The Architecture of Mount Olympus and More | Boring History For Sleep

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Long before the first marble 
column was ever quarried from a 

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hillside in Attica. 
Ancient Greeks had already 

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constructed the most elaborate 
residence in the Known World 

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entirely inside their 
imaginations. 

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They placed it not underground, 
not beneath the sea but above 

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everything on a mountain. 
So tall that is highest ridges 

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pressed against the underside of
Heaven itself. 

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Tonight my tired little history 
Gremlins, you are going to 

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wander through that Home Room by
room and Terrace by terrorists 

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at whatever Pace sleep allows. 
So feel free to follow if you 

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haven't already done. 
So, get cozy in that bed of 

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yours, and let us know how 
you're doing down below in the 

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comments today. 
Now, dim the lights and let the 

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show begin. 
The Greeks were in many respects

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of practical people, they farmed
thin soils on Limestone Hillside

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and traded across rough water in
boats. 

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That required constant 
maintenance. 

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They built their cities on Rocky
outcroppings where rainfall was 

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unpredictable and shade was 
always negotiated they were not 

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by Nature given to vague 
spiritual gestures. 

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When they imagined where their 
gods lived, they pointed at 

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something, they could see from 
the road, they pointed at a 

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mountain called Olympus. 
You can find it today standing 

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on the Northern boundary of what
is now the thessaly region its 

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higher Summit Rising just under 
3,000 meters above, the Aegean 

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plane. 
On most days, the peak vanishes 

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into a cloud layer that the wind
rearranges without ever fully 

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clearing. 
The ancient Greeks observed this

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pattern. 
They noticed that the snow at 

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the highest altitudes never 
quite melted in summer. 

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They observe that Shepherds who 
climb toward the upper Tree 

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Line. 
Came back, looking somehow 

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smaller than they had gone up. 
Quieter unwilling to describe 

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precisely what they had seen 
from High Ground. 

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This suited The Olympian gods 
perfectly. 

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Homer describes Olympus in The 
Iliad, and the Odyssey, not 

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quite as an ordinary Mountain, 
but as a layered Vertical World.

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At its base, it was Stone and 
snow and the Restless breadth of

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pine forests. 
As you moved upward, the 

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material qualities of the lower 
World, gradually dissolved, the 

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weather stopped. 
Wind which everywhere else in 

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Greece was capricious and 
argumentative and never asked 

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permission before rearranging 
your belongings. 

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Went silent at a certain 
altitude and simply ceased to 

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function What replaced it was 
something the ancient texts 

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approach with care. 
A kind of sustained luminous 

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calm as if the air at that 
height had been recently cleaned

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and then set aside to rest 
undisturbed hesiod working in 

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roughly the 8th Century before 
the Common Era described this 

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upper Zone in his theogony as a 
place where no harsh wind cuts 

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through when no rain falls and 
where no snow ever troubles. 

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The surface he meant this knot 
as poetry reaching Beyond its 

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evidence, but as genuine 
architectural specification, the

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home of the Gods, sat above all 
the weather systems above, the 

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agricultural Seasons that 
governed mortal life in a zone 

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of unvarying, mild Radiance that
felt to the Greek imagination 

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like the correct and natural 
condition of divinity. 

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When you stand at the actual 
foot of a Greek mountain and 

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watch storm clouds, move across,
its upper ridges. 

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This becomes surprisingly easy 
to believe. 

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There is a visual effect for 
militia to anyone who has 

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watched whether the travel 
across High Ground, where The 

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Ridges above the cloud line 
appear to inhabit, a different 

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atmosphere entirely. 
The clouds churn below and the 

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summit floats above them. 
Composed, an indifferent, and 

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bathed inequality of light, that
the valley does not receive in 

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the same way, The Greeks took 
this ordinary observation, 

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which, any farmer or Shepherd 
could confirm an architectural 

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it. 
What? 

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Existed beyond the cloud layer 
in the Greek. 

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Imagination was not empty 
altitude, but an inhabited 

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compound. 
Something between a city and a 

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private estate. 
Structured around the needs of 

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12, principal gods and attended 
by a larger population of minor 

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deities, Divine servant's and 
personified forces two, numerous

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to catalog without losing the 
thread entirely. 

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The entrance to all of this was 
guarded by Gates Homer, 

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specifies, golden gates. 
And this detail carries more 

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weight than it might initially 
seem Gold in the ancient world 

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was not merely an expensive 
construction material. 

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It was the substance considered 
closest to permanents itself. 

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Gold did not corrode. 
It did not pit or cloud or 

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require maintenance at regular 
intervals. 

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It simply continued to be gold 
Unchained while everything in 

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its vicinity, aged and crumbled,
and returned to ordinary matter.

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To construct the gates of the 
celestial compound from gold, 

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was to make a declaration about 
the nature of what lay behind 

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them. 
It was the building saying in 

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the language of materials, that 
entrance here was entrance into 

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something that would not be 
replaced. 

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The gates were tended by the 
hooray. 

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Goddesses of the seasons and of 
measured time whose 

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responsibility was to open the 
passage when a god departed 

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toward Earth and to seal it 
again, when that God returned. 

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The hurray were not guards in 
the aggressive sense. 

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Think of them as the highly 
competent staff of an extremely 

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important building, the kind to 
manage complicated Logistics 

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with total quiet expertise and 
who somehow know in advance that

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you are coming. 
Nobody stormed these Gates, the 

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architecture of the approach 
made that kind of theater, 

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unnecessary picture, the gates 
themselves as built for scale 

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without aggression, they were 
designed for being of 

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extraordinary physical presence 
and they opened with the 

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particular smoothness of things 
made without compromise. 

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No grinding, no settling, no 
seasonal, swelling of the frame.

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The Greeks imagined Olympian 
architecture as Flawless in 

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precisely the way that their 
best Earthly buildings. 

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All most but never quite managed
to be There was always the hard 

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winter that shifted the 
foundation, always the repair 

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required after the earthquake. 
Always the column Capital that 

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needed were cutting after 10 
years of Reign. 

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Olympus required. 
None of that Olympus was the 

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building that every Earthly 
building was attempting with 

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great effort and imperfect 
materials to become. 

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Beyond the gate, the path 
widens, you're walking along it,

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now in the manner of a half 
asleep, mine that moves through 

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imagined spaces without quite 
making contact with the ground. 

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The surface under foot, has the 
quality of very old stone warned

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Smooth by centuries of foot 
traffic belonging to beings who 

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were never in a hurry. 
It is warm underfoot. 

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This warmth is not the 
aggressive warmth of Summer 

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pavement or the clothes warmth 
of a crowded room. 

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It is a settled background, 
warmth the temperature. 

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The universe might choose if 
given a vote on the matter. 

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The light here, differs from 
anything in the lower world. 

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It does not come from a 
particular direction, does not 

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cast obvious Shadows. 
It fills the available space 

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evenly the way of very good lamp
fills a room so that everything 

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is visible without anything 
being harshly exposed There are 

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no Deep Shadows in the corners. 
There are no bright patches that

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make you squint. 
The light is simply present. 

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Comprehensive gentle on either 
side of the path. 

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The first things you notice are 
not buildings at all but plants.

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The slopes approaching the 
compound are covered in 

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vegetation that the Greeks found
both familiar and quietly 

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improved. 
As if someone had taken the best

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version of each plant and then 
let it run with the idea a 

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little further. 
As Fidel's grew here in 

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mythological tradition pale, 
flowers associated, with the 

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afterlife. 
But up here, they grew in 

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deliberate arrangements. 
As if the flowers themselves had

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been consulted on placement and 
had a pinions worth taking 

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seriously. 
Wild herbs centered the air time

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and a regular and something 
beneath those unnamed and 

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specific to this altitude that 
the Greek language reaches 

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toward without finding the right
word. 

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The compound itself appears 
gradually not in a single Grand 

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revelation. 
This detail matters. 

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The Greeks did not imagine 
Olympus as a single enormous 

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facade visible from a great 
distance. 

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The way you might imagine a 
palace in a story that has not 

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thought carefully about the 
problem. 

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They imagined it as a cluster of
distinct structures revealing 

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themselves, as the path bent 
around new angles, the way a 

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well-built Hilltown discloses 
itself around corners and over 

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ridges. 
You turned into an open area and

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found a Colonnade. 
You'd not seen from Below. 

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You climbed a few broad steps 
and arrived on a Terrace that 

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had been invisible From the 
Path. 

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There was Discovery built into 
the approach. 

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A quality of the Greeks of value
in their Earthly sanctuaries as 

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well. 
The Acropolis at Athens was not 

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a single building but a series 
of buildings at different 

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heights arranged so that each 
one changed your understanding 

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of what came before. 
The sacred Precinct at Delphi 

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climbed a steep Hillside in 
stages. 

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Each level marking a change in 
the quality of Sacred Space, you

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were inhabiting the architects 
of those places are understood 

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that the approach to something 
of genuine weight should itself 

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feel like a journey The gods of 
Olympus benefitted from the same

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intelligence As you move closer,
the scale of the compound 

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registers the building's a large
in a way that communicates 

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Authority without threat. 
They do not Loom over you. 

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They simply suggest with the 
quiet confidence of things that 

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have been here a very long time.
That the beings inhabiting them 

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are operating at a different 
order of magnitude from the ones

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who built temples in their honor
down in the valleys. 

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You're nearly at the entrance. 
Now, the golden gates are behind

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you. 
The path, slopes gently upward 

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toward a broad four Court paved 
in something that holds the 

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ambient light and reflects it 
without glare. 

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There is no noise. 
There is no crowd. 

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Olympus is busy in the myths, 
full of strategies and 

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Grievances and the low level. 
Complicated drama of being with 

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too much power and too much 
unstructured time. 

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But on the approach, it is quiet
in the specific way of places 

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that have been inhabited long 
enough to have stopped 

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announcing themselves. 
You breathe in, The air carries 

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the faint sweetness that the 
ancient texts. 

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Call necktie knot a liquid here,
but a quality present in the 

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atmosphere, the way salt is 
present in Sierra. 

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You do not eat it or drink it. 
You simply exist within 

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proximity to it and something in
your body recognizes the 

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condition and settles in 
response. 

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First building ahead belongs to 
the most important resident on 

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this mountain. 
Zeus's Palace sits at the 

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highest occupied point of the 
Olympian compound, which suits, 

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someone who spent considerable 
energy establishing that he was 

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responsible for absolutely 
everything. 

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The Greeks were Direct in their 
understanding of the 

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relationship between altitude 
and Authority. 

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Temples dedicated to Zeus on 
Earth were placed consistently 

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on the highest accessible ground
in a region. 

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Is Altus. 
Stood on Promontory is his 

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sacred sites chose elevation 
with a preference that reads 

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across the archaeological record
as almost genetic. 

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The architectural language of 
height meant governance, a 

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nobody in the Greek pantheon was
more invested in the 

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architectural language of 
governance and Zeus. 

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Palace exterior does not despite
reasonable expectations display,

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any decorative lightning. 
There are no Thunderbolt motifs 

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about the doorway. 
No cautionary, signage about the

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weather inside Zeus's, homeless 
described by The Poets in terms 

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of serene overwhelming 
permanents rather than martial 

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show. 
The Thunderbolts was stored 

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somewhere practical. 
The palace itself was the 

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statement. 
You are standing before it now. 

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The exterior presents a colony 
of columns, unlike anything in 

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the lower world, not the white 
marble of Earthly sanctuaries, 

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but something that receives 
light differently as if the 

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material contains a luminous 
quality, at the level of its 

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composition, something a Lloyd 
into it during manufacture, that

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makes it read a slightly more 
substantial than Stone has any 

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right to be the columns are 
widely spaced. 

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Because Zeus's Palace was 
designed to be moved through, 

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rather than merely observed. 
And the intervals between them 

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frame, long views Across The 
Terraces below and out Beyond 

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the Edge of the Olympian Plateau
where the world continues its 

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complicated business at a 
significant remove. 

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The Romans centuries after Homer
would reimagines uses equivalent

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Jupiter in a more martial, 
register all Eagles, and oak 

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leaves, and the implied 
proximity of Legions. 

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The Greek conception was more 
considered Zeus was capable of 

234
00:13:19,700 --> 00:13:22,100
violence when circumstances 
required it. 

235
00:13:22,100 --> 00:13:24,800
And every one in Antiquity was 
aware of this. 

236
00:13:24,800 --> 00:13:28,400
But his home was built for a 
being who had already concluded 

237
00:13:28,400 --> 00:13:31,300
his arguments. 
This was not the residents of 

238
00:13:31,300 --> 00:13:33,100
someone still establishing 
himself. 

239
00:13:33,100 --> 00:13:36,200
The Columns did not Flex with 
implied threat. 

240
00:13:36,200 --> 00:13:38,700
The walls did not project 
aggression. 

241
00:13:38,700 --> 00:13:41,900
The entire structure 
communicated, the specific 

242
00:13:41,900 --> 00:13:45,700
confidence of the unchallenged, 
which is a very different thing 

243
00:13:45,700 --> 00:13:47,800
from the confidence of the 
merely powerful. 

244
00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:53,000
The entrance hall offers the 
first surprise Greek domestic 

245
00:13:53,000 --> 00:13:56,000
architecture in the Earthly 
world even among wealthy 

246
00:13:56,000 --> 00:14:00,300
households followed a courtyard 
model rooms arranged around an 

247
00:14:00,300 --> 00:14:02,700
open interior that brought light
in ventilation through the 

248
00:14:02,700 --> 00:14:05,100
building. 
Zeus's entrance hall was 

249
00:14:05,100 --> 00:14:07,700
vaulted. 
Instead, not in the Roman Barrel

250
00:14:07,700 --> 00:14:10,500
vulture Edition which had not 
yet been invented when these 

251
00:14:10,500 --> 00:14:14,100
descriptions were first formed. 
But in something, the myths 

252
00:14:14,100 --> 00:14:18,400
approach, indirectly a ceiling 
that was simply much further 

253
00:14:18,400 --> 00:14:21,400
away, than sealing had any 
structural obligation to be. 

254
00:14:22,300 --> 00:14:25,500
It shimmered with the same 
sourceless, Light present 

255
00:14:25,500 --> 00:14:28,800
throughout a Limpus. 
You looked up and understood 

256
00:14:28,800 --> 00:14:31,500
that the ceiling was less a 
construction element than an 

257
00:14:31,500 --> 00:14:34,800
editorial Choice. 
The building stating with 

258
00:14:34,800 --> 00:14:37,400
practice, calm, that the 
interior could be as large as 

259
00:14:37,400 --> 00:14:40,800
the occasion required. 
Floor of the entrance hall was 

260
00:14:40,800 --> 00:14:45,100
described in various sources as 
gold in late, but this is 

261
00:14:45,100 --> 00:14:48,300
probably a translation reaching 
for a quality rather than a 

262
00:14:48,300 --> 00:14:52,500
literal specification. 
The floors of Zeus's Palace had 

263
00:14:52,500 --> 00:14:56,100
the character of the finest 
Earthly floors, perfected, and 

264
00:14:56,100 --> 00:15:00,800
then improved by a further step.
They were smooth and warm and 

265
00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:03,500
gave very slightly under the 
weight of a step in a way that 

266
00:15:03,500 --> 00:15:06,900
stone on Earth never does. 
They were welcoming without 

267
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:09,600
being soft. 
Through the medium of floor. 

268
00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:12,200
They communicated that your 
presence here was expected. 

269
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:15,800
Neither a problem or a miracle. 
Simply a fact. 

270
00:15:15,800 --> 00:15:20,000
The building had already 
accounted for Throne Room lies 

271
00:15:20,000 --> 00:15:24,500
deeper inside past a corridor 
lined with objects, the myths, 

272
00:15:24,500 --> 00:15:27,900
reference but declined to 
catalog fully. 

273
00:15:28,900 --> 00:15:32,800
There were gifts from early ages
offerings from Titans and heroes

274
00:15:32,800 --> 00:15:36,000
and Kings, who had wanted 
something from the highest God 

275
00:15:36,000 --> 00:15:39,100
and had understood that arriving
with something impressive, 

276
00:15:39,100 --> 00:15:43,700
improve the odds considerably. 
There were items whose origin 

277
00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:47,500
was unclear, even to the current
inhabitants objects that had 

278
00:15:47,500 --> 00:15:49,100
been in this Corridor since 
before. 

279
00:15:49,100 --> 00:15:52,500
The present Divine 
Administration came to power and

280
00:15:52,500 --> 00:15:55,300
that everyone agreed should 
probably remain exactly where 

281
00:15:55,300 --> 00:15:58,400
they were. 
There was according to one 

282
00:15:58,400 --> 00:16:02,200
tradition, a very old Shield 
that nobody could identify with 

283
00:16:02,200 --> 00:16:05,500
confidence but that all parties 
felt comfortable leaving alone. 

284
00:16:06,400 --> 00:16:09,100
You passed through the corridor 
and enter the throne room and 

285
00:16:09,100 --> 00:16:12,800
the scale adjust again. 
Zeus's Throne was described in 

286
00:16:12,800 --> 00:16:17,000
the ancient sources as solid 
gold constructed by her feisty. 

287
00:16:17,000 --> 00:16:20,200
The Divine craftsmen who built 
things with the understanding 

288
00:16:20,200 --> 00:16:22,400
that they would not need to be 
replaced. 

289
00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:26,000
It was large in the way that 
Thrones belonging to beings of 

290
00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:29,500
significant Authority are always
large proportions so that the 

291
00:16:29,500 --> 00:16:32,700
seated occupant appeared to have
grown into it rather than shrunk

292
00:16:32,700 --> 00:16:36,200
to fit it. 
Zeus on his throne was Zeus at 

293
00:16:36,200 --> 00:16:39,300
full presence. 
Which the ancient poets handled 

294
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:42,200
with diplomatic. 
Vagueness somewhere between very

295
00:16:42,200 --> 00:16:45,400
tall and genuinely, enormous 
depending on which scene 

296
00:16:45,400 --> 00:16:49,000
required which scale. 
Around the throne, the other 

297
00:16:49,000 --> 00:16:52,000
Furnishings maintained a 
respectful spatial distance 

298
00:16:52,000 --> 00:16:55,200
which is the architectural 
equivalent of not making direct.

299
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:58,600
I contact. 
Couches of gold and silver line,

300
00:16:58,600 --> 00:17:02,000
the walls for visiting Gods. 
Tables of the same materials 

301
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:04,900
held the food and drink that 
sustained Olympian, life 

302
00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:08,000
Ambrosia, and nectar in their 
various forms. 

303
00:17:08,000 --> 00:17:11,800
Neither available in the lower 
world and both involved in the 

304
00:17:11,800 --> 00:17:14,300
maintenance of immortality in 
ways. 

305
00:17:14,300 --> 00:17:18,900
The texts would deliberately in 
exact about. the windows of 

306
00:17:18,900 --> 00:17:22,700
Zeus's Throne Room, deserves 
specific attention, most 

307
00:17:22,700 --> 00:17:25,200
descriptions of powerful 
Interiors, in ancient 

308
00:17:25,200 --> 00:17:29,000
literature, Celestial, or 
otherwise, imagine windowless 

309
00:17:29,000 --> 00:17:33,400
spaces that concentrated 
Authority by enclosing it Zeus's

310
00:17:33,400 --> 00:17:36,500
Windows faced, outward over the 
Olympian, slopes and Beyond, 

311
00:17:36,500 --> 00:17:39,900
overlooking the Known World in 
every direction, the building 

312
00:17:39,900 --> 00:17:44,000
could manage. 
This was not accidental, the 

313
00:17:44,000 --> 00:17:46,800
windows communicated that the 
being seated in this room, 

314
00:17:46,800 --> 00:17:50,600
maintained a continuous view of 
everything below, which was true

315
00:17:50,600 --> 00:17:54,200
in the mythological sense, and 
served as a standing, reminder 

316
00:17:54,200 --> 00:17:57,500
to any visiting, God, who might 
be entertaining, an inadvisable 

317
00:17:57,500 --> 00:18:01,200
idea that the oversight up here 
was genuine and not merely 

318
00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:04,800
theoretical the light through 
those windows carried an 

319
00:18:04,800 --> 00:18:07,400
additional quality that cannot 
be found in the lower world. 

320
00:18:07,400 --> 00:18:11,900
It was the light of altitude. 
Particular visual condition of 

321
00:18:11,900 --> 00:18:16,000
looking down from significant 
height at a world that continues

322
00:18:16,000 --> 00:18:18,900
its activity, regardless of the 
perspective of it. 

323
00:18:20,100 --> 00:18:23,700
Something in the quality of that
view familiar, perhaps to anyone

324
00:18:23,700 --> 00:18:27,100
who has stood on a High Ridge 
and watched familiar places 

325
00:18:27,100 --> 00:18:31,000
become a rangements rather than 
lived in Vermont's, made certain

326
00:18:31,000 --> 00:18:34,400
things clearer and certain 
things smaller in ways that were

327
00:18:34,400 --> 00:18:36,800
both clarifying and slightly 
melancholy. 

328
00:18:37,700 --> 00:18:41,600
Zeus's Palace, extended beyond 
the throne room into a apartment

329
00:18:41,600 --> 00:18:45,200
and subsidiary Halls that the 
myths, visit only occasionally, 

330
00:18:45,200 --> 00:18:48,000
there were rooms are associated 
with specific. 

331
00:18:48,000 --> 00:18:51,700
Administrative functions a 
chamber where the management of 

332
00:18:51,700 --> 00:18:56,000
storm sisters was handled a hall
where the fates and their 

333
00:18:56,000 --> 00:18:57,900
considerable textile projects 
was. 

334
00:18:57,900 --> 00:19:01,700
Sometimes consulted a private 
Terrace facing west where in the

335
00:19:01,708 --> 00:19:04,800
extended quiet after a 
particularly demanding day of 

336
00:19:04,800 --> 00:19:08,300
cosmic Administration, the 
occupants sat alone with the 

337
00:19:08,308 --> 00:19:09,800
view and asked no one for 
anything. 

338
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:13,400
This Last Detail appears in. 
No ancient texts. 

339
00:19:13,400 --> 00:19:15,200
It feels true. 
Anyway. 

340
00:19:16,000 --> 00:19:17,800
The kitchen of Zeus's Palace 
warrants. 

341
00:19:17,800 --> 00:19:20,700
A brief pause because it 
represents a genuinely 

342
00:19:20,700 --> 00:19:23,700
interesting convergence of the 
celestial and the domestic. 

343
00:19:24,400 --> 00:19:27,300
The Olympian gods ate and drank 
at regular intervals. 

344
00:19:27,300 --> 00:19:31,700
They did not need to in any 
biological sense, but they chose

345
00:19:31,700 --> 00:19:35,000
to consistently which reveals 
something important about the 

346
00:19:35,000 --> 00:19:39,300
Greek understanding of pleasure.
Ambrosia was prepared somewhere 

347
00:19:39,300 --> 00:19:43,000
and carried somewhere and served
to beings who could have existed

348
00:19:43,000 --> 00:19:45,600
without it. 
Some in the palace. 

349
00:19:45,600 --> 00:19:48,800
Therefore managed to space where
a mortal ingredients were worked

350
00:19:48,800 --> 00:19:50,500
by hands. 
That knew what they were doing. 

351
00:19:50,500 --> 00:19:53,000
No, ancient poet lingers on this
room. 

352
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:56,800
Presumably, because the question
of who in the Divine higher, he 

353
00:19:56,800 --> 00:20:00,200
was responsible for divine food,
preparation opened a 

354
00:20:00,200 --> 00:20:03,000
bureaucratic discussion that 
everyone preferred to avoid. 

355
00:20:04,200 --> 00:20:06,900
The palace is a whole 
communicated, a single quality 

356
00:20:06,900 --> 00:20:11,700
of all others permanents. 
On Earth, even the most 

357
00:20:11,700 --> 00:20:14,200
magnificent buildings were 
secretly temporary. 

358
00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:18,100
The Greeks knew this from 
experience, they watched the 

359
00:20:18,100 --> 00:20:21,800
wood rot, and the stucco crack, 
and the earthquake slowly 

360
00:20:21,800 --> 00:20:24,500
negotiate old foundation's into 
new positions. 

361
00:20:25,600 --> 00:20:30,300
Zeus's Palace existed as though 
the concept of deterioration had

362
00:20:30,300 --> 00:20:33,200
simply not been invited to 
participate in its construction.

363
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:36,300
Every surface retain the 
condition. 

364
00:20:36,300 --> 00:20:38,400
It had held on the day it was 
completed. 

365
00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:43,500
Every threshold was unworn every
joint remained flush and true. 

366
00:20:43,500 --> 00:20:47,000
This was the building against 
which all Earthly buildings were

367
00:20:47,000 --> 00:20:49,200
being without fully 
articulating. 

368
00:20:49,200 --> 00:20:53,200
It measured the council Hall of 
Olympus was a different kind of 

369
00:20:53,200 --> 00:20:56,400
space from Zeus's Palace. 
And the difference tells you 

370
00:20:56,400 --> 00:20:59,200
something important about how 
the ancient Greeks understood 

371
00:20:59,200 --> 00:21:01,500
the relationship between 
Authority and governance. 

372
00:21:02,300 --> 00:21:06,400
Zeus's Palace was vertical for 
altitude in the downward view. 

373
00:21:06,400 --> 00:21:09,600
Designed for a being whose 
authority needed no 

374
00:21:09,600 --> 00:21:14,100
collaborative endorsement. 
The council Hall was horizontal 

375
00:21:14,100 --> 00:21:18,000
wide than tall built for 
assembly rather than higher. 

376
00:21:18,000 --> 00:21:21,400
Archie with sufficient floor 
space to accommodate the full 

377
00:21:21,400 --> 00:21:25,100
complement of Olympian gods. 
Along with whatever minor 

378
00:21:25,100 --> 00:21:27,800
divinity's happened to be 
immediately relevant to the 

379
00:21:27,808 --> 00:21:31,800
business at hand. 
It was built in other words for 

380
00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:34,900
argument and the Greeks had 
extensive experience 

381
00:21:34,900 --> 00:21:36,900
constructing spaces for 
argument. 

