What Actually Happened After the Roman Empire Collapsed | History For Sleep

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What is goody my friends? 
Who definitely meant to sleep 

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early. 
I'm glad you're here. 

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The rain is moving steadily 
through the dark soft enough to 

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quiet, even the loudest parts of
the day. 

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Tonight we're easing into what 
actually happened after the 

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Roman Empire collapsed. 
I'm talking the whole show, bang

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things, people haven't covered. 
So if this calm yet, boring 

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reflection helps you unwind? 
Feel free to follow. 

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Drop a like and tell me where 
you're listening from and what 

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time it is for you. 
Now let your head settle into 

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the pillow length and your 
breath and turn on that fan for 

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some white noise. 
You are standing at one of 

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history is most misunderstood 
turning points. 

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The Roman Empire did not vanish 
in a dramatic explosion of chaos

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and darkness. 
Stead it gradually transformed 

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over, centuries in to something 
entirely new, and you're about 

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to witness how Ordinary People 
navigated this slow, strange 

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metamorphosis into the Medieval 
World. 

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Imagine you're walking through 
Rome in the year 400 and 476. 

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The date means nothing to you 
yet because this historians far 

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in the future will mark this as 
the year the Western Roman 

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Empire officially ended. 
We do not feel any different 

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today than you did yesterday. 
The streets are quieter than 

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they used to be. 
Your grandfather told you 

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stories about when this Avenue 
is so crowded. 

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You could barely move Now, you 
can see clear across to the 

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other side, the marble buildings
still stand exactly where they 

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always stood. 
The aqueduct still bring water 

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from the hills, the fountain 
still run in the Forum. 

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But something has changed in 
ways that are hard to name. 

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The population of Rome has been 
shrinking for over a century. 

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The city that once held a 
million people, now houses may 

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be 100,000 You can do the math 
easily enough every generation 

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fewer children aboard every 
generation more families. 

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Leave for the countryside. 
Where food is easier to grow and

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life feels more secure. 
The grandpa public baths, still 

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operate on Tuesdays and 
Thursdays. 

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You went last week, we can 
notice that only the smaller 

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pools were heated, the massive 
Caldera that once held hundreds 

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of bay, the SAT empty and cold. 
The maintenance staff has 

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dwindled. 
The man who tends the furnace is

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told you. 
He used to have 12 assists. 

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Now, he has two You walk past 
the Colosseum, no games have 

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been held there in your life 
time. 

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The building sits quietly like a
sleeping giant. 

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Bird's nest in the upper arches,
Grass Grows between the paving 

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stones. 
Someone has set up a small 

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vegetable garden in one of the 
four major areas. 

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Nobody stops them because nobody
cares enough to enforce the old 

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rules about public buildings. 
Funny thing is that the 

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Colosseum looks more peaceful 
now than it ever did. 

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When it was in use, the silence 
feels appropriate, somehow 

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nature is slowly reclaiming. 
What humans build, you can 

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continue toward the Forum. 
The Senate building still stands

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but the Senate rarely meets 
anymore, most of the real 

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decisions affecting your life 
are made by the local bishop, 

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and a few wealthy landowners who
stayed in the city when others 

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fled. 
The Imperial bureaucracy that 

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wants managed everything from 
tax collection to road. 

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Maintenance has simply 
evaporated like morning missed 

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This morning, you need to get 
your grain ration. 

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The distribution system still 
functions, but barely You 

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remember when distributions have
happened? 

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Every day in multiple locations 
across the city. 

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Now, it happens twice a week at 
one central location. 

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You arrive early because the 
grain sometimes runs out the 

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line moves slowly. 
The man in front of you is a 

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former school teacher. 
He tells you he stopped teaching

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because no one can afford to pay
for Education anymore, the 

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students or left the city. 
Anyway, he now works, part-time 

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repairing, roof tiles, His hands
show the evidence of his new 

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profession. 
You receive your ration and walk

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home through streets that feel 
too wide for the number of 

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people using them. 
The city was built for a million

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inhabitants. 
Now, it feels like wearing a 

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toga made for someone. 
Three times, your size your 

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apartment, occupies the third 
floor of an old insula. 

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The building inspector used to 
come by every year to check for 

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structural problems. 
He has not visited in five 

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years. 
You notice new cracks in the 

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walls each season, but you patch
them yourself, with whatever 

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materials you can find, everyone
has become their own maintenance

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crew. 
In the evening, you sit by your 

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window and watch the sunset 
paint. 

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The remaining marble temples in 
shades of gold and pink. 

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The temples are mostly empty. 
Now, the Christian churches draw

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the crowds But the old buildings
are remain beautiful in their 

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abandonment. 
You find strange comfort in 

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their persistence. 
A cat walks along the top of a 

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garden wall below your window. 
The city has more cats than ever

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before with fewer people, the 
rodent population exploded. 

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And the cats, followed the food 
supply, you appreciate their 

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presence. 
They keep your building free of 

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mice and rats without any effort
on your part. 

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Tomorrow, you will wake up and 
the world will look exactly the 

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same as it does today. 
The changes happen so slowly 

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that you barely noticed them. 
but if your grandfather could 

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see the city now, He would 
struggle to recognize it. 

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And if you could see the city 
100 years from now, you would 

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face the same confusion. 
This is how Empire's end. 

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Not with a bang but with a 
gradual forgetting of what they 

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used to be. 
You decide to visit your cousin 

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in Ravenna. 
The journey used to take three 

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days on well-maintained Roman 
roads, you pack supplies for six

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days because, you know, better 
now, the morning, you leave Rome

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you stop at The City Gate. 
The guards are gone. 

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No one has stuffed this gate in 
years. 

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The massive wooden doors down, 
permanently open. you wonder who

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decided to stop closing the 
McKnight and when that decision 

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was made, Probably no decision 
was made at all. 

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Probably the guards simply 
stopped showing up and no one 

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assigned replacements. 
The Via flaminia stretches 

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North, through Rolling Hills. 
This road was built 400 years 

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ago and engineered to last 
forever. 

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The Romans were annoyingly. 
Good, at building roads. 

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The foundation consists of 
several. 

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Layers of carefully, placed 
stones. 

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The surface was smooth fitted. 
Paving that allowed carts to 

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roll easily and water to drain 
away. 

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That was the theory anyway, you 
walk for two hours before you 

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encounter the first major 
problem. 

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Section of the road has 
collapsed into a ravine. 

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Heavy rains last spring, 
undermine the foundation. 

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No repair crew, came to fix it. 
You stand at the edge of the Gap

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and look down at the jumble of 
broken, paving stones, 30 feet 

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below, And makeshift detour has 
been worn into the hillside by 

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other Travelers. 
You follow their path. 

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Through mud and loose rocks. 
The Detour adds an hour to your 

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journey. 
Your shoes are cake with mud by 

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the time you regain the main 
road. the road itself is in 

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worst condition in you remember 
from your last trip to years 

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ago, weeds grow through cracks 
in the paving entire sections 

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have been torn up by local 
farmers who needed Building 

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Stone for their walls. 
You cannot blame them. 

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Why should good Stone go to 
waste when a road? 

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Nobody maintains any more passes
right? 

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Through your property? 
By midday you reach a former 

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waste Station. 
These stations used to provide 

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Fresh Horses, hot meals, and 
comfortable beds for Imperial 

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Messengers and officials the 
building still stands, but it 

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has been converted into a 
farmhouse. 

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A woman is hanging laundry in 
what used to be the stable yard,

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She eyes you suspiciously as you
pass, you're not an Imperial 

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Messenger. 
You are just a person walking to

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visit family. 
The Empire no longer 

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distinguishes between important 
Travelers and ordinary ones 

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because the Empire no longer 
exists to make such 

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distinctions. 
The funny part is that the road 

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system was designed for military
and government use. 

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Private Travelers were always an
afterthought now that the 

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military and government are gone
only private Travelers remain. 

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The road served their original 
purpose, hardly at all, but they

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still serve this secondary 
purpose fairly well, despite the

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decay. 
You stop to rest beneath an Old 

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Stone Bridge. 
The bridge is Roman engineering 

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at its finest. 
It has spanned this River for 

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three centuries and will 
probably span it for three more.

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You eat bread and cheese while 
watching the water flow beneath 

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perfect arch arches. 
Someone carved their initials 

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into the bridge support long 
ago. 

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The letters are worn Smooth by 
weather, but still visible. the 

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afternoon brings you through 
territory that used to be 

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carefully, patrolled Bandits 
were rare when you were young 

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because Roman soldiers 
maintained order. 

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Now, Bandits a common enough 
that you chose your travel 

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clothing carefully. 
You are nothing. 

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That looks valuable, your bag 
contains only food, and a change

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of clothes, you encounter 
another traveler heading. 

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South is a merchant carrying 
salt. 

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You walk together for Mutual 
safety. 

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He tells you that the old 
Mansions were Travelers used to 

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stay are mostly abandoned. 
Some of have been taken over by 

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local Warlords, who demand 
payment for passage? 

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Others are simply empty ruins. 
You ask him about the road 

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conditions ahead. 
He warns you about another 

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collapsed section in narni He 
also mentions that a group of 

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enterprising locals has set up a
new toll bridge where the old 

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free bridge washed away. 
The toll is reasonable. 

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He says, two copper coins or 
equivalent value in trade goods.

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This strikes you as both 
annoying and entirely logical if

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no government maintains. 
The bridge is then someone else 

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will maintain them and charge 
for the service. 

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You have the coins, you will pay
the toll. 

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What choice do you have by 
evening? 

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You reach a small town. 
There is no formal in but a 

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family offers you floor space in
their Barn for a small fee. 

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You accept greatly. 
The barn is clean and dry. 

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The hay makes a softer bed than 
you expected. 

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The family's dog, curls, up near
your feet, and provides warmth 

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through the night. 
You fall asleep. 

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Listening to owls calling in the
darkness and thinking about how 

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different Travelers become the 
roads of the same road, your 

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grandfather traveled, but 
everything else has changed in 

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subtle ways that add up to a 
completely different experience.

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You arrive in Ravenna, after 
five and a half days of travel, 

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your cousin, greets, you with 
enthusiasm and immediately 

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begins complaining about the 
local Bishop. 

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This is funny because everyone 
complains about the local Bishop

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The bishop has become the most 
important person in most cities.

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He controls food distribution. 
He negotiates with Barbarian 

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leaders, he organizes repairs to
public buildings. 

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He settles disputes. 
He essentially does everything 

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the Imperial government used to 
do your cousins. 

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Bishop is named a ecclesias. 
He is 35 years old and 

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phenomenally efficient. 
He used to be a lawyer before 

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taking holy orders, his legal 
training shows, in everything he

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00:11:09,100 --> 00:11:12,400
does. 
He keeps meticulous records, he 

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insists on written contracts. 
He never makes a promise. 

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00:11:15,700 --> 00:11:18,900
He cannot keep the people 
respect him, but do not 

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necessarily like him. 
He's a bit too organized for 

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Comfort. 
He makes them feel disorganized 

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by comparison. 
You attend Sunday services at 

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ravenna's Main Church. 
The building is relatively new 

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00:11:31,500 --> 00:11:35,500
constructed only 20 years ago. 
The interior takes your breath 

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away, mosaic's cover every 
surface in glittering patterns 

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of gold and colored glass. the 
images show Christ, and the 

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apostles and various Saints, 
light from high Windows makes 

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the gold test series, Sparkle, 
like captured Starlight, The 

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craftsmanship is purely Roman 
the artist who created these 

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mosaics learned their trade in 
the old Imperial workshops but 

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00:11:59,300 --> 00:12:01,300
the subject matter is entirely 
Christian. 

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00:12:02,100 --> 00:12:04,900
The building represents a 
perfect Fusion of Roman 

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technical skill and Christian 
religious purpose. 

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Bishop ecclesias delivers, his 
sermon in clear Latin, he speaks

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slowly. 
So everyone can understand is 

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topic is Charity toward the 
poor. 

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He reminds the congregation that
they have a duty to share what 

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they have with those who have 
less. 

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He mentioned specific Families 
in Need by name. 

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He has not subtle. 
After the service people line up

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to speak with the bishop, he 
holds these informal audiences 

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every week. 
You watch, as he listens to 

233
00:12:36,308 --> 00:12:40,500
complaints, mediate's arguments 
and distribute small amounts of 

234
00:12:40,500 --> 00:12:44,800
money from the church treasury 
to people in genuine need One 

235
00:12:44,800 --> 00:12:46,200
man, complains that his 
neighbors sheep. 

236
00:12:46,200 --> 00:12:49,700
Keeping his vegetables. 
The bishop listens carefully and

237
00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:51,200
then suggests building a better 
fence. 

238
00:12:51,200 --> 00:12:54,400
He offers to provide materials 
from church supplies. 

239
00:12:54,400 --> 00:12:57,800
If the man provides labor, the 
man, accepts problem. 

240
00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:01,700
Solved a widow asks, for help 
feeding her children, her 

241
00:13:01,700 --> 00:13:05,000
husband died last month. 
The bishop asks her age and how 

242
00:13:05,000 --> 00:13:08,200
many children she has? 
He makes notes in a wax tablet. 

243
00:13:08,200 --> 00:13:10,700
He carries. 
He promises, she will receive 

244
00:13:10,700 --> 00:13:12,600
weekly grain ration starting 
tomorrow. 

245
00:13:12,600 --> 00:13:16,300
He also suggests you might find 
Workshop washing Linens for the 

246
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:18,400
church. 
She thanks him repeatedly. 

247
00:13:19,400 --> 00:13:22,100
You realize that the bishop is 
basically running a parallel 

248
00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:25,400
government, he is taking over 
the social services that the 

249
00:13:25,400 --> 00:13:28,700
Roman State used to provide. 
He does this, not because he 

250
00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:32,600
sought power, but because 
someone had to do it and he was 

251
00:13:32,600 --> 00:13:35,600
the person with the resources 
and organizational ability to 

252
00:13:35,600 --> 00:13:38,400
make it happen. 
Your cousin confirms this 

253
00:13:38,400 --> 00:13:41,400
observation, the official 
Imperial Governor still lives in

254
00:13:41,400 --> 00:13:43,500
Ravenna, he technically 
outranks. 

255
00:13:43,500 --> 00:13:47,600
The bishop But when people have 
actual problems, they go to the 

256
00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:49,700
bishop because the bishop can 
actually help them. 

257
00:13:51,000 --> 00:13:53,900
The governor mostly sits in his 
Villa in rights reports to 

258
00:13:53,900 --> 00:13:56,800
Constantinople that may or may 
not ever get red. 

259
00:13:57,900 --> 00:14:00,700
The transition of power from 
Imperial officials to church 

260
00:14:00,700 --> 00:14:02,800
Bishops happened. 
Gradually over several 

261
00:14:02,800 --> 00:14:05,300
Generations. 
No one planned it. 

262
00:14:05,300 --> 00:14:08,400
No one decreed it. 
It just happened because the 

263
00:14:08,400 --> 00:14:11,800
church had resources 
organization and local 

264
00:14:11,800 --> 00:14:14,300
credibility. 
While the Imperial government 

265
00:14:14,300 --> 00:14:16,200
had increasingly none of those 
things. 

266
00:14:17,200 --> 00:14:19,200
You spend the evening with your 
cousins family. 

267
00:14:19,200 --> 00:14:21,500
They live in a modest House near
the port. 

268
00:14:21,500 --> 00:14:24,600
The house used to belong to a 
merchant family who left for 

269
00:14:24,608 --> 00:14:26,800
Constantinople when trade 
declined. 

270
00:14:27,400 --> 00:14:29,700
Your cousin rents it for a 
fraction of what it would have 

271
00:14:29,700 --> 00:14:32,300
cost in better times over 
dinner. 

272
00:14:32,300 --> 00:14:34,300
Your cousins wife talks about 
the changes. 

273
00:14:34,300 --> 00:14:37,000
She has seen She is 10 years 
older than you. 

274
00:14:37,600 --> 00:14:40,400
She remembers when Ravenna was a
major Imperial Center. 

275
00:14:40,400 --> 00:14:43,100
The emperor himself lived here 
for several years. 

276
00:14:43,100 --> 00:14:46,900
When she was a child, the palace
employed hundreds of people 

277
00:14:46,900 --> 00:14:51,800
diplomats from across the world 
visited constantly Now the 

278
00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:53,300
palace sits. 
Mostly empty. 

279
00:14:53,300 --> 00:14:58,100
A skeleton staff maintains it. 
The emperor has not visited in 

280
00:14:58,100 --> 00:15:00,700
decades. 
The diplomats stopped coming 

281
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:03,500
when they realized no real power
resided here in any more. 

282
00:15:04,400 --> 00:15:07,400
But Ravenna has not died. 
It has transformed. 

283
00:15:08,500 --> 00:15:11,600
City is now a church 
administrative Center in 

284
00:15:11,600 --> 00:15:16,200
Imperial administrative Center. 
The Bishops of essentially, 

285
00:15:16,200 --> 00:15:18,600
inherited the infrastructure, 
the emperor's Left Behind. 

286
00:15:18,600 --> 00:15:23,000
They used the same buildings 
employ, many of the same people 

287
00:15:23,000 --> 00:15:25,500
and perform many of the same 
functions. 

288
00:15:26,600 --> 00:15:28,800
The funny thing is that most 
people barely noticed the 

289
00:15:28,800 --> 00:15:32,400
transition, they still go to the
same buildings to get help with 

290
00:15:32,400 --> 00:15:36,100
their problems, they still fill 
out forms in Latin, they still 

291
00:15:36,108 --> 00:15:39,300
navigate a bureaucracy. 
The paperwork looks almost 

292
00:15:39,300 --> 00:15:43,400
identical only the persons by 
the desk has changed from an 

293
00:15:43,400 --> 00:15:47,600
imperial, official to a church 
official your cousin Paul's wine

294
00:15:47,600 --> 00:15:49,500
and laughs about the absurdity 
of it. 

295
00:15:49,500 --> 00:15:52,500
All the Roman Empire spent 
centuries building and 

296
00:15:52,500 --> 00:15:56,300
administrative system, then the 
Empire collapsed but the 

297
00:15:56,300 --> 00:15:59,100
administrative system kept 
running Under New Management. 

298
00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:03,000
It is like watching a ship loses
its Captain but can continue 

299
00:16:03,000 --> 00:16:06,200
sailing because the crew knows 
how to do their job. 

300
00:16:07,000 --> 00:16:10,300
You raise your cup and toast to 
continuity in the face of chaos 

301
00:16:10,300 --> 00:16:14,200
Because cousin drinks to that. 
The next day, your cousin takes 

302
00:16:14,200 --> 00:16:17,400
you to meet his employer. 
This requires some explanation 

303
00:16:17,400 --> 00:16:21,800
because his employer is a goth. 
Your cousin works as a scribe in

304
00:16:21,808 --> 00:16:25,600
the court of theodoric who rules
Italy as an ostrich Gothic King.

305
00:16:26,400 --> 00:16:28,800
This should feel strange, but it
does not. 

306
00:16:30,000 --> 00:16:33,400
The Goths have been part of the 
Roman world for so long that 

307
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:36,800
they feel less like Invaders and
more like new neighbors who 

308
00:16:36,800 --> 00:16:41,000
moved in and never left. 
Theodoric's Palace is actually 

309
00:16:41,000 --> 00:16:44,700
the old Imperial Palace. 
He uses the same throne room 

310
00:16:44,700 --> 00:16:47,900
where Roman emperors. 
Once held Court he employs Roman

311
00:16:47,900 --> 00:16:52,200
administrators follows Roman 
laws and communicates in Latin 

312
00:16:52,200 --> 00:16:55,400
His official documents are 
written in the chance to restart

313
00:16:55,408 --> 00:16:58,200
style that Roman bureaucrats 
developed centuries ago. 

314
00:16:59,700 --> 00:17:02,300
The only obvious difference is 
that Theodore and his Gothic 

315
00:17:02,300 --> 00:17:06,500
Warriors are Arian Christians. 
While most Romans a nice seen 

316
00:17:06,500 --> 00:17:10,700
Christians, this creates some 
theological tension that 

317
00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:12,599
surprisingly little practical 
conflict. 

318
00:17:13,599 --> 00:17:16,800
The order is pragmatic enough to
let people worship however they 

319
00:17:16,800 --> 00:17:18,599
want. 
As long as they pay their taxes 

320
00:17:18,599 --> 00:17:22,200
and maintain order. 
You wait in an anti room while 

321
00:17:22,200 --> 00:17:23,800
your cousin deliver some 
documents. 

322
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:27,900
The walls display Mosaic showing
both Gothic and Roman symbols 

323
00:17:27,900 --> 00:17:31,100
side by side. 
A Gothic Warrior on horseback 

324
00:17:31,100 --> 00:17:33,300
rides. 
Next to a Roman magistrate in a 

325
00:17:33,300 --> 00:17:35,500
toga. 
The message is clear. 

326
00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:38,900
This government represents a 
blending of both cultures. 

327
00:17:40,200 --> 00:17:43,800
A Gothic Soldier stands guard at
the door, is equipment is 

328
00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:46,600
interesting. 
He wears Roman style armor made 

329
00:17:46,600 --> 00:17:49,800
by Roman Craftsmen. 
He carries a Germanic style 

330
00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:52,800
sword that is Grandfather, 
probably brought from Beyond the

331
00:17:52,800 --> 00:17:56,700
Danube, his belt, buckle shows, 
Roman decorative motifs. 

332
00:17:56,700 --> 00:17:59,400
He is a visual representation of
cultural Fusion. 

333
00:18:00,300 --> 00:18:03,000
Your cousin emerges and takes 
you on a tour of the complex, 

334
00:18:03,000 --> 00:18:06,800
you pass through office's where 
Romans scribes work alongside 

335
00:18:06,800 --> 00:18:10,200
Gothic administrators, everyone 
speaks Latin. 

336
00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:13,800
In the Halls documents are filed
using the Roman system. 

337
00:18:13,800 --> 00:18:17,700
The bureaucracy functions 
exactly as it did under Roman 

338
00:18:17,700 --> 00:18:20,500
emperors. 
The address himself appears 

339
00:18:20,500 --> 00:18:25,300
briefly, he's in his 60s. 
Now, heavy set and dignified he 

340
00:18:25,300 --> 00:18:27,600
wears purple. 
Robes, like a Roman Emperor, but

341
00:18:27,600 --> 00:18:31,800
keeps his long Germanic hair and
beard, He speaks to his advisors

342
00:18:31,800 --> 00:18:35,100
in fluent in. 
His accent marks and was someone

343
00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:38,600
who learned Latin as a second 
language, but his vocabulary and

344
00:18:38,600 --> 00:18:42,200
grammar are impeccable. 
He notices you and your cousin 

345
00:18:42,200 --> 00:18:46,300
and nods politely, your cousin 
bows, you bao. 

346
00:18:47,100 --> 00:18:50,000
The king continues on his way. 
Surrounded by attendance. 

347
00:18:50,700 --> 00:18:53,700
The encounter last may be 10 
seconds, but it leaves you with 

348
00:18:53,700 --> 00:18:56,600
a strange feeling. 
This man is technically a 

349
00:18:56,600 --> 00:18:59,700
barbarian Invader. 
His people were enemies of Rome 

350
00:18:59,700 --> 00:19:03,300
within living memory yet. 
Here he is ruling Italy with 

351
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:06,700
Roman methods. 
Employing, Roman officials and 

352
00:19:06,700 --> 00:19:10,000
maintaining Roman Traditions. 
He is more invested in 

353
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:14,100
preserving Roman civilization 
than many Romans are Your cousin

354
00:19:14,100 --> 00:19:16,500
explains the situation. 
As you walk back toward his 

355
00:19:16,500 --> 00:19:20,200
house. 
The Goths number may be 100,000 

356
00:19:20,200 --> 00:19:22,600
people. 
The Romans in Italy, number 

357
00:19:22,600 --> 00:19:26,400
several million, the Goths 
cannot rule through Force alone 

358
00:19:27,200 --> 00:19:31,100
They need Roman cooperation so 
Theodore has made a deal. 

359
00:19:31,100 --> 00:19:36,000
He provides military protection 
and maintains order the Romans 

360
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:39,800
provided Ministry of expertise 
and keep the economy functioning

361
00:19:40,500 --> 00:19:43,500
It works surprisingly well, 
trade continues. 

362
00:19:43,500 --> 00:19:48,100
Cities function laws are in 
forced taxes are collected at 

363
00:19:48,100 --> 00:19:51,100
lower rates than under the old 
Empire, which makes everyone 

364
00:19:51,100 --> 00:19:55,000
reasonably happy. 
The system is not Roman and not 

365
00:19:55,000 --> 00:19:58,100
Gothic, but something new that 
borrows from both. 

366
00:19:58,900 --> 00:20:02,100
Your cousin mentions that many 
young Romans are learning Gothic

367
00:20:02,100 --> 00:20:04,300
now. 
Not because they have to but 

368
00:20:04,300 --> 00:20:07,300
because it helps with 
advancement in the military and 

369
00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:11,800
some administrative positions. 
Meanwhile Gothic Children of the

370
00:20:11,800 --> 00:20:14,500
elite are learning classical 
Latin literature and rhetoric. 

371
00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:18,200
Cultural exchange flows, both 
directions. 

372
00:20:18,200 --> 00:20:21,600
This blending would have seemed 
impossible a century ago. 

373
00:20:22,300 --> 00:20:26,600
Romans viewed Goths as 
uncivilized barbarians, Goths 

374
00:20:26,600 --> 00:20:28,900
viewed Romans as soft, and 
decadent. 

375
00:20:29,800 --> 00:20:32,600
Now, their children play 
together in the streets and 

376
00:20:32,600 --> 00:20:35,500
their young adults. 
Sometimes marry each other, the 

377
00:20:35,500 --> 00:20:39,200
old prejudices persist but they 
weakened with each generation. 

378
00:20:40,300 --> 00:20:43,100
The funny part is that the Goths
are trying desperately to 

379
00:20:43,100 --> 00:20:46,100
preserve Roman culture. 
While many Romans have stopped 

380
00:20:46,100 --> 00:20:49,400
caring about it. 
Theodoric commission's, Public 

381
00:20:49,400 --> 00:20:53,100
Works in the Roman style. 
He restores accurate and 

382
00:20:53,100 --> 00:20:56,100
maintains roads. 
He patronizes Scholars, and 

383
00:20:56,100 --> 00:20:59,700
collects Roman manuscripts. 
He seems to understand that 

384
00:20:59,700 --> 00:21:02,900
Roman civilization is valuable 
and worth preserving. 

385
00:21:02,900 --> 00:21:07,100
Even if Rome as a political 
entity as gone, he spend the 

386
00:21:07,100 --> 00:21:10,400
afternoon in ravenna's 
Marketplace, the vendors are a 

387
00:21:10,400 --> 00:21:13,700
mix of Romans and Goths. 
He hear both Latin and Gothic 

388
00:21:13,700 --> 00:21:17,200
being spoken, the goods for 
sale, include Roman pottery and 

389
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:20,800
Gothic metal work. 
A Roman woman sells bread next 

390
00:21:20,800 --> 00:21:22,500
to a Gothic woman selling 
cheese. 

391
00:21:22,500 --> 00:21:26,600
They chat pleasantly about the 
weather and complained together 

392
00:21:26,600 --> 00:21:29,000
about how expensive olive oil 
has become. 

393
00:21:29,900 --> 00:21:33,200
This is the reality of life. 
After the Empire, The Grand 

394
00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:37,100
political structures of changed.
But daily life continues, people

395
00:21:37,100 --> 00:21:41,100
adapt, cultures blend former 
enemies become neighbors, and 

396
00:21:41,100 --> 00:21:43,900
then friends, the transformation
happens. 

397
00:21:43,900 --> 00:21:46,800
So, gradually, that no single 
moment marks the change. 

398
00:21:47,500 --> 00:21:50,400
You buy some excellent Gothic 
cheese and some Roman bread. 

399
00:21:50,400 --> 00:21:53,300
You eat them together and find 
they complement each other 

400
00:21:53,300 --> 00:21:56,100
perfectly. 
This seems like an appropriate 

401
00:21:56,100 --> 00:21:58,100
metaphor for everything you have
observed. 

402
00:21:59,100 --> 00:22:02,100
Or cousins suggest you visit a 
rural estate before returning to

403
00:22:02,100 --> 00:22:05,400
Rome, he knows the owner and 
thinks you would find the 

404
00:22:05,400 --> 00:22:09,000
transformation. 
Interesting you agree and set 

405
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:13,000
out the next morning. 
The Villa lies, a day's walk 

406
00:22:13,000 --> 00:22:15,300
from Ravenna. 
The road is terrible as 

407
00:22:15,300 --> 00:22:18,000
expected. 
You're in the afternoon and 

408
00:22:18,000 --> 00:22:21,400
stopped at the entrance gate, 
the gate used to be guarded but 

409
00:22:21,400 --> 00:22:24,900
now stands open you walk through
unchallenged. 

410
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:27,800
The Villa was built two 
centuries ago by wealthy 

411
00:22:27,800 --> 00:22:31,600
Senator, the main house is a 
sprawling, complex of rooms 

412
00:22:31,600 --> 00:22:32,900
arranged around a central 
Courtyard. 

413
00:22:34,200 --> 00:22:37,600
Mosaics decorate. 
The floors Fresco's cover the 

414
00:22:37,608 --> 00:22:40,400
walls. 
The private Bath House includes 

415
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:44,600
heated pools and changing rooms.
The whole Estates screams wealth

416
00:22:44,600 --> 00:22:48,900
and sophistication or at least 
it used to The main house is 

417
00:22:48,900 --> 00:22:52,600
still inhabited but only barely.
The owners family lives in about

418
00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:55,700
six rooms, the rest of the 
house, sits empty and 

419
00:22:55,700 --> 00:22:59,200
increasingly derelict. 
Water damage is ruined. 

420
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:02,600
Many of the frescoes some of the
roof tiles are missing. 

421
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:06,500
The bath house is not been 
heated in years, but here is the

422
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:09,200
interesting part. 
Where the ornamental Gardens 

423
00:23:09,200 --> 00:23:11,800
used to be there are now 
vegetable plot plots. 

424
00:23:12,700 --> 00:23:15,500
Where decorative fountains once 
played, there are now chicken 

425
00:23:15,500 --> 00:23:18,100
coops. 
The olive Groves that provided 

426
00:23:18,100 --> 00:23:21,100
oil for export now provide food 
for local consumption. 

427
00:23:22,100 --> 00:23:25,900
Entire Villa has been converted 
from a luxury residents and to a

428
00:23:25,900 --> 00:23:28,800
working farm. 
Even more interesting is what 

429
00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:30,100
happened to the surrounding 
estate. 

430
00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:34,000
The land used to be worked by 
tenant farmers, who paid rent to

431
00:23:34,000 --> 00:23:37,900
the center's family. 
When the economy collapsed and 

432
00:23:37,900 --> 00:23:40,600
money became scarce, the 
arrangement changed. 

433
00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:44,500
The tenant Farmers stopped 
paying rent in coin, and started

434
00:23:44,500 --> 00:23:47,100
paying in labor and goods over 
time. 

435
00:23:47,100 --> 00:23:50,600
They built permanent homes on 
the estate, their home's, 

436
00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:54,200
cluster around the main Villa 
like chicks around your 

437
00:23:54,200 --> 00:23:56,300
witnessing, the birth of a 
medieval manor. 

438
00:23:57,100 --> 00:24:00,100
The Roman villa is becoming the 
center of a self-sufficient 

439
00:24:00,100 --> 00:24:02,400
Village. 
The owners family provides 

440
00:24:02,400 --> 00:24:06,900
protection and organization. 
Farmers, provide labor and food.

441
00:24:06,900 --> 00:24:10,000
Everyone depends on everyone 
else in ways that would have 

442
00:24:10,008 --> 00:24:13,500
seemed strange under the old 
system, but make perfect sense 

443
00:24:13,500 --> 00:24:17,300
now The Villa owner is named 
Marcus. 

444
00:24:17,300 --> 00:24:20,600
He's about 50 and remarkably 
cheerful for someone who's 

445
00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:24,400
family fortune has evaporated, 
he gives you a tour and explains

446
00:24:24,400 --> 00:24:28,900
the changes with obvious Pride. 
The estate is almost entirely 

447
00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:31,700
self-sufficient. 
Now they grow wheat, barley, 

448
00:24:31,700 --> 00:24:35,200
vegetables and fruit. 
They raise chickens pigs and 

449
00:24:35,200 --> 00:24:37,400
sheep. 
They make their own cheese and 

450
00:24:37,400 --> 00:24:40,600
butter, they wave their own 
cloth, they repair their own 

451
00:24:40,600 --> 00:24:43,000
tools. 
They rely on the outside world 

452
00:24:43,000 --> 00:24:45,700
for only a few essentials like 
salt and iron. 

453
00:24:46,700 --> 00:24:49,200
Marcus admits. 
This is not the life he imagined

454
00:24:49,200 --> 00:24:51,900
when he was young, he was 
educated in Rome. 

455
00:24:51,900 --> 00:24:53,800
He studied rhetoric and 
philosophy. 

456
00:24:53,800 --> 00:24:57,100
He expected to have a career in 
Imperial Service. 

457
00:24:57,100 --> 00:25:01,700
Instead, he spends his days 
managing crop rotations and 

458
00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:03,600
mediating disputes between 
farmers. 

459
00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:06,400
But he has made peace with the 
change. 

460
00:25:06,400 --> 00:25:10,600
He actually finds satisfaction 
in the work, the estate produces

461
00:25:10,600 --> 00:25:15,500
real things that people need. 
Under the old system, his 

462
00:25:15,500 --> 00:25:18,200
family's wealth came from rents 
and Investments that felt 

463
00:25:18,200 --> 00:25:21,800
abstract and distant. 
Now he can see the direct 

464
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:26,500
results of his decisions, the 
wheat grows or it does not Keep 

465
00:25:26,500 --> 00:25:30,900
Thrive or they do not. 
Feedback is immediate and 

466
00:25:30,900 --> 00:25:33,700
honest. 
Farmers, who live on the estate.

467
00:25:33,700 --> 00:25:35,800
Treat him with respect but not 
civility. 

468
00:25:36,600 --> 00:25:41,200
They need him and he needs them.
The relationship has become more

469
00:25:41,200 --> 00:25:43,500
balanced than it was under the 
old tenant system. 

470
00:25:43,500 --> 00:25:47,000
Marcus cannot simply evict 
someone who displeases him, 

471
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:50,200
because he cannot replace them. 
Labor is too scared. 

472
00:25:50,200 --> 00:25:54,800
Everyone who can work must work.
You spend the night in the 

473
00:25:54,800 --> 00:25:58,300
Villas former guest Wing. 
The room is spacious, but cold 

474
00:25:58,300 --> 00:26:02,300
the hipper cost heating system 
has not functioned in decades, 

475
00:26:02,300 --> 00:26:05,700
you sleep under wool, blankets 
and white to the sound of 

476
00:26:05,700 --> 00:26:08,600
roosters crowing. 
In the morning, you help with 

477
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:11,500
breakfast preparations. 
Everyone on the estate is 

478
00:26:11,500 --> 00:26:14,700
together in the main hall. 
The meal is simple but abundant 

479
00:26:14,700 --> 00:26:18,300
fresh bread cheese fruit and 
watered wine. 

480
00:26:19,300 --> 00:26:22,300
Marcus sits at the head of the 
long table but the arrangement 

481
00:26:22,300 --> 00:26:25,400
feels more like a large family 
gathering than a formal dining 

482
00:26:25,400 --> 00:26:29,200
situation. 
One of the farmers asks Marcus 

483
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:32,700
to settle a boundary dispute, 
two families claim, ownership of

484
00:26:32,700 --> 00:26:36,800
the same strip of land. 
Marcus listens to both sides and

485
00:26:36,800 --> 00:26:39,000
then walks out to look at the 
disputed area. 

486
00:26:39,700 --> 00:26:43,200
He examines the existing Stone 
markers and decides in favor of 

487
00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:46,400
one family. 
The losing family grumbles, but 

488
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:50,200
accept his judgment. 
The dispute is settled in 15 

489
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:53,200
minutes. 
This is Roman law operating at 

490
00:26:53,200 --> 00:26:57,600
the most local possible level, 
no quartz, no lawyers, no, 

491
00:26:57,600 --> 00:27:01,200
written depositions. 
Just one man with traditional 

492
00:27:01,200 --> 00:27:03,200
Authority. 
Making a decision based on 

493
00:27:03,200 --> 00:27:04,900
common sense and local 
knowledge. 

494
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:08,600
It is both completely Roman and 
completely different from how 

495
00:27:08,600 --> 00:27:10,200
Roman law worked under the 
empire. 

496
00:27:11,000 --> 00:27:13,600
You leave The Villa in the 
afternoon with a bag of fresh 

497
00:27:13,600 --> 00:27:15,400
apples markers and assist you 
take. 

498
00:27:16,600 --> 00:27:19,600
As you walk back toward Ravenna,
you think about what you have 

499
00:27:19,600 --> 00:27:22,400
witnessed. 
The Roman villa system is not 

500
00:27:22,400 --> 00:27:24,600
dieing. 
It is transforming into 

501
00:27:24,600 --> 00:27:27,400
something new, that will 
eventually be called feudalism. 

502
00:27:27,400 --> 00:27:31,700
The process will take centuries 
to complete but you were seeing 

503
00:27:31,708 --> 00:27:36,400
the early stages, the structures
remain Roman the legal Concepts,

504
00:27:36,400 --> 00:27:39,600
remain Roman, but the social 
relationships are changing and 

505
00:27:39,600 --> 00:27:42,600
fundamental ways. 
The future is being built from 

506
00:27:42,600 --> 00:27:46,500
the materials of the past 
arranged in newtons that solve 

507
00:27:46,500 --> 00:27:49,600
new problems. 
On your return journey, to Rome 

508
00:27:49,600 --> 00:27:53,800
you stop at a monastery, your 
feet hurt and the monks have a 

509
00:27:53,800 --> 00:27:57,100
reputation for Hospitality. 
They welcome you at the gate 

510
00:27:57,100 --> 00:28:00,400
without asking questions. 
A novice shows you to the guest 

511
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:02,100
quarters and brings you bread 
and beer. 

512
00:28:02,100 --> 00:28:05,300
The monastery is only 30 years 
old, but feels ancient. 

513
00:28:06,100 --> 00:28:08,800
The buildings are simple. 
Stone, structures arranged 

514
00:28:08,800 --> 00:28:11,600
around a Central Church. 
Everything is clean and 

515
00:28:11,600 --> 00:28:15,100
well-maintained, the monks 
clearly take pride in their 

516
00:28:15,100 --> 00:28:20,700
work, you attend evening 
prayers, the monks singing their

517
00:28:20,700 --> 00:28:24,100
voices blend in harmonious 
patterns that fill the small 

518
00:28:24,100 --> 00:28:27,600
church with sound. 
The Melodies are based on older,

519
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:31,600
Roman musical forms but adapted 
for Christian worship, the 

520
00:28:31,600 --> 00:28:36,400
result is hauntingly beautiful. 
After prayers, the ABA invites, 

521
00:28:36,400 --> 00:28:40,700
you to dine with the community 
the meal is vegetarian, lentil 

522
00:28:40,700 --> 00:28:44,500
stew, bread cheese, and 
surprisingly good wine from the 

523
00:28:44,500 --> 00:28:48,200
monasteries own Vineyard. 
The monks eating silence while 

524
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:50,900
one of their number we'd allowed
from a religious text. 

525
00:28:50,900 --> 00:28:55,100
This is new communal. 
Silent meals are not a Roman 

526
00:28:55,100 --> 00:28:57,600
tradition. 
The practice comes from desert 

527
00:28:57,600 --> 00:29:01,800
monasticism in Egypt and Syria. 
It is to the west and been 

528
00:29:01,800 --> 00:29:04,800
adapted to local conditions, 
your witnessing. 

529
00:29:04,800 --> 00:29:06,600
Another form of cultural 
blending. 

530
00:29:07,300 --> 00:29:09,900
It after dinner, the Abbot shows
you the monasteries most 

531
00:29:09,900 --> 00:29:15,000
precious possession, the library
the room is small but every wall

532
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:19,500
is lined with shelves, the 
shelves, hold perhaps 100 books.

533
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:23,600
This may not sound like much. 
But you realize, you're looking 

534
00:29:23,608 --> 00:29:25,900
at one of the largest book 
collections in Italy. 

535
00:29:26,500 --> 00:29:29,100
The Abba explains that the 
monastery has made it their 

536
00:29:29,100 --> 00:29:32,200
mission to preserve texts. 
They copy books by hand. 

537
00:29:33,100 --> 00:29:36,000
Each monk spends several hours 
per day in the scriptorium 

538
00:29:36,000 --> 00:29:37,800
creating new copies of old 
works. 

539
00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:42,000
They copy primarily religious 
texts but also classical Roman 

540
00:29:42,000 --> 00:29:43,600
literature history and 
philosophy. 

541
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:47,500
Examine some of the books. 
The craftsmanship is 

542
00:29:47,500 --> 00:29:50,200
extraordinary. 
The letters are perfectly 

543
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:53,100
formed. 
The margins are decorated with 

544
00:29:53,100 --> 00:29:56,500
simple but elegant designs. 
These books will last for 

545
00:29:56,500 --> 00:30:00,900
centuries if properly cared for 
funny thing is that these monks 

546
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:03,600
are preserving Roman literature 
better than the Roman's did. 

547
00:30:04,300 --> 00:30:07,500
In the city's old books are 
being lost through neglect or 

548
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:09,500
destroyed for their valuable 
parchment. 

549
00:30:10,300 --> 00:30:13,100
Here in this remote Monastery, 
monks who never met a Roman 

550
00:30:13,100 --> 00:30:15,600
Senator, a carefully copying 
Virgil and Cicero. 

551
00:30:16,400 --> 00:30:19,500
The appetite is a former Roman 
official who took holy orders 

552
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:22,900
after his wife died. 
He understands the value of what

553
00:30:22,900 --> 00:30:25,800
they are saving. 
He talks about the books, the 

554
00:30:25,800 --> 00:30:29,900
way other men talk about gold. 
Each volume represents thousands

555
00:30:29,900 --> 00:30:33,900
of hours of human thought and 
creativity to lose a book is to 

556
00:30:33,908 --> 00:30:35,800
lose a piece of human knowledge 
forever. 

557
00:30:36,700 --> 00:30:40,400
He shows you the scriptorium a 
long room with good light from 

558
00:30:40,400 --> 00:30:43,500
south facing Windows. 
A dozen monks, sighted 

559
00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:47,800
individual desks copying texts. 
They work in complete silence, 

560
00:30:47,800 --> 00:30:50,200
except for the scratching of 
pens on parchment. 

561
00:30:51,000 --> 00:30:53,600
The concentration is absolute 
one. 

562
00:30:53,600 --> 00:30:57,700
Young Monk Is copying a work. 
By Seneca, another is working on

563
00:30:57,700 --> 00:31:01,900
the Gospel of Luke. 3rd is 
creating a new copy of a 

564
00:31:01,900 --> 00:31:06,500
Botanical text by dioscorides. 
The subjects are wildly diverse 

565
00:31:06,500 --> 00:31:10,500
but the monks approached each 
text with the same careful 

566
00:31:10,500 --> 00:31:13,500
attention. 
You watch as a monk mixes Inc. 

567
00:31:13,500 --> 00:31:18,700
He combined oak gall, iron, 
salts, and water in precise 

568
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:21,500
proportions. 
The recipe comes from ancient 

569
00:31:21,500 --> 00:31:25,200
Rome, the monks of preserve not 
just books but the technical 

570
00:31:25,200 --> 00:31:28,600
knowledge needed to create them.
The Abbot mentioned that 

571
00:31:28,600 --> 00:31:31,900
monasteries are springing up all
over Europe, each follows 

572
00:31:31,900 --> 00:31:36,600
similar patterns, prayer manual,
labor study copying texts. 

573
00:31:37,500 --> 00:31:41,300
The network is informal, but 
effective books travel from 

574
00:31:41,300 --> 00:31:45,100
Monastery to Monastery. 
Knowledge spreads in slow, but 

575
00:31:45,100 --> 00:31:48,000
steady waves. 
This is how Roman learning Will 

576
00:31:48,000 --> 00:31:51,500
Survive the collapse not in 
cities, or universities, or 

577
00:31:51,500 --> 00:31:55,200
imperial libraries. 
In small monastic communities, 

578
00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:58,500
scattered across the 
countryside, where dedicated men

579
00:31:58,500 --> 00:32:01,900
preserve texts, for reasons that
mix religious devotion with 

580
00:32:01,900 --> 00:32:05,100
scholarly passion. 
You spend two nights at the 

581
00:32:05,100 --> 00:32:07,600
monastery. 
The routine is soothing in its 

582
00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:11,500
predictability. 
Prayers at set hours meals, set 

583
00:32:11,500 --> 00:32:15,500
times. 
Work in between The chaos of the

584
00:32:15,500 --> 00:32:17,400
outside world feels very far 
away. 

585
00:32:18,600 --> 00:32:20,800
On your last evening, the Abbot 
gives you a gift. 

586
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:24,200
A small copy of the sarms 
handwritten on good. 

587
00:32:24,200 --> 00:32:27,900
Parchment and bound in leather. 
He says every traveler should 

588
00:32:27,900 --> 00:32:30,900
have something beautiful to 
remind them of moments of peace.

589
00:32:31,800 --> 00:32:33,300
You accept the gift with 
gratitude. 

590
00:32:33,300 --> 00:32:37,200
The book fits easily in your 
bag, it weighs almost nothing, 

591
00:32:37,200 --> 00:32:40,700
but it represents everything 
about this transitional age. 

592
00:32:40,700 --> 00:32:45,000
Roman craftsmanship preserving 
Jewish religious texts copied by

593
00:32:45,000 --> 00:32:47,800
Christian monks for a traveler 
whose future is uncertain. 

594
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:51,800
All the threads of the ancient 
world are being woven into 

595
00:32:51,800 --> 00:32:55,100
something new. 
You reach the outskirts of Rome 

596
00:32:55,100 --> 00:32:58,100
after eight days of travel. 
You are tired, but satisfied. 

597
00:32:58,100 --> 00:33:00,500
The journey has shown you 
things. 

598
00:33:00,500 --> 00:33:03,800
You need to see. 
As you walk through the city 

599
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:06,700
Gates, you notice something you 
never paid attention to before. 

600
00:33:07,700 --> 00:33:09,900
People speak differently 
depending on their age and 

601
00:33:09,900 --> 00:33:13,600
social class the Latin spoken by
the old Senator. 

602
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:15,800
You pass in the street is formal
and complex. 

603
00:33:15,800 --> 00:33:20,100
The Latin spoken by the children
playing nearby simpler and 

604
00:33:20,100 --> 00:33:22,100
filled with words. 
Their grandparents would not 

605
00:33:22,100 --> 00:33:27,300
recognize language is changing. 
Latin is slowly splitting into 

606
00:33:27,300 --> 00:33:30,100
the various romance languages 
that will eventually become 

607
00:33:30,100 --> 00:33:33,300
Italian, French Spanish and 
Romanian. 

608
00:33:33,300 --> 00:33:37,300
But this process will take 
centuries right now. 

609
00:33:37,300 --> 00:33:41,100
You are in the middle of it. 
The changes are noticeable but 

610
00:33:41,100 --> 00:33:44,000
not yet extreme. 
You stopped at a bakery. 

611
00:33:44,000 --> 00:33:47,500
The bakery is wife. 
Serves you she speaks a Latin 

612
00:33:47,500 --> 00:33:49,400
that would make a classical 
grammarian wheat. 

613
00:33:49,400 --> 00:33:53,700
She drops case endings. 
She confuses verb tense of 

614
00:33:53,700 --> 00:33:56,000
tenses. 
Fuses vocabulary borrowed from 

615
00:33:56,000 --> 00:33:59,300
Gothic and Greek. 
But you understand her perfectly

616
00:33:59,300 --> 00:34:03,200
and she understands you. 
This is the real Latin. 

617
00:34:03,200 --> 00:34:06,500
Not the literary language 
preserved in books, but the 

618
00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:09,000
living language spoken by 
Ordinary People. 

619
00:34:09,900 --> 00:34:12,699
It is always been more flexible,
and practical than the formal 

620
00:34:12,699 --> 00:34:16,000
version. 
Now, it is evolving rapidly, in 

621
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:19,800
response to new circumstances. 
The baker's young daughter asks,

622
00:34:19,800 --> 00:34:24,000
you where you traveled from? 
You tell her Ravenna, She asks, 

623
00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:26,699
if people there speak 
differently, you admit that they

624
00:34:26,699 --> 00:34:29,199
do. 
The northern dialects already 

625
00:34:29,199 --> 00:34:32,500
sound distinct from the speech 
patterns in Rome, give it 

626
00:34:32,507 --> 00:34:35,199
another few generations and they
will be different enough to 

627
00:34:35,199 --> 00:34:39,100
cause comprehension problems. 
The girl finds this fascinating.

628
00:34:39,100 --> 00:34:44,199
She asks, if this means Latin is
dying, you tell her no Latin is 

629
00:34:44,199 --> 00:34:48,900
not dying, it is multiplying. 
Each region is developing its 

630
00:34:48,900 --> 00:34:52,100
own version adapted to local 
needs and influence by local 

631
00:34:52,100 --> 00:34:54,400
languages. 
All these versions are still 

632
00:34:54,400 --> 00:34:56,600
Latin but they are becoming 
differentiated. 

633
00:34:57,400 --> 00:35:00,200
Her mother laughs and says, 
philosophers always complicates 

634
00:35:00,200 --> 00:35:04,700
simple things, people talk. 
However, they talk, the girl 

635
00:35:04,700 --> 00:35:08,000
should not worry about it. 
You accept this wisdom and buy 

636
00:35:08,000 --> 00:35:11,600
two loaves of bread. 
As you walk home, you listen 

637
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:14,700
more carefully to the 
conversations around, you a 

638
00:35:14,700 --> 00:35:18,700
group of merchants arguing about
prices a mother scolding her 

639
00:35:18,700 --> 00:35:21,400
children. 
Two friends discussing the 

640
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:26,000
upcoming religious Festival 
Everyone speaks Latin but no, 

641
00:35:26,000 --> 00:35:28,200
two people speak at exactly the 
same way. 

642
00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:32,000
This diversity would have 
bothered Roman grammarians. 

643
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:35,700
They spent centuries trying to 
standardize Latin and preserve 

644
00:35:35,700 --> 00:35:39,000
its classical forms but their 
efforts only worked for the 

645
00:35:39,008 --> 00:35:42,600
educated Elite. 
The Common People spoke however 

646
00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:45,700
they wanted. 
Now that the educational system 

647
00:35:45,700 --> 00:35:48,700
is largely collapsed, the common
version is taking over 

648
00:35:48,700 --> 00:35:51,100
completely. 
You reach your apartment 

649
00:35:51,100 --> 00:35:53,800
building, your neighbor is 
sitting outside enjoying the 

650
00:35:53,800 --> 00:35:56,900
evening air. 
She is 90 years old and has 

651
00:35:56,900 --> 00:36:00,900
lived in Rome, her entire life. 
He speaks a Latin, that sounds 

652
00:36:00,900 --> 00:36:03,600
almost archaic to your ears. 
Full case. 

653
00:36:03,600 --> 00:36:07,200
Endings complex aboard at 
Clauses vocabulary. 

654
00:36:07,200 --> 00:36:11,200
That feels ancient. 
She asks about your trip, you 

655
00:36:11,200 --> 00:36:14,000
tell her about Ravenna and the 
Gothic Court and the monastery 

656
00:36:14,000 --> 00:36:17,200
and the transforming Villa. 
She listens and nods. 

657
00:36:18,000 --> 00:36:20,900
She seemed so many changes in 
her life time that nothing 

658
00:36:20,900 --> 00:36:24,400
surprises her anymore. 
She tells you that when she was 

659
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:26,800
young, her tutor insisted she 
learned Greek. 

660
00:36:27,500 --> 00:36:31,400
Alleged Roman spoke Greek as 
well as Latin now. 

661
00:36:31,400 --> 00:36:34,000
Almost no one bothers with Greek
anymore except monks and 

662
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:37,200
Scholars. 
The eastern and western halves 

663
00:36:37,200 --> 00:36:39,900
of the old, Empire are drifting 
apart linguistically, as well as

664
00:36:39,900 --> 00:36:42,300
politically. 
You mentioned the monks 

665
00:36:42,300 --> 00:36:45,100
preserving books. 
She approved strongly. 

666
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:48,600
She learned to read as a child 
and still considers literacy. 

667
00:36:48,600 --> 00:36:52,000
One of the greatest gifts. 
Anyone can receive she worries 

668
00:36:52,000 --> 00:36:54,000
that fewer children are learning
these days. 

669
00:36:54,700 --> 00:36:58,100
Without schools and tutors. 
Literacy is becoming a 

670
00:36:58,100 --> 00:37:00,100
specialized skill instead of a 
common accomplishment. 

671
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:04,500
This is true in your 
grandfather's time perhaps the 

672
00:37:04,500 --> 00:37:09,100
30% of urban Romans could read 
now, the number is closer to 10%

673
00:37:09,100 --> 00:37:12,700
and falling writing is becoming 
a professional specialty 

674
00:37:12,700 --> 00:37:15,200
practiced, mainly by monks and 
scribes. 

675
00:37:16,100 --> 00:37:19,500
Your neighbor predicts that in 
another few Generations, most 

676
00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:22,900
people will not read at all. 
They will depend entirely on 

677
00:37:22,900 --> 00:37:24,500
oral Transmissions of 
information. 

678
00:37:24,500 --> 00:37:30,200
Stories will be told in history 
will be remembered in stead of 

679
00:37:30,200 --> 00:37:32,800
recorded. 
Knowledge will be preserved in 

680
00:37:32,800 --> 00:37:36,500
human memory in stead of books. 
She finds this sad but 

681
00:37:36,500 --> 00:37:39,500
inevitable world is changing and
literacy. 

682
00:37:39,500 --> 00:37:42,900
As a casualty of that change. 
Only the church and the 

683
00:37:42,900 --> 00:37:45,100
monasteries will maintain 
reading and writing skills. 

684
00:37:45,100 --> 00:37:48,200
Everyone else will return to Old
oral Traditions. 

685
00:37:48,200 --> 00:37:51,200
You sit with her for a while 
longer as the sun sets, Over The

686
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:54,400
Old City, the conversation 
drifts to other topics. 

687
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:58,900
The price of olive oil, the new 
Bishops policies, the weather 

688
00:37:58,900 --> 00:38:03,400
predictions for harvest season. 
Later alone in your apartment. 

689
00:38:03,400 --> 00:38:08,200
You think about language and 
change Latin Will Survive, but 

690
00:38:08,200 --> 00:38:10,000
it will transform beyond 
recognition. 

691
00:38:10,900 --> 00:38:14,200
The books will survive, but only
in monasteries, the oral 

692
00:38:14,200 --> 00:38:16,700
Traditions will strengthen as 
written Traditions. 

693
00:38:16,700 --> 00:38:21,200
Weaken everything is in flux. 
The old forms persist, but their

694
00:38:21,200 --> 00:38:24,600
meanings shift. 
Futures being created, through 

695
00:38:24,600 --> 00:38:28,100
10,000 small changes, that no 
one can fully perceive in the 

696
00:38:28,100 --> 00:38:30,800
moment. 
The next morning, you need to 

697
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:34,000
buy olive oil. 
This simple task reveals the new

698
00:38:34,000 --> 00:38:37,700
economic reality. 
Under the old Empire, olive oil 

699
00:38:37,700 --> 00:38:40,800
from Spain, floating to roam 
through well, organized trade 

700
00:38:40,800 --> 00:38:43,700
Networks. 
Ships carried bulk quantities, 

701
00:38:43,700 --> 00:38:48,800
Merchants operated on credit. 
Backed by Imperial Banks, prices

702
00:38:48,800 --> 00:38:51,200
were stable and Supply was 
reliable. 

703
00:38:51,200 --> 00:38:54,200
Now everything depends on 
personal relationships and 

704
00:38:54,200 --> 00:38:57,500
Trust. 
You go to the marketplace, the 

705
00:38:57,500 --> 00:38:59,400
vendor. 
You usually buy from has no 

706
00:38:59,400 --> 00:39:01,900
Spanish oil. 
He has not received a shipment 

707
00:39:01,900 --> 00:39:05,200
in six months. 
The ships still run, but less 

708
00:39:05,200 --> 00:39:08,400
frequently. 
And with less predictability, he

709
00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:12,000
does have oil from Sicily. 
The price is higher than you 

710
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:13,500
remember. 
But he assures you the quality 

711
00:39:13,500 --> 00:39:16,800
is good. 
You examine the oil, it looks 

712
00:39:16,800 --> 00:39:19,400
fine. 
You asked about his Source. 

713
00:39:19,400 --> 00:39:22,900
He tells you the oil comes from 
his wife's cousin who owns 

714
00:39:22,900 --> 00:39:26,800
Groves near Syracuse. 
Family connections have replaced

715
00:39:26,800 --> 00:39:30,300
formal trading companies. 
If you want a reliable Supply, 

716
00:39:30,300 --> 00:39:34,100
you deal with people, you know, 
or people your family knows this

717
00:39:34,100 --> 00:39:36,700
personalization of trade is 
happening everywhere. 

718
00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:41,100
The old Imperial economy, ran on
standardized currency, written, 

719
00:39:41,100 --> 00:39:44,500
contracts, and legal 
enforcement, that system 

720
00:39:44,500 --> 00:39:47,500
required a functioning 
government without government 

721
00:39:47,500 --> 00:39:50,300
backing merchants of return to 
older methods based on 

722
00:39:50,308 --> 00:39:54,200
reputation and kinship You buy 
the oil and chat with the 

723
00:39:54,200 --> 00:39:56,700
vendor. 
He tells you trade is not dead, 

724
00:39:56,700 --> 00:40:00,700
just different. 
The big Merchant companies that 

725
00:40:00,700 --> 00:40:02,900
moved Goods across the 
Mediterranean have mostly 

726
00:40:02,900 --> 00:40:06,000
disappeared. 
But smaller networks based on 

727
00:40:06,000 --> 00:40:10,100
family and Community ties have 
emerged to replace them gives 

728
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:13,600
you an example, his wife's 
cousin in Sicily sends oil to 

729
00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:16,700
roam in return. 
The vendor sense, cloth, that 

730
00:40:16,700 --> 00:40:20,300
his sister weaves his sister 
gets wool from a Shepherd whose 

731
00:40:20,300 --> 00:40:23,600
brother-in-law works for the 
vendor everyone in the network 

732
00:40:23,600 --> 00:40:26,900
knows everyone else. 
Trust is built on personal 

733
00:40:26,900 --> 00:40:31,100
relationships, rather than legal
contracts. the system is less 

734
00:40:31,100 --> 00:40:33,800
efficient than the old Imperial 
Trade Network, but more 

735
00:40:33,800 --> 00:40:38,400
resilient when one link breaks 
the network routes around it, 

736
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,800
when the supplier of one good 
becomes scarce people substitute

737
00:40:42,800 --> 00:40:47,300
alternatives Flexibility matters
more than optimization. 

738
00:40:47,900 --> 00:40:50,200
You wander through the market 
looking at other Goods. 

739
00:40:50,200 --> 00:40:53,600
Wine from local, Vineyards has 
replaced wine from distant 

740
00:40:53,600 --> 00:40:57,300
provinces, local Pottery, has 
replaced fine Ceramics from 

741
00:40:57,300 --> 00:41:01,100
Africa, wool and linen, from 
nearby, a state of replacement, 

742
00:41:01,100 --> 00:41:04,100
silk from the East. 
The market has contracted 

743
00:41:04,100 --> 00:41:06,100
geographically. 
Most Goods. 

744
00:41:06,100 --> 00:41:09,700
Now come from, within a few 
days, travel long distance trade

745
00:41:09,700 --> 00:41:13,900
still exists, but it focuses on 
high-value items like spices and

746
00:41:13,900 --> 00:41:17,200
pressures metals. 
Bulk goods are too expensive to 

747
00:41:17,200 --> 00:41:18,600
transport without the 
infrastructure. 

748
00:41:18,600 --> 00:41:22,800
The Empire used to maintain a 
merchant displays amber beads 

749
00:41:22,800 --> 00:41:26,100
from the Baltic, this Amber 
traveled, hundreds of miles, 

750
00:41:26,100 --> 00:41:29,000
through networks of trade 
traders, who each moved, it one 

751
00:41:29,000 --> 00:41:32,900
step closer to Rome, no, single 
person, organized the journey, 

752
00:41:32,900 --> 00:41:36,300
the bead simply passed from hand
to hand through existing 

753
00:41:36,300 --> 00:41:39,000
relationships until they reach 
their final destination. 

754
00:41:40,500 --> 00:41:42,800
You ask the merchant. 
How payment works for something 

755
00:41:42,800 --> 00:41:46,000
that traveled so far, he 
explains that the Amber was 

756
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:50,300
exchanged multiple times. 
The final pricing Rome Bears, 

757
00:41:50,300 --> 00:41:53,000
little relation to what the 
original collector in the Baltic

758
00:41:53,000 --> 00:41:55,700
received. 
Each Trader along the way added 

759
00:41:55,700 --> 00:41:58,800
their profit margin. 
This is inefficient but it 

760
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:01,200
works. 
The Amber reaches customers. 

761
00:42:01,200 --> 00:42:03,800
Who want it. 
The northern collectors get 

762
00:42:03,800 --> 00:42:07,800
Goods, they need in return. 
Value flows in multiple 

763
00:42:07,800 --> 00:42:11,300
directions, through networks 
that require no Central 

764
00:42:11,300 --> 00:42:14,600
coordination. 
The funny thing is that this 

765
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:18,900
system resembles ancient trade 
patterns from before Rome built 

766
00:42:18,900 --> 00:42:23,000
its Empire The world is not 
moving forward into some new 

767
00:42:23,000 --> 00:42:25,700
economic model. 
It is circling back to older 

768
00:42:25,700 --> 00:42:29,000
patterns that worked for 
thousands of years before Roman 

769
00:42:29,000 --> 00:42:32,900
efficiency temporarily replaced.
The you buy some items you need 

770
00:42:33,700 --> 00:42:37,100
Salt from the coast iron nails 
from a local blacksmith. 

771
00:42:38,100 --> 00:42:40,100
A clay lamp to replace one that 
broke. 

772
00:42:40,800 --> 00:42:44,000
Each purchase involves a brief 
conversation of about quality 

773
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:47,900
source and price. 
The transactions feel personal 

774
00:42:47,900 --> 00:42:51,100
in ways that shopping in the old
Imperial markets, never did. 

775
00:42:52,000 --> 00:42:54,900
On your way home, you pass the 
ruins of what you used to be a 

776
00:42:54,900 --> 00:42:58,200
grain Warehouse, the massive 
building once stored grain from 

777
00:42:58,200 --> 00:43:02,800
Egypt to feed Rome's population.
Now its empty The grain 

778
00:43:02,800 --> 00:43:05,500
shipments from Egypt stopped 
decades ago, when the Eastern 

779
00:43:05,500 --> 00:43:09,300
Empire stopped subsidizing them.
Roam now feeds itself from 

780
00:43:09,300 --> 00:43:13,300
nearby farms, and Estates the 
population is small enough. 

781
00:43:13,300 --> 00:43:17,600
That local production suffices. 
The city has adjusted its size 

782
00:43:17,600 --> 00:43:21,000
to match available resources. 
This adjustment required, 

783
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:25,100
hardship, many people left or 
died when food became scarce. 

784
00:43:25,100 --> 00:43:29,200
But those who remain have 
adapted to the new reality, they

785
00:43:29,200 --> 00:43:31,300
eat more locally, they waste 
less. 

786
00:43:32,200 --> 00:43:35,400
The Garden in space is that used
to be purely on a mental. 

787
00:43:35,400 --> 00:43:38,100
You reach your building and 
climb the stairs to your 

788
00:43:38,100 --> 00:43:41,200
apartment. 
The bag of oil is heavy you 

789
00:43:41,200 --> 00:43:43,800
bought enough to last several 
months because you cannot count 

790
00:43:43,800 --> 00:43:45,300
on finding more when you need 
it. 

791
00:43:46,100 --> 00:43:48,400
Storage matters. 
Now, in ways, it did not when 

792
00:43:48,400 --> 00:43:52,100
Supply was reliable later, you 
sit by your window and watch the

793
00:43:52,100 --> 00:43:57,400
city trade continues markets 
function, people exchange goods 

794
00:43:57,400 --> 00:44:00,200
and services. 
The economy has not collapsed. 

795
00:44:00,200 --> 00:44:03,500
It has transformed into 
something more, local more 

796
00:44:03,500 --> 00:44:07,000
personal and more dependent on 
trust between individuals. 

797
00:44:07,000 --> 00:44:11,400
The old efficiency is gone, but 
a different kind of stability is

798
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:14,000
emerging. 
You notice something odd 

799
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:17,200
happening around Rome old 
buildings are being dismantled 

800
00:44:17,200 --> 00:44:20,300
and their materials are being 
reused in new construction. 

801
00:44:21,200 --> 00:44:25,300
This is practical recycling, but
it also represents a fundamental

802
00:44:25,300 --> 00:44:27,600
shift in how people think about 
the past. 

803
00:44:28,400 --> 00:44:30,700
A church is being built near 
your apartment. 

804
00:44:30,700 --> 00:44:34,900
The construction crew is pulling
marble columns from an abandoned

805
00:44:34,900 --> 00:44:37,600
Temple and installing them in 
the new building. 

806
00:44:38,200 --> 00:44:41,500
The Columns were carved 300 
years ago to honor Jupiter. 

807
00:44:42,600 --> 00:44:46,300
Now, they will support a roof 
over Christian worshipers who 

808
00:44:46,300 --> 00:44:48,700
watch the workers for a while. 
They treat the columns 

809
00:44:48,700 --> 00:44:51,500
carefully. 
The marble is valuable and 

810
00:44:51,500 --> 00:44:54,800
difficult to replace. 
Modern quarries, cannot produce 

811
00:44:54,800 --> 00:44:57,900
Stone of this quality anymore. 
The techniques of being 

812
00:44:57,900 --> 00:45:00,600
partially lost. 
So Builders reuse what the 

813
00:45:00,600 --> 00:45:03,000
Romans made, when they still 
have the skills and resources. 

814
00:45:03,900 --> 00:45:07,400
The foreman tells you this is 
happening everywhere, churches 

815
00:45:07,400 --> 00:45:10,400
are built from Material scavenge
from Pagan temples. 

816
00:45:11,400 --> 00:45:14,600
Houses are constructed from 
Stones taken from old government

817
00:45:14,600 --> 00:45:17,600
buildings. 
Garden walls, incorporate 

818
00:45:17,600 --> 00:45:19,500
fragments of sculptures and 
monuments. 

819
00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:23,600
Rome is literally rebuilding 
itself from its own ruins. 

820
00:45:24,600 --> 00:45:29,200
City is becoming its own Quarry.
Every generation takes pieces 

821
00:45:29,200 --> 00:45:32,000
from older structures and 
incorporates them into newer 

822
00:45:32,000 --> 00:45:34,400
ones. 
Physical matter of the city 

823
00:45:34,400 --> 00:45:36,900
remains, but its form changes 
completely. 

824
00:45:36,900 --> 00:45:40,200
This should feel like vandalism 
but it does not. 

825
00:45:40,900 --> 00:45:43,600
The old buildings were designed 
for purposes that no longer 

826
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:46,500
exists. 
No one worships Jupiter anymore.

827
00:45:46,500 --> 00:45:51,000
So his Temple serve no function 
The government offices are empty

828
00:45:51,000 --> 00:45:53,400
so their buildings might as well
be useful. 

829
00:45:54,200 --> 00:45:57,200
The transformation is pragmatic 
rather than destructive. 

830
00:45:58,100 --> 00:46:00,700
You see a house where the front 
wall, incorporates a section of 

831
00:46:00,708 --> 00:46:04,500
an old memorial stone? 
The original inscription is 

832
00:46:04,500 --> 00:46:07,500
still visible, but now it forms 
part of a private residents. 

833
00:46:08,300 --> 00:46:10,800
Pass becomes literal, building 
material for the future. 

834
00:46:10,800 --> 00:46:15,900
Some people find this disturbing
your neighbor who is 90 years 

835
00:46:15,900 --> 00:46:19,000
old mentioned that she Mourns 
seeing the old monuments 

836
00:46:19,000 --> 00:46:23,200
dispersed She remembers when the
city looked different when the 

837
00:46:23,200 --> 00:46:25,600
ancient structures stood intact 
and purposeful. 

838
00:46:26,500 --> 00:46:28,600
But even she admits the ReUse 
makes sense. 

839
00:46:29,700 --> 00:46:31,200
What good are beautiful 
buildings? 

840
00:46:31,200 --> 00:46:34,800
If they serve no function and 
cannot be maintained Better to 

841
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:36,900
sell salvage. 
What can be saved and put it to 

842
00:46:36,900 --> 00:46:41,100
New Uses? 
You visit the Forum, several of 

843
00:46:41,100 --> 00:46:43,400
the old government buildings 
have been partially dismantled. 

844
00:46:43,400 --> 00:46:47,400
Their marble facings have been 
removed, their roof tiles have 

845
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:51,000
been scavenged their foundations
remain but everything above 

846
00:46:51,000 --> 00:46:52,600
ground. 
Level is gradually disappearing.

847
00:46:53,600 --> 00:46:56,700
Within a few Generations, The 
Forum will be a field where 

848
00:46:56,700 --> 00:47:00,500
cattle graze the grandest Civic 
Center in the Western World will

849
00:47:00,500 --> 00:47:04,000
become farmland. 
This seems impossible, but you 

850
00:47:04,008 --> 00:47:05,800
can see it happening in slow 
motion. 

851
00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:09,400
The Colosseum is also being 
slowly mined for building 

852
00:47:09,400 --> 00:47:12,200
materials. 
People, remove stones from the 

853
00:47:12,200 --> 00:47:14,700
upper levels. 
They pry up metal, clamps that 

854
00:47:14,700 --> 00:47:17,800
hold blocks together, they cut 
away, anything useful. 

855
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:20,900
The building is so massive that 
this process will take 

856
00:47:20,900 --> 00:47:24,800
centuries, but eventually even 
the Colosseum will be reduced to

857
00:47:24,800 --> 00:47:28,200
a partial ruin. 
You feel oddly calm about this. 

858
00:47:29,100 --> 00:47:30,800
The buildings were always just 
building's. 

859
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:34,400
The real Rome was the people and
the ideas and the systems they 

860
00:47:34,400 --> 00:47:37,200
created. 
Those things are transforming 

861
00:47:37,200 --> 00:47:40,700
but not disappearing. 
The physical Stones matter less 

862
00:47:40,700 --> 00:47:44,100
than what they represented the 
same time you recognize 

863
00:47:44,100 --> 00:47:47,800
something as being lost. 
Future Generations will not see 

864
00:47:47,800 --> 00:47:51,200
what you have seen. 
They will not walk among intact 

865
00:47:51,200 --> 00:47:54,100
temples and monuments. 
They will inherit a different 

866
00:47:54,100 --> 00:47:56,500
city built from fragments of the
one, you know? 

867
00:47:58,000 --> 00:48:00,600
You pass a construction site, 
where a wealthy family is 

868
00:48:00,600 --> 00:48:04,100
building a new house. 
The design is interesting, it 

869
00:48:04,100 --> 00:48:07,000
combines Roman architectural 
principles with new ideas. 

870
00:48:07,000 --> 00:48:10,500
The floor plan follows 
traditional patterns, the 

871
00:48:10,500 --> 00:48:13,800
building techniques are Roman 
but the decoration shows 

872
00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:17,900
influences from gothic art, The 
mosaics include Christian 

873
00:48:17,900 --> 00:48:20,300
symbols mixed with classical 
motifs. 

874
00:48:20,900 --> 00:48:22,900
The house represents the same 
kind of blending. 

875
00:48:22,900 --> 00:48:26,300
You've seen elsewhere. 
Roman forms filled with new 

876
00:48:26,300 --> 00:48:29,700
content old technique applied to
new purposes. 

877
00:48:30,600 --> 00:48:32,600
The past and future merge into a
present. 

878
00:48:32,600 --> 00:48:35,000
That feels transitional. 
Stones. 

879
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:37,600
Do not care what they support 
columns. 

880
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:40,200
Hold up, roofs. 
Whether those roof shelter 

881
00:48:40,200 --> 00:48:44,000
temples, or churches, marble 
decorates walls, whether those 

882
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:46,800
walls surround Pagan shrines or 
Christian homes? 

883
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:50,400
The materials remain constant 
while their meaning shift 

884
00:48:50,400 --> 00:48:52,900
completely. 
You think about the monks 

885
00:48:52,900 --> 00:48:55,300
copying books and the stones 
being recycled? 

886
00:48:56,100 --> 00:48:59,700
Both represent preservation 
through Transformations, the 

887
00:48:59,700 --> 00:49:03,300
words of veve by being 
Rewritten, the building survived

888
00:49:03,300 --> 00:49:05,400
by being disassembled and 
rebuilt. 

889
00:49:06,100 --> 00:49:10,100
Nothing stays exactly the same 
but nothing is entirely lost 

890
00:49:10,100 --> 00:49:13,200
either. 
This is how civilizations work. 

891
00:49:13,200 --> 00:49:18,300
They do not end cleanly, they 
evolve continuously The new is 

892
00:49:18,300 --> 00:49:21,800
always built from pieces of the 
old arranged in patterns that 

893
00:49:21,800 --> 00:49:25,200
solve current problems. 
Rather than past ones, you 

894
00:49:25,200 --> 00:49:26,800
decide to improve your 
education. 

895
00:49:26,800 --> 00:49:30,300
This sounds odd in a collapsing 
Empire, but you have time and 

896
00:49:30,300 --> 00:49:33,100
curiosity. 
You find a tutor who teaches 

897
00:49:33,100 --> 00:49:35,700
rhetoric and grammar in the 
traditional Roman Style. 

898
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:38,200
The tutor turns out to be a 
vandal. 

899
00:49:38,200 --> 00:49:41,900
His name is Hillary. 
He was born in North Africa 

900
00:49:41,900 --> 00:49:45,100
where the vandals established 
their Kingdom after Crossing 

901
00:49:45,100 --> 00:49:48,200
from Spain. 
He came to Rome as a young man 

902
00:49:48,200 --> 00:49:51,100
to study, he liked the city and 
stayed. 

903
00:49:51,100 --> 00:49:54,400
Now he earns his living 
teaching, Romans the classical 

904
00:49:54,400 --> 00:49:56,400
education. 
He learned from Roman teachers 

905
00:49:56,400 --> 00:50:00,000
and Carthage. 
This is hilarious in multiple 

906
00:50:00,000 --> 00:50:05,000
ways a barbarian teaching, 
Romans how to be Roman a member 

907
00:50:05,000 --> 00:50:09,300
of the tribe that sacked, Rome 
teaching rhetoric, a vandal 

908
00:50:09,300 --> 00:50:12,400
preserving classical learning 
that many Romans have abandoned.

909
00:50:13,700 --> 00:50:17,100
Hildreth finds the irony. 
Amusing, he mentions it during 

910
00:50:17,100 --> 00:50:20,700
your first lesson he says the 
vandals value, Roman culture 

911
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:23,600
more than the Romans do because 
they had to work harder, to 

912
00:50:23,608 --> 00:50:27,000
acquire it Romans. 
Take their Heritage for granted 

913
00:50:27,000 --> 00:50:30,200
vandals and Goths and other 
barbarians choose. 

914
00:50:30,200 --> 00:50:34,000
It deliberately his teaching 
style is rigorously traditional 

915
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:38,500
you read, Cicero and Virgil you 
practice writing in the periodic

916
00:50:38,500 --> 00:50:42,100
style, you learn rhetorical 
devices and grammatical rules. 

917
00:50:42,100 --> 00:50:45,600
Everything is exactly as it 
would have been taught a century

918
00:50:45,600 --> 00:50:49,700
ago, you asked killed Rick, why 
he bothers Classical education 

919
00:50:49,700 --> 00:50:53,600
has limited practical value. 
Now most people do not care 

920
00:50:53,600 --> 00:50:56,200
about rhetoric. 
You could earn more money doing 

921
00:50:56,200 --> 00:50:59,700
almost anything else. 
He considers the question care 

922
00:50:59,700 --> 00:51:02,000
for Lee. 
He says he teaches because 

923
00:51:02,000 --> 00:51:05,800
civilization is more than 
buildings and laws, it is a set 

924
00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:08,600
of ideas transmitted through 
language and education. 

925
00:51:08,600 --> 00:51:11,700
If the ideas are lost, then Rome
is truly dead. 

926
00:51:11,700 --> 00:51:15,600
Regardless of what happens to 
the stones and structures By 

927
00:51:15,600 --> 00:51:19,400
teaching you Cicero, he is 
preserving, not just a text, but

928
00:51:19,400 --> 00:51:23,100
a way of thinking. 
By insisting on proper grammar, 

929
00:51:23,100 --> 00:51:26,300
he's maintaining standards of 
precision and clarity. 

930
00:51:27,200 --> 00:51:30,900
By drilling you in rhetoric, he 
is keeping alive the notion that

931
00:51:30,900 --> 00:51:33,500
language matters and can be 
crafted with care. 

932
00:51:34,500 --> 00:51:35,800
You have other students in the 
class. 

933
00:51:35,800 --> 00:51:38,600
Two are young. 
Romans from families that still 

934
00:51:38,600 --> 00:51:42,000
value education. 
One is a Gothic woman who wants 

935
00:51:42,000 --> 00:51:45,400
to read classical literature. 
One is a former soldier who 

936
00:51:45,400 --> 00:51:48,700
decided learning is more 
interesting than fighting, the 

937
00:51:48,700 --> 00:51:52,400
class meets three times a week, 
Hildreth teaches in Latin, but 

938
00:51:52,400 --> 00:51:55,800
occasionally lapses into Vandal.
When he gets excited about a 

939
00:51:55,800 --> 00:51:57,300
particularly good passage from 
Virgil. 

940
00:51:58,000 --> 00:52:00,900
No one complains. 
You all understand enough Latin 

941
00:52:00,900 --> 00:52:03,700
to follow the lessons. 
One day, he'll direct brings a 

942
00:52:03,700 --> 00:52:06,500
manuscript to acquired. 
It is a copy of cellists 

943
00:52:06,500 --> 00:52:09,400
History. 
The manuscript is old and the 

944
00:52:09,408 --> 00:52:13,600
parchment is deteriorating. 
Hildreth copied the entire text 

945
00:52:13,600 --> 00:52:16,600
himself, because he worries, the
original will not survive much 

946
00:52:16,600 --> 00:52:19,200
longer. 
He shows you his copy, the 

947
00:52:19,200 --> 00:52:22,300
handwriting is clear and 
careful, he corrected obvious 

948
00:52:22,300 --> 00:52:25,600
errors in the original, he added
marginal notes, explaining 

949
00:52:25,600 --> 00:52:29,400
obscure references, he treated 
the work with scholarly respect.

950
00:52:29,400 --> 00:52:31,900
This Vandal Barbarian has 
preserved. 

951
00:52:31,900 --> 00:52:34,500
A piece of Roman history. 
That Romans might have let 

952
00:52:34,500 --> 00:52:37,400
disappear. 
The situation feels backwards. 

953
00:52:38,400 --> 00:52:42,100
But it also makes perfect sense.
People who choose a culture 

954
00:52:42,100 --> 00:52:45,500
often, appreciate it more than 
people who inherit it passively 

955
00:52:46,300 --> 00:52:48,900
Your lessons. 
Continue through the winter, you

956
00:52:48,900 --> 00:52:53,500
read, write and discuss. 
Hildreth assigns essays on 

957
00:52:53,500 --> 00:52:56,500
classical themes. 
You struggle with a complex 

958
00:52:56,500 --> 00:52:58,900
sentence structures, but 
improved gradually. 

959
00:53:00,200 --> 00:53:03,200
One evening, Hildreth invites, 
the whole class to his home for 

960
00:53:03,200 --> 00:53:05,300
dinner. 
His house is modest, but 

961
00:53:05,300 --> 00:53:07,700
comfortable. 
His wife is Roman. 

962
00:53:07,700 --> 00:53:10,700
She serves a meal. 
That mixes Roman and Vandal 

963
00:53:10,700 --> 00:53:13,400
dishes. 
You eat Roman bread with Vandal 

964
00:53:13,400 --> 00:53:16,100
smoked fish. 
The combination is unusual but 

965
00:53:16,100 --> 00:53:19,000
delicious. 
After dinner Hildreth wife, 

966
00:53:19,000 --> 00:53:21,900
tells stories about growing up, 
in Rome, she remembers. 

967
00:53:21,900 --> 00:53:25,200
When the city was more crowded 
and prosperous, She also 

968
00:53:25,200 --> 00:53:28,900
remembers constant, political 
instability and violence. she 

969
00:53:28,900 --> 00:53:31,600
says, the current situation is 
actually more peaceful than what

970
00:53:31,600 --> 00:53:35,200
she experienced as child, her 
perspective surprises. 

971
00:53:35,200 --> 00:53:38,400
You, you tend to think of the 
past as a golden age and the 

972
00:53:38,400 --> 00:53:42,300
present as declined, She lived 
through that passed and found 

973
00:53:42,300 --> 00:53:45,300
its stressful. 
The present may be poorer, but 

974
00:53:45,300 --> 00:53:48,400
it is karma. 
Hildreth raises his cup and 

975
00:53:48,400 --> 00:53:51,600
toasts to learning across 
boundaries, Romans and 

976
00:53:51,600 --> 00:53:57,000
barbarians studying together. 
The older new mixing freely, The

977
00:53:57,000 --> 00:53:59,700
future is being created by 
people who refuse to let 

978
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:02,200
knowledge die. 
You drink to that. 

979
00:54:02,200 --> 00:54:05,800
The wine is good. 
The company's Pleasant, you 

980
00:54:05,800 --> 00:54:08,300
realize that Civilization is not
a fixed thing. 

981
00:54:08,300 --> 00:54:11,800
Passed down intact from 
generation to generation. 

982
00:54:11,800 --> 00:54:15,800
It is something recreated 
continuously by people who care 

983
00:54:15,800 --> 00:54:18,800
enough to preserve it and adapt 
it and pass it forward. 

984
00:54:19,600 --> 00:54:21,300
He'll drink. 
The Vandal is doing more for 

985
00:54:21,300 --> 00:54:23,400
Roman civilization than many 
Romans. 

986
00:54:23,400 --> 00:54:26,500
This fact would have astonished 
people a century ago. 

