A Peaceful History of Atlantis: Plato’s Vision of a Vanished World | Boring History For Sleep

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Hello, my little potato friends.
I'm actually starting to like 

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that word more than sleep. 
But today was honestly pretty 

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smooth. 
Well, for me at least, So let's 

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snuggle up and let me tell you a
story here tonight, where we 

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embarked on a journey to a place
that may never have existed yet 

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as captivated human imagination 
for over 2000 years. this is the

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story of Atlantis not as an 
adventure Tale But as a 

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meditation on memory meaning and
the stories we tell ourselves 

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about perfection and loss If 
you're new here is always 

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joining. 
The community is super cool and 

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easy. 
Just tap subscribe and like the 

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video. 
And let me know, where in the 

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world, you're watching from and 
what time it is for you. 

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Now, find that cold part of your
pillow and let's begin. 

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If I pronounce any words wrong, 
please know that I am trying my 

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best. 
Now, picture Athens in the year 

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360 BCE, when the city still 
carries the architectural 

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Grandeur of its golden age. 
But the political confidence has

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begun to fade like paint on 
Temple, walls exposed to too 

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many Mediterranean Summers. 
The path and on, stand on the 

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Acropolis. 
Its marble columns catching the 

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afternoon light in ways that 
make the stones seem almost 

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translucent. 
But the Empire that built it has

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been humbled by Sparta and 
reduced to a shadow of its 

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former reach in this diminished,
Athens lives and elderly, man 

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named Plato around 70 years old.
Now, his beard gone completely 

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white and His Hands marked by 
the kind of age spots that 

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remind you of your own 
mortality. 

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He walks slowly through the 
colonnade of his Academy. 

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The philosophical school. 
He founded decades earlier where

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young men gather to debate 
questions about Justice Beauty. 

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And the nature of reality 
itself, Plato has spent his life

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thinking about perfection, not 
The Superficial kind, not the 

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perfect hair cut or the perfect 
dinner party, but the Deep 

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structural Perfection of forms 
and ideas that exist somewhere 

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beyond our messy physical world.
He believed or at least argues 

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that everything we experience is
merely a shadow of some ideal 

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version that exists in a realm 
of pure thought. 

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The chair you're sitting in is 
just an imperfect copy of the 

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idea of chair itself. 
The Justice you see in 

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courtrooms is a pale reflection 
of justice as it truly exists. 

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This philosophical obsession, 
with ideal forms, as led Plato 

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to imagine ideal. 
Society, is ideal governments, 

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an ideal ways of organizing 
human life to achieve something 

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approaching perfection. 
His earlier work, the Republic. 

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Outlined a vision of a perfect 
city-state governed by 

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philosopher Kings who had rule 
with wisdom rather than ambition

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where every citizen would be 
educated according to their 

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abilities and positioned. 
According to their talents, but 

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ideas, expressed as abstract 
philosophy can feel dry like 

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reading an instruction manual 
for living. 

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So Plato, who understands how 
human Minds actually work often 

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wraps his philosophy in stories.
Creates myths and allegories 

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that make his points more 
memorable than any logical 

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argument could. 
He is already given us the 

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allegory of the cave where 
prisoners mistake Shadows for 

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reality. 
Now in his old age, he is about 

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to give us something even more 
enduring. 

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The specific occasion for 
Plato's story about Atlantis 

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comes during a series of 
philosophical dialogues. 

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He writes near the end of his 
life. 

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These dialogues feature, his old
teacher, Socrates dead for 

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decades now executed by Athens 
for corrupting the youth with 

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too many uncomfortable 
questions, along with other 

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historical figures engaging in 
the kind of sophisticated dinner

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party conversation that ancient 
Greeks excelled at in these 

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dialogues titled Tamia. 
And critias Plato has one of his

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characters were counter story 
supposedly passed down through 

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generations. 
Originally told to solo on the 

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greater than law, Giver by 
Egyptian priests during his 

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travels to centuries earlier. 
It's a framing device that gives

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the story, both ancient 
Authority and convenient 

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distance, Plato isn't claiming 
to have witnessed any of this 

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himself, merely preserving 
knowledge, supposedly handed 

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down through time. 
The story emerges naturally, 

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from a philosophical discussion,
about ideal States, and the 

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nature of civilization. after 
outlining his vision of a 

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perfect Society, Plato has his 
character's Wonder has such a 

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society ever actually existed. 
Could the abstract ideals. 

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He's been describing ever 
manifest in the physical world. 

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And in answering this, 
hypothetical question, Plato 

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creates Atlantis. 
But before we dive into the 

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story itself is worth 
considering what Athens must 

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have felt like to an old 
philosopher. 

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Watching his City struggle with 
its diminished status The person

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wars were ancient history. 
Now the Glory Days of Pericles 

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of faded into nostalgic memory 
and Athens had lost. 

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Its devastating conflict with 
Sparta. 

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The city that had once dominated
the Egyptian through a 

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combination of Naval power 
democratic ideals, and cultural 

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sophistication, was now just 
another Mediterranean city state

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important, but no longer 
exceptional in this context. 

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Plato's mind might naturally 
turn to question about rise and 

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fall about whether greatness can
be sustained or whether it 

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contains the seeds of its own 
destruction. these weren't 

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abstract philosophical questions
for him, they were observations 

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about his own societies 
trajectory Thins had been great 

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and was now diminished what 
lessons could be drawn from that

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experience? 
The Mediterranean world that 

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Plato inhabits is one where the 
sea connects rather than divides

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From his vantage point in 
Athens, you can see how Maritime

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trade creates webs of connection
linking cities around the entire

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Mediterranean basin. 
Ships carry, not just cargo but 

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also ideas stories and news of 
distant places. 

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Sailors returned from voyages 
with Tales of strange lands 

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unusual customs and cities that 
excel in different Arts than 

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Athens. 
Does this Maritime 

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Consciousness? 
This awareness of a world much 

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larger than one's own City 
permeates Greek thinking in ways

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that might not be immediately 
obvious to us When Plato 

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imagines Atlantis, he places in 
the ocean, specifically beyond 

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the pillars of Hercules. 
What we now call the Strait of 

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Gibraltar in the vast, Atlantic 
that Greeks regarded with a 

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mixture of Fascination and 
trepidation. 

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The Mediterranean was their 
Pond. 

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The Atlantic was something more 
mysterious a realm of 

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possibility, where anything 
might exist, Plato himself. 

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Probably never traveled far by 
sea his voyages to Sicily to 

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advise the Tyrant of Syracuse 
were about, as adventurous as he

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got. 
And those trips were motivated 

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by his hope of implementing 
philosophical governance in a 

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real city rather than any desire
for maritime Adventure. 

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But like most educated Greeks, 
he would have absorbed. 

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Countless stories from 
Travelers, Traders and returning

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Sailors about distant lands and 
unusual people's the physical 

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experience of being by the sea, 
in ancient Greece, would have 

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been quite different from our 
modern Beach vacations. 

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The Mediterranean isn't the 
gentle tourist friendly? 

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Body of water. 
It often appears to be in 

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contemporary photographs. 
It can turn violent with 

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stunning speed transforming from
glassy. 

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Calm to White Captain Fury in 
the time. 

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It takes to finish a meal. 
Greek Sailors, respected, and 

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feared. 
The sea in equal measure seeing 

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it as a realm, where human 
control was always provisional a

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Nature's power. 
Absolute this relationship with 

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Maritime. 
Unpredictability would have 

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influenced how Greeks thought 
about civilization itself. 

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Cities could rise and fall as 
quickly as storms could appear. 

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Trading networks, that seemed 
permanent could be disrupted by 

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piracy war or shifts in 
political power. 

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The sea connected people, but 
also reminded them of their 

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vulnerability. 
An island civilization. 

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However, powerful would always 
be subject to forces Beyond its 

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control. 
Plato's decision to set his 

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imaginary civilization on an 
island, then isn't arbitrary? 

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Islands are naturally bounded, 
finite spaces, where social 

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organization Can Be Imagined in 
its complete form. 

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There are so inherently fragile 
dependent on Maritime 

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connections for survival and 
vulnerable to Naval attack or 

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natural disaster. 
An island. 

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Civilization is a perfect 
setting for exploring questions 

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about the sustainability of 
power and the relationship 

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between human ambition and 
natural limits, as you drift 

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deeper towards sleep. 
Imagine yourself in Plato's 

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position an elderly thinker 
reflecting on your life's work 

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on the society. 
That raised you and on the gap 

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between ideal vision and actual 
human behavior. 

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What story would you tell to 
capture everything? 

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You've learned about how 
civilization succeed and fail? 

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What details would you include 
to make your philosophical 

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points? 
Feel real lived and experienced 

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rather than merely theorized. 
This is the mindset from which 

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Atlantis emerges, not as 
historical reporting, but as 

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philosophical teaching clothed 
in narrative, form designed to 

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make abstract ideas concrete and
memorable. 

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Plato's about to create a story.
So vivid so detailed. 

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So convincing that people will 
still be looking for Atlantis 

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more than two Millennia. 
After writes it Despite his 

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never claiming it was anything 
more than an illustrative Tale. 

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The Atlantis that Plato 
describes emerges in layers, 

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like a painting, being completed
detail by careful detail. 

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Each brushstroke adding depth to
the overall vision. 

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He doesn't simply announce that 
a great civilization once 

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existed, he builds it before 
your mind's eye, with the kind 

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of specificity that makes 
imagination feel like memory 

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begin with the geography because
that's where Plato starts. 

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Atlantis in the Atlantic Ocean 
beyond the pillars of Hercules 

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positioned when no Greek ship 
would venture in Plato's time. 

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The island itself is larger than
Libya and Asia combined, which 

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in Greek geographical 
understanding means it 

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absolutely massive. 
Continental land mass rather 

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than a mere Island. 
Already Plato is signaling that 

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this is a story operating on a 
grand scale. 

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Dealing with a civilization, 
whose physical size matches its 

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cultural Ambitions, the islands 
landscape features a large 

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coastal, plain rectangular and 
shape, and surrounded by 

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mountains, that shelter it from 
northern winds. 

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These mountains aren't Barren, 
Rock faces, but a rich with 

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forests, Villages and streams 
that feed the plane below. 

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A plane itself measures about 
330, by 220, Mi Plato gives 

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precise measurements, the kind 
of specificity that lends 

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credibility to the description. 
And through this plane Engineers

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of Qatar Channel connecting the 
coast to a circular series of 

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waterways at the center of the 
island at the island. 

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Heart sits the capital city. 
And here Plato's description 

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becomes almost architectural in 
its precision. 

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Picture concentric circles of 
alternating water and land like 

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a Target pattern, visible from 
above. 

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Central island measures about 
five stadia in diameter. 

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Roughly half a mile. 
And on this elevated Center sit 

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the Royal Palace and the temples
of Poseidon and cleito the 

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Divine and Mortal ancestors of 
the Atlantean, Royal Line 

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surrounding this. 
Central island are alternating 

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rings of water and land, each 
precisely measured. 

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The rings of water serve as both
defensive moats, and 

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transportation channels, 
connected by tunnels, large 

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enough to allow ships to pass 
from the outer ocean through to 

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the innermost Harbor. 
The rings of land feature. 

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Walls covered in Precious 
Metals, brass on the outer wall,

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tin on the middle wall and a 
mysterious metal called Oracle 

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on the innermost wall, which 
glows with a ruddy light, like 

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fire. 
This is the part where Plato's 

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imagination for detail becomes 
almost over. 

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He describes Bridges, connecting
the land, Rings underground, 

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passages, allowing ships to move
between the circular harbors and

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a sophisticated system of docks 
and Naval facilities. 

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That would make even our modern 
ports as nvs. 

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The engineering required to 
create such a city would be 

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staggering Excavating millions 
of tons of Earth. 

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Constructing, massive retaining 
walls, managing, water flow 

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between the circular channels 
and maintaining the structural 

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Integrity of an entire 
artificial landscape but Plato 

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isn't finished with his 
architectural vision. he 

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describes the temples in detail 
that suggests, he's thought 

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deeply about what buildings in 
an ideal civilization would look

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like The Temple of Poseidon 
features a roof adorned with 

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Ivory walls plated with silver 
and a golden statue of the sea. 

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God standing in a chariot pulled
by winged horses. 

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So tall it touches the temple 
ceiling. 

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Around the temple, a golden 
statues of the original 10 Kings

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of Atlantis and their wives 
along with many other offerings 

233
00:13:38,300 --> 00:13:41,300
that speak to the wealth and 
piety of Atlantean Society. 

234
00:13:41,300 --> 00:13:45,600
The city includes Hot and Cold 
Springs convenient for bathing 

235
00:13:45,600 --> 00:13:48,700
which Greeks considered 
essential to civilized Life 

236
00:13:48,700 --> 00:13:52,800
along with a labor at bathhouses
for common citizens and separate

237
00:13:52,800 --> 00:13:56,500
facilities for royalty. 
There are gymnasia for athletic,

238
00:13:56,500 --> 00:14:00,600
training racecourses for horses 
and garden Gardens that suggests

239
00:14:00,600 --> 00:14:03,700
atlanteans appreciated Beauty as
much as functionality. 

240
00:14:05,300 --> 00:14:07,900
The attention to public 
amenities indicate a 

241
00:14:07,900 --> 00:14:11,100
civilization that valued its 
citizens, well-being, and 

242
00:14:11,100 --> 00:14:14,200
understood that great societies 
require more than military. 

243
00:14:14,200 --> 00:14:16,800
Might moving beyond the Central 
City. 

244
00:14:16,800 --> 00:14:19,900
Plato describes the broader 
island with equal attention to 

245
00:14:19,900 --> 00:14:23,300
detail. 
The rectangular plane is divided

246
00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:27,800
into 60,000 sections, each 
measuring about 10, stadia 

247
00:14:27,800 --> 00:14:30,100
square. 
And each section is responsible 

248
00:14:30,100 --> 00:14:33,800
for providing one military unit 
to the Kingdom's Defense Forces,

249
00:14:33,800 --> 00:14:38,000
this level of administrative 
organization, keeping track of 

250
00:14:38,000 --> 00:14:41,600
thousands of districts managing 
their contributions 

251
00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:43,800
coordinating. 
Their military obligations 

252
00:14:43,800 --> 00:14:48,000
suggests, a bureaucratic 
sophistication that Rivals. 

253
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,500
Any ancient empire. 
The planes fertility is 

254
00:14:51,500 --> 00:14:55,700
legendary and Plato's telling it
produces two Harvest annually, 

255
00:14:55,700 --> 00:14:59,000
watered by winter rains. 
And summer irrigation from 

256
00:14:59,000 --> 00:15:01,200
streams flowing down from the 
mountains. 

257
00:15:02,100 --> 00:15:05,900
The irrigation system itself is 
a Marvel of engineering, a 

258
00:15:05,900 --> 00:15:08,000
network of channels cutting 
across the plane. 

259
00:15:08,000 --> 00:15:11,500
At regular intervals, allowing 
water to be distributed wherever

260
00:15:11,500 --> 00:15:15,000
crops needed any farmer reading.
Plato's description would 

261
00:15:15,000 --> 00:15:17,900
recognize the kind of 
coordinated labor and long-term 

262
00:15:17,900 --> 00:15:21,000
planning such as system would 
require Beyond agriculture. 

263
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:25,100
Atlantis excels in every form of
production and crafts. 

264
00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:29,500
The mountains provide timber for
shipbuilding, not just ordinary 

265
00:15:29,500 --> 00:15:33,400
wood, but variety suited to 
different purposes chosen by 

266
00:15:33,400 --> 00:15:36,100
skilled Foresters who understand
their materials. 

267
00:15:37,500 --> 00:15:41,100
Mine is yield, precious metals 
in such a abundance that 

268
00:15:41,100 --> 00:15:45,100
orichalcum which Plato describes
a second, only to gold in value.

269
00:15:45,700 --> 00:15:49,000
Can be used as decorative 
plating on walls and buildings. 

270
00:15:49,700 --> 00:15:52,300
Craftsman. 
Work in every medium, Stone 

271
00:15:52,300 --> 00:15:57,000
metal wood textiles producing 
Goods that blend utility with 

272
00:15:57,000 --> 00:15:59,400
beauty. 
The islands Foreigner includes 

273
00:15:59,400 --> 00:16:02,900
everything from domestic animals
to elephants which Plato 

274
00:16:02,900 --> 00:16:05,500
specifically mentions to 
emphasize the islands, 

275
00:16:05,500 --> 00:16:07,700
extraordinary, diversity and 
richness. 

276
00:16:09,000 --> 00:16:11,900
This detail always strikes 
readers as either charmingly 

277
00:16:11,900 --> 00:16:15,800
naive or brilliantly strategic. 
Depending on whether they think,

278
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:18,500
Plato believed elephants 
actually lived in the Atlantic 

279
00:16:18,500 --> 00:16:23,000
or was intentionally including 
an exotic detail to underscore 

280
00:16:23,000 --> 00:16:26,100
how different this civilization 
was from anything in the Greek 

281
00:16:26,100 --> 00:16:29,100
World. 
Plato describes the Atlantean 

282
00:16:29,100 --> 00:16:31,900
diet with the kind of attention 
that suggested his thought about

283
00:16:31,900 --> 00:16:35,700
what an ideal society would eat.
They have fruits and Grains 

284
00:16:35,700 --> 00:16:40,400
roots and herbs wine and oils 
everything necessary. 

285
00:16:40,400 --> 00:16:43,500
Not just for survival, but for 
the kind of sophisticated 

286
00:16:43,500 --> 00:16:47,600
Cuisine that Greeks associated 
with civilized living, The 

287
00:16:47,600 --> 00:16:51,800
mention of specific agricultural
products grounds, the story and 

288
00:16:51,800 --> 00:16:55,100
physical reality. 
Making Atlantis feel like a 

289
00:16:55,100 --> 00:16:59,200
place where actual people lived 
actual lives rather than an 

290
00:16:59,200 --> 00:17:02,200
abstract philosophical 
construct, the political 

291
00:17:02,200 --> 00:17:05,500
organization of Atlantis 
reflects Plato's philosophical 

292
00:17:05,500 --> 00:17:08,300
interests, while avoiding the 
kind of rigid structure. 

293
00:17:08,300 --> 00:17:12,900
He proposed in the Republic. 
Ten Kings rule, the island each 

294
00:17:12,900 --> 00:17:16,000
descended from one of Poseidon's
Sons by the Mortal woman. 

295
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:19,599
Clayto, These Kings govern their
own territories but meet 

296
00:17:19,599 --> 00:17:22,000
regularly to make decisions 
affecting the entire 

297
00:17:22,000 --> 00:17:26,599
civilization. their laws are 
inscribed on a pillar of Oracle 

298
00:17:26,599 --> 00:17:30,200
in the temple of Poseidon and 
before making any significant 

299
00:17:30,200 --> 00:17:33,400
decision, the king's 
performance, elaborate ritual 

300
00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:37,900
involving the sacrifice of a 
bull chosen without weapons in 

301
00:17:37,900 --> 00:17:41,400
some sort of consensual 
selection that hints at the 

302
00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:44,500
king's Divine connection. 
This political structure is 

303
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:47,900
interesting because it combines 
monarchy with something like 

304
00:17:47,900 --> 00:17:50,900
federalism. 
Recognizing that large 

305
00:17:50,900 --> 00:17:53,500
territories, might be better 
governed by distributed 

306
00:17:53,500 --> 00:17:56,600
Authority and buy a single 
centralized power. 

307
00:17:57,800 --> 00:18:00,900
The regular meetings of the 
Kings suggest Plato imagines 

308
00:18:00,900 --> 00:18:03,900
Atlantis, as having developed 
sophisticated protocols for 

309
00:18:03,900 --> 00:18:07,900
collective decision, making ways
of balancing different Regional 

310
00:18:07,900 --> 00:18:11,300
interests while maintaining 
overall Unity, the military 

311
00:18:11,300 --> 00:18:13,900
organization receives detailed 
attention as well. 

312
00:18:14,800 --> 00:18:18,400
Each of the 60,000 districts on 
the plane provide specific 

313
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:23,900
military resources infantry 
Cavalry chariots Sailors, 

314
00:18:23,900 --> 00:18:27,200
creating an Army and Navy of 
enormous size. 

315
00:18:27,200 --> 00:18:30,100
Plato. 
Calculates, the total military 

316
00:18:30,100 --> 00:18:33,800
strength with mathematical 
Precision, giving exact numbers 

317
00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:37,700
for different types of units. 
The Navy alone requires one to 

318
00:18:37,700 --> 00:18:40,600
200 ships each crewed by trained
Sailors. 

319
00:18:40,600 --> 00:18:44,100
Suggesting both the maritime 
focus of Atlantean civilization 

320
00:18:44,100 --> 00:18:48,800
and the logistical complexity of
maintaining such a force but 

321
00:18:48,800 --> 00:18:51,900
perhaps most revealing as what 
Plato says about Atlanta and 

322
00:18:51,900 --> 00:18:55,100
culture and values. 
For many generations. 

323
00:18:55,100 --> 00:18:58,700
He tells us the atlanteans 
remain true to their Divine 

324
00:18:58,700 --> 00:19:02,700
ancestry, valuing wisdom over 
wealth and treating their 

325
00:19:02,700 --> 00:19:06,000
prosperity as a trust to be 
managed rather than a resource 

326
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:09,100
to be exploited. 
They lived according to laws 

327
00:19:09,100 --> 00:19:12,100
that prioritized Justice and 
Collective well-being, over 

328
00:19:12,100 --> 00:19:16,100
individual gain. 
This golden age of Atlantean 

329
00:19:16,100 --> 00:19:20,400
civilization represented the 
ideal Society, made manifest not

330
00:19:20,400 --> 00:19:23,900
perfect. 
Fiction doesn't exist in the 

331
00:19:23,908 --> 00:19:28,000
physical world but as close to 
the ideal forms, as human 

332
00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:31,400
civilization, might actually 
achieve the physical details 

333
00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:35,000
play to provide the precise 
measurements, the specific 

334
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:39,600
materials, the calculated 
military strengths all serve a 

335
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:42,700
philosophical purpose. 
They make Atlantis feel real 

336
00:19:42,700 --> 00:19:44,900
enough to believe in while 
demonstrating what a 

337
00:19:44,908 --> 00:19:47,300
civilization organized around 
right. 

338
00:19:47,300 --> 00:19:50,500
Principles might actually 
accomplish the engineering 

339
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:53,900
Marvels show, what becomes 
possible when human intelligence

340
00:19:53,900 --> 00:19:57,000
is directed toward Collective, 
flourishing, rather than 

341
00:19:57,000 --> 00:20:00,300
individual or grand eyes when 
The administrative 

342
00:20:00,300 --> 00:20:03,300
sophistication demonstrates. 
What Justice looks like when 

343
00:20:03,300 --> 00:20:06,200
implemented through practical 
governance, rather than abstract

344
00:20:06,200 --> 00:20:08,800
theorizing. 
As you let these images settle 

345
00:20:08,800 --> 00:20:11,700
into your mind like sediment 
drifting down through water. 

346
00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:16,100
Notice how Plato's Atlantis 
combines Grandeur with human 

347
00:20:16,100 --> 00:20:19,900
scale. 
Yes, the city is massive and the

348
00:20:19,900 --> 00:20:23,200
civilization is powerful, but 
it's also a place where people 

349
00:20:23,200 --> 00:20:28,300
bathe in public baths, exercise,
in gymnasia, grow crops and 

350
00:20:28,300 --> 00:20:32,000
Gathering temples. 
It's not an alien world, but a 

351
00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:35,100
human one, just organized. 
According to better principles 

352
00:20:35,100 --> 00:20:37,400
than the Greeks. 
Managed in their actual cities. 

353
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:41,800
This is the world Plato imagined
wealthy, but not decadent 

354
00:20:41,800 --> 00:20:46,100
powerful, but not tyrannical 
sophisticated, but not corrupt, 

355
00:20:46,100 --> 00:20:50,300
at least not yet. 
Because the story of Atlantis 

356
00:20:50,300 --> 00:20:53,600
isn't ultimately about sustained
Perfection but about the 

357
00:20:53,600 --> 00:20:57,500
impossibility of maintaining it,
the transformation of Atlantis, 

358
00:20:57,500 --> 00:21:00,400
from ideal civilization to 
cautionary, tale happened. 

359
00:21:00,400 --> 00:21:04,800
Gradually in Plato's telling 
like watching fruit ripen and 

360
00:21:04,800 --> 00:21:09,300
then spoil in slow motion. 
This isn't a dramatic collapse 

361
00:21:09,300 --> 00:21:12,900
triggered by a single 
catastrophic event at least not 

362
00:21:12,900 --> 00:21:16,100
initially. 
Instead, it's a quiet 

363
00:21:16,100 --> 00:21:19,400
deterioration of character that 
eventually calls down disaster 

364
00:21:19,400 --> 00:21:22,400
as its natural consequence, 
Plato describes. 

365
00:21:22,400 --> 00:21:25,700
How over many generations. 
The Divine element in Atlanta 

366
00:21:25,700 --> 00:21:29,700
nature became diluted. 
Mixed repeatedly with Mortal 

367
00:21:29,700 --> 00:21:31,700
characteristics. 
Through generations of 

368
00:21:31,700 --> 00:21:35,200
reproduction, the Divine spark 
that had made the original 

369
00:21:35,200 --> 00:21:39,400
atlanteans wise and temperate, 
grew Fanta and fainter like a 

370
00:21:39,400 --> 00:21:42,100
signal degrading as it travels 
further from its source. 

371
00:21:43,100 --> 00:21:45,700
This isn't about genetics in the
modern sense, but about 

372
00:21:45,700 --> 00:21:49,600
spiritual and moral inheritance.
The idea that Excellence of 

373
00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:52,600
character must be actively 
maintained or inevitably 

374
00:21:52,600 --> 00:21:56,400
declines, the visible symptoms 
of this moral deterioration 

375
00:21:56,400 --> 00:22:00,400
appear first in changing 
attitude, toward wealth and 

376
00:22:00,400 --> 00:22:03,600
power. 
Where earlier generations of 

377
00:22:03,608 --> 00:22:06,700
atlanteans had viewed their 
prosperity as a sacred trust 

378
00:22:06,700 --> 00:22:11,000
later generations began treating
it as personal property to be 

379
00:22:11,000 --> 00:22:16,200
enjoyed displayed and expanded. 
the metals that once plated 

380
00:22:16,200 --> 00:22:19,300
walls as offerings to Gods 
became symbols of personal 

381
00:22:19,300 --> 00:22:23,700
status, The agricultural 
abundance that had fed everyone,

382
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:27,000
well became a means of 
accumulating Surplus wealth. 

383
00:22:27,000 --> 00:22:29,800
That could be converted into 
political influence. 

384
00:22:29,800 --> 00:22:32,800
You can imagine how this 
transformation might have felt 

385
00:22:32,800 --> 00:22:34,800
to an observant Atlantean living
through it. 

386
00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:38,900
Like watching your neighborhood 
slowly change character as 

387
00:22:38,900 --> 00:22:43,100
different priorities. 
Take hold The old families who 

388
00:22:43,100 --> 00:22:45,600
remembered the Traditional 
Values would notice first? 

389
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:49,200
Younger generation seemed less 
interested in, maintaining the 

390
00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:52,600
temples and more focused on 
expanding their personal 

391
00:22:52,600 --> 00:22:56,100
Estates. 
Conversations at public bath, 

392
00:22:56,100 --> 00:22:59,200
gradually shifted from 
philosophical discussions to 

393
00:22:59,200 --> 00:23:01,200
comparisons of wealth and 
achievement. 

394
00:23:02,200 --> 00:23:06,100
The gymnasia once places where 
citizens developed their bodies,

395
00:23:06,100 --> 00:23:10,100
as temples of divine Spirit 
became venues for competitive 

396
00:23:10,100 --> 00:23:12,800
display military. 
Ambition provides another 

397
00:23:12,800 --> 00:23:16,600
symptom of Atlantic and decline 
the Navy and army that had been 

398
00:23:16,600 --> 00:23:19,900
maintained for defensive 
purposes and to ensure Justice 

399
00:23:19,900 --> 00:23:23,000
within their sphere of 
influence, began to be seen as 

400
00:23:23,000 --> 00:23:24,900
tools for expansion and 
Conquest. 

401
00:23:26,300 --> 00:23:30,200
Plato describes how Atlanta's 
began subjugating other people's

402
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:33,600
extending their control beyond 
their Island to Coastal 

403
00:23:33,600 --> 00:23:35,100
territories around the 
Mediterranean. 

404
00:23:36,500 --> 00:23:39,700
They conquered Libya as far as 
Egypt and Europe as far as 

405
00:23:39,708 --> 00:23:42,600
Tarina. 
Essentially dominating the 

406
00:23:42,600 --> 00:23:46,500
entire Western Mediterranean 
Basin, this Imperial expansion 

407
00:23:46,500 --> 00:23:49,500
represents more than just 
territorial ambition. 

408
00:23:49,500 --> 00:23:53,200
It signals a fundamental shift 
in Atlanta and 

409
00:23:53,200 --> 00:23:56,600
self-understanding. 
Instead of seeing themselves as 

410
00:23:56,600 --> 00:24:00,300
stewards of an ideal society 
that might Inspire others, 

411
00:24:00,300 --> 00:24:04,000
through its example, they began 
viewing their civilization as 

412
00:24:04,000 --> 00:24:07,900
Superior in ways that justified 
dominating inferior peoples. 

413
00:24:08,900 --> 00:24:12,100
The philosophical commitment to 
Justice, became subordinated, to

414
00:24:12,100 --> 00:24:16,400
the Practical exercise of power.
Might began to make right in 

415
00:24:16,400 --> 00:24:19,600
ways that would have horrified 
earlier generations of Atlantean

416
00:24:19,600 --> 00:24:22,900
thinkers the specific trigger 
for Atlantis is Ultimate 

417
00:24:22,900 --> 00:24:24,900
Destruction. 
Comes when they decide to attack

418
00:24:24,900 --> 00:24:29,900
Athens or rather an ancient 
Athens that existed 9,000 years 

419
00:24:29,900 --> 00:24:33,600
before Plato's time back, when 
the Mediterranean world was 

420
00:24:33,600 --> 00:24:37,600
supposedly very different from 
the one he inhabits This detail 

421
00:24:37,600 --> 00:24:40,800
is important because it connects
Plato's Atlantis, story to 

422
00:24:40,800 --> 00:24:43,900
Athenian Glory. 
Making Athens the city that 

423
00:24:43,900 --> 00:24:47,600
stood against Atlanta and 
imperialism and won Plato's 

424
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:50,800
account of this conflict is 
brief and somewhat frustrating 

425
00:24:50,800 --> 00:24:53,400
for anyone hoping for details 
battle descriptions. 

426
00:24:54,700 --> 00:24:58,300
He tells us that Athens despite 
being smaller and less wealthy 

427
00:24:58,300 --> 00:25:02,300
than Atlantis successfully. 
Resisted the Atlantean Invasion 

428
00:25:02,300 --> 00:25:05,800
through a combination of 
Courage, Superior political 

429
00:25:05,800 --> 00:25:08,300
organization and commitment to 
Justice. 

430
00:25:09,200 --> 00:25:12,400
The Athenians embodied the 
virtues that atlanteans had 

431
00:25:12,400 --> 00:25:15,400
lost. 
They fought not for Conquest, 

432
00:25:15,400 --> 00:25:19,800
but for Freedom not to dominate 
but to preserve their way of 

433
00:25:19,808 --> 00:25:22,400
life. 
This reversal is philosophically

434
00:25:22,400 --> 00:25:26,100
significant, it demonstrates 
that moral Excellence provides 

435
00:25:26,100 --> 00:25:28,400
advantages. 
That material power cannot 

436
00:25:28,400 --> 00:25:31,700
overcome that are just City 
organized around, right 

437
00:25:31,700 --> 00:25:35,400
principles can defeat a 
wealthier larger more 

438
00:25:35,400 --> 00:25:38,100
technologically advanced 
opponent if that opponent has 

439
00:25:38,100 --> 00:25:40,800
lost touch with the virtues that
originally made it great. 

440
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:44,900
Its Plato's way of suggesting 
that Athens in his own time, 

441
00:25:44,900 --> 00:25:48,400
might yet recover greatness, if 
it returns to the value that 

442
00:25:48,400 --> 00:25:51,900
made it exceptional during its 
golden age, but the military 

443
00:25:51,900 --> 00:25:55,600
defeat isn't the end of Atlantis
that comes from nature itself, 

444
00:25:55,600 --> 00:25:59,100
from forces, so much more 
powerful than human armies. 

445
00:25:59,100 --> 00:26:01,100
That military might become 
irrelevant. 

446
00:26:02,000 --> 00:26:05,200
After the conflict with Athens, 
Plato tells us there came a 

447
00:26:05,200 --> 00:26:09,300
single day and night of violent,
earthquake, and floods, the 

448
00:26:09,300 --> 00:26:12,900
entire Atlantean civilization 
disappeared beneath the waves 

449
00:26:12,900 --> 00:26:17,000
swallowed by the ocean that had 
once been its Highway for trade 

450
00:26:17,000 --> 00:26:20,400
and Conquest, the destruction is
complete and total. 

451
00:26:20,400 --> 00:26:24,300
The circular Harbors that had 
taken generations to construct, 

452
00:26:24,300 --> 00:26:29,200
Phil with seawater and sediment.
The palace walls plated with 

453
00:26:29,200 --> 00:26:32,000
precious metals sink Beyond 
human reach. 

454
00:26:32,000 --> 00:26:35,700
The temples were Bulls. 
Had been sacrificed and laws 

455
00:26:35,700 --> 00:26:40,300
solemnly proclaimed collapse 
under waves, that recognize no 

456
00:26:40,300 --> 00:26:44,300
human authority. 
The agricultural plain with its 

457
00:26:44,300 --> 00:26:47,700
sophisticated irrigation 
channels, becomes an underwater 

458
00:26:47,700 --> 00:26:50,100
landscape. 
Where fish swim over? 

459
00:26:50,100 --> 00:26:53,900
What were once fields of grain, 
Plato emphasizes that after 

460
00:26:53,900 --> 00:26:57,800
Atlantis sank, the ocean in that
region, became unnavigable full 

461
00:26:57,800 --> 00:27:00,600
of mud and shallow Waters, that 
made passage impossible. 

462
00:27:01,300 --> 00:27:03,400
This detail serves multiple 
purposes. 

463
00:27:03,400 --> 00:27:04,900
It explains. 
Why? 

464
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:08,100
No one in Plato's time can find 
physical evidence of Atlantis. 

465
00:27:08,100 --> 00:27:12,700
It's buried under Oceanic silt 
in an area ship's cannot reach. 

466
00:27:13,800 --> 00:27:16,400
It also suggests that some 
transgressions against Natural 

467
00:27:16,400 --> 00:27:19,600
order, leave permanent scars on 
the landscape itself. 

468
00:27:20,600 --> 00:27:23,700
The destruction of Atlantis 
wasn't just punishment, but a 

469
00:27:23,700 --> 00:27:26,300
kind of cosmic editing that 
removed the civilization. 

470
00:27:26,300 --> 00:27:30,800
So completely it left, only 
traces, two faint to follow the 

471
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:34,400
gentle, almost quiet way, Plato 
describes this catastrophe. 

472
00:27:34,400 --> 00:27:37,400
Make it more rather than less 
unsettling. 

473
00:27:38,500 --> 00:27:40,300
There's no dramatic. 
Final battle. 

474
00:27:40,300 --> 00:27:44,900
No heroic Last Stand and no 
opportunity for Redemption 

475
00:27:44,900 --> 00:27:48,600
through courageous resistance. 
The earthquakes and floods, 

476
00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:52,700
simply come in different to 
Atlantic and achievements wealth

477
00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:56,500
or power. 
Nature reasserts its Primacy 

478
00:27:56,500 --> 00:28:00,500
over human, pretensions with a 
finality that leaves no room for

479
00:28:00,500 --> 00:28:03,600
appeals or second chances. 
What makes this ending 

480
00:28:03,600 --> 00:28:06,600
particularly poignant, is that 
it comes just when Atlantis has 

481
00:28:06,600 --> 00:28:11,500
reached Peak power, The Empire 
is at its largest extent, its 

482
00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:15,800
military at maximum strength. 
Its wealth seemingly Unlimited 

483
00:28:16,900 --> 00:28:18,800
From a purely material 
standpoint. 

484
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:21,400
Atlantis is never been more 
successful. 

485
00:28:22,500 --> 00:28:26,100
But success measured in 
conventional terms territory, 

486
00:28:26,100 --> 00:28:30,200
wealth power. 
Has become decoupled from the 

487
00:28:30,200 --> 00:28:33,200
virtues that originally 
Justified and sustained that 

488
00:28:33,200 --> 00:28:36,800
success the catastrophe 
functions in Plato's story as 

489
00:28:36,800 --> 00:28:41,500
what we might Now call a systems
correction. when civilizations 

490
00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:45,400
grow powerful enough to dominate
their Regional environment, they

491
00:28:45,400 --> 00:28:48,200
sometimes forget, they remain 
embedded in larger natural 

492
00:28:48,200 --> 00:28:52,000
systems that don't care about 
human hierarchies or ambitions, 

493
00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:56,400
The Atlantis is disappearance 
beneath the ways is Plato's way 

494
00:28:56,400 --> 00:29:00,800
of saying that, no civilization,
however, Advanced or powerful 

495
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:04,300
can indefinitely, violate the 
principles that make flourishing

496
00:29:04,300 --> 00:29:06,800
possible without eventually 
facing consequences. 

497
00:29:06,800 --> 00:29:11,300
As you let this image, settle an
entire civilization slipping 

498
00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:15,000
beneath dark Waters, its rings 
of Harbors filling with the 

499
00:29:15,000 --> 00:29:18,700
ocean that once brought it. 
Well, its temples and palaces 

500
00:29:18,700 --> 00:29:22,800
becoming homes for fish and 
seaweed notice how Plato has 

501
00:29:22,800 --> 00:29:25,300
transformed a philosophical 
argument into something. 

502
00:29:25,300 --> 00:29:28,400
Visceral. 
And memorable, abstract points 

503
00:29:28,400 --> 00:29:31,100
about the relationship, between 
virtue and sustainability, 

504
00:29:31,100 --> 00:29:35,000
become the story of an island 
Empire that literally sinks 

505
00:29:35,000 --> 00:29:37,400
under the weight of its own 
moral failure. 

506
00:29:37,400 --> 00:29:40,800
The fall of Atlantis happens, 
both suddenly and slowly 

507
00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:45,000
suddenly, in the sense that the 
final destruction comes in a day

508
00:29:45,000 --> 00:29:48,900
and night, Slowly in that, the 
moral deterioration that makes 

509
00:29:48,900 --> 00:29:51,600
destruction inevitable. 
Unfolds across Generations. 

510
00:29:52,500 --> 00:29:55,500
This double temporality, 
reflects how civilizational 

511
00:29:55,500 --> 00:29:59,700
collapse actually works. 
The underlying causes accumulate

512
00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:04,000
gradually often invisibly until 
some triggering event, reveals 

513
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:07,100
how fragile the whole structures
become Plato. 

514
00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:10,600
Never explicitly Morales is 
about atlantis's destruction. 

515
00:30:10,600 --> 00:30:15,300
He doesn't need to the story 
itself carries the philosophical

516
00:30:15,300 --> 00:30:19,500
weight, demonstrating how 
Prosperity without wisdom power 

517
00:30:19,500 --> 00:30:23,700
without Justice, an expansion 
Without Limits eventually 

518
00:30:23,700 --> 00:30:27,900
cooldown disaster, the sinking 
of Atlantis into the ocean 

519
00:30:27,900 --> 00:30:32,000
becomes a physical metaphor for 
what happens when civilizations 

520
00:30:32,000 --> 00:30:36,300
sink into moral confusion, It 
disappear beneath forces. 

521
00:30:36,300 --> 00:30:39,500
They once thought they 
controlled leaving only stories 

522
00:30:39,500 --> 00:30:43,400
to Mark, where they stood now 
that the story has been told the

523
00:30:43,400 --> 00:30:47,100
rise imagined and the full 
described we can step back and 

524
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:51,000
consider what Plato was actually
doing when he created Atlantis. 

525
00:30:52,100 --> 00:30:54,200
Because this was never meant to 
be history, in the sense. 

526
00:30:54,200 --> 00:30:57,600
We usually understand it. 
It was philosophy, dressed in 

527
00:30:57,600 --> 00:31:01,200
narrative clothing, ideas, give 
an form through fictional 

528
00:31:01,200 --> 00:31:03,500
geography and a Machinery 
catastrophe. 

529
00:31:03,500 --> 00:31:06,700
The first thing to understand is
that Plato's audience would have

530
00:31:06,708 --> 00:31:10,000
approached this story very 
differently than we do modern 

531
00:31:10,000 --> 00:31:13,700
readers and counter Atlantis as 
an ancient mystery wandering. 

532
00:31:13,700 --> 00:31:16,100
Whether such a place ever 
existed and searching for 

533
00:31:16,108 --> 00:31:19,400
archaeological evidence that 
might confirm or disprove the 

534
00:31:19,400 --> 00:31:23,100
account, Ancient Greeks would 
have recognized immediately. 

535
00:31:23,100 --> 00:31:24,900
The Plato was doing what he 
always did. 

536
00:31:25,600 --> 00:31:28,400
Using story to make 
philosophical, arguments more 

537
00:31:28,400 --> 00:31:31,500
Vivid, and memorable than 
abstract, reasoning alone. 

538
00:31:31,500 --> 00:31:34,900
Could achieve think about how 
Plato typically argues in his 

539
00:31:34,908 --> 00:31:37,600
dialogues. 
He rarely makes straightforward 

540
00:31:37,600 --> 00:31:39,600
statements about truth or 
virtue. 

541
00:31:40,200 --> 00:31:43,900
Instead, he constructs, 
elaborate thought, experiments, 

542
00:31:43,900 --> 00:31:48,300
extended, analogies, and 
hypothetical scenarios that let 

543
00:31:48,300 --> 00:31:51,700
readers discover principles for 
themselves through imaginative 

544
00:31:51,700 --> 00:31:55,500
engagement. the allegory of the 
cave doesn't work because 

545
00:31:55,500 --> 00:31:59,200
prisoners were actually chained 
in a cave watching Shadows, it 

546
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:02,300
works because the scenario 
illuminates, something true 

547
00:32:02,300 --> 00:32:06,200
about knowledge and perception, 
Atlantis operates the same way 

548
00:32:06,200 --> 00:32:09,900
the philosophical content 
embedded in the Atlantis story 

549
00:32:09,900 --> 00:32:13,200
concerns, several of Plato's 
most persistent preoccupation 

550
00:32:14,500 --> 00:32:18,200
First, there's the question of 
whether ideal Society can exist 

551
00:32:18,200 --> 00:32:21,800
in the physical world or whether
Perfection remains eternally 

552
00:32:21,800 --> 00:32:26,500
limited to the realm of forms. 
By creating Atlantis as a nearly

553
00:32:26,500 --> 00:32:31,400
ideal society that existed. 
But didn't last Plato suggested 

554
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:34,600
that Excellence is achievable 
but not sustainable. 

555
00:32:34,600 --> 00:32:39,000
The human civilizations can 
approach the ideal but cannot 

556
00:32:39,000 --> 00:32:42,000
permanently embody it. 
This connects to a deeper 

557
00:32:42,000 --> 00:32:45,200
pessimism about material 
existence that runs throughout 

558
00:32:45,200 --> 00:32:49,400
Plato's mature philosophy. 
The physical world in his view 

559
00:32:49,400 --> 00:32:54,600
is always corrupted, by change 
Decay and the contamination of 

560
00:32:54,600 --> 00:32:58,400
matter. 
Pure ideas exist, eternally and 

561
00:32:58,400 --> 00:33:02,800
unchanging in some Transcendent 
realm, but when those ideas take

562
00:33:02,800 --> 00:33:05,700
physical form, they become 
subject to time and 

563
00:33:05,700 --> 00:33:09,100
deterioration. 
Atlantis, embodies this 

564
00:33:09,100 --> 00:33:13,600
principle even Divine wisdom 
dilutes across Generations. 

565
00:33:13,600 --> 00:33:16,900
As the physical aspect of human 
nature dominate, the spiritual 

566
00:33:16,900 --> 00:33:20,800
ones second, the Atlantis story 
illustrates the relationship 

567
00:33:20,800 --> 00:33:23,000
between virtue and political 
success. 

568
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:26,200
Plato has been arguing 
throughout his career that 

569
00:33:26,200 --> 00:33:28,200
Justice isn't just ethically, 
right? 

570
00:33:28,200 --> 00:33:32,700
But practically effective that 
cities, organized around wisdom 

571
00:33:32,700 --> 00:33:35,700
and Justice will flourish while 
those governed by ambition and 

572
00:33:35,700 --> 00:33:39,700
Corruption will fail. 
Atlantis provides a case study 

573
00:33:39,700 --> 00:33:43,800
demonstrating, this principle of
multiple Generations, showing 

574
00:33:43,800 --> 00:33:47,400
both how virtue creates 
flourishing and how Vice leads 

575
00:33:47,400 --> 00:33:50,700
to destruction. 
The timing of Atlanta's fall is 

576
00:33:50,700 --> 00:33:53,600
significant here. 
They're destroyed not while we 

577
00:33:53,600 --> 00:33:57,000
can corrupt, but at the peak of 
their Imperial power, just after

578
00:33:57,000 --> 00:34:00,800
conquering, much of the 
Mediterranean This suggests that

579
00:34:00,808 --> 00:34:04,900
visible success measured in 
conventional terms like wealth 

580
00:34:04,900 --> 00:34:08,199
territory and military strength 
can mask. 

581
00:34:08,199 --> 00:34:12,800
Underlying moral bankruptcy. 
Civilization can appear strong 

582
00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:15,000
precisely when its most 
vulnerable. 

583
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:18,400
Because the very strength, it 
displays comes from having 

584
00:34:18,400 --> 00:34:21,000
abandoned the principles, that 
would make that strength. 

585
00:34:21,000 --> 00:34:25,100
Sustainable third, Plato uses 
Atlantis, to explore. 

586
00:34:25,100 --> 00:34:28,900
The relationship between human 
ambition and natural limits, the

587
00:34:28,900 --> 00:34:32,800
engineering marvels of Atlantean
civilization, the circular 

588
00:34:32,800 --> 00:34:36,699
Harbors irrigation systems, the 
massive architectural Works. 

589
00:34:36,699 --> 00:34:40,800
Demonstrate human capacity to 
reshape the physical world, 

590
00:34:40,800 --> 00:34:44,900
according to rational plans, But
the final destruction by 

591
00:34:44,900 --> 00:34:48,100
earthquake and flood reminds us.
That human power remains 

592
00:34:48,100 --> 00:34:50,199
limited. 
That nature, ultimately 

593
00:34:50,199 --> 00:34:53,199
constrains, what civilizations 
can achieve, no matter how 

594
00:34:53,199 --> 00:34:56,300
sophisticated their technology 
becomes, this isn't 

595
00:34:56,300 --> 00:34:59,500
anti-technology, or 
anti-progress in some simple 

596
00:34:59,500 --> 00:35:03,700
sense, Plato, clearly admires 
Atlantean engineering and seized

597
00:35:03,700 --> 00:35:06,300
the practical application of 
geometric and mathematical 

598
00:35:06,300 --> 00:35:10,600
knowledge as properly human. 
But he's also insisting that 

599
00:35:10,600 --> 00:35:14,100
technical capacity must be 
balanced by wisdom about 

600
00:35:14,100 --> 00:35:17,700
appropriate ends and moral 
constraints on how power should 

601
00:35:17,700 --> 00:35:21,700
be used. 
Technology without wisdom leads 

602
00:35:21,700 --> 00:35:24,700
to the kind of Imperial 
overreach that cools down 

603
00:35:24,700 --> 00:35:27,700
disaster. 
The comparison between Atlantis.

604
00:35:27,700 --> 00:35:30,500
Ancient Athens serves additional
philosophical purposes. 

605
00:35:30,500 --> 00:35:35,100
Athens in Plato's story is 
smaller, less wealthy, and 

606
00:35:35,100 --> 00:35:39,000
technologically less advanced 
than Atlantis yet it 

607
00:35:39,000 --> 00:35:42,400
successfully defends itself and 
represents the more genuinely 

608
00:35:42,400 --> 00:35:46,100
just Society. 
This reverses, the usual 

609
00:35:46,100 --> 00:35:48,300
assumption that bigger and 
richer means better. 

610
00:35:49,100 --> 00:35:52,300
Suggesting that quality of 
political organization and moral

611
00:35:52,300 --> 00:35:56,600
character, Mata more than 
quantity of resources for 

612
00:35:56,600 --> 00:35:59,200
Plato's contemporary audience 
and fourth Century Athens. 

613
00:35:59,200 --> 00:36:02,400
This comparison would have 
carried particular resonance 

614
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:08,300
Athens had lost its Empire in 
humiliated by Sparta and seemed 

615
00:36:08,300 --> 00:36:10,300
to be declining from its golden 
age. 

616
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:14,800
Plato's story offers both, 
constellation and challenge. 

617
00:36:15,700 --> 00:36:19,700
Consolation in suggesting that 
Athens once embodied the virtues

618
00:36:19,700 --> 00:36:23,400
that defeated a more powerful 
Foe and Challenge and asking 

619
00:36:23,400 --> 00:36:27,300
whether contemporary Athens 
still maintains those virtues or

620
00:36:27,300 --> 00:36:30,600
has become more like Atlantis. 
In its decline, the warning 

621
00:36:30,600 --> 00:36:34,700
embedded in the Atlantis story 
is subtle but clear Imperial 

622
00:36:34,700 --> 00:36:38,100
success can corrupt the virtues 
that made success possible in 

623
00:36:38,100 --> 00:36:41,200
the first place. 
Athens had built an Empire based

624
00:36:41,200 --> 00:36:44,300
on Naval. 
Power cultural achievement and 

625
00:36:44,300 --> 00:36:48,100
democratic ideals but 
maintaining the Empire required.

626
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:51,900
Increasingly aggressive tactics,
extraction of wealth from 

627
00:36:51,900 --> 00:36:55,300
subject cities and political 
maneuvering that compromise 

628
00:36:55,300 --> 00:36:59,400
those original ideals Was Athens
becoming Atlantis. 

629
00:37:00,100 --> 00:37:03,400
Would prosperity and power lead 
to moral Decay and eventual 

630
00:37:03,400 --> 00:37:05,000
catastrophe. 
Plato. 

631
00:37:05,000 --> 00:37:08,300
Never makes this parallel 
explicit, but he didn't need to 

632
00:37:08,300 --> 00:37:10,900
his readers would have 
recognized the pattern. 

633
00:37:11,900 --> 00:37:15,100
The Atlantis story functions as 
a mirror in which Athenians 

634
00:37:15,100 --> 00:37:18,200
might recognize uncomfortable 
truths about their own 

635
00:37:18,200 --> 00:37:22,600
civilizations trajectory. 
The luxury to see this miracle 

636
00:37:22,600 --> 00:37:26,000
clearly to consider, whether and
power were corrupting. 

637
00:37:26,000 --> 00:37:30,600
Civic virtue was itself Possible
only because Athens had lost 

638
00:37:30,600 --> 00:37:35,100
enough power to force reflection
on what had been lost and why 

639
00:37:35,100 --> 00:37:39,800
the choice to set Atlantis in 
the distant past 9,000 years 

640
00:37:39,800 --> 00:37:43,700
before Plato's time, rather than
presenting it as a contemporary 

641
00:37:43,700 --> 00:37:45,900
civilization creates useful 
distance. 

642
00:37:47,200 --> 00:37:51,200
By pushing the story back into 
mythical time, before recorded 

643
00:37:51,200 --> 00:37:54,000
history. 
Plato freeze himself from the 

644
00:37:54,000 --> 00:37:57,500
constraints of historical 
accuracy, while also suggesting 

645
00:37:57,500 --> 00:37:59,900
that the patterns, he's 
describing a timeless. 

646
00:38:00,800 --> 00:38:04,000
Civilizations have always faced 
these same tensions between 

647
00:38:04,000 --> 00:38:08,000
virtue and Corruption, wisdom 
and ambition, and sustainable, 

648
00:38:08,000 --> 00:38:10,200
flourishing and overreaching 
destruction. 

649
00:38:10,200 --> 00:38:13,700
The detail about Atlantis is 
location beyond the pillars of 

650
00:38:13,700 --> 00:38:18,300
Hercules serve similar purposes.
Placing the loss civilization in

651
00:38:18,308 --> 00:38:21,500
the vast Atlantic rather than 
the familiar Mediterranean 

652
00:38:21,500 --> 00:38:24,100
locates it in a realm of 
possibility rather than 

653
00:38:24,100 --> 00:38:27,500
historical fact. 
The Atlantic represented, the 

654
00:38:27,500 --> 00:38:31,400
unknown, the area where mythical
geography blended into pure 

655
00:38:31,400 --> 00:38:34,900
speculation. 
Putting Atlantis their signals. 

656
00:38:34,900 --> 00:38:38,400
That this is a story operating 
in symbolic, rather than literal

657
00:38:38,400 --> 00:38:42,300
geography using physical space 
to represent philosophical 

658
00:38:42,300 --> 00:38:44,700
Concepts. 
Finally, there's something to 

659
00:38:44,700 --> 00:38:46,800
notice about what Plato doesn't 
say. 

660
00:38:46,800 --> 00:38:50,500
He never claims to have visited 
Atlantis or spoken with 

661
00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:53,100
survivors. 
He attributes the story to 

662
00:38:53,100 --> 00:38:54,500
ancient tradition passed 
through. 

663
00:38:54,500 --> 00:38:58,100
Multiple generations of 
retellings, with each layer of 

664
00:38:58,100 --> 00:39:00,200
transmission. 
Providing plausible deniability,

665
00:39:01,500 --> 00:39:04,100
This framing allows him to 
present detail descriptions 

666
00:39:04,100 --> 00:39:06,000
without claiming historical 
Authority. 

667
00:39:06,700 --> 00:39:09,800
To create Vivid World building 
while maintaining that he's 

668
00:39:09,800 --> 00:39:13,400
merely preserving an old tale. 
This narrative strategy, a 

669
00:39:13,400 --> 00:39:14,600
accomplishes two things 
simultaneously. 

670
00:39:14,600 --> 00:39:18,300
It makes the story more 
believable by giving it the 

671
00:39:18,300 --> 00:39:22,100
patina of ancient traditional 
while also protecting Plato from

672
00:39:22,100 --> 00:39:25,300
being called a liar. 
If anyone questions the accounts

673
00:39:25,300 --> 00:39:28,000
historicity, You can always 
Retreat to. 

674
00:39:28,000 --> 00:39:31,700
This is what I was told. 
These are the Traditions. 

675
00:39:31,700 --> 00:39:35,900
I'm preserving the story's truth
value lies in its philosophical 

676
00:39:35,900 --> 00:39:40,300
insights, rather than its 
historical accuracy a 

677
00:39:40,300 --> 00:39:42,800
distinction that ancient 
audiences, understood better 

678
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:46,300
than many modern readers do as 
you rest with these layers of 

679
00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:50,900
meaning, notice how a story that
seems simple on the surface, a 

680
00:39:50,900 --> 00:39:54,700
great civilization exists 
becomes corrupt and gets 

681
00:39:54,700 --> 00:39:58,700
destroyed actually carries 
philosophical arguments about 

682
00:39:58,700 --> 00:40:03,100
knowledge virtue, power 
sustainability, and the 

683
00:40:03,108 --> 00:40:06,600
relationship between human 
ambition and natural limits. 

684
00:40:07,500 --> 00:40:11,700
Plato has created something 
rare, a myth that functions, 

685
00:40:11,700 --> 00:40:14,600
simultaneously, as 
entertainment, moral 

686
00:40:14,600 --> 00:40:19,100
instruction, political warning 
and metaphysical speculation, 

687
00:40:19,100 --> 00:40:22,700
the meaning behind, The Myth 
isn't singular, but multiple 

688
00:40:22,700 --> 00:40:26,100
shifting, depending on which 
aspects, you focus on, and what 

689
00:40:26,100 --> 00:40:27,600
questions you bring to the 
story. 

690
00:40:27,600 --> 00:40:32,700
This richness of interpretation 
isn't a bug but a feature, it's 

691
00:40:32,700 --> 00:40:35,700
why Atlantis has remained 
compelling across cultures and 

692
00:40:35,700 --> 00:40:38,700
centuries. 
Why each generation finds 

693
00:40:38,700 --> 00:40:41,200
something relevant in the tale 
of the island Empire? 

694
00:40:41,200 --> 00:40:45,000
That sank beneath the waves, the
moment Plato finished writing 

695
00:40:45,000 --> 00:40:48,600
about Atlantis or perhaps even 
before he completed the account.

696
00:40:49,400 --> 00:40:52,100
People began wondering whether 
the story was true. 

697
00:40:52,900 --> 00:40:54,700
Not true in the philosophical 
sense. 

698
00:40:54,700 --> 00:40:58,400
Everyone recognized Plato was 
making arguments about ideal 

699
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:02,300
societies and moral Decay. 
But true in the historical sense

700
00:41:02,300 --> 00:41:05,700
at such a civilization actually 
existed. 

701
00:41:05,700 --> 00:41:09,300
This question is generated an 
industry of speculation? 

702
00:41:10,200 --> 00:41:14,500
Exploration and occasionally 
outright fantasy that spans more

703
00:41:14,500 --> 00:41:18,000
than two millennia. 
The search for Atlantis says, as

704
00:41:18,000 --> 00:41:20,700
much about the Searchers and 
their historical moments. 

705
00:41:20,700 --> 00:41:23,400
As it does about Plato's 
original story. 

706
00:41:24,200 --> 00:41:27,000
Each year has looked for 
Atlantis in ways that reflect 

707
00:41:27,000 --> 00:41:31,100
its own preoccupations 
Technologies and assumptions 

708
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:34,600
about what lost civilizations. 
Might teach us, Plato's 

709
00:41:34,600 --> 00:41:37,300
immediate success as approached.
The story with appropriate 

710
00:41:37,300 --> 00:41:41,500
skepticism, Aristotle. 
Plato's most famous student, 

711
00:41:41,500 --> 00:41:45,400
apparently thought his teacher 
had invented, Atlantis entirely 

712
00:41:45,400 --> 00:41:49,500
creating it, merely to serve 
philosophical purposes, and then

713
00:41:49,500 --> 00:41:53,400
destroying it. 
Just as conveniently, This 

714
00:41:53,400 --> 00:41:56,600
reading suggests that educated 
Greeks in the generation after 

715
00:41:56,600 --> 00:41:59,300
Plato. 
Understood his methodology using

716
00:41:59,300 --> 00:42:01,700
fictional scenarios to 
illustrate philosophical 

717
00:42:01,700 --> 00:42:05,600
principles, wasn't considered 
dishonest, but pedagogically 

718
00:42:05,600 --> 00:42:08,600
effective. 
However, other ancient writers 

719
00:42:08,600 --> 00:42:11,800
took the account more literally 
Some tried to rationalize 

720
00:42:11,800 --> 00:42:15,500
elements of the story suggesting
that Plato had exaggerated 

721
00:42:15,500 --> 00:42:19,500
details, but preserved memories 
of some actual Bronze Age 

722
00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:23,000
civilization that had been 
destroyed by natural disaster. 

723
00:42:24,200 --> 00:42:27,200
Others attempted to identify 
Atlantis with known places. 

724
00:42:27,200 --> 00:42:31,400
Perhaps it was Crete, which had 
been devastated by volcanic, 

725
00:42:31,400 --> 00:42:34,700
eruption and tsunami. 
When Pharaoh exploded around 

726
00:42:34,700 --> 00:42:40,200
1600, BCE destroying the minoan 
civilization, the Crete Theory 

727
00:42:40,200 --> 00:42:43,700
emerged because ancient writers 
recognized patterns in Plato's 

728
00:42:43,700 --> 00:42:47,000
description that matched what 
they knew about and culture. 

729
00:42:47,900 --> 00:42:52,100
The emphasis on Naval power, the
sophisticated architecture, and 

730
00:42:52,100 --> 00:42:53,800
the central role of bull 
worship. 

731
00:42:53,800 --> 00:42:57,800
All these elements, characterize
minoan civilization as Greeks, 

732
00:42:57,800 --> 00:43:01,900
understood it from ruins and 
lingering, cultural memories. 

733
00:43:03,200 --> 00:43:07,700
Perhaps Plato or his sources, 
had preserved garbled accounts 

734
00:43:07,700 --> 00:43:11,800
of minoan glory and it sudden 
destruction with details 

735
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:15,400
becoming exaggerated through 
centuries of retelling but the 

736
00:43:15,400 --> 00:43:19,300
chronology presented problems. 
Plato specifically placed 

737
00:43:19,300 --> 00:43:23,400
Atlantis 9,000 years before 
solon's time which would be 

738
00:43:23,400 --> 00:43:30,100
roughly 9,600 BCE if we take the
numbers literally This predates,

739
00:43:30,100 --> 00:43:33,300
any known civilization with the 
kind of architectural and 

740
00:43:33,300 --> 00:43:37,200
Engineering sophistication. 
Plato describes Some ancient 

741
00:43:37,200 --> 00:43:40,400
interpreters suggested that 
Plato or is Egyptian sources had

742
00:43:40,400 --> 00:43:44,400
confused years with months, or 
use some alternative clinical 

743
00:43:44,400 --> 00:43:48,100
system, but this requires 
assuming fundamental numerical 

744
00:43:48,100 --> 00:43:51,500
errors in a story that otherwise
remarkably precise about 

745
00:43:51,500 --> 00:43:54,600
measurements and quantities as 
classical civilization, 

746
00:43:54,600 --> 00:43:58,300
transitioned into late antique 
and then the medieval period 

747
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:03,100
interest in Atlantis waned. 
Christian Scholars, who 

748
00:44:03,100 --> 00:44:06,100
inherited Greek learning were 
more interested in reconciling 

749
00:44:06,100 --> 00:44:10,600
Pagan philosophy with Biblical 
truth and in pursuing stories 

750
00:44:10,600 --> 00:44:14,400
about sunken Islands. 
If Atlantis appeared in medieval

751
00:44:14,400 --> 00:44:18,700
texts at all, it was usually as 
a minor curiosity, or as an 

752
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:20,300
allegory, that could be 
reinterpreted. 

753
00:44:20,300 --> 00:44:23,500
In Christian terms, the 
Renaissance brought renewed 

754
00:44:23,500 --> 00:44:26,500
fascination with classical texts
and the world Beyond Europe. 

755
00:44:27,600 --> 00:44:31,100
As explorers discovered the 
Americas, some theorists 

756
00:44:31,100 --> 00:44:34,200
suggested that these continents 
might be remnants of Atlantis, 

757
00:44:34,200 --> 00:44:38,100
or that Atlantean survivors had 
established civilizations in the

758
00:44:38,100 --> 00:44:41,800
New World. 
This speculation mixed genuine 

759
00:44:41,800 --> 00:44:45,300
puzzlement about how complex 
societies like the Aztecs and 

760
00:44:45,308 --> 00:44:49,400
Incas developed with racist 
assumptions, that indigenous 

761
00:44:49,400 --> 00:44:52,900
peoples couldn't have achieved 
such sophistication without 

762
00:44:52,900 --> 00:44:56,000
outside influence. 
Francis Bacon's new Atlantis. 

763
00:44:56,000 --> 00:45:01,300
Published in 1627 reimagine, 
Plato's story as utopian Vision 

764
00:45:01,300 --> 00:45:03,100
located somewhere in the 
Pacific. 

765
00:45:04,000 --> 00:45:07,100
Bacon, wasn't claiming 
historical accuracy, but rather 

766
00:45:07,100 --> 00:45:10,100
using Atlantis, as a framework 
for describing, an ideal 

767
00:45:10,100 --> 00:45:14,200
scientific Society, much as 
Plato had used it to explore 

768
00:45:14,200 --> 00:45:16,100
questions, about virtue and 
governance. 

769
00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:20,600
The name had become a kind of 
short-hand for Imagined. 

770
00:45:20,600 --> 00:45:24,500
Perfect Society, it specifics 
less, important than its 

771
00:45:24,500 --> 00:45:25,900
function as a thought 
experiment. 

772
00:45:25,900 --> 00:45:29,800
The 19th century brought more 
systematic attempts to locate, 

773
00:45:29,800 --> 00:45:34,100
Atlantis, geographically, This 
reflected the era's confident in

774
00:45:34,100 --> 00:45:36,300
the scientific method and its 
belief. 

775
00:45:36,300 --> 00:45:39,300
That Mysteries could be sold 
through careful investigation 

776
00:45:39,300 --> 00:45:43,700
and rational analysis. 
Ignatius, Donnelly an American 

777
00:45:43,700 --> 00:45:46,600
politician and amateur 
archaeologist published 

778
00:45:46,600 --> 00:45:53,400
Atlantis, the antediluvian World
in 1882. arguing that Atlantis 

779
00:45:53,400 --> 00:45:56,700
had really existed in the 
Atlantic and that it explained 

780
00:45:56,700 --> 00:45:59,800
various cultural similarities 
between old and new world 

781
00:45:59,800 --> 00:46:04,200
civilizations Donnelly's book 
was enormously popular, going 

782
00:46:04,200 --> 00:46:07,300
through dozens of printings and 
establishing many tropes that 

783
00:46:07,308 --> 00:46:11,200
still dominate, popular, 
Atlantis theories, he argued 

784
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:14,200
that Atlantean refugees had 
spread to both sides of the 

785
00:46:14,200 --> 00:46:17,900
Atlantic after their Homeland 
sank bringing Advanced knowledge

786
00:46:17,900 --> 00:46:21,600
that jumpstarted Egyptian 
Mesopotamian and Central 

787
00:46:21,600 --> 00:46:26,400
American civilizations. 
Every pyramid, every flood myth 

788
00:46:26,400 --> 00:46:30,900
and every seemingly inexplicable
technological achievement became

789
00:46:30,900 --> 00:46:33,200
potential evidence of Atlantean 
influence. 

790
00:46:33,200 --> 00:46:36,400
The theory was creative, but 
required ignoring actual 

791
00:46:36,400 --> 00:46:38,300
chronology in archaeological 
evidence. 

792
00:46:39,100 --> 00:46:42,900
Egyptian civilization developed 
gradually over Melania with each

793
00:46:42,900 --> 00:46:45,300
Advanced building on previous 
work, in ways, that 

794
00:46:45,300 --> 00:46:48,300
archeologists can trace through 
physical remains. 

795
00:46:49,400 --> 00:46:52,600
The same goes for Mesopotamian, 
Chinese Indus Valley and 

796
00:46:52,600 --> 00:46:56,800
Mesoamerican civilizations. 
The old show clear developmental

797
00:46:56,800 --> 00:46:59,800
sequences rather than sudden 
acquisition of advanced 

798
00:46:59,800 --> 00:47:02,500
Knowledge from outside. 
But Donnelly's imaginative 

799
00:47:02,500 --> 00:47:05,200
approach to evidence established
a pattern, that subsequent 

800
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:08,800
Atlantis Hunters would follow. 
Start with Plato's account, 

801
00:47:08,800 --> 00:47:12,100
selectively incorporate details,
that fit your preferred 

802
00:47:12,100 --> 00:47:16,500
location, ignore contradictions,
and interpret, any ancient 

803
00:47:16,500 --> 00:47:18,200
achievement. 
That seems impressive as 

804
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:22,200
possible Atlantean influence. 
This methodology produces 

805
00:47:22,200 --> 00:47:24,700
exciting narratives but terrible
history. 

806
00:47:24,700 --> 00:47:27,600
The 20th century brought even 
more exotic. 

807
00:47:27,600 --> 00:47:31,100
Atlantis theories, often 
disconnected from Plato's 

808
00:47:31,100 --> 00:47:33,900
original account. 
Some esoteric movements 

809
00:47:33,900 --> 00:47:37,100
positioned Atlantis as the 
homeland of ancient spiritual 

810
00:47:37,100 --> 00:47:39,900
wisdom. 
Scribing it as having possessed,

811
00:47:39,900 --> 00:47:42,800
technology and Consciousness 
that modern humans have lost. 

812
00:47:43,700 --> 00:47:46,400
Helena blavatsky is theosophical
society. 

813
00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:50,800
Gave Atlantis a central role in 
its elaborate mythology about 

814
00:47:50,800 --> 00:47:54,700
human spiritual Evolution 
describing multiple Atlantean 

815
00:47:54,700 --> 00:47:57,800
races and civilizations spanning
millions of years. 

816
00:47:57,800 --> 00:48:01,700
These mystical interpretations, 
transformed Atlantis from a 

817
00:48:01,700 --> 00:48:05,300
philosophical thought experiment
into something like a religious 

818
00:48:05,300 --> 00:48:09,900
Revelation positioning it as the
source of all ancient wisdom and

819
00:48:09,900 --> 00:48:11,800
the key to human spiritual 
advancement. 

820
00:48:12,800 --> 00:48:15,500
Plato would probably have been 
bemused by this development. 

821
00:48:15,500 --> 00:48:19,000
His story was meant to 
illustrate how civilizations 

822
00:48:19,000 --> 00:48:23,000
fall when they abandoned wisdom,
not to suggest that some Lost 

823
00:48:23,000 --> 00:48:26,300
Civilization possessed secret 
knowledge, we should recover the

824
00:48:26,300 --> 00:48:29,300
development of modern archeology
and oceanography should have 

825
00:48:29,300 --> 00:48:32,000
settled questions about 
atlantis's historical existence 

826
00:48:32,000 --> 00:48:37,300
but instead it just spawned new 
theories, when scientists 

827
00:48:37,300 --> 00:48:40,600
discovered the Mid-Atlantic 
Ridge, some enthusiasts 

828
00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:43,300
suggested, this underwater 
mountain range, might be the 

829
00:48:43,300 --> 00:48:47,400
remnant of a sunken continent. 
Fact that the geology doesn't 

830
00:48:47,400 --> 00:48:51,500
support this interpretation, The
Ridges spreading up part, not 

831
00:48:51,500 --> 00:48:55,600
syncing and has been underwater 
for millions of years, did 

832
00:48:55,600 --> 00:48:59,300
little to discourage speculation
each new archaeological 

833
00:48:59,300 --> 00:49:03,000
Discovery in the Mediterranean 
regions sparked fresh claims. 

834
00:49:03,000 --> 00:49:07,000
That the real Atlantis had been 
found the island of Santorini. 

835
00:49:07,000 --> 00:49:11,600
With its spectacular, volcanic 
caldera and evidence of Bronze 

836
00:49:11,600 --> 00:49:13,400
Age. 
Civilization, buried under 

837
00:49:13,400 --> 00:49:16,100
volcanic, ash became a favorite 
candidate. 

838
00:49:16,800 --> 00:49:19,600
The minoan settlement of 
accurate Theory preserved like 

839
00:49:19,600 --> 00:49:22,700
Pompeii under layers of pumice, 
showed sophisticated 

840
00:49:22,700 --> 00:49:26,800
architecture vibrant frescoes 
and an advanced Urban culture. 

841
00:49:26,800 --> 00:49:30,800
Everything one might expect from
a civilization like Atlantis. 

842
00:49:30,800 --> 00:49:35,000
The Santorini theory has several
advantages, the volcanic 

843
00:49:35,000 --> 00:49:39,200
eruption, and subsequent 
tsunamis around 1600, BCE did 

844
00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:41,500
destroy a powerful Maritime 
civilization. 

845
00:49:42,600 --> 00:49:45,700
The Minoans were in decali 
advanced and influential 

846
00:49:45,700 --> 00:49:49,800
throughout the Aegean. 
The geographical details, an 

847
00:49:49,800 --> 00:49:52,200
island with a wealthy city, 
destroyed by volcanic 

848
00:49:52,200 --> 00:49:55,700
catastrophe match, key elements 
of Plato's account. 

849
00:49:56,500 --> 00:49:59,600
You can visit the ruins today 
and see what an Atlantis like 

850
00:49:59,600 --> 00:50:03,200
Civilization actually looked. 
Like the main problem of course,

851
00:50:03,200 --> 00:50:06,200
is that Santorini is in the 
wrong ocean at the wrong time 

852
00:50:06,200 --> 00:50:09,700
and on the wrong scale. 
Plato specified the Atlantic 

853
00:50:09,700 --> 00:50:15,400
Beyond Gibraltar not the Aegean.
He dated Atlantis to 9600 BCE 

854
00:50:15,400 --> 00:50:19,900
not 1600 BCE. 
He described an island larger 

855
00:50:19,900 --> 00:50:23,700
than Libya and Asia combined, 
not a modest Mediterranean 

856
00:50:23,700 --> 00:50:27,300
island. 
Identifying Santorini's Atlantis

857
00:50:27,300 --> 00:50:30,400
requires dismissing. 
Most of Plato's specific details

858
00:50:30,400 --> 00:50:34,800
as errors or exaggeration other 
proposed, Atlantis locations, 

859
00:50:34,800 --> 00:50:38,500
include off the coast of Spain 
near the Strait of Gibraltar in 

860
00:50:38,500 --> 00:50:42,300
the Black Sea before post Ice 
Age, sea level, rise flooded 

861
00:50:42,300 --> 00:50:46,800
that region in Antarctica based 
on Fringe theories about ancient

862
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:48,800
maps, showing ice-free, 
coastlines. 

863
00:50:48,800 --> 00:50:52,500
And even in the Bahamas were 
underwater rock formation 

864
00:50:52,500 --> 00:50:56,500
sometimes create patterns, that 
enthusiastic interpreters read 

865
00:50:56,500 --> 00:51:00,800
as evidence of ancient roads or 
buildings each Theory follows 

866
00:51:00,800 --> 00:51:04,100
similar logic. 
Identify some archaeological 

867
00:51:04,100 --> 00:51:07,500
site or geographical feature 
that vaguely matches some 

868
00:51:07,500 --> 00:51:10,500
element of Plato's description 
interpret. 

869
00:51:10,500 --> 00:51:13,500
Everything supporting this 
identification as evidence 

870
00:51:13,500 --> 00:51:17,700
dismiss contradictions as 
copyist errors or exaggerations 

871
00:51:17,700 --> 00:51:21,100
and present the result as 
finally solving the Atlantis 

872
00:51:21,100 --> 00:51:23,900
mystery. 
Repeaters needed whenever a new 

873
00:51:23,900 --> 00:51:27,200
underwater formation or ancient.
Ruin is discovered the 

874
00:51:27,200 --> 00:51:30,500
Persistence of Atlantis hunting,
despite the complete lack of 

875
00:51:30,508 --> 00:51:34,000
confirming evidence tells us 
something important about human 

876
00:51:34,000 --> 00:51:37,000
psychology. 
We want to believe in Lost 

877
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:41,000
Golden Ages in ancient wisdom, 
that modern civilization has 

878
00:51:41,000 --> 00:51:44,300
forgotten and in Mysteries that 
might still be solved if we just

879
00:51:44,300 --> 00:51:47,600
look in the right place. 
Atlantis serves these emotional 

880
00:51:47,600 --> 00:51:50,300
needs regardless of, whether it 
ever existed, historically, 

881
00:51:50,300 --> 00:51:53,900
modern, Scholars, generally, 
agree, that Plato invented 

882
00:51:53,900 --> 00:51:57,600
Atlantis as a philosophical 
device and that searching for 

883
00:51:57,600 --> 00:52:01,100
historical Atlantis, makes no 
more sense than searching for 

884
00:52:01,100 --> 00:52:03,700
the actual cave in his allegory 
of the Cave. 

885
00:52:03,700 --> 00:52:07,400
The stories power comes from its
symbolic and philosophical 

886
00:52:07,400 --> 00:52:11,800
content, not from historical 
accuracy but this scholarly 

887
00:52:11,800 --> 00:52:15,300
consensus has done little to 
dampen popular fascination with 

888
00:52:15,300 --> 00:52:18,500
finding the lost continent. 
The search for Atlantis has 

889
00:52:18,500 --> 00:52:22,800
generated, countless books, 
documentaries, Expeditions and 

890
00:52:22,800 --> 00:52:25,400
debates. 
It has inspired serious 

891
00:52:25,400 --> 00:52:28,800
archaeological. 
Work researchers investigating 

892
00:52:28,800 --> 00:52:31,900
whether memories of Bronze Age, 
catastrophes might have 

893
00:52:31,900 --> 00:52:34,800
influenced Greek mythology and 
complete nonsense. 

894
00:52:35,600 --> 00:52:38,000
Theories. 
Involving aliens crystals and 

895
00:52:38,000 --> 00:52:41,200
psychic powers. 
The line between legitimate 

896
00:52:41,200 --> 00:52:45,100
historical inquiry and 
imaginative speculation becomes 

897
00:52:45,100 --> 00:52:47,500
blurry when dealing with 
something that probably never 

898
00:52:47,500 --> 00:52:50,000
existed. 
What's interesting is how the 

899
00:52:50,000 --> 00:52:53,800
search itself has changed over 
time, reflecting developments in

900
00:52:53,800 --> 00:52:58,300
technology and methodology. 
Early searches relied on textual

901
00:52:58,300 --> 00:53:02,300
analysis and geographical 
speculation. 19th century, 

902
00:53:02,300 --> 00:53:05,300
investigators, added 
archaeological comparisons and 

903
00:53:05,300 --> 00:53:09,100
geological theories. 
Modern Hunters, use sonar 

904
00:53:09,100 --> 00:53:13,100
mapping satellite imagery and 
computer analysis of ancient 

905
00:53:13,100 --> 00:53:16,000
texts. 
Each era, brings its most 

906
00:53:16,000 --> 00:53:20,300
advanced tools to the search. 
Finding an Atlantis, whatever 

907
00:53:20,300 --> 00:53:23,300
those tools are capable of 
revealing perhaps, the most 

908
00:53:23,300 --> 00:53:26,800
honest assessment is that 
Atlantis exists precisely, where

909
00:53:26,800 --> 00:53:29,800
Plato put it in a philosophical 
dialogue. 

910
00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:34,300
Designed to make arguments about
virtue power and civilizational 

911
00:53:34,300 --> 00:53:38,500
sustainability. 
The geographical Atlantis beyond

912
00:53:38,500 --> 00:53:42,400
the pillars of Hercules was 
always metaphorical a location 

913
00:53:42,400 --> 00:53:45,500
in possibility space rather than
physical geography. 

914
00:53:46,500 --> 00:53:50,000
Looking for it with sonar and 
submarines make sense only, if 

915
00:53:50,000 --> 00:53:53,300
we fundamentally misunderstood, 
what kind of story Plato was 

916
00:53:53,300 --> 00:53:55,900
telling as you drift deeper 
towards sleep? 

917
00:53:55,900 --> 00:53:59,000
Consider that sometimes the most
important truths are found not 

918
00:53:59,000 --> 00:54:02,500
by discovering new facts, but by
understanding more deeply. 

919
00:54:02,500 --> 00:54:06,000
What we all ready? 
Know, The search for Atlantis 

920
00:54:06,000 --> 00:54:10,000
across ocean floors. 
And ancient ruins might be less 

921
00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:13,400
productive than reflecting on 
what Plato's story teaches about

922
00:54:13,400 --> 00:54:15,900
the relationship between virtue 
and sustainability. 

923
00:54:16,900 --> 00:54:20,700
Between wisdom and power and 
between human ambition and 

924
00:54:20,700 --> 00:54:24,300
natural limits. 
These lessons don't require 

925
00:54:24,300 --> 00:54:28,100
archaeological confirmation. 
They require only thoughtful 

926
00:54:28,100 --> 00:54:30,200
attention to the world. 
We actually inhabit. 

927
00:54:30,200 --> 00:54:33,300
The physical search for Atlantis
has produced mostly 

928
00:54:33,300 --> 00:54:37,700
disappointment, but the mental 
Atlantis, the one that exists in

929
00:54:37,700 --> 00:54:42,100
imagination art, and cultural 
mythology has proven remarkably 

930
00:54:42,100 --> 00:54:46,300
fertile and enduring. 
This imaginary Atlantis tells us

931
00:54:46,300 --> 00:54:50,400
less about ancient history than 
about how different eras of 

932
00:54:50,400 --> 00:54:54,700
understood Perfection loss, and 
the relationship between past 

933
00:54:54,700 --> 00:54:58,000
and present. 
In literature Atlantis has 

934
00:54:58,000 --> 00:55:01,700
inspired countless retellings. 
Each adapting Plato's basic 

935
00:55:01,700 --> 00:55:05,900
framework to explore 
contemporary concerns, Jules 

936
00:55:05,900 --> 00:55:08,700
Verne sent Captain Nemo to 
explore underwater. 