382
00:21:37,900 --> 00:21:41,200
The Agora of a Greek city, was 
the Earthly model for this kind 

383
00:21:41,200 --> 00:21:44,100
of space. 
The Agora was where citizens 

384
00:21:44,100 --> 00:21:47,400
assembled to conduct Civic 
business here, legal 

385
00:21:47,400 --> 00:21:51,200
proceedings, pursue Commerce and
exchange information, with the 

386
00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:55,100
remarkable energy of people, who
had decided that Gathering and 

387
00:21:55,100 --> 00:21:58,000
talking loudly was both 
enjoyable and productive. 

388
00:21:58,800 --> 00:22:00,600
It was a space built on the 
assumption. 

389
00:22:00,600 --> 00:22:03,200
That important things happened, 
when people came together and 

390
00:22:03,200 --> 00:22:04,700
pressed their cases against each
other. 

391
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,000
The Olympian Council Hall was 
the Agora taken to its highest 

392
00:22:09,000 --> 00:22:12,700
possible form elevated in both 
the literal and conceptual 

393
00:22:12,700 --> 00:22:15,400
sense. 
Remove from the noise of human 

394
00:22:15,400 --> 00:22:17,900
Commerce. 
But organized around the same, 

395
00:22:17,900 --> 00:22:21,700
governing principle, you enter 
from the Eastern side, which 

396
00:22:21,700 --> 00:22:25,200
faces the direction, from which 
EOS, the goddess of dawn 

397
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:29,500
completed her daily Passage. 
Placement is considered. 

398
00:22:30,500 --> 00:22:33,600
Light enters from the east in 
the mornings and councils 

399
00:22:33,600 --> 00:22:37,200
convened at dawn in the ancient 
world were thought to benefit 

400
00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:40,400
from the clarity that came with 
new light, the Greeks 

401
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:43,400
Incorporated, this principle 
into the orientation of Earthly 

402
00:22:43,400 --> 00:22:47,000
temples as well. 
Where the entrance faced East so

403
00:22:47,000 --> 00:22:51,200
that the Rising Sun illuminated 
the cult statue within on the 

404
00:22:51,200 --> 00:22:53,000
holiest days of the festival 
calendar. 

405
00:22:54,000 --> 00:22:57,500
The Divine Council Hall was 
built on the same logic, the 

406
00:22:57,500 --> 00:23:00,200
celestial version of an 
institution, the mortal world 

407
00:23:00,200 --> 00:23:02,500
had independently arrived at 
From Below. 

408
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,400
The interior is larger than the 
exterior suggests. 

409
00:23:07,000 --> 00:23:09,900
This is an architectural effect.
The Greeks understood and used 

410
00:23:09,900 --> 00:23:12,900
deliberately. 
The Parthenon on the Athenian, 

411
00:23:12,900 --> 00:23:15,900
Acropolis, presents itself at a 
distance as a straightforward 

412
00:23:15,900 --> 00:23:19,500
rectangular structure. 
But once you climb the steps and

413
00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:22,700
stand within the colonnade, the 
proportions shift in, a way that

414
00:23:22,700 --> 00:23:26,600
functions almost as a visual 
renegotiation, the ancient 

415
00:23:26,600 --> 00:23:29,200
Architects used barely 
perceptible Curves in the 

416
00:23:29,200 --> 00:23:33,200
horizontal lines, subtle 
variations in column spacing 

417
00:23:33,200 --> 00:23:37,100
faint upward, bowing of the 
floor plane to produce the 

418
00:23:37,100 --> 00:23:39,800
impression that the building was
more expansive than its 

419
00:23:39,800 --> 00:23:40,800
measurements. 
Would indicate? 

420
00:23:41,700 --> 00:23:44,400
Standing inside the building 
seemed to breathe outward 

421
00:23:44,400 --> 00:23:47,500
slightly. 
Council Hall uses the same 

422
00:23:47,500 --> 00:23:50,600
device with considerably more 
room to work with. 

423
00:23:51,500 --> 00:23:55,100
The seating in side was arranged
in a long shallow curve, rather 

424
00:23:55,100 --> 00:23:58,300
than a straight line. 
So that every occupant could 

425
00:23:58,300 --> 00:24:01,000
observe every other occupant 
with, without uncomfortable, 

426
00:24:01,000 --> 00:24:05,200
neck, rotation, This sounds like
a minor practical consideration,

427
00:24:05,200 --> 00:24:07,800
but it was a significant 
political fact. 

428
00:24:08,700 --> 00:24:12,000
Curved seating distributes 
visibility equally around the 

429
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:15,900
assembly. every God in that 
Hall, could watch every other 

430
00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:19,900
God across its width Which was 
useful information in an 

431
00:24:19,900 --> 00:24:23,000
assembly, where the politics 
were Complicated by several 

432
00:24:23,000 --> 00:24:26,900
thousand years of accumulated 
grievances each seat was 

433
00:24:26,900 --> 00:24:30,400
distinct in material and 
character reflecting the 

434
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:33,500
personality of its occupant in 
the way that a person's home. 

435
00:24:33,500 --> 00:24:37,100
Eventually begins to reflect 
them even without deliberate 

436
00:24:37,100 --> 00:24:40,200
intention. 
Poseidon seat have the quality 

437
00:24:40,200 --> 00:24:43,800
of dark polished Stone. 
Carrying the suggestion of ocean

438
00:24:43,800 --> 00:24:47,100
depth. 
Cool to approach and solid in a 

439
00:24:47,108 --> 00:24:49,500
way that ordinary stone is not 
quite solid. 

440
00:24:50,500 --> 00:24:53,800
Aries, occupied something, 
angular and iron adjacent. 

441
00:24:54,700 --> 00:24:57,800
Assembled with more emphasis on 
structural Integrity than 

442
00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:01,700
Comfort, the seat of someone who
considered Comfort beside the 

443
00:25:01,700 --> 00:25:04,600
point. 
Aphrodite is chair, was the only

444
00:25:04,600 --> 00:25:08,100
one in the hall that produced, 
perceptible fragrance, a faint, 

445
00:25:08,100 --> 00:25:10,800
compound of rows, and something 
warmer underneath that. 

446
00:25:10,800 --> 00:25:13,200
Everyone in the immediate 
vicinity found, either a 

447
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:16,500
entirely wonderful or mildly 
inconvenient, depending on their

448
00:25:16,500 --> 00:25:18,900
current relationship. 
With that particular deity, 

449
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:21,800
Apollo seat caught and 
redistributed. 

450
00:25:21,800 --> 00:25:24,600
The ambient light in a way that 
made it visually prominent 

451
00:25:24,600 --> 00:25:28,000
without announcing itself. 
Which was consistent with 

452
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,300
Apollo's approach to presence 
generally. 

453
00:25:31,700 --> 00:25:34,400
Artemis. 
Sat opposite her twin and her 

454
00:25:34,400 --> 00:25:37,600
seat was simpler and more 
purposeful than his less 

455
00:25:37,600 --> 00:25:42,000
ornamented more clearly designed
for use like a well-made hunting

456
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:45,700
tool translated into furniture 
and not embarrassed about it. 

457
00:25:47,000 --> 00:25:50,500
Demeter's position in the curved
Arc, sat at a slight remove from

458
00:25:50,500 --> 00:25:54,400
the immediate Center of 
activity, not excluded, not 

459
00:25:54,400 --> 00:25:57,700
marginal, but positioned in the 
manner of someone with long 

460
00:25:57,700 --> 00:26:01,100
experience in these assemblers, 
who was determined that a small 

461
00:26:01,100 --> 00:26:04,600
distance from the main intensity
improves the quality of 

462
00:26:04,600 --> 00:26:06,300
attention of available for 
everything else. 

463
00:26:07,200 --> 00:26:10,600
Demeter in the mythological. 
Tradition is consistently a 

464
00:26:10,600 --> 00:26:13,600
deity with her attentiveness 
oriented toward the Earth, 

465
00:26:13,600 --> 00:26:18,000
toward the growing season toward
the agricultural calendar that 

466
00:26:18,000 --> 00:26:21,300
governed mortal life, far below 
her position in the hall. 

467
00:26:21,300 --> 00:26:24,900
Reflected this orientation, the 
angle of someone, keeping one 

468
00:26:24,900 --> 00:26:28,000
here on the assembly, and the 
other on the sound of grain. 

469
00:26:28,000 --> 00:26:32,600
Growing, in the Salient plane at
considerable remove The acoustic

470
00:26:32,600 --> 00:26:36,000
of the council Hall rewarded 
attention the ancient Greeks 

471
00:26:36,000 --> 00:26:38,200
were careful. 
Students of how sound move 

472
00:26:38,200 --> 00:26:41,200
through in closed spaces and 
they build this knowledge into 

473
00:26:41,200 --> 00:26:45,500
their theater's theater at 
epidaurus can carry an 

474
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:49,000
unamplified whisper from its 
Central performance area to the 

475
00:26:49,008 --> 00:26:53,100
highest row of seats through 
geometry alone without any other

476
00:26:53,100 --> 00:26:57,200
acoustic assistance, modern 
Engineers still study the 

477
00:26:57,200 --> 00:26:59,200
structure to understand how it 
achieves this. 

478
00:27:00,100 --> 00:27:02,600
The Olympian Council Hall, 
presumably operated on 

479
00:27:02,600 --> 00:27:05,800
comparable principles though, 
with the additional variable 

480
00:27:05,800 --> 00:27:08,700
that some of its occupants under
sufficiently provoked. 

481
00:27:08,700 --> 00:27:11,600
Circumstances produced voices at
a volume. 

482
00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:15,200
The theater at epidaurus had not
been designed to test in 

483
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:17,600
ordinary sessions. 
The voices in this Hall were 

484
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:20,400
modulated the Gods on the whole 
preferred to resolve their 

485
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,800
differences through sustained. 
Rhetorical pressure through the 

486
00:27:23,800 --> 00:27:26,600
kind of patient argument that 
the Greeks admired. 

487
00:27:26,600 --> 00:27:30,400
Intensely in human speakers and 
attributed to their gods in 

488
00:27:30,400 --> 00:27:32,400
proportionately, Amplified 
forum. 

489
00:27:33,800 --> 00:27:36,900
When eloquence reached its 
limits, they referred the matter

490
00:27:36,900 --> 00:27:40,500
to Zeus whose presence in the 
room functioned as a structural 

491
00:27:40,500 --> 00:27:44,000
element in itself, a 
load-bearing Authority around 

492
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,200
which all other Olympian 
activity arranged Itself by long

493
00:27:47,200 --> 00:27:49,800
habit. 
The walls of the hall remained 

494
00:27:49,800 --> 00:27:54,100
undecorated, this was deliberate
and it distinguished the space. 

495
00:27:54,100 --> 00:27:57,000
Clearly from the more personal 
rooms of the individual Gods, 

496
00:27:57,000 --> 00:28:00,300
which carried the particular 
character of their occupants in 

497
00:28:00,300 --> 00:28:03,800
every surface choice. 
The council Hall belonged to all

498
00:28:03,800 --> 00:28:08,200
of them and to none of them 
specifically and its walls were 

499
00:28:08,200 --> 00:28:10,900
bare in the manner of spaces. 
That know, their content is 

500
00:28:10,900 --> 00:28:14,200
always the people within them. 
Rather than the surfaces around 

501
00:28:14,200 --> 00:28:17,800
them, the ceiling was the 
exception above the floor level,

502
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:20,600
the sealing of the council Hall 
was described in mythological 

503
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:23,500
tradition. 
As displaying the sky, not a 

504
00:28:23,500 --> 00:28:26,800
painted representation, but a 
current view, updated 

505
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,800
continuously to reflect the 
actual condition of the heavens 

506
00:28:29,800 --> 00:28:34,200
above. when a storm was building
over the Aegean, the ceiling 

507
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:37,800
showed at Gathering When the 
summer Stars wielded into this 

508
00:28:37,800 --> 00:28:41,500
seasonal positions above the 
Mediterranean, the ceiling moved

509
00:28:41,500 --> 00:28:43,800
with them. 
It was the most comprehensive 

510
00:28:43,800 --> 00:28:47,800
observational instrument in the 
ancient world and it carried a 

511
00:28:47,800 --> 00:28:50,400
secondary function that the 
Greek seemed to have considered 

512
00:28:50,400 --> 00:28:53,000
at least as important as the 
Practical information, it 

513
00:28:53,000 --> 00:28:56,600
provided It reminded everyone in
the room, what they were 

514
00:28:56,600 --> 00:29:00,000
actually there for. 
The gods were not supposed to be

515
00:29:00,000 --> 00:29:03,000
distant or uninvolved. 
They were supposed to be 

516
00:29:03,008 --> 00:29:07,200
attentive responsive to The 
Continuous unfolding of Earthly 

517
00:29:07,200 --> 00:29:10,100
events, present to the prayers 
and the needs. 

518
00:29:10,100 --> 00:29:13,500
And the occasional catastrophic 
misjudgments of the human 

519
00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:16,200
beings. 
Operating below a ceiling that 

520
00:29:16,200 --> 00:29:19,300
showed the world was a ceiling 
that reminded its assembly of 

521
00:29:19,300 --> 00:29:21,100
their responsibilities. 
In real time. 

522
00:29:21,100 --> 00:29:25,000
It was governance, architecture 
built with a specific 

523
00:29:25,000 --> 00:29:26,900
understanding of the 
relationship between 

524
00:29:26,900 --> 00:29:30,700
accountability and attention. 
The meetings held in this Hall 

525
00:29:30,700 --> 00:29:33,100
address, the full range of 
celestial concern. 

526
00:29:33,900 --> 00:29:36,500
Which Heroes would receive 
support and which would be left 

527
00:29:36,500 --> 00:29:39,100
to manage the consequences of 
their own decisions. 

528
00:29:39,800 --> 00:29:43,300
Which kingdoms would flourish in
the coming season and which had 

529
00:29:43,300 --> 00:29:46,800
run out of Olympian Goodwill. 
Whether Odysseus had at this 

530
00:29:46,800 --> 00:29:50,600
point, suffered sufficiently for
Poseidon satisfaction which was 

531
00:29:50,600 --> 00:29:53,400
a question raised. 
Several consecutive sessions 

532
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:57,200
spanning approximately 10 years 
and which generated a volume of 

533
00:29:57,200 --> 00:30:00,400
passionate opinion, on both 
sides that the Odyssey captures 

534
00:30:00,400 --> 00:30:04,000
only in summary, whether the 
Trojan conflict was proceeding, 

535
00:30:04,000 --> 00:30:07,700
according to any plan that any, 
God could honestly defend, which

536
00:30:07,700 --> 00:30:11,500
it arguably was not and which 
created the kind of awkward 

537
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:16,000
meeting energy that no Celestial
ceiling could quite absorb There

538
00:30:16,000 --> 00:30:18,100
were quieter administrative 
matters as well. 

539
00:30:18,100 --> 00:30:22,200
The regulation of seasonal 
transitions, the assignment of 

540
00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:25,300
domain disputes between rivers 
and weather systems and Mountain

541
00:30:25,300 --> 00:30:28,400
territories, whose borders were 
perennially contested. 

542
00:30:29,700 --> 00:30:32,600
The management of the Divine 
calendar, which was more 

543
00:30:32,600 --> 00:30:35,900
elaborate than the Mortal 
version and required genuine 

544
00:30:35,900 --> 00:30:40,000
oversight rather than the annual
minor correction. you've been 

545
00:30:40,008 --> 00:30:43,500
standing against the outer wall 
of this haul, for some time, and

546
00:30:43,500 --> 00:30:46,200
the quality of a light in the 
ceiling above, you is shifted 

547
00:30:46,200 --> 00:30:50,600
toward a late afternoon sky The 
Deep Autumn blue that settles 

548
00:30:50,600 --> 00:30:53,500
over the Aegean. 
After a morning, rain has 

549
00:30:53,500 --> 00:30:56,700
cleared someone across the 
assembly said something quietly.

550
00:30:56,700 --> 00:31:00,500
Witty a few moments ago and the 
gods nearest to that seat are 

551
00:31:00,500 --> 00:31:04,100
still showing traces of it. 
The unhurried smiles of beings 

552
00:31:04,100 --> 00:31:06,600
who do not need to rush their 
responses to anything. 

553
00:31:07,600 --> 00:31:11,700
There is something unexpectedly 
comfortable about observing. 

554
00:31:11,700 --> 00:31:15,700
This from the perimeter, the far
door of the hall opens into the 

555
00:31:15,700 --> 00:31:18,700
residential wing of the 
compound, where the individual 

556
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:22,200
spaces of the Gods, begin you 
turn toward it. 

557
00:31:22,200 --> 00:31:26,200
Now, following a corridor, that 
carries the center of Cedar and 

558
00:31:26,200 --> 00:31:29,600
faintly beneath. 
It something sweeter and warmer 

559
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:32,500
originating. 
From a direction you will reach 

560
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:35,400
shortly. 
Here or was by any reasonable 

561
00:31:35,400 --> 00:31:38,600
assessment, the most 
architecturally demanding 

562
00:31:38,600 --> 00:31:41,900
resident of Olympus. 
The Greeks understood this 

563
00:31:41,900 --> 00:31:45,500
without finding, it surprising 
among the surviving records of 

564
00:31:45,500 --> 00:31:48,600
Earthly, sanctuaries here. 
As tend to be the oldest and the

565
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:53,200
most extensively rebuilt. 
The Herona Olympia proceeded 

566
00:31:53,200 --> 00:31:56,300
Zeus's Temple there by a margin 
that archaeologists consider 

567
00:31:56,300 --> 00:32:00,200
significant, the great heroine 
at Samos was among the largest 

568
00:32:00,200 --> 00:32:01,800
structures in the ancient Greek 
World. 

569
00:32:01,800 --> 00:32:05,600
Reconstructed multiple times 
across several Centuries. 

570
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:09,400
By successive generations of 
devotees who consistently 

571
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:12,200
decided that the previous 
version had not been quite 

572
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:15,600
adequate. 
Pattern, repeated itself in 

573
00:32:15,600 --> 00:32:19,300
enough locations that stopped 
being coincidence and started 

574
00:32:19,300 --> 00:32:21,500
being information about hero 
herself. 

575
00:32:22,500 --> 00:32:24,500
Here are valued appropriate 
grandeur. 

576
00:32:25,300 --> 00:32:28,400
She understood with the 
Practical Clarity of someone who

577
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:31,400
had been queen of the gods 
longer than most civilizations, 

578
00:32:31,400 --> 00:32:34,900
had managed to stay upright. 
That space is communicate 

579
00:32:34,900 --> 00:32:37,300
precedence. 
As clearly as words do and 

580
00:32:37,300 --> 00:32:41,500
sometimes more honestly A room 
that was too modest was a 

581
00:32:41,500 --> 00:32:43,800
statement as much as a room that
was correct. 

582
00:32:44,900 --> 00:32:47,600
Her Wing occupied, the Eastern 
section of the residential 

583
00:32:47,600 --> 00:32:52,100
compound a placement, the 
ancient texts specify with the 

584
00:32:52,100 --> 00:32:55,600
kind of precision that suggests.
It was not incidental, the 

585
00:32:55,600 --> 00:32:59,200
Eastern position, connected her 
rooms to EOS and the formal 

586
00:32:59,200 --> 00:33:03,400
opening of each Celestial day. 
Every morning, the first light 

587
00:33:03,400 --> 00:33:05,400
of Olympus entered Heroes rooms 
before. 

588
00:33:05,400 --> 00:33:08,200
It entered any other. 
Which was either a practical 

589
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,900
preference or an architectural 
argument about precedence and 

590
00:33:11,900 --> 00:33:13,700
most likely it was both working 
together. 

591
00:33:15,100 --> 00:33:18,100
You enter the outer reception 
room first and the effect 

592
00:33:18,100 --> 00:33:22,000
registers immediately The 
materials here operate in a 

593
00:33:22,000 --> 00:33:23,800
different register from Zeus's 
Palace. 

594
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:27,900
Where Zeus's spaces work in gold
and solar warmth. 

595
00:33:27,900 --> 00:33:30,400
Here is rooms are cooler in 
their palate. 

596
00:33:31,000 --> 00:33:33,800
More considered in the way of 
someone who has strong opinions 

597
00:33:33,800 --> 00:33:37,000
about the difference between 
impressive and Gordy and would 

598
00:33:37,000 --> 00:33:39,300
like that distinction to be 
visible from the entrance. 

599
00:33:40,300 --> 00:33:43,200
The walls, hold a tone that 
shifts between Ivory and the 

600
00:33:43,200 --> 00:33:45,000
pale. 
Silver green of olive leaves, in

601
00:33:45,000 --> 00:33:48,300
early morning, depending on 
where the light falls, the 

602
00:33:48,300 --> 00:33:51,300
floors are polished to adapt 
that makes them appear wet from 

603
00:33:51,300 --> 00:33:53,900
a distance without being 
reflective in the ordinary way. 

604
00:33:54,800 --> 00:33:58,300
They hold light and return, its 
slightly altered slightly, 

605
00:33:58,300 --> 00:34:02,800
softened improved in transit. 
The furniture in Heroes. 

606
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:07,500
Reception room was made by stars
as almost everything of quality 

607
00:34:07,500 --> 00:34:10,300
throughout the Olympian compound
was made by Hephaestus. 

608
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:14,699
But here had clearly provided 
direction of the sort that 

609
00:34:14,699 --> 00:34:16,600
leaves nothing to 
interpretation. 

610
00:34:17,699 --> 00:34:22,100
The chairs were tall backed and 
ivory panel inlaid with 

611
00:34:22,100 --> 00:34:25,500
repeating, geometric patterns of
the kind that Greek Potters of 

612
00:34:25,507 --> 00:34:29,100
the 8th Century would have 
recognized as serious aesthetic 

613
00:34:29,100 --> 00:34:32,300
intention. 
Here, I had views on patterns, 

614
00:34:32,300 --> 00:34:36,300
she had views on proportions on 
the relationship between a room 

615
00:34:36,300 --> 00:34:40,100
and its contents on the exact 
degree of formality appropriate 

616
00:34:40,100 --> 00:34:42,100
to a space of this particular 
purpose. 

617
00:34:43,000 --> 00:34:45,600
She managed all of it with an 
authority that made the word 

618
00:34:45,600 --> 00:34:49,000
particular seemed too small. 
The peacocks were real. 

619
00:34:49,000 --> 00:34:52,600
This is worth stating early 
because the peacock appears in 

620
00:34:52,608 --> 00:34:55,699
Greek mythology, as Heroes 
sacred animal and might 

621
00:34:55,699 --> 00:34:59,400
otherwise seem like decorative 
embellishment rather than an 

622
00:34:59,400 --> 00:35:02,900
actual feature of the space. 
The ancient sources are 

623
00:35:02,900 --> 00:35:05,700
consistent. 
Here are section of the compound

624
00:35:05,700 --> 00:35:09,100
included peacocks in the way 
that the residents of a queen 

625
00:35:09,100 --> 00:35:12,600
includes peacocks, which is to 
say with full awareness of the 

626
00:35:12,600 --> 00:35:14,800
visual effect and no apologies 
about it. 

627
00:35:15,800 --> 00:35:17,600
They move through the outer 
terrorists with the 

628
00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:20,300
self-possession of animals that 
have understood their own visual

629
00:35:20,300 --> 00:35:23,400
impact, and decided to treat 
this understanding as a 

630
00:35:23,400 --> 00:35:26,700
full-time occupation. 
Their tails were extended 

631
00:35:26,700 --> 00:35:30,400
roughly 40% of the time not in 
courtship display. 

632
00:35:30,400 --> 00:35:34,100
But in what could only be 
described as ambient decoration,

633
00:35:34,100 --> 00:35:36,400
as if they had received a 
briefing on their 

634
00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:41,700
responsibilities and were taking
them seriously, Anyone visiting 

635
00:35:41,700 --> 00:35:46,000
here as Wing who had not been 
expecting peacocks left with a 

636
00:35:46,008 --> 00:35:49,100
clear memory of peacocks. 
This was the intended effect. 

637
00:35:49,100 --> 00:35:52,500
The private inner chambers of 
Heroes Wing were described in 

638
00:35:52,500 --> 00:35:56,400
ancient sources only partially, 
as if the poet, sensed that 

639
00:35:56,408 --> 00:35:58,900
there were limits to how 
specifically, you should 

640
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:03,300
describe the interior rooms of a
being known to hold grudges at 

641
00:36:03,300 --> 00:36:07,800
geological timescales. 
What the sources do establish is

642
00:36:07,800 --> 00:36:11,400
that here is in a rooms were 
built for genuine privacy which 

643
00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:16,000
most of Olympus was not The gods
generally existed in a condition

644
00:36:16,000 --> 00:36:19,400
of partial, Mutual awareness 
conscious of each other's 

645
00:36:19,400 --> 00:36:21,400
movements. 
In the way that members of a 

646
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,200
large complicated household are 
always peripherally informed 

647
00:36:24,200 --> 00:36:27,700
here as in a Chambers held their
own atmosphere against this 

648
00:36:27,700 --> 00:36:31,900
General circulation. 
Bounded by something the myths 

649
00:36:31,900 --> 00:36:35,900
describe as a quality of sealed 
are like the interior of a new 

650
00:36:35,900 --> 00:36:38,600
vessel before. 
It was first been opened the 

651
00:36:38,600 --> 00:36:41,100
dressing Chambers, the room that
receives the most specific 

652
00:36:41,100 --> 00:36:45,100
ancient attention partly because
the preparation of goddesses 

653
00:36:45,100 --> 00:36:48,300
were considered, genuinely 
interesting, subject matter and 

654
00:36:48,300 --> 00:36:51,600
partly because Homer in The 
Iliad describes Heroes 

655
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:55,200
preparation there in a passage 
of unusually specific sensory 

656
00:36:55,200 --> 00:36:59,400
attention She anoints herself 
with a particular ambrosial oil.