987
00:54:27,300 --> 00:54:30,700
But it makes perfect sense. 
Now, Autumn arrives and you help

988
00:54:30,700 --> 00:54:34,300
with the grain Harvest. 
Everyone helps The distinction 

989
00:54:34,300 --> 00:54:36,600
between City dweller and farmer 
has blurred. 

990
00:54:36,600 --> 00:54:40,200
If you want to eat, you need to 
participate in food production 

991
00:54:40,200 --> 00:54:42,700
at some level. 
The Harvest takes place on a 

992
00:54:42,700 --> 00:54:45,900
state surrounding Rome, you join
a group walking out to one of 

993
00:54:45,908 --> 00:54:48,600
the larger Villas, the owner 
agreed to feed everyone who 

994
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:52,400
helps bring in the grain. 
This is a fair exchange, your 

995
00:54:52,400 --> 00:54:56,700
labor, for a share of the food. 
The work is hard, but social 40 

996
00:54:56,700 --> 00:55:00,300
people spread across the field 
with sickles, you cut grain 

997
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:03,300
stocks and bundle them into 
sheaves your back aches. 

998
00:55:03,300 --> 00:55:06,600
After the first hour, but you 
keep going, everyone keeps going

999
00:55:06,600 --> 00:55:09,000
work. 
Must be finished before rain 

1000
00:55:09,000 --> 00:55:12,000
comes the atmosphere is 
cheerful, despite the labor 

1001
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:13,900
people. 
Sing while they work. 

1002
00:55:13,900 --> 00:55:18,000
Old Romans songs, mixed with 
newer ones, borrowed from Gothic

1003
00:55:18,000 --> 00:55:21,400
or garlic Traditions, The 
Melodies blend together in 

1004
00:55:21,400 --> 00:55:24,900
Pleasant harmonies. a woman 
working next to you explains 

1005
00:55:24,900 --> 00:55:27,900
that this communal approach to 
harvest is becoming standard 

1006
00:55:28,700 --> 00:55:31,400
Individual families, cannot 
manage the work alone. 

1007
00:55:31,400 --> 00:55:34,400
So everyone, pulls labor and 
shares the results. 

1008
00:55:34,400 --> 00:55:36,700
It is more efficient and more 
enjoyable. 

1009
00:55:36,700 --> 00:55:40,400
You break for lunch. 
The Villa owner staff brings 

1010
00:55:40,400 --> 00:55:45,000
bread cheese and watered wine 
everyone sits in the shade meets

1011
00:55:45,000 --> 00:55:47,500
together. 
The owner himself sits with the 

1012
00:55:47,500 --> 00:55:51,400
workers, there is no formal 
separation between classes 

1013
00:55:51,400 --> 00:55:54,400
during Harvest. 
Everyone is equally necessary. 

1014
00:55:55,600 --> 00:55:57,400
After lunch, you returned to 
cutting grain. 

1015
00:55:57,400 --> 00:56:01,500
After noon is hot, but a breeze 
makes it bearable, you fall into

1016
00:56:01,500 --> 00:56:05,600
a rhythm cut bundle and stack, 
cut bundle stack. 

1017
00:56:06,500 --> 00:56:10,200
The repetitive motion become 
almost meditative by evening. 

1018
00:56:10,200 --> 00:56:13,300
The field is cleared. 
The grain stands in neat. 

1019
00:56:13,300 --> 00:56:14,500
Stacks. 
Ready for threshing? 

1020
00:56:14,500 --> 00:56:18,900
Everyone is exhausted. 
But satisfied, you accomplished.

1021
00:56:18,900 --> 00:56:23,300
Something tangible and important
the city will eat this winter 

1022
00:56:23,300 --> 00:56:26,700
because of today's work. 
The owner announces that dinner 

1023
00:56:26,700 --> 00:56:30,100
will be served long tables are 
set up in the Villa Courtyard. 

1024
00:56:30,100 --> 00:56:35,300
The meal is simple but generous 
roasted vegetables, bread beans,

1025
00:56:35,300 --> 00:56:38,300
and more wine you eat until you 
are full. 

1026
00:56:39,100 --> 00:56:42,500
After dinner, someone produces a
flute music. 

1027
00:56:42,500 --> 00:56:45,100
Starts a few people. 
Begin dancing. 

1028
00:56:45,100 --> 00:56:49,000
You watch from the edge of the 
courtyard, too tired to move but

1029
00:56:49,000 --> 00:56:52,300
happy to observe. 
This is not how things worked 

1030
00:56:52,300 --> 00:56:55,600
under the old Empire back then 
agricultural, labor was 

1031
00:56:55,600 --> 00:56:57,700
performed by slaves or tenant 
farmers. 

1032
00:56:58,400 --> 00:57:00,700
Free citizens avoided manual 
work. 

1033
00:57:00,700 --> 00:57:03,700
Social classes remain strictly 
separated. 

1034
00:57:03,700 --> 00:57:07,300
Now everyone works everyone eats
together. 

1035
00:57:08,100 --> 00:57:10,300
The old hierarchies are 
weakening under economic 

1036
00:57:10,300 --> 00:57:13,600
pressure. 
When labor is scarce, it gains 

1037
00:57:13,600 --> 00:57:17,800
value. when food is precious 
those who produce it gained 

1038
00:57:17,800 --> 00:57:21,600
status, you sleep in the Villas 
Barn, along with dozens of other

1039
00:57:21,600 --> 00:57:24,600
Harvest workers. 
The accommodations are basic but

1040
00:57:24,600 --> 00:57:28,000
adequate. 
Hey provides padding, blankets, 

1041
00:57:28,000 --> 00:57:31,100
provide warmth. 
Your so tired that Comfort 

1042
00:57:31,100 --> 00:57:33,600
hardly matters. 
In the morning, you help with 

1043
00:57:33,600 --> 00:57:36,200
threshing. 
The grain sheaves are spread on 

1044
00:57:36,200 --> 00:57:38,300
a stone floor and beaten with 
flails. 

1045
00:57:38,300 --> 00:57:42,700
The rhythmic pounding creates a 
steady beat Someone starts 

1046
00:57:42,700 --> 00:57:45,700
singing in the work becomes 
synchronized with the music. 

1047
00:57:45,700 --> 00:57:48,800
This communal labor will 
continue through the week. 

1048
00:57:48,800 --> 00:57:51,900
Threshing winnowing and bagging 
the grain. 

1049
00:57:51,900 --> 00:57:54,500
Everyone who helps will receive 
a share. 

1050
00:57:54,500 --> 00:57:58,100
The Villa owner will keep a 
larger portion but everyone gets

1051
00:57:58,100 --> 00:58:01,200
something. 
The system is fair enough, it 

1052
00:58:01,200 --> 00:58:04,700
rewards participation it 
distributes food based on 

1053
00:58:04,708 --> 00:58:07,600
contribution. 
It creates bonds between people 

1054
00:58:07,600 --> 00:58:09,500
who might otherwise have little 
in common. 

1055
00:58:10,200 --> 00:58:14,000
You think about how Rome used to
feed itself grain from Egypt and

1056
00:58:14,000 --> 00:58:16,900
Africa? 
Ships bringing bulk supplies 

1057
00:58:16,900 --> 00:58:19,200
government distribution to 
Citizens. 

1058
00:58:19,200 --> 00:58:22,600
The system was efficient, but 
fragile it. 

1059
00:58:22,600 --> 00:58:25,700
Required infrastructure 
organization and political 

1060
00:58:25,700 --> 00:58:28,300
stability. 
The current system is less 

1061
00:58:28,300 --> 00:58:32,500
efficient, but more robust. 
If one Harvest fails people can 

1062
00:58:32,500 --> 00:58:36,500
turn to another estate, if one 
region has problems, other 

1063
00:58:36,500 --> 00:58:40,600
regions can help the network is 
decentralized and flexible. 

1064
00:58:40,600 --> 00:58:44,600
You finish your work and receive
your share of grain enough to 

1065
00:58:44,600 --> 00:58:47,000
last your household, two months,
if used carefully. 

1066
00:58:47,700 --> 00:58:50,400
You think the owner and begin 
the walk back to Rome? 

1067
00:58:51,200 --> 00:58:54,500
On the road, you talk with other
workers, they discuss whether 

1068
00:58:54,500 --> 00:58:58,200
predictions planting plans for 
next season and the quality of 

1069
00:58:58,200 --> 00:59:01,700
this year's Harvest. 
The conversations revealed deep 

1070
00:59:01,700 --> 00:59:04,900
knowledge of Agriculture that 
Romans used to consider beneath 

1071
00:59:04,900 --> 00:59:08,400
their dignity. 
Times have changed knowledge of 

1072
00:59:08,400 --> 00:59:11,800
farming is now valuable 
practical skills matter more 

1073
00:59:11,800 --> 00:59:15,200
than classical education. 
You can quote Virgil. 

1074
00:59:15,200 --> 00:59:18,800
But you can also cut grain and 
you know which skill keeps you 

1075
00:59:18,800 --> 00:59:21,500
alive, a religious Festival 
approaches. 

1076
00:59:21,500 --> 00:59:25,700
The celebration Blends Christian
and older traditions in ways 

1077
00:59:25,700 --> 00:59:28,900
that would confuse a strict 
Theologian, but make perfect 

1078
00:59:28,900 --> 00:59:32,700
sense to Ordinary People. 
Festival supposedly on as a 

1079
00:59:32,708 --> 00:59:36,600
Christian martyr but the date 
coincides with an older, Roman 

1080
00:59:36,600 --> 00:59:40,200
agricultural celebration, the 
activities include both 

1081
00:59:40,200 --> 00:59:42,800
Christian prayers and rituals 
that have Roots going back. 

1082
00:59:42,800 --> 00:59:46,800
Centuries before Christianity 
arrived, he attend the festival 

1083
00:59:46,800 --> 00:59:50,100
because everyone attends the 
event combines worship 

1084
00:59:50,100 --> 00:59:54,600
socializing and entertainment. 
The whole Community gathers, 

1085
00:59:54,600 --> 00:59:56,500
regardless of their specific 
beliefs. 

1086
00:59:57,400 --> 01:00:00,800
The day begins with a church 
service, the bishop leads 

1087
01:00:00,800 --> 01:00:03,400
prayers and gives a sermon about
the martyrs courage. 

1088
01:00:04,200 --> 01:00:08,700
Story is inspiring the Martyr 
refused to worship pagan gods 

1089
01:00:08,700 --> 01:00:12,600
and died for his faith. 
His example, teachers that 

1090
01:00:12,600 --> 01:00:14,500
principles matter more than 
comfort. 

1091
01:00:15,300 --> 01:00:19,200
After the service, people moved 
to the Town Square vendor set up

1092
01:00:19,208 --> 01:00:23,300
stalls, selling food and small 
Goods, musicians, perform 

1093
01:00:23,300 --> 01:00:27,500
children run around playing 
games, the atmosphere shifts 

1094
01:00:27,500 --> 01:00:30,300
from solemn worship to cheerful 
celebration. 

1095
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:33,300
You buy roasted chestnuts from a
vendor. 

1096
01:00:33,300 --> 01:00:35,300
The chestnuts are hot and 
delicious. 

1097
01:00:35,300 --> 01:00:39,100
You chat with the vendor about 
whether and crops he is 

1098
01:00:39,108 --> 01:00:41,500
cautiously optimistic about the 
coming winter. 

1099
01:00:42,500 --> 01:00:47,600
Food Supplies, seem adequate A 
procession forms, people carry a

1100
01:00:47,600 --> 01:00:49,300
statue of the Martyr through the
streets. 

1101
01:00:50,100 --> 01:00:52,700
The procession follows a route 
that happens to pass several 

1102
01:00:52,700 --> 01:00:56,300
locations that were sacred in 
pre-christian times. 

1103
01:00:56,300 --> 01:01:01,200
This is not accidental, the 
church wisely incorporates older

1104
01:01:01,200 --> 01:01:03,200
sacred geography into new 
practices. 

1105
01:01:04,200 --> 01:01:07,700
Musica companies. 
The procession Christian hymns 

1106
01:01:07,700 --> 01:01:10,500
mixed with older Melodies that 
your grandmother would recognize

1107
01:01:10,500 --> 01:01:15,300
a blending feels natural, the 
distinction between Christian 

1108
01:01:15,300 --> 01:01:18,700
and pre-christian is less clear 
in practice than in theory. 

1109
01:01:20,000 --> 01:01:23,500
You join the procession? 
Walking together creates a sense

1110
01:01:23,500 --> 01:01:26,800
of community, your part of 
something larger than yourself. 

1111
01:01:27,600 --> 01:01:30,500
This feeling was important to 
Romans in the old Empire and 

1112
01:01:30,500 --> 01:01:34,100
remains important now. 
The procession ends at a church.

1113
01:01:34,100 --> 01:01:38,200
The bishop offers final prayers.
He thanks God for the Harvest 

1114
01:01:38,200 --> 01:01:40,000
and ask for protection during 
winter. 

1115
01:01:40,000 --> 01:01:44,400
Everyone says amen together. 
The unified response. 

1116
01:01:44,400 --> 01:01:48,300
Creates a powerful moment of 
shared purpose after the 

1117
01:01:48,300 --> 01:01:52,300
religious portion ends. 
The Real Party begins tables are

1118
01:01:52,300 --> 01:01:55,400
set up for a communal, Feast 
every family brings food to 

1119
01:01:55,400 --> 01:01:58,300
share. 
The result is an enormous spread

1120
01:01:58,300 --> 01:02:01,200
of dishes representing every 
household in the community. 

1121
01:02:01,200 --> 01:02:03,100
You can contribute bread and 
cheese. 

1122
01:02:03,100 --> 01:02:06,200
Others. 
Bring vegetables meet fish fruit

1123
01:02:06,200 --> 01:02:08,700
and wine. 
The variety is impressive 

1124
01:02:08,700 --> 01:02:10,600
considering how limited 
resources are. 

1125
01:02:11,400 --> 01:02:13,700
People of saved and prepared for
this event. 

1126
01:02:14,400 --> 01:02:17,600
The meal is wonderfully chaotic.
Everyone eats from shared 

1127
01:02:17,600 --> 01:02:22,000
platters conversations overlap, 
children, run between tables, 

1128
01:02:22,000 --> 01:02:26,400
stealing treats old people tell 
stories, young people flirt and 

1129
01:02:26,400 --> 01:02:28,900
laugh. 
The festival creates space for 

1130
01:02:28,900 --> 01:02:30,600
every kind of social 
interaction. 

1131
01:02:30,600 --> 01:02:35,800
He sit with a mixed group Romans
and Goths old and young, rich 

1132
01:02:35,800 --> 01:02:38,800
and poor. 
The festival erases normal. 

1133
01:02:38,800 --> 01:02:42,100
Boundaries for one day, everyone
is simply a member of the 

1134
01:02:42,108 --> 01:02:46,300
community celebrating together. 
Someone proposes a toast to the 

1135
01:02:46,300 --> 01:02:50,400
Martyr, everyone raises cups 
then someone else proposes a 

1136
01:02:50,400 --> 01:02:53,600
toast to the Harvest more cups 
are raised then. 

1137
01:02:53,600 --> 01:02:57,500
Toast a health piece friendship 
and anything else, people can 

1138
01:02:57,500 --> 01:03:02,100
think of the wine flows. 
Freely, as evening, approaches 

1139
01:03:02,100 --> 01:03:05,700
dancing Begins, the dances are 
traditional Roman patterns, that

1140
01:03:05,700 --> 01:03:09,300
everyone knows. 
Simple Circle, dances and line 

1141
01:03:09,300 --> 01:03:11,300
dances that require no special 
skill. 

1142
01:03:11,300 --> 01:03:15,100
The point is participation not 
performance. 

1143
01:03:15,100 --> 01:03:19,200
You join the dancing, the 
movements are easier and 

1144
01:03:19,200 --> 01:03:22,600
repetitive. 
The music is Lively, you dance 

1145
01:03:22,600 --> 01:03:25,600
until you're out of breath and 
laughing around you. 

1146
01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:28,000
The whole Community moves 
together in Rhythm. 

1147
01:03:28,000 --> 01:03:32,600
This is civilization not marble 
buildings or complex laws. 

1148
01:03:32,600 --> 01:03:37,600
This shared celebration this 
coming together this creation of

1149
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:40,600
community Through ritual and 
feast and dance. 

1150
01:03:41,600 --> 01:03:44,100
The old Empire had Grand 
architecture, and a 

1151
01:03:44,100 --> 01:03:47,600
sophisticated government. 
It also had festivals like this.

1152
01:03:47,600 --> 01:03:51,700
The architecture is crumbling 
and the government is gone. 

1153
01:03:52,500 --> 01:03:57,000
The festivals continue, they 
adapt and change, but they 

1154
01:03:57,000 --> 01:03:59,000
persist because people need 
them. 

1155
01:03:59,000 --> 01:04:03,100
You leave the festival as 
Darkness Falls torches. 

1156
01:04:03,100 --> 01:04:06,400
Like your way home. 
You can hear music and laughter 

1157
01:04:06,400 --> 01:04:09,600
continuing behind you. 
The party will go on for hours. 

1158
01:04:09,600 --> 01:04:12,300
Yet. 
In your apartment you reflect on

1159
01:04:12,300 --> 01:04:16,300
what you experience. 
Festival was Christian in name, 

1160
01:04:16,300 --> 01:04:18,600
but Roman in structure and 
mixed. 

1161
01:04:18,600 --> 01:04:23,300
In practice, the church has not 
destroyed older Traditions, it 

1162
01:04:23,300 --> 01:04:26,600
is absorbed them and give them 
new meaning, this is how 

1163
01:04:26,600 --> 01:04:30,300
cultures really change not 
through dramatic breaks, but 

1164
01:04:30,300 --> 01:04:34,300
through gradual Incorporation. 
The new takes the shell of the 

1165
01:04:34,300 --> 01:04:36,300
old and fills it with different 
content. 

1166
01:04:37,300 --> 01:04:40,500
Forms remained familiar even as 
their significant shifts. 

1167
01:04:40,500 --> 01:04:43,800
You fall asleep, thinking about 
continuity and transformation. 

1168
01:04:44,800 --> 01:04:47,800
The two are not opposites. 
They are Partners in the endless

1169
01:04:47,800 --> 01:04:50,500
process of human adaptation. 
Winter. 

1170
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:53,300
Settles over Rome. 
The days are short and cold. 

1171
01:04:53,300 --> 01:04:56,400
You spend evening's by your 
small Brazier, trying to stay 

1172
01:04:56,400 --> 01:04:58,700
warm. 
The apartment is never quite 

1173
01:04:58,700 --> 01:05:01,400
comfortable, but it is better 
than being outside. 

1174
01:05:02,400 --> 01:05:05,700
One night, you cannot sleep. 
You wrap yourself in blankets 

1175
01:05:05,700 --> 01:05:07,900
and sit by the window. 
Looking out at the city. 

1176
01:05:08,600 --> 01:05:12,500
The moon is full and bright, the
old buildings cast sharp 

1177
01:05:12,500 --> 01:05:15,600
Shadows, everything looks silver
and black. 

1178
01:05:15,600 --> 01:05:19,400
You think about all the changes 
you have witnessed the shrinking

1179
01:05:19,400 --> 01:05:22,700
population? 
The abandoned buildings, the new

1180
01:05:22,700 --> 01:05:26,800
powers are rising, the blending 
of cultures, the transformation 

1181
01:05:26,800 --> 01:05:29,400
of everything familiar into 
something strange yet 

1182
01:05:29,400 --> 01:05:32,600
recognizable. 
For the first time, you truly 

1183
01:05:32,600 --> 01:05:36,300
understand that the Roman Empire
is gone, not gone in the sense 

1184
01:05:36,300 --> 01:05:39,700
of completely vanished gone in 
the sense that it has become 

1185
01:05:39,700 --> 01:05:42,800
something else. 
Entirely the Chrysalis is split 

1186
01:05:42,800 --> 01:05:44,700
open and something new is 
emerging. 

1187
01:05:45,700 --> 01:05:48,000
This realization makes you feel 
unmoored. 

1188
01:05:48,000 --> 01:05:51,300
Your whole identity was on being
Roman. 

1189
01:05:52,200 --> 01:05:55,700
But what does that mean now? 
The old definitions no longer 

1190
01:05:55,700 --> 01:05:58,700
apply the Empire. 
You were taught to honor exist. 

1191
01:05:58,700 --> 01:06:01,700
Only in memory and books yet, 
you are still here. 

1192
01:06:01,700 --> 01:06:06,700
The city is still here, the 
language is still here, the laws

1193
01:06:06,700 --> 01:06:09,300
and custards and ways of 
thinking are still here. 

1194
01:06:09,300 --> 01:06:14,500
They have changed but they 
persist Maybe being Roman means 

1195
01:06:14,500 --> 01:06:16,800
something different now than it 
did a century ago. 

1196
01:06:17,700 --> 01:06:21,300
You think about Hildreth the 
Vandal teaching rhetoric about 

1197
01:06:21,300 --> 01:06:25,500
theodoric, the goth ruling from 
a Roman Throne about the bishop 

1198
01:06:25,500 --> 01:06:30,200
organizing Social Services about
the monks copying books about 

1199
01:06:30,200 --> 01:06:33,500
Farmers sharing harvests. 
None of these things would have 

1200
01:06:33,508 --> 01:06:36,700
happened under the old Empire 
yet all of them preserve, 

1201
01:06:36,700 --> 01:06:41,100
something essentially Roman. 
Even while transforming it Maybe

1202
01:06:41,100 --> 01:06:44,300
civilization is not a fixed 
thing passed down unchanged. 

1203
01:06:44,300 --> 01:06:48,300
Maybe it is a conversation 
across Generations, each age 

1204
01:06:48,300 --> 01:06:51,600
receives what the previous age, 
created and then adapt it to 

1205
01:06:51,600 --> 01:06:53,800
currently needs before. 
Passing it Forward again. 

1206
01:06:54,700 --> 01:06:57,800
The moon moves across the sky. 
The shadows shift. 

1207
01:06:57,800 --> 01:07:01,200
You remain at your window, 
thinking about continuity and 

1208
01:07:01,200 --> 01:07:03,700
change. 
In the morning things will look 

1209
01:07:03,700 --> 01:07:06,100
the same. 
As always you will buy bread and

1210
01:07:06,100 --> 01:07:08,100
chat with neighbors and go about
your business. 

1211
01:07:09,100 --> 01:07:12,700
The dramatic thoughts of a 
sleepless night will fade life 

1212
01:07:12,700 --> 01:07:17,300
will resume its normal patterns.
But something has shifted in 

1213
01:07:17,300 --> 01:07:20,500
your understanding. 
You seen now that you live in a 

1214
01:07:20,500 --> 01:07:25,500
transitional moment, The old 
world is dying, but slowly, the 

1215
01:07:25,500 --> 01:07:27,700
new world is being born, but 
gradually. 

1216
01:07:28,600 --> 01:07:31,700
Most people do not even notice 
because the changes happen 

1217
01:07:31,700 --> 01:07:35,900
across decades and generations. 
You're fortunate to recognize 

1218
01:07:35,900 --> 01:07:38,800
what is happening. 
This awareness will not change 

1219
01:07:38,800 --> 01:07:41,600
your daily life. 
You will still need to eat and 

1220
01:07:41,600 --> 01:07:45,600
find work and maintain shelter. 
But it gives meaning to the 

1221
01:07:45,600 --> 01:07:49,000
small Transformations. 
You observe every Gothic word 

1222
01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:53,000
entering Latin, every church is 
built from Temple Stones. 

1223
01:07:53,000 --> 01:07:55,400
Every Villa is becoming a 
village. 

1224
01:07:55,400 --> 01:07:59,500
Every Monk Is copying a book. 
Every Harvest was shared 

1225
01:07:59,500 --> 01:08:02,900
communally. 
These are not random events. 

1226
01:08:02,900 --> 01:08:06,200
They are pieces of a larger 
pattern that will become clear 

1227
01:08:06,200 --> 01:08:09,800
only in retrospect. 
You finally feel sleepy. 

1228
01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:14,200
You return to your bed and pull 
the blankets tight outside, the 

1229
01:08:14,200 --> 01:08:17,899
city, sleeps under Moonlight, 
the old walls stand, as they 

1230
01:08:17,899 --> 01:08:21,000
have stood for centuries. 
The new churches, rest in 

1231
01:08:21,000 --> 01:08:25,600
darkness, The future Waits 
patiently to unfold spring 

1232
01:08:25,600 --> 01:08:29,800
arrives with unexpected warmth, 
the flowers bloom, early the 

1233
01:08:29,800 --> 01:08:31,500
farmers predict a good growing 
season. 

1234
01:08:31,500 --> 01:08:34,500
Hope feels possible after the 
long cold winter. 

1235
01:08:34,500 --> 01:08:38,500
You decide to plant a garden, a 
small plot behind your building 

1236
01:08:38,500 --> 01:08:41,700
has settled used for years. 
You claim it and begin 

1237
01:08:41,700 --> 01:08:44,500
preparing, the soil, the work is
harder than expected. 

1238
01:08:44,500 --> 01:08:47,500
The ground is packed, hard and 
full of rocks. 

1239
01:08:47,500 --> 01:08:50,100
Your neighbor sees you working 
and offers advice. 

1240
01:08:50,100 --> 01:08:54,000
She grew vegetables when she was
young girl, she teaches you 

1241
01:08:54,000 --> 01:08:56,500
about soil preparation and 
planting times. 

1242
01:08:57,200 --> 01:08:59,399
You listen, carefully and follow
her instructions? 

1243
01:09:00,500 --> 01:09:04,100
Over several weeks, you create a
functioning Garden beans, 

1244
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:07,800
onions, lettuce and herbs a 
plants are small, but healthy, 

1245
01:09:07,800 --> 01:09:10,500
you water them every evening and
watch them grow. 

1246
01:09:10,500 --> 01:09:13,899
This is new for you. 
Romans of your class, 

1247
01:09:13,899 --> 01:09:17,700
traditionally did not Garden. 
That was work for farmers and 

1248
01:09:17,700 --> 01:09:20,700
slaves, but class, distinctions 
mean, less. 

1249
01:09:20,700 --> 01:09:23,399
Now, everyone does what needs to
be done? 

1250
01:09:23,399 --> 01:09:25,899
You find satisfaction in the 
work. 

1251
01:09:25,899 --> 01:09:30,200
The garden responds to care. 
Watering and weeding produced 

1252
01:09:30,200 --> 01:09:33,100
visible results. 
You feel connected to the Earth 

1253
01:09:33,100 --> 01:09:35,000
in ways you never experienced 
before? 

1254
01:09:36,000 --> 01:09:38,800
Other people in your building, 
notice the garden and ask if 

1255
01:09:38,800 --> 01:09:42,800
they can help you agree. 
The garden becomes a communal 

1256
01:09:42,800 --> 01:09:45,500
project. 
Several families, contribute, 

1257
01:09:45,500 --> 01:09:47,500
labor, and everyone shares the 
Harvest. 

1258
01:09:48,399 --> 01:09:51,800
This small cooperation reveals 
how Society is reorganizing 

1259
01:09:51,800 --> 01:09:55,800
itself people form voluntary 
associations based on Mutual 

1260
01:09:55,800 --> 01:09:58,400
benefit? 
The old hierarchies based on 

1261
01:09:58,400 --> 01:10:02,200
class and Status are being 
replaced by networks based on 

1262
01:10:02,208 --> 01:10:06,800
reciprocity and Trust. 
Your garden thrives by early 

1263
01:10:06,800 --> 01:10:10,500
summer, your harvesting lettuce 
and beans The Producers fresh 

1264
01:10:10,500 --> 01:10:13,000
and delicious. 
You eat better than you have in 

1265
01:10:13,000 --> 01:10:15,800
months the garden all. 
So becomes a social Center 

1266
01:10:15,800 --> 01:10:19,800
neighbor stopped by to check on 
the plants conversations happen 

1267
01:10:19,800 --> 01:10:22,300
naturally. 
You learn things about people 

1268
01:10:22,300 --> 01:10:25,100
who have lived in your building 
for years, but whom you barely 

1269
01:10:25,100 --> 01:10:28,700
knew before. 
One neighbor is a widow who used

1270
01:10:28,700 --> 01:10:32,300
to work as a seamstress, another
is a former soldier who lost his

1271
01:10:32,300 --> 01:10:35,500
leg in battle. 
Third is a young couple with two

1272
01:10:35,500 --> 01:10:38,300
children. 
They all have stories and skills

1273
01:10:38,300 --> 01:10:41,500
and knowledge to share the 
garden creates opportunities. 

1274
01:10:41,500 --> 01:10:45,300
For exchange, the seamstress 
repairs, your cloak in return 

1275
01:10:45,300 --> 01:10:48,900
for vegetables. 
Former Soldier teaches you how 

1276
01:10:48,900 --> 01:10:52,900
to sharpen tools, the young 
couple helps with heavy work in 

1277
01:10:52,900 --> 01:10:54,700
exchange, for a share of the 
Harvest. 

1278
01:10:55,700 --> 01:10:58,100
These informal barter 
arrangements are becoming the 

1279
01:10:58,100 --> 01:11:01,400
foundation of the local economy.
Money is scarce. 

1280
01:11:01,400 --> 01:11:04,500
So people trade goods and 
services directly. 

1281
01:11:05,600 --> 01:11:08,900
System works because everyone 
has something to offer and 

1282
01:11:08,900 --> 01:11:10,500
everyone needs something from 
others. 

1283
01:11:11,200 --> 01:11:13,700
You think about how different 
this is from the old Empire 

1284
01:11:13,700 --> 01:11:17,100
back, then most transactions 
involved money. 

1285
01:11:17,900 --> 01:11:21,600
Services were professionalized. 
People interacted through formal

1286
01:11:21,600 --> 01:11:25,500
markets and legal contracts. 
Now interaction is more personal

1287
01:11:25,500 --> 01:11:29,200
and direct you know, the people 
you trade with you, trust them 

1288
01:11:29,200 --> 01:11:31,000
because you live near them and 
see them regularly. 

1289
01:11:32,400 --> 01:11:35,000
Reputation matters more than 
formal credentials. 

1290
01:11:35,900 --> 01:11:37,800
The garden produces through the 
summer. 

1291
01:11:37,800 --> 01:11:42,200
You learn by doing some plants. 
Thrive, others fail. 

1292
01:11:42,200 --> 01:11:44,700
You adjust your approach based 
on results. 

1293
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:48,400
This practical education is 
valuable in ways that book 

1294
01:11:48,400 --> 01:11:52,500
learning never was by Autumn. 
You're an experienced Gardener 

1295
01:11:52,500 --> 01:11:56,700
not an expert, but competent. 
You know what works in this 

1296
01:11:56,700 --> 01:12:00,300
particular soil, under these 
specific conditions, your 

1297
01:12:00,300 --> 01:12:03,700
knowledge is local and practical
and hard one, the other 

1298
01:12:03,700 --> 01:12:05,800
gardeners in your building have 
similar stories. 

1299
01:12:05,800 --> 01:12:09,100
They started knowing nothing and
learned through trial and error.

1300
01:12:09,800 --> 01:12:13,100
The collective knowledge of the 
group is now substantial you 

1301
01:12:13,100 --> 01:12:15,000
harvest. 
The last of the summer crops and

1302
01:12:15,000 --> 01:12:18,800
prepare the garden for winter. 
Some of the plants will regrow 

1303
01:12:18,800 --> 01:12:21,300
in Spring others, you will 
reply. 

1304
01:12:21,300 --> 01:12:24,400
You already know what you will 
do differently next year. 

1305
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:28,200
As you work, you realize the 
garden is a perfect metaphor for

1306
01:12:28,208 --> 01:12:29,600
everything happening in the 
world. 

1307
01:12:30,600 --> 01:12:33,800
The old Empire was like a formal
garden with strict plans and 

1308
01:12:33,800 --> 01:12:37,300
professional maintenance. 
That Garden is overgrown now, 

1309
01:12:37,300 --> 01:12:41,800
but new Garden's, a sprouting 
everywhere small plots tended by

1310
01:12:41,800 --> 01:12:45,300
Ordinary People. 
Less Grand than the old formal 

1311
01:12:45,300 --> 01:12:49,400
Gardens, but more resilient. 
If one fails others, continue 

1312
01:12:49,400 --> 01:12:53,200
the system survives through, 
diversity and adaptation. 

1313
01:12:53,800 --> 01:12:56,700
You finish preparing the garden 
for winter and stand back to 

1314
01:12:56,700 --> 01:13:00,600
admire your work. 
It is not much a small plot of 

1315
01:13:00,600 --> 01:13:04,500
Earth behind a decrepit building
and a shrinking City but it is 

1316
01:13:04,500 --> 01:13:08,500
yours and it produces food and 
it connects you to your 

1317
01:13:08,500 --> 01:13:10,600
neighbor's. 
This is enough. 

1318
01:13:10,600 --> 01:13:13,100
This is actually everything that
matters. 

1319
01:13:14,000 --> 01:13:17,600
Chapter 15, The Future that 
already arrived. 

1320
01:13:18,200 --> 01:13:20,900
Years. 
Pass you grow older, the 

1321
01:13:20,900 --> 01:13:24,300
changes, you observed continue. 
Rome shrinks further. 

1322
01:13:25,100 --> 01:13:27,400
The population stabilizes at a 
lower level. 

1323
01:13:28,300 --> 01:13:31,700
The city reimagined itself as a 
church Center rather than an 

1324
01:13:31,700 --> 01:13:34,600
imperial capital. 
You attend your neighbor's 

1325
01:13:34,600 --> 01:13:38,000
funeral. 
She lived in 95, she saw the 

1326
01:13:38,000 --> 01:13:41,600
Empire at its height and watched
it transformed completely. 

1327
01:13:42,700 --> 01:13:45,800
She adapted to every change and 
maintained her dignity 

1328
01:13:45,800 --> 01:13:48,600
throughout. 
At the funeral, the bishop 

1329
01:13:48,600 --> 01:13:50,800
speaks about continuity through 
faith. 

1330
01:13:51,400 --> 01:13:54,700
He suggests that Earthly 
Empires, rise and fall, but 

1331
01:13:54,700 --> 01:13:58,000
spiritual truth, persists. 
This is a Christian 

1332
01:13:58,000 --> 01:14:00,400
interpretation, but it contains 
wisdom. 

1333
01:14:01,200 --> 01:14:04,900
You think about what persists 
language changes, but people 

1334
01:14:04,900 --> 01:14:08,900
still speak building's crumble, 
but people still build 

1335
01:14:08,900 --> 01:14:13,600
governments fall but people 
still organize themselves, the 

1336
01:14:13,600 --> 01:14:16,700
forms change, but human needs 
and human. 

1337
01:14:16,700 --> 01:14:19,800
Creativity. 
Continue, your cousin visits 

1338
01:14:19,800 --> 01:14:22,800
from Ravenna is middle-aged now 
with grown children. 

1339
01:14:23,700 --> 01:14:26,700
He tells you that theodoric died
and was succeeded by his 

1340
01:14:26,700 --> 01:14:30,000
grandson, the gothic Kingdom 
continues to function. 

1341
01:14:30,000 --> 01:14:34,000
Life Goes On. 
You tell him about your garden 

1342
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:36,300
and your tutoring session with 
Hillary. 

1343
01:14:36,300 --> 01:14:40,300
He approves of both practical 
skills and classical learning. 

1344
01:14:41,300 --> 01:14:43,700
The combination is necessary for
the new age. 

1345
01:14:43,700 --> 01:14:46,900
He asks, if you ever regret 
living through such dramatic 

1346
01:14:46,900 --> 01:14:49,200
changes, you can consider the 
question carefully. 

1347
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:52,800
The answer is complicated. 
You lost many things. 

1348
01:14:52,800 --> 01:14:57,100
The security of the old system, 
the Grandeur of the Imperial 

1349
01:14:57,100 --> 01:15:00,600
City, the certainty that came 
from Clear, hierarchies and 

1350
01:15:00,600 --> 01:15:04,100
roles these losses are real and 
sometimes painful. 

1351
01:15:04,100 --> 01:15:07,800
But you gained things too 
Community, connections, 

1352
01:15:07,800 --> 01:15:12,000
practical skills, understanding 
that life continues, even when 

1353
01:15:12,000 --> 01:15:15,300
systems collapse. 
Appreciation for what truly 

1354
01:15:15,300 --> 01:15:17,100
matters. 
Versus what merely appears 

1355
01:15:17,100 --> 01:15:20,200
important on balance. 
You do not regret your life. 

1356
01:15:20,200 --> 01:15:23,200
You adapted. 
When adaptation was necessary, 

1357
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:26,400
you preserved, what you could 
you contributed? 

1358
01:15:26,400 --> 01:15:27,600
What you were able to 
contribute? 

1359
01:15:27,600 --> 01:15:31,600
This is enough. 
Your cousin stays for a week you

1360
01:15:31,600 --> 01:15:35,800
show him around Rome. 
He Marvels at how much has 

1361
01:15:35,800 --> 01:15:38,500
changed since his last visit. 
Whole neighborhoods are 

1362
01:15:38,500 --> 01:15:43,300
abandoned churches have replaced
temples Gardens grow in former 

1363
01:15:43,300 --> 01:15:45,800
public squares. 
Yet the city remains 

1364
01:15:45,800 --> 01:15:49,400
recognizably roam. 
The Seven Hills to shape the 

1365
01:15:49,400 --> 01:15:51,900
landscape. 
The Tiber still flows through 

1366
01:15:51,900 --> 01:15:55,200
the center, the ancient walls, 
still Define the boundaries 

1367
01:15:56,000 --> 01:15:59,900
Physical reality persists, even 
as its meaning transforms. 

1368
01:16:00,700 --> 01:16:03,700
On his last evening, you sit 
together drinking wine and 

1369
01:16:03,700 --> 01:16:06,900
talking about the future. 
Your cousin is optimistic. 

1370
01:16:06,900 --> 01:16:11,500
He believes the new kingdoms 
will stabilize trade will 

1371
01:16:11,500 --> 01:16:14,000
recover? 
Population will grow again? 

1372
01:16:14,000 --> 01:16:19,300
Civilization will rebuild on New
Foundations, your lesser, but 

1373
01:16:19,300 --> 01:16:22,700
you're hoping he is right. 
The future is always uncertain. 

1374
01:16:22,700 --> 01:16:26,600
The only guarantee is that 
change will continue how people 

1375
01:16:26,600 --> 01:16:29,200
respond to that change 
determines, whether the future 

1376
01:16:29,200 --> 01:16:30,900
is better or worse than the 
president. 

1377
01:16:31,700 --> 01:16:35,400
You walk your cousin to The City
Gate in the morning, you Embrace

1378
01:16:35,400 --> 01:16:39,200
and promise to write letters. 
He begins his journey North. 

1379
01:16:39,800 --> 01:16:43,000
You watch until he disappears 
around a bend in the road. 

1380
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:45,800
Then you return to your 
apartment and your daily 

1381
01:16:45,800 --> 01:16:48,000
routines. 
There is work to be done. 

1382
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:52,100
The garden needs attention. 
Hildreth expects you at your 

1383
01:16:52,108 --> 01:16:54,700
lesson. 
The communal meal requires your 

1384
01:16:54,708 --> 01:16:59,000
contribution life continues, 
Empires, rise and fall. 

1385
01:16:59,000 --> 01:17:02,700
But people endure, they adapt 
and persist and create meaning 

1386
01:17:02,700 --> 01:17:04,700
in whatever circumstances they 
face. 

1387
01:17:05,600 --> 01:17:08,000
This is the real lesson of 
Rome's transformation. 

1388
01:17:08,800 --> 01:17:11,700
The Empire ended not with the 
apocalypse, but with gradual 

1389
01:17:11,700 --> 01:17:14,900
adjustment. 
The dramatic Narrative of claps 

1390
01:17:14,900 --> 01:17:17,900
is false, the truth is quieter 
and stranger. 

1391
01:17:19,100 --> 01:17:21,900
The old world slowly became a 
new world While most people 

1392
01:17:21,900 --> 01:17:24,800
simply live their lives and 
adapted as necessary. 

1393
01:17:25,600 --> 01:17:29,700
You are part of this story, not 
a hero, or a leader, just a 

1394
01:17:29,700 --> 01:17:32,700
person who witnessed change and 
responded as well as you could. 

1395
01:17:32,700 --> 01:17:36,700
Your contribution is small, but 
real, you helped build the 

1396
01:17:36,700 --> 01:17:39,600
future by maintaining Gardens 
and learning rhetoric and 

1397
01:17:39,600 --> 01:17:43,400
participating in the community. 
This is how history actually 

1398
01:17:43,400 --> 01:17:47,200
happens, not through the actions
of Emperors and Generals alone. 

1399
01:17:47,900 --> 01:17:50,600
Through millions of ordinary 
people making small decisions 

1400
01:17:50,600 --> 01:17:53,000
that collectively create large 
patterns. 

1401
01:17:53,900 --> 01:17:57,100
You sit at your window one last 
time watching the sunset paint, 

1402
01:17:57,100 --> 01:18:00,800
the old city and shades of gold.
The buildings that remain 

1403
01:18:00,800 --> 01:18:02,800
standing Glow In The Fading 
light. 

1404
01:18:03,400 --> 01:18:07,100
The new churches, cast Long 
Shadows, the ancient and the 

1405
01:18:07,108 --> 01:18:10,800
modern exists side by side. 
Tomorrow will look much like 

1406
01:18:10,800 --> 01:18:13,200
today. 
The day after will look much 

1407
01:18:13,200 --> 01:18:16,000
like tomorrow. 
Change happens to slowly to 

1408
01:18:16,000 --> 01:18:20,500
perceive in any single moment. 
but over years and decades and 

1409
01:18:20,500 --> 01:18:24,200
generations, everything 
transforms you have witnessed 

1410
01:18:24,200 --> 01:18:27,200
the end of one age, and the 
beginning of another, You have 

1411
01:18:27,208 --> 01:18:30,000
seen how the Roman world became 
the Medieval World through, 

1412
01:18:30,000 --> 01:18:33,600
countless small transformations.
You have lived through history, 

1413
01:18:33,600 --> 01:18:37,400
hinge point and survived. 
This knowledge brings peace. 

1414
01:18:38,100 --> 01:18:41,900
Whatever comes next, people will
adapt, they will preserve what 

1415
01:18:41,900 --> 01:18:44,900
matters and discard. 
What does not, they will create 

1416
01:18:44,900 --> 01:18:47,200
new systems suited to new 
circumstances. 

1417
01:18:47,200 --> 01:18:52,200
Life will continue because life 
always continues the sunsets 

1418
01:18:52,200 --> 01:18:55,000
completely Darkness spreads 
across the city. 

1419
01:18:55,000 --> 01:18:58,900
You like a lamp and return to 
your evening tasks, the world 

1420
01:18:58,908 --> 01:19:02,600
keeps turning tomorrow, Waits 
with its own small, dramas and 

1421
01:19:02,600 --> 01:19:04,800
quiet. 
Transformations, and you will be

1422
01:19:04,800 --> 01:19:07,500
there to witness them. 
As you have been there all along

1423
01:19:07,500 --> 01:19:11,900
a quiet Observer of Empires end 
and the patient emergence of 

1424
01:19:11,908 --> 01:19:14,900
whatever comes next. 
This is your story. 

1425
01:19:14,900 --> 01:19:20,100
This is everyone's story The 
Longs, slow fascinating process 

1426
01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:23,000
of becoming something new while 
remaining somehow the same. 

1427
01:19:27,600 --> 01:19:30,200
We think of the Great 
Depression, we see dust storms 

1428
01:19:30,200 --> 01:19:33,300
and bread, lines and CPA. 
Before we can appreciate the 

1429
01:19:33,300 --> 01:19:35,500
psychological impact of the 
economic collapse. 

1430
01:19:35,500 --> 01:19:38,900
We must remember the world that 
was lost a world of 

1431
01:19:38,900 --> 01:19:42,100
extraordinary optimism and 
excessive consumerism that Feud 

1432
01:19:42,100 --> 01:19:45,600
today. 
Can imagine By 1988 American's 

1433
01:19:45,600 --> 01:19:49,300
believed in Endless Prosperity, 
almost religiously, the typical 

1434
01:19:49,300 --> 01:19:52,500
manufacturing pay has increased 
by approximately 40% since the 

1435
01:19:52,500 --> 01:19:56,200
early 1920s, most new, urban 
homes have indoor plumbing 

1436
01:19:56,200 --> 01:19:59,600
longer luxury. 
In less than a decade car 

1437
01:19:59,600 --> 01:20:01,900
ownership rows from 8 million to
23 million. 

1438
01:20:02,700 --> 01:20:06,600
Perhaps most telling 40% of 
American families, not just the 

1439
01:20:06,600 --> 01:20:11,100
wealthy, but teachers Clarks and
Factory workers invested in the 

1440
01:20:11,100 --> 01:20:13,800
stock market. 
We thought we discovered 

1441
01:20:13,800 --> 01:20:17,200
economic immortality said 
Philadelphia radio salesperson, 

1442
01:20:17,200 --> 01:20:20,500
Martin Steinberg. 
My customers bought philco and 

1443
01:20:20,500 --> 01:20:23,500
RCA's on installment plans with 
10% down. 

1444
01:20:23,500 --> 01:20:27,100
I set up their new consoles as 
they discussed their Investments

1445
01:20:27,100 --> 01:20:30,400
Milton gave stock advice. 
Stock tips were given to the 

1446
01:20:30,400 --> 01:20:33,400
shoe shine, boy, those should 
have been warning signs, but we 

1447
01:20:33,400 --> 01:20:36,900
were drunk with affluence. 
Often forgotten is how boom 

1448
01:20:36,900 --> 01:20:40,000
times generated. 
A strange isolation extended 

1449
01:20:40,000 --> 01:20:42,100
families that lived together for
economic reasons. 

1450
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:45,900
Split into nuclear units, many 
young couples bought homes in 

1451
01:20:45,900 --> 01:20:47,400
new projects. 
Far from parents and 

1452
01:20:47,408 --> 01:20:50,200
grandparents. 
Americans, individualism and 

1453
01:20:50,200 --> 01:20:52,600
materialism, damaged Community 
institutions. 

1454
01:20:52,600 --> 01:20:56,000
Sunday became a day for new car 
drives reducing Church, 

1455
01:20:56,000 --> 01:20:59,500
attendance, local, Social Clubs 
became commercial entertainment,

1456
01:20:59,500 --> 01:21:03,300
establishments, When the crash 
came, we discovered how much 

1457
01:21:03,300 --> 01:21:06,600
we'd sacrifice for material 
Goods, remarked late, 1920s, 

1458
01:21:06,600 --> 01:21:11,000
Boston, girl, Eleanor Winthrop. 
At an insurance company. 

1459
01:21:11,000 --> 01:21:14,800
My father was well-positioned. 
We owned a Packard Frigidaire 

1460
01:21:14,800 --> 01:21:17,300
and phone. 
We scarcely knew our neighbors. 

1461
01:21:17,300 --> 01:21:20,800
Everyone competed for new 
gadgets and things we had little

1462
01:21:20,800 --> 01:21:23,800
when my father lost his job in 
1930. 

1463
01:21:24,900 --> 01:21:28,300
We had limited resources. 
They didn't know us well enough 

1464
01:21:28,300 --> 01:21:32,000
to help and we were ashamed to 
ask for assistance American 

1465
01:21:32,000 --> 01:21:34,100
societies atomization would be 
deadly. 

1466
01:21:34,100 --> 01:21:37,900
During the economic crisis many 
families suffered alone without 

1467
01:21:37,900 --> 01:21:41,700
Community safety nets. 
American Banks were unexpectedly

1468
01:21:41,700 --> 01:21:43,500
vulnerable to financial 
instabilities. 

1469
01:21:43,500 --> 01:21:48,500
First Tremors in the 1920s bank 
accounts were uninsured unlike 

1470
01:21:48,500 --> 01:21:53,000
today's FDIC insured, deposits. 
Most Americans didn't know their

1471
01:21:53,000 --> 01:21:54,600
deposits. 
Find out, speculative 

1472
01:21:54,600 --> 01:21:57,200
Investments. 
People viewed, the collapse of 

1473
01:21:57,200 --> 01:22:00,200
rural banks in the late, 19th 
and early 20th, centuries as a 

1474
01:22:00,200 --> 01:22:04,600
local issue, affecting backward,
rural communities, Continental, 

1475
01:22:04,600 --> 01:22:07,600
Illinois Banks tell her Harold 
Jenkins, recalls the denial. 

1476
01:22:08,300 --> 01:22:09,300
Management. 
Assured us. 

1477
01:22:09,300 --> 01:22:12,800
These rural bank failures in 28,
were isolated cases as a 

1478
01:22:12,800 --> 01:22:15,300
tributable to deteriorating. 
Agricultural prices. 

1479
01:22:15,300 --> 01:22:18,800
The crucial connections were 
missed our loan, officers 

1480
01:22:18,800 --> 01:22:21,300
approved mortgages with low 
down, payments, and margin 

1481
01:22:21,300 --> 01:22:24,800
loans, for stock buyers after 
the crash are leaders to 

1482
01:22:24,800 --> 01:22:27,700
correctly. 
This institutional, blindness 

1483
01:22:27,700 --> 01:22:31,600
included government in early 
1930, treasury secretary Andrew 

1484
01:22:31,600 --> 01:22:34,900
Mellon, famously said, 
gentlemen, liquidate labor 

1485
01:22:34,900 --> 01:22:38,400
stocks farms and real estate, we
will eradicate the rot. 

1486
01:22:39,000 --> 01:22:42,200
A virtually medieval 
understanding of economic nomics

1487
01:22:42,200 --> 01:22:46,100
held that economic hardship was 
necessary to purify and rebuild 

1488
01:22:46,100 --> 01:22:48,500
the economy. 
This approach would delay 

1489
01:22:48,500 --> 01:22:51,700
significant involvement until 
Millions were bankrupt. 

1490
01:22:51,700 --> 01:22:54,600
The psychological modifications 
forced on everyday. 

1491
01:22:54,600 --> 01:22:58,800
Americans were most acute, the 
1920s influence, consumer 

1492
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:02,000
Behavior significantly, 
advertisements pitched products 

1493
01:23:02,000 --> 01:23:04,200
as convenience is an identity 
markers. 

1494
01:23:05,000 --> 01:23:06,700
A car or cigarette brand. 
Defined one. 

1495
01:23:06,700 --> 01:23:09,700
Social status. 
Many suffered financial and 

1496
01:23:09,700 --> 01:23:12,800
existential crisis when these 
material indicators disappeared.

1497
01:23:13,800 --> 01:23:16,900
We lost more than our money 
said, Mildred, Hayes a store 

1498
01:23:16,900 --> 01:23:19,800
Clarke. 
We forgot who we were the life 

1499
01:23:19,800 --> 01:23:21,900
and future stories. 
We told us crashed. 

1500
01:23:21,900 --> 01:23:24,300
My husband was promoted to floor
manager. 

1501
01:23:24,300 --> 01:23:27,800
We saved for a Suburban house 
down payment, after his job 

1502
01:23:27,800 --> 01:23:29,300
loss. 
We moved in with his parents and

1503
01:23:29,300 --> 01:23:31,300
slept on a fold-out couch, in 
their parlor. 

1504
01:23:31,300 --> 01:23:33,500
How do you explain this 
reversal? 

1505
01:23:34,900 --> 01:23:37,500
For millions of Americans. 
This cognitive dissonance 

1506
01:23:37,500 --> 01:23:39,100
between expectations and 
reality. 

1507
01:23:39,100 --> 01:23:43,100
Defined the early depression, 
The world, they were promised to

1508
01:23:43,100 --> 01:23:46,000
vanished overnight leaving them 
in strange territory without 

1509
01:23:46,000 --> 01:23:50,300
Maps or goal guides the 
financial collapse of 1929. 

1510
01:23:50,300 --> 01:23:53,900
To 1933 wasn't just about stock 
market losses affecting wealthy 

1511
01:23:53,900 --> 01:23:56,900
investors. 
What truly devastated ordinary 

1512
01:23:56,900 --> 01:23:59,100
Americans was the destruction of
the banking system. 

1513
01:23:59,100 --> 01:24:04,200
And with it, their life savings 
between 1930 and 1933 over. 

1514
01:24:04,200 --> 01:24:08,400
9,000 banks failed, nearly 40% 
of all banks in the United 

1515
01:24:08,400 --> 01:24:10,600
States. 
Each closure, triggered, 

1516
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:13,600
cascading losses in communities 
where those Banks operated 

1517
01:24:13,600 --> 01:24:17,500
unlike today's news cycle, which
might report bank failures as 

1518
01:24:17,500 --> 01:24:20,500
abstract statistics. 
Those closures were visceral 

1519
01:24:20,500 --> 01:24:24,100
Community, altering events, I 
was walking to school, when I 

1520
01:24:24,108 --> 01:24:26,800
saw the crowd outside First 
National remembered Eunice 

1521
01:24:26,800 --> 01:24:29,200
Templeton, who was 12 years old,
in Galesburg Illinois. 

1522
01:24:29,200 --> 01:24:33,400
When her towns largest Bank 
closed, People were pounding on 

1523
01:24:33,400 --> 01:24:37,300
the doors, some women were 
crying Mr. Hall Hobart, who 

1524
01:24:37,300 --> 01:24:40,400
owned the hardware store, sat on
the curb with his head in his 

1525
01:24:40,400 --> 01:24:44,300
hands my father lost 800 dollars
his entire savings. 

1526
01:24:45,600 --> 01:24:48,500
That night mother cut up an old 
dress to make me a new one for 

1527
01:24:48,500 --> 01:24:50,500
school. 
We have to be creative. 

1528
01:24:50,500 --> 01:24:53,200
Now, she said her voice all 
tight, like she was holding 

1529
01:24:53,200 --> 01:24:56,500
something back. 
What's rarely discussed in 

1530
01:24:56,500 --> 01:24:59,400
depression, histories is how the
crisis transformed attitudes 

1531
01:24:59,400 --> 01:25:03,700
toward money itself. 
Before 1929 cash had been 

1532
01:25:03,708 --> 01:25:06,300
migrating from the mattress to 
the bank account as Americans 

1533
01:25:06,300 --> 01:25:10,000
embraced financial institutions.
After the banking collapse, many

1534
01:25:10,000 --> 01:25:12,300
developed, a profound distrust 
of banks, that would last 

1535
01:25:12,300 --> 01:25:15,100
Generations communities 
responded by developing 

1536
01:25:15,100 --> 01:25:18,000
extraordinary alternatives to 
traditional currency. 

1537
01:25:18,600 --> 01:25:22,100
In Minneapolis, the organized 
unemployed created script 

1538
01:25:22,100 --> 01:25:25,600
certificates, tied to hours of 
work in California's Imperial 

1539
01:25:25,600 --> 01:25:29,800
Valley Farmers traded promissory
notes backed by Future crops. 

1540
01:25:30,600 --> 01:25:34,100
In Seattle professionals, formed
exchange networks, where doctors

1541
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:36,600
and lawyers traded Services 
directly with plumbers and 

1542
01:25:36,608 --> 01:25:39,600
electricians. 
Wayne Thornton plumbing, 

1543
01:25:39,600 --> 01:25:41,900
contractor in Des Moines 
described his experience. 

1544
01:25:42,700 --> 01:25:46,000
Money just disappeared. 
I had customers who needed leaks

1545
01:25:46,000 --> 01:25:49,600
fixed but couldn't pay cash. 
I started taking chickens home. 

1546
01:25:49,600 --> 01:25:52,700
Canned vegetables and even 
Furniture in exchange for work, 

1547
01:25:52,700 --> 01:25:55,300
my secretary kept Allegra of who
owed. 

1548
01:25:55,300 --> 01:25:59,300
What by 1922, I was only getting
about 30% of my payments in 

1549
01:25:59,300 --> 01:26:03,200
actual currently, the rest was 
barter or promises, this 

1550
01:26:03,200 --> 01:26:05,300
collapse of conventional 
currency revealed. 

1551
01:26:05,300 --> 01:26:08,700
Something profound about money 
itself that it exists primarily 

1552
01:26:08,700 --> 01:26:11,300
as a social agreement rather 
than an inherent value. 

1553
01:26:12,200 --> 01:26:14,900
When that agreement faltered 
Community is improvised 

1554
01:26:14,900 --> 01:26:17,600
Alternatives based on trust and 
shared necessity. 

1555
01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:20,000
For children. 
The depression's monetary 

1556
01:26:20,000 --> 01:26:21,700
lessons were particularly 
complex. 

1557
01:26:21,700 --> 01:26:26,600
Kathryn Wagner, who grew up in 
San Francisco called my father 

1558
01:26:26,600 --> 01:26:29,800
had been a successful attorney 
before the crash suddenly, he 

1559
01:26:29,800 --> 01:26:31,900
was accepting payment in 
firewood or fish. 

1560
01:26:31,900 --> 01:26:35,300
I remember asking for a nickel 
for candy and my mother cried, 

1561
01:26:35,300 --> 01:26:38,400
not because we didn't have a 
nickel, we did, but because she 

1562
01:26:38,400 --> 01:26:42,200
understood that money now had to
be hoarded save for absolute 

1563
01:26:42,200 --> 01:26:45,000
necessities. 
The depression's monetary 

1564
01:26:45,000 --> 01:26:47,700
transformational was also 
visible in how physical currency

1565
01:26:47,700 --> 01:26:51,300
was treated bills. 
Were pressed, flat coins were 

1566
01:26:51,300 --> 01:26:55,200
counted repeatedly and cache was
hidden, increasingly creative 

1567
01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:58,300
locations. 
Laura Hillman, whose father was 

1568
01:26:58,300 --> 01:27:01,200
a bank manager in Cincinnati 
described finding money 

1569
01:27:01,200 --> 01:27:03,800
throughout their home after his 
death in 1940. 

1570
01:27:04,500 --> 01:27:07,500
There were silver dollars so 
into the hems of curtains bills,

1571
01:27:07,500 --> 01:27:11,100
tucked between book, pages coins
and sealed mason jars, buried in

1572
01:27:11,100 --> 01:27:14,000
the garden. 
Farther new beta than anyone how

1573
01:27:14,000 --> 01:27:17,500
fragile Banks were and it marked
in permanently beyond the 

1574
01:27:17,500 --> 01:27:20,700
Practical aspects of monies, 
transformation was a deeper 

1575
01:27:20,700 --> 01:27:23,900
philosophical shift. 
Americans who had embraced 

1576
01:27:23,900 --> 01:27:26,900
consumer culture and defined 
themselves through purchases. 

1577
01:27:26,900 --> 01:27:29,600
Now found themselves questioning
the basis of value itself. 

1578
01:27:30,400 --> 01:27:33,400
The arbitrary nature of monetary
value, became unavoidably 

1579
01:27:33,400 --> 01:27:36,000
apparent. 
When homes with 5,000 mortgages 

1580
01:27:36,000 --> 01:27:39,700
sold at auction for 1,000. 
And when a skilled labor is 

1581
01:27:39,700 --> 01:27:42,000
daily wage fell from four 
dollars to one dollar. 

1582
01:27:42,000 --> 01:27:46,200
If work could be found at all. 
We realized money was fictional 

1583
01:27:46,200 --> 01:27:48,200
explained former Banker Thomas 
Whitfield. 

1584
01:27:49,100 --> 01:27:51,500
Not just paper money, but the 
whole concept. 

1585
01:27:52,500 --> 01:27:56,400
A house didn't change physically
when its price dropped 80%, but 

1586
01:27:56,400 --> 01:27:59,200
suddenly the bank said, it was 
worth a 5th of what they'd 

1587
01:27:59,200 --> 01:28:02,200
claimed last year. 
A man's labor didn't change when

1588
01:28:02,200 --> 01:28:05,400
his wager was cut, but now an 
hour of sweat was worth half 

1589
01:28:05,400 --> 01:28:08,200
ordered Bean. 
This change made people question

1590
01:28:08,200 --> 01:28:11,000
everything. 
This questioning extended to 

1591
01:28:11,000 --> 01:28:14,400
Authority itself when presidents
Hoover and Roosevelt made 

1592
01:28:14,400 --> 01:28:15,900
pronouncements about the 
economy. 

1593
01:28:15,900 --> 01:28:18,900
Many Americans had become 
skeptical of official 

1594
01:28:18,900 --> 01:28:22,600
narratives, having watched sound
Banks collapse and Blue Chips. 

1595
01:28:22,600 --> 01:28:25,600
Stocks become worthless. 
They developed a weary to what 

1596
01:28:25,600 --> 01:28:28,100
institutional pronouncements 
that would influence American 

1597
01:28:28,100 --> 01:28:31,300
politics for decades. 
The depression's monetary chaos 

1598
01:28:31,300 --> 01:28:35,500
or produced, unexpected, social 
effects as cash became scarce. 

1599
01:28:35,500 --> 01:28:37,600
Those who still had it gained 
outside. 

1600
01:28:37,600 --> 01:28:40,800
Influence, small town Bankers, 
who had maintained liquidity. 

1601
01:28:40,800 --> 01:28:44,300
Landlords, who owned properties 
outright and business owners? 

1602
01:28:44,300 --> 01:28:47,000
Who had avoided debt found 
themselves with disproportionate

1603
01:28:47,000 --> 01:28:50,300
Community power. 
This shift, created new, social 

1604
01:28:50,300 --> 01:28:54,000
hierarchies based on traditional
status markers and more on 

1605
01:28:54,000 --> 01:28:57,600
financial Prudence a virtue that
had been largely dismissed 

1606
01:28:57,600 --> 01:29:01,500
during the exuberant 1920s. 
The social order flipped 

1607
01:29:01,500 --> 01:29:04,700
observed Harriet, Crawley a 
schoolteacher from Virginia. 

1608
01:29:05,500 --> 01:29:09,300
The flashy Spenders of the 20s 
were now destitute while 

1609
01:29:09,300 --> 01:29:11,600
cautious, Savers became 
Community leaders. 

1610
01:29:12,400 --> 01:29:16,100
Everyone thought our principal 
was a Frugal Miser that he was 

1611
01:29:16,100 --> 01:29:18,900
the only one who could provide 
small loans to prevent faculty 

1612
01:29:18,900 --> 01:29:22,600
members from losing their homes.
His influence grew tremendously,

1613
01:29:22,600 --> 01:29:26,100
the psychological impact of the 
depression created wounds that 

1614
01:29:26,100 --> 01:29:29,900
statistics can't capture 
invisible scars, that shape 

1615
01:29:29,900 --> 01:29:33,500
behaviors relationships and 
World Views for Generations. 

1616
01:29:34,300 --> 01:29:37,600
While historians often focus on 
economic metrics, the True 

1617
01:29:37,600 --> 01:29:39,900
Legacy lived in changed minds 
and hearts. 

1618
01:29:40,700 --> 01:29:43,800
For adults who had established 
identities and expectations 

1619
01:29:43,800 --> 01:29:47,400
before the crash the cycle toll 
was particularly severe. 

1620
01:29:48,100 --> 01:29:51,200
Edwin Matthews who practiced 
medicine in Cleveland throughout

1621
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:54,700
the 1930s observed. 
I treated physical ailments, 

1622
01:29:54,700 --> 01:29:58,000
malnutrition tuberculosis 
exacerbated by poor housing 

1623
01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:01,400
industrial injuries but the most
common problems were 

1624
01:30:01,400 --> 01:30:04,800
psychological insomnia. 
Played former businessman 

1625
01:30:04,800 --> 01:30:08,600
digestive disorders, affected 
women, trying to feed families 

1626
01:30:08,600 --> 01:30:12,000
on inadequate budgets. 
I observe Tremors in hands that 

1627
01:30:12,000 --> 01:30:15,500
had previously been steady. 
These stress-related ailments 

1628
01:30:15,500 --> 01:30:18,000
rarely appear in depression. 
Statistics yet. 

1629
01:30:18,000 --> 01:30:21,000
They're affected Millions. 
More startling with the 

1630
01:30:21,000 --> 01:30:24,400
invisible behavioral changes. 
People who had been outgoing. 

1631
01:30:24,400 --> 01:30:26,600
Became withdrawn 
decision-making. 

1632
01:30:26,600 --> 01:30:30,000
Became Paralyzed by fear 
marriages strained, under 

1633
01:30:30,008 --> 01:30:33,000
Financial pressure developed 
communication patterns centered 

1634
01:30:33,000 --> 01:30:34,800
on avoidance rather than 
confrontation. 

1635
01:30:35,500 --> 01:30:38,600
My mother changed completely 
said, Richard Neville, who was 

1636
01:30:38,600 --> 01:30:41,300
10 years old when his father 
lost his accounting position in 

1637
01:30:41,300 --> 01:30:43,500
1931. 
Before she'd been the 

1638
01:30:43,508 --> 01:30:46,400
neighborhood social organizer 
card, parties Community, Theater

1639
01:30:46,400 --> 01:30:49,200
Church of events. 
After we lost our home and moved

1640
01:30:49,200 --> 01:30:51,900
to a rental across town, she 
stopped seeing friends entirely,

1641
01:30:51,900 --> 01:30:54,700
she'd say she was too busy, but 
I would find her sitting 

1642
01:30:54,700 --> 01:30:56,200
motionless by the window for 
hours. 

1643
01:30:56,200 --> 01:30:59,600
The woman wants the heart of our
community became nearly mute. 

1644
01:31:00,600 --> 01:31:03,500
This social withdrawal emerged 
as a common coping mechanism. 

1645
01:31:03,500 --> 01:31:07,200
Shame about downward Mobility 
led many to isolate themselves 

1646
01:31:07,200 --> 01:31:09,700
rather than maintain 
relationships that reminded them

1647
01:31:09,700 --> 01:31:11,900
of their losses. 
This isolation, often 

1648
01:31:11,900 --> 01:31:15,300
compounded, depression, creating
cycles of emotional decline that

1649
01:31:15,308 --> 01:31:18,100
remained unaddressed in an era. 
When Mental Health Care was 

1650
01:31:18,100 --> 01:31:22,400
primitive and stigmatized For 
children, the cycle impacts 

1651
01:31:22,400 --> 01:31:25,700
manifested differently. 
Many developed extreme risk 

1652
01:31:25,700 --> 01:31:28,300
aversion and preoccupation with 
security that would influence 

1653
01:31:28,300 --> 01:31:32,200
their adult decisions. 
Decades later, School teachers 

1654
01:31:32,200 --> 01:31:34,700
reported students, hoarding 
lunch, leftovers, and school 

1655
01:31:34,700 --> 01:31:37,400
supplies. 
Children as young as six began 

1656
01:31:37,400 --> 01:31:39,900
asking anxious questions about 
family finances. 

1657
01:31:39,900 --> 01:31:44,300
Clara Mortensen, who taught 
third grade in Omaha noted for 

1658
01:31:44,300 --> 01:31:47,400
the depression children would 
trade sandwich halves or share 

1659
01:31:47,400 --> 01:31:51,500
treats by. 1932 I observed 
students carefully wrapping 

1660
01:31:51,500 --> 01:31:55,100
uneven portions to take home. 
They'd count crayons repeatedly 

1661
01:31:55,100 --> 01:31:57,800
to ensure none were lost. 
These were behaviors, their 

1662
01:31:57,800 --> 01:31:59,000
parents had directly taught 
them. 

1663
01:31:59,000 --> 01:32:01,700
The children were absorbing the 
anxiety from the atmosphere 

1664
01:32:01,700 --> 01:32:04,900
around them. 
What's particularly striking 

1665
01:32:04,900 --> 01:32:07,900
about depression neuropsychology
was the disproportionate impact 

1666
01:32:07,900 --> 01:32:10,400
on men. 
In a culture that primarily 

1667
01:32:10,400 --> 01:32:12,600
defined masculine Success 
Through provider ship 

1668
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:15,700
unemployment, profoundly 
impacted the core of male 

1669
01:32:15,700 --> 01:32:19,200
identity women, though, 
certainly not immune to 

1670
01:32:19,200 --> 01:32:21,400
depression. 
Trauma offered had secondary 

1671
01:32:21,400 --> 01:32:24,400
identities as caregivers and 
home managers that remained 

1672
01:32:24,400 --> 01:32:27,900
intact despite Financial 
collapse, Henry Gladwell who 

1673
01:32:27,900 --> 01:32:30,300
spent two years, riding the 
rails after losing his Factory 

1674
01:32:30,300 --> 01:32:32,400
job in Akron. 
Described this gender, 

1675
01:32:32,400 --> 01:32:36,000
differential, a man with without
working in those days, wasn't a 

1676
01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:38,400
man at all. 
Women could still be mothers and

1677
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:41,800
wives without paychecks. 
Women faced severe, hardships, 

1678
01:32:41,800 --> 01:32:44,000
but their experiences were 
different from Men. 

1679
01:32:44,800 --> 01:32:47,800
Frost men unemployment wasn't 
just economic hardship. 

1680
01:32:47,800 --> 01:32:50,400
It was a masculine, some 
fellows. 

1681
01:32:50,400 --> 01:32:52,600
I knew would leave home each 
morning pretending to seek 

1682
01:32:52,600 --> 01:32:55,100
employment, but would actually 
spend the day in the public 

1683
01:32:55,100 --> 01:32:57,900
library just to maintain the 
fiction that they were still 

1684
01:32:57,900 --> 01:33:01,200
trying. 
This gendered experience created

1685
01:33:01,200 --> 01:33:04,700
lasting imprint on family, 
Dynamics, children, who watched 

1686
01:33:04,700 --> 01:33:08,100
fathers struggle with identity 
loss, often developed complex 

1687
01:33:08,100 --> 01:33:10,300
relationships with authority and
achievement. 

1688
01:33:11,100 --> 01:33:13,900
Many Depression era children 
grew up to become Workaholics 

1689
01:33:13,900 --> 01:33:16,400
driving themselves. 
Relentlessly to avoid the 

1690
01:33:16,400 --> 01:33:18,000
vulnerability. 
They had witnessed in their 

1691
01:33:18,000 --> 01:33:22,400
heart parents, the cycle impact 
extended, to how people viewed 

1692
01:33:22,400 --> 01:33:25,500
institutions, trust in Banks 
corporations and government 

1693
01:33:25,500 --> 01:33:27,800
suffered damage that would never
fully heal. 

1694
01:33:28,500 --> 01:33:30,700
For many, who had believed in 
American capitalism, as an 

1695
01:33:30,700 --> 01:33:34,300
essentially Fair system at 
rewarded hard work, the 

1696
01:33:34,300 --> 01:33:38,900
depression destroyed, this 
foundational, assumption. my 

1697
01:33:38,900 --> 01:33:42,200
father was a True Believer in 
the American dream explained, 

1698
01:33:42,200 --> 01:33:45,700
Catherine Oaks whose family lost
their Michigan Farm to 

1699
01:33:45,700 --> 01:33:50,600
foreclosure He'd emigrated from 
Poland, worked, 18 hours, a day,

1700
01:33:50,600 --> 01:33:55,300
and saved every penny. 
When the bank took our farm 

1701
01:33:55,300 --> 01:34:00,300
something broke in him, not just
sadness, his entire worldview 

1702
01:34:00,300 --> 01:34:03,100
collapsed. 
He believed there was a moral 

1703
01:34:03,100 --> 01:34:06,600
order where virtue was rewarded.
After that, he viewed all 

1704
01:34:06,600 --> 01:34:10,000
institutions with suspicion, he 
wouldn't even trust the Post 

1705
01:34:10,000 --> 01:34:13,800
Office with packages. 
This institutional distrust 

1706
01:34:13,800 --> 01:34:16,600
manifested in behaviors that 
Outsiders often found. 

1707
01:34:16,600 --> 01:34:20,200
Incomprehensible people who had 
survived bank, failures might 

1708
01:34:20,200 --> 01:34:23,200
divide their modest savings 
between multiple hiding places. 

1709
01:34:23,200 --> 01:34:27,300
Important documents were kept at
home rather than in safe deposit

1710
01:34:27,300 --> 01:34:30,500
boxes. government assistance, 
programs were viewed with 

1711
01:34:30,500 --> 01:34:34,600
suspicion, even by those who 
desperately needed help, perhaps

1712
01:34:34,600 --> 01:34:39,000
most profoundly The depression 
altered America's relationship 

1713
01:34:39,000 --> 01:34:42,200
with possibility itself. 
The assumption that tomorrow 

1714
01:34:42,200 --> 01:34:43,800
would likely be better than 
today. 

1715
01:34:43,800 --> 01:34:47,300
A quintessentially, American 
Outlook was replaced for many by

1716
01:34:47,300 --> 01:34:49,300
a persistent expectation of 
calamity. 

1717
01:34:50,200 --> 01:34:53,900
This anticipatory anxiety became
so ingrained that many 

1718
01:34:53,900 --> 01:34:57,000
depression survivors maintained 
emergency preparation throughout

1719
01:34:57,000 --> 01:34:59,500
their lives long after economic 
recovery. 

1720
01:35:00,500 --> 01:35:03,200
Grandmother kept a suitcase 
packed until the day she died in

1721
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:06,100
1992. 
Recalled, Tom Whitaker about his

1722
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:09,400
grandmother who had lived 
through bank runs in 1931. 

1723
01:35:10,100 --> 01:35:12,100
She insisted every family member
memorized. 

1724
01:35:12,100 --> 01:35:14,200
A meeting location of things 
fell apart again. 

1725
01:35:15,100 --> 01:35:17,600
She maintained a pantry that 
could feed 20 people for months.

1726
01:35:17,600 --> 01:35:20,900
When we cleaned out her 
apartment, we found gold coins. 

1727
01:35:20,900 --> 01:35:22,800
Sewn into the lining of her 
winter coat. 

1728
01:35:22,800 --> 01:35:26,200
Depression never ended in her 
mind when we examine the 

1729
01:35:26,200 --> 01:35:28,000
depression Beyond economic 
statistics. 

1730
01:35:28,000 --> 01:35:31,500
We discover how profoundly it 
transformed every day routines 

1731
01:35:31,500 --> 01:35:35,600
and practices necessity forced 
innovation in ways that 

1732
01:35:35,600 --> 01:35:38,100
fundamentally reshaped American 
domestic life. 

1733
01:35:39,100 --> 01:35:41,700
Perhaps the most remarkable 
transformation happened in 

1734
01:35:41,700 --> 01:35:45,100
kitchens Across America cooking 
practices that had been trending

1735
01:35:45,100 --> 01:35:47,400
toward convenience Foods in the 
1920s. 

1736
01:35:47,400 --> 01:35:50,800
Reverse dramatically women, who 
had never baked bread found 

1737
01:35:50,800 --> 01:35:53,800
themselves studying their 
grandmother's recipes complex 

1738
01:35:53,800 --> 01:35:55,000
systems for food. 
Preservation. 

1739
01:35:55,000 --> 01:35:57,600
Emerged in Urban Apartments, 
never designed for such 

1740
01:35:57,600 --> 01:36:00,300
activities. 
Evelyn Carruthers, who managed 

1741
01:36:00,300 --> 01:36:02,200
to household in Baltimore 
described. 

1742
01:36:02,200 --> 01:36:06,700
This culinary Revolution, Before
29, I bought Baker's bread and 

1743
01:36:06,700 --> 01:36:10,300
canned vegetables without 
thinking after my husband's pay 

1744
01:36:10,300 --> 01:36:12,800
was cut by two thirds, I had to 
relearn everything. 

1745
01:36:13,700 --> 01:36:16,200
A converted, our fire escape 
into a cooling rack for bread. 

1746
01:36:16,200 --> 01:36:19,500
I learned to make five different
meals from a single chicken. 

1747
01:36:19,500 --> 01:36:23,300
Nothing was wasted. 
Potato peels became super stock 

1748
01:36:23,300 --> 01:36:25,400
and meat bones were boiled 
repeatedly. 

1749
01:36:26,100 --> 01:36:28,300
We strained the bacon, grease 
and used it for cooking 

1750
01:36:28,300 --> 01:36:30,600
throughout the week. 
This color Andre 

1751
01:36:30,600 --> 01:36:33,900
transformational wasn't merely 
about frugality, it represented 

1752
01:36:33,900 --> 01:36:36,700
a fundamental change in how 
Americans related to their food.

1753
01:36:36,700 --> 01:36:40,800
The direct involvement in food 
production, created new 

1754
01:36:40,800 --> 01:36:44,300
relationships with ingredients 
and nutrition. despite financial

1755
01:36:44,300 --> 01:36:47,400
hardship, many depression 
survivors reported that their 

1756
01:36:47,400 --> 01:36:51,500
diets improved in quality as 
they replaced processed foods 

1757
01:36:51,500 --> 01:36:54,700
with scratch cooking, Home 
Maintenance underwent, similar 

1758
01:36:54,700 --> 01:36:57,400
reinvention. 
The service economy that had 

1759
01:36:57,400 --> 01:36:59,400
begun emerging in the 1920s 
collapsed. 

1760
01:36:59,400 --> 01:37:02,700
As families could no longer 
afford repairmen cleaners or 

1761
01:37:02,700 --> 01:37:06,200
delivery services. 
This scenario necessitated a 

1762
01:37:06,200 --> 01:37:08,100
massive re-skilling of the 
American population. 

1763
01:37:08,100 --> 01:37:10,900
Particularly among middle-class 
men who had specialized 

1764
01:37:10,900 --> 01:37:13,700
professionally but now needed to
become generalists. 

1765
01:37:14,700 --> 01:37:17,600
Robert Thornhill who had worked 
as an accountant in Chicago 

1766
01:37:17,600 --> 01:37:21,500
exemplified this transition. 
Before the crash I called 

1767
01:37:21,500 --> 01:37:23,600
Professionals for everything 
electricians. 

1768
01:37:23,600 --> 01:37:27,100
Plumbers Carpenters. 
After losing my position, I 

1769
01:37:27,100 --> 01:37:30,100
couldn't afford 15 cents for A 
Streetcar, fare let alone 

1770
01:37:30,100 --> 01:37:32,800
dollars for repairs. 
I traded accounting. 

1771
01:37:32,800 --> 01:37:35,000
Help to a hardware store owner 
for tools and manuals. 

1772
01:37:35,000 --> 01:37:39,100
I rewired our lighting, fixed 
the toilet, and rebuilt, our 

1773
01:37:39,108 --> 01:37:43,000
kitchen table, My father had 
been a farmer who could fix 

1774
01:37:43,000 --> 01:37:46,500
anything skills? 
I dismissed as unnecessary and 

1775
01:37:46,500 --> 01:37:49,000
modern times. 
The depression brought me back 

1776
01:37:49,000 --> 01:37:53,300
to his world with humility. 
This reskilling extended Beyond 

1777
01:37:53,300 --> 01:37:55,700
maintenance to a complete 
reimagining of household 

1778
01:37:55,700 --> 01:37:58,300
objects. 
Americans developed ingenious 

1779
01:37:58,300 --> 01:38:00,800
systems for repurposing items. 
That would otherwise be 

1780
01:38:00,800 --> 01:38:03,600
discarded. 
Flour sacks, became dresses, 

1781
01:38:03,600 --> 01:38:06,800
cars became shoe, soles 
newspapers, became insulation, 

1782
01:38:06,800 --> 01:38:09,900
and cardboard was transformed 
into Furniture reinforcement. 

1783
01:38:09,900 --> 01:38:12,600
Martha Simmons, who grew up in 
Tulsa. 

1784
01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:17,100
Recalled her mother's Ingenuity.
Mum turned old wool coats into 

1785
01:38:17,100 --> 01:38:20,500
children's clothing. 
She unraveled worn out sweaters 

1786
01:38:20,500 --> 01:38:23,800
to renit the yarn into socks, 
but her most extraordinary 

1787
01:38:23,800 --> 01:38:26,300
creation was our new living room
set. 

1788
01:38:27,000 --> 01:38:30,300
She couldn't afford upholstery 
she needed fabric so she 

1789
01:38:30,300 --> 01:38:33,100
gathered, burlap coffee sacks 
from local shops died. 

1790
01:38:33,100 --> 01:38:36,600
With walnut, husks to achieve a 
consistent color, and refinished

1791
01:38:36,600 --> 01:38:39,500
our worn out furniture She 
stuffed the cushions with 

1792
01:38:39,500 --> 01:38:43,400
unraveled cotton from worn-out 
mattresses guests complemented, 

1793
01:38:43,400 --> 01:38:46,300
our rustic decor. 
Never realizing it was born of 

1794
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:49,100
desperation Transportation 
underwent, perhaps the most 

1795
01:38:49,100 --> 01:38:52,500
visible transformation. 
The automobile, which had become

1796
01:38:52,500 --> 01:38:56,100
Central to American identity in 
the 1920s was now often 

1797
01:38:56,100 --> 01:38:59,200
unaffordable to operate. 
Family who kept their cars 

1798
01:38:59,200 --> 01:39:02,700
developed elaborate systems to 
extend their utility adding 

1799
01:39:02,700 --> 01:39:06,500
cargo platforms to carry Goods. 
Converting sedans in to pick up 

1800
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:09,900
trucks by removing rear sections
and modifying engines to burn 

1801
01:39:09,900 --> 01:39:13,200
lower quality fuels many 
families returned to pre-order 

1802
01:39:13,200 --> 01:39:16,600
motive Transportation. 
Urban bicycle usage surged. 

1803
01:39:17,300 --> 01:39:20,000
Helen Parker who delivered 
groceries and Philadelphia noted

1804
01:39:20,000 --> 01:39:24,700
by 1932 the streets had changed 
completely, for weeks at a time 

1805
01:39:24,708 --> 01:39:27,100
people Park, their cars up on 
blocks to reduce tire. 

1806
01:39:27,100 --> 01:39:32,100
Wear bicycles were everywhere. 
Often carrying entire families. 

1807
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:35,500
I saw a father pedaling with his
wife on the handlebars and two 

1808
01:39:35,500 --> 01:39:38,500
children on The Back Fence. 
People rigged, incredible 

1809
01:39:38,500 --> 01:39:40,600
trailers to bikes for moving 
larger items. 

1810
01:39:41,600 --> 01:39:44,700
Leisure activities were 
similarly reinvented commercial 

1811
01:39:44,700 --> 01:39:48,500
entertainment movies, nightclubs
and sports events became 

1812
01:39:48,500 --> 01:39:52,100
unaffordable luxuries for many 
in response Americans. 

1813
01:39:52,100 --> 01:39:55,800
Rediscovered, participatory and 
entertainment, Community 

1814
01:39:55,800 --> 01:39:59,000
singing, amateur theatricals and
storytelling circles 

1815
01:39:59,000 --> 01:40:02,600
experienced, unexpected, 
revivals or games enjoyed, 

1816
01:40:02,600 --> 01:40:06,100
unprecedented popularity with 
families, often making their own

1817
01:40:06,100 --> 01:40:09,600
versions of commercial games. 
The depression forced 

1818
01:40:09,600 --> 01:40:11,200
reconsideration of living 
arrangements. 