937
00:55:08,700 --> 00:55:13,300
Atlantean ruins in 20,000 
Leagues Under the Sea, using the

938
00:55:13,300 --> 00:55:17,100
Lost Civilization as a symbol of
Humanity's accumulated knowledge

939
00:55:17,100 --> 00:55:19,400
flying just beyond reach beneath
the ways. 

940
00:55:20,300 --> 00:55:22,500
His Atlantis represented, the 
19th. 

941
00:55:22,500 --> 00:55:26,300
Centuries fascination with 
archaeological Discovery and the

942
00:55:26,308 --> 00:55:28,900
technological capacity to reach 
previously. 

943
00:55:28,900 --> 00:55:31,700
Inaccessible places, science 
fiction. 

944
00:55:31,700 --> 00:55:35,800
Writers have been particularly 
drawn to Atlantis reimagining it

945
00:55:35,800 --> 00:55:39,500
as an advanced technological 
Society, whose achievements were

946
00:55:39,500 --> 00:55:44,100
only now beginning to match or 
surpass, These stories often 

947
00:55:44,100 --> 00:55:46,700
position, Atlantis, as a 
civilization that developed 

948
00:55:46,700 --> 00:55:49,900
differently from ours. 
Emphasizing different 

949
00:55:49,900 --> 00:55:52,600
Technologies or organizing 
society around different 

950
00:55:52,600 --> 00:55:55,700
principles. 
And ask what we might learn from

951
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:59,100
studying, an alternative path of
development fantasy. 

952
00:55:59,100 --> 00:56:01,900
Literature tends to treat 
Atlantis more mystically. 

953
00:56:01,900 --> 00:56:06,000
As a civilization, that mastered
magic or spiritual practices, 

954
00:56:06,000 --> 00:56:07,800
that modern Humanity has 
forgotten. 

955
00:56:08,700 --> 00:56:12,800
These versions often suggest 
that material progresses come at

956
00:56:12,800 --> 00:56:16,000
the cost of spiritual wisdom. 
That something important was 

957
00:56:16,000 --> 00:56:17,600
lost. 
When rational scientific 

958
00:56:17,600 --> 00:56:21,600
thinking displaced older, more 
intuitive ways of understanding 

959
00:56:21,600 --> 00:56:26,300
the world Atlantis becomes a 
symbol of this hypothetical lost

960
00:56:26,300 --> 00:56:29,400
knowledge representing. 
What we gave up to gain? 

961
00:56:29,400 --> 00:56:33,000
What we have the tension in 
these imaginative treatments is 

962
00:56:33,000 --> 00:56:35,300
always between two competing 
visions of the past. 

963
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:40,200
Once he's history, as progress 
were better off now than people 

964
00:56:40,200 --> 00:56:44,100
were there with more knowledge 
better technology and more 

965
00:56:44,100 --> 00:56:47,100
Humane values. 
The other Seas history as a 

966
00:56:47,108 --> 00:56:50,100
decline from an early wiser age,
when people understood things 

967
00:56:50,100 --> 00:56:53,500
we've forgotten Atlantis can 
represent either Vision 

968
00:56:53,500 --> 00:56:55,300
depending on how the story is 
framed. 

969
00:56:55,300 --> 00:56:58,000
Children's. 
Media has particularly embraced 

970
00:56:58,000 --> 00:57:01,500
Atlantis, as a setting for 
adventure and wonder animated 

971
00:57:01,500 --> 00:57:05,100
films depicted as a colorful 
underwater Kingdom full of 

972
00:57:05,108 --> 00:57:07,600
exotic architecture and strange 
technology. 

973
00:57:08,500 --> 00:57:11,800
A place where anything seems 
possible because it's freed from

974
00:57:11,800 --> 00:57:16,000
mundane historical constraints. 
These versions rarely engage 

975
00:57:16,000 --> 00:57:18,800
with Plato's philosophical 
concerns about virtue and 

976
00:57:18,808 --> 00:57:22,700
Corruption focusing instead on 
the sheer imaginative, pleasure 

977
00:57:22,700 --> 00:57:25,800
of a lost world waiting to be 
discovered the Disney animated 

978
00:57:25,800 --> 00:57:29,000
film Atlantis, the Lost Empire 
offers. 

979
00:57:29,000 --> 00:57:31,300
A good example of how modern 
retellings work. 

980
00:57:31,300 --> 00:57:35,600
It keeps Plato's basic premise, 
ancient Advanced civilization, 

981
00:57:35,600 --> 00:57:41,000
circular architecture, powerful 
technology while adding elements

982
00:57:41,000 --> 00:57:43,400
from late to speculation and 
wholesale invention. 

983
00:57:44,400 --> 00:57:47,900
The result is visually 
spectacular and narratively 

984
00:57:47,900 --> 00:57:51,000
engaging while having almost 
nothing to do with Plato's 

985
00:57:51,000 --> 00:57:54,300
actual story. 
This is Atlantis as pure 

986
00:57:54,300 --> 00:57:57,100
creative inspiration, rather 
than historical or philosophical

987
00:57:57,100 --> 00:58:00,700
inquiry video games have found, 
Atlantis useful. 

988
00:58:00,700 --> 00:58:02,800
As a setting that requires no 
explanation. 

989
00:58:03,900 --> 00:58:07,200
Players except that such a place
might have existed because it's 

990
00:58:07,200 --> 00:58:10,700
so culturally familiar allowing 
game designers to create 

991
00:58:10,700 --> 00:58:14,700
elaborate underwater or ancient 
civilizations without extensive 

992
00:58:14,700 --> 00:58:18,200
exposition. 
Atlantis, and gaming, becomes 

993
00:58:18,200 --> 00:58:21,000
whatever. 
The gameplay requires, a dungeon

994
00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:25,000
to explore a civilization to 
manage a mystery to solve. 

995
00:58:25,800 --> 00:58:29,800
Freed entirely from historical 
constraints, even academic 

996
00:58:29,800 --> 00:58:31,800
philosophy. 
Continues to find Value in 

997
00:58:31,800 --> 00:58:33,500
Atlantis as a thought 
experiment. 

998
00:58:34,500 --> 00:58:37,800
Political theorists, use it to 
explore questions, about ideal 

999
00:58:37,800 --> 00:58:41,900
governance, sustainability, and 
the relationship between power 

1000
00:58:41,900 --> 00:58:45,200
and virtue. 
Environmental Scholars, cite 

1001
00:58:45,200 --> 00:58:47,300
Atlantis. 
As an early example of 

1002
00:58:47,300 --> 00:58:51,100
ecological thinking, A 
recognition that civilizations 

1003
00:58:51,100 --> 00:58:54,900
exist within natural systems, 
they cannot control and will be 

1004
00:58:54,900 --> 00:58:57,000
destroyed. 
If they exceed the systems 

1005
00:58:57,000 --> 00:58:59,900
carrying capacity, the 
environmental reading of 

1006
00:58:59,900 --> 00:59:03,400
Atlantis has become increasingly
prominent as climate change, and

1007
00:59:03,400 --> 00:59:06,500
ecological crisis have moved to 
the center of public 

1008
00:59:06,500 --> 00:59:10,400
consciousness. 
In this interpretation Atlantis 

1009
00:59:10,400 --> 00:59:13,500
serves as a warning about what 
happens when civilization's 

1010
00:59:13,500 --> 00:59:17,600
ignore natural limits in pursuit
of endless growth and expansion.

1011
00:59:18,800 --> 00:59:21,400
Sinking beneath the waves 
becomes a metaphor for 

1012
00:59:21,400 --> 00:59:25,700
ecological collapse, not Divine 
punishment, but a natural 

1013
00:59:25,700 --> 00:59:28,700
consequence of treating, the 
Earth as an unlimited resource. 

1014
00:59:28,700 --> 00:59:32,000
This environmental Atlantis 
resonates differently than 

1015
00:59:32,000 --> 00:59:34,500
traditional religious or 
mystical interpretations. 

1016
00:59:34,500 --> 00:59:37,900
It doesn't require believing in 
Lost, spiritual wisdom, or 

1017
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:42,100
ancient super technology. 
It simply asks us to notice that

1018
00:59:42,100 --> 00:59:45,200
Plato's story describes a 
civilization that grew to 

1019
00:59:45,200 --> 00:59:49,100
powerful expanded to 
aggressively and ultimately 

1020
00:59:49,100 --> 00:59:51,600
faced destruction from natural 
forces. 

1021
00:59:51,600 --> 00:59:56,000
It could not control. 
Hello to Modern industrial, 

1022
00:59:56,000 --> 00:59:59,900
civilization is uncomfortable, 
and obvious psychologists have 

1023
00:59:59,900 --> 01:00:03,000
been interested in Wyatt. 
Atlantis exercise is such a hold

1024
01:00:03,000 --> 01:00:06,700
over human imagination. 
Carl Jung and his followers, saw

1025
01:00:06,700 --> 01:00:10,100
it as an archetype. 
Fundamental pattern in human 

1026
01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:14,200
consciousness that recurs across
cultures because it addresses 

1027
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:19,400
Universal psychological needs. 
In this reading, Atlantis 

1028
01:00:19,400 --> 01:00:23,000
represents the ideal sell for 
society that we imagine but 

1029
01:00:23,000 --> 01:00:26,800
cannot quite achieve forever 
just Out Of Reach beneath the 

1030
01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:30,600
waves of time and forgetfulness 
the Golden Age thinking that 

1031
01:00:30,600 --> 01:00:33,300
Atlantis embodies appears in 
virtually every culture. 

1032
01:00:34,600 --> 01:00:37,800
Most human societies have myths 
about a better time in the past 

1033
01:00:37,800 --> 01:00:41,600
when people lived longer or 
wiser and existed in harmony 

1034
01:00:41,600 --> 01:00:45,200
with nature and each other. 
These Golden Ages ended through 

1035
01:00:45,200 --> 01:00:50,700
some kind of fall humans, sinned
Divine punishment or simply the 

1036
01:00:50,700 --> 01:00:55,400
inevitable decay of all things. 
Atlantis fits this pattern 

1037
01:00:55,400 --> 01:00:59,300
perfectly giving Greek Golden 
Age thinking a specific 

1038
01:00:59,300 --> 01:01:03,600
geographical and historical form
this persistent Nostalgia for 

1039
01:01:03,600 --> 01:01:06,300
Imagined better times raises 
interesting questions. 

1040
01:01:07,200 --> 01:01:10,100
Why do people so often assume 
the past was superior to the 

1041
01:01:10,100 --> 01:01:13,200
present? 
Is it genuine historical memory 

1042
01:01:13,200 --> 01:01:18,100
distorted by time until only the
positive aspects remain Is it 

1043
01:01:18,100 --> 01:01:22,700
psychological compensation for 
present difficulties creating an

1044
01:01:22,700 --> 01:01:24,800
imaginary past? 
That provides comfort and 

1045
01:01:24,800 --> 01:01:27,400
Escape? 
Or is it something more 

1046
01:01:27,400 --> 01:01:30,600
fundamental about how human 
consciousness relates to time? 

1047
01:01:30,600 --> 01:01:34,500
All always projecting Perfection
into an accessible past or 

1048
01:01:34,500 --> 01:01:37,700
future rather than finding it in
the experience to present 

1049
01:01:37,700 --> 01:01:41,000
artists of being drawn to 
Atlantis for obvious reasons. 

1050
01:01:41,000 --> 01:01:44,300
It combines visual spectacle 
with philosophical depth, 

1051
01:01:44,300 --> 01:01:47,900
allowing for both stunning 
imagery and meaningful content. 

1052
01:01:49,100 --> 01:01:51,500
Paintings of Atlantis. 
Often show the moment of 

1053
01:01:51,500 --> 01:01:54,800
Destruction with massive waves, 
overwhelming. 

1054
01:01:54,800 --> 01:01:57,900
Elaborate architecture while 
tiny figures fully hopelessly 

1055
01:01:59,300 --> 01:02:02,000
these images capture both the 
Grandeur of human achievement 

1056
01:02:02,000 --> 01:02:06,000
and its ultimate fragility 
material Splendor rendered, 

1057
01:02:06,000 --> 01:02:09,600
temporary by natural forces 
beyond control contemporary 

1058
01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:13,100
interest in Atlantis, often 
focuses on what the story might 

1059
01:02:13,100 --> 01:02:16,700
teach about our own 
civilizations trajectory Are we 

1060
01:02:16,708 --> 01:02:21,100
the new Atlantis, wealthy, 
powerful and technologically 

1061
01:02:21,100 --> 01:02:24,900
sophisticated? 
But losing touch with the values

1062
01:02:24,900 --> 01:02:26,500
that would make us success. 
Sustainable. 

1063
01:02:27,800 --> 01:02:30,100
The parallel seems obvious 
enough that political 

1064
01:02:30,100 --> 01:02:33,300
commentators across the Spectrum
invoke Atlantis, when warning 

1065
01:02:33,300 --> 01:02:35,700
about various threats to Modern 
civilization. 

1066
01:02:36,500 --> 01:02:38,900
Whether those threats come from 
environmental degradation 

1067
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:42,300
political corruption, social 
Decay or technological 

1068
01:02:42,300 --> 01:02:45,100
overreach. 
The fact that Atlantis can be 

1069
01:02:45,100 --> 01:02:49,400
invoked to support contradictory
political positions as both a 

1070
01:02:49,400 --> 01:02:52,300
warning about government 
overreach and about insufficient

1071
01:02:52,300 --> 01:02:55,300
Collective action. 
As both, an example of cultural 

1072
01:02:55,300 --> 01:02:58,900
decadence and of Imperial 
ambition demonstrates its 

1073
01:02:58,900 --> 01:03:03,300
flexibility as a symbol. 
Like any sufficiently Rich myth.

1074
01:03:03,800 --> 01:03:07,800
It contains enough complexity to
be interpreted multiple ways 

1075
01:03:07,800 --> 01:03:10,300
depending on which elements you 
emphasize and which you 

1076
01:03:10,300 --> 01:03:14,600
background in popular culture, 
Atlantis has become shorthand 

1077
01:03:14,600 --> 01:03:17,300
for lost Advanced civilization 
in general. 

1078
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:21,500
When someone refers to something
as the Atlantis of a particular 

1079
01:03:21,500 --> 01:03:25,100
Regional period, they mean an 
impressive civilization that 

1080
01:03:25,100 --> 01:03:29,300
mysteriously disappeared. 
This usage treats Atlantis as a 

1081
01:03:29,308 --> 01:03:31,500
category, rather than a specific
Place. 

1082
01:03:31,500 --> 01:03:34,400
Anything sufficiently ancient 
impressive. 

1083
01:03:34,400 --> 01:03:39,200
And vanished can be an Atlantis,
the mental life of Atlantis, its

1084
01:03:39,200 --> 01:03:42,900
existence in imagination and 
culture rather than geography as

1085
01:03:42,900 --> 01:03:46,100
proven far more vigorous than 
any attempt to locate it 

1086
01:03:46,100 --> 01:03:48,800
physically. 
This shouldn't surprise us given

1087
01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:50,900
how Plato created the story in 
the first place? 

1088
01:03:50,900 --> 01:03:55,900
He invented Atlantis as an idea,
a philosophical, proposal about 

1089
01:03:55,900 --> 01:03:59,700
what happens when civilization's
prioritize power over wisdom, 

1090
01:04:00,600 --> 01:04:03,700
The ideas proven durable 
precisely because it addresses 

1091
01:04:03,700 --> 01:04:07,100
something real about human 
social organization, even if the

1092
01:04:07,100 --> 01:04:10,400
specific civilization was 
fictional as you settle more 

1093
01:04:10,400 --> 01:04:13,900
deeply into rest. 
Notice how a story that began as

1094
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:16,100
a philosophical. 
Thought experiment in ancient 

1095
01:04:16,100 --> 01:04:19,700
Athens has become a cultural 
Touchstone that each generation 

1096
01:04:19,700 --> 01:04:22,600
reinvents according to its own 
needs and concerns. 

1097
01:04:24,000 --> 01:04:28,400
The Atlantis, in our minds 
changes shape like water flowing

1098
01:04:28,400 --> 01:04:31,700
into whatever conceptual spaces 
are particular, historical 

1099
01:04:31,700 --> 01:04:35,400
moment, provides always 
maintaining its basic form, 

1100
01:04:35,400 --> 01:04:37,900
while adapting its details to 
new contexts. 

1101
01:04:37,900 --> 01:04:42,600
This mental, Atlantis 
infinitely, flexible, endlessly 

1102
01:04:42,600 --> 01:04:46,300
reinterpret, never quite pinned 
down, might be the 

1103
01:04:46,300 --> 01:04:48,900
civilizations, most remarkable 
achievement. 

1104
01:04:49,900 --> 01:04:51,900
By not existing in physical 
space. 

1105
01:04:51,900 --> 01:04:56,300
It can exist everywhere in 
imaginative space available to 

1106
01:04:56,300 --> 01:04:58,800
whoever needs a symbol for lost 
perfection. 

1107
01:04:59,600 --> 01:05:02,900
Vanished wisdom or 
civilizational fragility. 

1108
01:05:03,900 --> 01:05:07,600
Plato, created something more 
lasting than any actual City 

1109
01:05:07,600 --> 01:05:11,200
could have been. 
An idea that survives precisely 

1110
01:05:11,200 --> 01:05:14,200
because it was never limited by 
the constraints of historical 

1111
01:05:14,200 --> 01:05:16,600
fact. 
Has we come to rest at the end 

1112
01:05:16,600 --> 01:05:20,100
of our journey through Atlantis,
the imagined, the search for, 

1113
01:05:20,100 --> 01:05:24,400
and the endlessly reinterpreted?
It's worth spending these final 

1114
01:05:24,400 --> 01:05:27,400
moments reflecting on what this 
story is meant across the 

1115
01:05:27,400 --> 01:05:30,700
centuries and what it might 
still offer to anyone willing to

1116
01:05:30,700 --> 01:05:33,700
think quietly about its 
implications picture. 

1117
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:36,700
Yourself floating just beneath 
the surface of a calm sea 

1118
01:05:36,700 --> 01:05:40,600
perhaps near where Plato 
imagined, Atlantis wants stood, 

1119
01:05:41,500 --> 01:05:44,700
The water is clear enough. 
That sunlight penetrates down to

1120
01:05:44,700 --> 01:05:48,400
where you drift creating those 
moving patterns of light and 

1121
01:05:48,400 --> 01:05:51,300
Shadow on the sand below. 
That shift with each passing 

1122
01:05:51,300 --> 01:05:55,600
wave above the pressure of the 
water provides gentle even 

1123
01:05:55,600 --> 01:05:59,800
resistance to any movement that 
sensation of being supported and

1124
01:05:59,800 --> 01:06:01,300
surrounded. 
That makes floating. 

1125
01:06:01,300 --> 01:06:05,100
So restful in this imagined 
underwater space, you can see 

1126
01:06:05,100 --> 01:06:07,500
the outlines of what might want 
to have been buildings, 

1127
01:06:07,500 --> 01:06:12,700
geometric forms worn Smooth by 
centuries of current colonized 

1128
01:06:12,700 --> 01:06:17,400
Now by corals and seaweed that 
soften all the hard edges Small 

1129
01:06:17,400 --> 01:06:20,500
fish move through spaces that 
might want to have been windows 

1130
01:06:20,500 --> 01:06:23,700
or doorways in different, 
whatever human purposes. 

1131
01:06:23,700 --> 01:06:26,700
These structures originally 
served, everything that was 

1132
01:06:26,700 --> 01:06:29,900
sharp has been rounded. 
Everything that was solid has 

1133
01:06:29,900 --> 01:06:32,200
been infiltrated by growing 
things. 

1134
01:06:32,200 --> 01:06:35,700
And everything that was dry has 
been saturated with saltwater. 

1135
01:06:35,700 --> 01:06:39,500
This Is What Becomes of human 
Ambitions given enough time. 

1136
01:06:39,500 --> 01:06:42,000
Not destroyed. 
Exactly. 

1137
01:06:42,000 --> 01:06:45,600
But transformed into something 
no longer recognizable for its 

1138
01:06:45,600 --> 01:06:50,400
original purpose is The stone 
remains, but serves as a habitat

1139
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:53,500
now. 
The careful geometric planning 

1140
01:06:53,500 --> 01:06:57,300
is still visible but reads as a 
natural formation to anyone who 

1141
01:06:57,300 --> 01:07:01,400
doesn't know its history. 
What was made becomes unmade 

1142
01:07:01,400 --> 01:07:06,200
gradually patiently through. 
Processes that care nothing for 

1143
01:07:06,200 --> 01:07:08,700
preserving. 
Human meaning, there's something

1144
01:07:08,700 --> 01:07:10,900
deeply restful about this 
vision. 

1145
01:07:11,600 --> 01:07:14,600
Not the catastrophic, 
destruction, Plato described 

1146
01:07:14,600 --> 01:07:18,500
earthquakes, and floods 
consuming a civilization in a 

1147
01:07:18,500 --> 01:07:21,400
day and night. 
But the slow transformation that

1148
01:07:21,400 --> 01:07:24,700
comes after. 
When natural processes reclaim 

1149
01:07:24,700 --> 01:07:28,000
human constructions and 
incorporate them into new 

1150
01:07:28,000 --> 01:07:31,500
patterns of life. 
The coral growing on Atlantean 

1151
01:07:31,500 --> 01:07:33,500
walls, doesn't mourn. 
The civilization. 

1152
01:07:33,500 --> 01:07:36,600
That fell Fish swimming through 
the palace. 

1153
01:07:36,600 --> 01:07:39,500
Make no judgments about whether 
the king's who once ruled their 

1154
01:07:39,500 --> 01:07:43,900
wise or corrupt, everything 
simply continues in new forms. 

1155
01:07:43,900 --> 01:07:47,700
This longer viewers perspective 
on all human achievement and 

1156
01:07:47,700 --> 01:07:50,800
failure. 
The things we build physical 

1157
01:07:50,800 --> 01:07:55,000
structures, social institutions,
cultural Traditions, all seems 

1158
01:07:55,000 --> 01:07:57,400
so solid and permanent while 
we're building them. 

1159
01:07:58,100 --> 01:08:01,100
We imagine their last forever 
that we're creating something 

1160
01:08:01,100 --> 01:08:04,800
that will stand against time and
sometimes our constructions do 

1161
01:08:04,800 --> 01:08:09,400
last a remarkably long time but 
eventually everything we make 

1162
01:08:09,400 --> 01:08:13,100
becomes raw material for 
whatever comes next, Plato. 

1163
01:08:13,100 --> 01:08:17,000
Understood this at some level. 
That's why he set Atlantis in 

1164
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:20,399
the distant past rather than the
present and why he had it 

1165
01:08:20,399 --> 01:08:22,899
destroyed rather than evolving 
into something. 

1166
01:08:22,899 --> 01:08:28,899
New Story needed the finality of
total Destruction to make its 

1167
01:08:28,899 --> 01:08:31,899
philosophical point about the 
relationship between virtue and 

1168
01:08:31,908 --> 01:08:35,100
sustainability. 
But the actual process of 

1169
01:08:35,100 --> 01:08:39,600
civilizational changes, usually 
less dramatic more like erosion 

1170
01:08:39,600 --> 01:08:42,800
than earthquake more. 
Like fish moving into a band and

1171
01:08:42,800 --> 01:08:45,700
building buildings than waves 
overwhelming inhabited ones. 

1172
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:47,899
The lesson isn't that nothing 
matters? 

1173
01:08:47,899 --> 01:08:51,600
Because everything eventually 
changes form, rather, it's that 

1174
01:08:51,600 --> 01:08:54,100
what matters isn't permanent but
how we inhabit. 

1175
01:08:54,100 --> 01:08:56,700
The time we have the atlanteans 
lived. 

1176
01:08:56,700 --> 01:09:02,000
Meaningful lives raised families
created Art, built buildings, 

1177
01:09:02,000 --> 01:09:06,300
governed cities, even though 
their civilization was temporary

1178
01:09:07,300 --> 01:09:10,100
Fact that it ended doesn't 
retroactively render their 

1179
01:09:10,100 --> 01:09:13,800
existence meaningless. 
He lived as fully as they could 

1180
01:09:13,800 --> 01:09:17,800
give them what they knew and the
circumstances, they faced this 

1181
01:09:17,800 --> 01:09:20,200
applies to our own lives and 
civilizations as well. 

1182
01:09:20,200 --> 01:09:24,000
We build knowing that what we 
build won't last forever but we 

1183
01:09:24,000 --> 01:09:26,800
build any way because the 
building itself has value 

1184
01:09:26,800 --> 01:09:31,000
independent of its durability, 
we create societies knowing 

1185
01:09:31,000 --> 01:09:33,399
they'll eventually transformed 
into something we wouldn't 

1186
01:09:33,399 --> 01:09:37,500
recognize but we try to make 
them just and flourishing anyway

1187
01:09:37,500 --> 01:09:40,700
because Justice and flourishing 
matter in the present, 

1188
01:09:40,700 --> 01:09:43,700
regardless of future 
obsolescence, the underwater 

1189
01:09:43,700 --> 01:09:46,600
Atlantis of imagination offers 
another kind of lesson about 

1190
01:09:46,608 --> 01:09:49,300
depth and surface. 
The visible world. 

1191
01:09:49,300 --> 01:09:52,500
The one we usually attend to is 
like the surface of the ocean 

1192
01:09:52,500 --> 01:09:58,000
agitated by wind and current 
constantly changing never quite 

1193
01:09:58,000 --> 01:10:00,900
stable. 
Below the surface like deeper 

1194
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:04,600
patterns and structures the 
underlying reality that supports

1195
01:10:04,600 --> 01:10:07,000
surface phenomena without being 
immediately visible. 

1196
01:10:07,000 --> 01:10:10,000
Plato's philosophy. 
Always insisted on this 

1197
01:10:10,000 --> 01:10:12,700
distinction between surface 
appearance and underlying 

1198
01:10:12,700 --> 01:10:17,000
reality His theory of forms, 
suggested that true reality 

1199
01:10:17,000 --> 01:10:20,300
exists in an eternal realm of 
perfect ideas. 

1200
01:10:21,100 --> 01:10:24,200
While physical existence offers 
only imperfect copies and 

1201
01:10:24,200 --> 01:10:26,800
shadows. 
Atlantis functions. 

1202
01:10:26,800 --> 01:10:28,500
As a story about this 
distinction. 

1203
01:10:29,600 --> 01:10:31,800
The beautiful surface 
civilization built on 

1204
01:10:31,800 --> 01:10:34,200
foundations. 
That were slowly weakening. 

1205
01:10:34,200 --> 01:10:37,400
The visible success masking 
invisible. 

1206
01:10:37,400 --> 01:10:41,300
Moral Decay for us, this might 
translate into paying attention 

1207
01:10:41,300 --> 01:10:45,200
to foundations asking whether 
our visible achievements, rest 

1208
01:10:45,200 --> 01:10:49,600
on sustainable bases, where the 
surface success masks deeper 

1209
01:10:49,600 --> 01:10:53,500
problems were ignoring. 
It's the kind of reflection that

1210
01:10:53,500 --> 01:10:55,900
doesn't come naturally, when 
things seem to be going well but

1211
01:10:55,900 --> 01:10:58,700
becomes urgent. 
When we notice cracks inters, we

1212
01:10:58,700 --> 01:11:02,500
thought were solid, the gentle 
consistent pressure of water on 

1213
01:11:02,500 --> 01:11:05,900
the imagined Atlantean ruins 
offers a final metaphor worth 

1214
01:11:05,900 --> 01:11:08,900
considering Time and natural 
processes. 

1215
01:11:08,900 --> 01:11:10,800
Don't attack human 
constructions. 

1216
01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:15,300
Violently they simply persist 
applying steady pressure in ways

1217
01:11:15,300 --> 01:11:17,300
that eventually wear down any 
resistance. 

1218
01:11:18,400 --> 01:11:21,400
What seemed solid proves to be 
temporary when subjected to 

1219
01:11:21,400 --> 01:11:24,800
forces that operate on 
geological rather than human 

1220
01:11:24,800 --> 01:11:27,200
time scales? 
This isn't depressing. 

1221
01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:29,800
If you think about it properly, 
it's actually freeing. 

1222
01:11:30,900 --> 01:11:34,500
The pressure to make everything 
permanent to create achievements

1223
01:11:34,500 --> 01:11:38,100
that will last forever to ensure
your significance Echoes through

1224
01:11:38,100 --> 01:11:41,400
eternity. 
These pressures dissolve when 

1225
01:11:41,400 --> 01:11:45,400
you recognize that nothing lasts
forever in physical form, you 

1226
01:11:45,400 --> 01:11:47,800
can relax into creating things 
that matter. 

1227
01:11:47,800 --> 01:11:51,200
Now serving purposes in the 
present without needing to 

1228
01:11:51,200 --> 01:11:54,500
guarantee Eternal relevance, the
fish don't care. 

1229
01:11:54,500 --> 01:11:56,700
Whether they're swimming through
the ruins of a great 

1230
01:11:56,700 --> 01:11:59,900
civilization or natural rock 
formations. 

1231
01:11:59,900 --> 01:12:03,900
They're just living, their fish,
lives eating, smaller fish, 

1232
01:12:03,900 --> 01:12:07,000
avoiding, larger, fish and 
reproducing. 

1233
01:12:07,000 --> 01:12:10,800
When conditions permit There's 
something admirable about this 

1234
01:12:10,800 --> 01:12:13,800
pragmatic, indifference to human
hierarchies of meaning. 

1235
01:12:14,700 --> 01:12:18,100
The ocean doesn't distinguish 
between Grand palaces and simple

1236
01:12:18,100 --> 01:12:20,700
homes. 
Once both of being underwater 

1237
01:12:20,700 --> 01:12:24,300
long enough, this might be the 
deepest teaching of Atlantis. 

1238
01:12:25,100 --> 01:12:27,800
That all our status 
distinctions, all our 

1239
01:12:27,800 --> 01:12:31,900
categorizations of important and
trivial, great and ordinary will

1240
01:12:31,900 --> 01:12:34,800
eventually be leveled by time 
and natural processes. 

1241
01:12:35,700 --> 01:12:38,400
Not because nothing matters but 
because everything matters 

1242
01:12:38,400 --> 01:12:40,100
equally in its own time and 
place. 

1243
01:12:41,100 --> 01:12:44,000
Coral doesn't prefer growing on 
Palace walls over growing on 

1244
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:47,500
humble homes. 
The sand fills all structures 

1245
01:12:47,500 --> 01:12:49,200
with the same patient 
efficiency. 

1246
01:12:49,200 --> 01:12:53,800
If Atlantis did exist and did 
sink beneath the waves, this is 

1247
01:12:53,800 --> 01:12:57,400
what would have become of it by 
now, not a treasure Trove of 

1248
01:12:57,400 --> 01:13:00,600
ancient wisdom, waiting to be 
recovered, but a series of 

1249
01:13:00,608 --> 01:13:04,100
formations where marine life 
goes about its business, where 

1250
01:13:04,100 --> 01:13:08,000
sediment accumulates and where 
natural processes have long. 

1251
01:13:08,000 --> 01:13:11,900
Since erased, most traces of 
human intention, And that's 

1252
01:13:11,900 --> 01:13:14,100
fine. 
That's how the world Works. 

1253
01:13:14,100 --> 01:13:19,000
Human civilizations, arise 
flourish Decline and are 

1254
01:13:19,000 --> 01:13:21,800
Incorporated back into the 
natural systems from which they 

1255
01:13:21,800 --> 01:13:24,500
emerged. 
As you drift now towards sleep, 

1256
01:13:24,500 --> 01:13:27,200
you might carry with you this 
image of underwater Rue and 

1257
01:13:27,200 --> 01:13:30,400
where fish swim through empty 
windows and coral decorates 

1258
01:13:30,400 --> 01:13:34,200
forgotten walls. not as 
something sad, but as something 

1259
01:13:34,200 --> 01:13:38,100
peaceful, a reminder that all 
our striving eventually, finds 

1260
01:13:38,100 --> 01:13:41,500
rest That the pressure to 
achieve and build and leave 

1261
01:13:41,500 --> 01:13:44,900
permanent marks can be released 
into the patient processes that 

1262
01:13:44,900 --> 01:13:49,600
transform everything over time. 
The water supports you the 

1263
01:13:49,600 --> 01:13:51,500
gentle movement of the current 
rocks. 

1264
01:13:51,500 --> 01:13:55,800
You slowly rhythmically like a 
parent rocking a child towards 

1265
01:13:55,800 --> 01:13:57,500
sleep. 
Below. 

1266
01:13:57,500 --> 01:14:01,000
You the sand holds, whatever 
remains of things that mattered 

1267
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:02,600
intensely to people now long 
gone. 

1268
01:14:03,400 --> 01:14:06,100
Above you. 
The surface catches sunlight and

1269
01:14:06,100 --> 01:14:09,200
transforms it into moving 
patterns, that dance across 

1270
01:14:09,200 --> 01:14:13,000
every underwater surface. 
You float between the two 

1271
01:14:13,000 --> 01:14:16,900
suspended in the present moment 
supported by water. 

1272
01:14:16,900 --> 01:14:20,000
That's been cycling through 
oceans for millions of years. 

1273
01:14:20,000 --> 01:14:23,200
This is what Plato's Atlantis 
offers us. 

1274
01:14:23,200 --> 01:14:27,100
Finally, not historical mystery 
to solve or a technological 

1275
01:14:27,100 --> 01:14:30,900
achievement to recover, but a 
contemplative space where we can

1276
01:14:30,900 --> 01:14:34,500
reflect on achievement and loss,
building and Decay. 

1277
01:14:34,500 --> 01:14:37,700
And the difference between 
surface success and deep 

1278
01:14:37,700 --> 01:14:41,100
sustainability. 
The story creates room for 

1279
01:14:41,100 --> 01:14:44,900
thinking about how we live what 
we build and what we leave 

1280
01:14:44,900 --> 01:14:47,900
behind when time and nature 
eventually reclaim everything. 

1281
01:14:47,900 --> 01:14:51,400
The remarkable thing about 
Atlantis is that it exists. 

1282
01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:54,700
Now, more vigorously than it 
ever did in Plato's imagination.

1283
01:14:56,200 --> 01:15:00,700
The story has been retold so 
many times and adapted to so 

1284
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:04,400
many purposes that it's become a
permanent part of human cultural

1285
01:15:04,400 --> 01:15:07,400
inheritance. 
A story We Tell ourselves about 

1286
01:15:07,400 --> 01:15:11,200
ourselves about our capacity for
achievement and our tendency 

1287
01:15:11,200 --> 01:15:15,500
towards self-destruction, Plato,
wrote, perhaps 15 pages about 

1288
01:15:15,500 --> 01:15:19,500
Atlantis in his dialogues. 
Those 15 pages of generated, 

1289
01:15:19,500 --> 01:15:24,400
millions of pages of speculation
interpretation and imaginative 

1290
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:27,400
elaboration. 
The return on investment is 

1291
01:15:27,400 --> 01:15:30,400
extraordinary. 
Few authors have created 

1292
01:15:30,400 --> 01:15:32,400
something. 
So durable from such an 

1293
01:15:32,400 --> 01:15:36,800
economical initial description. 
The sparse specificity of 

1294
01:15:36,808 --> 01:15:41,100
Plato's account detailed enough 
to seem real vague enough to 

1295
01:15:41,100 --> 01:15:44,800
invite interpretation, created 
space for everyone who came 

1296
01:15:44,800 --> 01:15:48,300
after to project, their own 
ideas about lost perfection in 

1297
01:15:48,300 --> 01:15:51,800
this way, Atlantis has become a 
truly collaborative creation, 

1298
01:15:51,800 --> 01:15:55,200
built not by one author, but by 
thousands of people across 

1299
01:15:55,200 --> 01:15:58,800
dozens of centuries, each adding
their interpretation while the 

1300
01:15:58,800 --> 01:16:00,400
course, story remains 
recognizable. 

1301
01:16:01,600 --> 01:16:03,100
It's like a ship that's been at 
Sea. 

1302
01:16:03,100 --> 01:16:05,900
So long, that every plank has 
been replaced multiple times 

1303
01:16:05,900 --> 01:16:10,600
yet, it still somehow the same 
ship, the continuity exist in 

1304
01:16:10,600 --> 01:16:15,100
patent and function rather than 
material substance for a bedtime

1305
01:16:15,100 --> 01:16:16,900
story. 
Atlantis Works beautifully 

1306
01:16:16,900 --> 01:16:19,500
because it operates on the board
of between knowledge and dream, 

1307
01:16:19,500 --> 01:16:23,700
it specific enough that you can 
visualize it clearly, those 

1308
01:16:23,700 --> 01:16:27,400
circular Harbors, those walls 
plated with mysterious Metals, 

1309
01:16:27,400 --> 01:16:30,500
those fountains and Guardians 
and temples. 

1310
01:16:30,500 --> 01:16:34,500
But dreamlike enough that the 
images can shift and flow as 

1311
01:16:34,500 --> 01:16:36,300
Consciousness moves towards 
sleep. 

1312
01:16:37,500 --> 01:16:41,200
Story provides structure without
rigid boundaries and guidance 

1313
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:43,300
without constraint as 
Consciousness. 

1314
01:16:43,300 --> 01:16:45,700
Releases its grip on waking 
concerns. 

1315
01:16:45,700 --> 01:16:49,700
The Mind often drifts into a 
liminal space where metaphor and

1316
01:16:49,700 --> 01:16:53,000
reality blur together. 
Where the distinction between 

1317
01:16:53,000 --> 01:16:55,900
historical, fact and 
philosophical truth, becomes 

1318
01:16:55,900 --> 01:16:59,100
less important. 
This is the space where Atlantis

1319
01:16:59,100 --> 01:17:02,100
has always existed. 
Most vividly not in any 

1320
01:17:02,100 --> 01:17:05,000
particular ocean depth or 
geographical coordinates. 

1321
01:17:05,000 --> 01:17:07,800
But in the Twilight region where
we think about human 

1322
01:17:07,800 --> 01:17:13,000
possibility, achievement, 
limitation and loss tomorrow. 

1323
01:17:13,000 --> 01:17:15,500
You'll wake to whatever 
challenges and opportunities 

1324
01:17:15,500 --> 01:17:19,100
your particular moment in 
history provides You'll navigate

1325
01:17:19,100 --> 01:17:22,400
social structures and natural 
environments that are neither is

1326
01:17:22,400 --> 01:17:26,300
perfect as Atlantis in its 
golden age nor as doomed as a 

1327
01:17:26,308 --> 01:17:30,300
Lantus, and it's declined. 
Like most Human Experience, your

1328
01:17:30,300 --> 01:17:33,300
actual life will be mixed 
containing elements of 

1329
01:17:33,300 --> 01:17:37,700
achievement, and failure, wisdom
and Folly sustainable practices 

1330
01:17:37,700 --> 01:17:41,500
and unsustainable pressures. 
But you'll carry with you that 

1331
01:17:41,500 --> 01:17:45,600
unconsciously the patterns and 
questions that Atlantis raises. 

1332
01:17:46,600 --> 01:17:49,000
When you see visible success 
built on questionable 

1333
01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:52,000
foundations, you might remember 
the civilization. 

1334
01:17:52,000 --> 01:17:56,600
That seemed most powerful just 
before it sank. when you notice 

1335
01:17:56,600 --> 01:17:59,900
how difficult it is to maintain 
standards and values across 

1336
01:17:59,900 --> 01:18:03,800
Generations, you might recall 
how Divine wisdom was gradually 

1337
01:18:03,800 --> 01:18:08,500
diluted in Atlantean bloodlines 
When you recognize the gap 

1338
01:18:08,500 --> 01:18:11,900
between ideal visions and 
practical realities, your 

1339
01:18:11,900 --> 01:18:14,800
engaging with exactly the 
tensions Plato explored through 

1340
01:18:14,800 --> 01:18:18,100
his imaginary civilization. 
These aren't ancient questions, 

1341
01:18:18,100 --> 01:18:21,000
they're human questions as 
relevant. 

1342
01:18:21,000 --> 01:18:24,700
Now as they were in 4th Century 
Athens as urgent in every era 

1343
01:18:24,700 --> 01:18:28,100
that has ever grappled with how 
to build sustainable, just 

1344
01:18:28,100 --> 01:18:32,900
flourishing societies. 
Atlantis endures because it 

1345
01:18:32,900 --> 01:18:36,800
addresses something permanent in
Human Experience, the desire for

1346
01:18:36,800 --> 01:18:39,600
Perfection. 
The tendency toward corruption 

1347
01:18:39,600 --> 01:18:43,400
the relationship between virtue 
and Fortune and the 

1348
01:18:43,400 --> 01:18:45,500
inevitability of change and 
loss. 

1349
01:18:45,500 --> 01:18:49,000
The ocean that swallowed, 
Atlantis continues to move in 

1350
01:18:49,000 --> 01:18:52,800
its rhythmic patterns waves 
rising and falling as they've 

1351
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:56,000
risen and fallen for millions of
years before human 

1352
01:18:56,000 --> 01:19:00,000
civilizations, existed and will 
continue rising and falling 

1353
01:19:00,000 --> 01:19:01,900
long. 
After our particular moment 

1354
01:19:01,900 --> 01:19:06,900
passes in to history, this 
continuity provides context for 

1355
01:19:06,900 --> 01:19:10,000
human striving. 
We're participating in something

1356
01:19:10,000 --> 01:19:13,100
much larger and longer than 
individual lives, or even 

1357
01:19:13,100 --> 01:19:16,700
civilizations. 
Part of natural processes that 

1358
01:19:16,700 --> 01:19:20,500
operate on scales. 
We can barely comprehend rest. 

1359
01:19:20,500 --> 01:19:24,000
Now in this knowledge. 
Whatever you're building, 

1360
01:19:24,000 --> 01:19:27,800
whatever concerns occupied your 
waking hours, whatever, 

1361
01:19:27,800 --> 01:19:30,200
achievements, or failures marked
your day. 

1362
01:19:30,200 --> 01:19:34,000
All of it takes place within 
this larger pattern of arising 

1363
01:19:34,000 --> 01:19:39,000
flourishing declining and 
transforming into something new.

1364
01:19:39,800 --> 01:19:42,800
Your held in the same way. 
The imagined underwater ruins 

1365
01:19:42,800 --> 01:19:45,600
are held by the ocean, not 
gripped tightly. 

1366
01:19:45,600 --> 01:19:50,200
But supported gently allowed to 
be exactly what you are in this 

1367
01:19:50,200 --> 01:19:53,000
moment while time and nature do 
their patient work of 

1368
01:19:53,000 --> 01:19:56,100
transformation, the philosopher,
Plato long dead. 

1369
01:19:56,100 --> 01:19:58,800
Now his body returned to the 
elements that composed it 

1370
01:19:58,800 --> 01:20:02,400
nevertheless continued speaking 
to anyone willing to listen to 

1371
01:20:02,400 --> 01:20:06,200
his story about Atlantis. 
Not because he discovered some 

1372
01:20:06,200 --> 01:20:09,800
secret history or preserved, 
some ancient wisdom, but because

1373
01:20:09,800 --> 01:20:13,200
he understood something true 
about how human civilizations 

1374
01:20:13,200 --> 01:20:16,900
work and found a way to express 
that understanding through 

1375
01:20:16,900 --> 01:20:20,100
memorable narrative. 
His great to change, my wasn't 

1376
01:20:20,100 --> 01:20:22,500
the philosophical system, he 
built, or the political 

1377
01:20:22,500 --> 01:20:25,800
theories, he proposed it was 
creating stories that would 

1378
01:20:25,800 --> 01:20:28,600
Outlast Stone stories. 
That exist. 

1379
01:20:28,600 --> 01:20:32,700
Now, in millions of Minds across
the world changing slightly with

1380
01:20:32,700 --> 01:20:35,200
each retelling while maintaining
their essential character. 

1381
01:20:36,200 --> 01:20:39,900
Stories that help us think about
who we are how we live and what 

1382
01:20:39,900 --> 01:20:42,500
we might become, if we pay 
attention to the patterns 

1383
01:20:42,500 --> 01:20:45,000
repeating throughout human 
history, sleep. 

1384
01:20:45,000 --> 01:20:47,700
Well, knowing that you're part 
of this ongoing conversation 

1385
01:20:47,700 --> 01:20:51,400
about human possibility and 
limitation that stretches back 

1386
01:20:51,400 --> 01:20:54,600
through centuries and forward 
into an uncertain future. 

1387
01:20:55,800 --> 01:20:59,900
The questions Plato raised 
through Atlantis about virtue 

1388
01:20:59,900 --> 01:21:04,100
and power, wisdom and 
Corruption, sustainability and 

1389
01:21:04,100 --> 01:21:08,200
collapse, are your questions. 
Now, to be answered through how 

1390
01:21:08,200 --> 01:21:11,900
you live, and what you choose to
build, or preserve or transform,

1391
01:21:11,900 --> 01:21:15,500
and perhaps in your dreams, 
you'll swim through underwater 

1392
01:21:15,500 --> 01:21:19,400
ruins where sunlight filters 
down through Clearwater and 

1393
01:21:19,400 --> 01:21:23,300
small fish, move unconcerned 
through spaces, that once held 

1394
01:21:23,300 --> 01:21:27,500
human hopes and ambitions You'll
see how time and nature of the 

1395
01:21:27,500 --> 01:21:30,900
ultimate artists, taking 
everything we make and slowly 

1396
01:21:30,900 --> 01:21:34,900
patiently transforming it into 
something beautiful, in entirely

1397
01:21:34,900 --> 01:21:38,900
new ways, you'll understand that
this transformation isn't lost 

1398
01:21:38,900 --> 01:21:43,900
but continuation, not ending, 
but a change of form the story 

1399
01:21:43,900 --> 01:21:47,800
of Atlantis ends where it begins
in imagination. 

1400
01:21:47,800 --> 01:21:51,200
In the space, where we reflect 
on what it means to be human. 

1401
01:21:51,200 --> 01:21:55,100
And to build civilizations that 
are always temporary, always 

1402
01:21:55,100 --> 01:21:57,900
imperfect. 
And yet, always meaningful for 

1403
01:21:57,900 --> 01:22:02,100
those who inhabit them. 
May this reflection carry you 

1404
01:22:02,100 --> 01:22:07,100
gently into sleep into dreams 
into the rest that allows 

1405
01:22:07,100 --> 01:22:09,100
tomorrow's building to begin 
again. 

1406
01:22:12,800 --> 01:22:15,600
Have you ever noticed that? 
Sometimes a person you get along

1407
01:22:15,600 --> 01:22:18,300
with begins to make small 
demands that appear reasonable. 

1408
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:21,900
This was Britain's relationship 
with the American colonies after

1409
01:22:21,900 --> 01:22:25,100
1763. 
Britain had just finished the 

1410
01:22:25,100 --> 01:22:28,000
French and Indian War which 
sounded like a war between two 

1411
01:22:28,000 --> 01:22:29,600
groups. 
But was more like a neighborhood

1412
01:22:29,600 --> 01:22:33,500
brawl that involved, most of the
world, the British won which was

1413
01:22:33,500 --> 01:22:36,200
great for English speakers, but 
disastrous for the French 

1414
01:22:36,200 --> 01:22:40,400
however winning wars is costly. 
Britain reviewed its bank 

1415
01:22:40,400 --> 01:22:43,300
account as if it were a credit 
card statement, following an 

1416
01:22:43,300 --> 01:22:45,100
extravagant holiday shopping 
spree. 

1417
01:22:45,100 --> 01:22:48,500
Britain knew who should pay for 
all these muskets and fancy 

1418
01:22:48,500 --> 01:22:51,200
uniforms. 
Meanwhile, the colonists saw 

1419
01:22:51,200 --> 01:22:54,200
their lives as reasonable. 
Everyone would mind their own 

1420
01:22:54,200 --> 01:22:56,800
business as they sent to back on
other Goods across the ocean. 

1421
01:22:56,800 --> 01:22:59,600
Britain sent back tea and 
manufactured goods. 

1422
01:22:59,600 --> 01:23:02,600
It was akin to a prosperous 
long-distance partnership. 

1423
01:23:03,500 --> 01:23:06,700
Britain then became involved in 
the daily details of trade, the 

1424
01:23:06,700 --> 01:23:10,300
Sugar Act of 1764 taxed, 
molasses and sugar. 

1425
01:23:10,300 --> 01:23:14,100
You may Wonder What's the big 
deal about sugar taxes? 

1426
01:23:14,800 --> 01:23:18,500
However, molasses was not only 
used in cookies, molasses played

1427
01:23:18,500 --> 01:23:21,300
a crucial role in the production
of rum, which was considered the

1428
01:23:21,300 --> 01:23:23,300
most valuable commodity in the 
Colonial economy. 

1429
01:23:24,500 --> 01:23:26,700
Taxing molasses was like taxing 
happiness. 

1430
01:23:27,400 --> 01:23:29,900
The colonists grumbled about the
tax, but believed it would be 

1431
01:23:29,900 --> 01:23:33,300
temporary. 
The Stamp Act of 1765 required 

1432
01:23:33,300 --> 01:23:36,800
tax stamps on, almost all 
Colonial paper by a newspaper, 

1433
01:23:36,800 --> 01:23:40,600
stamp Duty need a will Stamp 
Duty. 

1434
01:23:40,600 --> 01:23:42,200
Are you enjoying a game of 
cards? 

1435
01:23:42,200 --> 01:23:45,200
It's stamped tax. 
Britain seemed to believe that 

1436
01:23:45,200 --> 01:23:47,500
the abundance of trees was 
excessive and required 

1437
01:23:47,500 --> 01:23:49,300
regulation. 
The colonists had a 

1438
01:23:49,308 --> 01:23:52,000
philosophical disagreement with 
the arrangement which made 

1439
01:23:52,000 --> 01:23:54,700
things fascinating they'd been 
managing themselves. 

1440
01:23:54,700 --> 01:23:58,300
Well, but now someone 3,000 
miles away was telling them how 

1441
01:23:58,300 --> 01:24:00,700
to spend their money. 
It would be like your distant 

1442
01:24:00,700 --> 01:24:02,900
cousin rearranging your 
furniture because they helped 

1443
01:24:02,900 --> 01:24:05,600
you move. 
Britain's response to no 

1444
01:24:05,600 --> 01:24:09,100
taxation without representation 
was but we're representing you. 

1445
01:24:09,100 --> 01:24:12,600
We're British your British. 
It's all very British and 

1446
01:24:12,600 --> 01:24:17,500
representational. this logic, 
didn't convince colonists when 

1447
01:24:17,500 --> 01:24:20,000
two people argue about one 
thing, but are upset about 

1448
01:24:20,000 --> 01:24:25,600
another things escalate The 
Townshend Acts of 1767 taxed 

1449
01:24:25,600 --> 01:24:29,300
tea. 
Paint paper and glass By now 

1450
01:24:29,300 --> 01:24:32,500
Britain was taxing so much that 
colonists wondered if breathing 

1451
01:24:32,500 --> 01:24:34,900
was next. 
The colonial response of 

1452
01:24:34,900 --> 01:24:37,400
boycotting British goods. 
Worked better than expected 

1453
01:24:37,400 --> 01:24:39,700
British. 
Merchants suddenly found their 

1454
01:24:39,700 --> 01:24:43,300
warehouses filled with unwanted 
items such as 40 pounds of 

1455
01:24:43,300 --> 01:24:46,700
potato salad, left over from a 
party that had no guests. 

1456
01:24:47,500 --> 01:24:50,900
Tensions were so high in 1770, 
that a knife could cut them. 

1457
01:24:51,700 --> 01:24:54,000
British soldiers. 
Kept ordering colonial cities, 

1458
01:24:54,000 --> 01:24:58,000
but armed Soldiers, made people 
nervous hiring a bounce of your 

1459
01:24:58,000 --> 01:25:00,500
book club may be technically 
beneficial but it can 

1460
01:25:00,500 --> 01:25:02,200
significantly alter the 
atmosphere. 

1461
01:25:03,400 --> 01:25:07,300
The Boston Massacre occurred in 
March 1770, but calling it a 

1462
01:25:07,300 --> 01:25:09,000
massacre is like calling a small
accident. 

1463
01:25:09,000 --> 01:25:12,900
A major transportation disaster.
British soldiers shooting into a

1464
01:25:12,908 --> 01:25:16,400
crowd, killed five colonists. 
Which tragic and unnecessary. 

1465
01:25:16,400 --> 01:25:20,100
But not a systematic Slaughter. 
However, it gave the colonists, 

1466
01:25:20,100 --> 01:25:23,400
something to be upset about and 
anger is a powerful organizing 

1467
01:25:23,400 --> 01:25:25,600
Force. 
You're probably seeing how the 

1468
01:25:25,600 --> 01:25:28,400
story will end, but we're just 
beginning after the Boston 

1469
01:25:28,400 --> 01:25:31,600
Massacre, Britain considered 
retreating to maintain dignity 

1470
01:25:31,600 --> 01:25:34,300
in this relationship, they 
repealed most of the Townshend 

1471
01:25:34,300 --> 01:25:38,300
Acts keeping only the tea tax. 
It was akin to expressing regret

1472
01:25:38,300 --> 01:25:41,200
over a disagreement yet. 
Asserting triumph over a minor 

1473
01:25:41,200 --> 01:25:43,500
issue. 
A couple of years were quiet, 

1474
01:25:43,500 --> 01:25:45,600
Britain. 
Resumed pretending the empire 

1475
01:25:45,600 --> 01:25:48,000
was running smoothly while the 
colonists returned to their 

1476
01:25:48,000 --> 01:25:51,100
daily lives. 
The situation, resembled a state

1477
01:25:51,108 --> 01:25:54,200
of artificial Tranquility, as 
everyone chose to overlook the 

1478
01:25:54,200 --> 01:25:57,200
pressing issue of Taxation, 
which was disguised by a 

1479
01:25:57,200 --> 01:25:58,900
powdered wig, and held strong 
opinions. 

1480
01:25:59,800 --> 01:26:04,300
In 1773 Britain, committed a 
strategic error, but it was more

1481
01:26:04,300 --> 01:26:08,200
akin to making a blind decision.
The British East India Company. 

1482
01:26:08,200 --> 01:26:11,900
Monopolized colonial tea sales. 
Under the Tea Act making tea 

1483
01:26:11,900 --> 01:26:14,900
cheaper for consumers. 
One might assume that cheaper 

1484
01:26:14,900 --> 01:26:16,900
tea would be popular but that 
was not the case. 

1485
01:26:16,900 --> 01:26:21,900
Principal not price was the 
issue local Merchants complete 

1486
01:26:21,900 --> 01:26:24,500
removal from the tea business 
presented colonists with a 

1487
01:26:24,500 --> 01:26:27,500
promising future. 
What prevented Britain from 

1488
01:26:27,500 --> 01:26:29,200
monopolizing? 
Everything else if they could 

1489
01:26:29,200 --> 01:26:32,400
monopolize tea, it was like 
watching someone rearrange your 

1490
01:26:32,400 --> 01:26:33,700
furniture while claiming to 
help. 

1491
01:26:34,600 --> 01:26:37,000
The colonial response was Swift 
and either brilliantly 

1492
01:26:37,000 --> 01:26:42,500
theatrical or completely insane.
On December the 16th 1773 

1493
01:26:42,500 --> 01:26:45,300
colonists dressed as Native. 
American's. 

1494
01:26:45,300 --> 01:26:50,000
Boarded, British ships in Boston
Harbor and dumped 342 chests of 

1495
01:26:50,000 --> 01:26:52,900
tea into the water. 
Their action was culturally 

1496
01:26:52,900 --> 01:26:57,100
insensitive and unconvincing The
Boston Tea Party was likely the 

1497
01:26:57,100 --> 01:27:01,000
most expensive tantrum ever. 
Boston Harbor, briefly held the 

1498
01:27:01,000 --> 01:27:05,300
world's largest cup of weak tea 
worth 1.7 million dollars today.

1499
01:27:06,300 --> 01:27:09,400
Grins response to this aquatic 
protest was typical of someone 

1500
01:27:09,400 --> 01:27:12,000
who just seen their expensive 
tea turned into Harbor. 

1501
01:27:12,000 --> 01:27:15,000
Seasoning, King George, the 
third, and Parliament, decided, 

1502
01:27:15,000 --> 01:27:18,100
Massachusetts needed manners, 
and were the ones to teach them.

1503
01:27:18,900 --> 01:27:23,000
Britain's Intolerable Acts of 
1774 said, you want to act like 

1504
01:27:23,000 --> 01:27:26,000
children, fine will treat you 
like children. 

1505
01:27:26,800 --> 01:27:29,900
They grounded a city by closing.
Boston Harbor until the tea was 

1506
01:27:29,900 --> 01:27:34,200
paid for in colonial courts. 
British officials accused of 

1507
01:27:34,200 --> 01:27:37,700
crime would be tried in Britain 
which was like saying from now 

1508
01:27:37,700 --> 01:27:40,600
on when we break the rules we'll
judge ourselves. 

1509
01:27:41,600 --> 01:27:44,500
The Quebec Act passed around the
same time, extended Quebec's 

1510
01:27:44,500 --> 01:27:47,200
borders into the Ohio Valley 
annoying, most American 

1511
01:27:47,200 --> 01:27:50,200
colonists, Britain seemed to 
have thought, you know what? 

1512
01:27:50,200 --> 01:27:54,200
This needs more complications. 
However, Britain's plan 

1513
01:27:54,200 --> 01:27:57,600
backfired almost poetically. 
Instead of isolating 

1514
01:27:57,600 --> 01:28:00,800
Massachusetts and making an 
example of them, the Intolerable

1515
01:28:00,800 --> 01:28:02,600
Act warned other colonies. 
They could follow. 

1516
01:28:03,500 --> 01:28:05,900
It was akin to observing the 
neighborhood, bully Target, one 

1517
01:28:05,900 --> 01:28:08,400
child. 
And suddenly recognizing that 

1518
01:28:08,400 --> 01:28:10,100
you could be the subsequent 
victim. 

1519
01:28:10,900 --> 01:28:13,600
At the First Continental 
Congress in Philadelphia in 

1520
01:28:13,600 --> 01:28:17,000
September 1774. 
Delegates from 12 colonies. 

1521
01:28:17,000 --> 01:28:20,900
Georgia was undecided discussed 
their options, 12 groups of 

1522
01:28:20,908 --> 01:28:22,800
people agreeing on. 
Anything is difficult. 

1523
01:28:22,800 --> 01:28:26,700
Let alone, 12 groups, spread 
across 1,000 miles of 18th 

1524
01:28:26,700 --> 01:28:29,500
century, Transportation 
infrastructure, the Congress 

1525
01:28:29,500 --> 01:28:32,200
stopped importing and exporting 
Colonial Goods to Britain. 

1526
01:28:32,200 --> 01:28:35,100
They also agreed to meet again. 
If things didn't improve 

1527
01:28:35,100 --> 01:28:39,100
politely saying, were serious 
about this and will prove it by 

1528
01:28:39,100 --> 01:28:42,000
having more meetings. 
Colonists were organizing 

1529
01:28:42,000 --> 01:28:44,600
militias which should have 
worried Britain more than it did

1530
01:28:44,600 --> 01:28:48,200
farmers shopkeepers and 
blacksmiths spent their weekends

1531
01:28:48,200 --> 01:28:51,400
learning to March and straight 
lines and shoot muskets 

1532
01:28:51,400 --> 01:28:53,900
accurately. 
The militia movement was 

1533
01:28:53,900 --> 01:28:57,200
practical and psychological. 
It meant colonists were ready to

1534
01:28:57,200 --> 01:29:00,100
defend themselves. 
It was a big, mental shift to 

1535
01:29:00,100 --> 01:29:02,700
think of themselves as people 
who might need to defend 

1536
01:29:02,700 --> 01:29:04,100
themselves against their own 
government. 

1537
01:29:05,000 --> 01:29:08,500
By 1774, Britain, and the 
American colonies were 

1538
01:29:08,500 --> 01:29:10,900
stockpiling weapons and making 
grievance lists. 

1539
01:29:11,700 --> 01:29:14,100
This were a marriage, lawyers 
would be involved. 

1540
01:29:14,100 --> 01:29:17,100
You're familiar with the moment 
when someone uttered, something 

1541
01:29:17,100 --> 01:29:19,900
they cannot retract and 
everything shifts within the 

1542
01:29:19,900 --> 01:29:23,900
argument. 
It happened on April, 19th, 1775

1543
01:29:23,900 --> 01:29:27,500
in two small, Massachusetts 
towns that most people in 

1544
01:29:27,500 --> 01:29:29,800
Britain, and the American 
colonies had never heard of 

1545
01:29:30,700 --> 01:29:32,000
General Thomas. 
Gage. 

1546
01:29:32,000 --> 01:29:34,900
The British commander in Boston 
was ordered to suppress the 

1547
01:29:34,900 --> 01:29:37,800
colonial Rebellion by seizing 
weapons and arresting the 

1548
01:29:37,800 --> 01:29:40,000
leaders. 
He took a leisurely evening. 

1549
01:29:40,000 --> 01:29:43,000
Stroll with 700 of his closest 
friends to retrieve the 

1550
01:29:43,008 --> 01:29:46,600
colonists military supplies from
Concord 20 miles from Boston, 

1551
01:29:46,600 --> 01:29:49,900
the plan was simple. 
Marched to Concord at night 

1552
01:29:49,900 --> 01:29:53,400
grabbed, the weapons, arrest 
Samuel, Adams, and John Hancock.

1553
01:29:53,400 --> 01:29:55,300
If they were there and returned 
for breakfast. 

1554
01:29:56,200 --> 01:29:59,000
It was the kind of plan that 
looks great on paper but falls 

1555
01:29:59,000 --> 01:30:02,300
apart in practice. 
The colonists had a fantastic 

1556
01:30:02,300 --> 01:30:06,300
neighborhood watch system. 
Paul Revere, William Dawes and 

1557
01:30:06,300 --> 01:30:08,600
other Riders patrolled the 
countryside to warn of the 

1558
01:30:08,600 --> 01:30:12,600
British Revere's midnight ride 
is legendary but he was captured

1559
01:30:12,600 --> 01:30:16,200
halfway to Concord proving that 
even famous historical events. 

1560
01:30:16,200 --> 01:30:19,400
Don't always go as planned. 
British troops arrived at 

1561
01:30:19,400 --> 01:30:23,100
Lexington at Sunrise to discover
70, Colonial militia men on the 

1562
01:30:23,100 --> 01:30:26,000
Village Green. 
The militia was armed but 

1563
01:30:26,000 --> 01:30:29,700
outnumbered making this a tense 
neighborhood dispute rather than

1564
01:30:29,700 --> 01:30:32,700
a military conflict. 
Who fired the first Lexington, 

1565
01:30:32,700 --> 01:30:36,400
shot is unknown, it could have 
been a British soldier, a 

1566
01:30:36,400 --> 01:30:39,900
colonial militiamen or a musket 
accident, which happened more 

1567
01:30:39,900 --> 01:30:42,400
often than you'd think with 18th
century Firearms. 

1568
01:30:42,400 --> 01:30:45,400
We know that 8 colonists died 
and one British soldier was 

1569
01:30:45,400 --> 01:30:48,600
wounded off to the Smoke. 
Cleared British troops continued

1570
01:30:48,600 --> 01:30:50,400
to Concord where things 
improved. 

1571
01:30:50,400 --> 01:30:53,600
Initially, they managed to move 
most of the valuable military 

1572
01:30:53,600 --> 01:30:57,000
supplies, but they also 
destroyed some their day went 

1573
01:30:57,000 --> 01:30:58,400
awry when they returned to 
Boston. 

1574
01:30:58,400 --> 01:31:01,500
The colonial militia kept busy 
while the British search 

1575
01:31:01,500 --> 01:31:04,800
Concorde with word of the 
Lexington fighting spreading, 

1576
01:31:04,800 --> 01:31:07,700
militia units. 
Converge from all directions. 

1577
01:31:07,700 --> 01:31:10,700
The British encountered the 
Concorde militia, as well as 

1578
01:31:10,700 --> 01:31:13,900
nearby farmers and shopkeepers 
armed with muskets who then fled

1579
01:31:13,900 --> 01:31:17,400
the retreat from Concord to 
Boston became a day-long battle.

1580
01:31:17,400 --> 01:31:21,000
The British founded on sporting 
for the colonial militia to hide

1581
01:31:21,000 --> 01:31:25,000
behind trees and stonewalls 
shooted officers and not line up

1582
01:31:25,000 --> 01:31:27,600
in neat. 
Formations to be shot at it was 

1583
01:31:27,600 --> 01:31:31,200
like a game where the other side
changed the rules, the British 

1584
01:31:31,200 --> 01:31:35,500
limped back into Boston, with 
273 casualties to 95. 

1585
01:31:35,500 --> 01:31:38,500
Colonial losses, more 
importantly, they learn. 

1586
01:31:38,500 --> 01:31:41,200
That Colonial militia were 
different from European armies. 

1587
01:31:41,200 --> 01:31:44,400
The colonists didn't understand 
that war should be gentlemanly. 

1588
01:31:44,400 --> 01:31:47,000
The colonies heard Lexington, 
and Concord news. 

1589
01:31:47,500 --> 01:31:50,500
Fast and small town gossip. 
Connecticut and New Hampshire 

1590
01:31:50,500 --> 01:31:52,700
militia marched towards Boston 
within days. 

1591
01:31:53,500 --> 01:31:56,200
The British were besieged in 
their own stronghold, which was 

1592
01:31:56,200 --> 01:31:59,100
unexpected. 
In May 1775. 

1593
01:31:59,100 --> 01:32:03,300
The second continental congress 
met in Philadelphia and faced a 

1594
01:32:03,300 --> 01:32:05,900
simpler, but more complicated 
situation than the first. 

1595
01:32:06,800 --> 01:32:09,900
Since the shooting had begun, 
they didn't have to debate armed

1596
01:32:09,900 --> 01:32:13,000
resistances legitimacy. 
They were running a war without 

1597
01:32:13,000 --> 01:32:16,800
realizing it, making it more 
complicated Congress appointed a

1598
01:32:16,800 --> 01:32:19,900
committee as politicians do in 
confusing situations. 

1599
01:32:19,900 --> 01:32:23,000
They appointed several 
committees but the most 

1600
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:26,300
important one organized, the 
colonial military forces into an

1601
01:32:26,300 --> 01:32:28,800
army. 
After some debate, they chose 

1602
01:32:28,800 --> 01:32:31,300
George Washington. 
A Virginia planter with military

1603
01:32:31,300 --> 01:32:32,800
experience. 
And a good horse. 

1604
01:32:33,600 --> 01:32:36,000
Washington accepted the 
appointment with The Reluctant 

1605
01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:39,600
Grace politicians have perfected
since that he didn't feel 

1606
01:32:39,600 --> 01:32:42,600
qualified for the job but would 
do his best was either humility 

1607
01:32:42,600 --> 01:32:46,200
or political theater. 
Probably both the Battle of 

1608
01:32:46,200 --> 01:32:50,000
Bunker Hill in June 1775, showed
that Colonial forces could 

1609
01:32:50,000 --> 01:32:52,900
defeat professional British 
troops with good defense and 

1610
01:32:52,900 --> 01:32:55,700
enough ammunition. 
After inflicting heavy 

1611
01:32:55,700 --> 01:32:59,300
casualties on the British, the 
colonists retreated, a defeat 

1612
01:32:59,300 --> 01:33:02,400
that felt like a victory was 
exactly what colonial morale 

1613
01:33:02,400 --> 01:33:04,700
needed. 
The American colonies were in 

1614
01:33:04,700 --> 01:33:08,100
open Rebellion against Britain 
by 1775, though. 

1615
01:33:08,100 --> 01:33:11,600
Nobody wanted to call it that? 
Admitting you've made a big 

1616
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:15,400
decision can be harder than 
choosing it in early. 1776. 

1617
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:18,300
The American colonies were 
fighting Britain organizing 

1618
01:33:18,300 --> 01:33:21,000
their own government and 
printing their own money, but 

1619
01:33:21,000 --> 01:33:22,500
they were still trying to 
reconcile. 

1620
01:33:22,500 --> 01:33:24,800
It was like someone who moved 
out of their parents house. 

1621
01:33:24,800 --> 01:33:28,600
Got a new apartment and started 
a new job but insists, they're 

1622
01:33:28,600 --> 01:33:30,600
staying with friends until 
things work out at home. 

1623
01:33:30,600 --> 01:33:35,000
In January, 1776, Thomas, Paine 
published Common Sense. 

1624
01:33:35,000 --> 01:33:36,800
And said, what everyone was 
thinking? 

1625
01:33:37,700 --> 01:33:40,500
In the 18th century, most 
political writing sounded like 

1626
01:33:40,500 --> 01:33:43,000
it was meant to put people to 
sleep but pain could explain 

1627
01:33:43,000 --> 01:33:46,600
complex political ideas in 
simple language Common Sense 

1628
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:50,200
argued that Independence was 
necessary and desirable pain. 

1629
01:33:50,200 --> 01:33:52,500
Noted that King's were usually 
useless or harmful. 

1630
01:33:52,500 --> 01:33:56,000
It was absurd to think that one 
person should rule millions of 

1631
01:33:56,000 --> 01:33:58,600
others based on their parents. 
It was like, entrusting your 

1632
01:33:58,600 --> 01:34:01,400
finances to someone whose great 
grandfather was good with money.

1633
01:34:01,400 --> 01:34:06,100
It sold 150,000 copies in three 
months, which was like going 

1634
01:34:06,100 --> 01:34:09,400
viral in 1776. 
But with radical political 

1635
01:34:09,400 --> 01:34:14,300
Theory, instead of funny cat 
videos, Taverns and town squares

1636
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:16,400
suddenly hosted whispered 
conversations. 

1637
01:34:16,400 --> 01:34:20,700
Meanwhile, the worst bred Beyond
Massachusetts, the American 

1638
01:34:20,700 --> 01:34:22,900
invasion of Canada. 
Seemed like a good idea at the 

1639
01:34:22,908 --> 01:34:26,200
time, but it taught you why most
military Adventures of bad. 

1640
01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:29,700
The Invasion failed 
spectacularly, proving that 

1641
01:34:29,700 --> 01:34:32,000
winter distance and hostile. 
Populations. 

1642
01:34:32,000 --> 01:34:35,300
Stop armies. 
In the South, the British were 

1643
01:34:35,300 --> 01:34:37,000
finding their optimism about 
loyal. 

1644
01:34:37,000 --> 01:34:40,500
Colonists supporting them wrong.
While rallying loyalists support

1645
01:34:40,500 --> 01:34:43,700
in North Carolina, most people 
prefer to stay home and avoid 

1646
01:34:43,700 --> 01:34:46,500
being shot, which was probably 
wise back in Philadelphia. 

1647
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:49,100
The Continental Congress 
struggled to wage war while 

1648
01:34:49,100 --> 01:34:51,500
seeking peace. 
It was like planning a wedding 

1649
01:34:51,500 --> 01:34:54,600
while divorcing possible but 
difficult King George. 

1650
01:34:54,600 --> 01:34:58,100
The third unexpectedly pushed 
for Independence in December 

1651
01:34:58,100 --> 01:35:02,200
1775, he declared the American 
colonies in open rebellion and 

1652
01:35:02,200 --> 01:35:05,400
no longer under his protection. 
He meant fine. 

1653
01:35:05,400 --> 01:35:07,700
If you want to act like you 
don't need me, then you really 

1654
01:35:07,700 --> 01:35:10,300
don't. 
The king hired German 

1655
01:35:10,300 --> 01:35:14,000
mercenaries Hessians to fight 
the colonists, which was like 

1656
01:35:14,000 --> 01:35:16,600
bringing in armed strangers to 
settle a fight with your kids. 

1657
01:35:16,600 --> 01:35:21,300
This gesture made reconciliation
less appealing even moderates in

1658
01:35:21,300 --> 01:35:23,000
Congress. 
Thought, Independence might be 

1659
01:35:23,000 --> 01:35:27,300
the only option by Spring 1776. 
You can't negotiate with someone

1660
01:35:27,300 --> 01:35:30,400
who's declared rebellion and 
hired foreign soldiers to shoot 

1661
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:33,900
you Thomas Jefferson was chosen 
to write the Declaration of 

1662
01:35:33,900 --> 01:35:36,000
Independence because he was a 
good writer. 

1663
01:35:36,000 --> 01:35:39,200
And because the other committee 
members had more important tasks

1664
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:43,300
Jefferson, who was 33 wrote. 
One of the most important 

1665
01:35:43,300 --> 01:35:46,100
documents in history while still
paying off student loans. 

1666
01:35:47,100 --> 01:35:50,000
Jefferson's initial draft was 
longer and more accusatory. 

1667
01:35:50,000 --> 01:35:53,400
His inflammatory language, 
including blaming King George 

1668
01:35:53,400 --> 01:35:56,500
for the slave trade was edited 
out by Congress for political 

1669
01:35:56,500 --> 01:36:00,000
reasons and because slaveholders
were hypocritical The final 

1670
01:36:00,000 --> 01:36:04,500
declaration approved on July 
4th, 1776 was a political 

1671
01:36:04,500 --> 01:36:07,000
Masterpiece that was both 
philosophical and practical. 

1672
01:36:07,000 --> 01:36:09,700
It stated why? 
The colonies were declaring 

1673
01:36:09,700 --> 01:36:13,000
independence, listed their 
grievances against Britain and 

1674
01:36:13,000 --> 01:36:15,100
announced their intention to 
form a new nation. 

1675
01:36:15,900 --> 01:36:18,800
The most famous line, we hold 
these truths to be self-evident,

1676
01:36:18,800 --> 01:36:22,300
that all men are created, equal 
changed politics, and 

1677
01:36:22,300 --> 01:36:25,000
philosophy. 
In a world where most people 

1678
01:36:25,000 --> 01:36:28,100
were ruled by Divine Kings. 
The idea that government should 

1679
01:36:28,100 --> 01:36:31,600
be based on consent was Radical 
in 1776. 

1680
01:36:31,600 --> 01:36:34,100
All men meant something 
different than it does, today 

1681
01:36:34,100 --> 01:36:37,800
women in Slave people and Native
Americans couldn't vote. 

1682
01:36:38,800 --> 01:36:42,400
Its promissory notes status, the
Declaration was a start. 

1683
01:36:42,400 --> 01:36:45,400
The Declaration signing wasn't 
as dramatic as painting 

1684
01:36:45,400 --> 01:36:48,200
suggests. 
Many delegates signed a formal 

1685
01:36:48,200 --> 01:36:50,900
copy in August, but some waited 
until November. 

1686
01:36:51,700 --> 01:36:54,700
John Hancock's, large signature 
was likely more about habit than

1687
01:36:54,700 --> 01:36:57,900
Defiance public reaction to 
Independence, was mixed 

1688
01:36:57,900 --> 01:37:02,700
Patriots, held bonfires bell 
ringing and readings in a new 

1689
01:37:02,700 --> 01:37:05,300
nation that had declared their 
former government, illegitimate 

1690
01:37:05,300 --> 01:37:07,200
loyalist, worried about their 
future. 

1691
01:37:07,200 --> 01:37:10,500
Many wanted to know if they'd 
finally stopped arguing about 

1692
01:37:10,500 --> 01:37:14,300
taxes, the Declaration of 
Independence turned the colonial

1693
01:37:14,300 --> 01:37:16,300
Rebellion into a National 
Liberation war. 

1694
01:37:16,300 --> 01:37:21,000
No, turning back Independence or
defeat, no middle ground 

1695
01:37:22,000 --> 01:37:24,700
Independence was simple winning 
Independence. 

1696
01:37:24,700 --> 01:37:28,100
Required defeating the world's 
strongest military force which 

1697
01:37:28,100 --> 01:37:30,400
was like challenging the 
neighborhood, bully to a fight 

1698
01:37:30,400 --> 01:37:33,000
and discovering that he was a 
professional wrestler with 

1699
01:37:33,000 --> 01:37:36,100
several angry friends. 
The UK response to the 

1700
01:37:36,100 --> 01:37:39,500
Declaration of Independence was 
Swift and overwhelming, their 

1701
01:37:39,500 --> 01:37:43,400
largest expeditionary force over
30,000 troops and a massive 

1702
01:37:43,400 --> 01:37:47,400
Fleet targeted, New York City. 
They wanted to capture the most 

1703
01:37:47,400 --> 01:37:51,000
important Colonial ports, split 
the rebellion in half and end 

1704
01:37:51,000 --> 01:37:52,700
this nonsense before it got out 
of hand. 

1705
01:37:54,200 --> 01:37:56,400
While commanding, the 
Continental Army George 

1706
01:37:56,400 --> 01:37:58,500
Washington learned that it was 
like herding cats. 

1707
01:37:58,500 --> 01:38:02,100
Except the cats were armed had 
strong opinions about military 

1708
01:38:02,100 --> 01:38:05,000
hierarchy and went home when 
their enlistments expired. 

1709
01:38:05,800 --> 01:38:08,800
The Army consisted of 
Continental regulars, State 

1710
01:38:08,800 --> 01:38:12,100
militia and volunteers who came 
and went as needed for farm 

1711
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:14,600
work. 
Washington's first major battle 

1712
01:38:14,600 --> 01:38:16,900
as a commander. 
The Battle of Long Island in 

1713
01:38:16,900 --> 01:38:21,000
August. 1776 nearly ended the 
revolution before it began. 

1714
01:38:21,900 --> 01:38:24,300
British General. 
William Howe outmaneuvered, 

1715
01:38:24,300 --> 01:38:27,000
Washington's Army trapping them 
on Brooklyn Heights with their 

1716
01:38:27,000 --> 01:38:30,000
backs to the East River. 
Most military professionals 

1717
01:38:30,000 --> 01:38:33,000
called being trapped with a 
river behind you and a superior.

1718
01:38:33,000 --> 01:38:34,900
Enemy force in front of you a 
problem. 

1719
01:38:35,600 --> 01:38:38,200
Washington solved it with one of
the most daring retreats in 

1720
01:38:38,208 --> 01:38:41,000
history. 
Evacuating 9,000 troops across 

1721
01:38:41,000 --> 01:38:44,500
the East River at night with the
British noticing, like sneaking 

1722
01:38:44,500 --> 01:38:46,600
out of a party while the host 
was distracted. 

1723
01:38:46,600 --> 01:38:50,300
But with Canon's, The Retreat 
from New York, became a 

1724
01:38:50,300 --> 01:38:52,900
disaster, that tested 
Independence supporters loyalty.

1725
01:38:53,700 --> 01:38:56,400
Washington's Army disintegrated 
as soldiers, deserted 

1726
01:38:56,400 --> 01:38:59,700
enlistments expired, and militia
units returned home. 

1727
01:38:59,700 --> 01:39:03,700
He had less than 3,000 troops 
left by December and most of 

1728
01:39:03,700 --> 01:39:05,800
their enlistments expired on New
Year's Eve. 

1729
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:09,900
During this dark period 
volunteer Thomas Paine wrote The

1730
01:39:09,900 --> 01:39:12,400
Crisis which began with the 
famous line. 

1731
01:39:12,400 --> 01:39:15,100
These are the times that try 
men's souls. 

1732
01:39:15,100 --> 01:39:18,500
He meant, that things were bad 
but giving up wasn't an option. 

1733
01:39:18,500 --> 01:39:22,400
The British capture of Fort 
Washington in November taking 

1734
01:39:22,400 --> 01:39:25,000
nearly 3,000. 
Americans was the lowest point. 

1735
01:39:25,800 --> 01:39:28,600
Its main goal was to stop 
British ships from sailing up 

1736
01:39:28,600 --> 01:39:31,700
the Hudson River, but it proved 
that building a fort in the 

1737
01:39:31,700 --> 01:39:35,600
wrong place is worse than none 
by Christmas 1776. 