657
00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:02,300
She arranges her hair with 
deliberate care. 

658
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:07,300
He closed herself in robes, that
Athena had woven a detailed 

659
00:37:07,300 --> 00:37:09,700
suggesting a collegial 
relationship between the two 

660
00:37:09,700 --> 00:37:12,700
goddesses that the rest of the 
mythological tradition sometimes

661
00:37:12,700 --> 00:37:15,200
obscures. 
The dressing chamber was 

662
00:37:15,208 --> 00:37:18,300
organized around a bronze mirror
of Olympian quality. 

663
00:37:18,300 --> 00:37:22,300
Large enough to show a goddess 
at full standing scale, which 

664
00:37:22,300 --> 00:37:25,300
meant it was considerably larger
than anything Immortal woman 

665
00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:27,300
would have had access to in the 
same period. 

666
00:37:28,100 --> 00:37:32,100
Frame was worked with lotus and 
Palmetto patterns in gold and 

667
00:37:32,100 --> 00:37:35,200
the mirror surface itself 
returned images with a Fidelity 

668
00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:39,500
that ordinary polished bronze. 
Could not match as if the 

669
00:37:39,500 --> 00:37:42,800
reflection it showed with the 
authoritative version and the 

670
00:37:42,800 --> 00:37:44,900
original were a working 
approximation. 

671
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,100
Along one wall ran a series of 
Cedar storage containers, 

672
00:37:49,100 --> 00:37:53,400
holding textiles oils and items 
who specific nature. 

673
00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:55,800
The ancient sources declined to 
specify. 

674
00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:59,800
The cedar saturated the room in 
a way that was pleasant without 

675
00:37:59,800 --> 00:38:03,100
being insistent. 
The olfactory equivalent of good

676
00:38:03,100 --> 00:38:07,700
Furniture in a well-kept house. 
There was a bath chamber joining

677
00:38:07,700 --> 00:38:11,000
the dressing room fed by water. 
That was neither purely 

678
00:38:11,000 --> 00:38:12,900
Olympian, nor purely 
terrestrial. 

679
00:38:12,900 --> 00:38:16,800
But something occupying, a 
useful middle position, warm at 

680
00:38:16,800 --> 00:38:20,400
all times, without any visible 
source of heat, perfectly clear,

681
00:38:20,400 --> 00:38:24,200
soft in the mineral way of 
spring water that has taken a 

682
00:38:24,200 --> 00:38:27,200
long route through Limestone, 
the bath chamber had a single 

683
00:38:27,200 --> 00:38:30,800
window facing west Over The 
Gardens of the compound and on 

684
00:38:30,800 --> 00:38:33,700
the long Olympian, evening's in 
the settled, Golden Light of 

685
00:38:33,700 --> 00:38:37,400
that altitude, this window frame
of view of such composed 

686
00:38:37,400 --> 00:38:40,600
Stillness, that Hera kept a low 
seat beside it. 

687
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:43,200
For the express purpose of 
sitting there at the end of the 

688
00:38:43,200 --> 00:38:46,700
day and looking out at something
that required nothing from her. 

689
00:38:47,500 --> 00:38:50,700
The Guardians visible from that 
window were tended by a 

690
00:38:50,700 --> 00:38:54,400
household staff, who specific 
identity the myths of Vega 

691
00:38:54,400 --> 00:38:57,200
about, but whose competence was 
evident in the results. 

692
00:38:58,000 --> 00:39:00,000
Here, as garden section 
included. 

693
00:39:00,000 --> 00:39:02,100
Things that did not exist in the
lower world. 

694
00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:06,300
Flowering varieties with no 
earthly counterpart and no 

695
00:39:06,300 --> 00:39:08,900
recorded name, outside the 
mythological tradition. 

696
00:39:10,000 --> 00:39:14,000
They bloomed continuously which 
was botanically implausible that

697
00:39:14,000 --> 00:39:16,900
the Garden on Olympus was not 
specially committed to plant 

698
00:39:16,900 --> 00:39:20,200
biology at the innermost point 
of here as Wing passed the 

699
00:39:20,200 --> 00:39:23,000
private Chambers and the seed 
assented boxes on the Westwood 

700
00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:27,300
window was the thalamus. 
The marriage chamber, On Earth. 

701
00:39:27,300 --> 00:39:29,900
The thalamus was the innermost 
room of a Greek House. 

702
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:33,000
The most secured and private 
space in any dwelling. 

703
00:39:33,800 --> 00:39:36,700
The room where the foundational 
relationships of a household 

704
00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:41,400
were concentrated and protected.
On Olympus, this room was built 

705
00:39:41,400 --> 00:39:44,900
according to the same principle,
but at the scale appropriate to 

706
00:39:44,900 --> 00:39:47,900
its occupants. 
The Faceless had constructed it 

707
00:39:47,900 --> 00:39:51,200
with locks that no other God 
could open, which the ancient 

708
00:39:51,200 --> 00:39:54,000
text record as a fact without 
appearing to notice the 

709
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:58,300
considerable irony embedded in 
that statement, A face to 

710
00:39:58,300 --> 00:40:00,000
himself. 
Had once used his own 

711
00:40:00,000 --> 00:40:03,900
craftsmanship to secure hero. 
In a Golden Throne until 

712
00:40:03,900 --> 00:40:10,100
authorized a resolution that the
same Craftsman later built the 

713
00:40:10,100 --> 00:40:13,600
most secure private room on 
Olympus for that same deity was 

714
00:40:13,600 --> 00:40:17,200
exactly the kind of complicated 
domestic history that the Greek 

715
00:40:17,200 --> 00:40:21,100
myths handled by simply moving 
forward and not dwelling on the 

716
00:40:21,100 --> 00:40:25,400
specifics. 
The room stood, the locks held. 

717
00:40:26,400 --> 00:40:29,800
Here's Thalamus remained. 
The most genuinely private space

718
00:40:29,800 --> 00:40:32,200
on the mountain. 
You've been standing in the 

719
00:40:32,200 --> 00:40:35,700
outer reception room throughout 
this description which is as far

720
00:40:35,700 --> 00:40:37,700
as the arrangement of things. 
Permits you to go. 

721
00:40:38,600 --> 00:40:42,700
Heroes in a rooms belong to Hera
her feelings on the subject of 

722
00:40:42,700 --> 00:40:45,600
Uninvited visitors are 
extensively documented in the 

723
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:48,300
mythological record and do not 
require testing. 

724
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:51,000
You turn back toward the main 
Corridor. 

725
00:40:51,000 --> 00:40:54,400
The sound furthered down that 
passage has been present since 

726
00:40:54,400 --> 00:40:57,300
you entered this Wing familiar 
enough by now that you've 

727
00:40:57,300 --> 00:41:00,900
stopped fully registering. 
It rhythmic purposeful 

728
00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:04,100
continuous a hammering that 
carries within it. 

729
00:41:04,100 --> 00:41:08,100
A strange harmonic undertone, 
something melodic woven into the

730
00:41:08,108 --> 00:41:10,300
percussion as if the person 
producing. 

731
00:41:10,300 --> 00:41:13,400
The noise is a company by 
Voices, That find the work worth

732
00:41:13,400 --> 00:41:18,100
singing about you, follow it. 
The workshop of her feisty 

733
00:41:18,100 --> 00:41:20,900
occupied, a section of the 
Olympian compound that was 

734
00:41:20,900 --> 00:41:23,200
architecturally, unlike 
everything around it. 

735
00:41:24,000 --> 00:41:26,500
Every other space on the 
mountain had been designed for 

736
00:41:26,500 --> 00:41:29,800
aesthetic Perfection for the 
presentation of Olympian 

737
00:41:29,800 --> 00:41:33,600
composure and Beauty and the 
kind of Environmental Quality 

738
00:41:33,600 --> 00:41:36,500
that made ordinary matter feel 
like a rough draft. 

739
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:40,400
A feisty is Workshop was 
designed for work. 

740
00:41:41,200 --> 00:41:46,000
Specifically for work involving 
sustained heat and metal and the

741
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:49,600
patient application of uncommon 
skilled materials that required 

742
00:41:49,600 --> 00:41:52,700
it. 
It looked accordingly like a 

743
00:41:52,700 --> 00:41:55,800
space where serious things had 
been happening for a very long 

744
00:41:55,800 --> 00:41:58,800
time. 
The exterior of the forge was 

745
00:41:58,800 --> 00:42:00,400
darker than the surrounding 
architecture. 

746
00:42:00,400 --> 00:42:06,500
Not neglected, not gloomy, but 
stained with the warm oxidized 

747
00:42:06,500 --> 00:42:10,600
darkness that comes from years 
of smoke and heat moving through

748
00:42:10,600 --> 00:42:14,600
and around a structure, the 
stone of its walls had absorbed 

749
00:42:14,600 --> 00:42:18,300
this history and was holding it.
The way old cooking Stones, 

750
00:42:18,300 --> 00:42:21,000
retain, the memory of every fire
that has touched them. 

751
00:42:21,700 --> 00:42:24,700
The building communicated in the
language of material weathering.

752
00:42:24,700 --> 00:42:28,500
The important things had been 
produced here across a span of 

753
00:42:28,500 --> 00:42:31,200
time longer than most 
civilizations had managed to 

754
00:42:31,208 --> 00:42:34,500
stay organized. 
The entrance was simply opened. 

755
00:42:36,100 --> 00:42:39,900
This was unusual for Olympus, 
most Celestial spaces, were 

756
00:42:39,900 --> 00:42:44,000
gated or bounded or structured 
so that entry required some 

757
00:42:44,000 --> 00:42:46,100
acknowledgment of the spaces 
significant. 

758
00:42:47,500 --> 00:42:52,700
Forge open directly onto the 
main path, its sound and lights 

759
00:42:52,700 --> 00:42:54,300
spilling outward without 
seremonya. 

760
00:43:00,300 --> 00:43:02,200
Craftsman. 
Understood that the Mystique 

761
00:43:02,200 --> 00:43:05,400
came from the work itself and he
had a range the building 

762
00:43:05,400 --> 00:43:08,500
accordingly you step through and
the air changes. 

763
00:43:08,500 --> 00:43:11,800
It is warmer here than anywhere 
else in the compound. 

764
00:43:12,600 --> 00:43:15,500
Not the passive warmth of the 
general Olympian atmosphere but 

765
00:43:15,500 --> 00:43:20,100
active directed heat generated 
by the forge built into the back

766
00:43:20,100 --> 00:43:22,700
wall. 
Structure considerably larger 

767
00:43:22,700 --> 00:43:25,200
than any Forge that has ever 
existed on Earth. 

768
00:43:26,200 --> 00:43:30,000
Fire Within it, is visible from 
the entrance, a deep orange at 

769
00:43:30,000 --> 00:43:31,700
its core. 
That does not flicker the way 

770
00:43:31,708 --> 00:43:34,600
ordinary fire does. 
But holds itself with the 

771
00:43:34,600 --> 00:43:38,500
consistency of something that 
settled into its current state 

772
00:43:38,500 --> 00:43:41,900
in the early ages of the world 
and has been comfortable there 

773
00:43:41,900 --> 00:43:46,500
ever since, The workshop floor 
holds the residue of 1,000 

774
00:43:46,500 --> 00:43:50,100
projects. 
Shaving of divine Metals, catch 

775
00:43:50,100 --> 00:43:54,800
the firelight and Scatter it in 
complex, radiating patterns 

776
00:43:54,800 --> 00:43:58,500
fragments of materials that have
no earthly equivalent and 

777
00:43:58,500 --> 00:44:02,800
therefore no earthly name. 
Lengths of chain refined to the 

778
00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:05,300
point where they look less like 
worked metal. 

779
00:44:05,300 --> 00:44:08,900
Then like worked light tools. 
Hang on the walls in a 

780
00:44:08,908 --> 00:44:11,400
Arrangements that appear 
organized but organized 

781
00:44:11,400 --> 00:44:14,600
according to a logic based on 
use sequins and project phase 

782
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:17,400
rather than size or obvious 
category. 

783
00:44:18,500 --> 00:44:22,100
The logic would take time to 
decode, it is worth the time. 

784
00:44:22,100 --> 00:44:25,200
Her face to himself is at the 
main anvil. 

785
00:44:26,000 --> 00:44:28,500
The rule of the workshop. 
Visit is observation without 

786
00:44:28,500 --> 00:44:32,200
interruption, which is the most 
productive policy in any serious

787
00:44:32,200 --> 00:44:35,600
workshop and especially in one 
where the work in progress is 

788
00:44:35,600 --> 00:44:39,100
not yet identifiable as to its 
final form. 

789
00:44:40,400 --> 00:44:43,100
The thing being made has not 
resolved itself into a 

790
00:44:43,108 --> 00:44:45,800
recognizable shape, which is 
appropriate. 

791
00:44:46,900 --> 00:44:50,300
Her face to routinely built 
things that had no prior model 

792
00:44:50,300 --> 00:44:53,900
objects whose final form emerged
from the making rather than 

793
00:44:53,900 --> 00:44:57,200
proceeding it. 
What Homer described in this 

794
00:44:57,200 --> 00:45:00,800
Workshop in passages that carry 
the quality of someone working 

795
00:45:00,800 --> 00:45:04,200
to accurately, convey something 
that genuinely astonished him 

796
00:45:04,200 --> 00:45:08,100
was the presents of her. 
Fastest is assistance, these 

797
00:45:08,100 --> 00:45:12,500
were figures, he had constructed
himself made of gold who Moved 

798
00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:15,500
Through the workshop with 
intelligence speech, physical 

799
00:45:15,500 --> 00:45:19,700
capability and accumulated, 
craft knowledge built into them 

800
00:45:19,700 --> 00:45:24,800
during their manufacturer. 
They are recognized clearly the 

801
00:45:24,800 --> 00:45:28,000
earliest constructed thinking 
beings in Western literature, 

802
00:45:28,000 --> 00:45:30,500
they appear in the ancient 
records. 

803
00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:33,400
Several centuries before any 
other description of a maid 

804
00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:35,800
entity. 
Possessing something resembling 

805
00:45:35,800 --> 00:45:39,900
mind. and they were not imagined
by a philosopher or a scientist,

806
00:45:39,900 --> 00:45:44,400
but by A Smith, The ancient 
Greeks located genuine creative 

807
00:45:44,400 --> 00:45:47,000
transformation in the hands of 
the person. 

808
00:45:47,000 --> 00:45:50,200
Working the metal, the golden 
assistance move through the 

809
00:45:50,200 --> 00:45:54,500
workshop with a directed quiet. 
The carry materials to the Anvil

810
00:45:54,500 --> 00:45:58,200
and remove completed components.
They tend the fire with an 

811
00:45:58,200 --> 00:46:02,000
expert touch adjusting its 
quality for different phases of 

812
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:04,700
different work. 
They are aware of your presence 

813
00:46:04,700 --> 00:46:07,100
in the way, the competent 
Workshop staff, registered 

814
00:46:07,100 --> 00:46:10,300
visitors acknowledging, it 
briefly, and then returning, 

815
00:46:10,300 --> 00:46:13,400
full attention to whatever they 
were doing before you arrived. 

816
00:46:14,500 --> 00:46:17,400
On the shelves, along the 
eastern wall, finished objects, 

817
00:46:17,400 --> 00:46:19,500
wait for a collection or final 
adjustment. 

818
00:46:20,500 --> 00:46:24,100
Pieces of armor, rest their with
an unusual quality, a contained 

819
00:46:24,100 --> 00:46:25,800
energy. 
That makes them look as if they 

820
00:46:25,800 --> 00:46:29,500
are not quite fully at rest, as 
if the craftsmanship within the 

821
00:46:29,500 --> 00:46:31,700
still warm and looking for an 
occasion. 

822
00:46:32,600 --> 00:46:35,300
Cuts and vessels of 
extraordinary refinement 

823
00:46:35,300 --> 00:46:39,100
standing careful Rose, their 
surfaces carrying decorations. 

824
00:46:39,100 --> 00:46:42,800
So precise that examining them 
requires, closing the distance 

825
00:46:42,800 --> 00:46:46,300
and allowing the eyes to adjust 
before the full meaning of the 

826
00:46:46,300 --> 00:46:50,100
image reassembles itself. 
There are mechanisms whose 

827
00:46:50,100 --> 00:46:53,700
function is not immediately 
clear from the outside objects, 

828
00:46:53,700 --> 00:46:57,300
whose purpose reveals itself. 
Gradually, as the eye travels 

829
00:46:57,300 --> 00:47:00,700
from component to component and 
the logic of the assembly builds

830
00:47:00,700 --> 00:47:03,900
in the mind, the sealing of the 
workshop is higher than you 

831
00:47:03,900 --> 00:47:07,400
initially registered, it rises 
toward a large opening at its 

832
00:47:07,408 --> 00:47:10,800
peak, not a domestic chimney in 
the ordinary sense. 

833
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:14,600
But fulfilling the same 
essential function, allowing 

834
00:47:14,600 --> 00:47:18,200
smoke and heat to exit upward 
through the Olympian atmosphere 

835
00:47:18,200 --> 00:47:20,800
without building to 
uncomfortable concentrations 

836
00:47:20,800 --> 00:47:24,000
inside. 
Through this opening at the 

837
00:47:24,000 --> 00:47:27,300
correct angle. 
A rectangle of the Perpetual 

838
00:47:27,300 --> 00:47:31,700
Celestial sky is visible. 
Deep and undisturbed by the 

839
00:47:31,700 --> 00:47:35,900
warmth, Rising through it. 
The sky seen through an aperture

840
00:47:35,900 --> 00:47:39,900
is different from the sky, seen 
in full focused by the frame 

841
00:47:39,900 --> 00:47:42,700
into something, more considered 
more available. 

842
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:46,600
The sound of the workshop is 
more complex from inside the 

843
00:47:46,600 --> 00:47:49,600
corridor suggested. 
The hammering that seemed simply

844
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:52,700
rhythmic from outside turns out 
to contain patterns within 

845
00:47:52,700 --> 00:47:56,700
patterns, variations that might 
be deliberate or might be the 

846
00:47:56,700 --> 00:47:59,600
natural result of different 
phases of different projects 

847
00:47:59,600 --> 00:48:02,400
running in parallel. 
Beneath the percussion, there is

848
00:48:02,400 --> 00:48:05,900
the breadth of the Bellows, a 
deep regular exhalation, that 

849
00:48:05,900 --> 00:48:08,300
gives the whole Space, something
almost respiratory. 

850
00:48:09,100 --> 00:48:13,000
As if the workshop breathes, 
drawing in air and releasing 

851
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:16,300
warmth in a cycle, timed to the 
requirements of the work. 

852
00:48:17,100 --> 00:48:20,900
The Bellows themselves were a 
Festus is own design on Earth 

853
00:48:20,900 --> 00:48:23,300
Bellows. 
Required continuous human labor 

854
00:48:23,300 --> 00:48:26,900
operated by hands or feet to 
maintain a forge. 

855
00:48:26,900 --> 00:48:31,100
Fire at working temperature, a 
Festus is Bellows responded to 

856
00:48:31,100 --> 00:48:34,200
the forges condition rather than
to any human schedule. 

857
00:48:35,100 --> 00:48:39,200
When the fire required more air,
it received more air when it 

858
00:48:39,200 --> 00:48:42,300
needed less the mechanism 
modulated accordingly. 

859
00:48:43,700 --> 00:48:47,600
In engineering terms it was a 
self-regulating system built 

860
00:48:47,600 --> 00:48:50,500
into the Olympian workshop at a 
time when the concept of 

861
00:48:50,500 --> 00:48:54,800
self-regulation had not yet been
articulated anywhere in the 

862
00:48:54,800 --> 00:48:58,000
lower world. 
What else had come from this 

863
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:01,500
Forge across the long ages? 
The Greeks had an extensive 

864
00:49:01,500 --> 00:49:05,200
answer accumulated across 
centuries of Storytelling. 

865
00:49:05,200 --> 00:49:09,300
The armor of Achilles was made 
here commissioned by his mother.

866
00:49:09,300 --> 00:49:12,800
The fetus in a scene that Homer 
narrates in The Iliad with the 

867
00:49:12,800 --> 00:49:15,700
attention of someone recording, 
something genuinely important. 

868
00:49:16,900 --> 00:49:19,800
The shield in particular 
received extended description, 

869
00:49:19,800 --> 00:49:22,800
its surface worked with scenes 
of human life. 

870
00:49:22,800 --> 00:49:26,900
So specific and so animated that
the shield became in the telling

871
00:49:26,900 --> 00:49:31,000
a kind of miniature world cities
at peace, alongside cities at 

872
00:49:31,000 --> 00:49:34,700
War, marriages and harvests and 
legal proceedings, and 

873
00:49:34,700 --> 00:49:37,200
astronomy. 
And the Great River of ocean 

874
00:49:37,200 --> 00:49:40,100
circling the entire composition 
of the outer edge. 

875
00:49:40,800 --> 00:49:44,000
It was a shield that contained 
within its decorated surface. 

876
00:49:44,000 --> 00:49:46,500
The full range of Human 
Experience. 

877
00:49:46,500 --> 00:49:51,500
Organized spatially The fastest 
at apparently decided that if he

878
00:49:51,500 --> 00:49:54,800
was going to make a defense of 
object, he was going to make a 

879
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:57,900
meaningful one. 
The winged sandals of Hermes 

880
00:49:57,900 --> 00:50:01,600
were serviced here, The Golden 
Throne that functioned on one 

881
00:50:01,600 --> 00:50:04,400
notable occasion. 
As an, elaborate trap for its 

882
00:50:04,400 --> 00:50:07,600
recipient came from this 
Workshop, the bronze, giant 

883
00:50:07,600 --> 00:50:10,700
Talos constructed to patrol. 
The shores of Crete with an 

884
00:50:10,700 --> 00:50:14,700
endurance that human Defenders 
could not match originated here 

885
00:50:14,700 --> 00:50:18,000
or in a version of this same 
space depending on which ancient

886
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:21,900
source you consult. 
The atem on that guarded a 

887
00:50:21,900 --> 00:50:24,300
coastline was like the golden 
assistant's. 

888
00:50:24,300 --> 00:50:29,100
A built being made rather than 
born and the Greeks placed its 

889
00:50:29,100 --> 00:50:32,000
origin in the same Workshop 
where the shield of Achilles had

890
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:36,300
been made and the Buckle of 
Heroes had been worked The 

891
00:50:36,300 --> 00:50:39,400
workshop was also simply a place
of Labor and this is worth 

892
00:50:39,400 --> 00:50:42,900
pausing on in a compound 
otherwise organized around 

893
00:50:42,900 --> 00:50:46,800
governance and ceremony and the 
management of celestial matters.

894
00:50:46,800 --> 00:50:49,500
At considerable remove from 
Earthly practicality. 

895
00:50:49,500 --> 00:50:53,400
A feist is Forge was the one 
space where the gods produced 

896
00:50:53,400 --> 00:50:55,500
things rather than merely 
directing them? 

897
00:50:56,300 --> 00:50:59,900
The Greeks held craft in deep 
respect, their most admired. 

898
00:50:59,900 --> 00:51:02,400
Human figures were not 
exclusively Warriors and 

899
00:51:02,400 --> 00:51:06,400
Statesmen butt makers, the 
sculptors and Potters, and 

900
00:51:06,400 --> 00:51:09,900
Architects, and Metal Workers, 
whose products outlasted their 

901
00:51:09,900 --> 00:51:14,000
own hands and continue to 
function in the world long after

902
00:51:14,000 --> 00:51:15,500
the people who built them were 
gone. 

903
00:51:16,300 --> 00:51:19,000
To have a Craftsman at the 
center of Olympus was to say 

904
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:23,200
that making things hard physical
labor in pursuit of a vision, 

905
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:27,500
was not beneath the gods. 
It was in a sense precisely 

906
00:51:27,500 --> 00:51:30,300
divine. 
You stand in the warmth of the 

907
00:51:30,300 --> 00:51:33,300
forge for a while doing nothing 
in particular. 

908
00:51:33,300 --> 00:51:37,900
This is appropriate. 
Workshops reward, patient 

909
00:51:37,900 --> 00:51:40,400
watching and you do not need to 
understand. 

910
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:45,100
Every step of what is happening 
to register that something is 

911
00:51:45,100 --> 00:51:48,900
and that it matters. 
When you step back into the 

912
00:51:48,900 --> 00:51:51,100
corridor, the temperature drops 
pleasantly. 

913
00:51:51,900 --> 00:51:55,000
The hammering recedes into its 
familiar background, register 

914
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:57,500
present, but no longer the 
primary thing. 

915
00:51:58,400 --> 00:52:00,700
Further along the compound past 
a turn. 

916
00:52:00,700 --> 00:52:03,800
You have not yet taken. 
Another kind of space is waiting

917
00:52:03,800 --> 00:52:09,100
quieter than the forge more 
ordered in its Arrangement lit 

918
00:52:09,100 --> 00:52:12,000
differently, built around the 
requirements of thought rather 

919
00:52:12,000 --> 00:52:15,100
than fire. 
The spaces associated with the 

920
00:52:15,100 --> 00:52:18,700
thinner on, Olympus was smaller 
than Zeus's Palace unless 

921
00:52:18,700 --> 00:52:20,300
dramatically lit than the 
workshop. 

922
00:52:21,200 --> 00:52:24,000
But they had a quality that made
them in a different way. 

923
00:52:24,000 --> 00:52:28,000
Among the most compelling rooms 
in the compound, They were 

924
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:31,700
organized for thinking. 
Though was the goddess of wisdom

925
00:52:31,700 --> 00:52:36,100
crossed and strategic 
intelligence, and the Greeks 

926
00:52:36,100 --> 00:52:39,100
thought about these qualities 
with considerable specificity. 