1819
01:40:11,200 --> 01:40:15,600
Extended families Consolidated 
into shared housing creating new

1820
01:40:15,600 --> 01:40:18,900
intergenerational Dynamics. 
In urban areas, apartment 

1821
01:40:18,900 --> 01:40:22,800
sharing became common among 
unrelated adults creating ad hoc

1822
01:40:22,800 --> 01:40:25,800
family structures that pulled 
resources and distributed 

1823
01:40:25,800 --> 01:40:28,700
household labor. 
Margaret Wilson who shared a 

1824
01:40:28,700 --> 01:40:31,200
Chicago apartment with five 
other women, described these 

1825
01:40:31,200 --> 01:40:33,600
Arrangements. 
We each contributed, what we 

1826
01:40:33,600 --> 01:40:37,000
could Helen worked part-time as 
a secretary and provided most of

1827
01:40:37,000 --> 01:40:39,300
our cashing come with my sewing 
machine. 

1828
01:40:39,300 --> 01:40:41,700
Still in working order. 
I made clothes for everyone 

1829
01:40:41,700 --> 01:40:44,400
Dorothy had trained as a nurse 
and handled medical needs. 

1830
01:40:44,400 --> 01:40:47,700
We developed a system as precise
as any factorie shared Jewels 

1831
01:40:47,700 --> 01:40:50,800
for cooking cleaning and job 
hunting, we weren't relatives 

1832
01:40:50,800 --> 01:40:53,400
but necessity made us close of 
the many families. 

1833
01:40:55,100 --> 01:40:58,300
Perhaps most significant was the
transformation of time itself. 

1834
01:40:58,300 --> 01:41:02,400
The standardized workday which 
had been increasingly normalized

1835
01:41:02,400 --> 01:41:07,400
in the 1920s, disintegrated for 
many Americans work when 

1836
01:41:07,400 --> 01:41:09,000
available might come at any 
hour. 

1837
01:41:09,000 --> 01:41:12,100
The unemployed developed 
elaborate routines to provide 

1838
01:41:12,100 --> 01:41:14,900
structure to days, no longer 
defined by workplace schedules. 

1839
01:41:15,600 --> 01:41:18,300
William Harrington laid off from
Pittsburgh steel, mills 

1840
01:41:18,300 --> 01:41:22,200
described, this temporal shift. 
After three months without work,

1841
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:25,800
I realized time was becoming my 
enemy, empty hours bred to 

1842
01:41:25,800 --> 01:41:28,600
spare. 
So I created a schedule as rigid

1843
01:41:28,600 --> 01:41:32,300
as the Mills up at 5:30 
breakfast job hunting until 

1844
01:41:32,300 --> 01:41:34,700
noon. 
After noon for repair work or 

1845
01:41:34,700 --> 01:41:38,100
gardening, I dedicate my evening
to reading in order to enhance 

1846
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:41,800
my skills on Sundays, I dedicate
myself to church and spending 

1847
01:41:41,800 --> 01:41:44,100
time with my family, it wasn't 
about efficiency. 

1848
01:41:44,100 --> 01:41:47,200
It was about maintaining sanity 
when the clock no longer ruled 

1849
01:41:47,200 --> 01:41:49,700
my life. 
This reinvention of daily 

1850
01:41:49,700 --> 01:41:51,500
routine was wasn't merely 
adaptation. 

1851
01:41:51,500 --> 01:41:54,900
It represented a profound 
cultural shift in how Americans 

1852
01:41:54,900 --> 01:41:58,400
related to material Goods 
services and time itself. 

1853
01:41:58,400 --> 01:42:01,900
The depression force in 
Nationwide reassessment of needs

1854
01:42:01,900 --> 01:42:06,600
versus wants durability versus 
disposability and self-reliance 

1855
01:42:06,600 --> 01:42:10,000
versus specialization of These 
values would influence 

1856
01:42:10,000 --> 01:42:12,900
consumption, patterns, and 
domestic practices for decades 

1857
01:42:12,900 --> 01:42:15,600
after economic recovery. 
The depression is famous for 

1858
01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:18,600
individual hardships, but it's 
most impressive story. 

1859
01:42:18,600 --> 01:42:21,200
May be how communities devise 
survival strategies, that 

1860
01:42:21,200 --> 01:42:23,400
changed American Social 
organization. 

1861
01:42:23,400 --> 01:42:26,400
Together, these responses 
provided resilience where 

1862
01:42:26,400 --> 01:42:28,800
individual efforts failed, 
highly sophisticated 

1863
01:42:28,800 --> 01:42:32,800
neighborhood, support systems 
arose, informal communication, 

1864
01:42:32,800 --> 01:42:36,100
networks, convey information 
about jobs Assistance, programs 

1865
01:42:36,100 --> 01:42:38,500
and local credit providers in 
metropolitan areas. 

1866
01:42:39,200 --> 01:42:42,100
These networks spanned ethnic 
and religious divides by using 

1867
01:42:42,100 --> 01:42:45,800
tenement hallways laundry lines 
and front Stoops to spread 

1868
01:42:45,800 --> 01:42:48,000
information. 
Before the crash. 

1869
01:42:48,000 --> 01:42:49,500
The Jewish families in our 
building. 

1870
01:42:49,500 --> 01:42:51,300
Barely spoke to the Italian 
families. 

1871
01:42:51,300 --> 01:42:53,700
Two floors down. 
So Williamsburg resident, Sarah 

1872
01:42:53,700 --> 01:42:55,700
Goldstein. 
Mrs. Esposito. 

1873
01:42:55,700 --> 01:42:58,800
And my mother ran a suit pot for
both families in 1931. 

1874
01:42:58,800 --> 01:43:02,600
After learning about the 
warehouse job Mr. Esposito 

1875
01:43:02,600 --> 01:43:05,400
informed. 
My father old boundaries fell 

1876
01:43:05,400 --> 01:43:09,300
because survival demanded. 
Cooperation Mrs. Esposito lit. 

1877
01:43:09,300 --> 01:43:12,400
Candles with us on Friday nights
because we are family, not 

1878
01:43:12,400 --> 01:43:14,900
because she was Jewish. 
Community. 

1879
01:43:14,900 --> 01:43:18,600
Cohesion, led to practical 
assistance systems organic Child

1880
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:20,900
Care cooperatives. 
Let parents switch job hunting 

1881
01:43:20,900 --> 01:43:24,400
days tool Library. 
Let neighbor expensive gear. 

1882
01:43:25,200 --> 01:43:28,100
Urban vacant sites become 
fertile land with communal 

1883
01:43:28,100 --> 01:43:31,000
Gardens. 
The depression also saw formal 

1884
01:43:31,000 --> 01:43:34,400
mutual help organizations grow, 
many histories focus on 

1885
01:43:34,400 --> 01:43:37,200
government relief programs, 
although community-based 

1886
01:43:37,200 --> 01:43:40,000
structures delivered faster and 
more culturally relevant Aid. 

1887
01:43:40,700 --> 01:43:44,000
Religious fraternal and ethnic 
benefit societies extended their

1888
01:43:44,000 --> 01:43:45,800
roles to meet economic 
requirements. 

1889
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:50,400
The black fraternal group Prince
Hall Masons exhibited this 

1890
01:43:50,400 --> 01:43:53,300
expansion. 
Detroit Lodge officer Thomas 

1891
01:43:53,300 --> 01:43:56,400
Washington said. 
Our organization traditionally 

1892
01:43:56,400 --> 01:43:58,800
provides burial benefits and 
social connections. 

1893
01:43:58,800 --> 01:44:02,000
We became a job office Food, 
Distribution Center and housing,

1894
01:44:02,000 --> 01:44:05,500
referral agency overnight during
the Depression in every working,

1895
01:44:05,500 --> 01:44:08,700
brother supported the unemployed
when the economy failed our 

1896
01:44:08,700 --> 01:44:12,800
community retained dignity, 
Labor unions, expanded Beyond 

1897
01:44:12,800 --> 01:44:15,000
workplace activism to provide 
overall support. 

1898
01:44:16,000 --> 01:44:18,500
The international ladies garment
Workers Union in New York 

1899
01:44:18,500 --> 01:44:22,300
sponsored Health, Clinic's 
Cooperative, housing, and adult 

1900
01:44:22,300 --> 01:44:25,800
education. 
Michigan United, Auto Workers 

1901
01:44:25,800 --> 01:44:28,400
are employment council's, 
organized, direct action to 

1902
01:44:28,400 --> 01:44:31,900
avoid eviction later UAB leader,
Walter Ruth are remembered 

1903
01:44:31,900 --> 01:44:35,300
early, Depression era 
activities, Hundreds of workers 

1904
01:44:35,300 --> 01:44:38,000
block the sheriff, when a family
received an eviction notice. 

1905
01:44:38,000 --> 01:44:41,300
When we negotiate lower rent or 
payment schedules with the 

1906
01:44:41,300 --> 01:44:44,100
landlord, we'd return the 
family's possession after 

1907
01:44:44,100 --> 01:44:47,500
authorities left. 
If eviction was inevitable, now 

1908
01:44:47,500 --> 01:44:50,300
we fought for Community 
survival, not pay. 

1909
01:44:51,300 --> 01:44:54,500
Rural communities established 
unique mutual help systems. 

1910
01:44:55,300 --> 01:44:58,400
Besides advocacy, The Grange 
coordinated seed exchanges, 

1911
01:44:58,400 --> 01:45:00,500
equipment, sharing and labor 
pooling. 

1912
01:45:01,200 --> 01:45:04,500
Farmers formed, communal lending
circles, based on European and 

1913
01:45:04,500 --> 01:45:07,000
African Customs. 
When bank failures devastated, 

1914
01:45:07,000 --> 01:45:10,700
the conventional credit system, 
Transformations were specially 

1915
01:45:10,700 --> 01:45:14,100
profound in churches, religion 
became a distribution 

1916
01:45:14,100 --> 01:45:16,000
employment, and housing 
coordinators. 

1917
01:45:16,000 --> 01:45:18,900
In addition to spiritual 
assistants, when public 

1918
01:45:18,900 --> 01:45:21,900
education funds, fell Church, 
basements became schools, 

1919
01:45:21,900 --> 01:45:24,900
religious communities, that had 
focused on spirituality. 

1920
01:45:24,900 --> 01:45:28,900
Now, addressed material, 
concerns directly, Before the 

1921
01:45:28,900 --> 01:45:32,000
depression, charity was a minor 
part of our ministry said data. 

1922
01:45:32,000 --> 01:45:34,600
First Methodist Church, Pastor, 
Michael Thompson. 

1923
01:45:34,600 --> 01:45:39,900
We turned our refuge into a 
nighttime dormitory by 1932 Our 

1924
01:45:39,900 --> 01:45:42,100
Sunday School classes became 
healthcare clinics, with 

1925
01:45:42,100 --> 01:45:45,800
volunteer nurses, we broadened 
Christian responsibility from 

1926
01:45:45,800 --> 01:45:49,000
Spirits to body's. 
Theological consequences were 

1927
01:45:49,000 --> 01:45:50,800
huge. 
We couldn't preach about 

1928
01:45:50,800 --> 01:45:52,800
Paradise while neglecting 
Earthly misery. 

1929
01:45:54,300 --> 01:45:56,600
Across cutting aspect of these 
Community Systems was 

1930
01:45:56,600 --> 01:46:00,400
significant organizations that 
service ethnic religious or 

1931
01:46:00,400 --> 01:46:03,400
occupational. 
Groups expanded their reach, the

1932
01:46:03,400 --> 01:46:05,800
result opened up Social 
relationships across boundaries 

1933
01:46:05,800 --> 01:46:09,300
intentional, communities plan, 
Cooperative living arrangements 

1934
01:46:09,300 --> 01:46:12,600
that pulled resources to Foster 
security grew during the 

1935
01:46:12,600 --> 01:46:15,400
Depression. 
These included official Ventures

1936
01:46:15,400 --> 01:46:18,600
like West, Virginia's arthurdale
community and spontaneous 

1937
01:46:18,600 --> 01:46:21,100
settlements like unemployed 
workers Cooperative camps 

1938
01:46:21,100 --> 01:46:25,200
outside major towns. 
According to Joseph Collins, who

1939
01:46:25,200 --> 01:46:26,800
founded a Cooperative Camp? 
Outside? 

1940
01:46:26,800 --> 01:46:30,700
Seattle, 60, families. 
Erected shelters from salvaged 

1941
01:46:30,700 --> 01:46:35,400
materials on vacant ground. 
We had sanitation, education and

1942
01:46:35,400 --> 01:46:37,400
food production committees. 
Like a little town. 

1943
01:46:38,200 --> 01:46:41,900
Everyone contributed skills. 
A fired teacher taught kids 

1944
01:46:41,900 --> 01:46:44,200
restaurant. 
Veterans, ran our shared 

1945
01:46:44,200 --> 01:46:46,900
kitchen. 
We printed labor back to script.

1946
01:46:46,900 --> 01:46:49,900
It was more than survival. 
We were developing an 

1947
01:46:49,900 --> 01:46:54,100
alternative to the fail economy.
These Villages were social and 

1948
01:46:54,100 --> 01:46:57,100
economic Innovation Labs. 
Many tried Cooperative 

1949
01:46:57,100 --> 01:47:00,500
ownership, labor exchange, and 
non-monetary economies to 

1950
01:47:00,500 --> 01:47:03,300
replace capitalism. 
Most of these attempts were 

1951
01:47:03,300 --> 01:47:06,600
absorbed into mainstream 
Economic Institutions, but the 

1952
01:47:06,600 --> 01:47:09,800
shaped American Community 
organization, Community 

1953
01:47:09,800 --> 01:47:12,400
structures generated 
psychological resilience that 

1954
01:47:12,400 --> 01:47:14,400
individuals couldn't most 
notably. 

1955
01:47:15,200 --> 01:47:18,600
Mutual Aid, participants had 
lower depression and suicide 

1956
01:47:18,600 --> 01:47:20,000
rates than those who struggled 
alone. 

1957
01:47:20,800 --> 01:47:23,300
Community responses brought 
meaning to suffering, that may 

1958
01:47:23,300 --> 01:47:27,000
have seemed useless. 
Chicago settlement house. 

1959
01:47:27,000 --> 01:47:30,800
Worker Margaret Wilson, said 
Community connections kept 

1960
01:47:30,800 --> 01:47:33,800
Spirits alive. 
A huge psychological difference,

1961
01:47:33,800 --> 01:47:37,200
existed between unemployed men 
who joined our workers Council. 

1962
01:47:37,200 --> 01:47:41,000
And those who stayed alienated 
meaning and perseverance came 

1963
01:47:41,000 --> 01:47:43,800
from shared hardship. 
The council members endured 

1964
01:47:43,800 --> 01:47:46,600
hunger and pain with friends not
shamefully alone. 

1965
01:47:47,500 --> 01:47:49,100
These Collective survival 
structures. 

1966
01:47:49,100 --> 01:47:51,900
Challenged American 
individualism greatly, they 

1967
01:47:51,900 --> 01:47:55,200
showed that interdependence not 
self-reliance, determined 

1968
01:47:55,200 --> 01:47:59,900
economic disaster, survivability
Long after the Depression, this 

1969
01:47:59,900 --> 01:48:03,400
lesson shaped social policy and 
Community, organizing the Great 

1970
01:48:03,400 --> 01:48:05,300
Depression affected, almost all 
Americans. 

1971
01:48:05,300 --> 01:48:08,400
Although some of events are 
forgotten black American 

1972
01:48:08,400 --> 01:48:11,200
suffered greatly during the 
Depression, but conventional 

1973
01:48:11,200 --> 01:48:14,900
narrative, rarely mention it. 
Already discriminated against 

1974
01:48:14,900 --> 01:48:18,400
him, work housing and education.
Black communities saw the 

1975
01:48:18,400 --> 01:48:20,200
depression as a worsening of 
their poverty. 

1976
01:48:21,100 --> 01:48:24,100
Atlanta domestic worker, Lillian
Thompson characterized this 

1977
01:48:24,100 --> 01:48:26,500
continuity. 
White's discussed the 

1978
01:48:26,500 --> 01:48:28,200
depression. 
Like it ended the world. 

1979
01:48:28,200 --> 01:48:32,400
Historically colored people were
economically insecure last 

1980
01:48:32,400 --> 01:48:35,000
hired. 
First dismissed, was our Norm we

1981
01:48:35,000 --> 01:48:38,700
lost even our minimal security, 
my spouse, and I saved 400 

1982
01:48:38,700 --> 01:48:40,900
dollars for a house. 
When Citizens, Trust Bank 

1983
01:48:40,900 --> 01:48:44,500
failing vanished, no government 
officials worried about black 

1984
01:48:44,500 --> 01:48:48,500
Banks, like they did white ones.
Black agricultural workers 

1985
01:48:48,500 --> 01:48:51,800
suffered most in rural areas in 
addition to Chronic debt from 

1986
01:48:51,808 --> 01:48:54,300
sharecropping, they faced 
falling cotton prices and 

1987
01:48:54,300 --> 01:48:57,800
agricultural mechanization. 
Mechanical cotton, Pickers 

1988
01:48:57,800 --> 01:49:01,300
eliminated, thousands of jobs in
the 1930s when Alternatives were

1989
01:49:01,300 --> 01:49:03,700
scarce. 
This agricultural, displacement 

1990
01:49:03,700 --> 01:49:06,700
spurred the great migration of 
black Americans to Northern 

1991
01:49:06,700 --> 01:49:09,700
cities, the housing 
discrimination forced them into 

1992
01:49:09,700 --> 01:49:14,200
overcrowded, poor dwellings, 
many New Deal initiatives helped

1993
01:49:14,200 --> 01:49:17,100
Americans find housing but 
redlining excluded black 

1994
01:49:17,100 --> 01:49:20,100
neighborhoods indigenous. 
Populations experience the 

1995
01:49:20,100 --> 01:49:24,200
depression through a complicated
mix of economic breakdown and 

1996
01:49:24,200 --> 01:49:27,200
Colonial policy. 
The failure of the cash economy 

1997
01:49:27,200 --> 01:49:30,000
had less of an impact on 
traditional subsistence tribes 

1998
01:49:30,000 --> 01:49:33,900
than on non-native those forced 
into wage labor by previous 

1999
01:49:33,900 --> 01:49:36,000
government. 
Legislation were specially, 

2000
01:49:36,000 --> 01:49:40,000
vulnerable Joseph Blackhawk and 
Omaha Tribal member who worked 

2001
01:49:40,000 --> 01:49:42,800
in Nebraska Meatpacking 
facilities said government 

2002
01:49:42,800 --> 01:49:44,900
schools and reservation 
regulations destroyed. 

2003
01:49:44,900 --> 01:49:48,700
Our grandparents, land-based 
abilities, any of us relied on 

2004
01:49:48,700 --> 01:49:51,600
wage work, that disappeared 
during the Depression, the 

2005
01:49:51,600 --> 01:49:54,500
transformation of our hunting 
grounds into farms and our plant

2006
01:49:54,500 --> 01:49:56,100
Gathering sites into paved 
areas. 

2007
01:49:56,100 --> 01:49:59,200
Prevented us from reverting to 
our ancient Customs, the 

2008
01:49:59,200 --> 01:50:02,500
simultaneous failure of both 
systems, put us Between Worlds. 

2009
01:50:03,300 --> 01:50:07,600
The 1934 Indian reorganization 
Act, despite its promotion as a 

2010
01:50:07,600 --> 01:50:11,100
progressive reform, resulted in 
increased economic dependency 

2011
01:50:11,100 --> 01:50:14,100
during the Depression 
constitutions, that prioritize 

2012
01:50:14,100 --> 01:50:17,200
resource exploitation have 
reformed tribes promoting 

2013
01:50:17,200 --> 01:50:19,400
outside interests over 
indigenous communities. 

2014
01:50:20,300 --> 01:50:22,900
Mexican-americans in the 
southwest had particularly 

2015
01:50:22,900 --> 01:50:25,900
depression problems. 
Large producers slashed wages 

2016
01:50:25,900 --> 01:50:28,400
drastically. 
But still demanded hard work 

2017
01:50:28,400 --> 01:50:31,900
when crop prices plummeted. 
Mexican and Mexican-American 

2018
01:50:31,900 --> 01:50:35,000
workers faced violence. 
Oppression and deportation due 

2019
01:50:35,000 --> 01:50:37,900
to their organizing efforts. 
The federal government's 

2020
01:50:37,900 --> 01:50:41,000
repatriation plans, demonstrate 
economic distress and racial 

2021
01:50:41,000 --> 01:50:44,100
targeting. 
About 60% of the one to two 

2022
01:50:44,100 --> 01:50:46,800
million, Mexican Americans, 
deported, or pushed to leave. 

2023
01:50:46,800 --> 01:50:51,100
The US between 1929 and 1936. 
Were US citizens. 

2024
01:50:51,100 --> 01:50:54,300
The result was one of the 
largest forced migration in 

2025
01:50:54,300 --> 01:50:57,300
American history frequently with
without legal procedure. 

2026
01:50:58,300 --> 01:51:02,500
Elena Ramirez whose family was 
deported to Mexico in. 1932 

2027
01:51:02,500 --> 01:51:05,600
said, immigration agents in 
circled, our Los Angeles 

2028
01:51:05,608 --> 01:51:07,800
neighborhood and loaded everyone
onto trucks. 

2029
01:51:07,800 --> 01:51:11,200
The fact that my brother and I 
were born in California and held

2030
01:51:11,200 --> 01:51:13,000
a American citizenship did not 
matter. 

2031
01:51:13,000 --> 01:51:17,300
We only had a few hours to pack.
My father worked at the same 

2032
01:51:17,300 --> 01:51:20,500
Factory for nine years. 
Our church school and Friends 

2033
01:51:20,500 --> 01:51:23,500
vanished. 
Overnight we landed in Mexico as

2034
01:51:23,500 --> 01:51:26,300
strangers, 20 years, after my 
parents departed. 

2035
01:51:26,300 --> 01:51:29,900
We were considered pochos, 
neither Mexican nor American 

2036
01:51:29,900 --> 01:51:32,900
Urban Americans. 
Rarely saw the hardship of rural

2037
01:51:32,900 --> 01:51:36,400
white populations in Appalachia 
and the Ozarks economic 

2038
01:51:36,400 --> 01:51:40,300
deterioration in these areas 
began before, 1929 owing to 

2039
01:51:40,300 --> 01:51:43,700
Resource extraction and changing
agricultural markets, the 

2040
01:51:43,700 --> 01:51:46,800
depression sank economically 
marginalized groups into deep 

2041
01:51:46,800 --> 01:51:49,600
poverty, these regions 
emphasized, the difference 

2042
01:51:49,600 --> 01:51:52,600
between deserving and 
undeserving poor. 

2043
01:51:53,400 --> 01:51:56,400
New Deal initiatives favored, 
recent middle-class dropouts 

2044
01:51:56,400 --> 01:51:57,600
over multi-generational. 
Poor. 

2045
01:51:58,300 --> 01:52:01,100
Such multi-tiered assistance 
schemes, occasionally excluded, 

2046
01:52:01,100 --> 01:52:04,400
the most desperate. 
Disability during depression is 

2047
01:52:04,400 --> 01:52:08,200
another underestimated pain 
Factor family support systems 

2048
01:52:08,200 --> 01:52:11,600
and philanthropic institutions 
crumbled, putting Americans with

2049
01:52:11,600 --> 01:52:13,600
Disabilities in unparalleled 
hardship. 

2050
01:52:14,500 --> 01:52:17,500
When demand for disabled 
American Services, expanded 

2051
01:52:17,500 --> 01:52:20,500
Financial Cuts, deteriorated 
their facilities. 

2052
01:52:20,500 --> 01:52:23,400
A Massachusetts state 
psychiatric hospitals. 

2053
01:52:23,400 --> 01:52:26,200
Dr. Margaret Chan. 
Observe this decline. 

2054
01:52:26,200 --> 01:52:30,000
We were under staffed and 
underfunded before the crash 

2055
01:52:30,000 --> 01:52:33,500
after State, budgets fell 
circumstances were terrible. 

2056
01:52:34,200 --> 01:52:37,800
Our patient base increased while
staff shrank by a third food 

2057
01:52:37,800 --> 01:52:40,500
quality, plummeted treatment 
became confinement. 

2058
01:52:41,300 --> 01:52:43,500
We ran out of resources during 
acute illness. 

2059
01:52:43,500 --> 01:52:46,200
So many individuals who could 
have recovered were 

2060
01:52:46,200 --> 01:52:50,600
institutionalized for life. 
Depression devastated, carefully

2061
01:52:50,600 --> 01:52:53,300
developed support systems for 
physically challenged Americans 

2062
01:52:53,300 --> 01:52:56,400
living freely. 
When informal helpers focused on

2063
01:52:56,400 --> 01:52:59,200
their own Survival. 
Disabled people who had retained

2064
01:52:59,200 --> 01:53:01,700
autonomy through Community 
networks were forced into 

2065
01:53:01,700 --> 01:53:04,600
institutionalization. 
The depression produced, new 

2066
01:53:04,600 --> 01:53:08,300
disability categories, childhood
malnutrition caused lifelong, 

2067
01:53:08,300 --> 01:53:11,000
developmental problems. 
Safety requirements were 

2068
01:53:11,000 --> 01:53:14,600
abandoned to minimize costs, 
increasing workplace accidents, 

2069
01:53:14,600 --> 01:53:17,500
depression related, 
psychological, trauma caused 

2070
01:53:17,500 --> 01:53:20,700
untreated mental health issues. 
However, economic disaster. 

2071
01:53:20,700 --> 01:53:23,300
Affected youth is often 
forgotten in depression accounts

2072
01:53:23,300 --> 01:53:26,600
schools, in various locations, 
cutter academic years or 

2073
01:53:26,600 --> 01:53:30,000
shuttered, due to budget, 
limitations child, labor, which 

2074
01:53:30,000 --> 01:53:32,800
have been falling for decades 
rows as families, required cash 

2075
01:53:32,800 --> 01:53:36,400
from everyone malnutrition, at 
Key development had lifelong 

2076
01:53:36,400 --> 01:53:40,300
physical and cognitive damage. 
Helen Morrison aural Kentucky. 

2077
01:53:40,300 --> 01:53:43,800
Teacher saw these changes. 
Planting and harvest attendance 

2078
01:53:43,800 --> 01:53:46,800
was intermittent before the 
catastrophe, many children 

2079
01:53:46,800 --> 01:53:51,000
vanished by 1932, I found them 
working full-time at anything 

2080
01:53:51,000 --> 01:53:53,100
they could find when I visited 
their homes. 

2081
01:53:53,100 --> 01:53:55,600
Some families have broken up 
with children, living with 

2082
01:53:55,600 --> 01:53:58,300
relatives or neighbors while 
parents looked for jobs. 

2083
01:53:58,300 --> 01:54:01,900
Many of my students lost the 
idea of infancy as a protected 

2084
01:54:01,900 --> 01:54:05,000
period of development. 
These forgotten depression 

2085
01:54:05,000 --> 01:54:07,600
scenes, show how economic 
disaster deep and social 

2086
01:54:07,600 --> 01:54:10,700
divisions, while popular 
narratives highlight shared pain

2087
01:54:10,700 --> 01:54:14,200
that linked Americans, these 
Forgotten Tales show how crises 

2088
01:54:14,200 --> 01:54:16,900
reinforced race region, aptitude
and age. 

2089
01:54:16,900 --> 01:54:20,100
Hierarchies the Great Depression
created enduring legacies. 

2090
01:54:20,100 --> 01:54:23,300
That shaped American Society for
Generations, in ways, few could 

2091
01:54:23,300 --> 01:54:26,500
have predicted these influences 
transformed behaviors and 

2092
01:54:26,500 --> 01:54:29,300
attitudes that would persist 
long after economic recovery. 

2093
01:54:30,100 --> 01:54:32,700
The most visible Legacy was 
American's relationship with 

2094
01:54:32,700 --> 01:54:35,900
Financial Risk. 
Depression survivors developed 

2095
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:39,400
what marketers later called, 
depression syndrome, Financial 

2096
01:54:39,400 --> 01:54:42,100
behaviors that prioritize 
security over opportunity. 

2097
01:54:42,100 --> 01:54:46,300
Even when economically 
irrational, Millionaires who had

2098
01:54:46,300 --> 01:54:48,800
survived bank failures 
maintained multiple modest 

2099
01:54:48,800 --> 01:54:50,900
accounts rather than 
Consolidated ones. 

2100
01:54:50,900 --> 01:54:54,900
Successful professionals refused
mortgages despite having amping 

2101
01:54:54,900 --> 01:54:57,600
come. 
Families stockpiled Necessities 

2102
01:54:57,600 --> 01:55:01,600
due to concerns about future 
shortages Dorothy, Klein, a 

2103
01:55:01,600 --> 01:55:04,900
consumer researcher in the 1950s
noted that conventional 

2104
01:55:04,900 --> 01:55:07,700
advertising could not persuade 
depression survive, as they 

2105
01:55:07,700 --> 01:55:10,000
evaluated purchases through a 
trauma lens. 

2106
01:55:10,000 --> 01:55:13,600
I interviewed a doctor who kept 
25 pounds of coffee in his 

2107
01:55:13,600 --> 01:55:15,900
Pantry. 
When coffee was racked in during

2108
01:55:15,900 --> 01:55:17,600
the war. 
He developed anxiety about 

2109
01:55:17,600 --> 01:55:21,200
shortages, 20 years later, 
despite a bundt supplies. 

2110
01:55:21,200 --> 01:55:24,100
He maintained this buffer 
against a threat that no longer 

2111
01:55:24,100 --> 01:55:27,600
existed. 
This security oriented mindset 

2112
01:55:27,600 --> 01:55:30,500
was passed down to children, 
raised by depression survivors. 

2113
01:55:31,300 --> 01:55:34,100
The silent generation and early 
baby boomers inherited their 

2114
01:55:34,100 --> 01:55:36,700
parents risk. 
Aversion, despite growing up in 

2115
01:55:36,700 --> 01:55:40,400
unprecedented prosperity, This 
generational transmission of 

2116
01:55:40,400 --> 01:55:43,300
financial trauma influenced 
banking, housing and Retail 

2117
01:55:43,300 --> 01:55:46,400
sectors for decades. 
As these sectors are knowingly, 

2118
01:55:46,400 --> 01:55:49,300
catered to customers whose 
decision-making was influenced 

2119
01:55:49,300 --> 01:55:50,900
by psychological patterns 
formed. 

2120
01:55:50,900 --> 01:55:54,000
During the 1930s, The 
depression, fundamentally 

2121
01:55:54,000 --> 01:55:55,900
altered, Americans relationship 
with government. 

2122
01:55:57,200 --> 01:56:01,100
Before 1929 most citizens had 
minimal interaction with federal

2123
01:56:01,100 --> 01:56:04,200
agencies. 
By 1940 government had become an

2124
01:56:04,200 --> 01:56:08,100
everyday present through relief.
Programs employment projects and

2125
01:56:08,100 --> 01:56:11,600
Regulatory Frameworks this 
created expectations that 

2126
01:56:11,600 --> 01:56:13,800
transcended traditional 
political divisions. 

2127
01:56:14,700 --> 01:56:18,200
Frank Holloway who administered 
WPA projects in Tennessee noted.

2128
01:56:19,000 --> 01:56:21,900
Before the depression mentioning
I worked for the federal 

2129
01:56:21,900 --> 01:56:24,900
government, Drew suspicion by 
1936. 

2130
01:56:24,900 --> 01:56:28,000
People welcomed me because I 
represented jobs and assistance 

2131
01:56:28,000 --> 01:56:31,700
people who fill a softly opposed
government interference. 

2132
01:56:31,700 --> 01:56:35,500
Now, expect Government 
Solutions, this Evolution wasn't

2133
01:56:35,500 --> 01:56:38,100
about liberal or conservative 
was at a fundamental 

2134
01:56:38,100 --> 01:56:40,700
recalibration of what government
was for. 

2135
01:56:41,800 --> 01:56:45,400
Cultural expressions, underwent 
profound transformation the Arts

2136
01:56:45,400 --> 01:56:48,600
developed dual, impulses that 
seemed contradictory but often 

2137
01:56:48,600 --> 01:56:52,400
existed within the same works 
and flinching documentation of 

2138
01:56:52,408 --> 01:56:54,500
suffering, alongside Escapist 
entertainment. 

2139
01:56:55,400 --> 01:56:58,200
The documentary tradition 
emerged in photography, Walker 

2140
01:56:58,200 --> 01:57:01,400
Evans Dorothea Lange, and 
literature Steinbeck Wright 

2141
01:57:01,400 --> 01:57:05,100
while escapism flourished in 
Hollywood musicals and superhero

2142
01:57:05,100 --> 01:57:09,500
comics playwright Arthur Miller 
explained this Duality the 

2143
01:57:09,500 --> 01:57:11,600
theater. 
Swung between Agate prop realism

2144
01:57:11,600 --> 01:57:14,600
and Pure Fantasy. 
What endured were works that 

2145
01:57:14,600 --> 01:57:17,200
somehow managed both 
acknowledging suffering. 

2146
01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:20,600
While suggesting Transcendence 
audience is needed both truth 

2147
01:57:20,600 --> 01:57:22,300
and hope reality and 
possibility. 

2148
01:57:22,300 --> 01:57:25,000
The depression created a 
generation that approached 

2149
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:26,900
community building with 
deliberate intention. 

2150
01:57:27,600 --> 01:57:29,600
Having experience to help 
economic disaster. 

2151
01:57:29,600 --> 01:57:32,700
Could isolate individuals, many 
survivors became what 

2152
01:57:32,700 --> 01:57:35,900
sociologists later called, 
intentional neighbors, 

2153
01:57:35,900 --> 01:57:38,700
deliberately cultivating 
Community connections, as 

2154
01:57:38,700 --> 01:57:42,300
insurance against future 
hardship, the explosion of Civic

2155
01:57:42,300 --> 01:57:45,800
organizations in post 
depression, America, from pta's 

2156
01:57:45,800 --> 01:57:48,700
to Neighborhood association's 
reflected this impulse. 

2157
01:57:50,300 --> 01:57:53,200
While often viewed as expression
of 1950s conformity. 

2158
01:57:54,200 --> 01:57:57,000
These organizations actually 
represented lessons learned from

2159
01:57:57,000 --> 01:58:01,200
1930s, isolation. 
Perhaps most profound was the 

2160
01:58:01,200 --> 01:58:03,700
depression's impact, on 
Americans relationship, with 

2161
01:58:03,700 --> 01:58:08,100
work itself employment became 
more than an economic necessity,

2162
01:58:08,100 --> 01:58:10,600
it became psychological 
validation. 

2163
01:58:10,600 --> 01:58:14,400
The experience of involuntary 
joblessness created lasting 

2164
01:58:14,400 --> 01:58:16,500
associations between work and 
identity. 

2165
01:58:16,500 --> 01:58:18,900
That influenced retirement 
patterns for decades. 

2166
01:58:19,900 --> 01:58:24,400
To Samuel Weinstein, who studied
Aging in the 1970s Foundation, 

2167
01:58:24,400 --> 01:58:27,200
survivors approached retirement 
differently than subsequent 

2168
01:58:27,200 --> 01:58:29,300
Generations, they often could 
not articulate. 

2169
01:58:29,300 --> 01:58:31,000
Why? 
Continue work fell to Central 

2170
01:58:31,700 --> 01:58:34,600
Once successful businessman told
me, I know, I don't need the 

2171
01:58:34,600 --> 01:58:38,200
money but I need to be needed. 
their concern wasn't about 

2172
01:58:38,200 --> 01:58:41,800
income, but about avoiding the 
cycle of uselessness, they had 

2173
01:58:41,800 --> 01:58:45,700
experienced during unemployment 
decades earlier Looking back, 

2174
01:58:45,700 --> 01:58:49,000
many aspects of American life, 
we take for granted from Social 

2175
01:58:49,000 --> 01:58:52,300
Security, to bank deposit, 
Insurance emerged directly from 

2176
01:58:52,300 --> 01:58:55,900
depression experiences these 
institutional responses to 

2177
01:58:55,900 --> 01:58:59,600
catastrophe became so normalized
that their Origins and crisis 

2178
01:58:59,600 --> 01:59:04,000
were forgotten their existence 
seemingly natural rather than a 

2179
01:59:04,000 --> 01:59:06,000
response to specific historical 
trauma. 

2180
01:59:07,300 --> 01:59:10,100
What remains most remarkable 
about the depression's legacy is

2181
01:59:10,100 --> 01:59:13,900
how it demonstrated both human 
vulnerability and resilience is 

2182
01:59:13,900 --> 01:59:16,100
simultaneously. 
It revealed how quickly 

2183
01:59:16,100 --> 01:59:19,300
Prosperity could vanish and how 
fragile social structures could 

2184
01:59:19,300 --> 01:59:21,700
prove. 
Yet it also showed how 

2185
01:59:21,700 --> 01:59:24,200
communities could adapt and 
societies could reimagine 

2186
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:26,000
themselves in response to 
catastrophe. 

2187
01:59:27,000 --> 01:59:28,900
As depression. 
Survivor Eleanor, Winthrop 

2188
01:59:28,900 --> 01:59:31,400
reflected. 
What stayed with me wasn't the 

2189
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:33,900
hardship itself but the 
discovery of what humans could 

2190
01:59:33,900 --> 01:59:37,400
withstand and create from ruins,
we lost our innocence, about 

2191
01:59:37,400 --> 01:59:40,600
Economic Security, but gained 
wisdom about human connection. 

2192
01:59:41,500 --> 01:59:43,500
The Disappearance of the money 
did not diminish. 

2193
01:59:43,500 --> 01:59:46,700
The value of the ingenious 
adaptations, extraordinary 

2194
01:59:46,700 --> 01:59:49,600
kindnesses and communities 
forged in struggle. 

2195
01:59:49,600 --> 01:59:52,600
That replaced it. 
The Paradox of catastrophe is 

2196
01:59:52,608 --> 01:59:55,500
that it takes with one hand, but
gives with the other and 

2197
01:59:55,500 --> 01:59:57,800
sometimes the gifts out last, 
the losses. 

2198
02:00:02,400 --> 02:00:04,800
Julius Caesar was an always the 
Towering figure. 

2199
02:00:04,800 --> 02:00:08,000
We picked her draped in a bright
red cloak, and commanding the 

2200
02:00:08,000 --> 02:00:12,400
world's greatest Empire, Before 
he was that Legend, he was 

2201
02:00:12,400 --> 02:00:15,000
simply gayest. 
Julius born into a patrician, 

2202
02:00:15,000 --> 02:00:18,100
family with fading clout, in a 
Rome, that seemed to change 

2203
02:00:18,100 --> 02:00:21,200
every week. 
In those early days, the city 

2204
02:00:21,200 --> 02:00:23,600
itself wasn't the polished 
marble Wonder of later, 

2205
02:00:23,600 --> 02:00:26,200
centuries. 
With curving streets that spread

2206
02:00:26,200 --> 02:00:27,900
gossip more quickly than 
chariots. 

2207
02:00:27,900 --> 02:00:31,700
It was a noisy crowded Center of
ambition and politics people. 

2208
02:00:31,700 --> 02:00:34,600
Lived on top of each other in 
shabby Apartments, while 

2209
02:00:34,600 --> 02:00:37,600
Aristocrats planned lavish 
feasts in their Villa Courtyards

2210
02:00:37,600 --> 02:00:39,900
hoping to lure allies for the 
next election. 

2211
02:00:40,900 --> 02:00:44,300
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 
all the noise of Street vendors,

2212
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:47,600
Hawking figs, and fish the 
heated oratory in the Forum and 

2213
02:00:47,600 --> 02:00:49,200
The Whispers behind every 
statues. 

2214
02:00:49,200 --> 02:00:53,000
Column Even as a child sees, had
a curiosity that led him to 

2215
02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:56,100
corners of Romeo's, avoided 
dimly lit taverns. 

2216
02:00:56,100 --> 02:00:59,000
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 
River and rows of cramped 

2217
02:00:59,000 --> 02:01:02,000
bookshops, where scribes copied 
Scrolls for hours on end? 

2218
02:01:02,000 --> 02:01:05,600
These experiences, see him with 
a knowledge of everyday life 

2219
02:01:05,600 --> 02:01:09,500
that most upper-class Romans 
rarely bothered with He'd watch 

2220
02:01:09,500 --> 02:01:12,600
workers at the Docks fascinated 
by the different languages from 

2221
02:01:12,600 --> 02:01:15,800
Traders coming in from the East.
Gave him an early taste for the 

2222
02:01:15,800 --> 02:01:19,500
diversity, that existed Beyond 
Rome's walls, and no matter how 

2223
02:01:19,500 --> 02:01:22,300
chaotic it got, he never seemed 
overwhelmed. 

2224
02:01:23,200 --> 02:01:27,100
Instead he carefully absorb how 
each piece of society functioned

2225
02:01:27,100 --> 02:01:31,000
and filed the information away 
in his early teens, while many 

2226
02:01:31,000 --> 02:01:34,000
aristocratic boys took lessons 
in rhetoric under Fame tutors 

2227
02:01:34,000 --> 02:01:37,200
season did too, but he did more 
than rehearse speeches from 

2228
02:01:37,200 --> 02:01:40,200
ancient Greek texts. 
The peppered, his teachers with 

2229
02:01:40,200 --> 02:01:42,900
questions about how words could 
shift emotions. 

2230
02:01:42,900 --> 02:01:46,600
He really says that to command. 
Respect in Rome, you needed to 

2231
02:01:46,600 --> 02:01:49,400
shape minds and hearts not just 
bodies on a Battlefield. 

2232
02:01:50,300 --> 02:01:53,400
This Julius, Caesar wasn't 
always the Towering figure. 

2233
02:01:53,400 --> 02:01:55,800
We picture draped in a bright 
red cloak. 

2234
02:01:55,800 --> 02:01:59,200
And commanding the world's 
greatest Empire before he was 

2235
02:01:59,200 --> 02:02:03,100
that Legend, he was simply 
Gaius, Julius born into a 

2236
02:02:03,108 --> 02:02:06,400
patrician, family with fading 
clout in a room that seemed to 

2237
02:02:06,408 --> 02:02:09,700
change every week. 
In those early days, the city 

2238
02:02:09,700 --> 02:02:12,100
itself wasn't the polished 
marble Wonder of later, 

2239
02:02:12,100 --> 02:02:14,700
centuries. 
With curving streets that spread

2240
02:02:14,700 --> 02:02:16,300
gossip more quickly than 
chariots. 

2241
02:02:16,300 --> 02:02:20,100
It was a noisy crowded Center of
ambition and politics people 

2242
02:02:20,100 --> 02:02:23,100
lived on top of each other in 
shabby Apartments, while 

2243
02:02:23,100 --> 02:02:26,000
Aristocrats planted lavish 
feasts in their Villa Courtyards

2244
02:02:26,000 --> 02:02:28,400
hoping to lure allies for the 
next election. 

2245
02:02:29,400 --> 02:02:32,800
Gaius Julius was shaped by it 
all the noise of Street vendors,

2246
02:02:32,800 --> 02:02:36,100
Hawking figs, and fish the 
heated oratory in the Forum and 

2247
02:02:36,100 --> 02:02:37,800
The Whispers behind every 
statues. 

2248
02:02:37,800 --> 02:02:41,400
Column Even as a child sees, had
a curiosity that led him to 

2249
02:02:41,400 --> 02:02:44,600
corners of Rome others, avoided 
dimly lit taverns. 

2250
02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:47,600
The Muddy Banks of the Tiber 
River and rows of cramped 

2251
02:02:47,600 --> 02:02:50,500
bookshops were scribes copied 
Scrolls for hours on end. 

2252
02:02:50,500 --> 02:02:53,800
These experience is seasoned him
with a knowledge of everyday 

2253
02:02:53,800 --> 02:02:58,000
life that most upper-class 
Romans rarely bothered with He'd

2254
02:02:58,000 --> 02:03:00,400
watch workers at the Docks 
fascinated by the different 

2255
02:03:00,400 --> 02:03:02,700
languages from Traders coming in
from the East. 

2256
02:03:02,700 --> 02:03:05,400
It gave him an early taste for 
the diversity, that existed, 

2257
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:09,700
Beyond Rome's walls, and no 
matter how chaotic it got, he 

2258
02:03:09,700 --> 02:03:13,500
never seemed overwhelmed. 
Instead he did carefully absorb 

2259
02:03:13,500 --> 02:03:16,500
how each piece of society 
functioned and filed the 

2260
02:03:16,500 --> 02:03:20,300
information away in his early 
teens, while many aristocratic 

2261
02:03:20,300 --> 02:03:23,300
boys took lessons in rhetoric 
under Fame, tutors Caesar did 

2262
02:03:23,300 --> 02:03:25,500
too but he did more than 
rehearse speeches. 

2263
02:03:25,500 --> 02:03:29,000
From ancient Greek texts. 
He peppered, eventually Caesar 

2264
02:03:29,000 --> 02:03:30,500
returned to Rome after solar's 
death. 

2265
02:03:30,500 --> 02:03:33,900
But he'd learned that when power
is on the table, trust is a 

2266
02:03:33,900 --> 02:03:37,200
fragile commodity. 
He had seen men switch loyalties

2267
02:03:37,200 --> 02:03:40,100
for a promise of gold or turn in
a friend to keep their own head 

2268
02:03:40,100 --> 02:03:43,400
that lesson never left him upon 
coming home. 

2269
02:03:43,400 --> 02:03:46,500
He immediately set about 
re-establishing, his social ties

2270
02:03:46,500 --> 02:03:49,400
attending, Banquets and forging 
friendships with men who had 

2271
02:03:49,408 --> 02:03:53,500
once I had him with suspicion. 
Yes, sir was a depth at reading 

2272
02:03:53,500 --> 02:03:57,500
faces, if he caught even a 
flicker of duplicity, he dodged 

2273
02:03:57,500 --> 02:04:00,600
that Bond elegantly, perhaps 
with an extravagant greeting, 

2274
02:04:00,600 --> 02:04:04,200
followed by a subtle distancing.
One could never be too. 

2275
02:04:04,200 --> 02:04:06,100
Careful in Rome, swirling 
politics. 

2276
02:04:06,100 --> 02:04:09,700
A remarkable moment came when he
took on the role of priests to 

2277
02:04:09,700 --> 02:04:14,300
Jupiter only to lose it during 
solar's purges, it was a blow 

2278
02:04:14,300 --> 02:04:17,500
public Pious piety, after all 
was a stepping stone for an 

2279
02:04:17,500 --> 02:04:20,800
aspiring politician. 
Caesar's resilience was already 

2280
02:04:20,800 --> 02:04:25,200
in full bloom, he picked himself
up Found A New Path and ventured

2281
02:04:25,200 --> 02:04:27,100
into the world of politics from 
a different angle. 

2282
02:04:27,100 --> 02:04:30,100
Securing lesser offices, that 
would eventually open bigger 

2283
02:04:30,100 --> 02:04:32,000
doors. 
He also began building a 

2284
02:04:32,000 --> 02:04:34,300
personal brand of generosity 
soon. 

2285
02:04:34,300 --> 02:04:37,000
People whispered about the, 
Banquets he held in the funds. 

2286
02:04:37,000 --> 02:04:40,100
He provided for Public Works 
Senators, wondered how he 

2287
02:04:40,100 --> 02:04:41,900
managed to gather such a Deep 
Pockets. 

2288
02:04:41,900 --> 02:04:45,200
It wasn't old, family, wealth 
alone, Caesar had a network of 

2289
02:04:45,200 --> 02:04:48,200
supporters and many believed in 
him precisely, because of his 

2290
02:04:48,200 --> 02:04:51,700
willingness to think outside the
conventional lines of patronage 

2291
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:54,400
and nepotism. 
By his mid-20s Caesar had 

2292
02:04:54,400 --> 02:04:57,400
cultivated a reputation for 
being both bold and adaptable. 

2293
02:04:58,100 --> 02:05:00,400
He hadn't yet reshaped Rome, but
the seeds were there. 

2294
02:05:00,400 --> 02:05:04,000
His path wasn't about simple 
heroics or the typical childhood

2295
02:05:04,000 --> 02:05:06,000
prophecy that he was destined 
for greatness. 

2296
02:05:06,900 --> 02:05:09,500
Rather, it was a quieter 
accumulation of experiences that

2297
02:05:09,500 --> 02:05:11,100
prepared him for the challenges 
ahead. 

2298
02:05:11,900 --> 02:05:15,500
Each piece his exposure to 
Everyday, Romans his brush, with

2299
02:05:15,500 --> 02:05:19,400
danger during solar's regime. 
His love of rhetoric lined up 

2300
02:05:19,408 --> 02:05:22,300
perfectly to form a foundation 
Rome. 

2301
02:05:22,300 --> 02:05:25,100
Full of swirling rivalries and 
unspoken rules. 

2302
02:05:25,100 --> 02:05:29,000
Had no idea that this relatively
unremarkable, young man with a 

2303
02:05:29,000 --> 02:05:31,700
quick tongue and quick mind was 
about to upend everything. 

2304
02:05:32,400 --> 02:05:35,000
Before he was a seasoned 
Commander or the Colossus 

2305
02:05:35,000 --> 02:05:38,200
striding across the Rubicon. 
Caesar had an Escapade that 

2306
02:05:38,208 --> 02:05:39,900
shaped his perspective on the 
power. 

2307
02:05:39,900 --> 02:05:41,600
More than any lecture in the 
Senate ever. 

2308
02:05:41,600 --> 02:05:44,900
Could his abduction by solution 
pirates in the Aegean Sea. 

2309
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:49,100
It's a tail rarely told in the 
mainstream but it offers a raw 

2310
02:05:49,100 --> 02:05:51,800
glimpse into his character. 
Caesar was traveling to 

2311
02:05:51,800 --> 02:05:54,700
strengthen his oratory skills, 
under a, renowned teacher on the

2312
02:05:54,708 --> 02:05:57,700
island, roads, something 
Aristocrats often did. 

2313
02:05:58,400 --> 02:06:01,600
But the Seas teamed with Pirates
Who thrived on Ransom and it 

2314
02:06:01,608 --> 02:06:04,900
wasn't long before his ship was 
seized the Pirates, Who captured

2315
02:06:04,900 --> 02:06:07,000
him expected a frightened Roman 
Aristocrat. 

2316
02:06:07,000 --> 02:06:10,300
Instead they encountered a man, 
whose boldness made them 

2317
02:06:10,300 --> 02:06:13,300
question, who truly been 
captured when they demanded a 

2318
02:06:13,300 --> 02:06:17,300
ransom of 20 talents of silver? 
Caesar reportedly scoffed that 

2319
02:06:17,300 --> 02:06:20,500
they were under selling him. 
He insisted, they asked for 50 

2320
02:06:20,500 --> 02:06:22,900
the Pirates. 
Bemused yet. 

2321
02:06:22,900 --> 02:06:26,800
Intrigued took his suggestion 
for several weeks season, lived 

2322
02:06:26,800 --> 02:06:30,100
among them, waiting for friends 
to gather the Sun, during that 

2323
02:06:30,100 --> 02:06:33,500
time, he treated them as if he 
were the one in charge, ordering

2324
02:06:33,500 --> 02:06:37,100
them to keep quiet when he slept
even reciting poems and speeches

2325
02:06:37,100 --> 02:06:40,500
and telling them to appreciate 
the Artistry or else to the 

2326
02:06:40,500 --> 02:06:42,700
Pirates credit they indulged 
him. 

2327
02:06:42,700 --> 02:06:45,700
Perhaps wondering if they had 
accidentally kidnapped a 

2328
02:06:45,700 --> 02:06:48,100
lunatic, he wasn't simply being 
arrogant. 

2329
02:06:48,100 --> 02:06:50,500
He was displaying confidence and
unpredictability. 

2330
02:06:50,500 --> 02:06:54,700
In a precarious situation, fear 
can be an exploitable weakness 

2331
02:06:54,700 --> 02:06:57,500
by acting as if he were the 
authority figure. 

2332
02:06:58,200 --> 02:07:01,600
Sees a force, the Pirates to 
respect him or at least treat 

2333
02:07:01,600 --> 02:07:04,800
him carefully. 
When the ransom finally arrived 

2334
02:07:04,800 --> 02:07:08,100
and Caesar was freed, he 
quickly, organized a naval Force

2335
02:07:08,100 --> 02:07:10,500
hunted. 
Those same Pirates down and had 

2336
02:07:10,500 --> 02:07:12,900
them crucified. 
It was an act of lethal 

2337
02:07:12,900 --> 02:07:15,600
retribution laced with the 
cunning, that would characterize

2338
02:07:15,600 --> 02:07:18,600
his later campaigns. 
The memory of that Ransom 

2339
02:07:18,600 --> 02:07:21,800
demanded and of Caesar's 
outlandish performance on the 

2340
02:07:21,800 --> 02:07:25,200
Pirates Island helped shape his 
entire approach to dealing with 

2341
02:07:25,200 --> 02:07:28,908
adversaries, dramatic strategic,
and always with an eye to the 

2342
02:07:28,916 --> 02:07:32,200
outcome. 
Back in Rome, Caesar resumed, 

2343
02:07:32,200 --> 02:07:34,800
his climb, Yeti carried a 
certain Swagger. 

2344
02:07:34,800 --> 02:07:38,000
Now the sense that his life was 
fated for something. 

2345
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:42,300
Extraordinary after all, how 
many young Roman Nobles had 

2346
02:07:42,300 --> 02:07:44,400
stared down, Pirates and lived 
to spin the tail. 

2347
02:07:44,400 --> 02:07:48,100
A political gathering's, people 
whispered behind their cups of 

2348
02:07:48,100 --> 02:07:51,800
wine speculating on whether that
story was just seizes brand of 

2349
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:55,200
theatrics or pure truth. 
But it was undeniable that he 

2350
02:07:55,200 --> 02:07:57,600
managed to secure enough 
influence to become a military 

2351
02:07:57,600 --> 02:08:01,100
Tribune and soon he was off to 
gain experience in the 

2352
02:08:01,100 --> 02:08:03,500
province's which gave him 
intimate knowledge of the 

2353
02:08:03,500 --> 02:08:04,800
armies. 
Who would one day command? 

2354
02:08:05,700 --> 02:08:07,600
The politics? 
He left in Rome were no less 

2355
02:08:07,600 --> 02:08:11,400
complicated. he forged a 
delicate packed with Pompey and 

2356
02:08:11,400 --> 02:08:16,000
uncrosses later known as the 
first triumvirate This was not a

2357
02:08:16,000 --> 02:08:19,400
formal institution, but rather a
private handshake that United 

2358
02:08:19,400 --> 02:08:22,400
three men with distinct 
strengths, pompey's military 

2359
02:08:22,400 --> 02:08:26,100
Prestige, Caesar's wealth, and 
Caesar's political cunning. 

2360
02:08:27,100 --> 02:08:30,300
People often assume Caesar just 
lucked into that Arrangement but

2361
02:08:30,300 --> 02:08:33,400
it was actually the culmination 
of countless dinners private 

2362
02:08:33,400 --> 02:08:35,500
agreements and carefully, 
Bartered favors. 

2363
02:08:36,200 --> 02:08:39,300
Season knew that if he wanted to
climb higher, he needed to bring

2364
02:08:39,300 --> 02:08:42,200
Rome's big players into his 
corner at least temporarily. 

2365
02:08:42,200 --> 02:08:45,900
If that meant moderating his own
Ambitions in the short run to 

2366
02:08:45,900 --> 02:08:49,800
secure pompy's trust. 
He do it without blinking with 

2367
02:08:49,800 --> 02:08:53,600
their support Cesar aimed for a 
new goal, a position that would 

2368
02:08:53,600 --> 02:08:56,800
not only confer Prestige but 
also provide him with the chance

2369
02:08:56,800 --> 02:08:59,000
to broaden his Network and 
bolster his army. 

2370
02:08:59,000 --> 02:09:02,100
With devoted Soldiers, the 
governorship of hispania 

2371
02:09:02,100 --> 02:09:05,600
ulterior or goal where fortunes 
could be made and reputation. 

2372
02:09:05,600 --> 02:09:09,700
Cemented seemed ideal Not only 
would it allow him to command 

2373
02:09:09,700 --> 02:09:12,000
armies? 
It would offer a stage to 

2374
02:09:12,000 --> 02:09:14,600
Showcase his genius in both 
Administration and warfare. 

2375
02:09:15,500 --> 02:09:18,400
In time, he secured the 
proconsul ship of Gaul. 

2376
02:09:19,400 --> 02:09:23,900
Goal was vast populated by 
diverse tribes each with its own

2377
02:09:23,900 --> 02:09:25,900
Traditions alliances and 
grudges. 

2378
02:09:25,900 --> 02:09:28,900
Where lesser men might see only 
a frontier to exploit. 

2379
02:09:29,600 --> 02:09:32,100
Caesar saw a chessboard with 
dozens of moving pieces. 

2380
02:09:32,100 --> 02:09:35,500
He relished the challenge. 
This was after all the man, who 

2381
02:09:35,500 --> 02:09:38,700
once calmly dined with 
kidnappers Gathering Legions 

2382
02:09:38,700 --> 02:09:40,000
known for their discipline and 
grit. 

2383
02:09:40,000 --> 02:09:43,400
He departed North determined to 
do more than just play. 

2384
02:09:43,400 --> 02:09:46,900
Caretaker, you wanted to knit, 
those tribes into Rome sphere of

2385
02:09:46,900 --> 02:09:50,500
influence, forging, New Roads 
and alliances while showcasing 

2386
02:09:50,500 --> 02:09:53,800
Roman Supremacy. 
Before he launched significant 

2387
02:09:53,800 --> 02:09:57,100
campaigns, Caesar did his 
homework, he arranged meetings 

2388
02:09:57,100 --> 02:10:00,200
with tribal Chiefs, listening, 
carefully to their rivalries, 

2389
02:10:00,200 --> 02:10:02,000
and hearing their pleas for 
Roman protection. 

2390
02:10:02,900 --> 02:10:04,700
Was it genuine concern or 
applied? 

2391
02:10:05,500 --> 02:10:08,600
Caesar would wage statement 
reading not just the words, but 

2392
02:10:08,600 --> 02:10:12,800
the shifts in tone and I contact
If he sensed an opportunity like

2393
02:10:12,800 --> 02:10:15,800
a tribe longing for revenge on 
his neighbor, he'd promise 

2394
02:10:15,800 --> 02:10:19,000
support. 
Extracting pledges of loyalty in

2395
02:10:19,000 --> 02:10:21,800
many ways, his tactics mirrored,
the hush hush, political 

2396
02:10:21,800 --> 02:10:24,200
dealings, he'd owned back in 
Rome only. 

2397
02:10:24,200 --> 02:10:27,200
Now the stakes were measured in 
thousands of soldiers and entire

2398
02:10:27,200 --> 02:10:30,500
territories. 
Yet throughout these Maneuvers 

2399
02:10:30,500 --> 02:10:32,900
season. 
Never lost sight of the Persona 

2400
02:10:32,900 --> 02:10:37,200
he'd cultivated, he was no mere 
bureaucrat, he was that daring 

2401
02:10:37,200 --> 02:10:39,300
Aristocrat. 
Who'd outwitted Pirates. 

2402
02:10:39,300 --> 02:10:42,700
The dynamic orator who 
electrified the courts and the 

2403
02:10:42,708 --> 02:10:45,700
cunning negotiator who found 
common ground with Pompey and 

2404
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:49,000
Caesar each success. 
In Gaul was reported back to 

2405
02:10:49,000 --> 02:10:52,600
Rome by a sensational, 
dispatches, komentaryo so 

2406
02:10:52,608 --> 02:10:56,400
written with Clarity and Flair. 
People in the city devoured 

2407
02:10:56,400 --> 02:10:59,400
them, as if they were tabloid 
headlines, he dramatized his 

2408
02:10:59,400 --> 02:11:01,700
victories, just enough to 
capture the Public's 

2409
02:11:01,700 --> 02:11:04,300
imagination. 
The Senate, reading the official

2410
02:11:04,300 --> 02:11:08,000
version, found the cells, both 
in pressed and where he Caesar 

2411
02:11:08,000 --> 02:11:11,200
was quickly becoming too big to 
ignore these initial steps in 

2412
02:11:11,200 --> 02:11:15,400
Gaul, some alliances struck some
small skirmishes, one in boldend

2413
02:11:15,400 --> 02:11:17,400
him. 
He sensed that if he could bring

2414
02:11:17,400 --> 02:11:20,300
all of Gaul under Roman control,
he'd move from being just 

2415
02:11:20,300 --> 02:11:24,200
another ambitious politician to 
a legendary conqueror that 

2416
02:11:24,200 --> 02:11:27,100
knowledge spurred him on Cesar 
might have left Behind The 

2417
02:11:27,100 --> 02:11:30,300
Pirates Who Wants threatened him
but the memory of that captivity

2418
02:11:30,300 --> 02:11:32,400
fueled his hunger for absolute 
control. 

2419
02:11:32,400 --> 02:11:36,300
If he had his way, no one be 
their tribal Chief or a Roman 

2420
02:11:36,300 --> 02:11:39,400
Senator would ever have the 
power to hold him captive again.

2421
02:11:40,200 --> 02:11:43,200
The gallic wars, the Caesars 
campaigns would come to be 

2422
02:11:43,200 --> 02:11:46,000
called weren't just about 
marching Legions, across fields 

2423
02:11:46,000 --> 02:11:47,400
and building. 
Wooden Palisades. 

2424
02:11:47,400 --> 02:11:51,400
They were about psychological 
warfare diplomacy and the 

2425
02:11:51,400 --> 02:11:55,100
cunning exploitation of 
intertribal rivalries Rome's 

2426
02:11:55,100 --> 02:11:58,100
dominance always hung on its 
ability to divide and conquer. 

2427
02:11:58,900 --> 02:12:02,700
With Caesar at the helm that 
strategy took on Fresh Nuance in

2428
02:12:02,700 --> 02:12:05,900
the early phases, Caesar 
Consolidated, Roman games by 

2429
02:12:05,900 --> 02:12:08,200
constructing a network of roads 
and fortifications. 

2430
02:12:08,200 --> 02:12:12,200
This was hardly glamorous labor.
Roman soldiers would spend weeks

2431
02:12:12,200 --> 02:12:14,800
hacking through forests and bogs
direct outposts. 

2432
02:12:14,800 --> 02:12:19,000
Sometimes under the threat of 
ambush. yet each New Roman style

2433
02:12:19,000 --> 02:12:21,800
Fort complete with straight 
lines and carefully measured in 

2434
02:12:21,800 --> 02:12:25,400
totals, sent a message of 
permanence These were just 

2435
02:12:25,400 --> 02:12:28,500
makeshift Garrison's, they were 
statements that Rome had come to

2436
02:12:28,500 --> 02:12:31,100
stay. 
People often remember sees, as 

2437
02:12:31,100 --> 02:12:34,500
brilliant on the battlefield. 
But his true strength lay in 

2438
02:12:34,500 --> 02:12:38,300
methodical organization. 
He considered Logistics as vital

2439
02:12:38,300 --> 02:12:41,200
as sword and shield the various 
gallic tribes. 

2440
02:12:41,200 --> 02:12:44,200
Watch done easily. 
Some rushing to seize his side, 

2441
02:12:44,200 --> 02:12:46,600
others forming alliances against
him. 

2442
02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:50,100
Caesar capitalized on the 
smallest of division. 

2443
02:12:50,100 --> 02:12:53,700
If one tribe feuded with 
another, he'd arrived as a 

2444
02:12:53,700 --> 02:12:56,800
peace, broker offering Roman 
friendship and military aid 

2445
02:12:56,800 --> 02:12:59,700
against arrival. 
Soon enough this tribe would 

2446
02:12:59,700 --> 02:13:03,000
find itself bound to Caesar by 
Mutual benefit and Shackled by 

2447
02:13:03,000 --> 02:13:06,200
Roman expectations. 
The Brilliance lay in making it 

2448
02:13:06,200 --> 02:13:08,400
seem as if the tribe had chosen 
this path freely. 

2449
02:13:08,400 --> 02:13:12,600
Not that Caesars campaign was 
devoid of Bloodshed certain 

2450
02:13:12,600 --> 02:13:16,200
tribes, resisted fiercely, 
resentful of foreign occupation.

2451
02:13:16,900 --> 02:13:20,200
The Belgian in the north. 
For instance, martialed huge 

2452
02:13:20,200 --> 02:13:22,000
forces that tested Roman 
discipline. 

2453
02:13:22,600 --> 02:13:26,200
Caesar never squeamish deployed 
tactics to crush resistance, 

2454
02:13:26,200 --> 02:13:30,100
decisively destroying crops, 
capturing strategic points and 

2455
02:13:30,100 --> 02:13:33,000
sometimes resorting to brutal 
reprisals that sent a chill 

2456
02:13:33,000 --> 02:13:36,200
through neighboring tribes, he 
didn't reveling cruelty for its 

2457
02:13:36,200 --> 02:13:39,500
own sake but he understood the 
Roman tradition of deterrents 

2458
02:13:39,500 --> 02:13:42,900
ferocious display could prevent 
a drawn out Rebellion. 

2459
02:13:42,900 --> 02:13:46,500
This approach while effective 
all so laid the seeds for future

2460
02:13:46,500 --> 02:13:51,200
animosity among Fierce Defenders
of gallic Independence, like the

2461
02:13:51,200 --> 02:13:55,500
singer's wrestling gets was now 
in Chieftain who recognized that

2462
02:13:55,500 --> 02:13:57,600
the gallic tribes needed Unity 
more than ever. 

2463
02:13:58,300 --> 02:14:01,400
He wasn't some hot headed Bandit
chief, he was methodical 

2464
02:14:01,400 --> 02:14:04,800
charismatic and had a strategic 
mind that could rival seasons. 

2465
02:14:05,600 --> 02:14:07,700
While Caesar was off campaigning
on another front. 

2466
02:14:07,700 --> 02:14:10,600
The Cinco tricks rally. 
Disparate tribes under the 

2467
02:14:10,600 --> 02:14:13,500
banner of gallic Pride when 
Caesar got wind of this 

2468
02:14:13,500 --> 02:14:16,600
resistance, he recognized at 
once that the king tricks was no

2469
02:14:16,600 --> 02:14:20,200
ordinary adversary. 
The typical trick of exploiting 

2470
02:14:20,200 --> 02:14:22,000
old rivalries might not work 
here. 

2471
02:14:22,700 --> 02:14:26,200
The confrontation between Caesar
and the singer torex escalated 

2472
02:14:26,200 --> 02:14:28,600
into one of the defining 
struggles of the gallic wars, 

2473
02:14:28,600 --> 02:14:33,800
versing a scorched-earth policy 
instructing villages to destroy 

2474
02:14:33,800 --> 02:14:35,500
their own supplies and towns to 
starve. 

2475
02:14:35,500 --> 02:14:39,400
The Roman legion of resources. 
It was a grim strategy burning 

2476
02:14:39,400 --> 02:14:43,200
fields and uprooting harvests 
but it slowed Caesar's Advanced 

2477
02:14:43,200 --> 02:14:46,800
creating logistical nightmares 
for Roman soldiers accustomed to

2478
02:14:46,800 --> 02:14:49,400
living off the land for a man 
who prided himself on 

2479
02:14:49,400 --> 02:14:52,400
controlling every variable, 
Caesar found himself confronting

2480
02:14:52,400 --> 02:14:55,600
the unpredictable Factor. 
The charismatic, local leader, 

2481
02:14:55,600 --> 02:14:59,100
who matched him in cunning still
Caesar was a master of 

2482
02:14:59,100 --> 02:15:01,300
adaptation, recognizing the 
challenge. 

2483
02:15:01,300 --> 02:15:04,900
He Consolidated his troops and 
chose to see galaxies 

2484
02:15:04,900 --> 02:15:07,600
strongholds. 
Most famously, he surrounded. 

2485
02:15:07,600 --> 02:15:10,300
The Fortress. 
Town of Alesia, wherever tingey,

2486
02:15:10,300 --> 02:15:13,000
tourx had taken Refuge with tens
of thousands of Warriors. 

2487
02:15:13,000 --> 02:15:16,700
The Siege of Elyria would become
a testament to Caesar's ability 

2488
02:15:16,700 --> 02:15:19,400
to think in layers. 
He constructed a ring of 

2489
02:15:19,400 --> 02:15:22,600
fortifications around the city 
to starve out versing a tricks 

2490
02:15:22,600 --> 02:15:25,900
as forces and anticipating a 
gallic relief Army. 

2491
02:15:25,900 --> 02:15:29,700
He built another ring facing 
outwards to protect his Legions,

2492
02:15:29,700 --> 02:15:33,800
from an attack from outside. 
This double fortification was no

2493
02:15:33,800 --> 02:15:37,400
delicious, engineering project 
involving miles of ditches, 

2494
02:15:37,400 --> 02:15:41,700
ramparts and watchtowers enough 
to give any modern city planner 

2495
02:15:41,700 --> 02:15:45,000
pause. 
The days wore on under a 

2496
02:15:45,000 --> 02:15:49,100
Relentless Sun, the besieged 
goals inside Alicia ran short of

2497
02:15:49,108 --> 02:15:52,300
food women and children were 
turned out of the Fortress. 

2498
02:15:52,300 --> 02:15:56,000
Hoping, for Mercy, only to be 
left stranded between the city 

2499
02:15:56,000 --> 02:16:00,200
walls and the Roman lines. 
Meanwhile, a massive relief, 

2500
02:16:00,200 --> 02:16:03,800
force of various gallic tribes 
arrived, attempting to break 

2501
02:16:03,800 --> 02:16:08,400
Seasons, outer defenses during 
one critical night, seemed Rome 

2502
02:16:08,400 --> 02:16:10,200
might collapse under the weight 
of the onslaught. 

2503
02:16:10,900 --> 02:16:12,100
Caesar himself. 
Rallied. 

2504
02:16:12,100 --> 02:16:14,800
His men daughter from post to 
post newer. 

2505
02:16:14,800 --> 02:16:23,100
Felicia was relieved, gold could
unite behind versing the Roman 

2506
02:16:23,100 --> 02:16:27,000
lines held exhausted from 
repeated attacks and lacking a 

2507
02:16:27,000 --> 02:16:29,800
coherent strategy. 
The relief Force finally broke 

2508
02:16:29,800 --> 02:16:33,500
inside Elysia with Supply's gone
in morale. 

2509
02:16:33,500 --> 02:16:35,799
Shuttered, the singer's 
surrendered. 

2510
02:16:35,799 --> 02:16:39,200
The site of this defiant, gallic
Chieftain handing over his 

2511
02:16:39,200 --> 02:16:43,100
weapons underscore the Turning 
Point Rome had asserted, its 

2512
02:16:43,100 --> 02:16:46,900
dominance and Caesar stood at 
the Pinnacle of Victory yet. 

2513
02:16:46,900 --> 02:16:50,500
For all the glory of the siege 
left many goals in bittered, 

2514
02:16:50,500 --> 02:16:54,000
Caesar might have pacified the 
region but a smoldering 

2515
02:16:54,000 --> 02:16:56,500
resentment would eventually lurk
beneath the official, peace 

2516
02:16:56,500 --> 02:16:59,600
treaties. 
When Caesar returned to Rome, he

2517
02:16:59,600 --> 02:17:02,500
was a hero. 
His campaigns and Gaul had 

2518
02:17:02,500 --> 02:17:05,400
quadrupled, roams domain and 
filled the Republic's coffers 

2519
02:17:05,400 --> 02:17:07,200
with wealth from newly conquered
territories. 

2520
02:17:08,200 --> 02:17:11,299
The Senate awarded him. 
Grant triumphs parades were 

2521
02:17:11,299 --> 02:17:13,200
caged. 
Prisoners Walked In Chains and 

2522
02:17:13,200 --> 02:17:17,500
the crowd roared with delight. 
in these processions, Caesar's 

2523
02:17:17,500 --> 02:17:20,100
name became synonymous with 
military genius and Roman might 

2524
02:17:21,000 --> 02:17:23,900
yet the very success that 
elevated him threatened to 

2525
02:17:23,900 --> 02:17:27,700
unbalance the precarious 
political framework in Rome men 

2526
02:17:27,700 --> 02:17:31,500
like Pompey and Crassus. 
Once his allies couldn't help 

2527
02:17:31,500 --> 02:17:34,700
but feel overshadowed by the 
sheer magnitude of Caesar's 

2528
02:17:34,700 --> 02:17:37,200
Chief movements. 
The Old Guard in the Senate, 

2529
02:17:37,200 --> 02:17:39,400
grew uneasy. 
They murmured that sees, as 

2530
02:17:39,400 --> 02:17:43,100
ambition was too large for the 
Republic even allies wondered if

2531
02:17:43,100 --> 02:17:45,600
they could remain relevant 
while, seasoned up the glory. 

2532
02:17:46,500 --> 02:17:49,799
Caesar for his part believed he 
had only just begun his vision 

2533
02:17:49,799 --> 02:17:51,400
extended Beyond The Spoils of 
Gaul. 

2534
02:17:51,400 --> 02:17:55,600
He wanted to transform ROM 
itself to carve out a position 

2535
02:17:55,600 --> 02:17:58,900
where no single factional rival 
could stifle him again. 

2536
02:17:59,900 --> 02:18:01,900
Set the stage for an inevitable 
Clash. 

2537
02:18:02,700 --> 02:18:05,799
Caesar's Maneuvers and Gaul 
while triumphant at also, sown 

2538
02:18:05,799 --> 02:18:08,000
suspicion and envy and 
suspicion. 

2539
02:18:08,000 --> 02:18:11,900
And Envy in Rome often led to 
Civil War assassinations and 

2540
02:18:11,900 --> 02:18:14,299
chaos. 
But if Caesar was worried he 

2541
02:18:14,299 --> 02:18:17,600
hardly showed it, Fresh from the
greatest victory of his career. 

2542
02:18:17,600 --> 02:18:19,700
He was welcomed like a 
Conquering Hero. 

2543
02:18:19,700 --> 02:18:22,400
He stepped onto the marble 
streets of Rome with a 

2544
02:18:22,400 --> 02:18:24,600
confidence forged in The 
Crucible of countless battles. 

2545
02:18:24,600 --> 02:18:30,900
The final The uneasy Alliance of
Pompey, Crassus and Caesar often

2546
02:18:30,900 --> 02:18:33,000
called. 
The first triumvirate had always

2547
02:18:33,000 --> 02:18:37,100
been a marriage of convenience, 
each man saw it as a tool to 

2548
02:18:37,100 --> 02:18:40,299
secure power, but once Caesar's 
gallic conquests made him, the 

2549
02:18:40,299 --> 02:18:43,500
darling of the masses. 
Resentment began to simmer 

2550
02:18:43,500 --> 02:18:47,200
Pompeii ROMs. Previous 
Superstar, General noticed 

2551
02:18:47,200 --> 02:18:50,700
public attention drifting from 
him to Caesar Crassus. 

2552
02:18:50,700 --> 02:18:53,900
Meanwhile, met a tragic end in 
an ill-advised campaign against 

2553
02:18:53,900 --> 02:18:56,799
the parthians leaving. 
Caesar and Pompey, is the two 

2554
02:18:56,799 --> 02:18:58,600
principal contenders for the 
heart of Rome. 

2555
02:18:59,700 --> 02:19:02,100
And under current of tension. 
Now, pulse through the city 

2556
02:19:02,100 --> 02:19:06,600
Senators whispered in corridors 
choosing side's Pompey cozy up 

2557
02:19:06,600 --> 02:19:09,299
to conservative factions in the 
Senate who viewed Caesar as a 

2558
02:19:09,299 --> 02:19:10,900
threat to the old Republican 
system. 

2559
02:19:11,600 --> 02:19:14,000
Caesar. 
Still away in Gaul understood. 

2560
02:19:14,000 --> 02:19:16,400
He would need to solidify his 
position back home soon. 

2561
02:19:17,299 --> 02:19:20,100
The term of his governorship was
drawing to a close and if he 

2562
02:19:20,108 --> 02:19:23,100
returned to Rome merely as a 
private citizen, his enemies 

2563
02:19:23,100 --> 02:19:26,200
could bring him to trial for 
various alleged misdeeds and 

2564
02:19:26,200 --> 02:19:27,799
effectively ended his political 
career. 

2565
02:19:28,600 --> 02:19:31,600
His solution. 
He demanded to run for Consul in

2566
02:19:31,600 --> 02:19:33,799
absentia. 
Seeking an extension of the 

2567
02:19:33,799 --> 02:19:37,700
immunity and power he held as 
proconsul the Senate refused 

2568
02:19:37,700 --> 02:19:39,900
with Pompey supporting that 
refusal. 

2569
02:19:39,900 --> 02:19:44,000
This was the point of no return.
Caesar stood at the banks of the

2570
02:19:44,000 --> 02:19:47,299
Rubicon river, the boundary 
Beyond which laterally proper 

2571
02:19:47,299 --> 02:19:52,300
Roman law was crystal clear. 
No, General was allowed to bring

2572
02:19:52,300 --> 02:19:54,300
his army into Italy. 
To do. 

2573
02:19:54,308 --> 02:19:57,700
So amounted, to a declaration of
war on a Winter's Night. 

2574
02:19:57,708 --> 02:20:00,700
In 49, BCE sees a made his 
choice. 

2575
02:20:00,700 --> 02:20:05,700
He marched across the Rubicon, 
uttering the phrase Aaliyah SST,

2576
02:20:05,700 --> 02:20:09,000
the die is cast, if the 
anecdotes hold any truth. 

2577
02:20:09,800 --> 02:20:12,400
Overnight Rome system of 
alliance's shattered. 

2578
02:20:12,400 --> 02:20:16,000
The Civil War had begun Pompey 
and many senators. 

2579
02:20:16,000 --> 02:20:19,100
Fled Rome to gather forces in 
the East confident, they'd must 

2580
02:20:19,100 --> 02:20:21,900
armies far greater than Caesars.
They had the backing of 

2581
02:20:21,900 --> 02:20:25,900
traditional Elites wealthy 
province's, and they believed 

2582
02:20:25,900 --> 02:20:29,200
time on their side, Caesar, 
however, wasn't known for 

2583
02:20:29,200 --> 02:20:31,900
cautious delay. 
He pressed forward Breakneck 

2584
02:20:31,900 --> 02:20:35,900
speed towns and cities along the
way, open their Gates, some out 

2585
02:20:35,900 --> 02:20:39,700
of admiration, for Caesar 
others, out of fear, The 

2586
02:20:39,700 --> 02:20:43,100
Unstoppable momentum. 
Took pompy by surprise forcing 

2587
02:20:43,100 --> 02:20:44,700
him to evacuate Italy 
altogether. 

2588
02:20:45,300 --> 02:20:48,900
Caesar entered Rome unopposed, 
but taking Rome was just the 

2589
02:20:48,900 --> 02:20:50,800
beginning. 
The real challenge was 

2590
02:20:50,800 --> 02:20:54,000
confronting pompey's Legions, 
which were regrouping in Greece,

2591
02:20:54,000 --> 02:20:57,700
Caesar leaving a minimal 
Garrison behind, sailed across 

2592
02:20:57,708 --> 02:21:01,000
the Adriatic to chase, down his 
rival, he was a frantic race. 

2593
02:21:01,000 --> 02:21:04,400
Both men vying for resources and
key strategic points. 

2594
02:21:05,100 --> 02:21:08,300
Caesar's forces were often 
outnumbered pompei's alliances 

2595
02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:10,200
spanned. 
Vast portions of the Republic 

2596
02:21:10,200 --> 02:21:12,600
yet. 
Caesar, leveraged speed, 

2597
02:21:12,600 --> 02:21:15,500
surprise. 
And the Loyalty, he turned from 

2598
02:21:15,500 --> 02:21:18,900
Legions, who fought alongside 
him in Gaul battles erupted 

2599
02:21:18,900 --> 02:21:21,600
across multiple theater's Spain,
Africa. 

2600
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:25,300
And ultimately The Plains of 
fossils in Greece, The Battle of

2601
02:21:25,300 --> 02:21:29,700
fastest in 48, BC e, became a 
defining moment, Pompey, 

2602
02:21:29,700 --> 02:21:32,900
confident in his Superior 
numbers formed, a traditional 

2603
02:21:32,900 --> 02:21:35,300
line and anticipating a swift 
victory. 

2604
02:21:36,100 --> 02:21:39,800
Caesar outmanned, arranged a 
reserve line of cohorts, by his 

2605
02:21:39,800 --> 02:21:43,000
Cavalry on the right flank and 
anticipating pompeys. 

2606
02:21:43,000 --> 02:21:44,400
Horsemen would try to envelop 
him. 

2607
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:48,800
When the Cavalry Clash began 
sees as hidden cohort surged 

2608
02:21:48,800 --> 02:21:50,800
forward, routing pompey's 
Cavalry. 

2609
02:21:50,800 --> 02:21:54,200
This triggered a domino effect 
pompey's infantry. 

2610
02:21:54,200 --> 02:21:58,100
Once they saw the Cavalry in 
Flight lost cohesion, Caesar's 

2611
02:21:58,100 --> 02:22:01,800
Legions, hardened by years of 
Frontier Warfare exploited every

2612
02:22:01,800 --> 02:22:05,100
Gap. 
It was a massacre escaped, but 

2613
02:22:05,100 --> 02:22:08,700
the cycle damage was done. 
Men who had once sworn loyalty 

2614
02:22:08,700 --> 02:22:11,200
to Pompey. 
Began to slip away, or switch 

2615
02:22:11,200 --> 02:22:15,700
sides, sensing the tides of 
fated, turned poppy fled to 

2616
02:22:15,700 --> 02:22:19,700
Egypt, hoping to regroup, but 
the ptolemaic officials came to 

2617
02:22:19,700 --> 02:22:24,300
a pcsa betrayed him On his 
arrival Pompey, was assassinated

2618
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:27,500
his head presented as a seizure 
as a perverse gift. 

2619
02:22:28,200 --> 02:22:31,400
Caesar was horrified despite 
their rivalry Pompey. 

2620
02:22:31,400 --> 02:22:33,900
Had once been his son-in-law 
Caesar's daughter. 

2621
02:22:33,900 --> 02:22:35,400
Julia had been married to 
Pompey. 

2622
02:22:36,200 --> 02:22:38,900
Caesar publicly wept at the 
sight of Pompey, severed head, 

2623
02:22:38,900 --> 02:22:41,900
then ordered the execution of 
the men responsible for the 

2624
02:22:41,900 --> 02:22:44,400
Betrayal. 
This act, conveyed, a message, 

2625
02:22:44,400 --> 02:22:48,000
Caesar might be ruthless but he 
upheld the Dignity of Roman 

2626
02:22:48,000 --> 02:22:50,500
nobility and detested dishonor 
Egypt. 