1738
01:39:35,600 --> 01:39:39,400
The Revolution was tenuous, the 
British and Hessians controlled 

1739
01:39:39,400 --> 01:39:41,800
New York and were about to 
defeat Washington's Army. 

1740
01:39:42,400 --> 01:39:45,100
Many colonists, who supported 
independence, were beginning to 

1741
01:39:45,100 --> 01:39:48,300
doubt their decision. 
Washington decided desperate 

1742
01:39:48,300 --> 01:39:49,900
times required Desperate 
Measures. 

1743
01:39:49,900 --> 01:39:53,200
He led his remaining troops 
across the ice choke Delaware 

1744
01:39:53,200 --> 01:39:56,800
River on Christmas night to 
surprise 900, Hessian soldiers 

1745
01:39:56,800 --> 01:39:59,300
in Trenton. 
The Crossing was dangerous due 

1746
01:39:59,300 --> 01:40:01,800
to a winter storm and many 
soldiers didn't have proper 

1747
01:40:01,800 --> 01:40:03,800
shoes. 
Leaving bloody footprints in the

1748
01:40:03,800 --> 01:40:06,600
snow. 
According to military 

1749
01:40:06,600 --> 01:40:08,800
historians. 
It was all delicious, but 

1750
01:40:08,800 --> 01:40:12,200
insane. 
The attack on Trenton worked 

1751
01:40:12,200 --> 01:40:14,700
well, because the Hessians 
didn't expect anyone to attack 

1752
01:40:14,700 --> 01:40:16,200
in a blizzard. 
The day after Christmas. 

1753
01:40:16,200 --> 01:40:20,300
The Americans took nearly 1,000 
prisoners and needed military 

1754
01:40:20,300 --> 01:40:22,300
supplies but they also won 
battles. 

1755
01:40:23,100 --> 01:40:25,200
Washington won again at 
Princeton a week later. 

1756
01:40:25,200 --> 01:40:28,300
Convincing, many that 
Independents wasn't hopeless. 

1757
01:40:29,100 --> 01:40:34,200
Morales in lists Rose, and the 
revolution stumbled into 1777. 

1758
01:40:35,200 --> 01:40:39,300
The British had a new 1777 
strategy that looked great on 

1759
01:40:39,300 --> 01:40:41,700
paper, but ignored, North 
American geography. 

1760
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:44,200
To divide the rebellion and 
isolate. 

1761
01:40:44,200 --> 01:40:47,400
New England, three armies were 
to converge on Albany, New York.

1762
01:40:48,300 --> 01:40:51,200
About 8,000 troops under 
General, John Burgoyne would 

1763
01:40:51,208 --> 01:40:54,300
March south from Canada. 
Another force would move East 

1764
01:40:54,300 --> 01:40:58,100
from Lake Ontario, General Howe 
marched North from New York City

1765
01:40:58,100 --> 01:41:01,300
Albany would be their meeting. 
Place to shake hands and watch 

1766
01:41:01,300 --> 01:41:05,200
the revolution fall. 
The plan had one minor floor. 

1767
01:41:05,200 --> 01:41:08,800
It required precise coordination
between Army separated by 

1768
01:41:08,800 --> 01:41:12,300
hundreds of miles of wilderness 
with no reliable Communication 

1769
01:41:12,300 --> 01:41:14,800
in an era. 
When the fastest way to send a 

1770
01:41:14,800 --> 01:41:16,900
message, was to give it to a 
horseback rider and hope he 

1771
01:41:16,900 --> 01:41:20,500
didn't get lost or shot. 
But going began, his March South

1772
01:41:20,500 --> 01:41:23,700
in June 1777 with confidence and
a large. 

1773
01:41:23,708 --> 01:41:26,700
Baggage train that included his 
wardrobe and tons of champagne. 

1774
01:41:26,700 --> 01:41:29,800
He was the kind of general who 
thought maintaining standards 

1775
01:41:29,800 --> 01:41:32,700
during a war was admirable, but 
two different to do while 

1776
01:41:32,700 --> 01:41:35,600
marching through forests. 
General. 

1777
01:41:35,600 --> 01:41:38,100
Horatio Gates and the New 
England militia surrounded. 

1778
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:42,300
Burgoyne's arminius Saratoga. 
October found the coin trapped 

1779
01:41:42,300 --> 01:41:46,400
outnumbered and low on supplies.
He gave up his army on October 

1780
01:41:46,400 --> 01:41:50,700
17th 1777. 
The victory at Saratoga changed 

1781
01:41:50,700 --> 01:41:53,400
the war but not because it won 
American independence. 

1782
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:57,200
There were still years of 
fighting, instead it convinced 

1783
01:41:57,200 --> 01:42:00,600
France that the Americans might 
win making supporting them worth

1784
01:42:00,600 --> 01:42:04,000
annoying Britain. 
The American victory at Saratoga

1785
01:42:04,000 --> 01:42:07,700
had far-reaching effects 
diplomats in European capitals 

1786
01:42:07,700 --> 01:42:11,300
saw the American Rebellion as a 
threat to British power, not a 

1787
01:42:11,300 --> 01:42:14,600
colonial tantrum. nothing 
pleased European powers more 

1788
01:42:14,600 --> 01:42:18,300
than British problems France in 
particular, watched the American

1789
01:42:18,300 --> 01:42:21,000
situation with the same 
interests as a neighbor fighting

1790
01:42:21,000 --> 01:42:24,800
with their spouse after secretly
giving the Americans money and 

1791
01:42:24,800 --> 01:42:28,700
weapons since 1776, they were 
ready to reveal their support. 

1792
01:42:29,800 --> 01:42:33,600
The franco-american alliance of 
February. 1778 was one of the 

1793
01:42:33,600 --> 01:42:35,800
most unlikely diplomatic 
Partnerships. 

1794
01:42:36,600 --> 01:42:40,000
France was an absolute monarchy 
with a rigid class system. 

1795
01:42:40,000 --> 01:42:42,900
While America fought for 
democracy and individual 

1796
01:42:42,900 --> 01:42:44,900
liberty. 
They teamed up like a 

1797
01:42:44,900 --> 01:42:47,400
vegetarian, and a butcher who 
dislike the same restaurant, 

1798
01:42:47,400 --> 01:42:51,400
however, shared enemies, make 
strange, bedfellows, and both 

1799
01:42:51,400 --> 01:42:52,900
countries wanted to lower 
Britain. 

1800
01:42:53,700 --> 01:42:56,200
France could avenge their 
humiliating defeat in the Seven 

1801
01:42:56,200 --> 01:42:59,500
Years War, while America gained 
a powerful Ally with a navy. 

1802
01:42:59,500 --> 01:43:02,800
That could challenged British 
control of the Seas as expected.

1803
01:43:02,800 --> 01:43:04,500
The British declared war on 
France. 

1804
01:43:04,500 --> 01:43:08,700
Turning the American Revolution 
into a global conflict Spain 

1805
01:43:08,700 --> 01:43:12,700
joined France in 1779 and the 
Dutch in 1780. 

1806
01:43:13,600 --> 01:43:16,400
Britain suddenly found itself 
fighting Colonial Rebels and 

1807
01:43:16,400 --> 01:43:19,600
most of Europe which was like 
fighting everyone at the bar in 

1808
01:43:19,600 --> 01:43:23,100
the 18th century. 
This Global expansion benefited 

1809
01:43:23,100 --> 01:43:27,100
America in unexpected ways. 
British resources allocated to 

1810
01:43:27,100 --> 01:43:30,500
crushing the American Rebellion,
had to be spread across theaters

1811
01:43:30,500 --> 01:43:34,600
to defend British Caribbean and 
Mediterranean possessions ships,

1812
01:43:34,600 --> 01:43:36,500
that could have blocked. 
American ports, were needed. 

1813
01:43:37,200 --> 01:43:40,300
The American war was a 
frustrating stalemate, British 

1814
01:43:40,300 --> 01:43:43,200
forces abandoned the northern 
colonies after the Saratoga 

1815
01:43:43,200 --> 01:43:45,800
disaster. 
And focused on the south where 

1816
01:43:45,800 --> 01:43:49,400
loyalists support was Stronger, 
British strategy in the South 

1817
01:43:49,400 --> 01:43:51,700
started. 
Well over 5,000. 

1818
01:43:51,700 --> 01:43:57,000
Americans were captured in 1778 
and 1780 in Savannah and 

1819
01:43:57,000 --> 01:43:59,600
Charleston. 
Their new strategy seemed 

1820
01:43:59,600 --> 01:44:02,400
promising at first. 
However, like many invading 

1821
01:44:02,400 --> 01:44:04,300
armies. 
The British assumed that 

1822
01:44:04,300 --> 01:44:06,600
controlling cities meant, 
controlling the countryside. 

1823
01:44:07,500 --> 01:44:09,700
American militias and hiten 
regulars. 

1824
01:44:09,700 --> 01:44:11,800
Ruled the areas between British 
strongholds. 

1825
01:44:12,500 --> 01:44:14,200
Francis Marion known as the 
Swamp. 

1826
01:44:14,200 --> 01:44:17,400
Fox was famous for attacking 
British supply lines from the 

1827
01:44:17,400 --> 01:44:20,100
South Carolina Wetlands before 
retreating into terrain. 

1828
01:44:20,100 --> 01:44:24,300
Regular armies couldn't navigate
Before the term it was guerrilla

1829
01:44:24,300 --> 01:44:26,700
warfare and it played the 
British occupation of the South.

1830
01:44:26,700 --> 01:44:30,000
The British found their loyalist
supporters fewer and less 

1831
01:44:30,000 --> 01:44:33,600
reliable than expected. 
After British military rule, 

1832
01:44:33,600 --> 01:44:36,200
which often involved 
requisitioning supplies, 

1833
01:44:36,200 --> 01:44:40,200
quartering soldiers and treating
civilians as enemies, many 

1834
01:44:40,200 --> 01:44:43,400
colonists, switched sides, the 
Battle of Kings Mountain in 

1835
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:46,900
October, 1780 where American 
militia surrounded and defeated,

1836
01:44:46,900 --> 01:44:49,500
loyalist troops changed, the 
southern campaign. 

1837
01:44:50,800 --> 01:44:53,600
The victory showed that American
forces could win, decisive 

1838
01:44:53,600 --> 01:44:55,200
battles. 
Without continental army 

1839
01:44:55,200 --> 01:44:58,400
regulars, convincing many fence 
sitters to join the Rebellion. 

1840
01:44:59,500 --> 01:45:02,600
In late, 1780 General. 
Nathanael Greene took command of

1841
01:45:02,600 --> 01:45:06,200
American forces in the South and
devised to counter intuitive but

1842
01:45:06,200 --> 01:45:09,500
effective strategy. 
He used constant movement and 

1843
01:45:09,500 --> 01:45:12,500
carefully chosen battles to wear
down British forces instead of 

1844
01:45:12,500 --> 01:45:17,000
Defending territory green. 
Famously said we fight get beat 

1845
01:45:17,000 --> 01:45:22,000
rise and fight again. 
It wasn't a heroic military 

1846
01:45:22,000 --> 01:45:25,200
philosophy but it worked the 
British could win battles but 

1847
01:45:25,200 --> 01:45:27,900
not greens. 
Attrition War British General 

1848
01:45:27,900 --> 01:45:30,900
Cornwallis chased American 
forces across the Carolinas in 

1849
01:45:30,900 --> 01:45:34,500
1781 in a few tile attempt to 
win a decisive battle. 

1850
01:45:34,500 --> 01:45:37,600
His army was shrinking, due to 
casualties disease, and 

1851
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:40,800
desertion while the Americans 
were multiplying with the defeat

1852
01:45:41,600 --> 01:45:44,200
Cornwallis realized the South 
couldn't be pacified while 

1853
01:45:44,200 --> 01:45:46,200
Virginia supplied and reinforced
the Rebellion. 

1854
01:45:47,000 --> 01:45:49,800
He marched his army North into 
Virginia to cut off American 

1855
01:45:49,800 --> 01:45:53,700
supplies and force. 
A final battle Cornwallis 

1856
01:45:53,700 --> 01:45:56,700
established a base at Yorktown 
Virginia to receive British 

1857
01:45:56,700 --> 01:46:00,100
Naval support for his army. 
This reasonable plan, relied on 

1858
01:46:00,100 --> 01:46:03,300
Britain, controlling the Seas, a
safe assumption for most of the 

1859
01:46:03,308 --> 01:46:06,000
war. 
All of America's diplomatic 

1860
01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:08,000
patience. 
Paid off in 1781. 

1861
01:46:08,900 --> 01:46:12,100
The French Fleet under Admiral 
de Grasse arrived in American 

1862
01:46:12,100 --> 01:46:14,200
Waters to Aid, the final push 
for victory. 

1863
01:46:15,500 --> 01:46:18,200
Washington saw a rare 
opportunity when Cornwallis 

1864
01:46:18,200 --> 01:46:21,900
fortified Yorktown Cornwallis 
would be trapped, like Burgoyne 

1865
01:46:21,900 --> 01:46:25,700
at Saratoga, if the French navy 
controlled Chesapeake Bay while 

1866
01:46:25,700 --> 01:46:28,400
American and French Ground 
Forces, besieged Yorktown? 

1867
01:46:29,100 --> 01:46:31,800
Secretly transporting American 
and French forces from New York 

1868
01:46:31,800 --> 01:46:35,800
to Virginia was difficult, but 
it worked Cornwallis was 

1869
01:46:35,800 --> 01:46:39,300
surrounded by 16,000 American 
and French troops in late. 

1870
01:46:39,300 --> 01:46:42,200
September, 1781 and French 
ships. 

1871
01:46:42,200 --> 01:46:45,500
Control his Escape Route. 
The American Revolution ended 

1872
01:46:45,500 --> 01:46:49,200
with the three weeks of Yorktown
Cornwallis surrendered, his army

1873
01:46:49,200 --> 01:46:53,800
on October 19th, 1781 ending, 
Britain's last, major American 

1874
01:46:53,800 --> 01:46:56,400
Force. 
The British bands, supposedly 

1875
01:46:56,400 --> 01:46:58,900
played the world turned upside 
down during the surrender 

1876
01:46:58,900 --> 01:47:00,800
ceremony, which would have been 
symbolic. 

1877
01:47:01,500 --> 01:47:04,300
They probably played something 
more conventional but the 

1878
01:47:04,300 --> 01:47:07,600
sentiment was right war is often
easier to win than to end. 

1879
01:47:08,600 --> 01:47:11,500
After Yorktown, everyone knew 
British defeat was inevitable 

1880
01:47:11,500 --> 01:47:14,700
but turning military Victory 
into Political Independence. 

1881
01:47:14,700 --> 01:47:18,200
Required delicate diplomatic. 
Maneuvering that made actual 

1882
01:47:18,200 --> 01:47:22,100
fighting seemed easy. 
British political denial after 

1883
01:47:22,100 --> 01:47:24,300
cornwallis's surrender was 
masterful. 

1884
01:47:24,300 --> 01:47:28,100
The Prime Minister Lord, North 
said he felt like he had been 

1885
01:47:28,100 --> 01:47:29,900
shot in the chest after losing 
an army. 

1886
01:47:30,600 --> 01:47:32,800
British officials maintained the
war would continue. 

1887
01:47:32,800 --> 01:47:35,800
That optimism lasted about as 
long as expected. 

1888
01:47:36,500 --> 01:47:39,300
British public opinion, which 
had never supported the American

1889
01:47:39,300 --> 01:47:44,000
war decisively a losing War. 
Members of parliament, asked 

1890
01:47:44,000 --> 01:47:46,300
uncomfortable questions about 
why they were spending so much 

1891
01:47:46,300 --> 01:47:48,700
to fight people who clearly 
didn't want to be Empire 

1892
01:47:48,700 --> 01:47:51,500
partners. 
Lord North government fair, in 

1893
01:47:51,508 --> 01:47:55,000
March 1782, replaced by a peace 
minded Ministry. 

1894
01:47:55,000 --> 01:47:58,900
Negotiations were easier because
Lord Rockingham the new prime 

1895
01:47:58,900 --> 01:48:02,800
minister opposed, the American 
war from the start. 18th 

1896
01:48:02,800 --> 01:48:04,400
century. 
Peace talks were complicated. 

1897
01:48:04,400 --> 01:48:06,900
Making modern diplomatic 
negotiations. 

1898
01:48:06,900 --> 01:48:09,300
Seem simple. 
France, Spain. 

1899
01:48:09,300 --> 01:48:12,300
And the Dutch also had 
territorial demands and agendas.

1900
01:48:13,100 --> 01:48:16,000
France, sought former War 
territory, Spain wanted 

1901
01:48:16,000 --> 01:48:19,300
Gibraltar back from Britain and 
had North American Ambitions. 

1902
01:48:19,300 --> 01:48:21,200
That conflicted with American 
interests. 

1903
01:48:21,200 --> 01:48:23,600
Dutch Traders, wanted their 
rights back. 

1904
01:48:23,600 --> 01:48:27,100
Everyone wanted to gain from the
peace settlement Benjamin 

1905
01:48:27,100 --> 01:48:31,500
Franklin, John Adams and John 
Jay was smart people who agreed 

1906
01:48:31,500 --> 01:48:34,100
on the goal but disagreed on, 
almost everything else. 

1907
01:48:34,100 --> 01:48:37,400
On the American negotiating, 
team Franklin wanted to work 

1908
01:48:37,408 --> 01:48:41,400
with France Adams was suspicious
of everyone and Jay believed 

1909
01:48:41,400 --> 01:48:43,700
France was trying to limit 
American expansion. 

1910
01:48:44,500 --> 01:48:47,300
Americans benefitted from these 
personality differences. 

1911
01:48:47,300 --> 01:48:50,600
European diplomats, never knew 
which American they would meet, 

1912
01:48:50,600 --> 01:48:53,600
which kept them off balance and 
prevented coalitions against 

1913
01:48:53,600 --> 01:48:57,800
American interests. due to their
complexity and 18th century 

1914
01:48:57,800 --> 01:49:02,500
communication, the negotiation 
took over a year London, Paris 

1915
01:49:02,500 --> 01:49:05,900
messages took days to arrive and
government instructions. 

1916
01:49:05,900 --> 01:49:07,800
To negotiators. 
Often arrived after 

1917
01:49:07,800 --> 01:49:11,600
circumstances are changed 
American territorial boundaries 

1918
01:49:11,600 --> 01:49:14,100
were a major issue. 
The British were willing to 

1919
01:49:14,100 --> 01:49:17,400
recognize American independence,
but they weren't sure how much 

1920
01:49:17,400 --> 01:49:20,000
territory to include. 
The British thought the 

1921
01:49:20,000 --> 01:49:22,500
Americans ambition to control 
the Atlantic Ocean and 

1922
01:49:22,500 --> 01:49:24,800
Mississippi River was unusual 
for a former colony. 

1923
01:49:25,600 --> 01:49:28,400
The Americans got most of what 
they wanted through skillful 

1924
01:49:28,400 --> 01:49:31,400
negotiation and Britain's 
decision to Grant generous 

1925
01:49:31,400 --> 01:49:34,600
territorial concessions, to keep
America friendly after the war. 

1926
01:49:34,600 --> 01:49:37,600
It was like giving someone a 
nice farewell Gift To Remember, 

1927
01:49:37,600 --> 01:49:42,200
You by, on, September 3rd. 1783 
the Treaty of Paris ended the 

1928
01:49:42,200 --> 01:49:46,300
American Revolution and 
recognized U.S independence from

1929
01:49:46,300 --> 01:49:49,100
the Atlantic to the Mississippi 
river in Canada to Florida. 

1930
01:49:49,100 --> 01:49:52,200
The new nation was one of the 
world's largest on paper 

1931
01:49:52,200 --> 01:49:55,400
Britain, agreed to withdraw all 
its military forces from 

1932
01:49:55,400 --> 01:49:58,500
America. 
But it took years, some British 

1933
01:49:58,500 --> 01:50:01,200
posts in the Northwest Territory
weren't evacuated until the 

1934
01:50:01,200 --> 01:50:04,600
1790s causing tensions, but not 
threatening American 

1935
01:50:04,600 --> 01:50:07,100
independence. 
The peace process was 

1936
01:50:07,100 --> 01:50:10,700
complicated by other issues. 
Addressed in the treaty repaying

1937
01:50:10,700 --> 01:50:13,300
American debts before the war, 
to British merchants was 

1938
01:50:13,300 --> 01:50:14,900
reasonable. 
But difficult to enforce, 

1939
01:50:16,100 --> 01:50:18,400
American state governments 
ignored the oath to treat 

1940
01:50:18,400 --> 01:50:22,000
wartime British loyalists fairly
The peace treaties announcement 

1941
01:50:22,000 --> 01:50:24,300
was celebrated, but under 
Welling in America. 

1942
01:50:25,000 --> 01:50:28,000
Many people were used to war 
after 8 years and didn't know 

1943
01:50:28,000 --> 01:50:29,900
what. 
Peace time was like the 

1944
01:50:29,900 --> 01:50:32,700
Continental Army was quickly 
disbanded because Congress 

1945
01:50:32,700 --> 01:50:35,600
couldn't pay the soldiers and 
because Americans were wary of 

1946
01:50:35,600 --> 01:50:38,800
standing armies. 
Washington's emotional, farewell

1947
01:50:38,800 --> 01:50:41,900
to his officers at Francis 
Tavern, in New York ended, a 

1948
01:50:41,900 --> 01:50:45,100
shared experience that had 
United 13 colonies into one 

1949
01:50:45,100 --> 01:50:47,300
nation. 
In America and Europe, 

1950
01:50:47,300 --> 01:50:50,200
Washington's commission, 
resignation and returned to 

1951
01:50:50,200 --> 01:50:53,400
private life were notable. 
If Washington voluntarily gave 

1952
01:50:53,400 --> 01:50:55,900
up power he would be the 
greatest man in the world, 

1953
01:50:55,900 --> 01:50:59,100
according to King George, the 
third who had spent eight years 

1954
01:50:59,100 --> 01:51:03,100
trying to defeat him After the 
American Revolution, the hard 

1955
01:51:03,100 --> 01:51:07,300
work of nation, building began 
the 13, former colonies had won 

1956
01:51:07,300 --> 01:51:10,000
their independence, but they had
to figure out how to govern 

1957
01:51:10,000 --> 01:51:12,400
themselves. 
Pay their debts and build a 

1958
01:51:12,400 --> 01:51:16,100
society from the diverse regions
cultures and interests of the 

1959
01:51:16,100 --> 01:51:20,200
new United States. 
After years of Roommates, the 

1960
01:51:20,200 --> 01:51:22,400
end of the war was like moving 
into your own apartment, 

1961
01:51:22,400 --> 01:51:27,200
exciting and liberating but also
quiet and full of unanticipated 

1962
01:51:27,200 --> 01:51:30,400
responsibilities. 
The colonists were too busy 

1963
01:51:30,400 --> 01:51:32,200
fighting British ruled to plan 
ahead. 

1964
01:51:33,300 --> 01:51:35,200
Peace time. 
Governance was failing under the

1965
01:51:35,200 --> 01:51:38,100
Articles of Confederation which 
had ruled the nation during the 

1966
01:51:38,100 --> 01:51:40,300
war. 
The federal government could not

1967
01:51:40,308 --> 01:51:43,900
tax regulate or enforce its 
laws, it was like managing a 

1968
01:51:43,900 --> 01:51:46,400
household when no one agreed on 
who paid the bills or made the 

1969
01:51:46,408 --> 01:51:48,400
rules, a story for another 
night. 

1970
01:51:49,400 --> 01:51:52,400
Rest and contemplate, how a 
group of colonial subjects, 

1971
01:51:52,400 --> 01:51:56,000
became citizens of an 
independent nation with only 

1972
01:51:56,000 --> 01:52:00,100
determination, good, government,
ideas and stubborn persistence 

1973
01:52:00,100 --> 01:52:03,900
from believing your right? 
The revolution that began with 

1974
01:52:03,900 --> 01:52:06,800
tea tax debate, ended with the 
creation of a new nation. 

1975
01:52:06,800 --> 01:52:09,800
Based on the radical idea that 
people could govern themselves, 

1976
01:52:09,800 --> 01:52:13,800
it was imperfect. 
It would take generations to 

1977
01:52:13,800 --> 01:52:16,800
guarantee equality to all 
Americans, but it was a start 

1978
01:52:16,800 --> 01:52:18,900
sometimes starting is the 
hardest. 

1979
01:52:22,000 --> 01:52:24,200
Picture this, you wake up on a 
sweltering, July Morning. 

1980
01:52:24,200 --> 01:52:26,400
And your first instinct is to 
reach for that blessed 

1981
01:52:26,400 --> 01:52:28,800
thermostat. 
But imagine just for a moment, 

1982
01:52:28,800 --> 01:52:32,000
that there's no thermostat to 
reach for no gentle hum of 

1983
01:52:32,008 --> 01:52:35,400
central air, no window unit 
rattling away, like a mechanical

1984
01:52:35,400 --> 01:52:38,100
cricket. 
Welcome to the world, your great

1985
01:52:38,100 --> 01:52:41,200
grandparents knew intimately a 
world where summer meant 

1986
01:52:41,200 --> 01:52:44,100
something entirely different 
than it does for you today. 

1987
01:52:45,600 --> 01:52:49,700
Before 1902, when a young 
engineer named Willis, carrier 

1988
01:52:49,700 --> 01:52:52,300
first figured out how to control
humidity in a Brooklyn printing.

1989
01:52:52,300 --> 01:52:55,500
Plant humans had been dealing 
with heat, the same way for 

1990
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:59,200
thousands of years, they got 
creative they got resourceful 

1991
01:52:59,200 --> 01:53:00,900
and honestly they got pretty 
good at it. 

1992
01:53:00,900 --> 01:53:04,600
You might think they were just 
sweating it out in misery but 

1993
01:53:04,600 --> 01:53:06,900
you'd be surprised at how 
ingenious people became when 

1994
01:53:06,900 --> 01:53:09,900
Comfort depended on cleverness 
rather than electricity bills. 

1995
01:53:09,900 --> 01:53:13,700
Your ancestors didn't just 
endure the heat they developed 

1996
01:53:13,700 --> 01:53:16,700
an entire culture around it. 
They understood their 

1997
01:53:16,700 --> 01:53:18,300
environment in ways. 
We've forgotten. 

1998
01:53:19,000 --> 01:53:21,400
Reading the subtle signs of 
weather changes, knowing 

1999
01:53:21,400 --> 01:53:24,700
exactly, which Windows to open 
at what time of day and timing, 

2000
01:53:24,700 --> 01:53:27,500
their daily activities around 
the sun's path across the sky, 

2001
01:53:27,500 --> 01:53:30,700
like choreographers of comfort. 
Think about your own 

2002
01:53:30,700 --> 01:53:33,800
relationship with heat for a 
moment when it's 85 degrees 

2003
01:53:33,800 --> 01:53:37,900
outside, you probably consider 
that uncomfortably warm your 

2004
01:53:37,900 --> 01:53:40,100
great-grandmother would have 
called that a pleasant day and 

2005
01:53:40,100 --> 01:53:41,900
maybe even worn a light sweater 
in the morning. 

2006
01:53:42,700 --> 01:53:45,500
The human body's tolerance for 
temperature was remarkably 

2007
01:53:45,500 --> 01:53:48,300
different when it was regularly 
exposed to Natural variations 

2008
01:53:48,300 --> 01:53:51,600
much like how your eyes adjusted
darkness when you're not 

2009
01:53:51,608 --> 01:53:53,800
constantly staring at bright 
screens. 

2010
01:53:54,600 --> 01:53:57,400
The pre-air conditioning World 
operated on rhythms, that seem 

2011
01:53:57,400 --> 01:54:01,000
almost mystical to us now. 
People rose with the Sun, not 

2012
01:54:01,000 --> 01:54:04,000
because they were more virtuous 
but because the coolest part of 

2013
01:54:04,008 --> 01:54:05,900
the day was precious and not to 
be wasted. 

2014
01:54:06,800 --> 01:54:09,800
They took after noon naps, not 
out of laziness, but because 

2015
01:54:09,800 --> 01:54:12,600
even the most ambitious person 
recognized that fighting the 

2016
01:54:12,600 --> 01:54:16,300
peak heat was often futile, 
evening activities began later 

2017
01:54:16,300 --> 01:54:20,000
and lasted longer creating 
social patterns that persisted 

2018
01:54:20,000 --> 01:54:22,800
well into the night when the are
finally offered some relief. 

2019
01:54:23,600 --> 01:54:26,600
Communities were shaped by heat 
in ways that went far beyond 

2020
01:54:26,600 --> 01:54:28,600
personal comfort. 
Cities. 

2021
01:54:28,600 --> 01:54:31,700
Look different, you'll discover 
more about this soon but the 

2022
01:54:31,700 --> 01:54:34,800
social fabric was different too.
Neighbors, knew each other 

2023
01:54:34,808 --> 01:54:37,800
better partly, because everyone 
spent more time outside on, 

2024
01:54:37,800 --> 01:54:40,600
porches and Stoops seeking 
whatever Breeze might be 

2025
01:54:40,600 --> 01:54:43,600
available, The evening 
constitutional wasn't just 

2026
01:54:43,600 --> 01:54:47,100
exercise. 
It was social networking, new 

2027
01:54:47,100 --> 01:54:50,100
sharing and communal heat 
management all rolled into one 

2028
01:54:50,100 --> 01:54:52,800
Pleasant tradition. 
You've probably noticed how 

2029
01:54:52,800 --> 01:54:55,400
quiet your neighborhood gets 
whenever on Retreats indoors to 

2030
01:54:55,400 --> 01:54:59,100
their climate controlled 
environments in the preac era. 

2031
01:54:59,100 --> 01:55:02,600
Neighborhoods came alive during 
the cooler hours, children 

2032
01:55:02,600 --> 01:55:05,700
played in the streets until well
past dark adults lingered on 

2033
01:55:05,700 --> 01:55:07,200
front. 
Porches, with glasses of sweet 

2034
01:55:07,200 --> 01:55:10,600
tea or lemonade and the 
boundaries between private and 

2035
01:55:10,600 --> 01:55:14,100
public space blurred in the most
wonderful ways, food culture, 

2036
01:55:14,100 --> 01:55:16,800
clothing, choices, 
architectural, decisions, work, 

2037
01:55:16,800 --> 01:55:19,400
scheduled social, Gatherings, 
and even romance. 

2038
01:55:19,400 --> 01:55:22,700
Everything was influenced by the
simple fact that when it got 

2039
01:55:22,708 --> 01:55:25,500
hot, you had to deal with it 
using nothing but human 

2040
01:55:25,500 --> 01:55:29,600
Ingenuity and natural resources,
your ancestors became Master's 

2041
01:55:29,600 --> 01:55:32,400
of reading air, currents, 
understanding thermal dynamics, 

2042
01:55:32,400 --> 01:55:34,800
and working with nature rather 
than against it. 

2043
01:55:35,800 --> 01:55:38,600
This isn't a story about how 
tough people used to be, though,

2044
01:55:38,600 --> 01:55:41,600
they certainly were resourceful.
It's about how different life 

2045
01:55:41,600 --> 01:55:44,600
was when humans lived in closer,
harmony with the natural cycles,

2046
01:55:44,600 --> 01:55:47,300
when Comfort was something you 
actively created rather than 

2047
01:55:47,300 --> 01:55:50,700
passively consumed. 
It's about communities that 

2048
01:55:50,700 --> 01:55:54,300
formed around shared challenges 
and clever solutions that often 

2049
01:55:54,300 --> 01:55:56,400
worked better than our modern 
Brute Force. 

2050
01:55:56,400 --> 01:56:00,000
Approach of Simply cranking up 
the AC and hoping the electric 

2051
01:56:00,000 --> 01:56:04,000
grid holds as you settle in for 
this journey through the pre-air

2052
01:56:04,000 --> 01:56:06,800
conditioning World, you'll 
discover that our ancestors 

2053
01:56:06,800 --> 01:56:09,600
weren't just surviving the heat,
they were thriving in it, 

2054
01:56:09,600 --> 01:56:12,900
creating Beauty and comfort, and
community in ways that might 

2055
01:56:12,900 --> 01:56:16,800
surprise you and maybe even 
inspire you So let's step back 

2056
01:56:16,800 --> 01:56:19,500
in time together. 
Well, most your when staying 

2057
01:56:19,500 --> 01:56:22,400
cool was an art form, And some 
are evenings were something 

2058
01:56:22,400 --> 01:56:25,700
people actually look forward to 
your ancestors were essentially 

2059
01:56:25,700 --> 01:56:28,000
climate engineers and they 
didn't even know it. 

2060
01:56:28,800 --> 01:56:31,700
Before the Advent of HVAC 
systems Builders were crafting 

2061
01:56:31,700 --> 01:56:34,400
structures that would leave 
modern Energy Efficiency experts

2062
01:56:34,400 --> 01:56:36,600
in all they understood 
something, we've largely 

2063
01:56:36,600 --> 01:56:39,700
forgotten that the right 
building can be a natural air 

2064
01:56:39,700 --> 01:56:42,600
conditioning system working with
physics rather than against it. 

2065
01:56:43,600 --> 01:56:45,100
Walk through any historic 
neighborhood. 

2066
01:56:45,100 --> 01:56:47,900
And you'll notice things that 
might seem decorative, but were 

2067
01:56:47,900 --> 01:56:49,900
actually brilliant. 
Cooling strategies. 

2068
01:56:49,900 --> 01:56:53,200
Those deep wraparound, porches 
weren't just for sitting. 

2069
01:56:53,200 --> 01:56:56,600
They were thermal buffers owns 
creating shade that kept the 

2070
01:56:56,600 --> 01:56:59,800
sun's heat from ever reaching. 
The main walls of the house, the

2071
01:56:59,800 --> 01:57:02,600
wide overhanging Eaves. 
You see on older homes weren't 

2072
01:57:02,600 --> 01:57:04,900
architectural flourishes. 
They were carefully. 

2073
01:57:04,900 --> 01:57:07,400
Calculated to block the high 
summer sun while allowing the 

2074
01:57:07,400 --> 01:57:09,000
lower winter sun to warm the 
interior. 

2075
01:57:09,900 --> 01:57:13,200
Consider the lofty feelings of 
old houses, which may seem 

2076
01:57:13,200 --> 01:57:15,700
intimidating to those 
accustomed, to Modern 8-foot 

2077
01:57:15,700 --> 01:57:18,200
rooms, your great-grandparents 
built those high seas things 

2078
01:57:18,200 --> 01:57:21,400
because hot air rises and they 
wanted it to rise as far away 

2079
01:57:21,400 --> 01:57:24,300
from them as possible. 
Those ceiling fans you see in 

2080
01:57:24,300 --> 01:57:27,000
historic homes weren't working 
against the natural convection. 

2081
01:57:27,000 --> 01:57:29,700
They were amplifying it. 
Creating air movement that made 

2082
01:57:29,700 --> 01:57:32,100
85 Degrees feel like a 
comfortable 75. 

2083
01:57:33,300 --> 01:57:36,400
The most ingenious homes, had 
what we now call passive cooling

2084
01:57:36,400 --> 01:57:38,200
systems built right into their 
bones. 

2085
01:57:38,200 --> 01:57:42,100
In the South, you'll find houses
built on tools that allowed air 

2086
01:57:42,100 --> 01:57:44,300
to flow underneath cooling. 
The floors From Below. 

2087
01:57:45,100 --> 01:57:48,500
The famous dog Trot houses with 
an open Breezeway running right 

2088
01:57:48,500 --> 01:57:50,800
through the center. 
Were essentially wind tunnels 

2089
01:57:50,800 --> 01:57:53,400
that captured every available 
Breeze and funneled it through 

2090
01:57:53,400 --> 01:57:56,300
the Living Spaces. 
Your ancestors, understood 

2091
01:57:56,300 --> 01:57:58,400
cross-ventilation like 
meteorologists. 

2092
01:57:58,400 --> 01:58:02,100
They positioned Windows, not 
just for light or views but to 

2093
01:58:02,100 --> 01:58:04,200
create Pathways for air to move 
through the house. 

2094
01:58:05,100 --> 01:58:06,800
They knew that a window on the 
Shaded. 

2095
01:58:06,800 --> 01:58:10,600
North Side, would draw cool air.
In while a window on the sunny 

2096
01:58:10,600 --> 01:58:14,200
South Side would let hot air 
Escape, creating a natural 

2097
01:58:14,200 --> 01:58:16,500
circulation system. 
That worked, as long as there 

2098
01:58:16,500 --> 01:58:18,700
was even the slightest 
temperature difference between 

2099
01:58:18,700 --> 01:58:22,600
inside and outside. 
In hot climates thick walls 

2100
01:58:22,600 --> 01:58:26,500
weren't just for durability. 
They were thermal Mass absorbing

2101
01:58:26,500 --> 01:58:29,400
heat during the day and 
releasing it slowly at night. 

2102
01:58:29,400 --> 01:58:31,800
Essentially smoothing out 
temperature swings. 

2103
01:58:32,700 --> 01:58:35,900
Adobe houses in the southwest 
could stay remarkably cool 

2104
01:58:35,900 --> 01:58:38,100
during blazing hot days because 
those thick walls. 

2105
01:58:38,100 --> 01:58:41,900
Acted like natural batteries 
storing and releasing heat on a 

2106
01:58:41,900 --> 01:58:43,800
delayed schedule that favored 
human comfort. 

2107
01:58:44,600 --> 01:58:47,200
Color choices weren't just 
aesthetic decisions, either 

2108
01:58:47,200 --> 01:58:50,500
light, colored roofs and walls 
reflected heat rather than 

2109
01:58:50,500 --> 01:58:53,800
absorbing it while strategic use
of vegetation created 

2110
01:58:53,800 --> 01:58:57,300
microclimates around homes. 
Your great-grandmother's rose 

2111
01:58:57,300 --> 01:59:00,100
bushes and climbing vines were 
just pretty, they were living 

2112
01:59:00,108 --> 01:59:02,700
insulation shading walls and 
cooling the air through 

2113
01:59:02,700 --> 01:59:05,600
transpiration. 
The Victorian era brought us 

2114
01:59:05,600 --> 01:59:08,200
some of the most sophisticated, 
natural, cooling systems, 

2115
01:59:08,200 --> 01:59:11,800
disguised, as architectural 
details, those cupolas and Ruth 

2116
01:59:11,800 --> 01:59:14,000
monitors. 
You see on old houses were 

2117
01:59:14,000 --> 01:59:16,900
actually thermal chimneys 
designed to pull hot air up and 

2118
01:59:16,900 --> 01:59:20,100
out of the building. 
The decorative lattice work and 

2119
01:59:20,100 --> 01:59:21,600
fretwork weren't just 
ornamental. 

2120
01:59:21,600 --> 01:59:24,400
They provided shade while 
allowing air to flow through 

2121
01:59:24,400 --> 01:59:26,800
creating natural evaporative 
cooling. 

2122
01:59:27,500 --> 01:59:30,000
Even urban planning was 
influenced by the need to stay 

2123
01:59:30,000 --> 01:59:32,800
cool. 
Cities were laid out with wide 

2124
01:59:32,800 --> 01:59:36,100
streets to allow air circulation
and generous setbacks between 

2125
01:59:36,100 --> 01:59:38,400
buildings, prevented them from 
creating heat Islands. 

2126
01:59:39,100 --> 01:59:40,900
Tree-lined streets weren't just 
beautiful. 

2127
01:59:40,900 --> 01:59:44,200
They were essential 
infrastructure, providing shade 

2128
01:59:44,200 --> 01:59:45,900
and cooling the air through 
evaporation. 

2129
01:59:47,000 --> 01:59:49,700
Your ancestors also understood 
the power of thermal zoning 

2130
01:59:49,700 --> 01:59:52,400
within their homes. 
The kitchen was often separate 

2131
01:59:52,400 --> 01:59:55,000
from the main house or located 
in a basement or outbuilding. 

2132
01:59:55,000 --> 01:59:58,400
Keeping the heat from cooking 
fires away from Living Spaces 

2133
01:59:58,400 --> 02:00:00,800
bedrooms were typically on upper
floors. 

2134
02:00:00,800 --> 02:00:04,400
Where breezes were stronger 
while daily activities happen in

2135
02:00:04,400 --> 02:00:06,400
the cooler ground floor rooms 
during hot weather. 

2136
02:00:07,400 --> 02:00:09,600
They selected the materials 
based on their cooling 

2137
02:00:09,600 --> 02:00:13,300
properties and aesthetic appeal.
Hardwood floors, State cooler 

2138
02:00:13,300 --> 02:00:15,700
than carpets. 
High-quality plaster walls, had 

2139
02:00:15,700 --> 02:00:18,800
better thermal properties than 
thin drywall And natural 

2140
02:00:18,800 --> 02:00:21,700
materials like stone and brick 
had thermal mass that helped 

2141
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:25,000
regulate temperature naturally. 
These weren't just practical 

2142
02:00:25,000 --> 02:00:27,800
decisions, they created homes 
that were genuinely more 

2143
02:00:27,800 --> 02:00:29,200
comfortable than many modern 
houses. 

2144
02:00:29,200 --> 02:00:32,800
The constant air movement, the 
natural temperature regulation, 

2145
02:00:32,800 --> 02:00:35,800
and the connection to outdoor 
breezes and seasonal changes, 

2146
02:00:35,800 --> 02:00:38,100
created, living environments. 
That worked with human 

2147
02:00:38,100 --> 02:00:40,600
physiology, rather than trying 
to override it completely. 

2148
02:00:41,700 --> 02:00:45,100
Your great-grandparents homes 
breathed in ways that our sealed

2149
02:00:45,100 --> 02:00:48,800
climate-controlled boxes simply,
don't your great-grandparents 

2150
02:00:48,800 --> 02:00:51,400
didn't just check the whether 
they lived it. 

2151
02:00:51,400 --> 02:00:54,100
Breathed it and plan their 
entire day around it. 

2152
02:00:54,100 --> 02:00:57,100
They had an intimate 
relationship with atmospheric 

2153
02:00:57,100 --> 02:00:58,500
conditions. 
That would seem almost 

2154
02:00:58,500 --> 02:01:02,100
Supernatural to you now. while 
you might glance at your phone's

2155
02:01:02,100 --> 02:01:04,900
weather app and grab an 
umbrella, they could feel a 

2156
02:01:04,900 --> 02:01:08,100
storm coming in their bones and 
predict the next days, Heat by 

2157
02:01:08,100 --> 02:01:11,400
the way, the evening air move 
through their hair, the pre-air 

2158
02:01:11,400 --> 02:01:13,600
conditioning day began with what
we might call a temperature, 

2159
02:01:13,600 --> 02:01:17,200
reconnaissance mission, Before 
your great-grandmother even got 

2160
02:01:17,200 --> 02:01:19,900
out of bed, she was assessing 
the thermal situation. 

2161
02:01:20,800 --> 02:01:23,100
Was there still a hint of 
coolness in the air that could 

2162
02:01:23,100 --> 02:01:26,200
be captured and preserved? 
Were the windows that have been 

2163
02:01:26,208 --> 02:01:28,600
open to the night Breeze. 
Ready to be closed before the 

2164
02:01:28,600 --> 02:01:30,100
sun began. 
Its daily assault. 

2165
02:01:31,000 --> 02:01:34,300
This wasn't casual observation, 
it was a survival strategy 

2166
02:01:34,300 --> 02:01:37,900
disguised as a morning routine. 
You probably think of your daily

2167
02:01:37,900 --> 02:01:39,900
schedule as being controlled by 
work hours. 

2168
02:01:39,900 --> 02:01:42,900
A appointments and social 
obligations, your ancestors 

2169
02:01:42,900 --> 02:01:45,700
organized, their days around the
sun's path and the thermometers 

2170
02:01:45,700 --> 02:01:49,100
climb the heaviest work 
laundering cooking and cleaning 

2171
02:01:49,100 --> 02:01:51,900
happened in the early morning 
hours when the air was still 

2172
02:01:51,900 --> 02:01:54,100
cool and energy levels were 
high. 

2173
02:01:55,600 --> 02:01:59,000
By the time you settled in for 
your second cup of coffee your 

2174
02:01:59,000 --> 02:02:01,100
ancestors had already 
accomplished what might take you

2175
02:02:01,100 --> 02:02:03,900
all morning simply because they 
understood that working with the

2176
02:02:03,900 --> 02:02:08,000
cool was far more efficient than
fighting the heat midday brought

2177
02:02:08,000 --> 02:02:09,900
what we might call the ultimate 
hibernation. 

2178
02:02:10,900 --> 02:02:14,600
Between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. when 
the sun was most merciless, 

2179
02:02:14,600 --> 02:02:18,000
sensible, people found Shady 
spots and settled in for 

2180
02:02:18,000 --> 02:02:19,900
activities that required minimal
movement. 

2181
02:02:19,900 --> 02:02:23,700
This wasn't laziness. 
It was physics, your 

2182
02:02:23,700 --> 02:02:25,700
great-grandfather understood 
that his body was a heat, 

2183
02:02:25,700 --> 02:02:29,200
generating machine and adding 
human generated warmth to the 

2184
02:02:29,200 --> 02:02:31,000
days. 
Natural furnace was simply poor 

2185
02:02:31,000 --> 02:02:34,600
engineering. 
The cset which we often think of

2186
02:02:34,600 --> 02:02:37,100
as a quaint foreign custom was 
actually brilliant thermal 

2187
02:02:37,100 --> 02:02:39,100
management. 
While you might pass through the

2188
02:02:39,108 --> 02:02:41,200
afternoon heat with air 
conditioning and iced coffee. 

2189
02:02:41,200 --> 02:02:44,600
Your ancestors recognized that 
the human body naturally. 

2190
02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:47,100
Wanted to slow down during the 
hottest part of the day. 

2191
02:02:48,000 --> 02:02:50,200
They worked with their biology, 
rather than against it 

2192
02:02:50,200 --> 02:02:52,600
conserving energy for the cooler
evening hours. 

2193
02:02:52,600 --> 02:02:56,000
When productivity could resume. 
But here's where it gets 

2194
02:02:56,000 --> 02:02:59,500
interesting, your ancestors 
didn't just endure these daily 

2195
02:02:59,500 --> 02:03:02,100
heat Cycles. 
They found genuine pleasure in 

2196
02:03:02,100 --> 02:03:04,100
them. 
The evening Awakening, when 

2197
02:03:04,100 --> 02:03:06,600
temperatures finally began to 
drop in life resumed, its 

2198
02:03:06,600 --> 02:03:08,700
normal. 
Pace was a daily celebration. 

2199
02:03:08,700 --> 02:03:13,000
Imagine the relief and joy of 
feeling that first Cool Breeze. 

2200
02:03:13,000 --> 02:03:16,800
After hours of Stillness, the 
way evening are felt like Silk 

2201
02:03:16,800 --> 02:03:18,200
against skin that had been worn 
all day. 

2202
02:03:18,200 --> 02:03:21,300
These thermal rhythms also 
influence the scheduling of 

2203
02:03:21,308 --> 02:03:24,500
social life. 
Dinner parties began later when 

2204
02:03:24,500 --> 02:03:26,800
the air had cooled enough to 
make cooking and eating Pleasant

2205
02:03:26,800 --> 02:03:29,700
again evening. 
Visits to neighbors walks around

2206
02:03:29,700 --> 02:03:31,800
the community and outdoor games 
and activities. 

2207
02:03:31,800 --> 02:03:35,100
All of these began when the sun 
started its descent and 

2208
02:03:35,100 --> 02:03:38,600
continued well into the night, 
making the most of every degree 

2209
02:03:38,600 --> 02:03:41,500
of cooling, your 
great-grandmother became a 

2210
02:03:41,500 --> 02:03:44,100
master of microclimate 
management within her own home. 

2211
02:03:44,900 --> 02:03:47,500
She knew which rooms stayed 
coolist at which times of day, 

2212
02:03:47,500 --> 02:03:50,700
which Windows to open to catch 
the morning Breeze and which 

2213
02:03:50,700 --> 02:03:52,500
ones to close to keep out the 
afternoon Heat. 

2214
02:03:53,700 --> 02:03:56,100
She understood that opening 
Windows on the Shady Side of the

2215
02:03:56,100 --> 02:03:57,800
house. 
While closing those On the Sunny

2216
02:03:57,800 --> 02:04:00,900
Side, created natural, air 
conditioning, pulling cooler 

2217
02:04:00,900 --> 02:04:05,000
through while allowing hot air 
to escape, Ritual of opening up.

2218
02:04:05,000 --> 02:04:08,100
The house was a precise 
scientists as temperatures 

2219
02:04:08,100 --> 02:04:11,500
dropped wins throughout the home
were strategically open to 

2220
02:04:11,500 --> 02:04:15,000
capture every available Breeze 
and encourage air circulation. 

2221
02:04:15,900 --> 02:04:18,900
Your ancestors could feel the 
subtle pressure changes that 

2222
02:04:18,900 --> 02:04:22,200
indicated when outdoor air was 
finally cooler than indoor are 

2223
02:04:22,208 --> 02:04:25,700
the exact moment when natural 
ventilation would begin working 

2224
02:04:25,700 --> 02:04:28,100
in their favor rather than 
against it. 

2225
02:04:29,000 --> 02:04:31,700
They also understood the art of 
thermal layering in their daily 

2226
02:04:31,700 --> 02:04:34,600
lives. 
Light loose clothing during the 

2227
02:04:34,600 --> 02:04:37,600
day can be supplemented with 
light shells or wraps as evening

2228
02:04:37,600 --> 02:04:40,600
breezes, picked up. 
During hot hours, they start 

2229
02:04:40,600 --> 02:04:43,400
their hair up and off the neck, 
allowing it to flow freely when 

2230
02:04:43,400 --> 02:04:46,200
the coolness returned. 
Even the choice of where, to 

2231
02:04:46,208 --> 02:04:49,100
sit, which chair to choose and 
which side of the porch to 

2232
02:04:49,100 --> 02:04:52,000
favor, all of these decisions 
were made with thermal comfort 

2233
02:04:52,000 --> 02:04:54,900
in mind where the prediction 
became a survival skill. 

2234
02:04:54,900 --> 02:04:58,100
Your great grandfather could 
read cloud formation wind, 

2235
02:04:58,100 --> 02:05:00,900
patterns and atmospheric 
pressure changes, like you read 

2236
02:05:00,900 --> 02:05:03,600
traffic signs. 
A shift in wind direction might 

2237
02:05:03,600 --> 02:05:07,100
mean relief was coming certain 
cloud, formations promised after

2238
02:05:07,100 --> 02:05:10,500
noon, thunderstorms that would 
break the heat the behavior of 

2239
02:05:10,500 --> 02:05:14,000
animals and the feel of the are 
provided advanced warning of 

2240
02:05:14,000 --> 02:05:16,400
weather changes that could 
affect the days Comfort level. 

2241
02:05:17,500 --> 02:05:20,800
This daily dance with whether 
created a rhythm of life that 

2242
02:05:20,800 --> 02:05:24,000
was deeply connected to natural 
cycles where human activity 

2243
02:05:24,000 --> 02:05:26,600
flowed with environmental 
conditions, rather than trying 

2244
02:05:26,600 --> 02:05:29,000
to dominate them. 
He had a way of bringing people 

2245
02:05:29,000 --> 02:05:31,700
together that our climate 
controlled world has largely 

2246
02:05:31,700 --> 02:05:35,300
forgotten When staying cool 
required Community effort and 

2247
02:05:35,300 --> 02:05:38,600
shared wisdom, social bonds, 
formed around the simple, 

2248
02:05:38,600 --> 02:05:42,000
necessity of surviving summer, 
your great-grandparents didn't 

2249
02:05:42,000 --> 02:05:45,300
just endure the heat alone. 
They created entire social 

2250
02:05:45,300 --> 02:05:47,900
systems around managing it 
together turning. 

2251
02:05:47,900 --> 02:05:50,800
What could have been individual 
misery into Collective comfort 

2252
02:05:50,800 --> 02:05:53,800
and even Joy? 
The front porch served as more 

2253
02:05:53,800 --> 02:05:57,100
than just an architectural 
feature it, served as the Hub of

2254
02:05:57,100 --> 02:06:00,200
the communities cooling culture.
While you might spend your 

2255
02:06:00,200 --> 02:06:02,500
evenings inside watching 
television in Ed's condition 

2256
02:06:02,500 --> 02:06:04,700
Comfort. 
Your ancestors, gathered on 

2257
02:06:04,700 --> 02:06:08,200
porches, as the sun went down, 
creating informal networks of 

2258
02:06:08,200 --> 02:06:11,600
conversation, shared cooling, 
strategies and mutual support. 

2259
02:06:12,500 --> 02:06:15,300
These were planned social 
events, they were spontaneous 

2260
02:06:15,300 --> 02:06:18,100
communities, that formed 
wherever people could catch a 

2261
02:06:18,100 --> 02:06:19,900
breeze and share the relief of 
cooling air. 

2262
02:06:20,800 --> 02:06:23,000
Imagine a summary evening in 
your great-grandmother's 

2263
02:06:23,000 --> 02:06:26,000
neighborhood. 
As temperatures, finally began 

2264
02:06:26,000 --> 02:06:28,800
to drop porch lights, would 
flicker on and rocking chairs 

2265
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:31,800
would Creak into motion 
children, would emerge from 

2266
02:06:31,800 --> 02:06:34,000
houses. 
Like flowers opening to cooler 

2267
02:06:34,000 --> 02:06:36,900
are beginning games of tag and 
hide and seek that could 

2268
02:06:36,900 --> 02:06:38,800
continue safely in the Gathering
dusk. 

2269
02:06:39,800 --> 02:06:42,200
Adults would settle into 
conversations that meandered 

2270
02:06:42,200 --> 02:06:45,300
like the evening Breeze itself, 
unhurried and comfortable. 

2271
02:06:46,200 --> 02:06:48,500
These portrait communities 
shared more than just evening. 

2272
02:06:48,500 --> 02:06:52,300
Are they exchanged cooling 
wisdom like valuable currency. 

2273
02:06:53,100 --> 02:06:55,600
Your great art might share her 
secret for keeping bed. 

2274
02:06:55,600 --> 02:06:56,900
Sheets. 
Cool Hint. 

2275
02:06:56,900 --> 02:06:59,100
It involves strategic folding 
and placement. 

2276
02:06:59,100 --> 02:07:01,800
While your neighbor would 
demonstrate his technique for 

2277
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:05,400
creating cross, breezes, using 
strategically placed fans and 

2278
02:07:05,400 --> 02:07:08,500
open windows. 
Cooling knowledge was Community 

2279
02:07:08,500 --> 02:07:11,900
knowledge passed down through 
informal networks of neighbors. 

2280
02:07:11,900 --> 02:07:14,800
Who understood that everyone's 
Comfort depended on shared 

2281
02:07:14,800 --> 02:07:18,000
intelligence. 
The evening constitutional that 

2282
02:07:18,000 --> 02:07:19,500
leisurely walk through the 
neighborhood. 

2283
02:07:19,500 --> 02:07:23,300
That seems so old-fashioned. 
Now was actually sophisticated 

2284
02:07:23,300 --> 02:07:26,700
heat management disguise to 
socializing Your 

2285
02:07:26,700 --> 02:07:29,000
great-grandparents understood 
that moving slowly through 

2286
02:07:29,000 --> 02:07:32,000
cooling air was more refreshing 
than sitting still. 

2287
02:07:32,000 --> 02:07:35,100
And that Community, walks 
created opportunities for our 

2288
02:07:35,100 --> 02:07:37,400
circulation around their bodies.
While maintaining social 

2289
02:07:37,400 --> 02:07:41,200
connections, these walks weren't
exercising in the modern sense. 

2290
02:07:41,200 --> 02:07:44,900
They were communal cooling 
therapy churches schools and 

2291
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:47,000
community centers became 
cooling, sanctuaries. 

2292
02:07:47,000 --> 02:07:50,200
During the most brutal Heat not 
because they had air 

2293
02:07:50,200 --> 02:07:52,400
conditioning, they didn't, but 
because they were designed with 

2294
02:07:52,400 --> 02:07:56,200
high ceilings large windows and 
Architectural features that 

2295
02:07:56,200 --> 02:07:59,900
promoted their circulation. 
More importantly, they offer the

2296
02:07:59,900 --> 02:08:02,200
psychological comfort of shared 
experience. 

2297
02:08:02,800 --> 02:08:06,300
Suffering through heat alone, 
felt overwhelming, enduring it 

2298
02:08:06,300 --> 02:08:09,300
as part of a community made it 
manageable and even meaningful. 

2299
02:08:09,300 --> 02:08:13,100
Your ancestors created, social 
rituals around heat relief that 

2300
02:08:13,100 --> 02:08:16,600
sound, almost magical now, Ice 
cream socials weren't just sweet

2301
02:08:16,600 --> 02:08:18,500
treats. 
They were Community cooling 

2302
02:08:18,500 --> 02:08:20,900
events where shared cold 
provided both physical and 

2303
02:08:20,900 --> 02:08:24,200
psychological relief. 
Picnics were carefully planned 

2304
02:08:24,200 --> 02:08:27,200
for shady spots near water, 
where evaporation and tree 

2305
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:28,900
cover, created natural cooling 
zones. 

2306
02:08:29,800 --> 02:08:32,800
Swimming, holes became social 
centers, not just for 

2307
02:08:32,800 --> 02:08:35,900
recreation, but as genuine 
relief stations where entire 

2308
02:08:35,900 --> 02:08:39,100
communities could find respite 
together, the sharing economy 

2309
02:08:39,100 --> 02:08:42,300
existed long before we had a 
name for it, especially when it 

2310
02:08:42,300 --> 02:08:45,700
came to pooling resources, 
families with ice, which share 

2311
02:08:45,700 --> 02:08:47,000
with neighbors, whose ice had 
melted. 

2312
02:08:48,100 --> 02:08:50,800
Those fortunate enough to have 
deeper wells with cooler water. 

2313
02:08:50,800 --> 02:08:54,700
Would fill jugs for families 
whose Wells ran, warm When 

2314
02:08:54,700 --> 02:08:57,900
electric fans became available 
people borrowed and shared them 

2315
02:08:57,900 --> 02:09:01,800
like Precious commodities. 
Community ice house is weren't 

2316
02:09:01,800 --> 02:09:04,600
just commercial Enterprises. 
They were essential social 

2317
02:09:04,600 --> 02:09:07,900
infrastructure evening, 
entertainment adapted, to take 

2318
02:09:07,900 --> 02:09:10,100
advantage of cooling, air and 
Community Gathering. 

2319
02:09:10,900 --> 02:09:13,300
Band concerts in the park 
weren't just cultural events. 

2320
02:09:13,300 --> 02:09:16,300
They were Mass cooling therapy 
sessions where hundreds of 

2321
02:09:16,300 --> 02:09:19,500
people could gather in Open 
Spaces, designed to capture 

2322
02:09:19,500 --> 02:09:23,100
evening, breezes outdoor 
theaters, Garden parties, and 

2323
02:09:23,100 --> 02:09:25,300
Community festivals. 
All took advantage of the 

2324
02:09:25,300 --> 02:09:28,000
natural cooling that happened 
when the sun went down and 

2325
02:09:28,000 --> 02:09:31,800
people came together in Open 
Spaces, children's play adapted 

2326
02:09:31,800 --> 02:09:35,000
to heat in ways that created 
their own social cooling systems

2327
02:09:35,000 --> 02:09:38,700
games moved to shaded areas 
during the day and resumed in 

2328
02:09:38,700 --> 02:09:40,300
full energy as evening 
approached. 

2329
02:09:41,000 --> 02:09:44,000
Jump, rope Hopscotch, and tag 
became evening activities when 

2330
02:09:44,000 --> 02:09:48,000
the air was finally cool enough 
for active Play Swimming wasn't 

2331
02:09:48,000 --> 02:09:50,400
just Recreation. 
It was a central cooling that 

2332
02:09:50,400 --> 02:09:52,400
happened in community with 
neighborhood. 

2333
02:09:52,400 --> 02:09:55,300
Swimming holes becoming social 
centers where entire families 

2334
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:57,200
gathered for Relief and 
fellowship. 

2335
02:09:57,200 --> 02:10:00,600
Your great-grandparents also 
understood that shared meals 

2336
02:10:00,600 --> 02:10:03,200
during hot weather required 
different social Arrangements, 

2337
02:10:03,200 --> 02:10:05,400
early in the morning or late in 
the evening. 

2338
02:10:05,400 --> 02:10:08,500
When temperatures were bearable 
heavy, cooking took place 

2339
02:10:09,400 --> 02:10:12,600
Community Kitchens often outdoor
spaces with good ventilation 

2340
02:10:12,600 --> 02:10:15,900
became gathering places where 
the heat of cooking could be 

2341
02:10:15,900 --> 02:10:19,500
shared and managed collectively 
rather than making individual 

2342
02:10:19,500 --> 02:10:23,100
homes on bearable. 
The social side of staying cool.

2343
02:10:23,100 --> 02:10:27,000
Created bonds that extended far 
beyond summer heat neighbors, 

2344
02:10:27,000 --> 02:10:30,000
who shared cooling strategies 
families, who gathered for 

2345
02:10:30,000 --> 02:10:33,200
evening porch, conversations 
communities that came together 

2346
02:10:33,200 --> 02:10:36,100
in cooling spaces. 
These relationships, persisted 

2347
02:10:36,100 --> 02:10:39,400
year-round creating social 
fabric that was strengthened by 

2348
02:10:39,400 --> 02:10:41,800
the shared challenge of managing
summer heat together. 

2349
02:10:41,800 --> 02:10:45,800
Your great-grandfather's work 
day was unlike yours with heat 

2350
02:10:45,800 --> 02:10:48,300
acting as an invisible 
choreographer, guiding every 

2351
02:10:48,300 --> 02:10:51,500
step while you might complain 
about a slightly, warm office or

2352
02:10:51,500 --> 02:10:53,300
adjust the thermostat, a degree 
or two. 

2353
02:10:53,300 --> 02:10:56,400
He organized his entire 
professional life, around the 

2354
02:10:56,400 --> 02:11:00,200
reality that work had to happen 
in whatever temperature provided

2355
02:11:01,100 --> 02:11:03,600
Managing temperature wasn't just
about personal Comfort. 

2356
02:11:03,600 --> 02:11:07,400
It was about survival 
productivity in creating 

2357
02:11:07,400 --> 02:11:11,000
sustainable rhythms that could 
last a lifetime. the 

2358
02:11:11,000 --> 02:11:13,800
agricultural world where most of
your ancestors, likely spent 

2359
02:11:13,800 --> 02:11:17,600
their working lives operated on 
what we might call thermal 

2360
02:11:17,600 --> 02:11:21,100
scheduling Farmers weren't early
risers because they were more 

2361
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:23,800
virtuous than you. 
They were thermal strategists. 

2362
02:11:24,500 --> 02:11:27,700
The period between 4 a.m. and 10
a.m. represented precious hours 

2363
02:11:27,700 --> 02:11:29,800
when both are temperature and 
energy levels, favored, 

2364
02:11:29,800 --> 02:11:32,700
productive work. 
Your great-grandfather could 

2365
02:11:32,700 --> 02:11:35,800
accomplish more in those cool 
morning hours than in twice as 

2366
02:11:35,800 --> 02:11:37,200
much time during the heat of 
midday. 

2367
02:11:38,000 --> 02:11:40,500
Harvest Time reveals the 
sophisticated heat management 

2368
02:11:40,500 --> 02:11:43,400
strategies. 
Your ancestors developed grain 

2369
02:11:43,400 --> 02:11:46,300
cutting haymaking and fruit 
picking weren't scheduled by 

2370
02:11:46,300 --> 02:11:48,900
calendar convenience. 
But by the intersection of crop 

2371
02:11:48,900 --> 02:11:52,400
Readiness and thermal reality 
work Crews would start Before 

2372
02:11:52,400 --> 02:11:55,600
Dawn race against the climbing 
sun and take extended mid-day 

2373
02:11:55,600 --> 02:11:58,700
breaks that weren't laziness. 
But practical physics, the 

2374
02:11:58,700 --> 02:12:01,500
afternoon shift would resume 
only when Shadows grew long and 

2375
02:12:01,500 --> 02:12:05,000
are began to cool indoor work 
adapted to heat with equal 

2376
02:12:05,000 --> 02:12:07,800
sophistication. 
Your great-grandmother's kitchen

2377
02:12:07,800 --> 02:12:10,700
operated on thermal logic, that 
would impress modern efficiency.

2378
02:12:10,700 --> 02:12:14,000
Experts bread, baking happened. 
In the early morning using 

2379
02:12:14,000 --> 02:12:16,600
retained heat for multiple 
batches before the day became 

2380
02:12:16,600 --> 02:12:19,300
unbearable. 
Canning and preserving essential

2381
02:12:19,300 --> 02:12:22,200
work that unfortunately. 
Generated lots of heat was 

2382
02:12:22,200 --> 02:12:24,800
scheduled for the coolest days 
of available or done in outdoor 

2383
02:12:24,800 --> 02:12:27,200
kitchens that kept the heat away
from Living Spaces. 

2384
02:12:27,200 --> 02:12:30,500
Laundry day was perhaps the most
thermally challenging work. 

2385
02:12:30,500 --> 02:12:34,500
Your ancestors faced heating 
water, boiling, clothes, or 

2386
02:12:34,500 --> 02:12:37,200
clothes. 
And using Hot Irons could turn a

2387
02:12:37,200 --> 02:12:40,200
house into a furnace. 
Smart housekeepers, develop 

2388
02:12:40,200 --> 02:12:42,800
strategies, that sound almost 
military in their Precision 

2389
02:12:42,800 --> 02:12:46,200
Heating water Outdoors. 
When possible doing washing, in 

2390
02:12:46,200 --> 02:12:49,000
early morning, or late evening, 
and saving ironing for the 

2391
02:12:49,000 --> 02:12:53,300
coolest days, some families even
had separate wash houses, small 

2392
02:12:53,300 --> 02:12:56,400
buildings dedicated to heat 
generating work that kept the 

2393
02:12:56,400 --> 02:12:59,500
main house comfortable. 
Professional work adapted to 

2394
02:12:59,500 --> 02:13:01,700
heat in ways that shaped entire 
Industries. 

2395
02:13:02,600 --> 02:13:06,000
Blacksmiths and metal workers 
who dealt with extreme heat as 

2396
02:13:06,000 --> 02:13:09,500
part of their craft developed 
techniques for managing both the

2397
02:13:09,500 --> 02:13:12,200
heat of their forges and the 
ambient heat of Summer. 

2398
02:13:13,100 --> 02:13:15,800
They worked shorter shift during
hot weather started. 

2399
02:13:15,800 --> 02:13:18,900
Early and took longer breaks 
their shops were designed with 

2400
02:13:18,900 --> 02:13:21,500
sophisticated ventilation 
systems, that would impress. 

2401
02:13:21,500 --> 02:13:25,100
Modern industrial Engineers. 
The concept of the work day 

2402
02:13:25,100 --> 02:13:27,600
itself was more flexible into 
the pre-air conditioning era. 

2403
02:13:28,700 --> 02:13:31,400
During the hottest weeks of 
Summer, many businesses would 

2404
02:13:31,400 --> 02:13:34,200
close during midday hours and 
reopen in the evening. 

2405
02:13:34,200 --> 02:13:37,000
Staying open later to take 
advantage of cooler air. 

2406
02:13:37,900 --> 02:13:41,400
Such Behavior wasn't vacation. 
It was thermal adaptation that 

2407
02:13:41,400 --> 02:13:44,700
actually increased productivity 
by working with natural cycles, 

2408
02:13:44,700 --> 02:13:46,900
rather than against them. 
Your ancestors. 

2409
02:13:46,900 --> 02:13:49,600
Understood something. 
We've largely forgotten, the 

2410
02:13:49,600 --> 02:13:52,300
human performance varies 
dramatically with temperature 

2411
02:13:52,300 --> 02:13:55,800
and fighting this reality is 
less efficient than adapting to 

2412
02:13:55,800 --> 02:13:58,400
it. 
Thermal Comfort significantly 

2413
02:13:58,400 --> 02:14:01,700
affects cognitive function, 
physical endurance, and even 

2414
02:14:01,700 --> 02:14:05,200
mood as modern research confirms
their intuitive understanding. 

2415
02:14:06,100 --> 02:14:09,200
They scheduled demanding mental 
work for cool hours and saved 

2416
02:14:09,200 --> 02:14:11,800
routine tasks for times when 
heat May concentration. 

2417
02:14:11,800 --> 02:14:15,700
Difficult rest wasn't just the 
absence of work, it was active 

2418
02:14:15,700 --> 02:14:19,800
Heap management, the afternoon 
csda, which we often dismiss as 

2419
02:14:19,800 --> 02:14:23,100
laziness was actually a 
sophisticated recovery strategy,

2420
02:14:23,100 --> 02:14:26,500
your great grandparents 
understood that forcing the body

2421
02:14:26,500 --> 02:14:30,100
to maintain High activity levels
during the peak heat, created 

2422
02:14:30,100 --> 02:14:32,400
fatigue, that would affect 
productivity for the rest of the

2423
02:14:32,400 --> 02:14:35,200
day by resting. 
During the hottest hours, they 

2424
02:14:35,200 --> 02:14:36,700
preserved energy for evening 
work. 

2425
02:14:36,700 --> 02:14:40,300
When conditions improved, Sleep 
itself, required thermal 

2426
02:14:40,300 --> 02:14:42,400
strategy, your great-grandmother
didn't. 

2427
02:14:42,400 --> 02:14:45,800
Just go to bed, she prepared for
sleep with the same attention to

2428
02:14:45,800 --> 02:14:47,500
cooling. 
That you might give to adjusting

2429
02:14:47,500 --> 02:14:50,400
your thermostat beds, were 
positioned to catch evening. 

2430
02:14:50,400 --> 02:14:54,000
Breezes bedrooms were open to 
night air and even sleep. 

2431
02:14:54,000 --> 02:14:56,900
Schedule shifted with the 
seasons, some of their times 

2432
02:14:56,900 --> 02:14:58,900
were later. 
Taking advantage of cooler 

2433
02:14:58,900 --> 02:15:02,000
evening hours while wait times 
were early to capture the cool 

2434
02:15:02,000 --> 02:15:05,500
of dawn, the social aspects of 
work also adapted to heat. 

2435
02:15:05,500 --> 02:15:08,900
Quilting bees barn-raising and 
Community work. 

2436
02:15:08,900 --> 02:15:12,100
Projects were scheduled for 
cooler weather when possible or 

2437
02:15:12,100 --> 02:15:14,800
organized to take advantage of 
shared cooling strategies. 

2438
02:15:15,600 --> 02:15:17,500
Group work, meant shared 
cooling, wisdom. 

2439
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:20,100
Someone always knew which area 
stayed coolest. 

2440
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:23,300
When breezes were strongest or 
how to organize tasks to 

2441
02:15:23,300 --> 02:15:26,900
minimize heat generation, Your 
ancestors developed, what we 

2442
02:15:26,900 --> 02:15:29,600
might call thermal efficiency. 
The ability to accomplish 

2443
02:15:29,600 --> 02:15:32,200
necessary work while generating 
and absorbing the least 

2444
02:15:32,200 --> 02:15:35,700
possible, Heat, Such efficiency 
wasn't just about personal 

2445
02:15:35,700 --> 02:15:37,700
Comfort. 
It was about sustainable 

2446
02:15:37,700 --> 02:15:39,300
productivity. 
That could be maintained 

2447
02:15:39,300 --> 02:15:42,200
throughout long hot summers 
without exhaustion or heat 

2448
02:15:42,200 --> 02:15:44,800
related illness your 
great-grandmother's wardrobe. 

2449
02:15:44,800 --> 02:15:46,200
Wasn't just about looking 
proper. 

2450
02:15:46,200 --> 02:15:49,200
It was an engineering Marvel 
designed to make summer heat 

2451
02:15:49,200 --> 02:15:52,200
bearable while maintaining 
social respectability, every 

2452
02:15:52,200 --> 02:15:55,500
fabric Choice, every style 
decision, and every accessory, 

2453
02:15:55,500 --> 02:15:58,600
served a dual purpose, keeping 
cool, and looking appropriate. 

2454
02:15:59,500 --> 02:16:01,800
While you might throw on shorts 
in a t-shirt for hot weather, 

2455
02:16:01,800 --> 02:16:04,200
she had to work within social 
expectations. 

2456
02:16:04,200 --> 02:16:07,000
That required, much more 
coverage, making her cooling 

2457
02:16:07,000 --> 02:16:09,200
strategies far more 
sophisticated than yours. 

2458
02:16:10,400 --> 02:16:13,100
The Fabrics, your ancestors 
chose reveal their profound 

2459
02:16:13,100 --> 02:16:16,600
understanding of thermal 
properties, linen cotton and 

2460
02:16:16,600 --> 02:16:19,100
other natural. 
Fibers weren't selected, just 

2461
02:16:19,100 --> 02:16:21,000
because synthetic materials 
didn't exist. 

2462
02:16:21,000 --> 02:16:25,100
They were chosen because they 
breathed absorbed moisture and 

2463
02:16:25,100 --> 02:16:27,800
allowed air circulation in ways 
that kept the body cooler. 

2464
02:16:27,800 --> 02:16:31,700
Your great-grandmother that 
loose we Fabrics created tiny 

2465
02:16:31,700 --> 02:16:35,400
air pockets that insulated 
against Heat Well, tight weaves 

2466
02:16:35,400 --> 02:16:39,200
trapped hot air against the skin
color science played a crucial 

2467
02:16:39,200 --> 02:16:41,299
role in pre-air conditioning 
fashion. 

2468
02:16:41,299 --> 02:16:43,799
Light colors weren't just 
fashionable in summer. 

2469
02:16:43,808 --> 02:16:47,299
They were essential technology 
reflecting heat rather than 

2470
02:16:47,299 --> 02:16:50,000
absorbing it. 
Your great-grandmother's white 

2471
02:16:50,000 --> 02:16:53,500
cotton dresses, light-colored 
parasols and pale summer hats 

2472
02:16:53,500 --> 02:16:55,700
were essentially, wearable, 
cooling systems, that modern 

2473
02:16:55,700 --> 02:16:58,100
researchers confirmed as 
remarkably effective heat 

2474
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:01,000
management. 
The layering strategies, your 

2475
02:17:01,000 --> 02:17:03,799
ancestors developed would 
impress modern outdoor gear 

2476
02:17:03,799 --> 02:17:06,799
designers, they understood that 
multiple light layers, could be 

2477
02:17:06,808 --> 02:17:09,799
adjusted throughout the day as 
temperatures changed allowing 

2478
02:17:09,799 --> 02:17:14,299
for fine-tuned thermal control. 
A light shamise, followed by a 

2479
02:17:14,299 --> 02:17:17,200
cotton dress topped with a 
removable shawl or jacket 

2480
02:17:17,200 --> 02:17:19,400
created. 
A flexible system that could 

2481
02:17:19,400 --> 02:17:21,500
adapt to morning. 
Coolness midday heat and 

2482
02:17:21,500 --> 02:17:23,799
evening. 
Breezes your great grandfather 

2483
02:17:23,799 --> 02:17:26,000
summer work clothes, tell their 
own cooling story. 

2484
02:17:26,000 --> 02:17:29,200
Those loose overalls were just 
practical for farm work. 

2485
02:17:29,200 --> 02:17:32,100
They allowed air circulation 
around the body while protecting

2486
02:17:32,100 --> 02:17:34,900
skin from the Sun, the wide 
brimmed hats. 

2487
02:17:34,900 --> 02:17:37,900
That seem purely functional were
actually sophisticated cooling 

2488
02:17:37,900 --> 02:17:40,299
devices. 
Creating portable shade while 

2489
02:17:40,299 --> 02:17:42,200
allowing heat to escape from the
head. 

2490
02:17:42,200 --> 02:17:45,500
Even suspenders served, a 
cooling purpose, holding the 

2491
02:17:45,500 --> 02:17:47,500
pants away from the body to 
allow air circulation 

2492
02:17:47,500 --> 02:17:51,000
hairstyling in the pre-air. 
Conditioning era was as much 

2493
02:17:51,000 --> 02:17:54,700
about temperature management. 
As it was about fashion, your 

2494
02:17:54,700 --> 02:17:57,100
great-grandmother's, elaborate 
updos weren't just decorative. 

2495
02:17:57,100 --> 02:17:59,900
They lifted hair off the neck 
and allowed air to circulate 

2496
02:17:59,900 --> 02:18:02,500
around one of the body's most 
effective cooling zones. 

2497
02:18:03,299 --> 02:18:06,600
Those intricate braids and buns.
That looks so complicated in Old

2498
02:18:06,600 --> 02:18:09,299
photographs were actually 
practical cooling technology 

2499
02:18:09,299 --> 02:18:13,200
disguised as Beauty routines. 
Undergarments of the era reveal,

2500
02:18:13,200 --> 02:18:16,400
the sophisticated, understanding
your ancestors, had of thermal 

2501
02:18:16,400 --> 02:18:19,500
regulation. 
While the idea of corsets and 

2502
02:18:19,500 --> 02:18:22,000
multiple, petticoats might seem 
stifling to you. 

2503
02:18:22,000 --> 02:18:25,600
These garments were designed to 
create air pockets and allow 

2504
02:18:25,600 --> 02:18:28,600
circulation while maintaining 
the silhouette that social 

2505
02:18:28,600 --> 02:18:32,400
expectations demanded. some are 
undergarments were made from the

2506
02:18:32,400 --> 02:18:36,000
lightest possible materials and 
designed to Wick moisture away 

2507
02:18:36,000 --> 02:18:39,500
from the body thermal reality 
completely shaped food culture 

2508
02:18:39,500 --> 02:18:42,600
in the pre-air conditioning era,
Your great-grandmother didn't 

2509
02:18:42,600 --> 02:18:45,100
have avoid using the oven in 
summer because she was trying to

2510
02:18:45,108 --> 02:18:47,200
save energy. 
She avoided it because heating 

2511
02:18:47,200 --> 02:18:49,400
the kitchen could make the 
entire house on bearable for 

2512
02:18:49,400 --> 02:18:51,900
days. 
Summer menus were essentially 

2513
02:18:51,900 --> 02:18:57,100
cooling strategies to meals cold
suits, fresh salads and uncooked

2514
02:18:57,100 --> 02:18:59,700
Foods weren't just refreshing. 
They were thermal management. 

2515
02:19:00,799 --> 02:19:04,299
Your ancestors understood that 
digestion itself generates body 

2516
02:19:04,299 --> 02:19:06,500
heat. 
So some of meals were lighter 

2517
02:19:06,500 --> 02:19:10,500
easier to digest and required 
less internal energy to process 

2518
02:19:10,500 --> 02:19:13,000
those. 
Elaborate cold salads and 

2519
02:19:13,000 --> 02:19:16,799
chilled soups that seem so 
elegant in Old cookbooks or 

2520
02:19:16,799 --> 02:19:20,299
actually sophisticated cooling 
technology preservation methods 

2521
02:19:20,299 --> 02:19:22,200
adapted to heat in ingenious 
ways. 

2522
02:19:22,200 --> 02:19:25,500
Route sellers springhills a nice
houses weren't just food 

2523
02:19:25,500 --> 02:19:27,500
storage. 
They were Community cooling 

2524
02:19:27,500 --> 02:19:30,299
infrastructure. 
Your great-grandmother might 

2525
02:19:30,299 --> 02:19:32,900
plan her weekly menu around what
could be stored without 

2526
02:19:32,900 --> 02:19:35,100
generating heat. 
What could be prepared without 

2527
02:19:35,100 --> 02:19:37,799
cooking and what would actually 
help cool the body from the 

2528
02:19:37,799 --> 02:19:41,100
inside? 
Beverages became medicine in the

2529
02:19:41,100 --> 02:19:44,500
pre-air conditioning World. 
Sweet tea, lemonade, and other 

2530
02:19:44,500 --> 02:19:46,200
cooling drinks weren't just 
Refreshments. 

2531
02:19:46,200 --> 02:19:50,000
They were thermal therapy. 
Your ancestors understood that 

2532
02:19:50,000 --> 02:19:52,300
certain ingredients could 
actually help the body cool 

2533
02:19:52,300 --> 02:19:54,500
itself While others would make 
heat worse. 

