:18,600 --> 05:36:21,600
various health problems 
throughout his life, including 

6089
05:36:21,600 --> 05:36:24,400
chronic illnesses that plague 
him for much of his adult hood. 

6090
05:36:25,300 --> 05:36:27,700
Some historians, believe that 
these ailments were a result of 

6091
05:36:27,700 --> 05:36:30,900
the Stress and Anxiety caused by
the controversy surrounding his 

6092
05:36:30,900 --> 05:36:34,100
work. 
Darwin was also deeply affected 

6093
05:36:34,100 --> 05:36:35,600
by the death of his beloved 
daughter. 

6094
05:36:35,600 --> 05:36:41,300
Annie in 1851. her death at the 
age of 10 profoundly impacted 

6095
05:36:41,300 --> 05:36:44,100
Darwin and he became more 
reclusive in the years that 

6096
05:36:44,100 --> 05:36:48,400
followed Despite these personal 
challenges Darwin continued to 

6097
05:36:48,400 --> 05:36:52,500
work on his research and ideas. 
In his later years, he published

6098
05:36:52,500 --> 05:36:56,200
several additional Works. 
Including The Descent of Man, in

6099
05:36:56,200 --> 05:36:58,200
which he explored the 
implications of his theory of 

6100
05:36:58,208 --> 05:37:02,000
evolution for human beings. 
He also continued to correspond 

6101
05:37:02,000 --> 05:37:05,000
with scientists and researchers 
around the world, exchanging 

6102
05:37:05,000 --> 05:37:07,400
ideas and collaborating on 
scientific projects. 

6103
05:37:08,100 --> 05:37:11,700
Charles Darwin, passed away on 
April 19th 1882 at the age of 

6104
05:37:11,708 --> 05:37:13,900
73? 
His death marked. 

6105
05:37:13,900 --> 05:37:17,100
The end of a remarkable life 
dedicated to understanding the 

6106
05:37:17,100 --> 05:37:19,400
natural world. 
He was buried in Westminster 

6107
05:37:19,400 --> 05:37:22,800
Abbey a testament. 
The profound impact his work had

6108
05:37:22,800 --> 05:37:24,900
on the scientific community and 
the World At Large. 

6109
05:37:24,900 --> 05:37:28,500
His theory of evolution by 
natural selection continues to 

6110
05:37:28,500 --> 05:37:32,300
shape, our understanding of 
biology genetics and the history

6111
05:37:32,300 --> 05:37:35,100
of life on Earth. 
Though Darwin's ideas were 

6112
05:37:35,100 --> 05:37:38,100
controversial in his time. 
They have since become widely 

6113
05:37:38,100 --> 05:37:41,200
accepted and have fundamentally 
altered the way we view the 

6114
05:37:41,200 --> 05:37:43,600
natural world. 
His work has influenced 

6115
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:46,900
generations of scientists 
philosophers and thinkers and 

6116
05:37:46,900 --> 05:37:48,700
his legacy continues to live on 
today. 

6117
05:37:50,000 --> 05:37:53,000
Charles Darwin may not have had 
all the answers but his 

6118
05:37:53,000 --> 05:37:55,600
Relentless curiosity and 
dedication to scientific 

6119
05:37:55,600 --> 05:37:58,200
inquiry. 
Have left an indelible mark on 

6120
05:37:58,200 --> 05:38:01,200
human history. 
As we reflect on the profound 

6121
05:38:01,200 --> 05:38:02,900
impact of Darwin's life and 
work. 