2627
02:22:50,500 --> 02:22:54,800
However, offered its own 
elaborate of politics Cleopatra,

2628
02:22:54,800 --> 02:22:56,900
and her brother Ptolemy were 
locked in a power struggle. 

2629
02:22:56,900 --> 02:23:00,500
Caesar, now the most influential
Roman of the region found 

2630
02:23:00,500 --> 02:23:03,900
himself arbitrating their 
dispute Cleopatra saw an 

2631
02:23:03,900 --> 02:23:06,500
opportunity. 
She smuggled herself into 

2632
02:23:06,500 --> 02:23:10,600
season's presence in a carpet. 
So the story goes and Charmed 

2633
02:23:10,600 --> 02:23:13,700
him with her intellect wit and 
Grand Vision for Egypt. 

2634
02:23:14,400 --> 02:23:18,100
Caesar never want to resist or 
dasy or intelligent cited with 

2635
02:23:18,100 --> 02:23:21,400
Cleopatra. 
The pack and solidated Power in 

2636
02:23:21,400 --> 02:23:25,700
Alexandria defeating ptolemies 
forces and installing Cleopatra 

2637
02:23:25,700 --> 02:23:28,000
as Queen. 
Their liaison was more than 

2638
02:23:28,000 --> 02:23:30,300
romantic. 
It was a strategic Alliance that

2639
02:23:30,300 --> 02:23:32,000
gave Caesar access to Egypt's 
wealth. 

2640
02:23:32,000 --> 02:23:33,600
While securing Cleopatra's 
throne. 

2641
02:23:34,700 --> 02:23:37,800
Rome watched these events with 
Fascination and growing anxiety.

2642
02:23:38,600 --> 02:23:41,200
Caesar was off, forging 
alliances and fathering a child 

2643
02:23:41,200 --> 02:23:44,600
with a foreign Queen. 
Caesarean while Italy braced for

2644
02:23:44,600 --> 02:23:48,500
whatever came next. 
Though, Pompey was dead segments

2645
02:23:48,500 --> 02:23:51,300
of the Roman Republic. 
Still resisted Caesar's rule. 

2646
02:23:51,300 --> 02:23:54,800
Caesar marched on quelling 
resistance in Asia Minor with 

2647
02:23:54,800 --> 02:23:58,700
such speed that he famously 
declared Veni Vidi Vicky. 

2648
02:23:58,700 --> 02:24:03,900
I came I saw I conquered Then he
headed to Africa clashing with 

2649
02:24:03,900 --> 02:24:06,800
remaining Pompeii and forces and
eventually subduing them. 

2650
02:24:07,900 --> 02:24:12,000
By 45 BC e, Cesar, stood 
unchallenged as Rome's, 

2651
02:24:12,000 --> 02:24:15,100
Paramount leader. 
Senate, most of whose members 

2652
02:24:15,100 --> 02:24:18,600
owed him, their lives or careers
filled his hands with powers 

2653
02:24:18,600 --> 02:24:20,700
that stretched the limits of 
Rome's traditions. 

2654
02:24:21,400 --> 02:24:24,700
He was named dictator for 10 
years eventually dictator for 

2655
02:24:24,700 --> 02:24:26,800
life. 
Some called it a tyranny. 

2656
02:24:27,500 --> 02:24:30,200
Caesar for his part claimed. 
He was trying to restore order 

2657
02:24:30,200 --> 02:24:33,200
enacted sweeping reforms 
revising. 

2658
02:24:33,200 --> 02:24:36,600
The calendar in the Julian 
model, we structuring debts. 

2659
02:24:37,300 --> 02:24:41,200
Expanding the Senate granting 
citizenship to Loyal allies and 

2660
02:24:41,200 --> 02:24:44,100
distant provinces and planning, 
massive building projects that 

2661
02:24:44,100 --> 02:24:47,300
aim to beautify the city. 
He also introduced social 

2662
02:24:47,300 --> 02:24:51,400
measures like Distributing land 
to veterans in these moves, 

2663
02:24:51,400 --> 02:24:54,800
Caesar walked to tightrope. 
Consolidating, power while 

2664
02:24:54,800 --> 02:24:57,600
giving just enough to the masses
and send it to keep them largely

2665
02:24:57,600 --> 02:25:00,000
compliant. 
But something in the Roman 

2666
02:25:00,000 --> 02:25:04,000
psyche, at one man rule. 
Rome prided itself on hating 

2667
02:25:04,000 --> 02:25:08,300
Kings, their entire identity was
built around a republic even if 

2668
02:25:08,300 --> 02:25:10,800
that Republic was often 
manipulated by the powerful, 

2669
02:25:11,600 --> 02:25:14,700
Caesars acceptance of lavish 
honors and his centralization of

2670
02:25:14,700 --> 02:25:17,600
power made some worry that he 
sought to Crown himself. 

2671
02:25:17,600 --> 02:25:21,300
Others found him dangerously 
modern someone who might change 

2672
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:24,900
roam beyond recognition and 
behind Caesar's Unstoppable 

2673
02:25:24,900 --> 02:25:27,300
Force. 
Lay a silent question, was the 

2674
02:25:27,300 --> 02:25:30,500
Republic just to Stage for one 
man's ambition or could it 

2675
02:25:30,500 --> 02:25:33,000
endure? 
When Caesar finally returned to 

2676
02:25:33,000 --> 02:25:35,900
Roman Triumph, the city was a 
buzz with rumors and festivals. 

2677
02:25:35,900 --> 02:25:40,000
The war still in the distant 
corners of the Republic, sees 

2678
02:25:40,000 --> 02:25:43,500
his personal magnetism, and the 
promise of stability temporarily

2679
02:25:43,500 --> 02:25:46,500
silenced. 
Most discontent The orchestrated

2680
02:25:46,500 --> 02:25:49,700
spectacular public games and 
feasts showering. 

2681
02:25:49,700 --> 02:25:53,100
The populace with free grain 
statues and monuments sprang up 

2682
02:25:53,100 --> 02:25:55,800
in his honor. 
Yet beneath the gleaming facade,

2683
02:25:55,800 --> 02:25:58,800
the core of Roman tradition. 
Those Unwritten rules guarding 

2684
02:25:58,800 --> 02:26:01,800
through Republic from monarchy 
felt under siege. 

2685
02:26:01,800 --> 02:26:04,500
One example of Caesar's Larger 
than Life. 

2686
02:26:04,500 --> 02:26:07,700
Persona was his attempt to 
reshape the calendar, which was 

2687
02:26:07,700 --> 02:26:10,600
no small matter. 
In Rome, the old lunar calendar 

2688
02:26:10,600 --> 02:26:13,900
had become hopelessly misaligned
with the seasons, creating 

2689
02:26:13,900 --> 02:26:16,000
confusion in festivals and Civic
life. 

2690
02:26:16,700 --> 02:26:19,900
Caesar advised by astronomers 
including sausage of Alexandria.

2691
02:26:19,900 --> 02:26:24,300
Introduced the Julian calendar, 
a solar base system with a leap 

2692
02:26:24,300 --> 02:26:26,800
year cycle. 
This was a major administrative 

2693
02:26:26,800 --> 02:26:28,800
reform that didn't just tidy 
update. 

2694
02:26:28,800 --> 02:26:32,200
It demonstrated Caesar's 
willingness to override 

2695
02:26:32,200 --> 02:26:34,400
centuries of practice. 
If he believed he had a better 

2696
02:26:34,408 --> 02:26:37,000
way. 
People marveled at the clarity 

2697
02:26:37,000 --> 02:26:39,700
of the new calendar offered. 
But they also sense that if 

2698
02:26:39,708 --> 02:26:42,600
Caesar could reorder time 
itself, what else might he feel 

2699
02:26:42,600 --> 02:26:47,000
entitled to reorder report money
in to construction under 

2700
02:26:47,000 --> 02:26:50,300
Caesar's Direction, new 
buildings, temples and public 

2701
02:26:50,300 --> 02:26:53,000
spaces. 
Sprouted symbolizing a Rome 

2702
02:26:53,000 --> 02:26:55,700
reborn. 
The Forum more magnificent. 

2703
02:26:56,600 --> 02:26:59,500
Commissioned Grand projects that
not only beautified the city, 

2704
02:26:59,500 --> 02:27:03,000
but gave work to thousands of 
laborers, elevating Caesars 

2705
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:05,700
popularity among the common folk
at the same time. 

2706
02:27:05,700 --> 02:27:09,400
It expanded the Senate from 
roughly 600 to as many as 900 

2707
02:27:09,400 --> 02:27:13,600
members, adding allies from the 
provinces and diluting the power

2708
02:27:13,600 --> 02:27:15,300
of the older aristocratic 
families. 

2709
02:27:15,300 --> 02:27:19,200
Some saw this as an inclusive 
move, broadening representation 

2710
02:27:19,200 --> 02:27:22,900
within the Roman State, others 
viewed it as an egregious, power

2711
02:27:22,900 --> 02:27:26,800
play for Caesar to stack the 
Senate with loyalists who owed 

2712
02:27:26,800 --> 02:27:30,100
their positions, to him alone. 
All these changes stirred. 

2713
02:27:30,100 --> 02:27:33,000
The question was Caesar still 
just a leading citizen? 

2714
02:27:33,000 --> 02:27:35,500
Or was he inching toward King 
ship? 

2715
02:27:36,300 --> 02:27:38,700
Rome had a cultural aversion to 
the very word. 

2716
02:27:38,700 --> 02:27:42,400
Rex King Generations. 
Were taught that their ancestors

2717
02:27:42,400 --> 02:27:45,800
had exiled the last, Roman King,
and vowed, never to Neil before 

2718
02:27:45,800 --> 02:27:49,200
another so when statues of 
Caesar began appearing in public

2719
02:27:49,200 --> 02:27:53,000
places, crowned, with diadems 
some citizens felt a chill 

2720
02:27:53,800 --> 02:27:55,500
Caesar claimed. 
These were tokens of respect 

2721
02:27:55,500 --> 02:27:59,200
from admirers, not Declaration 
of monarchy butts. 

2722
02:27:59,200 --> 02:28:02,700
Lingard at a public Festival. 
Marcus Antonius, a favored 

2723
02:28:02,700 --> 02:28:05,700
left-handed attempted to place a
diet, demo season's head. 

2724
02:28:06,500 --> 02:28:10,400
Season dramatically refused 
stating, only Jupiter is King of

2725
02:28:10,400 --> 02:28:13,200
the Romans. 
But the crowds reaction was 

2726
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:15,900
mixed. 
Some cheered, his refusal, 

2727
02:28:15,900 --> 02:28:19,600
others suspected, a theatrical 
performance designed to test 

2728
02:28:19,600 --> 02:28:23,400
public opinion on a monarchy. 
The dissonance grew sharper, as 

2729
02:28:23,400 --> 02:28:25,900
Caesar took on the title 
dictator for life. 

2730
02:28:27,000 --> 02:28:30,400
In theory a dictator in Roman 
history, was an emergency 

2731
02:28:30,400 --> 02:28:34,600
measure appointed for six months
in times of dire threat and then

2732
02:28:34,600 --> 02:28:38,300
required to relinquish power. 
By extending this temporary 

2733
02:28:38,300 --> 02:28:40,800
position indefinitely, Caesar 
strained. 

2734
02:28:40,800 --> 02:28:42,700
The very definitions of Roman 
governance. 

2735
02:28:42,700 --> 02:28:46,500
His supporters insisted Roman 
needed, strong leadership, given

2736
02:28:46,500 --> 02:28:50,000
all the unrest, But his critics 
argued, that Caesar was snuffing

2737
02:28:50,000 --> 02:28:53,700
out, the Republican Flame. 
Seeds of conspiracy began to 

2738
02:28:53,700 --> 02:28:57,700
sprout Senators, who longed for 
a return, to the old order, such

2739
02:28:57,700 --> 02:29:02,300
as gay as Cassius longinus and 
Marcus Junius Brutus, started 

2740
02:29:02,300 --> 02:29:05,700
meeting discreetly. 
Brutus stood out, he dissented 

2741
02:29:05,700 --> 02:29:09,400
from Lucius Junius, Brutus the 
fabled founder of the Republic 

2742
02:29:09,400 --> 02:29:11,000
who drove out the ancient 
King's. 

2743
02:29:11,800 --> 02:29:15,200
Caesar had shown Brutus 
remarkable favor, even rumored 

2744
02:29:15,200 --> 02:29:16,800
to have paternal affection for 
him. 

2745
02:29:17,700 --> 02:29:20,300
Yet this complicated Bond, 
didn't stifle brutus's 

2746
02:29:20,300 --> 02:29:22,700
conviction. 
That sees his power threatened, 

2747
02:29:22,700 --> 02:29:26,600
the Republic's core values. 
Cassius a cunning figure with a 

2748
02:29:26,608 --> 02:29:30,300
far darker Edge, found the 
Flames, reminding Brutus of his 

2749
02:29:30,308 --> 02:29:34,500
ancestors Legacy and the sacred 
duty to protect Rome from a 

2750
02:29:34,500 --> 02:29:37,200
tyrant. 
Meanwhile, Caesar seemed to 

2751
02:29:37,208 --> 02:29:41,300
sense an undercurrent of danger.
He went about with guards, but 

2752
02:29:41,300 --> 02:29:43,400
he also believed that living in 
constant fear. 

2753
02:29:43,400 --> 02:29:47,400
Would diminish his stature, On 
the surface, he continued 

2754
02:29:47,400 --> 02:29:50,700
orchestrating elaborate plans. 
He was preparing a massive 

2755
02:29:50,700 --> 02:29:54,000
campaign against path in the 
Eastern tending to surpass. 

2756
02:29:54,000 --> 02:29:57,800
Even pompies conquests returning
to Rome from that Victory, 

2757
02:29:57,800 --> 02:30:02,100
Caesar likely envisioned a final
consolidation of power and 

2758
02:30:02,100 --> 02:30:05,100
unassailable. 
Legacy his mind overflowed with 

2759
02:30:05,108 --> 02:30:08,600
new ideas for governance, law 
codes and expansion of citizens 

2760
02:30:08,600 --> 02:30:11,100
rights. 
He can find it in close allies 

2761
02:30:11,100 --> 02:30:14,600
that his rule were transformed 
in to a cohesive Empire rather 

2762
02:30:14,600 --> 02:30:16,500
than a loose Confederation of 
territories. 

2763
02:30:17,700 --> 02:30:20,200
Yet those grand Visions. 
Collided, with the simmering 

2764
02:30:20,200 --> 02:30:23,000
resentment of the senatorial 
class, many of them. 

2765
02:30:23,000 --> 02:30:25,900
Had gone along with Caesar out 
of pragmatism, biding. 

2766
02:30:25,900 --> 02:30:28,400
Their time waiting for a chance 
to assert the old ways. 

2767
02:30:28,400 --> 02:30:31,500
They resented house Seasons 
reforms, undermined their 

2768
02:30:31,500 --> 02:30:33,900
Prestige. 
How is populist measures made 

2769
02:30:33,900 --> 02:30:36,300
the people less reliant on 
senatorial patrons. 

2770
02:30:37,200 --> 02:30:39,800
Some conspirators. 
Hope to reinstate a pure public 

2771
02:30:39,800 --> 02:30:42,600
with limited terms, of office 
and carefully balanced Powers. 

2772
02:30:42,600 --> 02:30:46,800
Others simply wanted Caesar gone
viewing him as an existential 

2773
02:30:46,800 --> 02:30:48,400
threat to their personal 
standing. 

2774
02:30:49,200 --> 02:30:52,500
So as Caesar walked, the marble 
floors of the curia, conferring 

2775
02:30:52,500 --> 02:30:55,300
with Senators, not all who 
greeted him warmly were true 

2776
02:30:55,300 --> 02:30:57,700
allies. 
The facade of unity was just 

2777
02:30:57,700 --> 02:31:01,500
that facade. 
Whispers circulated about the 

2778
02:31:01,500 --> 02:31:04,600
Ides of March, a date. 
The conspirators had marked as 

2779
02:31:04,600 --> 02:31:08,100
pivotal Caesar distracted by 
preparations for upcoming 

2780
02:31:08,100 --> 02:31:11,700
campaigns, either dismissed or 
downplayed the signs of looming 

2781
02:31:11,700 --> 02:31:14,400
treachery. 
He was after all Julius. 

2782
02:31:14,400 --> 02:31:18,700
Caesar the man who escaped 
Pirates conquered, Gaul and 

2783
02:31:18,700 --> 02:31:22,300
overcame Pompey. 
To hear him fear was a cage. 

2784
02:31:22,300 --> 02:31:24,600
He refused to live in to the 
conspirators. 

2785
02:31:24,600 --> 02:31:27,600
His confidence was both an 
insult and an opportunity. 

2786
02:31:27,600 --> 02:31:31,000
The stage was set and all of 
Rome felt the tension in the 

2787
02:31:31,000 --> 02:31:33,300
air. 
The days, leading up to the Ides

2788
02:31:33,300 --> 02:31:35,100
of March had a strange energy in
Rome. 

2789
02:31:35,800 --> 02:31:38,000
Senators bustled about with 
Force Smiles. 

2790
02:31:38,000 --> 02:31:41,600
While scribes noted, a flurry of
edicts and proposals seized to 

2791
02:31:41,600 --> 02:31:43,400
finalize before, departing on 
campaign. 

2792
02:31:44,200 --> 02:31:46,700
Craftsman, labored on newly, 
commissioned statues and 

2793
02:31:46,700 --> 02:31:48,800
inscription, praising Caesars 
achievements. 

2794
02:31:49,500 --> 02:31:52,500
Meanwhile, anxious Whispers 
seeped through the city, 

2795
02:31:52,500 --> 02:31:55,800
swirling in the Smoky corners of
taverns and the hush of 

2796
02:31:55,800 --> 02:31:59,300
aristocratic dinner parties. 
Caesar himself oscillated 

2797
02:31:59,300 --> 02:32:02,000
between excitement for his 
parthian expedition and vague 

2798
02:32:02,000 --> 02:32:04,900
apprehension. 
Omens were a big deal in Roman 

2799
02:32:04,900 --> 02:32:07,800
society and several odd 
occurrences had stoked. 

2800
02:32:07,800 --> 02:32:12,100
Superstitions reports of strange
lights in the sky or a 

2801
02:32:12,100 --> 02:32:15,400
soothsayer who warned Caesar to 
aware The Ides of March. 

2802
02:32:16,300 --> 02:32:19,500
Caesar rational yet not entirely
dismissive of command auguries. 

2803
02:32:19,500 --> 02:32:22,200
Seem torn between curiosity and 
disbelief. 

2804
02:32:22,200 --> 02:32:25,900
Joked about the warnings telling
Friends, The Ides of March had 

2805
02:32:25,900 --> 02:32:27,400
arrived and nothing had happened
yet. 

2806
02:32:27,400 --> 02:32:31,800
But behind the levity, hints of 
caution surface, he was known to

2807
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:33,500
have shared concerns with 
Calpurnia. 

2808
02:32:33,500 --> 02:32:38,700
His wife who begged him on to be
vigilant, the conspiracy gained 

2809
02:32:38,700 --> 02:32:40,800
momentum. 
Cassius worked. 

2810
02:32:40,800 --> 02:32:44,900
Tirelessly approaching Senators,
who felt displaced by Caesar's 

2811
02:32:44,900 --> 02:32:47,900
sweeping reforms, or who bought 
personal grudges persuading 

2812
02:32:47,900 --> 02:32:51,300
Brutus had been the linchpin, 
brutus's moral standing, and 

2813
02:32:51,300 --> 02:32:54,200
family Legacy offered a veneer 
of honor to what might otherwise

2814
02:32:54,200 --> 02:32:57,500
look like a power. 
Grab With Brutus on board 

2815
02:32:57,500 --> 02:33:01,300
recruiting others became easier.
Each conspirator had different 

2816
02:33:01,300 --> 02:33:04,600
reasons some claim to fight for 
the Republic's Freedom, others, 

2817
02:33:04,600 --> 02:33:08,000
sought personal gain or Revenge 
yet the United under a single 

2818
02:33:08,000 --> 02:33:10,800
dramatic resolution Caesar must 
be removed. 

2819
02:33:11,600 --> 02:33:14,200
One version of their plan 
involved, attacking Caesar 

2820
02:33:14,200 --> 02:33:16,200
during a senate session when he 
would be relatively. 

2821
02:33:16,200 --> 02:33:20,200
Unguarded in theory, the 
presence of so many senators, 

2822
02:33:20,200 --> 02:33:23,600
served as a public Shield, 
Caesar wouldn't expect a mass 

2823
02:33:23,600 --> 02:33:25,100
attack in the heart of Roman 
governance. 

2824
02:33:25,100 --> 02:33:28,200
The conspirators also believed 
that once the deed was done, 

2825
02:33:28,200 --> 02:33:31,500
they could Proclaim themselves 
Defenders of Liberty summoning, 

2826
02:33:31,500 --> 02:33:34,500
the people to restore Republican
ideals despite the risk. 

2827
02:33:34,500 --> 02:33:37,200
None could deny the plans or 
dacious simplicity. 

2828
02:33:37,900 --> 02:33:40,200
The Senate meeting on the Ides 
of March, beckoned like a 

2829
02:33:40,200 --> 02:33:43,500
Grimmer appointment. 
The morning of the Ides, arrived

2830
02:33:43,500 --> 02:33:49,000
Calpurnia shaken, by nightmares 
implored season, not to go, some

2831
02:33:49,000 --> 02:33:51,900
historians claim, she dreamed of
a statue of Caesar spouting 

2832
02:33:51,900 --> 02:33:54,500
blood of him lying slain In Her 
Arms. 

2833
02:33:54,500 --> 02:33:58,900
Moved by her distress sees her 
initially decided to stay home. 

2834
02:33:58,900 --> 02:34:02,700
Possibly rescheduling the Senate
session that alone could have 

2835
02:34:02,700 --> 02:34:05,300
altered history, but the 
conspirators panic. 

2836
02:34:05,300 --> 02:34:08,300
When the veterans sees a might 
not come, they dispatched 

2837
02:34:08,300 --> 02:34:11,900
Decimus Brutus no relation to 
Marcus Brutus but another close 

2838
02:34:11,900 --> 02:34:16,000
Ally to persuade, Caesar Decimus
feigned concern that seesaw 

2839
02:34:16,000 --> 02:34:19,100
would insult the Senate by his 
absence diminishing his standing

2840
02:34:19,100 --> 02:34:24,100
right before his Grand campaign.
So despite calpurnia's, please 

2841
02:34:24,100 --> 02:34:28,400
Caesar relented, Don his 
ceremonial toga and left for the

2842
02:34:28,400 --> 02:34:30,800
curia. 
Inside the Senate meeting. 

2843
02:34:30,800 --> 02:34:33,000
The atmosphere was thick with 
tension, though. 

2844
02:34:33,000 --> 02:34:37,000
It started off with formalities.
Caesar took his seat, the group 

2845
02:34:37,008 --> 02:34:40,000
of conspirators approached 
pretending to ask a favor on 

2846
02:34:40,000 --> 02:34:44,000
behalf of a political exile. 
They surrounded him as if to 

2847
02:34:44,000 --> 02:34:45,200
press their case more 
passionately. 

2848
02:34:45,200 --> 02:34:48,800
Then as The Story Goes at a 
signal dagger's appeared. 

2849
02:34:49,500 --> 02:34:51,500
The first strike came from casca
and others. 

2850
02:34:51,500 --> 02:34:55,000
Joined accounts vary some says 
he tried to defend himself 

2851
02:34:55,000 --> 02:34:56,600
others that he was too 
overwhelmed. 

2852
02:34:56,600 --> 02:35:00,400
He was stabbed multiple times 
the final Blow from Brutus 

2853
02:35:00,400 --> 02:35:05,300
prompting Caesars legendary and 
possibly apocryphal utterance at

2854
02:35:05,300 --> 02:35:09,700
2 Groot. 
In moments it was over Caesar 

2855
02:35:09,700 --> 02:35:11,600
lay dead at the foot of his 
statue. 

2856
02:35:11,600 --> 02:35:15,200
A cruel twist of fate for the 
man who had once wept for his 

2857
02:35:15,200 --> 02:35:17,900
demise. 
The Senators spattered with 

2858
02:35:17,900 --> 02:35:20,900
blood proclaimed, they had 
liberated Rome from tyranny. 

2859
02:35:20,900 --> 02:35:23,600
They expected the city to greet 
them as Heroes. 

2860
02:35:23,600 --> 02:35:28,500
Yet the immediate reaction was 
shock, not Jubilation Citizen's 

2861
02:35:28,500 --> 02:35:31,500
fled the curia. 
Unsure, where the more violence 

2862
02:35:31,500 --> 02:35:35,700
would follow the conspirators, 
had for season's death, but they

2863
02:35:35,700 --> 02:35:37,700
hadn't planned for the emotional
vacuum. 

2864
02:35:37,700 --> 02:35:39,400
It would create among the Roman 
populace. 

2865
02:35:39,400 --> 02:35:44,000
The question remained have, they
truly saved the republic or just

2866
02:35:44,000 --> 02:35:47,200
Unleashed chaos. 
Brutus and Cassius tried to calm

2867
02:35:47,200 --> 02:35:49,600
the city with speeches, 
invoking, the memory of their 

2868
02:35:49,600 --> 02:35:54,600
ancestor Lucius, Junius Brutus, 
who banished, Rome's last king, 

2869
02:35:54,600 --> 02:35:57,800
centuries before they insisted, 
they had restored the Republic, 

2870
02:35:57,800 --> 02:36:00,700
but the people had witnessed 
Caesar's generosity. 

2871
02:36:00,700 --> 02:36:03,900
His Banquets land, 
distributions, public games, 

2872
02:36:03,900 --> 02:36:07,100
many commoners, revered him 
anger, and sorrow. 

2873
02:36:07,100 --> 02:36:10,700
Brewed, in the streets word of 
the Savage Butchery in the 

2874
02:36:10,708 --> 02:36:13,500
Senate, far from celebrating the
conspirators. 

2875
02:36:13,500 --> 02:36:15,700
Many citizens demanded 
vengeance. 

2876
02:36:16,700 --> 02:36:19,500
Mark Antony, who had not 
participated in the conspiracy 

2877
02:36:19,500 --> 02:36:23,400
seized, this public sentiment. 
He delivered a funeral oration 

2878
02:36:23,400 --> 02:36:25,000
for Caesar that became 
legendary. 

2879
02:36:25,000 --> 02:36:29,700
Anthony spoke with passion 
displaying season's bloodstain, 

2880
02:36:29,700 --> 02:36:33,200
toga stirring the crowd into a 
frenzy against the conspirators.

2881
02:36:33,200 --> 02:36:36,600
Some historians say, Seasons 
body was burned in the Forum 

2882
02:36:36,600 --> 02:36:39,600
itself with the Flames fed by 
citizens, who tossed in 

2883
02:36:39,600 --> 02:36:42,700
furniture and items. 
As offering the conspirators, 

2884
02:36:42,700 --> 02:36:47,600
realizing the tidied turned 
fled, the city outrage Sword. 

2885
02:36:47,600 --> 02:36:51,100
And the once proud Senate found 
Itself, overshadowed by the 

2886
02:36:51,100 --> 02:36:54,600
populist Fury that sees her. 
So skillfully harnessed in life 

2887
02:36:55,300 --> 02:36:58,100
Thus, the killing that was 
intended to save the Republic. 

2888
02:36:58,100 --> 02:37:01,200
Actually accelerated its decline
power soon. 

2889
02:37:01,200 --> 02:37:03,500
Consolidated, not around a 
restored, Senate. 

2890
02:37:03,500 --> 02:37:08,900
But around new strongman mock 
Antony Octavian sees, as young 

2891
02:37:08,900 --> 02:37:12,800
are, and adopted son and others 
who would jockey for command in 

2892
02:37:12,800 --> 02:37:16,700
the following years. 
In death, Caesar had transcended

2893
02:37:16,700 --> 02:37:19,500
mortality to become an icon. 
Some would say a martyr while 

2894
02:37:19,500 --> 02:37:22,200
the vision of a renewed 
Republic, ironically slipped 

2895
02:37:22,200 --> 02:37:26,000
further away, the aftermath of 
Caesar's assassination was as 

2896
02:37:26,000 --> 02:37:30,600
turbulent as any period Rome had
ever seen the city already tense

2897
02:37:30,600 --> 02:37:34,300
from years of civil conflict. 
Discovered that removing one 

2898
02:37:34,300 --> 02:37:36,600
towering figure didn't 
automatically restore the Old 

2899
02:37:36,600 --> 02:37:39,600
Republic. 
Instead a new power vacuum 

2900
02:37:39,600 --> 02:37:42,900
emerged quickly filled by those 
with the ambition and resources 

2901
02:37:42,900 --> 02:37:46,200
to claim it. 
Marc Anthony Caesar's closest. 

2902
02:37:46,200 --> 02:37:49,800
Lieutenant was first, on the 
scene, leveraging his connection

2903
02:37:49,800 --> 02:37:53,400
to the slain dictator to Rally 
the masses, but Caesar had named

2904
02:37:53,400 --> 02:37:57,000
a surprise are in his will Gear,
S Octavius, better known as 

2905
02:37:57,000 --> 02:38:00,500
Octavian. 
His grandnephew, only 19 years 

2906
02:38:00,500 --> 02:38:03,600
old, Octavian, carried Caesar's 
name, and soon enough. 

2907
02:38:03,600 --> 02:38:07,500
Caesar's Legions would rally 
around him too Brutus and 

2908
02:38:07,500 --> 02:38:09,800
Cassius fled, Rome hoping to 
raise armies. 

2909
02:38:09,800 --> 02:38:12,700
In the Eastern, provinces they 
published declarations 

2910
02:38:12,700 --> 02:38:16,700
defending, the assassination as 
an act of patriotic duty but the

2911
02:38:16,700 --> 02:38:18,300
events in Rome worked against 
them. 

2912
02:38:18,300 --> 02:38:21,900
The funeral oration by Anthony 
had painted them as traitors to 

2913
02:38:21,900 --> 02:38:25,200
Caesar. 
And by extension enemies of the 

2914
02:38:25,200 --> 02:38:29,000
Roman people, Legions loyal to 
Caesar scorned, the conspirators

2915
02:38:29,000 --> 02:38:32,300
lines. 
Hardened, another round of Civil

2916
02:38:32,300 --> 02:38:36,000
Wars seemed inevitable as one 
man's ambition had morphed into 

2917
02:38:36,000 --> 02:38:38,300
a generational crisis of 
identity for Rome. 

2918
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:41,400
Though, Anthony and Octavian, 
initially each other with 

2919
02:38:41,400 --> 02:38:44,200
suspicion, they realized they 
stood a better chance against 

2920
02:38:44,200 --> 02:38:47,000
the conspirators. 
If they core operated along with

2921
02:38:47,000 --> 02:38:49,400
Marcus lepidus, a trusted 
Commander. 

2922
02:38:49,400 --> 02:38:50,900
They formed the second 
triumvirate. 

2923
02:38:50,900 --> 02:38:53,400
Unlike seasons in formal 
Arrangement. 

2924
02:38:53,400 --> 02:38:57,000
This triumphant was legally, 
sanctioned granting the three 

2925
02:38:57,000 --> 02:39:00,500
men near absolute power to 
reorganize the state and 

2926
02:39:00,500 --> 02:39:01,700
reorganize it. 
They did. 

2927
02:39:02,600 --> 02:39:06,500
Prescriptions lists of enemies 
of the state were published men 

2928
02:39:06,500 --> 02:39:08,400
of wealth and influence found 
themselves. 

2929
02:39:08,400 --> 02:39:12,300
Outlawed the triumvirate seized 
property and executed opponents,

2930
02:39:12,300 --> 02:39:15,200
echoing, the Grim days of solars
dictatorship. 

2931
02:39:15,200 --> 02:39:18,900
The conspirators. 
Meanwhile, mustard forces in the

2932
02:39:18,900 --> 02:39:22,000
East culminating in the 
climactic Battle of Philippi in 

2933
02:39:22,000 --> 02:39:26,900
42 BCE Brutus and Cassius were 
defeated and they chose suicide 

2934
02:39:26,900 --> 02:39:29,900
over capture. 
If Caesars murderers hoped for a

2935
02:39:29,908 --> 02:39:32,600
Renaissance of Republican 
ideals, they had Gravely 

2936
02:39:32,600 --> 02:39:35,500
miscalculated. 
Rome was now torn between 

2937
02:39:35,500 --> 02:39:39,300
competing strong men after 
Philippi tensions, Rose between 

2938
02:39:39,300 --> 02:39:43,300
Antony and Octavian, Anthony 
headed east forming an alliance 

2939
02:39:43,300 --> 02:39:46,200
and famously. 
A romance with Cleopatra in 

2940
02:39:46,200 --> 02:39:50,600
Egypt, Octavian, solidified, his
base in Rome ensuring the Senate

2941
02:39:50,600 --> 02:39:54,600
recognized him as the principal 
are to seize his legacy by 31 

2942
02:39:54,600 --> 02:39:59,100
BCE the Rivalry exploded into 
another civil war culminating in

2943
02:39:59,100 --> 02:40:03,700
the naval battle of actium. 
Octavian, prevailed Antony and 

2944
02:40:03,700 --> 02:40:05,900
the clear Patra fled and later 
took their own lives. 

2945
02:40:05,900 --> 02:40:08,800
And the stage was set for 
Octavian to become Augustus. 

2946
02:40:08,800 --> 02:40:12,900
The first Roman Emperor, the 
Republic in its old form was 

2947
02:40:12,900 --> 02:40:15,300
gone. 
And what have seizures Legacy, 

2948
02:40:15,300 --> 02:40:19,800
his name Caesar would become 
synonymous with rulership itself

2949
02:40:19,800 --> 02:40:25,100
from Kaiser in German to tesar 
in Russian leaders in distant 

2950
02:40:25,100 --> 02:40:26,600
lands. 
Would adopt the moniker as a 

2951
02:40:26,600 --> 02:40:30,600
badge of Imperial. 
Might his reforms, specially the

2952
02:40:30,600 --> 02:40:34,900
Julian calendar outlived him by 
centuries influencing how 

2953
02:40:34,900 --> 02:40:38,400
millions of people Mark time his
writings particularly the 

2954
02:40:38,400 --> 02:40:41,400
commentaries on the gallic and 
Civil Wars remained essential 

2955
02:40:41,400 --> 02:40:45,200
reading for generations of 
statement and Generals admired 

2956
02:40:45,200 --> 02:40:47,700
for their Clarity and rhetorical
brilliantes. 

2957
02:40:48,800 --> 02:40:52,300
In a strange twist. 
The Senate that once feared him 

2958
02:40:52,300 --> 02:40:56,600
voted to die, seas are after his
death, proclaiming him Divas, 

2959
02:40:56,600 --> 02:41:00,300
Julius shrines, and temples to 
the Divine Julius sprang up 

2960
02:41:00,300 --> 02:41:02,100
turning him into a figure of 
worship. 

2961
02:41:02,100 --> 02:41:04,500
This post, you must die for 
vacation. 

2962
02:41:04,500 --> 02:41:06,600
Gave Octavian, an added Aura of 
legitimacy. 

2963
02:41:06,600 --> 02:41:12,100
He was now Divi Filius, the son 
of a god One might argue, it was

2964
02:41:12,100 --> 02:41:15,900
the final irony, the same 
institution that bristled at his

2965
02:41:15,900 --> 02:41:18,300
ambition. 
Now raised him to Divine status,

2966
02:41:18,300 --> 02:41:21,500
this transformation reflected 
the contradictory nature of 

2967
02:41:21,500 --> 02:41:26,300
Roman politics, practical to the
core yet steeped in Superstition

2968
02:41:26,300 --> 02:41:30,100
and reverence for signs and 
wonders public memory of Caesar 

2969
02:41:30,100 --> 02:41:32,200
remained divided. 
Many admired him for 

2970
02:41:32,200 --> 02:41:35,500
championing, the lower classes 
taking decisive action to end 

2971
02:41:35,500 --> 02:41:38,400
Rome's, internal strife and 
extending Roman influence 

2972
02:41:38,400 --> 02:41:41,100
abroad. 
Others condemned him as the man 

2973
02:41:41,100 --> 02:41:44,100
who shattered the Republic's 
checks and balances making a 

2974
02:41:44,100 --> 02:41:48,300
single man, inevitable over time
historians playwrights and 

2975
02:41:48,300 --> 02:41:52,000
orators distilled his story and 
to dramatic beats the brilliant 

2976
02:41:52,000 --> 02:41:54,400
General, the cunning politician,
the Betrayed friend. 

2977
02:41:54,400 --> 02:41:58,300
Those wanting a moral lesson, 
found ample material some used 

2978
02:41:58,300 --> 02:42:01,100
him as a warning against 
unchecked ambition others. 

2979
02:42:01,100 --> 02:42:04,400
As an example of visionary 
leadership, undone by a petty 

2980
02:42:04,400 --> 02:42:08,500
jealousy Yet there's a deeper 
layer to see his life, one less 

2981
02:42:08,500 --> 02:42:11,800
recounted in popular law. 
He was profoundly curious about 

2982
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:15,200
the world about languages, 
cultures, and the mechanics of 

2983
02:42:15,200 --> 02:42:18,400
governments. 
From his youth, in the streets 

2984
02:42:18,400 --> 02:42:21,200
of Rome to his kidnapping by 
Pirates From the Muddy 

2985
02:42:21,200 --> 02:42:23,900
battlefields of gold, the marble
corridors of the curia. 

2986
02:42:23,900 --> 02:42:28,000
He sought to understand and 
master every environment he 

2987
02:42:28,000 --> 02:42:31,900
touched He wasn't content to 
play by the rules, he rewrote 

2988
02:42:31,900 --> 02:42:36,100
them not all admired his methods
but few could deny his results 

2989
02:42:36,100 --> 02:42:40,000
for those living in Rome after 
Caesar's demise daily life. 

2990
02:42:40,000 --> 02:42:42,400
Eventually stabilized under 
augustus's reign. 

2991
02:42:43,100 --> 02:42:46,400
The city grew Grandeur, the 
Empire expanded, and a new 

2992
02:42:46,400 --> 02:42:49,600
system, the principal took 
shape, but an undercurrent of 

2993
02:42:49,600 --> 02:42:51,900
nostalgia. 
Persisted among some Senators 

2994
02:42:51,900 --> 02:42:55,100
who recalled a republic where 
men like Cicero and Cato wants 

2995
02:42:55,100 --> 02:42:58,600
debated, the future of Rome. 
They wondered if in slaying, 

2996
02:42:58,600 --> 02:43:02,200
Caesar they had severed the last
chance to preserve Republican 

2997
02:43:02,200 --> 02:43:05,500
dignity or if Caesars very 
presence, had doomed. 

2998
02:43:05,500 --> 02:43:08,100
It from the start. 
And so the figure of Julius 

2999
02:43:08,100 --> 02:43:11,300
Caesar stands in Roman history, 
not simply as a conqueror or a 

3000
02:43:11,300 --> 02:43:16,000
dictator, but as a turning point
he harnessed ambition, popular 

3001
02:43:16,000 --> 02:43:19,300
View support and raw military 
skill to reshape the world's 

3002
02:43:19,300 --> 02:43:22,800
greatest Republic and in doing 
so he cleared a path from 

3003
02:43:22,800 --> 02:43:25,400
Imperial rule. 
Some see him as a hero 

3004
02:43:25,400 --> 02:43:29,100
Visionary, who expanded Rome's 
Horizons, others view him as the

3005
02:43:29,100 --> 02:43:32,600
ultimate user betraying, the 
collective governance that had 

3006
02:43:32,600 --> 02:43:37,200
once defined the city's spirit. 
Perhaps both are true in the 

3007
02:43:37,200 --> 02:43:40,300
end, Julius Caesar's story 
reminds us that history rarely 

3008
02:43:40,300 --> 02:43:43,300
lends itself to neat labels, the
arcs of power. 

3009
02:43:43,300 --> 02:43:47,700
Destiny and personal will often 
weave together in ways that defy

3010
02:43:47,700 --> 02:43:50,700
easy, categorization. 
And if there's one lesson that 

3011
02:43:50,700 --> 02:43:54,400
resonates across the centuries, 
it might be this when a single 

3012
02:43:54,408 --> 02:43:56,700
individual grows too large for 
the existing order 

3013
02:43:56,700 --> 02:43:59,200
transformation. 
However, exhilarating or 

3014
02:43:59,200 --> 02:44:09,000
destructive becomes inevitable 
Aries was never the type of God 

3015
02:44:09,000 --> 02:44:11,100
to sit neatly in the lore of 
ancient Greece. 

3016
02:44:11,800 --> 02:44:14,100
Scholars often reduce him to a 
one-dimensional force of 

3017
02:44:14,100 --> 02:44:17,800
bloodlust But his Origins 
stretch into an older tapestry 

3018
02:44:17,800 --> 02:44:21,600
of mortal dread and shifting 
Mythic structures long before he

3019
02:44:21,600 --> 02:44:24,700
stood on Olympus War itself 
existed. 

3020
02:44:24,700 --> 02:44:28,300
The roiling turmoil of Bronze 
Age conflicts shape to Primal 

3021
02:44:28,300 --> 02:44:32,300
day at one who came to embody 
every surge of aggression in the

3022
02:44:32,300 --> 02:44:34,800
human heart. 
Yet, it wasn't always 

3023
02:44:34,800 --> 02:44:37,700
straightforward. 
A cultured deeply familiar with 

3024
02:44:37,700 --> 02:44:41,200
the horrors and necessities of 
war formed, something Beyond, a 

3025
02:44:41,200 --> 02:44:45,400
single note of violence. 
We picture the pantheon Zeus the

3026
02:44:45,400 --> 02:44:48,100
king. 
Here are the queen Athena the 

3027
02:44:48,108 --> 02:44:52,200
Strategic Warrior, Apollo the 
golden archer and so on. 

3028
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:55,700
In that lineup, Aries is 
typically an outlier 

3029
02:44:55,700 --> 02:44:59,900
unpredictable quick to anger 
sometimes portrayed as a British

3030
02:44:59,900 --> 02:45:01,600
cousin. 
No one fully respects. 

3031
02:45:02,400 --> 02:45:06,000
But in archaic Traditions, he 
embodied the rawness of battle 

3032
02:45:06,000 --> 02:45:09,000
in a way that only a people who 
both feared and revered, the 

3033
02:45:09,000 --> 02:45:11,500
Bloodshed that either secured or
destroyed their homes could 

3034
02:45:11,500 --> 02:45:14,300
comprehend. 
No, Harvest could be protected 

3035
02:45:14,300 --> 02:45:17,400
without swords. 
No City walls, stood firm 

3036
02:45:17,400 --> 02:45:20,700
without Warriors, and no Spoils 
of Victory existed, without 

3037
02:45:20,700 --> 02:45:24,400
devastating defeats. 
Aries was the embodiment of that

3038
02:45:24,400 --> 02:45:28,100
Paradox, the proud figure who 
could Inspire both valiantly 

3039
02:45:28,100 --> 02:45:30,900
defend their families and commit
unspeakable atrocities. 

3040
02:45:31,700 --> 02:45:34,900
In these early conceptions, 
Aries was not simply a cartoon 

3041
02:45:34,900 --> 02:45:38,200
of unbridled cruelty. 
There's evidence that some City 

3042
02:45:38,200 --> 02:45:41,100
State's elevated him as a symbol
of gritty Valor. 

3043
02:45:41,700 --> 02:45:44,300
The Sparkles, for instance, 
admired. 

3044
02:45:44,300 --> 02:45:46,700
Many aspects of Martial prowess,
though. 

3045
02:45:46,700 --> 02:45:49,700
Athena's strategic cunning often
overshadowed his more direct 

3046
02:45:49,700 --> 02:45:53,600
approach to conflict even. 
So it was Aries who symbolized 

3047
02:45:53,600 --> 02:45:56,200
the adrenaline and Terror that 
overcame a battlefield moments 

3048
02:45:56,200 --> 02:45:58,700
before. 
The first spear was thrown, he 

3049
02:45:58,700 --> 02:46:01,700
embodied the unadulterated 
strength of battle, a forces 

3050
02:46:01,700 --> 02:46:05,300
ancient as The Clash of bronze 
weapons against wooden Shields. 

3051
02:46:06,100 --> 02:46:09,600
Homer's epics cast a particular 
light on him, but even within 

3052
02:46:09,600 --> 02:46:12,400
the Iliad, his presence can be 
contradictory. 

3053
02:46:13,100 --> 02:46:16,100
One moment he's helping from a 
wound inflicted by Athena. 

3054
02:46:16,100 --> 02:46:18,700
The next, his leveling entire 
phalanxes. 

3055
02:46:18,700 --> 02:46:22,300
This spectrum illustrates the 
capricious nature of War itself.

3056
02:46:23,100 --> 02:46:27,700
Ephemeral victories, devastating
losses and the hollowness that 

3057
02:46:27,700 --> 02:46:29,800
can follow even the most 
triumphant campaign. 

3058
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:35,000
In many ways, Aries represented 
the chaos that no generals plan,

3059
02:46:35,000 --> 02:46:37,500
could fully tame. 
It's important to note that 

3060
02:46:37,500 --> 02:46:40,200
ancient worshipers were not 
naive about the price of War, 

3061
02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:44,400
Bloodshed came at a high cost. 
Temples dedicated to Aries were 

3062
02:46:44,400 --> 02:46:46,800
fewer. 
Compared to Athena's, indicating

3063
02:46:46,800 --> 02:46:50,100
a cultural ambivalence. 
While Athena's tactical, 

3064
02:46:50,100 --> 02:46:53,300
Brilliance was easier to 
appreciate Aries, demanded 

3065
02:46:53,300 --> 02:46:57,200
acceptance of the darkest 
aspects of war in desperation. 

3066
02:46:57,200 --> 02:47:00,600
People might invoke him pleading
for the strength to defend their

3067
02:47:00,600 --> 02:47:04,200
homes and hearts, yet, they also
prayed for protection from his 

3068
02:47:04,200 --> 02:47:08,200
Fury aware that uncontrolled 
combat, risked swallowing both 

3069
02:47:08,200 --> 02:47:12,700
winners and losers alike. 
Between Regional variants, Aries

3070
02:47:12,700 --> 02:47:16,100
took on local traits. 
In some areas, he was worshiped 

3071
02:47:16,100 --> 02:47:18,300
as any alios linked to the ear 
spinning. 

3072
02:47:18,300 --> 02:47:21,700
Battle cries that polluted 
skirmishes, other localities 

3073
02:47:21,700 --> 02:47:24,600
invoke him in rituals, involving
The Binding of War's Spirits, 

3074
02:47:24,600 --> 02:47:27,800
trying to keep violent impulses 
at Bay these. 

3075
02:47:27,800 --> 02:47:30,500
Complexities reflected, the 
moral Quagmire of mortal 

3076
02:47:30,500 --> 02:47:35,000
conflict, an interplay of 
necessity Pride, survival, and 

3077
02:47:35,000 --> 02:47:38,900
raw fear. 
Over time, Aries are mass titles

3078
02:47:38,900 --> 02:47:42,200
that reflected both devotion and
Dread serving as a constant. 

3079
02:47:42,200 --> 02:47:44,800
Reminder that the boundary 
between revered protector and 

3080
02:47:44,800 --> 02:47:49,600
menacing Harbinger is often 
extremely thin while modern 

3081
02:47:49,600 --> 02:47:53,100
retellings often, trivialize him
archaic hims, and fragments 

3082
02:47:53,100 --> 02:47:56,700
reveal a God, that mirrored, the
complicated psyche of a society 

3083
02:47:56,700 --> 02:47:59,400
dependent on war for expansion 
and survival. 

3084
02:47:59,400 --> 02:48:03,100
He wasn't a demon lurking at the
edge of campfires nor was he a 

3085
02:48:03,100 --> 02:48:05,200
glorious knight in shining armor
instead. 

3086
02:48:05,200 --> 02:48:08,900
He occupied a realm of gray were
instincts of rage and honor 

3087
02:48:08,900 --> 02:48:12,100
coexisted. 
This realm while brutal was also

3088
02:48:12,100 --> 02:48:15,500
strangely human. 
Conflict was embedded in daily 

3089
02:48:15,500 --> 02:48:19,700
life, raids Clan feuds, 
territorial disputes and Aries 

3090
02:48:19,700 --> 02:48:22,900
was that small. 
Primal voice urging men onward, 

3091
02:48:22,900 --> 02:48:27,100
when reason wavered By the time 
classical myths, fully evolved 

3092
02:48:27,100 --> 02:48:31,800
that Primal energy was fitted 
somewhat uneasily into the Regal

3093
02:48:31,800 --> 02:48:35,600
Halls of Olympus, surrounded by 
cunning gods and goddesses who 

3094
02:48:35,600 --> 02:48:38,600
valued wit he became something 
of a misfit. 

3095
02:48:39,200 --> 02:48:42,800
The most mortal like deity in 
his raw, passions in adopting 

3096
02:48:42,800 --> 02:48:45,500
him, the Greeks enshrined War 
within their Divine family. 

3097
02:48:46,200 --> 02:48:50,500
They recognized that violence 
while apparent was also integral

3098
02:48:50,500 --> 02:48:54,900
to how their world spun. 
Erie stood there, as a Living 

3099
02:48:54,900 --> 02:48:57,500
testament, to the fact that 
Civilization is built on the 

3100
02:48:57,500 --> 02:49:00,800
bones of the Concord. 
Those early as conceptions, set 

3101
02:49:00,800 --> 02:49:03,400
a tone that would reverberate 
through every subsequent, 

3102
02:49:03,400 --> 02:49:07,000
portrayal Aeries, the 
Unstoppable, engine of conflict 

3103
02:49:07,000 --> 02:49:11,000
simultaneously, revered feared 
and occasionally pitted for a 

3104
02:49:11,008 --> 02:49:15,500
destiny bound to endless strife.
If Aries, embodied the screaming

3105
02:49:15,500 --> 02:49:18,800
Crescendo of conflict, their one
might wonder how he behaved 

3106
02:49:18,800 --> 02:49:22,800
among Gods celebrated for Wily 
intelligence, Justice, or 

3107
02:49:22,800 --> 02:49:26,100
cultural refinement. 
The image of the Greek pantheon 

3108
02:49:26,100 --> 02:49:29,000
at Council. 
Zeus presiding Apollo offering 

3109
02:49:29,000 --> 02:49:33,700
measured Insight Athena speaking
with calculated reason clashes 

3110
02:49:33,700 --> 02:49:37,500
with the idea of Aries pacing 
and patiently eager for action. 

3111
02:49:38,400 --> 02:49:42,400
Indeed, many myths, depict him 
as two headstrong for delicate 

3112
02:49:42,400 --> 02:49:45,700
planning to impatient to grasp 
the subtle Arts of negotiation. 

3113
02:49:45,700 --> 02:49:49,500
Yet this portrayal while not 
wholly, inaccurate, might 

3114
02:49:49,500 --> 02:49:52,300
obscure deeper textures to his 
Mythic personality. 

3115
02:49:53,100 --> 02:49:57,100
Consider his kinship Dynamics, 
he was the son of Zeus and Hera 

3116
02:49:57,100 --> 02:49:59,100
both formidable, in their own, 
right? 

3117
02:49:59,100 --> 02:50:01,300
That Heritage alone. 
Should Grant him. 

3118
02:50:01,300 --> 02:50:04,400
Respect yet, the myths, 
consistently show, an errors, 

3119
02:50:04,400 --> 02:50:08,100
overshadowed specially by 
Athena, where she used logic to 

3120
02:50:08,100 --> 02:50:10,300
conquer. 
He used shift Force where she 

3121
02:50:10,300 --> 02:50:12,200
favored. 
Cunning he favored brute 

3122
02:50:12,200 --> 02:50:14,800
strength, it wasn't just a clash
of personalities. 

3123
02:50:14,800 --> 02:50:17,800
It reflected the Greeks, 
internal tension, between 

3124
02:50:17,800 --> 02:50:21,700
strategy and aggression. 
Athena's popularity soared 

3125
02:50:21,700 --> 02:50:23,900
because her mode of warfare 
aligned with a sense of 

3126
02:50:23,900 --> 02:50:27,300
honorable wisdom. 
Aries, however, reminded the 

3127
02:50:27,300 --> 02:50:31,200
Greeks of Wars uglier truths 
truths that still demanded 

3128
02:50:31,200 --> 02:50:34,500
acknowledgment. 
At times, he sibling 

3129
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:36,100
confrontations bordered on 
comic. 

3130
02:50:36,900 --> 02:50:39,700
Homer describes Aries. 
Bellowing in pain, when struck 

3131
02:50:39,700 --> 02:50:43,200
by Athena's spear his pride 
wounded as much as his flesh. 

3132
02:50:43,200 --> 02:50:47,400
Yet beneath the humor layer 
sobering reality no matter how 

3133
02:50:47,400 --> 02:50:50,600
often cunning triumphs The 
Remains a force that neither 

3134
02:50:50,600 --> 02:50:53,600
wit. 
Nor reason can fully placate In 

3135
02:50:53,600 --> 02:50:57,000
the cosmic scheme, Aries, 
symbolize the Unstoppable wave 

3136
02:50:57,000 --> 02:50:59,800
of violence, that a occasionally
crashed through, even the most 

3137
02:50:59,808 --> 02:51:03,100
fortified cities, you might lose
a battle here or there. 

3138
02:51:03,100 --> 02:51:05,200
The conflict itself, never, 
truly vanished. 

3139
02:51:05,800 --> 02:51:08,300
Gods like Apollo or Hermes 
approached him carefully. 

3140
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:12,000
They perceived him as a 
ferocious storm, both beneficial

3141
02:51:12,000 --> 02:51:15,700
and hazardous to provoke. 
Here are equally temperamental 

3142
02:51:15,700 --> 02:51:18,500
maintained, a complicated 
relationship with her son, 

3143
02:51:18,500 --> 02:51:22,500
alternating between chastisement
and support, depending on her 

3144
02:51:22,500 --> 02:51:26,500
shifting alliances. 
Zeus for all his might sometimes

3145
02:51:26,500 --> 02:51:30,100
expressed exasperation with 
airies calling him, a pariah 

3146
02:51:30,100 --> 02:51:33,300
among the gods, the thunderer 
accepted War as part of the 

3147
02:51:33,300 --> 02:51:36,600
cosmic order, even though it 
resented, Olympus civilized 

3148
02:51:36,600 --> 02:51:40,600
Ambitions, in some accounts, 
Aries is relationships, extended

3149
02:51:40,600 --> 02:51:44,900
Beyond family, feuds His Union 
with Aphrodite remains, one of 

3150
02:51:44,908 --> 02:51:47,200
the more intriguing pairings in 
mythology. 

3151
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:51,600
The goddess of love entwined 
with the God of War, often 

3152
02:51:51,600 --> 02:51:54,500
appears as a paradox. 
How can tenderness and 

3153
02:51:54,500 --> 02:51:58,600
aggression coexist, Yet, their 
Mythic a fair Echoes, a 

3154
02:51:58,600 --> 02:52:01,400
universal truth. 
Passion and conflict can be 

3155
02:52:01,408 --> 02:52:04,700
intertwined, aspects of Human 
Experience Wars. 

3156
02:52:04,700 --> 02:52:07,900
Spurs, impulses of possession 
protection and desire. 

3157
02:52:07,900 --> 02:52:10,700
While love, can incite, jealousy
is fierce enough to spot 

3158
02:52:10,700 --> 02:52:14,100
conflict Aphrodite is 
involvement with Aries. 

3159
02:52:14,100 --> 02:52:17,400
Isn't just a sensational rumor 
about the gods personal lives. 

3160
02:52:17,400 --> 02:52:22,700
It symbolizes how Love and War 
seemingly at odds intertwined in

3161
02:52:22,700 --> 02:52:25,900
human affairs. 
Furthermore, areas is Offspring,

3162
02:52:25,900 --> 02:52:28,100
with Aphrodite and other 
partners reflect different 

3163
02:52:28,100 --> 02:52:31,100
shades of struggle. 
Some myths speak of Deimos 

3164
02:52:31,100 --> 02:52:35,400
Terror and Phobos fear as his 
children, manifestations of the 

3165
02:52:35,400 --> 02:52:39,700
dread that precedes any battle. 
Others hint at harmonia, Harmony

3166
02:52:39,700 --> 02:52:42,800
a curious byproduct of love and 
warming. 

3167
02:52:43,500 --> 02:52:46,500
This dichotomy reveals that for 
all his destructive Tendencies, 

3168
02:52:46,500 --> 02:52:50,600
Aries participated in generating
forces that could unify people. 

3169
02:52:51,400 --> 02:52:53,800
Only they learned to harness 
conflicts lessons. 

3170
02:52:53,800 --> 02:52:56,600
A battlefield, can unite 
comrades as powerfully as it 

3171
02:52:56,608 --> 02:53:00,400
drives them to oppose an enemy. 
Outside these Grand narratives 

3172
02:53:00,400 --> 02:53:04,500
certain cult practices suggest 
that not every devotees or Aries

3173
02:53:04,500 --> 02:53:08,800
as irredeemably, British in some
Greek regions more destroyed, 

3174
02:53:08,800 --> 02:53:11,500
were dedicated to him places. 
Where Warriors offered? 

3175
02:53:11,500 --> 02:53:14,200
Thanks for survival or 
supplicated, for courage. 

3176
02:53:15,100 --> 02:53:18,000
While his worship, never 
equaled, Athena's broader claim 

3177
02:53:18,000 --> 02:53:20,600
it served a ritual, functioning 
communal life. 

3178
02:53:21,200 --> 02:53:24,700
Soldiers, recognized that for 
all the talk of strategy, once 

3179
02:53:24,700 --> 02:53:26,800
Spears flew and blood spattered 
the Earth. 

3180
02:53:27,400 --> 02:53:30,200
Raw fighting Spirit might decide
who lived and died. 

3181
02:53:30,200 --> 02:53:32,700
They turned to Aries for that 
final push. 

3182
02:53:33,500 --> 02:53:37,000
His Image was not symbol static 
the city of Thebes. 

3183
02:53:37,000 --> 02:53:39,800
Once honored him linking him to 
its legendary founder. 

3184
02:53:40,600 --> 02:53:43,400
Arcadian Villages performed 
complex rights, blending 

3185
02:53:43,400 --> 02:53:46,500
fertility, with battle, lust 
through these examples. 

3186
02:53:46,500 --> 02:53:50,500
We Glimpse how local Traditions 
interpreted him, not just as a 

3187
02:53:50,500 --> 02:53:54,100
Mindless brute, but as a 
necessary power, War was seldom 

3188
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:56,900
glorified yet. 
The Greeks knew that ignoring 

3189
02:53:56,900 --> 02:54:01,200
its presence was Folly, thus 
Aries move through their myths, 

3190
02:54:01,200 --> 02:54:06,100
never quite loved never entirely
shunned and essential of 

3191
02:54:06,100 --> 02:54:11,000
relative at Olympus Has table. 
Over time as Greek culture 

3192
02:54:11,000 --> 02:54:13,400
embraced philosophies exalting 
reason and Order. 

3193
02:54:14,100 --> 02:54:16,600
Aries is impulsive nature, stood
out even more. 

3194
02:54:17,400 --> 02:54:21,600
Yet he endured unchanged in 
essence, reminding gods and 

3195
02:54:21,600 --> 02:54:24,000
Mortals alike. 
That conflict is sometimes an 

3196
02:54:24,000 --> 02:54:28,300
unavoidable part of existence. 
In a Pantheon full of varied 

3197
02:54:28,300 --> 02:54:32,300
personalities, he was the 
stinging reality, check the raw 

3198
02:54:32,300 --> 02:54:35,300
surge of chaos, no, treaty or 
supplication, could fully tame 

3199
02:54:35,300 --> 02:54:37,500
and the rest of the Immortals, 
though. 

3200
02:54:37,500 --> 02:54:40,600
Annoyed amused or appalled, had 
no choice. 

3201
02:54:40,600 --> 02:54:42,100
But to allow him a seat at the 
feast. 

3202
02:54:42,800 --> 02:54:45,700
The Aries belong to the Grand, 
tapestry of the Greek pantheon, 

3203
02:54:45,700 --> 02:54:48,900
his reputation moved Beyond mere
Mythic banter. 

3204
02:54:48,900 --> 02:54:51,400
When Mortals invoked him on 
actual fields of War. 

3205
02:54:51,400 --> 02:54:55,100
One of the most significant 
stages for such invocations was 

3206
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:58,400
the long grueling conflict of 
the Trojan War? 

3207
02:54:58,400 --> 02:55:02,000
This Monumental Clash blurred, 
the boundaries between myth and 

3208
02:55:02,000 --> 02:55:06,500
history as gods, intervened in 
and out of mortal Affairs, on 

3209
02:55:06,500 --> 02:55:10,000
those planes, Aries found 
himself embroiled in a drama 

3210
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:12,700
where battles were fought. 
Not just for territory but for 

3211
02:55:12,700 --> 02:55:15,800
the glory of reputations and 
occasionally at the whims of 

3212
02:55:15,808 --> 02:55:20,600
meddling deities, In the Trojan 
War, narratives Aries was not a 

3213
02:55:20,600 --> 02:55:22,800
distant Observer. 
He appeared directly on the 

3214
02:55:22,808 --> 02:55:25,300
battlefield citing first, with 
one Army. 

3215
02:55:25,300 --> 02:55:28,700
Then the other reflecting the 
chaotic nature of real Warfare. 

3216
02:55:29,500 --> 02:55:33,300
Mortals pray for Advantage but 
where itself can pivot on a 

3217
02:55:33,300 --> 02:55:37,200
random Arrow or single emotional
Outburst, Aries represented that

3218
02:55:37,200 --> 02:55:40,700
fickle momentum. 
One moment, he'd Empower Trojan 

3219
02:55:40,700 --> 02:55:42,000
Warrior's. 
The next. 

3220
02:55:42,000 --> 02:55:45,300
He'd be seen clashing fiercely 
against the myth of the cosmic 

3221
02:55:45,300 --> 02:55:48,700
tide shifted. 
Homer's Iliad, underscores how 

3222
02:55:48,700 --> 02:55:52,200
terrifying it was for Mortals to
witness Aries in his full war. 

3223
02:55:52,200 --> 02:55:55,700
God, Fury armies might have 
boasted skilled generals and 

3224
02:55:55,700 --> 02:55:58,100
heroic Champions but none could 
remain. 

3225
02:55:58,100 --> 02:56:00,800
Truly Fearless before a literal 
incarnation of bloodshed 

3226
02:56:01,600 --> 02:56:04,000
Whenever he charged onto the 
field, the ground seemed to 

3227
02:56:04,008 --> 02:56:06,200
tremble. 
This gesture was more than 

3228
02:56:06,200 --> 02:56:09,200
poetic flourish. 
It symbolized how the mere 

3229
02:56:09,200 --> 02:56:12,200
Prospect of Unstoppable, 
violence could unnerve even 

3230
02:56:12,200 --> 02:56:16,200
seasoned veterans yet? 
Aries was not Invincible. 

3231
02:56:16,200 --> 02:56:20,100
The Iliad records moments, were 
Athena tricked or outmaneuvered 

3232
02:56:20,100 --> 02:56:22,200
him. 
She caused him to take a spear 

3233
02:56:22,200 --> 02:56:25,200
to the side, leading him to Howl
in pain and Retreat to Olympus 

3234
02:56:25,200 --> 02:56:28,300
for healing. 
Such scenes reveal an essential 

3235
02:56:28,300 --> 02:56:32,000
dichotomy War can be 
overwhelming, but cunning can 

3236
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:36,400
wound Brute Force. 
In that sense, Aries embodied 

3237
02:56:36,400 --> 02:56:39,100
Wars brutality. 
While Athena stood for 

3238
02:56:39,100 --> 02:56:43,000
strategies Triumph, the Trojan 
Wars, shifting alliances, laid 

3239
02:56:43,000 --> 02:56:46,900
bare, the uneasy truth that raw 
power alone doesn't guarantee 

3240
02:56:46,900 --> 02:56:49,500
Victory. 
The war also highlighted, that 

3241
02:56:49,500 --> 02:56:53,500
Aries was not universally 
beloved even his father's Zeus 

3242
02:56:53,500 --> 02:56:55,300
scolded him for reckless, 
meddling. 

3243
02:56:56,100 --> 02:56:58,800
Trojans and a like found 
themselves cautious about 

3244
02:56:58,800 --> 02:57:01,800
calling on him. 
Indeed his influence could be 

3245
02:57:01,800 --> 02:57:05,000
significant yet his 
participation carried a cost 

3246
02:57:05,000 --> 02:57:08,000
unbridled violence has no 
favorites. 

3247
02:57:08,000 --> 02:57:10,300
It consumes everything in its 
path. 

3248
02:57:11,800 --> 02:57:15,400
In focusing on the Trojan War, 
we see that Aries is present on 

3249
02:57:15,400 --> 02:57:19,000
the battlefield. 
While potent came with a sense 

3250
02:57:19,000 --> 02:57:22,900
of looming catastrophe. 
Some Trojan War Side Stories, 

3251
02:57:22,900 --> 02:57:26,500
cast Aries, in more personal 
conflicts Legend, says that he 

3252
02:57:26,500 --> 02:57:29,900
intervened when one of his 
mortal Sons joined The Fray or 

3253
02:57:29,900 --> 02:57:32,800
that he shed tears of Rage when 
certain Trojan Champions fell. 

3254
02:57:33,600 --> 02:57:36,700
The smaller Tales highlighter 
surprising capacity for paternal

3255
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:38,800
grief. 
Though, overshadowed by his 

3256
02:57:38,800 --> 02:57:42,300
broader Persona of carnage. 
They remind us that he was not 

3257
02:57:42,300 --> 02:57:45,300
an indifferent Cosmic machine, 
but a god-shaped by 

3258
02:57:45,300 --> 02:57:48,700
relationships pride and the 
complexities that come from 

3259
02:57:48,700 --> 02:57:52,600
seeing Mortals engage in the art
of killing and art he himself on

3260
02:57:52,600 --> 02:57:55,600
fired, conversely, certain Greek
Heroes. 

3261
02:57:55,600 --> 02:57:58,800
Believed that if they fought 
valiantly enough Aries would 

3262
02:57:58,800 --> 02:58:03,000
grant them a special Frosty. 
Handful of them hopped up on the

3263
02:58:03,000 --> 02:58:06,400
adrenaline of battle to feel him
surging in their veins. 

3264
02:58:07,300 --> 02:58:10,200
Yet in the iliad's, bigger 
picture such touches were 

3265
02:58:10,200 --> 02:58:13,800
fleeting overshadowed by the 
stories of how Athena guided 

3266
02:58:13,800 --> 02:58:18,600
Heroes to more lasting Triumph. 
In these Tails, Aries remained, 

3267
02:58:18,600 --> 02:58:22,200
a paradoxical Force, both 
Unstoppable, and vulnerable to 

3268
02:58:22,200 --> 02:58:24,900
setbacks when faced with cunning
or divine retribution. 

3269
02:58:25,700 --> 02:58:29,000
Outside the epic's main 
narrative later poets added 

3270
02:58:29,000 --> 02:58:32,800
layers, some praising areas for 
upholding an aspect of heroic 

3271
02:58:32,800 --> 02:58:36,300
masculinity While others 
condemned him as the root of 

3272
02:58:36,300 --> 02:58:40,300
Humanity's darkest, impulses the
Trojan War, Amplified both those

3273
02:58:40,300 --> 02:58:43,900
perspectives on one hand, it 
needed his presence to stir 

3274
02:58:43,900 --> 02:58:46,500
armies and keep the frenzy alive
on the other. 

3275
02:58:46,500 --> 02:58:48,900
It was a testament to Wars 
destructive nature. 

3276
02:58:48,900 --> 02:58:52,600
Leaving a trail of burned 
cities, grieving widows and 

3277
02:58:52,600 --> 02:58:56,500
shattered dynasties In short, 
the Trojan War Stories brought 

3278
02:58:56,500 --> 02:58:59,900
Aries Down from the distant 
Halls of Olympus and thrust him 

3279
02:58:59,900 --> 02:59:01,200
into the grit of mortal 
existence. 

3280
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:04,200
His involvement Illustrated, the
raw power. 

3281
02:59:04,200 --> 02:59:07,800
That can't be fully contained or
directed The impetus behind, 

3282
02:59:07,800 --> 02:59:11,600
every destructive charge. 
As watches and participants 

3283
02:59:11,600 --> 02:59:15,500
ancient audiences saw that war 
was not just a concept but a 

3284
02:59:15,500 --> 02:59:18,000
living presents. 
Aries is actions. 

3285
02:59:18,000 --> 02:59:21,200
Offered a cautionary, Tale. 
Tapping in to unbridled 

3286
02:59:21,200 --> 02:59:24,200
aggression, can be a quick path 
to fleeting Victory is and 

3287
02:59:24,200 --> 02:59:28,200
catastrophic loss. 
Even among Gods War remains an 

3288
02:59:28,200 --> 02:59:31,200
unpredictable companion, and 
nowhere, was that more apparent 

3289
02:59:31,200 --> 02:59:33,100
than on the bloody fields of 
Troy. 

3290
02:59:34,100 --> 02:59:36,500
Outside the Epic swirl of Trojan
battlefields. 

3291
02:59:36,500 --> 02:59:39,200
Aries is narrative, also, 
intersects with Tales of 

3292
02:59:39,208 --> 02:59:42,500
passion, fatherhood and the 
everyday churn of mortal life. 

3293
02:59:42,500 --> 02:59:46,400
His most famous love affair with
Aphrodite goddess of love, and 

3294
02:59:46,400 --> 02:59:50,100
beauty exemplifies, how War can 
become entwined with desire? 

3295
02:59:50,100 --> 02:59:53,500
However, it was more than just a
tale of romance between 

3296
02:59:53,500 --> 02:59:57,800
diametrically opposed forces. 
The childlike notion that Love 

3297
02:59:57,800 --> 03:00:01,900
and War, opposites Mrs. How 
Deeply they interact Aries and 

3298
03:00:01,900 --> 03:00:04,800
Aphrodite is Bond revealed. 
How conflict and attraction both

3299
03:00:04,800 --> 03:00:07,400
simmer under mortal 
Consciousness, driving 

3300
03:00:07,400 --> 03:00:10,800
individuals, toward acts of 
devotional destruction, the 

3301
03:00:10,800 --> 03:00:14,000
liaison, birthed multiple 
offspring, embodying, a 

3302
03:00:14,000 --> 03:00:18,400
particular face of Wars, 
emotional heft Deimos and Phobos

3303
03:00:18,400 --> 03:00:21,500
fear of the most famous 
personifying, The Dread that 

3304
03:00:21,500 --> 03:00:25,200
grips soldiers before a charge. 
However, less renowned figures 

3305
03:00:25,200 --> 03:00:29,700
also emerge from areas as line 
Eros in some versions and 

3306
03:00:29,700 --> 03:00:32,200
harmonia. 
Indicating that out of conflict,

3307
03:00:32,200 --> 03:00:35,300
could come forms of unity or 
even love will be at rarely. 

3308
03:00:36,100 --> 03:00:39,200
The ancient poets debated these 
genealogies, but they 

3309
03:00:39,200 --> 03:00:41,300
consistently underscored a 
central idea. 

3310
03:00:41,300 --> 03:00:45,200
The energy is fueling War are 
not wholly, divorced from those 

3311
03:00:45,200 --> 03:00:50,000
that spark affection or loyalty,
Despite that Aries was seldom 

3312
03:00:50,000 --> 03:00:53,300
depicted as a doting. 
Father, epic conflicts and 

3313
03:00:53,300 --> 03:00:55,700
divine feuds overshadowed his 
paternal role. 

3314
03:00:56,400 --> 03:00:59,400
Some small myths, however, 
suggest moments of personal 

3315
03:00:59,400 --> 03:01:02,600
attachment one tells of him. 
Avenging, the death of a 

3316
03:01:02,600 --> 03:01:05,600
daughter by slaying her 
murderer, another accounts him 

3317
03:01:05,608 --> 03:01:09,600
raging against a rival who dared
insult his lineage In these 

3318
03:01:09,600 --> 03:01:12,700
glimpses, we see that Wars Fury 
might also be a twisted 

3319
03:01:12,700 --> 03:01:16,500
expression of care Readiness to 
destroy anyone threatening those

3320
03:01:16,500 --> 03:01:20,700
under one's protection. 
In Mortal eyes, such stories 

3321
03:01:20,700 --> 03:01:24,200
played out in real life. 
Soldiers spurred by love for 

3322
03:01:24,200 --> 03:01:27,800
family, might descend into 
Savage, vials to defend them. 

3323
03:01:27,800 --> 03:01:31,500
Aries is fatherly instincts, 
mirrored that fundamental human 

3324
03:01:31,500 --> 03:01:34,300
contradiction. 
People killed to protect what 

3325
03:01:34,300 --> 03:01:37,600
they cherish. 
A Savage is that seems it's an 

3326
03:01:37,600 --> 03:01:41,500
undeniable element of human 
conflict across centuries in his

3327
03:01:41,500 --> 03:01:45,000
spear for those. 
He loved Aries exposed to strain

3328
03:01:45,000 --> 03:01:48,300
of loyalty overshadowed by more,
Sensational accounts of his 

3329
03:01:48,300 --> 03:01:52,200
ferocity, meanwhile every day. 
Worship of areas remained 

3330
03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:55,200
measured very few large, 
Temple's honored him. 

3331
03:01:55,208 --> 03:01:58,800
But smaller cultic practices 
sprang up in city of state's 

3332
03:01:58,800 --> 03:02:00,100
contending with frequent 
Warfare. 

3333
03:02:01,000 --> 03:02:03,800
Soldiers, might sacrifice 
animals or lace symbolic weapons

3334
03:02:03,800 --> 03:02:07,300
on makeshift altars hoping to 
appease a God who could lend 

3335
03:02:07,300 --> 03:02:09,600
them ferocity will spare them 
from it. 

3336
03:02:10,500 --> 03:02:13,400
While Athens and Sparta revered,
Athena's, strategic mind, 

3337
03:02:13,400 --> 03:02:16,600
individual Warriors. 
Sometimes felt a more visceral 

3338
03:02:16,600 --> 03:02:18,700
connection to Aries as raw 
impetus. 

3339
03:02:19,300 --> 03:02:21,100
He believed that war drums, and 
conflict. 

3340
03:02:21,100 --> 03:02:24,700
Charts, were sacred inspiring a 
trance-like further in 

3341
03:02:24,708 --> 03:02:28,300
combatants, some historians 
argue that these rituals were 

3342
03:02:28,300 --> 03:02:32,600
psychologically vital building 
Unity before battle in Greek 

3343
03:02:32,600 --> 03:02:35,700
culture, rousing songs and 
rhythmic March's might have 

3344
03:02:35,700 --> 03:02:39,400
invoke, the presence of airies 
galvanizing Hearts against fear.

3345
03:02:40,400 --> 03:02:43,400
this communal implication was 
less about praising wanton 

3346
03:02:43,400 --> 03:02:46,500
destruction and more about 
anchoring courage in a Face-Off 

3347
03:02:46,500 --> 03:02:49,700
where hesitation could spell 
defeat Beyond these rights 

3348
03:02:49,700 --> 03:02:54,000
Travelers tales that some remote
villages with festivals 

3349
03:02:54,000 --> 03:02:57,100
combining martial contests with 
solemn remembrance of the Dead. 

3350
03:02:57,900 --> 03:03:01,400
Rather than glorifying Conquest.
They recognized the jewel face 

3351
03:03:01,400 --> 03:03:05,700
of war victorie and devastation.
One tradition described men, 

3352
03:03:05,700 --> 03:03:08,700
wearing battered helmets as they
recited the name of lost 

3353
03:03:08,700 --> 03:03:11,100
Warrior's, a ritual to keep Wars
toll visible. 

3354
03:03:11,100 --> 03:03:15,900
Aries, as the core deity of 
combat stood, in the midst of 

3355
03:03:15,900 --> 03:03:20,000
the ceremonies, a reminder that 
behind each trial the Heartbreak

3356
03:03:20,000 --> 03:03:23,000
of mourning families, Mythic 
genealogies. 

3357
03:03:23,000 --> 03:03:26,600
Also link areas to fearsome 
beasts reflection of how War 

3358
03:03:26,600 --> 03:03:30,700
unleashes Primal instincts, 
wolves vultures nor the 

3359
03:03:30,700 --> 03:03:32,300
Scavengers were said to be under
his domain. 

3360
03:03:32,300 --> 03:03:36,600
Just as they often feasted on 
battlefields in some stories, 

3361
03:03:36,600 --> 03:03:39,900
even assume the form of a 
monstrous bore, or a phantom 

3362
03:03:39,900 --> 03:03:42,100
Huntsman intent on causing 
chaos. 

3363
03:03:42,100 --> 03:03:46,000
These Metamorphoses Illustrated,
how conflict can reduce Humanity

3364
03:03:46,000 --> 03:03:48,900
to a pack of territorial 
Predators fighting over 

3365
03:03:48,900 --> 03:03:53,100
resources and pride thus while 
popular imagination frames areas

3366
03:03:53,100 --> 03:03:56,200
as a brute lusting for Carnage. 
The Fuller tapestry is more 

3367
03:03:56,200 --> 03:04:00,700
nuanced intersects with love 
stands as a father Fosters 

3368
03:04:00,700 --> 03:04:03,700
communal rituals and even 
emerges as a Punisher of 

3369
03:04:03,708 --> 03:04:07,300
Injustice when it aligns with 
his personal vendettas yet, none

3370
03:04:07,300 --> 03:04:10,500
of this fully negates. 
His Central nature a living 

3371
03:04:10,500 --> 03:04:15,100
representation of Wars capacity 
to enthrall unite destroy and 

3372
03:04:15,100 --> 03:04:19,200
protect The contradictions Run 
Deep reflecting the human 

3373
03:04:19,200 --> 03:04:22,300
psyches capacity for both 
nurturing, affection and 

3374
03:04:22,300 --> 03:04:26,000
ruthless violence. 
Therefore Aries is story not 

3375
03:04:26,000 --> 03:04:29,900
only depicts ancient conflicts 
but also represents every heart 

3376
03:04:29,900 --> 03:04:33,300
that has ever been torn between 
the Embrace of love and the call

3377
03:04:33,300 --> 03:04:35,800
of aggression. 
When Greek culture. 

3378
03:04:35,800 --> 03:04:38,900
Eventually interfaced with Rome 
many gods found themselves 

3379
03:04:38,900 --> 03:04:43,300
reinterpreted under new names 
and contexts Aries became Mars. 

3380
03:04:43,300 --> 03:04:45,300
But the Romans gave this war 
deity. 

3381
03:04:45,300 --> 03:04:48,500
A different flavor less of the 
raw Carnage and more of the 

3382
03:04:48,500 --> 03:04:51,300
disciplined Soldier. 
Despite the transformation 

3383
03:04:51,300 --> 03:04:55,700
Echoes of the original Aries, 
persisted reflecting the ways in

3384
03:04:55,700 --> 03:04:58,500
which Mythic figures adapt to 
the cultural needs of, 

3385
03:04:58,500 --> 03:05:02,300
conquering Powers, Mars became a
city protector for Romans due to

3386
03:05:02,300 --> 03:05:05,600
his power and Order. 
Rome's Legions prided themselves

3387
03:05:05,600 --> 03:05:08,700
on strategy, discipline and 
loyalty to the state. 

3388
03:05:09,800 --> 03:05:12,600
This emphasis on structure 
contrasted with the more chaotic

3389
03:05:12,600 --> 03:05:15,800
Greek view of Aries. 
Yet behind the Roman veneer of 

3390
03:05:15,808 --> 03:05:19,700
organizational, the essence of 
warfare remained the same sword.

3391
03:05:19,700 --> 03:05:23,700
Still drew, blood Conquest still
spawned grief and fear sword as 

3392
03:05:23,700 --> 03:05:27,900
armies marched in adopting Mars,
Rome validated the necessity of 

3393
03:05:27,908 --> 03:05:30,900
war in building an empire. 
Turning it into a civilizing 

3394
03:05:30,900 --> 03:05:34,300
force rather than a purely 
destructive, one. still aspects 

3395
03:05:34,300 --> 03:05:38,000
of Aries bled through Roman 
temples to Mars, while more 

3396
03:05:38,000 --> 03:05:41,100
prominently than Greek shrines 
to Aries included, rituals 

3397
03:05:41,100 --> 03:05:44,900
acknowledging the Grim realities
of combat Soldiers, prayed for 

3398
03:05:44,900 --> 03:05:48,900
victory, but also recognized the
sacrifice demanded by War boot 

3399
03:05:48,900 --> 03:05:52,500
camp, drills strict codes of 
behavior, and elaborate triumphs

3400
03:05:52,500 --> 03:05:54,400
for victorious. 
Generals Illustrated of the 

3401
03:05:54,400 --> 03:05:56,900
discipline that roam grafted 
onto the older Greek model of 

3402
03:05:56,908 --> 03:05:59,700
conflict. 
Aries might have found it 

3403
03:05:59,700 --> 03:06:01,900
strange to see War, so rigidly 
choreographed. 

3404
03:06:02,600 --> 03:06:04,500
But the underlying violence 
would feel familiar. 

3405
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:09,100
Interestingly Roman myth weaves 
Mars into the founding tale of 

3406
03:06:09,108 --> 03:06:12,100
Romulus and Remus the city's 
legendary twin. 

3407
03:06:12,100 --> 03:06:14,300
Founders. 
This paternal link. 

3408
03:06:14,300 --> 03:06:18,000
Underscores, how war in 
romanized could also create 

3409
03:06:18,000 --> 03:06:21,600
worlds, not just destroy them. 
Aries is Greek. 

3410
03:06:21,600 --> 03:06:25,200
Now, included fatherhood as 
well, but the Romans were Bolder

3411
03:06:25,200 --> 03:06:27,700
and presenting Mars as a 
generative force behind Empire 

3412
03:06:27,700 --> 03:06:30,500
Building. 
The maniacal Edge was toned down

3413
03:06:30,500 --> 03:06:35,100
the further to conquer remained.
Over time, Roman expansion, 

3414
03:06:35,100 --> 03:06:38,000
carried Mars's worship, from the
British Isles, to the deserts of

3415
03:06:38,008 --> 03:06:40,700
Africa. 
Armies marched under his Banner 

3416
03:06:41,300 --> 03:06:44,700
Carrying an icon that Blended 
areas ancient Fury with Roman 

3417
03:06:44,700 --> 03:06:48,700
efficiently in Legion camps 
shrines to Mars often appeared 

3418
03:06:48,700 --> 03:06:51,500
near training grounds 
reinforcing the close bond 

3419
03:06:51,500 --> 03:06:55,200
between the soldiers routine and
the deities domain. it was a 

3420
03:06:55,208 --> 03:06:58,200
stark reminder that, no matter 
how advanced Roman engineering 

3421
03:06:58,200 --> 03:07:01,700
or governance became It still 
relied on the martial Spirit to 

3422
03:07:01,700 --> 03:07:05,900
maintain its vast territory. 
Nevertheless, the more civilized

3423
03:07:05,900 --> 03:07:09,100
Mars while overshadowing Aries 
in official propaganda. 