927
00:52:40,100 --> 00:52:43,700
wisdom was not for them, a 
passive condition you arrived at

928
00:52:43,700 --> 00:52:47,800
through age and experience and 
then simply possessed It was an 

929
00:52:47,800 --> 00:52:50,600
active practice. 
Something you did with your 

930
00:52:50,608 --> 00:52:52,700
mind. 
The way her feisty did things 

931
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:56,300
with his hands, a form of Labor,
that required appropriate 

932
00:52:56,300 --> 00:53:00,700
conditions and proper tools. 
Athena's rooms were designed 

933
00:53:00,700 --> 00:53:04,600
around this understanding. 
Primary study held a corner 

934
00:53:04,600 --> 00:53:06,100
position in the residential 
Wing. 

935
00:53:06,100 --> 00:53:09,700
That gave it to exterior walls 
and therefore two distinct 

936
00:53:09,700 --> 00:53:13,700
directions of incoming light. 
Morning Light entered from the 

937
00:53:13,700 --> 00:53:16,800
East, clear, and with a slightly
blue quality. 

938
00:53:16,800 --> 00:53:19,800
Well, suited to work. 
Requiring precision. 

939
00:53:20,600 --> 00:53:24,300
Late after noon, light entered 
from the south warmer and more 

940
00:53:24,300 --> 00:53:27,200
golden better suited to 
reviewing what the morning had 

941
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:30,000
produced. 
The ancient Greeks built this 

942
00:53:30,000 --> 00:53:33,200
kind of double aspect 
orientation into their most 

943
00:53:33,200 --> 00:53:36,800
serious domestic spaces when the
site permitted because they 

944
00:53:36,800 --> 00:53:39,100
understood that different 
qualities of light produced 

945
00:53:39,100 --> 00:53:42,700
different qualities of thought. 
The room was full of objects 

946
00:53:42,700 --> 00:53:46,600
organized around the logic of 
active use rather than the logic

947
00:53:46,600 --> 00:53:49,600
of display. 
There were implements associated

948
00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:52,200
with weaving, finer than 
anything available on Earth. 

949
00:53:53,000 --> 00:53:56,000
Because Athena Skillet, the loom
was described in ancient texts 

950
00:53:56,000 --> 00:53:59,700
as genuinely Beyond comparison, 
the Mortal woman, Iraq need 

951
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:02,700
discovered the distance between 
her own ability and Athena's 

952
00:54:02,700 --> 00:54:05,100
through a contest whose outcome 
was professionally. 

953
00:54:05,100 --> 00:54:08,800
Discouraging and personally 
transformative in ways, she had 

954
00:54:08,800 --> 00:54:11,600
not anticipated when she issued 
the challenge. 

955
00:54:12,800 --> 00:54:15,600
The weaving Tools in Athena 
study have the quality of 

956
00:54:15,608 --> 00:54:18,800
instruments that have been used 
for a very long time by someone 

957
00:54:18,800 --> 00:54:22,600
who understood them completely. 
They were navigation instruments

958
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:25,900
objects associated with the 
planning of Journeys across 

959
00:54:25,900 --> 00:54:29,200
unknown terrain, which was 
entirely consistent with the 

960
00:54:29,200 --> 00:54:33,200
Darcy whose patronage extended 
to strategic planning of all 

961
00:54:33,200 --> 00:54:37,400
kinds, including the kind of 
strategic planning that involved

962
00:54:37,400 --> 00:54:39,800
getting somewhere. 
No one had been before and 

963
00:54:39,800 --> 00:54:42,900
working out the root as you 
went, There were items that 

964
00:54:42,900 --> 00:54:46,300
could have been legal documents 
or philosophical outlines or 

965
00:54:46,300 --> 00:54:50,100
battle plans impossible to 
determine from the outside 

966
00:54:50,100 --> 00:54:53,000
because the writing on them was 
the celestial script that 

967
00:54:53,000 --> 00:54:56,700
Mortals could not read from the 
study and open Arch, led into a 

968
00:54:56,708 --> 00:54:59,600
smaller in a room with no name 
in the ancient texts. 

969
00:54:59,600 --> 00:55:03,000
But with a clear function, it 
contained almost nothing. 

970
00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:07,700
A low seat facing a window The 
window looked out over the 

971
00:55:07,700 --> 00:55:10,400
central Garden of the compound, 
which is where you're going 

972
00:55:10,408 --> 00:55:13,600
next, but which you should see 
first from this elevated 

973
00:55:13,600 --> 00:55:16,700
perspective, the way of view 
from above teachers. 

974
00:55:16,700 --> 00:55:19,500
You the layout of a space before
you enter it at ground level. 

975
00:55:21,100 --> 00:55:24,500
The garden below is larger than 
it appeared from the main path. 

976
00:55:25,400 --> 00:55:27,500
It occupied. 
A series of terrorist levels, 

977
00:55:27,500 --> 00:55:30,600
cut into the descending slope of
the Olympian Plateau. 

978
00:55:30,600 --> 00:55:34,800
Each Terrace connected to the 
one below by broad shallow steps

979
00:55:34,800 --> 00:55:38,300
wide enough for five Gods to 
walk side by side without 

980
00:55:38,300 --> 00:55:42,800
inconvenience this width was not
excessive, it was the width 

981
00:55:42,800 --> 00:55:46,000
appropriate to beings who Moved 
with the particular unhurried, 

982
00:55:46,000 --> 00:55:50,100
authority of those who have no, 
where to be by specific time and

983
00:55:50,100 --> 00:55:51,700
have a range, their lives 
accordingly. 

984
00:55:52,500 --> 00:55:55,800
The plants on every terrorists 
were in continuous Bloom, which 

985
00:55:55,800 --> 00:55:58,600
was not botanically feasible but
which Olympus treated as a 

986
00:55:58,600 --> 00:56:01,800
baseline requirement rather than
a point of pride. 

987
00:56:02,800 --> 00:56:06,200
Flowers were open on every level
fruit hungry on every tree. 

988
00:56:06,200 --> 00:56:09,800
The garden was the sustained 
argument against the idea that 

989
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:13,900
nature required difficulty and 
sacrifice, and the patience to 

990
00:56:13,900 --> 00:56:17,100
wait through the seasons, which 
was a philosophically 

991
00:56:17,100 --> 00:56:20,300
provocative position. 
But a genuinely Pleasant place 

992
00:56:20,300 --> 00:56:23,600
to walk through. 
Come down from Athena's rooms, 

993
00:56:23,600 --> 00:56:27,300
and aim to the Garden through a 
gate set in a low wall of Pale 

994
00:56:27,300 --> 00:56:30,400
Stone. 
The central Terrace was where 

995
00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:34,300
the gods gathered in the later, 
Olympian afternoons. the time 

996
00:56:34,300 --> 00:56:37,200
after the days administration 
had been addressed, and before 

997
00:56:37,200 --> 00:56:41,000
the evening's banquet had begun 
this was the Social Hour of the 

998
00:56:41,000 --> 00:56:44,500
compound, the Period, when the 
formal business, of managing the

999
00:56:44,508 --> 00:56:48,700
cosmos was set aside and the 
gods simply occupied space in 

1000
00:56:48,700 --> 00:56:51,400
proximity to one another with no
specific agenda. 

1001
00:56:51,400 --> 00:56:55,200
The garden was built for this 
Purpose, with seating, placed it

1002
00:56:55,200 --> 00:56:57,900
intervals that allowed for 
private conversation without 

1003
00:56:57,900 --> 00:56:59,900
making the space feel 
subdivided. 

1004
00:57:00,700 --> 00:57:03,300
You could be alone in this or in
company ink. 

1005
00:57:05,600 --> 00:57:08,100
Fragrance of the garden varied 
by level. 

1006
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:12,600
On the upper Terraces where 
older fruit trees grew in 

1007
00:57:12,600 --> 00:57:14,500
Arrangements. 
Suggesting deliberate planting 

1008
00:57:14,500 --> 00:57:18,000
from an early period, the air 
had a layered sweetness. 

1009
00:57:19,000 --> 00:57:22,200
The middle Terraces were more 
herbal. the plants, their chosen

1010
00:57:22,200 --> 00:57:27,900
for aromatic quality lavender 
and Thyme alongside varieties, 

1011
00:57:27,900 --> 00:57:30,500
without Earthly names, that 
contributed something the 

1012
00:57:30,500 --> 00:57:34,900
ancient poets called Ambrosia 
centered, which was circular as 

1013
00:57:34,900 --> 00:57:39,000
description, but felt honest as 
observational, The lowest 

1014
00:57:39,000 --> 00:57:41,900
Terrace closest to the edge of 
the Olympian Plateau had the 

1015
00:57:41,900 --> 00:57:45,100
character of a viewpoint. 
This was where the gods stood 

1016
00:57:45,100 --> 00:57:48,400
when they wanted to look at the 
world below Homer, places them 

1017
00:57:48,400 --> 00:57:50,800
here. 
Repeatedly observing Earthly 

1018
00:57:50,800 --> 00:57:55,300
events with the complex mixture 
of affection, exhaustion, and 

1019
00:57:55,300 --> 00:57:58,900
competitive investment that 
characterized Olympian 

1020
00:57:58,900 --> 00:58:01,400
supervision of human Affairs 
throughout the ancient 

1021
00:58:01,400 --> 00:58:05,000
literature. 
The Trojan War was watched from 

1022
00:58:05,000 --> 00:58:09,300
Terraces very like this one. 
The Gods on either side of the 

1023
00:58:09,308 --> 00:58:12,700
conflict watching the same 
Battlefield and arriving at 

1024
00:58:12,700 --> 00:58:15,600
entirely different conclusions 
about what they were seeing 

1025
00:58:15,600 --> 00:58:18,500
which was consistent with their 
General approach to 

1026
00:58:18,500 --> 00:58:21,100
disagreement. 
The banquet hall. 

1027
00:58:21,100 --> 00:58:24,000
Adjoined the Garden on its 
western side connected by an 

1028
00:58:24,000 --> 00:58:26,600
open Portico. 
That let the two spaces function

1029
00:58:26,600 --> 00:58:30,900
as a single extended complex on 
clear evenings. 

1030
00:58:31,700 --> 00:58:34,500
The hall was described by 
ancient sources as the Gathering

1031
00:58:34,500 --> 00:58:38,600
Place for the formal Celestial 
meal held at regular intervals 

1032
00:58:38,600 --> 00:58:41,100
and attended by the full 
complement of Olympian 

1033
00:58:41,100 --> 00:58:44,600
residents. 
Paulo provided music at every 

1034
00:58:44,600 --> 00:58:48,300
Divine, banquet, which was given
not as optional entertainment, 

1035
00:58:48,300 --> 00:58:52,200
but as a structural element of 
the occasion, the muses, the 

1036
00:58:52,200 --> 00:58:55,800
nine, goddesses of artistic and 
intellectual Endeavor, sang in 

1037
00:58:55,800 --> 00:58:59,000
response to his playing. 
And the combined effect of these

1038
00:58:59,000 --> 00:59:02,100
two things produced to condition
in the hall that the ancient 

1039
00:59:02,100 --> 00:59:06,400
texts described as the Practical
absence of difficulty not 

1040
00:59:06,400 --> 00:59:09,300
happiness. 
Exactly not the relief of a 

1041
00:59:09,300 --> 00:59:12,200
problem solved but something 
more fundamental. 

1042
00:59:12,200 --> 00:59:16,100
A quality of existence, from 
which the category of difficulty

1043
00:59:16,100 --> 00:59:20,100
had been temporarily removed. 
Nobody in the ancient texts. 

1044
00:59:20,100 --> 00:59:23,900
Declines to listen. 
Nobody had a Divine banquet 

1045
00:59:23,900 --> 00:59:27,800
requests, something different, 
The music of Apollo at these 

1046
00:59:27,800 --> 00:59:29,300
occasions was one of those 
things. 

1047
00:59:29,300 --> 00:59:32,900
The ancient world simply 
received as a given The hall 

1048
00:59:32,900 --> 00:59:36,700
itself was built on a generous 
scale with long tables arranged 

1049
00:59:36,700 --> 00:59:40,800
in parallel rows, covered in the
materials of celestial dining. 

1050
00:59:41,800 --> 00:59:45,100
Hebe the goddess of Youth move 
through the hall, carrying 

1051
00:59:45,100 --> 00:59:48,000
vessels of nectar. 
The nectar served at these, 

1052
00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:51,100
Banquets was not wine in the 
terrestrial sense but whines 

1053
00:59:51,100 --> 00:59:55,600
permanent and improved relation.
Substance producing the benefits

1054
00:59:55,600 --> 00:59:58,200
of wine, without the 
complications that terrestrial 

1055
00:59:58,200 --> 01:00:02,100
wine tended to introduce into 
the later portion of an evening.

1056
01:00:02,900 --> 01:00:06,500
Ambrosia accompanied, it 
described in various ancient 

1057
01:00:06,500 --> 01:00:08,500
sources as a food in summer 
camps. 

1058
01:00:08,500 --> 01:00:12,600
A liquid in others, a substance 
occupying, both category 

1059
01:00:12,600 --> 01:00:16,700
simultaneously and still others.
The inconsistency of cross 

1060
01:00:16,700 --> 01:00:19,300
sources. 
Reflected genuine difficulty in 

1061
01:00:19,300 --> 01:00:23,200
imagining, what celestial beings
actually required to sustain 

1062
01:00:23,200 --> 01:00:26,800
themselves since Divinity in 
nutritional need do not 

1063
01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:31,300
naturally occupy the same 
conceptual space. at the head of

1064
01:00:31,308 --> 01:00:35,900
the hall on a slightly elevated 
platform, Zeus and Hera sat at a

1065
01:00:35,900 --> 01:00:39,300
table set apart from the main 
arrangement This was not 

1066
01:00:39,300 --> 01:00:43,300
separation, but precedence, the 
architectural expression of the 

1067
01:00:43,300 --> 01:00:47,500
central position in any formal 
Gathering the position that 

1068
01:00:47,500 --> 01:00:50,300
organizes, everything around it,
from there. 

1069
01:00:50,300 --> 01:00:53,700
They could see every occupant of
the hall at once which was both 

1070
01:00:53,700 --> 01:00:56,300
practically useful and 
symbolically appropriate. 

1071
01:00:57,400 --> 01:01:00,500
The walls of the banquet hall, 
carried scenes from the earliest

1072
01:01:00,500 --> 01:01:05,100
ages of the world. not recent 
history, not anything involving 

1073
01:01:05,100 --> 01:01:08,300
the current occupants of the 
hall in situations that might 

1074
01:01:08,300 --> 01:01:11,900
generate awkward retrospective 
commentary, but older material, 

1075
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:16,300
the Titanic key, the great 
conflict between the old order 

1076
01:01:16,300 --> 01:01:20,500
and the new The separation of 
Earth and Sky at the world's 

1077
01:01:20,500 --> 01:01:23,300
beginning. 
The First Ages before the 

1078
01:01:23,300 --> 01:01:26,100
current arrangement of things 
and stabilized into its present 

1079
01:01:26,100 --> 01:01:28,900
form. 
These images serve the function 

1080
01:01:28,900 --> 01:01:32,500
that historical imagery has 
always served in formal spaces, 

1081
01:01:32,500 --> 01:01:36,200
reminding those present that 
they exist within a larger 

1082
01:01:36,200 --> 01:01:39,800
narrative and that their current
concerns, however, significant 

1083
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:43,800
are episodes within a story that
began long before this 

1084
01:01:43,800 --> 01:01:46,700
particular banquet and will 
continue long. 

1085
01:01:46,700 --> 01:01:50,100
After this particular evening 
ends, the hall in the evening, 

1086
01:01:50,100 --> 01:01:52,900
light had a quality, the Greek 
language calls chaos. 

1087
01:01:52,900 --> 01:01:57,200
It means beautiful, but it means
beautiful in the specific sense 

1088
01:01:57,200 --> 01:02:00,700
of right fitting properly made 
for the purpose. 

1089
01:02:00,700 --> 01:02:05,400
It serves, it is not the beauty 
of spectacle or shock, it is the

1090
01:02:05,400 --> 01:02:08,700
quieter beauty of things that 
have been given genuine thought 

1091
01:02:08,700 --> 01:02:11,300
and then left alone to be what 
they are. 

1092
01:02:12,500 --> 01:02:15,600
There is a question that moves 
beneath everything you have seen

1093
01:02:15,600 --> 01:02:18,900
on Olympus tonight. 
A question that the ancient 

1094
01:02:18,900 --> 01:02:22,100
Greeks aren't answered in a 
specific and Illuminating way 

1095
01:02:22,100 --> 01:02:25,600
and the answer turns out to be 
as interesting as any single 

1096
01:02:25,600 --> 01:02:29,200
room or gate of walked through. 
Question, is this? 

1097
01:02:30,200 --> 01:02:31,800
Where did these images 
originate? 

1098
01:02:32,600 --> 01:02:35,600
Not in the spiritual sense of 
whose imagination provided the 

1099
01:02:35,600 --> 01:02:38,500
initial spark. 
But in the Practical visual 

1100
01:02:38,500 --> 01:02:42,000
sense of what the ancient Greek 
mind was drawing on when it 

1101
01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:44,800
assembled these golden walls and
vaulted ceilings and 

1102
01:02:44,800 --> 01:02:47,500
self-maintaining Bellows and 
terrorists Guardians. 

1103
01:02:47,500 --> 01:02:50,300
What were the Greeks? 
Looking at in the material world

1104
01:02:50,300 --> 01:02:52,900
around them when they tried to 
build a picture of where the 

1105
01:02:52,900 --> 01:02:56,400
gods resided, They were looking 
at their own sanctuaries. 

1106
01:02:57,200 --> 01:03:00,000
The relationship between 
Celestial residents and Earthly 

1107
01:03:00,000 --> 01:03:04,700
temple in ancient Greece was not
a simple one-way borrowing but a

1108
01:03:04,700 --> 01:03:08,100
feedback loop that operated 
across centuries and that shaped

1109
01:03:08,100 --> 01:03:11,600
both the buildings and the 
mythology in ways that are now 

1110
01:03:11,600 --> 01:03:13,700
genuinely difficult to fully 
disentangle. 

1111
01:03:14,900 --> 01:03:18,200
When Homer was composing, The 
Iliad probably during the 8th 

1112
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:21,900
Century before the Common Era 
greek temple architecture had 

1113
01:03:21,900 --> 01:03:24,700
not yet achieved what it would 
become by the 5th Century. 

1114
01:03:25,700 --> 01:03:29,400
The earliest Greek temples were 
modest constructions would frame

1115
01:03:29,400 --> 01:03:32,500
and mud bricked. 
Barely distinguishable from the 

1116
01:03:32,500 --> 01:03:34,200
better. 
Domestic buildings of the same 

1117
01:03:34,200 --> 01:03:38,300
period but Homer described. 
Olympus in terms of worked gold 

1118
01:03:38,300 --> 01:03:41,800
and permanent Celestial 
material, and this description 

1119
01:03:41,800 --> 01:03:44,700
was not drawn from the 
building's around him, it was 

1120
01:03:44,700 --> 01:03:48,300
drawn from aspiration from a 
sense of what buildings ought to

1121
01:03:48,300 --> 01:03:49,800
be. 
If the beings inhabiting them 

1122
01:03:49,800 --> 01:03:51,700
possessed. 
The dignity, their mythology 

1123
01:03:51,700 --> 01:03:55,400
attributed to them, then the 
temples began to close the 

1124
01:03:55,400 --> 01:03:59,100
distance, over the seventh and 
sixth Century before the Common 

1125
01:03:59,100 --> 01:04:02,500
Era, greek temple architecture, 
underwent a transformation that 

1126
01:04:02,500 --> 01:04:04,900
has no clear parallel in the 
history of building. 

1127
01:04:05,800 --> 01:04:10,100
In roughly 150 years, it moved 
from Timber and mud brick to 

1128
01:04:10,100 --> 01:04:14,300
dressed, Limestone from 
Limestone to Marble from simple 

1129
01:04:14,300 --> 01:04:17,300
rectangular enclosures to 
structures of extraordinary 

1130
01:04:17,300 --> 01:04:20,500
refinement. 
Fitted with sculpted freezes and

1131
01:04:20,500 --> 01:04:23,800
painted, pediments, and a 
dimensional vocabulary of 

1132
01:04:23,800 --> 01:04:27,500
columns and in tablatures and 
proportional relationships that 

1133
01:04:27,500 --> 01:04:30,100
remain in use today in buildings
that want to communicate 

1134
01:04:30,100 --> 01:04:33,300
importance. 
This transformation was driven 

1135
01:04:33,300 --> 01:04:36,600
partly by a desire to honor the 
gods with buildings that matched

1136
01:04:36,600 --> 01:04:40,400
what they deserved the standard 
of what they deserve to be set 

1137
01:04:40,400 --> 01:04:43,300
in part by the mythological 
description of their actual 

1138
01:04:43,300 --> 01:04:46,500
home. 
Builders at Corinth and Olympia 

1139
01:04:46,500 --> 01:04:49,000
and Athens were in a genuine 
sense. 

1140
01:04:49,000 --> 01:04:53,500
Attempting to construct, Earthly
versions of Olympus, they were 

1141
01:04:53,508 --> 01:04:57,400
trying to materialize in marble 
and gold leaf and caustic paint 

1142
01:04:57,400 --> 01:05:01,300
the golden halls and Flawless 
proportions that Homer and 

1143
01:05:01,300 --> 01:05:04,900
hesiod had described. the 
imaginary home of the Gods 

1144
01:05:04,900 --> 01:05:08,700
functioned as the specification 
document for the actual 

1145
01:05:08,700 --> 01:05:12,900
architecture of Greek religious 
life and then the completed 

1146
01:05:12,900 --> 01:05:17,300
buildings changed, how people 
imagined Olympus When five years

1147
01:05:17,300 --> 01:05:21,200
carved the cult statue of Zeus 
at Olympia in the 430s before 

1148
01:05:21,200 --> 01:05:24,900
the Common Era. 
He created a figure Seated on a 

1149
01:05:24,900 --> 01:05:27,600
throne within a temple. 
Whose proportions had been 

1150
01:05:27,608 --> 01:05:31,400
carefully calculated to make the
seated God appear consistent 

1151
01:05:31,400 --> 01:05:35,300
with Divine Authority. 
Statue used gold and ivory over 

1152
01:05:35,300 --> 01:05:38,200
a wooden core. 
The crisella Funtime technique 

1153
01:05:38,200 --> 01:05:40,700
that produced the most visually 
overwhelming objects. 

1154
01:05:40,700 --> 01:05:43,400
The ancient world could 
construct, and it stood 

1155
01:05:43,400 --> 01:05:48,200
approximately 12 to 13 meters 
tall, ancient visitors reported 

1156
01:05:48,200 --> 01:05:50,600
that the figure seemed to press 
against the ceiling. 

1157
01:05:51,400 --> 01:05:54,800
The geographer stray bone noted 
that if Zeus stood up in his own

1158
01:05:54,800 --> 01:05:58,200
Temple he would lift the roof. 
Feeding us according to One 

1159
01:05:58,200 --> 01:06:01,100
account was asked what had 
guided his conception of the 

1160
01:06:01,100 --> 01:06:03,700
Gods appearance, and he quoted 
Homer. 

1161
01:06:04,500 --> 01:06:06,500
This is the feedback made 
explicit. 

1162
01:06:07,400 --> 01:06:09,100
Homer. 
Imagined the celestial. 

1163
01:06:10,200 --> 01:06:13,600
Phidias, used Homer to construct
the Earthly representation of 

1164
01:06:13,608 --> 01:06:16,900
the celestial. 
Later generations used the 

1165
01:06:16,900 --> 01:06:20,900
statue of the idiots and the 
pathanon and the temple at 

1166
01:06:20,900 --> 01:06:24,400
Olympia to re-imagine. 
What Olympus itself must look 

1167
01:06:24,400 --> 01:06:26,700
like each. 
Generation's picture of the 

1168
01:06:26,708 --> 01:06:29,700
celestial home was in Rich by 
the finest buildings that 

1169
01:06:29,700 --> 01:06:33,500
generation had produced in each,
generation's finest, Builders 

1170
01:06:33,500 --> 01:06:36,900
aimed at a standard partly 
defined by the home, they were 

1171
01:06:36,908 --> 01:06:40,800
trying to honor through 
Construction The results were 

1172
01:06:40,800 --> 01:06:42,500
buildings that contemporary 
Architects. 

1173
01:06:42,500 --> 01:06:46,300
Continue to study, not only for 
their Structural Engineering but

1174
01:06:46,300 --> 01:06:50,100
for their intentions. 
The Columns of the Parthenon are

1175
01:06:50,100 --> 01:06:53,700
not perfectly cylindrical. 
They swell slightly toward the 

1176
01:06:53,700 --> 01:06:57,900
middle, a curve called in tacis.
Perfectly straight columns 

1177
01:06:57,900 --> 01:07:01,300
viewed against the sky, red as 
slightly concave to the human 

1178
01:07:01,300 --> 01:07:04,200
eye, and the builders determined
that the appearance of 

1179
01:07:04,200 --> 01:07:07,800
straightness required, the 
physical reality of a curve, the

1180
01:07:07,800 --> 01:07:11,700
temple floor is not level. 
It bows upwards slightly toward 

1181
01:07:11,700 --> 01:07:15,200
the center because a 
geometrically flat floor reads, 

1182
01:07:15,200 --> 01:07:17,400
A subtly sagging from a viewing 
distance. 

1183
01:07:18,300 --> 01:07:20,200
The Columns, do not stand 
vertically. 