6122
05:38:02,900 --> 05:38:05,600
It's important to consider not 
only his scientific 

6123
05:38:05,600 --> 05:38:08,800
contributions but also the 
broader implications his ideas 

6124
05:38:08,800 --> 05:38:12,100
had on society. 
Darwin's theory of evolution 

6125
05:38:12,100 --> 05:38:13,900
challenged. 
Not just the scientific 

6126
05:38:13,900 --> 05:38:17,300
Community but also deeply held 
beliefs about human existence, 

6127
05:38:17,300 --> 05:38:22,400
our place in the world and the 
origins of life itself At the 

6128
05:38:22,400 --> 05:38:25,600
time Darwin published On the 
Origin of Species, the idea of 

6129
05:38:25,608 --> 05:38:28,700
evolution was not new. 
The concept had been suggested 

6130
05:38:28,700 --> 05:38:32,500
by other thinkers before him, 
such as Jon Batiste Lamarque and

6131
05:38:32,500 --> 05:38:35,800
Alfred Russel Wallace. 
However, it was Darwin Who 

6132
05:38:35,800 --> 05:38:39,000
provided the most compelling 
evidence and a cohesive theory 

6133
05:38:39,000 --> 05:38:41,900
of how Evolution occurred 
through natural selection. 

6134
05:38:42,900 --> 05:38:46,000
His work brought together, ideas
from various fields of biology, 

6135
05:38:46,000 --> 05:38:49,400
geology and paleontology. 
Making a case for evolution, 

6136
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:52,900
that was based on observable 
evidence rather than conjecture 

6137
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:55,800
or religious Dogma. 
While the controversy 

6138
05:38:55,800 --> 05:38:59,400
surrounding Darwin's ideas was 
significant in his time, it's 

6139
05:38:59,400 --> 05:39:02,100
also important to understand how
these ideas influenced the 

6140
05:39:02,100 --> 05:39:05,800
course of modern science. 
Today, the theory of evolution 

6141
05:39:05,800 --> 05:39:09,100
is a Cornerstone of biology and 
its principles, apply to 

6142
05:39:09,100 --> 05:39:12,000
everything from genetics and 
genetics, based medicine to the 

6143
05:39:12,008 --> 05:39:16,500
study of animal behavior in the 
environment. evolution is shaped

6144
05:39:16,500 --> 05:39:19,200
how scientists understand the 
relationships between species, 

6145
05:39:19,200 --> 05:39:23,000
the mechanisms of genetic 
inheritance and the patterns of 

6146
05:39:23,000 --> 05:39:26,900
life on Earth But Darwin's 
influence extends far beyond 

6147
05:39:26,900 --> 05:39:31,000
biology, his ideas have left an 
indelible mark on philosophy, 

6148
05:39:31,000 --> 05:39:36,100
ethics and even social sciences.
For instance, Darwin's theory of

6149
05:39:36,108 --> 05:39:39,500
natural selection has had a 
significant impact on discussion

6150
05:39:39,500 --> 05:39:43,300
around human nature and Society.
His ideas were taken up by 

6151
05:39:43,300 --> 05:39:46,500
social theorists like Herbert 
Spencer, who coined the term 

6152
05:39:46,500 --> 05:39:49,500
survival of the fittest though. 
It's important to note that 

6153
05:39:49,500 --> 05:39:52,100
Darwin himself never used this 
term in relation to Human 

6154
05:39:52,100 --> 05:39:54,700
Society. 
In the Years, following the 

6155
05:39:54,700 --> 05:39:56,800
publication of On the Origin of 
Species. 

6156
05:39:56,800 --> 05:39:59,900
Darwin's ideas became 
increasingly important in 

6157
05:39:59,900 --> 05:40:03,000
various fields. 
The study of genetics, which 

6158
05:40:03,000 --> 05:40:06,000
would come to prominence in the 
early 20th century provided 

6159
05:40:06,000 --> 05:40:09,500
further support for Darwin's 
ideas, as it became clear, that 

6160
05:40:09,500 --> 05:40:12,200
inheritance patterns followed 
the principles of evolution. 

6161
05:40:12,200 --> 05:40:15,600
Additionally, the study of 
fossils and ancient life forms 

6162
05:40:15,600 --> 05:40:18,700
revealed, a more complex, and 
nuanced picture of the history 

6163
05:40:18,700 --> 05:40:21,700
of life on Earth, further 
validating Darwin's theory. 

6164
05:40:21,700 --> 05:40:25,200
However, despite the acceptance 
of Darwin's theory, among the 

6165
05:40:25,200 --> 05:40:28,800
scientific Community challenges 
to his work of remained. 