3424
03:07:10,100 --> 03:07:12,700
Still harbored that kernel of 
merciless aggression. 

3425
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:16,800
Soldiers, who faced Barbarian 
raids or harsh Frontier Wars. 

3426
03:07:16,800 --> 03:07:20,500
Sometimes abandoned the polished
veneer of discipline Accounts 

3427
03:07:20,500 --> 03:07:22,600
exist of punitive massacres and 
scorched. 

3428
03:07:22,600 --> 03:07:25,800
Earth, tactics revealing that 
beneath the Roman sense of order

3429
03:07:25,800 --> 03:07:28,400
lay the same, Primal savagery 
known to the Greeks. 

3430
03:07:29,300 --> 03:07:31,900
Erasers original 
unpredictability surfaced 

3431
03:07:31,900 --> 03:07:34,500
whenever the Flames of War, 
grew, uncontainable. 

3432
03:07:35,300 --> 03:07:37,700
Cultural shifts during the late 
Empire, period further 

3433
03:07:37,700 --> 03:07:40,100
complicated. 
These distinctions, as 

3434
03:07:40,100 --> 03:07:43,600
Christianity spread official 
reverence for the old Pantheon 

3435
03:07:43,600 --> 03:07:48,300
waned, Mars is Temple's fell 
into the partial disuse, or were

3436
03:07:48,300 --> 03:07:51,600
rebranded, and the Empire itself
began to crack under external 

3437
03:07:51,600 --> 03:07:55,800
pressures conflicts raged along 
borders, revealing that even 

3438
03:07:55,800 --> 03:07:58,800
centuries of Martial tradition 
could not stay off to climb 

3439
03:07:58,800 --> 03:08:00,800
walls. 
That once served expansion 

3440
03:08:00,800 --> 03:08:04,400
became desperate acts of Defense
draining the treasury and 

3441
03:08:04,400 --> 03:08:08,500
morale, The figure of Mars 
receded, but the essence of War.

3442
03:08:08,500 --> 03:08:11,400
Endured echoing areas as 
Timeless reality. 

3443
03:08:11,400 --> 03:08:14,100
That Bloodshed never truly Fades
from Human affairs. 

3444
03:08:15,000 --> 03:08:17,900
Later, historians and scholars 
drew connections between areas 

3445
03:08:17,900 --> 03:08:20,800
and Mars picking apart how the 
latter was nobler. 

3446
03:08:21,700 --> 03:08:24,200
But at heart they remained 
facets of the same concept 

3447
03:08:24,200 --> 03:08:29,200
conflict personified. 
Roman society placed a practical

3448
03:08:29,200 --> 03:08:33,100
gloss on it, but could not mask 
the brutality embedded in 

3449
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:36,300
Conquest. 
The War gods, soared high in 

3450
03:08:36,300 --> 03:08:39,300
ceremonies while legionaries 
spilled Blood on the distant 

3451
03:08:39,300 --> 03:08:42,800
fields. 
This Duality ritual, homage and 

3452
03:08:42,800 --> 03:08:45,600
raw violence, kept the flame of 
Aries as Greek. 

3453
03:08:45,600 --> 03:08:47,600
Essence alive, beneath Roman 
Steel. 

3454
03:08:48,400 --> 03:08:51,700
In modern scholarship. 
Some paint Mars as a sanitized 

3455
03:08:51,700 --> 03:08:54,800
reflection of Aries. 
While others insist that the 

3456
03:08:54,800 --> 03:08:58,300
difference is cosmetic. 
Both deities represent a 

3457
03:08:58,300 --> 03:09:00,900
fundamental recognition that 
Order and Chaos Collide, 

3458
03:09:00,900 --> 03:09:04,000
whenever armies meet. 
Both speak to human kinds 

3459
03:09:04,000 --> 03:09:07,600
ongoing in Tangled with a 
Grecian pride and territorial 

3460
03:09:07,600 --> 03:09:10,400
ambition. 
The shift from Greek to Roman 

3461
03:09:10,400 --> 03:09:12,100
worship. 
Might highlight style over 

3462
03:09:12,100 --> 03:09:16,400
substance, but Wars nature 
endures Aries in. 

3463
03:09:16,400 --> 03:09:19,400
Whichever name or uniform 
remains a haunting reminder that

3464
03:09:19,400 --> 03:09:22,300
power and discipline cannot 
fully tame the Beast Within the 

3465
03:09:22,300 --> 03:09:25,500
battlefield heart. 
Long after the Roman Empire, 

3466
03:09:25,500 --> 03:09:28,900
fractured the figure of Aries 
lingered in cultural memory 

3467
03:09:28,900 --> 03:09:31,500
carried through, medieval 
scribes and eventually 

3468
03:09:31,500 --> 03:09:35,000
Renaissance, humanists, who 
rediscovered, classical texts in

3469
03:09:35,000 --> 03:09:37,600
each retelling Aries, 
transformed yet. 

3470
03:09:37,600 --> 03:09:41,100
Again, sometimes demonized by 
Christian writers, who equated 

3471
03:09:41,100 --> 03:09:44,100
him with the sins of violence 
and wrath other times, 

3472
03:09:44,100 --> 03:09:47,000
romanticized by revivalists 
seeking to channel Ancient 

3473
03:09:47,000 --> 03:09:50,900
virtues throughout. 
These shifts Aries, remained a 

3474
03:09:50,900 --> 03:09:53,300
cipher for Humanity's conflicted
relationship with war. 

3475
03:09:54,200 --> 03:09:57,300
During the medieval period, 
chivalric ideals, placed a 

3476
03:09:57,300 --> 03:10:01,200
veneer of nobility over combat 
Knights fought for Honor weaving

3477
03:10:01,200 --> 03:10:04,700
in Christian piety. 
In that environment, Aries found

3478
03:10:04,700 --> 03:10:07,700
little direct worship but the 
ethos of battle still carried 

3479
03:10:07,700 --> 03:10:11,600
Echoes of his domain. 
When Crusaders marched the 

3480
03:10:11,600 --> 03:10:14,700
further that gripped them had 
parallels to his ancient Mania, 

3481
03:10:14,700 --> 03:10:17,400
albeit cloaked in religious 
justification. 

3482
03:10:18,100 --> 03:10:20,400
Chronicles might not mention 
areas by name. 

3483
03:10:20,400 --> 03:10:25,500
Yet the spirit of Relentless 
aggression was alive in CJ's and

3484
03:10:25,500 --> 03:10:28,800
Cavalry Charges with the 
Renaissance came, a Resurgence 

3485
03:10:28,800 --> 03:10:30,600
of interest in Greek and Roman 
law. 

3486
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:33,300
Spurring new discussion on 
classical deities. 

3487
03:10:33,300 --> 03:10:37,500
Aries appeared in treaters. 
Contrasting him with Mars 

3488
03:10:37,500 --> 03:10:40,200
analyzing the moral dimension of
warfare. 

3489
03:10:40,800 --> 03:10:43,200
Scholars. 
Debated did the ancient sea war 

3490
03:10:43,208 --> 03:10:45,900
as a necessary evil or an 
exalted path to Glory? 

3491
03:10:46,700 --> 03:10:48,900
Aries, his stories were passed 
for symbolic. 

3492
03:10:48,900 --> 03:10:51,500
Meaning. 
And his course, passions seemed 

3493
03:10:51,500 --> 03:10:53,900
jarring against the 
renaissance's admiration for 

3494
03:10:53,900 --> 03:10:58,200
Harmony and proportion. 
Still war raged across Europe 

3495
03:10:58,200 --> 03:11:02,000
and conflicts like the 30 Years 
War demonstrating that refined 

3496
03:11:02,000 --> 03:11:05,100
philosophies did not necessarily
curb the reality of Bloodshed 

3497
03:11:05,100 --> 03:11:09,000
meanwhile artists and Poets 
began portraying Aries and 

3498
03:11:09,000 --> 03:11:12,500
fresher contexts, painting of 
areas and Aphrodite multiplied. 

3499
03:11:12,500 --> 03:11:16,900
Each capturing the volatile mix 
of Seduction and violence some 

3500
03:11:16,900 --> 03:11:18,900
Brock composers. 
Wrote pieces referencing the 

3501
03:11:18,900 --> 03:11:22,100
Spear of these turning 
destructive force into musical 

3502
03:11:22,100 --> 03:11:24,200
allegory. 
In these works. 

3503
03:11:24,200 --> 03:11:27,200
The God of War became an 
aesthetic symbol rather than a 

3504
03:11:27,200 --> 03:11:29,200
religious figure serving to 
dramatize. 

3505
03:11:29,200 --> 03:11:32,100
The tension between unrestrained
might and cultivated Grace. 

3506
03:11:32,900 --> 03:11:36,700
As modernity emerged 
nationalism, took hold forging 

3507
03:11:36,700 --> 03:11:40,000
new rationale for conflict. 
If he's drifted away from 

3508
03:11:40,000 --> 03:11:43,300
religious or even moral 
interpretations recast as a 

3509
03:11:43,300 --> 03:11:45,200
Mythic emblem for militaristic 
pride. 

3510
03:11:45,900 --> 03:11:49,000
Nations invoked him. 
Indirectly both of Unstoppable, 

3511
03:11:49,000 --> 03:11:51,900
armies political cartoons or 
propaganda. 

3512
03:11:51,900 --> 03:11:54,700
Posters might depict a warlike 
figure reminiscent of Aries 

3513
03:11:54,700 --> 03:11:58,200
brandishing rifles. 
Instead of Spears, fueling Mass 

3514
03:11:58,200 --> 03:12:02,100
mobilization though, few invoked
his name, his Spirit loomed in 

3515
03:12:02,108 --> 03:12:05,400
the grand mobilization of the 
Napoleonic era or the world 

3516
03:12:05,400 --> 03:12:09,400
wars, when entire continents 
caught fire in the intellectual 

3517
03:12:09,400 --> 03:12:13,600
sphere, critiques of War, found 
renewed voice philosophers like 

3518
03:12:13,600 --> 03:12:16,900
Kant or Rousseau each in their 
own way, grappled, with the 

3519
03:12:16,900 --> 03:12:20,100
tension between man's capacity 
for reason and his pawn shop for

3520
03:12:20,100 --> 03:12:22,900
violence. 
It might not have cited Aries 

3521
03:12:22,900 --> 03:12:26,600
specifically, but his Essence 
was there the recognition that 

3522
03:12:26,600 --> 03:12:29,800
conflict repeatedly shatters 
idealistic vision of peace? 

3523
03:12:30,900 --> 03:12:33,400
attempts to create lasting 
treaties, often crumbled under 

3524
03:12:33,400 --> 03:12:36,800
National rivalries, echoing 
homeric narratives, where no 

3525
03:12:36,800 --> 03:12:40,100
truce lasted long once ego's 
Flair and with the rise of 

3526
03:12:40,100 --> 03:12:43,400
psychology Aries, gained an 
unexpected new framework. 

3527
03:12:44,200 --> 03:12:47,300
Analysts probe the death drive 
or the innate aggression. 

3528
03:12:47,300 --> 03:12:49,100
They believed resided in human 
nature. 

3529
03:12:50,100 --> 03:12:53,700
In that context areas became a 
metaphor for Primal impulses 

3530
03:12:53,700 --> 03:12:58,200
buried deep within the psyche. 
Archetypal theorists labeled 

3531
03:12:58,200 --> 03:12:59,600
him. 
An enduring symbol of the 

3532
03:12:59,600 --> 03:13:03,000
warrior Within an ancient 
blueprint for aggression That 

3533
03:13:03,000 --> 03:13:07,100
civilization struggles to 
contain, Writers and therapists 

3534
03:13:07,100 --> 03:13:10,900
use this angle to explore 
personal struggles, like anger 

3535
03:13:10,900 --> 03:13:14,900
management or PTSD arguing, that
ignoring the areas archetype 

3536
03:13:14,900 --> 03:13:17,500
could lead to unchecked violence
or sublimated rage. 

3537
03:13:18,500 --> 03:13:21,000
In the late 20th century pop 
culture. 

3538
03:13:21,000 --> 03:13:25,700
Reimagined him yet again films 
comic books and video games cast

3539
03:13:25,700 --> 03:13:29,000
areas as a villain or anti-hero,
charging onto digital 

3540
03:13:29,000 --> 03:13:31,100
battlefields, or cinematic, 
showdowns. 

3541
03:13:31,900 --> 03:13:35,400
These portrayals often relied on
superficial traits bulging 

3542
03:13:35,400 --> 03:13:39,300
muscles booming voices and 
Unstoppable bloodlust while 

3543
03:13:39,300 --> 03:13:42,300
occasionally teasing it deeper 
complexities even. 

3544
03:13:42,300 --> 03:13:46,200
So the essence of the ancient 
god persisted Bridging 

3545
03:13:46,200 --> 03:13:49,300
centuries. 
Modern War, narratives remain 

3546
03:13:49,300 --> 03:13:52,700
haunted by the same question the
Greeks wrestled with Does 

3547
03:13:52,700 --> 03:13:55,700
conflict Define us? 
Can it be transcended? 

3548
03:13:55,700 --> 03:13:59,600
Or is it inherent to our being? 
Through all these Evolutions, 

3549
03:13:59,600 --> 03:14:04,700
Aries, never fully disappeared. 
His story threads through every 

3550
03:14:04,700 --> 03:14:07,300
Epoch that grapples with 
violence and the uneasy 

3551
03:14:07,300 --> 03:14:09,400
admiration. 
It can Inspire, where the 

3552
03:14:09,400 --> 03:14:12,800
demonized, or glorified, he 
stands as a collective symbol 

3553
03:14:12,800 --> 03:14:14,800
for humanities. 
Willingness to pick up weapons, 

3554
03:14:14,800 --> 03:14:18,700
in pursuit of power, survival or
ideals, whenever piece falters 

3555
03:14:18,700 --> 03:14:21,300
the old War gods. 
Stirs in the background, a 

3556
03:14:21,300 --> 03:14:24,000
reminder that the same Primal 
force that hammered bronze 

3557
03:14:24,000 --> 03:14:27,200
swords Millennia ago, still 
causes through the veins of 

3558
03:14:27,200 --> 03:14:29,300
modern armies and every day 
individuals alike. 

3559
03:14:30,300 --> 03:14:33,600
In considering areas is full 
trajectory, when sees that he 

3560
03:14:33,600 --> 03:14:36,100
transcends neat categories of 
good or evil. 

3561
03:14:36,100 --> 03:14:39,900
He is rather a reflection of how
humans conduct themselves when 

3562
03:14:39,900 --> 03:14:43,000
pushed to extremes, whether in 
ancient Greece and Imperial 

3563
03:14:43,000 --> 03:14:46,700
Rome, medieval Crusades 
Renaissance treatises or modern 

3564
03:14:46,700 --> 03:14:49,900
conflicts, the Specter of War 
has consistently hovered. 

3565
03:14:49,900 --> 03:14:53,800
Sometimes worshiped, sometimes 
feared all was consequential 

3566
03:14:53,800 --> 03:14:57,900
Aries as an entity clarifies 
that violence cannot be 

3567
03:14:57,900 --> 03:15:00,000
exercised by moral condemnation 
alone. 

3568
03:15:00,000 --> 03:15:03,400
It is woven into the very 
tapestry of human civilization. 

3569
03:15:04,400 --> 03:15:06,800
Modern commentators might 
describe him as a cautionary 

3570
03:15:06,800 --> 03:15:10,400
metaphor, a primal reminder of 
our capacity for both communal 

3571
03:15:10,400 --> 03:15:14,100
defense and Savage destruction. 
Yet the older Greek saw more 

3572
03:15:14,100 --> 03:15:16,800
than mere caution. 
They recognized War as a 

3573
03:15:16,800 --> 03:15:20,300
fundamental element of Fate, 
Unstoppable and often necessary 

3574
03:15:20,300 --> 03:15:23,600
armies marched, not out of love 
for Bloodshed, but because 

3575
03:15:23,600 --> 03:15:27,400
survival or ambition, demanded, 
it Aries, thus appeared, both 

3576
03:15:27,400 --> 03:15:30,600
monstrous and essential and 
uncomfortable contradiction that

3577
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:33,600
still resonates whenever 
diplomatic efforts fail in the 

3578
03:15:33,608 --> 03:15:36,800
pantheons. 
Grande drama, Aries, never fully

3579
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:41,100
fits Athena goddess. 
Of calculated tactics earned. 

3580
03:15:41,100 --> 03:15:44,800
Widespread, reverence Apollo 
with his luminous, Artistry 

3581
03:15:44,800 --> 03:15:48,100
commanded spiritual devotion, 
even dying Isis. 

3582
03:15:48,100 --> 03:15:51,600
The wild reveler offered 
ecstatic release that could be 

3583
03:15:51,600 --> 03:15:56,900
twisted into mania. 
But Aries was warned in 

3584
03:15:56,900 --> 03:16:00,600
immediate brutal, reeking of 
sweat, and Metal. 

3585
03:16:01,600 --> 03:16:04,700
The Ancients lacked Illusions 
about the cost of violence but 

3586
03:16:04,700 --> 03:16:07,400
acknowledged its presence in 
forging Empires and defending 

3587
03:16:07,400 --> 03:16:09,800
homes. 
A temple to Aries might be 

3588
03:16:09,800 --> 03:16:12,300
smaller overshadowed by other 
deities. 

3589
03:16:12,300 --> 03:16:16,700
Yet when swords were drawn 
prayers to him, rose with urgent

3590
03:16:16,700 --> 03:16:21,200
further from a cosmic standpoint
Aries is arguably the most 

3591
03:16:21,200 --> 03:16:23,400
human-like day at subject to 
rage. 

3592
03:16:23,400 --> 03:16:27,300
Prone to heartbreak, swayed by 
familiar attachments, and all 

3593
03:16:27,300 --> 03:16:29,900
too familiar with the 
destructive, impulses that swirl

3594
03:16:29,900 --> 03:16:32,000
in Mortal Hearts. 
He fights. 

3595
03:16:32,000 --> 03:16:37,100
He fails and fights again. 
Myths, like the Trojan War 

3596
03:16:37,100 --> 03:16:39,900
underscore that even divine 
power cannot bring about clean 

3597
03:16:39,900 --> 03:16:42,200
victories. 
War is messy. 

3598
03:16:42,200 --> 03:16:46,300
So, his Aries time, after time, 
he rushes into conflict 

3599
03:16:46,300 --> 03:16:49,600
battered, by ning gods or turned
aside by Fate. 

3600
03:16:49,600 --> 03:16:53,900
Yet, never extinguished, the 
cycle continues reflecting the 

3601
03:16:53,900 --> 03:16:58,000
Unstoppable, continuity of human
violence across ages yet amid. 

3602
03:16:58,000 --> 03:17:01,900
The cruelty traces of 
compassion, surface myths, 

3603
03:17:01,900 --> 03:17:04,400
telling of areas of engineering 
or protecting someone dear 

3604
03:17:04,400 --> 03:17:08,400
reveal a twisted sense of care. 
Perhaps the moral puzzle lies in

3605
03:17:08,400 --> 03:17:12,100
the fact that war and love are 
not diametrically opposite, but 

3606
03:17:12,100 --> 03:17:13,900
rather two extremes of human 
passion. 

3607
03:17:14,700 --> 03:17:17,400
Aries is famously Azan with 
Aphrodite East stands as a 

3608
03:17:17,400 --> 03:17:20,400
Mythic Testament, to how 
destructive impulses can tangle 

3609
03:17:20,400 --> 03:17:25,100
with desires for Union each. 
Fueling the other Far from being

3610
03:17:25,100 --> 03:17:27,100
a cheap storyline of taboo 
Romance. 

3611
03:17:28,000 --> 03:17:31,100
It exemplifies the contradictory
ways passion, manifests in our 

3612
03:17:31,108 --> 03:17:34,400
world, In examining areas as 
modern Legacy. 

3613
03:17:34,400 --> 03:17:36,900
One sees that, we still wrestle 
with the same. 

3614
03:17:36,900 --> 03:17:40,600
Archetype soldiers sacrificed 
themselves out of fierce loyalty

3615
03:17:40,600 --> 03:17:45,100
to Country tribe or cause 
leaders might vowel piece yet 

3616
03:17:45,100 --> 03:17:48,100
mobilize armies. 
When threatened people decry 

3617
03:17:48,100 --> 03:17:52,400
Wars, yet, remain in thrall, by 
Sir, Tales of Valor and the 

3618
03:17:52,400 --> 03:17:55,200
adrenaline of conflict. 
Some even argue that 

3619
03:17:55,208 --> 03:17:59,100
competition, if not outright 
conflict drives a evasion and 

3620
03:17:59,100 --> 03:18:01,600
their progress. 
Thus the war God remains 

3621
03:18:01,600 --> 03:18:06,000
relevant, not because Society 
idolizes Mayhem, but because it 

3622
03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:09,700
struggles to escape it perhaps 
the true lesson areas offers is 

3623
03:18:09,700 --> 03:18:13,000
about grappling with Humanities 
in a contradictions We crave 

3624
03:18:13,000 --> 03:18:14,900
Harmony. 
But prepare for battle, we 

3625
03:18:14,900 --> 03:18:17,200
condemn violence yet permit, it 
under certain rules. 

3626
03:18:17,200 --> 03:18:20,300
We honor Heroes who defend the 
helpless yet question. 

3627
03:18:20,300 --> 03:18:23,700
The morality of Conquest Aries 
doesn't solve these 

3628
03:18:23,700 --> 03:18:25,500
contradictions. 
He illuminates them. 

3629
03:18:26,500 --> 03:18:29,700
By stepping into his realm, we 
confront the Unstoppable surge 

3630
03:18:29,700 --> 03:18:32,800
that can erupt within any of us 
individually or collectively 

3631
03:18:32,800 --> 03:18:37,200
under fear, anger, or ambition. 
And that confrontation is 

3632
03:18:37,200 --> 03:18:38,800
neither gentle, nor purely 
Savage. 

3633
03:18:38,800 --> 03:18:42,600
It is human. 
Peace Advocates might shudder at

3634
03:18:42,600 --> 03:18:45,800
the thought of exalting award 
deity, but ignoring him does 

3635
03:18:45,800 --> 03:18:48,700
little good. 
Recognizing Aries means, 

3636
03:18:48,700 --> 03:18:52,000
recognizing that aggression is 
part of our lineage, only 

3637
03:18:52,000 --> 03:18:53,900
through understanding that 
reality. 

3638
03:18:53,900 --> 03:18:57,000
Can we hope to channel it 
responsibly or mitigate? 

3639
03:18:57,000 --> 03:19:01,200
Its worst effects in the end? 
Aries is not just the sword race

3640
03:19:01,200 --> 03:19:04,800
high or the shield clanging in 
Defiance He's the flicker of 

3641
03:19:04,800 --> 03:19:07,800
Rage in the eye of someone 
cornered, the Tremor of 

3642
03:19:07,808 --> 03:19:11,400
adrenaline before a decisive 
stand, the triumphant. 

3643
03:19:11,400 --> 03:19:14,900
Shout that Echoes across a 
battlefield Wars form changes 

3644
03:19:14,900 --> 03:19:19,000
from bronze, Spears to nuclear 
arsenals, but the core impulse 

3645
03:19:19,000 --> 03:19:22,600
remains Aries stands. 
Eternal no longer needing 

3646
03:19:22,600 --> 03:19:26,400
sacrifices in quiet shrines, yet
thriving, wherever conflict 

3647
03:19:26,400 --> 03:19:30,100
looms through him. 
We witness a facet of ourselves 

3648
03:19:30,100 --> 03:19:33,700
that is both or inspiring and 
terrifying, our capacity to wage

3649
03:19:33,700 --> 03:19:41,200
war and perhaps one day to 
master it, you stand in The 

3650
03:19:41,200 --> 03:19:44,300
Cloister Garden as November's. 
First serious, Frost transforms 

3651
03:19:44,300 --> 03:19:48,600
everything into Crystal The herb
beds, you tended all summer now 

3652
03:19:48,600 --> 03:19:51,700
where blankets of straw tucked 
in like sleeping children. 

3653
03:19:52,700 --> 03:19:55,700
Your breath makes clouds in the 
air and somewhere beyond the 

3654
03:19:55,708 --> 03:19:58,300
monastery walls. 
A raven calls out with that 

3655
03:19:58,300 --> 03:20:01,100
scratchy voice Ravens have. 
As if it's smoked, too many 

3656
03:20:01,100 --> 03:20:04,800
cigarettes in a previous life, 
the sun sets absurdly early. 

3657
03:20:04,800 --> 03:20:07,700
These days, pulling Darkness 
over the world like a heavy 

3658
03:20:07,700 --> 03:20:10,400
quilt before you've even 
finished your afternoon tasks. 

3659
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:13,100
You're a monkey in a cistern 
Monastery. 

3660
03:20:13,100 --> 03:20:16,200
Somewhere in northern England 
and winter is arriving with the 

3661
03:20:16,200 --> 03:20:19,200
subtlety of a drunk. 
Uncle at a wedding, the year is 

3662
03:20:19,200 --> 03:20:24,000
1243 and you've lived through 32
Winters in this place which 

3663
03:20:24,000 --> 03:20:26,700
means, you know exactly what's 
coming your Abbott. 

3664
03:20:26,700 --> 03:20:30,500
A practical man named brother, 
Thomas the spent weeks preparing

3665
03:20:31,500 --> 03:20:34,500
The Granary bulges with grain 
harvested, before the October 

3666
03:20:34,500 --> 03:20:36,200
rains, turned the fields to 
soup. 

3667
03:20:36,800 --> 03:20:40,100
The Root Cellar contains turnips
onions and carrots. 

3668
03:20:40,100 --> 03:20:41,900
Buried in sand. 
Waiting out. 

3669
03:20:41,900 --> 03:20:43,400
Winter-like bears in 
hibernation. 

3670
03:20:44,500 --> 03:20:47,700
Barrels of salted, fish line, 
the storage room walls, their 

3671
03:20:47,700 --> 03:20:49,600
contents pressed down under 
weighted boards. 

3672
03:20:49,600 --> 03:20:52,700
To keep everything preserved 
until spring remembers, how to 

3673
03:20:52,700 --> 03:20:57,000
arrive The Woodshed represents 
months of Labor okash, log 

3674
03:20:57,000 --> 03:20:59,300
stands stacked. 
And careful Rose cut to 

3675
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:01,800
identical lengths with the 
Precision, your order brings to 

3676
03:21:01,800 --> 03:21:04,900
everything. some of the younger 
monks complained during the 

3677
03:21:04,900 --> 03:21:08,200
Autumn cutting season their 
hands Bliss during their backs 

3678
03:21:08,200 --> 03:21:11,800
protesting, You remember being 
young enough to complain about 

3679
03:21:11,800 --> 03:21:14,300
manual labor. 
Now you just appreciate having 

3680
03:21:14,300 --> 03:21:17,000
all your teeth and the ability 
to bend over without your spine,

3681
03:21:17,000 --> 03:21:20,300
making sounds like a wet Log In 
A Fire Inside, the monasteries 

3682
03:21:20,300 --> 03:21:24,200
thick stone walls preparations. 
Have a different character, the 

3683
03:21:24,200 --> 03:21:27,000
info Maryam brother. 
William has hung Bunches of 

3684
03:21:27,000 --> 03:21:30,300
dried herbs from the ceiling 
beams until the room looks like 

3685
03:21:30,300 --> 03:21:34,900
an upside down Garden thyme. 
Sage Rose, Marie and mint 

3686
03:21:34,900 --> 03:21:38,700
dangled above your head, their 
summer sense, fading but not 

3687
03:21:38,700 --> 03:21:41,700
quite gone. 
In Clay Pot sealed with wax. 

3688
03:21:41,700 --> 03:21:45,200
He stored salves made from 
Goose, Greece and various 

3689
03:21:45,200 --> 03:21:48,500
mysterious ingredients. 
He refuses to discuss, as if 

3690
03:21:48,508 --> 03:21:51,000
revealing his recipes, might 
somehow diminish, their power, 

3691
03:21:51,000 --> 03:21:53,900
the wool Merchant arrived last 
month with his cart. 

3692
03:21:53,900 --> 03:21:56,900
And now, every monkey in the 
community has a slightly thicker

3693
03:21:56,900 --> 03:22:00,400
habit, the wool scratchy against
your skin, in that special way 

3694
03:22:00,400 --> 03:22:02,700
that makes you constantly aware 
you're wearing clothing. 

3695
03:22:03,300 --> 03:22:06,200
Your sandals have been replaced 
with boots, stuffed with straw, 

3696
03:22:06,200 --> 03:22:09,100
for insulation, which works 
surprisingly well, until the 

3697
03:22:09,100 --> 03:22:11,800
straw gets dammed, which point 
you might as well be wearing 

3698
03:22:11,800 --> 03:22:13,400
bucket of ice water on your 
feet. 

3699
03:22:13,400 --> 03:22:16,500
The monastery sits on a slight 
Hill, overlooking, a valley, 

3700
03:22:16,508 --> 03:22:18,500
where a village huddles against 
the landscape. 

3701
03:22:19,300 --> 03:22:22,300
Smoke rises from Cottage 
Chimneys in thin, gray, lines. 

3702
03:22:22,300 --> 03:22:25,400
And you sometimes wonder what 
those families do during winter 

3703
03:22:25,400 --> 03:22:27,900
evening's. 
Probably not much different from

3704
03:22:27,900 --> 03:22:30,800
what you do really except they 
have children running around and

3705
03:22:30,800 --> 03:22:33,200
arguments about whose turn. 
It is to fetch more firewood 

3706
03:22:33,200 --> 03:22:36,400
while you have silence and 
arguments conducted entirely 

3707
03:22:36,400 --> 03:22:39,400
through meaningful glances 
during meals, the church, 

3708
03:22:39,400 --> 03:22:42,700
dominates the monastery complex,
its stone walls, two feet thick 

3709
03:22:42,700 --> 03:22:45,500
in places. 
When you run your hand along the

3710
03:22:45,500 --> 03:22:49,100
interior surface, you can feel 
how cold the Stone State even in

3711
03:22:49,100 --> 03:22:51,600
summer. 
And now in late Autumn they've 

3712
03:22:51,600 --> 03:22:53,500
achieved a kind of profound 
chill. 

3713
03:22:53,500 --> 03:22:56,400
That seems to emanate from 
somewhere beyond this world. 

3714
03:22:57,200 --> 03:23:00,800
The windows, those narrow slits,
designed more for defense than 

3715
03:23:00,800 --> 03:23:03,700
illumination. 
Now, let in drafts, that could 

3716
03:23:03,700 --> 03:23:05,700
strip paint off furniture. 
If you had any painted 

3717
03:23:05,700 --> 03:23:09,100
furniture, which you don't? 
Because this is a monastery and 

3718
03:23:09,100 --> 03:23:11,700
decoration means vanity, which 
means sin, which means extra 

3719
03:23:11,700 --> 03:23:15,300
prayers, your sleeping sell 
measures. 8 feet by 6 feet, 

3720
03:23:15,300 --> 03:23:18,800
containing a straw mattress, on 
a wooden platform, a small 

3721
03:23:18,800 --> 03:23:21,500
table, a stool and a wooden 
cross on the wall. 

3722
03:23:22,300 --> 03:23:25,700
No half, no Brazier, no source 
of heat whatsoever. 

3723
03:23:25,700 --> 03:23:28,700
Because apparently when sent 
Benedict, wrote his rule from 

3724
03:23:28,700 --> 03:23:31,400
monastic living, he lives 
somewhere warm and didn't think 

3725
03:23:31,400 --> 03:23:35,300
through the whole northern 
Europe in January situation, or 

3726
03:23:35,300 --> 03:23:38,200
maybe he did think it through 
and decided suffering builds 

3727
03:23:38,200 --> 03:23:41,000
character, which is the sort of 
thing people say, when they're 

3728
03:23:41,000 --> 03:23:43,500
not the ones doing the 
suffering, the chapter house 

3729
03:23:43,500 --> 03:23:46,500
where the community gathers for 
meetings and readings as the 

3730
03:23:46,500 --> 03:23:50,200
monasteries only real fireplace.
And you've noticed how Brothers,

3731
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:53,600
suddenly develop urgent, 
spiritual questions, requiring 

3732
03:23:53,600 --> 03:23:56,700
Chapter House, consultations 
whenever the temperature drops 

3733
03:23:56,700 --> 03:24:00,000
below freezing, Brother, Martin 
claims, he needs to discuss 

3734
03:24:00,000 --> 03:24:04,000
theological implications of 
transubstantiation Rather John 

3735
03:24:04,000 --> 03:24:06,700
has questions about Sam's. 
You all know, they just want to 

3736
03:24:06,700 --> 03:24:09,100
stand near the fire for 10 
minutes, but nobody says 

3737
03:24:09,100 --> 03:24:11,300
anything because next week, 
you'll be the one with Southern 

3738
03:24:11,300 --> 03:24:15,400
theological concerns outside the
landscape transforms daily. 

3739
03:24:16,200 --> 03:24:18,700
Frost creeps further up the 
grass stems each morning. 

3740
03:24:19,600 --> 03:24:22,700
The fish pond develops, a skin 
of ice around its edges, which 

3741
03:24:22,700 --> 03:24:24,700
brother, Peter breaks each day 
with a stick. 

3742
03:24:24,700 --> 03:24:28,100
Muttering about fish needing to 
breathe, which is technically 

3743
03:24:28,100 --> 03:24:30,700
true, even though you're pretty 
sure fish don't breathe in the 

3744
03:24:30,700 --> 03:24:34,000
conventional sense. 
The duff coat that round Stone 

3745
03:24:34,000 --> 03:24:37,300
Tower, where pigeons Roost 
becomes a place of strange 

3746
03:24:37,300 --> 03:24:41,100
Acoustics as winter approaches 
the cooping echoing differently.

3747
03:24:41,100 --> 03:24:44,700
Through cold are the orchard 
stands skeletal against gray 

3748
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:48,500
skies, apple trees, naked and 
vulnerable looking, you prune. 

3749
03:24:48,500 --> 03:24:51,400
These trees in late Autumn and 
now they wait for spring with 

3750
03:24:51,400 --> 03:24:55,500
the patience of elderly Saints. 
Few apples still cling to high 

3751
03:24:55,500 --> 03:24:59,700
branches, missed during Harvest,
slowly mummified in the cold 

3752
03:24:59,700 --> 03:25:01,700
air. 
Birds will eat them eventually 

3753
03:25:01,700 --> 03:25:04,700
drunk on, fermented sugars, 
wobbling through the air 

3754
03:25:04,700 --> 03:25:07,100
afterward, in a way that would 
be concerning if Birds had 

3755
03:25:07,100 --> 03:25:10,500
anyone to report their alcohol 
consumption to November slides 

3756
03:25:10,500 --> 03:25:13,900
into December like someone 
pushing a heavy door closed. the

3757
03:25:13,900 --> 03:25:16,600
day shortened and until you're 
waking in darkness and going to 

3758
03:25:16,600 --> 03:25:19,800
bed in darkness, with only a 
brief intermission of gray 

3759
03:25:19,800 --> 03:25:23,800
daylight in between your body 
wants to hibernate your mind, 

3760
03:25:23,800 --> 03:25:27,100
gross, sluggish, But the rule of
Saint Benedict, makes no 

3761
03:25:27,100 --> 03:25:28,600
Provisions for seasonal 
adjustment. 

3762
03:25:28,600 --> 03:25:32,000
So, you maintain the same 
schedule year round, which feels

3763
03:25:32,000 --> 03:25:34,700
approximately a sensible, as 
wearing a swimsuit to a 

3764
03:25:34,700 --> 03:25:36,700
blizzard. 
The first real snow arrives on 

3765
03:25:36,708 --> 03:25:40,100
December 3rd falling through the
night while you sleep your cold 

3766
03:25:40,100 --> 03:25:43,100
dreamless sleep. 
You wake to a transformed world,

3767
03:25:43,100 --> 03:25:46,700
everything white and silent, and
impossibly bright, when the Sun 

3768
03:25:46,708 --> 03:25:50,600
finally Rises, The Cloister 
Garden has vanished under 8 

3769
03:25:50,600 --> 03:25:53,400
inches of powder. 
The path to the church requires 

3770
03:25:53,400 --> 03:25:56,800
shoveling before Lords and you 
join the other monks in this. 

3771
03:25:56,800 --> 03:26:00,400
Task your breath visible. 
Your fingers going numb inside 

3772
03:26:00,400 --> 03:26:03,600
your gloves, which aren't really
gloves so much as bags with 

3773
03:26:03,600 --> 03:26:07,200
thumbs winter has arrived and it
will stay for four months at 

3774
03:26:07,200 --> 03:26:10,200
minimum possibly five. 
If God is testing your patience,

3775
03:26:10,200 --> 03:26:14,000
which God often seems to enjoy 
doing, you've entered the long 

3776
03:26:14,000 --> 03:26:18,100
dark the cold time the season 
when every day requires 

3777
03:26:18,100 --> 03:26:20,700
conscious effort just to 
maintain basic existence. 

3778
03:26:20,700 --> 03:26:23,600
But you're not afraid, you've 
done this before. 

3779
03:26:23,600 --> 03:26:27,200
The monastery, has done this for
200 years, you know, how to 

3780
03:26:27,200 --> 03:26:29,400
survive. 
Winter might even know how to 

3781
03:26:29,400 --> 03:26:30,400
do. 
More than survive. 

3782
03:26:30,400 --> 03:26:33,200
The bell rings for none. 
Pulling you from your thoughts 

3783
03:26:33,200 --> 03:26:36,500
time to pray, the monastery 
Stones hold temperature, the way

3784
03:26:36,508 --> 03:26:39,800
grudges, hold anger, deeply, and
for an unreasonable length of 

3785
03:26:39,800 --> 03:26:42,700
time in summer. 
These walls, stay cool when 

3786
03:26:42,700 --> 03:26:47,000
outside are Shimmers with heat. 
now in December, they've 

3787
03:26:47,000 --> 03:26:49,900
absorbed Autumn's, chill and 
radiate cold like malevolent, 

3788
03:26:49,900 --> 03:26:53,700
ice sculptures You've tried 
explaining thermal Master 

3789
03:26:53,700 --> 03:26:56,400
Brother Martin, but he just 
looks at you blankly and says 

3790
03:26:56,400 --> 03:26:59,400
something about God's will, 
which is his standard response 

3791
03:26:59,400 --> 03:27:01,200
to anything involving basic 
physics. 

3792
03:27:01,200 --> 03:27:04,400
The church interior achieves, 
temperatures that would make a 

3793
03:27:04,400 --> 03:27:06,900
meat locker. 
Feel tropical when you enter for

3794
03:27:06,900 --> 03:27:09,800
vigils, at 2:00 in the morning, 
the cold hits your lungs like 

3795
03:27:09,800 --> 03:27:13,400
swallowing crushed glass. 
Your breath doesn't just become 

3796
03:27:13,400 --> 03:27:16,200
visible. 
It becomes substantial hanging 

3797
03:27:16,200 --> 03:27:19,100
in clouds that drift upward 
toward the voltage ceiling where

3798
03:27:19,100 --> 03:27:22,400
they probably accumulate and 
form some kind of Airborne ice. 

3799
03:27:23,200 --> 03:27:25,600
The stone floor, beneath your 
feet feel solid enough. 

3800
03:27:26,400 --> 03:27:28,900
But you've developed a theory 
that it's actually Frozen monk 

3801
03:27:28,900 --> 03:27:32,500
breath from previous Winters 
compressed over decades into a 

3802
03:27:32,500 --> 03:27:35,300
new geological layer. 
Brother Paul, who joined the 

3803
03:27:35,308 --> 03:27:37,400
monastery. 
Last spring makes small, 

3804
03:27:37,400 --> 03:27:39,400
whimpering sounds during winter 
vigils. 

3805
03:27:40,200 --> 03:27:43,200
You remember being that young 
and optimistic, believing your 

3806
03:27:43,200 --> 03:27:46,100
face would somehow insulate you 
from physical discomfort. 

3807
03:27:46,900 --> 03:27:50,800
Now, you know better. 
Faith is excellent for many 

3808
03:27:50,800 --> 03:27:53,500
things. 
Salvation moral guidance. 

3809
03:27:53,500 --> 03:27:56,900
A sense of purpose. 
But warmth isn't on the list. 

3810
03:27:57,700 --> 03:28:00,100
Faith will not prevent your toes
from going numb. 

3811
03:28:00,100 --> 03:28:03,200
Face, will not stop your nose 
from running like a mountain 

3812
03:28:03,200 --> 03:28:04,500
stream. 
In Spring Thor. 

3813
03:28:04,500 --> 03:28:07,500
Faith is magnificent, but wool 
socks were practical. 

3814
03:28:07,500 --> 03:28:10,600
The warming room called the 
caliper Factory represents the 

3815
03:28:10,600 --> 03:28:13,300
monasteries single concession to
human weakness, regarding 

3816
03:28:13,300 --> 03:28:16,300
temperature. 
A large fireplace dominates one 

3817
03:28:16,300 --> 03:28:19,700
wall and from November through 
March a fire burns, their 

3818
03:28:19,700 --> 03:28:23,200
continuously. 
The room measures 20 feet by 15 

3819
03:28:23,200 --> 03:28:26,400
feet with benches along the 
walls where monks can sit and 

3820
03:28:26,400 --> 03:28:29,000
Thor. 
The rule permits two hours daily

3821
03:28:29,000 --> 03:28:31,700
in the caliper Factory though. 
Enforcement of this limit 

3822
03:28:31,700 --> 03:28:33,800
becomes flexible. 
When brother, Thomas the Abbott 

3823
03:28:33,800 --> 03:28:35,800
himself can be found their 
reading scripture with 

3824
03:28:35,800 --> 03:28:38,600
suspicious frequency. 
You've learned to time your 

3825
03:28:38,600 --> 03:28:41,400
caliper Factory. 
Visits, strategically, two early

3826
03:28:41,400 --> 03:28:44,500
and the room fills with the 
desperate crowd fleeing, Prime 

3827
03:28:44,500 --> 03:28:47,900
too late and the younger monks 
of claimed, all the good spots 

3828
03:28:47,900 --> 03:28:52,000
near the fire, you aim for 
mid-morning after tours, when 

3829
03:28:52,000 --> 03:28:54,500
most Brothers have returned to 
their work and you can secure a 

3830
03:28:54,500 --> 03:28:57,600
position close enough to feel 
actual warmth without being so 

3831
03:28:57,600 --> 03:28:59,100
close. 
That your habits starts smelling

3832
03:28:59,100 --> 03:29:02,900
like singed Wolfe, which happens
more often than, you'd think the

3833
03:29:02,900 --> 03:29:05,700
scriptorium maintained slightly 
higher temperatures, because 

3834
03:29:05,700 --> 03:29:08,200
parchment and freezing 
conditions don't mix well. 

3835
03:29:09,100 --> 03:29:12,500
A small Brazier glows in the 
corner carefully positioned away

3836
03:29:12,500 --> 03:29:15,800
from any flammable materials, 
which means away from literally 

3837
03:29:15,800 --> 03:29:19,000
everything since medieval 
manuscripts and Furniture are 

3838
03:29:19,000 --> 03:29:21,200
essentially kindling waiting for
an opportunity. 

3839
03:29:22,600 --> 03:29:25,600
Rather Edmond who illuminates 
manuscripts with gold leaf and 

3840
03:29:25,600 --> 03:29:28,400
mineral pigments sits closest to
the brazier. 

3841
03:29:29,000 --> 03:29:32,300
His breath is still visible, but
at least his ink doesn't freeze 

3842
03:29:32,300 --> 03:29:35,300
in its horn. 
Noticed how monks drift towards 

3843
03:29:35,300 --> 03:29:37,300
the scriptorium? 
Even when they have no business 

3844
03:29:37,300 --> 03:29:40,600
there, rather Peter suddenly 
needs to consult a particular 

3845
03:29:40,600 --> 03:29:43,200
gospel Passage. 
Rather John requires 

3846
03:29:43,200 --> 03:29:46,000
verification of a Sam 
translation Brother. 

3847
03:29:46,000 --> 03:29:49,400
Martin wants to discuss whether 
the snake in Eden was actually a

3848
03:29:49,400 --> 03:29:51,700
snake or some kind of 
metaphorical representation of 

3849
03:29:51,708 --> 03:29:55,700
Temptation, which is the sort of
question that has no answer but 

3850
03:29:55,700 --> 03:29:58,900
takes a long time to debate 
preferably while standing near 

3851
03:29:58,900 --> 03:30:02,100
the Brazier the kitchen 
maintains actual warmth through 

3852
03:30:02,100 --> 03:30:05,800
simple necessity, the ovens 
burned, daily baking, the dark 

3853
03:30:05,800 --> 03:30:07,900
bread that constitutes most of 
your diet. 

3854
03:30:07,900 --> 03:30:12,000
The half hosts, a constant 
rotation of Pops, vegetable 

3855
03:30:12,000 --> 03:30:15,400
pottage bean stew and the 
occasional fish soup when the 

3856
03:30:15,408 --> 03:30:18,800
pond hasn't frozen solid. 
Brother Jeffrey the Kitchener 

3857
03:30:18,800 --> 03:30:21,100
rules this domain with the 
authority of someone who 

3858
03:30:21,100 --> 03:30:24,300
controls food distribution, 
nobody argues, with brother 

3859
03:30:24,300 --> 03:30:27,400
Jeffrey, even the Abbot treats 
him with diplomatic respect. 

3860
03:30:27,400 --> 03:30:30,800
Understanding that a monastery 
runs on prayers and bred in that

3861
03:30:30,800 --> 03:30:33,400
order and angering. 
The person who controls bread 

3862
03:30:33,400 --> 03:30:36,800
would be strategically foolish, 
the dormitory, where most monks 

3863
03:30:36,800 --> 03:30:40,000
sleep in cells along a corridor.
Achieves temperatures that make 

3864
03:30:40,000 --> 03:30:42,200
the church feel subtropical by 
comparison. 

3865
03:30:42,900 --> 03:30:46,500
Your cell stone walls, sweat 
with condensation, when your 

3866
03:30:46,500 --> 03:30:49,900
breath meets their Frozen 
surfaces, the straw mattress 

3867
03:30:49,900 --> 03:30:52,900
provides minimal insulation from
the wooden platform beneath it 

3868
03:30:52,900 --> 03:30:56,200
which in turn provides no 
insulation from the stone floor 

3869
03:30:56,200 --> 03:31:00,000
below that you sleep in your 
habit, covered by a wool blanket

3870
03:31:00,000 --> 03:31:03,100
that weighs approximately the 
same as a small horse and 

3871
03:31:03,100 --> 03:31:06,300
provides about the same amount 
of warmth, which is to say some,

3872
03:31:06,300 --> 03:31:09,400
but not enough. 
Some monks, the Practical ones 

3873
03:31:09,400 --> 03:31:13,000
feel ceramic bottles with hot 
water and tuck them into their 

3874
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:16,200
beds before sleep. 
This works brilliantly for about

3875
03:31:16,200 --> 03:31:19,700
an hour after which the bottles 
become room, temperature then 

3876
03:31:19,700 --> 03:31:22,900
cold, then actually colder than 
the surrounding air through some

3877
03:31:22,900 --> 03:31:26,100
perverse, thermodynamic 
principle you've woken in the 

3878
03:31:26,100 --> 03:31:28,700
night to find your hot water. 
Bottle has become a nice pack 

3879
03:31:28,700 --> 03:31:32,000
which defeats its entire 
purpose, but does provide 

3880
03:31:32,000 --> 03:31:34,800
entertainment when you remember 
the hopeful optimism with which 

3881
03:31:34,800 --> 03:31:38,200
you prepared it, The Cloister 
that covered walkways around the

3882
03:31:38,200 --> 03:31:41,800
garden offers protection from 
snow and rain but not from wind 

3883
03:31:41,800 --> 03:31:44,800
which whips through the open 
archers like its personally 

3884
03:31:44,800 --> 03:31:48,800
offended by architectural design
Walking The Cloister between 

3885
03:31:48,800 --> 03:31:51,200
offices. 
You lean into the wind your 

3886
03:31:51,200 --> 03:31:53,300
habit. 
Flapping your hands tucked into 

3887
03:31:53,300 --> 03:31:56,400
your sleeves. 
The stone columns stand in 

3888
03:31:56,400 --> 03:31:59,000
passive having weathered worse 
than your complaints. 

3889
03:31:59,700 --> 03:32:02,700
Gargoyles on the roof edges, 
stare down with Expressions that

3890
03:32:02,700 --> 03:32:04,500
might be protective or might be 
mocking. 

3891
03:32:04,500 --> 03:32:07,200
It's hard to tell with gargoyles
brother. 

3892
03:32:07,200 --> 03:32:10,200
William the infamous Merion has 
developed a winter routine of 

3893
03:32:10,208 --> 03:32:13,100
treating chilblains. 
Those painful swellings that 

3894
03:32:13,100 --> 03:32:15,500
develop on fingers and toes from
cold exposure. 

3895
03:32:16,100 --> 03:32:19,800
His Salve contains Goose Greece,
something herbal that smells 

3896
03:32:19,800 --> 03:32:22,200
like sadness. 
And probably wishful thinking. 

3897
03:32:22,200 --> 03:32:25,800
It helps, though, not as much as
just staying warm would help. 

3898
03:32:25,800 --> 03:32:27,400
But staying warm isn't really an
option. 

3899
03:32:27,400 --> 03:32:31,200
You've all got chill blames by 
January some monks display. 

3900
03:32:31,200 --> 03:32:34,500
Their swollen fingers with a 
weird Pride as if suffering 

3901
03:32:34,500 --> 03:32:38,100
proves devotion, which may be. 
It does though you suspect God 

3902
03:32:38,100 --> 03:32:40,400
would be equally impressed by 
devotion expressed through 

3903
03:32:40,400 --> 03:32:43,200
activities that don't involve 
painful medical conditions. 

3904
03:32:44,000 --> 03:32:47,300
Stones gradually release their 
cold throughout winter becoming 

3905
03:32:47,300 --> 03:32:50,100
progressively colder, until 
February, when they reach 

3906
03:32:50,100 --> 03:32:53,700
maximum, chill and stay there 
for weeks by March. 

3907
03:32:53,700 --> 03:32:58,200
You forgotten what warmth feels 
like your body adapts or at 

3908
03:32:58,200 --> 03:33:00,400
least stops complaining, which 
isn't the same thing. 

3909
03:33:00,400 --> 03:33:03,500
But feel similar you move 
through your days in a constant 

3910
03:33:03,500 --> 03:33:06,500
state of just barely not 
freezing, which medieval people 

3911
03:33:06,500 --> 03:33:08,600
would call normal. 
And modern people would call 

3912
03:33:08,600 --> 03:33:11,700
hypothermia requiring immediate 
medical attention, but here's 

3913
03:33:11,700 --> 03:33:15,900
the strange part you adapt. 
Human bodies are remarkably good

3914
03:33:15,900 --> 03:33:18,300
at tolerating unpleasant 
circumstances when there's no 

3915
03:33:18,300 --> 03:33:22,300
alternative, your circulation, 
improves your shivering becomes 

3916
03:33:22,300 --> 03:33:25,300
efficient, you learn which 
positions lose less body heat, 

3917
03:33:25,300 --> 03:33:28,200
which paths through the 
monastery in counter fewer 

3918
03:33:28,200 --> 03:33:31,000
drafts, and which times of day, 
offer, brief temperature 

3919
03:33:31,000 --> 03:33:34,900
increases. 
You become an expert in cold, a 

3920
03:33:34,900 --> 03:33:38,200
scholar of discomfort among, who
is achieved Oneness with being 

3921
03:33:38,200 --> 03:33:42,100
perpetually, chilled, and 
occasionally, rarely the sun 

3922
03:33:42,100 --> 03:33:45,100
breaks through winter clouds and
shines directly through the 

3923
03:33:45,100 --> 03:33:47,800
churches East window at a 
particular angle that 

3924
03:33:47,800 --> 03:33:49,500
illuminates the altering Gold 
light. 

3925
03:33:50,500 --> 03:33:54,000
Stones those same stones that 
have tortured you with cold for 

3926
03:33:54,000 --> 03:33:56,600
months, suddenly glow. 
Warm looking, if not actually 

3927
03:33:56,600 --> 03:34:00,500
warm dust moats, dance in the 
light beam, everything becomes 

3928
03:34:00,500 --> 03:34:03,800
beautiful in a way that makes 
the suffering almost worthwhile.

3929
03:34:03,800 --> 03:34:07,600
Now, let's be honest, mostly you
just want to be warm and beauty 

3930
03:34:07,600 --> 03:34:09,700
is a nice bonus, but doesn't 
prevent Frostbite. 

3931
03:34:09,700 --> 03:34:13,000
The bell rings for Vespers. 
You leave the caliper Factory 

3932
03:34:13,000 --> 03:34:15,200
your brief warmth. 
Already fading time. 

3933
03:34:15,200 --> 03:34:18,100
To pray. 
Darkness arrives at 4:00 in 

3934
03:34:18,100 --> 03:34:22,000
December, which feels personally
insulting as if winter isn't 

3935
03:34:22,000 --> 03:34:24,800
satisfied, with being cold, but 
needs to be gloomy as well. 

3936
03:34:25,800 --> 03:34:28,900
You finish Vespers as daylight 
drains from the windows and 

3937
03:34:28,900 --> 03:34:32,300
evening stretches ahead like an 
endless tunnel with complan at 

3938
03:34:32,300 --> 03:34:34,800
the far end and sleep, somewhere
beyond that. 

3939
03:34:34,800 --> 03:34:38,300
Assuming you can generate enough
body heat to actually achieve 

3940
03:34:38,300 --> 03:34:41,600
sleep rather than just lying 
rigid in your Frozen cell 

3941
03:34:41,600 --> 03:34:45,500
counting the hours until vigils.
Church fills with shadows during

3942
03:34:45,500 --> 03:34:49,600
evening prayers. candles, fight 
losing battles against Darkness,

3943
03:34:49,600 --> 03:34:53,900
their Flames barely denting the 
Gloom The vaulted ceiling 

3944
03:34:53,900 --> 03:34:57,500
disappears entirely becoming an 
Invisible Presence of your head 

3945
03:34:57,500 --> 03:35:00,300
and sometimes you imagine the 
roofers vanished and your 

3946
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:03,500
praying directly to the night 
sky, which would be terrible in 

3947
03:35:03,500 --> 03:35:04,900
winter. 
But creates an interesting 

3948
03:35:04,900 --> 03:35:08,900
theological image complete 
begins at 8:00 with bell tones 

3949
03:35:08,900 --> 03:35:11,300
that echo, through Stone 
corridors like ripples through 

3950
03:35:11,300 --> 03:35:14,300
water. 
You file into the choir stools 

3951
03:35:14,300 --> 03:35:17,300
wouldn't seats one Smooth by 
generations of monastic 

3952
03:35:17,300 --> 03:35:19,300
posteriors and assume the 
position. 

3953
03:35:19,300 --> 03:35:24,100
Kneeling hands clasped eyes, 
down your knees protest. 

3954
03:35:24,100 --> 03:35:27,400
This Arrangement, having been 
knees for 32 years and having 

3955
03:35:27,400 --> 03:35:29,300
opinions about kneeling on Stone
floors. 

3956
03:35:29,300 --> 03:35:33,100
In freezing temperatures, you 
ignore your knees, they'll 

3957
03:35:33,100 --> 03:35:35,800
adjust eventually. 
They always do the Abbot leads 

3958
03:35:35,800 --> 03:35:38,800
prayers in Latin the woods. 
Familiar enough that your mind 

3959
03:35:38,800 --> 03:35:41,200
can wander slightly while your 
mouth continues, making 

3960
03:35:41,200 --> 03:35:44,700
appropriate sounds You're not 
proud of this in attention 

3961
03:35:44,700 --> 03:35:47,800
during prayer but you're also 
realistic about human attention 

3962
03:35:47,800 --> 03:35:49,900
spans. 
When your body feels like an ice

3963
03:35:49,900 --> 03:35:53,300
sculpture slowly achieving 
consciousness, you drift through

3964
03:35:53,300 --> 03:35:56,200
the sarms, the rhythm of Latin 
washing over you like cold 

3965
03:35:56,200 --> 03:35:58,600
water, which is an unfortunate 
metaphor. 

3966
03:35:58,600 --> 03:36:02,000
But accurate brother Peter's 
stomach, growls, during a moment

3967
03:36:02,000 --> 03:36:05,700
of silence in the quiet Church. 
It sounds like distant Thunder 

3968
03:36:05,700 --> 03:36:08,600
and several monks, Shake 
slightly with suppressed 

3969
03:36:08,600 --> 03:36:10,700
laughed. 
After, even the Abbott's lips 

3970
03:36:10,700 --> 03:36:13,600
twitch, though, he maintained 
his serious expression of 

3971
03:36:13,600 --> 03:36:17,200
continues with prayers, as if 
nothing happened, you've been 

3972
03:36:17,200 --> 03:36:20,600
hungry before your frequently 
hungry, actually since the rule 

3973
03:36:20,600 --> 03:36:23,300
limits food intake, to what's 
necessary, rather than what's 

3974
03:36:23,300 --> 03:36:25,800
Pleasant. 
But winter hunger has a 

3975
03:36:25,800 --> 03:36:28,500
particular Edge to it. 
A sharpness, that comes from 

3976
03:36:28,500 --> 03:36:31,700
your body burning extra fuel, 
just maintaining basic warmth, 

3977
03:36:31,700 --> 03:36:34,800
the prayers, follow patterns 
established over centuries. 

3978
03:36:34,800 --> 03:36:38,700
These exact words in this exact 
order were spoken by monks long 

3979
03:36:38,700 --> 03:36:41,700
dead in this same building 
during Winters that were 

3980
03:36:41,700 --> 03:36:43,400
probably just as unpleasant as 
this one. 

3981
03:36:44,600 --> 03:36:47,600
There's comfort in that 
continuity, knowing your 

3982
03:36:47,600 --> 03:36:49,000
suffering has historical 
precedent. 

3983
03:36:49,600 --> 03:36:52,600
Or maybe there isn't Comfort, 
maybe it's just depressing that 

3984
03:36:52,600 --> 03:36:55,500
humans have been cold and 
uncomfortable for so long and 

3985
03:36:55,500 --> 03:36:57,100
haven't figured out better 
Solutions. 

3986
03:36:57,100 --> 03:37:00,600
Theology is complicated after 
the formal prayers end, the 

3987
03:37:00,600 --> 03:37:02,700
Abbot adds evening announcements
brother. 

3988
03:37:02,700 --> 03:37:05,900
John is to check the Dove's roof
where I might be damaging the 

3989
03:37:05,900 --> 03:37:07,900
tiles. 
Brother, Martin needs to 

3990
03:37:07,908 --> 03:37:10,500
inventory, the grain Supply and 
report findings at chapter 

3991
03:37:10,500 --> 03:37:12,400
brother. 
Jeffrey will reduce bread 

3992
03:37:12,400 --> 03:37:14,800
portions slightly to ensure 
winter stores, lost until 

3993
03:37:14,800 --> 03:37:17,500
spring. 
This last announcement generates

3994
03:37:17,500 --> 03:37:21,200
quiet resignation, everyone knew
it was coming but hearing it 

3995
03:37:21,200 --> 03:37:24,700
confirmed, still disappoints. 
The great silence begins after 

3996
03:37:24,700 --> 03:37:28,600
complain from now until Prime, 
tomorrow morning, no speaking. 

3997
03:37:28,600 --> 03:37:30,600
Unless it's an absolute 
emergency. 

3998
03:37:30,600 --> 03:37:34,000
This silence is supposed to 
promote reflection and spiritual

3999
03:37:34,000 --> 03:37:37,200
growth but mainly it promotes 
trying not to cough during night

4000
03:37:37,200 --> 03:37:40,200
prayers because coughing breaks 
the silence and makes everyone 

4001
03:37:40,200 --> 03:37:43,500
turn and stare at you with 
identical, expressions of mild 

4002
03:37:43,500 --> 03:37:46,200
irritation you process out of 
the church in order of 

4003
03:37:46,208 --> 03:37:49,200
seniority. 
Oldest monks, first youngest, 

4004
03:37:49,200 --> 03:37:53,600
last, this hierarchy, extends to
everything seating at meals, 

4005
03:37:53,600 --> 03:37:57,100
sleeping cell locations and 
Order of receiving bread. 

4006
03:37:57,100 --> 03:38:01,500
Portions your mid-range in 
seniority which is perfect old 

4007
03:38:01,500 --> 03:38:04,000
enough to deserve respect young 
enough to avoid the 

4008
03:38:04,000 --> 03:38:06,700
responsibilities that come with 
being ancient and supposedly 

4009
03:38:06,700 --> 03:38:10,000
wise, which mostly means other. 
Monks are asking your opinion 

4010
03:38:10,000 --> 03:38:11,800
about things. 
You don't understand any better 

4011
03:38:11,800 --> 03:38:14,800
than they do the walk from 
church to dormitory crosses. 

4012
03:38:14,800 --> 03:38:18,000
The Cloisters West Inside where 
wind funnel through with 

4013
03:38:18,000 --> 03:38:21,000
enthusiasm? 
Your candle flame flickers, but 

4014
03:38:21,000 --> 03:38:24,100
doesn't quite extinguish. 
Casting wild Shadows on the 

4015
03:38:24,100 --> 03:38:27,500
stone walls. 
Other monks Shadows join yours. 

4016
03:38:27,500 --> 03:38:30,700
Creating a strange procession of
Darkness moving along the 

4017
03:38:30,700 --> 03:38:33,700
covered walkway. 
Someone's Shadow has an enormous

4018
03:38:33,700 --> 03:38:37,000
nose, you suspect, its Brother 
Martin, who has the sort of 

4019
03:38:37,008 --> 03:38:39,900
knows that casts impressive, 
Shadows, though, you can't turn 

4020
03:38:39,900 --> 03:38:43,200
and check because that would be 
acknowledging vanity and vanity 

4021
03:38:43,200 --> 03:38:45,700
is sin and sin requires 
confession. 

4022
03:38:45,700 --> 03:38:48,200
Your cell weights exactly. 
As you left it. 

4023
03:38:48,200 --> 03:38:52,700
This morning, nothing has 
changed, nothing will change The

4024
03:38:52,700 --> 03:38:55,900
same wooden cross on the wall, 
the same straw mattress, the 

4025
03:38:55,900 --> 03:38:58,200
same small table with its 
ceramic water jug, that's 

4026
03:38:58,200 --> 03:39:01,000
currently frozen solid because 
you've forgot to bring it to the

4027
03:39:01,000 --> 03:39:03,800
kitchen for refilling. 
And now it's a jug shape. 

4028
03:39:03,800 --> 03:39:06,500
Block of ice, which is useless 
for drinking, but makes an 

4029
03:39:06,500 --> 03:39:09,000
excellent paper weight. 
If you have papers, which you 

4030
03:39:09,000 --> 03:39:12,900
don't, because you're a monk, 
not a scribe, unil beside your 

4031
03:39:12,908 --> 03:39:16,200
bed for personal prayers, adding
requests for people, you know, 

4032
03:39:16,200 --> 03:39:19,000
in the village below, the 
Miller, whose wife is pregnant, 

4033
03:39:19,000 --> 03:39:22,400
the baker, who broke his arm, 
and the little girl who had that

4034
03:39:22,400 --> 03:39:25,900
terrible cough loss month. 
You pray for your fellow monks 

4035
03:39:25,900 --> 03:39:29,100
specially brother Paul, who 
still looks miserable about 

4036
03:39:29,100 --> 03:39:30,800
Winter and probably needs 
encouragement. 

4037
03:39:30,800 --> 03:39:34,800
You pray for the Abbot who Bears
responsibility for everyone's 

4038
03:39:34,800 --> 03:39:37,900
welfare. 
You pray for yourself, asking 

4039
03:39:37,900 --> 03:39:40,800
for patience and warmth. 
In that order though, you'd 

4040
03:39:40,800 --> 03:39:43,400
accept them in either order 
honestly, sleep preparation 

4041
03:39:43,400 --> 03:39:46,300
involves climbing into bed. 
While wearing your complete 

4042
03:39:46,300 --> 03:39:49,600
habit, because removing clothing
would be insane, given the 

4043
03:39:49,600 --> 03:39:52,200
temperature. 
The wool blanket goes over, you 

4044
03:39:52,200 --> 03:39:55,100
heavy and Scratchy. 
And possessing, the unique 

4045
03:39:55,100 --> 03:39:58,400
ability to feel simultaneously 
too warm and too cold, which 

4046
03:39:58,400 --> 03:40:01,500
shouldn't be possible. 
But is you curl on your side? 

4047
03:40:01,500 --> 03:40:04,400
Tucking your hands under your 
arms, pulling your knees up 

4048
03:40:04,400 --> 03:40:07,300
towards your chest. 
Assuming the position humans 

4049
03:40:07,300 --> 03:40:10,300
have probably used for sleeping 
in cold conditions since caves 

4050
03:40:10,300 --> 03:40:13,500
were considered luxury housing, 
the darkness in your cell is 

4051
03:40:13,500 --> 03:40:18,200
absolute no windows, no candles,
the rule, forbids private light 

4052
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:22,900
sources as wasteful you lie. 
There aware of your breath aware

4053
03:40:22,900 --> 03:40:25,300
of your heartbeat and aware of 
how your toes. 

4054
03:40:25,300 --> 03:40:27,500
Feel like they might not be 
attached to your feet anymore. 

4055
03:40:27,500 --> 03:40:30,100
Awareness is a big part of 
monastic life. 

4056
03:40:30,100 --> 03:40:33,800
Sometimes You Wish For Less 
awareness, unconsciousness would

4057
03:40:33,800 --> 03:40:37,100
be nice and Consciousness would 
be warm or at least you wouldn't

4058
03:40:37,100 --> 03:40:40,400
notice being cold, which amounts
to the same thing somewhere in 

4059
03:40:40,400 --> 03:40:43,300
the building brother. 
Peter snores, the sound carries 

4060
03:40:43,300 --> 03:40:45,900
through stone walls, and wooden 
doors, like a fog, horn, 

4061
03:40:45,900 --> 03:40:49,500
rhythmic and Unstoppable. 
You've gotten used to it over 

4062
03:40:49,500 --> 03:40:52,500
years, the way you get used to 
any constant background noise, 

4063
03:40:52,500 --> 03:40:56,000
but tonight, it seems 
particularly loud or maybe your 

4064
03:40:56,000 --> 03:40:59,400
particularly awake hard to tell 
your mind wanders, through the 

4065
03:40:59,400 --> 03:41:01,900
days of events. 
Did you remember to secure the 

4066
03:41:01,900 --> 03:41:04,900
garden shed is the pottage pot 
properly cleaned? 

4067
03:41:04,900 --> 03:41:08,600
Did you complete? 
All your assigned Psalms mental 

4068
03:41:08,600 --> 03:41:11,900
checklist items, parade through 
your thoughts refusing to be 

4069
03:41:11,900 --> 03:41:16,700
dismissed insisting on review 
This is what happens when you're

4070
03:41:16,700 --> 03:41:20,100
too cold to sleep, your brain, 
having nothing better to do 

4071
03:41:20,100 --> 03:41:22,900
obsesses over minutiae that 
don't matter. 

4072
03:41:22,900 --> 03:41:26,500
But suddenly seemed critically 
important at 9:00 at night in a 

4073
03:41:26,500 --> 03:41:29,700
freezing Stone. 
Sell eventually somehow, sleep 

4074
03:41:29,700 --> 03:41:33,300
arrives, not the Deep refreshing
sleep of summer nights, but 

4075
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:37,200
winter sleep, a light dozing 
that maintains awareness of cold

4076
03:41:37,200 --> 03:41:40,700
while providing minimal rest. 
You'll wake multiple times 

4077
03:41:40,700 --> 03:41:42,600
during the night. 
Adjust your position. 

4078
03:41:42,600 --> 03:41:46,800
Notice your feet have gone numb 
Curtis and drift off again. 

4079
03:41:47,500 --> 03:41:49,100
This fragmented, sleep is 
normal. 

4080
03:41:49,100 --> 03:41:53,100
Everyone does it. 
Spring and its long warm nights 

4081
03:41:53,100 --> 03:41:56,300
a month away. 
But before truth sleep in that 

4082
03:41:56,300 --> 03:41:58,600
fuzzy border state between 
waking and dreaming. 

4083
03:41:58,600 --> 03:42:01,600
You think about prayers about 
all the monks throughout this 

4084
03:42:01,600 --> 03:42:04,500
building, saying private prayers
before sleep, about all the 

4085
03:42:04,500 --> 03:42:06,900
monasteries across Europe where 
other monks are doing the same 

4086
03:42:06,900 --> 03:42:09,600
thing right now. 
And about the network of faith, 

4087
03:42:09,600 --> 03:42:12,400
that spans the continent like an
invisible, web, connecting 

4088
03:42:12,400 --> 03:42:15,800
everyone, who's chosen this 
difficult strange, cold life. 

4089
03:42:16,600 --> 03:42:18,900
And just for a moment, you feel 
warm. 

4090
03:42:18,900 --> 03:42:23,000
The scriptorium smells like ink 
parchment and Cold Stone with 

4091
03:42:23,000 --> 03:42:26,400
occasional notes of fish glue, 
which sounds disgusting and is 

4092
03:42:26,400 --> 03:42:29,400
disgusting, but somehow becomes 
tolerable after you've worked 

4093
03:42:29,400 --> 03:42:32,500
there for a few years, this room
represents the monasteries 

4094
03:42:32,500 --> 03:42:35,200
intellectual heart. 
When knowledge gets copied 

4095
03:42:35,200 --> 03:42:38,400
preserved, and occasionally 
improved upon by monks, who 

4096
03:42:38,400 --> 03:42:40,800
believe that writing tiny 
letters in straight lines 

4097
03:42:40,800 --> 03:42:44,500
constitutes a holy activity 
which it does, though. 

4098
03:42:44,500 --> 03:42:47,300
It's also tedious Beyond 
description brother Edmund. 

4099
03:42:47,300 --> 03:42:50,300
Sits at his desk position near 
the window to catch maximum 

4100
03:42:50,300 --> 03:42:52,400
daylight. 
Which in December means 

4101
03:42:52,400 --> 03:42:55,400
approximately 15 minutes of weak
gray light that requires 

4102
03:42:55,400 --> 03:42:58,900
squinting to perceive his 
current project is a gospel. 

4103
03:42:58,900 --> 03:43:02,300
Manuscript the text already 
copied in Black Ink by brother, 

4104
03:43:02,300 --> 03:43:05,300
Robert who has beautiful 
handwriting, but no artistic 

4105
03:43:05,300 --> 03:43:08,700
ability whatsoever. 
Edmund's job is illumination. 

4106
03:43:08,700 --> 03:43:13,000
Adding decorated capitals margin
drawings and gold leaf accents. 

4107
03:43:13,000 --> 03:43:15,100
That transform plain text into 
art. 

4108
03:43:15,100 --> 03:43:20,000
You're not an Illuminator, Your 
Role is more basic copying texts

4109
03:43:20,000 --> 03:43:23,100
from old manuscripts to new, 
parchment letter, by letter 

4110
03:43:23,100 --> 03:43:28,000
word, by word hour, by hour, day
by day, until your hand cramps, 

4111
03:43:28,000 --> 03:43:30,700
and your eyes blur. 
And you seriously question, the 

4112
03:43:30,700 --> 03:43:33,500
life choices that led to sitting
in a freezing room, making 

4113
03:43:33,500 --> 03:43:35,300
chicken scratches on dead 
animals skinned. 

4114
03:43:35,300 --> 03:43:38,700
But then you remember this work 
preserves knowledge for future 

4115
03:43:38,700 --> 03:43:42,100
generations and pride. 
Overcomes discomfort at least 

4116
03:43:42,108 --> 03:43:45,100
temporarily until your hand 
craps again in your back to 

4117
03:43:45,100 --> 03:43:47,500
questioning everything. 
The parchment comes from the 

4118
03:43:47,500 --> 03:43:50,000
monastery Zone, sheep 
slaughtered, in Autumn and 

4119
03:43:50,000 --> 03:43:52,900
processed through a series of 
steps and evolving line soaking 

4120
03:43:52,900 --> 03:43:56,800
scraping stretching and more 
scraping until the skin becomes 

4121
03:43:56,800 --> 03:44:00,700
a smooth writing surface. 
This process takes weeks and 

4122
03:44:00,700 --> 03:44:04,100
smells terrible, which is why it
happens in a building far from 

4123
03:44:04,100 --> 03:44:06,500
the main Monastery downwind. 
When possible. 

4124
03:44:07,400 --> 03:44:10,100
Nobody wants to pray while 
smelling dead sheep in various 

4125
03:44:10,100 --> 03:44:13,100
stages of becoming stationary 
ink preparation Falls to 

4126
03:44:13,100 --> 03:44:15,200
brother. 
Lucas regards, his recipes like 

4127
03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:16,700
they contain secrets of 
salvation. 

4128
03:44:17,500 --> 03:44:22,100
He mixes oak gall iron sulfate 
Gum arabic and water in 

4129
03:44:22,100 --> 03:44:23,900
proportions. 
He claims were revealed to him 

4130
03:44:23,900 --> 03:44:26,700
in a dream, which he strongly 
suspect is nonsense. 

4131
03:44:26,700 --> 03:44:29,100
Because, brother, Lucas is not 
the kind of person who receives 

4132
03:44:29,100 --> 03:44:31,800
Divine Revelations. 
He's the kind of person who 

4133
03:44:31,800 --> 03:44:34,900
methodically experiments until 
finding combinations that work 

4134
03:44:34,900 --> 03:44:38,900
then claims divine inspiration 
to avoid sharing credit Still 

4135
03:44:38,900 --> 03:44:42,700
his ink is excellent. 
Black permanent and flowing 

4136
03:44:42,700 --> 03:44:44,600
smoothly without Feathering on 
parchment. 

4137
03:44:44,600 --> 03:44:47,800
The quills, come from geese 
their feathers plucked. 

4138
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:50,500
Their shafts cut and shaped into
points. 

4139
03:44:50,500 --> 03:44:54,600
You go through quills rapidly in
winter when cold makes 

4140
03:44:54,600 --> 03:44:57,200
everything brittle. 
The good will last. 

4141
03:44:57,200 --> 03:44:59,600
Perhaps, three hours of 
continuous writing before 

4142
03:44:59,600 --> 03:45:01,200
needing resharpening or 
replacement? 

4143
03:45:02,100 --> 03:45:04,500
Brother, Matthew maintains, the 
quill Supply sitting in the 

4144
03:45:04,500 --> 03:45:07,100
corner, with his knife 
carefully, cutting new nibs 

4145
03:45:07,100 --> 03:45:10,700
testing each one on scrap, 
partment and cursing quietly. 

4146
03:45:10,700 --> 03:45:13,200
When they split wrong, which 
happens often enough to make 

4147
03:45:13,200 --> 03:45:16,000
cursing, a regular feature of 
his work routine today. 

4148
03:45:16,000 --> 03:45:19,700
Your copying a medical texts 
translating from Arabic to Latin

4149
03:45:19,700 --> 03:45:22,300
and working from a manuscript 
borrowed, from another 

4150
03:45:22,300 --> 03:45:25,200
Monastery, whose name you 
forgotten but whose handwriting 

4151
03:45:25,200 --> 03:45:28,200
you'd recognize anywhere because
the Scribe had this habit of 

4152
03:45:28,208 --> 03:45:31,000
making his letter G look like a 
deformed fish. 

4153
03:45:31,900 --> 03:45:35,200
The content discusses treatments
for winter, ailments, chess 

4154
03:45:35,200 --> 03:45:39,200
congestion joint pain, chill 
blames and the various miseries 

4155
03:45:39,200 --> 03:45:41,000
that afflict humans when 
temperatures drop. 

4156
03:45:41,800 --> 03:45:44,300
You pause occasionally to wonder
if the author ever tried these 

4157
03:45:44,300 --> 03:45:46,500
treatments. 
Or if he just wrote down ideas, 

4158
03:45:46,500 --> 03:45:49,500
that sounded plausible, which is
how a lot of medieval medicine 

4159
03:45:49,500 --> 03:45:53,300
works based on Theory, rather 
than evidence brother Edmund 

4160
03:45:53,300 --> 03:45:56,800
adds Gold Leaf to a decorated 
capital letter, his breath held 

4161
03:45:56,800 --> 03:46:01,800
his hand steady, Gold Leaf is 
expensive, imported from distant

4162
03:46:01,800 --> 03:46:04,300
lands and thinner enough. 
That breathing wrong will 

4163
03:46:04,300 --> 03:46:06,500
scatter it to cross the room 
where it can't be recovered. 

4164
03:46:07,300 --> 03:46:10,200
He uses a special adhesive made 
from egg whites and something 

4165
03:46:10,200 --> 03:46:13,600
else he won't specify. 
Everyone has this secret recipes

4166
03:46:13,600 --> 03:46:17,100
and carefully presses, the gold 
leaf onto the wetted heave 

4167
03:46:17,100 --> 03:46:19,900
smoothing it with a polished 
Stone until it gleams. 

4168
03:46:19,900 --> 03:46:23,800
The result is spectacular 
catching Candlelight making the 

4169
03:46:23,800 --> 03:46:27,100
plain text suddenly magical. 
The candles are Tallow made from

4170
03:46:27,100 --> 03:46:29,800
sheep fat burning with the 
yellow flame that flicker 

4171
03:46:29,800 --> 03:46:31,900
constantly and produce. 
Surprising amounts of smoke, 

4172
03:46:31,900 --> 03:46:34,600
your eyes water, your throat 
tickles. 

4173
03:46:34,600 --> 03:46:37,700
After a few hours in the script 
torium, you smell like burning 

4174
03:46:37,700 --> 03:46:40,300
mutton, which doesn't wash out 
easily, and makes the other 

4175
03:46:40,300 --> 03:46:41,700
monks. 
Give you strange looks during 

4176
03:46:41,700 --> 03:46:45,100
meals. 
Beeswax, candles exist, the 

4177
03:46:45,100 --> 03:46:47,500
church uses them, but they're 
expensive. 

4178
03:46:47,500 --> 03:46:49,500
Reserved for important 
occasions. 

4179
03:46:49,500 --> 03:46:52,500
Not for everyday work. 
Like keeping scribes able to see

4180
03:46:52,500 --> 03:46:55,000
well enough to avoid writing 
complete nonsense. 

4181
03:46:55,000 --> 03:46:58,300
You work in silence, except for 
occasional scraping sounds as 

4182
03:46:58,300 --> 03:47:02,600
quills crossed parchment quiet, 
size, when mistakes happen and 

4183
03:47:02,600 --> 03:47:05,700
the soft script of brother. 
Matthew's knife, shaping new 

4184
03:47:05,700 --> 03:47:09,800
quills, The great silence 
technically ended up Prime but 

4185
03:47:09,800 --> 03:47:11,800
scriptorium etiquette encourages
quietness. 

4186
03:47:11,800 --> 03:47:14,400
Anyway, concentration requires 
peace. 

4187
03:47:14,400 --> 03:47:18,700
Writing requires Focus talking 
would disturb both and 

4188
03:47:18,700 --> 03:47:21,400
disturbing scribes as a quick 
way to make enemies of people 

4189
03:47:21,400 --> 03:47:24,900
who know how to hold grudges and
have access to very sharp 

4190
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:27,300
knives. 
Brother Robert, the head scribe 

4191
03:47:27,300 --> 03:47:31,000
moves between desks checking 
work, he's ancient may be 60 

4192
03:47:31,000 --> 03:47:33,800
years old, which is 
approximately 1,000 in medieval,

4193
03:47:33,800 --> 03:47:36,400
monk years. 
His standards are impossibly 

4194
03:47:36,400 --> 03:47:39,000
high. 
He'll reject an entire page for 

4195
03:47:39,000 --> 03:47:42,000
a single malformed letter 
demand, complete rewrites for 

4196
03:47:42,000 --> 03:47:45,700
spacing issues and hover over 
your shoulder making tiny 

4197
03:47:45,700 --> 03:47:48,600
disapproving, sounds that 
somehow feel worse than actual 

4198
03:47:48,600 --> 03:47:51,100
criticism. 
You've learned not to take it. 

4199
03:47:51,100 --> 03:47:53,900
Personally, rather, Robert 
treats, everyone with equal 

4200
03:47:53,900 --> 03:47:56,500
disdain which is almost 
Democratic in its fairness. 

4201
03:47:56,500 --> 03:48:00,000
The parchment before you is 
almost finished, just a few more

4202
03:48:00,000 --> 03:48:02,200
lines. 
Remain Your hand. 

4203
03:48:02,200 --> 03:48:03,500
Aches your back. 
Aches. 

4204
03:48:03,500 --> 03:48:07,100
Your eyes hurt from strain. 
But the work is good. 

4205
03:48:07,100 --> 03:48:10,400
You know it's good better than 
what you could have done years 

4206
03:48:10,400 --> 03:48:12,400
ago and that Improvement 
matters. 

4207
03:48:12,400 --> 03:48:16,300
You've copied 17 books since 
joining the monastery thousands 

4208
03:48:16,300 --> 03:48:19,500
of pages hundreds of thousands 
of words preserving knowledge 

4209
03:48:19,500 --> 03:48:23,300
that might otherwise be lost. 
That counts for something that 

4210
03:48:23,300 --> 03:48:26,200
counts for a lot actually, even 
if right now your primary 

4211
03:48:26,200 --> 03:48:28,400
feeling is wishing you, could 
feel your fingers properly, 

4212
03:48:28,400 --> 03:48:31,900
rather Edmond finishes is 
illuminated capital and sits 

4213
03:48:31,900 --> 03:48:35,100
back satisfied. 
The letter is become a miniature

4214
03:48:35,100 --> 03:48:39,500
Masterpiece Gold Leaf border 
tiny angels in the corners and 

4215
03:48:39,500 --> 03:48:42,100
decorative Vines curling through
the vertical shaft. 

4216
03:48:42,800 --> 03:48:46,300
You lean over to look offering 
appreciation through a nod since

4217
03:48:46,300 --> 03:48:49,300
speaking would break 
concentration and he grins, 

4218
03:48:49,300 --> 03:48:51,600
which makes him look about 12 
years old, despite being 

4219
03:48:51,600 --> 03:48:54,800
middle-aged and returned to work
on the next letter, the 

4220
03:48:54,800 --> 03:48:57,600
afternoon, light Fades quickly, 
as it always does in winter. 