2534
02:19:55,300 --> 02:19:58,500
Mint cucumber and citrus served.
Not only as flavoring but also 

2535
02:19:58,500 --> 02:20:02,100
as internal cooling agents, even
social dining adapted to heat 

2536
02:20:02,100 --> 02:20:04,700
management. 
Some are entertaining moved 

2537
02:20:04,700 --> 02:20:07,700
Outdoors, not just for Ambience 
but for thermal practicality 

2538
02:20:07,700 --> 02:20:11,400
Garden parties, picnics and 
outdoor dining took advantage of

2539
02:20:11,400 --> 02:20:14,300
breezes and shade. 
While keeping Z heat generating 

2540
02:20:14,300 --> 02:20:17,300
cooking activities away from 
Living Spaces, your great 

2541
02:20:17,300 --> 02:20:19,400
grandmother's summer dinner 
party is were carefully 

2542
02:20:19,400 --> 02:20:22,100
choreographed to minimize heat 
generation while maximizing 

2543
02:20:22,100 --> 02:20:24,800
cooling opportunities. 
The timing of meals. 

2544
02:20:24,800 --> 02:20:28,500
Shifted with thermal reality 
breakfast, might be substantial,

2545
02:20:28,500 --> 02:20:31,300
taking advantage of cool, 
morning air for cooking and 

2546
02:20:31,300 --> 02:20:33,600
eating lunch became lighter and 
simpler. 

2547
02:20:33,600 --> 02:20:36,800
While dinner was often delayed 
until evening when both cooking 

2548
02:20:36,800 --> 02:20:39,400
and eating could happen in more 
comfortable temperatures. 

2549
02:20:39,400 --> 02:20:42,900
Your ancestors didn't eat by the
clock, they ate by the 

2550
02:20:42,908 --> 02:20:45,200
thermometer. 
These weren't just survival 

2551
02:20:45,200 --> 02:20:47,800
strategies, they created a 
culture of Elegance and 

2552
02:20:47,800 --> 02:20:49,700
sophistication. 
That worked within natural 

2553
02:20:49,700 --> 02:20:51,500
limits, rather than trying to 
overcome them. 

2554
02:20:51,500 --> 02:20:54,300
Your great-grandmother, managed 
to stay cool. 

2555
02:20:54,300 --> 02:20:57,700
Look, beautiful and maintain 
social standards without ever 

2556
02:20:57,700 --> 02:21:00,200
touching a thermostat. 
Creating a lifestyle that was 

2557
02:21:00,200 --> 02:21:02,200
both practical and genuinely 
stylish. 

2558
02:21:02,200 --> 02:21:05,100
As you settle into your climate 
control, bedroom to night, 

2559
02:21:05,100 --> 02:21:08,300
consider how different your 
great grandparents relationship 

2560
02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:11,900
with sleep was during the 
sweltering summer months night 

2561
02:21:11,900 --> 02:21:15,000
wasn't just a time for rest. 
It was the daily reward for 

2562
02:21:15,000 --> 02:21:18,600
surviving another day of heat. 
precious opportunity to cool 

2563
02:21:18,600 --> 02:21:22,500
down recharge and prepare for 
whatever thermal challenge is 

2564
02:21:22,500 --> 02:21:25,000
tomorrow, might bring the 
evening hours. 

2565
02:21:25,000 --> 02:21:28,300
Held a special magic that are 
artificially cooled world has 

2566
02:21:28,300 --> 02:21:31,900
largely forgotten the transition
from day to night was something 

2567
02:21:31,900 --> 02:21:36,300
your ancestors savored like 
wine. has the Sun finally began,

2568
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:40,000
its descent the entire household
would shift into evening mode 

2569
02:21:40,000 --> 02:21:43,400
with the Precision of a 
well-rehearsed Orchestra windows

2570
02:21:43,400 --> 02:21:45,800
that had been strategically 
closed during the heat of the 

2571
02:21:45,800 --> 02:21:48,000
day would begin opening and 
careful sequence. 

2572
02:21:48,000 --> 02:21:51,300
Each one, positioned to catch 
the first hint of cooling air, 

2573
02:21:51,300 --> 02:21:53,000
and encourage it to flow through
the house. 

2574
02:21:53,900 --> 02:21:56,400
Your great grandmother had an 
intimate knowledge of her homes 

2575
02:21:56,400 --> 02:21:59,100
thermal personality. 
She knew which Windows to open 

2576
02:21:59,100 --> 02:22:01,800
first to create the gentle 
suction, that would pull hot air

2577
02:22:01,800 --> 02:22:05,600
out while drawing cooler air in 
She understood the exact moment 

2578
02:22:05,600 --> 02:22:07,900
when the outdoor temperature 
dropped below the indoor 

2579
02:22:07,900 --> 02:22:10,000
temperature. 
The magical threshold when 

2580
02:22:10,000 --> 02:22:13,900
natural ventilation changed from
liability to blessing. this 

2581
02:22:13,900 --> 02:22:17,500
wasn't guesswork, it was science
learned through years of paying 

2582
02:22:17,500 --> 02:22:20,300
attention to the Sea, subtle 
signals that told her when 

2583
02:22:20,300 --> 02:22:23,600
relief was finally available The
bedroom preparation. 

2584
02:22:23,600 --> 02:22:26,800
Rituals of the pier conditioning
era would seem elaborate to you 

2585
02:22:26,800 --> 02:22:29,100
now, but they were essential 
technology for achieving 

2586
02:22:29,100 --> 02:22:32,000
comfortable sleep. 
Beds were positioned, not just 

2587
02:22:32,000 --> 02:22:34,700
for convenience but to catch 
every available Breeze. 

2588
02:22:34,700 --> 02:22:37,900
Your great-grandfather might 
move the entire bed closer to 

2589
02:22:37,900 --> 02:22:40,000
Windows during Heatwave 
transforming. 

2590
02:22:40,000 --> 02:22:42,400
The bedroom layout to take 
advantage of night air movement.

2591
02:22:43,300 --> 02:22:45,700
Bedding became a crucial element
in thermal management. 

2592
02:22:45,700 --> 02:22:50,000
Heavy quilts and comforters were
stored away from the summer by 

2593
02:22:50,000 --> 02:22:52,400
lightweight cotton sheets that 
could breathe with the sleeper. 

2594
02:22:53,200 --> 02:22:56,100
Some families had special summer
sheets, made from linen or 

2595
02:22:56,100 --> 02:22:57,600
cotton. 
So fine. 

2596
02:22:57,600 --> 02:23:01,000
If there was almost like 
sleeping under woven are Pillows

2597
02:23:01,000 --> 02:23:03,500
were swapped for thinner 
versions and even mattresses 

2598
02:23:03,500 --> 02:23:06,400
might be replaced with lighter 
Alternatives that didn't trap 

2599
02:23:06,400 --> 02:23:07,900
and hold body heat throughout 
the night. 

2600
02:23:09,200 --> 02:23:11,600
The evening cooling routine, 
extended Beyond just opening 

2601
02:23:11,600 --> 02:23:15,200
Windows, your great-grandmother 
might take a cool bath or Splash

2602
02:23:15,200 --> 02:23:17,900
cold water on her wrists. 
And neck areas where blood 

2603
02:23:17,900 --> 02:23:19,700
vessels are close to the surface
and cooling. 

2604
02:23:19,700 --> 02:23:21,500
Them could affect the entire 
body's temperature. 

2605
02:23:22,300 --> 02:23:25,300
Hair that had been poured. 
All day would be brushed out in 

2606
02:23:25,300 --> 02:23:28,000
a Range to allow maximum air 
circulation around the neck and 

2607
02:23:28,008 --> 02:23:31,300
head during sleep. 
Children bed time routines, were

2608
02:23:31,300 --> 02:23:34,700
specially adapted to heat 
management lightweight cotton 

2609
02:23:34,700 --> 02:23:37,600
nightgowns replaced heavy, a 
sleepwear, and children might 

2610
02:23:37,600 --> 02:23:40,100
sleep with damp wash clothes on 
their foreheads, or arms. 

2611
02:23:40,800 --> 02:23:43,500
Some parents would lightly, 
dampen sheets with cool water, 

2612
02:23:43,500 --> 02:23:46,200
creating evaporative cooling. 
That could make the difference 

2613
02:23:46,200 --> 02:23:49,400
between restful sleep and a 
night of tossing and turning for

2614
02:23:49,400 --> 02:23:51,900
families fortunate enough to 
have multiple sleeping spaces, 

2615
02:23:51,900 --> 02:23:55,800
summer, brought strategic 
relocations sleeping, porches 

2616
02:23:55,800 --> 02:23:58,300
screened areas that were 
essentially outdoor bedrooms 

2617
02:23:58,300 --> 02:24:02,000
became Havens during the hottest
weeks upper floors, which were 

2618
02:24:02,000 --> 02:24:04,900
stifling during the day, like, 
become comfortable at night, 

2619
02:24:04,900 --> 02:24:07,300
when breezes were stronger at 
higher elevations. 

2620
02:24:07,300 --> 02:24:10,300
Some families would move 
mattresses to the coolest rooms 

2621
02:24:10,300 --> 02:24:12,700
in the house, or even Outdoors 
under mosquito netting, when 

2622
02:24:12,700 --> 02:24:16,400
heat became truly unbearable, 
The sounds of Summer Nights were

2623
02:24:16,400 --> 02:24:18,100
different in the pre-air 
conditioning era. 

2624
02:24:18,700 --> 02:24:22,100
Instead of the constant hum of 
climate control systems your 

2625
02:24:22,100 --> 02:24:23,700
great-grandparents, fell asleep 
to the Natural. 

2626
02:24:23,700 --> 02:24:26,700
Symphony of cooling are the 
whisper of breezes through 

2627
02:24:26,700 --> 02:24:29,500
window screens. 
The Gentle Creek of settling 

2628
02:24:29,500 --> 02:24:32,500
houses as temperatures dropped 
and the distant conversations of

2629
02:24:32,500 --> 02:24:35,500
neighbors also seeking relief on
their porches and in their yards

2630
02:24:36,300 --> 02:24:39,400
Night work took on special 
significance, during hot spells 

2631
02:24:39,400 --> 02:24:42,300
tasks that generated heat. 
During the day could be 

2632
02:24:42,300 --> 02:24:44,700
accomplished in the Blessed, 
coolness of evening and early 

2633
02:24:44,700 --> 02:24:47,400
morning hours. 
Your great-grandmother might do 

2634
02:24:47,400 --> 02:24:51,000
her ironing by Lamplight, taking
advantage of temperatures that 

2635
02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:53,200
made the additional heat 
bearable baking. 

2636
02:24:53,200 --> 02:24:55,500
For the next day, could happen 
in the pre-dawn hours when 

2637
02:24:55,500 --> 02:24:57,600
others wouldn't turn kitchens 
into furnace's. 

2638
02:24:57,600 --> 02:25:01,100
The social aspects of cooling 
extended into the night as well.

2639
02:25:01,100 --> 02:25:05,100
Neighbors might visit each 
other's cooling spots one family

2640
02:25:05,100 --> 02:25:07,700
had a better cross Breeze while 
another had a deeper well with 

2641
02:25:07,700 --> 02:25:09,500
cooler water for late evening 
refreshment. 

2642
02:25:10,300 --> 02:25:12,900
These evening, Gatherings were 
not formal, social events, but 

2643
02:25:12,900 --> 02:25:15,900
spontaneous communities of 
relief were shared cooling 

2644
02:25:15,900 --> 02:25:18,700
strategies and mutual support 
made the heat more bearable for 

2645
02:25:18,700 --> 02:25:21,300
everyone. 
Dawn brought its rituals in the 

2646
02:25:21,300 --> 02:25:24,300
pre-air conditioning World. 
Your great-grandfather would 

2647
02:25:24,300 --> 02:25:27,000
rise early not just to get work 
done before the heat returned 

2648
02:25:27,000 --> 02:25:30,300
but to save those precious hours
when the air was actually cool. 

2649
02:25:31,300 --> 02:25:34,200
The morning routine, included, 
assessing the days thermal 

2650
02:25:34,200 --> 02:25:36,500
prospects. 
Checking cloud, cover feeling 

2651
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:39,500
the air for humidity and making 
strategic decisions about how to

2652
02:25:39,508 --> 02:25:41,600
capture and preserve the 
coolness for as long as 

2653
02:25:41,600 --> 02:25:44,100
possible. 
The cycle would begin again, 

2654
02:25:44,100 --> 02:25:47,300
windows that have been opened to
night are would be strategically

2655
02:25:47,300 --> 02:25:49,500
closed as temperatures began to 
rise. 

2656
02:25:49,500 --> 02:25:53,000
Curtains would be drawn to block
the sun's Heat and the daily 

2657
02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:54,400
dance with temperature would 
resume. 

2658
02:25:55,300 --> 02:25:58,500
But those hours of relief that 
nightly promise of cooling air 

2659
02:25:58,500 --> 02:26:02,000
and comfortable sleep, made it 
all bearable and even beautiful.

2660
02:26:02,900 --> 02:26:05,000
Your ancestors didn't just 
survive the heat. 

2661
02:26:05,000 --> 02:26:08,700
They created lives of Grace and 
comfort within natural limits 

2662
02:26:08,700 --> 02:26:11,400
that required wisdom patients 
and Community. 

2663
02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:15,200
They understood something, we're
still learning that working with

2664
02:26:15,200 --> 02:26:17,000
natural cycles rather than 
against them. 

2665
02:26:17,000 --> 02:26:19,900
Can create not just 
sustainability, but genuine 

2666
02:26:19,900 --> 02:26:23,900
contentment As you drift off to 
sleep tonight, in your climate 

2667
02:26:23,900 --> 02:26:26,600
controlled comfort. 
You might just dream of summary 

2668
02:26:26,600 --> 02:26:28,400
evening's. 
When cool air was a gift to be 

2669
02:26:28,400 --> 02:26:31,500
savored and relief was something
earned through the simple 

2670
02:26:31,500 --> 02:26:33,900
passage of time. 
And the reliable promise that 

2671
02:26:33,900 --> 02:26:36,800
every hot day of eventually 
surrendered to the cooling mercy

2672
02:26:36,800 --> 02:26:42,100
of night, You know how it feels 
to feel so tiny, while you're 

2673
02:26:42,100 --> 02:26:44,600
laying on your back in the grass
and gazing up at the stars. 

2674
02:26:44,600 --> 02:26:48,300
Congratulations, your 
experiencing exactly the same 

2675
02:26:48,300 --> 02:26:51,000
thing that most likely some 
40,000 years ago. 

2676
02:26:51,000 --> 02:26:55,100
Ignited, human astronomy. 
Imagine that as an early human, 

2677
02:26:55,100 --> 02:26:57,800
your main worries are avoiding 
being eaten by an animal with 

2678
02:26:57,800 --> 02:27:00,700
larger teeth than you and 
determining where you will get 

2679
02:27:00,700 --> 02:27:04,300
your next meal. 
However, as night falls, there 

2680
02:27:04,300 --> 02:27:08,500
it is, this breathtaking, light 
display above your head, totally

2681
02:27:08,500 --> 02:27:11,400
free of cost and without the 
need for a subscription service,

2682
02:27:11,400 --> 02:27:14,500
you might initially assume that 
these prehistoric people were 

2683
02:27:14,500 --> 02:27:17,800
too preoccupied with survival to
be interested in Celestial 

2684
02:27:17,800 --> 02:27:20,900
mechanics. 
The interesting part though is 

2685
02:27:20,900 --> 02:27:23,200
that they were compelled to 
become the first astronomers in 

2686
02:27:23,208 --> 02:27:26,300
history. 
You see the sky becomes your 

2687
02:27:26,300 --> 02:27:28,800
ultimate scheduling tool when 
you don't have a calendar to 

2688
02:27:28,800 --> 02:27:31,800
remind you when it's time to 
plant crops or a smartphone to 

2689
02:27:31,800 --> 02:27:34,600
alert you, when spring as 
approaching the stars were not 

2690
02:27:34,600 --> 02:27:37,500
Hazard up their like glitter on 
a black tablecloth. 

2691
02:27:37,500 --> 02:27:41,600
As those early stargazers noted 
like a cosmic clock that never 

2692
02:27:41,600 --> 02:27:44,100
needed to be wound. 
They moved in predictable 

2693
02:27:44,100 --> 02:27:48,000
patterns Eventually the same 
stars that had emerged over the 

2694
02:27:48,000 --> 02:27:50,800
Eastern Horizon, would march 
across the sky and vanish in the

2695
02:27:50,800 --> 02:27:53,900
west only to reappear the 
following night with the slight 

2696
02:27:53,900 --> 02:27:57,700
shift, then came the sun which 
was as Dependable as a Swiss 

2697
02:27:57,700 --> 02:28:01,100
watch rising in the East and 
setting in the west each and 

2698
02:28:01,100 --> 02:28:04,200
every day. 
Aside from hold on a second. 

2699
02:28:05,000 --> 02:28:07,900
It appeared to travel a much 
slower lower route to cross the 

2700
02:28:07,900 --> 02:28:10,700
sky in the winter, hardly 
bothering to reach very high 

2701
02:28:10,700 --> 02:28:12,400
before deciding to call it 
today. 

2702
02:28:12,400 --> 02:28:15,700
It jumped High overhead and 
stayed out until what felt like 

2703
02:28:15,708 --> 02:28:18,700
bedtime in the summer 
practically bouncing out of bed.

2704
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:22,500
This was survival information, 
not just idle curiosity. 

2705
02:28:23,500 --> 02:28:26,400
He was time to start searching 
for certain plants that would 

2706
02:28:26,400 --> 02:28:29,200
soon be ripening when that 
specific cluster of stars 

2707
02:28:29,200 --> 02:28:32,200
appeared shortly before Dawn, 
you could tell winter was 

2708
02:28:32,200 --> 02:28:34,200
easing. 
When the sun began to shine for 

2709
02:28:34,200 --> 02:28:37,500
longer periods of time each day 
even more fascinating, was the 

2710
02:28:37,500 --> 02:28:39,400
moon. 
The moon appeared to have a 

2711
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:42,900
personality disorder in contrast
to the sun, which essentially 

2712
02:28:42,900 --> 02:28:45,500
followed a predictable routine 
at times. 

2713
02:28:45,500 --> 02:28:49,100
It was a perfect circle that was
visible to Hunters at times. 

2714
02:28:49,100 --> 02:28:53,700
It resembled a cosmic smile a 
thin Crescent at times. 

2715
02:28:53,700 --> 02:28:57,800
It vanished completely leaving 
the night as dark as a caves in 

2716
02:28:57,800 --> 02:29:00,300
tirion. 
The moon, however had a despite 

2717
02:29:00,300 --> 02:29:03,900
its seeming moodiness. 
Humanity's first calendar system

2718
02:29:03,900 --> 02:29:07,300
was based on the Dependable 
pattern of roughly, 29 and a 

2719
02:29:07,308 --> 02:29:11,100
half days between full moons. 
When you could simply look up 

2720
02:29:11,100 --> 02:29:13,800
and see what phase the moon was 
in, you didn't need to count 

2721
02:29:13,800 --> 02:29:17,100
days these earlier astronomers, 
let's call them that because 

2722
02:29:17,100 --> 02:29:19,500
even without fancy degrees or 
telescopes, they were 

2723
02:29:19,500 --> 02:29:22,700
unquestionably, astronomers 
started to notice something else

2724
02:29:22,700 --> 02:29:26,700
night after night. 
Year after year, the majority of

2725
02:29:26,700 --> 02:29:30,000
stars remained in the same 
relative positions that group 

2726
02:29:30,000 --> 02:29:32,000
continued to appear, like a big 
dipper. 

2727
02:29:32,000 --> 02:29:35,700
It appears that ancient people 
had very active imaginations 

2728
02:29:35,700 --> 02:29:38,900
when it came to connecting dots 
because that row of stars that 

2729
02:29:38,900 --> 02:29:41,100
someone thought looked like a 
belt remained a belt. 

2730
02:29:41,100 --> 02:29:43,700
The troublemakers. 
However were a few luminous 

2731
02:29:43,700 --> 02:29:46,300
objects that Rove the sky as if 
they were unsure of their 

2732
02:29:46,300 --> 02:29:49,200
destination. 
Later, the Greeks would refer to

2733
02:29:49,200 --> 02:29:51,700
them as planets, which means, 
Wanderers. 

2734
02:29:51,700 --> 02:29:53,700
And that is what we still call 
them today. 

2735
02:29:54,700 --> 02:29:58,700
Five of these roving Stars 
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and

2736
02:29:58,700 --> 02:30:02,000
Saturn were visible to ancient 
observers, even in the absence 

2737
02:30:02,000 --> 02:30:05,400
of telescope's Venus was 
especially perplexing because it

2738
02:30:05,400 --> 02:30:08,900
seemed to be too distinct Stars 
one that emerged shortly before 

2739
02:30:08,900 --> 02:30:10,900
sunrise and another shortly 
after Sunset. 

2740
02:30:10,900 --> 02:30:14,400
It took a long time for someone 
to realize that it was the son 

2741
02:30:14,400 --> 02:30:16,100
playing peekaboo with the same 
object. 

2742
02:30:16,100 --> 02:30:19,500
These observations were merely 
remembered as fascinating 

2743
02:30:19,500 --> 02:30:23,100
anecdotes, as the generations 
went by, they were assimilated 

2744
02:30:23,100 --> 02:30:26,000
into everyday life and became 
fundamental knowledge. 

2745
02:30:26,800 --> 02:30:30,000
Seasons were approaching when 
certain Stars Rose at particular

2746
02:30:30,000 --> 02:30:32,800
times, the amount of light 
available for nighttime. 

2747
02:30:32,800 --> 02:30:36,100
Activities was determined by the
moon's position where the 

2748
02:30:36,100 --> 02:30:38,000
patterns were predicted by the 
path of the sun. 

2749
02:30:38,000 --> 02:30:41,500
Priests or shamans, who were the
communities official timekeepers

2750
02:30:41,500 --> 02:30:44,400
and weather forecasters were 
frequently entrusted with this 

2751
02:30:44,400 --> 02:30:47,500
knowledge because it was so 
valuable that it became sacred, 

2752
02:30:47,500 --> 02:30:51,500
Not only was it helpful, but it 
was almost magical to be able to

2753
02:30:51,500 --> 02:30:54,000
predict with Precision when 
spring all the rains would 

2754
02:30:54,000 --> 02:30:56,600
arrive. 
It is understandable why early 

2755
02:30:56,600 --> 02:30:59,900
astronomers frequently occupied 
highly esteemed and influential 

2756
02:30:59,900 --> 02:31:03,800
roles in their communities. 
What's truly amazing though is 

2757
02:31:03,800 --> 02:31:06,400
that all of this highly Advanced
pattern recognition and 

2758
02:31:06,400 --> 02:31:10,100
observation was taking place, 
thousands of years before anyone

2759
02:31:10,100 --> 02:31:12,400
even had a magnifying glass to 
improve their vision. 

2760
02:31:13,300 --> 02:31:15,600
All that these ancient 
astronomers had to work with 

2761
02:31:15,600 --> 02:31:19,100
with their unaided eyes, their 
intellects and an almost 

2762
02:31:19,100 --> 02:31:22,300
unnatural patients for observing
the sky year after year and 

2763
02:31:22,300 --> 02:31:25,500
night after night, they were 
unable to see the craters on our

2764
02:31:25,500 --> 02:31:29,300
own Moon, the moon's of Jupiter,
or the rings of Saturn, they 

2765
02:31:29,300 --> 02:31:32,000
didn't know that those five 
stray stars were worlds in and 

2766
02:31:32,000 --> 02:31:34,500
of themselves. 
Although that the Milky Way, was

2767
02:31:34,500 --> 02:31:36,600
composed of billions of 
individual Stars. 

2768
02:31:36,600 --> 02:31:40,200
However, they could tell you the
precise time of the next full 

2769
02:31:40,200 --> 02:31:43,900
moon, the sun's Zenith or which 
stars would be visible on any 

2770
02:31:43,900 --> 02:31:46,700
given night of the year compared
to many of us today. 

2771
02:31:46,700 --> 02:31:49,600
These early observers had a 
deeper understanding of the sky.

2772
02:31:50,500 --> 02:31:53,200
How recently have you observed, 
the Big Dipper's gradual 

2773
02:31:53,200 --> 02:31:55,300
nighttime, rotation around the 
North Star? 

2774
02:31:56,000 --> 02:31:59,700
or that if you know, exactly 
where to look Venus can 

2775
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:03,300
occasionally be seen during the 
day The sky was a constant 

2776
02:32:03,300 --> 02:32:05,900
companion to these ancient 
astronomers who read it. 

2777
02:32:05,900 --> 02:32:08,800
As we do the news, the 
longest-running scientific 

2778
02:32:08,800 --> 02:32:12,500
Endeavor in human history had 
suddenly started Tens of 

2779
02:32:12,500 --> 02:32:16,100
thousands of years, it would go 
on uninterrupted, evolving from 

2780
02:32:16,100 --> 02:32:18,900
one generation to the next and 
becoming more accurate and 

2781
02:32:18,908 --> 02:32:23,400
sophisticated with every Century
that went by all because someone

2782
02:32:23,400 --> 02:32:26,000
somewhere thought that perhaps 
the lovely lights in the sky 

2783
02:32:26,000 --> 02:32:27,800
were trying to convey something 
significant. 

2784
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:31,200
We must now briefly discuss the 
ancient Egyptians if we were to 

2785
02:32:31,200 --> 02:32:34,400
discuss people who took 
astronomy, seriously These 

2786
02:32:34,400 --> 02:32:37,600
people centered their entire 
civilization on the Stars, not 

2787
02:32:37,600 --> 02:32:40,700
just observing them. 
And by built, I mean, literally,

2788
02:32:40,700 --> 02:32:43,400
as they positioned their 
monuments, with the accuracy of 

2789
02:32:43,408 --> 02:32:47,500
a fine watchmaker in relation to
celestial objects, most likely 

2790
02:32:47,500 --> 02:32:50,500
you've heard of the Great 
Pyramid of Giza that enormous 

2791
02:32:50,500 --> 02:32:53,600
Stone construction that still 
baffles Engineers today and 

2792
02:32:53,600 --> 02:32:55,700
leaves them wondering how in the
world it was built. 

2793
02:32:56,500 --> 02:32:59,200
What you might not know though, 
is that it is oriented. 

2794
02:32:59,200 --> 02:33:02,300
So closely to True North. 
That the difference is less than

2795
02:33:02,300 --> 02:33:05,800
150 of a degree. 
That's more accurate than a lot 

2796
02:33:05,808 --> 02:33:09,500
of contemporary buildings to put
that in perspective, without GPS

2797
02:33:09,500 --> 02:33:11,500
laser levels or any of the other
tools. 

2798
02:33:11,500 --> 02:33:14,300
We now consider necessary. 
How did they accomplish this? 

2799
02:33:15,200 --> 02:33:18,700
Naturally they made use of the 
Stars they specifically employed

2800
02:33:18,700 --> 02:33:22,200
a method based on the North Pole
circumference which stars follow

2801
02:33:22,200 --> 02:33:25,400
they were able to determine True
North with remarkable accuracy 

2802
02:33:25,400 --> 02:33:29,000
by observing a star at its 
eastern and western extremes 

2803
02:33:29,000 --> 02:33:31,800
during the night and then 
calculating the midpoint between

2804
02:33:31,800 --> 02:33:34,800
those positions. 
However, the Egyptians weren't 

2805
02:33:34,800 --> 02:33:37,600
merely showcasing their powers 
in building pyramids, they were 

2806
02:33:37,600 --> 02:33:41,100
obsessed with astronomy for 
pragmatic reasons, the Nile 

2807
02:33:41,100 --> 02:33:44,500
Rivers yearly flooding, which 
spread Rich fertile over. 

2808
02:33:44,500 --> 02:33:47,700
The Farmland was a central to 
Egypt's entire agricultural 

2809
02:33:47,700 --> 02:33:50,100
system. 
Risk starvation. 

2810
02:33:50,100 --> 02:33:53,100
If you missed the timing of this
flood, if you do it correctly, 

2811
02:33:53,100 --> 02:33:56,800
you will have a lot of crops. 
The issue was that unlike many 

2812
02:33:56,800 --> 02:34:00,100
other cultures, the flooding of 
the Nile did not occur according

2813
02:34:00,100 --> 02:34:04,000
to the lunar calendar, rather it
tracked, what is now known as 

2814
02:34:04,000 --> 02:34:06,500
the solely year which is the 
amount of time? 

2815
02:34:06,500 --> 02:34:10,200
It takes for Earth to complete 
one orbit around the Sun as a 

2816
02:34:10,200 --> 02:34:12,900
result, the Egyptians had to 
monitor, the sun's position far 

2817
02:34:12,900 --> 02:34:15,100
more precisely than their 
neighbors every year. 

2818
02:34:15,100 --> 02:34:18,400
They observe that a specific 
star would emerge on the Eastern

2819
02:34:18,400 --> 02:34:21,100
Horizon. 
Just Before Dawn, right before 

2820
02:34:21,100 --> 02:34:24,800
the Nile started to flood, their
Cosmic alarm clock, was this 

2821
02:34:24,800 --> 02:34:28,300
star, which we call serious, and
they called sopped it. 

2822
02:34:29,300 --> 02:34:33,000
After being invisible for weeks,
serious appeared in the pre-dawn

2823
02:34:33,000 --> 02:34:35,700
sky signaling that the flood 
would arrive in a few days. 

2824
02:34:35,700 --> 02:34:39,400
They created one of the most 
precise calendars in Antiquity 

2825
02:34:39,400 --> 02:34:43,600
based on this observation, 
creating a 365-day year that was

2826
02:34:43,600 --> 02:34:45,400
only off by roughly a quarter of
a day. 

2827
02:34:46,100 --> 02:34:48,700
Not bad for those with boundless
patients and stone tools. 

2828
02:34:48,700 --> 02:34:52,000
We also have some of the oldest 
written records of astronomical 

2829
02:34:52,000 --> 02:34:54,900
observations, from the 
Egyptians, they made maps of the

2830
02:34:54,900 --> 02:34:58,200
Stars, monitored the motion of 
planets, and device complex 

2831
02:34:58,200 --> 02:35:00,600
techniques for determining the 
time at night. 

2832
02:35:01,900 --> 02:35:05,200
As each Deacon Rose above the 
Horizon during the night, it 

2833
02:35:05,200 --> 02:35:07,900
marked the passage of time like 
a Celestial clock. 

2834
02:35:08,800 --> 02:35:11,500
They separated the night sky 
into 36 sections. 

2835
02:35:11,500 --> 02:35:14,600
Each of which was linked to a 
group of stars known as a 

2836
02:35:14,600 --> 02:35:17,700
deacon, as the official 
astronomers their priests 

2837
02:35:17,700 --> 02:35:20,300
developed extraordinary. 
Skills in four casting Heavenly 

2838
02:35:20,300 --> 02:35:22,800
occurrences. 
They could predict precisely 

2839
02:35:22,800 --> 02:35:25,700
when the Sun would rise to 
particular positions in the sky.

2840
02:35:25,700 --> 02:35:29,600
When the next new moon would 
occur and went specific Stars 

2841
02:35:29,600 --> 02:35:33,300
would rise, the Pharaohs divinal
Authority, agricultural, 

2842
02:35:33,300 --> 02:35:35,800
planning and religious 
ceremonies all depended on this 

2843
02:35:35,800 --> 02:35:39,800
knowledge which was not merely 
academic, Seeking a pharaohs. 

2844
02:35:39,800 --> 02:35:43,200
The Egyptians considered their 
rulers, to be actual Gods with 

2845
02:35:43,200 --> 02:35:46,500
direct ties to the heavens. 
Their entire approach to 

2846
02:35:46,500 --> 02:35:49,700
astronomy was influenced by this
belief, the Sun. 

2847
02:35:49,700 --> 02:35:53,000
God Ra was frequently equated 
with the pharaoh's divine nature

2848
02:35:53,000 --> 02:35:57,200
and in order to preserve Cosmic 
order significant rituals had to

2849
02:35:57,200 --> 02:36:00,000
be timed to coincide with 
astronomical occurrences. 

2850
02:36:00,000 --> 02:36:03,100
The idea that the solar year 
differs from the lunar year, 

2851
02:36:03,108 --> 02:36:06,700
which is employed by many other 
cultures was also created by the

2852
02:36:06,700 --> 02:36:11,300
Egyptians A solar year which is 
determined by the sun's apparent

2853
02:36:11,300 --> 02:36:12,800
position. 
In relation to the background 

2854
02:36:12,800 --> 02:36:17,900
Stars has roughly 365 and a 
quarter days, whereas a lunar 

2855
02:36:17,900 --> 02:36:22,100
year, which is determined by the
moon's phases has roughly 354 

2856
02:36:22,100 --> 02:36:24,800
days. 
Even though this might not seem 

2857
02:36:24,800 --> 02:36:29,100
like much, it adds up over time 
seasons in a society with a 

2858
02:36:29,100 --> 02:36:31,800
lunar calendar alone would 
progressively become out of sync

2859
02:36:31,800 --> 02:36:34,700
with the calendar, the Egyptians
resolved, this issue by 

2860
02:36:34,700 --> 02:36:37,700
concentrating solely on the sun 
and stars and essentially 

2861
02:36:37,700 --> 02:36:40,000
disregarding the moon for 
calendar purposes. 

2862
02:36:40,900 --> 02:36:43,900
This was a groundbreaking method
that would eventually inform our

2863
02:36:43,900 --> 02:36:46,800
current calendar system and have
an impact on Greek and Roman 

2864
02:36:46,800 --> 02:36:49,700
calendars. 
However, Egyptian astronomers 

2865
02:36:49,700 --> 02:36:52,800
record-keeping was arguably. 
Its most remarkable feature, 

2866
02:36:52,800 --> 02:36:56,700
they tracked long-term Celestial
Cycles by keeping meticulous 

2867
02:36:56,700 --> 02:36:58,700
records of their observations, 
over centuries. 

2868
02:36:59,700 --> 02:37:02,800
They discovered that serious is 
rising gradually changed in 

2869
02:37:02,800 --> 02:37:06,900
relation to their calendar, 
completing a full cycle, every 

2870
02:37:06,900 --> 02:37:11,700
10460 years, rather than simply 
rising at the same time every 

2871
02:37:11,700 --> 02:37:14,300
year. 
They came up with the idea of 

2872
02:37:14,300 --> 02:37:18,200
the suffix cycle, which was 
named after Sophos another name 

2873
02:37:18,200 --> 02:37:20,400
for serious, as a result of this
observation. 

2874
02:37:20,400 --> 02:37:24,000
It's almost unbelievable how 
accurate their observations are 

2875
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:27,500
year after year, the heliacal 
rising of Sirius. 

2876
02:37:27,500 --> 02:37:30,800
The planets first appearance 
Before, Dawn after a period of 

2877
02:37:30,800 --> 02:37:34,100
invisibility, could be predicted
by Egyptian astronomers to 

2878
02:37:34,100 --> 02:37:37,000
within a day or two. 
They were able to observe that 

2879
02:37:37,000 --> 02:37:39,900
Venus has both Morning Star, and
evening star phases. 

2880
02:37:39,900 --> 02:37:43,000
And that Mars has a longer cycle
than the other planets that are 

2881
02:37:43,000 --> 02:37:45,400
visible. 
They even created tools to Aid 

2882
02:37:45,400 --> 02:37:47,700
in their observations. 
They were able to align 

2883
02:37:47,700 --> 02:37:50,700
structures with astronomical 
accuracy, thanks to the market, 

2884
02:37:50,700 --> 02:37:54,200
which was basically a sighting 
tool made from a Parmley Friv, 

2885
02:37:54,200 --> 02:37:57,100
it served as an Antiquated. 
Surveying tool that could 

2886
02:37:57,100 --> 02:37:59,200
accurately determine angles and 
Direction. 

2887
02:37:59,200 --> 02:38:01,500
When used in conjunction with a 
Plumb line. 

2888
02:38:01,500 --> 02:38:04,700
Preparing that explain the 
motion of celestial bodies and 

2889
02:38:04,700 --> 02:38:07,700
their relevance to Earthly 
events are among the earliest 

2890
02:38:07,700 --> 02:38:10,600
known, astronomical writings 
produced by the Egyptians. 

2891
02:38:11,400 --> 02:38:14,100
These records demonstrate a 
highly developed knowledge of 

2892
02:38:14,108 --> 02:38:17,700
astronomical cycles and how they
relate to pragmatic issues like 

2893
02:38:17,700 --> 02:38:20,700
farming and religious holidays. 
The way they combine their 

2894
02:38:20,700 --> 02:38:22,900
understanding of astronomy with 
their religious and 

2895
02:38:22,900 --> 02:38:24,600
philosophical. 
Beliefs is especially 

2896
02:38:24,600 --> 02:38:27,600
intriguing. 
The sky was more than just a 

2897
02:38:27,600 --> 02:38:29,500
group of far-off Lights to the 
Egyptians. 

2898
02:38:29,500 --> 02:38:32,400
It was a blueprint for 
preserving Harmony Between 

2899
02:38:32,400 --> 02:38:35,600
Heaven and Earth. 
A map of the afterlife, and a 

2900
02:38:35,600 --> 02:38:37,900
roadmap for the pharaoh's 
journey to join the gods. 

2901
02:38:37,900 --> 02:38:41,200
A mythological framework for 
comprehending the daily cycle of

2902
02:38:41,208 --> 02:38:44,700
sunrise and sunset was provided 
by their goddess nut. 

2903
02:38:44,700 --> 02:38:48,100
Who was said to swallow the Sun,
every evening and give birth to 

2904
02:38:48,100 --> 02:38:51,300
it every morning. 
Serious was connected to Isis, 

2905
02:38:51,300 --> 02:38:55,500
his Divine, consort and of Cyrus
the god of the afterlife to the 

2906
02:38:55,508 --> 02:38:58,700
constellation. 
We Now call Orion. these were 

2907
02:38:58,700 --> 02:39:01,900
not merely Tales, they were 
sophisticated attempts to use 

2908
02:39:01,900 --> 02:39:05,100
the conceptual tools at their 
disposal to make sense of the 

2909
02:39:05,100 --> 02:39:08,400
universe for Millennia to come 
civilization's would be 

2910
02:39:08,400 --> 02:39:11,500
influenced by the Egyptian 
approached to astronomy They 

2911
02:39:11,500 --> 02:39:14,300
established a model that other 
cultures would follow and expand

2912
02:39:14,300 --> 02:39:17,000
upon through their strategies 
for monitoring astronomical 

2913
02:39:17,000 --> 02:39:19,200
Cycles. 
Their methods for exact 

2914
02:39:19,200 --> 02:39:22,400
alignment and their Fusion of 
astronomical knowledge with real

2915
02:39:22,400 --> 02:39:25,300
world applications. 
That's not bad for a 

2916
02:39:25,300 --> 02:39:28,500
civilization that thrived more 
than 4,000 years ago, with only 

2917
02:39:28,500 --> 02:39:31,600
their eyes, their minds. 
And the unwavering conviction 

2918
02:39:31,600 --> 02:39:34,600
that the secrets of the sky were
the keys to knowing everything 

2919
02:39:34,600 --> 02:39:37,100
that mattered. 
The Babylonians were the masters

2920
02:39:37,100 --> 02:39:40,500
of mathematics, if the Egyptians
were, the painstaking record 

2921
02:39:40,500 --> 02:39:43,800
keepers of the ancient 
astronomical world, you know 

2922
02:39:43,808 --> 02:39:47,200
what this needs? 
Numbers, lots and lots of 

2923
02:39:47,200 --> 02:39:49,400
numbers. 
These people thought after 

2924
02:39:49,400 --> 02:39:52,700
taking a quick, look at all 
those Celestial observations the

2925
02:39:52,700 --> 02:39:55,900
Babylonians who inhabited, what 
is now Iraq in Mesopotamia, 

2926
02:39:55,900 --> 02:39:59,900
faced a difficult dilemma, the 
Babylonians had to contend with 

2927
02:39:59,900 --> 02:40:03,100
the much less Dependable Tigris 
and Euphrates rivers, then the 

2928
02:40:03,108 --> 02:40:05,900
Egyptians who could count on the
Niles consistent. 

2929
02:40:05,900 --> 02:40:09,700
Flooding, Their ability to 
comprehend, intricate patterns 

2930
02:40:09,700 --> 02:40:13,300
of rainfall River levels and 
seasonal variations, which 

2931
02:40:13,300 --> 02:40:16,000
varied considerably more 
drastically from year to year 

2932
02:40:16,000 --> 02:40:18,500
was essential to their 
agricultural success. 

2933
02:40:18,500 --> 02:40:21,500
They developed an obsession with
looking for patterns in 

2934
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:25,500
everything, particularly the sky
as a result of this uncertainty.

2935
02:40:26,400 --> 02:40:28,500
Perhaps they could make more 
accurate predictions about 

2936
02:40:28,500 --> 02:40:30,900
events on Earth. 
If they could only figure out 

2937
02:40:30,900 --> 02:40:33,900
the laws governing Celestial 
movements as a result. 

2938
02:40:33,908 --> 02:40:37,100
They created what is now 
regarded as the first authentic,

2939
02:40:37,100 --> 02:40:41,400
mathematical astronomy, the 360 
degree circle, which is so 

2940
02:40:41,400 --> 02:40:44,100
essential to mathematics. 
And navigation that we still use

2941
02:40:44,100 --> 02:40:46,800
it today was invented by the 
Babylonians. 

2942
02:40:47,600 --> 02:40:56,900
Because 360 is divisible by so 
many numbers, 2 3 4, 5, 6, 8 9 

2943
02:40:56,900 --> 02:41:10,800
10, 12, 15, 18, 20, 24, 30 36, 
40, 45, 60, 729120 and 180. 

2944
02:41:10,800 --> 02:41:14,100
They decided to use it in a 
world without computers or 

2945
02:41:14,100 --> 02:41:16,000
computers. 
This greatly simplified 

2946
02:41:16,000 --> 02:41:20,500
calculations in addition, they 
created the sex adjustable base 

2947
02:41:20,500 --> 02:41:23,900
60 system for measuring time and
angles which divides an hour 

2948
02:41:23,900 --> 02:41:26,600
into 60 minutes and a minute 
into 60 seconds. 

2949
02:41:26,600 --> 02:41:30,200
Why 60? 
It is extremely helpful for 

2950
02:41:30,200 --> 02:41:33,300
breaking things down into 
smaller more manageable Parts 

2951
02:41:33,300 --> 02:41:37,400
because, like, 360 it has many 
factors here is where the 

2952
02:41:37,400 --> 02:41:40,500
Babylonians truly excelled. 
However, as they discovered that

2953
02:41:40,500 --> 02:41:43,700
the planets are sensibly chaotic
movement, actually, followed 

2954
02:41:43,700 --> 02:41:46,800
mathematical patterns, they 
found that mathematical 

2955
02:41:46,800 --> 02:41:48,700
formulas. 
Could be used to describe the 

2956
02:41:48,700 --> 02:41:52,000
motion of a planet if its 
position was closely monitored 

2957
02:41:52,000 --> 02:41:55,300
over a period of years. 
The notion that the heavens 

2958
02:41:55,300 --> 02:41:58,100
functioned in accordance with 
mathematical laws that people 

2959
02:41:58,100 --> 02:42:00,400
could learn and comprehend was 
revolutionary. 

2960
02:42:00,400 --> 02:42:04,300
Consider Mars for centuries. 
Astronomers had been baffled by 

2961
02:42:04,308 --> 02:42:07,500
this planet seemingly 
unpredictable Behavior, like the

2962
02:42:07,500 --> 02:42:10,800
Sun and Moon, Mars would 
typically, travel steadily from 

2963
02:42:10,800 --> 02:42:14,900
west to east against the 
background Stars, however, it 

2964
02:42:14,900 --> 02:42:18,000
would occasionally slow down. 
Pause, go in the opposite 

2965
02:42:18,000 --> 02:42:21,300
direction for a few weeks, pause
once more, and then start moving

2966
02:42:21,300 --> 02:42:23,600
East. 
This was referred to by the 

2967
02:42:23,600 --> 02:42:27,700
Greeks as retrograde motion and 
it appeared to defy any logical 

2968
02:42:27,700 --> 02:42:30,500
notion of how Celestial body's 
ought to function like the 

2969
02:42:30,500 --> 02:42:33,100
mathematical detectives. 
They were the Babylonians 

2970
02:42:33,100 --> 02:42:36,500
tackled this problem. 
The accumulated, massive tables 

2971
02:42:36,500 --> 02:42:40,100
of data by meticulously 
monitoring Mars position night 

2972
02:42:40,100 --> 02:42:43,300
after night, month after month 
and year after year. 

2973
02:42:44,300 --> 02:42:46,800
They have eventually found that 
the retrograde loops on Mars had

2974
02:42:46,800 --> 02:42:51,500
a regular pattern repeating 
every 687 days, which is now 

2975
02:42:51,500 --> 02:42:53,300
known to be the orbital period 
of the planet. 

2976
02:42:53,300 --> 02:42:56,400
In order to forcast, precisely 
when Mars would start, his 

2977
02:42:56,400 --> 02:42:59,900
retrograde motion, how long it 
would last and where the planet 

2978
02:42:59,900 --> 02:43:03,300
would be at any given point in 
the future, they created complex

2979
02:43:03,300 --> 02:43:06,900
mathematical models, they only 
concentrated on identifying 

2980
02:43:06,900 --> 02:43:09,700
mathematical patterns, that 
worked not realizing that. 

2981
02:43:09,700 --> 02:43:12,400
Mars apparent motion was 
actually caused by Earth, 

2982
02:43:12,400 --> 02:43:15,600
passing Mars, in its orbit 
around the Sun, the Babylonians 

2983
02:43:15,600 --> 02:43:18,200
treated, every planet that was 
visible in the same way. 

2984
02:43:19,100 --> 02:43:22,200
For Mercury Venus Mars Jupiter 
and Saturn. 

2985
02:43:22,200 --> 02:43:25,000
They developed intricate 
mathematical models that were 

2986
02:43:25,000 --> 02:43:26,400
tailored to take into 
consideration. 

2987
02:43:26,400 --> 02:43:29,100
The unique characteristics and 
trends of each planet. 

2988
02:43:29,900 --> 02:43:32,500
Surprisingly accurate, these 
models frequently predicted 

2989
02:43:32,500 --> 02:43:34,800
planetary positions to within a 
degree or two. 

2990
02:43:34,800 --> 02:43:38,000
They also significantly improved
our knowledge of lunar cycles. 

2991
02:43:38,000 --> 02:43:41,400
The Babylonians were able to 
predict eclipses with remarkable

2992
02:43:41,400 --> 02:43:44,900
accuracy, after they learned 
that they follow an 18-year 11 

2993
02:43:44,900 --> 02:43:48,500
day cycle known as the Saros. 
This was not merely academic 

2994
02:43:48,500 --> 02:43:52,000
knowledge because eclipses were 
frequently interpreted as Divine

2995
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:55,000
Omens that baloney and Priests 
who were able to predict them 

2996
02:43:55,000 --> 02:43:58,300
enjoyed great power and Prestige
give them that they operated 

2997
02:43:58,300 --> 02:44:01,100
without telescopes without 
access to contemporary 

2998
02:44:01,100 --> 02:44:04,000
mathematical notation. 
And without any knowledge of the

2999
02:44:04,000 --> 02:44:07,300
actual solar system structure, 
it is nearly impossible to 

3000
02:44:07,300 --> 02:44:10,200
comprehend the mathematical 
sophistication of Babylonian 

3001
02:44:10,200 --> 02:44:12,600
astronomy. 
They employed iterative 

3002
02:44:12,600 --> 02:44:15,500
algorithms produced mathematical
models that would not be out of 

3003
02:44:15,500 --> 02:44:18,500
place in a contemporary calculus
textbook and developed 

3004
02:44:18,500 --> 02:44:21,900
polynomial functions. 
Thousands of cuneiform scripted 

3005
02:44:21,900 --> 02:44:25,100
clay tablets that contain their 
astronomical records of survived

3006
02:44:25,100 --> 02:44:27,600
to this day. 
Perusing them is akin to 

3007
02:44:27,608 --> 02:44:30,000
appearing into the ancient 
mathematical astronomers 

3008
02:44:30,000 --> 02:44:32,300
Workshop. 
You can observe them solving 

3009
02:44:32,300 --> 02:44:35,700
issues experimenting with 
various strategies and 

3010
02:44:35,700 --> 02:44:38,000
progressively improving their 
models to attain higher 

3011
02:44:38,000 --> 02:44:40,200
accuracy. 
Babylonian astronomy is 

3012
02:44:40,200 --> 02:44:43,000
long-term Outlook was among its 
most remarkable features. 

3013
02:44:43,800 --> 02:44:46,100
Because they kept meticulous 
records for centuries. 

3014
02:44:46,100 --> 02:44:49,700
They were able to identify 
cycles and patterns that observe

3015
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:53,400
as working over shorter time 
periods would miss They observed

3016
02:44:53,400 --> 02:44:55,900
that some Celestial patterns 
required over decades and even 

3017
02:44:55,900 --> 02:44:58,500
centuries. 
In addition to years, they 

3018
02:44:58,500 --> 02:45:02,200
discovered, what a now known as 
great conjunctions rare, 

3019
02:45:02,200 --> 02:45:05,200
alignments of multiple planets 
that only happen once every few 

3020
02:45:05,200 --> 02:45:08,800
decades, as a result of their 
long-term approach, they were 

3021
02:45:08,800 --> 02:45:11,300
highly regarded as the most 
accomplished astronomers and 

3022
02:45:11,300 --> 02:45:13,900
mathematicians of antiquity 
because they were able to 

3023
02:45:13,900 --> 02:45:16,200
forecast these events centuries 
in advance. 

3024
02:45:16,200 --> 02:45:20,200
The Zodiac was also created by 
the Babylonians who divided the 

3025
02:45:20,200 --> 02:45:24,400
sky into 1230 degree segments. 
Each of which was connected to a

3026
02:45:24,400 --> 02:45:27,200
constellation along the sun's 
apparent annual path. 

3027
02:45:28,300 --> 02:45:30,900
This was mainly a coordinate 
system that enabled them to 

3028
02:45:30,900 --> 02:45:33,600
precisely and mathematically 
described the positions of 

3029
02:45:33,600 --> 02:45:36,200
celestial objects. 
Not just for astrological 

3030
02:45:36,200 --> 02:45:38,900
purposes, though. 
They did use it for that as 

3031
02:45:38,900 --> 02:45:41,100
well. 
It is difficult to overestimate 

3032
02:45:41,100 --> 02:45:44,500
their impact on later astronomy.
Greek astronomers Drew 

3033
02:45:44,500 --> 02:45:47,500
extensively on Babylonian 
observations and mathematical 

3034
02:45:47,500 --> 02:45:50,700
methods, when they started 
formulating their own theories. 

3035
02:45:51,600 --> 02:45:54,800
Babylonian mathematicians with 
the original creators of many of

3036
02:45:54,800 --> 02:45:57,200
the mathematical instruments 
that astronomers used during the

3037
02:45:57,208 --> 02:45:59,000
Middle Ages and into the 
Renaissance. 

3038
02:45:59,000 --> 02:46:01,700
It's especially amazing, how 
they were able to create such 

3039
02:46:01,700 --> 02:46:05,100
complex, mathematical models 
while operating under a totally 

3040
02:46:05,100 --> 02:46:07,500
false understanding of the 
structure of the solar system. 

3041
02:46:07,500 --> 02:46:12,400
They believed that the sun moon 
and planets all orbited the 

3042
02:46:12,400 --> 02:46:15,300
Earth, which they believed to be
at the center of the universe. 

3043
02:46:16,300 --> 02:46:19,200
Their mathematical models, were 
precise enough to make amazing 

3044
02:46:19,200 --> 02:46:21,000
predictions about celestial 
events. 

3045
02:46:21,000 --> 02:46:24,100
In spite of this basic 
misunderstanding, the 

3046
02:46:24,100 --> 02:46:26,900
Babylonians demonstrated that it
is not always necessary to 

3047
02:46:26,900 --> 02:46:29,800
comprehend, the fundamental 
physics of a system in order to 

3048
02:46:29,800 --> 02:46:31,400
mathematically, explain Its 
Behavior. 

3049
02:46:31,400 --> 02:46:35,000
Even when your theoretical 
framework is entirely incorrect,

3050
02:46:35,000 --> 02:46:37,700
there are situations when 
careful observation and 

3051
02:46:37,700 --> 02:46:40,600
mathematical analysis can yield 
valuable results. 

3052
02:46:41,400 --> 02:46:43,900
It began with some very patient 
to astronomers in ancient 

3053
02:46:43,900 --> 02:46:47,900
Mesopotamia staring at the sky 
and writing numbers on clay 

3054
02:46:47,900 --> 02:46:50,100
tablets. 
This lesson would prove useful 

3055
02:46:50,100 --> 02:46:51,400
throughout the history of 
science. 

3056
02:46:51,400 --> 02:46:54,900
The Greeks on the other hand, 
had views on everything 

3057
02:46:54,900 --> 02:46:57,900
including the sky. 
If the Egyptians were the 

3058
02:46:57,900 --> 02:47:00,800
Practical astronomers and the 
Babylonians were the 

3059
02:47:00,800 --> 02:47:03,500
mathematical record Keepers. 
Then the Greeks were the ones 

3060
02:47:03,500 --> 02:47:05,600
who gazed up at the night sky 
and asked themselves. 

3061
02:47:05,600 --> 02:47:09,300
This is all very nice, but what 
does it mean the Greeks wanted 

3062
02:47:09,300 --> 02:47:11,500
to know why celestial objects 
moved the way. 

3063
02:47:11,500 --> 02:47:13,500
They did not just where they 
would be. 

3064
02:47:14,900 --> 02:47:17,800
Despite the fact that many of 
their conclusions were wildly 

3065
02:47:17,800 --> 02:47:22,300
incorrect, this move from what. 
And when to why signal, the 

3066
02:47:22,300 --> 02:47:24,800
start of what we might. 
Identify as modern scientific 

3067
02:47:24,800 --> 02:47:26,700
thinking. 
One of the first Greek 

3068
02:47:26,700 --> 02:47:30,100
philosophers to take astronomy 
seriously, was thales of Meletis

3069
02:47:30,100 --> 02:47:34,500
who lived Circa 600 BCE, A 
battle between the lydians and 

3070
02:47:34,508 --> 02:47:37,600
Meads is said to have been ended
by thales famously prophesied. 

3071
02:47:37,600 --> 02:47:43,100
Solar eclipse in 585 BCE when 
both armies were so frightened 

3072
02:47:43,100 --> 02:47:46,000
by the unexpected darkness. 
That they promptly declared 

3073
02:47:46,000 --> 02:47:49,000
peace. 
Regardless of its veracity, this

3074
02:47:49,000 --> 02:47:51,600
tail demonstrates, the kind of 
authority that ancient 

3075
02:47:51,600 --> 02:47:54,600
astronomy. 
Could bestow however, thales was

3076
02:47:54,600 --> 02:47:57,700
only the start It was the Greeks
who dared to pose, more 

3077
02:47:57,700 --> 02:48:01,800
ambitious questions that truly, 
revolutionized astronomy similar

3078
02:48:01,800 --> 02:48:04,600
to an axe in Amanda. 
Who postulated that the Earth 

3079
02:48:04,600 --> 02:48:08,200
was free to float in space 
without any assistance, a 

3080
02:48:08,200 --> 02:48:10,200
radical notion that 
contradicted, the conventional 

3081
02:48:10,200 --> 02:48:12,400
wisdom that the Earth must be 
supported by something. 

3082
02:48:12,400 --> 02:48:16,700
He had a gigantic elephant, a 
giant turtle or some other 

3083
02:48:16,700 --> 02:48:20,500
Cosmic Foundation, then came 
Pythagoras man behind the 

3084
02:48:20,500 --> 02:48:23,700
well-known theorem made an even 
more significant contribution to

3085
02:48:23,700 --> 02:48:26,800
astronomy the notion that the 
Universe functioned in 

3086
02:48:26,800 --> 02:48:28,800
accordance with mathematical 
principles. 

3087
02:48:29,500 --> 02:48:31,500
Pythagoras. 
And his adherence held that the 

3088
02:48:31,500 --> 02:48:34,600
fundamental building blocks of 
reality were numbers and the 

3089
02:48:34,608 --> 02:48:37,800
profound truths about the nature
of existence could be discovered

3090
02:48:37,800 --> 02:48:40,600
by comprehending, the 
mathematical relationships, 

3091
02:48:40,600 --> 02:48:44,200
governing, Celestial movements, 
Pythagoras and his followers saw

3092
02:48:44,200 --> 02:48:47,900
that musical Harmony was based 
on basic mathematical ratios and

3093
02:48:47,900 --> 02:48:51,000
they theorized that the planets 
moving through their Celestial 

3094
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:53,200
paths. 
Must create a kind of cosmic 

3095
02:48:53,200 --> 02:48:55,700
music, based on similar 
mathematical principles. 

3096
02:48:55,700 --> 02:48:59,000
This mathematical approach led 
to one of the most beautiful 

3097
02:48:59,000 --> 02:49:00,300
errors in the history of 
astronomy. 

3098
02:49:00,300 --> 02:49:02,700
The idea of The Music of the 
Spheres. 

3099
02:49:02,700 --> 02:49:06,000
They thought that because we had
been exposed to this Celestial 

3100
02:49:06,000 --> 02:49:08,100
music. 
Since birth, we were unable to 

3101
02:49:08,100 --> 02:49:10,800
hear it, even though it was 
playing all around us though. 

3102
02:49:10,800 --> 02:49:13,000
It's a beautiful notion and holy
and correct. 

3103
02:49:13,000 --> 02:49:15,600
It highlights a significant 
aspect of Greek. 

3104
02:49:15,600 --> 02:49:18,700
Thought they sought to 
understand and give meaning, to 

3105
02:49:18,700 --> 02:49:21,600
Celestial phenomena rather than 
merely described. 

3106
02:49:21,600 --> 02:49:24,100
Them Plato, who wrote his 
well-known dialogue. 

3107
02:49:24,100 --> 02:49:28,400
Tymia around 380 BC and offered 
a theory regarding the 

3108
02:49:28,400 --> 02:49:31,000
universe's creation. 
Marked the Pinnacle of this 

3109
02:49:31,000 --> 02:49:34,200
Quest For Greater meaning. 
Plato, claimed that a Divine 

3110
02:49:34,200 --> 02:49:37,600
Craftsman known as the demiurge,
created the universe by 

3111
02:49:37,600 --> 02:49:40,400
arranging chaos, into a logical 
harmonious hole using 

3112
02:49:40,400 --> 02:49:42,700
mathematical principles 
Aristotle. 

3113
02:49:42,700 --> 02:49:45,900
A pupil of Plato took these 
Concepts and ran with them, 

3114
02:49:45,900 --> 02:49:49,100
developing the universe model 
that would dominate thought for 

3115
02:49:49,100 --> 02:49:52,600
almost two millennia. 
According to Aristotle, the 

3116
02:49:52,600 --> 02:49:56,100
universe was made up of a number
of nested, crystalline spheres. 

3117
02:49:56,100 --> 02:49:59,400
Each of which carried a 
celestial object in its orbit 

3118
02:49:59,400 --> 02:50:01,700
around the Earth, which was 
stationary at the center of the 

3119
02:50:01,700 --> 02:50:04,100
universe. 
Many of the observations made by

3120
02:50:04,100 --> 02:50:06,300
ancient astronomers were 
explained by this model. 

3121
02:50:07,100 --> 02:50:09,800
Because all of the stars were 
embedded in the outermost sphere

3122
02:50:09,800 --> 02:50:13,600
which rotated once a day, they 
stayed fixed in relation to one 

3123
02:50:13,600 --> 02:50:17,200
another. 
Because each planet Moon and Sun

3124
02:50:17,200 --> 02:50:20,200
had its own sphere. 
They traveled across the sky at 

3125
02:50:20,200 --> 02:50:22,800
different speeds and took 
different routes Aristotle. 

3126
02:50:22,800 --> 02:50:25,500
However, attempted to explain 
why the universe had to be this 

3127
02:50:25,500 --> 02:50:28,300
way rather than merely 
explaining the mechanics of 

3128
02:50:28,300 --> 02:50:32,000
celestial motion. 
Since the Earth was clearly the 

3129
02:50:32,000 --> 02:50:35,200
heaviest object in the area and 
heavy objects gravitate toward 

3130
02:50:35,200 --> 02:50:37,700
the center. 
He contended that the Earth must

3131
02:50:37,700 --> 02:50:40,600
be at the center. 
Since circles were the most 

3132
02:50:40,600 --> 02:50:44,200
ideal geometric shape and the 
heavens had to be Flawless. 

3133
02:50:44,200 --> 02:50:48,000
He insisted that. 
All celestial objects must move 

3134
02:50:48,000 --> 02:50:51,900
in perfect circles, this Union 
of philosophy mathematics and 

3135
02:50:51,900 --> 02:50:53,600
observation was distinctly, 
Greek. 

3136
02:50:54,500 --> 02:50:56,800
They sought to comprehend. 
The fundamental ideas, that 

3137
02:50:56,800 --> 02:50:59,600
underpin the necessity, and 
inevitability of the celestial 

3138
02:50:59,600 --> 02:51:01,700
movements. 
Not merely to monitor them. 

3139
02:51:01,700 --> 02:51:05,200
Parker's, one of the most 
remarkable Greek astronomers 

3140
02:51:05,200 --> 02:51:08,300
lived in. 
The second century BCE and 

3141
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:10,400
produced observations that were 
so accurate. 

3142
02:51:10,400 --> 02:51:12,100
They were unrivaled for more 
than a millennium. 

3143
02:51:13,000 --> 02:51:15,900
By charting the locations and 
relative brightnesses of more 

3144
02:51:15,900 --> 02:51:19,200
than 800 Stars hipparcos 
produced, the first thorough 

3145
02:51:19,200 --> 02:51:21,700
star catalog. 
Additionally, he discovered the 

3146
02:51:21,700 --> 02:51:25,100
precession of the equinoxes, 
which is the gradual oscillation

3147
02:51:25,100 --> 02:51:28,100
in Earth rotation, that results 
in a shift in the north 

3148
02:51:28,100 --> 02:51:30,600
Celestial. 
Poles position over a roughly 

3149
02:51:30,600 --> 02:51:34,500
26,000 years cycle, hipparchus 
made this discovery after 

3150
02:51:34,500 --> 02:51:37,300
noticing minor. 
But consistent variations and 

3151
02:51:37,300 --> 02:51:40,400
star positions while comparing 
his own observations with those 

3152
02:51:40,400 --> 02:51:44,600
of previous astronomers A Parker
saw these discrepancies as proof

3153
02:51:44,600 --> 02:51:47,700
of a gradual long-term shift in 
Earth orientation, with respect 

3154
02:51:47,700 --> 02:51:50,500
to the Stars, which are less 
attentive Observer might have 

3155
02:51:50,508 --> 02:51:53,100
mistakenly ascribed to errors in
the older records. 

3156
02:51:53,100 --> 02:51:56,500
It takes extraordinary, 
Precision to detect procession 

3157
02:51:56,500 --> 02:51:58,800
even over the course of a human 
lifetime. 

3158
02:51:58,800 --> 02:52:01,400
The shift were discussing 
roughly one degree. 

3159
02:52:01,400 --> 02:52:06,800
Every 72 years is hardly notice 
of however was cautious enough 

3160
02:52:06,800 --> 02:52:09,300
in his own measurements and had 
access to Babylonian records 

3161
02:52:09,300 --> 02:52:11,600
dating back. 
Several centuries to pick up on 

3162
02:52:11,600 --> 02:52:15,700
this remarkably subtle effect. 
Hit Parker's significantly 

3163
02:52:15,700 --> 02:52:17,700
Advanced our knowledge of the 
Moon and Sun. 

3164
02:52:17,700 --> 02:52:21,100
He estimated the length of the 
lunar month to be less than one 

3165
02:52:21,100 --> 02:52:24,000
second accurate, and he 
calculated the length of the 

3166
02:52:24,000 --> 02:52:26,800
year to be within roughly six 
minutes of the right value. 

3167
02:52:26,800 --> 02:52:30,000
He even tried using a solar 
eclipse to calculate the 

3168
02:52:30,000 --> 02:52:32,900
distance to the Moon but his 
result was only approximately 

3169
02:52:32,900 --> 02:52:37,000
accurate aristarchus of Samos a 
Greek astronomer who lived in 

3170
02:52:37,008 --> 02:52:41,700
the third Century BCE was 
arguably the most ambitious he 

3171
02:52:41,700 --> 02:52:45,300
made a complet Neatly novel 
suggestion that the Sun not the 

3172
02:52:45,300 --> 02:52:47,500
Earth was the center of the 
universe. 

3173
02:52:48,200 --> 02:52:50,900
In order to explain the apparent
motion of celestial objects 

3174
02:52:50,900 --> 02:52:53,700
without requiring the entire 
universe to revolve around the 

3175
02:52:53,700 --> 02:52:55,800
earth. 
Aristarchus proposed that the 

3176
02:52:55,808 --> 02:52:59,500
Earth rotated on its axis. 
Once daily and orbited the sun 

3177
02:52:59,500 --> 02:53:02,100
once annually. 
Other Greek astronomers, largely

3178
02:53:02,100 --> 02:53:05,300
disregarded this extremely 
audacious notion, why? 

3179
02:53:05,300 --> 02:53:08,000
Because it appeared to go 
against both, careful 

3180
02:53:08,000 --> 02:53:11,900
observation and Common Sense, 
Would we not sense the earth 

3181
02:53:11,900 --> 02:53:14,400
rotation wouldn't? 
The Stars seem to change 

3182
02:53:14,400 --> 02:53:16,300
position? 
As we looked at them from 

3183
02:53:16,300 --> 02:53:18,500
various points in our orbit. 
If the Earth were traveling 

3184
02:53:18,500 --> 02:53:21,700
through space considering the 
observational instruments at the

3185
02:53:21,708 --> 02:53:24,600
Greeks, disposal. 
These objections were entirely 

3186
02:53:24,600 --> 02:53:27,000
valid. 
Since they had no reference 

3187
02:53:27,000 --> 02:53:29,700
point out side, the rotating 
system, they were unable to 

3188
02:53:29,700 --> 02:53:32,700
perceive the effects of Earth 
rotation and were unable to 

3189
02:53:32,700 --> 02:53:35,700
detect the extremely subtle 
Parallax shifts that would 

3190
02:53:35,700 --> 02:53:38,700
result from Stellar motion. 
Therefore, the majority of Greek

3191
02:53:38,700 --> 02:53:41,700
astronomers continued to use 
increasingly intricate versions 

3192
02:53:41,700 --> 02:53:45,300
of the earth-centered universe 
rather than adopting aristarchus

3193
02:53:45,300 --> 02:53:49,400
heliocentric model. 
Claudius Ptolemy created the 

3194
02:53:49,400 --> 02:53:51,800
most advanced of these in the 
second century CE. 

3195
02:53:52,700 --> 02:53:54,900
In order to account for the 
intricate movements of the 

3196
02:53:54,908 --> 02:53:57,200
planets, while maintaining the 
Earth at the center of 

3197
02:53:57,200 --> 02:53:59,400
everything. 
Ptolemy's model employed, 

3198
02:53:59,400 --> 02:54:02,400
intricate combinations of 
circles, moving on other circles

3199
02:54:02,400 --> 02:54:05,800
referred to as epicycles for 
more than a millennium. 

3200
02:54:05,800 --> 02:54:09,300
Ptolemy system was the accepted 
astronomical model because it 

3201
02:54:09,300 --> 02:54:12,000
was mathematically complex and 
reasonably accurate in 

3202
02:54:12,008 --> 02:54:13,700
predicting the positions of 
planets. 

3203
02:54:14,600 --> 02:54:17,900
It also required dozens of 
meticulously adjusted circles to

3204
02:54:17,908 --> 02:54:20,300
match observations, making it 
extremely complex. 

3205
02:54:21,300 --> 02:54:23,500
To keep the model functioning 
and increasing. 

3206
02:54:23,500 --> 02:54:26,200
Number of epicycles had to be 
added as astronomical 

3207
02:54:26,200 --> 02:54:28,100
observations improved over the 
centuries. 

3208
02:54:28,100 --> 02:54:31,100
Significant progress was also 
made by the Greeks and 

3209
02:54:31,100 --> 02:54:33,600
determining the Earth's size and
the separations between 

3210
02:54:33,600 --> 02:54:37,000
celestial bodies. 
Eratosthenes determined the 

3211
02:54:37,000 --> 02:54:39,200
circumference of the Earth in 
240. 

3212
02:54:39,200 --> 02:54:43,000
BCE like comparing the angles of
Shadows in two cities on the 

3213
02:54:43,008 --> 02:54:45,400
same day. 
And at the same time to within a

3214
02:54:45,400 --> 02:54:47,900
few percent of the right value, 
his result was accurate 

3215
02:54:47,900 --> 02:54:51,000
eratosthenes approach was 
elegantly straightforward. 

3216
02:54:51,000 --> 02:54:54,800
He was aware that at noon on the
summer, solstice, the sun was 

3217
02:54:54,800 --> 02:54:58,500
directly overhead in the city of
seen present day as one, Egypt, 

3218
02:54:58,500 --> 02:55:03,200
and Sean straight down a deep. 
Well, he used the shadow cast by

3219
02:55:03,200 --> 02:55:06,300
a vertical pole, to determine 
the sun's angle in Alexandria, 

3220
02:55:06,300 --> 02:55:09,600
some 500 miles to the north on 
the same day. 

3221
02:55:09,600 --> 02:55:13,000
And at the same time, He was 
able to determine the 

3222
02:55:13,000 --> 02:55:15,700
circumference of the earth by 
using the geometry of circles, 

3223
02:55:15,700 --> 02:55:19,000
and the known distance between 
the two cities, this 

3224
02:55:19,000 --> 02:55:22,000
accomplishment is especially 
noteworthy because it called for

3225
02:55:22,000 --> 02:55:25,700
both mathematical proficiency 
and the organizational ability 

3226
02:55:25,700 --> 02:55:28,100
to coordinate observations over 
a great distance. 

3227
02:55:29,000 --> 02:55:31,800
It illustrates the advanced 
degree of scientific cooperation

3228
02:55:31,800 --> 02:55:35,000
that Greek researchers were able
to accomplish the Greeks 

3229
02:55:35,000 --> 02:55:37,800
contribution to astronomy was 
their method of comprehending. 

3230
02:55:37,800 --> 02:55:41,300
The universe, not just their 
particular discoveries, they 

3231
02:55:41,300 --> 02:55:44,100
were the first Society to 
approach astronomical phenomenon

3232
02:55:44,100 --> 02:55:47,400
methodically using philosophical
analysis and mathematical 

3233
02:55:47,400 --> 02:55:50,400
reasoning. 
They created many of the logical

3234
02:55:50,400 --> 02:55:52,900
and mathematical instruments, 
that would be crucial for later,

3235
02:55:52,900 --> 02:55:56,000
developments in astronomy and 
they established the idea that 

3236
02:55:56,000 --> 02:55:58,400
the Universe functions in 
accordance with logical 

3237
02:55:58,400 --> 02:56:02,000
discoverable laws, even though 
they were Incorrect and they 

3238
02:56:02,000 --> 02:56:03,600
were incorrect about a lot of 
things. 

3239
02:56:03,600 --> 02:56:06,500
Their errors were constructive 
ones, that produced better 

3240
02:56:06,500 --> 02:56:09,100
inquiries, and more advanced 
methods of comprehending the 

3241
02:56:09,100 --> 02:56:11,700
cosmos. 
In astronomy, the Greeks left 

3242
02:56:11,700 --> 02:56:14,400
behind a whole system of 
scientific investigation. 

3243
02:56:14,400 --> 02:56:16,600
Not just the particular facts. 
They found. 

3244
02:56:17,600 --> 02:56:19,600
For a group of people who 
believe that the Earth was 

3245
02:56:19,600 --> 02:56:21,600
motionless at the center of the 
universe. 

3246
02:56:21,600 --> 02:56:23,900
It's not bad. 
You might assume that 

3247
02:56:23,900 --> 02:56:26,300
astronomical knowledge would 
have vanished into the European 

3248
02:56:26,300 --> 02:56:29,100
Dark Ages following the collapse
of the Western Roman Empire. 

3249
02:56:29,100 --> 02:56:33,200
However, it's one of those 
historical oversimplifications 

3250
02:56:33,200 --> 02:56:37,400
that creates great story, but a 
bad history, the Islamic world 

3251
02:56:37,400 --> 02:56:40,400
was going through what is now 
known as the Islamic golden age.

3252
02:56:40,400 --> 02:56:43,900
And astronomy was one of its 
crown jewels even though Europe 

3253
02:56:43,900 --> 02:56:47,300
was going through some difficult
times, Islamic scholars began to

3254
02:56:47,300 --> 02:56:51,300
improve expand and in many cases
completely transformed, the 

3255
02:56:51,300 --> 02:56:54,700
astronomical knowledge of the 
Greeks that baloneys and Indians

3256
02:56:54,700 --> 02:56:57,900
in the 8th Century CE. 
They made some of the most 

3257
02:56:57,908 --> 02:57:03,200
important contributions to 
pre-television convictions 

3258
02:57:03,200 --> 02:57:06,600
pragmatic need. 
And intellectual curiosity, the 

3259
02:57:06,600 --> 02:57:10,000
religious motivation was a 
specially significant Muslims 

3260
02:57:10,000 --> 02:57:12,100
were required by Islamic law to 
face Mecca. 

3261
02:57:12,100 --> 02:57:14,700
And pray five times a day. 
So wherever you were in the 

3262
02:57:14,700 --> 02:57:16,900
world, you had to find the right
direction. 

3263
02:57:16,900 --> 02:57:20,000
Additionally, you had to be 
aware of the exact times for 

3264
02:57:20,000 --> 02:57:23,000
prayers, which change throughout
the day and year, based on the 

3265
02:57:23,000 --> 02:57:26,500
sun's position, you can see why 
Islamic culture plays such a 

3266
02:57:26,500 --> 02:57:28,500
high value on astronomical 
accuracy. 

3267
02:57:28,500 --> 02:57:31,400
When you combine this with the 
requirement to determine the 

3268
02:57:31,400 --> 02:57:33,000
start of lunar months for 
religious. 

3269
02:57:33,000 --> 02:57:36,500
Observance is however, the 
Islamic astronomers did much 

3270
02:57:36,500 --> 02:57:39,200
more than merely resolve 
pragmatic religious issues. 

3271
02:57:39,200 --> 02:57:43,700
They created observers studied 
and translated ancient texts, 

3272
02:57:43,700 --> 02:57:47,600
created new mathematical methods
and made observations, with 

3273
02:57:47,600 --> 02:57:51,800
never, before seen accuracy in 
many respects, they were the 

3274
02:57:51,808 --> 02:57:55,000
first astronomers to pursue a 
career devoted to studying the 

3275
02:57:55,000 --> 02:57:58,200
heavens during the late 9. 
Early 10th centuries. 

3276
02:57:58,200 --> 02:58:02,000
Alberti was one of the most 
remarkable early as astronomers.

3277
02:58:02,900 --> 02:58:05,300
after applying rigorous 
mathematical analysis to 

3278
02:58:05,300 --> 02:58:08,600
ptolemy's, Old observations, 
Alberti found that many of his 

3279
02:58:08,600 --> 02:58:12,200
measurements required 
substantial, Corrections, He 

3280
02:58:12,200 --> 02:58:15,200
calculated the solar years 
length within two minutes and 22

3281
02:58:15,200 --> 02:58:17,500
seconds. 
Of the right answer, achieving 

3282
02:58:17,500 --> 02:58:20,300
an accuracy that would not be 
surpassed for several centuries.

3283
02:58:20,300 --> 02:58:23,400
Albertan also observed, the 
sun's apparent movement year 

3284
02:58:23,400 --> 02:58:26,800
round and found that the sun's 
perihelion or closest approach 

3285
02:58:26,800 --> 02:58:28,800
to Earth was progressively 
changing. 

3286
02:58:29,600 --> 02:58:32,400
This observation demonstrated 
that Earth's, elliptical orbit, 

3287
02:58:32,400 --> 02:58:35,700
rotates slowly a phenomenon, 
that would not be completely 

3288
02:58:35,700 --> 02:58:38,900
understood until centuries. 
Later, when Newton developed his

3289
02:58:38,900 --> 02:58:42,100
theory of gravitation. 
However, the institutional 

3290
02:58:42,100 --> 02:58:44,700
approach that Islamic 
astronomers developed was 

3291
02:58:44,700 --> 02:58:47,500
perhaps even more impressive 
than individual discoveries. 

3292
02:58:47,500 --> 02:58:50,700
They set up important 
observatories in places like 

3293
02:58:50,700 --> 02:58:54,300
Baghdad Damascus and later 
summer Khan and Istanbul. 

3294
02:58:55,300 --> 02:58:57,600
They were research institutes. 
Where groups of astronomers? 

3295
02:58:57,600 --> 02:59:00,700
Collaborated on long-term 
projects, keeping meticulous 

3296
02:59:00,700 --> 02:59:03,200
records and transferring 
Knowledge from one generation to

3297
02:59:03,200 --> 02:59:05,300
the next. 
These were more than just 

3298
02:59:05,300 --> 02:59:08,300
building with instruments, 
founded in the early 19th 

3299
02:59:08,300 --> 02:59:10,000
century. 
The Observatory at Baghdad was 

3300
02:59:10,000 --> 02:59:13,400
officially noteworthy. 
Here astronomers worked on 

3301
02:59:13,408 --> 02:59:16,500
improving star catalogs. 
In proving planetary position, 

3302
02:59:16,500 --> 02:59:19,000
prediction, technique's and 
carrying out, systematic 

3303
02:59:19,000 --> 02:59:21,100
observations of celestial 
phenomena. 

3304
02:59:21,100 --> 02:59:24,100
They were able to combine 
Knowledge from all over the 

3305
02:59:24,100 --> 02:59:26,000
world because they had access to
libraries. 

3306
02:59:26,000 --> 02:59:31,000
That held astronomical texts 
from Persian Indian Chinese and 

3307
02:59:31,000 --> 02:59:33,700
Greek sources. 
The development of the Zedge 

3308
02:59:33,700 --> 02:59:36,000
comprehensive. 
Astronomical tables, that could 

3309
02:59:36,000 --> 02:59:39,200
be used to forecast, the 
positions of the sun, moon, and 

3310
02:59:39,200 --> 02:59:42,700
planets, at any given time. 
Was one of the most ambitious 

3311
02:59:42,700 --> 02:59:45,900
Endeavors, carried out by 
Islamic astronomers these 

3312
02:59:45,900 --> 02:59:49,100
tables, which frequently 
reflected Decades of Labor, by 

3313
02:59:49,100 --> 02:59:52,500
teams of astronomers required, a
great deal of meticulous, 

3314
02:59:52,500 --> 02:59:56,500
observation and mathematical 
computation the Ziggy sultani 

3315
02:59:56,500 --> 02:59:58,600
which ulug beg and his group 
produced at the summer. 

3316
02:59:58,608 --> 03:00:01,700
Can observatory in the 15th 
century is the most well known 

3317
03:00:01,700 --> 03:00:04,500
of these. 
This work was so accurate that 

3318
03:00:04,500 --> 03:00:08,300
well, into the telescopic age, 
it continued to be the standard 

3319
03:00:08,300 --> 03:00:11,200
reference for astronomical 
calculations in many parts of 

3320
03:00:11,200 --> 03:00:13,500
the world. 
Significant progress was also 

3321
03:00:13,500 --> 03:00:16,200
made by Islamic astronomers in 
the mathematical methods 

3322
03:00:16,200 --> 03:00:20,400
necessary for astronomy. 
By developing the sine cosine 

3323
03:00:20,400 --> 03:00:23,600
and tangent functions which 
remain essential to mathematics 

3324
03:00:23,600 --> 03:00:26,500
to today. 
They elevated trigonometry to a 

3325
03:00:26,500 --> 03:00:27,900
highly Advanced mathematical 
tool. 