1184
01:07:20,200 --> 01:07:23,600
The incline. 
Very slightly inward toward an 

1185
01:07:23,600 --> 01:07:27,400
imaginary convergence Point, far
above the building Every one of 

1186
01:07:27,408 --> 01:07:30,000
these justments was made in 
pursuit of a building that would

1187
01:07:30,000 --> 01:07:34,100
look from where a human being 
actually stands the way a 

1188
01:07:34,100 --> 01:07:36,800
Celestial building. 
Should look, The Architects of 

1189
01:07:36,800 --> 01:07:39,500
the 5th Century before the 
Common Era were building Olympus

1190
01:07:39,500 --> 01:07:42,300
in the materials available to 
them, and they were willing to 

1191
01:07:42,308 --> 01:07:46,100
introduce considerable physical 
complexity into the structure to

1192
01:07:46,100 --> 01:07:50,500
produce the visual Simplicity 
appropriate to the divine The 

1193
01:07:50,500 --> 01:07:53,000
marble they used was not purely 
white when it was new. 

1194
01:07:53,700 --> 01:07:56,400
Pentelic marble the stone of the
Parthenon. 

1195
01:07:56,400 --> 01:08:01,500
Carried a slight warmth, when 
freshly cut. faint golden tinge 

1196
01:08:01,500 --> 01:08:05,500
from its iron content that made 
it read in certain lights like a

1197
01:08:05,500 --> 01:08:08,700
building bathed in the 
particular quality of Radiance 

1198
01:08:08,700 --> 01:08:14,400
that Homer had described filling
Olympus modern Restorations work

1199
01:08:14,400 --> 01:08:16,300
with stone. 
That is aged to a different 

1200
01:08:16,300 --> 01:08:18,100
tone, over two and a half 
Millennia. 

1201
01:08:18,100 --> 01:08:22,300
Photographs taken in certain 
conditions trip the remaining 

1202
01:08:22,300 --> 01:08:25,700
warmth from the surface. 
The building the Athenians 

1203
01:08:25,700 --> 01:08:29,600
completed in the 430s before the
Common Era was a different color

1204
01:08:29,600 --> 01:08:31,600
than the structure of visitors 
walk through today. 

1205
01:08:31,600 --> 01:08:35,300
Closer in its visual quality to 
what you have been moving 

1206
01:08:35,300 --> 01:08:38,800
through tonight. 
The Colonnades of Greek temples 

1207
01:08:38,800 --> 01:08:42,800
extended the Sacred Space 
outward in a way that had Direct

1208
01:08:42,800 --> 01:08:45,700
precedent in the mythological 
description of Olympus. 

1209
01:08:46,800 --> 01:08:50,399
When Homer described the 
celestial compound, he placed 

1210
01:08:50,399 --> 01:08:54,399
covered walkways between its 
structures protected passages, 

1211
01:08:54,399 --> 01:08:57,100
where Gods could move through 
the mountains complex, with 

1212
01:08:57,100 --> 01:09:00,700
without full exposure. 
Temple Colonnades perform the 

1213
01:09:00,700 --> 01:09:04,000
same function for the sacred, 
precincts surrounding them. 

1214
01:09:04,000 --> 01:09:08,200
Creating a zone that was neither
fully inside nor fully outside, 

1215
01:09:08,200 --> 01:09:11,800
but held under a protection, 
that was simultaneously 

1216
01:09:11,800 --> 01:09:15,600
structural and conceptual. 
The orientation of Earthly 

1217
01:09:15,600 --> 01:09:18,899
temples mattered in the same way
that orientation matters for the

1218
01:09:18,908 --> 01:09:20,399
buildings you've visited 
tonight. 

1219
01:09:20,399 --> 01:09:24,300
The standard east-facing Temple 
entrance placed the morning sun 

1220
01:09:24,300 --> 01:09:27,700
in alignment, with the cult 
statue within, so that on the 

1221
01:09:27,700 --> 01:09:30,700
holiest days of the festival 
calendar, the rising light 

1222
01:09:30,700 --> 01:09:33,300
entered, the building and fell 
on the face of the deities 

1223
01:09:33,300 --> 01:09:36,300
image. 
The Greeks understood this as a 

1224
01:09:36,300 --> 01:09:40,500
meeting point, between solar 
time and Celestial presents on 

1225
01:09:40,500 --> 01:09:43,700
Olympus the buildings faced the 
Direction's chosen for their 

1226
01:09:43,700 --> 01:09:46,500
relationship with the movement 
of time through the celestial 

1227
01:09:46,500 --> 01:09:49,200
day. 
The real in the imagined were 

1228
01:09:49,207 --> 01:09:53,399
built on identical principles as
if the same intelligence are 

1229
01:09:53,399 --> 01:09:54,800
designed both levels 
simultaneously. 

1230
01:09:56,100 --> 01:09:57,900
What does this accumulation tell
you? 

1231
01:09:58,800 --> 01:10:01,700
It tells you that the ancient 
Greeks did not separate 

1232
01:10:01,700 --> 01:10:04,800
religious imagination from 
Material practice in the way 

1233
01:10:04,800 --> 01:10:08,800
that later Western Traditions 
sometimes encouraged The 

1234
01:10:08,800 --> 01:10:11,700
building and the belief were the
same activity pursued through 

1235
01:10:11,700 --> 01:10:15,100
different materials. 
When a stonemason dressed a 

1236
01:10:15,100 --> 01:10:18,300
column drum for the pathan he 
was not performing a 

1237
01:10:18,300 --> 01:10:20,400
construction tasks disconnected 
from meaning. 

1238
01:10:21,200 --> 01:10:24,000
He was participating in the 
ongoing project of making 

1239
01:10:24,000 --> 01:10:28,400
Olympus visible in stone. 
When a poet added a detail to 

1240
01:10:28,408 --> 01:10:31,500
the description of Heroes 
Chambers or Zeus's view from the

1241
01:10:31,500 --> 01:10:35,300
throne room, he was contributing
to the architectural imagination

1242
01:10:35,300 --> 01:10:40,000
of an entire civilization. 
The gardens you walk through to 

1243
01:10:40,000 --> 01:10:44,400
night the forge, in its built 
assistance, the council Hall 

1244
01:10:44,400 --> 01:10:47,500
with its living ceiling. 
The banquet hall where music was

1245
01:10:47,500 --> 01:10:50,600
provided as a matter, of course,
and the food sustained 

1246
01:10:50,600 --> 01:10:54,000
immortality in ways, no one 
could quite fully explain. 

1247
01:10:54,000 --> 01:10:57,900
These were not fantasies in the 
diminishing sense of the word. 

1248
01:10:59,000 --> 01:11:01,900
They were proposals. 
They were proposals about what 

1249
01:11:01,900 --> 01:11:03,800
the best possible version of a 
home. 

1250
01:11:03,800 --> 01:11:07,800
A community, a working life and 
a governing body. 

1251
01:11:07,800 --> 01:11:10,800
Might look like the Golden Gate 
that required. 

1252
01:11:10,800 --> 01:11:14,500
No maintenance the workshop, 
that produced things beyond the 

1253
01:11:14,508 --> 01:11:16,400
current capacity of mortal 
Kraft. 

1254
01:11:17,100 --> 01:11:20,400
The space is built around the 
requirements of thought and 

1255
01:11:20,400 --> 01:11:23,800
making and collective decision. 
These were images of 

1256
01:11:23,800 --> 01:11:26,400
aspirational as much as images 
of divinity. 

1257
01:11:27,300 --> 01:11:30,000
Something unexpected has 
happened to these images across 

1258
01:11:30,000 --> 01:11:32,300
the long centuries since they 
were first formed. 

1259
01:11:33,100 --> 01:11:36,900
They have not disappeared, they 
have not been replaced by more 

1260
01:11:36,900 --> 01:11:39,300
sophisticated. 
Alternatives, they have been 

1261
01:11:39,308 --> 01:11:42,000
carried forward through the 
Roman adoption of Greek 

1262
01:11:42,000 --> 01:11:45,400
mythology, through the recovery 
of classical ideals, during the 

1263
01:11:45,408 --> 01:11:48,600
Renaissance, through the 
tradition of Civic architecture 

1264
01:11:48,600 --> 01:11:52,700
that still places columns on 
courthouses and Porter, cos on 

1265
01:11:52,708 --> 01:11:56,000
public libraries and Colonnades 
on buildings, that want to 

1266
01:11:56,000 --> 01:11:58,500
communicate that serious things 
happen inside. 

1267
01:11:59,300 --> 01:12:02,400
The architectural language 
developed to describe, Olympus 

1268
01:12:02,400 --> 01:12:05,100
is still being spoken in the 
constructed environment of the 

1269
01:12:05,100 --> 01:12:08,400
Contemporary world when you pass
a marble fronted, public 

1270
01:12:08,400 --> 01:12:12,500
building and feel briefly that 
the space is asking something of

1271
01:12:12,500 --> 01:12:15,400
you asking for a kind of 
attention or behavior 

1272
01:12:15,400 --> 01:12:17,600
appropriate to its scale and 
materials. 

1273
01:12:17,600 --> 01:12:21,100
That is a very old conversation 
continuing through the medium of

1274
01:12:21,108 --> 01:12:23,700
stone. 
You have walked through Olympus 

1275
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:27,400
to night from the Golden Gate to
the innermost Chambers pass the 

1276
01:12:27,400 --> 01:12:30,400
peacocks on their Terrace. 
And through the council Hall 

1277
01:12:30,400 --> 01:12:32,800
where the ceiling showed the 
world, its current condition 

1278
01:12:32,800 --> 01:12:36,400
through the warmth of the forge 
and the ordered light of Athena 

1279
01:12:36,400 --> 01:12:40,300
study down through the tiered 
garden and into the banquet hall

1280
01:12:40,300 --> 01:12:43,000
where Apollo played whether or 
not the occasion required, it 

1281
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:46,400
You have been witnessed to 
spaces, that no one ever 

1282
01:12:46,400 --> 01:12:50,200
physically build and that have 
in the two and a half thousand 

1283
01:12:50,200 --> 01:12:53,700
years since they were first 
assembled in imagination, shaped

1284
01:12:53,700 --> 01:12:57,100
more actual buildings than any 
single architect in the history 

1285
01:12:57,100 --> 01:13:00,100
of the lower world. 
The mountain is behind you. 

1286
01:13:00,100 --> 01:13:04,200
Now the path leads gently 
downward through the last of the

1287
01:13:04,208 --> 01:13:07,600
Olympian, warmth pass the 
asphalt on their carefully 

1288
01:13:07,600 --> 01:13:12,000
arranged slopes The Golden Gate 
stand opened for departures as 

1289
01:13:12,000 --> 01:13:15,700
they always do. 
The hare are there unhurried and

1290
01:13:15,700 --> 01:13:19,400
composed giving you the quiet 
acknowledgment of being who have

1291
01:13:19,400 --> 01:13:22,400
seen everyone come and go and 
who hold that fact without 

1292
01:13:22,400 --> 01:13:25,300
drama. 
The cloud layer closest over the

1293
01:13:25,300 --> 01:13:27,900
summit above you. 
The mountain resumes its 

1294
01:13:27,900 --> 01:13:32,200
ordinary appearance From Below 
tall and snowcapped and raped in

1295
01:13:32,208 --> 01:13:35,200
the weather that keeps its upper
reaches from casualty. 

1296
01:13:36,700 --> 01:13:40,600
Somewhere above that cloud layer
in the Perpetual, mild Radiance.

1297
01:13:40,600 --> 01:13:44,900
The forge fire is still going. 
The banquet is still running. 

1298
01:13:44,900 --> 01:13:47,700
The council Hall. 
Ceiling is still showing the 

1299
01:13:47,700 --> 01:13:49,500
world. 
Its current condition to whoever

1300
01:13:49,500 --> 01:13:51,000
in the assembly is paying 
attention. 

1301
01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:54,700
Here, as peacocks are still 
entirely committed to their 

1302
01:13:54,708 --> 01:13:57,600
responsibilities, you're almost 
at the bottom of the mountain. 

1303
01:13:57,600 --> 01:14:01,200
Now, the air here is ordinary 
are, which is exactly what 

1304
01:14:01,200 --> 01:14:04,800
tonight requires your breathing 
is already slower than when this

1305
01:14:04,800 --> 01:14:08,400
walk began. 
The warmth of the forge and the 

1306
01:14:08,408 --> 01:14:11,200
garden and the cedar scented 
dressing chamber has done its 

1307
01:14:11,200 --> 01:14:14,200
quiet work. 
The hammering from the workshop 

1308
01:14:14,200 --> 01:14:17,900
has become a sound in the far, 
middle distance rhythmic and 

1309
01:14:17,900 --> 01:14:20,500
reassuring the sound of 
something being made. 

1310
01:14:20,500 --> 01:14:22,900
Well, by someone who has done 
this long enough to do it 

1311
01:14:22,900 --> 01:14:27,900
without effort, Close Your Eyes.
The mountain is still there 

1312
01:14:27,900 --> 01:14:32,300
behind them if you want it. 
If you made it all the way to 

1313
01:14:32,300 --> 01:14:35,300
the bottom of the mountain, 
without falling asleep, that is 

1314
01:14:35,308 --> 01:14:38,600
genuinely impressive. 
And possibly indicates that your

1315
01:14:38,600 --> 01:14:42,600
resistance to sleep is higher 
than the average demigod If this

1316
01:14:42,600 --> 01:14:47,000
walk served, its actual purpose,
there is more waiting whenever 

1317
01:14:47,000 --> 01:14:50,300
you need it. 
Drop a comment with the ancient 

1318
01:14:50,300 --> 01:14:51,900
world. 
You would like to wander through

1319
01:14:51,900 --> 01:14:54,500
next. 
Following leave a positive 

1320
01:14:54,500 --> 01:14:57,600
thumbs up if you want to know 
when the gates open again sleep.

1321
01:14:57,600 --> 01:14:59,500
Well my weary little history 
Gremlins. 

1322
01:15:07,300 --> 01:15:09,300
Imagine yourself in a muddy 
Marketplace. 

1323
01:15:09,300 --> 01:15:14,000
In what would become France in? 
1347 Horse manure, roasting meat

1324
01:15:14,000 --> 01:15:16,600
unwashed bodies. 
And what you hope is just 

1325
01:15:16,600 --> 01:15:18,200
spoiled. 
Cabbage, are all in the air. 

1326
01:15:19,000 --> 01:15:23,100
Around you pilgrims grip their 
possessions anxiously Traders 

1327
01:15:23,100 --> 01:15:25,900
bargain in three different 
languages and a lute player 

1328
01:15:25,900 --> 01:15:27,300
plays with more passion than 
skill. 

1329
01:15:27,300 --> 01:15:30,700
Imagine now that you are a spy 
and not just a tourist in this 

1330
01:15:30,700 --> 01:15:33,600
medieval scene. 
But set aside, your preconceived

1331
01:15:33,600 --> 01:15:36,400
notions about Espionage based on
television and film. 

1332
01:15:36,400 --> 01:15:40,400
This is not a place for tuxedos 
Martini, slick, technology or 

1333
01:15:40,400 --> 01:15:43,200
dramatic car chases rather your 
boots. 

1334
01:15:43,200 --> 01:15:46,200
Leak your most likely wearing 
the same rough wool and tunic. 

1335
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,100
You've owned for three years and
your idea of Cutting Edge. 

1336
01:15:49,100 --> 01:15:51,800
Technology is a quill pen that 
doesn't split when you write 

1337
01:15:51,800 --> 01:15:54,600
medieval Espionage, was more. 
Akin to being a traveling 

1338
01:15:54,600 --> 01:15:57,000
salesman with trust issues and 
less James Bond. 

1339
01:15:57,800 --> 01:16:00,500
In actuality the majority of 
medieval spies were regular 

1340
01:16:00,500 --> 01:16:04,300
people carrying out risky tasks 
for Mega pay in a time when both

1341
01:16:04,300 --> 01:16:08,300
were far more delicate than they
are now a patchwork of Kingdoms 

1342
01:16:08,300 --> 01:16:12,000
dutchies city-states and 
ecclesiastical territories. 

1343
01:16:12,000 --> 01:16:15,200
The Medieval World was viewed 
with the same suspicion. 

1344
01:16:15,200 --> 01:16:18,200
You might have for a neighbor 
who constantly plays music too 

1345
01:16:18,200 --> 01:16:20,700
loudly. 
Although information was 

1346
01:16:20,700 --> 01:16:24,100
powerful it spread quickly and 
obtaining it frequently required

1347
01:16:24,100 --> 01:16:27,000
someone to travel hundreds of 
miles through areas where being 

1348
01:16:27,000 --> 01:16:30,200
caught asking the wrong 
questions, could land on 

1349
01:16:30,200 --> 01:16:33,000
anywhere from incarceration to 
being stretched on a rack 

1350
01:16:33,000 --> 01:16:36,300
medieval rulers had to rely on 
human intelligence networks. 

1351
01:16:36,300 --> 01:16:39,000
That functioned with the 
efficiency of a medieval Postal 

1352
01:16:39,000 --> 01:16:41,200
Service. 
Meaning that letters arrived 

1353
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:43,700
when they arrived, assuming they
arrived at all. 

1354
01:16:43,700 --> 01:16:46,500
And often contained information 
that was already outdated. 

1355
01:16:46,500 --> 01:16:48,000
By the time they reach their 
destination. 

1356
01:16:48,000 --> 01:16:51,400
This was in contrast to our 
modern world of instant 

1357
01:16:51,400 --> 01:16:54,400
communication and satellites 
surveillance, the individuals 

1358
01:16:54,400 --> 01:16:57,000
who became medieval spies were 
not chosen for their Advanced 

1359
01:16:57,000 --> 01:16:59,400
degrees in international 
relations or recruited from 

1360
01:16:59,400 --> 01:17:01,800
prestigious academies, they were
traders. 

1361
01:17:01,800 --> 01:17:04,600
Who could track troop movements 
priests who could learn about 

1362
01:17:04,600 --> 01:17:07,900
noble families, from confession 
servants, who worked in high 

1363
01:17:07,900 --> 01:17:10,900
profile homes and could listen 
in on conversations and 

1364
01:17:10,900 --> 01:17:14,000
travelers of all Stripes who 
could move between areas without

1365
01:17:14,000 --> 01:17:16,500
drawing too much. 
Notice in the world in which 

1366
01:17:16,500 --> 01:17:19,500
these early Intelligence 
Officers worked, the dist. 

1367
01:17:19,500 --> 01:17:22,600
Action between Espionage and 
lawful business was as hazy as 

1368
01:17:22,600 --> 01:17:25,000
that between Magic and Medicine 
military. 

1369
01:17:25,000 --> 01:17:28,300
Fortifications may be noted by a
merchant collecting information 

1370
01:17:28,300 --> 01:17:32,200
about trade routes a pilgrim. 
Visiting places of worship might

1371
01:17:32,200 --> 01:17:35,600
notice political unrest in other
areas correspondence. 

1372
01:17:35,600 --> 01:17:38,800
Containing diplomatic Secrets 
could be discovered by a 

1373
01:17:38,800 --> 01:17:40,500
scholar, copying manuscripts in 
different. 

1374
01:17:40,500 --> 01:17:44,500
Monasteries the work required, a
certain kind of Courage, not the

1375
01:17:44,500 --> 01:17:48,400
heroic heroism of combat Glory, 
but the quiet bravery of someone

1376
01:17:48,400 --> 01:17:51,700
who was prepared to like 
convincingly, keep up a false 

1377
01:17:51,700 --> 01:17:55,200
identity for months at a time 
and accept that being discovered

1378
01:17:55,200 --> 01:17:57,800
could mean, not just death, but 
a particularly unpleasant death 

1379
01:17:57,800 --> 01:17:59,900
that was proceeded by intense 
interrogation. 

1380
01:17:59,900 --> 01:18:04,000
About exactly what you knew and 
Who You'd told the majority of 

1381
01:18:04,000 --> 01:18:06,700
medieval spies were always aware
that they were balancing on a 

1382
01:18:06,708 --> 01:18:10,600
tightrope over a very deep 
Abyss, their life, and career 

1383
01:18:10,600 --> 01:18:12,500
could end in an instant. 
If they say something 

1384
01:18:12,500 --> 01:18:16,200
inappropriate acts, 
suspiciously, or are recognized 

1385
01:18:16,200 --> 01:18:19,300
by someone from a pastor 
assignment, it was a job that 

1386
01:18:19,400 --> 01:18:21,400
Required psychological 
fortitude. 

1387
01:18:21,400 --> 01:18:24,200
In addition to courage which 
most people just lacked. 

1388
01:18:24,200 --> 01:18:26,900
There was very little truth to 
the romanticized. 

1389
01:18:26,900 --> 01:18:30,300
Portrayal of the enigmatic 
medieval spy slinking, through 

1390
01:18:30,300 --> 01:18:33,100
shadows and luring. 
Information from unwearing 

1391
01:18:33,100 --> 01:18:35,800
Nobles. 
The majority of Espionage work 

1392
01:18:35,800 --> 01:18:38,500
involved living conditions that 
would make modern Backpackers 

1393
01:18:38,500 --> 01:18:42,800
complain pay scales that hardly 
covered basic survival needs and

1394
01:18:42,800 --> 01:18:46,600
long stretches of boredom into 
first with genuine Terror yet. 

1395
01:18:46,600 --> 01:18:49,500
These ordinary individuals, the 
networks of intelligence that 

1396
01:18:49,500 --> 01:18:53,600
influence the outcome of Wars 
molded, medieval politics and 

1397
01:18:53,600 --> 01:18:55,300
sometimes altered the path of 
History. 

1398
01:18:56,300 --> 01:18:59,900
Their work was dangerous 
necessary, nearly an 

1399
01:18:59,900 --> 01:19:03,200
acknowledged by the society as 
they served, their tails should 

1400
01:19:03,200 --> 01:19:05,700
be told because they were the 
unsung heroes of medieval 

1401
01:19:05,700 --> 01:19:08,100
statecraft. 
Imagine managing a medieval 

1402
01:19:08,100 --> 01:19:11,100
intelligence agency which is 
essentially the same as a 

1403
01:19:11,100 --> 01:19:13,200
tempting to set up a 
neighborhood watch program in 

1404
01:19:13,200 --> 01:19:15,800
multiple Nations where the 
majority of people are 

1405
01:19:15,800 --> 01:19:17,900
illiterate and everyone speaks a
different language. 

1406
01:19:18,700 --> 01:19:21,200
For this unachievable position. 
Who would you hire? 

1407
01:19:21,200 --> 01:19:24,100
Almost anyone who could travel 
without drawing suspicion? 

1408
01:19:24,100 --> 01:19:27,400
Had a good reason to ask 
questions and had the emotional 

1409
01:19:27,400 --> 01:19:29,300
strength to keep up a full 
identity. 

1410
01:19:29,300 --> 01:19:32,200
While constantly running the 
risk of being caught was the 

1411
01:19:32,200 --> 01:19:34,800
answer. 
It turned out, Medieval 

1412
01:19:34,800 --> 01:19:37,300
spymasters needed, people who 
could complete the task, 

1413
01:19:37,300 --> 01:19:40,000
regardless of their background 
or social standing. 

1414
01:19:40,000 --> 01:19:43,200
So, they weren't very picky. 
It makes sense, that medieval 

1415
01:19:43,200 --> 01:19:45,500
intelligence networks were 
anchored by Merchants. 

1416
01:19:45,500 --> 01:19:48,500
They had good reason to inquire 
about everything from local 

1417
01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:52,200
prices to political stability, 
travelled widely, and frequently

1418
01:19:52,200 --> 01:19:55,500
crossed political boundaries. 
While conducting perfectly 

1419
01:19:55,500 --> 01:19:58,500
normal business operations, a 
wool Merchants traveling from 

1420
01:19:58,500 --> 01:20:01,800
England to Flanders could 
observe military preparations. 

1421
01:20:01,800 --> 01:20:05,700
Record changes in fortifications
and learn about diplomatic 

1422
01:20:05,700 --> 01:20:08,300
relationships. 
These Merchants spies worked in 

1423
01:20:08,308 --> 01:20:11,000
a society where politics and 
business were closely linked. 

1424
01:20:12,000 --> 01:20:14,700
Trader who purchased your grain,
may be tallying the number of 

1425
01:20:14,700 --> 01:20:17,800
soldiers and your Garrison and 
the same person who sold you. 

1426
01:20:17,800 --> 01:20:20,500
Silke may also be assessing the 
defenses of your city. 

1427
01:20:21,300 --> 01:20:23,700
In a time, when most people 
understood business better than 

1428
01:20:23,700 --> 01:20:26,400
they understood International 
politics, it was Espionage 

1429
01:20:26,400 --> 01:20:29,400
masquerading as capitalism and 
it worked remarkably. 

1430
01:20:29,400 --> 01:20:32,400
Well for various reasons, 
religious leaders were good 

1431
01:20:32,400 --> 01:20:36,100
spies throughout Europe monks 
priests and Friars could move 

1432
01:20:36,100 --> 01:20:39,300
between monasteries and churches
frequently bringing with them 

1433
01:20:39,300 --> 01:20:42,100
official letters that made for 
ideal cover for intelligence 

1434
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:44,200
operations. 
Due to their religious 

1435
01:20:44,200 --> 01:20:47,400
responsibilities, they were able
to enter Noble homes and were 

1436
01:20:47,400 --> 01:20:50,400
typically literate, which was 
uncommon in medieval Society, 

1437
01:20:50,400 --> 01:20:53,900
while traveling between 
monasteries a Franciscan Friar 

1438
01:20:53,900 --> 01:20:56,600
could pretend to be on Strictly 
religious business while 

1439
01:20:56,600 --> 01:20:59,100
carrying messages between 
intelligence Networks. 