4221
03:48:58,500 --> 03:48:59,700
Brother. 
Matthew likes to additional 

4222
03:48:59,700 --> 03:49:02,600
candles placing them carefully 
around the room where they'll 

4223
03:49:02,600 --> 03:49:06,000
provide maximum illumination 
without casting Shadows on work 

4224
03:49:06,000 --> 03:49:08,400
surfaces. 
The temperature drops as 

4225
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:11,600
darkness comes and you pull your
habit, tighter, tuck your feet 

4226
03:49:11,600 --> 03:49:14,200
under your seat, and blow on 
your fingers to warm them. 

4227
03:49:14,900 --> 03:49:18,600
Just a bit more writing, then 
Vespers, then the evening 

4228
03:49:18,600 --> 03:49:20,700
routine. 
Starting again, your current 

4229
03:49:20,700 --> 03:49:23,600
page is medical advice about 
treating Frozen toes. 

4230
03:49:24,200 --> 03:49:27,600
The irony is not lost on you. 
You're copying instructions for 

4231
03:49:27,600 --> 03:49:31,200
curing a condition you currently
have sitting in a freezing room 

4232
03:49:31,200 --> 03:49:35,600
writing about warmth while 
experiencing none. medieval life

4233
03:49:35,600 --> 03:49:38,800
is full of these contradictions,
these gaps between theory and 

4234
03:49:38,800 --> 03:49:42,500
practice between what should be 
and what is You've learned to 

4235
03:49:42,500 --> 03:49:45,700
find humor in the disconnection 
because otherwise you just be 

4236
03:49:45,700 --> 03:49:49,300
cold and angry and cold and 
angry isn't a sustainable state 

4237
03:49:49,300 --> 03:49:51,400
of being the bell rings for 
Vespers. 

4238
03:49:51,400 --> 03:49:55,000
You carefully set down your 
quill, sand over the wedding, to

4239
03:49:55,000 --> 03:49:58,500
dry it fast and covering. 
Brother Robert inspects your 

4240
03:49:58,500 --> 03:50:01,800
days work, his expression 
neutral, which from him counts 

4241
03:50:01,800 --> 03:50:05,500
as High Praise, he nods once and
moves to the next desk, you've 

4242
03:50:05,500 --> 03:50:07,800
passed, the work will stand 
tomorrow. 

4243
03:50:07,800 --> 03:50:10,100
You'll start a new page. 
But tonight you've done enough, 

4244
03:50:10,100 --> 03:50:14,300
the refectory measures 40 feet 
by 30 feet with long tables 

4245
03:50:14,300 --> 03:50:16,200
arranged in rows and erased 
platform. 

4246
03:50:16,200 --> 03:50:18,300
At one end where the Atherton 
senior monks sit. 

4247
03:50:19,200 --> 03:50:22,400
The room is freezing, obviously 
because every room is freezing 

4248
03:50:22,400 --> 03:50:26,600
but it also smells fantastic. 
Bread vegetable stew. 

4249
03:50:26,600 --> 03:50:30,400
Wood smoke from the kitchen next
door and that indefinable Center

4250
03:50:30,400 --> 03:50:33,000
of communal. 
Dining, that's part Food Part 

4251
03:50:33,000 --> 03:50:35,400
humanity and part. 
Hope that whatever is being 

4252
03:50:35,408 --> 03:50:38,400
served is edible. 
You sit in your assigned Place 

4253
03:50:38,400 --> 03:50:42,500
determined by seniority 
surrounded by the same monks who

4254
03:50:42,500 --> 03:50:46,800
surround you at every meal three
times daily year after year, to 

4255
03:50:46,800 --> 03:50:49,700
your left is Brother, John, who 
choose very slowly and makes 

4256
03:50:49,700 --> 03:50:52,700
thoughtful Expressions as if 
contemplating deep theological 

4257
03:50:52,700 --> 03:50:55,000
questions. 
But is probably just wondering 

4258
03:50:55,000 --> 03:50:58,900
why the turnips taste like dirt,
which they do because their 

4259
03:50:58,900 --> 03:51:02,400
turnips and that's how turnips 
taste. to your right is Brother 

4260
03:51:02,400 --> 03:51:05,500
Martin who eats quickly and 
efficiently finishing his 

4261
03:51:05,500 --> 03:51:07,800
portion while you're still 
deciding whether the brown 

4262
03:51:07,800 --> 03:51:11,100
chunks in your, Stuart meet or 
possibly mushrooms or perhaps 

4263
03:51:11,100 --> 03:51:14,600
just very determined vegetables,
winter meals, follow a pattern, 

4264
03:51:14,600 --> 03:51:17,700
established by necessity and 
traditional breakfast, doesn't 

4265
03:51:17,700 --> 03:51:21,400
exist, the rule considers 
morning, food, unnecessary, and 

4266
03:51:21,400 --> 03:51:25,000
centuries of monks have somehow 
survived this logic, even though

4267
03:51:25,000 --> 03:51:29,600
everyone stomach growls during 
Prime dinner arrives at noon, a 

4268
03:51:29,600 --> 03:51:32,500
main meal of bread and pottage 
occasionally supplemented with 

4269
03:51:32,500 --> 03:51:35,000
cheese or fish, if the 
monasteries Fortune's are good, 

4270
03:51:36,000 --> 03:51:39,800
Supper comes at 6, a smaller 
meal often just bread and Ale 

4271
03:51:39,800 --> 03:51:42,600
because apparently one 
inadequate meal per day isn't 

4272
03:51:42,600 --> 03:51:45,500
enough suffering and two 
inadequate meals are required 

4273
03:51:45,500 --> 03:51:46,800
for proper Spiritual 
Development. 

4274
03:51:46,800 --> 03:51:50,900
Today's dinner is pottage that 
medieval staple that exists 

4275
03:51:50,900 --> 03:51:54,200
somewhere between soup and stew 
containing whatever vegetable 

4276
03:51:54,200 --> 03:51:58,600
survived storage, some grains 
herbs, and the Eternal hope that

4277
03:51:58,600 --> 03:52:01,000
quantity might compensate for 
limited variety. 

4278
03:52:01,800 --> 03:52:04,300
You recognize onions, turnips, 
cabbage. 

4279
03:52:04,300 --> 03:52:06,200
And something that might be 
passed nips. 

4280
03:52:06,900 --> 03:52:10,400
The liquid is thick and grayish 
brown with an oily Sheen that 

4281
03:52:10,400 --> 03:52:13,700
comes from whatever fat was 
available, probably mutton fat 

4282
03:52:13,700 --> 03:52:16,800
because the monastery has sheep 
and uses every part of them, 

4283
03:52:16,800 --> 03:52:19,200
including parts, that shouldn't 
become food. 

4284
03:52:19,200 --> 03:52:23,000
But do anyway, the bread is 
dense dark and heavy enough to 

4285
03:52:23,000 --> 03:52:25,100
be used as a weapon if 
weaponizing bread when 

4286
03:52:25,100 --> 03:52:30,100
necessary, it's made from mixed 
grains wheat, Rye barley, 

4287
03:52:30,100 --> 03:52:33,400
whatever was harvested and what 
ever proportions made sense, 

4288
03:52:34,400 --> 03:52:38,000
Crust is thick and chewy the 
interior is slightly sour from 

4289
03:52:38,000 --> 03:52:40,700
fermentation, which is 
intentional and improves the 

4290
03:52:40,708 --> 03:52:43,600
flavor, or at least makes you 
think the flavor is intentional 

4291
03:52:43,600 --> 03:52:46,200
rather than accidental. 
You break off a chunk. 

4292
03:52:46,200 --> 03:52:49,600
Dip it in your pottage and the 
bread, soaks up Liquid like a 

4293
03:52:49,600 --> 03:52:52,800
sponge becoming soft enough to 
eat without risking broken 

4294
03:52:52,800 --> 03:52:55,000
teeth. 
The ale is weak, which is good 

4295
03:52:55,000 --> 03:52:57,200
because you're drinking it for 
hydration, rather than 

4296
03:52:57,200 --> 03:53:00,800
entertainment water from the 
well is unsafe without boiling. 

4297
03:53:00,800 --> 03:53:04,400
But also fermentation process 
kills, whatever tiny demons call

4298
03:53:04,400 --> 03:53:06,400
sickness. 
So L becomes the standard 

4299
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:08,600
beverage. 
It tastes like bread water, 

4300
03:53:08,600 --> 03:53:11,300
which makes sense, because 
that's essentially what it is. 

4301
03:53:11,300 --> 03:53:15,400
Fermented grain liquid with 
minimal alcohol content, dark 

4302
03:53:15,400 --> 03:53:18,700
Browns, slightly sweet, and 
consumed in quantities that 

4303
03:53:18,700 --> 03:53:21,800
would alarm modern doctors but 
just represent normal, medieval 

4304
03:53:21,800 --> 03:53:25,100
fluid intake, brother. 
Paul, the young monk who still 

4305
03:53:25,100 --> 03:53:28,700
seems perpetually surprised by 
monastic life stares at his 

4306
03:53:28,700 --> 03:53:32,000
pottage with an expression, 
suggesting internal debate about

4307
03:53:32,000 --> 03:53:35,000
whether eating it constitutes 
nourishment or punishment. 

4308
03:53:35,800 --> 03:53:38,100
You remember feeling that way 
during your first winter? 

4309
03:53:38,100 --> 03:53:42,000
Looking at turnips stew and 
thinking, this cannot possibly 

4310
03:53:42,000 --> 03:53:44,300
be dinner. 
This is what dinner would look 

4311
03:53:44,300 --> 03:53:45,900
like. 
After some terrible accident, 

4312
03:53:45,900 --> 03:53:49,400
involving all the worst 
vegetables, But you adapted, 

4313
03:53:49,400 --> 03:53:53,200
everyone adapts he will too or 
he'll leave. 

4314
03:53:53,200 --> 03:53:56,000
And either outcome is fine 
because monastic life requires 

4315
03:53:56,000 --> 03:53:59,300
commitment and commitment 
requires accepting turnip stew 

4316
03:53:59,300 --> 03:54:01,800
as valid food. 
The reading during meals, is 

4317
03:54:01,800 --> 03:54:05,000
from scripture with Brother, 
Richard standing at a lectern, 

4318
03:54:05,000 --> 03:54:06,800
projecting his voice across the 
refectory. 

4319
03:54:07,500 --> 03:54:10,200
Today, it's Psalms which are 
pretty but not particularly 

4320
03:54:10,200 --> 03:54:13,300
exciting and your attention 
drifts while your mouth 

4321
03:54:13,308 --> 03:54:15,600
continues. 
Mechanically eating, you've 

4322
03:54:15,600 --> 03:54:19,200
heard these Psalms of times you 
could probably recite them from 

4323
03:54:19,200 --> 03:54:21,600
memory. 
But the rule requires reading 

4324
03:54:21,600 --> 03:54:24,700
during meals to prevent idle 
conversation and idle 

4325
03:54:24,700 --> 03:54:27,500
conversation leads to gossip and
gossip is sin. 

4326
03:54:27,500 --> 03:54:30,500
So instead you listen to verses 
about God being your Shepherd 

4327
03:54:30,500 --> 03:54:33,400
while eating vegetables that 
taste like they were shepherded 

4328
03:54:33,400 --> 03:54:36,800
through dirt silence during 
meals is mandatory except for 

4329
03:54:36,800 --> 03:54:39,600
the readers voice. 
You communicate through gestures

4330
03:54:39,600 --> 03:54:42,900
pointing at the Bread Basket. 
If you want more bread holding 

4331
03:54:42,900 --> 03:54:45,000
up your cup. 
If you need more ale and making 

4332
03:54:45,000 --> 03:54:46,900
eye contact with the server when
you're finished. 

4333
03:54:48,100 --> 03:54:50,100
This silent system works 
surprisingly. 

4334
03:54:50,100 --> 03:54:54,000
Well eliminating the chaos that 
would come from everyone talking

4335
03:54:54,000 --> 03:54:57,300
at once and also eliminating the
opportunity to complain about 

4336
03:54:57,300 --> 03:55:01,200
food which probably saves 
considerable tension because 

4337
03:55:01,200 --> 03:55:04,100
everyone has opinions about the 
pottage and most of those 

4338
03:55:04,100 --> 03:55:05,700
opinions would not be 
constructive. 

4339
03:55:05,700 --> 03:55:08,700
Rather Jeffrey the Kitchener 
moves through the refectory 

4340
03:55:08,700 --> 03:55:11,600
checking that everyone has 
adequate portions adding more 

4341
03:55:11,600 --> 03:55:15,200
stew here, more bread there. 
He's a large man, which seems 

4342
03:55:15,200 --> 03:55:17,400
unfair than that. 
He controls food distribution 

4343
03:55:17,400 --> 03:55:19,900
and could theoretically eat 
whatever he wants. 

4344
03:55:19,900 --> 03:55:23,100
But actually, he's large because
he worked as a laborer before 

4345
03:55:23,100 --> 03:55:24,900
joining the monastery and 
muscles. 

4346
03:55:24,900 --> 03:55:26,900
Don't disappear. 
Just because you start praying 

4347
03:55:26,900 --> 03:55:30,600
instead of plowing he spots 
Brother, Paul's barely touched 

4348
03:55:30,600 --> 03:55:34,100
bowl and makes a Stern gesture. 
Meaning each of food, young man,

4349
03:55:34,100 --> 03:55:37,400
people are starving and you're 
being wasteful brother, Paul 

4350
03:55:37,400 --> 03:55:40,500
reluctantly, spoon's potages 
into his mouth, his expression, 

4351
03:55:40,500 --> 03:55:42,000
suggesting he's eating 
punishment. 

4352
03:55:42,000 --> 03:55:44,700
The portions are smaller than 
they were in Autumn. 

4353
03:55:44,700 --> 03:55:47,200
Nobody comments on this 
officially, but everyone 

4354
03:55:47,200 --> 03:55:51,200
notices, Brother Jeffrey is 
stretching supplies to last 

4355
03:55:51,200 --> 03:55:53,500
until spring Harvest, which is 
months away. 

4356
03:55:53,500 --> 03:55:55,900
And spring Harvest is 
theoretical. 

4357
03:55:55,900 --> 03:55:59,700
It depends on whether on 
successful planting and on 

4358
03:55:59,700 --> 03:56:03,800
nothing going catastrophically 
wrong with crops Medieval food 

4359
03:56:03,800 --> 03:56:07,600
security is precarious at Best. 
You've lived through lean 

4360
03:56:07,600 --> 03:56:10,600
Springs when winter stores ran 
out early and everyone survived 

4361
03:56:10,600 --> 03:56:13,500
on increasingly meager rations 
until finally something edible 

4362
03:56:13,500 --> 03:56:15,700
grew. 
Those memories make current 

4363
03:56:15,700 --> 03:56:17,600
portions seem generous by 
comparison. 

4364
03:56:17,600 --> 03:56:20,300
After dinner comes a brief 
period of digestion before. 

4365
03:56:20,300 --> 03:56:24,100
None the afternoon prayers, you 
sit quietly feeling the warm 

4366
03:56:24,100 --> 03:56:26,500
weight of food in your stomach, 
which is Pleasant despite the 

4367
03:56:26,500 --> 03:56:29,700
food, shortcomings, being full, 
even temporarily. 

4368
03:56:29,700 --> 03:56:32,700
Even on turnip pottage 
represents success your body, 

4369
03:56:32,700 --> 03:56:34,500
relaxes your mind. 
Settles. 

4370
03:56:35,300 --> 03:56:38,900
This is Comfort medieval style, 
not luxury, not Indulgence. 

4371
03:56:38,900 --> 03:56:42,100
Just basic satisfaction of 
hunger, which shouldn't be 

4372
03:56:42,100 --> 03:56:44,900
remarkable but somehow is 
supper's simpler. 

4373
03:56:44,900 --> 03:56:48,700
Bread hard cheese and more ale. 
The cheese comes from the 

4374
03:56:48,700 --> 03:56:52,200
monasteries Dairy Maid last 
summer from sheep milk, aged in 

4375
03:56:52,200 --> 03:56:54,300
the cellar. 
And now hard enough to require 

4376
03:56:54,300 --> 03:56:58,200
soaring rather than cutting. 
It tastes sharp and salty with 

4377
03:56:58,200 --> 03:57:00,300
crystalline bits that crunch 
between your teeth. 

4378
03:57:00,300 --> 03:57:04,800
You nibbles slowly making it 
last because this is your final 

4379
03:57:04,800 --> 03:57:07,700
food until tomorrow's dinner 
unless the Abbott declares a 

4380
03:57:07,700 --> 03:57:10,200
feast day, which he won't 
because winter offers no 

4381
03:57:10,200 --> 03:57:13,300
reasonable Feast to occasion 
sometimes when you're feeling 

4382
03:57:13,300 --> 03:57:16,000
philosophical, you think about 
how food connects everything. 

4383
03:57:16,700 --> 03:57:18,500
The Sheep, whose milk made 
cheese. 

4384
03:57:18,500 --> 03:57:21,600
Whose meat becomes stew, whose 
wool makes your habit. 

4385
03:57:22,400 --> 03:57:25,800
The grain planted last spring, 
harvested in Autumn is now, 

4386
03:57:25,800 --> 03:57:29,300
feeding you through winter. 
The monk, who baked bread, who 

4387
03:57:29,300 --> 03:57:31,800
stirred pottage and to maintain 
the stores. 

4388
03:57:31,800 --> 03:57:36,500
Nothing exists in isolation 
every meal represents countless 

4389
03:57:36,500 --> 03:57:38,700
connections. 
And maybe that's what the rule 

4390
03:57:38,700 --> 03:57:40,300
means. 
When it talks about communal. 

4391
03:57:40,300 --> 03:57:43,100
Living about being part of 
something larger than yourself, 

4392
03:57:43,100 --> 03:57:46,200
or maybe you're just hungry 
enough to romanticize turnips, 

4393
03:57:46,200 --> 03:57:48,800
which is probably a sign that 
you should finish eating and 

4394
03:57:48,800 --> 03:57:53,600
stop thinking so much the bell 
rings for Vespers time to pray. 

4395
03:57:53,600 --> 03:57:56,800
You'll sell is exactly as you 
left it, which would be 

4396
03:57:56,800 --> 03:57:59,900
surprising except nothing in a 
monastery ever changes, unless 

4397
03:57:59,900 --> 03:58:03,700
it breaks or someone dies and 
even then changes happen slowly 

4398
03:58:03,700 --> 03:58:06,500
because traditional weighs 
heavily and Innovation looks 

4399
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:11,100
suspiciously like Pride. 
The straw mattress is compressed

4400
03:58:11,100 --> 03:58:14,400
slightly from your body weight 
over years, creating a U-shaped 

4401
03:58:14,400 --> 03:58:17,000
depression that would be 
comfortable except straw isn't 

4402
03:58:17,000 --> 03:58:18,700
comfortable under any 
circumstances. 

4403
03:58:18,700 --> 03:58:22,100
Just less uncomfortable than 
sleeping directly on wood, 

4404
03:58:22,100 --> 03:58:25,400
which, you know, from experience
because your first year here, 

4405
03:58:25,400 --> 03:58:27,800
you are too proud to complain 
when your mattress needed 

4406
03:58:27,800 --> 03:58:31,500
replacing and spent six months 
sleeping on the wooden platform.

4407
03:58:31,500 --> 03:58:35,000
Before finally admitting that 
suffering stupidly differs from 

4408
03:58:35,000 --> 03:58:38,000
suffering for spiritual growth. 
The wool blanket is where you 

4409
03:58:38,000 --> 03:58:41,400
left it this morning folded at 
the foot of the bed waiting to 

4410
03:58:41,400 --> 03:58:44,300
resume, its nightly role of 
being simultaneously too. 

4411
03:58:44,300 --> 03:58:48,300
Heavy and insufficiently warm 
You've had this same blanket for

4412
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:50,500
eight years and its developed 
personality. 

4413
03:58:50,500 --> 03:58:54,000
There's a patch near the corner 
where moths got adventurous and 

4414
03:58:54,000 --> 03:58:57,600
left holes shaped like tiny 
conspiracy theories and the 

4415
03:58:57,600 --> 03:59:00,400
weave has stretched unevenly. 
So one Edge is longer than the 

4416
03:59:00,400 --> 03:59:03,900
other and when you shake it out 
dust danced in the candlelight 

4417
03:59:03,900 --> 03:59:06,900
like their celebrating their 
freedom, the wooden cross on the

4418
03:59:06,900 --> 03:59:10,700
wall is simple and undecorated. 
Kind of thing, someone carved, 

4419
03:59:10,700 --> 03:59:14,300
centuries ago and decided was 
adequate for reminding monks 

4420
03:59:14,300 --> 03:59:17,700
about crucifixion without being.
So elaborate that it became a 

4421
03:59:17,700 --> 03:59:21,500
distraction through artistry. 
You've stared at this cross for 

4422
03:59:21,500 --> 03:59:24,200
thousands, of hours, across 
thousands of nights and 

4423
03:59:24,200 --> 03:59:26,500
sometimes you find it comforting
and sometimes you find it 

4424
03:59:26,500 --> 03:59:29,700
accused a tree as if it's asking
why you're not suffering more 

4425
03:59:29,700 --> 03:59:32,700
efficiently, which is probably 
your own guilt projecting onto 

4426
03:59:32,700 --> 03:59:36,400
inanimate objects but late at 
night alone in your cell that 

4427
03:59:36,400 --> 03:59:39,800
cross definitely has opinions. 
The ceramic water jug on your 

4428
03:59:39,800 --> 03:59:42,600
table is currently empty because
you drank it all yesterday and 

4429
03:59:42,600 --> 03:59:45,600
forgot to refill it which means 
you'll be thirsty during the 

4430
03:59:45,600 --> 03:59:47,100
night. 
And will have to choose between 

4431
03:59:47,100 --> 03:59:50,200
staying in your cold bed, being 
thirsty, or getting up and 

4432
03:59:50,200 --> 03:59:52,600
walking to the well in freezing 
temperatures, while wearing 

4433
03:59:52,600 --> 03:59:56,100
sandals and a habit, neither of 
which protects against Winter 

4434
03:59:56,100 --> 03:59:58,600
Wind. 
This is what philosophers call a

4435
03:59:58,600 --> 04:00:00,200
dilemma. 
This is what you call. 

4436
04:00:00,200 --> 04:00:04,000
Poor planning brother Thomas has
the cell next to yours and his 

4437
04:00:04,008 --> 04:00:08,400
snoring starts around 10:00 and 
continues until dawn varying in 

4438
04:00:08,400 --> 04:00:11,500
volume, but never disappearing 
entirely like someone trying to 

4439
04:00:11,508 --> 04:00:13,500
Source through a tree using only
their nose. 

4440
04:00:13,500 --> 04:00:16,700
You've gotten used to it the way
you get used to all constant 

4441
04:00:16,700 --> 04:00:19,000
irritation. 
Not acceptance, exactly. 

4442
04:00:19,000 --> 04:00:22,300
But a kind of resigned tolerance
that looks similar from outside.

4443
04:00:23,200 --> 04:00:25,800
Sometimes you lie awake thinking
about how monks are supposed to 

4444
04:00:25,808 --> 04:00:28,400
be charitable and understanding 
and you're supposed to love your

4445
04:00:28,400 --> 04:00:30,900
brother as yourself. 
And you do love brother Thomas 

4446
04:00:30,900 --> 04:00:34,200
generally, but his snoring makes
you understand why some desert 

4447
04:00:34,200 --> 04:00:37,100
Hermits chose total Solitude 
over Community. 

4448
04:00:37,100 --> 04:00:38,900
Living the night prayers are 
simple. 

4449
04:00:38,900 --> 04:00:41,300
Just you and God and the 
Darkness. 

4450
04:00:42,200 --> 04:00:44,900
You kneel beside your bed 
because kneeling is traditional 

4451
04:00:44,900 --> 04:00:47,400
and traditional matters, even 
though your knees are 

4452
04:00:47,400 --> 04:00:50,900
middle-aged knees with opinions 
about Stone floors, you pray for

4453
04:00:50,900 --> 04:00:53,800
family members in the village, 
for the monastery, for 

4454
04:00:53,800 --> 04:00:57,200
successful, completion of 
tomorrow's work and for warmth 

4455
04:00:57,200 --> 04:01:01,100
always for warmth because while,
you know, that prayer isn't a 

4456
04:01:01,100 --> 04:01:03,800
magic wish granting system. 
You also know that God is 

4457
04:01:03,800 --> 04:01:06,500
theoretically omnipotent and 
could definitely make your cell 

4458
04:01:06,500 --> 04:01:09,400
warmer if God wanted to. 
And it doesn't hurt to ask right

4459
04:01:09,400 --> 04:01:11,800
getting into bed. 
Requires strategy. 

4460
04:01:11,800 --> 04:01:14,900
You blow out your candle first 
because leaving it, burning 

4461
04:01:14,900 --> 04:01:16,900
would be wasteful and dangerous 
and stupid. 

4462
04:01:16,900 --> 04:01:20,900
So, Darkness becomes complete 
Then you climb onto the bed 

4463
04:01:20,900 --> 04:01:23,400
while still wearing your habit 
because removing clothing would 

4464
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:26,000
be insane. 
The wall makes contact with your

4465
04:01:26,000 --> 04:01:29,200
legs and you Flinch because wool
is scratchy in your legs were 

4466
04:01:29,200 --> 04:01:32,200
not prepared for this assault. 
You pull the blanket over 

4467
04:01:32,200 --> 04:01:34,200
yourself. 
Using your feet to tuck the 

4468
04:01:34,200 --> 04:01:36,800
edges around your body, creating
a cocoon. 

4469
04:01:36,800 --> 04:01:38,700
That should theoretically trap 
body heat. 

4470
04:01:38,700 --> 04:01:42,000
But actually just traps cold air
and makes you feel like you're 

4471
04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:44,800
sleeping inside a cave. 
Your pillow is a cloth sack 

4472
04:01:44,800 --> 04:01:47,700
stuffed with straw, and it makes
crinkly sounds when you move 

4473
04:01:47,700 --> 04:01:51,200
your head, like someone walking 
on Autumn Leaves, except it's 

4474
04:01:51,200 --> 04:01:54,000
winter, and there are no leaves,
and you're just trying to sleep,

4475
04:01:54,000 --> 04:01:56,700
the pillow smells like dust and 
old straw. 

4476
04:01:56,700 --> 04:01:59,400
And the general mustiness that 
accumulates, when things are, 

4477
04:01:59,400 --> 04:02:02,400
neither fully dry or actively 
wet, but exists in some 

4478
04:02:02,400 --> 04:02:05,800
unfortunate middle State, you've
thought about asking for a new 

4479
04:02:05,808 --> 04:02:08,700
pillow but that would require 
admitting your current pillow is

4480
04:02:08,700 --> 04:02:11,500
inadequate which feels like 
complaining and complaining, 

4481
04:02:11,500 --> 04:02:15,000
undermines the whole suffering 
builds character philosophy that

4482
04:02:15,000 --> 04:02:18,400
underpins monastic life brother.
Paul in the cell on your other 

4483
04:02:18,400 --> 04:02:19,800
side is having difficulty 
sleeping. 

4484
04:02:19,800 --> 04:02:22,700
You can hear small, sounds 
shifting position. 

4485
04:02:22,700 --> 04:02:24,900
Sighing the rustling of his 
straw mattress. 

4486
04:02:24,900 --> 04:02:28,200
He still adjusting to Winter 
conditions, and adjustment takes

4487
04:02:28,200 --> 04:02:30,300
time. 
You remember your first winter 

4488
04:02:31,000 --> 04:02:34,000
Awake for hours, shocked that 
humans could survive these 

4489
04:02:34,000 --> 04:02:36,600
temperatures. 
Convinced you've made a terrible

4490
04:02:36,600 --> 04:02:40,400
mistake, choosing monastic life,
but you did survive and you made

4491
04:02:40,400 --> 04:02:43,700
it to Spring and eventually you 
stopped thinking about cold as 

4492
04:02:43,700 --> 04:02:46,700
unusual and started thinking 
about it as normal, which is 

4493
04:02:46,700 --> 04:02:49,900
either growth or Surrender. 
You're still not entirely sure, 

4494
04:02:49,900 --> 04:02:53,400
which the darkness is absolute. 
No moon tonight. 

4495
04:02:53,400 --> 04:02:56,000
No stars visible. 
Even if your cell had a window, 

4496
04:02:56,000 --> 04:02:58,800
which it doesn't, you exist in a
black void. 

4497
04:02:58,800 --> 04:03:01,700
With only your thoughts for 
company which isn't necessarily 

4498
04:03:01,700 --> 04:03:04,500
Pleasant because your thoughts 
at night tend toward worry. 

4499
04:03:05,500 --> 04:03:08,300
Did you properly secure? 
The garden tools is the grain 

4500
04:03:08,300 --> 04:03:10,300
store. 
Adequate will Brother. 

4501
04:03:10,300 --> 04:03:12,500
Martin, remember to check the 
dove Cote roof. 

4502
04:03:12,500 --> 04:03:16,400
These concerns are probably 
unnecessary but they occupy your

4503
04:03:16,400 --> 04:03:18,800
mind. 
Anyway, cycling through on 

4504
04:03:18,800 --> 04:03:21,900
repeat, like someone's prayer 
routine, except less spiritual 

4505
04:03:21,900 --> 04:03:24,000
and more anxious. 
Your feet are cold. 

4506
04:03:24,008 --> 04:03:27,200
This is not news. 
Your feet are always cold in 

4507
04:03:27,200 --> 04:03:30,600
winter but right now they're 
particularly cold as if they're 

4508
04:03:30,600 --> 04:03:32,600
staging. 
Some kind of protest about being

4509
04:03:32,600 --> 04:03:35,700
attached to your body and would 
prefer to be somewhere tropical 

4510
04:03:35,700 --> 04:03:39,800
you, curl tighter, trying to 
trap any possible warmth but 

4511
04:03:39,800 --> 04:03:42,300
your body's producing minimal 
heat, because you haven't eaten 

4512
04:03:42,300 --> 04:03:45,200
enough calories to fuel 
significant heat production and 

4513
04:03:45,200 --> 04:03:47,000
this is a problem that prayer 
alone won't solve. 

4514
04:03:47,000 --> 04:03:50,000
But there's nothing you can do 
about it at midnight in a 

4515
04:03:50,000 --> 04:03:53,000
freezing cell, except accept it 
and hope morning comes, quickly,

4516
04:03:53,000 --> 04:03:56,300
sleep arrives eventually though 
not the restful sleep of Summer.

4517
04:03:56,900 --> 04:04:00,800
Winter, sleep is fragmented, you
drift in and out, and sometimes 

4518
04:04:00,800 --> 04:04:03,300
you're not sure if you're 
sleeping or just resting with 

4519
04:04:03,300 --> 04:04:06,300
your eyes closed. 
You dream about being warm, 

4520
04:04:06,300 --> 04:04:09,800
which seems cruel and you wake 
several times to adjust position

4521
04:04:09,800 --> 04:04:11,300
because lying still for too 
long. 

4522
04:04:11,300 --> 04:04:14,700
Makes everything hurt, brother. 
Thomas is snoring provides a 

4523
04:04:14,700 --> 04:04:17,300
kind of Rhythm to the night. 
A soundtrack to your 

4524
04:04:17,300 --> 04:04:19,700
semi-consciousness. 
That's almost comforting in its 

4525
04:04:19,700 --> 04:04:22,500
predictability round two 
o'clock, the bell rings for 

4526
04:04:22,500 --> 04:04:24,900
vigils, you surface from 
whatever shallow sleep. 

4527
04:04:24,900 --> 04:04:27,800
You achieved momentarily. 
Confused about where you are. 

4528
04:04:27,800 --> 04:04:30,200
Why it's dark and why you're so 
cold? 

4529
04:04:31,300 --> 04:04:34,100
Then reality reasserts itself, 
you're a monk. 

4530
04:04:34,100 --> 04:04:36,700
It's winter and it's time for 
night prayers. 

4531
04:04:36,700 --> 04:04:40,200
You sit up feel around for your 
sandals, in the darkness, locate

4532
04:04:40,200 --> 04:04:43,000
them eventually, and prepare to 
start the entire cycle. 

4533
04:04:43,000 --> 04:04:46,800
Again, this is your life. 
This is what you chose to 

4534
04:04:46,800 --> 04:04:49,200
tomorrow night, will be the same
and the night after that. 

4535
04:04:49,200 --> 04:04:52,900
And every night until spring, 
the great silence between 

4536
04:04:52,900 --> 04:04:55,400
complain and Prime creates a 
particular quality in the 

4537
04:04:55,400 --> 04:04:59,100
monastery, a thickness to the 
darkness that goes beyond simple

4538
04:04:59,100 --> 04:05:02,500
absence of speech. 
You move through this silence 

4539
04:05:02,500 --> 04:05:06,700
like moving through water aware 
of its resistance conscious of 

4540
04:05:06,700 --> 04:05:09,800
how your footsteps Echo and 
careful, not to disturb the 

4541
04:05:09,800 --> 04:05:11,600
peace that both holy and 
fragile. 

4542
04:05:12,600 --> 04:05:15,000
Other monks become Shadows 
passing and corridors. 

4543
04:05:15,000 --> 04:05:18,300
Their presence acknowledged 
through brief nods, their 

4544
04:05:18,300 --> 04:05:21,100
identity, sometimes uncertain in
the darkness because you're all 

4545
04:05:21,100 --> 04:05:23,400
wearing identical habits, and 
moving with identical. 

4546
04:05:23,400 --> 04:05:27,400
Careful silence, the church 
during vigils is a study and 

4547
04:05:27,400 --> 04:05:31,700
quiet motion. 30 monks, enter 
process to their choir stalls, 

4548
04:05:31,700 --> 04:05:35,500
kneel on Stone, floors and prey.
All without speaking. 

4549
04:05:35,500 --> 04:05:40,000
All synchronized through years 
of practice, all maintaining a 

4550
04:05:40,000 --> 04:05:43,500
silence that feel substantial 
enough to touch When the Abbot 

4551
04:05:43,500 --> 04:05:46,600
Begins, the Latin prayers, his 
voice, sounds startling, despite

4552
04:05:46,600 --> 04:05:49,700
being expected breaking the 
quiet with words, that 

4553
04:05:49,700 --> 04:05:53,400
immediately become part of it 
prayers, absorbing into silence 

4554
04:05:53,400 --> 04:05:56,400
rather than displacing it you've
learned to hear things you never

4555
04:05:56,400 --> 04:05:59,300
noticed before. 
Silence became constant, the 

4556
04:05:59,300 --> 04:06:02,400
wind outside obviously, but also
the building's Creeks as 

4557
04:06:02,400 --> 04:06:04,700
temperatures affect wood and 
Stone. 

4558
04:06:05,400 --> 04:06:07,600
The scuttling sounds that might 
be mice or might be your 

4559
04:06:07,600 --> 04:06:11,000
imagination and the distant from
Brother Peter that he tries to 

4560
04:06:11,008 --> 04:06:12,600
muffle, but can't quite 
suppress. 

4561
04:06:13,600 --> 04:06:15,300
These small sounds become 
significant. 

4562
04:06:15,300 --> 04:06:18,600
When speeches forbidden. 
Taking on meaning, they wouldn't

4563
04:06:18,600 --> 04:06:21,000
have during daylight when 
conversation makes everything 

4564
04:06:21,000 --> 04:06:23,900
ordinary communication. 
Happens, through gestures, 

4565
04:06:23,900 --> 04:06:27,400
refined over Decades of Silent. 
Practice appointed. 

4566
04:06:27,400 --> 04:06:29,900
Finger means, come here, two 
fingers. 

4567
04:06:29,900 --> 04:06:32,500
Walking through are means go 
their hand. 

4568
04:06:32,500 --> 04:06:35,800
Over stomach means hungry. 
How to mouth means thirsty. 

4569
04:06:35,800 --> 04:06:39,700
Hand waving means urgent and 
hand on shoulder means wait. 

4570
04:06:40,500 --> 04:06:43,500
You've developed entire 
vocabularies of touching motion 

4571
04:06:43,500 --> 04:06:47,300
able to convey complex ideas. 
Without words though sometimes 

4572
04:06:47,300 --> 04:06:50,300
the gestures become comically 
elaborate as you try to express 

4573
04:06:50,300 --> 04:06:52,400
something specific and end up 
looking. 

4574
04:06:52,400 --> 04:06:54,800
Like your conducting an 
invisible Orchestra while having

4575
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:57,700
a mild seizure brother. 
John has mastered the art of 

4576
04:06:57,708 --> 04:06:59,900
Silent reproach. 
He can communicate 

4577
04:06:59,900 --> 04:07:03,100
disappointment through eyebrow 
position alone, making you feel 

4578
04:07:03,100 --> 04:07:05,700
guilty about transgressions. 
You haven't even committed yet. 

4579
04:07:06,600 --> 04:07:10,500
His particular specialty is the 
look that combination of raised 

4580
04:07:10,500 --> 04:07:14,100
eyebrows personal lips, and head
tilt, that somehow means you've 

4581
04:07:14,100 --> 04:07:17,100
done something wrong and should 
know what it is and should fix 

4582
04:07:17,100 --> 04:07:20,100
it immediately. 
You've tried explaining to him 

4583
04:07:20,100 --> 04:07:22,300
that Silent Communication, 
shouldn't include judgment. 

4584
04:07:22,300 --> 04:07:25,900
But you explain this during 
great silence using gestures and

4585
04:07:25,900 --> 04:07:28,200
he just gave you the look in 
response, which proved his 

4586
04:07:28,200 --> 04:07:30,200
point. 
The Practical challenges of 

4587
04:07:30,200 --> 04:07:33,700
Silence are considerable When 
Brother, Martin discovered, mice

4588
04:07:33,700 --> 04:07:36,300
in the grain storage, he 
couldn't announce this verbally 

4589
04:07:36,300 --> 04:07:39,500
during great silent. 
So he caught a mouse, carried it

4590
04:07:39,508 --> 04:07:42,300
to the chapter house and placed 
it on the table during the 

4591
04:07:42,300 --> 04:07:44,900
morning meeting which 
effectively communicated the 

4592
04:07:44,900 --> 04:07:47,200
problem. 
But also caused several monks to

4593
04:07:47,200 --> 04:07:49,800
jump and brother. 
Paul to make a sound somewhere 

4594
04:07:49,800 --> 04:07:53,500
between a squeak and a gasp. 
This method of reporting issues 

4595
04:07:53,500 --> 04:07:57,400
is memorable but not recommended
sometimes silence becomes 

4596
04:07:57,400 --> 04:08:00,700
oppressive rather than peaceful 
particularly during Long Winter 

4597
04:08:00,700 --> 04:08:03,400
nights when your cold and 
uncomfortable and would really 

4598
04:08:03,400 --> 04:08:06,700
like to complain. 
But can't The frustration builds

4599
04:08:06,700 --> 04:08:10,000
inside you like pressure in a 
sealed container and you 

4600
04:08:10,000 --> 04:08:11,700
understand why? 
Some monks occasionally have 

4601
04:08:11,708 --> 04:08:14,500
emotional outbursts suddenly 
shouting about turnips or 

4602
04:08:14,500 --> 04:08:17,500
weather or the unfairness of 
wool blankets before remembering

4603
04:08:17,500 --> 04:08:19,600
themselves and returning to 
sheepish silence. 

4604
04:08:20,200 --> 04:08:22,500
You've never had such an 
outburst, but you thought about 

4605
04:08:22,500 --> 04:08:25,700
it detailed fantasies about 
standing in the refectory and 

4606
04:08:25,700 --> 04:08:28,600
delivering, lengthy speeches 
about reasonable expectations 

4607
04:08:28,600 --> 04:08:31,400
regarding winter Comfort. 
The infirmary is technically 

4608
04:08:31,400 --> 04:08:34,300
exempt from Silence rules when 
medical necessity requires 

4609
04:08:34,300 --> 04:08:37,000
communication. 
But brother, William interprets,

4610
04:08:37,000 --> 04:08:39,300
medical necessity, very 
narrowly. 

4611
04:08:40,100 --> 04:08:43,600
You once developed a terrible 
cough, during great silence went

4612
04:08:43,600 --> 04:08:46,200
to the infirmary seeking 
medicine and had to communicate 

4613
04:08:46,200 --> 04:08:49,000
your symptoms entirely through 
gestures while brother, William 

4614
04:08:49,000 --> 04:08:52,800
watched with increasing 
confusion until you finally mind

4615
04:08:52,800 --> 04:08:54,800
coughing. 
So dramatically that he 

4616
04:08:54,800 --> 04:08:57,100
understood and provided syrup 
though. 

4617
04:08:57,100 --> 04:09:00,200
He also gave you a stern look, 
suggesting your exaggerating for

4618
04:09:00,200 --> 04:09:03,700
attention, which you weren't 
Though the dramatic coughing, 

4619
04:09:03,700 --> 04:09:06,700
mine might have been slightly 
over the top, the scriptorium 

4620
04:09:06,700 --> 04:09:09,200
maintained silence even during 
speaking hours, because 

4621
04:09:09,200 --> 04:09:13,200
concentration requires quiet. 
This creates weird situations 

4622
04:09:13,200 --> 04:09:16,600
where you're allowed to talk but
chose not to and the silence 

4623
04:09:16,600 --> 04:09:19,700
becomes voluntary rather than 
mandatory which feels different 

4624
04:09:19,700 --> 04:09:22,500
somehow. 
Brother Edmund claims he prefers

4625
04:09:22,500 --> 04:09:25,800
working in silence because it 
lets him Focus but you've 

4626
04:09:25,800 --> 04:09:28,400
noticed he's also the first 
person to start conversations. 

4627
04:09:28,400 --> 04:09:31,700
When speaking is permitted, 
suggesting his love of Silence. 

4628
04:09:31,700 --> 04:09:34,600
Might be more theoretical than 
practical walking through the 

4629
04:09:34,600 --> 04:09:38,300
Cloister during great silence, 
you become aware of your body's 

4630
04:09:38,300 --> 04:09:41,800
sounds breath. 
Heartbeat joints cracking 

4631
04:09:41,800 --> 04:09:45,400
stomach gurgling. 
These noises that disappear into

4632
04:09:45,400 --> 04:09:47,900
normal daily. 
Chaos become prominent in quiet,

4633
04:09:47,900 --> 04:09:50,900
making you self-conscious about 
biological functions. 

4634
04:09:50,900 --> 04:09:53,800
You can't control rather 
Thomas's knees. 

4635
04:09:53,800 --> 04:09:56,900
Sound like breaking branches. 
When he kneels during silent 

4636
04:09:56,900 --> 04:10:00,200
prayers, everyone can hear them.
And you can sense his 

4637
04:10:00,200 --> 04:10:02,500
embarrassment through his rigid 
posture, though. 

4638
04:10:02,500 --> 04:10:05,000
Nobody acknowledges it because 
acknowledging would require 

4639
04:10:05,000 --> 04:10:07,900
speaking or gesturing and both 
would be rude. 

4640
04:10:07,900 --> 04:10:10,900
The monasteries cats maintain 
their own counsel regarding 

4641
04:10:10,900 --> 04:10:13,400
silence. 
They vocalize whenever they want

4642
04:10:13,400 --> 04:10:17,600
meowing for food, hissing at 
mice and making strange sounds 

4643
04:10:17,600 --> 04:10:20,300
during mating season. 
That wake everyone and generate 

4644
04:10:20,300 --> 04:10:22,900
the next days, only breakfast 
conversation because apparently 

4645
04:10:22,900 --> 04:10:25,900
cat sounds don't count as 
breaking silence when discussing

4646
04:10:25,900 --> 04:10:28,400
them. 
Brother, Jeffrey feeds the cat's

4647
04:10:28,400 --> 04:10:30,500
kitchen scraps. 
And claims they earn their keep 

4648
04:10:30,500 --> 04:10:33,500
catching rodents though you've 
observed more sleeping than 

4649
04:10:33,500 --> 04:10:35,800
rodent catching. 
Suggesting the cats. 

4650
04:10:35,800 --> 04:10:39,400
Understand they've achieved an 
excellent Arrangement snowfall, 

4651
04:10:39,400 --> 04:10:42,700
during great silence creates 
particular Beauty the complete 

4652
04:10:42,700 --> 04:10:46,300
absence of sound as flakes 
accumulate white appearing, from

4653
04:10:46,300 --> 04:10:49,300
Darkness covering everything in 
soft blankets. 

4654
04:10:49,300 --> 04:10:53,200
That muffle even normal Quiet. 
Sounds you stand in The Cloister

4655
04:10:53,200 --> 04:10:56,700
watching snowfall breath, 
visible in cold air, and feel 

4656
04:10:56,700 --> 04:10:58,700
connected to. 
Every other person who's ever 

4657
04:10:58,700 --> 04:11:01,900
watched snowfall in silence, 
which is probably everyone 

4658
04:11:01,900 --> 04:11:05,200
throughout history, making this 
moment, both personal and 

4659
04:11:05,200 --> 04:11:10,600
Universal, both isolated and 
shared the Bell that ends Great 

4660
04:11:10,600 --> 04:11:13,400
silence at Prime sounds like 
Liberation though. 

4661
04:11:13,400 --> 04:11:15,500
Nobody immediately starts 
talking because you're all in 

4662
04:11:15,500 --> 04:11:18,100
church and church requires 
relative quiet anyway. 

4663
04:11:19,200 --> 04:11:21,900
But the permission to speak 
changes everything, the 

4664
04:11:21,900 --> 04:11:24,800
airfields, less dense, your 
posture, relaxes and the world 

4665
04:11:24,800 --> 04:11:28,400
reopens, and then you process 
out of church and someone says 

4666
04:11:28,400 --> 04:11:32,700
cold this morning and someone 
else responds, indeed, and these

4667
04:11:32,700 --> 04:11:35,800
minimal words feel profound 
after hours of Silence. 

4668
04:11:36,600 --> 04:11:39,400
Human connection restored 
through the simple exchange of 

4669
04:11:39,400 --> 04:11:42,600
obvious observations about 
whether midwinter brings a 

4670
04:11:42,600 --> 04:11:44,800
particular kind of 
contemplation, that's different 

4671
04:11:44,800 --> 04:11:46,200
from other Seasons, 
introspection. 

4672
04:11:47,100 --> 04:11:49,400
When you're cold and 
uncomfortable and spending long 

4673
04:11:49,400 --> 04:11:53,000
hours and darkness your mind 
turns inward because outward 

4674
04:11:53,000 --> 04:11:56,600
offers little that's Pleasant. 
You think about your life, that 

4675
04:11:56,600 --> 04:11:58,500
decisions that led here, the 
path. 

4676
04:11:58,500 --> 04:12:01,600
You've walked the person you've 
become through years of prayer 

4677
04:12:01,600 --> 04:12:05,300
and cold and turnip stew. 
You chose this life at 23 years 

4678
04:12:05,300 --> 04:12:08,500
old, young enough to be 
idealistic old enough to know, 

4679
04:12:08,500 --> 04:12:11,500
you are making a real 
commitment. the world outside 

4680
04:12:11,500 --> 04:12:15,600
offered other paths, marriage 
trade work, farming City Life, 

4681
04:12:16,400 --> 04:12:19,900
But you felt called to monastic 
life drawn to the combination of

4682
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:23,500
community, and Solitude prayer 
and work, and the structure that

4683
04:12:23,500 --> 04:12:25,500
makes sense of an otherwise 
chaotic existence. 

4684
04:12:25,500 --> 04:12:29,500
Your family didn't understand 
your friends thought you were 

4685
04:12:29,500 --> 04:12:32,700
crazy, maybe they were right. 
But you chose anyway. 

4686
04:12:32,700 --> 04:12:36,400
And here, you are 32 Winter's 
later still choosing this life 

4687
04:12:36,400 --> 04:12:37,700
daily. 
Even when it's difficult, 

4688
04:12:37,700 --> 04:12:41,500
especially when its difficult, 
the monastery has shaped you in 

4689
04:12:41,508 --> 04:12:44,900
ways you couldn't have predicted
your handwriting improved from 

4690
04:12:44,900 --> 04:12:48,700
years of copying, manuscripts 
your patients increased from 

4691
04:12:48,700 --> 04:12:51,800
years of dealing with brother, 
Thomas's snoring, brother, 

4692
04:12:51,800 --> 04:12:54,800
Martin's opinions, and brother, 
Peter's constant questions. 

4693
04:12:55,900 --> 04:12:59,500
Your body adapted to cold 
learned to sleep on straw and 

4694
04:12:59,500 --> 04:13:02,800
adjusted to limited food, you 
became different than who you 

4695
04:13:02,800 --> 04:13:06,800
were changed by repetition and 
ritual and the slow grinding of 

4696
04:13:06,800 --> 04:13:08,700
daily life against 
personalities. 

4697
04:13:08,700 --> 04:13:11,100
Rough edges, some changes were 
losses. 

4698
04:13:11,100 --> 04:13:14,300
You forgotten what it feels like
to have privacy to make your own

4699
04:13:14,300 --> 04:13:17,200
decisions about your daily 
schedule and to eat whenever 

4700
04:13:17,200 --> 04:13:19,300
you're hungry rather than when 
Bells permit. 

4701
04:13:19,900 --> 04:13:22,800
You've lost the spontaneity that
makes secular life interesting. 

4702
04:13:22,800 --> 04:13:26,000
You can't suddenly decide to 
visit a friend, take a day off 

4703
04:13:26,000 --> 04:13:29,500
or sleep late. 
Every hour is planned every day 

4704
04:13:29,500 --> 04:13:31,800
follows a pattern. 
And while this structure 

4705
04:13:31,800 --> 04:13:34,900
provides Comfort, it also 
restricts freedom in ways you 

4706
04:13:34,900 --> 04:13:37,600
sometimes Miss, but other 
changes were games. 

4707
04:13:37,600 --> 04:13:40,200
You've learned skills, you'd 
never have learned otherwise. 

4708
04:13:40,200 --> 04:13:44,300
Latin manuscript copying. 
Herbal medicine from Brother, 

4709
04:13:44,300 --> 04:13:47,900
William and basic carpentry from
Brother Steve and you've read 

4710
04:13:47,908 --> 04:13:52,000
books, most people never access 
theological texts philosophical 

4711
04:13:52,000 --> 04:13:55,700
works and classical literature. 
Your education exceeds what any 

4712
04:13:55,700 --> 04:13:59,300
normal person receives, which is
strange, considering you chose a

4713
04:13:59,300 --> 04:14:03,700
life to find by poverty Chastity
and obedience The monastery gave

4714
04:14:03,700 --> 04:14:06,900
you intellectual wealth while 
requiring material poverty, the 

4715
04:14:06,900 --> 04:14:09,200
community became your family 
though. 

4716
04:14:09,200 --> 04:14:12,000
Not the way families usually 
work, you're not related by 

4717
04:14:12,000 --> 04:14:15,400
blood, you didn't choose the 
specific people and you wouldn't

4718
04:14:15,400 --> 04:14:17,500
necessarily be friends in other 
circumstances. 

4719
04:14:17,500 --> 04:14:21,200
But you share life in ways that 
transcend, normal friendship, 

4720
04:14:21,200 --> 04:14:23,400
you know brother, John's 
breathing pattern when he 

4721
04:14:23,400 --> 04:14:26,000
sleeps. 
You recognize brother Martin's 

4722
04:14:26,000 --> 04:14:29,100
Footsteps in corridors and you 
can predict brother Peter's 

4723
04:14:29,100 --> 04:14:32,900
reactions to various situations.
This intimate knowledge creates 

4724
04:14:32,900 --> 04:14:35,600
bonds stronger than friendship 
but different from family, 

4725
04:14:35,600 --> 04:14:39,200
something unique to communal 
living you think about God. 

4726
04:14:39,200 --> 04:14:42,400
More than you did as a young 
man, which seems obvious that 

4727
04:14:42,400 --> 04:14:46,000
you're among and thinking about 
God, is basically your job, but 

4728
04:14:46,000 --> 04:14:49,100
it's not just quantity. 
The quality change too. 

4729
04:14:49,900 --> 04:14:53,500
Your understanding deepened and 
became more complex, you became 

4730
04:14:53,500 --> 04:14:56,500
less certain about details, but 
more confident about Essentials.

4731
04:14:57,200 --> 04:14:59,800
You've stopped worrying about 
theological minutiae that 

4732
04:14:59,800 --> 04:15:02,600
consumed your Youth and started 
focusing on practical 

4733
04:15:02,600 --> 04:15:06,500
spirituality how to actually 
live Faithfully rather than how 

4734
04:15:06,500 --> 04:15:08,600
to perfectly explain Faith 
prayer. 

4735
04:15:08,600 --> 04:15:12,500
Change from words to presents. 
when you were young, you prayed 

4736
04:15:12,500 --> 04:15:16,500
verbally asking for things, 
reciting memorized prayers and 

4737
04:15:16,500 --> 04:15:19,700
speaking constantly to God, like
God, might forget you existed if

4738
04:15:19,700 --> 04:15:23,900
you stop talking, Now, prayer is
mostly silenced being present, 

4739
04:15:23,900 --> 04:15:27,100
paying attention and listening 
rather than speaking. 

4740
04:15:27,100 --> 04:15:30,500
You're not sure, God hears you 
differently, but you hear God 

4741
04:15:30,500 --> 04:15:32,000
differently, which might be the 
same thing. 

4742
04:15:32,000 --> 04:15:35,400
The doubts came to particularly 
during winter when discomfort 

4743
04:15:35,400 --> 04:15:38,300
makes everything harder Some 
nights you lie in your cold, 

4744
04:15:38,300 --> 04:15:41,000
sell wondering if you've wasted 
your life if you should have 

4745
04:15:41,000 --> 04:15:44,500
chosen marriage and children and
normal existence you think about

4746
04:15:44,500 --> 04:15:47,000
the warmth you're missing. 
The experience is you'll never 

4747
04:15:47,000 --> 04:15:49,900
have and the alternate versions 
of yourself, living different 

4748
04:15:49,900 --> 04:15:53,200
lives in parallel, worlds. 
You'll never access these 

4749
04:15:53,200 --> 04:15:54,500
doubts. 
Don't mean you'll leave. 

4750
04:15:54,500 --> 04:15:58,200
You've committed to deeply for 
that but they create Shadows on 

4751
04:15:58,200 --> 04:16:00,500
otherwise. 
Clear conviction, brother Paul 

4752
04:16:00,500 --> 04:16:04,100
represents who you used to be 
full of enthusiasm and certainty

4753
04:16:04,100 --> 04:16:05,900
and surprised at Monastery 
realities. 

4754
04:16:05,900 --> 04:16:09,000
Watching him struggle through. 
His first winter brings back, 

4755
04:16:09,000 --> 04:16:12,000
memories of your own first 
winter, how shocking, everything

4756
04:16:12,000 --> 04:16:15,200
seemed and how you questioned 
whether You'd Survive and 

4757
04:16:15,200 --> 04:16:18,400
whether this was worth it, you 
want to tell him it gets easier,

4758
04:16:18,400 --> 04:16:21,800
except it doesn't really you 
just get tougher which isn't the

4759
04:16:21,800 --> 04:16:23,700
same thing, but achieve similar 
results. 

4760
04:16:24,400 --> 04:16:26,500
Experience doesn't make cold 
comfortable. 

4761
04:16:26,500 --> 04:16:31,100
Just bearable, you've seen 
monks, leave deciding this life 

4762
04:16:31,100 --> 04:16:34,700
wasn't for their departing for 
the secular world without shame 

4763
04:16:34,700 --> 04:16:36,900
because nobody should continue 
living wrong for them. 

4764
04:16:36,900 --> 04:16:41,200
Just because they started, 
you've seen monks die, buried in

4765
04:16:41,200 --> 04:16:43,900
the cemetery behind the church, 
their cells emptied. 

4766
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:47,400
Their possessions distributed 
their space in the choir filled 

4767
04:16:47,400 --> 04:16:52,400
by whoever's next and seniority.
Death and departure, both create

4768
04:16:52,400 --> 04:16:56,200
absence holes in community 
fabric, that eventually mend, 

4769
04:16:56,200 --> 04:16:59,200
but never quite disappear. 
The monastery will Outlast you, 

4770
04:16:59,200 --> 04:17:01,200
which is both comforting and 
sobering. 

4771
04:17:02,100 --> 04:17:04,600
Stones stood before you arrived 
and will stand after your 

4772
04:17:04,600 --> 04:17:06,900
buried. 
Future monks will sleep in your 

4773
04:17:06,908 --> 04:17:09,500
cell. 
Pray in your choir stall and 

4774
04:17:09,500 --> 04:17:11,900
walk paths. 
You walked they'll experience 

4775
04:17:11,900 --> 04:17:15,200
their own Winters, develop their
own doubts and find their own 

4776
04:17:15,200 --> 04:17:18,400
reasons to stay. 
The continuity connects you to 

4777
04:17:18,408 --> 04:17:21,700
the past and future and makes 
your life part of a larger 

4778
04:17:21,700 --> 04:17:24,400
pattern that transcends 
individual existence. 

4779
04:17:24,400 --> 04:17:28,600
Looking back across 32 Winters, 
you see growth, you couldn't see

4780
04:17:28,600 --> 04:17:31,500
while living through it. the 
young man who arrived here 

4781
04:17:31,500 --> 04:17:35,700
doesn't exist anymore replaced 
by someone Karma, deeper and 

4782
04:17:35,700 --> 04:17:39,800
more patient, but also more 
tired and colder and sometimes 

4783
04:17:39,800 --> 04:17:43,800
grumpy about turning its You 
became who this life made, you 

4784
04:17:43,800 --> 04:17:48,600
shaped by repetition refined by 
difficulty and transformed by 

4785
04:17:48,600 --> 04:17:51,800
years of choosing the same 
difficult Choice daily tomorrow.

4786
04:17:51,800 --> 04:17:54,000
You'll wake cold crayon 
Darkness. 

4787
04:17:54,000 --> 04:17:58,200
Eat insufficient food work 
despite his comfort Pray Again, 

4788
04:17:58,200 --> 04:18:01,800
sleep poorly and repeat This is 
your life. 

4789
04:18:02,500 --> 04:18:04,700
This is your choice and most 
days. 

4790
04:18:04,700 --> 04:18:07,000
They're not all days. 
You're grateful for it. 

4791
04:18:07,800 --> 04:18:11,200
Winter will end eventually 
spring will come with warmth and

4792
04:18:11,200 --> 04:18:14,300
growth and easier living. 
But winter teaches lessons 

4793
04:18:14,300 --> 04:18:19,400
spring can't teach endurance. 
Patience finding meaning in 

4794
04:18:19,400 --> 04:18:22,300
difficulty and Community 
sustained through shared 

4795
04:18:22,300 --> 04:18:24,700
suffering. 
These lessons matter. 

4796
04:18:24,700 --> 04:18:28,400
You've learned them slowly 
painful and thoroughly the bell 

4797
04:18:28,400 --> 04:18:30,500
rings for Confluence. 
Time to pray before sleeping 

4798
04:18:30,500 --> 04:18:32,900
time to choose. 
Again, the bell for vigils 

4799
04:18:32,900 --> 04:18:36,200
sounds at 2:00 in the morning, 
which is an objectively terrible

4800
04:18:36,200 --> 04:18:39,200
time to wake up and has been a 
terrible time to wake up for 

4801
04:18:39,200 --> 04:18:41,900
centuries. 
Suggesting either medieval monks

4802
04:18:41,900 --> 04:18:44,900
enjoyed suffering or they never 
figured out better scheduling. 

4803
04:18:46,000 --> 04:18:49,800
You surface from shallow sleep 
initially, confused by Darkness,

4804
04:18:49,800 --> 04:18:52,300
still exists. 
Then remembering, this is 

4805
04:18:52,300 --> 04:18:55,000
normal. 
This is what you do every single

4806
04:18:55,000 --> 04:18:58,100
night. 
Waking complete darkness to pray

4807
04:18:58,100 --> 04:19:00,100
because apparently God needs 
attention. 

4808
04:19:00,100 --> 04:19:03,100
At 2, in the morning though, you
suspect God would understand if 

4809
04:19:03,100 --> 04:19:07,100
everyone just slept until dawn. 
But the rule is the rule and 

4810
04:19:07,100 --> 04:19:09,400
complaining about the rule 
accomplishes nothing except 

4811
04:19:09,400 --> 04:19:12,500
making you a complainer, your 
feet, hit the stone floor, and 

4812
04:19:12,500 --> 04:19:14,900
the cold shoots through your 
body, like, electric shock, 

4813
04:19:14,900 --> 04:19:18,000
which doesn't exist yet, but 
would be a perfect description. 

4814
04:19:18,000 --> 04:19:22,000
If it, did you fumble for your 
sandals and darkness, locate 

4815
04:19:22,000 --> 04:19:25,100
them eventually and force your 
feet inside despite their 

4816
04:19:25,100 --> 04:19:27,600
protests. 
Your habit is wrinkled from 

4817
04:19:27,600 --> 04:19:31,800
sleep but adequate for church. 
Your face feels grimy but 

4818
04:19:31,800 --> 04:19:35,200
washing would require warm water
and warm water doesn't exist. 

4819
04:19:35,200 --> 04:19:38,200
So, you skip washing and just 
run your fingers through your 

4820
04:19:38,200 --> 04:19:40,800
hair, which doesn't accomplish 
much, but makes you feel like 

4821
04:19:40,800 --> 04:19:45,300
you tried the corridor outside. 
Your cell is utterly dark, no 

4822
04:19:45,300 --> 04:19:49,300
torches, no candles, the rule 
for bids waste and lighting, 

4823
04:19:49,300 --> 04:19:51,600
corridors for nighttime prayers 
would be wasteful. 

4824
04:19:52,400 --> 04:19:55,600
You navigate by memory, one 
hand, trailing along the wall 

4825
04:19:55,600 --> 04:19:57,800
feet. 
Shuffling to avoid obstacles. 

4826
04:19:59,000 --> 04:20:00,900
Other monks move through the 
darkness around. 

4827
04:20:00,900 --> 04:20:03,700
You silent Shadows heading 
toward Church. 

4828
04:20:04,500 --> 04:20:06,900
Someone stumbles and catchers 
themselves on the wall. 

4829
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:09,900
Making a thump that Echoes 
through Stone passages. 

4830
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:13,800
Nobody acknowledges this because
the great silence is still in 

4831
04:20:13,800 --> 04:20:15,500
effect. 
So you pretend you didn't hear 

4832
04:20:15,500 --> 04:20:18,000
anything. 
The church is slightly less dark

4833
04:20:18,000 --> 04:20:21,000
than the corridor because 
candles burn on the altar, their

4834
04:20:21,000 --> 04:20:24,700
Flames small, but sufficient to 
prevent complete blindness You 

4835
04:20:24,700 --> 04:20:28,300
find your quiet stall, through 
practice movement, Neil on the 

4836
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:31,600
stone step and begin night 
prayers, while your body screams

4837
04:20:31,600 --> 04:20:35,400
about being awake at this hour. 
The Latin prayers flow 

4838
04:20:35,400 --> 04:20:38,800
automatically your mouth forming
words without conscious thought,

4839
04:20:38,800 --> 04:20:42,500
which is good because conscious 
thought right now consists 

4840
04:20:42,500 --> 04:20:45,400
mainly of being cold and wishing
you were asleep. 

4841
04:20:45,400 --> 04:20:49,500
Vigils last 45 minutes, which 
feels like three hours when 

4842
04:20:49,500 --> 04:20:53,200
you're cold and tired. 
You stand, sit kneel and stand 

4843
04:20:53,200 --> 04:20:56,300
again, following the officers 
Rhythm, while your knees crack 

4844
04:20:56,300 --> 04:20:58,900
in your back, aches, and 
somewhere in the church, 

4845
04:20:58,900 --> 04:21:02,000
brother, Peter's stomach growls,
with enough volume that several 

4846
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:05,200
monks turned to look, despite 
great silence, forbidding 

4847
04:21:05,200 --> 04:21:08,700
acknowledgment of bodily sounds,
the sarms wash over. 

4848
04:21:08,700 --> 04:21:12,300
You like cold water, which is a 
terrible metaphor, but accurate 

4849
04:21:12,300 --> 04:21:14,800
because cold water is exactly 
what you feel like you're 

4850
04:21:14,800 --> 04:21:17,500
experiencing after vigils. 
Comes The Dead Zone. 

4851
04:21:17,500 --> 04:21:20,900
That gap between night prayers 
and Lords at 5:00 when you're 

4852
04:21:20,900 --> 04:21:23,300
supposed to sleep. 
But can't really because you're 

4853
04:21:23,300 --> 04:21:26,800
now awake and cold and your cell
offers no appeal whatsoever. 

4854
04:21:27,600 --> 04:21:29,900
Some monks returned to the cells
and try to sleep. 

4855
04:21:29,900 --> 04:21:31,800
Others. 
Stay in church, praying 

4856
04:21:31,800 --> 04:21:34,800
privately, you usually go to the
warming room and sit near the 

4857
04:21:34,808 --> 04:21:38,300
end of yesterday's fire, which 
provide minimal warmth, but more

4858
04:21:38,300 --> 04:21:41,000
warmth than your cell offers and
you're not proud of this 

4859
04:21:41,000 --> 04:21:42,900
weakness, but you're not above 
it either. 

4860
04:21:42,900 --> 04:21:45,600
The warming room contains 
several other monks with the 

4861
04:21:45,600 --> 04:21:48,300
same idea. 
All sitting on benches staring 

4862
04:21:48,300 --> 04:21:51,200
at A Dying fire. 
All pretending this is about 

4863
04:21:51,200 --> 04:21:53,400
spiritual reflection rather than
heat seeking. 

4864
04:21:54,700 --> 04:21:56,800
Brother Edmund nods at you, 
brother. 

4865
04:21:56,800 --> 04:22:00,200
John makes space on his bench. 
You sit down, feel the faint, 

4866
04:22:00,200 --> 04:22:03,400
warmth radiating from Stones 
around the fireplace and allow 

4867
04:22:03,400 --> 04:22:05,200
yourself to enjoy this small 
Comfort. 

4868
04:22:05,200 --> 04:22:09,900
Nobody speaks great silence 
continues until Prime, but you 

4869
04:22:09,900 --> 04:22:12,600
all share this moment of 
slightly less cold existence, 

4870
04:22:12,600 --> 04:22:16,200
which creates camaraderie that 
doesn't need words gradually, 

4871
04:22:16,200 --> 04:22:18,300
imperceptibly. 
The darkness outside begins 

4872
04:22:18,300 --> 04:22:22,100
changing quality. 
Not lighter, exactly but less 

4873
04:22:22,100 --> 04:22:25,500
absolute. 
The window shutters show faint 

4874
04:22:25,500 --> 04:22:27,700
edges, where Knight is thinking 
about becoming morning. 

4875
04:22:28,500 --> 04:22:31,200
This transition happens. 
So slowly you can't see it 

4876
04:22:31,200 --> 04:22:34,000
happening but if you look away 
and look back, the difference 

4877
04:22:34,000 --> 04:22:36,900
becomes apparent. 
The world is remembering how to 

4878
04:22:36,900 --> 04:22:39,400
have light though. 
It's taking its time about the 

4879
04:22:39,400 --> 04:22:42,900
process at 5:00, the bell rings 
for Lords, and you return to 

4880
04:22:42,900 --> 04:22:44,700
church and kneel again and pray 
again. 

4881
04:22:44,700 --> 04:22:47,600
Except now there's the faintest 
gray light coming through 

4882
04:22:47,600 --> 04:22:49,700
Windows. 
Making everything slightly 

4883
04:22:49,700 --> 04:22:53,500
visible You can see other monks 
faces pale and tired, but 

4884
04:22:53,500 --> 04:22:57,700
familiar, you can see the altar,
cross, the candles and the stone

4885
04:22:57,700 --> 04:23:01,200
walls, that contain your life. 
Dawn is arriving dragging 

4886
04:23:01,200 --> 04:23:05,000
morning with it reluctant, but 
inevitable, after Lords, comes 

4887
04:23:05,000 --> 04:23:08,700
Prime at 6:00 and now the light 
is definite gray, winter Morning

4888
04:23:08,700 --> 04:23:11,900
Light that reveals rather than 
illuminate through the church 

4889
04:23:11,900 --> 04:23:13,600
Windows. 
You can see The Cloister Garden.

4890
04:23:13,600 --> 04:23:15,700
It's part of visible through 
snow. 

4891
04:23:15,700 --> 04:23:19,800
It's herb beds, buried. 
And it's found in frozen solid. 

4892
04:23:20,500 --> 04:23:24,500
The view is Bleak, but real no 
longer hidden by Darkness just 

4893
04:23:24,500 --> 04:23:28,400
cold and waiting for spring like
everything else Prime ends and 

4894
04:23:28,408 --> 04:23:32,400
great silence ends with it and 
suddenly monks are talking soft 

4895
04:23:32,400 --> 04:23:35,200
conversations about daily tasks 
about Brother. 

4896
04:23:35,200 --> 04:23:38,100
Martin needing to check Grain 
Stores about brother Peter 

4897
04:23:38,100 --> 04:23:40,900
planning, to split wood about 
ordinary things made worth 

4898
04:23:40,900 --> 04:23:43,100
discussing Buy hours of enforced
quiet. 

4899
04:23:43,900 --> 04:23:47,300
The voices sound strange after 
silence like instruments after a

4900
04:23:47,300 --> 04:23:50,000
long rest, finding their 
pictures and rhythms again 

4901
04:23:50,000 --> 04:23:52,400
breakfast. 
Doesn't happen which remains 

4902
04:23:52,400 --> 04:23:55,400
terrible every single day, but 
particularly terrible in winter 

4903
04:23:55,400 --> 04:23:59,600
when your body desperately wants
calories, instead you go to your

4904
04:23:59,600 --> 04:24:03,300
work assignment for you. 
That means the scriptorium where

4905
04:24:03,300 --> 04:24:05,800
brother Robert has already 
organized today's projects and 

4906
04:24:05,800 --> 04:24:07,900
arrange materials with his usual
intimidating. 

4907
04:24:07,900 --> 04:24:11,800
Efficiently, you settle at your 
desk, prepare your quill open, 

4908
04:24:11,800 --> 04:24:14,800
the ink horn, and begin, copying
text while your stomach 

4909
04:24:14,800 --> 04:24:18,000
complains about lack of food, 
your hands complain about cold 

4910
04:24:18,000 --> 04:24:19,500
and your mind, complains about 
everything. 

4911
04:24:19,500 --> 04:24:22,700
But continues working anyway, 
because work is prayer and 

4912
04:24:22,700 --> 04:24:26,200
prayer is work and complaining 
as neither the morning passes in

4913
04:24:26,200 --> 04:24:29,100
slowing currents. 
You write letters on parchment 

4914
04:24:29,100 --> 04:24:32,800
concentrating, despite 
discomfort producing work that 

4915
04:24:32,800 --> 04:24:37,100
will Outlast you Outside the 
window, weak sunlight attempts, 

4916
04:24:37,100 --> 04:24:40,700
to warm the world. 
Failing but trying, which seems 

4917
04:24:40,700 --> 04:24:42,800
like an appropriate metaphor for
monastic life. 

4918
04:24:43,600 --> 04:24:45,900
Failing. 
But trying, continuing despite 

4919
04:24:45,900 --> 04:24:49,000
odds maintaining faith that 
effort matters, even when 

4920
04:24:49,000 --> 04:24:52,600
immediate results don't appear 
at noon, the bell rings for sext

4921
04:24:52,600 --> 04:24:56,100
and then immediately after comes
dinner, that first food of the 

4922
04:24:56,100 --> 04:24:58,700
day, that breaks your fast and 
reminds your stomach, that 

4923
04:24:58,700 --> 04:25:01,700
eating is something bodies. 
Do the refectory, smells 

4924
04:25:01,700 --> 04:25:03,500
fantastic. 
Because, brother Jeffrey has 

4925
04:25:03,508 --> 04:25:07,100
prepared bread and pottage. 
And after 14 hours without food,

4926
04:25:07,100 --> 04:25:10,100
even turn, it stew smelled like 
something worthy of 

4927
04:25:10,100 --> 04:25:13,100
Thanksgiving. 
You take your place, receive 

4928
04:25:13,100 --> 04:25:15,800
your portion and eat with the 
concentration of someone who 

4929
04:25:15,800 --> 04:25:19,000
understands that this meal 
matters that this food provides 

4930
04:25:19,000 --> 04:25:22,700
fuel for another day of cold and
work in prayer dawn has fully 

4931
04:25:22,700 --> 04:25:25,300
arrived now, bringing winter 
daylight that will last until 

4932
04:25:25,300 --> 04:25:29,000
4:00 maybe 4:30. 
If you're lucky, these brief 

4933
04:25:29,000 --> 04:25:31,900
hours of light become pressure 
and you use them efficiently 

4934
04:25:31,900 --> 04:25:35,900
working praying and moving 
through tasks with awareness 

4935
04:25:35,900 --> 04:25:39,200
that Darkness Returns quickly. 
The monastery operates on 

4936
04:25:39,200 --> 04:25:42,700
borrowed time between darkness 
and darkness, making the most of

4937
04:25:42,700 --> 04:25:45,300
light while it lasts. 
This is every day. 

4938
04:25:45,300 --> 04:25:49,700
Every winter, every year Dawn 
arrives reluctantly work 

4939
04:25:49,700 --> 04:25:52,500
continues. 
Regardless food comes eventually

4940
04:25:52,500 --> 04:25:56,500
evening returns to quickly and 
then the cycle begins again 

4941
04:25:56,500 --> 04:26:00,200
Bell's marking, time prayers, 
creating Rhythm and the 

4942
04:26:00,200 --> 04:26:03,000
community sustaining itself 
through shared experience of 

4943
04:26:03,008 --> 04:26:05,400
difficult living. 
You've done this thousands of 

4944
04:26:05,400 --> 04:26:07,600
times. 
You'll do it thousands more. 

4945
04:26:08,600 --> 04:26:12,000
Until you die, which will happen
eventually and someone else will

4946
04:26:12,000 --> 04:26:14,600
take your place to the same 
Bell. 

4947
04:26:14,600 --> 04:26:18,000
Pray the same prayers and 
experience their own cold Dawns 

4948
04:26:18,000 --> 04:26:21,400
in the same ancient building, 
winter evening arrives with its 

4949
04:26:21,400 --> 04:26:24,900
characteristic lack of drama 
daylight simply draining from 

4950
04:26:24,900 --> 04:26:26,900
the sky like water from a 
cracked pot. 

4951
04:26:27,800 --> 04:26:30,900
You stand in The Cloister after 
Vespers watching the last Light 

4952
04:26:30,900 --> 04:26:34,000
fade from the garden, where snow
lies and contoured drifts. 

4953
04:26:34,000 --> 04:26:37,700
And you think about Legacy what 
you'll leave behind what the 

4954
04:26:37,700 --> 04:26:41,100
monastery represents and what 
all this suffering in prayer and

4955
04:26:41,100 --> 04:26:42,900
cold accomplishes, Beyond 
Simple. 

4956
04:26:42,900 --> 04:26:45,200
Survival. 
The manuscripts in the library 

4957
04:26:45,200 --> 04:26:48,900
including 17, you've copied 
personally, will Outlast You by 

4958
04:26:48,900 --> 04:26:51,900
centuries, future Generations, 
will read words. 

4959
04:26:51,900 --> 04:26:54,700
You wrote thoughts, you 
preserved and knowledge, you 

4960
04:26:54,700 --> 04:26:57,100
help transmit They won't know 
your name. 

4961
04:26:57,100 --> 04:27:00,200
Scribes don't sign their work 
because pride is a sin and 

4962
04:27:00,200 --> 04:27:03,700
anonymity is a virtue, but 
they'll benefit from your labor 

4963
04:27:03,700 --> 04:27:07,400
that matters. 
That means something even if you

4964
04:27:07,400 --> 04:27:10,900
never receive credit, even if 
nobody remembers you existed, 

4965
04:27:10,900 --> 04:27:14,100
the younger monks like brother 
Paul will continue after you're 

4966
04:27:14,100 --> 04:27:17,200
gone learning from your example,
whether they realize it or not, 

4967
04:27:17,208 --> 04:27:21,000
they watch how you handle cold, 
how you maintain patience during

4968
04:27:21,000 --> 04:27:24,000
difficult times and how you 
navigate the balance between 

4969
04:27:24,000 --> 04:27:27,300
strictness and mercy, rule and 
compassion. 

4970
04:27:28,400 --> 04:27:30,600
Teaching happens through 
demonstration more than 

4971
04:27:30,600 --> 04:27:33,400
instruction and every action 
models possibility. 

4972
04:27:33,400 --> 04:27:37,200
Your showing them that people 
survive winter, that 48 years 

4973
04:27:37,200 --> 04:27:40,300
can be lived Within These Walls 
and More through demonstration 

4974
04:27:40,300 --> 04:27:43,400
that commitment, sustains 
itself, through repetition and 

4975
04:27:43,400 --> 04:27:47,000
Faith, the monastery itself 
represents a legacy of the 

4976
04:27:47,008 --> 04:27:49,900
individuals. 
These stones have housed monks 

4977
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:52,200
for two centuries and will house
them for centuries more, 

4978
04:27:52,200 --> 04:27:54,800
providing stability in an 
unstable world. 

4979
04:27:55,600 --> 04:27:59,600
Outside these walls kingdoms 
rise and fall Wars, devastate, 

4980
04:27:59,600 --> 04:28:02,700
population's diseases, spread 
and famines kill thousands. 

4981
04:28:04,500 --> 04:28:07,600
But the monastery continues 
maintaining a rhythm of prayer 

4982
04:28:07,600 --> 04:28:11,300
and work preserving knowledge 
and offering an example of Life,

4983
04:28:11,300 --> 04:28:13,900
organized around something 
Beyond immediate comfort and 

4984
04:28:13,900 --> 04:28:16,600
pleasure. 
That continuity matters deeply 

4985
04:28:16,600 --> 04:28:20,700
especially in winter when 
survival requires looking beyond

4986
04:28:20,700 --> 04:28:22,900
the present moment toward longer
Horizons. 

4987
04:28:22,900 --> 04:28:25,800
You've contributed to the 
monasteries practical survival, 

4988
04:28:25,800 --> 04:28:29,000
the garden improvements. 
You suggested that increase 

4989
04:28:29,000 --> 04:28:31,700
yield the copying work that 
brings income from other 

4990
04:28:31,700 --> 04:28:34,500
religious houses and the 
guidance, you've given younger 

4991
04:28:34,500 --> 04:28:37,100
monks about everything from 
manuscript preparation to 

4992
04:28:37,100 --> 04:28:38,600
surviving emotional 
difficulties. 

4993
04:28:39,400 --> 04:28:42,700
These contributions aren't 
dramatic but they're real small 

4994
04:28:42,700 --> 04:28:45,100
additions to the institution 
strength that will benefit 

4995
04:28:45,100 --> 04:28:47,000
people. 
You'll never meet the prayers. 

4996
04:28:47,000 --> 04:28:50,200
You prayed probably millions of 
words, across, thousands of 

4997
04:28:50,200 --> 04:28:53,000
hours, create something, you 
can't measure, but trust 

4998
04:28:53,000 --> 04:28:55,400
matters. 
You've participated in a 

4999
04:28:55,400 --> 04:28:58,900
continuous stream of worship, 
that extends backwards, through 

5000
04:28:58,900 --> 04:29:01,500
generations. 
And forward into an unknown 

5001
04:29:01,500 --> 04:29:04,800
future, connecting you to Moncks
throughout history and across 

5002
04:29:04,800 --> 04:29:08,100
geography. 
When you pray, you join an 

5003
04:29:08,100 --> 04:29:11,800
invisible Community spanning 
time and space United in 

5004
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:15,400
dedication to God and spiritual 
discipline that connection, 

5005
04:29:15,400 --> 04:29:18,500
transcends individual, mortality
brother William. 

5006
04:29:18,500 --> 04:29:21,400
The information talks, sometimes
about the healing work as a 

5007
04:29:21,400 --> 04:29:25,400
legacy, the illness is treated 
the pain reduced the suffering 

5008
04:29:25,400 --> 04:29:28,600
addressed you've helped him 
occasionally learning his 

5009
04:29:28,600 --> 04:29:31,400
remedies and you've seen how 
Medical Care, give him with 

5010
04:29:31,400 --> 04:29:33,600
compassion effects, people 
Beyond physical healing. 

5011
04:29:34,600 --> 04:29:37,100
People remember being treated 
with dignity during illness, 

5012
04:29:37,100 --> 04:29:41,000
they remember that someone 
cared, these memories shape, how

5013
04:29:41,000 --> 04:29:43,000
they treat others when they 
become the caregivers. 

5014
04:29:43,700 --> 04:29:46,900
Legacy spreads through 
concentric circles, touching 

5015
04:29:46,900 --> 04:29:50,000
lives in ways, you never witness
the community itself. 

5016
04:29:50,000 --> 04:29:52,600
This collection of flawed men 
trying to live according to 

5017
04:29:52,608 --> 04:29:55,600
difficult ideals represent 
something valuable that. 

5018
04:29:55,600 --> 04:29:58,600
You've helped sustain. 
You've been patient when Brother

5019
04:29:58,600 --> 04:30:01,700
Martin was insufferable, kind 
when brother Paul was struggling

5020
04:30:01,700 --> 04:30:04,900
honest, when brother Thomas 
needed correction and present 

5021
04:30:04,900 --> 04:30:08,100
when anyone needed listening 
Community doesn't maintain 

5022
04:30:08,100 --> 04:30:10,300
itself. 
Automatically it requires 

5023
04:30:10,300 --> 04:30:14,100
constant, repair, constant 
attention and constant choosing 

5024
04:30:14,100 --> 04:30:15,800
to remain. 
Even when leaving would be 

5025
04:30:15,800 --> 04:30:18,700
easier your choice to stay. 
All these years has helped 

5026
04:30:18,708 --> 04:30:21,100
others stay too. 
You think about the families in 

5027
04:30:21,100 --> 04:30:23,800
the village who brought sick 
children to brother, William who

5028
04:30:23,800 --> 04:30:26,800
have received food during 
famines, who found Refuge when 

5029
04:30:26,800 --> 04:30:29,500
their Cottages burned? 
The monastery serves the 

5030
04:30:29,500 --> 04:30:33,500
surrounding area in practical 
ways and your work growing food,

5031
04:30:33,500 --> 04:30:36,200
maintaining buildings, keeping 
the community functioning 

5032
04:30:36,200 --> 04:30:39,400
enables that service. 
You've never delivered food 

5033
04:30:39,400 --> 04:30:43,000
personally, never treated a sick
child but your labor made those 

5034
04:30:43,000 --> 04:30:45,900
actions possible Legacy includes
supporting others. 