6166
05:40:29,500 --> 05:40:32,600
One of the most enduring debate 
centers on the concept of human 

6167
05:40:32,600 --> 05:40:35,400
evolution. 
While the evidence for evolution

6168
05:40:35,400 --> 05:40:39,200
among animals is overwhelming, 
questions about the specifics of

6169
05:40:39,208 --> 05:40:41,900
human evolution, particularly 
the origins of human 

6170
05:40:41,900 --> 05:40:45,100
consciousness, continue to be 
explored and debated by 

6171
05:40:45,100 --> 05:40:48,100
scientists. 
While Darwin may never have 

6172
05:40:48,100 --> 05:40:51,700
fully anticipated the extent of 
his impact, his work laid the 

6173
05:40:51,700 --> 05:40:54,500
groundwork for numerous. 
Scientific advancements in the 

6174
05:40:54,500 --> 05:40:59,800
19th 20th and 21st centuries. 
His life serves as a reminder of

6175
05:40:59,800 --> 05:41:03,100
the power of curiosity and the 
importance of asking, bold 

6176
05:41:03,100 --> 05:41:06,100
questions, no matter how 
challenging the answers may be. 

6177
05:41:07,300 --> 05:41:10,100
As we continue to advance our 
understanding of life on Earth 

6178
05:41:10,100 --> 05:41:13,800
Darwin's Legacy, continues to 
inspire new generations, of 

6179
05:41:13,800 --> 05:41:17,700
scientists to think, critically,
explore deeply, and challenge 

6180
05:41:17,700 --> 05:41:21,300
established Norms Darwin's, work
was not without its personal 

6181
05:41:21,300 --> 05:41:24,700
struggles as we have mentioned. 
His health issues combined with 

6182
05:41:24,700 --> 05:41:27,900
the weight of the controversy 
surrounding his ideas, made his 

6183
05:41:27,900 --> 05:41:32,300
life difficult at times. 
Yet his perseverance in the face

6184
05:41:32,300 --> 05:41:35,100
of these challenges is something
that stands as a testament to 

6185
05:41:35,100 --> 05:41:38,800
his dedication to science. 
Darwin story reminds us that 

6186
05:41:38,800 --> 05:41:42,600
even in the face of opposition 
persistent and a commitment to 

6187
05:41:42,600 --> 05:41:45,500
truth can lead to Monumental 
discoveries that change the 

6188
05:41:45,500 --> 05:41:49,300
world looking at Darwin's life. 
It's clear that scientific 

6189
05:41:49,300 --> 05:41:53,600
discovery is not a loan Pursuit.
While Darwin's genius, played a 

6190
05:41:53,600 --> 05:41:55,100
pivotal role in shaping his 
ideas. 

6191
05:41:55,100 --> 05:41:59,300
He was not working in isolation.
He exchanged ideas with other 

6192
05:41:59,300 --> 05:42:02,400
thinkers and his work was built 
upon the contributions of 

6193
05:42:02,400 --> 05:42:05,000
countless others. 
From the fossil discoveries of 

6194
05:42:05,000 --> 05:42:08,100
Georges cuvier to The 
evolutionary ideas of Lamarck 

6195
05:42:08,100 --> 05:42:11,000
and Wallace. 
Darwin's theory of evolution by 

6196
05:42:11,000 --> 05:42:14,200
natural selection was a product 
of collaboration and cumulative 

6197
05:42:14,200 --> 05:42:16,800
knowledge. 
His ability to synthesize 

6198
05:42:16,800 --> 05:42:20,100
diverse information into a 
comprehensive theory is part of 

6199
05:42:20,100 --> 05:42:24,300
what makes his work so enduring.
As we think about the life of 

6200
05:42:24,300 --> 05:42:27,200
Charles Darwin, it's helpful to 
consider how his legacy 

6201
05:42:27,200 --> 05:42:29,200
continues to shape, the way we 
view the world. 

6202
05:42:30,400 --> 05:42:33,200
The theory of evolution is more 
than just a scientific idea. 