1440
01:20:59,800 --> 01:21:02,600
Confessions could reveal 
political secrets about a family

1441
01:21:02,600 --> 01:21:05,700
to a priest. 
Letters exposing diplomatic 

1442
01:21:05,700 --> 01:21:09,200
schemes may be found by a monk 
copying manuscripts in a Noble's

1443
01:21:09,200 --> 01:21:11,800
Library. 
Intelligence Services made full 

1444
01:21:11,800 --> 01:21:14,300
use of the freedom with, which 
religious leaders moved through 

1445
01:21:14,300 --> 01:21:17,300
medieval Society, although 
historians have frequently 

1446
01:21:17,300 --> 01:21:20,500
ignored their contributions. 
Women played important roles in 

1447
01:21:20,500 --> 01:21:24,100
medieval espionage, While women 
from lower social classes could 

1448
01:21:24,100 --> 01:21:26,900
work as servants in important 
households, where they could 

1449
01:21:26,900 --> 01:21:29,200
listen in on conversations and 
watch activities. 

1450
01:21:29,200 --> 01:21:32,300
That provided important 
information Noble, women had 

1451
01:21:32,300 --> 01:21:34,700
access to court circles and 
family networks, that were 

1452
01:21:34,708 --> 01:21:38,100
closed to men a duchesses lady 
and waiting May gain knowledge 

1453
01:21:38,100 --> 01:21:41,100
of marriage talks that could 
Forge New political Connections 

1454
01:21:41,100 --> 01:21:44,100
in a Bishop's Home. 
The kitchen made me over here 

1455
01:21:44,100 --> 01:21:47,500
conversations about church 
politics in order to provide 

1456
01:21:47,500 --> 01:21:50,200
information about military 
movements a Tavern. 

1457
01:21:50,200 --> 01:21:51,800
Keepers wife. 
Might overhear conversations 

1458
01:21:51,800 --> 01:21:55,300
between traveling Nobles because
of their alleged lack of 

1459
01:21:55,300 --> 01:21:58,800
visibility in medieval politics.
Women were actually very good 

1460
01:21:58,800 --> 01:22:01,700
spies in the multilingual 
political environment of 

1461
01:22:01,700 --> 01:22:04,800
medieval Europe, the ability to 
read and write in multiple 

1462
01:22:04,800 --> 01:22:07,800
languages made Scholars and 
Clark's valuable recruits for 

1463
01:22:07,800 --> 01:22:11,200
intelligence work. 
While a clerk who handled 

1464
01:22:11,200 --> 01:22:13,900
correspondence for a noble 
household might copy 

1465
01:22:13,900 --> 01:22:16,500
confidential documents or add 
false information to 

1466
01:22:16,500 --> 01:22:19,900
Communications a scholar, who 
could read Latin French, and 

1467
01:22:19,900 --> 01:22:22,900
German could also act as a 
translator and analysts most 

1468
01:22:22,900 --> 01:22:26,000
unexpectedly a large number of 
medieval spies were what we 

1469
01:22:26,008 --> 01:22:29,300
might refer to as Freelancers. 
People who obtained information 

1470
01:22:29,300 --> 01:22:31,400
and sold it to anyone who would 
pay for it. 

1471
01:22:32,300 --> 01:22:34,500
These included Artisans who 
worked on Military, 

1472
01:22:34,500 --> 01:22:37,900
fortifications itinerant, 
entertainers, who entertained in

1473
01:22:37,908 --> 01:22:41,300
aristocratic courts, and even 
Beggars, who were so prevalent 

1474
01:22:41,300 --> 01:22:44,100
in medieval society that they 
were practically invisible. 

1475
01:22:44,100 --> 01:22:47,600
A Minstrel could convey messages
between various factions and 

1476
01:22:47,600 --> 01:22:50,200
observed political relationships
while performing in different 

1477
01:22:50,200 --> 01:22:52,800
courts. 
Details information about 

1478
01:22:52,800 --> 01:22:55,900
defensive capabilities could be 
obtained from a Mason working on

1479
01:22:55,900 --> 01:22:59,200
Castle fortifications. 
It's possible for a beggar 

1480
01:22:59,200 --> 01:23:00,200
outside. 
A Noble's. 

1481
01:23:00,200 --> 01:23:02,400
Home to overhear conversations 
that contain crucial 

1482
01:23:02,400 --> 01:23:05,900
information, their capacity to 
integrate into medieval Society.

1483
01:23:05,900 --> 01:23:09,000
While retaining the cycle, 
fortitude required for Espionage

1484
01:23:09,000 --> 01:23:11,800
work, was what bound these 
disparate recruits together? 

1485
01:23:12,700 --> 01:23:15,700
They needed to be at ease with 
lying, able to retain 

1486
01:23:15,700 --> 01:23:18,800
complicated information without 
writing it down and prepared to 

1487
01:23:18,808 --> 01:23:21,100
live with the ongoing 
possibility that their actions 

1488
01:23:21,100 --> 01:23:23,600
would be caught. 
The actual hiring procedure was 

1489
01:23:23,608 --> 01:23:27,600
typically, opportunistic and 
informal An agency seeking a 

1490
01:23:27,600 --> 01:23:29,500
messenger may approach, a 
merchant who demonstrated 

1491
01:23:29,500 --> 01:23:33,800
intelligence and discretion. 
during his travels, a priest who

1492
01:23:33,800 --> 01:23:36,500
showed loyalty to a certain 
political faction, might be 

1493
01:23:36,508 --> 01:23:40,100
asked to collect information, A 
servant who demonstrated 

1494
01:23:40,100 --> 01:23:43,300
exceptional Insight could be 
developed as a source of 

1495
01:23:43,300 --> 01:23:45,500
information about their 
employers operations. 

1496
01:23:45,500 --> 01:23:48,800
The majority of medieval spies 
were regular people who took up 

1497
01:23:48,800 --> 01:23:52,400
Espionage as a side job rather 
than professional Intelligence 

1498
01:23:52,400 --> 01:23:55,000
Officers. 
While working covertly for 

1499
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:57,700
intelligence networks, They 
carried on with their regular 

1500
01:23:57,700 --> 01:24:00,900
lives and careers, which gave 
them the ideal cover for their 

1501
01:24:00,900 --> 01:24:02,600
operations. 
But also meant that they were 

1502
01:24:02,600 --> 01:24:05,400
rarely the support and training 
that professional spies might 

1503
01:24:05,400 --> 01:24:09,500
anticipate medieval Espionage as
amateur status had benefits and 

1504
01:24:09,500 --> 01:24:14,000
drawbacks intelligence networks 
could on the one hand easily 

1505
01:24:14,000 --> 01:24:15,800
integrated into medieval 
Society. 

1506
01:24:16,600 --> 01:24:19,600
However, it meant that the 
majority of spies acquired their

1507
01:24:19,600 --> 01:24:23,200
skills through trial and error 
frequently with deadly results, 

1508
01:24:23,200 --> 01:24:25,900
for those who made mistakes, 
shut your eyes and visualize 

1509
01:24:25,900 --> 01:24:28,000
organizing a business trip. 
During the Middle Ages. 

1510
01:24:28,000 --> 01:24:32,700
No hotel, reservations, no GPS 
to direct, you know, AAA to call

1511
01:24:32,700 --> 01:24:35,700
in case of an emergency and no 
Airline website to check. 

1512
01:24:35,700 --> 01:24:40,300
Instead, you may have to travel 
for weeks or months through 

1513
01:24:40,300 --> 01:24:42,100
areas where the local government
may find. 

1514
01:24:42,100 --> 01:24:45,000
You suspicious the roads may be 
under Bandit control, and your 

1515
01:24:45,000 --> 01:24:47,800
lodging will make a low cost, 
Motel seem like a five-star 

1516
01:24:47,800 --> 01:24:51,000
hotel, traveling in the Middle. 
Ages was a test of endurance, 

1517
01:24:51,000 --> 01:24:55,100
mask raiding as transportation. 
When Rhodes did exist, they were

1518
01:24:55,100 --> 01:24:56,900
frequently little more than dirt
tracks. 

1519
01:24:56,900 --> 01:25:00,800
That in wet weather became muddy
quagmires and in dry weather, 

1520
01:25:00,800 --> 01:25:04,700
dusty nightmares. 
After centuries of neglect, the 

1521
01:25:04,700 --> 01:25:07,700
well-known Roman roads that had 
once connected Europe were in 

1522
01:25:07,700 --> 01:25:10,600
disrepair, and the majority of 
medieval governments, were more 

1523
01:25:10,600 --> 01:25:13,500
concerned with constructing 
castles than, with keeping up 

1524
01:25:13,500 --> 01:25:16,000
with Highway Maintenance. 
Traveling was not only 

1525
01:25:16,000 --> 01:25:19,800
uncomfortable for a medieval 
spy, but it was a continual risk

1526
01:25:19,800 --> 01:25:22,600
management exercise. 
You might run into local 

1527
01:25:22,600 --> 01:25:24,700
officials, who might insist on 
seeing documents. 

1528
01:25:24,700 --> 01:25:27,500
You didn't have fellow 
Travelers, who might recognize 

1529
01:25:27,500 --> 01:25:30,700
you from past assignments, or 
Bandits, who viewed Travelers as

1530
01:25:30,700 --> 01:25:33,000
mobile treasure chests, every 
mile you traveled. 

1531
01:25:33,900 --> 01:25:37,200
Just get from point 8 to point 
B, could reveal your cover and 

1532
01:25:37,200 --> 01:25:39,300
put an end to your mission 
before it even started. 

1533
01:25:39,300 --> 01:25:43,200
Medieval spies had few options 
for transportation and each had 

1534
01:25:43,200 --> 01:25:46,900
its own set of difficulties. 
It was inexpensive but slow to 

1535
01:25:46,900 --> 01:25:50,300
walk and you were exposed to the
weather Bandits and the 

1536
01:25:50,308 --> 01:25:52,100
inquisitive questions of 
everyone. 

1537
01:25:52,100 --> 01:25:55,500
You met An individual traveling 
alone on foot was either 

1538
01:25:55,500 --> 01:25:59,200
extremely impoverished, 
extremely desperate or extremely

1539
01:25:59,200 --> 01:26:02,700
suspicious, all of which are not
suitable cover identities. 

1540
01:26:02,700 --> 01:26:05,900
For intelligence operations, 
although they offered speed and 

1541
01:26:05,900 --> 01:26:08,900
a certain level of social 
respectability horses. 

1542
01:26:08,900 --> 01:26:12,700
Also came with high maintenance,
feeding and cost Since a good 

1543
01:26:12,708 --> 01:26:14,300
horse, was an expensive 
investment. 

1544
01:26:14,300 --> 01:26:19,100
Losing one to disease accident 
or thieves could leave a spy 

1545
01:26:19,100 --> 01:26:21,800
stranded, far from home, and 
unable to finish their mission. 

1546
01:26:21,800 --> 01:26:26,200
Additionally horses, required, 
food, water and rest, which 

1547
01:26:26,200 --> 01:26:29,100
meant making frequent stops at 
locations, where inquisitive 

1548
01:26:29,100 --> 01:26:32,300
innkeepers, might awkwardly 
inquire about your destination 

1549
01:26:32,300 --> 01:26:35,500
and line of work carrying 
supplies and keeping a Merchants

1550
01:26:35,500 --> 01:26:38,600
cover identity were two benefits
of traveling by cart or wagon, 

1551
01:26:38,600 --> 01:26:42,500
but it was slow and required, 
good roads, which were 

1552
01:26:42,500 --> 01:26:46,600
frequently non-existent, Carts 
broke down on rough ground got 

1553
01:26:46,600 --> 01:26:50,300
stuck in mud and caught the 
attention of Bandits who rightly

1554
01:26:50,300 --> 01:26:53,200
thought that anyone with enough 
Goods to fill a wagon might be 

1555
01:26:53,200 --> 01:26:55,400
worth robbing Travelers in the 
Middle Ages. 

1556
01:26:55,400 --> 01:26:57,800
Could find accommodations that 
were anything from hardly 

1557
01:26:57,800 --> 01:27:01,200
suitable to downright hazardous 
When did exist? 

1558
01:27:01,200 --> 01:27:03,900
They were usually little more 
than spacious rooms with straw 

1559
01:27:03,900 --> 01:27:06,600
mattresses in which Travelers 
shared space with strangers. 

1560
01:27:06,600 --> 01:27:09,200
Who could strange from 
professional thieves to honest 

1561
01:27:09,200 --> 01:27:12,800
merchants Food was whatever The 
Innkeeper happened to be serving

1562
01:27:12,800 --> 01:27:15,000
that day. 
There was no privacy and 

1563
01:27:15,000 --> 01:27:18,400
sanitation was rudimentary 
medieval ins were a constant 

1564
01:27:18,400 --> 01:27:21,300
source of difficulty for Aspire 
attempting to keep up a cover 

1565
01:27:21,300 --> 01:27:24,300
identity. 
Other visitors May inquire in 

1566
01:27:24,300 --> 01:27:26,800
depth about your background, 
your destination or your 

1567
01:27:26,800 --> 01:27:29,300
business. 
By collecting information about 

1568
01:27:29,300 --> 01:27:31,700
tourists to sell to local 
authorities or anybody else. 

1569
01:27:31,700 --> 01:27:34,800
Who would pay in Keepers 
frequently served as unofficial 

1570
01:27:34,800 --> 01:27:38,500
intelligence agents themselves. 
Your entire Mission could be 

1571
01:27:38,500 --> 01:27:41,900
jeopardized by a thoughtless 
remark made during dinner or a 

1572
01:27:41,900 --> 01:27:45,000
suspicious object spotted in 
your luggage even worse, was the

1573
01:27:45,000 --> 01:27:48,000
alternative to ins Travelers 
could take refuge in 

1574
01:27:48,000 --> 01:27:51,000
monasteries, which provided 
rudimentary logging but also put

1575
01:27:51,000 --> 01:27:53,900
them under the roof of religious
leaders who might feel compelled

1576
01:27:53,900 --> 01:27:56,600
to alert, local authorities to 
questionable activities. 

1577
01:27:57,700 --> 01:28:00,200
Although country priest had 
strong ties to local nobility 

1578
01:28:00,200 --> 01:28:02,300
and could provide information 
about odd. 

1579
01:28:02,300 --> 01:28:05,300
Travelers rural churches, 
occasionally offered Sanctuary, 

1580
01:28:05,300 --> 01:28:09,100
although camping outside, had 
its own risks, it avoided the 

1581
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:12,600
social complications of formal 
logic, Travelers who were alone 

1582
01:28:12,600 --> 01:28:15,700
and vulnerable with the targets 
of Bandit attacks and sleeping 

1583
01:28:15,700 --> 01:28:18,400
outside exposed one to. 
Whether that could be anything 

1584
01:28:18,400 --> 01:28:22,300
from mildly uncomfortable to, 
actually fatal if a spider comes

1585
01:28:22,300 --> 01:28:25,200
ill or hurts themself while 
camping by the self, they might 

1586
01:28:25,200 --> 01:28:28,400
just vanish leaving their 
mission, uncompleted, and their 

1587
01:28:28,400 --> 01:28:31,100
fate uncertain for travelers in 
the Middle Ages. 

1588
01:28:31,100 --> 01:28:34,500
The weather was a continual 
enemy extreme heat or cold, 

1589
01:28:34,500 --> 01:28:37,800
could kill unprepared, 
Travelers, snow made navigation,

1590
01:28:37,800 --> 01:28:42,600
impossible and rain turned roads
into impossible swamps There 

1591
01:28:42,600 --> 01:28:45,900
were no emergency services to 
call no weather forecast to 

1592
01:28:45,900 --> 01:28:48,900
refer to and no assurance that 
assistance would be accessible 

1593
01:28:48,900 --> 01:28:51,100
in the event. 
That conditions deteriorated 

1594
01:28:51,100 --> 01:28:54,400
travel conditions and political 
requirements had to be balanced,

1595
01:28:54,400 --> 01:28:57,200
and medieval spies had to 
schedule their trips around 

1596
01:28:57,200 --> 01:29:01,300
seasonal weather patterns. 
In certain cases the best travel

1597
01:29:01,300 --> 01:29:04,000
times occur during times when 
heightened security made 

1598
01:29:04,000 --> 01:29:07,600
Espionage work more hazardous. 
And in other cases, urgent 

1599
01:29:07,600 --> 01:29:10,200
intelligence had to be delivered
in spite of hazardous weather, 

1600
01:29:10,200 --> 01:29:13,400
medieval travel was as difficult
on the mind, as it was on the 

1601
01:29:13,400 --> 01:29:16,600
body, in addition to 
continuously assuming false 

1602
01:29:16,600 --> 01:29:19,700
identities and remaining on the 
lookout for potential threats. 

1603
01:29:20,500 --> 01:29:23,900
Spies spent weeks or months away
from their homes families, and 

1604
01:29:23,900 --> 01:29:27,600
any emotional support systems, 
even seasoned agents could 

1605
01:29:27,600 --> 01:29:30,100
become emotionally weary and 
prone to making potentially 

1606
01:29:30,100 --> 01:29:33,400
fatal mistakes, due to the 
isolation and stress of medieval

1607
01:29:33,400 --> 01:29:36,400
travel, another ongoing. 
Worry, on medieval travels was 

1608
01:29:36,400 --> 01:29:40,300
food long trips, necessitated 
resupplying, along the way, 

1609
01:29:40,300 --> 01:29:43,300
which meant relying on local 
markets that might not exist, 

1610
01:29:43,300 --> 01:29:47,000
local Cuisine that might not be 
edible, and local prices. 

1611
01:29:47,000 --> 01:29:49,100
That might be exorbitant 
foreigners. 

1612
01:29:49,100 --> 01:29:51,200
Travellers brought what 
Provisions. 

1613
01:29:51,200 --> 01:29:54,600
They could a spies ability to 
finish their mission could be 

1614
01:29:54,600 --> 01:29:58,500
severely jeopardized if they 
became ill from eating poorly or

1615
01:29:58,500 --> 01:30:01,400
were unable to find enough food 
during the Middle Ages. 

1616
01:30:01,400 --> 01:30:03,800
Even the basic tasks of 
navigation was difficult. 

1617
01:30:04,600 --> 01:30:07,600
When Maps were available, they 
were frequently erroneous and 

1618
01:30:07,600 --> 01:30:10,700
depicted political boundaries 
that may have changed since they

1619
01:30:10,700 --> 01:30:13,300
were created. 
The majority of tourists 

1620
01:30:13,300 --> 01:30:16,000
depended on locals for 
directions who may have been 

1621
01:30:16,000 --> 01:30:19,400
helpful deceptive or entirely 
incorrect about Roots. 

1622
01:30:19,400 --> 01:30:23,000
They had never taken themselves 
medieval spies somehow managed 

1623
01:30:23,000 --> 01:30:24,500
to keep up intelligence 
networks. 

1624
01:30:24,500 --> 01:30:27,400
That crossed continents 
transmitted information across 

1625
01:30:27,400 --> 01:30:30,500
political boundaries and updated
their employers on political 

1626
01:30:30,500 --> 01:30:33,600
developments in far-off places. 
In spite of all these obstacles.

1627
01:30:35,000 --> 01:30:37,600
There are accomplishments, 
demonstrated human tenacity, 

1628
01:30:37,600 --> 01:30:41,700
resourcefulness and flexibility 
in the face of adversity that 

1629
01:30:41,700 --> 01:30:43,700
would have tested. 
Even the most advanced modern 

1630
01:30:43,700 --> 01:30:46,000
Travelers. 
Imagine attempting to send a 

1631
01:30:46,000 --> 01:30:48,300
text message with just a quilt 
pain, partment. 

1632
01:30:48,300 --> 01:30:51,100
And the hope that it will reach 
its recipient within the next 

1633
01:30:51,100 --> 01:30:54,400
few months, then settle back in 
your cozy chair. 

1634
01:30:55,400 --> 01:30:58,800
Now picture yourself stretched 
on a rack or hanging from a jib 

1635
01:30:58,800 --> 01:31:00,900
if someone reads that message 
and intercepts it. 

1636
01:31:01,700 --> 01:31:04,000
Greetings from the world of 
secret communication in the 

1637
01:31:04,000 --> 01:31:06,300
Middle Ages. 
When engineer annuity, literally

1638
01:31:06,300 --> 01:31:09,400
meant the difference between 
life and death because they had 

1639
01:31:09,400 --> 01:31:12,700
no other option, medieval spies 
had to become experts at the 

1640
01:31:12,708 --> 01:31:15,300
delicate art of concealing 
information from the public, 

1641
01:31:16,100 --> 01:31:19,500
Intelligence Officers created 
increasingly complex techniques 

1642
01:31:19,500 --> 01:31:22,600
to hide their actual 
Communications within seemingly 

1643
01:31:22,600 --> 01:31:25,400
innocent correspondence, because
every message carried the 

1644
01:31:25,400 --> 01:31:27,800
potential for execution. 
If it were discovered, the 

1645
01:31:27,800 --> 01:31:31,400
simplest method was invisible 
ink which may sound fancy, but 

1646
01:31:31,400 --> 01:31:34,100
was typically created using 
commonplace ingredients like 

1647
01:31:34,100 --> 01:31:38,600
milk urine or lemon juice these 
materials would become Brown. 

1648
01:31:38,600 --> 01:31:42,200
When heated exposing hidden text
between the lines of a regular 

1649
01:31:42,200 --> 01:31:44,600
letter. 
While the true message about 

1650
01:31:44,600 --> 01:31:47,200
troop movements was written. 
In milk between the lines 

1651
01:31:47,200 --> 01:31:50,300
invisible until the recipient 
heated the parchment near a 

1652
01:31:50,300 --> 01:31:52,700
fire. 
A medieval spy might write a 

1653
01:31:52,700 --> 01:31:55,000
perfectly normal business letter
about wool prices. 

1654
01:31:55,000 --> 01:31:58,400
The problem within visible ink 
was that the recipient had to be

1655
01:31:58,400 --> 01:32:00,400
aware of the existence of a 
hidden message. 

1656
01:32:00,400 --> 01:32:04,400
A know how to make it visible. 
In order to identify when 

1657
01:32:04,400 --> 01:32:06,200
letters contained classified 
information. 

1658
01:32:06,200 --> 01:32:09,800
Medieval intelligence networks 
created complex signaling 

1659
01:32:09,800 --> 01:32:12,400
systems. 
Certain words in the visible 

1660
01:32:12,400 --> 01:32:16,100
text a unique signature or a 
certain Wax Seal, could all be 

1661
01:32:16,100 --> 01:32:19,600
signs that the letter contained 
secret information books were 

1662
01:32:19,600 --> 01:32:22,900
more advanced with references to
particular words or letters in 

1663
01:32:22,900 --> 01:32:25,900
books that both the sender and 
the recipient owned indicating 

1664
01:32:25,900 --> 01:32:29,100
the true message. 
When a letter refers to the 

1665
01:32:29,100 --> 01:32:32,600
wisdom found in the third word 
of the seventh line on page, 42 

1666
01:32:32,600 --> 01:32:35,400
of the chronicle, it may be 
referencing a particular book 

1667
01:32:35,400 --> 01:32:38,000
and providing detailed 
instructions on how to decode 

1668
01:32:38,000 --> 01:32:40,800
the message. 
This approach necessitated, 

1669
01:32:40,800 --> 01:32:44,100
extensive preparation and 
cooperation amongst intelligence

1670
01:32:44,100 --> 01:32:47,200
agents because books were scarce
and costly during the Middle 

1671
01:32:47,200 --> 01:32:49,500
Ages. 
Null ciphers were especially 

1672
01:32:49,500 --> 01:32:52,300
ingenious methods in which the 
actual message was concealed 

1673
01:32:52,300 --> 01:32:54,300
using preset patterns inside the
text. 

1674
01:32:54,300 --> 01:32:57,500
That was visible The first 
letter of each sentence, May 

1675
01:32:57,500 --> 01:33:00,700
spell out the secret information
or every third word may contain 

1676
01:33:00,700 --> 01:33:03,900
the actual intelligence. 
A business letter might hide 

1677
01:33:03,900 --> 01:33:07,100
Military Intelligence in the 
final word of each paragraph or 

1678
01:33:07,100 --> 01:33:09,100
a love letter. 
Might have a secret message in 

1679
01:33:09,100 --> 01:33:11,900
the first letter of each line 
using religious texts. 

1680
01:33:11,900 --> 01:33:14,400
As a cover for intelligence 
messages was one of the most 

1681
01:33:14,400 --> 01:33:15,900
inventive ways to hide 
information. 

1682
01:33:15,900 --> 01:33:20,000
A spy might copy out a prayer or
a passage from the Bible, but 

1683
01:33:20,000 --> 01:33:22,600
with extra marking or slightly 
changed letters that would 

1684
01:33:22,600 --> 01:33:24,600
reveal the true. 
Meaning to someone who knew 

1685
01:33:24,600 --> 01:33:26,700
where to look. 
This method provided. 

1686
01:33:26,700 --> 01:33:29,300
Excellent cover. 
Because religious, texts were 

1687
01:33:29,300 --> 01:33:32,400
often carried by Travelers and 
religious copying was common 

1688
01:33:32,400 --> 01:33:36,300
steganography, the technique of 
concealing messages within other

1689
01:33:36,300 --> 01:33:40,800
objects, was also employed by 
medieval spies, A wax tablets 

1690
01:33:40,800 --> 01:33:43,500
wooden backing, could have text 
written on it, that would not be

1691
01:33:43,500 --> 01:33:45,200
visible until the wax was 
removed. 

1692
01:33:45,200 --> 01:33:48,500
Messages, could be inscribed on 
the inside of leather, goods 

1693
01:33:48,500 --> 01:33:52,300
stitched into garments, or even 
Inked on a messenger scalp and 

1694
01:33:52,300 --> 01:33:55,900
concealed by hair growth. 
Finding concealment techniques 

1695
01:33:55,900 --> 01:33:58,500
that would withstand the rough 
treatment of medieval travel was

1696
01:33:58,500 --> 01:34:01,000
crucial. 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

1697
01:34:01,000 --> 01:34:04,400
gave rise to coded languages in 
which common words had hidden 

1698
01:34:04,400 --> 01:34:06,600
meanings that only Network 
participants knew. 