3326
03:00:27,900 --> 03:00:30,900
Additionally, they made 
significant contributions to 

3327
03:00:30,900 --> 03:00:34,200
algebra by creating techniques 
for resolving challenging 

3328
03:00:34,200 --> 03:00:37,500
equations that were necessary 
for computations in astronomy. 

3329
03:00:37,500 --> 03:00:40,700
Theoretical astronomy. 
All the creation of alternative 

3330
03:00:40,700 --> 03:00:44,100
models to explain Celestial. 
Motions was the focus of some of

3331
03:00:44,108 --> 03:00:46,200
the most inventive Islamic 
astronomers. 

3332
03:00:47,200 --> 03:00:50,300
From a philosophical point of 
view, the ptolemaic system had 

3333
03:00:50,300 --> 03:00:52,200
always been a little 
disappointing due to its 

3334
03:00:52,200 --> 03:00:53,900
intricate Episcopal 
Arrangements. 

3335
03:00:54,900 --> 03:00:57,600
Alternative methods were 
developed by Islamic astronomers

3336
03:00:57,600 --> 03:01:01,500
such as alberuni and IBN 
al-haytham known as alhazen in 

3337
03:01:01,500 --> 03:01:04,500
the West in an effort to provide
more physically plausible 

3338
03:01:04,500 --> 03:01:06,400
explanations for planetary 
motions. 

3339
03:01:06,400 --> 03:01:10,000
The scientific methodology of 
alberuni who lived in the 11th 

3340
03:01:10,000 --> 03:01:11,700
century was especially 
noteworthy. 

3341
03:01:11,700 --> 03:01:15,600
He rejected explanations that 
could not be empirically tested 

3342
03:01:15,600 --> 03:01:19,400
and insisted that conclusions. 
Be drawn solely from meticulous 

3343
03:01:19,400 --> 03:01:21,900
observations and mathematical 
analysis. 

3344
03:01:22,700 --> 03:01:25,500
Additionally, he demonstrated a 
level of intellectual Integrity.

3345
03:01:25,500 --> 03:01:29,100
That was uncommon for his era, 
by candidly acknowledging, the 

3346
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:32,400
shortcomings of his techniques 
and the unpredictability of his 

3347
03:01:32,400 --> 03:01:35,200
measurements using a different 
approach than eratosthenes 

3348
03:01:35,200 --> 03:01:39,100
Albanian carefully measured the 
circumference of the earth and 

3349
03:01:39,100 --> 03:01:42,000
his results were accurate to 
within 1% of the right value. 

3350
03:01:42,900 --> 03:01:45,200
In addition, he studied lunar 
craters in. 

3351
03:01:45,200 --> 03:01:47,800
Great detail and came to the 
accurate conclusion. 

3352
03:01:47,800 --> 03:01:51,400
That impacts not volcanic 
activity, were responsible for 

3353
03:01:51,400 --> 03:01:54,400
their formation. 
This conclusion would not be 

3354
03:01:54,400 --> 03:01:57,400
accepted by European astronomers
for several more centuries. 

3355
03:01:57,400 --> 03:02:00,300
The creation of more precise 
tools for observing. 

3356
03:02:00,300 --> 03:02:02,800
The Stars was one of Islamic 
astronomers most important 

3357
03:02:02,800 --> 03:02:06,000
contribution. 
They developed better models of 

3358
03:02:06,000 --> 03:02:09,000
the astrolabe, an advanced 
instrument, that could be used 

3359
03:02:09,000 --> 03:02:12,300
to measure the positions of 
planets, and stars, calculate, 

3360
03:02:12,300 --> 03:02:15,300
local time and resolve a number 
of astronomical issues. 

3361
03:02:15,300 --> 03:02:19,000
In addition, Islamic instrument 
makers, created the Talkatone, 

3362
03:02:19,000 --> 03:02:22,800
the quadrant and several types 
of sundials, all of which were 

3363
03:02:22,800 --> 03:02:25,700
intended to more, precisely 
address particular, astronomical

3364
03:02:25,700 --> 03:02:29,100
issues than earlier devices. 
These tools were frequently, 

3365
03:02:29,100 --> 03:02:32,200
both scientific and artistic 
Creations embellished with 

3366
03:02:32,208 --> 03:02:35,700
calligraphy and elaborate 
geometric designs in the hands 

3367
03:02:35,700 --> 03:02:38,100
of Islamic Artisans. 
The astrolabe in particular 

3368
03:02:38,100 --> 03:02:41,500
became so sophisticated that it 
transformed into a portable 

3369
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:45,200
analog computer that could solve
a variety of navigational and 

3370
03:02:45,200 --> 03:02:47,700
astronomical issues. 
With a single device. 

3371
03:02:47,700 --> 03:02:49,300
Small enough to carry in one 
hand. 

3372
03:02:49,300 --> 03:02:52,200
A competent user could predict 
the rising and setting times of 

3373
03:02:52,208 --> 03:02:54,700
stars determine the time of day 
on night. 

3374
03:02:54,700 --> 03:02:57,400
Find the direction of Mecca from
any location. 

3375
03:02:57,400 --> 03:03:01,200
And even cast, horoscopes 
important observations were also

3376
03:03:01,200 --> 03:03:04,700
made by Islamic astronomers, 
they created star catalogs that 

3377
03:03:04,700 --> 03:03:07,100
were more thorough and accurate 
than any previously, published 

3378
03:03:07,100 --> 03:03:11,200
ones The observed comets 
supernovae and other ephemeral, 

3379
03:03:11,200 --> 03:03:13,000
Celestial phenomena in great 
detail. 

3380
03:03:13,000 --> 03:03:16,300
They improved predictive models 
by tracking Planet movements 

3381
03:03:16,300 --> 03:03:19,300
with previously, unheard of 
accuracy in the 10th Century. 

3382
03:03:19,300 --> 03:03:22,400
Abdul Rahman. 
Al Sufi made one particularly 

3383
03:03:22,400 --> 03:03:26,300
significant discovery. 
I'll Sufi discovered a fuzzy 

3384
03:03:26,300 --> 03:03:28,900
star-like object that hadn't 
been in any of the earlier 

3385
03:03:28,900 --> 03:03:31,600
catalogs while he was assembling
his star catalog. 

3386
03:03:32,400 --> 03:03:36,500
He referred to this object as a 
nebula star, but in reality, it 

3387
03:03:36,500 --> 03:03:39,900
was the Andromeda galaxy, the 
first galaxies other than the 

3388
03:03:39,900 --> 03:03:41,800
Milky Way that astronomers had 
ever observed. 

3389
03:03:42,800 --> 03:03:45,700
It would take another thousand 
years for Al Sufi to realize 

3390
03:03:45,700 --> 03:03:48,200
that he was staring at a galaxy 
with hundreds of billions of 

3391
03:03:48,200 --> 03:03:51,000
stars. 
Islamic astronomy had many uses 

3392
03:03:51,000 --> 03:03:54,500
outside of religious 
observances, Islamic Traders and

3393
03:03:54,500 --> 03:03:58,300
adventurers required precise, 
navigational techniques because 

3394
03:03:58,300 --> 03:04:01,100
they were traversing great 
distances by land and sea. 

3395
03:04:02,000 --> 03:04:05,000
Islamic astronomers established,
the mathematical underpinnings 

3396
03:04:05,000 --> 03:04:08,100
for the ensuing, great Age of 
Exploration by developing 

3397
03:04:08,100 --> 03:04:11,900
Advanced methods for calculating
latitude and longitude, they 

3398
03:04:11,900 --> 03:04:14,200
made important contributions to 
timekeeping as well. 

3399
03:04:14,200 --> 03:04:18,000
Islamic astronomers created 
increasingly precise, sundials 

3400
03:04:18,000 --> 03:04:22,300
water clocks and other 
timepieces For both practical 

3401
03:04:22,300 --> 03:04:24,500
and religious reasons. 
They produced comprehensive 

3402
03:04:24,500 --> 03:04:27,900
tables that displayed the 
sunrise and sunset times for 

3403
03:04:27,900 --> 03:04:31,800
various latitudes throughout the
year, most significantly Islamic

3404
03:04:31,800 --> 03:04:34,200
astronomers preserved and 
advanced the knowledge base, 

3405
03:04:34,200 --> 03:04:36,100
they had acquired from past 
societies. 

3406
03:04:37,100 --> 03:04:40,400
They did more than simply 
replicate old books, they filled

3407
03:04:40,400 --> 03:04:44,000
in the blanks fixed mistakes, 
and expanded our understanding 

3408
03:04:44,000 --> 03:04:47,200
of the universe. 
Many of the Mysteries that had 

3409
03:04:47,200 --> 03:04:49,700
baffled, the Ancients had 
already been resolved by Islamic

3410
03:04:49,700 --> 03:04:52,800
astronomers when European 
scholars started to ReDiscover 

3411
03:04:52,800 --> 03:04:54,300
astronomy during the 
Renaissance. 

3412
03:04:54,300 --> 03:04:57,800
It is impossible to overestimate
the impact of Islamic astronomy 

3413
03:04:57,800 --> 03:04:59,500
on subsequent developments in 
Europe. 

3414
03:05:00,200 --> 03:05:03,700
Copernicus made extensive use of
Islamic astronomers observations

3415
03:05:03,700 --> 03:05:06,800
and mathematical methods in the 
development of his heliocentric 

3416
03:05:06,800 --> 03:05:09,500
model. 
The Islamic Golden Age, produced

3417
03:05:09,500 --> 03:05:11,800
many of the mathematical 
instruments that were crucial to

3418
03:05:11,800 --> 03:05:14,600
the Scientific Revolution in 
addition to Scientific 

3419
03:05:14,600 --> 03:05:17,200
advancements. 
Islamic astronomy, has left. 

3420
03:05:17,200 --> 03:05:20,100
Its mark on the terminology, we 
used to describe the universe, 

3421
03:05:20,100 --> 03:05:24,100
the Arabic origins of many of 
the modern star names, Elder 

3422
03:05:24,100 --> 03:05:28,900
Bayern, Altair, Beetlejuice and 
rigel, reflect the crucial role 

3423
03:05:28,900 --> 03:05:31,700
that Islamic astronomers played 
in cataloging and researching 

3424
03:05:31,700 --> 03:05:34,100
the night sky. 
Chinese, astronomers were 

3425
03:05:34,100 --> 03:05:36,700
approaching the study of the 
universe in a totally different 

3426
03:05:36,700 --> 03:05:40,200
way than Islamic and European 
astronomers who were occupied 

3427
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:42,500
with debating. 
Whether the Sun or the Earth was

3428
03:05:42,500 --> 03:05:45,400
at the center of the universe 
developing Grand. 

3429
03:05:45,400 --> 03:05:48,400
Theoretical models to explain 
the motion of celestial objects,

3430
03:05:48,400 --> 03:05:52,400
was not a major concern of 
theirs rather they concentrated 

3431
03:05:52,400 --> 03:05:56,200
on what now appears to be almost
more scientific meticulously 

3432
03:05:56,200 --> 03:06:00,800
documenting precisely what they 
saw when they saw it and how it 

3433
03:06:00,800 --> 03:06:04,000
connected to Earthly events, 
this method developed from a 

3434
03:06:04,000 --> 03:06:06,800
distinctively Chinese 
philosophical tradition, that 

3435
03:06:06,800 --> 03:06:10,300
believed that all In a very 
particular sense, human Affairs 

3436
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:11,900
and the heavens were closely 
related. 

3437
03:06:13,200 --> 03:06:16,700
The emperor according to Chinese
astronomers had the Mandate of 

3438
03:06:16,700 --> 03:06:20,000
Heaven, Divine consent, that 
validated his reign. 

3439
03:06:20,800 --> 03:06:22,900
Unusual. 
Astronomical occurrences might 

3440
03:06:22,900 --> 03:06:25,900
indicate that this mandate was 
being revoked, which would 

3441
03:06:25,900 --> 03:06:29,100
support Rebellion or a change of
government as a result Chinese 

3442
03:06:29,100 --> 03:06:30,900
courts. 
Hired official astronomers, 

3443
03:06:30,900 --> 03:06:35,000
whose responsibility, it was to 
continuously monitor the sky for

3444
03:06:35,000 --> 03:06:39,600
comets supernovae eclipses and 
other anomalies that might have 

3445
03:06:39,600 --> 03:06:44,200
political ramifications. 
The timing duration and apparent

3446
03:06:44,200 --> 03:06:45,900
connection to current political 
events. 

3447
03:06:45,900 --> 03:06:49,100
We're all carefully documented 
by these quarter astronomers. 

3448
03:06:49,100 --> 03:06:52,200
In addition, to the phenomena 
themselves as a result in 

3449
03:06:52,200 --> 03:06:54,400
astronomical, record-keeping 
system was created. 

3450
03:06:54,400 --> 03:06:57,000
That was unparalleled in the 
world in terms of longevity and 

3451
03:06:57,000 --> 03:07:00,200
consistency in one form or 
another Chinese. 

3452
03:07:00,200 --> 03:07:03,800
Astronomical records date back 
more than 3,000 years and they 

3453
03:07:03,808 --> 03:07:06,500
have remained, remarkably 
consistent throughout political 

3454
03:07:06,500 --> 03:07:10,500
upheavals invasions and 
dynasties For contemporary 

3455
03:07:10,500 --> 03:07:13,100
astronomers researching 
long-term Celestial phenomena. 

3456
03:07:13,100 --> 03:07:15,700
These records have proven to be 
extremely helpful. 

3457
03:07:15,700 --> 03:07:18,600
Chinese astronomers, for 
instance documented, the 

3458
03:07:18,600 --> 03:07:22,500
emergence of guest stars stars 
that appeared out of nowhere. 

3459
03:07:22,500 --> 03:07:25,700
Where none had previously been 
seen glowed brilliantly for 

3460
03:07:25,700 --> 03:07:29,400
weeks or months and then 
vanished We now know that these 

3461
03:07:29,400 --> 03:07:33,100
were Novae and supernovae, which
are Stellar explosions capable 

3462
03:07:33,100 --> 03:07:35,700
of momentarily, outshining 
entire Galaxys. 

3463
03:07:36,300 --> 03:07:38,900
Modern astronomers have been 
able to study the remnants of 

3464
03:07:38,908 --> 03:07:41,700
these ancient Cosmic 
catastrophes, thanks to the 

3465
03:07:41,700 --> 03:07:44,500
Chinese records of these events 
which are frequently. 

3466
03:07:44,500 --> 03:07:46,900
The only historical 
documentation, we have of 

3467
03:07:46,900 --> 03:07:50,200
particular Stellar explosions. 
The most well-known example is 

3468
03:07:50,200 --> 03:07:54,700
most likely the Supernova of 
1,054 CE, which, Chinese 

3469
03:07:54,700 --> 03:07:57,600
astronomers, noted was visible, 
to the naked eye at night for 

3470
03:07:57,600 --> 03:08:00,800
almost two years and during 23 
days during the day. 

3471
03:08:02,100 --> 03:08:04,800
One of the most actively 
researched objects in the sky, 

3472
03:08:04,800 --> 03:08:07,500
is the Crab Nebula. 
The Stellar remnant of this 

3473
03:08:07,500 --> 03:08:11,400
explosion comets, which they 
dubbed broom Stars, due to their

3474
03:08:11,400 --> 03:08:15,000
sweeping Tales were also the 
subject of in-depth observations

3475
03:08:15,000 --> 03:08:18,600
by Chinese astronomers. 
They kept records that enabled 

3476
03:08:18,600 --> 03:08:21,900
them to identify when specific 
comets returned on regular. 

3477
03:08:21,900 --> 03:08:25,800
Schedule's observed Comet orbits
and recorded the correlation 

3478
03:08:25,800 --> 03:08:28,800
between a comet's position in 
relation to the sun and its 

3479
03:08:28,800 --> 03:08:31,000
tail. 
They are the oldest continuous 

3480
03:08:31,000 --> 03:08:33,100
records of this. 
Well, known Celestial visitor, 

3481
03:08:33,100 --> 03:08:38,900
dating back at least 200 BC to 
what we now refer to as Halley's

3482
03:08:38,900 --> 03:08:42,000
Comet. 
Centuries later when European 

3483
03:08:42,000 --> 03:08:44,400
astronomers were attempting to 
demonstrate the Comets. 

3484
03:08:44,400 --> 03:08:46,800
Do not appear at random, but 
rather follow predictable 

3485
03:08:46,800 --> 03:08:49,700
orbital paths, these records 
were essential. 

3486
03:08:49,700 --> 03:08:52,700
However, Chinese astronomy 
involved, more than merely, 

3487
03:08:52,700 --> 03:08:56,300
keeping an eye out for Otter 
currencies, Along with, creating

3488
03:08:56,300 --> 03:08:59,300
their own complex, calendrical 
systems and Eclipse prediction 

3489
03:08:59,300 --> 03:09:02,600
techniques, Chinese astronomers.
Also conducted systematic 

3490
03:09:02,600 --> 03:09:05,500
observations of the regular 
motions of celestial objects 

3491
03:09:05,500 --> 03:09:09,200
they created constellations 
based on Chinese mythological 

3492
03:09:09,200 --> 03:09:12,300
and cultural Traditions dividing
the sky into different. 

3493
03:09:12,300 --> 03:09:15,000
Star groups than Western 
astronomers did Chinese 

3494
03:09:15,000 --> 03:09:19,600
astronomers developed a system 
based on 28 lunar Mansions star 

3495
03:09:19,600 --> 03:09:22,600
groups that corresponded to the 
moon's position on each day of 

3496
03:09:22,600 --> 03:09:25,700
its monthly cycle. 
Instead of the 12 zodiac 

3497
03:09:25,700 --> 03:09:28,700
constellations that Western 
astronomy used to divide the sky

3498
03:09:28,700 --> 03:09:31,300
along the ecliptic or the sun's 
apparent path. 

3499
03:09:32,000 --> 03:09:34,400
This system was specially 
helpful for keeping track of 

3500
03:09:34,408 --> 03:09:37,200
time and arranging activities, 
according to the phases of the 

3501
03:09:37,200 --> 03:09:39,000
moon. 
Additionally, Chinese 

3502
03:09:39,000 --> 03:09:41,800
astronomers created their own 
tools, for observing the Stars. 

3503
03:09:42,500 --> 03:09:45,100
Chinese instrument makers, 
developed the armillary sphere. 

3504
03:09:45,100 --> 03:09:47,900
A three-dimensional 
representation of the celestial 

3505
03:09:47,900 --> 03:09:51,700
sphere constructed from 
intersecting metal rings to a 

3506
03:09:51,700 --> 03:09:54,900
remarkable degree of accuracy. 
These tools could be used to 

3507
03:09:54,900 --> 03:09:57,700
show astronomical relationships 
and track the movements of 

3508
03:09:57,700 --> 03:10:02,000
celestial objects Susan's water.
Powered Clock Tower constructed 

3509
03:10:02,000 --> 03:10:06,500
in 1092 CE was one of the most 
impressive Chinese astronomical 

3510
03:10:06,500 --> 03:10:09,800
instruments. 
This enormous machine which 

3511
03:10:09,800 --> 03:10:12,800
stood more than 30 feet tall was
essentially the first 

3512
03:10:12,800 --> 03:10:16,100
astronomical computer in 
history, it was made up of a 

3513
03:10:16,100 --> 03:10:19,200
Celestial globe and armillary 
sphere and a mechanical clock. 

3514
03:10:20,200 --> 03:10:22,800
In addition to having a 
sophisticated system of bells 

3515
03:10:22,800 --> 03:10:25,100
and gongs that announced the 
time and other astronomical 

3516
03:10:25,100 --> 03:10:27,600
events. 
The clock tower was able to 

3517
03:10:27,600 --> 03:10:30,400
automatically track the 
positions of the sun, moon, and 

3518
03:10:30,400 --> 03:10:32,700
planets. 
A number of the discoveries made

3519
03:10:32,700 --> 03:10:35,500
by Chinese astronomers would 
take centuries to replicate in 

3520
03:10:35,508 --> 03:10:39,900
the west, they kept meticulous 
records of sunspot activity and 

3521
03:10:39,900 --> 03:10:43,200
were the first to identify that.
The sun had dark patches on its 

3522
03:10:43,200 --> 03:10:45,900
surface, which we now refer to 
as sunspots. 

3523
03:10:46,900 --> 03:10:49,400
Additionally, they observed a 
regularity is along the border 

3524
03:10:49,400 --> 03:10:52,300
between the illuminated and dark
portions during lunar phases 

3525
03:10:52,300 --> 03:10:55,900
indicating that the moon's 
surface was not entirely smooth.

3526
03:10:55,900 --> 03:10:59,800
The 11th century work of the 
astronomer shenko is one a 

3527
03:10:59,800 --> 03:11:02,600
specially noteworthy 
accomplishment, After closely 

3528
03:11:02,600 --> 03:11:06,500
examining the magnetic compass 
shenko found that magnetic north

3529
03:11:06,500 --> 03:11:08,700
and True. 
North are not exactly the same. 

3530
03:11:08,700 --> 03:11:12,000
It would take another Century 
for Europe to independently. 

3531
03:11:12,000 --> 03:11:15,800
Discover magnetic declination, 
which was essential for precise 

3532
03:11:15,800 --> 03:11:18,900
navigation, based on his 
observations of the shapes and 

3533
03:11:18,900 --> 03:11:22,700
shadows of these features shenko
also postulated that impacts 

3534
03:11:22,700 --> 03:11:26,300
with the cause of lunar craters,
he even proposed that the Milky 

3535
03:11:26,300 --> 03:11:28,100
Way was made up of far-off 
stars. 

3536
03:11:28,100 --> 03:11:31,400
A theory that would not be 
accepted by European astronomers

3537
03:11:31,400 --> 03:11:34,900
until the telescopic era. 
Chinese astronomers created 

3538
03:11:34,900 --> 03:11:39,000
complex mathematical methods for
astronomical computations such 

3539
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:41,600
as Eclipse prediction techniques
that were frequently more 

3540
03:11:41,600 --> 03:11:43,300
accurate than modern Western 
methods. 

3541
03:11:44,100 --> 03:11:47,200
They produced intricate star 
maps, and Celestial globes, that

3542
03:11:47,200 --> 03:11:49,800
accurately depicted, the 
positions, and motions of stars 

3543
03:11:49,800 --> 03:11:53,100
practical applications were 
another noteworthy aspect of the

3544
03:11:53,100 --> 03:11:57,000
Chinese approach to astronomy. 
For long-distance Land and Sea. 

3545
03:11:57,000 --> 03:11:59,900
Travel Chinese. 
Navigators employed astronomical

3546
03:11:59,900 --> 03:12:02,400
methods. 
Centuries before the magnetic 

3547
03:12:02,400 --> 03:12:05,500
compass was invented in Europe. 
The Chinese used it, as 

3548
03:12:05,500 --> 03:12:08,700
navigational aide. 
By combining Compass readings 

3549
03:12:08,700 --> 03:12:11,700
with astronomical observations, 
they were able to determine 

3550
03:12:11,700 --> 03:12:14,000
position and Direction with 
remarkable accuracy, 

3551
03:12:14,000 --> 03:12:16,300
astronomical, observations were 
all. 

3552
03:12:16,300 --> 03:12:19,500
So incorporated into Chinese 
medical Theory because it was 

3553
03:12:19,500 --> 03:12:22,500
thought that human health was 
influenced by Celestial forces. 

3554
03:12:23,500 --> 03:12:25,800
From a modern standpoint, this 
may appear to be purely 

3555
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:29,000
superstitious, but it prompted 
Chinese doctors to keep 

3556
03:12:29,000 --> 03:12:32,600
meticulous records that linked 
astronomical events seasonal, 

3557
03:12:32,600 --> 03:12:36,200
variations and disease patterns,
observations that occasionally 

3558
03:12:36,200 --> 03:12:38,800
showed real links between 
environmental influences and 

3559
03:12:38,800 --> 03:12:40,900
health. 
The most remarkable thing about 

3560
03:12:40,900 --> 03:12:44,200
Chinese astronomy is how it was 
able to preserve scientific 

3561
03:12:44,200 --> 03:12:46,700
Integrity. 
Despite using a theoretical 

3562
03:12:46,700 --> 03:12:49,400
framework that was entirely 
different from that of Western 

3563
03:12:49,400 --> 03:12:52,600
astronomy. 
Chinese astronomers were not 

3564
03:12:52,600 --> 03:12:55,200
attempting to demonstrate. 
That Celestial motions, could be

3565
03:12:55,208 --> 03:12:58,600
explained by physical laws or 
that the Universe was built on 

3566
03:12:58,600 --> 03:13:01,900
geometric principles. 
Rather their goal was to 

3567
03:13:01,908 --> 03:13:05,400
comprehend how Earthly events 
and Celestial patterns relate to

3568
03:13:05,400 --> 03:13:07,800
one another. 
Because of this method, they 

3569
03:13:07,800 --> 03:13:10,700
were able to concentrate on 
astronomical topics that Western

3570
03:13:10,700 --> 03:13:13,400
astronomers occasionally 
overlooked They were more 

3571
03:13:13,400 --> 03:13:16,700
methodical in keeping long-term 
records more interested in 

3572
03:13:16,700 --> 03:13:19,900
fleeting phenomena and more 
perceptive of minut changes. 

3573
03:13:19,900 --> 03:13:23,000
In familiar objects. 
Although their method may not 

3574
03:13:23,000 --> 03:13:26,200
have resulted in significant 
theoretical advances it did 

3575
03:13:26,200 --> 03:13:29,500
build a Priceless database of 
observational data that has been

3576
03:13:29,500 --> 03:13:32,000
crucial to comprehending. 
Long-term astronomical 

3577
03:13:32,000 --> 03:13:34,300
phenomena. 
Another significant aspect of 

3578
03:13:34,300 --> 03:13:36,800
scientific inquiry is 
illustrated by the Chinese 

3579
03:13:36,800 --> 03:13:40,100
astronomical tradition. 
There are multiple scientific 

3580
03:13:40,100 --> 03:13:43,900
approaches to studying the 
cosmos. the Chinese method which

3581
03:13:43,900 --> 03:13:46,300
prioritized, meticulous 
observation and documentation 

3582
03:13:46,300 --> 03:13:50,300
over the development of 
theoretical models, was equally 

3583
03:13:50,300 --> 03:13:53,600
legitimate as a scientific 
inquiry method as the more 

3584
03:13:53,600 --> 03:13:55,900
Theory based methods, that 
emerged in other cultures, 

3585
03:13:56,900 --> 03:13:58,600
Compared to Modern Western 
astronomy. 

3586
03:13:58,600 --> 03:14:02,100
It was less speculative and more
empirical in many respects. 

3587
03:14:02,100 --> 03:14:05,900
Now we must discuss the 
astronomical accomplishments of 

3588
03:14:05,900 --> 03:14:08,400
the pre-columbian Americas. 
If you truly want to be 

3589
03:14:08,400 --> 03:14:11,400
astounded by what people can 
achieve when they pull their 

3590
03:14:11,400 --> 03:14:15,400
collective intelligence, Working
with stone tools and lacking 

3591
03:14:15,400 --> 03:14:18,000
some of the basic technologies 
that other cultures took for 

3592
03:14:18,000 --> 03:14:21,400
granted such as the wheel iron 
tools or written language 

3593
03:14:21,400 --> 03:14:24,700
mathematical notation. 
As we know it today, These 

3594
03:14:24,700 --> 03:14:27,900
civilizations created amazing 
monuments that matched celestial

3595
03:14:27,900 --> 03:14:30,800
events and advanced 
sophisticated, astronomical 

3596
03:14:30,800 --> 03:14:33,900
knowledge. 
Let's begin with the Maya whose 

3597
03:14:33,900 --> 03:14:37,200
achievements in astronomy are 
simply astounding the Maya 

3598
03:14:37,200 --> 03:14:39,000
created. 
What was likely the most precise

3599
03:14:39,000 --> 03:14:42,900
calendar system in Antiquity. 
In fact, it was more precise 

3600
03:14:42,900 --> 03:14:45,300
than the Julian calendar that 
was in use in Europe at the 

3601
03:14:45,300 --> 03:14:48,500
time, their estimates of the 
sole years duration were within 

3602
03:14:48,508 --> 03:14:52,400
17 seconds of the right answer, 
which is incredibly accurate for

3603
03:14:52,400 --> 03:14:55,200
any time period. 
But, particularly astounding for

3604
03:14:55,200 --> 03:14:57,900
those without telescopes or 
contemporary, mathematical 

3605
03:14:57,900 --> 03:15:00,500
instruments. 
However, the Maya had multiple 

3606
03:15:00,500 --> 03:15:03,300
calendars that operated 
concurrently an intricately 

3607
03:15:03,300 --> 03:15:06,600
interconnected, there were 
longer cycles that covered far 

3608
03:15:06,600 --> 03:15:11,300
larger time, span's the 30065, 
day solar calendar and the 

3609
03:15:11,300 --> 03:15:15,700
260-day sacred calendar. 
The Maya calendar system 

3610
03:15:15,700 --> 03:15:18,100
tracked, several overlapping 
cycles that would eventually 

3611
03:15:18,100 --> 03:15:21,000
return to their initial 
positions after incredibly long 

3612
03:15:21,000 --> 03:15:24,700
periods of time reflecting their
belief that time was cyclical 

3613
03:15:24,700 --> 03:15:28,300
rather than linear The Long 
Count which measured time from a

3614
03:15:28,300 --> 03:15:32,600
fictitious creation date that 
corresponds to August 11th 314 

3615
03:15:32,600 --> 03:15:36,200
BCE in our calendar was the most
well known of these longer 

3616
03:15:36,200 --> 03:15:38,800
cycles for more than 5,000 
years. 

3617
03:15:38,800 --> 03:15:42,300
This system continuously counted
days which is longer than most 

3618
03:15:42,300 --> 03:15:45,700
other cultures recorded 
histories like the odometer on 

3619
03:15:45,700 --> 03:15:52,000
your car rolling over from 
99,999 to 000 the alleged end of

3620
03:15:52,000 --> 03:15:55,700
the Maya calendar in 2012, that 
generated so much excitement 

3621
03:15:55,700 --> 03:15:59,200
wasn't really an end at all. 
But rather the conclusion of one

3622
03:15:59,200 --> 03:16:02,200
of these lengthy Cycles Maya 
astronomers had to make 

3623
03:16:02,200 --> 03:16:05,900
extremely accurate, observations
of celestial, motions, in order 

3624
03:16:05,900 --> 03:16:08,100
to maintain such an accurate 
calendar system. 

3625
03:16:09,000 --> 03:16:12,000
Until well into the Renaissance,
they were able to track the 

3626
03:16:12,000 --> 03:16:15,400
motion of the sun, moon, and 
visible planets, with a level of

3627
03:16:15,400 --> 03:16:17,100
accuracy that was unmatched in 
Europe. 

3628
03:16:17,900 --> 03:16:21,100
Venus, which was essential to 
Miami in military strategy. 

3629
03:16:21,100 --> 03:16:24,500
Piqued their interest in 
particular, according to Maya 

3630
03:16:24,500 --> 03:16:26,000
records. 
They were able to for forecast, 

3631
03:16:26,000 --> 03:16:28,700
Venus's morning and evening 
star, appearances years and 

3632
03:16:28,700 --> 03:16:31,600
advanced. 
The duration of Venus's synodic 

3633
03:16:31,600 --> 03:16:33,300
period. 
Well, the interval between 

3634
03:16:33,300 --> 03:16:36,800
consecutive morning or evening 
star appearances, was precisely 

3635
03:16:36,800 --> 03:16:39,400
known to them and they were able
to predict when Venus would 

3636
03:16:39,408 --> 03:16:41,300
become invisible as it changed 
phases. 

3637
03:16:41,300 --> 03:16:44,800
These astronomical predictions 
were put to use by the Maya 

3638
03:16:44,800 --> 03:16:46,800
rulers for more than just 
academic purposes. 

3639
03:16:46,800 --> 03:16:50,200
They believed that Venus is 
various phases affected the 

3640
03:16:50,200 --> 03:16:52,800
chances of winning battles. 
So they planned military 

3641
03:16:52,800 --> 03:16:55,900
campaigns to align with Venus's 
advantageous positions. 

3642
03:16:55,900 --> 03:16:58,900
Consider yourself a Maya 
astronomer tasked with informing

3643
03:16:58,900 --> 03:17:01,300
the king, when War should be 
declared based on astronomy. 

3644
03:17:01,300 --> 03:17:04,900
Amazing architectural monuments 
that doubled as enormous. 

3645
03:17:04,900 --> 03:17:09,300
Astronomical instruments were 
also constructed by the Maya El 

3646
03:17:09,300 --> 03:17:12,800
Castillo the pyramid at Chichen.
Itza is arguably the most? 

3647
03:17:12,800 --> 03:17:15,900
Well known example. 
The sun's angle during the 

3648
03:17:15,900 --> 03:17:18,300
Spring and fall equinoxes cast 
Shadows. 

3649
03:17:18,300 --> 03:17:21,300
On the pyramid steps that seem 
to pick to serpent, to sending 

3650
03:17:21,300 --> 03:17:23,600
the structure symbolizing. 
The feather. 

3651
03:17:23,600 --> 03:17:27,500
Serpent God Google's return. 
However, this is only one 

3652
03:17:27,500 --> 03:17:31,200
instance of the astronomy of 
Maya architecture, the Maya 

3653
03:17:31,200 --> 03:17:33,700
built structures all over their 
land, that matched the sun, 

3654
03:17:33,700 --> 03:17:38,000
moon, and planets rising, and 
setting time on significant 

3655
03:17:38,000 --> 03:17:41,400
dates, in their calendar. 
These alignments served a 

3656
03:17:41,400 --> 03:17:44,800
practical purpose as well as 
being symbolic, enabling Maya 

3657
03:17:44,800 --> 03:17:47,900
astronomers to maintain their 
intricate calendar systems and 

3658
03:17:47,900 --> 03:17:51,700
make accurate observations. 
The Maya observed a Clips is in 

3659
03:17:51,700 --> 03:17:55,300
great detail and created 
mathematical techniques to Four 

3660
03:17:55,300 --> 03:17:58,500
cast when they would happen. 
Despite having a totally 

3661
03:17:58,500 --> 03:18:00,800
different theoretical and 
mathematical Foundation. 

3662
03:18:00,800 --> 03:18:03,600
There are Clips prediction 
tables were occasionally more 

3663
03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:06,000
accurate than those utilized in 
medieval Europe. 

3664
03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:08,300
Further north other 
Mesoamerican. 

3665
03:18:08,300 --> 03:18:11,300
Cultures had equally remarkable 
astronomical accomplishments 

3666
03:18:11,300 --> 03:18:13,600
much of. 
The astronomical knowledge of 

3667
03:18:13,600 --> 03:18:16,800
the Aztecs was passed down from 
earlier cultures such as the 

3668
03:18:16,800 --> 03:18:19,600
Maya and the enigmatic 
teotihuacan. 

3669
03:18:19,600 --> 03:18:23,900
Builders constructed, Circa 200 
CE the Great Pyramid of 

3670
03:18:23,900 --> 03:18:25,900
teotihuacan is so closely 
synchronized. 

3671
03:18:25,900 --> 03:18:29,000
With astronomical occurrences 
that contemporary researchers 

3672
03:18:29,000 --> 03:18:32,000
are still finding new Celestial 
connections incorporated into 

3673
03:18:32,000 --> 03:18:33,900
its design. 
The connection between 

3674
03:18:33,900 --> 03:18:36,800
astronomical cycles and their 
complex religious calendar. 

3675
03:18:36,800 --> 03:18:41,100
Peaked the Aztecs interest They 
held at the universe had 

3676
03:18:41,100 --> 03:18:44,400
undergone several cycles of 
creation and destruction Each of

3677
03:18:44,400 --> 03:18:47,400
which corresponded to a distinct
astronomical period. 

3678
03:18:48,200 --> 03:18:51,200
Since their world was the 5th 
Sun, they felt that knowledge of

3679
03:18:51,200 --> 03:18:54,600
astronomical Cycles was crucial 
to preserving, Cosmic 

3680
03:18:54,600 --> 03:18:57,500
equilibrium and averting the 
fall of their society. 

3681
03:18:57,500 --> 03:19:00,700
The astronomical knowledge of 
many indigenous cultures in 

3682
03:19:00,700 --> 03:19:04,200
North America was surprisingly 
Advanced even further north. 

3683
03:19:05,000 --> 03:19:08,000
Numerous tribes, use Celestial 
observations for Agricultural 

3684
03:19:08,000 --> 03:19:11,700
and ceremonial purposes. 
Constructed earthwork monuments 

3685
03:19:11,700 --> 03:19:15,300
in accordance with celestial 
events and preserved oral 

3686
03:19:15,300 --> 03:19:18,800
Traditions that monitored 
astronomical, phenomena Cahokia,

3687
03:19:18,800 --> 03:19:23,100
a large settlement close to 
Modern Day Saint Louis that 

3688
03:19:23,100 --> 03:19:28,300
thrived between 1000 and 1,200 
CE is arguably the most well 

3689
03:19:28,300 --> 03:19:32,100
known of these. 
At Cahokia Earthen, Mounds were 

3690
03:19:32,100 --> 03:19:35,300
placed around the Central Plaza,
to commemorate important, solar 

3691
03:19:35,300 --> 03:19:38,400
and lunar occurrences. 
These alignments enabled, the 

3692
03:19:38,400 --> 03:19:40,500
inhabitants to track the 
changing seasons, with 

3693
03:19:40,500 --> 03:19:43,800
remarkable accuracy, as RKO. 
Astronomers have found. 

3694
03:19:43,800 --> 03:19:47,500
However, the Bighorn medicine 
wheel in Wyoming is arguably the

3695
03:19:47,500 --> 03:19:50,200
most fascinating astronomical 
site in North America. 

3696
03:19:51,100 --> 03:19:53,800
Built by unidentified Native 
American cultures. 

3697
03:19:53,800 --> 03:19:57,400
This ancient stone structure is 
made up of a circular 

3698
03:19:57,400 --> 03:20:01,000
arrangement of stones with 
spokes extending outward towards

3699
03:20:01,000 --> 03:20:05,200
smaller Stone, Cairns According 
to contemporary analysis, the 

3700
03:20:05,200 --> 03:20:07,900
structures, various components 
correspond to the positions of 

3701
03:20:07,900 --> 03:20:10,700
bright stars as they rise and 
set throughout the year. 

3702
03:20:10,700 --> 03:20:13,800
These alignments accuracy 
indicates that the builders were

3703
03:20:13,800 --> 03:20:17,300
well versed in procession the 
slow wobble in Earth rotation 

3704
03:20:17,300 --> 03:20:20,300
that causes star positions to 
gradually change over centuries 

3705
03:20:20,300 --> 03:20:23,800
and Stella emotions. 
In addition, to knowing the 

3706
03:20:23,800 --> 03:20:26,500
current star positions, it would
have been necessary to 

3707
03:20:26,500 --> 03:20:30,000
comprehend how those positions 
were evolving over time in order

3708
03:20:30,000 --> 03:20:33,200
to create such alignments 
despite lacking a written 

3709
03:20:33,200 --> 03:20:35,500
language. 
As we know it today, the Incas 

3710
03:20:35,500 --> 03:20:37,900
in South America created their 
own complex, astronomical 

3711
03:20:37,900 --> 03:20:41,300
Traditions, they recorded 
numerical data, including 

3712
03:20:41,300 --> 03:20:45,400
astronomical data using a 
sophisticated kipu system of 

3713
03:20:45,400 --> 03:20:48,700
knotted strings to keep their 
Agricultural and religious 

3714
03:20:48,700 --> 03:20:52,000
calendars up to date. 
Incur astronomers monitored the 

3715
03:20:52,008 --> 03:20:55,800
Motions of the sun, moon, and 
stars, astronomical principles, 

3716
03:20:55,800 --> 03:20:59,300
guided, the layout of the Inca 
Capital at kusco with key 

3717
03:20:59,300 --> 03:21:01,900
structures and ceremonial areas 
lining up with important, 

3718
03:21:01,900 --> 03:21:05,700
astronomical occurrences Among 
the many buildings at the 

3719
03:21:05,700 --> 03:21:07,500
well-known Inca site of Machu 
Picchu. 

3720
03:21:07,500 --> 03:21:10,000
That serve as astronomical 
observation points is the 

3721
03:21:10,000 --> 03:21:13,500
interstone, which creates 
Shadows that follow the path of 

3722
03:21:13,508 --> 03:21:17,400
the sun's year-round the use of 
dark constellations which are 

3723
03:21:17,400 --> 03:21:20,200
patterns created by dark patches
in the Milky Way rather than 

3724
03:21:20,200 --> 03:21:23,900
Bright Stars was one of the most
amazing features of Indian 

3725
03:21:23,900 --> 03:21:27,600
astronomy and astronomers paid 
equal attention to the dark 

3726
03:21:27,600 --> 03:21:31,300
regions between Bright Stars, 
recognizing the forms of animals

3727
03:21:31,300 --> 03:21:32,600
and other important figures 
there. 

3728
03:21:32,600 --> 03:21:35,400
Whereas, other cultures, 
concentrated mainly on bright 

3729
03:21:35,400 --> 03:21:39,300
star patterns this focus on dark
constellations shows a deep 

3730
03:21:39,300 --> 03:21:41,100
comprehension of the structure 
of the Milky. 

3731
03:21:41,100 --> 03:21:44,700
Way these dark patches were 
identified by Andy and 

3732
03:21:44,700 --> 03:21:47,300
astronomers as regions. 
Where something was obstructing 

3733
03:21:47,300 --> 03:21:50,200
the light of farther off Stars, 
not as empty space. 

3734
03:21:51,100 --> 03:21:53,900
In actuality, they were 
observing Galactic structure in 

3735
03:21:53,908 --> 03:21:56,500
ways that European astronomy 
would not formally comprehend 

3736
03:21:56,500 --> 03:21:59,400
until the 20th century. 
The fact that astronomical 

3737
03:21:59,400 --> 03:22:02,100
accomplishments in the Americas 
were made by societies with 

3738
03:22:02,100 --> 03:22:05,100
little exposure, to Old World, 
astronomical Traditions makes 

3739
03:22:05,100 --> 03:22:08,400
them, especially remarkable. 
These societies produce their 

3740
03:22:08,400 --> 03:22:12,100
own theoretical Frameworks, 
mathematical methods, and 

3741
03:22:12,100 --> 03:22:14,500
techniques for making accurate 
observations. 

3742
03:22:15,600 --> 03:22:18,300
Frequently, their findings were 
more accurate than those of 

3743
03:22:18,300 --> 03:22:19,900
recent research in Asia or 
Europe. 

3744
03:22:19,900 --> 03:22:23,400
The variety of methods employed 
by various American cultures 

3745
03:22:23,400 --> 03:22:26,600
also shows a significant aspect 
of human Ingenuity and 

3746
03:22:26,600 --> 03:22:29,900
scientific research. 
With an emphasis on cyclical, 

3747
03:22:29,900 --> 03:22:33,500
computations and numerical 
patterns, Maya astronomy was 

3748
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:36,800
highly mathematical. 
More architectural in nature, 

3749
03:22:36,800 --> 03:22:40,900
astronomy Incorporated, 
astronomical knowledge into the 

3750
03:22:40,908 --> 03:22:43,600
actual design of cities and 
ceremonial locations. 

3751
03:22:44,500 --> 03:22:47,300
The integration of astronomical 
knowledge with seasonal 

3752
03:22:47,300 --> 03:22:50,600
activities and oral Traditions 
was frequently emphasized in 

3753
03:22:50,600 --> 03:22:54,200
North American approaches, all 
of these methods, however, were 

3754
03:22:54,200 --> 03:22:57,600
remarkably accurate in tracking 
Celestial phenomena, and four 

3755
03:22:57,600 --> 03:23:00,900
casting astronomical events. 
They demonstrate that. 

3756
03:23:00,900 --> 03:23:03,400
There are numerous scientific 
approaches to studying the 

3757
03:23:03,400 --> 03:23:06,700
cosmos and that advanced 
astronomical knowledge can arise

3758
03:23:06,700 --> 03:23:09,800
autonomously in various cultures
using various instruments and 

3759
03:23:09,800 --> 03:23:12,400
theoretical Frameworks in the 
Medieval Era. 

3760
03:23:12,400 --> 03:23:14,700
European astronomy started to 
come back to life after 

3761
03:23:14,700 --> 03:23:17,500
centuries of what historians 
used to refer to as the Dark 

3762
03:23:17,500 --> 03:23:19,900
Ages though. 
They weren't quite as gloomy as 

3763
03:23:19,900 --> 03:23:22,600
once thought. 
It was more like someone slowly 

3764
03:23:22,600 --> 03:23:26,000
waking up from an extended nap 
stretching, yawning and 

3765
03:23:26,008 --> 03:23:27,700
gradually. 
Remembering that there was this 

3766
03:23:27,700 --> 03:23:30,500
interesting thing called the sky
that might be worth observing 

3767
03:23:30,500 --> 03:23:33,800
due in large part to contact 
with his lamech civilization 

3768
03:23:33,800 --> 03:23:37,300
through Spain and the Crusades 
the real Awakening started in 

3769
03:23:37,300 --> 03:23:40,900
the 12th century suddenly 
European scholars realized that 

3770
03:23:40,900 --> 03:23:44,300
Islamic astronomers had been 
making incredible strides in 

3771
03:23:44,300 --> 03:23:46,300
their understanding of the 
cosmos while they had been 

3772
03:23:46,300 --> 03:23:49,500
preoccupied with more mundane 
issues such as surviving 

3773
03:23:49,500 --> 03:23:52,500
invasions plagues. 
And the occasional apocalyptic 

3774
03:23:52,500 --> 03:23:56,100
Panic by translating Islamic. 
Astronomical texts into Latin 

3775
03:23:56,100 --> 03:23:59,300
the first European response was 
essentially a catch-up move. 

3776
03:24:00,000 --> 03:24:02,400
By translating the writings of 
Islamic astronomers 

3777
03:24:02,400 --> 03:24:06,300
mathematicians and philosophers 
Scholars, such as Gerrard of 

3778
03:24:06,300 --> 03:24:09,300
cremona devoted their entire 
careers to reintroducing Europe 

3779
03:24:09,300 --> 03:24:11,900
to the astronomical knowledge 
that had been evolving in other 

3780
03:24:11,900 --> 03:24:14,800
parts of the world. 
However, medieval European 

3781
03:24:14,800 --> 03:24:17,300
astronomers started to 
contribute and create their own 

3782
03:24:17,300 --> 03:24:20,600
methods for solving astronomical
problems rather than merely 

3783
03:24:20,600 --> 03:24:22,500
passively absorbing Islamic 
knowledge. 

3784
03:24:22,500 --> 03:24:26,400
Albertus Magnus a German 
philosopher and scientist who 

3785
03:24:26,400 --> 03:24:29,000
lived in the 13th century and 
wrote, a great deal about 

3786
03:24:29,000 --> 03:24:31,300
astronomy. 
In addition to making his own 

3787
03:24:31,300 --> 03:24:34,000
observations of the heavens was 
one of the most important. 

3788
03:24:34,000 --> 03:24:37,800
Early figures, the question of 
whether Aristotle's Antiquated 

3789
03:24:37,800 --> 03:24:41,300
theories about the universe were
genuinely supported by rigorous 

3790
03:24:41,300 --> 03:24:44,500
observational peaked, albertus 
Magnus intrest. 

3791
03:24:45,400 --> 03:24:49,200
He conducted in-depth research 
on comets and discovered that in

3792
03:24:49,200 --> 03:24:52,100
contrast to Aristotelian 
theories regarding comets as 

3793
03:24:52,100 --> 03:24:55,900
atmospheric phenomena, their 
tails consistently pointed away 

3794
03:24:55,900 --> 03:24:59,300
from the Sun, although he lacked
the telescopic ability to 

3795
03:24:59,300 --> 03:25:02,000
confirm it. 
He also noted that the Milky Way

3796
03:25:02,008 --> 03:25:04,700
seemed to be made up of 
extremely faint Stars. 

3797
03:25:04,700 --> 03:25:08,000
The Practical requirements of 
the Catholic Church also 

3798
03:25:08,000 --> 03:25:10,000
influenced, medieval European 
astronomy. 

3799
03:25:10,800 --> 03:25:13,400
Because Easter depended on 
intricate relationships between 

3800
03:25:13,400 --> 03:25:16,500
solar and lunar cycles. 
Christian Scholars needed 

3801
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:18,700
precise methods for determining 
the date. 

3802
03:25:19,400 --> 03:25:22,400
Because it was their primary 
source of income, even serious, 

3803
03:25:22,400 --> 03:25:25,000
medieval astronomers frequently 
worked as astrologers. 

3804
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:28,400
So they also needed to 
comprehend Celestial motions for

3805
03:25:28,400 --> 03:25:31,200
astrological purposes, 
significant progress in 

3806
03:25:31,208 --> 03:25:34,100
computational, astronomy, was 
made as a result of this 

3807
03:25:34,100 --> 03:25:37,500
pragmatic approach. 
Improved mathematical methods 

3808
03:25:37,500 --> 03:25:39,900
for determining Eclipse dates 
and predicting planetary 

3809
03:25:39,900 --> 03:25:42,700
positions were created by 
medieval Scholars. 

3810
03:25:43,500 --> 03:25:45,800
They improved techniques for 
converting between calendar 

3811
03:25:45,800 --> 03:25:48,200
systems and produce calendars 
that were more accurate. 

3812
03:25:48,200 --> 03:25:51,200
The creation of mechanical 
astronomical instruments, was 

3813
03:25:51,200 --> 03:25:53,700
one of the most significant 
contributions made during the 

3814
03:25:53,700 --> 03:25:56,700
Middle Ages. 
European artists, produced ever 

3815
03:25:56,700 --> 03:26:00,100
more advanced, quadrants 
astrolabes and other tools for 

3816
03:26:00,100 --> 03:26:02,800
observing the Stars. 
They also started creating 

3817
03:26:02,800 --> 03:26:06,100
mechanical clocks, that could 
record the sun moon and Planet 

3818
03:26:06,100 --> 03:26:08,300
positions. 
In addition to the time, the 

3819
03:26:08,300 --> 03:26:11,200
astronomical clock, which was 
constructed in Prague, Circa, 

3820
03:26:11,200 --> 03:26:15,000
1410 and is still in use. 
Today was arguably the most 

3821
03:26:15,000 --> 03:26:18,500
remarkable of these. 
This amazing device, which is 

3822
03:26:18,500 --> 03:26:21,400
automatically updated by a 
complex Clockwork mechanism, 

3823
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:25,600
displays the moon's phases, the 
Sun and Moon's positions in the 

3824
03:26:25,600 --> 03:26:28,800
Zodiac and other astronomical 
information, the development of 

3825
03:26:28,800 --> 03:26:32,000
universities in medieval Europe,
also helped to astronomy by 

3826
03:26:32,000 --> 03:26:34,800
establishing institutional 
Frameworks for the advancement 

3827
03:26:34,800 --> 03:26:36,700
and preservation of astronomical
knowledge. 

3828
03:26:37,900 --> 03:26:42,500
Universities in Paris, Oxford 
bologna, and other locations 

3829
03:26:42,500 --> 03:26:45,300
developed into hubs for 
astronomy Education and Research

3830
03:26:45,300 --> 03:26:47,900
along with mathematics geometry 
and music. 

3831
03:26:47,900 --> 03:26:51,400
Astronomy was regarded as one of
the core liberal arts at these 

3832
03:26:51,400 --> 03:26:55,100
universities. 
As a result educated Europeans 

3833
03:26:55,100 --> 03:26:57,700
were supposed to understand the 
fundamentals of astronomy. 

3834
03:26:57,700 --> 03:27:00,800
Scholarly discussion of 
astronomical, theories was also 

3835
03:27:00,800 --> 03:27:04,000
fostered by the university 
setting in stead of Simply 

3836
03:27:04,000 --> 03:27:07,100
accepting the wisdom of the 
Ancients medieval astronomers 

3837
03:27:07,100 --> 03:27:10,700
debated, the merits of various 
models, suggested changes and 

3838
03:27:10,700 --> 03:27:13,900
enhancements and sometimes 
created completely original 

3839
03:27:13,900 --> 03:27:15,700
solutions to astronomical 
issues. 

3840
03:27:15,700 --> 03:27:18,800
The growing sophistication of 
observational methods was one 

3841
03:27:18,800 --> 03:27:22,900
significant medieval development
prominent academics such as John

3842
03:27:22,900 --> 03:27:25,900
of holywood. 
Sakra Bosco authored in Portland

3843
03:27:25,900 --> 03:27:29,100
Texas books that described how 
to use basic instruments to make

3844
03:27:29,108 --> 03:27:32,100
precise astronomical 
measurements, they created 

3845
03:27:32,100 --> 03:27:34,000
standardized techniques for 
timing. 

3846
03:27:34,000 --> 03:27:37,200
Astronomical events, measuring 
Celestial angles and locating 

3847
03:27:37,200 --> 03:27:39,700
Stars. 
Significant progress was also 

3848
03:27:39,700 --> 03:27:42,200
made by medieval astronomers in 
comprehending, the connection 

3849
03:27:42,200 --> 03:27:44,900
between astronomical phenomena 
and Mathematics. 

3850
03:27:45,800 --> 03:27:49,100
The improved geometric models 
for planetary motions developed,

3851
03:27:49,100 --> 03:27:51,400
trigonometric methods for 
calculating angles, and 

3852
03:27:51,400 --> 03:27:54,800
distances, and started applying 
algebraic methods to solve 

3853
03:27:54,800 --> 03:27:57,500
challenging astronomical 
problems Johannes. 

3854
03:27:57,500 --> 03:28:00,400
De murres who proposed calendar 
reforms in the 14th century that

3855
03:28:00,400 --> 03:28:02,800
were centuries. 
Ahead of their time was likely 

3856
03:28:02,800 --> 03:28:05,400
the most mathematically, 
Advanced medieval astronomer 

3857
03:28:05,400 --> 03:28:08,800
Demorest determined precisely 
how much correction would be 

3858
03:28:08,800 --> 03:28:11,600
required to correct. 
The Julian calendar, which was 

3859
03:28:11,600 --> 03:28:15,000
then in use as it was, gradually
becoming out of sync with the 

3860
03:28:15,000 --> 03:28:16,900
seasons. 
Although, most of his 

3861
03:28:16,900 --> 03:28:20,100
suggestions were disregarded, at
the time, they foreshadowed, 

3862
03:28:20,100 --> 03:28:22,700
many of the modifications, that 
would later be made to produce 

3863
03:28:22,700 --> 03:28:26,000
our current Gregorian calendar. 
Important observations, were all

3864
03:28:26,000 --> 03:28:28,300
made by European astronomers in 
the Middle Ages. 

3865
03:28:29,200 --> 03:28:31,100
They made meticulous 
observations of planetary 

3866
03:28:31,100 --> 03:28:34,600
positions tracked, Comet 
movements and created new star 

3867
03:28:34,600 --> 03:28:37,300
catalogs. 
They were especially intrigued 

3868
03:28:37,300 --> 03:28:40,700
by what they dubbed, 
conjunctions rare closer 

3869
03:28:40,700 --> 03:28:42,600
approaches between planets that 
were believed to have 

3870
03:28:42,600 --> 03:28:45,900
astrological meaning more 
complex, theoretical solutions, 

3871
03:28:45,900 --> 03:28:48,700
to astronomical issues also 
emerged during the Middle Ages. 

3872
03:28:49,500 --> 03:28:51,700
The fundamental tenets of 
ancient astronomy. 

3873
03:28:51,700 --> 03:28:55,000
Especially the requirement, that
all Celestial motions be 

3874
03:28:55,000 --> 03:28:58,500
perfectly, round started to be 
questioned by academics. 

3875
03:28:58,500 --> 03:29:01,100
They started creating 
mathematical methods. 

3876
03:29:01,100 --> 03:29:03,000
That would later be crucial for 
more precise. 

3877
03:29:03,000 --> 03:29:06,200
Explanations of planetary, 
motion and experimented with 

3878
03:29:06,200 --> 03:29:09,600
different geometric models. 
Most significantly, medieval 

3879
03:29:09,600 --> 03:29:12,600
European astronomy started to 
formulate, what is now known as 

3880
03:29:12,600 --> 03:29:14,400
a more scientific theory of the 
universe. 

3881
03:29:15,300 --> 03:29:18,500
The significance of meticulous. 
Observation mathematical 

3882
03:29:18,500 --> 03:29:22,000
analysis, and logical reasoning 
in astronomical investigations, 

3883
03:29:22,000 --> 03:29:24,200
was increasingly stressed by 
medieval Scholars. 

3884
03:29:24,200 --> 03:29:27,100
They were more interested in 
comparing theoretical 

3885
03:29:27,100 --> 03:29:30,200
predictions to empirical data 
than they were in blindly 

3886
03:29:30,200 --> 03:29:33,500
accepting ancient authorities. 
The more significant changes 

3887
03:29:33,500 --> 03:29:35,700
that would occur during the 
Renaissance were made possible 

3888
03:29:35,700 --> 03:29:39,300
by this change in strategy. 
By the end of the Middle Ages 

3889
03:29:39,300 --> 03:29:42,000
European astronomy. 
Had transformed from a mainly 

3890
03:29:42,000 --> 03:29:45,200
passive effort to preserve 
ancient knowledge into a dynamic

3891
03:29:45,200 --> 03:29:47,600
Innovative field prepared to 
address some of the most 

3892
03:29:47,600 --> 03:29:50,800
important issues regarding the 
composition and functioning of 

3893
03:29:50,800 --> 03:29:53,400
the cosmos. 
Scientific knowledge requires 

3894
03:29:53,400 --> 03:29:56,500
institutions communities of 
Scholars, and cultural 

3895
03:29:56,500 --> 03:29:59,500
Frameworks that support and 
encourage intellectual inquiry 

3896
03:29:59,500 --> 03:30:01,500
as the Medieval Era 
demonstrated. 

3897
03:30:02,600 --> 03:30:05,100
These circumstances were 
established in medieval Europe, 

3898
03:30:05,100 --> 03:30:08,000
setting the stage for the 
astronomical revolution's that 

3899
03:30:08,000 --> 03:30:10,700
would follow spend some time 
reflecting on the amazing 

3900
03:30:10,700 --> 03:30:12,300
journey. 
We've just taken together as you

3901
03:30:12,300 --> 03:30:16,000
curl up deeper in your blankets.
10s of thousands of years of 

3902
03:30:16,000 --> 03:30:19,600
human curiosity inventiveness 
and perseverance have proceeded 

3903
03:30:19,600 --> 03:30:22,100
Galileo's groundbreaking 
discovery of the sky in the 

3904
03:30:22,108 --> 03:30:26,200
early 1600s which altered the 
course of history, consider what

3905
03:30:26,200 --> 03:30:28,800
Humanity achieved in those 
Millennia before the rings of 

3906
03:30:28,800 --> 03:30:31,000
Saturn, and the moons of Jupiter
were ever seen. 

3907
03:30:32,100 --> 03:30:36,200
Ancient astronomers used only 
their eyes, their brains, and an

3908
03:30:36,200 --> 03:30:38,100
almost Supernatural amount of 
patience to track. 

3909
03:30:38,100 --> 03:30:41,600
The intricate movements of 
planets, predict eclipses and 

3910
03:30:41,600 --> 03:30:44,700
make calendars precise enough to
govern entire civilizations. 

3911
03:30:44,700 --> 03:30:48,300
They calculated the size of the 
Earth and found it to be round. 

3912
03:30:49,000 --> 03:30:52,600
They charted the positions of 
stars and measured the distances

3913
03:30:52,600 --> 03:30:56,200
to celestial objects. 
They created mathematical models

3914
03:30:56,200 --> 03:30:58,800
that were Advanced enough to 
forecast the locations of 

3915
03:30:58,800 --> 03:31:02,200
planets years in advance and 
identified patterns in 

3916
03:31:02,200 --> 03:31:04,800
astronomical motions that 
occurred over decades and 

3917
03:31:04,800 --> 03:31:07,000
centuries. 
Most astonishingly, they 

3918
03:31:07,000 --> 03:31:09,200
accomplished all of this while 
harboring basic 

3919
03:31:09,200 --> 03:31:11,500
misunderstandings, about the 
nature of the universe. 

3920
03:31:12,200 --> 03:31:20,800
Most pre-television, they didn't
know that the Milky Way was home

3921
03:31:20,800 --> 03:31:23,700
to billions of stars. 
That planets were worlds under 

3922
03:31:23,700 --> 03:31:26,500
the cells or that stars were far
off son's. 

3923
03:31:26,500 --> 03:31:29,800
They were remarkably successful 
in describing and forecasting 

3924
03:31:29,800 --> 03:31:32,800
Celestial phenomena in spite of 
these flawed theoretical 

3925
03:31:32,800 --> 03:31:35,900
Frameworks. 
This illustrates a fundamental 

3926
03:31:35,900 --> 03:31:39,100
aspect of human intelligence, 
even when our underlying 

3927
03:31:39,100 --> 03:31:41,900
knowledge is lacking or 
completely incorrect, we can 

3928
03:31:41,900 --> 03:31:44,800
frequently identify helpful 
patterns and make precise 

3929
03:31:44,800 --> 03:31:47,900
predictions the history of pre 
telescopic, astronomy. 

3930
03:31:47,900 --> 03:31:51,900
Also demonstrates, the value of 
cross-cultural interaction and 

3931
03:31:51,900 --> 03:31:55,100
cultural continuity. 
From the Babylonians to the 

3932
03:31:55,108 --> 03:31:59,100
Greeks from the Greeks to the 
Islamic world and from Islamic 

3933
03:31:59,100 --> 03:32:03,400
scholars to Medieval Europeans 
knowledge was transmitted every 

3934
03:32:03,400 --> 03:32:05,000
culture. 
Contributed, its unique 

3935
03:32:05,000 --> 03:32:08,100
perspectives fixed past 
mistakes, and expanded. 

3936
03:32:08,100 --> 03:32:11,100
The realm of knowledge for 
thousands of years, Chinese 

3937
03:32:11,100 --> 03:32:14,400
astronomers kept records. 
Building a Priceless collection 

3938
03:32:14,400 --> 03:32:16,800
of observations that is still 
used by contemporary 

3939
03:32:16,800 --> 03:32:20,600
researchers. 
Calendar systems created by Maya

3940
03:32:20,600 --> 03:32:23,500
mathematicians were more precise
than those utilized in medieval 

3941
03:32:23,500 --> 03:32:25,800
Europe. 
During the darkest centuries of 

3942
03:32:25,808 --> 03:32:29,500
European civilization Islamic 
scholars preserved and enhanced 

3943
03:32:29,500 --> 03:32:32,700
Greek knowledge science. 
At its best is a true human 

3944
03:32:32,700 --> 03:32:35,800
endeavor that transcends 
individual cultures languages 

3945
03:32:35,800 --> 03:32:39,500
and historical periods as 
demonstrated by This Global 

3946
03:32:39,500 --> 03:32:43,500
intergenerational collaboration 
The same questions that 

3947
03:32:43,500 --> 03:32:45,300
motivated. 
Ancient astronomers still 

3948
03:32:45,300 --> 03:32:48,300
motivated to today. 
Where are we, from, what role do

3949
03:32:48,300 --> 03:32:50,900
we play in the universe? 
What is the mechanism of the 

3950
03:32:50,900 --> 03:32:53,300
universe? 
Many of the basic techniques. 

3951
03:32:53,300 --> 03:32:56,700
That science still employs today
were also developed by pretel 

3952
03:32:56,700 --> 03:33:01,100
astronomers ancient astronomers 
using crude instruments, but 

3953
03:33:01,100 --> 03:33:04,200
highly developed Minds invented,
rigorous observation, 

3954
03:33:04,200 --> 03:33:07,900
mathematical modeling, 
hypothesis testing and 

3955
03:33:07,900 --> 03:33:10,000
peer-review. 
All fundamental scientific 

3956
03:33:10,000 --> 03:33:12,500
procedures. 
They develop the ability to 

3957
03:33:12,500 --> 03:33:15,000
discriminate between what they 
could see with their own eyes 

3958
03:33:15,000 --> 03:33:19,300
and what they had to deduce from
the They created methods for 

3959
03:33:19,300 --> 03:33:22,400
tracking changes over time, 
scales longer than human 

3960
03:33:22,400 --> 03:33:26,400
lifetimes, measuring, seemingly 
incalculable, things, and 

3961
03:33:26,400 --> 03:33:29,400
bringing order to seemingly 
chaotic phenomena, most 

3962
03:33:29,400 --> 03:33:31,700
significantly. 
They learn to maintain faith in 

3963
03:33:31,700 --> 03:33:34,200
the capacity of human reasoning.
While being humble about the 

3964
03:33:34,200 --> 03:33:40,500
limits of human knowledge, The 
most accomplished pre-television

3965
03:33:40,500 --> 03:33:42,800
their speculations and their 
known facts. 

3966
03:33:43,700 --> 03:33:46,300
They were aware that hypotheses 
needed to be verified by 

3967
03:33:46,308 --> 03:33:49,500
observations and they were 
prepared to give up on Concepts 

3968
03:33:49,500 --> 03:33:51,700
that didn't work. 
Even if they made sense 

3969
03:33:51,700 --> 03:33:54,700
intuitively beyond the 
particular facts that ancient 

3970
03:33:54,700 --> 03:33:58,400
astronomers found. 
Pretel, astronomy left behind a 

3971
03:33:58,400 --> 03:34:00,700
rich Legacy. 
They created the entire 

3972
03:34:00,700 --> 03:34:03,900
Foundation of scientific 
investigation, the notion that 

3973
03:34:03,900 --> 03:34:05,600
the Universe functions in 
accordance. 

3974
03:34:05,600 --> 03:34:08,800
With discoverable laws. 
That these laws can be expressed

3975
03:34:08,800 --> 03:34:11,200
mathematically. 
And that humans are able to 

3976
03:34:11,200 --> 03:34:14,300
understand the working of the 
cosmos by means of rigorous 

3977
03:34:14,300 --> 03:34:17,900
observation. 
And reasoned analysis, Galileo 

3978
03:34:17,900 --> 03:34:20,200
was expanding on tens of 
thousands of years of 

3979
03:34:20,200 --> 03:34:22,500
accumulated, knowledge and 
perfected technique. 

3980
03:34:22,500 --> 03:34:26,300
When he eventually pointed his 
telescope Skyward in 1609 

3981
03:34:26,300 --> 03:34:29,800
ancient astronomers had 
formulated the questions he was 

3982
03:34:29,800 --> 03:34:32,700
trying to answer. 
The mathematical instruments. 

3983
03:34:32,700 --> 03:34:36,300
He employed had been created 
over Centuries by academics from

3984
03:34:36,300 --> 03:34:38,200
a wide range of cultural 
backgrounds. 

3985
03:34:38,900 --> 03:34:41,600
His observations were even more 
precise because earlier 

3986
03:34:41,600 --> 03:34:44,600
Generations had mastered, the 
use of much simpler instruments 

3987
03:34:44,600 --> 03:34:57,000
to make precise measurements. 
Pre-television, mathematical 

3988
03:34:57,000 --> 03:35:00,200
formulas and observational 
strategies created prior to the 

3989
03:35:00,208 --> 03:35:03,100
telescopic era. 
Therefore, keep in mind that you

3990
03:35:03,100 --> 03:35:06,300
are a part of this long-standing
tradition of cosmic curiosity. 

3991
03:35:06,300 --> 03:35:09,800
As you go to sleep tonight, you 
are taking part in the oldest, 

3992
03:35:09,800 --> 03:35:11,300
scientific Endeavor in human 
history. 

3993
03:35:11,300 --> 03:35:14,800
Each time you gaze up at the 
night sky and wonder what you 

3994
03:35:14,800 --> 03:35:18,200
are seeing you're reaching out 
to generation's of astronomers 

3995
03:35:18,200 --> 03:35:21,400
who were as awestruck by the 
cosmos, as you are the same 

3996
03:35:21,400 --> 03:35:24,500
stars that ancient astronomers 
observed continue to exist 

3997
03:35:24,500 --> 03:35:26,400
today. 
Traveling along the same 

3998
03:35:26,400 --> 03:35:29,000
Dependable routes that they have
for thousands of years. 

3999
03:35:29,000 --> 03:35:32,500
The Maya astronomers used, the 
moon's phases to time their 

4000
03:35:32,500 --> 03:35:35,600
ceremonies and we can still see 
the same face of the moon today 

4001
03:35:35,600 --> 03:35:39,200
when Babylonian mathematicians 
first, deduced, the Planets 

4002
03:35:39,200 --> 03:35:42,000
intricate orbital patterns, they
still roam among the 

4003
03:35:42,000 --> 03:35:44,200
constellations and out there 
tonight. 

4004
03:35:44,200 --> 03:35:46,900
Contemporary astronomers. 
Continue to do what Their 

4005
03:35:46,900 --> 03:35:50,200
ancient forebears did. 
Observe the sky with patients 

4006
03:35:50,200 --> 03:35:53,800
meticulously document their 
findings and progressively 

4007
03:35:53,800 --> 03:35:55,700
deeper in our understanding of 
the universe. 

4008
03:35:56,700 --> 03:35:59,100
The basic human desire to 
comprehend our place in the 

4009
03:35:59,100 --> 03:36:02,700
universe as not changed. despite
the fact that the tools have 

4010
03:36:02,700 --> 03:36:08,900
become much more advanced 
Imagine trying to comprehend 

4011
03:36:08,900 --> 03:36:12,700
65,000 years, that's roughly how
long humans have called 

4012
03:36:12,700 --> 03:36:15,400
Australia home which means 
indigenous Australians were 

4013
03:36:15,400 --> 03:36:17,100
already ancient. 
When the pyramids were built 

4014
03:36:17,100 --> 03:36:19,000
already had established 
cultures. 

4015
03:36:19,000 --> 03:36:21,700
When Rome was founded and had 
been telling their stories for 

4016
03:36:21,700 --> 03:36:24,200
tens of thousands of years. 
Before anyone wrote down the 

4017
03:36:24,200 --> 03:36:28,200
Epic of Gilgamesh, The Journey 
Begins in what indigenous 

4018
03:36:28,200 --> 03:36:31,600
Australians call the dream time.
Though that English word doesn't

4019
03:36:31,600 --> 03:36:34,900
quite capture the concept. 
It's not really about dreams or 

4020
03:36:34,900 --> 03:36:38,600
sleeping, but about a time when 
the world was being formed, when

4021
03:36:38,600 --> 03:36:41,600
ancestral beings traveled across
the land, creating everything 

4022
03:36:41,600 --> 03:36:44,500
you see today. 
These were not Gods sitting on 

4023
03:36:44,500 --> 03:36:47,700
mountaintops, issuing commands. 
They were more like the land 

4024
03:36:47,700 --> 03:36:50,000
itself. 
Becoming conscious shaping 

4025
03:36:50,000 --> 03:36:52,500
itself into existence through 
story and song. 

4026
03:36:53,300 --> 03:36:55,500
Picture the continent as it 
might have appeared to those 

4027
03:36:55,500 --> 03:36:58,400
first arrivals a place. 
So different from today's 

4028
03:36:58,400 --> 03:37:00,800
Australia that you'd barely 
recognize it. 

4029
03:37:01,700 --> 03:37:05,600
The climate was wetter vast. 
Lake's covered areas that now 

4030
03:37:05,600 --> 03:37:09,300
desert and mega Foreigner roam. 
The lands like something from a 

4031
03:37:09,300 --> 03:37:10,800
natural history museum come to 
life. 

4032
03:37:11,900 --> 03:37:14,300
There were giant. 
Wombats the size of small cars, 

4033
03:37:14,300 --> 03:37:17,000
marsupial lions. 
That would make today's big 

4034
03:37:17,000 --> 03:37:19,300
cats. 
Look modest and kangaroos that 

4035
03:37:19,300 --> 03:37:23,000
stood. 10 feet tall. 
Australia was essentially a 

4036
03:37:23,000 --> 03:37:26,500
continent-sized Wildlife Park 
featuring animals that Evolution

4037
03:37:26,500 --> 03:37:29,700
had been tinkering with in 
isolation for millions of years.

4038
03:37:31,000 --> 03:37:33,900
The people who arrived during 
this time, came by sea, which 

4039
03:37:33,900 --> 03:37:36,400
tells you something remarkable 
about human ingenuity. 

4040
03:37:37,400 --> 03:37:39,900
They couldn't have walked even 
during ice ages. 

4041
03:37:39,900 --> 03:37:41,500
When sea levels dropped 
dramatically. 

4042
03:37:41,500 --> 03:37:44,200
There was always water between 
Asia and Australia. 

4043
03:37:44,200 --> 03:37:47,700
So these were accidental 
Castaways washed up on random 

4044
03:37:47,700 --> 03:37:50,100
Shores. 
They were deliberate voyages who

4045
03:37:50,100 --> 03:37:53,200
looked at the ocean and decided 
to see what labor on it. 

4046
03:37:53,200 --> 03:37:56,200
Making them possibly the world's
first true Mariners. 

4047
03:37:57,000 --> 03:37:59,800
What they found was a continent 
that required completely 

4048
03:37:59,800 --> 03:38:03,100
different survival strategies 
from anywhere to lived before. 

4049
03:38:04,000 --> 03:38:06,600
The seasonal patterns they'd 
known in Asia, didn't apply 

4050
03:38:06,600 --> 03:38:08,500
here. 
The plants and animals were 

4051
03:38:08,500 --> 03:38:11,500
unlike anything, they'd 
encountered, traditional hunting

4052
03:38:11,500 --> 03:38:14,800
techniques needed adaptation. 
It was like being handed a 

4053
03:38:14,800 --> 03:38:16,900
cookbook written in an 
unfamiliar language for 

4054
03:38:16,900 --> 03:38:18,700
ingredients that didn't exist 
back home. 

4055
03:38:20,200 --> 03:38:23,600
But humans are remarkably good 
at figuring things out and these

4056
03:38:23,600 --> 03:38:27,200
early Australians became experts
at reading a landscape that 

4057
03:38:27,200 --> 03:38:30,500
seemed determined to keep its 
secrets. they learned which 

4058
03:38:30,500 --> 03:38:33,700
plants were edible, which could 
be made edible through careful 

4059
03:38:33,700 --> 03:38:37,300
preparation and, which should 
never be touched They discovered

4060
03:38:37,300 --> 03:38:41,100
that certain rocks when struck 
together produced better tools 

4061
03:38:41,100 --> 03:38:44,600
than others, they figured out 
that fire use strategically 

4062
03:38:44,600 --> 03:38:47,200
could transform the landscape 
into a more productive hunting 

4063
03:38:47,200 --> 03:38:49,800
ground. 
This last Innovation, the 

4064
03:38:49,800 --> 03:38:53,500
systematic use of fire to manage
the land was probably the most 

4065
03:38:53,500 --> 03:38:57,000
consequential decision in 
Australian history. by burning 

4066
03:38:57,000 --> 03:39:01,500
specific areas at specific times
indigenous Australians created a

4067
03:39:01,500 --> 03:39:04,600
mosaic of different habitats 
encouraging certain plants while

4068
03:39:04,600 --> 03:39:08,300
discouraging others, making it 
easier to hunt and essentially 

4069
03:39:08,300 --> 03:39:12,200
becoming the continents first 
environmental managers, the 

4070
03:39:12,200 --> 03:39:14,900
Australia that Europeans would 
eventually encounter was not 

4071
03:39:14,900 --> 03:39:17,200
pristine Wilderness. 
Untouched by human hands. 

4072
03:39:17,200 --> 03:39:21,700
It was a carefully cultivated 
landscape shaped by thousands of

4073
03:39:21,708 --> 03:39:25,100
years of deliberate management. 
The Dreamtime stories that 

4074
03:39:25,100 --> 03:39:27,800
emerged from this period, were 
just entertainment or religious 

4075
03:39:27,800 --> 03:39:30,200
texts. 
They were encyclopedias of 

4076
03:39:30,200 --> 03:39:32,700
practical knowledge in coded in 
narrative form. 

4077
03:39:33,600 --> 03:39:36,700
Story about an ancestral being 
traveling from Waterhole to 

4078
03:39:36,700 --> 03:39:39,900
Waterhole was also a survival 
map, a tale about animals 

4079
03:39:39,900 --> 03:39:42,700
behaving in certain ways. 
Contained observations about 

4080
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:47,100
ecology and seasonal patterns. 
these stories were technology 

4081
03:39:47,100 --> 03:39:50,200
passed down through generations 
with the kind of precision that 

4082
03:39:50,200 --> 03:39:53,000
modern people, reserved for 
manufacturing specifications, 

4083
03:39:53,000 --> 03:39:55,900
different groups, developed 
different stories for different 

4084
03:39:55,900 --> 03:39:59,000
Landscapes, because Australia 
isn't one environment, but 

4085
03:39:59,000 --> 03:40:02,300
dozens the tropical North had 
little in common with the 

4086
03:40:02,300 --> 03:40:05,800
temperate South The coastal 
regions bore, no, resemblance to

4087
03:40:05,800 --> 03:40:08,800
the Arid interior. 
Each environment, required its 

4088
03:40:08,800 --> 03:40:12,000
own body of knowledge. 
Its own set of stories, and its 

4089
03:40:12,000 --> 03:40:15,000
own understanding of how to live
sustainably in a specific place.

4090
03:40:16,500 --> 03:40:18,700
By the time European ships 
appeared on the horizon 

4091
03:40:18,700 --> 03:40:23,300
indigenous Australians are 
distinct cultures speaking. 

4092
03:40:23,300 --> 03:40:26,700
More than two 100K languages 
from multiple languages. 

4093
03:40:26,700 --> 03:40:31,200
Imagine more linguistic 
diversity in one continent than 

4094
03:40:31,200 --> 03:40:34,400
in all of Europe. 
These were primitive tribes 

4095
03:40:34,400 --> 03:40:36,000
waiting for civilization to 
arrive. 

4096
03:40:36,000 --> 03:40:39,300
They were sophisticated 
societies with complex, social 

4097
03:40:39,300 --> 03:40:42,800
structures, extensive trade 
networks, and bodies of 

4098
03:40:42,808 --> 03:40:44,900
knowledge that had been refined 
over Millennia. 

4099
03:40:44,900 --> 03:40:49,000
Their population was probably 
somewhere between 300,000 and a 

4100
03:40:49,000 --> 03:40:52,400
million people that estimates 
vary because and here's an 

4101
03:40:52,400 --> 03:40:55,200
important point in indigenous 
Australians, didn't live like 

4102
03:40:55,200 --> 03:40:57,400
Europeans. 
They didn't build cities, 

4103
03:40:57,400 --> 03:41:00,600
construct permanent monuments, 
or practice agriculture. 

4104
03:41:00,600 --> 03:41:03,900
In ways Europeans would 
recognize, this didn't mean they

4105
03:41:03,900 --> 03:41:07,000
were less Advanced, it meant 
they developed a different kind 

4106
03:41:07,000 --> 03:41:09,900
of sophistication. 
One based on deep ecological 

4107
03:41:09,900 --> 03:41:12,500
knowledge and sustainable 
resource use rather than 

4108
03:41:12,500 --> 03:41:17,900
environmental transformation. 
Chapter 2, the island continent 

4109
03:41:17,900 --> 03:41:22,700
in isolation. 
While the rest of the world was 

4110
03:41:22,700 --> 03:41:26,100
writing history, building 
Empires, and generally making a 

4111
03:41:26,100 --> 03:41:29,000
fuss about civilization. 
Australia, remained largely 

4112
03:41:29,000 --> 03:41:30,700
separate from these Global 
dramas. 

4113
03:41:30,700 --> 03:41:34,700
The continents isolation was so 
complete that it developed like 

4114
03:41:34,700 --> 03:41:37,500
a parallel universe where 
Evolution took different paths 

4115
03:41:37,500 --> 03:41:41,400
and human societies followed 
different trajectories this 

4116
03:41:41,400 --> 03:41:43,900
isolation produced some 
wonderfully strange results. 