6203
05:42:34,100 --> 05:42:37,300
It's a lens through which we can
understand the complexity in 

6204
05:42:37,308 --> 05:42:41,200
interconnectedness of life. 
From the smallest microbes to 

6205
05:42:41,208 --> 05:42:44,300
the most complex animals. 
The principles of evolution 

6206
05:42:44,300 --> 05:42:47,600
offer us insight into the forces
that have shaped life on Earth. 

6207
05:42:48,300 --> 05:42:52,200
And as we relax, letting these 
thoughts wash over us, it's also

6208
05:42:52,200 --> 05:42:54,400
worth remembering that Darwin's 
Journey was not just about 

6209
05:42:54,400 --> 05:42:57,500
intellectual achievement. 
It was a, about a lifelong 

6210
05:42:57,500 --> 05:43:01,600
pursuit of understanding the 
natural world, a curiosity, that

6211
05:43:01,600 --> 05:43:03,800
led him to travel to remote 
corners of the world. 

6212
05:43:03,800 --> 05:43:07,600
Observe the diversity of life, 
and contemplate, the profound 

6213
05:43:07,600 --> 05:43:09,800
questions about existence that 
we all share. 

6214
05:43:11,000 --> 05:43:14,300
In the end Charles Darwin's 
story is a reminder that the 

6215
05:43:14,300 --> 05:43:16,800
Quest for knowledge is a 
never-ending journey. 

6216
05:43:16,800 --> 05:43:19,900
And that even the most 
revolutionary ideas come from a 

6217
05:43:19,900 --> 05:43:24,000
deep sense of wonder and 
exploration his life encourages 

6218
05:43:24,000 --> 05:43:28,200
us to question to observe and to
appreciate the mysteries of the 

6219
05:43:28,200 --> 05:43:30,900
natural world. 
All while being open to new 

6220
05:43:30,900 --> 05:43:34,800
ideas that challenged the status
quo, it's important to consider,

6221
05:43:34,800 --> 05:43:38,000
not only his revolutionary 
scientific theories but also the

6222
05:43:38,000 --> 05:43:41,800
broader context in, which his 
work unfolded, Darwin lived in a

6223
05:43:41,808 --> 05:43:44,700
time of significant, social 
political and intellectual 

6224
05:43:44,700 --> 05:43:48,600
change and his ideas, both 
reflected and contributed to the

6225
05:43:48,600 --> 05:43:51,400
shifts. 
The 19th century was appeared. 

6226
05:43:51,400 --> 05:43:54,800
Marked by advances in 
industrialization the expansion 

6227
05:43:54,800 --> 05:43:57,700
of the British Empire and the 
rise of new scientific 

6228
05:43:57,700 --> 05:44:00,400
disciplines. 
It was a time when traditional 

6229
05:44:00,400 --> 05:44:03,000
beliefs about the natural world 
were increasingly being 

6230
05:44:03,000 --> 05:44:06,600
challenged as new discoveries in
fields such as geology 

6231
05:44:06,600 --> 05:44:11,300
astronomy, and biology began to 
question the long-held notion of

6232
05:44:11,300 --> 05:44:14,400
creation. 
In the Years leading up to 

6233
05:44:14,400 --> 05:44:17,900
Darwin's, voyage on the HMS, 
Beagle, Europe was undergoing a 

6234
05:44:17,900 --> 05:44:21,400
scientific revolution. 
Scientists were increasingly 

6235
05:44:21,400 --> 05:44:23,900
looking Beyond religious 
explanations for natural 

6236
05:44:23,900 --> 05:44:27,000
phenomena and seeking empirical 
evidence to understand the 

6237
05:44:27,000 --> 05:44:29,600
world. 
The work of figures, like, Sir, 

6238
05:44:29,600 --> 05:44:32,200
Isaac Newton who had 
established, the laws of physics

6239
05:44:32,200 --> 05:44:35,100
and James Hutton who had 
developed the theory of 

6240
05:44:35,100 --> 05:44:38,100
uniformitarianism in. 
Geology set the stage for 

6241
05:44:38,100 --> 05:44:41,600
Darwin's own discoveries. 
Hutton's idea that the Earth was

6242
05:44:41,600 --> 05:44:44,100
shaped by slow gradual processes
over time. 