1699
01:34:07,600 --> 01:34:10,500
While a letter from a merchant 
discussing the purchase of fine 

1700
01:34:10,500 --> 01:34:13,300
wool, might be reporting on 
Military fortifications. 

1701
01:34:13,300 --> 01:34:16,500
A discussion of grain prices 
might be revealing information 

1702
01:34:16,500 --> 01:34:19,700
about political alliances. 
To prevent detection. 

1703
01:34:19,700 --> 01:34:23,800
These codes needed to be careful
used and thoroughly memorized in

1704
01:34:23,800 --> 01:34:26,500
ways that are nearly impossible 
for modern Minds to comprehend. 

1705
01:34:26,500 --> 01:34:29,300
Physical objects were used as 
messaging systems. 

1706
01:34:30,200 --> 01:34:32,900
For someone who understood how 
to read these signals, the 

1707
01:34:32,900 --> 01:34:34,400
placement of a candle in a 
window. 

1708
01:34:34,400 --> 01:34:38,100
The way a cloak was hung while 
the arrangement of objects on a 

1709
01:34:38,100 --> 01:34:39,200
table could all provide 
information. 

1710
01:34:40,200 --> 01:34:42,700
In order to transmit messages 
without leaving, any written 

1711
01:34:42,700 --> 01:34:45,900
records, that could be found and
used as proof medieval 

1712
01:34:45,900 --> 01:34:48,500
intelligence agents. 
Created complex nonverbal 

1713
01:34:48,500 --> 01:34:51,800
communication systems, the more 
educated members of medieval, 

1714
01:34:51,800 --> 01:34:55,200
intelligence networks used, 
mathematical codes, basic 

1715
01:34:55,200 --> 01:34:57,600
security for written 
Communications was offered by 

1716
01:34:57,600 --> 01:35:01,000
simple substitution ciphers in 
which a different letter or 

1717
01:35:01,000 --> 01:35:04,700
symbol was used for each letter.
More advanced agents employed 

1718
01:35:04,700 --> 01:35:07,800
poly alphabetic ciphers which 
made it much harder for 

1719
01:35:07,800 --> 01:35:10,800
unauthorized readers to decipher
the codes by altering the 

1720
01:35:10,808 --> 01:35:14,100
substitution pattern in 
accordance with preset rules, 

1721
01:35:14,100 --> 01:35:17,800
medieval cryptography, faced the
difficulty of striking a balance

1722
01:35:17,800 --> 01:35:21,800
between security and usefulness.
Better protection was offered by

1723
01:35:21,800 --> 01:35:25,500
complex codes, but they also 
took longer to encode and decode

1724
01:35:25,500 --> 01:35:28,100
increase the possibility of 
mistakes that could make 

1725
01:35:28,100 --> 01:35:31,400
messages incomprehensible and 
placed more strain on the users 

1726
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:34,600
memory and education. 
It was worse than useless to 

1727
01:35:34,600 --> 01:35:37,300
have a code that was impossible 
to crack, but impossible to use 

1728
01:35:37,300 --> 01:35:40,700
properly, the issue of key 
distribution or making sure that

1729
01:35:40,700 --> 01:35:43,800
senders and recipients had the 
data required to encode and 

1730
01:35:43,800 --> 01:35:46,100
decode messages was another 
challenge. 

1731
01:35:46,100 --> 01:35:50,000
Faced by medieval intelligence 
Networks, Sharing the secrets 

1732
01:35:50,000 --> 01:35:53,100
required for secret, 
communication, created a paradox

1733
01:35:53,100 --> 01:35:55,800
that took a great deal of 
Ingenuity to resolve in an era 

1734
01:35:55,800 --> 01:35:59,000
without secure communication. 
Medieval secret communication, 

1735
01:35:59,000 --> 01:36:01,200
was further Complicated by 
timing codes. 

1736
01:36:01,200 --> 01:36:05,200
It's possible for messages to be
sent in segments with each 

1737
01:36:05,200 --> 01:36:08,700
segment arriving at a different 
time and only making sense when 

1738
01:36:08,700 --> 01:36:12,400
put together correctly. 
Alternatively, the coded 

1739
01:36:12,400 --> 01:36:15,200
information may include the 
delivery time and date, which 

1740
01:36:15,200 --> 01:36:18,700
recipients must account for when
decoding the message working 

1741
01:36:18,700 --> 01:36:21,500
with secret messages, put a lot 
of psychological strain on 

1742
01:36:21,508 --> 01:36:24,200
employees. 
A single encoding error could 

1743
01:36:24,208 --> 01:36:25,900
give the intended recipient. 
No. 

1744
01:36:25,900 --> 01:36:28,400
Meaning at all an entire 
intelligence Network could be 

1745
01:36:28,408 --> 01:36:31,600
exposed by a mistaken. 
Concealment important 

1746
01:36:31,600 --> 01:36:34,100
intelligence could end up in the
hands of the enemy of the wrong 

1747
01:36:34,100 --> 01:36:37,400
messenger is chosen. 
Under circumstances that made 

1748
01:36:37,400 --> 01:36:40,700
Perfection all but impossible 
medieval spies had to be 

1749
01:36:40,700 --> 01:36:43,200
Flawless. 
Cryptographers medieval secret, 

1750
01:36:43,200 --> 01:36:46,300
communication systems were 
remarkably successful in spite 

1751
01:36:46,300 --> 01:36:49,000
of these obstacles. 
Intelligence networks were able 

1752
01:36:49,000 --> 01:36:50,600
to coordinate intricate 
operations. 

1753
01:36:50,600 --> 01:36:54,400
Sustained Communications over 
long distance is and protect 

1754
01:36:54,400 --> 01:36:58,000
their most sensitive data from 
hostile interception Ingenuity, 

1755
01:36:58,000 --> 01:37:01,300
meticulous planning and the kind
of attention to detail. 

1756
01:37:01,300 --> 01:37:03,700
That could mean the difference 
between personal destruction, 

1757
01:37:03,700 --> 01:37:07,000
and Mission success with the 
foundation of their success, 

1758
01:37:07,000 --> 01:37:10,900
pour yourself, another cup of 
tea, and think about how you 

1759
01:37:10,900 --> 01:37:12,600
would budget for an intelligent 
network. 

1760
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:16,500
If you were a medieval King 
attempting to manage one, There 

1761
01:37:16,500 --> 01:37:20,000
are no accounting departments to
monitor operating costs, no 

1762
01:37:20,000 --> 01:37:23,500
standardized pay scales, no 
corporate expense accounts. 

1763
01:37:24,100 --> 01:37:27,800
Instead, you're dealing with a 
shadow economy, where your most 

1764
01:37:27,800 --> 01:37:31,600
critical employees are unable to
provide receipts and where in 

1765
01:37:31,600 --> 01:37:34,600
order to protect all parties, 
payment must frequently be 

1766
01:37:34,600 --> 01:37:36,800
disguised as something 
completely different. 

1767
01:37:36,800 --> 01:37:40,100
The financial theories used in 
medieval Espionage would make 

1768
01:37:40,100 --> 01:37:43,500
modern accountants shudder 
generally speaking spies 

1769
01:37:43,500 --> 01:37:46,800
received erratic compensation 
that varied greatly based on the

1770
01:37:46,800 --> 01:37:49,500
value of the information they 
provided the risk of their 

1771
01:37:49,500 --> 01:37:52,400
missions and the financial 
standing of their employers. 

1772
01:37:52,400 --> 01:37:55,300
It was the Pinnacle of 
freelancing with no job 

1773
01:37:55,300 --> 01:37:58,000
security, and retirement 
planning, limited to wishing you

1774
01:37:58,000 --> 01:38:01,000
lived, long enough to retire. 
Medieval spies were typically 

1775
01:38:01,000 --> 01:38:03,900
paid a combination of bonuses 
for certain pieces of valuable 

1776
01:38:03,900 --> 01:38:07,300
intelligence and regular 
stipends for continuing agents. 

1777
01:38:08,100 --> 01:38:11,000
To keep him loyal, a merchant 
who frequently covered political

1778
01:38:11,000 --> 01:38:14,300
events in the cities visited. 
Mike, get a small annual 

1779
01:38:14,300 --> 01:38:16,200
payment. 
For more significant 

1780
01:38:16,200 --> 01:38:18,600
information, he might get larger
sums. 

1781
01:38:20,100 --> 01:38:22,300
Maintaining incredible 
justifications for these 

1782
01:38:22,300 --> 01:38:25,800
Financial transactions, was a 
challenge for both the spy and 

1783
01:38:25,800 --> 01:38:28,300
the Spy Master. 
As a luring, as that image may 

1784
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:30,900
be for Hollywood money. 
Couldn't just be handed over in 

1785
01:38:30,900 --> 01:38:34,300
Denali ways, payments had to be 
made under false pretenses that 

1786
01:38:34,300 --> 01:38:35,800
would pass muster if they were 
caught. 

1787
01:38:36,700 --> 01:38:39,400
Spy may be compensated by 
inflated prices for goods. 

1788
01:38:39,400 --> 01:38:42,500
They purportedly sold to their 
Handler loans that were never 

1789
01:38:42,500 --> 01:38:45,600
meant to be paid back or 
winnings from gambling that were

1790
01:38:45,600 --> 01:38:48,700
actually intelligence payments. 
The Practical realities of 

1791
01:38:48,700 --> 01:38:51,400
medieval life complicated, the 
cost structure of medieval 

1792
01:38:51,400 --> 01:38:54,600
Espionage in order to maintain 
their cover identities. 

1793
01:38:54,600 --> 01:38:57,700
And obtain information spies had
to pay for their own travel 

1794
01:38:57,700 --> 01:39:01,900
logging and the various bribes 
and gifts, they would need In 

1795
01:39:01,900 --> 01:39:04,900
order to keep their credibility,
a spy mask grading, as a 

1796
01:39:04,908 --> 01:39:08,300
merchant might have to genuinely
buy and sell Goods which would 

1797
01:39:08,300 --> 01:39:11,200
require them to invest money in 
inventory, in the hopes that 

1798
01:39:11,200 --> 01:39:13,800
their trading operations were 
generating enough Revenue to 

1799
01:39:13,800 --> 01:39:17,100
fund their intelligence 
operations, medieval spies face 

1800
01:39:17,100 --> 01:39:18,700
to specially High. 
Travel costs. 

1801
01:39:19,700 --> 01:39:22,300
Spies earnings from intelligence
work could easily be outweighed 

1802
01:39:22,300 --> 01:39:26,500
by the cost of horses, food, 
lodging, and the numerous fees 

1803
01:39:26,500 --> 01:39:28,500
and tolls associated with 
medieval travel. 

1804
01:39:29,400 --> 01:39:31,900
It's likely that many medieval 
spies lost money on their 

1805
01:39:31,900 --> 01:39:35,200
operations, either accepting a 
lesser standard of living than 

1806
01:39:35,200 --> 01:39:37,900
they could have obtained through
legal employment, or funding, 

1807
01:39:37,900 --> 01:39:40,300
their Espionage efforts with 
other sources of income. 

1808
01:39:40,300 --> 01:39:43,700
For medieval spies financial 
planning was practically 

1809
01:39:43,700 --> 01:39:46,400
impossible due to the erratic 
nature of intelligence work. 

1810
01:39:47,100 --> 01:39:50,700
After months of collecting 
information for free, a spy may 

1811
01:39:50,700 --> 01:39:53,100
be paid handsomely for a, 
particularly useful piece of 

1812
01:39:53,108 --> 01:39:55,900
intelligence. 
The ability to maintain a cover 

1813
01:39:55,900 --> 01:39:58,900
identity, even in times of 
financial hardship and 

1814
01:39:58,900 --> 01:40:00,600
significant personal financial 
management. 

1815
01:40:00,600 --> 01:40:03,200
Skills were necessary in this 
feast or famine economy. 

1816
01:40:03,200 --> 01:40:06,600
Currency exchange issues that 
did not exist for contemporary 

1817
01:40:06,600 --> 01:40:09,400
International operations, where 
another issue that medieval 

1818
01:40:09,400 --> 01:40:13,000
intelligence networks had to 
handle exchange rates varied. 

1819
01:40:13,000 --> 01:40:16,000
According to political ties, and
the availability of precious 

1820
01:40:16,000 --> 01:40:19,100
metals and different regions 
used different coins with 

1821
01:40:19,100 --> 01:40:21,000
varying weight and Purity 
requirements. 

1822
01:40:21,800 --> 01:40:24,700
A spy who worked in several 
different areas had to be able 

1823
01:40:24,700 --> 01:40:27,200
to handle the intricate 
Financial aspects of medieval 

1824
01:40:27,200 --> 01:40:30,800
trade while also working as an 
intelligence officer and a 

1825
01:40:30,800 --> 01:40:33,800
currency Trader medieval spies 
who were able to combine their 

1826
01:40:33,800 --> 01:40:36,700
intelligence work with legal 
business ventures that offered 

1827
01:40:36,700 --> 01:40:40,000
both cover and extra cash, the 
frequently, the most successful 

1828
01:40:41,000 --> 01:40:43,800
Carefully selecting trade routes
allowed a Merchants by to 

1829
01:40:43,800 --> 01:40:46,700
conduct lucrative business that 
Finance their intelligence 

1830
01:40:46,700 --> 01:40:48,700
operations. 
While simultaneously, obtaining 

1831
01:40:48,700 --> 01:40:52,100
useful intelligence, A scholar 
spy, could obtain information 

1832
01:40:52,100 --> 01:40:55,600
about political connections, and
get paid for writing services by

1833
01:40:55,600 --> 01:40:58,400
copying manuscripts for 
Aristocrats because they had 

1834
01:40:58,400 --> 01:41:01,700
fewer economic options than men.
Women who worked in medieval 

1835
01:41:01,700 --> 01:41:04,300
intelligence faced unique 
financial difficulties. 

1836
01:41:05,100 --> 01:41:09,000
In a noble home, a female spy 
might serve as a servant earning

1837
01:41:09,000 --> 01:41:12,400
Amiga salary while obtaining 
intelligence but medieval social

1838
01:41:12,400 --> 01:41:15,500
norms limited her options for 
career progression or other 

1839
01:41:15,500 --> 01:41:18,200
employment. 
Because they frequently had to 

1840
01:41:18,208 --> 01:41:20,600
depend more on their handlers 
for financial support. 

1841
01:41:20,600 --> 01:41:24,400
Female spies were more 
susceptible to abuse for many 

1842
01:41:24,400 --> 01:41:26,700
agents. 
Regular banking relationships 

1843
01:41:26,700 --> 01:41:29,000
were impossible due to the 
security requirements of 

1844
01:41:29,000 --> 01:41:32,500
medieval Espionage operating, 
under a full identity. 

1845
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:35,400
Prevented a spy from keeping 
accounts under their real name. 

1846
01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:38,100
And from having Financial 
records, that could be used to 

1847
01:41:38,100 --> 01:41:39,800
expose their intelligence 
operations. 

1848
01:41:40,700 --> 01:41:43,800
Precious metals or gems were 
likely carried by many medieval 

1849
01:41:43,800 --> 01:41:47,300
spies making them easy targets 
for theft while on the road 

1850
01:41:47,300 --> 01:41:50,200
medieval spies hardly ever plan 
for retirement. 

1851
01:41:50,200 --> 01:41:53,400
There were no Social Security 
Programs or Pension funds. 

1852
01:41:53,400 --> 01:41:56,300
And there was no assurance that 
an intelligence organization 

1853
01:41:56,300 --> 01:41:59,900
would keep paying agents who are
no longer actively contributing.

1854
01:42:01,200 --> 01:42:04,700
If they lived long enough to 
reach old age successful spies 

1855
01:42:04,700 --> 01:42:07,600
had to a mass enough, well 
during their active careers to 

1856
01:42:07,600 --> 01:42:09,400
sustain themselves in their 
later years. 

1857
01:42:09,400 --> 01:42:12,900
Medieval spies families had to 
deal with financial instability.

1858
01:42:12,900 --> 01:42:14,300
That went beyond the agents 
themselves. 

1859
01:42:14,300 --> 01:42:18,000
There was no life insurance, no 
survivor benefits, and 

1860
01:42:18,000 --> 01:42:20,700
frequently no recognition, that 
Aspire been working for their 

1861
01:42:20,700 --> 01:42:23,400
employer if they were killed or 
vanished during a mission. 

1862
01:42:24,100 --> 01:42:26,500
Medieval spies wives and kids 
could find themselves 

1863
01:42:26,500 --> 01:42:29,500
unexpectedly poor with no way to
support themselves. 

1864
01:42:29,500 --> 01:42:33,300
And no reason for their loss, 
medieval intelligence networks 

1865
01:42:33,300 --> 01:42:35,900
were able to recruit and retain 
agents who offered their 

1866
01:42:35,900 --> 01:42:38,800
employers valuable services in 
spite of these financial 

1867
01:42:38,800 --> 01:42:41,600
difficulties. 
People who found that Espionage 

1868
01:42:41,600 --> 01:42:44,200
offered better opportunities 
than traditional employment in 

1869
01:42:44,200 --> 01:42:47,100
their social class or who are 
prepared to accept Financial 

1870
01:42:47,100 --> 01:42:49,700
uncertainty. 
In exchange for the thrill of 

1871
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:52,700
intelligence work were drawn to 
the work with its own Payment 

1872
01:42:52,700 --> 01:42:54,800
Systems. 
Financial difficulties and 

1873
01:42:54,800 --> 01:42:57,300
strategies for handling. 
The interplay between money and 

1874
01:42:57,300 --> 01:42:59,800
secrecy. 
Shadow economy that ran 

1875
01:42:59,800 --> 01:43:03,000
concurrently with the legal 
medieval economy is revealed by 

1876
01:43:03,000 --> 01:43:04,700
the economics of medieval 
espionage. 

1877
01:43:05,500 --> 01:43:07,800
It was capitalism with a 
conspiracy twist, where 

1878
01:43:07,800 --> 01:43:10,600
information was the most 
valuable resource and the cost 

1879
01:43:10,600 --> 01:43:14,000
of Discovery was frequently the 
highest Turn Down the Lights a 

1880
01:43:14,000 --> 01:43:16,200
little bit and imagine what it 
would be like to get out of bed.

1881
01:43:16,200 --> 01:43:18,600
Each morning and put on, not 
just your clothes, but a 

1882
01:43:18,600 --> 01:43:21,800
completely different persona. 
Imagine posing as someone else 

1883
01:43:21,800 --> 01:43:25,000
for months or years at a time, 
never being able to let your 

1884
01:43:25,008 --> 01:43:28,000
guard down and never knowing, if
those around, you are buying 

1885
01:43:28,000 --> 01:43:29,600
into your carefully, crafted 
lies. 

1886
01:43:30,400 --> 01:43:33,000
In a world where authenticity 
was a luxury, they couldn't 

1887
01:43:33,000 --> 01:43:36,300
afford medieval spies had to 
learn, not only the methods of 

1888
01:43:36,300 --> 01:43:39,400
obtaining intelligence but also 
the far more challenging art of 

1889
01:43:39,408 --> 01:43:42,100
cycle. 
Survival maintaining full side 

1890
01:43:42,100 --> 01:43:45,100
dentists for extended periods of
time while residing close to 

1891
01:43:45,100 --> 01:43:48,700
people who might discover the 
deception was the main Obstacle 

1892
01:43:48,700 --> 01:43:51,700
of medieval espionage. 
Compared to contemporary 

1893
01:43:51,700 --> 01:43:54,200
communities. 
Medieval Society was more 

1894
01:43:54,200 --> 01:43:58,900
intimate smaller and suspicious.
Individuals inquired about 

1895
01:43:58,900 --> 01:44:02,200
strangers, new their neighbors, 
and looked for clues that might 

1896
01:44:02,200 --> 01:44:05,500
indicate someone's true 
motivations or background, a 

1897
01:44:05,500 --> 01:44:08,300
medieval spy masquerading as a 
merchant needed to be familiar 

1898
01:44:08,300 --> 01:44:10,700
with the finer points. 
That would persuade seasoned 

1899
01:44:10,700 --> 01:44:13,300
traders. 
In addition to the fundamentals 

1900
01:44:13,300 --> 01:44:16,800
of business life They had to 
comprehend seasonal Market. 

1901
01:44:16,800 --> 01:44:21,300
Swings trade route, challenges, 
Regional price disparities and 

1902
01:44:21,300 --> 01:44:24,200
the interpersonal ties between 
merchants and various cities. 

1903
01:44:25,100 --> 01:44:27,900
One discussion with an actual 
Merchants could reveal knowledge

1904
01:44:27,900 --> 01:44:30,100
gaps that could take years to 
fill on their own. 

1905
01:44:30,100 --> 01:44:33,800
There was no way to alleviate 
the cycle stress brought on by 

1906
01:44:33,800 --> 01:44:36,800
the ongoing attention to detail 
needed to maintain cover 

1907
01:44:36,800 --> 01:44:40,100
identities. 
While medieval spies frequently 

1908
01:44:40,100 --> 01:44:42,600
went months without speaking to 
their actual employers or 

1909
01:44:42,600 --> 01:44:45,800
co-workers, modern undercover 
agents can at least communicate 

1910
01:44:45,800 --> 01:44:49,200
with their handlers or take 
breaks from their duties, they 

1911
01:44:49,200 --> 01:44:51,700
maintained personalities. 
That were their own lived in 

1912
01:44:51,708 --> 01:44:54,600
total seclusion and were 
surrounded, by untrustworthy 

1913
01:44:54,600 --> 01:44:59,800
people for medieval spies memory
became both a cycle burden and 

1914
01:44:59,800 --> 01:45:03,400
an essential survival skill. 
They had to recall the intricate

1915
01:45:03,400 --> 01:45:05,600
fictional history. 
They had written for their cover

1916
01:45:05,600 --> 01:45:08,000
identities. 
In addition to the intelligence,

1917
01:45:08,000 --> 01:45:12,200
they had gathered If the Spy was
unable to reliably recall, the 

1918
01:45:12,200 --> 01:45:15,400
specifics of their fake 
background, a casual inquiry 

1919
01:45:15,400 --> 01:45:18,300
about early life or familial 
ties, could turn into a risky 

1920
01:45:18,300 --> 01:45:21,600
situation, medieval Society, 
placed a great value on social 

1921
01:45:21,600 --> 01:45:25,300
connections and Community ties. 
Making the social isolation of 

1922
01:45:25,300 --> 01:45:27,500
medieval Espionage especially 
challenging. 

1923
01:45:28,300 --> 01:45:30,900
Suspicion was immediately raised
against those who appeared to 

1924
01:45:30,900 --> 01:45:35,000
have no family ties roots or 
long-standing Community ties. 

1925
01:45:35,700 --> 01:45:38,300
Spies in the Middle Ages had to 
establish credible social 

1926
01:45:38,300 --> 01:45:41,500
networks, while steering, clear 
of intimate connections, that 

1927
01:45:41,500 --> 01:45:43,200
could expose their true 
identities. 

1928
01:45:43,200 --> 01:45:46,900
Medieval Espionage was further 
complicated psychologically by 

1929
01:45:46,900 --> 01:45:50,200
religious conflicts. 
Spies frequently had to maintain

1930
01:45:50,200 --> 01:45:53,000
cover identities that required 
them to support. 

1931
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:57,000
Political causes they personally
opposed participate in religious

1932
01:45:57,000 --> 01:46:00,200
ceremonies that might violate 
their conscience or pretend to 

1933
01:46:00,208 --> 01:46:02,900
hold religious beliefs that were
at odds with their true beliefs.

1934
01:46:03,900 --> 01:46:07,000
Moral stress resulting from the 
internal struggle between one's 

1935
01:46:07,000 --> 01:46:09,600
personal convictions. 
And professional obligations. 

1936
01:46:09,600 --> 01:46:14,200
Could jeopardize an agent cycle,
stability, and evil spies lived 

1937
01:46:14,200 --> 01:46:17,300
in a state of chronic anxiety. 
That pervaded every part of 

1938
01:46:17,300 --> 01:46:19,300
their lives due to their 
constant fear of being 

1939
01:46:19,300 --> 01:46:22,200
discovered. 
I couldn't afford to unwind. 

1940
01:46:22,200 --> 01:46:25,600
They couldn't believe their gut,
feelings about people, and they 

1941
01:46:25,600 --> 01:46:28,200
couldn't make true friends with 
anyone they met while on 

1942
01:46:28,200 --> 01:46:30,500
missions. 
Physical fatigue was only one 

1943
01:46:30,500 --> 01:46:33,200
aspect of the exhaustion brought
on by the hyper vigilance 

1944
01:46:33,200 --> 01:46:36,500
required for survival. 
The moral ambiguity and guilt of

1945
01:46:36,500 --> 01:46:39,200
their work were other issues 
that medieval spies had to cope 

1946
01:46:39,200 --> 01:46:41,500
with, in order to obtain 
intelligence. 

1947
01:46:41,500 --> 01:46:44,700
They frequently had to lie to 
people, they thought were their 

1948
01:46:44,700 --> 01:46:47,000
friends. 
Betray the confidence of those 

1949
01:46:47,000 --> 01:46:49,800
who had been kind to them, or 
support military, and political 

1950
01:46:49,800 --> 01:46:51,900
initiatives, that could endanger
innocent people. 

1951
01:46:52,700 --> 01:46:55,000
Over time. 
The psychological toll of these 

1952
01:46:55,000 --> 01:46:58,700
ethical concessions mounted 
resulting in internal strife 

1953
01:46:58,700 --> 01:47:02,700
that might be just as damaging 
as outside, dangers, medieval 

1954
01:47:02,700 --> 01:47:05,400
Espionage, is mental health. 
Issues were specially severe 

1955
01:47:05,400 --> 01:47:08,100
because of the inability to get 
support or assistance when 

1956
01:47:08,100 --> 01:47:09,800
experiencing psychological 
issues. 

1957
01:47:10,700 --> 01:47:12,400
When missions became too much to
handle. 