4117
03:41:43,900 --> 03:41:47,400
Mammals in Australia decided 
that the whole placental thing 

4118
03:41:47,400 --> 03:41:50,900
was overrated and stuck with the
marsupial approach carrying 

4119
03:41:50,900 --> 03:41:53,600
babies in pouches and generally 
doing mammalian life 

4120
03:41:53,600 --> 03:41:56,200
differently. 
Plants evolved in Direction's 

4121
03:41:56,200 --> 03:41:59,900
that baffled later, botanists, 
entire ecosystems developed, 

4122
03:41:59,900 --> 03:42:02,500
without any of the animals or 
plants that dominated other 

4123
03:42:02,500 --> 03:42:05,500
continents. 
For indigenous Australians, this

4124
03:42:05,500 --> 03:42:08,800
isolation meant their cultures 
evolved without the disruption 

4125
03:42:08,800 --> 03:42:10,800
that characterized other parts 
of the world. 

4126
03:42:10,800 --> 03:42:14,700
There were no invasions from 
distant Empires know wholesale, 

4127
03:42:14,700 --> 03:42:18,100
adoptions of foreign religions 
and no ways of migration 

4128
03:42:18,100 --> 03:42:20,000
bringing new technologies or 
diseases. 

4129
03:42:20,900 --> 03:42:24,900
Change happened, slowly driven 
by internal Dynamics, rather 

4130
03:42:24,900 --> 03:42:28,400
than external pressures. 
This doesn't mean indigenous 

4131
03:42:28,400 --> 03:42:30,400
Australian societies were static
or unchanging. 

4132
03:42:30,400 --> 03:42:32,800
That's a myth. 
That Europeans would later. 

4133
03:42:32,800 --> 03:42:35,400
Use to justify colonization 
cultures. 

4134
03:42:35,400 --> 03:42:39,300
Evolved, new practices emerged 
trade routes shifted and 

4135
03:42:39,300 --> 03:42:42,300
knowledge, continued to 
accumulate, but the pace of 

4136
03:42:42,300 --> 03:42:45,400
change was different and the 
direction was oriented toward 

4137
03:42:45,400 --> 03:42:48,400
deepening, understanding of the 
land rather than transforming 

4138
03:42:48,400 --> 03:42:51,100
it. 
The coastal Aboriginal groups 

4139
03:42:51,100 --> 03:42:54,700
developed sophisticated phishing
techniques including fish traps.

4140
03:42:54,700 --> 03:42:58,200
That could be seen from space. 
Extensive Stone Arrangements. 

4141
03:42:58,200 --> 03:43:01,600
That channeled fish into 
catching areas, Inland groups 

4142
03:43:01,600 --> 03:43:04,700
created wells in the desert 
maintained complex, Water 

4143
03:43:04,700 --> 03:43:07,700
Management Systems a new how to 
find moisture in the most 

4144
03:43:07,700 --> 03:43:11,500
unlikely places. 
Northern groups traded with 

4145
03:43:11,500 --> 03:43:14,800
Indonesian fishermen, who came 
seized to harvest, tropang, 

4146
03:43:14,800 --> 03:43:18,300
creating economic relationships,
that predated European contact 

4147
03:43:18,300 --> 03:43:22,200
by centuries. 
The seasonal round the cyclical 

4148
03:43:22,200 --> 03:43:25,300
movement of groups through their
territories timed to coincide 

4149
03:43:25,300 --> 03:43:26,900
with the availability of 
different. 

4150
03:43:26,900 --> 03:43:29,800
Resources was a Marvel of 
logistical planning. 

4151
03:43:30,700 --> 03:43:33,500
It required detailed knowledge 
of when specific plants would 

4152
03:43:33,500 --> 03:43:37,400
fruit when certain animals would
be most available and how to 

4153
03:43:37,400 --> 03:43:40,000
arrange social Gathering. 
So that dispersed groups could 

4154
03:43:40,000 --> 03:43:43,500
come together for ceremonies 
marriages and the exchange of 

4155
03:43:43,500 --> 03:43:45,700
goods and knowledge. 
These gatherings were like 

4156
03:43:45,700 --> 03:43:48,100
conferences where the latest 
Innovations were shared 

4157
03:43:48,100 --> 03:43:51,700
alliances were confirmed and 
young people learned from 

4158
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:53,600
Elders, across multiple 
communities. 

4159
03:43:54,300 --> 03:43:57,800
Information traveled Slowly by 
modern standards, but reliably 

4160
03:43:57,800 --> 03:44:01,000
moving along trade routes that 
connected groups separated by 

4161
03:44:01,000 --> 03:44:05,200
thousands of miles. 
The spiritual life of indigenous

4162
03:44:05,200 --> 03:44:08,700
Australians was Inseparable from
their practical life, the 

4163
03:44:08,700 --> 03:44:10,200
Dreamtime wasn't ancient 
history. 

4164
03:44:10,200 --> 03:44:13,600
It was an eternal present 
constantly renewed through 

4165
03:44:13,600 --> 03:44:17,700
ceremony and song. 
Initiation rituals weren't just 

4166
03:44:17,700 --> 03:44:20,900
social markers, but educational 
intensives, where young people 

4167
03:44:20,900 --> 03:44:22,900
learned the Deep knowledge of 
their culture. 

4168
03:44:23,700 --> 03:44:27,000
Sacred sites were merely 
symbolic, but were actual places

4169
03:44:27,000 --> 03:44:30,400
where specific events and 
creation occurred as real to 

4170
03:44:30,400 --> 03:44:33,500
indigenous Australians, as 
historical battlefields are to 

4171
03:44:33,500 --> 03:44:37,500
Modern Nations Arts, served 
multiple purposes, aesthetic 

4172
03:44:37,500 --> 03:44:41,300
expression, certainly, but also,
as mnemonic devices, territorial

4173
03:44:41,300 --> 03:44:43,200
markers and records of 
knowledge. 

4174
03:44:44,000 --> 03:44:46,800
Rock art sites across Australia 
contain images, tens of 

4175
03:44:46,800 --> 03:44:50,200
thousands of years old, making 
them some of Humanity's oldest 

4176
03:44:50,200 --> 03:44:53,500
continuous artistic traditions. 
Some paintings have been 

4177
03:44:53,508 --> 03:44:56,300
maintained and renewed for so 
long that they represent 

4178
03:44:56,300 --> 03:44:59,600
unbroken chains of cultural 
transmission stretching back 

4179
03:44:59,600 --> 03:45:01,200
into periods that European 
history. 

4180
03:45:01,200 --> 03:45:05,300
Considers prehistoric. the 
boomerang probably Australia's, 

4181
03:45:05,300 --> 03:45:08,600
most famous contribution to 
World technology existed in 

4182
03:45:08,600 --> 03:45:12,500
forms, ranging from simple, 
throwing sticks to precisely, 

4183
03:45:12,500 --> 03:45:15,400
engineered returning boomerangs 
that required sophisticated 

4184
03:45:15,400 --> 03:45:19,300
understanding of aerodynamics, 
Different designs, serve 

4185
03:45:19,300 --> 03:45:22,100
different purposes and the 
knowledge of how to make and use

4186
03:45:22,108 --> 03:45:25,900
them with specialized and valued
language was treated with a 

4187
03:45:25,900 --> 03:45:29,000
reverence that modern societies 
reserved for sacred texts. 

4188
03:45:29,000 --> 03:45:33,200
Some languages had special forms
used only for ceremonies others.

4189
03:45:33,200 --> 03:45:36,400
Had secret vocabularies known 
only to initiated men or women. 

4190
03:45:37,200 --> 03:45:39,600
The Precision of indigenous 
languages in describing 

4191
03:45:39,600 --> 03:45:43,700
ecological relationships kinship
structures and temporal Concepts

4192
03:45:43,700 --> 03:45:46,000
often exceeded what English 
could express. 

4193
03:45:46,000 --> 03:45:49,900
Requiring borrowed terms when 
anthropologists tried to explain

4194
03:45:49,900 --> 03:45:53,100
these Concepts to European 
audiences as the centuries 

4195
03:45:53,100 --> 03:45:55,700
rolled past. 
And remember were talking about 

4196
03:45:55,700 --> 03:45:58,400
a time span, that makes the 
entire history of Western 

4197
03:45:58,400 --> 03:46:02,000
Civilization look like a weekend
in indigenous Australian 

4198
03:46:02,000 --> 03:46:04,300
societies, continued their 
steady existence. 

4199
03:46:04,300 --> 03:46:07,900
They weathered climate changes 
that turned lakes in to deserts 

4200
03:46:07,900 --> 03:46:10,800
and adapted to shifting 
resources and maintained 

4201
03:46:10,800 --> 03:46:14,200
cultural continuity across time 
periods that saw Empires rise 

4202
03:46:14,200 --> 03:46:16,100
and fall in other parts of the 
world. 

4203
03:46:18,200 --> 03:46:21,300
Chapter 3, distant ships and 
first encounters. 

4204
03:46:23,700 --> 03:46:26,400
By the 17th century. 
European ships had begun 

4205
03:46:26,400 --> 03:46:29,400
appearing in Australian Waters, 
like, confused guests at a 

4206
03:46:29,400 --> 03:46:32,500
party, they weren't invited to 
these weren't planned Voyages of

4207
03:46:32,500 --> 03:46:34,200
Discovery. 
So much as navigational 

4208
03:46:34,200 --> 03:46:37,500
accidents ships, Bound for the 
Dutch East Indies, that had 

4209
03:46:37,500 --> 03:46:40,400
miscalculated, Portuguese 
vessels that might have visited,

4210
03:46:40,400 --> 03:46:41,800
but left. 
No, clear records. 

4211
03:46:41,800 --> 03:46:44,500
And Chinese Traders whose 
presence is suggested by 

4212
03:46:44,500 --> 03:46:46,600
artifacts. 
But remains historically 

4213
03:46:46,600 --> 03:46:50,200
ambiguous, the Dutch were the 
first Europeans to definitely 

4214
03:46:50,200 --> 03:46:53,500
make contact though. 
Contact might be too generous a 

4215
03:46:53,500 --> 03:46:55,600
word. 
Dutch Navigators, touched 

4216
03:46:55,600 --> 03:46:59,200
various points along the 
Australian coast between 1606 

4217
03:46:59,200 --> 03:47:02,200
and 1756. 
Took one, look at the Arid 

4218
03:47:02,200 --> 03:47:05,100
Landscapes, they encountered. 
And essentially decided the 

4219
03:47:05,100 --> 03:47:06,800
whole continent was not worth 
the effort. 

4220
03:47:06,800 --> 03:47:11,600
They named it New Holland with 
all the enthusiasm of someone 

4221
03:47:11,600 --> 03:47:15,000
naming, a particularly boring 
committee noted, the presence of

4222
03:47:15,000 --> 03:47:18,700
indigenous people without much 
interest and sailed away to find

4223
03:47:18,700 --> 03:47:22,100
places with more obvious 
commercial potential, these 

4224
03:47:22,100 --> 03:47:24,200
early encounters will like two 
people trying to have a 

4225
03:47:24,200 --> 03:47:27,600
conversation without sharing a 
language context or basic 

4226
03:47:27,600 --> 03:47:29,100
understanding of what the other 
wanted. 

4227
03:47:29,900 --> 03:47:32,200
Dutch Sailors, saw empty land 
without the markers of 

4228
03:47:32,200 --> 03:47:35,000
civilization. 
They recognized, no cities. 

4229
03:47:35,000 --> 03:47:40,100
No agriculture, no obvious. 
Well, indigenous Australians saw

4230
03:47:40,100 --> 03:47:43,200
strange visitors who clearly had
no idea how to survive in this 

4231
03:47:43,200 --> 03:47:45,300
country and would probably leave
soon. 

4232
03:47:46,500 --> 03:47:49,500
The most famous of these early 
visitors was William dampier. 

4233
03:47:49,500 --> 03:47:53,700
An English pirate Explorer and 
cereal exaggerator who visited 

4234
03:47:53,700 --> 03:48:01,100
the northwest coast in 1,688. 
And again, in 1,699, dampier's, 

4235
03:48:01,100 --> 03:48:03,700
descriptions of indigenous, 
Australians were spectacularly 

4236
03:48:03,700 --> 03:48:06,700
uncharitable calling them. 
The miserable people in the 

4237
03:48:06,700 --> 03:48:09,900
world, this from a man whose 
career highlights included 

4238
03:48:09,900 --> 03:48:13,300
piracy and who survival skills. 
Apparently didn't include 

4239
03:48:13,300 --> 03:48:16,500
figuring out how to thrive in a 
desert climate without thousands

4240
03:48:16,500 --> 03:48:18,500
of years of accumulated, local 
knowledge. 

4241
03:48:19,500 --> 03:48:21,900
But dampier's accounts 
circulated in England and 

4242
03:48:21,900 --> 03:48:24,800
Europe, creating impression that
would influence later. 

4243
03:48:24,800 --> 03:48:28,300
Attitudes, the irony is that the
people dampier dismissed? 

4244
03:48:28,300 --> 03:48:31,200
As miserable had been living 
successfully and one of Earth's 

4245
03:48:31,200 --> 03:48:34,400
harshest invents for Millennia 
while dampier needed. 

4246
03:48:34,400 --> 03:48:37,400
Elaborate ship's supplies from 
Europe and navigational 

4247
03:48:37,400 --> 03:48:41,300
instruments, just to visit 
briefly then came James Cook in 

4248
03:48:41,300 --> 03:48:45,100
1770 and suddenly the Europeans 
got serious about this land, 

4249
03:48:45,100 --> 03:48:48,200
they'd been ignoring Cooks 
Voyage along the east coast was 

4250
03:48:48,200 --> 03:48:50,900
different from earlier visits 
because it was systematic 

4251
03:48:50,900 --> 03:48:54,100
scientific and accompanied by 
artists and naturalist who 

4252
03:48:54,100 --> 03:48:57,800
documented everything they saw. 
Joseph Banks. 

4253
03:48:57,800 --> 03:49:01,800
The Expeditions botanist was so 
excited by the new species. 

4254
03:49:01,800 --> 03:49:04,900
He found that the Expeditions 
First Landing site was named 

4255
03:49:04,900 --> 03:49:08,500
Botany Bay in honor of his 
enthusiasm Cooks encounters with

4256
03:49:08,500 --> 03:49:12,200
indigenous Australians along the
coast were mixed at some places.

4257
03:49:12,200 --> 03:49:15,800
Local people showed curiosity 
about the visitors at others. 

4258
03:49:15,800 --> 03:49:19,000
They made it clear, the 
strangers should leave there was

4259
03:49:19,000 --> 03:49:21,800
a notable incident at Botany 
Bay, where indigenous, men tried

4260
03:49:21,800 --> 03:49:25,100
to drive the British away which 
was both Brave and completely 

4261
03:49:25,100 --> 03:49:27,400
reasonable. 
Given the armed foreigners had 

4262
03:49:27,400 --> 03:49:30,700
just shown up uninvited What 
cooking his crew didn't 

4263
03:49:30,700 --> 03:49:33,200
understand was that they were 
meeting people with established 

4264
03:49:33,200 --> 03:49:37,000
territories, complex societies 
and no particular interest in 

4265
03:49:37,000 --> 03:49:39,300
European trade goods or 
Christian salvation. 

4266
03:49:40,400 --> 03:49:43,300
The indigenous Australians who 
watched Cooks ships sail passed 

4267
03:49:43,300 --> 03:49:46,800
weren't, all struck by European 
technology. they were probably 

4268
03:49:46,800 --> 03:49:49,100
wondering what these people 
wanted and when they'd leave, 

4269
03:49:49,800 --> 03:49:52,400
Cooks journals described in 
digital Australians more 

4270
03:49:52,400 --> 03:49:55,300
charitably than dampier had 
noting their apparent 

4271
03:49:55,300 --> 03:49:58,200
contentment and health. 
He observed that they seem to 

4272
03:49:58,200 --> 03:50:01,300
want nothing that Europeans 
possessed which banks found 

4273
03:50:01,300 --> 03:50:03,700
remarkable. 
Here, were people who looked at 

4274
03:50:03,708 --> 03:50:07,600
European Goods, metal tools 
cloth, manufactured items, and 

4275
03:50:07,600 --> 03:50:10,600
basically Shrugged. 
This should have suggested that 

4276
03:50:10,600 --> 03:50:13,400
indigenous Australians had 
successful material cultures 

4277
03:50:13,400 --> 03:50:15,900
that met their needs. 
But Europeans tended to 

4278
03:50:15,900 --> 03:50:18,600
interpret it as evidence of 
primitiveness rather than 

4279
03:50:18,600 --> 03:50:21,800
cultural difference. 
The really consequential part of

4280
03:50:21,808 --> 03:50:24,400
Cook's Voyage came when he 
sailed into possession Island 

4281
03:50:24,400 --> 03:50:27,200
and in one of History's more 
questionable legal Maneuvers 

4282
03:50:27,200 --> 03:50:30,500
claim, the entire eastern coast 
of Australia for Britain, under 

4283
03:50:30,500 --> 03:50:33,700
the doctrine of Terra nullius 
land belonging to No One. 

4284
03:50:33,700 --> 03:50:37,100
This was nonsense. 
Obviously the land, belonged to 

4285
03:50:37,108 --> 03:50:39,500
the hundreds of indigenous 
groups who had lived there for 

4286
03:50:39,500 --> 03:50:43,200
65,000 years. 
But European law had developed 

4287
03:50:43,200 --> 03:50:46,000
convenient, Fiction's that 
allowed colonizers to ignore 

4288
03:50:46,000 --> 03:50:49,200
indigenous ownership and Tara 
Alias was one of the most 

4289
03:50:49,200 --> 03:50:52,400
pernicious. 
Chapter 4. 

4290
03:50:52,400 --> 03:50:55,000
The First Fleet and unwanted 
beginnings. 

4291
03:50:57,000 --> 03:50:59,600
Britain's decision to colonize 
Australia, had nothing to do 

4292
03:50:59,600 --> 03:51:02,100
with the continents potential 
and everything to do with a 

4293
03:51:02,108 --> 03:51:04,100
criminally overcrowded prison 
system. 

4294
03:51:05,100 --> 03:51:06,600
After losing the American 
Revolution. 

4295
03:51:06,600 --> 03:51:09,200
Britain suddenly lacked a 
convenient place to ship 

4296
03:51:09,200 --> 03:51:12,800
convicts and Australian 
colonization was essentially a 

4297
03:51:12,800 --> 03:51:15,900
massive exercise. 
In out of sight out of mind, 

4298
03:51:15,900 --> 03:51:19,300
criminal justice policy, 
Picture. 

4299
03:51:19,300 --> 03:51:23,000
The First Fleet 11 ships 
carrying about 1500 people 

4300
03:51:23,000 --> 03:51:27,200
including over 700 convicts, 
sailing to the other side of the

4301
03:51:27,208 --> 03:51:29,600
world, to establish a colony in 
a place. 

4302
03:51:29,600 --> 03:51:34,000
None of them had ever seen. 
The Voyage took eight months 

4303
03:51:34,000 --> 03:51:37,000
which gives you plenty of time 
to contemplate Your Life 

4304
03:51:37,000 --> 03:51:39,200
Choices. 
These weren't hardened criminals

4305
03:51:39,200 --> 03:51:43,300
for the most part but people 
convicted of theft poaching and 

4306
03:51:43,300 --> 03:51:45,700
other crimes that were more 
about poverty than violence. 

4307
03:51:46,800 --> 03:51:50,900
When the First Fleet arrived at 
Botany Bay in January 1788 they 

4308
03:51:50,900 --> 03:51:53,800
discovered that cooks glowing 
descriptions had been somewhat 

4309
03:51:53,800 --> 03:51:56,800
optimistic. 
The bay was shallow exposed to 

4310
03:51:56,800 --> 03:51:59,300
wind, and generally unsuitable 
for settlement. 

4311
03:52:00,200 --> 03:52:02,500
After a few days of looking 
around and probably 

4312
03:52:02,500 --> 03:52:05,500
reconsidering their entire plan,
they moved North to Port 

4313
03:52:05,500 --> 03:52:07,800
Jackson. 
What would become Sydney Harbour

4314
03:52:07,800 --> 03:52:11,600
and on January 26th, Arthur 
Philippa established, the first 

4315
03:52:11,600 --> 03:52:13,500
European settlement on 
Australian soil. 

4316
03:52:14,400 --> 03:52:18,300
That date January 26th would 
eventually become Australia day 

4317
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:21,500
though indigenous Australians 
understandably view it as 

4318
03:52:21,500 --> 03:52:25,900
Invasion day, the beginning of 
dispossession disease and 

4319
03:52:25,900 --> 03:52:29,300
cultural destruction. 
It's a date that carries very 

4320
03:52:29,300 --> 03:52:32,300
different meanings, depending on
your perspective, which tells 

4321
03:52:32,300 --> 03:52:34,700
you something about how 
complicated Australian history 

4322
03:52:34,700 --> 03:52:38,600
remains the early colony was a 
disaster waiting to happen. 

4323
03:52:38,600 --> 03:52:42,600
With the emphasis on disaster, 
Britain had sent convicts and 

4324
03:52:42,608 --> 03:52:46,400
guards but not nearly enough 
Farmers supplies, or people who 

4325
03:52:46,400 --> 03:52:49,600
knew anything about agriculture.
In Australian conditions, the 

4326
03:52:49,600 --> 03:52:53,500
first crops failed supplies ran.
Low people went hungry. 

4327
03:52:54,500 --> 03:52:57,200
The Colony survived, its first 
years through a combination of 

4328
03:52:57,200 --> 03:53:01,200
desperate improvisation limited 
trade, with indigenous groups 

4329
03:53:01,200 --> 03:53:04,500
and Supply ships from Britain 
that arrived with frustrating 

4330
03:53:04,500 --> 03:53:08,800
irregularity Indigenous people 
of the Sydney region, the Euro 

4331
03:53:08,800 --> 03:53:11,800
Nation, watched these newcomers 
with a mixture of curiosity, 

4332
03:53:11,800 --> 03:53:15,900
concern and growing alarm. at 
first, there might have been 

4333
03:53:15,908 --> 03:53:18,300
hoped that the British would 
leave once they realized how 

4334
03:53:18,300 --> 03:53:21,700
unsuited they were to local 
conditions but as the settlement

4335
03:53:21,700 --> 03:53:25,500
persisted and expanded it became
clear these visitors intended to

4336
03:53:25,508 --> 03:53:29,100
stay The relationship between 
colonizers and Indigenous 

4337
03:53:29,100 --> 03:53:30,900
Australians, deteriorated 
quickly. 

4338
03:53:31,600 --> 03:53:35,400
The British saw empty land ready
for use in indigenous Australian

4339
03:53:35,400 --> 03:53:38,200
saw, their territories being 
occupied their resources being 

4340
03:53:38,200 --> 03:53:40,300
depleted and their way of life 
being threatened. 

4341
03:53:41,100 --> 03:53:44,700
Spears met muskets, traditional 
hunting grounds became British 

4342
03:53:44,700 --> 03:53:47,700
Farms sacred sites were cleared 
for buildings. 

4343
03:53:48,500 --> 03:53:52,300
Smallpox hit Sydney's indigenous
population, in 1789, killing 

4344
03:53:52,300 --> 03:53:55,600
roughly half, the Euro people, 
whether this was deliberately 

4345
03:53:55,600 --> 03:53:58,800
introduced as some historians 
argue or accidentally 

4346
03:53:58,800 --> 03:54:01,400
transmitted remains debated, 
either way. 

4347
03:54:01,400 --> 03:54:04,800
The impact was catastrophic 
European diseases against which 

4348
03:54:04,800 --> 03:54:08,100
indigenous Australians have no, 
immunity would prove more deadly

4349
03:54:08,100 --> 03:54:10,100
than European weapons over the 
following decades. 

4350
03:54:10,900 --> 03:54:14,600
Some indigenous people try to 
work with the colonizers been 

4351
03:54:14,600 --> 03:54:17,400
along and you're a man learned 
English and tried to bridge the 

4352
03:54:17,408 --> 03:54:19,800
cultural divide. 
He traveled to England. 

4353
03:54:19,800 --> 03:54:22,500
Met King, George. 
The third and returned to Sydney

4354
03:54:22,500 --> 03:54:25,800
wearing English clothes. 
But been along story, didn't 

4355
03:54:25,800 --> 03:54:28,600
have a happy ending. 
He eventually became a strange 

4356
03:54:28,600 --> 03:54:32,300
from both cultures to change to 
fully return to his previous 

4357
03:54:32,300 --> 03:54:35,500
life but never truly accepted by
British Society. 

4358
03:54:35,500 --> 03:54:39,700
The Colony slowly stabilized and
grew more convicts. 

4359
03:54:39,700 --> 03:54:43,500
Arrived free settlers began 
coming lured by land grants. 

4360
03:54:44,200 --> 03:54:47,400
The British pushed further 
Inland and with each expansion 

4361
03:54:47,400 --> 03:54:50,400
indigenous Australians were 
pushed off their traditional 

4362
03:54:50,400 --> 03:54:52,800
lands. 
Sometimes this happened through 

4363
03:54:52,800 --> 03:54:56,400
negotiation or coercion often, 
it happened through violence, 

4364
03:54:56,400 --> 03:54:58,900
that Colonial authorities, 
preferred not to document to 

4365
03:54:58,900 --> 03:55:02,200
carefully. 
By the early 1800s, the pattern 

4366
03:55:02,200 --> 03:55:04,800
was set. 
British settlements expanded 

4367
03:55:04,800 --> 03:55:08,300
along the coast in England, 
indigenous resistance met 

4368
03:55:08,300 --> 03:55:11,400
military response, diseases 
spread through indigenous 

4369
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:14,500
populations faster than the 
settlements themselves expanded 

4370
03:55:14,500 --> 03:55:17,800
and Britain, began to realize 
that this prison Colony might 

4371
03:55:17,800 --> 03:55:20,000
actually become something more 
substantial. 

4372
03:55:21,600 --> 03:55:25,900
Chapter 5 wool, gold and the 
rush to claim continent. 

4373
03:55:28,000 --> 03:55:31,100
The transformation of Australia 
from penal colony to economic 

4374
03:55:31,100 --> 03:55:34,800
Powerhouse happened, faster than
anyone expected, and it had a 

4375
03:55:34,800 --> 03:55:38,300
lot to do with sheep. 
Specifically Merino sheep, whose

4376
03:55:38,300 --> 03:55:40,600
wall turned out to grow 
exceptionally well in Australian

4377
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:45,100
conditions. by the 1820s will 
exports were making certain 

4378
03:55:45,100 --> 03:55:49,200
colonists very well fee and 
suddenly Australia looked less 

4379
03:55:49,200 --> 03:55:51,800
like a Dumping Ground for 
criminals and more like an 

4380
03:55:51,800 --> 03:55:55,300
opportunity for ambitious 
settlers The land grants that 

4381
03:55:55,300 --> 03:55:57,100
Britain offered free settlers 
were generous. 

4382
03:55:57,900 --> 03:56:00,800
To put it mildly, thousands of 
acres to anyone willing, to 

4383
03:56:00,800 --> 03:56:04,800
establish a farm, of course, 
these grants completely ignored 

4384
03:56:04,800 --> 03:56:07,000
that the land, belonged to 
indigenous groups who had 

4385
03:56:07,000 --> 03:56:10,000
managed it for millennia. 
But Colonial authorities 

4386
03:56:10,000 --> 03:56:12,700
operated under the convenient 
fiction of Terra nullius 

4387
03:56:12,700 --> 03:56:17,300
treating Australia as empty land
free for the taking. squatters 

4388
03:56:17,300 --> 03:56:19,800
settlers who simply moved onto 
land with without official 

4389
03:56:19,800 --> 03:56:23,100
permission pushed the boundaries
of settlement even faster than 

4390
03:56:23,100 --> 03:56:26,300
colonial governments could keep 
track of They'd find good 

4391
03:56:26,300 --> 03:56:29,700
grazing land established sheep 
stations, and essentially, dare 

4392
03:56:29,700 --> 03:56:31,300
the authorities to do anything 
about it. 

4393
03:56:31,300 --> 03:56:34,800
Most of the time, the government
of eventually recognized these 

4394
03:56:34,800 --> 03:56:37,200
illegal settlements because 
stopping them would have 

4395
03:56:37,200 --> 03:56:40,100
required resources. 
The Colony didn't have for 

4396
03:56:40,100 --> 03:56:42,800
indigenous Australians. 
This expansion was catastrophic,

4397
03:56:42,800 --> 03:56:45,800
their traditional lands were 
taken for sheep stations. 

4398
03:56:45,800 --> 03:56:49,400
Water holes were monopolized by 
pastoral stations hunting 

4399
03:56:49,400 --> 03:56:52,900
grounds were fenced off. 
When indigenous people continue 

4400
03:56:52,900 --> 03:56:55,700
to use their traditional 
territories which they had every

4401
03:56:55,700 --> 03:56:59,500
right to do, they were treated 
as thieves and trespasses on 

4402
03:56:59,500 --> 03:57:02,900
their own land. 
Frontier violence escalated into

4403
03:57:02,900 --> 03:57:05,200
what historians? 
Now, recognizes guerrilla 

4404
03:57:05,200 --> 03:57:08,800
warfare, indigenous groups 
conducted raids on pastoral 

4405
03:57:08,800 --> 03:57:11,000
stations, taking sheep and 
supplies. 

4406
03:57:11,800 --> 03:57:15,000
Settlers responded with punitive
Expeditions that often turned 

4407
03:57:15,000 --> 03:57:17,900
into massacres. 
Colonial authorities, mostly 

4408
03:57:17,900 --> 03:57:20,300
looked the other way. 
And most of this violence went 

4409
03:57:20,300 --> 03:57:23,500
unrecorded, making it difficult 
to know the full extent of the 

4410
03:57:23,500 --> 03:57:27,100
deaths. 
Then came 1851 and everything 

4411
03:57:27,100 --> 03:57:30,700
accelerated. 
Gold was discovered first in New

4412
03:57:30,700 --> 03:57:34,300
South Wales and in Victoria 
sparking one of History's great 

4413
03:57:34,300 --> 03:57:37,300
gold rushes. 
Suddenly Australia was flooded 

4414
03:57:37,300 --> 03:57:39,000
with Prospectors from around the
world. 

4415
03:57:39,000 --> 03:57:43,500
Chinese miners, American 49ers 
who missed California's, Gold, 

4416
03:57:43,500 --> 03:57:47,200
Rush, British workers seeking 
fortune and adventurers from 

4417
03:57:47,200 --> 03:57:50,100
everywhere. 
The gold rushes transformed. 

4418
03:57:50,100 --> 03:57:53,400
Australia's demographics and 
economy overnight Melbourne. 

4419
03:57:53,400 --> 03:57:56,400
Grew From a small town to a 
substantial City within a few 

4420
03:57:56,400 --> 03:57:58,700
years. 
The population doubled in a 

4421
03:57:58,708 --> 03:58:00,900
decade. 
Wealth poured in from the 

4422
03:58:00,900 --> 03:58:04,400
goldfields funding construction,
Commerce, and the beginnings of 

4423
03:58:04,400 --> 03:58:06,500
an Australian identity. 
That was less about being 

4424
03:58:06,500 --> 03:58:08,700
British and more about being 
Australian. 

4425
03:58:09,400 --> 03:58:12,500
The gold Fields were remarkably 
Democratic compared to most of 

4426
03:58:12,500 --> 03:58:15,700
19th century Society. 
Anyone could try their luck 

4427
03:58:15,700 --> 03:58:19,800
convicts who served their time 
free, settlers indigenous 

4428
03:58:19,800 --> 03:58:23,100
Australians Chinese immigrants 
and people from every social 

4429
03:58:23,100 --> 03:58:27,000
class, your success depended on 
luck and determination rather 

4430
03:58:27,000 --> 03:58:30,000
than birth or connection. 
This created a rough 

4431
03:58:30,000 --> 03:58:32,600
egalitarianism that would 
influence Australian culture for

4432
03:58:32,600 --> 03:58:35,100
Generations. 
Of course, this democracy had 

4433
03:58:35,100 --> 03:58:39,200
limits Chinese miners faced 
particular discrimination blamed

4434
03:58:39,200 --> 03:58:41,300
for everything from taking gold 
that should have gone to 

4435
03:58:41,300 --> 03:58:43,300
Europeans to undermining wage 
standards. 

4436
03:58:44,200 --> 03:58:46,800
Taxes and restrictions 
specifically targeted Chinese 

4437
03:58:46,800 --> 03:58:49,800
miners, revealing, the 
Australian egalitarianism 

4438
03:58:49,800 --> 03:58:54,000
extended, mainly to Europeans, 
indigenous Australians were 

4439
03:58:54,000 --> 03:58:57,200
largely excluded from the 
goldfields pushed aside by The 

4440
03:58:57,200 --> 03:58:59,500
Rush of Prospectors flooding 
across their territories. 

4441
03:58:59,500 --> 03:59:03,800
The Eureka Stockade incident in 
1854, became one of the founding

4442
03:59:03,800 --> 03:59:07,500
myths of Australian democracy, 
minors in Ballarat frustrated, 

4443
03:59:07,500 --> 03:59:10,700
by expensive license, and 
government corruption, built a 

4444
03:59:10,700 --> 03:59:14,400
stockade and raise a flag 
soldiers, attacked killing about

4445
03:59:14,400 --> 03:59:18,200
30 miners in a brief violent, 
confrontation, The Rebellion 

4446
03:59:18,200 --> 03:59:20,500
failed military but succeeded 
politically. 

4447
03:59:20,500 --> 03:59:24,300
It led to reforms that made the 
colonies more democratic and 

4448
03:59:24,300 --> 03:59:27,100
became a symbol of Australian 
Independence and workers rights.

4449
03:59:28,100 --> 03:59:31,900
By the 1860s Australia had been 
transformed from a collection of

4450
03:59:31,900 --> 03:59:35,100
prison colonies to a prosperous 
growing Society. 

4451
03:59:35,100 --> 03:59:39,100
The convict era was ending the 
last convict ship arrived in 

4452
03:59:39,100 --> 03:59:42,200
Western Australia in 1868. 
Free immigration. 

4453
03:59:42,200 --> 03:59:45,200
Now, dwarfed forced 
Transportation cities were 

4454
03:59:45,200 --> 03:59:48,500
growing industries were 
developing and the colonies were

4455
03:59:48,500 --> 03:59:52,000
gaining increasing autonomy. 
From British rule, But this 

4456
03:59:52,000 --> 03:59:54,800
Prosperity came at a cost that 
wasn't equally distributed. 

4457
03:59:55,500 --> 03:59:57,600
While European settlers 
celebrated growth and 

4458
03:59:57,600 --> 04:00:00,800
opportunity indigenous 
Australians face continuing 

4459
04:00:00,800 --> 04:00:04,000
dispossession, violence and 
population collapse. 

4460
04:00:04,000 --> 04:00:07,100
Their numbers had decreased 
dramatically from pre-contact 

4461
04:00:07,100 --> 04:00:11,000
levels ravaged by disease 
violence and the destruction of 

4462
04:00:11,000 --> 04:00:16,700
traditional ways of life. 
Chapter 6, making a nation from 

4463
04:00:16,700 --> 04:00:21,900
six arguments. 
By the 1890s, Australia 

4464
04:00:21,900 --> 04:00:24,700
consisted of six separate 
colonies, New South Wales, 

4465
04:00:24,700 --> 04:00:28,300
Victoria Queensland, South 
Australia, Western Australia and

4466
04:00:28,300 --> 04:00:32,800
Tasmania each with its own 
government laws and tendency to 

4467
04:00:32,800 --> 04:00:35,200
view the others as rivals or 
inconveniences. 

4468
04:00:36,300 --> 04:00:39,000
Getting them to agree to form a 
single nation, was like, trying 

4469
04:00:39,000 --> 04:00:42,000
to organize, a family reunion 
where everyone thinks they 

4470
04:00:42,000 --> 04:00:44,700
should be in. 
Charge, the push for Federation 

4471
04:00:44,700 --> 04:00:47,800
came from a mixture of practical
needs, and National sentiment 

4472
04:00:47,800 --> 04:00:50,500
the colonies needed to 
coordinate defense. 

4473
04:00:50,500 --> 04:00:54,600
There were periodic scares about
foreign powers especially Russia

4474
04:00:54,600 --> 04:00:58,300
and later, Germany threatening 
Australian Waters, they needed 

4475
04:00:58,300 --> 04:01:01,300
to standardize Railway gauges, 
which were embarrassingly 

4476
04:01:01,300 --> 04:01:02,900
different across Colonial 
borders. 

4477
04:01:02,900 --> 04:01:06,300
Meaning Goods had to be unloaded
and reloaded when Crossing from 

4478
04:01:06,300 --> 04:01:09,300
one colony to another. 
And there was a growing sense 

4479
04:01:09,300 --> 04:01:11,800
that Australians shared enough 
in common to deserve their own 

4480
04:01:11,800 --> 04:01:13,900
Nation. 
Rather than remaining a 

4481
04:01:13,900 --> 04:01:17,000
collection of British colonies. 
The process of creating this 

4482
04:01:17,000 --> 04:01:19,800
nation involved. 
A lot of arguing constitutional 

4483
04:01:19,800 --> 04:01:23,100
conventions, met debated, 
adjourned and met again. 

4484
04:01:23,800 --> 04:01:26,800
Representatives from each colony
lobbied, for their interests. 

4485
04:01:27,500 --> 04:01:30,500
Small colonies, worried about 
being dominated by large ones, 

4486
04:01:30,500 --> 04:01:33,800
large colonies, resented, giving
small colonies equal 

4487
04:01:33,800 --> 04:01:36,700
representation. 
Everyone had opinions about 

4488
04:01:36,700 --> 04:01:39,400
everything and getting six 
colonies to agree on 

4489
04:01:39,408 --> 04:01:42,000
constitutional language. 
Proved only slightly easier than

4490
04:01:42,000 --> 04:01:44,800
actual nation. 
Building usually is One of the 

4491
04:01:44,800 --> 04:01:47,400
key compromises involved 
creating a federal capital in 

4492
04:01:47,400 --> 04:01:50,200
New South Wales to appease the 
most populous Colony. 

4493
04:01:50,200 --> 04:01:54,600
But located at least 100 miles 
from Sydney to appease Victoria 

4494
04:01:54,600 --> 04:01:57,100
which thoughts Sydney had too 
much influence already. 

4495
04:01:58,000 --> 04:02:01,300
This eventually led to Canberra 
a purpose built Capital that 

4496
04:02:01,300 --> 04:02:04,400
would become famous for its 
planned layout, bureaucratic 

4497
04:02:04,400 --> 04:02:07,300
atmosphere, and ability to make.
Visitors wander, why? 

4498
04:02:07,300 --> 04:02:10,000
Anyone thought building a city 
from scratch and sheep grazing, 

4499
04:02:10,000 --> 04:02:13,400
country was a good idea. 
The Constitution that emerged in

4500
04:02:13,400 --> 04:02:17,000
1901 created a federal system 
that borrowed heavily from both 

4501
04:02:17,000 --> 04:02:20,200
Britain and the United States. 
There would be a parliament with

4502
04:02:20,200 --> 04:02:23,000
two houses, a House of 
Representatives, based on 

4503
04:02:23,000 --> 04:02:26,400
population and a senate giving 
equal representation to each 

4504
04:02:26,400 --> 04:02:29,200
state. 
Executive power would rest with 

4505
04:02:29,200 --> 04:02:33,000
a prime minister and cabinet 
responsible to Parliament and 

4506
04:02:33,000 --> 04:02:36,300
the British monarch would remain
head of state represented by a 

4507
04:02:36,300 --> 04:02:38,200
governor general because cutting
ties. 

4508
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:41,100
Completely with Britain, seemed 
too radical for 1901. 

4509
04:02:41,900 --> 04:02:43,600
What the Constitution didn't 
address? 

4510
04:02:43,600 --> 04:02:47,100
At least not positively was 
indigenous Australians. 

4511
04:02:47,900 --> 04:02:52,900
Section 127 specifically 
excluded Aboriginal natives from

4512
04:02:52,900 --> 04:02:54,600
being counted in the National 
census. 

4513
04:02:55,600 --> 04:02:58,700
Section 51 gave the federal 
government power to make laws, 

4514
04:02:58,700 --> 04:03:01,800
about all people except the 
Aboriginal race. 

4515
04:03:02,600 --> 04:03:06,100
This exclusion wasn't accidental
oversight, but deliberate policy

4516
04:03:06,100 --> 04:03:09,600
reflecting, prevailing beliefs 
that indigenous Australians were

4517
04:03:09,600 --> 04:03:12,400
a dying race. 
That would soon vanish entirely 

4518
04:03:12,400 --> 04:03:15,700
solving what colonizes viewed as
the Aboriginal problem. 

4519
04:03:16,700 --> 04:03:18,600
The other notable exclusion 
involved. 

4520
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:21,100
What would become known as the 
white Australia policy? 

4521
04:03:22,300 --> 04:03:25,500
The immigration restriction Act 
of 1901 was designed to keep 

4522
04:03:25,500 --> 04:03:29,300
non-europeans especially Chinese
and Pacific, Islander people 

4523
04:03:29,300 --> 04:03:33,500
from immigrating to Australia. 
It used dictation tests. 

4524
04:03:33,500 --> 04:03:36,700
That could be administered in 
any European language to exclude

4525
04:03:36,700 --> 04:03:40,800
unwanted immigrants a system. 
So transparently discriminatory 

4526
04:03:40,800 --> 04:03:43,600
that it became a model for 
racist, immigration policies, 

4527
04:03:43,600 --> 04:03:47,300
elsewhere. 
Federation Day, January 1st, 

4528
04:03:47,300 --> 04:03:50,800
1901 was celebrated with 
enthusiasm, by most white 

4529
04:03:50,800 --> 04:03:54,200
Australians, there were parades 
speeches and general 

4530
04:03:54,200 --> 04:03:56,300
celebrations of the new 
Commonwealth of Australia. 

4531
04:03:57,200 --> 04:03:59,800
For indigenous Australians, it 
was just another day in an 

4532
04:03:59,800 --> 04:04:02,800
ongoing dispossession. 
Now to be conducted by a federal

4533
04:04:02,800 --> 04:04:08,100
government in state of colonial 
ones, Chapter 7, Wars, 

4534
04:04:08,100 --> 04:04:11,000
depression and defining 
Australian identity. 

4535
04:04:13,600 --> 04:04:16,300
The new Australian Nation barely
had time to settle into 

4536
04:04:16,300 --> 04:04:20,300
existence before World War one 
came along and like a demanding 

4537
04:04:20,300 --> 04:04:23,500
relative insisted Australia 
prove its maturity through 

4538
04:04:23,500 --> 04:04:27,100
military service. 
When Britain declared war in 

4539
04:04:27,100 --> 04:04:30,200
1914, Australia was 
automatically at War 2. 

4540
04:04:30,200 --> 04:04:33,100
That's how the British 
Commonwealth worked and 

4541
04:04:33,100 --> 04:04:35,700
Australians volunteered in 
extraordinary numbers. 

4542
04:04:36,600 --> 04:04:40,300
The Australian and New Zealand. 
Army Corps, the anzacs landed at

4543
04:04:40,300 --> 04:04:42,600
Gallipoli and turkey in April 
1915. 

4544
04:04:42,600 --> 04:04:45,600
As part of a british-led 
campaign, That was supposed to 

4545
04:04:45,600 --> 04:04:47,300
knock the Ottoman Empire out of 
the war. 

4546
04:04:47,300 --> 04:04:50,500
Instead, it turned into an 
eight-month military disaster. 

4547
04:04:50,500 --> 04:04:54,100
Where Allied Forces were pinned 
on beaches and cliffs taking 

4548
04:04:54,100 --> 04:04:56,600
heavy casualties for no 
strategic gain. 

4549
04:04:57,600 --> 04:05:00,600
The campaign failed completely 
but something interesting 

4550
04:05:00,600 --> 04:05:03,700
happened in that failure 
Australians developed a national

4551
04:05:03,700 --> 04:05:07,500
mythology. 
Anzac Day, April 25th became 

4552
04:05:07,500 --> 04:05:10,300
Australia's most important 
National commemoration, not 

4553
04:05:10,300 --> 04:05:14,600
celebrating Victory but honoring
sacrifice makeshift and the 

4554
04:05:14,600 --> 04:05:17,300
Anzac Spirit of endurance under 
impossible conditions. 

4555
04:05:17,300 --> 04:05:20,300
There's something to distinctly 
Australian about choosing a 

4556
04:05:20,300 --> 04:05:22,500
military defeat as your defining
national moment. 

4557
04:05:22,500 --> 04:05:26,000
Suggesting that how you handle 
adversity matters more than 

4558
04:05:26,000 --> 04:05:29,600
winning. 
Over 60,000 Australian soldiers 

4559
04:05:29,600 --> 04:05:33,000
died in World War 1. 
Staggering number for a nation 

4560
04:05:33,000 --> 04:05:36,600
of fewer than five million 
people hardly a town or suburb 

4561
04:05:36,600 --> 04:05:40,200
wasn't touched by grief War 
memorials, went up in every 

4562
04:05:40,200 --> 04:05:43,800
Community listing names that 
often represented significant 

4563
04:05:43,800 --> 04:05:47,800
percentages of local young men. 
The war changed Australia from a

4564
04:05:47,800 --> 04:05:50,900
collection of former colonies 
into a nation that had proven 

4565
04:05:50,900 --> 04:05:54,000
itself on the world stage 
though, the price of that proof 

4566
04:05:54,000 --> 04:05:57,800
was heartbreakingly high. 
The 1920s brought recovery and 

4567
04:05:57,800 --> 04:06:02,100
prosperity briefly. 
Australia's economy, grew cities

4568
04:06:02,100 --> 04:06:04,200
expanded. 
And there was a sense that the 

4569
04:06:04,200 --> 04:06:09,700
worst was behind then came 1929 
and the Great Depression hitting

4570
04:06:09,700 --> 04:06:12,500
Australia, particularly hard, 
because the economy depended 

4571
04:06:12,500 --> 04:06:16,000
heavily on exports of wool and 
wheat both of which collapsed in

4572
04:06:16,008 --> 04:06:20,700
value unemployment reached 30% 
people, queued for government 

4573
04:06:20,700 --> 04:06:22,700
relief that barely kept families
fed. 

4574
04:06:22,700 --> 04:06:26,700
Shanty towns grew on City 
outskirts, the Great Depression 

4575
04:06:26,700 --> 04:06:30,000
tested Australian institutions, 
and social cohesion, in ways 

4576
04:06:30,000 --> 04:06:31,900
that would influence politics 
for Generations. 

4577
04:06:32,700 --> 04:06:35,900
Labor, unions, gained strength. 
Pushing for better conditions 

4578
04:06:35,900 --> 04:06:39,600
and greater economic equality. 
Conservative forces worried 

4579
04:06:39,600 --> 04:06:43,200
about radicalism and communism. 
Political tensions, ran high 

4580
04:06:43,200 --> 04:06:45,300
occasionally, spilling into 
violence. 

4581
04:06:46,800 --> 04:06:48,400
Australia. 
Whether the depression without 

4582
04:06:48,400 --> 04:06:51,100
Revolution or dictatorship, 
which was something of an 

4583
04:06:51,108 --> 04:06:53,300
achievement given what was 
happening in other parts of the 

4584
04:06:53,300 --> 04:06:56,800
world but the experience left 
lasting marks on Australian 

4585
04:06:56,800 --> 04:07:00,200
Society, World War Two came 
along, just as Australia was 

4586
04:07:00,200 --> 04:07:03,200
recovering from the depression. 
And this time, the threat was 

4587
04:07:03,200 --> 04:07:06,100
existential. 
When Japan entered the war 

4588
04:07:06,100 --> 04:07:09,400
Australia, suddenly faced 
Invasion by a military power 

4589
04:07:09,400 --> 04:07:12,500
that was advancing rapidly 
through southeast Asia the fall 

4590
04:07:12,500 --> 04:07:16,400
of Singapore in 1942 where 
British Promises of Defense 

4591
04:07:16,400 --> 04:07:19,100
collapsed and thousands of 
Australian soldiers were 

4592
04:07:19,100 --> 04:07:22,700
captured marked a turning point 
in Australian strategic thinking

4593
04:07:22,700 --> 04:07:25,900
prime minister John, Curtin made
a famous declaration. 

4594
04:07:25,900 --> 04:07:29,200
That Australia would look to 
America rather than Britain for 

4595
04:07:29,200 --> 04:07:32,300
security explicitly 
acknowledging that Britain could

4596
04:07:32,300 --> 04:07:34,300
no longer protect his distant 
Dominion. 

4597
04:07:35,300 --> 04:07:37,800
American General, Douglas 
MacArthur made Australia, his 

4598
04:07:37,800 --> 04:07:41,500
headquarters for the Pacific 
War, American servicemen flooded

4599
04:07:41,500 --> 04:07:44,500
into Australian cities. 
The battle of the Coral, Sea 

4600
04:07:44,500 --> 04:07:46,300
stopped. 
Japanese Naval forces heading 

4601
04:07:46,300 --> 04:07:49,800
toward Australia, For the first 
time Australians face war in 

4602
04:07:49,800 --> 04:07:53,100
their own region rather than 
fighting in distant European or 

4603
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:56,700
middle eastern campaigns. 
The war accelerated Australia's 

4604
04:07:56,700 --> 04:07:59,800
transformation from British 
colony to independent nation. 

4605
04:08:00,900 --> 04:08:04,400
After 1945 there was no going 
back to assuming Britain would 

4606
04:08:04,400 --> 04:08:07,600
handle defense and foreign 
policy Australian needed to 

4607
04:08:07,600 --> 04:08:09,600
develop its own International 
relationships. 

4608
04:08:09,600 --> 04:08:12,700
Strengthen its military and 
think about its place in the 

4609
04:08:12,700 --> 04:08:16,300
asia-pacific region rather than 
imagining itself as a distant 

4610
04:08:16,300 --> 04:08:20,700
Outpost of Europe. 
Chapter 8 post-war 

4611
04:08:20,700 --> 04:08:22,200
transformation and cultural 
Awakening. 

4612
04:08:24,700 --> 04:08:27,900
The decades after World War Two 
saw Australia, transform more 

4613
04:08:27,900 --> 04:08:29,600
rapidly than in all its previous
history. 

4614
04:08:30,500 --> 04:08:32,900
The government launched a 
massive immigration program 

4615
04:08:32,900 --> 04:08:35,000
under the slogan, populate or 
perish. 

4616
04:08:35,000 --> 04:08:38,400
Bringing over 2 million 
immigrants between 1945 and 

4617
04:08:38,400 --> 04:08:43,900
1947. 1965 The initial Focus was
on British immigrants but as 

4618
04:08:43,900 --> 04:08:47,500
numbers fell short Australia, 
expanded to accept displaced 

4619
04:08:47,500 --> 04:08:51,200
persons from Europe. 
Polls ukrainians yugoslavs 

4620
04:08:51,200 --> 04:08:54,500
Greeks and Italians. 
This immigration challenge. 

4621
04:08:54,500 --> 04:08:57,200
The white Australia policies 
assumptions without directly 

4622
04:08:57,200 --> 04:08:59,800
confronting them. 
The Government tried to maintain

4623
04:08:59,800 --> 04:09:02,100
the policy while accepting 
Southern Europeans. 

4624
04:09:02,100 --> 04:09:05,200
Who earlier Generations might 
not have considered properly 

4625
04:09:05,200 --> 04:09:07,700
White. 
Italian and Greek immigrants, 

4626
04:09:07,700 --> 04:09:11,500
faced discrimination were called
derogatory names and struggled 

4627
04:09:11,500 --> 04:09:14,800
for acceptance, but their 
presence began diversifying what

4628
04:09:14,800 --> 04:09:17,700
it meant to be Australian. 
These immigrants, changed 

4629
04:09:17,700 --> 04:09:21,000
Australian food, culture and 
cities suburbs. 

4630
04:09:21,000 --> 04:09:24,100
That had been relentlessly 
British became Multicultural 

4631
04:09:24,100 --> 04:09:26,500
neighborhoods, Coffee Culture 
arrived. 

4632
04:09:26,500 --> 04:09:29,500
With Italian immigrants who were
horrified by Australian coffee 

4633
04:09:29,500 --> 04:09:32,300
habits. 
Greek restaurants, introduced 

4634
04:09:32,300 --> 04:09:35,500
Australians to Cuisines beyond 
meat pies, and fish and chips. 

4635
04:09:36,300 --> 04:09:39,200
European immigrants, brought 
different attitudes about food 

4636
04:09:39,200 --> 04:09:42,500
family and Leisure that 
gradually influenced broad 

4637
04:09:42,500 --> 04:09:46,400
Australian culture. 
The 1950s and 1960s were also 

4638
04:09:46,400 --> 04:09:49,000
when indigenous Australians 
began organizing more 

4639
04:09:49,000 --> 04:09:52,300
effectively for civil rights. 
They had fought in both world 

4640
04:09:52,300 --> 04:09:55,600
wars worked in Industries, 
supporting the war effort and 

4641
04:09:55,600 --> 04:09:58,400
then returned to lives defined 
by discrimination and legal 

4642
04:09:58,400 --> 04:10:01,600
restrictions in Queensland. 
And the Northern Territory 

4643
04:10:01,600 --> 04:10:05,000
indigenous workers on cattle. 
Stations lived under conditions,

4644
04:10:05,000 --> 04:10:07,200
barely distinguishable from 
servitude. 

4645
04:10:08,000 --> 04:10:11,200
In Southern States in indigenous
people faced segregation in 

4646
04:10:11,200 --> 04:10:13,200
housing, education, and public 
spaces. 

4647
04:10:14,200 --> 04:10:18,300
A freedom rides of 1965 inspired
by American Civil Rights 

4648
04:10:18,300 --> 04:10:21,800
activism Source students from 
the University of Sydney travel 

4649
04:10:21,800 --> 04:10:25,500
through rural New South Wales. 
Wales documenting discrimination

4650
04:10:25,500 --> 04:10:28,900
and protesting segregation in 
swimming, pools in cinemas and 

4651
04:10:28,908 --> 04:10:32,100
other public spaces. these 
protests brought national 

4652
04:10:32,100 --> 04:10:35,200
attention to inequalities that 
most Urban Australians preferred

4653
04:10:35,200 --> 04:10:40,500
not to think about The real 
breakthrough came in 1967 with a

4654
04:10:40,500 --> 04:10:43,000
referendum, asking Australians 
to remove constitutional 

4655
04:10:43,000 --> 04:10:45,600
Provisions. 
Excluding indigenous Australians

4656
04:10:45,600 --> 04:10:48,500
from the Census and prohibiting 
the federal government from 

4657
04:10:48,500 --> 04:10:51,900
making laws for them. 
Over 90% voted. 

4658
04:10:51,900 --> 04:10:55,200
Yes, one of the highest 
referendum results in Australian

4659
04:10:55,200 --> 04:10:57,700
history. 
It didn't immediately change 

4660
04:10:57,700 --> 04:11:00,900
indigenous lives but it 
represented a shift in National 

4661
04:11:00,900 --> 04:11:04,600
attitudes acknowledgment that 
exclusion and discrimination had

4662
04:11:04,600 --> 04:11:07,500
to end. 
The white Australia policies. 

4663
04:11:07,500 --> 04:11:10,500
Dismantling happened gradually 
through the 1960s and early 

4664
04:11:10,508 --> 04:11:13,900
1970s. 
First restrictions eased 

4665
04:11:13,900 --> 04:11:16,700
slightly, then exceptions 
multiplied. 

4666
04:11:17,300 --> 04:11:20,700
Finally in 1973 the whitlam 
government officially ended 

4667
04:11:20,700 --> 04:11:24,400
racial discrimination in 
Immigration policy. this opened 

4668
04:11:24,400 --> 04:11:27,500
Australia to Asian immigration, 
fundamentally changing, the 

4669
04:11:27,500 --> 04:11:31,400
nation's demographic, trajectory
The Vietnamese refugees arrived 

4670
04:11:31,400 --> 04:11:34,300
after the Vietnam War 
establishing communities that 

4671
04:11:34,300 --> 04:11:38,100
enriched Australian Society. 
Asian skilled migration 

4672
04:11:38,100 --> 04:11:41,700
increased by the 1980s. 
Australia was receiving 

4673
04:11:41,700 --> 04:11:45,400
immigrants from every continent 
transforming cities into 

4674
04:11:45,400 --> 04:11:48,900
genuinely multi-cultural places,
Sydney and Melbourne, became 

4675
04:11:48,900 --> 04:11:52,000
among the world's most diverse 
cities with neighborhoods, where

4676
04:11:52,000 --> 04:11:54,800
dozens of languages could be 
heard and restaurants 

4677
04:11:54,800 --> 04:11:57,500
representing Cuisines from every
corner of the globe. 

4678
04:11:57,500 --> 04:12:00,900
These changes were smooth or 
universally welcomed. 

4679
04:12:00,900 --> 04:12:04,300
There were tensions racist, 
incidents, and political 

4680
04:12:04,300 --> 04:12:06,300
movements resisting 
multiculturalism. 

4681
04:12:07,100 --> 04:12:10,500
Pauline Hanson's, One Nation 
party emerged in the 1990s. 

4682
04:12:10,500 --> 04:12:13,800
Arguing the Asian immigration 
threatened Australian identity. 

4683
04:12:14,800 --> 04:12:18,400
That these resistance movements 
represented minorities, most 

4684
04:12:18,400 --> 04:12:20,300
Australians adapted to 
diversity. 

4685
04:12:20,300 --> 04:12:23,000
Recognizing that 
multiculturalism wasn't 

4686
04:12:23,000 --> 04:12:25,900
destroying Australian identity 
but creating a new version of 

4687
04:12:25,900 --> 04:12:28,200
it. 
The Arts flourished during this 

4688
04:12:28,200 --> 04:12:31,000
period. 
Australian Cinema experienced 

4689
04:12:31,000 --> 04:12:33,800
Arenas once with films that 
explored Australian themes and 

4690
04:12:33,800 --> 04:12:40,400
Landscapes rock bands, like AC /
DC, and i n x s achieved 

4691
04:12:40,400 --> 04:12:43,800
International success. 
Australian literature gained 

4692
04:12:43,800 --> 04:12:46,000
recognition Beyond simply being 
exotic. 

4693
04:12:46,000 --> 04:12:48,300
British writing from the 
southern hemisphere. 

4694
04:12:49,200 --> 04:12:51,700
There was growing confidence 
that Australian culture could 

4695
04:12:51,700 --> 04:12:55,200
stand on its own terms rather 
than constantly referencing 

4696
04:12:55,200 --> 04:12:59,800
British or American models. 
Chapter 9, land rights 

4697
04:12:59,800 --> 04:13:06,000
reconciliation and unfinished 
business. the 1970s and 1980s 

4698
04:13:06,000 --> 04:13:08,700
saw indigenous Australians push 
harder for land, rights 

4699
04:13:08,700 --> 04:13:12,700
recognition and 
self-determination The case that

4700
04:13:12,700 --> 04:13:17,700
changed, everything was the govt
land rights case where young 

4701
04:13:17,700 --> 04:13:20,500
people from Land Challenge 
mining on their traditional 

4702
04:13:20,500 --> 04:13:24,300
country, they lost in court. 
But the case generated national 

4703
04:13:24,300 --> 04:13:26,200
attention and political 
pressure, that could not be 

4704
04:13:26,208 --> 04:13:29,200
ignored. 
Prime minister, Gough, whitlam, 

4705
04:13:29,200 --> 04:13:31,800
responded by establishing the 
Aboriginal and Rights 

4706
04:13:31,800 --> 04:13:34,500
Commission, which led to the 
Northern Territory land Rights 

4707
04:13:34,500 --> 04:13:38,200
Act of 1976. 
This was the first legislation 

4708
04:13:38,200 --> 04:13:41,000
recognizing indigenous land 
ownership based on traditional 

4709
04:13:41,000 --> 04:13:44,600
connection rather than British 
legal Concepts indigenous 

4710
04:13:44,600 --> 04:13:46,600
communities. 
Could now claim unallocated 

4711
04:13:46,600 --> 04:13:48,200
Crown Land in the Northern 
Territory. 

4712
04:13:48,200 --> 04:13:51,900
If they could prove traditional 
ownership, it was limited and 

4713
04:13:51,900 --> 04:13:53,400
didn't extend to the rest of 
Australia. 

4714
04:13:53,400 --> 04:13:57,100
But it established the principle
that Terra nullius was a fiction

4715
04:13:57,100 --> 04:13:59,500
and Indigenous land rights 
existed. 

4716
04:14:00,300 --> 04:14:03,600
The real bombshell came in 1992 
with the marble decision. 

4717
04:14:04,400 --> 04:14:08,000
Eddie marbo aerial man from the 
Torres Strait Islands had been 

4718
04:14:08,000 --> 04:14:11,200
fighting since 1982 for 
recognition that his people 

4719
04:14:11,200 --> 04:14:14,900
owned their traditional lands. 
The high Court's decision in may

4720
04:14:14,900 --> 04:14:18,400
be Queen's, land finally, 
overturned terrorist ruling that

4721
04:14:18,400 --> 04:14:21,500
native title existed and had 
survived British colonization 

4722
04:14:21,500 --> 04:14:24,100
were indigenous. 
People maintained continuous 

4723
04:14:24,100 --> 04:14:27,200
connection to land. 
This was revolutionary like 

4724
04:14:27,200 --> 04:14:29,600
discovering that the Legal 
Foundation of Australian land 

4725
04:14:29,600 --> 04:14:33,500
ownership had been on quicksand 
It didn't mean all Australian 

4726
04:14:33,500 --> 04:14:36,300
land suddenly reverted to 
indigenous ownership but it 

4727
04:14:36,308 --> 04:14:39,400
meant that indigenous people 
could claim native title where 

4728
04:14:39,400 --> 04:14:42,300
they could prove continuous 
connection and where the land 

4729
04:14:42,300 --> 04:14:44,800
hadn't been developed or granted
away under other legal 

4730
04:14:44,800 --> 04:14:48,700
processes. 
The native title Act of 1993 

4731
04:14:48,700 --> 04:14:52,000
tried to create a framework for 
recognizing these rights while 

4732
04:14:52,000 --> 04:14:54,000
protecting existing Property 
Owners. 

4733
04:14:54,000 --> 04:14:57,300
The result was complex 
legalistic and often frustrating

4734
04:14:57,300 --> 04:15:00,700
for indigenous claimants, but it
was still remarkable progress. 

4735
04:15:00,700 --> 04:15:04,000
Compared to the blanket denial 
of indigenous rights that had 

4736
04:15:04,000 --> 04:15:06,200
characterized Australian law for
two centuries. 

4737
04:15:07,000 --> 04:15:09,500
The stolen Generations issue 
emerged into public 

4738
04:15:09,500 --> 04:15:10,800
Consciousness during this 
period. 

4739
04:15:11,700 --> 04:15:14,900
For decades, Australian 
governments had systematically 

4740
04:15:14,900 --> 04:15:17,000
removed indigenous children from
their families. 

4741
04:15:17,000 --> 04:15:21,200
Under a simulation policies, 
placing them in institutions or 

4742
04:15:21,200 --> 04:15:24,200
with white families. 
The idea was to breed out 

4743
04:15:24,200 --> 04:15:27,300
indigenous identity by raising 
children without connection to 

4744
04:15:27,300 --> 04:15:29,900
their culture, families or 
communities. 

4745
04:15:31,300 --> 04:15:33,700
The 1997, bringing them home 
report. 

4746
04:15:33,700 --> 04:15:36,300
Documented, this practice in 
devastating detail. 

4747
04:15:37,200 --> 04:15:40,800
Tens of thousands of children, 
forcibly removed families 

4748
04:15:40,800 --> 04:15:44,400
destroyed cultures disrupted and
psychological trauma. 

4749
04:15:44,400 --> 04:15:46,700
That affected, not just 
individuals, but entire 

4750
04:15:46,700 --> 04:15:51,000
communities across Generations. 
The report recommended a formal 

4751
04:15:51,000 --> 04:15:55,300
apology, but prime minister John
Howard refused arguing that 

4752
04:15:55,308 --> 04:15:58,200
present generation, shouldn't 
apologize for past actions. 

4753
04:15:59,100 --> 04:16:03,300
This refusal became increasingly
controversial in 2008. 

4754
04:16:03,300 --> 04:16:07,200
Newly elected prime minister, 
Kevin Rudd made a formal apology

4755
04:16:07,200 --> 04:16:10,700
to the stolen Generations, in 
Parliament acknowledging, the 

4756
04:16:10,700 --> 04:16:12,800
suffering caused by forced 
removal policies. 

4757
04:16:12,800 --> 04:16:17,000
It was an emotional moment. 
Many stolen generation survivors

4758
04:16:17,000 --> 04:16:19,900
were present in Parliament, and 
the apology was broadcast 

4759
04:16:19,900 --> 04:16:23,000
nationally. 
It didn't undo the harm, but it 

4760
04:16:23,008 --> 04:16:25,300
represented official 
acknowledgment of historical 

4761
04:16:25,300 --> 04:16:27,800
Injustice. 
Yet progressed on indigenous 

4762
04:16:27,800 --> 04:16:31,700
issues, remained frustratingly, 
slow and uneven the Gap in life 

4763
04:16:31,700 --> 04:16:36,200
expectancy Health outcomes, 
education and employment between

4764
04:16:36,200 --> 04:16:39,700
indigenous and non-indigenous 
Australians persisted despite 

4765
04:16:39,700 --> 04:16:43,900
numerous government programs. 
Remote indigenous, communities 

4766
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:47,800
face particular challenges, 
inadequate, Services, Limited, 

4767
04:16:47,800 --> 04:16:51,300
economic opportunities, and the 
ongoing impacts of historical 

4768
04:16:51,300 --> 04:16:54,900
dispossession. 
Constitutional recognition of 

4769
04:16:54,900 --> 04:16:57,400
indigenous Australians, became a
long-running debate. 

4770
04:16:58,100 --> 04:17:01,300
The Constitution still 
contained, Provisions from 1901,

4771
04:17:01,300 --> 04:17:03,600
that excluded or marginalized 
indigenous. 

4772
04:17:03,600 --> 04:17:06,900
People multiple proposals for 
constitutional reform were 

4773
04:17:06,900 --> 04:17:10,200
debated designed and discussed, 
but creating change that 

4774
04:17:10,200 --> 04:17:13,200
satisfied, both indigenous 
communities and required 

4775
04:17:13,200 --> 04:17:16,400
referendum. 
Majorities proved, elusive the 

4776
04:17:16,400 --> 04:17:20,400
2017 Uluru statement from the 
heart issued by indigenous, 

4777
04:17:20,400 --> 04:17:22,900
leaders called for 
constitutional reform 

4778
04:17:22,900 --> 04:17:25,800
establishing a voice to 
Parliament, a permanent 

4779
04:17:25,800 --> 04:17:28,500
indigenous advisory body, that 
would ensure indigenous 

4780
04:17:28,500 --> 04:17:32,000
communities had input into 
policies affecting them The 

4781
04:17:32,000 --> 04:17:35,100
Proposal sparked debate about 
constitutional change in 

4782
04:17:35,100 --> 04:17:38,000
indigenous representation and 
the relationship between 

4783
04:17:38,000 --> 04:17:41,000
indigenous and non-indigenous 
Australia that continues today. 

4784
04:17:42,700 --> 04:17:45,800
Chapter 10, modern Australia, in
a changing world. 

4785
04:17:48,700 --> 04:17:52,500
As the 20th century ended, and 
the 21st began Australia, found 

4786
04:17:52,500 --> 04:17:55,700
itself, navigating an identity 
that was increasingly complex. 

4787
04:17:55,700 --> 04:17:59,800
No longer simply British but not
quite willing to embrace being 

4788
04:17:59,800 --> 04:18:02,900
Asian to despite geography, 
Australia occupied in 

4789
04:18:02,900 --> 04:18:05,000
interesting. 
Middle ground, a western 

4790
04:18:05,000 --> 04:18:07,900
democracy in the asia-pacific 
region with a population, 

4791
04:18:07,900 --> 04:18:09,900
becoming more diverse with each 
passing year. 

4792
04:18:10,700 --> 04:18:13,700
Sydney Olympics, in 2000, became
a showcase for this modern 

4793
04:18:13,700 --> 04:18:17,300
Australia. the opening ceremony 
featured indigenous performers, 

4794
04:18:17,300 --> 04:18:21,400
prominently, Cathy Freeman and 
Indigenous athlete lit, the 

4795
04:18:21,400 --> 04:18:24,500
Olympic flame and later on gold 
in the 400 meters while carrying

4796
04:18:24,500 --> 04:18:28,200
both the Australian and 
Aboriginal Flags It was a moment

4797
04:18:28,200 --> 04:18:31,000
of national pride that tried to 
bridge historical divisions 

4798
04:18:31,000 --> 04:18:32,800
though. 
Many noted that Olympic 

4799
04:18:32,800 --> 04:18:35,300
symbolism was easier than 
addressing substantive 

4800
04:18:35,300 --> 04:18:38,900
indigenous disadvantage The 
Republic debates simmered 

4801
04:18:38,900 --> 04:18:42,800
throughout the 1990s and came to
a head with a 1999 referendum. 

4802
04:18:42,800 --> 04:18:45,400
Asking Australians, if they 
wanted to replace the British 

4803
04:18:45,400 --> 04:18:47,000
monarch with an Australian 
president. 

4804
04:18:47,000 --> 04:18:50,100
The result was complicated, 
polls. 

4805
04:18:50,100 --> 04:18:52,900
Showed many Australian supported
becoming a republican principle,

4806
04:18:52,900 --> 04:18:57,200
but the specific model proposed 
where Parliament would elect the

4807
04:18:57,200 --> 04:19:00,900
president didn't satisfy either 
monarchists or Republicans, who 

4808
04:19:00,900 --> 04:19:04,600
wanted direct election. 
The referendum failed an 

4809
04:19:04,600 --> 04:19:06,900
Australia retained, Queen 
Elizabeth the second as head of 

4810
04:19:06,900 --> 04:19:10,300
state, a reminder that changing 
constitutional Arrangements 

4811
04:19:10,300 --> 04:19:12,400
requires more than vague 
sentiment. 

4812
04:19:13,500 --> 04:19:16,100
Australia's economy transformed 
during these decades through a 

4813
04:19:16,100 --> 04:19:19,900
process, politely called 
economic reform, but which 

4814
04:19:19,900 --> 04:19:23,700
involves significant pain for 
many communities, manufacturing 

4815
04:19:23,700 --> 04:19:26,600
declined, as globalization 
shifted production to Asia, 

4816
04:19:27,400 --> 04:19:30,700
Mining boomed, as China's growth
created, enormous demand for 

4817
04:19:30,700 --> 04:19:34,400
Australian iron ore, coal and 
natural gas service, Industries,

4818
04:19:34,400 --> 04:19:38,000
expanded, the economy, grew 
overall, that the benefits 

4819
04:19:38,000 --> 04:19:40,200
weren't distributed equally with
inner-city. 

4820
04:19:40,200 --> 04:19:43,000
Professional workers doing well.
While outer suburban and 

4821
04:19:43,000 --> 04:19:45,500
Regional areas struggled with 
job losses and declining 

4822
04:19:45,500 --> 04:19:48,900
services. 
The mining boom of the 2000 and 

4823
04:19:48,900 --> 04:19:52,000
2010 brought extraordinary 
wealth particularly to Western 

4824
04:19:52,000 --> 04:19:55,400
Australia where iron ore mines 
produced billions in export 

4825
04:19:55,400 --> 04:19:57,700
Revenue. 
This created an interesting 

4826
04:19:57,700 --> 04:20:00,600
Dynamic where mining companies 
and state governments grew Rich 

4827
04:20:00,600 --> 04:20:02,900
while debates. 
Raged about whether enough 

4828
04:20:02,900 --> 04:20:05,500
wealth was being captured for 
broader public benefit through 

4829
04:20:05,500 --> 04:20:09,000
taxes, and royalties, climate 
change, became an increasingly 

4830
04:20:09,000 --> 04:20:12,300
device of political issue. 
Australia is particularly 

4831
04:20:12,300 --> 04:20:15,500
vulnerable to climate impact. 
Droughts become more severe 

4832
04:20:15,500 --> 04:20:19,100
bushfires, more frequent and 
intense Coral, bleaching 

4833
04:20:19,100 --> 04:20:22,200
threatens, the Great Barrier 
Reef and Coastal communities 

4834
04:20:22,200 --> 04:20:25,500
face Rising Seas. 
Yet, Australia's economy. 

4835
04:20:25,500 --> 04:20:28,800
Depends heavily on coal and gas 
exports creating political 

4836
04:20:28,800 --> 04:20:31,800
tensions between environmental 
concerns and economic interests.

4837
04:20:33,100 --> 04:20:37,100
The Millennium drought of the 
late 1990s through 2000s, hit 

4838
04:20:37,100 --> 04:20:40,900
South Eastern Australia, 
particularly hard, major cities 

4839
04:20:40,900 --> 04:20:44,600
implemented, water restrictions 
Farmers, watch crops, fail and 

4840
04:20:44,600 --> 04:20:47,100
debates about Water Management. 
Dominated politics. 

4841
04:20:47,800 --> 04:20:51,100
The drought of eventually broke 
but it previewed challenges that

4842
04:20:51,100 --> 04:20:53,100
climate change is expected to 
intensify. 

4843
04:20:54,200 --> 04:20:57,500
Then came the Black Saturday. 
Bushfires of 2009 in Victoria 

4844
04:20:57,500 --> 04:21:02,000
the deadliest bushfires in 
Australian history, killing 173,

4845
04:21:02,000 --> 04:21:04,600
people and destroying thousands 
of homes. 

4846
04:21:05,900 --> 04:21:08,400
The fires generated their own 
weather systems. 

4847
04:21:08,400 --> 04:21:11,900
Moved faster than people could 
flee and demonstrated the 

4848
04:21:11,900 --> 04:21:15,600
devastating potential of extreme
fire conditions combined with 

4849
04:21:15,600 --> 04:21:17,400
strong winds and record 
temperatures. 

4850
04:21:18,500 --> 04:21:21,500
Immigration remained, 
contentious successive, 

4851
04:21:21,500 --> 04:21:23,100
governments struggled with 
Asylum. 

4852
04:21:23,100 --> 04:21:26,500
Seekers arriving by boat 
implementing increasingly harsh 

4853
04:21:26,500 --> 04:21:29,900
deterrence policies. 
Offshore detention centres in 

4854
04:21:29,900 --> 04:21:33,500
nauru and Papua New Guinea held,
a silent seekers in conditions 

4855
04:21:33,500 --> 04:21:35,000
that Drew International 
criticism. 

4856
04:21:36,100 --> 04:21:39,200
The political calculation was 
that being perceived as tough on

4857
04:21:39,200 --> 04:21:43,100
borders, won more votes than 
humanitarian, concerns cost 

4858
04:21:43,100 --> 04:21:45,900
revealing uncomfortable truths 
about Australian. 

4859
04:21:45,900 --> 04:21:48,800
Political priorities. 
Meanwhile Australia's 

4860
04:21:48,800 --> 04:21:51,600
relationship with China, grew 
more economically, important and

4861
04:21:51,600 --> 04:21:54,900
politically complicated. 
China became Australia's largest

4862
04:21:54,900 --> 04:21:58,500
trading partner by far by buying
Australian resources at scales, 

4863
04:21:58,500 --> 04:22:01,800
that drove economic growth. 
But strategic concerns about 

4864
04:22:01,800 --> 04:22:04,500
China's Rising power. 
Its treatment of ethnic 

4865
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:07,700
minorities, and its increasingly
assertive, foreign policy 

4866
04:22:07,700 --> 04:22:11,700
created tensions between 
economic interests and security 

4867
04:22:11,700 --> 04:22:15,500
concerns. 
The covid-19 pandemic in 2020 to

4868
04:22:15,500 --> 04:22:18,800
2021 revealed both strengths and
limitations in Australian 

4869
04:22:18,800 --> 04:22:21,200
governance. 
Border closures and lockdowns 

4870
04:22:21,200 --> 04:22:23,800
contain the virus more 
successfully than, in many 

4871
04:22:23,800 --> 04:22:26,600
countries, keeping death rates, 
relatively low. 

4872
04:22:27,300 --> 04:22:30,500
But border policies separated, 
families locked International 

4873
04:22:30,500 --> 04:22:33,900
students and temporary residents
out of support systems and 

4874
04:22:33,900 --> 04:22:36,500
exposed inequalities in. 
Who could afford to weather 

4875
04:22:36,500 --> 04:22:40,400
extended lockdowns State border 
closures, previously Unthinkable

4876
04:22:40,400 --> 04:22:44,300
became routine with State's 
protecting their populations by 

4877
04:22:44,300 --> 04:22:47,100
restricting movement in ways 
that divided families and 

4878
04:22:47,100 --> 04:22:50,200
disrupted businesses. 
The pandemic revealed that 

4879
04:22:50,200 --> 04:22:53,000
Australian federalism designed 
for an era of slow 

4880
04:22:53,000 --> 04:22:55,400
communication. 
And transport could create as 

4881
04:22:55,400 --> 04:22:59,400
many problems as it sold in a 
crisis required coordinated 

4882
04:22:59,400 --> 04:23:01,600
response. 
The voice to Parliament 

4883
04:23:01,600 --> 04:23:04,000
referendum. 
In 2023 asked Australians 

4884
04:23:04,000 --> 04:23:06,900
whether they supported 
constitutional change to 

4885
04:23:06,900 --> 04:23:08,900
establish an indigenous advisory
body. 

4886
04:23:09,700 --> 04:23:12,700
Despite initial polling showing 
support the referendum failed 

4887
04:23:12,700 --> 04:23:15,400
with many Australians voting, 
no, for varied reasons. 

4888
04:23:15,400 --> 04:23:18,500
Some oppose constitutional 
change others. 

4889
04:23:18,500 --> 04:23:22,700
Wanted practical action instead 
of symbolic recognition and some

4890
04:23:22,700 --> 04:23:24,800
were influenced by 
misinformation campaigns about 

4891
04:23:24,800 --> 04:23:28,100
what the voice would actually. 
Do the referendums failure 

4892
04:23:28,100 --> 04:23:30,400
highlighted ongoing challenges 
in reconciliation. 

4893
04:23:31,400 --> 04:23:34,500
While most Australian supported 
indigenous rights in abstract, 

4894
04:23:34,500 --> 04:23:37,900
terms building consensus for 
specific reforms, prove 

4895
04:23:37,900 --> 04:23:40,600
difficult. 
The gap between symbolic 

4896
04:23:40,600 --> 04:23:43,900
recognition and substantive 
change remained frustratingly 

4897
04:23:43,900 --> 04:23:50,200
wide. chapter 11, the land 
itself, Australia's enduring 

4898
04:23:50,200 --> 04:23:55,500
character As we wind down this 
long journey through Australian 

4899
04:23:55,500 --> 04:23:58,100
history, it's worth considering 
the land itself. 

4900
04:23:58,100 --> 04:24:02,100
This vast ancient continent that
has shaped everyone who has 

4901
04:24:02,100 --> 04:24:06,200
lived here from the first humans
who arrived, 65,000 years ago, 

4902
04:24:06,200 --> 04:24:09,200
to the most recent, immigrant 
stepping off a plane last week. 

4903
04:24:10,200 --> 04:24:13,500
Strayer is the flattest. 
Driest inhabited continent with 

4904
04:24:13,500 --> 04:24:16,000
soils, among the oldest and 
least fertile on Earth. 

4905
04:24:16,700 --> 04:24:19,600
This isn't Prime agricultural 
land, that generously yields, 

4906
04:24:19,600 --> 04:24:22,100
whatever you plant. 
It's a landscape that demands 

4907
04:24:22,100 --> 04:24:24,800
respect knowledge and 
adaptation. 

4908
04:24:25,700 --> 04:24:29,200
Indigenous Australians learned 
this over Millennia European 

4909
04:24:29,200 --> 04:24:31,300
settlers took longer and made 
more mistakes. 

4910
04:24:31,300 --> 04:24:35,400
Sometimes spectacular ones the 
distances are almost 

4911
04:24:35,408 --> 04:24:37,500
incomprehensible to people from 
smaller countries. 