6243
05:44:44,100 --> 05:44:47,700
Influenced Darwin's thinking on 
the gradual nature of evolution,

6244
05:44:48,600 --> 05:44:51,500
Darwin's voyage aboard. 
The beagle in the 1830s was not 

6245
05:44:51,500 --> 05:44:55,100
just a scientific Expedition. 
It was an intellectual Journey 

6246
05:44:55,100 --> 05:44:58,700
that would shape his world view.
The places he visited from the 

6247
05:44:58,700 --> 05:45:01,100
volcanic islands of the 
Galapagos to the diverse 

6248
05:45:01,100 --> 05:45:04,300
ecosystems of South America, 
provided him with a rich 

6249
05:45:04,300 --> 05:45:06,600
tapestry of evidence that would 
help him piece together. 

6250
05:45:06,600 --> 05:45:09,800
The theory of evolution, 
however, Darwin's observations 

6251
05:45:09,800 --> 05:45:11,300
were not just about collecting 
data. 

6252
05:45:11,300 --> 05:45:13,900
They were about questioning the 
nature of life itself. 

6253
05:45:15,000 --> 05:45:17,900
As he witnessed the diversity of
species in the variations within

6254
05:45:17,900 --> 05:45:20,900
them, he began to realize that 
the differences were not merely 

6255
05:45:20,900 --> 05:45:24,500
superficial, but were the result
of deep underlying processes. 

6256
05:45:24,500 --> 05:45:26,100
That could be understood through
science. 

6257
05:45:27,600 --> 05:45:30,500
One of the most striking aspects
of Darwin's work is the way he 

6258
05:45:30,500 --> 05:45:33,300
combined observation, 
experimentation and Theory. 

6259
05:45:34,000 --> 05:45:37,100
His meticulous attention to 
detail and his ability to 

6260
05:45:37,100 --> 05:45:40,800
synthesize information from 
various Fields, botany geology, 

6261
05:45:40,800 --> 05:45:44,500
zoology and more allowed him to 
develop a comprehensive theory 

6262
05:45:44,500 --> 05:45:48,100
of evolution. 
This interdisciplinary approach 

6263
05:45:48,100 --> 05:45:51,600
set Darwin, apart from many of 
his contemporaries and paved the

6264
05:45:51,608 --> 05:45:53,800
way for future scientific 
exploration. 

6265
05:45:54,700 --> 05:45:58,800
Yet, despite his groundbreaking 
ideas, Darwin was deeply aware 

6266
05:45:58,800 --> 05:46:00,900
of the potential repercussions 
of his work. 

6267
05:46:01,600 --> 05:46:04,300
He knew that the implications of
his theory would challenge not 

6268
05:46:04,300 --> 05:46:07,500
only the scientific Community 
but also the broader cultural 

6269
05:46:07,500 --> 05:46:11,200
and religious views of the time.
Darwin was not the first to 

6270
05:46:11,200 --> 05:46:13,300
suggest that species might 
evolve over time. 

6271
05:46:14,000 --> 05:46:17,300
Lamarck had proposed an early 
theory of evolution and Wallace 

6272
05:46:17,300 --> 05:46:19,500
had arrived at similar 
conclusions in dependently. 

6273
05:46:19,500 --> 05:46:23,000
However, Darwin's theory of 
natural selection was different 

6274
05:46:23,000 --> 05:46:26,100
because it provided a mechanism 
for how Evolution occurred, 

6275
05:46:26,100 --> 05:46:30,200
unlike Lamarck, who suggested 
that organisms could pass on 

6276
05:46:30,200 --> 05:46:31,900
traits, acquired during their 
lifetime. 

6277
05:46:32,700 --> 05:46:36,000
Darwin argued that natural 
selection whereby the fittest 

6278
05:46:36,000 --> 05:46:39,600
individuals survive and pass on 
their advantageous traits was 

6279
05:46:39,600 --> 05:46:41,100
the driving force behind 
evolution. 