5035
04:30:45,900 --> 04:30:48,800
Whose work is more visible. 
The skills you've learned and 

5036
04:30:48,800 --> 04:30:53,600
taught manuscript copying Latin 
translation herb, cultivation. 

5037
04:30:53,600 --> 04:30:57,200
Woodworking will outlive you 
through students who teach 

5038
04:30:57,200 --> 04:31:00,500
future students creating 
knowledge chains extending in 

5039
04:31:00,500 --> 04:31:03,700
definitely forward Brother Steve
and who taught you? 

5040
04:31:03,700 --> 04:31:06,400
Carpentry died. 
Three years ago, but his 

5041
04:31:06,400 --> 04:31:09,600
teaching lives in your hands as 
they work would and will live in

5042
04:31:09,600 --> 04:31:11,300
the hands of whoever you teach. 
Next. 

5043
04:31:11,300 --> 04:31:14,700
This is how human knowledge 
survives across Generations, 

5044
04:31:14,700 --> 04:31:17,800
through person to person, 
transmission, supplemented by 

5045
04:31:17,800 --> 04:31:20,400
written records, you won't be 
remembered individually. 

5046
04:31:20,400 --> 04:31:23,200
Which is strange to accept, 
because people generally want to

5047
04:31:23,200 --> 04:31:26,200
be remembered and what their 
lives to matter in ways, others 

5048
04:31:26,200 --> 04:31:29,000
acknowledge. 
But monastic life, explicitly 

5049
04:31:29,000 --> 04:31:32,300
rejects that desire, arguing, 
that seeking personal 

5050
04:31:32,300 --> 04:31:35,700
recognition is prideful, and 
that Anonymous contribution is 

5051
04:31:35,700 --> 04:31:37,900
more virtuous than celebrated 
achievement. 

5052
04:31:38,500 --> 04:31:41,100
You've made peace with this 
mostly though. 

5053
04:31:41,100 --> 04:31:43,700
Sometimes you imagine someone in
the distant future, reading your

5054
04:31:43,700 --> 04:31:45,600
copied manuscripts and 
wandering. 

5055
04:31:45,600 --> 04:31:48,800
Briefly about the Scribe who 
wrote them and that imagination 

5056
04:31:48,800 --> 04:31:51,000
brings satisfaction despite its 
vanity. 

5057
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:54,500
The graves behind the church. 
Contained. 47 months from this 

5058
04:31:54,500 --> 04:31:58,200
monasteries history, their names
recorded in the register, but 

5059
04:31:58,200 --> 04:32:01,800
their lives known only through 
sparse details dates of Entry 

5060
04:32:01,800 --> 04:32:05,200
dates of death and occasional 
notes about their work. 

5061
04:32:05,900 --> 04:32:08,400
You'll join them eventually. 
Become another name in the list.

5062
04:32:08,400 --> 04:32:12,200
Another body in Cold Ground, 
another Monk who came lived, 

5063
04:32:12,200 --> 04:32:15,900
prayed, worked and departed. 
The thought is sobering little 

5064
04:32:15,900 --> 04:32:18,900
comforting, your part of 
something larger than yourself, 

5065
04:32:18,900 --> 04:32:21,800
and that participation matters 
more than individual 

5066
04:32:21,800 --> 04:32:25,600
recognition. 
What monks do fundamentally is 

5067
04:32:25,600 --> 04:32:28,600
maintained an alternative way of
living in a world Toten, 

5068
04:32:28,600 --> 04:32:33,800
dominated by violence greed and 
immediate gratification, The 

5069
04:32:33,800 --> 04:32:36,800
monastery models different 
priorities community over 

5070
04:32:36,800 --> 04:32:41,000
individual Spirit over material,
long-term over short-term and 

5071
04:32:41,000 --> 04:32:45,000
discipline over indulgence. 
This model isn't perfect, isn't 

5072
04:32:45,000 --> 04:32:48,800
Superior in all ways and isn't 
suitable for everyone, but it 

5073
04:32:48,800 --> 04:32:52,800
exists, it persists, and it 
offers contrast to mainstream 

5074
04:32:52,800 --> 04:32:55,800
society. 
That contrast creates space for 

5075
04:32:55,800 --> 04:32:58,200
people to imagine different 
possibilities for human life. 

5076
04:32:58,200 --> 04:33:00,400
Winter will end as it always 
does. 

5077
04:33:00,400 --> 04:33:03,600
And spring will bring warmth and
growth and easier living. 

5078
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:07,900
Then summer with its abundance, 
Autumn with its Harvest and 

5079
04:33:07,900 --> 04:33:11,500
winter again cycling, endlessly 
forward, like, prayers through 

5080
04:33:11,500 --> 04:33:14,300
daily offices. 
You'll live through these Cycles

5081
04:33:14,300 --> 04:33:17,500
until you don't until you become
one of those Graves behind the 

5082
04:33:17,500 --> 04:33:19,300
church. 
And then, other monks will 

5083
04:33:19,300 --> 04:33:22,200
continue the same patterns, 
praying the same prayers, 

5084
04:33:22,200 --> 04:33:25,500
enduring the same Winters, and 
creating their own legacy. 

5085
04:33:25,500 --> 04:33:29,200
While, barely thinking about 
yours, but tonight standing in 

5086
04:33:29,200 --> 04:33:32,800
the cold Cloister watching the 
last like disappear, you feel 

5087
04:33:32,800 --> 04:33:35,300
connected to everyone who's ever
stood here watching. 

5088
04:33:35,300 --> 04:33:39,200
Winter Darkness arrive monks 
from centuries past and monks 

5089
04:33:39,200 --> 04:33:42,900
will come in centuries future. 
All experiencing similar moments

5090
04:33:42,900 --> 04:33:45,900
of reflection on cold evening's.
When survival seems like an 

5091
04:33:45,900 --> 04:33:49,900
achievement and continuation, 
seems like a purpose, you're not

5092
04:33:49,908 --> 04:33:53,200
alone even when physically 
isolated your part of a 

5093
04:33:53,207 --> 04:33:56,500
tradition, part of a community, 
part of something that 

5094
04:33:56,500 --> 04:33:59,500
transcends individual mortality 
in gives meaning to difficult, 

5095
04:33:59,500 --> 04:34:01,500
living, the bell rings for 
complete. 

5096
04:34:01,500 --> 04:34:04,599
One more office before sleep 
before Starting everything. 

5097
04:34:04,599 --> 04:34:07,500
Again tomorrow you turn from the
darkness outside. 

5098
04:34:07,500 --> 04:34:10,300
Walk toward the church and 
joined the procession of monks. 

5099
04:34:10,300 --> 04:34:12,800
Who've made the same walk 
countless times before and will 

5100
04:34:12,800 --> 04:34:17,099
make it countless times after 
This is your legacy, not 

5101
04:34:17,099 --> 04:34:20,599
anything, dramatic or memorable,
just the steady continuation of 

5102
04:34:20,599 --> 04:34:24,500
commitment, the daily choice to 
remain and the countless small 

5103
04:34:24,500 --> 04:34:27,599
actions, that together create 
something larger than their son.

5104
04:34:27,599 --> 04:34:31,300
You enter the church, take your 
place and begin to pray. 

5105
04:34:32,400 --> 04:34:37,800
Outside winter continues inside 
candles burn against Darkness 

5106
04:34:37,800 --> 04:34:42,300
between them, you can continue 
living the life, you chose cold 

5107
04:34:42,300 --> 04:34:46,000
and difficult and somehow still 
worth while still meaningful 

5108
04:34:46,000 --> 04:34:49,000
still yours. 
Thank you for joining us through

5109
04:34:49,000 --> 04:34:50,099
these Long. 
Winter nights. 

5110
04:34:50,099 --> 04:34:54,700
May you find warmth in rest and 
peace and darkness sleep well 

5111
04:34:58,800 --> 04:35:02,000
Your standing in a forest that 
would make any modern jungles 

5112
04:35:02,000 --> 04:35:04,000
seem almost Barren by 
comparison. 

5113
04:35:05,000 --> 04:35:09,099
The air around you, hangs thick 
and warm carrying the center of 

5114
04:35:09,108 --> 04:35:11,800
wet bark and decomposing 
vegetation. 

5115
04:35:11,800 --> 04:35:17,700
That rich earthy smell 
intensified 100 fold. 

5116
04:35:18,599 --> 04:35:22,400
Above your head, the canopy 
stretches so high. 

5117
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:27,700
That the individual leaves blur 
into a green Haze and shafts of 

5118
04:35:27,707 --> 04:35:32,200
Golden Light Pierce through like
spotlights on a stage. 

5119
04:35:32,200 --> 04:35:37,000
This is the late Cretaceous 
Period about 70 million years 

5120
04:35:37,000 --> 04:35:40,500
ago and your witnessing an 
ecosystem functioning at the 

5121
04:35:40,500 --> 04:35:45,000
peak of its complexity. 
A herd of Edmontosaurus moves 

5122
04:35:45,000 --> 04:35:48,099
through the undergrowth to your 
left, their duck bills. 

5123
04:35:48,099 --> 04:35:52,400
Methodically, stripping leaves 
from low-hanging branches, they 

5124
04:35:52,400 --> 04:35:54,599
move with surprising Grace, for 
Animals. 

5125
04:35:54,599 --> 04:35:58,599
The size of large trucks, their 
footfalls creating a gentle 

5126
04:35:58,608 --> 04:36:03,900
Rhythm against the forest floor.
One of them pauses to scratch, 

5127
04:36:03,900 --> 04:36:07,400
its flank against a tree. 
Trunk, sending a shower of bark,

5128
04:36:07,400 --> 04:36:11,400
fragments tumbling down the 
temperature, hovers around 85 

5129
04:36:11,400 --> 04:36:15,500
degrees Fahrenheit, System and 
stable year-round. 

5130
04:36:17,000 --> 04:36:20,700
There's no winter here. 
No Autumn chilled to prepare for

5131
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:25,599
the seasons exist, but their 
measured in subtle shifts of 

5132
04:36:25,599 --> 04:36:28,700
rainfall rather than dramatic 
temperature swing swings. 

5133
04:36:29,700 --> 04:36:32,800
During the wetter months, 
shallow Seas creep. 

5134
04:36:32,800 --> 04:36:36,800
Inland creating vast coastal 
wetlands where different 

5135
04:36:36,800 --> 04:36:41,700
communities of dinosaurs gather.
In the drier times these areas 

5136
04:36:41,700 --> 04:36:45,200
contract but they never truly 
disappear. 

5137
04:36:45,200 --> 04:36:50,500
You notice a Triceratops family 
browsing nearby, their massive 

5138
04:36:50,500 --> 04:36:53,400
thrill Shields. 
Catching the dappled sunlight 

5139
04:36:54,700 --> 04:36:58,000
The youngest one, still small 
enough that its horns a mere 

5140
04:36:58,000 --> 04:37:01,000
bumps stays close to its 
mother's flank. 

5141
04:37:01,900 --> 04:37:06,700
Their eating psyched those Palm 
like plants with thick Trunks 

5142
04:37:06,700 --> 04:37:12,000
and stiff waxy. 
The sound of their chewing is 

5143
04:37:12,000 --> 04:37:16,800
surprisingly loud. 
A constant Crunch and tear that 

5144
04:37:16,800 --> 04:37:20,099
forms the background music of 
this world overhead. 

5145
04:37:20,099 --> 04:37:22,700
A kettle Cutlass, glide's 
passed. 

5146
04:37:22,700 --> 04:37:25,800
His wingspan of the small 
airplane's. 

5147
04:37:26,800 --> 04:37:28,700
It's not flapping. 
It doesn't need to. 

5148
04:37:29,599 --> 04:37:32,900
The warm air rising from the Sun
heated, Earth provides all the 

5149
04:37:32,900 --> 04:37:36,300
lifted requires. 
You watch it, Shadow slide 

5150
04:37:36,300 --> 04:37:39,300
across the forest floor 
momentarily, darkening. 

5151
04:37:39,300 --> 04:37:43,300
The Edmontosaurus heard which 
doesn't even bother to look up. 

5152
04:37:44,200 --> 04:37:47,900
They've seen this Shadow a 
thousand times before the 

5153
04:37:47,900 --> 04:37:50,000
balance. 
Here isn't peaceful in any 

5154
04:37:50,000 --> 04:37:54,099
sentimental sense. 
A pack of smaller, theropods 

5155
04:37:54,099 --> 04:37:59,900
dramas each about the size of a 
wolf work together to separate a

5156
04:37:59,900 --> 04:38:01,700
juvenile hadrosaur from its 
group. 

5157
04:38:01,700 --> 04:38:05,900
It's calculated efficient and 
over quickly. 

5158
04:38:07,000 --> 04:38:11,099
Nature's accounting system. 
Keeping populations in check. 

5159
04:38:11,800 --> 04:38:16,000
Within an hour swarm of beetles,
and other insects will have 

5160
04:38:16,000 --> 04:38:17,800
started their work on the 
remains. 

5161
04:38:18,599 --> 04:38:21,900
By tomorrow, only scattered 
bones will Mark where it 

5162
04:38:21,900 --> 04:38:24,500
happened. 
But here's what strikes you most

5163
04:38:24,500 --> 04:38:29,300
the sheer abundance. 
Everywhere you look, something 

5164
04:38:29,300 --> 04:38:33,800
is eating growing reproducing or
decomposing? 

5165
04:38:34,900 --> 04:38:38,400
Biomass of this world exceeds, 
anything you've ever 

5166
04:38:38,400 --> 04:38:42,599
experienced. 
A single acre of this Forest 

5167
04:38:42,599 --> 04:38:46,800
contains more animal life than 
10 acres of modern rainforest. 

5168
04:38:47,800 --> 04:38:52,200
The flowering plants relatively 
newer rivals on The evolutionary

5169
04:38:52,200 --> 04:38:56,200
scene have exploded into 
countless varieties. 

5170
04:38:56,200 --> 04:39:00,800
And with them have come new 
species of insects which in turn

5171
04:39:00,800 --> 04:39:04,900
support, new species of small, 
mammals and lizards you walked 

5172
04:39:04,900 --> 04:39:08,300
to the edge of a river. 
It's water's Mercy with sediment

5173
04:39:08,300 --> 04:39:12,599
from recent rains Upstream. 
A group of parasaurolophus 

5174
04:39:12,599 --> 04:39:17,400
stands belly deep in the water. 
Their distinctive curved crests 

5175
04:39:17,400 --> 04:39:21,000
creating haunting calls that 
Echo across the landscape. 

5176
04:39:21,800 --> 04:39:26,200
Their communicating, but not in 
any way that suggests alarm. 

5177
04:39:27,200 --> 04:39:31,200
Just the ordinary conversation 
of a species comfortable in its 

5178
04:39:31,200 --> 04:39:34,500
environment. 
The water teams with life, too. 

5179
04:39:35,400 --> 04:39:38,200
Turtles. 
The size of coffee tables based 

5180
04:39:38,200 --> 04:39:40,600
on half submerged logs. 
Fish. 

5181
04:39:40,600 --> 04:39:43,100
You can't identify from any 
modern species. 

5182
04:39:43,100 --> 04:39:47,600
Dark between the dinosaurs legs.
Feeding on particles stirred up 

5183
04:39:47,600 --> 04:39:51,900
from the riverbed. 
A crocodilian relative longer 

5184
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:55,800
than your car watches from the 
shallows with eyes that break 

5185
04:39:55,800 --> 04:39:58,000
the water surface like 
periscope. 

5186
04:39:58,900 --> 04:40:02,500
Its patient. 
It's been patient for millions 

5187
04:40:02,500 --> 04:40:06,100
of years. 
This ecosystem has been refining

5188
04:40:06,100 --> 04:40:08,400
itself for longer than you can 
properly imagine. 

5189
04:40:09,500 --> 04:40:13,200
The ancestors of these creatures
emerged in the Triassic period, 

5190
04:40:13,200 --> 04:40:18,300
more than 200 million years ago.
since then they've survived 

5191
04:40:18,300 --> 04:40:22,700
planetary upheavals, sea level 
changes and the breakup of 

5192
04:40:22,700 --> 04:40:28,100
supercontinents, They've adapted
to ice ages and Global Hot House

5193
04:40:28,100 --> 04:40:31,400
conditions. 
They've evolved into forms that 

5194
04:40:31,400 --> 04:40:36,900
fly swim and dominate every 
terrestrial Niche from pole to 

5195
04:40:36,900 --> 04:40:39,200
pole. 
As evening approaches the light 

5196
04:40:39,200 --> 04:40:40,900
takes on a honey colored 
quality. 

5197
04:40:40,900 --> 04:40:46,900
The Sounds shift to daytime 
species, settle into roosting 

5198
04:40:46,900 --> 04:40:49,400
spots, while nocturnal 
creatures, begin their 

5199
04:40:49,400 --> 04:40:53,700
preparations. you hear the 
distant call of a Tyrannosaur, 

5200
04:40:53,700 --> 04:40:58,200
not the Hollywood raw but 
something deeper more resonant 

5201
04:40:58,200 --> 04:41:02,700
like an enormous drum being 
struck underwater It's not 

5202
04:41:02,700 --> 04:41:05,200
hunting yet. 
Just announcing its presence 

5203
04:41:05,200 --> 04:41:09,300
marking territory and a language
older than mountains. 

5204
04:41:09,300 --> 04:41:13,900
The stars begin to emerge and 
their different from the ones, 

5205
04:41:13,900 --> 04:41:17,500
you know. 
Constellation's that won't exist

5206
04:41:17,500 --> 04:41:21,500
for millions of years, 
Arrangements of light, that will

5207
04:41:21,500 --> 04:41:25,500
shift as continents drift and 
the Earth continues. 

5208
04:41:25,500 --> 04:41:30,300
Its patient rotation. 
But tonight, in this moment, 

5209
04:41:30,300 --> 04:41:35,300
everything seems eternal. 
This world feels like it could 

5210
04:41:35,300 --> 04:41:37,800
last forever balanced and 
perfect. 

5211
04:41:37,800 --> 04:41:42,100
In its ancient complexity your 
back in the same Forest. 

5212
04:41:42,800 --> 04:41:47,100
But something has shifted. 
At first, you can't quite 

5213
04:41:47,100 --> 04:41:51,100
identify, what's different? 
The Edmonton Soros is still 

5214
04:41:51,108 --> 04:41:54,400
here. 
The Triceratops still browse the

5215
04:41:54,400 --> 04:41:57,300
cycads. 
The temperature feels the same 

5216
04:41:57,300 --> 04:42:01,900
against your skin that familiar 
85 degree embrace. 

5217
04:42:03,100 --> 04:42:07,300
But then you notice the wet 
season lasted three weeks longer

5218
04:42:07,300 --> 04:42:10,400
this year. 
And the dry season that followed

5219
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:12,500
wasn't quite as dry as it should
have been. 

5220
04:42:12,500 --> 04:42:16,300
This is 10,000 years after your 
first visit. 

5221
04:42:17,300 --> 04:42:21,700
A blinking geological time, 
barely a footnote in the Grand 

5222
04:42:21,700 --> 04:42:25,100
Story of Earth. 
Yet for the creatures, living 

5223
04:42:25,100 --> 04:42:28,300
through it. 
These 10,000 years, represent 

5224
04:42:28,300 --> 04:42:33,900
400 generations of adaptation of
slight adjustments to changing 

5225
04:42:33,900 --> 04:42:37,900
conditions. 
The forest looks the same, but 

5226
04:42:37,900 --> 04:42:41,500
if you examined it closely, 
you'd find subtle differences in

5227
04:42:41,500 --> 04:42:45,400
which plants Thrive and which 
struggle, the rainfall patterns 

5228
04:42:45,400 --> 04:42:49,400
are becoming less predictable. 
Some years dumped twice, the 

5229
04:42:49,400 --> 04:42:53,300
expected amount of water, 
flooding, Lola, nesting, site, 

5230
04:42:53,300 --> 04:42:56,900
and drowning eggs, that were 
laid in traditionally, safe 

5231
04:42:56,900 --> 04:43:00,500
locations. 
Other years, bring drought that 

5232
04:43:00,500 --> 04:43:04,300
lasts just long enough to 
stress, the vegetation making 

5233
04:43:04,300 --> 04:43:07,600
certain plants flower at the 
wrong time or not at all. 

5234
04:43:08,500 --> 04:43:12,100
The dinosaurs are just, of 
course, they're remarkably 

5235
04:43:12,100 --> 04:43:16,400
adaptable. 
But adjustment requires energy 

5236
04:43:16,400 --> 04:43:20,900
and energy that goes toward 
coping with change is energy, 

5237
04:43:20,900 --> 04:43:26,200
that doesn't go toward growth 
reproduction or storing fat 

5238
04:43:26,200 --> 04:43:29,000
reserves. 
You watch a herd of hadrosaur's,

5239
04:43:29,000 --> 04:43:31,800
migrating earlier than they 
would have a few thousand years 

5240
04:43:31,800 --> 04:43:34,200
ago. 
They're following the rain. 

5241
04:43:34,200 --> 04:43:38,400
Now, rather than the calendar. 
Their internal clocks set by 

5242
04:43:38,400 --> 04:43:42,300
millions of years of consistent,
seasonal patterns are beginning 

5243
04:43:42,300 --> 04:43:46,500
to conflict with external 
reality. some individuals 

5244
04:43:46,500 --> 04:43:52,000
migrated in the old times in the
new The herd fractures becoming 

5245
04:43:52,000 --> 04:43:55,200
less cohesive. 
Smaller groups and more 

5246
04:43:55,200 --> 04:43:58,400
vulnerable to Predators. 
The ocean temperatures are 

5247
04:43:58,400 --> 04:44:01,300
rising too, though. 
The changes measured in 

5248
04:44:01,300 --> 04:44:03,400
fractions of a degree per 
millennium. 

5249
04:44:04,500 --> 04:44:07,800
The warm water holds less 
oxygen, and the great marine 

5250
04:44:07,800 --> 04:44:12,200
reptiles mosasaurs and 
plesiosaurs find themselves 

5251
04:44:12,200 --> 04:44:16,400
swimming deeper working harder 
to catch fish, that have also 

5252
04:44:16,400 --> 04:44:21,000
moved to cooler deaths. 
The coral reefs that line, the 

5253
04:44:21,000 --> 04:44:25,300
shallow Seas begin to show signs
of stress, their colors slightly

5254
04:44:25,300 --> 04:44:29,300
less vibrant fast forward. 
Another 20,000 years. 

5255
04:44:30,500 --> 04:44:34,100
Your standing in, what? 
Feels like the same spot but the

5256
04:44:34,100 --> 04:44:37,400
cycles that dominated. 
The understory have thinned 

5257
04:44:37,400 --> 04:44:41,100
noticeably. 
Flowering plants of moved into 

5258
04:44:41,100 --> 04:44:45,800
the gaps, but they're different 
species than before. once that 

5259
04:44:45,800 --> 04:44:51,400
tolerate more variable moisture 
conditions, The Triceratops are 

5260
04:44:51,400 --> 04:44:55,000
still here. 
Still eating But you notice 

5261
04:44:55,000 --> 04:44:58,800
their spending more time, 
selecting their food passing 

5262
04:44:58,800 --> 04:45:02,700
over plants, they would have 
eagerly consumed before the 

5263
04:45:02,700 --> 04:45:07,300
volcanic activity has increased.
Not dramatically, there's no 

5264
04:45:07,300 --> 04:45:12,000
single catastrophic eruption to 
point to but across the globe, 

5265
04:45:12,000 --> 04:45:16,100
the number of active volcanoes 
has slowly multiplied. 

5266
04:45:17,100 --> 04:45:21,000
In what will one day be India? 
Massive, lava flows. 

5267
04:45:21,000 --> 04:45:24,200
Are beginning to build, what? 
Geologists will call the Deccan 

5268
04:45:24,200 --> 04:45:29,000
traps Each eruption adds another
layer of the salt and each 

5269
04:45:29,000 --> 04:45:33,600
eruption releases gases into the
atmosphere carbon dioxide levels

5270
04:45:33,600 --> 04:45:36,600
are creeping upward. 
The greenhouse effect 

5271
04:45:36,600 --> 04:45:39,400
intensifies. 
Slightly holding more heat, 

5272
04:45:39,400 --> 04:45:43,000
close to the Earth's surface. 
The polar regions which 

5273
04:45:43,000 --> 04:45:45,600
maintained ice caps for millions
of years. 

5274
04:45:45,600 --> 04:45:50,900
See those ice sheets retreat. 
Sea levels, Rising criminally, 

5275
04:45:50,900 --> 04:45:54,700
redrawing. 
Coastlines turning peninsulas 

5276
04:45:54,700 --> 04:45:58,400
into islands and flooding the 
shallow Inland Seas. 

5277
04:45:58,400 --> 04:46:01,600
Even further, he noticed 
something odd about the light. 

5278
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:05,500
On some days, there's a haziness
to the air that wasn't there 

5279
04:46:05,500 --> 04:46:08,900
before. 
Volcanic aerosols, tiny 

5280
04:46:08,900 --> 04:46:13,100
particles of sulfur and Ash. 
To sunlight differently, 

5281
04:46:13,100 --> 04:46:18,000
creating spectacular sunsets but
also reducing the overall 

5282
04:46:18,000 --> 04:46:23,200
Clarity of midday illumination. 
Plants photosynthesize slightly 

5283
04:46:23,200 --> 04:46:27,000
less efficiently. 
The difference is small may be 

5284
04:46:27,008 --> 04:46:33,200
5% but across an entire Global 
ecosystem, 5% compounds in to 

5285
04:46:33,200 --> 04:46:36,900
something significant. 
The larger of wars begin showing

5286
04:46:36,900 --> 04:46:38,700
subtle changes in their 
behavior. 

5287
04:46:38,700 --> 04:46:43,000
They feed longer each day to 
compensate for the decreased 

5288
04:46:43,000 --> 04:46:47,900
nutritional value in their food.
This means less time for social 

5289
04:46:47,900 --> 04:46:53,000
bonding less time for careful 
selection of mates and less time

5290
04:46:53,000 --> 04:46:56,000
for the elaborate courtship 
displays that some species 

5291
04:46:56,000 --> 04:46:57,800
developed over millions of 
years. 

5292
04:46:57,800 --> 04:47:02,300
Evolution starts favoring 
efficiency over complexity, 

5293
04:47:02,300 --> 04:47:07,700
another 50,000 years pass You're
now about a million years before

5294
04:47:07,700 --> 04:47:09,500
the end of the Cretaceous 
Period. 

5295
04:47:10,400 --> 04:47:14,200
The changes are no longer subtle
the forest around, you has a 

5296
04:47:14,208 --> 04:47:18,500
different character more open 
with larger gaps in the canopy 

5297
04:47:18,500 --> 04:47:21,800
where old Giants have fallen and
younger trees, haven't quite 

5298
04:47:21,800 --> 04:47:25,500
filled the space. 
The variety of plants species is

5299
04:47:25,500 --> 04:47:29,200
decreased noticeably where there
might have been 30 different 

5300
04:47:29,200 --> 04:47:33,900
types of ferns in a given area. 
Now, there are 20 the Edmund of 

5301
04:47:33,900 --> 04:47:38,100
Soros herds, have grown smaller,
not because of predation, but 

5302
04:47:38,100 --> 04:47:42,600
because the carrying capacity of
the land has diminished they're 

5303
04:47:42,600 --> 04:47:46,500
still plenty of food, but it's 
not quite as nutritious not 

5304
04:47:46,500 --> 04:47:50,200
quite as abundant in the 
specific nutrients that massive 

5305
04:47:50,200 --> 04:47:55,400
bodies require The juveniles 
take longer to reach adult size,

5306
04:47:55,400 --> 04:48:00,900
sexual maturity comes later. 
Fewer eggs, a lady each season 

5307
04:48:00,900 --> 04:48:05,100
and fewer of those eggs, hatch 
successfully the temperature 

5308
04:48:05,100 --> 04:48:06,900
swings of become more 
pronounced. 

5309
04:48:07,900 --> 04:48:12,800
What used to be a stable? 
85 degrees now flucht between 75

5310
04:48:12,800 --> 04:48:17,700
and 95 depending on the season. 
10 degrees might not sound like 

5311
04:48:17,700 --> 04:48:20,600
much. 
But for creatures that evolved 

5312
04:48:20,600 --> 04:48:25,200
in stability, whose metabolisms 
are tuned and narrow ranges, it 

5313
04:48:25,200 --> 04:48:29,700
represents a constant stress. 
The cold-blooded reptiles 

5314
04:48:29,700 --> 04:48:34,400
struggle most, but even the 
dinosaurs whose metabolism fell 

5315
04:48:34,400 --> 04:48:37,600
somewhere between modern 
reptiles and mammals feel the 

5316
04:48:37,600 --> 04:48:41,800
strain, you notice that the 
quetzalcoatlus you see now a 

5317
04:48:41,800 --> 04:48:45,700
slightly smaller than their 
ancestors, not dramatically, but

5318
04:48:45,700 --> 04:48:50,400
measurably large body size, 
becomes a liability when food is

5319
04:48:50,400 --> 04:48:53,800
less reliable. 
Evolution begins favoring 

5320
04:48:53,800 --> 04:48:58,200
individuals who can make do with
less who mature faster and who 

5321
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:02,500
reproduce young girl. 
The Magnificent Giants who took 

5322
04:49:02,500 --> 04:49:06,000
decades to reach full size find 
themselves at a disadvantage. 

5323
04:49:06,000 --> 04:49:10,300
The ocean currents are shifting 
as the continents, continue 

5324
04:49:10,300 --> 04:49:14,100
their slow dance. 
Cold water that used to well up 

5325
04:49:14,100 --> 04:49:17,500
along certain coasts, bringing 
nutrients that fed. 

5326
04:49:17,500 --> 04:49:21,200
Vast schools of fish. 
Now, follows different paths. 

5327
04:49:22,100 --> 04:49:24,100
The marine food chains 
reorganized. 

5328
04:49:25,100 --> 04:49:30,700
Some species of ammonite. 
Those spiral shelled swimmers 

5329
04:49:30,700 --> 04:49:33,700
that had flourished for hundreds
of millions of years. 

5330
04:49:34,700 --> 04:49:38,900
Begin to decline. 
Not disappear, not yet. 

5331
04:49:39,800 --> 04:49:42,800
But their numbers thin standing 
here. 

5332
04:49:42,800 --> 04:49:46,200
In this changing world, you can 
see that it still beautiful, 

5333
04:49:46,200 --> 04:49:49,300
still functional, still teeming 
with life. 

5334
04:49:50,000 --> 04:49:54,500
The dinosaurs still dominate, 
The Great herds still migrate 

5335
04:49:54,500 --> 04:49:59,100
Predators still hunt, but the 
margin for era has shrunk. 

5336
04:49:59,100 --> 04:50:04,200
The buffer that allowed species 
to whether bad years to survive,

5337
04:50:04,200 --> 04:50:06,300
local catastrophes, and 
population. 

5338
04:50:06,300 --> 04:50:11,800
Crashes has grown thinner. 
The ecosystem isn't collapsing 

5339
04:50:11,800 --> 04:50:17,000
but it's becoming less resilient
less able to absorb shocks. 

5340
04:50:17,000 --> 04:50:21,200
And the shocks you sent are 
coming your standing at the edge

5341
04:50:21,200 --> 04:50:25,200
of a marsh that didn't exist 
during your first visit. the 

5342
04:50:25,200 --> 04:50:29,700
land here is subsided slightly 
not from any sudden earthquake, 

5343
04:50:29,700 --> 04:50:33,900
but from the gradual settling 
that comes with changing sea 

5344
04:50:33,900 --> 04:50:38,700
levels and shifting settlement, 
What was once solid forest 

5345
04:50:38,700 --> 04:50:41,000
floor? 
Now, squelches beneath your feet

5346
04:50:41,000 --> 04:50:45,200
and the trees that grew here of 
giving way to read and water, 

5347
04:50:45,200 --> 04:50:48,800
loving plants. 
This is a 100,000 years before 

5348
04:50:48,800 --> 04:50:52,000
the end. 
The ecosystem hasn't collapsed 

5349
04:50:52,000 --> 04:50:56,300
but it has fundamentally 
reorganized itself. the food, 

5350
04:50:56,300 --> 04:50:59,700
webs, you observed, in your 
first visit has been rewired 

5351
04:50:59,700 --> 04:51:04,500
with new connections forming and
old ones severing The 

5352
04:51:04,508 --> 04:51:07,600
consequences Ripple through 
every level of life. 

5353
04:51:08,400 --> 04:51:13,000
Flowering plants of taken over 
where Ferns and cycads once 

5354
04:51:13,000 --> 04:51:16,100
dominated. 
Now Magnolia like trees and 

5355
04:51:16,100 --> 04:51:19,500
primitive relatives of modern 
roses and Lilies, create the 

5356
04:51:19,500 --> 04:51:23,500
canopy. this shift happened 
gradually enough that 

5357
04:51:23,500 --> 04:51:28,300
herbivorous dinosaurs adapted 
their diets But not all species 

5358
04:51:28,300 --> 04:51:33,800
adapted equally well. 
The serotonin that includes 

5359
04:51:33,800 --> 04:51:37,300
Triceratops, handled the change 
better than most. 

5360
04:51:38,900 --> 04:51:42,700
Their beaks and dental batteries
evolved to process, tough plant,

5361
04:51:42,700 --> 04:51:47,500
material, and flowers and seeds 
fit nicely into their dietary 

5362
04:51:47,500 --> 04:51:50,800
repertoire. 
But the long neck saw a pods are

5363
04:51:50,800 --> 04:51:53,500
struggling. 
Their massive bodies were 

5364
04:51:53,500 --> 04:51:57,700
optimized for processing. 
Huge quantities of relatively 

5365
04:51:57,700 --> 04:52:00,300
low nutrition Ferns and 
conifers. 

5366
04:52:01,300 --> 04:52:04,600
The new plants are more 
nutritious per bite, but they 

5367
04:52:04,600 --> 04:52:06,900
require different feeding 
strategies. 

5368
04:52:07,900 --> 04:52:12,000
Creature with a neck 40 feet, 
long can't easily browse the low

5369
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:16,700
growing flowering plants. 
You see fewer sauropods now and 

5370
04:52:16,700 --> 04:52:20,700
the ones you do see a smallest 
species more adaptable, in their

5371
04:52:20,700 --> 04:52:23,700
feeding habits, this creates a 
Cascade. 

5372
04:52:23,700 --> 04:52:28,700
The largest saw a pods were 
ecosystem Engineers, their 

5373
04:52:28,700 --> 04:52:32,100
feeding habits shape the 
structure of forests, their 

5374
04:52:32,100 --> 04:52:36,600
migrations created Pathways that
other species use and their dung

5375
04:52:36,600 --> 04:52:40,500
fertilized vast areas and 
dispersed seeds across hundreds 

5376
04:52:40,500 --> 04:52:44,100
of miles. 
As their numbers decline, the 

5377
04:52:44,100 --> 04:52:48,000
forest change, again, areas that
were kept clear by their 

5378
04:52:48,000 --> 04:52:50,400
browsing fill in with dense 
undergrowth. 

5379
04:52:51,400 --> 04:52:55,000
Species that depended on open 
Woodland, find their habitat, 

5380
04:52:55,000 --> 04:52:58,900
shrinking, the insect population
have exploded. 

5381
04:52:59,900 --> 04:53:03,400
The flowering plants and insects
evolved together in a feedback 

5382
04:53:03,400 --> 04:53:07,400
loop of mutual dependence. 
Plants offering nectar and 

5383
04:53:07,400 --> 04:53:10,100
pollen insects providing 
pollination. 

5384
04:53:12,200 --> 04:53:14,800
But with more insects come more,
insect eaters. 

5385
04:53:15,600 --> 04:53:19,800
Small mammals, which spent most 
of the Mesozoic Era as 

5386
04:53:19,800 --> 04:53:22,800
mouse-sized. 
Nocturnal creatures are 

5387
04:53:22,800 --> 04:53:28,300
diversifying into new forms. 
You spot one now about the size 

5388
04:53:28,300 --> 04:53:32,800
of a modern raccoon digging, for
beetle larvae and rotting wood. 

5389
04:53:33,600 --> 04:53:37,000
Its ancestors would have been 
terrified of even the smallest 

5390
04:53:37,000 --> 04:53:40,500
dinosaurs. 
This one barely glances at the 

5391
04:53:40,500 --> 04:53:43,600
Edmontosaurus, walking past the 
Predator. 

5392
04:53:43,600 --> 04:53:48,000
Prey Dynamics are shifting too. 
The great Tyrannosaurs are still

5393
04:53:48,000 --> 04:53:51,000
apex predators that they're 
hunting strategies. 

5394
04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:53,300
Have to adapt to changing 
pre-distribution. 

5395
04:53:54,600 --> 04:53:58,300
Herds that once congregated in 
predictable locations, now 

5396
04:53:58,300 --> 04:54:01,200
scattered across wider 
territories, following 

5397
04:54:01,200 --> 04:54:03,700
unpredictable, rainfall, and 
plant growth. 

5398
04:54:04,700 --> 04:54:10,500
Hunting success rates declined. 
More energy must be expended per

5399
04:54:10,500 --> 04:54:13,300
kill this affects their breeding
success. 

5400
04:54:13,300 --> 04:54:18,100
Tyrannosaurs, like, many, large 
Predators, have relatively few 

5401
04:54:18,100 --> 04:54:20,900
offspring. 
Each egg represents a 

5402
04:54:20,900 --> 04:54:25,100
significant investment of energy
and raising juveniles to 

5403
04:54:25,100 --> 04:54:29,600
Independence takes years. 
When food becomes less reliable,

5404
04:54:29,600 --> 04:54:32,800
the mathematics of reproduction 
shift. 

5405
04:54:34,000 --> 04:54:38,000
Fewer eggs are laid. 
More juvenile starved during 

5406
04:54:38,000 --> 04:54:41,500
their first year? 
The population doesn't crash. 

5407
04:54:41,500 --> 04:54:46,800
These are resilient animals but 
it contracts slowly and 

5408
04:54:46,800 --> 04:54:49,500
steadily. 
You walk along the new marshes 

5409
04:54:49,500 --> 04:54:54,200
Edge and notice something else. 
The diversity has decreased, but

5410
04:54:54,200 --> 04:54:58,300
the remaining species existing 
greater numbers. this is a 

5411
04:54:58,300 --> 04:55:01,700
pattern, you'll see throughout 
the ecosystem where there might 

5412
04:55:01,708 --> 04:55:07,400
have been 10 species of small, 
theropods now, there are six but

5413
04:55:07,400 --> 04:55:12,400
those six are more abundant 
Evolution favors generalists who

5414
04:55:12,400 --> 04:55:15,200
can adapt to changing conditions
over Specialists. 

5415
04:55:15,200 --> 04:55:19,300
Who excel in stable ones. 
The pterosaurs are perhaps the 

5416
04:55:19,300 --> 04:55:23,500
most visibly affected. 
Their Mastery of the Skies is 

5417
04:55:23,500 --> 04:55:27,700
being challenged by the earliest
true Birds, which evolved from 

5418
04:55:27,700 --> 04:55:31,000
small theropod dinosaurs 
millions of years early. 

5419
04:55:32,000 --> 04:55:35,900
Birds with their more efficient,
respiratory systems and more 

5420
04:55:35,900 --> 04:55:40,600
advanced flight capabilities 
compete increasingly successful 

5421
04:55:40,600 --> 04:55:45,900
for the same ecological niches. 
The largest pterosaurs remain 

5422
04:55:45,900 --> 04:55:49,100
unchallenged. 
No bird can match a kettle 

5423
04:55:49,100 --> 04:55:53,600
Catalyst for sheer size, but the
medium sized species find 

5424
04:55:53,600 --> 04:55:56,300
themselves. 
Squeezed between Birds above 

5425
04:55:56,300 --> 04:56:01,000
them on the evolutionary ladder 
and Below them in efficiency in 

5426
04:56:01,000 --> 04:56:03,200
the oceans. 
The changes are even more 

5427
04:56:03,200 --> 04:56:08,200
dramatic the shallow Inland sees
a retreating a sea levels fall. 

5428
04:56:08,200 --> 04:56:12,900
These Seas were incredibly 
productive, ecosystems nursery 

5429
04:56:12,900 --> 04:56:19,100
for a countless species of fish 
ammonite and marine reptiles As 

5430
04:56:19,100 --> 04:56:23,100
they shrink, they fragmented 
into isolated bodies of water, 

5431
04:56:23,100 --> 04:56:26,900
populations, that could want in 
to breed find themselves 

5432
04:56:26,900 --> 04:56:30,600
separated. 
Genetic diversity decreases. 

5433
04:56:31,800 --> 04:56:35,100
Species that depended on the 
vast extent of the Seas. 

5434
04:56:35,100 --> 04:56:38,700
Find their habitat, literally 
disappearing beneath them. 

5435
04:56:38,700 --> 04:56:42,900
The coral reefs are bleaching 
more frequently, they recover. 

5436
04:56:42,900 --> 04:56:46,400
But each recovery takes longer 
and is less complete than the 

5437
04:56:46,400 --> 04:56:49,700
last. 
The fish populations that depend

5438
04:56:49,700 --> 04:56:53,600
on the reefs declined. 
The mosasaurs that hunt those 

5439
04:56:53,600 --> 04:56:56,400
fish must range further to find 
prey. 

5440
04:56:57,500 --> 04:57:02,000
Energy expenditure increases 
while food intake decreases, 

5441
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:06,500
never sustainable equation. 
You notice the sounds of 

5442
04:57:06,500 --> 04:57:09,800
changed. 
The chorus of calls that fill 

5443
04:57:09,800 --> 04:57:11,900
the Cretaceous Forest has grown 
thinner. 

5444
04:57:12,800 --> 04:57:15,200
There are fewer voices and less 
variety. 

5445
04:57:16,000 --> 04:57:19,700
The Parasaurolophus still make 
their haunting calls, but you 

5446
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:23,700
hear them less frequently. 
Communication between distant 

5447
04:57:23,700 --> 04:57:28,000
herds has become more difficult 
as population to fragment and 

5448
04:57:28,000 --> 04:57:31,200
individuals spread out in search
of adequate food. 

5449
04:57:31,200 --> 04:57:36,300
The nesting colonies of shrunk 
too many dinosaur, species were 

5450
04:57:36,300 --> 04:57:40,200
communal nesters gathering in 
traditional sights that might 

5451
04:57:40,200 --> 04:57:42,100
have been used for thousands of 
years. 

5452
04:57:43,400 --> 04:57:46,300
But those sights depended on 
stable conditions. 

5453
04:57:47,100 --> 04:57:51,400
Specific soil, temperatures, 
reliable food sources, nearby 

5454
04:57:51,400 --> 04:57:56,300
and protection from flooding. 
As conditions become less 

5455
04:57:56,300 --> 04:58:00,300
predictable, the communal 
nesting tradition, breaks down. 

5456
04:58:01,400 --> 04:58:06,200
More dinosaurs nest in isolation
and isolated, nests are more 

5457
04:58:06,200 --> 04:58:10,300
vulnerable to predators, and 
whether standing here, watching 

5458
04:58:10,300 --> 04:58:14,100
a smaller heard of hydross, pick
their way through the marsh. 

5459
04:58:14,800 --> 04:58:17,700
You realize your witnessing 
something, profound. 

5460
04:58:18,700 --> 04:58:25,100
The ecosystem isn't dying that 
words too dramatic to sudden its

5461
04:58:25,100 --> 04:58:28,300
transforming that the 
transformation is taking it 

5462
04:58:28,300 --> 04:58:31,500
towards simplification rather 
than complexity. 

5463
04:58:32,700 --> 04:58:35,900
The intricate web of 
relationships that took millions

5464
04:58:35,900 --> 04:58:40,000
of years to develop his 
unraveling thread by thread the 

5465
04:58:40,000 --> 04:58:42,300
individual animals seem healthy 
enough. 

5466
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:46,500
That Triceratops drinking from 
the marsh shows, no obvious 

5467
04:58:46,500 --> 04:58:50,200
signs of distress, but the 
population, as a whole is 

5468
04:58:50,200 --> 04:58:54,800
shrinking fragmenting and losing
the genetic diversity, that 

5469
04:58:54,800 --> 04:58:58,800
allows species to adapt to 
Future changes their using up 

5470
04:58:58,800 --> 04:59:01,800
their evolutionary savings 
account drawing down reserves, 

5471
04:59:01,800 --> 04:59:05,300
that won't be replenished. 
And you sense stand in here. 

5472
04:59:05,300 --> 04:59:08,600
In this quieter world that the 
ecosystem has lost its 

5473
04:59:08,600 --> 04:59:14,000
resilience it's become brittle. 
A healthy ecosystem can absorb 

5474
04:59:14,000 --> 04:59:19,900
shocks droughts floods, volcanic
eruptions, and bounce back. 

5475
04:59:21,000 --> 04:59:24,300
This one is used up its capacity
to absorb shocks. 

5476
04:59:25,000 --> 04:59:28,900
It's like a person who's been 
sick for months, they look okay.

5477
04:59:28,900 --> 04:59:31,600
They're still going to work 
still functioning. 

5478
04:59:33,000 --> 04:59:37,400
But they're one bad flu season 
away from serious trouble, the 

5479
04:59:37,400 --> 04:59:40,300
bad flu season. 
You know, is coming you've 

5480
04:59:40,300 --> 04:59:44,300
arrived at a moment, 66 million 
and 100,000 years ago. 

5481
04:59:45,200 --> 04:59:50,000
The sky above, you has taken on 
a peculiar quality, not dark. 

5482
04:59:50,000 --> 04:59:54,100
Exactly but muted as if you're 
viewing the world through tinted

5483
04:59:54,100 --> 04:59:59,600
glass, Sun, still rises and 
sets, but it's light seems 

5484
04:59:59,600 --> 05:00:04,100
filtered to fuse and less vital 
than before the volcanic 

5485
05:00:04,100 --> 05:00:08,900
activity has intensified. 
Across the globe but especially 

5486
05:00:08,900 --> 05:00:11,800
in the massive province that 
will become the Deccan region of

5487
05:00:11,800 --> 05:00:14,600
India. 
Volcanoes are erupting with 

5488
05:00:14,600 --> 05:00:18,500
increasing frequency. 
These aren't the explosive 

5489
05:00:18,500 --> 05:00:22,100
Mountain shattering eruptions 
that will one day destroy 

5490
05:00:22,100 --> 05:00:25,500
Pompeii. 
There are a few silver eruptions

5491
05:00:25,500 --> 05:00:29,200
where lava flows steadily from 
fissures in the Earth's crust. 

5492
05:00:30,200 --> 05:00:33,600
Breading across the landscape 
like slow-moving floods of 

5493
05:00:33,608 --> 05:00:37,900
molten, rock each eruption 
releases more than just love. 

5494
05:00:39,000 --> 05:00:43,400
Sulfur dioxide rises in 
tremendous quantities, reaching 

5495
05:00:43,400 --> 05:00:46,800
the stratosphere where it 
combines with water vapor to 

5496
05:00:46,800 --> 05:00:51,300
form aerosols. 
Tiny droplets of sulfuric acid 

5497
05:00:51,300 --> 05:00:53,100
suspended in the upper 
atmosphere. 

5498
05:00:54,200 --> 05:00:58,900
These aerosols reflect sunlight 
back into space, creating a 

5499
05:00:58,900 --> 05:01:03,000
gradual dimming effect. 
The temperature drops slightly, 

5500
05:01:03,000 --> 05:01:07,200
maybe two or three degrees on 
average, but the reduction in 

5501
05:01:07,200 --> 05:01:11,500
direct sunlight affect plants in
immediately, your standing in a 

5502
05:01:11,500 --> 05:01:14,900
forest that feels subdued. 
The plants are still 

5503
05:01:14,900 --> 05:01:18,600
photosynthesizing and still 
growing, but more slowly. 

5504
05:01:19,600 --> 05:01:23,100
Leaves a slightly smaller and 
colors are slightly less 

5505
05:01:23,100 --> 05:01:26,100
vibrant. 
The flowering plants that 

5506
05:01:26,100 --> 05:01:29,200
revolutionize, the ecosystem are
producing fewer. 

5507
05:01:29,200 --> 05:01:33,500
Blooms the insects that depend 
on those flowers are declining. 

5508
05:01:34,500 --> 05:01:38,400
The Cascade continues upward 
through every layer of the food 

5509
05:01:38,400 --> 05:01:41,800
web, the Hydra saws, you have 
observe a feeding almost 

5510
05:01:41,800 --> 05:01:45,300
constantly, now, trying to 
compensate for the reduced, 

5511
05:01:45,300 --> 05:01:47,200
nutritional content of their 
food. 

5512
05:01:48,300 --> 05:01:52,400
A plant grow under optimal 
sunlight packs, more energy into

5513
05:01:52,400 --> 05:01:55,200
its tissues. 
Then one grown under dim 

5514
05:01:55,200 --> 05:02:01,000
conditions, The difference might
be 10 or 15% but over months and

5515
05:02:01,000 --> 05:02:05,700
years that deficit accumulates. 
The dinosaurs are slowly. 

5516
05:02:05,700 --> 05:02:09,800
Starving on full stomachs, you 
notice the younger individuals, 

5517
05:02:09,800 --> 05:02:13,100
most acutely a juvenile 
Edmontosaurus. 

5518
05:02:13,100 --> 05:02:16,800
That should be half-grown after 
two years is noticeably smaller.

5519
05:02:16,800 --> 05:02:20,200
Its growth stunted by inadequate
nutrition. 

5520
05:02:20,200 --> 05:02:24,000
It's not sick. 
There's no disease to point to 

5521
05:02:24,000 --> 05:02:28,000
but it's not thriving either. 
And not thriving, in Nature's 

5522
05:02:28,000 --> 05:02:31,500
ruthless accounting, is often 
functionally equivalent to 

5523
05:02:31,500 --> 05:02:34,100
dying. 
The seasons, have become more 

5524
05:02:34,100 --> 05:02:36,900
extreme. 
The dim sunlight affects 

5525
05:02:36,900 --> 05:02:40,600
different latte's differently 
disrupting the atmospheric 

5526
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:42,900
circulation patterns that drive 
weather. 

5527
05:02:44,300 --> 05:02:47,700
Summary regions experienced 
unprecedented droughts While 

5528
05:02:47,700 --> 05:02:51,200
others flood. 
The dinosaurs who evolved their 

5529
05:02:51,200 --> 05:02:54,800
migration patterns over millions
of years to follow predictable. 

5530
05:02:54,800 --> 05:02:59,400
Seasonal changes find themselves
arriving at traditional feeding 

5531
05:02:59,400 --> 05:03:01,700
grounds to discover the food, 
isn't there? 

5532
05:03:01,700 --> 05:03:06,200
Or it's already been consumed by
herds that arrived, early due to

5533
05:03:06,200 --> 05:03:10,000
their own climate driven. 
Desperation the acid, rain has 

5534
05:03:10,000 --> 05:03:13,800
begun those sulfur aerosols of, 
eventually fall back to Earth, 

5535
05:03:13,800 --> 05:03:19,300
carried down by precipitation. 
the rain itself becomes slightly

5536
05:03:19,300 --> 05:03:23,900
acidic, not battery acid 
caustic, but enough to affect 

5537
05:03:23,900 --> 05:03:29,100
sensitive species, Amphibians 
and freshwater fish suffer 

5538
05:03:29,100 --> 05:03:32,000
first. 
The insects that spend part of 

5539
05:03:32,000 --> 05:03:37,200
their life cycle in water 
decline, again the Cascade 

5540
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:40,400
ripples upward you watch a 
Triceratops heard. 

5541
05:03:40,400 --> 05:03:42,300
Bunched together beneath the 
rocky. 

5542
05:03:42,300 --> 05:03:44,800
Overhang waiting out a 
rainstorm. 

5543
05:03:46,200 --> 05:03:49,200
Their behavior seems normal 
enough, but if you could measure

5544
05:03:49,200 --> 05:03:53,300
the pH of that rain, you'd find 
its more acidic than any 

5545
05:03:53,300 --> 05:03:55,700
rainfall, their ancestors 
experienced. 

5546
05:03:56,900 --> 05:04:00,500
The water running off the Rocks,
carries dissolved minerals at 

5547
05:04:00,500 --> 05:04:06,000
concentrations that will over 
time alter the soil chemistry of

5548
05:04:06,000 --> 05:04:09,100
the entire region. 
The forest floor is changing. 

5549
05:04:10,200 --> 05:04:13,800
The layer of organic matter, 
fallen leaves Deadwood and 

5550
05:04:13,800 --> 05:04:17,300
decomposing plants. 
Seems thinner than before. 

5551
05:04:18,200 --> 05:04:22,400
The decomposers The Beatles and 
fungi and bacteria that break 

5552
05:04:22,400 --> 05:04:26,700
down dead material and return 
nutrients, to the soil are 

5553
05:04:26,700 --> 05:04:28,900
stressed by the changing 
chemistry. 

5554
05:04:29,800 --> 05:04:34,500
Nutrients cycle more slowly, the
soil becomes less fertile. 

5555
05:04:35,200 --> 05:04:40,900
Plants grow even more poorly and
the spiral Titans 50,000 years 

5556
05:04:40,900 --> 05:04:46,300
pass, you are now just 16,000 
years before the end though. 

5557
05:04:46,300 --> 05:04:50,700
You don't know that yet? 
The Skies of darkened further. 

5558
05:04:51,500 --> 05:04:56,000
Some days, the Sun appears as a 
pale disc behind a veil of 

5559
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:59,100
atmospheric Haze. 
The temperature fluctuates, 

5560
05:04:59,100 --> 05:05:03,000
wildly cold, snaps that would 
have been Unthinkable. 

5561
05:05:03,000 --> 05:05:08,100
A million years ago followed by 
brief periods of intense heat as

5562
05:05:08,100 --> 05:05:10,700
the greenhouse gases. 
Can continue to accumulate 

5563
05:05:10,700 --> 05:05:14,700
despite the cooling effect of 
the aerosols, the dinosaur 

5564
05:05:14,700 --> 05:05:16,900
population's have contracted 
significantly. 

5565
05:05:16,900 --> 05:05:21,200
You're seeing perhaps a 10th of 
the individuals, You observe 

5566
05:05:21,200 --> 05:05:25,300
during your first visit The 
great herds of fragmented into 

5567
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:29,600
small scattered groups. 
The Edmontosaurus family or 

5568
05:05:29,600 --> 05:05:32,300
watching now numbers only 12 
individuals. 

5569
05:05:32,300 --> 05:05:35,300
What would want to be in a heard
of hundreds. 

5570
05:05:36,000 --> 05:05:39,600
There the survivors the lucky 
ones whose genetics or 

5571
05:05:39,600 --> 05:05:42,500
circumstances, allowed them to 
cope better than others. 

5572
05:05:42,500 --> 05:05:47,300
But even the survivors of 
struggling You notice signs of 

5573
05:05:47,308 --> 05:05:51,500
malnutrition prominent ribs on 
the herbivores and a certain 

5574
05:05:51,500 --> 05:05:55,700
lethargy in their movements. 
The Triceratops You observe has 

5575
05:05:55,700 --> 05:05:57,800
an infection in one of its 
horns. 

5576
05:05:57,800 --> 05:06:01,700
Probably from a fight over 
increasingly scarce resources. 

5577
05:06:02,600 --> 05:06:05,800
In better times, its immune 
system would have fought off the

5578
05:06:05,808 --> 05:06:09,700
infection easily. 
Now compromised by chronic 

5579
05:06:09,700 --> 05:06:13,700
stress and poor nutrition. 
The infection is winning, the 

5580
05:06:13,700 --> 05:06:15,700
Predators are desperately 
hungry. 

5581
05:06:16,300 --> 05:06:20,700
A pack of Dramas Urus takes down
a youngster and in stead of the 

5582
05:06:20,700 --> 05:06:23,300
efficient kill you witness 
during your first visit. 

5583
05:06:23,300 --> 05:06:28,900
It's a prolonged Messier Fair. 
Predators a week too. 

5584
05:06:28,900 --> 05:06:32,300
Their reactions slower. 
They're called in nation in 

5585
05:06:32,300 --> 05:06:36,000
perfect. 
After the kill they defend, the 

5586
05:06:36,000 --> 05:06:38,400
car's more aggressively than 
necessary. 

5587
05:06:39,300 --> 05:06:41,600
Fighting among themselves over 
scraps. 

5588
05:06:42,800 --> 05:06:47,100
Guest City breeds desperation, 
the smaller animals, the 

5589
05:06:47,100 --> 05:06:49,400
mammals, the birds, and the 
lizards are fairing. 

5590
05:06:49,400 --> 05:06:52,600
Somewhat better. 
Their lower energy requirements,

5591
05:06:52,600 --> 05:06:57,500
and faster reproductive Cycles. 
Allow them to adapt more quickly

5592
05:06:57,500 --> 05:07:01,600
to changing conditions. 
You spot more mammals now than 

5593
05:07:01,600 --> 05:07:05,600
you've seen before. 
Foraging in broad daylight no 

5594
05:07:05,600 --> 05:07:08,500
longer restricting themselves, 
to nocturnal activity. 

5595
05:07:09,300 --> 05:07:13,100
The dinosaurs weakened and 
distracted by their own Survival

5596
05:07:13,100 --> 05:07:17,900
struggles, pose, less threat, 
the pterosaurs, are nearly gone.

5597
05:07:17,900 --> 05:07:22,200
You haven't seen one in hours. 
The largest species, which 

5598
05:07:22,200 --> 05:07:25,800
required vast quantities of food
to maintain their enormous 

5599
05:07:25,800 --> 05:07:29,900
bodies and power, their flight 
couldn't sustain themselves as 

5600
05:07:29,900 --> 05:07:32,600
food. 
Chains collapsed The medium 

5601
05:07:32,600 --> 05:07:36,900
sized species, lost their 
Competitive Edge to birds, only 

5602
05:07:36,900 --> 05:07:41,700
a few species persist and those 
in dwindling numbers in the 

5603
05:07:41,700 --> 05:07:44,500
ocean's. 
The situation is even more dire 

5604
05:07:45,400 --> 05:07:48,900
The marine reptiles those 
magnificent mosasaurs and 

5605
05:07:48,900 --> 05:07:52,600
plesiosaurs that ruled the Seas 
for millions of years are 

5606
05:07:52,600 --> 05:07:56,000
starving. 
The fish population they 

5607
05:07:56,000 --> 05:07:59,400
depended on her have crashed as 
the base of the marine food web 

5608
05:07:59,400 --> 05:08:04,500
Plankton and algae, struggled 
under dim sunlight and changing 

5609
05:08:04,500 --> 05:08:08,700
ocean chemistry. 
The ammonite those graceful 

5610
05:08:08,700 --> 05:08:12,000
spiral shelled cephalopods are 
disappearing. 

5611
05:08:13,200 --> 05:08:16,900
Species that numbered in the 
billions just 100,000 years ago 

5612
05:08:16,900 --> 05:08:20,800
are now rare finds you stand on 
a beach. 

5613
05:08:21,500 --> 05:08:25,300
Or what used to be a beach? 
The ocean has retreated leaving 

5614
05:08:25,300 --> 05:08:29,200
behind exposed mud flats studded
with the shells of dead 

5615
05:08:29,200 --> 05:08:32,900
mollusks. 
The smell of Decay, hangs heavy 

5616
05:08:32,900 --> 05:08:35,900
in the air. 
Small scavengers pick through 

5617
05:08:35,900 --> 05:08:39,000
the remains that. 
There's a furtiveness to their 

5618
05:08:39,000 --> 05:08:43,400
movements and urgency born of 
uncertainty about where the next

5619
05:08:43,400 --> 05:08:47,100
meal will come from. 
The light, has a strange quality

5620
05:08:47,100 --> 05:08:51,000
at some set. 
The volcanic aerosols scattered 

5621
05:08:51,000 --> 05:08:55,400
in unusual ways, painting, the 
sky in shades of red, and 

5622
05:08:55,400 --> 05:08:57,600
purple. 
That would be beautiful. 

5623
05:08:57,600 --> 05:09:00,200
If they did not signify such 
devastation. 

5624
05:09:01,300 --> 05:09:04,800
You watch as a loan Kettle, 
Catalyst, Glides passed 

5625
05:09:04,800 --> 05:09:07,700
silhouetted against the Crimson 
clouds. 

5626
05:09:08,600 --> 05:09:12,800
It might be one of the last of 
its kind though neither you nor 

5627
05:09:12,800 --> 05:09:15,600
it knows that the world hasn't 
ended. 

5628
05:09:16,500 --> 05:09:22,000
Life continues. the fundamental 
processes photosynthesis 

5629
05:09:22,000 --> 05:09:27,000
predation and decomposition, 
still functioning But the 

5630
05:09:27,008 --> 05:09:31,600
abundance, the exuberance, and 
the overwhelming Vitality you 

5631
05:09:31,600 --> 05:09:34,100
witnessed during your first 
visit have drained away. 

5632
05:09:35,100 --> 05:09:39,000
What remains feels like an 
ecosystem Running on Fumes 

5633
05:09:39,000 --> 05:09:43,200
drawing down the last of its 
reserves with no Prospect of 

5634
05:09:43,200 --> 05:09:46,500
replenishment. 
The dinosaurs themselves seem 

5635
05:09:46,500 --> 05:09:50,000
almost ghostly. 
Now, How does of their former 

5636
05:09:50,000 --> 05:09:53,700
glory persisting through 
momentum and evolutionary? 

5637
05:09:53,700 --> 05:09:57,300
Inertia, in a world that has 
fundamentally changed around 

5638
05:09:57,300 --> 05:10:00,000
them. 
They're not fighting Extinction,

5639
05:10:00,000 --> 05:10:03,800
that would imply a battle, an 
active resistance. 

5640
05:10:05,200 --> 05:10:07,800
The simply trying to survive one
more day. 

5641
05:10:07,800 --> 05:10:11,600
One more season in an 
environment that grows more 

5642
05:10:11,600 --> 05:10:16,200
hostile with each passing year 
and then on an ordinary morning.

5643
05:10:16,200 --> 05:10:21,100
66 million years ago, the sky 
catches fire your standing in 

5644
05:10:21,100 --> 05:10:23,700
Mexico. 
On what will one day be called 

5645
05:10:23,700 --> 05:10:28,000
the Yucatan Peninsula? 
the date is precise in a way 

5646
05:10:28,000 --> 05:10:33,100
that geological time rarely 
allows 66 million years ago, 

5647
05:10:33,100 --> 05:10:35,500
give or take a few thousand 
years. 

5648
05:10:36,500 --> 05:10:39,700
It's a morning, like many others
in this stressed but still 

5649
05:10:39,700 --> 05:10:43,800
functioning ecosystem. 
The sky is overcast with 

5650
05:10:43,800 --> 05:10:47,900
volcanic Haze, the temperature 
cool for this latitude. 

5651
05:10:48,900 --> 05:10:53,700
A small herd of hadrosaurs feeds
on the beach, vegetation, their 

5652
05:10:53,700 --> 05:10:56,400
duck bills. 
Methodically stripping seeds 

5653
05:10:56,400 --> 05:10:58,800
from low shrubs. 
Then you see it. 

5654
05:10:58,800 --> 05:11:02,800
The asteroid is visible for 
perhaps 30 seconds before 

5655
05:11:02,800 --> 05:11:05,700
impact. 
A point of light in the southern

5656
05:11:05,700 --> 05:11:10,500
sky, that brightens impossibly 
fast growing from a Starlight 

5657
05:11:10,500 --> 05:11:15,400
spec, to a blazing sphere that 
hurts to look at Its traveling 

5658
05:11:15,400 --> 05:11:21,600
at 45,000 miles per hour. a rock
6 miles in diameter that, left 

5659
05:11:21,600 --> 05:11:26,300
the asteroid belt millions of 
years ago and has now through 

5660
05:11:26,300 --> 05:11:30,700
the blind mathematics of War 
battle mechanics intersected 

5661
05:11:30,700 --> 05:11:34,700
with Earth's path around the 
Sun, the headrest saws noticed 

5662
05:11:34,700 --> 05:11:38,000
the brightening sky, Some of 
them look up. 

5663
05:11:38,800 --> 05:11:40,400
Gesture. 
That will be their last. 

5664
05:11:41,300 --> 05:11:44,100
Others, continue feeding 
unaware. 

5665
05:11:44,100 --> 05:11:47,700
That the world they know has 30 
seconds left to exist. 

5666
05:11:48,500 --> 05:11:52,200
The impact occurs offshore in 
the shallow sea, you don't see 

5667
05:11:52,200 --> 05:11:55,700
the moment of contact your eyes 
couldn't process it, even if you

5668
05:11:55,700 --> 05:11:59,000
tried. 
What you experience is a flash 

5669
05:11:59,000 --> 05:12:03,200
of light brighter than a 
thousand sons and then actually,

5670
05:12:03,200 --> 05:12:06,500
there is no. 
And then for anything within a 

5671
05:12:06,500 --> 05:12:10,300
thousand miles, the energy 
released exceeds all of 

5672
05:12:10,308 --> 05:12:14,500
Humanity's nuclear weapons 
detonated simultaneously by a 

5673
05:12:14,500 --> 05:12:18,000
factor of 1,000. 
The asteroid vaporizes, 

5674
05:12:18,000 --> 05:12:22,100
instantly along with millions of
tons of rock, from the Earth's 

5675
05:12:22,100 --> 05:12:26,600
crust. 
A crater, 12 miles deep and 100 

5676
05:12:26,600 --> 05:12:29,800
miles wide. 
Excavating itself in less time 

5677
05:12:29,800 --> 05:12:31,400
than it takes to read this 
sentence. 

5678
05:12:31,400 --> 05:12:34,700
The Hadrosaurus on the beach to 
exist. 

5679
05:12:35,700 --> 05:12:40,300
Not killed. 
Existence, simply revoked. the 

5680
05:12:40,300 --> 05:12:44,000
thermal pulse, incinerates them 
before their nervous, systems 

5681
05:12:44,000 --> 05:12:48,600
can register Heat The Shockwave 
that follows traveling faster 

5682
05:12:48,600 --> 05:12:51,200
than sound pulverizes, what's 
left? 

5683
05:12:52,100 --> 05:12:56,800
Within seconds, nothing remains 
of them or of any living thing 

5684
05:12:56,800 --> 05:12:59,500
within 500 miles of the impact 
site. 

5685
05:13:00,300 --> 05:13:02,500
You're observing from a safe 
distance. 

5686
05:13:03,400 --> 05:13:06,100
A thousand miles away in what 
will become Texas? 

5687
05:13:07,000 --> 05:13:09,800
Even here the effects are 
immediate and devastating. 

5688
05:13:10,800 --> 05:13:14,600
The skylights up, as if someone 
turned on a cosmic floodlight. 

5689
05:13:15,300 --> 05:13:20,400
The Horizon glows, orange red. 
The temperature spikes 20 

5690
05:13:20,400 --> 05:13:24,400
degrees in less than a minute, 
then the Shockwave arrives. 

5691
05:13:24,400 --> 05:13:27,700
It's not the crushing building 
flattening blast. 

5692
05:13:27,700 --> 05:13:31,700
You might imagine from a bomb 
This is a planetary scale 

5693
05:13:31,700 --> 05:13:36,000
phenomenon and Atmospheric wave,
that encircles the globe. 

5694
05:13:36,800 --> 05:13:39,700
Trees. 
Bend, horizontally their trunks 

5695
05:13:39,700 --> 05:13:42,900
flexing to Impossible angles 
before, snapping. 

5696
05:13:43,900 --> 05:13:47,400
A Triceratops heard and knocked 
off their feet like bowling 

5697
05:13:47,400 --> 05:13:50,900
pins. 
They try to stand confused and 

5698
05:13:50,900 --> 05:13:54,600
terrified as debris begins to 
Reign from the sky. 

5699
05:13:54,600 --> 05:13:57,900
The debris is unlike anything in
your experience. 

5700
05:13:57,900 --> 05:14:02,900
Molten rock vaporized by the 
impact and flung into the upper 

5701
05:14:02,900 --> 05:14:05,600
atmosphere, begins to fall back 
to Earth. 

5702
05:14:06,600 --> 05:14:10,300
These cereals of once, molten 
material glow, cherry red, 

5703
05:14:10,300 --> 05:14:12,800
setting fires, wherever they 
land. 

5704
05:14:13,700 --> 05:14:17,300
The forest around you ignites in
hundreds of places 

5705
05:14:17,300 --> 05:14:21,800
simultaneously. 
Within an hour, the fires of 

5706
05:14:21,800 --> 05:14:26,500
merged into a conflagration that
will eventually consume millions

5707
05:14:26,500 --> 05:14:30,700
of square miles of forest. 
The Triceratops heard, those 

5708
05:14:30,700 --> 05:14:33,900
that survived the initial 
Shockwave, Stampede in panic. 

5709
05:14:33,900 --> 05:14:37,500
There's no, where to run that 
isn't burning or about to burn 

5710
05:14:37,500 --> 05:14:42,300
some plunge into a nearby river,
which offers temporary Refuge 

5711
05:14:42,300 --> 05:14:46,200
others, simply flee, until 
exhaustion or smoke inhalation. 

5712
05:14:46,200 --> 05:14:49,800
Drops them. 
The scene is replicated across 

5713
05:14:49,800 --> 05:14:54,000
continents animals, that 
survived hundreds of millions of

5714
05:14:54,000 --> 05:14:59,700
years of evolution, undone in 
hours, the sky darkens, as dust 

5715
05:14:59,700 --> 05:15:01,700
and soot rising to the 
atmosphere. 

5716
05:15:02,600 --> 05:15:06,300
Not the gradual dimming of 
volcanic aerosols, but a swift, 

5717
05:15:06,300 --> 05:15:10,500
conclusion of sunlight. 
By Nightfall, The Darkness is 

5718
05:15:10,500 --> 05:15:14,200
absolute. 
No stars, no moon. 

5719
05:15:14,900 --> 05:15:18,300
Just the orange glow of 
continents spanning wildfires 

5720
05:15:18,300 --> 05:15:21,600
reflecting off the dust choked 
Clouds days. 

5721
05:15:21,600 --> 05:15:24,500
Pass your somewhere in North 
America. 

5722
05:15:24,500 --> 05:15:29,000
Watching what survives? 
Small mammals emerge from 

5723
05:15:29,000 --> 05:15:33,000
underground burrows, confused by
the extended Darkness. 

5724
05:15:34,000 --> 05:15:36,700
Some dinosaurs have made it 
through the initial impact, 

5725
05:15:36,700 --> 05:15:41,100
those that were in the right 
places in valleys protected from

5726
05:15:41,100 --> 05:15:45,400
the thermal pulse near water 
sources, or simply lucky. 

5727
05:15:46,600 --> 05:15:51,000
A group of Edmontosaurus huddles
in a ravine, their bodies 

5728
05:15:51,000 --> 05:15:53,400
pressed together for warmth as 
the temperature. 

5729
05:15:53,400 --> 05:15:56,400
Plummets with no sunlight 
penetrating. 

5730
05:15:56,400 --> 05:16:01,900
The dust cloud photosynthesis 
has stopped not slowed stopped. 

5731
05:16:02,700 --> 05:16:04,000
Plants. 
Begin to die. 

5732
05:16:04,000 --> 05:16:08,200
Within weeks, the abyss 
dinosaurs already stressed by 

5733
05:16:08,200 --> 05:16:11,400
years of difficult, conditions, 
have nothing to eat. 

5734
05:16:12,800 --> 05:16:16,600
They wander through the darkened
landscape, stripping bark from 

5735
05:16:16,600 --> 05:16:21,500
trees, digging for roots and 
consuming anything remotely 

5736
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:24,900
edible you watch an adult 
Edmonton Soros die. 

5737
05:16:24,900 --> 05:16:28,900
It's not dramatic. 
The animal simply lies down one 

5738
05:16:28,900 --> 05:16:30,500
after noon and doesn't get up 
again. 

5739
05:16:31,200 --> 05:16:34,500
Starvation hyperthermia or 
possibly both. 

5740
05:16:35,400 --> 05:16:38,900
Its herd mates, investigate the 
body, briefly then move on. 

5741
05:16:39,700 --> 05:16:43,100
they're focused entirely on 
their own Survival now and the 

5742
05:16:43,100 --> 05:16:46,500
social bonds that once held 
herds together, have frayed 

5743
05:16:46,500 --> 05:16:50,400
under the pressure of 
catastrophe, Predators fare, 

5744
05:16:50,400 --> 05:16:53,100
even worse. 
Tyrannosaurus. 

5745
05:16:53,100 --> 05:16:57,900
Apex predator of its ecosystem 
reduced to Scavenging. 

5746
05:16:57,900 --> 05:17:01,900
It feeds on a dead. 
Triceratops, probably killed by 

5747
05:17:01,900 --> 05:17:05,700
the impacts aftermath but dead. 
Prey doesn't run away. 

5748
05:17:05,700 --> 05:17:11,100
And in this new world pray, this
doesn't run away is all so pray 

5749
05:17:11,100 --> 05:17:15,500
that won't be replaced. 
Each carcass consumed brings the

5750
05:17:15,500 --> 05:17:19,300
Predator one meal closest to 
starvation months. 

5751
05:17:19,300 --> 05:17:24,700
Pass the darkness persists. some
sunlight begins filtering 

5752
05:17:24,700 --> 05:17:29,600
through the upper atmosphere but
it's diffuse weak and unable to 

5753
05:17:29,600 --> 05:17:32,600
support the kind of 
photosynthesis that fuels 

5754
05:17:32,600 --> 05:17:37,400
complex food webs The 
temperature has stabilized, but 

5755
05:17:37,400 --> 05:17:39,400
at a much lower level than 
before. 

5756
05:17:40,400 --> 05:17:44,400
Water sources freeze at night, 
even at equatorial latitudes, 

5757
05:17:44,400 --> 05:17:49,700
the large dinosaurs are dying. 
Not all at once but steadily 

5758
05:17:49,700 --> 05:17:53,600
inexorably. 
You find their bodies, scattered

5759
05:17:53,600 --> 05:17:57,400
across the landscape, 
triceratops, hadrosaurs, 

5760
05:17:57,400 --> 05:18:01,200
ankylosaur, and all the 
Magnificent megafauna that 

5761
05:18:01,200 --> 05:18:06,000
defined the Mesozoic. 
Some died of starvation, others 

5762
05:18:06,000 --> 05:18:09,900
froze. 
Some probably died of injuries 

5763
05:18:09,900 --> 05:18:12,900
sustained during the chaos, 
following the impact or 

5764
05:18:12,900 --> 05:18:17,100
infections that they're weakened
bodies, couldn't fight off the 

5765
05:18:17,100 --> 05:18:21,200
smallest species persist longer.
size, which was an advantage 

5766
05:18:21,200 --> 05:18:25,900
from millions of years has 
become a liability Large bodies 

5767
05:18:25,900 --> 05:18:28,400
need a large amounts of food and
there isn't any. 

5768
05:18:29,100 --> 05:18:34,200
But small mammals eating insects
and seeds and carrion can get by

5769
05:18:34,200 --> 05:18:37,800
on scraps. 
The early birds with their high 

5770
05:18:37,800 --> 05:18:41,400
metabolisms, but small size find
enough to survive. 

5771
05:18:42,400 --> 05:18:46,100
Lizards and snakes able to enter
TWRP and reduce their energy 

5772
05:18:46,100 --> 05:18:49,400
needs. 
Wait out the darkness, a year, 

5773
05:18:49,400 --> 05:18:52,600
after the impact, your standing 
in a landscape that would be 

5774
05:18:52,600 --> 05:18:55,800
unrecognizable to someone from 
the previous age. 

5775
05:18:56,800 --> 05:19:01,300
The forests are gone replaced by
a wasteland of dead trees and 

5776
05:19:01,300 --> 05:19:04,400
Ash. 
The air smells of smoke and 

5777
05:19:04,408 --> 05:19:07,200
decay. 
The rivers run thick with 

5778
05:19:07,200 --> 05:19:11,200
sediment from erosion. 
Without living plants to hold 

5779
05:19:11,200 --> 05:19:15,000
the soil, every rainfall, 
washes, more Earth into the 

5780
05:19:15,000 --> 05:19:17,300
streams. 
You haven't seen a living 

5781
05:19:17,308 --> 05:19:22,000
dinosaur in weeks. 
Few must still exist, scattered 

5782
05:19:22,000 --> 05:19:26,100
individuals in isolated pockets 
of marginally better conditions.

5783
05:19:27,000 --> 05:19:30,600
but as a dominant life form, as 
the architect of Earth's 

5784
05:19:30,600 --> 05:19:35,300
terrestrial, ecosystems their 
gone, 60 million years of 

5785
05:19:35,300 --> 05:19:40,400
evolutionary success ended. 
Not by a single blow at by that 

5786
05:19:40,400 --> 05:19:45,200
blows cascading consequences. 
The impact killed millions in 

5787
05:19:45,200 --> 05:19:49,200
immediately The darkness killed 
billions over months. 

5788
05:19:50,300 --> 05:19:53,900
But its the long-term effects 
that truly sealed the dinosaurs 

5789
05:19:53,900 --> 05:19:56,800
fate. 
The acid, rain persisted for 

5790
05:19:56,800 --> 05:20:01,300
years poisoning water sources 
and further damaging the already

5791
05:20:01,300 --> 05:20:05,600
devastated, plant life, the 
greenhouse warming, that 

5792
05:20:05,600 --> 05:20:09,500
followed the initial impact 
winter, as the dust settled, 

5793
05:20:09,500 --> 05:20:13,200
that the carbon dioxide released
by the impact and by burning 

5794
05:20:13,200 --> 05:20:17,900
Forest remained The ecosystem 
collapsed that left even the 

5795
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:21,800
survivors with nothing to eat. 
Standing here in this broken 

5796
05:20:21,800 --> 05:20:24,300
world. 
You realize your witnessing the 

5797
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:28,200
border between two ages of 
Earth's history. behind you 

5798
05:20:28,200 --> 05:20:32,900
lies, the Mesozoic Era, the age 
of reptiles a time when 

5799
05:20:32,908 --> 05:20:36,800
dinosaurs shaped every 
terrestrial ecosystem from pole 

5800
05:20:36,800 --> 05:20:40,100
to pole Ahead lies something 
different. 

5801
05:20:40,100 --> 05:20:43,200
Something that will belong to 
other creatures. 

5802
05:20:43,200 --> 05:20:46,500
To the small mammals Sheltering 
in their Burrows. 

5803
05:20:46,500 --> 05:20:49,700
And the birds roosting in the 
dead trees. 

5804
05:20:49,700 --> 05:20:56,000
The transition isn't clean, it's
messy tragic and desperately 

5805
05:20:56,000 --> 05:20:59,600
unfair to the creatures who did 
nothing to deserve their fate, 

5806
05:20:59,600 --> 05:21:04,100
accept have The Misfortune of 
existing at the wrong moment, in

5807
05:21:04,100 --> 05:21:08,400
Cosmic history. 
But it's all so complete. 

5808
05:21:09,400 --> 05:21:13,900
The world that emerges from this
Darkness will be fundamentally 

5809
05:21:13,900 --> 05:21:18,500
different and that difference 
will make possible forms of 

5810
05:21:18,500 --> 05:21:22,100
life. 
Including eventually a species 

5811
05:21:22,100 --> 05:21:24,600
capable of understanding what 
happened here. 

5812
05:21:25,500 --> 05:21:28,800
But could never have evolved in 
the dinosaurs Shadow. 

5813
05:21:28,800 --> 05:21:33,600
You're standing in the same 
location but 5,000 years have 

5814
05:21:33,600 --> 05:21:36,800
passed since the impact The sky 
is visible again. 

5815
05:21:36,800 --> 05:21:41,500
Not the Brilliant Blue of the 
Cretaceous but a washed out gray

5816
05:21:41,500 --> 05:21:44,600
blue hazy with dust that still 
settling. 

5817
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:48,800
The sun provides light and some 
warmth. 

5818
05:21:49,300 --> 05:21:52,000
Though, not yet enough to 
restore the climate to its 

5819
05:21:52,000 --> 05:21:56,400
pre-impact state. 
The temperature hovers around 50

5820
05:21:56,400 --> 05:21:59,600
degrees Fahrenheit cool but no 
longer life. 

5821
05:21:59,600 --> 05:22:02,400
Threateningly cold the landscape
around. 

5822
05:22:02,400 --> 05:22:04,700
You looks like something from an
alien planet. 

5823
05:22:05,800 --> 05:22:07,500
Where they used to be dense 
forest. 

5824
05:22:07,500 --> 05:22:10,800
You see open terrain covered in 
low growing plants. 

5825
05:22:11,700 --> 05:22:14,800
Ferns dominate. 
There are among the first plants

5826
05:22:14,800 --> 05:22:18,700
to recolonize Disturbed areas. 
Their spores surviving 

5827
05:22:18,700 --> 05:22:21,000
conditions that killed seed 
plants. 

5828
05:22:21,900 --> 05:22:26,100
The ground is carpeted in green 
but its a monotonous green 

5829
05:22:26,100 --> 05:22:29,100
lacking. 
The diversity of before. 

5830
05:22:29,100 --> 05:22:33,500
Small mammals are everywhere. 
They emerge from boroughs. 

5831
05:22:33,500 --> 05:22:36,600
And from beneath Fallen logs, in
numbers that would have been 

5832
05:22:36,600 --> 05:22:40,200
impossible when dinosaurs 
control the ecosystem. 

5833
05:22:41,600 --> 05:22:45,300
A creature about the size of a 
modern possum picks, its way 

5834
05:22:45,300 --> 05:22:48,800
through the fern, fronds digging
for insects. 

5835
05:22:49,500 --> 05:22:53,400
Another slightly larger and more
robust investigates. 

5836
05:22:53,400 --> 05:22:56,800
A puddle left by recent rain. 
These mammals aren't 

5837
05:22:56,800 --> 05:23:00,000
dramatically different from 
their pre-impact ancestors. 

5838
05:23:00,000 --> 05:23:04,400
Evolution doesn't work that 
quickly, but their behaving 

5839
05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:09,400
differently occupying ecological
niches that were until very 

5840
05:23:09,400 --> 05:23:12,200
recently. 
The exclusive domain of 

5841
05:23:12,200 --> 05:23:15,900
dinosaurs. 
That possum sized animal is 

5842
05:23:15,900 --> 05:23:19,900
browsing on ferns in broad 
daylight behavior. 

5843
05:23:19,900 --> 05:23:23,900
That would have been suicide 
elderly risky, 5,000 years ago. 

5844
05:23:23,900 --> 05:23:28,900
Now, with no large Predators, 
it's perfectly safe. 