4912
04:24:37,500 --> 04:24:41,500
You can drive for hours days 
even and see nothing but 

4913
04:24:41,500 --> 04:24:45,300
scrubland the same eucalyptus 
trees stretching to every 

4914
04:24:45,300 --> 04:24:48,300
Horizon. 
There's a reason Australians 

4915
04:24:48,300 --> 04:24:50,500
measure distance in time, rather
than kilometers. 

4916
04:24:51,300 --> 04:24:55,800
It's about four hours up. 
The road means more than its 350

4917
04:24:55,800 --> 04:24:59,100
kilometers away. 
Because the real question is, 

4918
04:24:59,100 --> 04:25:02,000
how long you'll be driving 
through that emptiness yet? 

4919
04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:03,600
This emptiness isn't really 
empty. 

4920
04:25:03,600 --> 04:25:07,500
The Outback that looks Barren to
European eyes teams with life if

4921
04:25:07,500 --> 04:25:11,200
you know how to look lizard, 
Sheltering under rocks, Birds 

4922
04:25:11,200 --> 04:25:14,600
nesting in impossible, places 
and plants that survive years 

4923
04:25:14,600 --> 04:25:17,100
without rain and then burst into
bloom. 

4924
04:25:17,100 --> 04:25:20,700
When moisture finally comes 
Indigenous Australians could 

4925
04:25:20,700 --> 04:25:23,800
read this landscape like 
Europeans read books seeing 

4926
04:25:23,800 --> 04:25:26,700
stories resources and knowledge 
in every feature. 

4927
04:25:28,000 --> 04:25:29,300
The coast tell a different 
story. 

4928
04:25:29,300 --> 04:25:34,200
Lush green and where most 
Australians actually live over 

4929
04:25:34,200 --> 04:25:37,100
80% of the population. 
Clusters along the coastline, 

4930
04:25:37,100 --> 04:25:40,200
particularly the eastern and 
South Eastern coasts. 

4931
04:25:40,200 --> 04:25:43,500
Leaving the interior largely 
uninhabited except for mining 

4932
04:25:43,500 --> 04:25:46,900
operations and small towns 
connected by impossibly long 

4933
04:25:46,900 --> 04:25:49,400
roads. 
This creates an odd situation 

4934
04:25:49,400 --> 04:25:51,300
where Australia is 
simultaneously. 

4935
04:25:51,300 --> 04:25:54,300
One of the most urbanized 
countries in the world and one 

4936
04:25:54,300 --> 04:25:56,800
with vast spaces where human 
presence is minimal. 

4937
04:25:57,500 --> 04:26:00,000
The Great Barrier Reef 
stretching for over 2000 

4938
04:26:00,000 --> 04:26:03,200
kilometers along the Queensland 
Coast is the world's largest 

4939
04:26:03,200 --> 04:26:05,300
living structure visible from 
space. 

4940
04:26:05,300 --> 04:26:09,100
It's a reminder that while the 
land is ancient and weathered, 

4941
04:26:09,100 --> 04:26:12,100
the surrounding oceans are 
Dynamic and Alive. 

4942
04:26:12,100 --> 04:26:15,900
The Reef faces existential 
threats from warming Waters and 

4943
04:26:15,900 --> 04:26:19,200
ocean acidification. 
Making it a symbol of broader 

4944
04:26:19,200 --> 04:26:23,000
environmental challenges. 
Australian Wildlife, remains 

4945
04:26:23,000 --> 04:26:28,200
gloriously, weird monotremes. 
Mammals that lay eggs exist. 

4946
04:26:28,200 --> 04:26:30,700
Nowhere else marsupials 
dominate. 

4947
04:26:30,700 --> 04:26:34,100
Where placental mammals rule 
elsewhere venomous, creatures 

4948
04:26:34,100 --> 04:26:37,300
abound snake's, spiders 
jellyfish? 

4949
04:26:37,300 --> 04:26:41,000
And even a venomous platypus, 
because apparently regularly 

4950
04:26:41,000 --> 04:26:44,300
weren't strange enough. 
For all the dangerous wildlife 

4951
04:26:44,300 --> 04:26:47,000
reputation. 
Australia is remarkably safe. 

4952
04:26:47,000 --> 04:26:50,700
If you exercise basic Common 
Sense, unlike places with large 

4953
04:26:50,700 --> 04:26:55,000
predators that actually hunt 
humans, The seasons run opposite

4954
04:26:55,000 --> 04:26:57,900
to the northern hemisphere which
creates ongoing calendar. 

4955
04:26:57,900 --> 04:27:00,300
Confusion Christmas happens in 
summer. 

4956
04:27:00,300 --> 04:27:03,300
Requiring Australians to 
maintain European Traditions, 

4957
04:27:03,300 --> 04:27:06,400
like hot roast dinners in 
sweltering heat while knowing 

4958
04:27:06,400 --> 04:27:08,700
that singing about snow and 
winter wonderland is 

4959
04:27:08,700 --> 04:27:12,600
geographically nonsensical Some 
things persist through cultural 

4960
04:27:12,600 --> 04:27:15,200
inertia regardless of 
environmental fit. 

4961
04:27:17,300 --> 04:27:19,900
Chapter 12, what Australia means
today? 

4962
04:27:22,400 --> 04:27:24,900
As you settle deeper into your 
pillow, let's consider what 

4963
04:27:24,900 --> 04:27:27,000
Australia represents in the 
early 21st century. 

4964
04:27:27,000 --> 04:27:30,500
Not the tourist brochure version
with beaches, not for houses, 

4965
04:27:30,500 --> 04:27:33,900
but the more complex reality of 
a Nation, still working out what

4966
04:27:33,900 --> 04:27:37,000
it wants to be Australia is one 
of the world's most successful 

4967
04:27:37,000 --> 04:27:40,700
Multicultural democracies. 
Placed where people from every 

4968
04:27:40,700 --> 04:27:43,700
continent live together with 
generally less conflict than 

4969
04:27:43,700 --> 04:27:47,700
history might predict. 
Over 30% of Australians were 

4970
04:27:47,700 --> 04:27:50,400
born overseas and in cities like
Sydney and Melbourne. 

4971
04:27:50,400 --> 04:27:55,400
That percentage approaches 40%. 
This diversity is now woven into

4972
04:27:55,400 --> 04:27:58,600
Australian identity, rather than
threatening it though. 

4973
04:27:58,600 --> 04:28:01,600
Individual incidents of races 
and remind us that acceptance 

4974
04:28:01,600 --> 04:28:05,000
isn't Universal. 
Australian sense of humor 

4975
04:28:05,000 --> 04:28:07,700
self-deprecating ironic and 
slightly irreverent. 

4976
04:28:07,700 --> 04:28:10,500
All authority, remains a 
defining characteristic. 

4977
04:28:11,700 --> 04:28:14,800
Australians, instinctively 
deflate pomposity value 

4978
04:28:14,800 --> 04:28:18,300
authenticity over pretension and
use nicknames as signs of 

4979
04:28:18,300 --> 04:28:21,300
affection. 
This can sometimes frustrate 

4980
04:28:21,300 --> 04:28:23,900
visitors from more formal 
cultures, but it creates a 

4981
04:28:23,900 --> 04:28:26,900
social environment where 
hierarchy is less rigid than in 

4982
04:28:26,900 --> 04:28:30,700
many societies. 
Mateship that quintessentially, 

4983
04:28:30,700 --> 04:28:34,500
Australian concept values, 
loyalty, helping others and 

4984
04:28:34,500 --> 04:28:38,100
standing by your friends. 
It emerged from the harsh 

4985
04:28:38,100 --> 04:28:41,500
conditions of early, colonial 
life where cooperation meant 

4986
04:28:41,500 --> 04:28:45,300
survival got reinforced through 
military experiences and now 

4987
04:28:45,308 --> 04:28:48,300
shapes everything from workplace
culture to political rhetoric. 

4988
04:28:49,200 --> 04:28:51,000
Though, makeshift has 
historically been quite 

4989
04:28:51,000 --> 04:28:54,400
masculine in its emphasis, 
contemporary understanding has 

4990
04:28:54,400 --> 04:28:57,100
broadened to include more 
diverse forms of solidarity and 

4991
04:28:57,100 --> 04:29:00,000
Community Support. 
The tyranny of distance 

4992
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:03,700
Australia's isolation from Major
World centers, has shaped 

4993
04:29:03,700 --> 04:29:05,600
National psychology in 
interesting ways. 

4994
04:29:06,600 --> 04:29:09,200
Australians are simultaneously 
prevention and Cosmopolitan, 

4995
04:29:09,200 --> 04:29:12,300
deeply attached to local places.
While being in enthusiastic 

4996
04:29:12,300 --> 04:29:15,400
International Travelers, the 
distance creates a kind of 

4997
04:29:15,400 --> 04:29:18,900
Fortress mentality, sometimes 
but also produces people who are

4998
04:29:18,900 --> 04:29:21,900
comfortable with Crossing 
cultural boundaries, Sports, 

4999
04:29:21,900 --> 04:29:24,500
occupy, an almost religious 
place in Australian culture, 

5000
04:29:24,500 --> 04:29:28,500
Cricket Australian Rules, 
Football rugby, league Rugby, 

5001
04:29:28,500 --> 04:29:32,300
Union, soccer, and countless 
other sports generate passion 

5002
04:29:32,300 --> 04:29:36,200
that can seem disproportionate 
to outside as Sport service, 

5003
04:29:36,200 --> 04:29:40,000
social glue, creating shared 
experiences and identities that 

5004
04:29:40,000 --> 04:29:43,800
bridge other division's state 
rivalries in sports are intense 

5005
04:29:43,800 --> 04:29:47,000
but mostly good natured except 
when they're not. 

5006
04:29:48,100 --> 04:29:51,000
Each lifestyle isn't tourist 
mythology, but genuine cultural 

5007
04:29:51,000 --> 04:29:55,100
practice for millions of coastal
Australians. learning to swim 

5008
04:29:55,100 --> 04:29:59,000
understanding, surf conditions 
and spending summer days at the 

5009
04:29:59,008 --> 04:30:03,800
beach aren't luxury activities, 
but normal parts of life Surf. 

5010
04:30:03,800 --> 04:30:06,800
Lifesaving Clubs a community 
institutions that combined 

5011
04:30:06,800 --> 04:30:09,300
sport, service and social 
connection. 

5012
04:30:10,400 --> 04:30:12,800
Australian English has evolved 
into its own dialect with 

5013
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:16,900
distinctive pronunciation 
vocabulary and idioms that can 

5014
04:30:16,900 --> 04:30:19,900
confound even native English 
speakers from other countries. 

5015
04:30:21,300 --> 04:30:24,600
The tendency to abbreviate, 
everything arvo for afternoon, 

5016
04:30:24,600 --> 04:30:29,300
Servo for service station brekki
for breakfast combined with 

5017
04:30:29,300 --> 04:30:31,400
distinctive, slang creates the 
language. 

5018
04:30:31,400 --> 04:30:34,100
That is simultaneously familiar 
and foreign to other English 

5019
04:30:34,100 --> 04:30:36,900
speakers. 
Yet underneath these cultural 

5020
04:30:36,900 --> 04:30:38,500
characteristics deeper 
questions. 

5021
04:30:38,500 --> 04:30:41,700
Persist, what does 
reconciliation with indigenous 

5022
04:30:41,700 --> 04:30:45,200
Australians actually require 
Beyond symbolic gestures? 

5023
04:30:45,200 --> 04:30:48,900
How does Australia balance its 
Western political Traditions 

5024
04:30:48,900 --> 04:30:52,200
with its Asian geography? 
What responsibilities come with 

5025
04:30:52,200 --> 04:30:54,200
extraordinary? 
Resource wealth in a world 

5026
04:30:54,200 --> 04:30:57,300
facing climate change. 
How do you maintain social 

5027
04:30:57,300 --> 04:31:01,400
cohesion as diversity increases?
These aren't questions with easy

5028
04:31:01,400 --> 04:31:03,300
answers and different 
Australians. 

5029
04:31:03,300 --> 04:31:06,300
Answer them differently. the 
Australian political system 

5030
04:31:06,300 --> 04:31:09,800
produces stability, but 
sometimes at the cost of bold 

5031
04:31:09,800 --> 04:31:13,800
reform, the combination of 
compulsory voting preferential 

5032
04:31:13,800 --> 04:31:17,200
voting and frequent elections 
means that politicians must 

5033
04:31:17,200 --> 04:31:20,600
appeal to median voters, 
creating pressure for Centrist 

5034
04:31:20,600 --> 04:31:24,000
policies. 
This prevents extremism but can 

5035
04:31:24,000 --> 04:31:26,600
also prevent necessary change 
when that change requires 

5036
04:31:26,600 --> 04:31:29,200
short-term sacrifice for 
long-term benefit. 

5037
04:31:30,000 --> 04:31:33,300
Indigenous disadvantage remains 
Australia's greatest domestic 

5038
04:31:33,300 --> 04:31:37,400
Challenge and moral failing. 
Despite Decades of programs 

5039
04:31:37,400 --> 04:31:41,000
policies and good intentions 
gaps in health education, 

5040
04:31:41,000 --> 04:31:43,800
employment and incarceration 
rates. 

5041
04:31:43,800 --> 04:31:47,900
Persist until these gaps closed.
Australia cannot claim to have 

5042
04:31:47,900 --> 04:31:51,700
truly reconciled with the 
Injustice of colonization and 

5043
04:31:51,700 --> 04:31:55,400
their continuing impacts. 
Epilogue. 

5044
04:31:56,200 --> 04:31:57,300
Stories. 
That continue. 

5045
04:31:59,900 --> 04:32:03,100
As you drift towards sleep, 
remember that history isn't a 

5046
04:32:03,100 --> 04:32:05,100
story that ended it's one that 
continues. 

5047
04:32:05,100 --> 04:32:08,700
The Australia that existed today
is dramatically different from 

5048
04:32:08,700 --> 04:32:14,400
the one that existed in 1788 or 
1901 or even 1988 and the 

5049
04:32:14,400 --> 04:32:17,600
Australia that will exist in 
2018 will be different again 

5050
04:32:17,600 --> 04:32:20,800
shaped by decisions, being made 
now and challenges. 

5051
04:32:20,800 --> 04:32:24,000
Not yet visible. 
Indigenous Australians after 

5052
04:32:24,000 --> 04:32:27,600
surviving 65,000 years, 
including two centuries of 

5053
04:32:27,608 --> 04:32:30,900
dispossession and destruction 
continued to maintain cultural 

5054
04:32:30,900 --> 04:32:34,600
Traditions revive languages and 
assert rights to land and 

5055
04:32:34,600 --> 04:32:37,500
self-determination. 
Their story. 

5056
04:32:37,500 --> 04:32:40,400
The longest continuous. 
Human story on Earth, didn't end

5057
04:32:40,400 --> 04:32:44,700
with colonization it adapted, 
persisted and continues. 

5058
04:32:45,700 --> 04:32:48,700
The Immigrant families who 
arrived from Europe Asia Africa 

5059
04:32:48,700 --> 04:32:51,900
and the Americas are creating 
new chapters in Australian 

5060
04:32:51,900 --> 04:32:55,200
history bringing Traditions that
enrich and complicate what it 

5061
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:58,300
means to be Australian their 
children and grandchildren will 

5062
04:32:58,300 --> 04:33:01,400
blend these Traditions with 
Australian culture in ways that 

5063
04:33:01,400 --> 04:33:04,700
continue the evolution that has 
characterized this continent for

5064
04:33:04,700 --> 04:33:07,800
Millennia. 
Environmental challenges from 

5065
04:33:07,800 --> 04:33:10,500
climate change to species 
extinctions to water. 

5066
04:33:10,500 --> 04:33:13,900
Scarcity will require 
Australians to reconsider their 

5067
04:33:13,900 --> 04:33:15,500
relationship with this ancient 
land. 

5068
04:33:16,300 --> 04:33:18,599
Perhaps this will create 
opportunities to learn from 

5069
04:33:18,599 --> 04:33:21,500
indigenous knowledge systems 
that sustained human life here 

5070
04:33:21,500 --> 04:33:24,900
for thousands of generations 
without depleting resources that

5071
04:33:24,900 --> 04:33:27,900
support future Generations. 
The Great Barrier Reef 

5072
04:33:27,900 --> 04:33:31,099
struggling under warming Seas 
reminds us that some losses 

5073
04:33:31,099 --> 04:33:33,099
might be irreversible without 
rapid action. 

5074
04:33:33,900 --> 04:33:36,599
The increasingly intense 
Bushfire Seasons, warned that 

5075
04:33:36,608 --> 04:33:38,200
climate change isn't a distant 
threat. 

5076
04:33:38,200 --> 04:33:42,200
But a present reality, requiring
adaptation and mitigation The 

5077
04:33:42,200 --> 04:33:45,200
drought prone, Inland teaches 
that water is precious and 

5078
04:33:45,200 --> 04:33:48,900
cannot be taken for granted. 
Australia's Geographic position,

5079
04:33:48,900 --> 04:33:52,000
tucked below Asia in the 
southern hemisphere will 

5080
04:33:52,000 --> 04:33:54,599
continue shaping its strategic 
and economic future. 

5081
04:33:55,500 --> 04:33:59,099
The rise of Asia, particularly 
China and India creates, both 

5082
04:33:59,099 --> 04:34:01,599
opportunities and challenges 
that will Define Australian 

5083
04:34:01,599 --> 04:34:04,800
foreign policy for Generations. 
The Republican debate will 

5084
04:34:04,800 --> 04:34:08,099
resurface probably when Queen 
Elizabeth the second's Reign 

5085
04:34:08,099 --> 04:34:11,700
ends forcing Australians to 
reconsider what constitutional 

5086
04:34:11,700 --> 04:34:15,300
links to Britain mean in an era,
when Australian identity has 

5087
04:34:15,300 --> 04:34:18,900
evolved far beyond its Colonial,
Origins cities will continue 

5088
04:34:18,900 --> 04:34:22,200
growing sprawling across land 
that was recently farmland or 

5089
04:34:22,200 --> 04:34:25,800
bush creating environmental and 
infrastructure challenges that 

5090
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:29,900
require Creative Solutions, the 
Australian dream of owning a 

5091
04:34:29,900 --> 04:34:32,000
detached house on a quarter. 
Acre block will become 

5092
04:34:32,000 --> 04:34:34,300
increasingly difficult as land 
prices. 

5093
04:34:34,300 --> 04:34:38,400
Rise and density increases 
technology will transform work 

5094
04:34:38,400 --> 04:34:41,700
education and social Connections
in ways. 

5095
04:34:41,700 --> 04:34:45,400
We can barely imagine just as 
previous generations, could not 

5096
04:34:45,400 --> 04:34:48,599
imagine how television air 
conditioning and the internet 

5097
04:34:48,599 --> 04:34:52,000
would reshape Australian life. 
Through all these changes. 

5098
04:34:52,000 --> 04:34:54,700
Something fundamental about 
Australia will probably persist 

5099
04:34:54,700 --> 04:34:58,400
the particular quality of light 
that has inspired artists for 

5100
04:34:58,400 --> 04:35:01,800
Millennia, the distinctive 
accent and humor the Casual 

5101
04:35:01,800 --> 04:35:05,300
approach to social hierarchy and
the fierce attachment to place 

5102
04:35:05,300 --> 04:35:07,700
that characterizes both 
indigenous and settler 

5103
04:35:07,700 --> 04:35:11,000
Australians in different. 
But sometimes overlapping ways 

5104
04:35:12,400 --> 04:35:14,700
The story that began 65,000 
years ago. 

5105
04:35:14,700 --> 04:35:17,000
When the first humans crossed 
the water to reach this 

5106
04:35:17,000 --> 04:35:19,700
continent continues. 
It has been a story of 

5107
04:35:19,700 --> 04:35:23,599
adaptation, Survival conflict, 
creativity and constant change. 

5108
04:35:23,599 --> 04:35:26,599
It has included tragedies that 
should never be forgotten and 

5109
04:35:26,599 --> 04:35:29,300
triumphs worth celebrating. 
It has been shaped by 

5110
04:35:29,300 --> 04:35:33,000
indigenous, knowledge British 
colonization multi-cultural 

5111
04:35:33,000 --> 04:35:35,300
immigration. 
And countless, individual 

5112
04:35:35,300 --> 04:35:39,300
decisions that accumulated into 
historical forces as you fall 

5113
04:35:39,300 --> 04:35:43,300
asleep tonight, your connected 
to this, ongoing story, whether 

5114
04:35:43,300 --> 04:35:46,500
you're Australian yourself or 
simply someone interested in how

5115
04:35:46,500 --> 04:35:50,500
human societies evolve adapt and
sometimes transcend, their 

5116
04:35:50,500 --> 04:35:53,099
Origins. 
Australia's history, like all. 

5117
04:35:53,099 --> 04:35:56,300
History isn't a collection of 
dates and facts but a web of 

5118
04:35:56,300 --> 04:35:58,599
Human Experience is choices and 
consequences. 

5119
04:35:58,599 --> 04:36:02,500
That continue resonating Through
Time The Land itself. 

5120
04:36:02,500 --> 04:36:06,800
Ancient weathered patient as 
witnessed all of this and will 

5121
04:36:06,800 --> 04:36:10,800
witness, whatever comes next 
stars that wheel overhead are 

5122
04:36:10,800 --> 04:36:13,500
the same stars that guided 
indigenous Navigators for 

5123
04:36:13,500 --> 04:36:16,900
thousands of generations that 
confused early European, 

5124
04:36:16,900 --> 04:36:20,400
explorers and that now Mark, the
southern sky for everyone who 

5125
04:36:20,400 --> 04:36:22,800
calls this continent home, 
Sleep. 

5126
04:36:22,800 --> 04:36:25,500
Well, knowing that history is 
never truly finished. 

5127
04:36:25,500 --> 04:36:28,700
That every ending is also a 
beginning and that the oldest 

5128
04:36:28,700 --> 04:36:32,200
inhabited continent on Earth 
continues, its journey into an 

5129
04:36:32,200 --> 04:36:34,200
unknowable but fascinating 
future. 

5130
04:36:35,200 --> 04:36:37,800
Story of Australia. 
Like the best bedtime stories. 

5131
04:36:37,800 --> 04:36:42,000
Invites you to dream, not just 
of what was, but of what might 

5132
04:36:42,000 --> 04:36:47,200
be. 
To this, you're sitting in 

5133
04:36:47,207 --> 04:36:51,400
ancient China around 220 BC, 
probably wondering what's for 

5134
04:36:51,400 --> 04:36:53,500
dinner and hoping the weather 
holds up for harvest season 

5135
04:36:53,500 --> 04:36:57,000
you've got your little plot of 
land, maybe some chickens 

5136
04:36:57,000 --> 04:36:59,400
pecking around and life is 
pretty predictable. 

5137
04:37:00,400 --> 04:37:03,300
Then Emperor chincha Huang shows
up with what might be history is

5138
04:37:03,300 --> 04:37:04,900
most ambitious Home Improvement 
project. 

5139
04:37:05,900 --> 04:37:07,599
We're going to build a wall, he 
announces. 

5140
04:37:07,599 --> 04:37:11,000
Not just any wall mind. 
You a wall that stretches across

5141
04:37:11,000 --> 04:37:14,800
mountains deserts and valleys 
for thousands of miles your 

5142
04:37:14,800 --> 04:37:17,099
neighbor's probably thought he'd
been sampling too much rice 

5143
04:37:17,099 --> 04:37:19,300
wine, but this Emperor was dead 
serious. 

5144
04:37:19,300 --> 04:37:22,900
He had already conquered six. 
Other kingdoms to unite China. 

5145
04:37:22,900 --> 04:37:26,500
So building an impossibly long 
walls seemed like a simple task.

5146
04:37:27,800 --> 04:37:31,400
Tuesday, afternoons project. 
The thing is wolves already 

5147
04:37:31,408 --> 04:37:33,800
existed. 
Various kingdoms had been 

5148
04:37:33,808 --> 04:37:36,800
building defensive barriers for 
centuries, like having a really 

5149
04:37:36,800 --> 04:37:39,099
impressive fence to keep the 
neighbors goats out of your 

5150
04:37:39,099 --> 04:37:42,200
garden. 
The chincha Huang looked at 

5151
04:37:42,200 --> 04:37:44,000
these scattered walls. 
The way you might look at 

5152
04:37:44,008 --> 04:37:47,200
mismatched Furniture in your 
living room functional, but 

5153
04:37:47,200 --> 04:37:50,599
lacking a unified Vision. 
His plan was brilliant in its 

5154
04:37:50,599 --> 04:37:55,000
audacity connect the existing 
walls, extend them and create 

5155
04:37:55,000 --> 04:37:57,700
one continuous barrier along, 
China's northern border. 

5156
04:37:58,400 --> 04:38:01,700
Imagine this as the world's 
first massive renovation project

5157
04:38:01,700 --> 04:38:04,800
where in stead of demolishing 
walls, they were constructing 

5158
04:38:04,800 --> 04:38:06,599
the ultimate wall to end all 
walls. 

5159
04:38:07,400 --> 04:38:10,099
The emperor's motivational 
wasn't just showing off though. 

5160
04:38:10,099 --> 04:38:13,599
That was certainly part of it. 
The Mongols and other nomadic 

5161
04:38:13,599 --> 04:38:16,400
tribes from the north were 
habituated to dropping by 

5162
04:38:16,400 --> 04:38:19,500
invited usually with swords and 
an attitude problem. 

5163
04:38:20,300 --> 04:38:22,099
These were not friendly social 
calls. 

5164
04:38:22,099 --> 04:38:25,500
They were more like aggressive 
house parties, where the guests,

5165
04:38:25,500 --> 04:38:27,900
take everything and leave the 
place in shambles. 

5166
04:38:27,900 --> 04:38:31,500
So you can understand the 
empress thinking build a wall. 

5167
04:38:31,500 --> 04:38:34,099
So, impressive. 
So formidable that, these 

5168
04:38:34,099 --> 04:38:37,599
Northern neighbors would take 
one look and decide maybe they'd

5169
04:38:37,599 --> 04:38:39,599
rather stay home and their 
horses instead. 

5170
04:38:40,500 --> 04:38:43,200
It was like, installing the 
world's most elaborate security 

5171
04:38:43,200 --> 04:38:46,800
system, except the cameras were 
guard towers, and the alarms are

5172
04:38:46,800 --> 04:38:49,200
very loud horn. 
But here's where it gets 

5173
04:38:49,200 --> 04:38:52,500
intriguing for regular folks. 
Like you, this project wasn't 

5174
04:38:52,500 --> 04:38:55,200
going to be built by magic or 
imperial decree alone. 

5175
04:38:55,200 --> 04:38:59,099
This undertaking was going to 
require hands, millions of them.

5176
04:38:59,700 --> 04:39:01,900
Suddenly your quiet, life of 
farming. 

5177
04:39:01,900 --> 04:39:04,599
And chicken tending was about to
get a lot more complicated. 

5178
04:39:04,599 --> 04:39:07,599
The recruitment process was 
about to subtle as an 

5179
04:39:07,599 --> 04:39:10,000
earthquake. 
Local officials would show up in

5180
04:39:10,000 --> 04:39:12,300
villages with Scrolls and 
serious Expressions. 

5181
04:39:12,300 --> 04:39:15,400
Essentially conducting a very 
involuntary job fair. 

5182
04:39:16,200 --> 04:39:18,900
Congratulations. 
They say, you've been selected 

5183
04:39:18,900 --> 04:39:22,000
for a wonderful opportunity to 
serve your Emperor and build 

5184
04:39:22,000 --> 04:39:26,700
something truly historic. fact 
that you hadn't applied for this

5185
04:39:26,700 --> 04:39:30,300
opportunity was considered 
irrelevant now before you start 

5186
04:39:30,300 --> 04:39:33,500
feeling too, sorry for yourself 
in this scenario consider the 

5187
04:39:33,500 --> 04:39:37,000
alternative The emperor just 
finished unifying China through 

5188
04:39:37,000 --> 04:39:39,700
a series of wars that made Game 
of Thrones look like a peaceful 

5189
04:39:39,700 --> 04:39:42,000
afternoon tea. 
Building a wall. 

5190
04:39:42,008 --> 04:39:45,500
Even an impossibly long one was 
actually the peaceful option. 

5191
04:39:46,300 --> 04:39:49,100
Still knowing your part of the 
karma solution doesn't make the 

5192
04:39:49,100 --> 04:39:51,500
prospect of hauling Stones 
across mountains, any more 

5193
04:39:51,500 --> 04:39:54,100
appealing. 
The scale of this project was 

5194
04:39:54,100 --> 04:39:56,000
something no one had ever 
attempted. 

5195
04:39:56,800 --> 04:39:59,800
Imagine trying to coordinate a 
construction project that spans 

5196
04:39:59,800 --> 04:40:03,100
the distance from New York to 
Denver, except there are no 

5197
04:40:03,100 --> 04:40:05,800
trucks. 
No power tools and no Home 

5198
04:40:05,800 --> 04:40:07,900
Depot. 
Everything had to be done with 

5199
04:40:07,900 --> 04:40:11,600
human, muscle animal power, and 
whatever clever engineering 

5200
04:40:11,600 --> 04:40:13,300
Solutions. 
People could devise with the 

5201
04:40:13,308 --> 04:40:18,600
technology of 220 BC, and so 
began one of History's Greatest 

5202
04:40:18,600 --> 04:40:22,200
adventures in construction 
management Community cooperation

5203
04:40:22,200 --> 04:40:26,700
and sheer human stubbornness You
are about to become part of 

5204
04:40:26,700 --> 04:40:28,100
something that would still be 
visible. 

5205
04:40:28,100 --> 04:40:31,200
So here you are standing with 
your hastily packed belongings 

5206
04:40:31,200 --> 04:40:34,000
and wondering how your life took
such an unexpected turn. 

5207
04:40:35,100 --> 04:40:37,700
The recruitment officers assured
you that the job is a temporary 

5208
04:40:37,700 --> 04:40:42,100
assignment, just a few months, 
maybe a year at most you'll be 

5209
04:40:42,100 --> 04:40:44,400
back home before, you know it he
says with the confidence of 

5210
04:40:44,400 --> 04:40:47,300
someone who's never actually 
built a wall, your first glimpse

5211
04:40:47,300 --> 04:40:49,600
of the construction site is, 
like nothing you've ever seen. 

5212
04:40:49,600 --> 04:40:53,800
Imagine an ant hill, the size of
a city, accept the answer people

5213
04:40:53,800 --> 04:40:57,200
and they're all carrying rocks, 
thousands of workers, stretch 

5214
04:40:57,200 --> 04:41:00,400
across the landscape, creating a
human chain that disappears into

5215
04:41:00,400 --> 04:41:04,700
the distance, the noises 
incredible hammering shouting 

5216
04:41:04,700 --> 04:41:07,800
the scrape of stone against 
Stone and the occasional 

5217
04:41:07,800 --> 04:41:10,200
creative curse words that 
probably shouldn't be repeated 

5218
04:41:10,200 --> 04:41:13,600
in polite company. 
You're assigned to a work. 

5219
04:41:13,600 --> 04:41:16,500
That becomes your new family, 
whether you like it or not, 

5220
04:41:16,500 --> 04:41:20,100
there's old Chen who claims he 
helped build the Emperor's 

5221
04:41:20,100 --> 04:41:24,100
Palace and has strong opinions 
about proper mortar mixing Ying 

5222
04:41:24,100 --> 04:41:26,900
Liu bounces around with the 
enthusiasm of someone who thinks

5223
04:41:26,900 --> 04:41:29,100
this whole wall business might 
actually be fun. 

5224
04:41:30,000 --> 04:41:33,200
Wang the quiet barely speaks but
can carry stones that would make

5225
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:36,600
a donkey jealous and there's you
trying to figure out which end 

5226
04:41:36,600 --> 04:41:39,300
of a hammer to hold. 
The living arrangements are 

5227
04:41:39,300 --> 04:41:43,700
shall we say cozy, your new home
is a tent shared with five other

5228
04:41:43,700 --> 04:41:46,700
men which sounds awful and you 
realize some Cruisers are 

5229
04:41:46,700 --> 04:41:50,600
sleeping 12 to a shelter. 
Privacy becomes a fond memory 

5230
04:41:50,600 --> 04:41:53,500
like a favorite dish from home 
that you can almost taste. 

5231
04:41:53,500 --> 04:41:57,100
If you concentrate hard enough, 
Good news is that, everyone 

5232
04:41:57,100 --> 04:42:00,000
snores. 
So at least the noise is evenly 

5233
04:42:00,000 --> 04:42:03,000
distributed. 
Your daily routine starts Before

5234
04:42:03,000 --> 04:42:05,700
Dawn, because apparently, 
whoever designed this schedule, 

5235
04:42:05,700 --> 04:42:09,000
believed that sunlight was a 
luxury rather than a necessity 

5236
04:42:09,000 --> 04:42:13,200
you stumble out of your shared 
tent, grab some rice and maybe a

5237
04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:15,500
pickled vegetable. 
If you're lucky and report to 

5238
04:42:15,500 --> 04:42:19,100
your section chief, this is a 
man who is elevated shouting 

5239
04:42:19,100 --> 04:42:22,100
into an art form and seems to 
believe that volume is directly 

5240
04:42:22,100 --> 04:42:26,100
proportional to work efficiency,
the work itself is simpler and 

5241
04:42:26,100 --> 04:42:28,000
concept. 
The next execution, your 

5242
04:42:28,000 --> 04:42:30,600
building a wall which sounds 
straightforward Until you 

5243
04:42:30,600 --> 04:42:33,100
realize this wall needs to be 
tall enough to stop mounted 

5244
04:42:33,100 --> 04:42:35,500
Warriors. 
Strong enough to withstand CJ 

5245
04:42:35,500 --> 04:42:37,900
engines and long enough to 
protect an entire Frontier. 

5246
04:42:38,700 --> 04:42:41,000
It's like being asked to build a
fence around your property, 

5247
04:42:41,000 --> 04:42:44,500
except your property is the size
of several States, and the fence

5248
04:42:44,500 --> 04:42:47,400
needs to stop an army. 
The foundation work is 

5249
04:42:47,400 --> 04:42:49,300
backbreaking in the most literal
sense. 

5250
04:42:49,300 --> 04:42:53,600
You spend days moving Earth 
laying stones and creating the 

5251
04:42:53,600 --> 04:42:57,100
base that everything else will 
rest on each Stone needs to be 

5252
04:42:57,100 --> 04:42:59,400
placed. 
Just so because a wobbly 

5253
04:42:59,400 --> 04:43:02,300
Foundation today means a 
collapsed wall tomorrow and 

5254
04:43:02,300 --> 04:43:04,100
nobody wants to explain to the 
emperor. 

5255
04:43:04,100 --> 04:43:07,700
Why his wall is developed to 
lean But here's the thing about 

5256
04:43:07,700 --> 04:43:12,000
shared misery, it has a way of 
bringing people together by the 

5257
04:43:12,000 --> 04:43:14,700
end of your first week, you and 
your tent mates have developed. 

5258
04:43:14,700 --> 04:43:19,000
An effortless Camry, born of 
mutual exhaustion old Chen, 

5259
04:43:19,000 --> 04:43:20,800
shares technique. 
He learned from previous 

5260
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:24,600
construction projects Ying Liu 
invents games to make the 

5261
04:43:24,600 --> 04:43:27,900
repetitive work, more bearable, 
on the quiet, turns out to be an

5262
04:43:27,900 --> 04:43:30,100
excellent cook. 
Who can make rice taste or most 

5263
04:43:30,100 --> 04:43:32,200
intriguing? 
The engineers overseeing. 

5264
04:43:32,200 --> 04:43:35,000
The project are a fascinating 
Bunch, they've had to solve 

5265
04:43:35,000 --> 04:43:36,600
problems. 
No one has ever faced before 

5266
04:43:36,600 --> 04:43:39,700
like how to build a uniform wall
across terrain that Varys from 

5267
04:43:39,700 --> 04:43:43,100
desert sand to mounting granite.
Watching them work is like 

5268
04:43:43,100 --> 04:43:45,800
seeing puzzle, Master's tackle, 
a jigsaw with a million pieces, 

5269
04:43:45,800 --> 04:43:48,000
none of which seem to fit 
together properly. 

5270
04:43:48,700 --> 04:43:51,400
Supply lines stretch back 
towards civilization like the 

5271
04:43:51,400 --> 04:43:53,300
world's longest grocery delivery
route. 

5272
04:43:54,000 --> 04:43:57,500
Wagons arrived with fresh Stone,
Timber rice and replacement 

5273
04:43:57,500 --> 04:44:01,000
tools, occasionally they bring 
news from home, which everyone 

5274
04:44:01,000 --> 04:44:03,100
gathers around to hear, like 
it's the evening entertainment. 

5275
04:44:04,100 --> 04:44:06,600
Occasionally, they bring new 
workers to replace those who've 

5276
04:44:06,600 --> 04:44:09,000
completed their service or more 
grimly. 

5277
04:44:09,000 --> 04:44:10,800
Those who won't be going home at
all. 

5278
04:44:12,100 --> 04:44:15,000
Despite the hardships, there's 
something, oddly satisfying 

5279
04:44:15,000 --> 04:44:19,000
about the work, each day you can
see progress, the wall, grows 

5280
04:44:19,000 --> 04:44:20,600
taller stronger and more 
impressive. 

5281
04:44:20,600 --> 04:44:24,600
You begin to take pride in your 
section competing informally 

5282
04:44:24,600 --> 04:44:27,100
with other Crews to see who can 
lay the straightest line or 

5283
04:44:27,100 --> 04:44:30,300
build the most solid foundation.
It's like the world's most 

5284
04:44:30,300 --> 04:44:33,600
exhausting team sport after a 
few weeks on the wall, you've 

5285
04:44:33,600 --> 04:44:36,200
developed what your grandmother 
might charitably call character 

5286
04:44:36,200 --> 04:44:39,100
your hands once soft from farm 
work. 

5287
04:44:39,100 --> 04:44:42,300
Now sport calluses in places. 
You didn't know, could grow 

5288
04:44:42,300 --> 04:44:46,200
calluses your back has adapted 
to a permanent slight hunch from

5289
04:44:46,200 --> 04:44:49,200
lifting stones, and you've 
learned to identify different 

5290
04:44:49,200 --> 04:44:52,500
types of rock by their weight 
and the specific way they make 

5291
04:44:52,500 --> 04:44:56,300
your shoulders ache. 
The workday starts with what the

5292
04:44:56,300 --> 04:45:00,200
section, chief optimistically 
calls morning coordination, but 

5293
04:45:00,200 --> 04:45:03,200
which everyone else recognizes 
as the daily ritual of figuring 

5294
04:45:03,200 --> 04:45:05,700
out, who's going to do what, and
how badly it might go wrong 

5295
04:45:05,700 --> 04:45:08,900
today. 
Your crew is assigned to mortar 

5296
04:45:08,900 --> 04:45:11,700
mixing, which sounds easy Until 
you realize that getting the 

5297
04:45:11,700 --> 04:45:13,900
consistency, right? 
Is like trying to bake bread 

5298
04:45:13,900 --> 04:45:15,300
while blindfolded during an 
earthquake. 

5299
04:45:16,600 --> 04:45:19,300
Old Chen takes this opportunity 
to share his philosophy on 

5300
04:45:19,300 --> 04:45:22,600
mortar which apparently involves
the same level of precision that

5301
04:45:22,600 --> 04:45:24,100
other people reserved for 
poetry. 

5302
04:45:25,100 --> 04:45:28,000
If the mixture is too wet, it 
runs like water from a broken 

5303
04:45:28,000 --> 04:45:30,500
bucket. 
He explains while stirring the 

5304
04:45:30,500 --> 04:45:34,100
mixture with a wooden paddle 
that has seen better days, too 

5305
04:45:34,100 --> 04:45:36,500
dry and it crumbles like a 
promise from a politician. 

5306
04:45:36,500 --> 04:45:39,600
You're beginning to suspect that
old Chen has strong opinions 

5307
04:45:39,600 --> 04:45:43,300
about everything which makes him
other very wise or very annoying

5308
04:45:43,300 --> 04:45:44,900
depending on how early in the 
morning. 

5309
04:45:44,900 --> 04:45:47,900
It is the stones themselves come
from quarries. 

5310
04:45:47,900 --> 04:45:51,300
That seemed impossibly far away 
yet somehow keep producing an 

5311
04:45:51,300 --> 04:45:53,100
endless supply of building 
material. 

5312
04:45:54,800 --> 04:45:58,600
Watching the stonecutters work 
is mesmerizing, they can look at

5313
04:45:58,600 --> 04:46:02,400
a rough Boulder and somehow see 
the perfectly shaped blocking 

5314
04:46:02,400 --> 04:46:04,500
inside like sculptors working in
reverse. 

5315
04:46:05,500 --> 04:46:07,500
Hammers ring against chisels 
with a rhythm. 

5316
04:46:07,500 --> 04:46:10,400
That becomes the soundtrack of 
construction, a percussion 

5317
04:46:10,400 --> 04:46:12,000
section for the Symphony of 
building. 

5318
04:46:12,900 --> 04:46:16,300
Transportation of materials has 
evolved into a complex dance of 

5319
04:46:16,300 --> 04:46:18,400
human. 
Efficiency teams of workers 

5320
04:46:18,400 --> 04:46:20,500
form. 
Chains from the supply wagons to

5321
04:46:20,500 --> 04:46:24,500
the construction site, passing 
Stones hand to hand in a process

5322
04:46:24,500 --> 04:46:28,000
that looks chaotic but actually 
moves materials faster than you 

5323
04:46:28,000 --> 04:46:30,300
think possible. 
It's like watching a very 

5324
04:46:30,300 --> 04:46:33,600
patient version of the world's 
heaviest relay race Ying. 

5325
04:46:33,600 --> 04:46:36,400
Liu has invented a game where 
you try to predict which Stone 

5326
04:46:36,400 --> 04:46:39,300
will be the most awkward to 
carry based on its shape. 

5327
04:46:39,300 --> 04:46:43,100
He surprisingly talented at 
this, having developed an eye 

5328
04:46:43,100 --> 04:46:45,700
for stones that look innocent, 
but turn out to be engineered by

5329
04:46:45,700 --> 04:46:48,900
Nature specifically, to be 
impossible, to grip properly. 

5330
04:46:49,700 --> 04:46:52,700
His uncanny ability to spot. 
These troublemakers as saved the

5331
04:46:52,708 --> 04:46:56,500
crew numerous bruised toes and 
creative vocabulary lessons. 

5332
04:46:56,500 --> 04:47:00,100
The wall itself is taking shape 
with surprising speed, 

5333
04:47:00,100 --> 04:47:02,700
considering its being built 
entirely by hand. 

5334
04:47:02,700 --> 04:47:06,500
Each section has its own 
personality reflecting, the crew

5335
04:47:06,500 --> 04:47:09,200
that built it. 
Some sections are precisely 

5336
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:11,900
uniform built by teams that 
measure twice and cut. 

5337
04:47:11,900 --> 04:47:16,100
Once others, show more character
with small variations that 

5338
04:47:16,100 --> 04:47:19,200
somehow make them look more 
human and less like something 

5339
04:47:19,200 --> 04:47:23,600
assembled by very patients 
whether at its complications to 

5340
04:47:23,600 --> 04:47:26,400
the work. 
Rain turns the construction site

5341
04:47:26,400 --> 04:47:29,500
into a muddy obstacle course 
where every step requires 

5342
04:47:29,500 --> 04:47:31,900
careful consideration of physics
and balance. 

5343
04:47:31,900 --> 04:47:35,400
Hot days, make the stones too 
hot to handle comfortably and 

5344
04:47:35,400 --> 04:47:37,700
cold mornings. 
Mean waiting for fingers to thaw

5345
04:47:37,700 --> 04:47:41,300
enough to grip tools properly. 
You begin to develop a farmer's 

5346
04:47:41,300 --> 04:47:43,400
intuition for whether reading 
the sky. 

5347
04:47:43,400 --> 04:47:46,400
Like, a daily newspaper that 
specializes in inconvenient 

5348
04:47:46,400 --> 04:47:50,600
surprises, the guard towers 
spaced at regular intervals 

5349
04:47:50,600 --> 04:47:52,700
along the wall present their 
engineering challenges. 

5350
04:47:52,700 --> 04:47:56,200
These aren't just tall 
platforms, their sophisticated 

5351
04:47:56,200 --> 04:47:59,000
observation and communication 
posts that need to be sturdy 

5352
04:47:59,000 --> 04:48:02,000
enough to withstand attacks 
while remaining tall enough to 

5353
04:48:02,000 --> 04:48:04,300
provide commanding views of the 
surrounding territory. 

5354
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:07,400
Building them requires a 
combination of masonry 

5355
04:48:07,400 --> 04:48:10,100
carpentry. 
And what might generously be 

5356
04:48:10,100 --> 04:48:14,000
called optimistic physics. 
Food becomes both Fuel and 

5357
04:48:14,000 --> 04:48:17,400
entertainment, the camp Cooks of
mastered, the art of making 

5358
04:48:17,400 --> 04:48:21,100
large quantities, of rice, 
interesting through creative use

5359
04:48:21,100 --> 04:48:24,000
of whatever vegetables, meet or 
seasoning to be available. 

5360
04:48:24,900 --> 04:48:28,300
Sometimes you have lucky and 
there's pork other times, you 

5361
04:48:28,300 --> 04:48:31,000
learn to appreciate the subtle 
flavors of turnips and hope 

5362
04:48:31,000 --> 04:48:35,200
Cruise gather during mealtimes 
to share stories voice, 

5363
04:48:35,200 --> 04:48:38,200
complaints and occasionally 
speculate about the potential 

5364
04:48:38,200 --> 04:48:41,900
completion date of this project.
your tent mates have developed 

5365
04:48:41,900 --> 04:48:44,500
distinct personalities, that 
make the cramped, living 

5366
04:48:44,500 --> 04:48:47,800
quarters more, bearable, Old 
Chen, tell stories from his 

5367
04:48:47,800 --> 04:48:50,600
construction days that may or 
may not be entirely true, but 

5368
04:48:50,600 --> 04:48:53,600
are always entertaining. 
Ying Liu practices writing 

5369
04:48:53,600 --> 04:48:56,600
characters in the dirt 
determined to return home more 

5370
04:48:56,600 --> 04:49:00,700
educated than when he left. 
One, the quiet has revealed a 

5371
04:49:00,700 --> 04:49:03,700
talent for repairing tools and 
equipment, making him the most 

5372
04:49:03,700 --> 04:49:07,100
popular person in 100 yard 
radius by now you've realized 

5373
04:49:07,100 --> 04:49:08,600
that building. 
The Great Wall isn't just 

5374
04:49:08,600 --> 04:49:12,100
construction, its engineering on
a scale that makes regular 

5375
04:49:12,100 --> 04:49:13,900
building projects look like 
children's blocks. 

5376
04:49:14,700 --> 04:49:17,700
Every Day, brings new problems, 
that require Solutions. 

5377
04:49:17,700 --> 04:49:19,800
No one has ever had to figure 
out before. 

5378
04:49:19,800 --> 04:49:22,600
And you're starting to 
appreciate the complexity of 

5379
04:49:22,600 --> 04:49:24,300
what seemed like a simple 
concept. 

5380
04:49:25,200 --> 04:49:27,500
Take, for instance, the 
challenge of building a wall, 

5381
04:49:27,508 --> 04:49:30,600
across a mountain ridge. 
You can't just piles in a 

5382
04:49:30,600 --> 04:49:31,900
straight line and hope for the 
best. 

5383
04:49:31,900 --> 04:49:34,800
The wall needs to follow the 
natural Contours of the land 

5384
04:49:34,800 --> 04:49:37,600
while maintaining its defensive 
capabilities which means 

5385
04:49:37,600 --> 04:49:40,500
constantly adjusting height 
thickness and angle. 

5386
04:49:40,500 --> 04:49:42,900
It's like trying to draw a 
straight line on a crumpled 

5387
04:49:42,900 --> 04:49:44,400
piece of paper while wearing 
mittens. 

5388
04:49:45,800 --> 04:49:48,200
The foundation work varies 
dramatically depending on 

5389
04:49:48,200 --> 04:49:51,500
Terrain in Rocky areas. 
You're essentially building on 

5390
04:49:51,500 --> 04:49:53,600
Nature's concrete, which sounds 
great. 

5391
04:49:53,600 --> 04:49:57,600
Until you realize that Rocky 
often means uneven unpredictable

5392
04:49:57,600 --> 04:49:59,300
and determined to make your life
difficult. 

5393
04:50:00,200 --> 04:50:03,900
In Sandy or soft, soil areas, 
the foundation needs to go much 

5394
04:50:03,900 --> 04:50:06,500
deeper, which means more digging
and more Stone. 

5395
04:50:06,500 --> 04:50:08,200
But at least the digging is 
easier. 

5396
04:50:09,300 --> 04:50:12,400
In Marshy areas. 
Well everyone tries to avoid 

5397
04:50:12,400 --> 04:50:15,800
thinking about marshy areas, 
your crew has been assigned to 

5398
04:50:15,800 --> 04:50:18,800
work on a section that crosses a
particularly steep Hillside 

5399
04:50:18,800 --> 04:50:22,500
which provides spectacular views
and spectacular challenges in 

5400
04:50:22,500 --> 04:50:25,700
equal measure building. 
On a slope means, every stone 

5401
04:50:25,700 --> 04:50:28,400
wants to roll downhill. 
Apparently, having missed the 

5402
04:50:28,400 --> 04:50:30,900
memo about staying. 
Put this has led to the 

5403
04:50:30,900 --> 04:50:33,900
development of increasingly 
creative techniques for 

5404
04:50:33,900 --> 04:50:36,100
convincing stones to remain 
where you place them. 

5405
04:50:37,100 --> 04:50:39,600
Old Chen has become something of
a master at reading Stone 

5406
04:50:39,600 --> 04:50:41,800
Behavior. 
He can look at a rock and 

5407
04:50:41,800 --> 04:50:44,400
predict whether it's going to be
cooperative or whether it's 

5408
04:50:44,400 --> 04:50:47,200
going to spend the day trying to
escape down the Mountainside. 

5409
04:50:48,100 --> 04:50:50,900
Stones have personalities, he 
explains while wedging a 

5410
04:50:50,900 --> 04:50:52,600
particularly rebellious Boulder 
into place. 

5411
04:50:53,500 --> 04:50:56,900
Some want to work some want to 
wander and some just want to 

5412
04:50:56,900 --> 04:51:00,100
cause trouble, your starting to 
suspect, he might be right. 

5413
04:51:00,100 --> 04:51:03,000
The mortar mixing has evolved 
into something approaching 

5414
04:51:03,000 --> 04:51:05,100
science. 
Different weather conditions, 

5415
04:51:05,100 --> 04:51:08,500
required, different consistency,
and the local materials 

5416
04:51:08,500 --> 04:51:11,300
Limestone here. 
Clay there, all react 

5417
04:51:11,300 --> 04:51:14,400
differently to mixing and 
setting the Master Masons have 

5418
04:51:14,400 --> 04:51:16,700
developed an almost mystical 
ability to produce. 

5419
04:51:16,700 --> 04:51:20,200
Exactly the right mixture for 
current conditions like chefs 

5420
04:51:20,200 --> 04:51:22,600
who can cook perfect meals 
without measuring ingredients. 

5421
04:51:22,600 --> 04:51:25,800
Tool maintenance has become a 
critical skill for survival, 

5422
04:51:26,800 --> 04:51:29,900
When your livelihood depends on 
hammers chisels and carrying 

5423
04:51:29,900 --> 04:51:33,200
baskets, keeping them in good 
repair isn't just Professional 

5424
04:51:33,200 --> 04:51:38,200
Pride, it's self-preservation. 
Won the quiet has set up an 

5425
04:51:38,200 --> 04:51:41,000
informal repair service. 
Trading tool maintenance for 

5426
04:51:41,000 --> 04:51:42,400
extra rice, or help with heavy 
lifting. 

5427
04:51:43,100 --> 04:51:45,900
His ability to resurrect a 
broken handle or straighten, a 

5428
04:51:45,900 --> 04:51:48,100
bench, chisel has made him. 
The most valued member of 

5429
04:51:48,100 --> 04:51:51,000
several Crews. 
The logistics of the project are

5430
04:51:51,000 --> 04:51:52,700
mind-boggling when you stop 
thinking about them. 

5431
04:51:53,500 --> 04:51:56,300
Someone somewhere is 
coordinating the delivery of 

5432
04:51:56,300 --> 04:51:59,800
materials food and equipment to 
dozens of construction sites, 

5433
04:51:59,800 --> 04:52:04,100
spread across hundreds of miles.
Supply wagons consistently 

5434
04:52:04,100 --> 04:52:06,600
arrive. 
Delivering not only Essentials 

5435
04:52:06,600 --> 04:52:09,800
but also occasional luxury items
such as tea or preserved. 

5436
04:52:09,800 --> 04:52:12,500
Fruit, adding a touch of joy to 
everyone's day. 

5437
04:52:13,700 --> 04:52:16,100
Communication, along the wall 
happens through a system of 

5438
04:52:16,100 --> 04:52:18,800
signals that part practical 
necessity and part 

5439
04:52:18,800 --> 04:52:21,800
entertainment. 
Horn calls relay messages from 

5440
04:52:21,800 --> 04:52:25,800
section to section, creating a 
chain of communication that can 

5441
04:52:25,800 --> 04:52:27,800
carry news faster than a running
messenger. 

5442
04:52:28,700 --> 04:52:31,100
The horn operators have 
developed a surprisingly 

5443
04:52:31,100 --> 04:52:34,000
sophisticated. 
Vocabulary of calls, different 

5444
04:52:34,000 --> 04:52:38,000
patterns for mealtime shift 
changes material, deliveries and

5445
04:52:38,000 --> 04:52:40,400
occasionally warnings about 
approaching inspectors. 

5446
04:52:40,400 --> 04:52:43,800
The inspectors themselves are a 
source of both anxiety and 

5447
04:52:43,800 --> 04:52:46,300
amusement. 
These are officials who arrived 

5448
04:52:46,300 --> 04:52:49,800
periodically to check progress 
and quality armed with measuring

5449
04:52:49,800 --> 04:52:53,900
devices and serious Expressions.
They examine wall sections with 

5450
04:52:53,900 --> 04:52:57,200
the intensity of art critics 
running their hands along Stone 

5451
04:52:57,200 --> 04:52:58,400
joints. 
And muttering about 

5452
04:52:58,400 --> 04:53:02,200
specifications smart Crews, 
learn to recognize the signs of 

5453
04:53:02,200 --> 04:53:05,300
an approaching inspection and 
spend extra time making their 

5454
04:53:05,300 --> 04:53:06,800
sections look particularly 
impressive. 

5455
04:53:07,700 --> 04:53:10,400
Quality control has evolved 
organically among the work 

5456
04:53:10,400 --> 04:53:12,500
Crews. 
Nobody wants to be responsible 

5457
04:53:12,500 --> 04:53:16,000
for the section that falls down.
So there's intense peer pressure

5458
04:53:16,000 --> 04:53:18,600
to build. 
Well, Teams develop reputations 

5459
04:53:18,600 --> 04:53:21,800
for craftsmanship, and being 
assigned to work with a crew 

5460
04:53:21,800 --> 04:53:24,300
known for solid construction. 
Becomes a point of pride 

5461
04:53:25,200 --> 04:53:28,800
Competition between Crews drives
quality improvements that no 

5462
04:53:28,800 --> 04:53:31,800
amount of official supervision 
could achieve the walls 

5463
04:53:31,800 --> 04:53:34,200
defensive features. 
Require careful attention to 

5464
04:53:34,200 --> 04:53:36,300
detail that goes beyond simple 
Construction. 

5465
04:53:37,200 --> 04:53:39,500
Arrow slits. 
Need to be positioned at exactly

5466
04:53:39,500 --> 04:53:42,700
the right height and angle to 
provide maximum coverage, while 

5467
04:53:42,700 --> 04:53:45,500
offering protection to Defenders
walkways. 

5468
04:53:45,500 --> 04:53:48,600
Must be enough for guards to 
patrol but not so wide that they

5469
04:53:48,600 --> 04:53:51,600
waste materials or provide too 
much, Target area for attackers 

5470
04:53:51,600 --> 04:53:54,800
winter arrives, like an 
unwelcome relative who shows up 

5471
04:53:54,800 --> 04:53:58,500
without warning and refuses to 
leave One day, you're working in

5472
04:53:58,500 --> 04:54:01,100
comfortable, Autumn weather. 
And the next morning you wake up

5473
04:54:01,100 --> 04:54:04,300
to discover, Frost decorating 
your tent, like Nature's least, 

5474
04:54:04,300 --> 04:54:07,800
practical artwork, The section 
chief announces that work will 

5475
04:54:07,800 --> 04:54:10,800
continue regardless of whether 
because apparently walls don't 

5476
04:54:10,808 --> 04:54:13,200
build themselves and Emperors. 
Don't appreciate seasonal, 

5477
04:54:13,200 --> 04:54:15,500
delays. 
Building in cold weather 

5478
04:54:15,500 --> 04:54:18,200
presents, challenges that the 
project planners probably didn't

5479
04:54:18,200 --> 04:54:20,400
fully appreciate when they 
scheduled this particular 

5480
04:54:20,400 --> 04:54:23,900
construction timeline. 
Mortar doesn't set properly when

5481
04:54:23,900 --> 04:54:26,400
it's freezing, which means 
either waiting for warmer 

5482
04:54:26,400 --> 04:54:29,500
temperatures or developing 
Creative Solutions, that involve

5483
04:54:29,500 --> 04:54:31,800
keeping mixed mortar warm until 
it can be applied. 

5484
04:54:33,200 --> 04:54:36,000
This scenario leads to the 
amusing sight of grown men. 

5485
04:54:36,000 --> 04:54:39,000
Huddling around small fires with
buckets of mortar like their 

5486
04:54:39,000 --> 04:54:42,400
warming, their hands, your tent 
becomes both the sanctuary and 

5487
04:54:42,400 --> 04:54:44,400
an endurance test as 
temperatures drop. 

5488
04:54:45,200 --> 04:54:48,600
Five men, share a small space 
generate a surprise amount of 

5489
04:54:48,600 --> 04:54:51,400
body heat which is beneficial 
for staying warm, but 

5490
04:54:51,400 --> 04:54:54,800
challenging for maintaining any 
sense of personal space or air 

5491
04:54:54,800 --> 04:54:57,700
quality. 
Everyone develops strategies for

5492
04:54:57,700 --> 04:55:00,700
staying comfortable, extra 
layers, creative, use of 

5493
04:55:00,708 --> 04:55:04,000
blankets and the unspoken 
agreement that nobody comments 

5494
04:55:04,000 --> 04:55:07,700
on anyone else's sleeping habits
or unusual nighttime noises. 

5495
04:55:07,700 --> 04:55:10,700
The supply lines face. 
Their own winter challenge is 

5496
04:55:10,700 --> 04:55:13,800
wagons that moved easily over 
dry summer roads. 

5497
04:55:13,800 --> 04:55:18,200
Now, struggled through mud snow 
and ice Food deliveries become 

5498
04:55:18,200 --> 04:55:20,700
less predictable. 
Leading to careful rationing and

5499
04:55:20,700 --> 04:55:23,000
creative cooking with whatever 
ingredients are available. 

5500
04:55:23,000 --> 04:55:26,600
Rice becomes even more precious 
and everyone learns to 

5501
04:55:26,600 --> 04:55:29,000
appreciate the subtle 
differences between turnips 

5502
04:55:29,000 --> 04:55:32,600
radishes and other vegetables, 
that all tastes remarkably 

5503
04:55:32,600 --> 04:55:33,900
similar when you're hungry 
enough. 

5504
04:55:34,500 --> 04:55:37,400
Spring brings relief and new 
complications in equal measure 

5505
04:55:37,400 --> 04:55:40,800
the ground thaws making digging 
easier but also creating mud 

5506
04:55:40,800 --> 04:55:44,200
that seems specifically designed
to make walking difficult and 

5507
04:55:44,200 --> 04:55:47,700
Tool handling treacherous fresh 
supplies arrive, more regularly.

5508
04:55:47,700 --> 04:55:50,900
But so do new workers who need 
to be trained and integrated 

5509
04:55:50,900 --> 04:55:54,100
into existing crews. 
If you find yourself in the odd 

5510
04:55:54,100 --> 04:55:57,100
position of being a veteran 
after just one winter offering 

5511
04:55:57,100 --> 04:55:59,600
advice to newcomers who look as 
bewildered as you want. 

5512
04:55:59,600 --> 04:56:03,300
Did the seasonal cycle creates a
rhythm to the work that becomes 

5513
04:56:03,300 --> 04:56:06,200
oddly comforting. 
Summer brings long days and 

5514
04:56:06,200 --> 04:56:09,600
maximum productivity. 
However, it also brings heat 

5515
04:56:09,600 --> 04:56:12,700
that makes handling Sun, bakes, 
stones, and exercise, and paint 

5516
04:56:12,700 --> 04:56:15,200
tolerance. 
Autumn brings perfect working 

5517
04:56:15,200 --> 04:56:18,300
weather and the Urgent pushed to
complete sections before winter,

5518
04:56:18,300 --> 04:56:21,500
returns each season requires 
different strategies, 

5519
04:56:21,500 --> 04:56:24,500
preparation, and types of 
stubborn determination. 

5520
04:56:26,000 --> 04:56:27,900
The rainy season deserves 
special mention. 

5521
04:56:27,900 --> 04:56:29,800
As a time when optimism goes to 
die. 

5522
04:56:30,500 --> 04:56:34,100
Working in Rain means dealing 
with slippery, Stones mud, that 

5523
04:56:34,100 --> 04:56:36,600
clings to everything. 
And the constant challenge of 

5524
04:56:36,608 --> 04:56:40,000
keeping tools dry enough to use,
effectively the wall itself 

5525
04:56:40,000 --> 04:56:43,700
becomes, treacherous to work, on
requiring extra caution and 

5526
04:56:43,700 --> 04:56:45,500
significantly reduced 
productivity. 

5527
04:56:45,500 --> 04:56:49,300
Everyone develops strong 
opinions about rain gear, and 

5528
04:56:49,300 --> 04:56:52,400
the inadequacy of most attempts 
to stay dry while doing heavy 

5529
04:56:52,400 --> 04:56:55,300
construction work. 
The changing seasons, also bring

5530
04:56:55,300 --> 04:56:58,400
changes in local Wildlife which 
adds an element of 

5531
04:56:58,400 --> 04:57:02,300
unpredictability to daily work. 
Spring brings curious dear. 

5532
04:57:02,300 --> 04:57:05,900
That seemed fascinated by 
construction activity, summer 

5533
04:57:05,900 --> 04:57:08,800
attracts, various insects that 
apparently view human workers as

5534
04:57:08,800 --> 04:57:10,800
either entertainment or 
potential meals. 

5535
04:57:11,500 --> 04:57:14,500
Autumn brings migrating birds 
that sometimes interfere with 

5536
04:57:14,500 --> 04:57:17,400
construction work and winter 
brings various creatures, 

5537
04:57:17,400 --> 04:57:19,200
searching for warm places to 
shelter. 

5538
04:57:19,200 --> 04:57:23,500
Occasionally choosing tool 
storage areas old Chen reveals 

5539
04:57:23,500 --> 04:57:26,700
that he's worked construction 
jobs in all kinds of weather and

5540
04:57:26,700 --> 04:57:29,100
has developed philosophical 
approaches to each season. 

5541
04:57:30,400 --> 04:57:33,400
Summer teachers patients, he 
explains while taking a break in

5542
04:57:33,400 --> 04:57:36,800
whatever she can find. 
Winter teaches persistence, 

5543
04:57:36,800 --> 04:57:41,700
spring teachers hope and Autumn 
teaches urgency Ying. 

5544
04:57:41,700 --> 04:57:44,200
Liu suggests that all seasons, 
teach you to appreciate being 

5545
04:57:44,200 --> 04:57:47,000
indoors which seems like the 
most practical wisdom. 

5546
04:57:47,000 --> 04:57:50,100
Anyone has offered food 
preservation becomes a crucial 

5547
04:57:50,100 --> 04:57:52,100
skill. 
As whether affects both Supply 

5548
04:57:52,100 --> 04:57:55,100
deliveries and storage 
capabilities, it becomes 

5549
04:57:55,100 --> 04:57:57,800
essential to learn which 
vegetables store well and which 

5550
04:57:57,800 --> 04:58:01,300
require immediate consumption 
based on available ingredients 

5551
04:58:01,300 --> 04:58:03,900
and safe storage methods. 
The camp Cooks create seasonal 

5552
04:58:03,900 --> 04:58:07,700
menus that result in 
surprisingly diverse meals, tool

5553
04:58:07,700 --> 04:58:09,600
performance, varies 
significantly with weather 

5554
04:58:09,600 --> 04:58:11,800
conditions. 
Wooden handles shrink, and 

5555
04:58:11,800 --> 04:58:15,600
expand metal parts, rust or 
become brittle and carrying 

5556
04:58:15,600 --> 04:58:18,500
baskets, develop holds or weak 
spots that seem to appear 

5557
04:58:18,500 --> 04:58:21,700
overnight. 
Maintenance becomes an ongoing 

5558
04:58:21,700 --> 04:58:25,300
project rather than an 
occasional necessity and 

5559
04:58:25,300 --> 04:58:27,300
everyone. 
Learns basic repair skills, that

5560
04:58:27,300 --> 04:58:29,200
weren't part of the original job
description. 

5561
04:58:30,000 --> 04:58:32,900
Weather prediction becomes a 
valuable skill set that everyone

5562
04:58:32,900 --> 04:58:36,100
develops to some degree. 
Cloud reading wind pattern, 

5563
04:58:36,100 --> 04:58:39,100
recognition and understanding 
seasonal patterns, all 

5564
04:58:39,100 --> 04:58:41,100
contribute to better planning 
and preparation. 

5565
04:58:41,900 --> 04:58:44,900
The ability to predict weather 
changes, helps Cruise plan, work

5566
04:58:44,900 --> 04:58:48,700
schedules, prepare for Supply 
delays and generally make life 

5567
04:58:48,700 --> 04:58:50,900
more manageable in an 
environment where Comfort is 

5568
04:58:50,900 --> 04:58:53,300
largely dependent on being 
ready, for whatever nature 

5569
04:58:53,300 --> 04:58:56,500
decides to provide living and 
working Close Quarters with 

5570
04:58:56,500 --> 04:58:59,300
hundreds of other people creates
a unique social environment. 

5571
04:58:59,300 --> 04:59:03,400
That's part construction site 
Parts, small town and part 

5572
04:59:03,400 --> 04:59:06,200
extended, family reunion, where 
nobody can leave early. 

5573
04:59:06,900 --> 04:59:09,200
The wall project has brought 
together people from different 

5574
04:59:09,200 --> 04:59:12,400
regions, social classes and 
backgrounds, creating a 

5575
04:59:12,400 --> 04:59:15,500
temporary community, that 
develops its own Customs, jokes 

5576
04:59:15,500 --> 04:59:18,600
and social structure. 
Your tent has evolved into 

5577
04:59:18,600 --> 04:59:20,000
something resembling a 
household. 

5578
04:59:20,000 --> 04:59:23,300
With everyone settling into 
informal roles that make shared,

5579
04:59:23,300 --> 04:59:26,700
living more manageable old Chen 
has become The Unofficial leader

5580
04:59:26,700 --> 04:59:30,400
settling disputes and offering 
advice based on his extensive 

5581
04:59:30,400 --> 04:59:32,500
experience. 
With group, living situations, 

5582
04:59:32,500 --> 04:59:35,000
young loose serves as 
entertainment coordinator 

5583
04:59:35,000 --> 04:59:38,200
inventing games and keeping 
spirits up during difficult 

5584
04:59:38,200 --> 04:59:40,800
days. 
Wang, the quiet handles 

5585
04:59:40,800 --> 04:59:44,200
practical matters like tool 
maintenance and small repairs 

5586
04:59:44,200 --> 04:59:47,500
that keep daily life functioning
smoothly The evening routine 

5587
04:59:47,500 --> 04:59:50,200
after work has become a social 
ritual that everyone looks 

5588
04:59:50,200 --> 04:59:54,100
forward to cruise gather around 
small fires to share meals 

5589
04:59:54,100 --> 04:59:57,700
stories and complaints about the
day's challenges. these 

5590
04:59:57,700 --> 05:00:00,200
conversations range from 
practical discussions about 

5591
05:00:00,200 --> 05:00:03,400
construction techniques to 
elaborate storytelling sessions,

5592
05:00:03,400 --> 05:00:05,900
where facts and entertainment 
blend together in ways that 

5593
05:00:05,900 --> 05:00:09,100
probably wouldn't pass, strict 
historical scrutiny, but make 

5594
05:00:09,100 --> 05:00:13,300
for engaging listening Regional 
differences create intriguing. 

5595
05:00:13,300 --> 05:00:15,500
Cultural exchanges as workers 
from different areas. 

5596
05:00:15,500 --> 05:00:19,000
Share their local Customs foods 
and approaches to 

5597
05:00:19,000 --> 05:00:23,100
problem-solving. 
Is might introduce techniques 

5598
05:00:23,100 --> 05:00:25,800
for working in cold weather 
while workers from Southern 

5599
05:00:25,800 --> 05:00:28,500
regions, contribute knowledge 
about building in wet 

5600
05:00:28,500 --> 05:00:30,800
conditions. 
It's like a practical education 

5601
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:33,400
program where everyone is both 
teacher and student. 

5602
05:00:34,200 --> 05:00:36,900
Games and entertainment 
developer organically to fill 

5603
05:00:36,900 --> 05:00:38,400
the hours between work and 
sleep. 

5604
05:00:39,200 --> 05:00:42,000
Simple gambling games, using 
stones or sticks, provide 

5605
05:00:42,000 --> 05:00:43,600
excitement, and social 
interaction. 

5606
05:00:44,600 --> 05:00:47,500
Storytelling competitions, 
emerge with workers sharing 

5607
05:00:47,500 --> 05:00:50,700
Tales from home or inventing, 
elaborate fictional Adventures. 

5608
05:00:51,500 --> 05:00:54,400
Physical competitions, who can 
carry the heaviest Stone? 

5609
05:00:54,400 --> 05:00:58,100
Who can work longest with 
without rest, add elements of 

5610
05:00:58,100 --> 05:01:00,800
friendly rivalry? 
That make work more engaging, 

5611
05:01:02,300 --> 05:01:04,900
The development of informal 
leadership structures within 

5612
05:01:04,900 --> 05:01:07,500
work Crews demonstrates. 
How people naturally organize 

5613
05:01:07,500 --> 05:01:10,900
themselves when faced with 
shared challenges, Some workers 

5614
05:01:10,900 --> 05:01:15,000
emerge As Natural organizers. 
Others as technical experts and 

5615
05:01:15,000 --> 05:01:18,100
still others as mediators who 
helped resolve conflicts before 

5616
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:21,600
they become serious problems. 
These unofficial roles often 

5617
05:01:21,600 --> 05:01:24,000
proved more important than 
formal hierarchy. 

5618
05:01:24,000 --> 05:01:27,700
In determining, how well Crews 
function trade and barter 

5619
05:01:27,700 --> 05:01:30,500
systems developed to supplement 
official supply distribution. 

5620
05:01:31,500 --> 05:01:34,700
Workers with particular skills, 
cooking tool, repair, 

5621
05:01:34,700 --> 05:01:38,600
storytelling letter writing, 
find themselves, able to trade 

5622
05:01:38,600 --> 05:01:42,100
services for extra food. 
Better, sleeping arrangements or

5623
05:01:42,100 --> 05:01:44,300
other small luxuries, that make 
life more bearable. 

5624
05:01:44,300 --> 05:01:47,800
These informal economies create 
networks of mutual support that 

5625
05:01:47,800 --> 05:01:51,400
extend beyond individual work 
Crews, The challenge of 

5626
05:01:51,400 --> 05:01:54,100
maintaining morale during 
difficult periods, brings out 

5627
05:01:54,100 --> 05:01:56,100
Creative Solutions from the 
worker community. 

5628
05:01:57,100 --> 05:01:59,700
During particularly tough 
stretches bad, weather 

5629
05:01:59,700 --> 05:02:03,500
equipment, shortages, especially
demanding work, assignments 

5630
05:02:03,500 --> 05:02:06,200
Cruise developed strategies for 
supporting each other 

5631
05:02:06,200 --> 05:02:09,200
emotionally, as well as 
practically shared hardship 

5632
05:02:09,200 --> 05:02:11,500
creates bonds, that probably 
wouldn't form under normal 

5633
05:02:11,500 --> 05:02:15,100
circumstances, communication 
with families back home becomes 

5634
05:02:15,100 --> 05:02:17,300
a valued service, that brings 
the community together. 

5635
05:02:18,300 --> 05:02:20,900
Workers who can write often 
compose letters for those who 

5636
05:02:20,900 --> 05:02:24,100
can't creating connections 
between the wall project and the

5637
05:02:24,100 --> 05:02:27,200
outside world, these letters. 
Serve multiple purposes 

5638
05:02:27,200 --> 05:02:30,600
maintaining family 
relationships, sharing news from

5639
05:02:30,600 --> 05:02:33,600
the construction site, and 
providing an emotional outlet 

5640
05:02:33,600 --> 05:02:37,200
for homesickness and anxiety, 
about the future, religious and 

5641
05:02:37,200 --> 05:02:40,200
cultural observances continue. 
Despite the challenging work 

5642
05:02:40,200 --> 05:02:43,000
environment adapted to fit the 
constraints of construction 

5643
05:02:43,000 --> 05:02:45,800
life. 
Festival celebrations happen on 

5644
05:02:45,800 --> 05:02:49,300
a smaller scale, but with no 
less enthusiasm, creating 

5645
05:02:49,300 --> 05:02:51,900
opportunities for workers to 
maintain connections to their 

5646
05:02:51,900 --> 05:02:54,000
cultural Traditions. 
While building new shared 

5647
05:02:54,000 --> 05:02:57,400
experiences with their fellow 
workers, the gradual development

5648
05:02:57,400 --> 05:03:00,900
of construction site Traditions 
creates a sense of continuity 

5649
05:03:00,900 --> 05:03:04,100
and belonging that helps workers
feel part of something larger 

5650
05:03:04,100 --> 05:03:05,800
than their individual daily 
struggles. 

5651
05:03:05,800 --> 05:03:09,100
These might include Ceremonies 
for completing wall sections 

5652
05:03:09,100 --> 05:03:12,300
rituals for welcoming new 
workers or informal 

5653
05:03:12,300 --> 05:03:14,600
celebrations. 
When Supply wagons arrived with 

5654
05:03:14,600 --> 05:03:18,100
particularly, welcome to 
deliveries conflicts, when they 

5655
05:03:18,100 --> 05:03:20,500
arise tend to be resolved 
through Community pressure, 

5656
05:03:20,500 --> 05:03:24,700
rather than formal Authority as 
everyone recognizes that, 

5657
05:03:24,700 --> 05:03:28,300
cooperation is essential for 
both work, efficiency and 

5658
05:03:28,300 --> 05:03:31,500
personal survival. 
The shared experience of 

5659
05:03:31,500 --> 05:03:34,500
difficult working conditions, 
create strong incentives for 

5660
05:03:34,500 --> 05:03:37,400
people to work out their 
differences, rather than let 

5661
05:03:37,400 --> 05:03:39,400
dispute escalate into serious 
problems. 

5662
05:03:39,400 --> 05:03:42,900
That could affect entire Crews. 
The knowledge that this 

5663
05:03:42,900 --> 05:03:45,600
assignment is temporary gives 
the community a unique 

5664
05:03:45,600 --> 05:03:48,000
character. 
Everyone knows they're here for 

5665
05:03:48,008 --> 05:03:51,200
a limited time which creates 
both a sense of urgency about 

5666
05:03:51,200 --> 05:03:54,600
forming relationships and a 
practical focus on making the 

5667
05:03:54,600 --> 05:03:57,300
best of the current situation 
rather than building permanent 

5668
05:03:57,300 --> 05:03:59,400
social structures months have 
passed. 

5669
05:03:59,400 --> 05:04:02,200
Since you first arrived at the 
wall site, and the changes are 

5670
05:04:02,200 --> 05:04:04,200
remarkable both in the wall 
itself. 

5671
05:04:04,200 --> 05:04:08,300
And in yourself, What started, 
as scattered construction site 

5672
05:04:08,300 --> 05:04:11,200
has grown into a continuous 
barrier that stretches beyond 

5673
05:04:11,200 --> 05:04:13,300
what you can see from any single
vantage point. 

5674
05:04:14,200 --> 05:04:17,300
Standing on a completed section 
and looking along the walls 

5675
05:04:17,300 --> 05:04:19,300
path. 
You can hardly believe that 

5676
05:04:19,300 --> 05:04:22,700
human hands and stubborn 
determination created something.

5677
05:04:22,700 --> 05:04:26,900
So massive and permanent The 
wall sections, your crew is 

5678
05:04:26,908 --> 05:04:28,600
build bear. 
The subtle marks of their 

5679
05:04:28,600 --> 05:04:32,500
creators slightly different. 
Stone patterns variations in 

5680
05:04:32,500 --> 05:04:35,400
Mortar joints and the 
accumulated character that comes

5681
05:04:35,400 --> 05:04:38,600
from being constructed by real 
people rather than perfect 

5682
05:04:38,600 --> 05:04:41,900
machines, you can identify your 
work from a distance, 

5683
05:04:41,900 --> 05:04:45,000
recognizing the particular 
Rhythm and style, your crew 

5684
05:04:45,000 --> 05:04:46,900
developed over months of working
together. 

5685
05:04:47,700 --> 05:04:50,400
Is like being able to recognize 
your own handwriting on a 

5686
05:04:50,400 --> 05:04:53,000
massive scale. 
Completion of individual. 

5687
05:04:53,000 --> 05:04:56,300
Sections brings mixed emotions. 
There's pride in the 

5688
05:04:56,308 --> 05:04:59,000
craftsmanship and satisfaction 
in seeing a job, well done. 

5689
05:04:59,000 --> 05:05:02,100
But also awareness that 
completion means eventual 

5690
05:05:02,100 --> 05:05:04,100
departure from this temporary 
community. 

5691
05:05:04,100 --> 05:05:06,200
That has become unexpectedly 
important. 

5692
05:05:06,200 --> 05:05:09,800
The relationships forged through
shared hardship and common 

5693
05:05:09,800 --> 05:05:13,200
purpose, don't necessarily 
translate easily back to normal 

5694
05:05:13,200 --> 05:05:16,800
life, creating a bitter sweet 
quality to finishing the work. 

5695
05:05:17,600 --> 05:05:20,500
Old Chen who has worked on 
various Imperial projects 

5696
05:05:20,500 --> 05:05:23,500
throughout his career offers 
perspective on the historical 

5697
05:05:23,500 --> 05:05:25,700
significance of what you've all 
accomplished. 

5698
05:05:26,900 --> 05:05:30,100
Most things people build get 
torn down eventually he observes

5699
05:05:30,100 --> 05:05:33,800
while surveying a newly 
completed Tower but wolves like 

5700
05:05:33,800 --> 05:05:35,400
this become part of the 
landscape. 

5701
05:05:35,400 --> 05:05:38,300
Your grandchildren's 
grandchildren will walk along 

5702
05:05:38,300 --> 05:05:40,900
sections. 
You built with your hands it's 

5703
05:05:40,900 --> 05:05:43,300
an oddly comforting, thought 
that adds meaning to all those 

5704
05:05:43,300 --> 05:05:47,100
days of carrying stones and 
mixing mortar The skills you've 

5705
05:05:47,100 --> 05:05:49,300
developed during wall 
construction, turn out to be 

5706
05:05:49,300 --> 05:05:53,200
transferable to civilian life. 
Under standing stone and mortar 

5707
05:05:53,200 --> 05:05:56,600
reading terrain coordinating 
group work, and managing 

5708
05:05:56,600 --> 05:05:59,100
projects under difficult 
conditions of valuable 

5709
05:05:59,100 --> 05:06:00,700
abilities. 
That will serve you well back 

5710
05:06:00,700 --> 05:06:02,900
home. 
You've also developed physical 

5711
05:06:02,900 --> 05:06:05,900
strength and endurance that make
farm work seemed almost 

5712
05:06:05,900 --> 05:06:09,200
effortless by comparison. 
Ying. 