6280
05:46:42,500 --> 05:46:45,400
Darwin's caution in publishing. 
His ideas is often noted by 

6281
05:46:45,400 --> 05:46:48,000
historians. 
He spent more than two decades 

6282
05:46:48,000 --> 05:46:50,700
refining his theory before 
releasing On the Origin of 

6283
05:46:50,700 --> 05:46:53,500
Species in part due to the 
anticipated backlash. 

6284
05:46:54,800 --> 05:46:58,200
When the book was finally 
published in 1859, he created a 

6285
05:46:58,200 --> 05:47:01,300
storm of controversy. 
While many scientists 

6286
05:47:01,300 --> 05:47:04,200
particularly those in the 
emerging fields of genetics and 

6287
05:47:04,200 --> 05:47:08,000
paleontology quickly embraced 
Darwin's ideas, the religious 

6288
05:47:08,000 --> 05:47:09,800
community vehemently, opposed 
them. 

6289
05:47:10,500 --> 05:47:13,500
The idea that humans were not 
created in the image of God, but

6290
05:47:13,500 --> 05:47:15,900
were instead the result of a 
long process of natural 

6291
05:47:15,900 --> 05:47:19,200
selection was and still is a 
deeply contentious issue. 

6292
05:47:20,000 --> 05:47:22,100
This opposition did not deter 
Darwin though. 

6293
05:47:22,100 --> 05:47:25,900
He continued to defend his ideas
and engage in public debates. 

6294
05:47:25,900 --> 05:47:29,000
Ultimately cementing his place 
as one of the most influential 

6295
05:47:29,000 --> 05:47:33,200
scientists in history. 
One of the reasons Darwin's 

6296
05:47:33,200 --> 05:47:36,000
theory has remained, so 
influential is its ability to 

6297
05:47:36,000 --> 05:47:39,700
explain the complexity of life 
in a coherent and scientifically

6298
05:47:39,700 --> 05:47:43,400
rigorous manner. 
Today, with the Advent of modern

6299
05:47:43,400 --> 05:47:46,600
genetics, and molecular biology.
Darwin's theory, has been 

6300
05:47:46,600 --> 05:47:48,600
supported and expanded upon in 
ways. 

6301
05:47:48,600 --> 05:47:52,100
He could not have imagined. 
The discovery of DNA and the 

6302
05:47:52,108 --> 05:47:55,100
understanding of genetic 
inheritance have provided a 

6303
05:47:55,100 --> 05:47:57,300
detailed mechanism for how 
traits are passed down through 

6304
05:47:57,300 --> 05:48:01,500
generations, supporting the 
concept of natural selection in 

6305
05:48:01,500 --> 05:48:03,600
this way. 
Darwin's ideas, have stood the 

6306
05:48:03,608 --> 05:48:06,600
test of time evolving alongside 
new discoveries and 

6307
05:48:06,600 --> 05:48:09,600
Technologies. 
Yet, despite the overwhelming 

6308
05:48:09,600 --> 05:48:11,500
evidence supporting Darwin's 
theory. 

6309
05:48:11,500 --> 05:48:14,000
There are still those who 
continue to reject it. 

6310
05:48:15,500 --> 05:48:17,800
The debate over Evolution 
remains one of the most 

6311
05:48:17,800 --> 05:48:21,000
contentious issues in modern 
society, particularly in the 

6312
05:48:21,000 --> 05:48:23,800
United States, where 
creationism, and intelligent 

6313
05:48:23,800 --> 05:48:26,800
design are still promoted by 
some as alternatives to the 

6314
05:48:26,800 --> 05:48:30,400
theory of evolution. this 
ongoing debate highlights, the 

6315
05:48:30,400 --> 05:48:33,700
intersection of science, 
religion and education and 

6316
05:48:33,700 --> 05:48:36,500
underscores the enduring power 
of Darwin's ideas to spark 

6317
05:48:36,500 --> 05:48:40,000
discussion and challenge 
existing beliefs As we consider 

6318
05:48:40,000 --> 05:48:43,000
Darwin's impact, it's also 
important to recognize the 

6319
05:48:43,000 --> 05:48:46,900
personal sacrifices he made. 
For his work, his health, which 

6320
05:48:46,900 --> 05:48:50,100
had always been fragile, 
deteriorated further in the 

6321
05:48:50,100 --> 05:48:52,700
Years, following his publication
of On the Origin of Species, 

6322
05:48:53,800 --> 05:48:56,600
some historians suggest that 
Darwin's chronic illnesses were 

6323
05:48:56,600 --> 05:49:00,200
exacerbated by the stress of the
intense public scrutiny and the 

6324
05:49:00,208 --> 05:49:02,400
isolation, he felt from his 
scientific peers. 