5845
05:23:28,900 --> 05:23:34,200
Birds are abundant too. you hear
their calls simpler than the 

5846
05:23:34,200 --> 05:23:38,900
complex vocalization of modern 
songbirds but recognizably bird 

5847
05:23:38,900 --> 05:23:43,800
like, A group of them works over
a dead log, extracting beetle 

5848
05:23:43,800 --> 05:23:48,300
larvae with their beaks. 
Another species larger and 

5849
05:23:48,300 --> 05:23:52,600
heavier body walks along the 
shore of what was once in Inland

5850
05:23:52,600 --> 05:23:55,100
sea. 
But is now a Shallow Lake 

5851
05:23:56,400 --> 05:23:58,400
Probing. 
The mud for small animals 

5852
05:23:58,400 --> 05:24:02,600
filling, the ecological role 
that Shorebirds will perfect 

5853
05:24:02,600 --> 05:24:04,700
over the coming. 
Millions of years. 

5854
05:24:04,700 --> 05:24:09,400
You notice something moving in 
the ferns and freeze some 

5855
05:24:09,400 --> 05:24:11,800
instinctive part of you 
expecting a dinosaur. 

5856
05:24:12,700 --> 05:24:16,200
But it's just a large lizard, 
probably three feet, long 

5857
05:24:16,200 --> 05:24:18,800
hunting. 
The same, insects, the birds are

5858
05:24:18,808 --> 05:24:23,000
after It's not a dinosaur, not 
even close. 

5859
05:24:23,700 --> 05:24:27,500
But in this empty World, it 
looks imposing. 

5860
05:24:28,700 --> 05:24:32,500
Give a few million years and its
descendants. 

5861
05:24:32,500 --> 05:24:35,100
Might have evolved to fill some 
of the niches. 

5862
05:24:35,100 --> 05:24:39,000
The dinosaurs left of vacant. 
The water bodies are recovering 

5863
05:24:39,000 --> 05:24:43,100
faster than the land. 
LG bloomed, within months of the

5864
05:24:43,100 --> 05:24:47,100
impact, winter ending and with 
algae came Zoo Plankton, and 

5865
05:24:47,100 --> 05:24:51,200
with Zoo Plankton came small 
fish, The ecosystem is 

5866
05:24:51,200 --> 05:24:54,700
rebuilding from the bottom up, 
starting with the simplest 

5867
05:24:54,700 --> 05:24:58,200
organisms and gradually adding 
complexity. 

5868
05:24:59,200 --> 05:25:02,800
You spotted turtle. 
One of the few reptiles to 

5869
05:25:02,800 --> 05:25:05,200
survived the catastrophe largely
intact. 

5870
05:25:06,100 --> 05:25:10,300
Turtles with their ability to 
survive months with out food, 

5871
05:25:10,300 --> 05:25:13,500
were well, suited to endure the 
impact winter. 

5872
05:25:13,500 --> 05:25:18,100
A crocodilian surfaces in the 
lake, its eyes above water 

5873
05:25:18,100 --> 05:25:21,100
watching you with ancient 
patients. 

5874
05:25:22,100 --> 05:25:26,000
Crocodilians made it through as 
well, their semi-aquatic 

5875
05:25:26,000 --> 05:25:29,600
lifestyle and low metabolism. 
Carrying them across the 

5876
05:25:29,600 --> 05:25:34,800
boundary between the Cretaceous 
and paleocene periods their 

5877
05:25:34,800 --> 05:25:37,600
living fossils. 
Even now barely changed from 

5878
05:25:37,600 --> 05:25:41,200
their pre-impact forms. 
That the Dinosaurs, the 

5879
05:25:41,200 --> 05:25:44,500
non-avian Dinosaurs, the ones 
that dominated the terrestrial 

5880
05:25:44,500 --> 05:25:48,800
landscape are gone. 
You've searched walked miles 

5881
05:25:48,800 --> 05:25:52,000
through this recovering 
ecosystem and found nothing. 

5882
05:25:52,800 --> 05:25:57,000
No, Triceratops browsing, the 
firms know had resources in the 

5883
05:25:57,000 --> 05:25:59,700
distance. 
No, to Rana swords, no 

5884
05:25:59,700 --> 05:26:03,300
sauropods, no ankylosaurus, the 
largest land animal. 

5885
05:26:03,300 --> 05:26:07,100
You've seen as a mammal, the 
size of a raccoon, the fossil 

5886
05:26:07,100 --> 05:26:11,100
record tells the story clearly 
in rock layers deposited before 

5887
05:26:11,100 --> 05:26:15,000
the impact dinosaur. 
Fossils are abundant in layers. 

5888
05:26:15,000 --> 05:26:17,400
Deposited, after they simply 
disappear. 

5889
05:26:17,400 --> 05:26:21,500
There's no gradual decline know 
slow fade-out. 

5890
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:24,500
The line is sharp. 
Absolute. 

5891
05:26:25,400 --> 05:26:31,600
The lower it dinosaurs above it,
their absence of thousands of 

5892
05:26:31,600 --> 05:26:35,100
years passed. 
Your now 50,000 years after the 

5893
05:26:35,100 --> 05:26:37,100
impact and the recovery is more 
evident. 

5894
05:26:37,900 --> 05:26:41,100
The fern prayer is of given way 
to more diverse plant 

5895
05:26:41,100 --> 05:26:45,000
communities, early flowering 
plants have recolored from 

5896
05:26:45,000 --> 05:26:49,500
refugia isolated pockets where 
they survived the impact winter.

5897
05:26:50,500 --> 05:26:52,800
The forests are returning 
though. 

5898
05:26:52,800 --> 05:26:56,900
They look different from their 
Cretaceous, predecessors more 

5899
05:26:56,900 --> 05:27:01,000
open less dense and dominated by
fast. 

5900
05:27:01,000 --> 05:27:04,300
Growing species that can take 
advantage of disturbed. 

5901
05:27:04,300 --> 05:27:07,700
Conditions, the mammals are 
diversifying rapidly. 

5902
05:27:08,700 --> 05:27:12,600
In the absence of large 
dinosaurs and predators their 

5903
05:27:12,600 --> 05:27:16,300
exploring ecological space that 
was closed to them for over 100 

5904
05:27:16,300 --> 05:27:19,800
million years. 
You spot a creature of about the

5905
05:27:19,800 --> 05:27:23,900
size of a German Shepherd. 
One of the largest land mammals 

5906
05:27:23,900 --> 05:27:27,400
to exist. 
So far in the Paleo, seen its 

5907
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:31,400
browsing on low, vegetation 
filling a role that would have 

5908
05:27:31,400 --> 05:27:33,900
belonged to a small Dinosaur 
Before the impact. 

5909
05:27:34,800 --> 05:27:36,700
Pace of evolution has 
accelerated. 

5910
05:27:37,900 --> 05:27:40,900
When dinosaurs control the 
ecosystems, they were so 

5911
05:27:40,900 --> 05:27:45,300
successful and so well adapted 
that they limited opportunities 

5912
05:27:45,300 --> 05:27:50,000
for other groups, to diversify. 
They're Extinction opened up 

5913
05:27:50,008 --> 05:27:55,800
those opportunities, mammals 
birds and even some fish and 

5914
05:27:55,800 --> 05:27:59,400
reptile groups are radiating 
into new forms at an 

5915
05:27:59,400 --> 05:28:02,500
unprecedented rate. 
You find a fossil from before 

5916
05:28:02,500 --> 05:28:06,800
the impact, a Triceratops frill 
partially weathered but still 

5917
05:28:06,800 --> 05:28:10,200
recognizable. 
It's embedded in a rock layer 

5918
05:28:10,200 --> 05:28:13,700
that's now at the surface 
erosion having removed the 

5919
05:28:13,700 --> 05:28:15,800
sediments deposited on top of 
it. 

5920
05:28:16,700 --> 05:28:20,200
You run your hand over the bone,
feeling the texture of something

5921
05:28:20,200 --> 05:28:22,900
that was alive just 50,000 years
ago. 

5922
05:28:23,900 --> 05:28:28,500
A blinking geological time near 
the fossil ferns waving the 

5923
05:28:28,508 --> 05:28:31,400
breeze. 
A small mammal Burrows beneath 

5924
05:28:31,400 --> 05:28:35,600
them building a nest. 
An early Songbird calls from a 

5925
05:28:35,600 --> 05:28:40,100
nearby shrub. 
Life has moved on the world does

5926
05:28:40,100 --> 05:28:42,800
not mourn. 
The dinosaurs does not mourn 

5927
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:45,600
anything. 
It simply fills the empty 

5928
05:28:45,600 --> 05:28:50,600
spaces, they left behind 100,000
years after the impact your 

5929
05:28:50,600 --> 05:28:52,800
standing in an early paleocene 
Forest. 

5930
05:28:53,600 --> 05:28:58,600
The trees are taller now, 30 or 
40 feet creating a closed canopy

5931
05:28:58,600 --> 05:29:01,800
in places. 
The plant diversity has 

5932
05:29:01,800 --> 05:29:05,600
increased dramatically. 
Dozens of flowering, plant 

5933
05:29:05,600 --> 05:29:10,500
species and various Ferns and 
horsetails growing near water 

5934
05:29:10,500 --> 05:29:13,600
sources. 
The ecosystem looks functional, 

5935
05:29:13,600 --> 05:29:18,000
productive and alive but it's 
different in character from the 

5936
05:29:18,000 --> 05:29:22,800
Cretaceous forests. 
Quieter somehow The largest 

5937
05:29:22,800 --> 05:29:27,500
herbivores are mammals weighing,
may be 50 pounds, the Predators 

5938
05:29:27,500 --> 05:29:32,100
are proportionally small. 
The overall biomass, the total 

5939
05:29:32,100 --> 05:29:36,300
weight of all living things in a
given area is perhaps a 10th of 

5940
05:29:36,300 --> 05:29:39,600
what it was before. 
The impact the world is healing,

5941
05:29:39,600 --> 05:29:42,200
but its healing into something 
new. 

5942
05:29:43,100 --> 05:29:47,500
The age of reptiles is over, the
age of mammals is beginning 

5943
05:29:47,500 --> 05:29:50,900
though, it will take millions of
years to fully develop. 

5944
05:29:52,100 --> 05:29:56,500
Birds, the only dinosaurs to 
survive are carving out their 

5945
05:29:56,500 --> 05:30:00,800
own evolutionary trajectory. 
One, that will eventually 

5946
05:30:00,800 --> 05:30:04,700
produce the incredible diversity
of modern, avian life. 

5947
05:30:04,700 --> 05:30:08,400
You watch a group of small, 
mammals feeding together in a 

5948
05:30:08,400 --> 05:30:12,000
clearing. 
Their cautious constantly alert 

5949
05:30:12,000 --> 05:30:15,400
for danger but there's all a 
sense of opportunity in their 

5950
05:30:15,400 --> 05:30:19,100
movements. 
This is their world now. 

5951
05:30:20,100 --> 05:30:23,500
The mammals inherited the Earth,
not through superiority, or 

5952
05:30:23,500 --> 05:30:27,700
better design, but through luck 
and Circumstance, because they 

5953
05:30:27,700 --> 05:30:32,500
happen to have characteristics, 
small size, burrowing Behavior, 

5954
05:30:32,500 --> 05:30:36,700
omnivorous diets, that allowed 
them to survive. 

5955
05:30:36,700 --> 05:30:40,900
When larger more, specialized 
creatures, couldnt has night 

5956
05:30:40,900 --> 05:30:44,400
falls, you hear sounds that 
would never have existed in the 

5957
05:30:44,400 --> 05:30:47,700
Cretaceous. 
Early primates calling from the 

5958
05:30:47,700 --> 05:30:51,000
trees. 
Small predatory mammals Dorking 

5959
05:30:51,000 --> 05:30:54,900
through the undergrowth. 
The world is being rebuilt by 

5960
05:30:54,900 --> 05:30:58,800
creatures that spent the messes 
of here in the dinosaurs Shadow 

5961
05:30:58,800 --> 05:31:01,200
and their building something 
different. 

5962
05:31:01,200 --> 05:31:04,600
Something that will eventually 
lead to Grasslands and coral, 

5963
05:31:04,600 --> 05:31:11,200
reefs and rainforests to whales,
and elephants and Eagles and in 

5964
05:31:11,200 --> 05:31:16,500
a humid African Forest about 65 
million years from now to a 

5965
05:31:16,500 --> 05:31:19,800
species of primate that will 
develop the capacity to look 

5966
05:31:19,800 --> 05:31:23,800
back at this moment to 
understand what happened and to 

5967
05:31:23,800 --> 05:31:26,900
mourn creatures. 
They never met and can only know

5968
05:31:26,900 --> 05:31:30,400
through the fragmentary record 
of fossilized bones. 

5969
05:31:30,400 --> 05:31:34,800
You're now one million years 
after the impact the 

5970
05:31:34,800 --> 05:31:37,700
transformation of Earth's 
ecosystems has progressed, 

5971
05:31:37,700 --> 05:31:41,700
remarkably Standing in. 
What will one day be Wyoming? 

5972
05:31:41,700 --> 05:31:45,300
Your surrounded by a dense 
subtropical Forest. 

5973
05:31:46,200 --> 05:31:48,800
The climate has warmed 
considerably from the impact 

5974
05:31:48,800 --> 05:31:52,000
winter. 
In fact, it's warmer than it was

5975
05:31:52,000 --> 05:31:57,100
even in the late Cretaceous. 
The carbon dioxide released by 

5976
05:31:57,100 --> 05:32:01,200
the impact and its aftermath has
created a greenhouse effect that

5977
05:32:01,200 --> 05:32:03,200
will persist for millions of 
years. 

5978
05:32:04,200 --> 05:32:08,400
Trees, around you include early.
Relatives of modern Oaks walnuts

5979
05:32:08,400 --> 05:32:11,300
and Palms. 
They're not identical to their 

5980
05:32:11,300 --> 05:32:15,800
modern descendants but 
recognizably related a canopy 

5981
05:32:15,800 --> 05:32:19,000
stretches, overhead, creating 
layers of habitat. 

5982
05:32:20,400 --> 05:32:23,600
Epper fights, plants that grow 
on other plants. 

5983
05:32:23,600 --> 05:32:27,500
Drape from branches, the forest 
has regained. 

5984
05:32:27,500 --> 05:32:29,700
Its three-dimensional 
complexity. 

5985
05:32:29,700 --> 05:32:33,600
You hear something, moving in 
the canopy and look up to see a 

5986
05:32:33,600 --> 05:32:35,000
mammal about the size of a 
house. 

5987
05:32:35,000 --> 05:32:39,800
Cat leaping between branches. 
It's an early primate ancestor, 

5988
05:32:39,800 --> 05:32:44,300
though it would look strange to 
Modern Eyes more like a Lima 

5989
05:32:44,300 --> 05:32:47,900
than among monkey with large 
eyes adapted for nocturnal 

5990
05:32:47,900 --> 05:32:51,200
activity and a long tail for 
balance. 

5991
05:32:52,400 --> 05:32:57,000
It's descendants will diversify 
into the entire primate lineage.

5992
05:32:57,800 --> 05:33:02,800
But right now, it's just one of 
many small, mammals exploiting, 

5993
05:33:02,800 --> 05:33:06,400
the resources of the recovering 
Forest on the ground. 

5994
05:33:06,400 --> 05:33:08,700
Larger, mammals are beginning to
appear. 

5995
05:33:08,700 --> 05:33:12,100
You spot a creature about the 
size of a sheep. 

5996
05:33:12,100 --> 05:33:16,300
One of the early ungulates and 
sisters to the hoofed. 

5997
05:33:16,300 --> 05:33:19,400
Mammals that will eventually 
dominate grasslands that don't 

5998
05:33:19,400 --> 05:33:23,400
yet exist. 
It's browsing on low vegetation.

5999
05:33:23,400 --> 05:33:27,700
Its teeth showing adaptations 
for processing. 

6000
05:33:27,700 --> 05:33:30,900
Plant material that are more 
advanced than those of its 

6001
05:33:30,900 --> 05:33:34,400
immediate ancestors. 
Forest floor is alive with 

6002
05:33:34,400 --> 05:33:39,800
insects Ants, Marching columns 
along Fallen logs butterflies 

6003
05:33:39,800 --> 05:33:43,800
and moths, visit flowers, 
continuing the co-evolutionary 

6004
05:33:43,800 --> 05:33:47,700
dance between insects and 
flowering plants that survived 

6005
05:33:47,700 --> 05:33:51,600
the impact. 
Beatles of astonishing, variety 

6006
05:33:51,600 --> 05:33:55,900
called through the leaf litter. 
The insect of diversity as 

6007
05:33:55,900 --> 05:33:58,200
recovered to or perhaps 
exceeded. 

6008
05:33:58,200 --> 05:34:02,600
Its pre-impact levels, birds are
everywhere and their diverse 

6009
05:34:02,600 --> 05:34:06,400
flying rapidly. 
You see early representatives of

6010
05:34:06,400 --> 05:34:10,500
modern bird groups, something 
that might be an ancestor to 

6011
05:34:10,500 --> 05:34:13,500
Modern parrots. 
And another that resembles a 

6012
05:34:13,500 --> 05:34:16,600
primitive woodpecker. 
They're filling niches that 

6013
05:34:16,600 --> 05:34:20,800
flying pterosaurs once occupied 
but they're doing it in their 

6014
05:34:20,800 --> 05:34:24,800
own way with their own unique 
evolutionary solutions to the 

6015
05:34:24,800 --> 05:34:29,200
challenges of aerial life, the 
rivers and lakes Teem with life.

6016
05:34:30,000 --> 05:34:33,900
Fish, populations of not only 
recovered but also Diversified. 

6017
05:34:34,800 --> 05:34:39,800
Turtles Sun themselves on logs, 
crocodilians, lurk in the deeper

6018
05:34:39,800 --> 05:34:43,700
cools unchanged by the passage 
of a million years. 

6019
05:34:44,900 --> 05:34:48,700
The Aquatic ecosystems bounce 
back faster than the terrestrial

6020
05:34:48,700 --> 05:34:52,700
ones and they show it in their 
abundance and variety. 

6021
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:56,600
You find another fossil. 
This one had Resort bone 

6022
05:34:56,600 --> 05:35:00,400
mineralized and weathered 
protruding from a riverbank the 

6023
05:35:00,400 --> 05:35:04,500
river has cut through millions 
of years of sediment exposing 

6024
05:35:04,500 --> 05:35:07,600
layers that tell the story of 
the impact in its aftermath 

6025
05:35:08,800 --> 05:35:12,700
Below the hadrosaur bone, layers
filled with dinosaur fossils, 

6026
05:35:12,700 --> 05:35:17,800
above, it layers, containing 
mammal fossils, and at the 

6027
05:35:17,800 --> 05:35:22,800
boundary between them, a thin 
layer of clay in richt with the 

6028
05:35:22,800 --> 05:35:26,800
Riddim, a Rare Element more, 
common in asteroids than on 

6029
05:35:26,800 --> 05:35:30,300
Earth surface. 
Physical evidence of the impact 

6030
05:35:30,300 --> 05:35:34,200
that changed everything. 5 
million years after the impact. 

6031
05:35:34,200 --> 05:35:36,100
You're in. 
What will become Germany? 

6032
05:35:37,000 --> 05:35:40,200
The climate has cooled slightly 
from the post-impact peak 

6033
05:35:40,200 --> 05:35:45,800
settling into a warm wet regime 
that supports vast rainforests. 

6034
05:35:46,500 --> 05:35:51,600
The forests stretch from Horizon
to Horizon unbroken except by 

6035
05:35:51,600 --> 05:35:55,400
rivers and lakes. 
The diversity of life is 

6036
05:35:55,400 --> 05:36:00,000
staggering you estimate of 
species of plants within a 

6037
05:36:00,000 --> 05:36:04,200
square mile. 
Countless insects and dozens of 

6038
05:36:04,200 --> 05:36:07,400
mammal species. 
The mammals of grown larger. 

6039
05:36:08,300 --> 05:36:12,200
You observe a creature, the size
of a modern appear, a browser 

6040
05:36:12,200 --> 05:36:16,800
that feeds on leaves and shoots.
Another mammal built more like a

6041
05:36:16,808 --> 05:36:21,500
modern cat, stalks through the 
undergrowth, an early Predator 

6042
05:36:21,500 --> 05:36:25,500
experimenting with the hunting 
strategies that will eventually 

6043
05:36:25,500 --> 05:36:28,500
produce everything from weasels 
to Lyons. 

6044
05:36:29,700 --> 05:36:34,100
The ecological roles are being 
filled, but by different actors 

6045
05:36:34,100 --> 05:36:38,400
than in the Cretaceous birds of 
achieved remarkable diversity. 

6046
05:36:39,500 --> 05:36:43,600
Early representatives of most 
modern bird orders now exist. 

6047
05:36:44,500 --> 05:36:47,900
You spot something that might be
an ancestor to Modern Ducks 

6048
05:36:47,900 --> 05:36:52,100
paddling in a lake. 
In the trees, early relatives of

6049
05:36:52,100 --> 05:36:55,600
owls and Hawks are developing 
the predatory skills that will 

6050
05:36:55,600 --> 05:37:00,000
make birds so successful. 
The songbirds are beginning to 

6051
05:37:00,000 --> 05:37:04,800
appear their vocalization still 
simple but showing the potential

6052
05:37:04,800 --> 05:37:08,500
for the complex songs that will 
evolve later the plant 

6053
05:37:08,500 --> 05:37:12,500
communities of developed 
sophisticated structure there 

6054
05:37:12,500 --> 05:37:16,500
are emergent trees that Tower 
over the main canopy, creating a

6055
05:37:16,500 --> 05:37:21,800
tier system that maximizes light
capture Vines and lyanna's 

6056
05:37:21,800 --> 05:37:26,300
connect trees, creating aerial 
highways for climbing, mammals 

6057
05:37:26,300 --> 05:37:29,900
and insects. 
The forest floor support, shade 

6058
05:37:29,900 --> 05:37:32,100
tolerant. 
Plants that can survive on the 

6059
05:37:32,100 --> 05:37:34,200
dim light that filters through 
the canopy. 

6060
05:37:34,200 --> 05:37:39,000
He noticed that certain plant 
families of come to dominate the

6061
05:37:39,000 --> 05:37:41,500
legumes. 
The Palms and early grasses in 

6062
05:37:41,500 --> 05:37:44,400
open areas. 
These are the groups that 

6063
05:37:44,400 --> 05:37:47,300
recovered fastest from the 
impact and that had 

6064
05:37:47,300 --> 05:37:51,700
characteristics allowing them to
colonize Disturbed, habitats and

6065
05:37:51,700 --> 05:37:57,800
thrive in changing conditions. 
the forests of the Paleo sinach 

6066
05:37:57,800 --> 05:38:01,200
random assemblages, but 
Community shaped by the 

6067
05:38:01,200 --> 05:38:04,500
selection pressure of the 
extinction event, and the 

6068
05:38:04,500 --> 05:38:08,100
recovery that followed 10 
million years, after the impact,

6069
05:38:08,100 --> 05:38:11,900
your observing the transition 
from the paleocene to the eocene

6070
05:38:11,900 --> 05:38:17,400
epoch The climate is warm warmer
than any time in the past 10 

6071
05:38:17,400 --> 05:38:20,200
million years. 
Crocodilians live in. 

6072
05:38:20,200 --> 05:38:23,500
What is now the Arctic palms 
grow in Alaska? 

6073
05:38:24,300 --> 05:38:27,700
The Earth has entered a hot 
house phase, possibly the 

6074
05:38:27,700 --> 05:38:30,800
warmest climate of the past 
hundred million years. 

6075
05:38:30,800 --> 05:38:34,900
The mammals have exploded in 
diversity and size. 

6076
05:38:34,900 --> 05:38:36,900
You see, creatures that 
resemble. 

6077
05:38:36,900 --> 05:38:40,600
Modern horses, though, they're 
much smaller and have multiple 

6078
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:45,200
toes instead of hooves. 
Early whales still retaining 

6079
05:38:45,200 --> 05:38:48,500
vestigial legs hunt in Shallow 
Coastal. 

6080
05:38:48,500 --> 05:38:52,900
Seas showing how some mammal 
lineages are returning to the 

6081
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:55,200
water that their distant 
ancestors left. 

6082
05:38:55,200 --> 05:38:57,300
Hundreds of millions of years 
ago. 

6083
05:38:58,400 --> 05:39:00,800
Bats. 
The only mammals to achieve 

6084
05:39:00,800 --> 05:39:05,100
powered flight swoop through the
evening are using echolocation 

6085
05:39:05,100 --> 05:39:08,600
to hunt insects the first grass 
dominated. 

6086
05:39:08,600 --> 05:39:12,100
Ecosystems are beginning to 
appear in drier regions. 

6087
05:39:13,200 --> 05:39:16,300
Grasses, which existed before 
the impact. 

6088
05:39:16,300 --> 05:39:20,000
But were never dominant are 
expanding their range. 

6089
05:39:20,900 --> 05:39:23,100
With them. 
Come new types of herbivores, 

6090
05:39:23,100 --> 05:39:27,300
mammals developing teeth that 
can handle the tough, silica 

6091
05:39:27,300 --> 05:39:32,100
Laden, grass blades, the stage 
is being set for the savanna 

6092
05:39:32,100 --> 05:39:35,500
ecosystems that will 
characterize much of the later. 

6093
05:39:35,500 --> 05:39:39,300
Seen a zoic you stand on a 
Hilltop at Sunset watching the 

6094
05:39:39,300 --> 05:39:43,800
landscape spread before you the 
forests, the rivers, the 

6095
05:39:43,800 --> 05:39:46,800
diversity of life All 
magnificent. 

6096
05:39:46,800 --> 05:39:51,700
Perhaps, as magnificent as the 
Cretaceous ecosystems, you 

6097
05:39:51,700 --> 05:39:54,300
observed at the beginning of 
this journey, but it's 

6098
05:39:54,300 --> 05:39:58,000
different. 
The dominant players of change. 

6099
05:39:58,000 --> 05:40:01,000
The evolutionary strategies of 
shifted. 

6100
05:40:01,000 --> 05:40:05,200
This is Earth renewed. 
But not earth restored. 

6101
05:40:05,200 --> 05:40:10,500
The dinosaurs won't come back. 
Their ecological roles have been

6102
05:40:10,508 --> 05:40:13,700
filled by other creatures and 
those creatures and now 

6103
05:40:13,700 --> 05:40:18,800
established evolving adapting 
and creating their own 

6104
05:40:18,800 --> 05:40:23,400
evolutionary trajectories. 
The window during which 

6105
05:40:23,400 --> 05:40:26,200
dinosaurs could revolve his 
clothes. 

6106
05:40:27,000 --> 05:40:30,900
The Earth has moved on. 
But looking at this thriving 

6107
05:40:30,900 --> 05:40:36,300
complex ecosystem, you realize 
something important The planet 

6108
05:40:36,300 --> 05:40:40,300
itself is resilient in a way 
that individual species and 

6109
05:40:40,300 --> 05:40:44,400
lineages are not. 
The impact killed the dinosaurs 

6110
05:40:44,400 --> 05:40:48,400
and countless other species 
fundamentally restructured, 

6111
05:40:48,400 --> 05:40:53,000
ecosystems and altered the 
course of evolutionary history. 

6112
05:40:54,000 --> 05:40:58,300
But it didn't kill life itself. 
It didn't prevent the rebuilding

6113
05:40:58,300 --> 05:41:03,700
of complex diverse ecosystems, 
it changed what existed, but not

6114
05:41:03,700 --> 05:41:09,000
the existence of life itself, in
56 million years, descendants of

6115
05:41:09,000 --> 05:41:12,200
the small mammals, you see here 
will have Diversified into 

6116
05:41:12,200 --> 05:41:14,500
creatures. 
Ranging from blue, whales to 

6117
05:41:14,500 --> 05:41:19,900
shrews from giraffes to bats. 
Humans to elephant's. 

6118
05:41:20,800 --> 05:41:23,800
The birds will have produced 
penguins and peacocks, 

6119
05:41:23,800 --> 05:41:28,300
hummingbirds and Eagles. 
The plants will have created 

6120
05:41:28,300 --> 05:41:31,900
everything from giant sequoias, 
to Tiny orchids. 

6121
05:41:31,900 --> 05:41:36,400
The impact was a tragedy for the
dinosaurs and a catastrophe for 

6122
05:41:36,400 --> 05:41:40,400
the ecosystems. 
They inhabited But for Earth, as

6123
05:41:40,400 --> 05:41:44,600
a whole, it was a transition, a 
reshuffling of the deck that 

6124
05:41:44,600 --> 05:41:47,100
opened up possibilities that 
wouldn't have existed. 

6125
05:41:47,100 --> 05:41:51,600
Otherwise, Standing here 
watching the sun. 

6126
05:41:51,600 --> 05:41:56,600
Set over this renewed world. 
You can appreciate both the loss

6127
05:41:56,600 --> 05:42:00,500
and the emergence. 
Both, the ending of one age and 

6128
05:42:00,500 --> 05:42:04,100
the beginning of another, you're
no longer in deep time. 

6129
05:42:04,100 --> 05:42:07,100
You're standing in a museum in 
the present day. 

6130
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:10,900
Looking at a fossilized 
Triceratops skull. 

6131
05:42:10,900 --> 05:42:17,300
The bone is mineralized Turn to 
Stone over 66 million years, but

6132
05:42:17,300 --> 05:42:20,500
it retains the shape and texture
that it had in life. 

6133
05:42:21,400 --> 05:42:23,300
The ice sockets stare at 
nothing. 

6134
05:42:24,600 --> 05:42:27,000
The beak. 
Which once stripped vegetation 

6135
05:42:27,000 --> 05:42:29,800
from plants that no longer 
exists is Frozen. 

6136
05:42:29,800 --> 05:42:32,400
In permanent Stillness behind 
you. 

6137
05:42:32,400 --> 05:42:36,500
A group of children, clusters 
around a full T-rex skeleton. 

6138
05:42:37,600 --> 05:42:41,400
Their excitement is palpable, 
they've grown up with Dinosaurs 

6139
05:42:41,400 --> 05:42:45,000
in their imaginations. 
These creatures from Deep time 

6140
05:42:45,000 --> 05:42:48,400
made familiar through books and 
movies and Museum visits. 

6141
05:42:49,400 --> 05:42:52,600
But the skeleton before them 
represents something more than 

6142
05:42:52,600 --> 05:42:55,700
entertainment. 
It represents one of the 

6143
05:42:55,700 --> 05:42:59,000
greatest detective stories and 
scientific history. 

6144
05:42:59,000 --> 05:43:02,500
The understanding of what 
happened to the dinosaurs came 

6145
05:43:02,500 --> 05:43:05,000
slowly. 
Built from countless 

6146
05:43:05,000 --> 05:43:09,600
observations and measurements 
from Decades of painstaking work

6147
05:43:09,600 --> 05:43:14,300
by geologists paleontologists 
physicists and chemists. 

6148
05:43:15,500 --> 05:43:18,600
For over a century after the 
first dinosaur, fossils were 

6149
05:43:18,600 --> 05:43:22,900
recognized and described 
scientists knew that dinosaurs 

6150
05:43:22,900 --> 05:43:27,100
had gone extinct, but they 
didn't know why some proposed 

6151
05:43:27,100 --> 05:43:31,200
that the dinosaurs had simply 
grown too large to specialize 

6152
05:43:31,200 --> 05:43:34,200
and to slow to adapt to changing
conditions. 

6153
05:43:35,400 --> 05:43:39,900
Others suggested disease or 
climate change or competition 

6154
05:43:39,900 --> 05:43:43,400
from mammals. 
Each Theory had problems. 

6155
05:43:44,300 --> 05:43:48,400
The dinosaurs had survived 
climate changes before they were

6156
05:43:48,400 --> 05:43:52,200
tall, large, many species were 
small and agile. 

6157
05:43:53,200 --> 05:43:57,500
Disease, doesn't typically cause
worldwide Extinction of multiple

6158
05:43:57,500 --> 05:44:01,200
unrelated groups. 
The Breakthrough came in 1980, 

6159
05:44:01,200 --> 05:44:05,300
when physicists Lewis Alvarez, 
and his son, Walter at geologist

6160
05:44:05,300 --> 05:44:09,600
published a paper proposing, the
ten asteroid impacted caused the

6161
05:44:09,600 --> 05:44:13,300
extinction. 
Their evidence was a thin layer 

6162
05:44:13,300 --> 05:44:16,700
of clay found at the boundary 
between the Cretaceous and 

6163
05:44:16,700 --> 05:44:21,100
paleocene periods. 
The kpg boundary that contained 

6164
05:44:21,100 --> 05:44:25,600
unusually high concentrations of
iridium An element rare on 

6165
05:44:25,600 --> 05:44:29,500
Earth, but common in asteroids. 
The scientific Community was 

6166
05:44:29,500 --> 05:44:32,600
skeptical. 
Catastrophic events weren't 

6167
05:44:32,600 --> 05:44:36,700
popular in geology, at the time,
which favored gradual processes 

6168
05:44:36,700 --> 05:44:41,300
operating over long time scales.
But the evidence accumulated. 

6169
05:44:42,100 --> 05:44:44,900
The Iridium layer was found at 
sights around the world. 

6170
05:44:45,800 --> 05:44:50,800
Shocked quartz quartz crystals 
fractured by immense pressure. 

6171
05:44:51,700 --> 05:44:55,800
Appeared at the boundary. 
Suit from continents spanning 

6172
05:44:55,800 --> 05:45:00,000
wildfires. 
Tiny glass, fear rules formed 

6173
05:45:00,000 --> 05:45:03,900
from vaporized Rock. 
The Final piece of evidence came

6174
05:45:03,900 --> 05:45:08,000
in 1991 with the identification 
of the impact crater itself. 

6175
05:45:08,900 --> 05:45:12,700
The chicks, love crater, buried 
beneath the Yucatan Peninsula, 

6176
05:45:12,700 --> 05:45:17,300
precisely the right age, the 
right size and in exactly the 

6177
05:45:17,300 --> 05:45:21,300
kind of coastal location that 
would maximize the destructive 

6178
05:45:21,300 --> 05:45:24,200
effects of an ocean. 
In Impact, you walk through the 

6179
05:45:24,200 --> 05:45:27,800
museum, passing displays the 
illustrate, the scientific 

6180
05:45:27,800 --> 05:45:31,100
Journey. 
Here's a map showing a radium 

6181
05:45:31,100 --> 05:45:35,200
concentrations around the world.
There's a sample of shocked 

6182
05:45:35,200 --> 05:45:38,900
quartz its crystal structure to 
form by pressures. 

6183
05:45:38,900 --> 05:45:43,000
That only asteroid impacts or 
nuclear explosions can generate 

6184
05:45:44,100 --> 05:45:47,700
In another case, you see, 
computer simulations of the 

6185
05:45:47,700 --> 05:45:51,400
impact in its immediate 
aftermath, but understanding 

6186
05:45:51,400 --> 05:45:54,900
that an impact occurred, doesn't
fully explain why the dinosaurs 

6187
05:45:54,900 --> 05:45:57,100
died while other groups 
survived. 

6188
05:45:58,100 --> 05:46:01,100
You pause it as display, the 
addresses, this question. 

6189
05:46:02,000 --> 05:46:07,100
The key factors scientists. 
Now, under stand were size diet 

6190
05:46:07,100 --> 05:46:11,000
and habitat. 
Large animals require more food 

6191
05:46:11,000 --> 05:46:14,900
when the impact shut down 
photosynthesis and collapse. 

6192
05:46:14,900 --> 05:46:19,800
Food chains, large, Urban Wars 
starved first followed quickly 

6193
05:46:19,800 --> 05:46:23,500
by the large predators that 
depended on them. smaller 

6194
05:46:23,500 --> 05:46:27,400
animals with lower caloric needs
could survive on the scraps 

6195
05:46:27,400 --> 05:46:31,800
seeds insects and carrion that 
persisted through the impact 

6196
05:46:31,800 --> 05:46:37,800
winter dieted to Schists 
creatures that depended on 

6197
05:46:37,800 --> 05:46:41,800
specific food sources, farrowed 
worse than generalists. 

6198
05:46:41,800 --> 05:46:44,100
Who could eat what ever was 
available. 

6199
05:46:45,700 --> 05:46:49,500
The hadrosaur's you watched with
their specialized teeth for 

6200
05:46:49,500 --> 05:46:54,100
processing particular, types of 
vegetation, couldn't switch to a

6201
05:46:54,100 --> 05:46:57,000
different diet when their 
preferred plants died. 

6202
05:46:57,900 --> 05:47:01,300
The small mammals you saw 
surviving omnivorous, and 

6203
05:47:01,308 --> 05:47:05,500
flexible could, and did habitat 
provided protection. 

6204
05:47:06,600 --> 05:47:09,800
Burrowing animals could escape 
the thermal pulse and find 

6205
05:47:09,800 --> 05:47:13,700
shelter from the cold. 
Aquatic animals were buffered 

6206
05:47:13,700 --> 05:47:18,000
from temperature extremes. 
Flying animals could migrate in 

6207
05:47:18,000 --> 05:47:21,600
search of food. 
The large terrestrial dinosaurs 

6208
05:47:21,600 --> 05:47:26,100
Built For Life on land and 
unable to escape underground, or

6209
05:47:26,100 --> 05:47:29,900
underwater were maximally 
exposed to the catastrophe. 

6210
05:47:29,900 --> 05:47:34,000
You reached a display of the 
survivors, the birds, of course,

6211
05:47:34,000 --> 05:47:38,400
technically dinosaurs themselves
those small enough and adaptable

6212
05:47:38,400 --> 05:47:41,800
enough to make it through. 
The mammals Sheltering 

6213
05:47:41,800 --> 05:47:45,900
underground in eating, whatever 
they could find the crocodilians

6214
05:47:45,900 --> 05:47:49,400
and turtles. 
Their loan metabolisms allowing 

6215
05:47:49,400 --> 05:47:51,800
them to survive months without 
food. 

6216
05:47:52,900 --> 05:47:57,300
The fish and insects and plants 
with seed banks, or spores that 

6217
05:47:57,300 --> 05:48:01,200
could wait out the darkness, the
extinction wasn't random. 

6218
05:48:01,200 --> 05:48:03,700
The display explained, it was 
selective. 

6219
05:48:04,700 --> 05:48:08,500
Survivor shared characteristics,
that happened to be advantageous

6220
05:48:08,500 --> 05:48:11,500
during a short-lived, but 
Extreme environmental 

6221
05:48:11,500 --> 05:48:15,200
catastrophe. 
Those characteristics had 

6222
05:48:15,200 --> 05:48:20,000
nothing to do with being better 
or more advanced in any general 

6223
05:48:20,000 --> 05:48:23,400
sense? 
In normal times being large, 

6224
05:48:23,400 --> 05:48:26,700
specialized and living 
exclusively on land were 

6225
05:48:26,700 --> 05:48:30,700
perfectly good strategies. 
They'd worked for millions of 

6226
05:48:30,700 --> 05:48:34,900
years. but when the asteroid hit
those strategies became 

6227
05:48:34,900 --> 05:48:38,600
liabilities, you moved to a 
section on the aftermath 

6228
05:48:39,500 --> 05:48:42,800
Scientists Now understand that 
the recovery took much longer 

6229
05:48:42,800 --> 05:48:47,400
than the extinction itself. 
The impact killed the dinosaurs 

6230
05:48:47,400 --> 05:48:52,100
in decades to centuries, but 
rebuilding complex ecosystems 

6231
05:48:52,100 --> 05:48:57,000
took millions of years. 
The fossil record shows a slow 

6232
05:48:57,000 --> 05:49:01,900
progression from simple 
communities, dominated by Ferns 

6233
05:49:01,900 --> 05:49:06,500
and other disaster species to 
more diverse forests to the 

6234
05:49:06,500 --> 05:49:10,700
complex ecosystems of the eocene
and later ebooks. 

6235
05:49:10,700 --> 05:49:15,300
There's a display about impact 
winter illustrating how the dust

6236
05:49:15,300 --> 05:49:19,800
and soot blocked sunlight, 
another was about the greenhouse

6237
05:49:19,800 --> 05:49:23,600
warming that followed, once the 
particular settled, but the 

6238
05:49:23,600 --> 05:49:28,800
carbon dioxide remained Third is
about ocean acidification from 

6239
05:49:28,800 --> 05:49:32,700
sulfur aerosols. 
The extinction wasn't a single 

6240
05:49:32,708 --> 05:49:36,000
event but a Cascade of 
environmental catastrophes. 

6241
05:49:36,000 --> 05:49:40,400
Each one weeding out species 
until only the most resilient or

6242
05:49:40,400 --> 05:49:43,400
lucky remained. 
You find yourself in front of a 

6243
05:49:43,408 --> 05:49:46,400
timeline showing Extinction 
events throughout Earth's 

6244
05:49:46,400 --> 05:49:52,100
history. the kpg extinction, the
one that killed the dinosaurs is

6245
05:49:52,100 --> 05:49:57,300
marked clearly, but it's not the
largest That distinction belongs

6246
05:49:57,300 --> 05:50:03,000
to the Permian Triassic 
Extinction, 250 million years 

6247
05:50:03,000 --> 05:50:09,400
ago, which killed over 90% of 
marine species and 70% of 

6248
05:50:09,400 --> 05:50:14,300
terrestrial vertebrates. 
The dinosaurs themselves Rose to

6249
05:50:14,300 --> 05:50:18,400
dominance in the aftermath of 
that early catastrophe, the 

6250
05:50:18,400 --> 05:50:20,800
timeline illustrates a humbling 
truth. 

6251
05:50:21,900 --> 05:50:26,100
Diction is normal. 
The vast majority of species 

6252
05:50:26,100 --> 05:50:30,900
that ever existed are extinct. 
The average species lifetime is 

6253
05:50:30,900 --> 05:50:35,500
measured in millions of years 
long by human standards but 

6254
05:50:35,500 --> 05:50:40,500
brief in geological time. 
What's unusual about the KP 

6255
05:50:40,500 --> 05:50:44,600
Extinction, isn't that it 
happened but that it happened so

6256
05:50:44,608 --> 05:50:49,300
quickly and was caused by an 
external extraterrestrial event 

6257
05:50:49,300 --> 05:50:53,200
rather than by earth-based 
processes like volcanism or 

6258
05:50:53,200 --> 05:50:57,700
climate change you pause at a 
display about modern Extinction 

6259
05:50:57,700 --> 05:51:00,300
rates. 
Scientists estimate. 

6260
05:51:00,300 --> 05:51:04,900
That species are currently going
extinct at rates 100 to 1,000 

6261
05:51:04,900 --> 05:51:09,400
times higher than the background
rate not because of asteroids 

6262
05:51:09,400 --> 05:51:14,900
but because of human activity. 
Habitat destruction, climate 

6263
05:51:14,900 --> 05:51:21,200
change, pollution over hunting. 
The causes are different. 

6264
05:51:22,100 --> 05:51:24,000
But the results may be 
comparable. 

6265
05:51:24,900 --> 05:51:27,600
Some scientists call it the 
sixth Extinction. 

6266
05:51:28,700 --> 05:51:32,000
Placing it in the same category 
as the event, that killed the 

6267
05:51:32,000 --> 05:51:34,700
dinosaurs. 
The comparison makes you 

6268
05:51:34,700 --> 05:51:38,500
uncomfortable as it should, the 
dinosaurs could not prevent 

6269
05:51:38,500 --> 05:51:43,400
their Extinction, they had no 
agency, no ability to change 

6270
05:51:43,400 --> 05:51:46,000
course or mitigate the impacts 
of effects. 

6271
05:51:46,700 --> 05:51:49,000
They were victims of cosmic, bad
luck. 

6272
05:51:49,900 --> 05:51:54,700
Humans in contrast understand 
what's happening and have the 

6273
05:51:54,700 --> 05:51:59,400
capacity to change it. 
The knowledge gained from 

6274
05:51:59,408 --> 05:52:03,300
studying the dinosaurs 
Extinction isn't just historical

6275
05:52:03,300 --> 05:52:06,100
curiosity. 
It's a warning. 

6276
05:52:06,100 --> 05:52:09,800
You finish your Museum. 
Visit in a hall displaying 

6277
05:52:09,800 --> 05:52:13,200
living reptiles and birds. 
There's a parrot. 

6278
05:52:13,200 --> 05:52:16,100
Its intelligence and social 
complexity rivaling. 

6279
05:52:16,100 --> 05:52:20,700
Many mammals A crocodile 
outwardly unchanged from its 

6280
05:52:20,700 --> 05:52:25,600
Cretaceous ancestors, a turtle 
carrying a body plan. 

6281
05:52:25,600 --> 05:52:28,400
That is worked for over 200 
million years. 

6282
05:52:29,400 --> 05:52:34,100
And prominently a display about 
bird, Evolution showing how the 

6283
05:52:34,100 --> 05:52:38,200
small theropods that survived, 
the impact Diversified into the 

6284
05:52:38,200 --> 05:52:43,500
10,000 species of birds alive. 
Today, looking at that parrot, 

6285
05:52:43,500 --> 05:52:47,000
descendant of dinosaurs 
inheritor of their genetic 

6286
05:52:47,000 --> 05:52:50,300
Legacy proof that not all the 
dinosaurs died. 

6287
05:52:50,300 --> 05:52:54,900
You realize that the story of 
dinosaur extinction is more 

6288
05:52:54,900 --> 05:52:58,000
nuanced than simple death and 
disappearance. 

6289
05:52:59,300 --> 05:53:01,300
The non-avian dinosaurs are 
gone. 

6290
05:53:01,308 --> 05:53:05,500
Yes. 
The massive sauropods, the 

6291
05:53:05,500 --> 05:53:10,600
horned ceratopsians and the 
Tyrannosaurs all extinct. 

6292
05:53:11,900 --> 05:53:15,900
But the dinosaur lineage 
persists in birds, still 

6293
05:53:15,900 --> 05:53:21,200
successful, still evolving still
filling ecological niches around

6294
05:53:21,200 --> 05:53:24,200
the world. 
The scientific understanding of 

6295
05:53:24,200 --> 05:53:28,400
dinosaur extinction is one of 
Humanity's great intellectual 

6296
05:53:28,400 --> 05:53:31,500
achievements. 
It required insights from 

6297
05:53:31,500 --> 05:53:35,100
multiple disciplines 
observations from around the 

6298
05:53:35,100 --> 05:53:38,000
world. 
Sophisticated, analytical 

6299
05:53:38,000 --> 05:53:41,300
technique's and Decades of 
dedicated work. 

6300
05:53:42,300 --> 05:53:46,000
It revealed both the fragility 
and the resilience of life. 

6301
05:53:46,700 --> 05:53:51,100
The power of catastrophic events
to reshape evolutionary history 

6302
05:53:51,100 --> 05:53:55,200
and the importance of 
understanding, our planet's past

6303
05:53:55,200 --> 05:53:59,800
to navigate its future, as you 
leave the museum, you carry with

6304
05:53:59,800 --> 05:54:03,200
you, not just knowledge about 
what happened, 66 million years 

6305
05:54:03,200 --> 05:54:07,700
ago, but perspective about where
we are now, what we're doing to 

6306
05:54:07,700 --> 05:54:10,900
the planet and what we might 
need to do differently if we 

6307
05:54:10,900 --> 05:54:14,000
want to avoid, becoming the next
Triceratops. 

6308
05:54:14,700 --> 05:54:18,900
The next T-Rex successful for 
millions of years until we 

6309
05:54:18,900 --> 05:54:23,100
weren't leaving only fossils for
some future intelligence to 

6310
05:54:23,100 --> 05:54:27,200
puzzle, over your standing, in a
forest, in Papua New Guinea, 

6311
05:54:27,200 --> 05:54:30,500
watching a cossari Pickett's, 
way through the undergrowth. 

6312
05:54:31,600 --> 05:54:36,200
The bird stands nearly six feet 
tall, its body covered in black 

6313
05:54:36,200 --> 05:54:38,600
feathers. 
Its head sporting. 

6314
05:54:38,600 --> 05:54:41,200
A bony cast. 
That looks almost helmet. 

6315
05:54:41,200 --> 05:54:46,100
Like Its legs are powerful, a 
quick with claws. 

6316
05:54:46,100 --> 05:54:50,300
That could easily disembowel a 
predator looking at it. 

6317
05:54:50,300 --> 05:54:53,700
You can't help but see the 
dinosaur Heritage. 

6318
05:54:53,700 --> 05:54:58,700
This is what survived. 
Not the Giant's, not the 

6319
05:54:58,700 --> 05:55:01,000
terrible lizards of popular 
imagination. 

6320
05:55:01,000 --> 05:55:06,600
But this, a lineage of small 
theropods that happen to have 

6321
05:55:06,600 --> 05:55:10,100
feathers happen to be small 
enough to survive the impact 

6322
05:55:10,100 --> 05:55:14,100
winter and happen to be 
adaptable enough to thrive in 

6323
05:55:14,100 --> 05:55:18,900
the aftermath The cassowaries 
ancestors walked among T-Rex and

6324
05:55:18,900 --> 05:55:21,000
Triceratops, and they're still 
here. 

6325
05:55:21,800 --> 05:55:23,800
Casserole moves, with the 
distinctive. 

6326
05:55:23,800 --> 05:55:28,600
Gait head, bobbing with each 
step, the same basic movement 

6327
05:55:28,600 --> 05:55:30,800
pattern. 
You'd see in any ground bird 

6328
05:55:30,800 --> 05:55:36,200
from chickens to ostriches It's 
a Locomotion style inherited 

6329
05:55:36,200 --> 05:55:41,300
from bipedal theropod dinosaurs 
modified over millions of years,

6330
05:55:41,300 --> 05:55:47,200
but fundamentally unchanged. 
The birds eyes positioned on the

6331
05:55:47,208 --> 05:55:51,900
side of its head. 
Provide nearly 3006 degree 

6332
05:55:51,900 --> 05:55:54,900
vision. 
Trache shared with its dinosaur 

6333
05:55:54,900 --> 05:55:58,200
in ancestors. 
Useful, for detecting both 

6334
05:55:58,200 --> 05:56:03,700
predators and prey, he noticed 
the birds feet Three toes 

6335
05:56:03,700 --> 05:56:07,600
pointing forward. 
One pointing back arranged in 

6336
05:56:07,600 --> 05:56:11,100
the same pattern as theropod 
trackways found in rock. 

6337
05:56:11,100 --> 05:56:16,000
Formations around the world. 
Paleontologists recognize this 

6338
05:56:16,000 --> 05:56:19,100
connection long before the 
broader scientific Community 

6339
05:56:19,100 --> 05:56:21,200
accepted that birds are 
dinosaurs. 

6340
05:56:22,300 --> 05:56:26,300
The anatomical evidence was 
always there in the bones and 

6341
05:56:26,300 --> 05:56:30,900
the footprints waiting to be 
properly interpreted moving to a

6342
05:56:30,900 --> 05:56:33,200
different location. 
You're now in the Amazon 

6343
05:56:33,200 --> 05:56:38,800
rainforest, observing a hoax in 
a bizarre bird that retains 

6344
05:56:38,800 --> 05:56:43,000
juvenile claws on its wings, 
which the chicks used to climb 

6345
05:56:43,000 --> 05:56:46,400
through vegetation. 
It's one of the most primitive 

6346
05:56:46,400 --> 05:56:51,000
birds showing characteristic 
that hint at its dinosauri, and 

6347
05:56:51,008 --> 05:56:53,900
origin's more clearly than most 
modern species. 

6348
05:56:55,300 --> 05:56:58,000
Watching it, clamber awkwardly 
through the branches. 

6349
05:56:58,000 --> 05:57:02,900
You can imagine the transitional
forms, the creatures that were 

6350
05:57:02,900 --> 05:57:05,800
neither fully dinosaurs nor 
fully Birds. 

6351
05:57:05,800 --> 05:57:09,500
But something in between the 
fossil record has provided 

6352
05:57:09,500 --> 05:57:13,100
spectacular examples of these 
transitional forms. 

6353
05:57:14,100 --> 05:57:17,200
Archaeopteryx discovered in 
1861. 

6354
05:57:17,200 --> 05:57:21,800
Showed a mixture of reptilian 
and avian features, so perfect 

6355
05:57:21,800 --> 05:57:24,500
that it could have been 
manufactured to prove 

6356
05:57:24,500 --> 05:57:29,000
evolutionary theory. 
More recently discoveries in 

6357
05:57:29,000 --> 05:57:33,400
China, have revealed dozens of 
feathered dinosaurs showing that

6358
05:57:33,400 --> 05:57:37,600
feathers evolved long before 
flight probably for insulation 

6359
05:57:37,600 --> 05:57:41,700
or display and were later 
co-opted for aerial Locomotion. 

6360
05:57:41,700 --> 05:57:45,900
You're holding a hummingbird in 
your hand, not literally, but 

6361
05:57:45,900 --> 05:57:50,100
watching One hover at a flower, 
it's wings beating too fast to 

6362
05:57:50,100 --> 05:57:54,200
see clearly. 
This tiny creature, weighing 

6363
05:57:54,200 --> 05:57:58,300
less than a nickel is as much a 
dinosaur as T-Rex. 

6364
05:57:59,100 --> 05:58:03,800
Its high metabolism. 
It's hollow bones and its four 

6365
05:58:03,800 --> 05:58:07,700
chambered heart. 
All inherited from theropod 

6366
05:58:07,700 --> 05:58:11,300
ancestors. 
The hummingbird represents an 

6367
05:58:11,300 --> 05:58:16,500
extreme elaboration of the basic
dinosaur body plan optimized for

6368
05:58:16,500 --> 05:58:20,200
a lifestyle that requires 
hovering in midair At feeding, 

6369
05:58:20,200 --> 05:58:24,800
on nectar, The evolutionary path
from T-Rex to Hummingbird, seems

6370
05:58:24,800 --> 05:58:29,200
almost absurdly improbable. 
But its documented in the fossil

6371
05:58:29,200 --> 05:58:32,100
record and confirmed by genetic 
analysis. 

6372
05:58:33,400 --> 05:58:36,300
Birds and crocodilians are each 
other's closest, living 

6373
05:58:36,300 --> 05:58:39,100
relatives. 
Fact that would surprise most 

6374
05:58:39,100 --> 05:58:43,200
people but makes perfect sense. 
When you understand that they're

6375
05:58:43,200 --> 05:58:46,800
both archosaurs members of the 
group that dominated the 

6376
05:58:46,800 --> 05:58:50,700
Mesozoic. 
Crocodilians represent one line 

6377
05:58:50,700 --> 05:58:55,800
of archosaur evolution dinosaurs
including Birds represent 

6378
05:58:55,800 --> 05:58:58,400
another. 
You're now in Antarctica, 

6379
05:58:58,400 --> 05:59:01,600
watching Penguins Dive Into The 
Frigid ocean. 

6380
05:59:01,600 --> 05:59:05,500
These birds have evolved to a 
lifestyle so different from 

6381
05:59:05,500 --> 05:59:08,900
their flying ancestors that they
seem almost alien. 

6382
05:59:09,800 --> 05:59:13,900
Their wings of become flippers 
optimize for swimming, rather 

6383
05:59:13,900 --> 05:59:17,500
than flight. 
They can dive 100s of feet, deep

6384
05:59:17,500 --> 05:59:19,300
and stay underwater for 20 
minutes. 

6385
05:59:20,300 --> 05:59:23,900
Yet they're still dinosaurs, 
still carrying the genetic 

6386
05:59:23,900 --> 05:59:28,700
Legacy of creatures that walked 
on land. 66 million years ago, 

6387
05:59:28,700 --> 05:59:32,900
he adapted ability that allowed 
Birds to survive the kpg 

6388
05:59:32,900 --> 05:59:35,500
extinction. 
A served them well in the 

6389
05:59:35,500 --> 05:59:39,500
subsequent millions of years. 
they've diverse fight to fill 

6390
05:59:39,500 --> 05:59:43,400
ecological, niches on every 
continent and in every habitat 

6391
05:59:43,400 --> 05:59:48,000
type, Seabirds like, 
albatrosses, spend years at Sea 

6392
05:59:48,000 --> 05:59:53,000
almost never touching land. 
Forest birds like woodpeckers 

6393
05:59:53,000 --> 05:59:56,600
have evolved specialized skulls 
that allow them to hammer on 

6394
05:59:56,608 --> 05:59:58,900
trees without getting 
concussions. 

6395
05:59:59,900 --> 06:00:02,100
Owls hunt silently in the 
darkness. 

6396
06:00:02,100 --> 06:00:07,200
Their feathers modified to 
eliminate flight noise, walking 

6397
06:00:07,200 --> 06:00:10,500
through a city park, your 
surrounded by pigeons 

6398
06:00:10,500 --> 06:00:15,700
descendants of rock doves that 
humans domesticated thousands of

6399
06:00:15,700 --> 06:00:19,000
years ago. 
These birds have adapted to 

6400
06:00:19,000 --> 06:00:23,100
Urban environments, so 
successfully that they thrive in

6401
06:00:23,100 --> 06:00:26,600
cities worldwide. 
They nest on buildings in stead 

6402
06:00:26,600 --> 06:00:30,000
of cliffs. 
Eat food scraps, instead of 

6403
06:00:30,000 --> 06:00:33,700
seeds, and navigate around 
traffic with ease. 

6404
06:00:34,800 --> 06:00:37,000
Their success in human 
dominated. 

6405
06:00:37,000 --> 06:00:40,700
Landscapes is Testament to The 
evolutionary flexibility 

6406
06:00:40,700 --> 06:00:44,400
inherited from their dinosaur 
and ancestors. 

6407
06:00:44,400 --> 06:00:48,700
He notice a crow investigating a
puzzle box using tools to 

6408
06:00:48,700 --> 06:00:52,500
extract food. 
Call David's the family that 

6409
06:00:52,500 --> 06:00:57,500
includes crows Ravens and JS, 
display intelligence that 

6410
06:00:57,500 --> 06:01:01,800
Rivals, great apes. 
They can recognize individual 

6411
06:01:01,800 --> 06:01:05,300
human faces. 
Hold grudges planned for the 

6412
06:01:05,300 --> 06:01:09,000
future and even understand 
Concepts like zero. 

6413
06:01:10,300 --> 06:01:14,200
This cognitive sophistication of
evolved independently from 

6414
06:01:14,200 --> 06:01:18,200
mammalian intelligence, showing 
that the dinosaur lineage was 

6415
06:01:18,200 --> 06:01:22,700
capable of producing complex 
brains and behaviors in a 

6416
06:01:22,700 --> 06:01:26,300
laboratory, you're watching a 
chicken embryo, develop. 

6417
06:01:27,400 --> 06:01:30,900
In the early stages, it has 
teeth and a long bony tail 

6418
06:01:30,900 --> 06:01:35,500
characteristics, its ancestors 
lost millions of years ago, but 

6419
06:01:35,500 --> 06:01:38,200
which are still encoded in its 
DNA. 

6420
06:01:39,300 --> 06:01:44,100
Scientists can reactivate these 
dormant genes creating chickens 

6421
06:01:44,100 --> 06:01:48,800
with Dinosaur like features. 
The experiment demonstrates that

6422
06:01:48,800 --> 06:01:53,000
Evolution doesn't create new 
features from nothing but 

6423
06:01:53,000 --> 06:01:58,000
modifies and recombines. 
Existing genetic material, and 

6424
06:01:58,000 --> 06:02:01,400
that modern Birds retain in 
their genome's. 

6425
06:02:01,400 --> 06:02:05,300
The instructions for building 
features their ancestors 

6426
06:02:05,300 --> 06:02:08,500
possessed. 
The genetic studies of revealed,

6427
06:02:08,500 --> 06:02:11,100
fascinating details about bird 
evolution. 

6428
06:02:12,400 --> 06:02:16,200
The high metabolic rate the 
efficient respiratory system 

6429
06:02:16,200 --> 06:02:19,700
with air sacs extending into 
hollow bones and the 

6430
06:02:19,700 --> 06:02:24,000
sophisticated color vision. 
All of these appear to have been

6431
06:02:24,008 --> 06:02:27,300
present in at least some 
theropod dinosaurs before the 

6432
06:02:27,300 --> 06:02:31,000
kpg extinction. 
Birds, didn't invent these 

6433
06:02:31,000 --> 06:02:34,900
features, they inherited them, 
and then refine them over 

6434
06:02:34,900 --> 06:02:39,100
millions of years. 
You're in Madagascar, observing 

6435
06:02:39,100 --> 06:02:43,400
elephant birds or rather looking
at their bones, in a museum. 

6436
06:02:43,400 --> 06:02:47,600
Since they went extinct, only a 
few hundred years ago hunted, to

6437
06:02:47,600 --> 06:02:52,200
extinction by humans These 
flightless Giants, stood 10 

6438
06:02:52,200 --> 06:02:54,100
feet, tall and weighed half a 
ton. 

6439
06:02:54,100 --> 06:03:00,000
The largest Birds ever to exist.
Their Extinction illustrates 

6440
06:03:00,000 --> 06:03:04,100
that dinosaurs. 
Avian dinosaurs are still 

6441
06:03:04,100 --> 06:03:06,600
vulnerable to environmental 
catastrophes. 

6442
06:03:08,100 --> 06:03:09,800
Schlee. 
Those caused by a species 

6443
06:03:09,800 --> 06:03:14,500
capable of rapidly transforming 
ecosystems in New Zealand. 

6444
06:03:14,500 --> 06:03:19,500
The story is similar. 
MOA giant flightless birds that 

6445
06:03:19,500 --> 06:03:22,300
have evolved in the absence of 
mammalian predators. 

6446
06:03:23,100 --> 06:03:26,600
Thrived for millions of years 
until humans arrived. 

6447
06:03:27,400 --> 06:03:31,200
Within a few centuries. 
All mower species were extinct. 

6448
06:03:32,600 --> 06:03:35,600
Parallel to the non-avian 
dinosaurs is sobering. 

6449
06:03:36,500 --> 06:03:40,500
Evolutionary success measured in
millions of years offers no 

6450
06:03:40,500 --> 06:03:44,600
protection against rapid 
environmental change but most 

6451
06:03:44,600 --> 06:03:47,900
bird species are still thriving 
at least for now. 

6452
06:03:49,300 --> 06:03:53,300
You're in a tropical rainforest 
Adorn experiencing what 

6453
06:03:53,300 --> 06:03:58,400
biologists call the dawn chorus.
Dozens of bird species calling 

6454
06:03:58,400 --> 06:04:02,200
simultaneously creating a wall 
of sound that's almost 

6455
06:04:02,200 --> 06:04:06,500
overwhelming. 
Each species has its own song, 

6456
06:04:06,500 --> 06:04:11,200
its own acoustic niche. 
Songbirds of volt their 

6457
06:04:11,208 --> 06:04:16,000
sophisticated vocalizations 
about 50 million years ago and 

6458
06:04:16,000 --> 06:04:20,000
they've been refining them ever 
since the ability to produce 

6459
06:04:20,000 --> 06:04:24,700
complex sounds required. 
Specialized Anatomy, a syringes,

6460
06:04:24,700 --> 06:04:29,100
the avian vocal organ, which 
allows some species to produce 

6461
06:04:29,100 --> 06:04:31,300
two different notes 
simultaneously. 

6462
06:04:32,600 --> 06:04:36,900
Liar, birds can mimic almost any
sound they hear including 

6463
06:04:36,900 --> 06:04:42,100
chainsaws and car alarms. 
This vocal flexibility may have 

6464
06:04:42,100 --> 06:04:45,300
evolved from the same 
neurological substrate that 

6465
06:04:45,300 --> 06:04:48,500
allows for complex Communication
in many dinosaurs. 

6466
06:04:49,300 --> 06:04:52,600
We know from fossilized skulls 
that some hadrosaurs had 

6467
06:04:52,608 --> 06:04:56,000
elaborate nasal passages likely 
used for vocalization. 

6468
06:04:56,000 --> 06:05:00,100
You finish your journey in a 
backyard watching common birds 

6469
06:05:00,100 --> 06:05:03,000
at a feeder. 
It's barrows finches and 

6470
06:05:03,000 --> 06:05:06,100
Cardinals. 
These unremarkable birds. 

6471
06:05:06,100 --> 06:05:08,200
So familiar, they're almost 
invisible. 

6472
06:05:09,000 --> 06:05:12,600
Represent one of Evolution's 
greatest success stories. 

6473
06:05:13,500 --> 06:05:18,600
Their dinosaurs refined by 66 
million years of natural 

6474
06:05:18,600 --> 06:05:21,900
selection. 
And adapted to thrive in a 

6475
06:05:21,908 --> 06:05:25,300
world, utterly different from 
the one, their ancestors knew. 

6476
06:05:26,300 --> 06:05:30,600
They survived the asteroid, the 
impact winter and the millions 

6477
06:05:30,600 --> 06:05:33,500
of years of ecosystem 
reorganization that followed 

6478
06:05:33,500 --> 06:05:37,000
looking at them. 
You realize that the question 

6479
06:05:37,000 --> 06:05:40,900
isn't just what killed the 
dinosaurs but what allowed some 

6480
06:05:40,900 --> 06:05:44,500
dinosaurs to survive? 
The answer lies in the 

6481
06:05:44,500 --> 06:05:47,400
characteristics Birds inherited 
and refined. 

6482
06:05:48,400 --> 06:05:53,800
Small size, high metabolism, 
adaptable, diet, and the ability

6483
06:05:53,800 --> 06:05:56,700
to move quickly across changing 
landscapes. 

6484
06:05:57,500 --> 06:06:00,200
These traits serve their 
ancestors, well in the 

6485
06:06:00,200 --> 06:06:04,300
Cretaceous but they became 
absolutely crucial when the 

6486
06:06:04,300 --> 06:06:06,600
world ended and had to be 
remade. 

6487
06:06:06,600 --> 06:06:10,900
The dinosaurs didn't disappear. 
They transformed. 

6488
06:06:10,900 --> 06:06:15,000
They adapted. 
They persisted through the worst

6489
06:06:15,000 --> 06:06:18,500
catastrophe to hit Earth in 
hundreds of millions of years 

6490
06:06:18,500 --> 06:06:23,500
and they're still here, still 
evolving still successful. 

6491
06:06:24,400 --> 06:06:28,600
Every bird you see is a living 
dinosaur, carrying genetic 

6492
06:06:28,600 --> 06:06:32,200
information that traces back 
through an unbroken chain to the

6493
06:06:32,208 --> 06:06:37,800
Triassic period, more than 200 
million years ago, thats, not 

6494
06:06:37,800 --> 06:06:43,800
Extinction that survival, your 
standing in the Badlands of 

6495
06:06:43,800 --> 06:06:46,800
Montana, as evening settles 
across the landscape. 

6496
06:06:47,900 --> 06:06:51,600
The eroded Hills glow, pink and 
orange in the fading light. 

6497
06:06:52,400 --> 06:06:56,200
Layers of sedimentary rock 
exposed like pages in a book. 

6498
06:06:57,300 --> 06:07:01,100
Each layer represents a slice of
time and somewhere. 

6499
06:07:01,100 --> 06:07:05,600
In these rocks lies, the thin 
dark line, that marks, the k-pg 

6500
06:07:05,600 --> 06:07:11,300
boundary The moment, everything 
changed a paleontologist Works 

6501
06:07:11,300 --> 06:07:15,600
carefully as an excavation site 
brushes and small tools. 

6502
06:07:15,600 --> 06:07:18,400
Revealing bone fragments from 
the late Cretaceous. 

6503
06:07:19,300 --> 06:07:23,600
Each fossil tells a story, but 
it's a story that ends abruptly.

6504
06:07:24,600 --> 06:07:28,200
Above the boundary layer. 
No more Triceratops no more 

6505
06:07:28,200 --> 06:07:30,900
hadrosaurs, no more 
Tyrannosaurs. 

6506
06:07:31,500 --> 06:07:35,500
Just the quiet testimony of 
absence the legacy of the 

6507
06:07:35,500 --> 06:07:37,800
dinosaurs isn't loud or 
dramatic. 

6508
06:07:37,800 --> 06:07:43,200
It subtle woven into the fabric 
of the modern world in ways that

6509
06:07:43,200 --> 06:07:47,000
aren't immediately obvious. the 
birds in the trees are the most 

6510
06:07:47,008 --> 06:07:52,000
direct Legacy, but there's more 
The flowering plants that the 

6511
06:07:52,000 --> 06:07:57,000
dinosaurs helped spread through 
their feeding and migration now 

6512
06:07:57,000 --> 06:08:02,500
dominate terrestrial ecosystems.
The small mammals that survived 

6513
06:08:02,500 --> 06:08:05,600
in the dinosaurs Shadow, have 
inherited the Earth. 

6514
06:08:06,200 --> 06:08:09,900
And diversified into forms. 
The dinosaurs could never have 

6515
06:08:09,900 --> 06:08:13,900
imagined you think about the 
lessons in bedded in this story.

6516
06:08:14,900 --> 06:08:19,000
First is humility. 
The dinosaurs were successful 

6517
06:08:19,000 --> 06:08:22,200
beyond measure. 
They dominated terrestrial 

6518
06:08:22,200 --> 06:08:25,500
ecosystems for over 160 million 
years. 

6519
06:08:26,800 --> 06:08:31,800
Humans in our current form have 
existed for perhaps 300,000 

6520
06:08:31,800 --> 06:08:35,200
years. 
How civilizations are younger? 

6521
06:08:35,200 --> 06:08:38,400
Still measured and mere 
thousands of years? 

6522
06:08:39,500 --> 06:08:43,200
By any objective measure, the 
dinosaurs were more successful 

6523
06:08:43,200 --> 06:08:48,200
than we've been so far. 
Yet success, over millions of 

6524
06:08:48,200 --> 06:08:51,600
years, didn't protect them. 
When circumstances change 

6525
06:08:51,600 --> 06:08:56,000
catastrophically, the second 
lesson is about the nature of 

6526
06:08:56,000 --> 06:08:59,100
Extinction. 
It's not always dramatic. 

6527
06:09:00,200 --> 06:09:03,200
Yes, the asteroid impact was 
violent and sudden. 

6528
06:09:04,000 --> 06:09:08,300
But what killed most dinosaurs? 
Wasn't the impact itself. it was

6529
06:09:08,300 --> 06:09:13,400
the slow starvation, the gradual
cold and the accumulating 

6530
06:09:13,400 --> 06:09:18,500
stresses of an ecosystem that 
stopped functioning most species

6531
06:09:18,500 --> 06:09:22,700
die not with a bang. 
But with a whimper population's 

6532
06:09:22,700 --> 06:09:26,500
dwindling over Generations until
the last individual dies, 

6533
06:09:26,500 --> 06:09:29,600
somewhere unnoticed and 
unremembered. 

6534
06:09:29,600 --> 06:09:32,000
Except as a gap in the fossil 
record. 

6535
06:09:32,000 --> 06:09:35,700
The third lesson is about 
resilience and adaptation. 

6536
06:09:36,700 --> 06:09:41,100
The dinosaurs that survived, the
birds weren't necessarily 

6537
06:09:41,100 --> 06:09:44,700
Superior to those that died. 
They were lucky in their 

6538
06:09:44,708 --> 06:09:48,500
characteristics, fortunate. 
That the traits, they happen to 

6539
06:09:48,500 --> 06:09:52,200
possess aligned with what was 
needed to survive the 

6540
06:09:52,200 --> 06:09:56,600
catastrophe. 
Evolution doesn't produce better

6541
06:09:56,600 --> 06:10:01,800
creatures in any absolute sense.
It produces creatures, well, 

6542
06:10:01,800 --> 06:10:03,700
suited to their current 
environment. 

6543
06:10:04,700 --> 06:10:08,800
When that environment changes 
radically, the well-adapted can 

6544
06:10:08,800 --> 06:10:11,800
become the extinct. 
You're walking now through a 

6545
06:10:11,800 --> 06:10:14,100
modern Forest. 
Oak trees. 

6546
06:10:14,100 --> 06:10:18,100
Maple trees, songbirds calling 
and a deer in the distance. 

6547
06:10:19,100 --> 06:10:22,700
This ecosystem has no direct 
connection to the Cretaceous 

6548
06:10:22,700 --> 06:10:26,100
Forest, you visited at the 
journeys beginning and yet its 

6549
06:10:26,100 --> 06:10:28,600
built on the same fundamental 
principles. 

6550
06:10:29,900 --> 06:10:33,000
Sunlight converted to chemical 
energy through photosynthesis 

6551
06:10:33,000 --> 06:10:37,200
herbivores, eating plants, 
carnivals. 

6552
06:10:37,200 --> 06:10:41,300
Eating of wars and decomposes 
recycling nutrients. 

6553
06:10:42,400 --> 06:10:46,500
The players of change, but the 
play continues somewhere in this

6554
06:10:46,500 --> 06:10:51,000
Forest a fossilized buried. 
Perhaps a tooth from a 

6555
06:10:51,000 --> 06:10:54,600
Cretaceous mammal. 
Perhaps a fragment of petrified 

6556
06:10:54,600 --> 06:10:57,400
wood from a tree that grew in 
the dinosaurs shadow. 

6557
06:10:58,400 --> 06:11:03,000
The Rock will erode eventually 
exposing the fossil to whether 

6558
06:11:03,000 --> 06:11:08,900
enchants maybe someone will find
it, recognized it for what it is

6559
06:11:08,900 --> 06:11:12,500
and add it to the accumulated 
knowledge of Deep. 

6560
06:11:14,100 --> 06:11:19,300
Thigh or maybe it will crumble 
to dust its story Untold the 

6561
06:11:19,300 --> 06:11:22,000
dinosaurs Left Behind more than 
fossils. 

6562
06:11:22,000 --> 06:11:25,500
They left behind ecological 
space that other creatures. 

6563
06:11:25,500 --> 06:11:28,400
Filled. 
They left behind evolutionary 

6564
06:11:28,400 --> 06:11:33,400
experiments, feathers hollow 
bones, efficient, respiratory 

6565
06:11:33,400 --> 06:11:37,000
systems, that birds refined and 
carried forward. 

6566
06:11:38,400 --> 06:11:42,100
They left behind lessons about 
the fragility of dominance and 

6567
06:11:42,100 --> 06:11:45,400
the arbitrary nature of survival
standing here. 

6568
06:11:45,400 --> 06:11:48,700
You realize that humans are 
writing our own chapter in 

6569
06:11:48,700 --> 06:11:53,000
Earth's history were altering 
climate driving species extinct 

6570
06:11:53,000 --> 06:11:57,100
and transforming Landscapes. 
On a global scale were 

6571
06:11:57,100 --> 06:11:59,800
conducting an experiment whose 
outcome is uncertain. 

6572
06:11:59,800 --> 06:12:02,600
The dinosaurs didn't choose 
their fate. 

6573
06:12:02,600 --> 06:12:05,400
They were victims of a cosmic 
accident. 

6574
06:12:05,400 --> 06:12:08,600
We're different. 
We see what we're doing. 

6575
06:12:08,600 --> 06:12:13,300
We understand the consequences. 
We have the knowledge and 

6576
06:12:13,300 --> 06:12:16,600
potentially the ability to 
choose a different path. 

6577
06:12:16,600 --> 06:12:21,800
The question is whether we will 
the night is fully Fallen now 

6578
06:12:21,800 --> 06:12:26,500
above used stars appear 
Different Stars than the 

6579
06:12:26,500 --> 06:12:31,100
dinosaurs saw constellations 
that have shifted over 66 

6580
06:12:31,200 --> 06:12:35,400
million years as Earth, orbits 
the sun and the solar system 

6581
06:12:35,400 --> 06:12:39,700
moves through the Galaxy. 
But their fundamentally, the 

6582
06:12:39,700 --> 06:12:43,500
same stars burning the same, 
nuclear fires following the same

6583
06:12:43,500 --> 06:12:47,200
physical laws. 
You think about time about the 

6584
06:12:47,200 --> 06:12:49,900
vast stretches of it, that 
separate you from the 

6585
06:12:49,900 --> 06:12:53,700
Triceratops you watched, 
browsing cycads from the 

6586
06:12:53,700 --> 06:12:57,500
Edmontosaurus herds. 
And from the kettle Cutlass, 

6587
06:12:57,500 --> 06:13:04,100
gliding on warm Cretaceous are 
66 million years a number. 

6588
06:13:04,100 --> 06:13:06,300
So large it defeats 
comprehension. 

6589
06:13:07,400 --> 06:13:10,100
Yet in Earth's four and a half 
billion year history. 

6590
06:13:10,100 --> 06:13:14,800
It's just a brief moment. 
Less than one and a half percent

6591
06:13:14,800 --> 06:13:19,700
of the planet's total age. 
The dinosaurs Rose dominated and

6592
06:13:19,700 --> 06:13:21,800
fell within a portion of that 
history. 

6593
06:13:23,300 --> 06:13:26,200
They didn't fail. 
Failure implies, they were 

6594
06:13:26,208 --> 06:13:28,600
trying to achieve something and 
didn't succeed. 

6595
06:13:29,700 --> 06:13:33,300
They simply existed evolved 
adapted. 

6596
06:13:33,300 --> 06:13:36,900
And eventually encountered 
circumstances, they couldn't 

6597
06:13:36,900 --> 06:13:40,100
adapt to quickly enough. 
They're ending was neither 

6598
06:13:40,100 --> 06:13:44,200
tragic nor triumphant, it was 
simply what happened? 

6599
06:13:44,200 --> 06:13:49,200
And now in this quiet evening, 
their legacy surrounds you in 

6600
06:13:49,200 --> 06:13:53,700
the birds roosting in the trees,
in the fossil fuels, we burn 

6601
06:13:53,700 --> 06:13:58,500
created from organisms that 
lived in the dinosaurs world In 

6602
06:13:58,500 --> 06:14:02,300
the Limestone buildings of 
cities made from the shells of 

6603
06:14:02,300 --> 06:14:06,100
marine creatures that lived and 
died while dinosaurs walked the 

6604
06:14:06,100 --> 06:14:08,800
Earth. 
In the scientific knowledge 

6605
06:14:08,800 --> 06:14:12,700
accumulated from Decades of 
studying their remains. 

6606
06:14:13,400 --> 06:14:16,900
In the wonder, they Inspire in 
children and adults alike, 

6607
06:14:16,900 --> 06:14:21,200
bridging millions of years to 
create connections between 

6608
06:14:21,200 --> 06:14:25,900
modern minds and ancient lives. 
The gentle disappearance of the 

6609
06:14:25,900 --> 06:14:30,800
dinosaurs gradual at first then,
catastrophically accelerated and

6610
06:14:30,800 --> 06:14:34,100
slowly fading from memory. 
Except for the clues, they left 

6611
06:14:34,100 --> 06:14:38,300
behind speaks to the 
impermanence of all things. 

6612
06:14:39,500 --> 06:14:44,700
Species, arise and vanish. 
Continents, drift mountains, 

6613
06:14:44,700 --> 06:14:48,100
Road. 
Even the stars of eventually 

6614
06:14:48,100 --> 06:14:53,100
burn out, nothing lasts forever,
no matter how successful, how 

6615
06:14:53,100 --> 06:14:57,600
well adapted, or how dominant. 
But while things laughed, they 

6616
06:14:57,600 --> 06:15:02,300
matter The dinosaurs mattered to
the ecosystems, they inhabited 

6617
06:15:02,300 --> 06:15:06,700
to the evolution of countless 
other species and to the shape 

6618
06:15:06,700 --> 06:15:10,000
of the world. 
They left behind They matter now

6619
06:15:10,000 --> 06:15:14,600
to the scientists who study them
to the people, who Marvel at 

6620
06:15:14,600 --> 06:15:18,700
their reconstructed skeletons, 
and to the writers and artists 

6621
06:15:18,700 --> 06:15:22,200
and filmmakers who bring them 
back to life in imagination. 

6622
06:15:22,200 --> 06:15:26,100
You're heading back. 
Now, leaving the Badlands behind

6623
06:15:26,100 --> 06:15:30,300
the fossils remain locked in 
stone waiting. 

6624
06:15:30,300 --> 06:15:35,400
Some will be found and studied 
others will erode away their 

6625
06:15:35,400 --> 06:15:39,800
stories, permanently lost. 
And in the fullness of time, 

6626
06:15:39,800 --> 06:15:43,600
even the fossils that are found 
and carefully preserved in 

6627
06:15:43,600 --> 06:15:47,400
museums, will eventually return 
to dust as everything does. 

6628
06:15:47,400 --> 06:15:51,200
But for now they endure the 
bones. 

6629
06:15:51,200 --> 06:15:55,100
Remember, even if the creatures 
are gone, they speak of a world 

6630
06:15:55,100 --> 06:15:58,500
fundamentally different from 
ours, yet governed by the same 

6631
06:15:58,500 --> 06:16:01,900
prints of principles. 
They remind us that Earth's 

6632
06:16:01,900 --> 06:16:06,000
history is long that our tenure 
here is brief and that the 

6633
06:16:06,000 --> 06:16:10,200
planet existed for billions of 
years before us and will likely 

6634
06:16:10,200 --> 06:16:14,700
exist for billions more after 
us, the dinosaurs slowly 

6635
06:16:14,700 --> 06:16:19,500
disappeared, but they left 
behind more than absence They 

6636
06:16:19,500 --> 06:16:23,200
left behind a record of, what's 
possible of how life can 

6637
06:16:23,200 --> 06:16:26,500
diversify and adapt and fill 
every available niche. 

6638
06:16:27,300 --> 06:16:31,200
They left behind warnings about 
what can happen when conditions 

6639
06:16:31,200 --> 06:16:34,600
change faster than Evolution can
respond. 

6640
06:16:35,700 --> 06:16:38,400
And they left behind 
inspiration. 

6641
06:16:38,400 --> 06:16:44,100
The sheer Wonder of creatures. 
So different from anything alive

6642
06:16:44,100 --> 06:16:47,800
today yet. 
So magnificently suited to their

6643
06:16:47,800 --> 06:16:52,500
time as you settle in for Sleep 
the days journey through deep 

6644
06:16:52,500 --> 06:16:56,400
time, Fading Into dream you 
carry with, you an 

6645
06:16:56,400 --> 06:16:59,600
understanding. 
The dinosaurs story isn't 

6646
06:16:59,600 --> 06:17:03,400
separate from our own. 
We're all part of the same Grand

6647
06:17:03,400 --> 06:17:08,700
narrative, the story of life on 
Earth unfolding across billions 

6648
06:17:08,700 --> 06:17:13,800
of years. the dinosaurs had 
their chapter were writing ours,

6649
06:17:13,800 --> 06:17:19,200
now how it ends are still up to 
us, sleep, well, The stars that 

6650
06:17:19,200 --> 06:17:22,700
watched over the dinosaurs of 
watching still patient and 

6651
06:17:22,700 --> 06:17:26,900
unchanging as Earth continues, 
its ancient rotation, through 

6652
06:17:26,900 --> 06:17:29,000
the vast darkness of space.