5713
05:06:09,200 --> 05:06:11,500
Liu has indeed become more 
literate during his time, on the

5714
05:06:11,500 --> 05:06:14,500
wall, practicing writing, 
characters, and spare moments, 

5715
05:06:14,500 --> 05:06:17,500
and learning from other workers 
who shared their education. 

5716
05:06:18,300 --> 05:06:21,100
He plans to use these skills to 
improve his family's business. 

5717
05:06:21,100 --> 05:06:24,300
Dealings demonstrating how the 
wall project has created 

5718
05:06:24,300 --> 05:06:27,700
unexpected opportunities for 
personal development, alongside 

5719
05:06:27,700 --> 05:06:30,700
its primary construction goals. 
One. 

5720
05:06:30,700 --> 05:06:33,400
The quiet is saved enough money 
from his tool repair business, 

5721
05:06:33,400 --> 05:06:36,300
to make significant improvements
to his family's farm when he 

5722
05:06:36,308 --> 05:06:40,500
returned home His mechanical 
skills, sharpened by months of 

5723
05:06:40,500 --> 05:06:43,300
keeping construction equipment, 
functioning will make him 

5724
05:06:43,300 --> 05:06:46,600
valuable in any rural community,
where practical problem solving 

5725
05:06:46,600 --> 05:06:49,900
abilities are always in demand. 
A completion ceremony for your 

5726
05:06:49,900 --> 05:06:51,900
section, is simpler than you 
might expect. 

5727
05:06:51,900 --> 05:06:54,800
But deeply, meaningful to 
everyone who participated in the

5728
05:06:54,800 --> 05:06:57,800
construction. 
Local officials make speeches 

5729
05:06:57,800 --> 05:07:01,200
about Imperial Glory and 
defensive necessity. but the 

5730
05:07:01,200 --> 05:07:04,500
real significance is in the 
quiet satisfaction shared among 

5731
05:07:04,500 --> 05:07:07,500
the workers who know exactly how
much effort went into every 

5732
05:07:07,500 --> 05:07:11,500
stone, every joint and every 
decision that shape the final 

5733
05:07:11,500 --> 05:07:15,300
result News arrives that other 
sections of the wall are nearing

5734
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:17,800
completion. 
Creating a sense of being part 

5735
05:07:17,800 --> 05:07:20,700
of a larger coordinated 
achievement that extends far 

5736
05:07:20,700 --> 05:07:24,100
beyond your direct experience. 
The project that seemed 

5737
05:07:24,100 --> 05:07:26,500
impossibly large. 
When you first arrived has been 

5738
05:07:26,508 --> 05:07:29,300
broken down into manageable 
Pieces by thousands of work 

5739
05:07:29,300 --> 05:07:32,500
Crews, like yours demonstrating.
How even the most ambitious 

5740
05:07:32,500 --> 05:07:35,600
goals can be achieved through 
patient persistent effort. 

5741
05:07:37,000 --> 05:07:40,000
Preparations for departure, 
begin with mixed feelings. 

5742
05:07:40,000 --> 05:07:44,100
There's eagerness to return home
to family familiar surroundings 

5743
05:07:44,100 --> 05:07:46,300
and the comfortable routines of 
normal life. 

5744
05:07:47,300 --> 05:07:50,500
But there's also reluctance to 
leave the friendships and sense 

5745
05:07:50,500 --> 05:07:53,900
of shared purpose that made the 
hardships bearable and gave 

5746
05:07:53,900 --> 05:07:57,600
meaning to the difficult work. 
The journey home provides time 

5747
05:07:57,600 --> 05:07:59,600
to reflect on the experience and
process. 

5748
05:07:59,600 --> 05:08:03,100
What you've learned about 
yourself about cooperation and 

5749
05:08:03,100 --> 05:08:05,700
about what people can accomplish
when they work together toward 

5750
05:08:05,700 --> 05:08:08,900
common goals. 
The wall represents more than 

5751
05:08:08,900 --> 05:08:12,000
just a defensive barrier. 
It's proof that Ordinary People 

5752
05:08:12,000 --> 05:08:14,500
can create extraordinary things 
when they combine their 

5753
05:08:14,500 --> 05:08:16,700
individual efforts with shared 
determination. 

5754
05:08:17,800 --> 05:08:19,600
Returning. 
Home means re-adjusting to 

5755
05:08:19,600 --> 05:08:22,500
civilian life after months of 
structured work routines and 

5756
05:08:22,500 --> 05:08:25,900
Community Living, Family and 
friends are curious about your 

5757
05:08:25,900 --> 05:08:29,300
experiences but explaining the 
daily reality of wall 

5758
05:08:29,300 --> 05:08:31,700
construction. 
Proves challenging, how do you 

5759
05:08:31,708 --> 05:08:34,900
describe the satisfaction of 
building something permanent the

5760
05:08:34,900 --> 05:08:38,300
camaraderie of shared hardship 
or the pride in craftsmanship 

5761
05:08:38,300 --> 05:08:40,300
that developed over months of 
patient work. 

5762
05:08:41,500 --> 05:08:44,100
The wall continues without you 
as other Crews. 

5763
05:08:44,100 --> 05:08:47,200
Take over maintenance and 
improvements ensuring that your 

5764
05:08:47,200 --> 05:08:49,100
temporary contribution. 
Becomes part of a permanent 

5765
05:08:49,100 --> 05:08:52,600
Legacy knowing that your work 
will endure lends a sense of 

5766
05:08:52,608 --> 05:08:55,400
permanence to what felt like 
just a temporary assignment. 

5767
05:08:55,400 --> 05:08:58,300
Connecting your individual 
effort to something that will 

5768
05:08:58,300 --> 05:09:01,200
Outlast. 
Your lifetime years later, you 

5769
05:09:01,200 --> 05:09:04,300
might travel past sections of 
the wall and feel a particular 

5770
05:09:04,300 --> 05:09:07,700
satisfaction in. 
Seeing your work, still standing

5771
05:09:07,700 --> 05:09:10,800
still serving its purpose, still
bearing. 

5772
05:09:10,800 --> 05:09:13,400
The subtle marks of the 
craftsmanship, you and your crew

5773
05:09:13,400 --> 05:09:16,400
brought to an impossible project
that somehow got finished. 

5774
05:09:16,400 --> 05:09:24,200
Anyway, one stone time. 
In the year, 742 CE the 

5775
05:09:24,200 --> 05:09:26,800
prosperous city, state of 
Corazon, glittered under the 

5776
05:09:26,800 --> 05:09:29,600
Noonday Sun. 
The next for Caravan routes 

5777
05:09:29,600 --> 05:09:33,200
feeding distant Empires and 
thrived on the exchange of 

5778
05:09:33,200 --> 05:09:37,400
saffron, silk star, charts and 
rumors whispered behind curtain.

5779
05:09:37,400 --> 05:09:40,700
Delco's At its Center Grand 
Marketplace. 

5780
05:09:40,700 --> 05:09:43,500
Whose vaulted roof trapped the 
daily bustle in a ceaseless, 

5781
05:09:43,500 --> 05:09:48,900
Echo Traders from The Untold. 
Is antium Tang China. 

5782
05:09:48,900 --> 05:09:53,000
The Abbasid caliphate, and 
Beyond, mingled among stalls, 

5783
05:09:53,000 --> 05:09:57,000
stacked high with lapis, lazuli,
dried fruit, and perfume, 

5784
05:09:57,000 --> 05:10:00,800
Sandalwood some hailed, it as a 
Marvel of Cosmopolitan life, 

5785
05:10:00,800 --> 05:10:03,900
where fortunes might pivot in a 
single conversation. 

5786
05:10:04,900 --> 05:10:09,300
Among the people navigating, the
throng was career bint yazed a 

5787
05:10:09,300 --> 05:10:12,100
traveling scholar, whose lineage
traced back to the once renowned

5788
05:10:12,100 --> 05:10:16,200
zoroastrian Priests of Persia. 
Her face betrayed concentration.

5789
05:10:16,200 --> 05:10:19,200
As she studied hieroglyphic 
notations in a weathered scroll 

5790
05:10:20,000 --> 05:10:23,300
Unmarried and unconcerned with 
the expectations placed upon a 

5791
05:10:23,300 --> 05:10:26,100
woman of her station, she had 
roamed from one end of the Silk 

5792
05:10:26,100 --> 05:10:29,000
Road to the other piecing. 
Together knowledge that seldom 

5793
05:10:29,000 --> 05:10:32,500
found its way into the official 
annals the swirl of corazon's 

5794
05:10:32,500 --> 05:10:35,400
Commerce did not distract her, 
she focused on a lead, 

5795
05:10:35,400 --> 05:10:38,000
suggesting that rare 
manuscripts, had surfaced in a 

5796
05:10:38,000 --> 05:10:40,800
private collection near the 
city's Eastern quarter. this 

5797
05:10:40,800 --> 05:10:44,300
rumor if proven, true could 
illuminate corners of History, 

5798
05:10:44,300 --> 05:10:47,900
barely glimpsed by modern 
Scholars, Korea pressed deeper 

5799
05:10:47,900 --> 05:10:50,300
into a Labyrinth of narrow 
Lanes, behind the four main 

5800
05:10:50,300 --> 05:10:53,800
bizarre Guided by coded map 
etched into her memory. 

5801
05:10:53,800 --> 05:10:57,400
Eager, boys, offered to carry 
her Satchel's for a coin and 

5802
05:10:57,400 --> 05:11:00,900
watchful guards in brass trimmed
uniforms each passerby. 

5803
05:11:01,600 --> 05:11:05,000
She brushed off all offers of 
help too many Watchers too many 

5804
05:11:05,000 --> 05:11:07,700
years at last. 
She arrived at a courtyard 

5805
05:11:07,700 --> 05:11:09,100
hidden behind a plain wooden 
door. 

5806
05:11:09,100 --> 05:11:11,500
It's walls, were plastered in 
cream white. 

5807
05:11:11,500 --> 05:11:14,800
While Vines, spiraled up 
lattices under hazy afternoon 

5808
05:11:14,800 --> 05:11:17,900
sky. 
Within that secluded Enclave. 

5809
05:11:17,900 --> 05:11:21,700
Stood an elderly bibliophile 
named kazem altalib his hands, 

5810
05:11:21,700 --> 05:11:24,900
trembling under the burden of a 
Slender volume Bound in jade. 

5811
05:11:24,900 --> 05:11:27,800
Green leather, their meeting was
brief career. 

5812
05:11:27,800 --> 05:11:30,800
Offered him carefully wrapped 
objects fragments of ancient 

5813
05:11:30,800 --> 05:11:35,300
mathematics, tablets and covered
near Samick and in exchange 

5814
05:11:35,300 --> 05:11:38,800
kazem relinquished, the Jade 
bound text. he warned her that 

5815
05:11:38,800 --> 05:11:41,500
certain circles would stop at 
nothing to keep these Pages 

5816
05:11:41,500 --> 05:11:44,500
hidden for they revealed 
knowledge rumored to disrupt any

5817
05:11:44,500 --> 05:11:48,100
Empire reliant on controlling 
scholarship She nodded Gravely, 

5818
05:11:48,100 --> 05:11:51,200
a custom to the Shadows that 
dogged rare manuscripts. 

5819
05:11:51,900 --> 05:11:54,500
Across the years, she had 
learned that truth took many 

5820
05:11:54,500 --> 05:11:57,800
forms each requiring, a subtle 
approach to keep it from 

5821
05:11:57,800 --> 05:12:00,100
Vanishing under official 
censure. 

5822
05:12:01,500 --> 05:12:03,400
Emerging once again, into the 
main Bazaar. 

5823
05:12:03,400 --> 05:12:05,900
Career carefully, hid, the new 
acquisition beneath her 

5824
05:12:05,900 --> 05:12:08,400
traveling cloak. 
She knew better than to linger 

5825
05:12:08,400 --> 05:12:11,900
Horizons seeming, tolerance of 
foreign ideas, could transform 

5826
05:12:11,900 --> 05:12:15,800
abruptly of power, shifted 
memory of burn, Scrolls and 

5827
05:12:15,800 --> 05:12:19,200
harassed scribes in other 
dominions, haunted her, fueling 

5828
05:12:19,200 --> 05:12:21,900
her determination to preserve 
the text at any cost. 

5829
05:12:22,700 --> 05:12:25,700
She arranged with a local 
Caravan heading, Eastwood its 

5830
05:12:25,700 --> 05:12:29,100
leader a woman named after soon 
who had a reputation for out 

5831
05:12:29,100 --> 05:12:33,300
maneuvering desert Bandits. 
Without Illusions carrier 

5832
05:12:33,300 --> 05:12:35,900
recognize that partnering with 
such a skilled Merchants would 

5833
05:12:35,900 --> 05:12:40,800
cost her yet safety for the Jade
bound book was Paramount. before

5834
05:12:40,800 --> 05:12:44,100
the Caravan departed, Korea, 
paid her respects at a small 

5835
05:12:44,108 --> 05:12:48,100
Shrine dedicated to wise men of 
antiquity A single Candle, 

5836
05:12:48,100 --> 05:12:50,900
flickered by the altar, 
Illuminating offerings left. 

5837
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:54,200
By Travelers praying for Clear. 
Roads, and fair whether she 

5838
05:12:54,200 --> 05:12:57,500
exhaled a silent oath that, she 
would not let ignorance, Devour 

5839
05:12:57,500 --> 05:12:58,800
the precious knowledge in her 
care. 

5840
05:12:59,500 --> 05:13:02,300
Beyond the city's Gates, lay an 
expansive desert and studied 

5841
05:13:02,300 --> 05:13:04,200
with dunes and hammered by 
Fierce winds. 

5842
05:13:04,200 --> 05:13:08,400
But her route LED even father 
along Mountain, Trails rumored 

5843
05:13:08,400 --> 05:13:10,700
to house. 
Hidden monasteries and ephemeral

5844
05:13:10,700 --> 05:13:13,800
Oasis towns. 
The Unstoppable pulse of 

5845
05:13:13,800 --> 05:13:17,100
curiosity, drove her to press 
forward, regardless of perils 

5846
05:13:17,100 --> 05:13:18,800
that might look in the next Bend
of the road. 

5847
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:23,400
Dawn arrived, painting the sky 
with ocher and salmon. 

5848
05:13:23,400 --> 05:13:26,700
Hughes carrier joined us soon. 
And the other Travelers at the 

5849
05:13:26,700 --> 05:13:30,100
designated meeting point where 
camel's braids and Donkey 

5850
05:13:30,100 --> 05:13:32,400
drivers prepared, loads of 
barley and dried fruit. 

5851
05:13:33,200 --> 05:13:36,400
The Caravan Synergy was 
immediately evident each person 

5852
05:13:36,400 --> 05:13:38,600
had a distinct tasks ensuring 
that. 

5853
05:13:38,600 --> 05:13:41,500
By the time, the sun, fully 
breached the Horizon, they were 

5854
05:13:41,508 --> 05:13:44,600
on the move. 
Career walked near us soon, who 

5855
05:13:44,600 --> 05:13:47,600
shared glimpses of the terrain 
ahead and introduced carrier to 

5856
05:13:47,600 --> 05:13:51,500
the Caravans unspoken rules 
trust the signals ration, water 

5857
05:13:51,500 --> 05:13:53,800
meticulously, and never 
questioned. 

5858
05:13:53,800 --> 05:13:57,500
The necessity of midnight halts.
In these borderless regions, 

5859
05:13:57,500 --> 05:14:01,200
vigilance was currency. 
With the sun mounting, the 

5860
05:14:01,200 --> 05:14:04,100
Caravan snaked through a parched
plane dotted by Twiztid. 

5861
05:14:04,100 --> 05:14:07,500
Shrubs a hush fell over them. 
Broken only by the soft 

5862
05:14:07,500 --> 05:14:09,600
shuffling of hooves and the 
gentle clink of metal 

5863
05:14:09,600 --> 05:14:12,000
fastenings. 
Korea's thoughts drifted to the 

5864
05:14:12,008 --> 05:14:15,700
Codex, inside her bag, she had 
only glimpsed, a few pages thus 

5865
05:14:15,700 --> 05:14:18,600
far intricate, diagrams of 
planetary movement. 

5866
05:14:18,600 --> 05:14:22,100
Cryptic references to ancient 
empire that preceded the 

5867
05:14:22,100 --> 05:14:24,800
accumulates and footnotes 
scrawled in an unfamiliar 

5868
05:14:24,800 --> 05:14:26,700
script. 
Accurate. 

5869
05:14:26,700 --> 05:14:29,400
These writings expanded, the 
known timeline of advanced 

5870
05:14:29,400 --> 05:14:33,000
astronomy by centuries. 
She resolved to study every 

5871
05:14:33,000 --> 05:14:35,100
page, once the Caravan reached a
safe haven. 

5872
05:14:36,100 --> 05:14:39,300
Of soon signaled, a holt near a 
cluster of sunct bolders 

5873
05:14:39,300 --> 05:14:43,200
granting the group respite from 
the crushing midday heat while 

5874
05:14:43,200 --> 05:14:46,700
some dosed in shape shade Korea 
took cautious sips from her 

5875
05:14:46,700 --> 05:14:49,400
water skin. 
Feeling the dryness cling to her

5876
05:14:49,400 --> 05:14:52,900
throat, a restlessness stirred 
within her equal parts, 

5877
05:14:52,900 --> 05:14:57,200
excitement and anxiety. 
She replied Chasm, Al talabis 

5878
05:14:57,200 --> 05:15:00,600
warning. powerful figures had an
interest in ensuring no one 

5879
05:15:00,600 --> 05:15:04,200
deciphered the text for them 
knowledge was a finite resource 

5880
05:15:04,200 --> 05:15:08,800
Best Kept under strict watch As 
a swirl of wind kicked sand 

5881
05:15:08,800 --> 05:15:10,400
across her path, carrier 
gripped. 

5882
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:14,100
Her Satchel silently vowing. 
She would not be silenced by 

5883
05:15:14,100 --> 05:15:16,100
Twilight. 
The Caravan approached, a modest

5884
05:15:16,100 --> 05:15:19,600
Oasis lined with date palms that
cast Long Shadows across 

5885
05:15:19,600 --> 05:15:22,500
Stillwater. 
Soon, guided her camels into a 

5886
05:15:22,500 --> 05:15:24,900
semi-circle forming. 
A protective barrier against 

5887
05:15:24,900 --> 05:15:27,600
stray Wanderers. 
Several Travelers set about 

5888
05:15:27,600 --> 05:15:30,000
erecting. 
Tents While others gathered wood

5889
05:15:30,000 --> 05:15:32,400
for small fires, that would ward
off the chill of desert night. 

5890
05:15:33,300 --> 05:15:36,400
Career found herself drawn to 
the water's edge, where subdued 

5891
05:15:36,400 --> 05:15:40,100
conversation Rose Among weary, 
Merchants some speculated about 

5892
05:15:40,100 --> 05:15:43,000
the political tensions, brewing 
in distant courts others 

5893
05:15:43,000 --> 05:15:44,600
lamented the rising cost of 
salt. 

5894
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:48,100
Has Darkness settled. 
The Oasis took on another 

5895
05:15:48,100 --> 05:15:50,200
worldly. 
Hush a crescent moon. 

5896
05:15:50,200 --> 05:15:53,500
Glimmered overhead, Illuminating
faint, outlines of crumbling 

5897
05:15:53,500 --> 05:15:56,600
Stone pillars suggesting an 
abandoned settlement from a 

5898
05:15:56,600 --> 05:16:00,000
forgotten era. 
Under that quiet Vault of stars 

5899
05:16:00,000 --> 05:16:03,100
Korea couldn't resist. 
Scaning a few more pages of the 

5900
05:16:03,100 --> 05:16:06,600
Jade bound manuscript. 
It's text merged empirical 

5901
05:16:06,600 --> 05:16:09,400
observations with philosophical 
notes, referencing the grand 

5902
05:16:09,400 --> 05:16:12,500
Wheel of Time. 
She recognized a bleak 

5903
05:16:12,500 --> 05:16:15,300
references to astronomical 
systems older than the widely 

5904
05:16:15,300 --> 05:16:18,700
recognized ptolemaic model. 
If deciphered fully such 

5905
05:16:18,700 --> 05:16:21,500
knowledge, might challenge many 
assumptions cherished by a 

5906
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:24,300
steamed academies. 
Meanwhile as soon stepped away 

5907
05:16:24,300 --> 05:16:27,400
from the main group beckoning 
career to join her near a 

5908
05:16:27,400 --> 05:16:29,800
withered acacia. 
You Stand Out, Among our 

5909
05:16:29,800 --> 05:16:33,100
company, the merchant remarked, 
in a measured tone your eyes, 

5910
05:16:33,100 --> 05:16:36,200
never rest and you guard that 
bag as if it carries, the soul 

5911
05:16:36,200 --> 05:16:39,500
of a king Carrier. 
Wary of revealing too much 

5912
05:16:39,500 --> 05:16:42,900
offered that she was merely a 
scholar into trusted with a rare

5913
05:16:42,900 --> 05:16:44,400
item. 
Soon. 

5914
05:16:44,400 --> 05:16:47,600
Nodded but warned Korea that 
roving spies seeking Advantage 

5915
05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:50,200
for rival. 
Factions often infiltrated 

5916
05:16:50,200 --> 05:16:54,800
Caravans she suggested Korea 
remain vigilant Specially given 

5917
05:16:54,800 --> 05:16:57,800
the extraordinary bustling and 
Corazon where rumor traveled 

5918
05:16:57,800 --> 05:17:00,800
like wildfire unable to sleep 
career. 

5919
05:17:00,800 --> 05:17:03,300
Lingard by The Embers of the 
fire after most Travelers are 

5920
05:17:03,300 --> 05:17:05,900
dozed off. 
Study, the swirling patterns of 

5921
05:17:05,900 --> 05:17:08,800
the night sky mindful of the 
coated star charts in the 

5922
05:17:08,800 --> 05:17:11,700
manuscript. 
Passing Caravan sometimes 

5923
05:17:11,700 --> 05:17:13,500
recounted Legends of a hidden 
library. 

5924
05:17:13,500 --> 05:17:17,100
In the mountain city of varish, 
where lines of knowledge 

5925
05:17:17,100 --> 05:17:19,200
stretched back to centuries 
unknown. 

5926
05:17:20,200 --> 05:17:23,300
Carrier wondered if that Library
could fill the gaps in her text.

5927
05:17:24,100 --> 05:17:26,600
She believed the Jade bound 
manuscript might be only a 

5928
05:17:26,600 --> 05:17:29,900
fragment of a larger puzzle. 
Scattered across the Silk Road, 

5929
05:17:29,900 --> 05:17:33,600
shifting tapestry, morning 
unveiled, a horizon brushed with

5930
05:17:33,608 --> 05:17:37,000
Amber and the Caravan proceeded 
along a rocky escarpment, 

5931
05:17:37,000 --> 05:17:40,500
overlooking a vast, June 
Fielding, slopes of sand. 

5932
05:17:40,500 --> 05:17:43,400
Rippled beneath the wind like 
the surface of a living sea. 

5933
05:17:44,200 --> 05:17:48,000
At midday, they paused for Water
rationed by a soon with practice

5934
05:17:48,000 --> 05:17:50,800
deficiency. 
Carrier noticed that one of the 

5935
05:17:50,800 --> 05:17:54,500
other Travelers a soft-spoken, 
man named Malik carried a small 

5936
05:17:54,500 --> 05:17:57,800
chest meticulously locked. 
He traveled with Perpetual 

5937
05:17:57,800 --> 05:18:01,600
worried to his features eyes. 
Darting whenever talked turned 

5938
05:18:01,600 --> 05:18:04,800
to rumors of desert, Raiders 
Secrets seemed to coil around 

5939
05:18:04,800 --> 05:18:06,700
each member of the assemblage as
though. 

5940
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:08,600
No one ventured. 
These roads without hidden 

5941
05:18:08,600 --> 05:18:12,900
motives Late in the afternoon, 
the Caravan and countered, a 

5942
05:18:12,900 --> 05:18:13,900
party of Horsemen. 
Flying. 

5943
05:18:13,900 --> 05:18:16,500
The banner of a minor warlord 
rumored to be in League with the

5944
05:18:16,500 --> 05:18:18,800
Region's. 
Most feared Bandit, clairs 

5945
05:18:18,800 --> 05:18:21,900
tension crackled through the 
group as soon halted, the 

5946
05:18:21,900 --> 05:18:24,000
Caravan waiting for the Riders 
to approach. 

5947
05:18:24,700 --> 05:18:27,500
After a terse greeting, the 
horsemen rode on apparently 

5948
05:18:27,500 --> 05:18:30,600
uninterested in Conflict. 
But the encounter rattled 

5949
05:18:30,600 --> 05:18:34,300
everyone Career noticed as soon 
as posture remained rigid with 

5950
05:18:34,300 --> 05:18:36,700
caution long. 
After the Riders vanished, in a 

5951
05:18:36,700 --> 05:18:39,400
plume of dust, the merchant 
murmured about changing their 

5952
05:18:39,400 --> 05:18:41,600
root seeking narrower Trails 
less. 

5953
05:18:41,600 --> 05:18:44,500
Patrolled by predatory 
Chieftains that evening brought 

5954
05:18:44,500 --> 05:18:46,900
them to a narrow Gorge its 
walls. 

5955
05:18:46,900 --> 05:18:48,600
Towering on either side in 
Jagged ridges. 

5956
05:18:48,600 --> 05:18:51,700
As soon insisted they make camp 
in a sheltered Alcove 

5957
05:18:51,700 --> 05:18:53,300
half-hidden behind weathered 
boulders. 

5958
05:18:54,300 --> 05:18:56,000
By the flicker of firelight 
career. 

5959
05:18:56,000 --> 05:18:58,500
Finally delved into the central 
chapter of the manuscript? 

5960
05:18:59,300 --> 05:19:02,600
Strange symbols Park, Kunia 
form, part unknown script 

5961
05:19:02,600 --> 05:19:06,400
decorated the margins each sign 
accompanied by cryptic 

5962
05:19:06,400 --> 05:19:08,300
commentary. 
The text recounted a 

5963
05:19:08,300 --> 05:19:10,900
civilization that maped 
constellations in ways, 

5964
05:19:10,900 --> 05:19:15,000
contrasting, with every known 
chart, diagrammatic lines 

5965
05:19:15,000 --> 05:19:18,200
implied in advanced geometry for
exceeding, the standard 

5966
05:19:18,200 --> 05:19:22,200
calculation of her time just as 
Korea's pulse quick, at the 

5967
05:19:22,208 --> 05:19:25,100
Revelation a cry, rang out near 
the edge of camp. 

5968
05:19:25,800 --> 05:19:28,400
She rushed toward the commotion.
Heart pounding. 

5969
05:19:29,600 --> 05:19:33,300
Malik stood, trembling by his 
small chest which now lay open 

5970
05:19:33,300 --> 05:19:37,500
is contents missing Anguish 
colored his voice as he pleaded 

5971
05:19:37,500 --> 05:19:40,000
for help insisting. 
That something vital had been 

5972
05:19:40,008 --> 05:19:43,500
stolen, crucial letter from the 
governor of Basra hidden within 

5973
05:19:43,500 --> 05:19:46,000
that chest. 
After soon assembled, the 

5974
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:49,600
Caravan members demanding an 
explanation, tempers flared 

5975
05:19:49,600 --> 05:19:53,200
suspicion circled and whispered 
accusations rippled through this

5976
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:55,700
group. 
Searching for Footprints beneath

5977
05:19:55,700 --> 05:19:58,600
Lantern light. 
They discovered evidence of at 

5978
05:19:58,600 --> 05:20:02,300
least two Intruders who had come
and gone Without a Trace. no 

5979
05:20:02,300 --> 05:20:05,700
sign indicated who among the 
might be an accomplice theft 

5980
05:20:05,700 --> 05:20:09,300
underscored after soon's earlier
warning, in these transitory 

5981
05:20:09,300 --> 05:20:13,600
worlds, secret to track cunning 
opportunists Carrier gripped. 

5982
05:20:13,600 --> 05:20:16,600
Her manuscript more tightly 
wishing to vanish inside the 

5983
05:20:16,600 --> 05:20:20,000
Labyrinth of lines and symbols 
that promised an era unbounded 

5984
05:20:20,000 --> 05:20:22,900
by Petty intrigued. 
Yet, she remained anchored in 

5985
05:20:22,900 --> 05:20:24,300
the caravan's. 
Tents reality. 

5986
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:28,100
The road ahead felt increasingly
perilous and the cost of 

5987
05:20:28,100 --> 05:20:31,500
preserving knowledge seemed set 
to rise the following Sunrise 

5988
05:20:31,500 --> 05:20:34,900
found the Caravan subdued. 
Each member wary of neighbors 

5989
05:20:34,900 --> 05:20:38,500
who might conceal hidden agendas
of soon, led the Mount of the 

5990
05:20:38,500 --> 05:20:42,000
Gorge at a Brisk Pace aiming to 
put distance between their group

5991
05:20:42,000 --> 05:20:45,500
and whoever had orchestrated, 
the nighttime theft, a pale wind

5992
05:20:45,500 --> 05:20:48,800
carried, the center of flint and
dust, stinging eyes and chopping

5993
05:20:48,800 --> 05:20:50,600
lips. 
Their route. 

5994
05:20:50,600 --> 05:20:53,800
Descended along a dry River bed 
flanked, by stunted Tamarisk, 

5995
05:20:53,800 --> 05:20:58,200
shrubs offering scant protection
from the intensifying son Korea 

5996
05:20:58,200 --> 05:21:01,600
trudged installed since silence 
mindful that trust could be a 

5997
05:21:01,600 --> 05:21:04,400
luxury as midday Drew near they 
spotted. 

5998
05:21:04,400 --> 05:21:07,000
The remnants of a caravan serai 
built against the side of a 

5999
05:21:07,008 --> 05:21:09,800
bluff. 
It's once sturdy walls had caved

6000
05:21:09,800 --> 05:21:12,700
in and battered, archways led 
into Courtyards strewn with 

6001
05:21:12,700 --> 05:21:15,700
Fallen Timber as soon. 
Signaled, a cautious approach 

6002
05:21:15,700 --> 05:21:17,900
and certain where The Travelers 
are outlaws. 

6003
05:21:17,900 --> 05:21:21,200
Might be occupying, the ruins 
the group explored in pairs 

6004
05:21:21,200 --> 05:21:24,500
stepping over cracked tiles. 
Littered with scorpion husks 

6005
05:21:24,500 --> 05:21:27,100
know, living presence emerged 
though. 

6006
05:21:27,100 --> 05:21:29,500
Evidence of a hasty departure 
scattered. 

6007
05:21:29,500 --> 05:21:33,500
Coals torn blankets, suggested 
someone had sheltered their not 

6008
05:21:33,500 --> 05:21:36,300
long before. 
Since water was available from a

6009
05:21:36,300 --> 05:21:39,200
half collapse system have soon, 
decided they would rest under 

6010
05:21:39,200 --> 05:21:41,400
what remained of the car have 
answered his roof. 

6011
05:21:42,600 --> 05:21:45,700
Malik hovered by his broken 
chest sifting through remnants 

6012
05:21:45,700 --> 05:21:47,700
of cloth as those searching for 
any clue. 

6013
05:21:48,600 --> 05:21:51,500
Career drifted away from the 
group drawn to an overgrown, 

6014
05:21:51,500 --> 05:21:54,900
Courtyard where a dried 
Fountain, stood Vines draped, 

6015
05:21:54,900 --> 05:21:58,200
its cracked Basin trailing over 
carved motifs of intertwined 

6016
05:21:58,200 --> 05:22:01,100
serpents. 
Time and neglected worn away the

6017
05:22:01,100 --> 05:22:03,900
finer details. 
Yet a mysterious energy lingered

6018
05:22:03,900 --> 05:22:07,700
as though the place. 
Once echoed with conversy about 

6019
05:22:07,700 --> 05:22:10,700
Cosmic truths, Beyond mortal 
comprehension. 

6020
05:22:12,300 --> 05:22:14,900
She pulled out, the Jade bound 
book to scrutinize, a passage, 

6021
05:22:14,900 --> 05:22:18,300
describing the Four Points 
beyond the boundary of Earthly 

6022
05:22:18,300 --> 05:22:21,500
measure. 
The text postulated that certain

6023
05:22:21,500 --> 05:22:25,000
alignment patterns stars in 
specific, conjunctions allowed 

6024
05:22:25,000 --> 05:22:28,300
glimpses into knowledge 
unattainable through ordinary 

6025
05:22:28,300 --> 05:22:30,700
means. 
This notion was not entirely 

6026
05:22:30,700 --> 05:22:33,900
foreign given that many mystical
traditions in Persia and India 

6027
05:22:33,900 --> 05:22:37,000
spoke of cosmic Gates. 
Still the clarity of these 

6028
05:22:37,000 --> 05:22:40,600
instructions startled, her the 
manuscript seemed less a mere 

6029
05:22:40,600 --> 05:22:43,300
curiosity, and more a carefully 
constructed key. 

6030
05:22:43,300 --> 05:22:46,100
She wondered if others who 
sought it might comprehend. 

6031
05:22:46,100 --> 05:22:49,000
Its significance. 
Meanwhile after soon prepared 

6032
05:22:49,000 --> 05:22:51,100
spiced lentils and shared them 
among the group. 

6033
05:22:51,100 --> 05:22:53,500
Her gestures. 
Calm, yet determined, to 

6034
05:22:53,500 --> 05:22:56,100
maintain Unity tension. 
Still hovered. 

6035
05:22:56,100 --> 05:22:59,300
Like a low cloud with suspicions
that the thieves might be part 

6036
05:22:59,300 --> 05:23:02,900
of a larger plot. 
Over a sparse meal Korea gleaned

6037
05:23:02,900 --> 05:23:04,500
fragments of each Travelers 
story. 

6038
05:23:05,300 --> 05:23:08,900
A textile Merchant returning 
from Cairo, a widower heading to

6039
05:23:08,900 --> 05:23:10,900
Samarkand to meet his strange 
son. 

6040
05:23:10,900 --> 05:23:13,900
And amateur scribe, hoping to 
gain employment in the library 

6041
05:23:13,900 --> 05:23:17,700
of nishapur nearby layer, she 
sensed each person guarded 

6042
05:23:17,700 --> 05:23:20,500
Secrets. 
Born of loss, ambition, or 

6043
05:23:20,500 --> 05:23:24,100
desperation. 
As dusk fell Moonlight filtered 

6044
05:23:24,100 --> 05:23:27,700
through the Caravan sarai's gaps
accentuating outlines of 

6045
05:23:27,700 --> 05:23:31,100
shattered pillars. 
The group huddled around, small 

6046
05:23:31,100 --> 05:23:35,100
fires soft conversation revolved
around the abrupt shift in 

6047
05:23:35,100 --> 05:23:37,100
weather. 
The possibility of encountering,

6048
05:23:37,100 --> 05:23:40,108
warlord, patrols and whether 
rumors of a plague in the 

6049
05:23:40,116 --> 05:23:42,800
western provinces were 
exaggerated, though. 

6050
05:23:42,800 --> 05:23:46,400
The chatter seemed ordinary 
career felt a current of urgency

6051
05:23:46,400 --> 05:23:49,100
running beneath it. 
Everyone understood the 

6052
05:23:49,100 --> 05:23:52,200
precariousness of traveling, 
these roots at any moment. 

6053
05:23:52,200 --> 05:23:54,900
Violence storms, or human 
treachery could obliterate. 

6054
05:23:54,900 --> 05:23:57,600
The careful calculation of even 
the most disciplined Merchant 

6055
05:23:58,500 --> 05:24:01,100
Wrestlers, career ventured into 
the courtyard. 

6056
05:24:01,100 --> 05:24:04,200
Once more, she ran her 
fingertips over the carved and 

6057
05:24:04,200 --> 05:24:07,200
using that knowledge itself. 
Often took the shape of 

6058
05:24:07,200 --> 05:24:10,400
something and winding capable of
Enlightenment, but also of 

6059
05:24:10,400 --> 05:24:13,900
Destruction, depending on who 
wielded it, Before she could 

6060
05:24:13,900 --> 05:24:16,900
lose herself in speculation, a 
subtle Motion in the archway, 

6061
05:24:16,900 --> 05:24:20,300
Drew her attention. 
He turned to see Malik shadowed 

6062
05:24:20,300 --> 05:24:22,900
in Moonlight. 
His face still wore traces of 

6063
05:24:22,900 --> 05:24:26,600
Anguish he approached and in 
hushed tones apologized. 

6064
05:24:26,600 --> 05:24:28,700
If his Panic had disrupted, the 
Caravan stability. 

6065
05:24:29,500 --> 05:24:31,000
Then he posed a startling 
question. 

6066
05:24:31,800 --> 05:24:34,200
Is your book, truly worth 
risking your life. 

6067
05:24:35,600 --> 05:24:38,200
Korea hesitated. 
Contemplating her answer. 

6068
05:24:39,600 --> 05:24:42,100
That it's Pages. 
Might Safeguard insights from an

6069
05:24:42,100 --> 05:24:44,600
older civilization knowledge 
that could enrich the world. 

6070
05:24:44,600 --> 05:24:47,600
If studied openly, yet she 
recognized the hazards. 

6071
05:24:47,600 --> 05:24:51,400
No single text was worth a life 
unless it also contained. 

6072
05:24:51,400 --> 05:24:53,000
The means to prevent greater 
harm. 

6073
05:24:53,700 --> 05:24:56,700
Malik nodded revealing that his 
lost letter held the potential 

6074
05:24:56,700 --> 05:24:58,400
to end a trade blockade 
strangling. 

6075
05:24:58,400 --> 05:25:01,000
His hometown. 
Without it, he feared entire 

6076
05:25:01,000 --> 05:25:04,200
families would starve. 
They shared a poignant silence. 

6077
05:25:04,200 --> 05:25:07,400
Realizing each Bora heavy burden
for reasons that extended Beyond

6078
05:25:07,400 --> 05:25:10,600
self-interest. 
Their exchange was interrupted 

6079
05:25:10,600 --> 05:25:12,600
by a faint. 
Shout from afsoon who was 

6080
05:25:12,600 --> 05:25:15,700
patrolling the perimeter, a 
silhouette darted across the 

6081
05:25:15,700 --> 05:25:19,700
ruins, then vanished behind a 
crumbling wall alarmed carrier 

6082
05:25:19,700 --> 05:25:22,800
and Malik hurried back to the 
main Courtyard, only to find the

6083
05:25:22,800 --> 05:25:24,300
rest of the Travelers on their 
feet. 

6084
05:25:25,800 --> 05:25:29,500
The intrusion lasted me a second
but it confirmed the presence of

6085
05:25:29,500 --> 05:25:33,100
Watchers trailing them, the 
memory of the stolen lettered in

6086
05:25:33,100 --> 05:25:35,700
every mind. 
Gathering her sexual closed, 

6087
05:25:35,700 --> 05:25:38,000
carry a recognized that Pursuit 
was inevitable. 

6088
05:25:38,000 --> 05:25:41,000
She could only hope that she 
carried would Outlast. 

6089
05:25:41,000 --> 05:25:44,200
The desert shifting alliances 
and the Relentless greed of 

6090
05:25:44,200 --> 05:25:47,600
unknown adversaries early the 
next day after soon, insisted 

6091
05:25:47,600 --> 05:25:50,800
they abandoned the ruin. 
Before Sunrise lanterns swinging

6092
05:25:50,800 --> 05:25:53,900
from camel Saddles, cast 
flickering halos in the pre-dawn

6093
05:25:53,900 --> 05:25:57,900
Gloom Career walked at the 
Caravans rear scanning, The 

6094
05:25:57,900 --> 05:26:01,400
Horizon for Silhouettes, she 
felt more exposed than ever 

6095
05:26:01,400 --> 05:26:04,800
especially with the manuscript 
drawing unseen eyes. 

6096
05:26:05,600 --> 05:26:09,100
A swirl of wind, rustled the 
sparse vegetation carrying the 

6097
05:26:09,100 --> 05:26:10,900
forlorn call of a distant 
jackal. 

6098
05:26:11,700 --> 05:26:14,500
Although no further Intruder 
appeared, the Caravans 

6099
05:26:14,500 --> 05:26:17,100
Collective nerves remained raw, 
their root. 

6100
05:26:17,100 --> 05:26:21,000
Now, wound through a series of 
Rocky Badlands, eroded Hills, 

6101
05:26:21,000 --> 05:26:24,500
tinted red and ocher rows around
them in Jagged formations 

6102
05:26:24,500 --> 05:26:27,700
reminiscent of a broken 
Amphitheater, at times. 

6103
05:26:27,700 --> 05:26:30,500
The path was scarcely wide 
enough for two camels to pass 

6104
05:26:30,500 --> 05:26:32,900
dust coated. 
Every surface clinging to close 

6105
05:26:32,900 --> 05:26:36,300
and creeping into water skins, 
The Travelers advanced in single

6106
05:26:36,300 --> 05:26:39,300
file. 
Each footstep measured Malik, no

6107
05:26:39,300 --> 05:26:41,800
longer shy. 
Kept pace with Korea, forging, 

6108
05:26:41,800 --> 05:26:44,800
an unspoken Alliance based on 
empathy rather than shared 

6109
05:26:44,800 --> 05:26:47,300
purpose. 
By noon, they reached an 

6110
05:26:47,300 --> 05:26:49,900
outcropping. 
The sweeping view of the 

6111
05:26:49,900 --> 05:26:53,000
surrounding valleys of soon 
pointed to a distant. 

6112
05:26:53,000 --> 05:26:56,600
Caravan crossing a ridge, its 
figures small as insects against

6113
05:26:56,600 --> 05:26:59,500
the harsh light. 
Better to let the move on with 

6114
05:26:59,500 --> 05:27:02,600
our paths in to setting. 
She murmured concerned they 

6115
05:27:02,600 --> 05:27:04,400
might be Bandits or rival 
merchants. 

6116
05:27:05,300 --> 05:27:08,000
She had planned a side route 
that skirted known Bandit 

6117
05:27:08,000 --> 05:27:10,100
strongholds though. 
It meant trudging through more 

6118
05:27:10,100 --> 05:27:14,500
challenging terrain, no one 
objected safety trumped speed in

6119
05:27:14,500 --> 05:27:18,100
these uncertain Wilds as the day
wore on the punishing Sun 

6120
05:27:18,100 --> 05:27:21,400
pressed down some Travelers 
began to show signs of heat 

6121
05:27:21,400 --> 05:27:23,800
exhaustion of soon. 
A lot of extra water. 

6122
05:27:23,800 --> 05:27:27,100
Rations mindful that supplies 
were finite careers. 

6123
05:27:27,100 --> 05:27:29,900
Thought swirled with 
calculations how many days until

6124
05:27:29,900 --> 05:27:33,200
they reached an established town
with the manuscripts possible 

6125
05:27:33,200 --> 05:27:36,600
Revelations be worth the perils.
She reminded herself that 

6126
05:27:36,600 --> 05:27:39,600
knowledge had never come cheap. 
Especially not the kind that 

6127
05:27:39,600 --> 05:27:41,800
might undermine established 
systems of power. 

6128
05:27:42,700 --> 05:27:45,500
Still, she felt an undercurrent 
of apprehension. 

6129
05:27:45,500 --> 05:27:49,100
Unseen forces seemed determined 
to intercept their path. 

6130
05:27:49,900 --> 05:27:53,200
Twilight offered a brief 
respite, they pitched camp at a 

6131
05:27:53,200 --> 05:27:54,700
plateau peppered with hearty 
desert. 

6132
05:27:54,700 --> 05:27:58,500
Shrubs wind woe through the 
Stony Hollows producing a low 

6133
05:27:58,500 --> 05:28:02,200
moan that set everyone on edge. 
This time of soon posted watches

6134
05:28:02,200 --> 05:28:05,400
in rotating pairs career 
volunteered for the midnight 

6135
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:09,300
shift, hoping to glean some 
Solitude for reading When her 

6136
05:28:09,300 --> 05:28:11,900
turn arrived, she positioned 
herself near a small fire 

6137
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:15,800
scanning, the Starlet Horizon 
while carefully turning pages of

6138
05:28:15,800 --> 05:28:19,300
the Jade bound codecs. 
A diagram carefully, Inked 

6139
05:28:19,300 --> 05:28:21,500
depicted. 
A swirling Cosmos dotted with 

6140
05:28:21,500 --> 05:28:25,700
unfamiliar constellation, The 
accompanying text mentioned, a 

6141
05:28:25,700 --> 05:28:28,500
geometry, bridging mind and 
universe though, the specifics 

6142
05:28:28,500 --> 05:28:30,500
remained cloaked in archaic 
jargon. 

6143
05:28:30,500 --> 05:28:33,600
She sensed movement at the edge 
of the firelight and grip the 

6144
05:28:33,600 --> 05:28:36,400
book protectively, but it was 
only an elderly Trader from 

6145
05:28:36,408 --> 05:28:40,100
their group, awakened, by 
coughing he approached nodding 

6146
05:28:40,100 --> 05:28:42,800
politely I see that you carry 
more than curiosity. 

6147
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:45,400
He said, glancing at the 
manuscript glowing Pages. 

6148
05:28:45,400 --> 05:28:48,300
He spoke of his younger days 
when he traveled to a 

6149
05:28:48,300 --> 05:28:51,600
Mountaintop Sanctuary rumored to
house writings older than any 

6150
05:28:51,600 --> 05:28:53,500
Empire. 
The priests there. 

6151
05:28:53,500 --> 05:28:56,900
He claimed hinted that scattered
relics across the Silk Road. 

6152
05:28:56,900 --> 05:29:00,700
Formed pieces of a grand puzzle.
He stopped short of elaborating,

6153
05:29:00,700 --> 05:29:04,900
perhaps wary of scaring her with
him, probable myths, reluctant 

6154
05:29:04,900 --> 05:29:06,800
to resurrect. 
Memory is best left buried. 

6155
05:29:07,600 --> 05:29:10,000
Carrier nodded intrigued yet 
cautious. 

6156
05:29:10,000 --> 05:29:13,400
She had heard, variations of the
mountain, top Library tail in 

6157
05:29:13,400 --> 05:29:16,300
her Journeys. 
One version placed it in Tibet, 

6158
05:29:16,300 --> 05:29:19,500
another, in the highlands of 
Persia and yet another in the 

6159
05:29:19,500 --> 05:29:22,500
Himalayas near the Indus 
regardless of location. 

6160
05:29:22,500 --> 05:29:25,600
The consistent theme was that a 
hidden repository of ancient 

6161
05:29:25,600 --> 05:29:27,900
texts might hold radical 
knowledge of mathematics 

6162
05:29:27,900 --> 05:29:31,600
medicine and astronomy. 
Could her manuscript be part of 

6163
05:29:31,608 --> 05:29:34,700
that Lost Legacy? 
She recalled hearing rumors, 

6164
05:29:34,700 --> 05:29:36,900
that certain references, 
connected the library's 

6165
05:29:36,900 --> 05:29:40,300
existence, to the taboo notion 
of cyclical time, where 

6166
05:29:40,300 --> 05:29:44,100
civilizations Rose and fell 
repeatedly, each leaving tokos 

6167
05:29:44,100 --> 05:29:47,200
for the next. 
The elderly trade, a coughed 

6168
05:29:47,200 --> 05:29:49,900
again and excused himself to 
rest alone. 

6169
05:29:49,900 --> 05:29:53,700
Career gazed at the Codex. 
Swirl of questions filling her 

6170
05:29:53,700 --> 05:29:56,800
mind. 
Just then a sharp whistle 

6171
05:29:56,800 --> 05:29:58,700
pierced. 
The night, are she sprang to her

6172
05:29:58,708 --> 05:30:01,300
feet have soon, came running 
sword in hand. 

6173
05:30:01,300 --> 05:30:04,000
A scout on the perimeter 
shouted, news of footsteps on 

6174
05:30:04,000 --> 05:30:06,800
the far side of the plateau, 
everyone scrambled for weapons. 

6175
05:30:06,800 --> 05:30:10,100
Adrenaline, surged within 
moments, The Intruders. 

6176
05:30:10,100 --> 05:30:12,900
Fled, Vanishing, a swiftly as 
they derived leaving only 

6177
05:30:12,900 --> 05:30:16,200
Footprints of soon suspected. 
They were testing the Caravans 

6178
05:30:16,200 --> 05:30:20,000
defenses tension sword, though. 
No battling sued. 

6179
05:30:20,000 --> 05:30:23,000
The message was clear someone to
track them with precision. 

6180
05:30:24,400 --> 05:30:27,100
As the group attempted to settle
back into assemblance of rest, 

6181
05:30:27,100 --> 05:30:31,100
Korea's mind, refused to quiet. 
She wondered if the vanished 

6182
05:30:31,100 --> 05:30:34,200
Intruders belong to a 
clandestine order over simply 

6183
05:30:34,200 --> 05:30:35,800
Bandits with a knack for 
intimidation. 

6184
05:30:36,900 --> 05:30:39,600
Either way, the manuscripts 
significant seemed Amplified. 

6185
05:30:40,400 --> 05:30:43,100
In that uneasy Darkness, she 
cradled her pressure's book, 

6186
05:30:43,108 --> 05:30:47,000
Feeling the weight of unspoken 
centuries pressed between its 

6187
05:30:47,000 --> 05:30:49,300
covers. 
The next day would bring new 

6188
05:30:49,300 --> 05:30:52,700
confrontations but for now she 
could only watch the flickering 

6189
05:30:52,700 --> 05:30:56,400
Embers and wait, the uncertain 
Dawn arrived with a little 

6190
05:30:56,400 --> 05:30:59,600
Clarity that rendered every 
stone shrub and weary expression

6191
05:30:59,600 --> 05:31:02,200
in sharp Focus soon. 
Wasted, no time. 

6192
05:31:02,200 --> 05:31:05,600
Ordering a quick departure. 
The Caravan assembled under a 

6193
05:31:05,600 --> 05:31:07,200
sky streaked with lavender and 
Rose. 

6194
05:31:07,200 --> 05:31:10,300
A fleeting Beauty overshadowed 
by a need for vigilance. 

6195
05:31:11,200 --> 05:31:15,300
Camels loaded, watch rotations 
decided they moved out following

6196
05:31:15,300 --> 05:31:17,800
a narrow winding track that 
descended toward lower 

6197
05:31:17,800 --> 05:31:21,200
elevations, the Arid air tasted 
metallic as if charged with 

6198
05:31:21,200 --> 05:31:24,300
pent-up tension. 
By mid-morning the landscape 

6199
05:31:24,300 --> 05:31:27,800
began, transitioning to Hill 
Country, small streams fed by 

6200
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:29,900
recent rains. 
Cut through the top, terrain, 

6201
05:31:29,900 --> 05:31:32,300
offering a chance to refill 
water skins. 

6202
05:31:33,100 --> 05:31:35,900
Travelers approached a shallow 
Creek where reads Russell in the

6203
05:31:35,908 --> 05:31:38,400
wind. 
Carrier noticed footprints in 

6204
05:31:38,400 --> 05:31:40,900
the Soggy Earth. 
A separate group had passed here

6205
05:31:40,900 --> 05:31:42,900
recently heading in the same 
direction. 

6206
05:31:44,100 --> 05:31:47,900
Soon scalded muttering about the
possibility of thin miles. 

6207
05:31:47,900 --> 05:31:51,200
They might be trailing those who
had invaded, their camps concern

6208
05:31:51,200 --> 05:31:54,900
rippled through the Caravan. 
Eager to stay ahead have soon 

6209
05:31:54,900 --> 05:31:56,800
pushed the group onward at a 
grueling Pace. 

6210
05:31:56,800 --> 05:32:01,200
Korea's carves a to the trails 
exact between Rocky, slopes and 

6211
05:32:01,200 --> 05:32:04,800
patches of thorny vegetation. 
In the distance, the outlines of

6212
05:32:04,800 --> 05:32:06,400
a fortified town on occasionally
emerge. 

6213
05:32:06,400 --> 05:32:10,200
Only to disappear behind Ridge 
lines She guessed it to be 

6214
05:32:10,200 --> 05:32:12,200
garish. 
A mid-sized, Trading? 

6215
05:32:12,200 --> 05:32:14,500
Post rumored to host Pilgrims 
from the Indus region. 

6216
05:32:15,300 --> 05:32:18,000
If they could reach Gary by 
Nightfall, The Caravan would 

6217
05:32:18,000 --> 05:32:20,300
have a solid perimeter. 
Walter Shield them at least 

6218
05:32:20,300 --> 05:32:23,100
temporarily. 
Eventually they spotted Wolves 

6219
05:32:23,100 --> 05:32:26,300
of Pale Stone. 
Crowned, by watchtowers have 

6220
05:32:26,300 --> 05:32:29,000
soon signaled for calm, 
reminding everyone that unknown,

6221
05:32:29,000 --> 05:32:31,300
dangers could look within a 
walled town as readily as 

6222
05:32:31,300 --> 05:32:35,300
outside approaching the gates, 
they encountered a row of guards

6223
05:32:35,300 --> 05:32:38,600
wearing mismatched armor, After 
examining as soon as travel 

6224
05:32:38,600 --> 05:32:41,600
permits the guards allowed the 
entry in exchange for a modest 

6225
05:32:41,600 --> 05:32:44,100
toll. 
Inside the streets, were cramped

6226
05:32:44,100 --> 05:32:46,400
with stalls. 
Selling earthenware died, cloth,

6227
05:32:46,400 --> 05:32:49,900
and hammered bronze jewelry. 
The Aromas of grilled meat and 

6228
05:32:49,900 --> 05:32:52,600
fresh bread teased weary 
Travelers, but an undercurrent 

6229
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:55,100
of weariness ran through the 
crowd of soon. 

6230
05:32:55,100 --> 05:32:58,400
Found a secure compound where 
the Caravan could rest stone 

6231
05:32:58,400 --> 05:33:00,900
walls and close to Courtyard 
that provided storage for the 

6232
05:33:00,900 --> 05:33:02,700
camels and a small stable for 
donkeys. 

6233
05:33:03,500 --> 05:33:06,600
Carrier anxious to glean any 
insight into who might be 

6234
05:33:06,600 --> 05:33:09,800
pursuing them ventured into the 
towns winding Lanes. 

6235
05:33:10,700 --> 05:33:13,600
She discovered a Public Square, 
where men played strategy games 

6236
05:33:13,600 --> 05:33:16,500
on carved. 
Wooden boards, nearby, a cluster

6237
05:33:16,500 --> 05:33:20,200
of pilgrims chanted vs in a 
language unfamiliar to her amid.

6238
05:33:20,200 --> 05:33:24,200
These scenes rumors. 
Floated a band of masked Riders 

6239
05:33:24,200 --> 05:33:27,500
had passed through a day. 
Early asking about a certain 

6240
05:33:27,500 --> 05:33:31,100
traveling scholar. 
The mentioned, chilled her, she 

6241
05:33:31,100 --> 05:33:33,908
hurried back to the compound 
only to find Malik pacing by the

6242
05:33:33,916 --> 05:33:37,800
gate, fidgeting, with a Leather 
Pouch, he had overheard similar 

6243
05:33:37,800 --> 05:33:41,300
chatter strangers, seeking news 
of a woman carrying, forbidden, 

6244
05:33:41,300 --> 05:33:44,300
documents career realized the 
net was tightening. 

6245
05:33:44,300 --> 05:33:48,000
They still had a window to slip 
away, but not much of one she 

6246
05:33:48,000 --> 05:33:50,600
conferred with us soon. 
Who suggested leaving crash 

6247
05:33:50,600 --> 05:33:54,000
undercover of Darkness 
continuing East along, seldom 

6248
05:33:54,000 --> 05:33:57,600
used back roads, although it 
entailed more risk weighting 

6249
05:33:57,600 --> 05:33:59,400
might let their pursuers 
converge. 

6250
05:34:00,600 --> 05:34:04,700
After Sunset, the Caravan packed
up stealthily torches were kept 

6251
05:34:04,700 --> 05:34:07,400
minimal camel Silence with calm,
handling. 

6252
05:34:07,400 --> 05:34:10,500
A hush enveloped them as they 
slipped through garages. 

6253
05:34:10,500 --> 05:34:13,700
Secondary gate, bribing a night 
Watchman, who scarcely? 

6254
05:34:13,700 --> 05:34:17,600
Looked at their faces outside 
the walls, Moonlight on the 

6255
05:34:17,600 --> 05:34:21,600
grassland, Carrier clutched. 
The manuscript absorbing the 

6256
05:34:21,600 --> 05:34:23,800
night's chill. 
She couldn't escape the 

6257
05:34:23,800 --> 05:34:27,000
conviction that her Mission had 
become a race one in which the 

6258
05:34:27,000 --> 05:34:30,900
cost of failure was a reputable 
loss, not just for her but for 

6259
05:34:30,900 --> 05:34:33,300
an entire lineage of knowledge 
that might vanish again. 

6260
05:34:34,200 --> 05:34:36,000
Guided by a soon's, careful 
planning. 

6261
05:34:36,000 --> 05:34:38,500
They pressed into a region of 
Rolling Hills shaped by 

6262
05:34:38,500 --> 05:34:42,400
centuries of flood and drought. 
Occasional clusters of Cyprus 

6263
05:34:42,400 --> 05:34:45,000
trees broke the monotony, 
crickets chirped in the 

6264
05:34:45,008 --> 05:34:47,300
darkness. 
The group maintained strict 

6265
05:34:47,300 --> 05:34:50,200
silence, halting off, until 
listen for sounds of pursuit. 

6266
05:34:50,200 --> 05:34:52,700
Each time the night Breeze. 
Whispered through the brush 

6267
05:34:52,700 --> 05:34:55,600
carrier braced for a distant 
hoofbeat or a flash of 

6268
05:34:55,600 --> 05:35:00,200
Torchlight yet hours passed with
no sign of the Ambush as the 

6269
05:35:00,200 --> 05:35:02,700
moon descended. 
They reached a shallow Ravine 

6270
05:35:02,700 --> 05:35:06,500
dotted with smooth, ancient 
Boulders have soon called for a 

6271
05:35:06,500 --> 05:35:09,000
halt to rest. 
The animals carrier Found A Flat

6272
05:35:09,000 --> 05:35:11,600
Rock and sank onto it physically
spent. 

6273
05:35:11,600 --> 05:35:15,000
But mentally alert. 
She glanced at Malik, whose eyes

6274
05:35:15,000 --> 05:35:17,800
reflected, the same exhaustion 
mixed with defiance. 

6275
05:35:18,800 --> 05:35:21,500
The sky above the showed, the 
faint glow of approaching Dawn 

6276
05:35:21,500 --> 05:35:25,100
tomorrow, or perhaps the next 
day, they would come upon the 

6277
05:35:25,108 --> 05:35:28,300
mountain route leading to varash
the rumored city of hidden 

6278
05:35:28,300 --> 05:35:31,000
monasteries. 
If the Caravan made at that far 

6279
05:35:31,000 --> 05:35:33,900
the Jade manuscript might, 
finally find a place where it's 

6280
05:35:33,900 --> 05:35:36,300
Arcane Revelation could be 
deciphered without fear. 

6281
05:35:37,400 --> 05:35:40,700
But that hope remained fragile 
like a candle flame in Augusta, 

6282
05:35:40,700 --> 05:35:43,500
corridor. 
The first of mourning lit, the 

6283
05:35:43,500 --> 05:35:46,600
Ravine revealing Dusty grass and
scrub that offered little 

6284
05:35:46,600 --> 05:35:49,200
camouflage. 
We are really the Caravan 

6285
05:35:49,200 --> 05:35:52,400
assembled and continued mindful 
that speed was their best 

6286
05:35:52,400 --> 05:35:55,000
defense. 
Over the next hours, they 

6287
05:35:55,000 --> 05:35:58,000
traversed, rolling slopes that 
ascended, gradually into Stony 

6288
05:35:58,000 --> 05:36:00,800
Highlands. 
The trail grew hazardous lined 

6289
05:36:00,800 --> 05:36:04,400
with the loose gravel and sharp 
descents, several times a 

6290
05:36:04,400 --> 05:36:05,900
misstep. 
Nearly sent a donkey tumbling 

6291
05:36:05,900 --> 05:36:08,600
into a Gorge the group's morale 
though. 

6292
05:36:08,600 --> 05:36:11,300
Frayed held steady under a 
soon's firm Direction. 

6293
05:36:12,200 --> 05:36:15,408
Korea noticed the are thinning 
as they climbed accompanied by a

6294
05:36:15,416 --> 05:36:19,600
crisp coolness that sharpened 
her senses tiny Alpine flowers 

6295
05:36:19,600 --> 05:36:22,600
clung to crevasses. 
Their vivid petals are welcome 

6296
05:36:22,600 --> 05:36:26,400
contrast a weeks of unrelenting 
dust From avantage point, 

6297
05:36:26,400 --> 05:36:29,000
overlooking a sprawling Valley, 
she glimpsed distant Peaks 

6298
05:36:29,000 --> 05:36:33,000
wrapped in mysterious Haze 
locals called these the Thousand

6299
05:36:33,000 --> 05:36:36,600
Year, mountains rumored to 
shelter, monastic Retreats older

6300
05:36:36,600 --> 05:36:39,600
than recorded dynasties. the 
prospect of reaching the 

6301
05:36:39,600 --> 05:36:43,000
bolstered her spirit, even as 
her body, complained of fatigue,

6302
05:36:44,100 --> 05:36:47,200
Near midday, the Caravan stopped
by a real trickling through a 

6303
05:36:47,200 --> 05:36:51,300
rocky defile. while watering the
animals have soon and Korea, 

6304
05:36:51,300 --> 05:36:55,800
consulted map that indicated to 
more days beyond the far ridges,

6305
05:36:55,800 --> 05:36:59,800
the path ahead would be even 
more treacherous cutting across 

6306
05:36:59,800 --> 05:37:04,100
unpredictable passes, sometimes 
blocked by landslides Korea felt

6307
05:37:04,100 --> 05:37:05,900
her heartbeat. 
Quicken recalling. 

6308
05:37:05,900 --> 05:37:08,700
Rumors that entire Caravans had 
been buried by Southern Rock 

6309
05:37:08,700 --> 05:37:12,000
Falls in these mountains, yet 
the urgency to evade pursuers 

6310
05:37:12,000 --> 05:37:16,200
overshadowed every other fear. 
They pressed on the root turning

6311
05:37:16,200 --> 05:37:19,000
into a steep climb dotted with 
ancient stone markers. 

6312
05:37:19,000 --> 05:37:23,100
At each Switchback, carrier saw 
inscriptions worn by centuries 

6313
05:37:23,100 --> 05:37:26,600
of whether she paused to trace 
her fingers over a faint symbol 

6314
05:37:26,600 --> 05:37:30,400
a stylized Sun, encompassed by 
The intersecting circles, 

6315
05:37:30,400 --> 05:37:33,800
something about it resonated, 
with the diagrams in her Jade 

6316
05:37:33,800 --> 05:37:36,400
bound codex. 
She made a mental note to 

6317
05:37:36,400 --> 05:37:38,900
compare them later. 
Suspecting these markers might 

6318
05:37:38,900 --> 05:37:41,500
be vestiges of the same 
civilization described in the 

6319
05:37:41,508 --> 05:37:45,100
manuscript cryptic pages. 
Whenever she glimpsed fresh 

6320
05:37:45,100 --> 05:37:49,400
inscriptions, her curiosity 
ignited a new late in the 

6321
05:37:49,408 --> 05:37:51,400
afternoon. 
The skies darkened ominously, 

6322
05:37:51,400 --> 05:37:55,200
Thunder rumbled among the Peaks 
and a biting wind heralded and 

6323
05:37:55,200 --> 05:37:59,100
approaching storm soon urged. 
Everyone to hurry, they located 

6324
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:00,900
a natural overhang near a rocky 
ledge. 

6325
05:38:00,900 --> 05:38:03,200
Providing partial Shelter From 
the elements. 

6326
05:38:04,100 --> 05:38:07,500
Reign Unleashed its Fury soon. 
After they took cover slamming 

6327
05:38:07,500 --> 05:38:11,000
the landscape In Waves lightning
toward the sky, Illuminating 

6328
05:38:11,000 --> 05:38:14,300
ragged silhouettes of mountains,
the downpour threatened to wash 

6329
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:17,000
away the path. 
Huddled together, The Travelers 

6330
05:38:17,000 --> 05:38:20,100
watched rivets, former cross the
rocky ground, carrying Pebbles 

6331
05:38:20,100 --> 05:38:22,700
and debris. 
Downhill, the storm raged for 

6332
05:38:22,700 --> 05:38:26,100
hours, pinning them under the 
overhang career used the 

6333
05:38:26,100 --> 05:38:29,900
enforced pause to wrap the 
Codex, Sheltering it beneath the

6334
05:38:29,900 --> 05:38:31,500
canvas, she examined the 
section. 

6335
05:38:31,500 --> 05:38:35,000
She had not yet deciphered 
focusing on references to a 

6336
05:38:35,000 --> 05:38:37,900
temple of Horizon's the text 
included, mathematical 

6337
05:38:37,900 --> 05:38:40,600
guidelines for charting star 
positions from an elevated 

6338
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:43,200
Vantage. 
With each flash of lightning, 

6339
05:38:43,200 --> 05:38:46,000
she glimpsed the manuscript 
swirling lines and felt A 

6340
05:38:46,008 --> 05:38:48,700
peculiar kinship, with those 
unknown Scholars from centuries 

6341
05:38:48,700 --> 05:38:50,800
past. 
They had once braved the 

6342
05:38:50,808 --> 05:38:54,200
Wilderness of ideas. 
Now, in a literal Wilderness. 

6343
05:38:54,200 --> 05:38:58,700
She carried their legacy. 
Eventually the worst of the 

6344
05:38:58,700 --> 05:39:01,700
storm passed leaving dripping 
rocks in a deep chill in its 

6345
05:39:01,700 --> 05:39:04,100
wake. 
The group decided to remain 

6346
05:39:04,100 --> 05:39:05,200
under the overhang for the 
night. 

6347
05:39:05,200 --> 05:39:08,300
Wary of slick, trails and 
potential landslides. 

6348
05:39:09,100 --> 05:39:12,400
By flickering lamp light. 
As soon distributed dried figs 

6349
05:39:12,400 --> 05:39:15,900
and salted lamb conversation, 
drifted from the challenges of 

6350
05:39:15,900 --> 05:39:19,500
the climb to more philosophical 
musings, the futility of borders

6351
05:39:19,500 --> 05:39:22,200
in a land shape. 
By Millennia, the intangible 

6352
05:39:22,200 --> 05:39:26,000
line between faith and science. 
Malik spoke quite quietly of his

6353
05:39:26,000 --> 05:39:29,100
father, who had died under a 
tyrants regime while trying to 

6354
05:39:29,100 --> 05:39:33,400
protect valuable manuscripts. 
Listening to him Korea sense. 

6355
05:39:33,400 --> 05:39:35,900
That each traveler had been 
guided here by a longing for 

6356
05:39:35,900 --> 05:39:40,900
redemption or renewal. 
Sometime after midnight career, 

6357
05:39:40,900 --> 05:39:42,900
woke to the faint, crackle of 
footsteps. 

6358
05:39:42,900 --> 05:39:45,900
She inched toward the edge of 
their makeshift shelter, heart, 

6359
05:39:45,900 --> 05:39:49,600
pounding two figures hunched, 
low hovered near the pack 

6360
05:39:49,600 --> 05:39:51,600
animals. 
She recognized them as 

6361
05:39:51,600 --> 05:39:54,900
strangers, not members of the 
Caravan, Before she could raise 

6362
05:39:54,900 --> 05:39:58,400
an alarm as soon, emerged from 
the darkness, like a phantom 

6363
05:39:58,400 --> 05:40:01,700
sword drawn. 
A tough standoff, ensued broken,

6364
05:40:01,700 --> 05:40:04,400
by frantic Whispers, The 
Intruders fled. 

6365
05:40:04,400 --> 05:40:07,100
Once they saw, they were 
outnumbered the Caravans 

6366
05:40:07,100 --> 05:40:09,700
Travelers. 
Now fully awakened spent the 

6367
05:40:09,700 --> 05:40:13,100
rest of the night in guarded 
watch, cold and uneasy with 

6368
05:40:13,100 --> 05:40:14,600
Dawn. 
They surveyed the sodden 

6369
05:40:14,600 --> 05:40:16,900
landscape. 
Landslides had ripped through 

6370
05:40:16,900 --> 05:40:19,900
parts of the trail, but it 
appeared possible with caution. 

6371
05:40:20,600 --> 05:40:23,500
Though, The Intruders had not 
returned the sense of pursuit 

6372
05:40:23,500 --> 05:40:27,400
remained acute carrier conferred
with a soon, both concluding 

6373
05:40:27,400 --> 05:40:30,500
that time was running short. 
If for ash was Within Reach, 

6374
05:40:30,500 --> 05:40:33,600
they needed to seize the chance 
before more enemies closed in. 

6375
05:40:34,400 --> 05:40:36,200
Hoisting packs onto weary 
camel's. 

6376
05:40:36,200 --> 05:40:39,900
The group set forth again, the 
distant Peaks back in like, Zane

6377
05:40:39,900 --> 05:40:42,700
and Witnesses and career. 
Whispered a fervent hope that 

6378
05:40:42,700 --> 05:40:45,800
the city's rumored monasteries 
could offer refuge and perhaps 

6379
05:40:45,800 --> 05:40:48,200
reveal how to unlock the 
manuscripts deeper secrets. 

6380
05:40:49,000 --> 05:40:53,300
The final stretch to Vash proved
grueling narrow Trails clung to 

6381
05:40:53,300 --> 05:40:55,200
mountain ridges. 
Overlooking Miss shrouded 

6382
05:40:55,200 --> 05:41:00,100
abysses, each step required 
vigilance At times, they paused 

6383
05:41:00,100 --> 05:41:03,500
to listen for rock falls in the 
distance markers of an unstable 

6384
05:41:03,500 --> 05:41:06,800
Terrain. 
The Agri thinner and breath came

6385
05:41:06,800 --> 05:41:09,300
in short gasps yet Beyond every 
precarious. 

6386
05:41:09,300 --> 05:41:14,000
Turn a new Vista opened crisp, 
Lakes reflecting the sky hidden 

6387
05:41:14,000 --> 05:41:17,900
valleys studied with wildflowers
the occasional Stone ruined 

6388
05:41:17,900 --> 05:41:19,900
perched on a Ledge like an 
ancient Sentinel. 

6389
05:41:20,500 --> 05:41:23,500
The extremes of this landscape, 
both awed and unsettled The 

6390
05:41:23,500 --> 05:41:26,300
Travelers. 
By late after noon, the slopes 

6391
05:41:26,300 --> 05:41:29,800
relaxed into a wide Plateau 
rising from the plateaus Edge. 

6392
05:41:29,800 --> 05:41:33,300
Stood, varash enclosed by a high
stone Rampart. 

6393
05:41:34,000 --> 05:41:38,200
At first glance the city of the 
mountain itself, its walls 

6394
05:41:38,200 --> 05:41:41,500
blending with the surrounding 
Cliffs missed swirled around 

6395
05:41:41,500 --> 05:41:43,900
parapets, creating a dreamlike 
vision. 

6396
05:41:44,900 --> 05:41:48,300
According to Legend, farash was 
older than any recorded Dynasty 

6397
05:41:48,300 --> 05:41:51,300
built upon a site revered for 
its Celestial alignments. 

6398
05:41:52,600 --> 05:41:55,000
A hush fell over the Caravan as 
they approached, the massive 

6399
05:41:55,000 --> 05:41:58,700
gate inside the city's. 
Winding streets ascended, in 

6400
05:41:58,700 --> 05:42:02,200
tears houses with slate roofs 
leaned against sturdy. 

6401
05:42:02,200 --> 05:42:06,100
Ramparts while Cobblestone Lanes
converged on a Central Square, 

6402
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:10,200
Steam Rose from communal, baths 
that taped into natural, Hot 

6403
05:42:10,200 --> 05:42:13,800
Springs monks in dark, robes 
shuffled along the corridors 

6404
05:42:13,800 --> 05:42:16,100
carrying Scrolls tucked beneath 
their arms. 

6405
05:42:17,000 --> 05:42:20,000
Carriers census ignited, at the 
first glimpse of this 

6406
05:42:20,000 --> 05:42:22,400
environment. 
She could feel an undercurrent 

6407
05:42:22,400 --> 05:42:24,300
of scholarship. 
Humming through the city, like a

6408
05:42:24,308 --> 05:42:27,600
Subterranean River. 
A potent contrast to the chaotic

6409
05:42:27,600 --> 05:42:32,000
markets of Corazon, As soon 
guided the Caravan to a spacious

6410
05:42:32,000 --> 05:42:34,600
Courtyard in used by trade 
emissaries soon. 

6411
05:42:34,600 --> 05:42:37,300
After settling career, excused 
herself and ventured into the 

6412
05:42:37,300 --> 05:42:40,600
city's upper levels following 
directions gleaned from a scribe

6413
05:42:40,600 --> 05:42:42,800
at the Inn. 
She was searching for a specific

6414
05:42:42,800 --> 05:42:45,400
Monastery. 
Library rumored to house ancient

6415
05:42:45,400 --> 05:42:47,700
manuscripts. 
Paralleling her Jade bound text 

6416
05:42:47,700 --> 05:42:49,900
crossing a series of stone 
bridges. 

6417
05:42:49,900 --> 05:42:52,400
That arched over narrow. 
Gulches she noticed the 

6418
05:42:52,400 --> 05:42:55,500
architecture, displayed 
recurring, motifs spiral, 

6419
05:42:55,500 --> 05:42:58,700
carvings geometric borders, 
reminiscent of the codexes, 

6420
05:42:58,700 --> 05:43:02,800
marginal designs at last. 
She arrived at a massive carved 

6421
05:43:02,800 --> 05:43:06,600
door flanked by statues of robed
figures, a discrete Sinai, 

6422
05:43:06,600 --> 05:43:09,900
identified it as the library of 
high windows inside, the 

6423
05:43:09,900 --> 05:43:12,600
atmosphere was reverential 
Golden Light. 

6424
05:43:12,600 --> 05:43:16,000
Filtered through stained glass, 
windows, Illuminating shelves, 

6425
05:43:16,000 --> 05:43:19,700
stacked from floor to ceiling 
with Scrolls Cody's and tablets 

6426
05:43:19,700 --> 05:43:23,600
monks novices and a few Learners
from distant lands. 

6427
05:43:23,600 --> 05:43:25,700
Moved quietly between reading 
alcoves. 

6428
05:43:26,600 --> 05:43:29,600
Carrier approached a Tall 
Bearded monk who introduced 

6429
05:43:29,600 --> 05:43:32,900
himself as brother Callan. 
With measured politeness, he 

6430
05:43:32,900 --> 05:43:35,700
asked her purpose. 
Carrier revealed her codex 

6431
05:43:35,700 --> 05:43:38,900
explaining in hushed tones that 
she believed it referenced an 

6432
05:43:38,900 --> 05:43:41,600
advanced astronomy predating 
recognized schools of thought. 

6433
05:43:42,500 --> 05:43:45,400
Intrigued brother Kaelyn, led 
her to a private study of 

6434
05:43:45,400 --> 05:43:48,100
chamber, lit by oil lamps there.
He produced a set of 

6435
05:43:48,108 --> 05:43:50,900
meticulously preserved star 
charts and scribed on leather. 

6436
05:43:51,600 --> 05:43:55,000
To careers, amazement certain 
passages, aligned closely with 

6437
05:43:55,000 --> 05:43:58,800
the diagrams in her manuscript 
upon closer inspection, they 

6438
05:43:58,800 --> 05:44:01,600
found near identical glyphs 
representing cardinal points 

6439
05:44:01,600 --> 05:44:05,300
Beyond normal mapping. 
Brother callans eyes glimmered 

6440
05:44:05,300 --> 05:44:08,100
with excitement. 
These references appear in only 

6441
05:44:08,100 --> 05:44:11,400
are oldest records believed to 
have been copied from texts 

6442
05:44:11,400 --> 05:44:16,200
salvaged Millennia ago. as the 
evening deepened, they piece 

6443
05:44:16,200 --> 05:44:19,500
together, parallel lines of text
cross-referencing them with 

6444
05:44:19,500 --> 05:44:23,800
genealogies straw altars, and 
cryptic commentaries, The 

6445
05:44:23,800 --> 05:44:27,000
Synergy suggested that the Jade 
bound book might indeed be part 

6446
05:44:27,000 --> 05:44:30,000
of a nearly lost tradition. 
However, a vital section, 

6447
05:44:30,000 --> 05:44:33,900
remained missing, It was rumored
that a sister manuscript, lay in

6448
05:44:33,900 --> 05:44:36,200
a monastery. 
Father East High in a remote 

6449
05:44:36,200 --> 05:44:39,200
range where few ventured 
carriers Hearts sank. 

6450
05:44:39,200 --> 05:44:42,600
Knowing the road ahead, might 
hold even greater dangers yet. 

6451
05:44:42,600 --> 05:44:46,200
She also felt invigorated, the 
puzzle had grown more intricate 

6452
05:44:46,200 --> 05:44:49,300
weaving, her fate with ancient 
legacies that demanded 

6453
05:44:49,300 --> 05:44:52,100
guardianship. 
Upon returning to the end. 

6454
05:44:52,100 --> 05:44:54,800
She found as soon and Malik and 
heated discussion with the rest 

6455
05:44:54,800 --> 05:44:57,100
of the Caravan. 
News had arrived. 

6456
05:44:57,100 --> 05:45:00,300
That unidentified Riders were 
poking around veraces Gates, 

6457
05:45:00,300 --> 05:45:03,500
questioning Travelers about a 
woman scholar and her prized 

6458
05:45:03,500 --> 05:45:05,400
artifact. 
There are rival. 

6459
05:45:05,400 --> 05:45:08,800
Here was no secret. 
For the moment, the city's laws,

6460
05:45:08,800 --> 05:45:12,100
prevented open aggression, but 
no one believed that protection 

6461
05:45:12,100 --> 05:45:14,800
would last indefinitely. 
Have soon proposed. 

6462
05:45:14,800 --> 05:45:17,400
They break the Caravan into 
smaller groups for anonymity, 

6463
05:45:17,400 --> 05:45:21,600
Malik pledged to stand by career
recognizing that her success, 

6464
05:45:21,600 --> 05:45:25,900
might Ripple far beyond personal
gain Under the ins lantern glow 

6465
05:45:25,900 --> 05:45:29,200
carry shared, what she and 
brother call had uncovered, the 

6466
05:45:29,200 --> 05:45:32,100
group listened in solemn. 
Silence, understanding the 

6467
05:45:32,100 --> 05:45:35,100
gravity of her discovery. 
Perhaps it offered a new 

6468
05:45:35,108 --> 05:45:38,200
perspective on the cosmos, 
perhaps it threatened structures

6469
05:45:38,200 --> 05:45:41,700
built on carefully, managed 
knowledge. either way, their 

6470
05:45:41,700 --> 05:45:45,000
pursuers would not relent, Still
career felt A Renewed 

6471
05:45:45,000 --> 05:45:47,700
determination. 
The tapestry of centuries had 

6472
05:45:47,700 --> 05:45:49,100
woven her path in to this 
moment. 

6473
05:45:50,000 --> 05:45:52,300
With the city of varish as an 
unlikely Refuge. 

6474
05:45:52,300 --> 05:45:55,300
She now held a clearer vision of
the manuscripts purpose. 

6475
05:45:56,100 --> 05:45:59,500
Dawnwood bring decisions where 
the to remain to search for the 

6476
05:45:59,500 --> 05:46:01,900
sister text, or to Brave unknown
dangers. 

6477
05:46:01,900 --> 05:46:05,300
In that flickering moment of 
possibility, each traveler 

6478
05:46:05,300 --> 05:46:08,100
realized they had become part of
a tale larger than themselves. 

6479
05:46:08,100 --> 05:46:12,000
A saga carried Along by 
caravan's forged in Hidden, 

6480
05:46:12,000 --> 05:46:15,300
libraries and destined to Echo 
across the shifting dunes and 

6481
05:46:15,300 --> 05:46:16,600
precarious peaks of time.