6325
05:49:02,400 --> 05:49:06,200
In addition the death of his 
daughter Annie who was very 

6326
05:49:06,200 --> 05:49:09,100
close to left him devastated and
further deepened his 

6327
05:49:09,100 --> 05:49:12,200
reclusiveness. 
Darwin spent the remaining years

6328
05:49:12,200 --> 05:49:14,200
of his life. 
Largely withdrawn from public 

6329
05:49:14,200 --> 05:49:16,900
life, focusing on his research 
and writing yet. 

6330
05:49:16,900 --> 05:49:20,000
Even in his seclusion, he 
continued to contribute to the 

6331
05:49:20,000 --> 05:49:22,800
scientific Community publishing 
additional Works. 

6332
05:49:22,800 --> 05:49:26,300
Including The Descent of Man, 
which applied his theory of 

6333
05:49:26,300 --> 05:49:29,900
evolution to human beings. 
Darwin's contributions to 

6334
05:49:29,900 --> 05:49:31,800
science were not limited to his 
work on Evolution. 

6335
05:49:31,800 --> 05:49:34,800
He also made important 
discoveries in the fields of 

6336
05:49:34,800 --> 05:49:39,400
geology plant biology and 
zoology his observations on the 

6337
05:49:39,400 --> 05:49:42,100
geology of the beagle's Voyage 
contributed to the development 

6338
05:49:42,100 --> 05:49:45,500
of uniformitarianism. 
The idea that the Earth features

6339
05:49:45,500 --> 05:49:47,900
were shaped by slow continuous 
processes. 

6340
05:49:49,000 --> 05:49:52,500
His studies of barnacles and the
fertilization of orchids also 

6341
05:49:52,500 --> 05:49:55,600
provided valuable insights into 
the world of Natural History. 

6342
05:49:56,500 --> 05:49:59,700
Today Charles Darwin is regarded
as one of the most important 

6343
05:49:59,700 --> 05:50:01,300
figures in the history of 
science. 

6344
05:50:01,300 --> 05:50:04,600
His work has influenced Fields 
ranging from biology and 

6345
05:50:04,600 --> 05:50:08,100
genetics to psychology 
anthropology and even 

6346
05:50:08,100 --> 05:50:10,900
philosophy. 
His legacy extends Beyond his 

6347
05:50:10,900 --> 05:50:15,600
scientific contributions. 
However, Darwin's life is a 

6348
05:50:15,608 --> 05:50:18,500
testament to the power of 
curiosity persistence and 

6349
05:50:18,500 --> 05:50:22,300
critical thinking it reminds us 
that even in the face of doubt 

6350
05:50:22,300 --> 05:50:25,800
and controversy, it is often the
most challenging questions that 

6351
05:50:25,800 --> 05:50:27,300
lead to the greatest 
discoveries. 

6352
05:50:28,100 --> 05:50:31,300
As we close the story of 
Charles, Darwin, we can take a 

6353
05:50:31,300 --> 05:50:34,200
moment to reflect on his 
journey, not just as a 

6354
05:50:34,200 --> 05:50:36,500
scientist. 
But as a person who dedicated 

6355
05:50:36,500 --> 05:50:39,300
his life to understanding the 
mysteries of the natural world, 

6356
05:50:39,300 --> 05:50:43,200
his work has changed the way we 
view life on Earth and has 

6357
05:50:43,200 --> 05:50:46,200
opened up new Avenue of inquiry 
that continue to shape our 

6358
05:50:46,200 --> 05:50:47,800
understanding of the world 
around us.