1958
01:47:12,400 --> 01:47:15,900
There were no supervisors to 
offer support know colleagues to

1959
01:47:15,900 --> 01:47:18,200
confide in and no counselors to 
consult. 

1960
01:47:19,000 --> 01:47:22,300
In order to maintain complete 
operational, security medieval 

1961
01:47:22,300 --> 01:47:25,600
spies had to create their own 
coping strategies, medieval 

1962
01:47:25,600 --> 01:47:28,200
Espionage, put a tremendous 
strain on family relationships. 

1963
01:47:29,300 --> 01:47:32,100
Married spies were required to 
lie to their wives about their 

1964
01:47:32,100 --> 01:47:35,900
whereabouts activities and 
frequently their core values and

1965
01:47:35,900 --> 01:47:39,200
allegiances. 
Medieval spies had fathers or 

1966
01:47:39,200 --> 01:47:42,100
mothers who were mysteriously, 
evasive about their work and 

1967
01:47:42,100 --> 01:47:44,500
often absent. 
The most significant 

1968
01:47:44,500 --> 01:47:48,200
interpersonal relationships in 
an agent's, life were tainted by

1969
01:47:48,200 --> 01:47:50,700
the secrecy required for 
operational security. 

1970
01:47:50,700 --> 01:47:53,900
After completing intelligence 
missions returning to normal. 

1971
01:47:53,900 --> 01:47:57,100
Life was frequently just as 
psychologically, taxing, as the 

1972
01:47:57,108 --> 01:48:00,500
actual Espionage work. 
In addition to readjusting to 

1973
01:48:00,500 --> 01:48:03,400
their true identities. 
Medieval spies had to make 

1974
01:48:03,400 --> 01:48:06,500
amends with emotionally distant,
family members, and friends, and

1975
01:48:06,500 --> 01:48:09,900
somehow cope with months or 
years of, Deceit and seclusion, 

1976
01:48:09,900 --> 01:48:13,100
without being able to talk about
their experiences with others, 

1977
01:48:13,100 --> 01:48:16,800
because of the ongoing danger, 
the cycle strain of assuming 

1978
01:48:16,800 --> 01:48:19,700
false identities and the moral 
dilemmas that came with their 

1979
01:48:19,700 --> 01:48:21,800
job. 
Some medieval spies most likely 

1980
01:48:21,800 --> 01:48:23,500
experienced. 
What is now known as 

1981
01:48:23,500 --> 01:48:28,000
post-traumatic stress disorder. 
Medieval Society lacked 

1982
01:48:28,000 --> 01:48:30,700
resources to assist intelligence
agents in recovering from the 

1983
01:48:30,700 --> 01:48:34,300
cycle of their service. 
Because it lacked about mental 

1984
01:48:34,300 --> 01:48:37,600
health and effective treatment 
techniques, those who were able 

1985
01:48:37,600 --> 01:48:39,300
to compartmentalize their 
emotions. 

1986
01:48:39,300 --> 01:48:42,500
Keep a clear separation between 
their true and false identities 

1987
01:48:42,500 --> 01:48:46,100
and find ways to defend the 
moral complexity of their work 

1988
01:48:46,100 --> 01:48:49,000
were likely, the most successful
spies. 

1989
01:48:49,700 --> 01:48:52,500
However, even these 
psychologically strong people 

1990
01:48:52,500 --> 01:48:55,800
had to pay a price in terms of 
their capacity to build genuine,

1991
01:48:55,800 --> 01:48:58,800
bonds and sustained emotional 
ties with others, medieval 

1992
01:48:58,800 --> 01:49:00,900
intelligence, networks 
maintained operations, 

1993
01:49:00,900 --> 01:49:04,200
throughout Europe for centuries 
and attracted new recruits in 

1994
01:49:04,200 --> 01:49:06,900
spite of these significant 
psychological obstacles. 

1995
01:49:07,700 --> 01:49:09,400
The thrill of doing meaningful 
work. 

1996
01:49:09,400 --> 01:49:13,000
The Fulfillment of supporting 
causes they supported or just 

1997
01:49:13,000 --> 01:49:15,100
the Allure of a life. 
Very different from the few 

1998
01:49:15,100 --> 01:49:17,400
options available to the 
majority of people in medieval 

1999
01:49:17,400 --> 01:49:20,700
Society must have been the 
satisfactions that offset the 

2000
01:49:20,700 --> 01:49:24,200
cycle costs of the job. 
Many of us being Argos cycle, 

2001
01:49:24,200 --> 01:49:28,500
you highlights the human cost of
intelligence work in a time when

2002
01:49:28,500 --> 01:49:31,100
mental health was poorly 
understood and there were no 

2003
01:49:31,100 --> 01:49:33,700
resources available to support 
those who compromise their 

2004
01:49:33,700 --> 01:49:36,600
psychological well-being to 
further military and political 

2005
01:49:36,600 --> 01:49:38,900
goals. 
These forgotten Heroes of 

2006
01:49:38,900 --> 01:49:42,600
medieval statecraft cycleogical 
burden's long after their active

2007
01:49:42,600 --> 01:49:45,700
service ended in addition to the
physical risks of their 

2008
01:49:45,700 --> 01:49:48,900
mission's. 
Now, let's take a step back and 

2009
01:49:48,900 --> 01:49:52,100
examine the larger picture much 
like, when you examine a 

2010
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:55,000
medieval tapestry, where 
individual threads come together

2011
01:49:55,000 --> 01:49:56,900
to form patterns, that are not 
visible. 

2012
01:49:56,900 --> 01:50:01,200
When you concentrate on any, one
of them without computers phones

2013
01:50:01,200 --> 01:50:03,900
or any other communication 
technology that we now 

2014
01:50:03,900 --> 01:50:06,000
considered necessary, for 
organizing large-scale 

2015
01:50:06,000 --> 01:50:09,000
operations, medieval? 
Intelligence networks were 

2016
01:50:09,000 --> 01:50:13,000
organizational Marvels rather 
they depended on human memory, 

2017
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:15,900
interpersonal, connections, and 
Trust structures that were both 

2018
01:50:15,908 --> 01:50:19,300
necessary and brittle, imagine 
attempting to manage a 

2019
01:50:19,300 --> 01:50:21,100
contemporary business. 
With only handwritten letters 

2020
01:50:21,100 --> 01:50:24,600
that take weeks to deliver 
in-person meetings, that require

2021
01:50:24,600 --> 01:50:28,300
days or weeks of travel to set 
up and staff members who are 

2022
01:50:28,300 --> 01:50:32,200
unable to accept their position.
When medieval spymasters 

2023
01:50:32,200 --> 01:50:34,700
established, intelligence 
networks that crossed continents

2024
01:50:34,700 --> 01:50:38,500
and impacted the results of Wars
succession disputes and 

2025
01:50:38,500 --> 01:50:41,300
diplomatic negotiations. 
They essentially achieved that 

2026
01:50:41,300 --> 01:50:44,800
although they didn't call it. 
That the cell structure served 

2027
01:50:44,800 --> 01:50:48,600
as the Cornerstone of medieval 
intelligence Networks, Agents, 

2028
01:50:48,600 --> 01:50:51,700
collaborated in small groups, 
each with a limited 

2029
01:50:51,700 --> 01:50:53,300
understanding of the larger 
Network. 

2030
01:50:54,200 --> 01:50:57,100
The identity of two or three 
other agents, may be known to a 

2031
01:50:57,100 --> 01:51:00,100
Merchants Buy in one city, but 
they would have no knowledge of 

2032
01:51:00,100 --> 01:51:03,400
intelligence activities in other
areas, in the event that a 

2033
01:51:03,400 --> 01:51:05,500
single agent was apprehended and
interrogated. 

2034
01:51:05,500 --> 01:51:09,400
The network was shielded by this
division, medieval intelligence 

2035
01:51:09,400 --> 01:51:12,100
networks, relied on complex 
networks of cutouts and 

2036
01:51:12,100 --> 01:51:15,500
intermediaries to facilitate 
communication between various 

2037
01:51:15,500 --> 01:51:18,300
components. 
A spy in London might give 

2038
01:51:18,300 --> 01:51:20,600
information to a merchant. 
Who would then give it to a 

2039
01:51:20,608 --> 01:51:24,000
monkey in Dover who would then 
include it in a letter to a 

2040
01:51:24,000 --> 01:51:27,200
monastery in Calais. 
From there, another Monk would 

2041
01:51:27,200 --> 01:51:30,500
extract the information and give
it to a local agent, who would 

2042
01:51:30,500 --> 01:51:33,100
then deliver it to a French 
nobleman who was working for 

2043
01:51:33,100 --> 01:51:35,900
English interests. 
Because everyone in this chain 

2044
01:51:35,900 --> 01:51:38,600
was only familiar with their 
closest Associates, ignorance 

2045
01:51:38,600 --> 01:51:42,300
provided security, the 
authentication problem or how to

2046
01:51:42,300 --> 01:51:44,000
confirm that information was 
authentic. 

2047
01:51:44,000 --> 01:51:47,100
And that agents were who they 
said they were was a challenge 

2048
01:51:47,100 --> 01:51:48,800
for medieval intelligence 
Networks. 

2049
01:51:49,600 --> 01:51:52,500
To enable agents to recognize 
one another and verify their 

2050
01:51:52,500 --> 01:51:56,400
legitimacy, they created systems
of codes, passwords, and 

2051
01:51:56,400 --> 01:51:59,700
recognition signals agents who 
had never met before. 

2052
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:03,200
Could authenticate each other, 
using a unique letter signing 

2053
01:52:03,200 --> 01:52:07,000
style, a phrasing incorporated 
into conversation or a 

2054
01:52:07,000 --> 01:52:09,900
distinctive piece of clothing 
without official schools or 

2055
01:52:09,900 --> 01:52:12,900
training programs, new agents 
had to be recruited and trained.

2056
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:16,700
Potential recruits were found by
seasoned agents who then 

2057
01:52:16,700 --> 01:52:19,700
gradually exposed them to 
intelligence work and offered 

2058
01:52:19,700 --> 01:52:22,400
unofficial apprenticeships, that
allowed them to gain the skills 

2059
01:52:22,400 --> 01:52:24,200
they needed through hands on 
experience. 

2060
01:52:25,200 --> 01:52:28,100
Before taking on more difficult 
tasks, requiring Advanced trade 

2061
01:52:28,100 --> 01:52:31,000
craft a new recruit. 
May start out carrying simple 

2062
01:52:31,000 --> 01:52:34,300
messages and work their way up 
to Gathering basic information, 

2063
01:52:34,300 --> 01:52:37,900
medieval intelligence networks 
face ongoing, quality control 

2064
01:52:37,900 --> 01:52:41,100
challenges, multiple sources, 
had to, be used to confirm 

2065
01:52:41,100 --> 01:52:44,500
information and because medieval
communication was slow, this 

2066
01:52:44,500 --> 01:52:48,000
could take weeks or months. 
False information may have 

2067
01:52:48,000 --> 01:52:50,900
already affected significant 
choices or military operations. 

2068
01:52:50,900 --> 01:52:52,700
By the time it was discovered 
and fixed. 

2069
01:52:53,700 --> 01:52:56,100
In order to assess The 
credibility of sources and 

2070
01:52:56,100 --> 01:52:59,400
information, medieval spymasters
had to cultivate their 

2071
01:52:59,400 --> 01:53:02,800
intuition, medieval intelligence
networks needed to be funded 

2072
01:53:02,800 --> 01:53:05,700
creatively to avoid, drawing the
attention of adversarial 

2073
01:53:05,700 --> 01:53:08,600
authorities. 
Without leaving visible Paper, 

2074
01:53:08,600 --> 01:53:11,500
Trails money had to be 
transferred between various 

2075
01:53:11,500 --> 01:53:14,200
territories and exchanged 
between currencies. 

2076
01:53:15,000 --> 01:53:18,400
Trade profits were used to fund 
Espionage activities and 

2077
01:53:18,400 --> 01:53:21,500
legitimate companies, places of 
worship and Merchants 

2078
01:53:21,500 --> 01:53:23,700
Enterprises frequently. 
Functioned as fronts for 

2079
01:53:23,700 --> 01:53:27,300
intelligence funding, in 
addition, medieval intelligence 

2080
01:53:27,300 --> 01:53:30,100
networks had to coordinate 
intricate operations involving 

2081
01:53:30,100 --> 01:53:33,000
numerous agents in various 
locations while maintaining 

2082
01:53:33,000 --> 01:53:36,700
operational security. 
Coordination between agents in 

2083
01:53:36,700 --> 01:53:39,100
multiple cities. 
May be necessary for a plan to 

2084
01:53:39,108 --> 01:53:42,600
obtain Intelligence on an 
enemy's military preparation and

2085
01:53:42,600 --> 01:53:44,300
timing is crucial to its 
success. 

2086
01:53:45,200 --> 01:53:47,900
However, coordinating these 
activities necessitated 

2087
01:53:47,900 --> 01:53:51,500
communication that if 
intercepted might jeopardize the

2088
01:53:51,500 --> 01:53:53,800
network. 
As a whole medieval intelligence

2089
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:56,900
networks were both strong and 
weak due to their inherent 

2090
01:53:56,900 --> 01:53:59,400
redundancy. 
The same information could be 

2091
01:53:59,400 --> 01:54:02,000
gathered by multiple agents, 
which would increase the 

2092
01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:05,000
likelihood that someone would 
notice unusual interest in 

2093
01:54:05,000 --> 01:54:07,800
certain topics while also 
providing verification. 

2094
01:54:08,900 --> 01:54:11,800
In order to ensure that Vital 
Information would reach its 

2095
01:54:11,800 --> 01:54:14,600
destination, even in the event 
that some channels were 

2096
01:54:14,600 --> 01:54:18,500
compromised networks frequently.
Maintained parallel channels for

2097
01:54:18,500 --> 01:54:21,600
important intelligence because 
of the potential for allies to 

2098
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:24,700
suddenly turn into enemies. 
Medieval intelligence networks 

2099
01:54:24,700 --> 01:54:28,200
had to adjust to shifting 
political conditions after a 

2100
01:54:28,200 --> 01:54:31,300
political marriage, a succession
crisis, or a change. 

2101
01:54:31,300 --> 01:54:34,800
In diplomatic ties an agent who 
had spent years cultivating 

2102
01:54:34,800 --> 01:54:38,300
sources in a certain Court, may 
find themselves operating in 

2103
01:54:38,300 --> 01:54:41,400
hostile territory. 
To withstand these political 

2104
01:54:41,400 --> 01:54:43,000
upheavals and continue to 
function. 

2105
01:54:43,000 --> 01:54:47,200
Effectively networks required 
adaptability because medieval 

2106
01:54:47,200 --> 01:54:49,400
intelligence operations lasted 
so long. 

2107
01:54:49,400 --> 01:54:52,200
They faced particular 
difficulties that are uncommon 

2108
01:54:52,200 --> 01:54:55,300
in contemporary intelligence 
services Within the same 

2109
01:54:55,300 --> 01:54:58,800
families or organizations, some 
networks, continue to function 

2110
01:54:58,800 --> 01:55:01,800
for decades, with agents, 
transmitting information from 

2111
01:55:01,800 --> 01:55:06,100
one generation to the next. 
Before he retires, a monk may 

2112
01:55:06,100 --> 01:55:09,700
choose to hire his successor in 
continuity of operations, while 

2113
01:55:09,700 --> 01:55:12,600
simultaneously building up 
institutional knowledge, that 

2114
01:55:12,600 --> 01:55:15,900
could be disastrous. 
If hostile forces find out the 

2115
01:55:15,900 --> 01:55:18,800
seasonality of medieval life 
presented another challenge for 

2116
01:55:18,800 --> 01:55:22,200
medieval intelligence Networks. 
Well, summer campaigns and 

2117
01:55:22,200 --> 01:55:24,500
harvest Seasons, brought 
opportunities and challenges 

2118
01:55:24,500 --> 01:55:28,200
that necessitated careful timing
of network operations, winter 

2119
01:55:28,200 --> 01:55:30,400
weather, May travel and 
communication much more 

2120
01:55:30,400 --> 01:55:32,900
difficult. 
Political intelligence had to 

2121
01:55:32,908 --> 01:55:35,500
take into consideration. 
The seasonal movements of noble 

2122
01:55:35,500 --> 01:55:38,500
courts, while Military 
Intelligence had to be collected

2123
01:55:38,500 --> 01:55:41,100
and disseminated in accordance 
with campaign schedules. 

2124
01:55:41,100 --> 01:55:44,200
In order to concentrate 
resources on specific kinds of 

2125
01:55:44,208 --> 01:55:46,600
information. 
The most advanced medieval 

2126
01:55:46,600 --> 01:55:50,700
intelligence networks created 
specializations some networks 

2127
01:55:50,700 --> 01:55:53,400
kept agents close to military 
headquarters and key 

2128
01:55:53,400 --> 01:55:57,000
fortifications in order to focus
on Military Intelligence, others

2129
01:55:57,000 --> 01:55:59,400
developed sources in 
aristocratic courts, and places 

2130
01:55:59,400 --> 01:56:02,000
of worship in order to 
concentrate on political 

2131
01:56:02,000 --> 01:56:04,800
intelligence, economic 
intelligence networks. 

2132
01:56:04,800 --> 01:56:08,600
Monitored resource availability,
currency fluctuations, and trade

2133
01:56:08,600 --> 01:56:10,800
Trends. 
Despite not having the formal 

2134
01:56:10,800 --> 01:56:13,000
safeguards that contemporary 
intelligence services. 

2135
01:56:13,000 --> 01:56:16,300
Do medieval networks were 
constantly concerned about 

2136
01:56:16,300 --> 01:56:19,600
counterintelligence Because 
their adversaries were also 

2137
01:56:19,600 --> 01:56:22,300
conducting intelligence 
operations medieval. 

2138
01:56:22,300 --> 01:56:24,900
Spies had to be on the lookout 
for any indication that their 

2139
01:56:24,900 --> 01:56:28,500
own actions were being watched. 
As agents, grew weary of one. 

2140
01:56:28,500 --> 01:56:31,600
Another, the paranoia required 
for survival, in this setting 

2141
01:56:31,600 --> 01:56:34,600
could demolish networks. 
From within, although networks 

2142
01:56:34,600 --> 01:56:37,700
had to keep some records in 
order to track agents coordinate

2143
01:56:37,700 --> 01:56:40,600
operations and preserve 
institutional knowledge, the 

2144
01:56:40,600 --> 01:56:43,100
documentation of medieval 
intelligence operations was 

2145
01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:46,700
inevitably minimal. 
There was a continual conflict 

2146
01:56:46,700 --> 01:56:50,300
between operational security and
administrative necessity because

2147
01:56:50,300 --> 01:56:53,500
these records had to be kept 
safe while still being available

2148
01:56:53,500 --> 01:56:56,900
to authorized personnel. 
To avoid Discovery. 

2149
01:56:56,900 --> 01:56:59,900
It's likely that many medieval 
intelligence archives were 

2150
01:56:59,900 --> 01:57:03,100
routinely destroyed in the end. 
The personal traits of those who

2151
01:57:03,100 --> 01:57:05,700
established and maintained 
medieval intelligence networks, 

2152
01:57:05,700 --> 01:57:09,100
determine their success. 
Spymasters had to be able to 

2153
01:57:09,100 --> 01:57:12,200
inspire loyalty while keeping 
the secrecy that made such 

2154
01:57:12,200 --> 01:57:16,000
loyalty dangerous, diplomatic 
skills with brutal, pragmatism 

2155
01:57:16,000 --> 01:57:19,500
and strategic thinking with 
meticulous attention to detail. 

2156
01:57:20,400 --> 01:57:23,300
Those in charge of the most 
successful medieval intelligence

2157
01:57:23,300 --> 01:57:26,500
operations were most likely, 
those who were aware of both the

2158
01:57:26,500 --> 01:57:28,300
potential and constraints of 
human nature. 

2159
01:57:28,300 --> 01:57:31,600
Breathe deeply and prepare 
yourself for what may be the 

2160
01:57:31,600 --> 01:57:34,300
most sobering portion of our 
medieval Espionage Adventure. 

2161
01:57:35,600 --> 01:57:38,100
Although we have discussed the 
achievements and Innovations of 

2162
01:57:38,100 --> 01:57:41,300
medieval intelligence work. 
The truth is that many 

2163
01:57:41,300 --> 01:57:43,200
operations were a complete 
failure. 

2164
01:57:43,900 --> 01:57:46,700
Frequently, with immediate 
severe and long-lasting effect 

2165
01:57:46,700 --> 01:57:49,600
on those involved. 
In the high stakes world of 

2166
01:57:49,600 --> 01:57:53,500
medieval Espionage, failure 
frequently resulted in torture 

2167
01:57:53,500 --> 01:57:57,700
execution and the dismantling of
entire intelligence networks. 

2168
01:57:57,700 --> 01:58:01,000
In addition to professional 
humiliation or career, setbacks 

2169
01:58:01,000 --> 01:58:04,600
months or years of meticulous. 
Network building could be undone

2170
01:58:04,600 --> 01:58:06,400
by the discovery of a single 
spy. 

2171
01:58:06,400 --> 01:58:09,200
Even the most committed agents 
had a limit to how much 

2172
01:58:09,200 --> 01:58:10,600
suffering they could take 
before. 

2173
01:58:10,600 --> 01:58:13,600
Disclosing what they knew and 
medieval interrogation 

2174
01:58:13,600 --> 01:58:16,600
techniques, were intended to 
elicit information, regardless 

2175
01:58:16,600 --> 01:58:20,400
of the subjects, willingness to 
cooperate, A captured spy could 

2176
01:58:20,400 --> 01:58:23,300
jeopardize the identities and 
whereabouts of dozens of other 

2177
01:58:23,300 --> 01:58:25,500
agents, in addition to their own
mission. 

2178
01:58:25,500 --> 01:58:28,600
The human propensity to grow 
accustomed to successful. 

2179
01:58:28,600 --> 01:58:31,800
Routines was one of the most 
frequent reasons why medieval 

2180
01:58:31,800 --> 01:58:35,800
Espionage efforts failed. 
After years of using the same 

2181
01:58:35,800 --> 01:58:38,900
contact methods travel routes 
and cover story. 

2182
01:58:38,900 --> 01:58:41,300
An agent. 
May become predictable enough 

2183
01:58:41,300 --> 01:58:43,900
for enemy counterintelligence to
recognize and follow. 

2184
01:58:44,700 --> 01:58:48,600
Complacency was fostered by 
success and complacency resulted

2185
01:58:48,600 --> 01:58:50,500
in potentially lethal 
carelessness. 

2186
01:58:50,500 --> 01:58:53,800
When compromise the 
authentication mechanisms that 

2187
01:58:53,800 --> 01:58:57,000
safeguarded medieval 
intelligence networks might also

2188
01:58:57,000 --> 01:59:01,000
turn into a vulnerability enemy 
agents, could infiltrate to 

2189
01:59:01,000 --> 01:59:03,700
network and feed false 
information while identifying 

2190
01:59:03,700 --> 01:59:06,100
legitimate agents. 
If they learned the codes 

2191
01:59:06,100 --> 01:59:09,000
passwords or recognition signals
that the network uses. 

2192
01:59:09,800 --> 01:59:12,200
Because it fostered false 
confidence while actually 

2193
01:59:12,200 --> 01:59:13,900
advancing the objectives of the 
enemy. 

2194
01:59:13,900 --> 01:59:17,300
A compromised authentication 
system was worse than none at 

2195
01:59:17,300 --> 01:59:21,200
all people, they trusted could 
betray medieval spies sometimes 

2196
01:59:21,200 --> 01:59:23,300
for reasons, unrelated to their 
intelligence work. 

2197
01:59:24,100 --> 01:59:27,200
In order to avoid being 
captured, a fellow agent, May 

2198
01:59:27,200 --> 01:59:31,200
divulge Network Secrets, 
personal grievances Financial 

2199
01:59:31,200 --> 01:59:34,300
strains or shifting political 
allegiances could cause a 

2200
01:59:34,300 --> 01:59:37,800
contact to turn against them. 
If family members felt it was 

2201
01:59:37,800 --> 01:59:40,900
essential to their own Survival,
they might even turn on spy 

2202
01:59:40,900 --> 01:59:44,200
relatives medieval intelligence 
networks were susceptible to 

2203
01:59:44,200 --> 01:59:47,500
catastrophic failures due to 
their sluggish Communications 

2204
01:59:47,500 --> 01:59:50,500
systems by the time. 
It arrived at its destination 

2205
01:59:50,500 --> 01:59:53,500
information, that was correct 
when it was collected could 

2206
01:59:53,500 --> 01:59:56,800
become dangerously out of date. 
When friendly commanders, 

2207
01:59:56,800 --> 01:59:59,600
finally received Military 
Intelligence about enemy troop 

2208
01:59:59,600 --> 02:00:01,600
movements. 
It may have been weeks old 

2209
02:00:01,600 --> 02:00:04,700
causing them to base tactical 
decisions on outdated 

2210
02:00:04,700 --> 02:00:07,900
information vulnerabilities 
created by currency and 

2211
02:00:07,900 --> 02:00:10,900
financial systems are not 
encountered by contemporary 

2212
02:00:10,900 --> 02:00:14,100
intelligence Services. 
If enemy agents, were able to 

2213
02:00:14,100 --> 02:00:17,400
identify odd coins or track down
the origins of financial 

2214
02:00:17,400 --> 02:00:20,300
transactions. 
They could betray a spy using 

2215
02:00:20,300 --> 02:00:24,000
the very funds that were used to
pay them, medieval Espionage 

2216
02:00:24,000 --> 02:00:26,900
employed, a regular payment 
systems, which made it possible 

2217
02:00:26,900 --> 02:00:29,600
for agents to be recognized by 
their suspicious Financial 

2218
02:00:29,600 --> 02:00:33,500
activity, or unexplained wealth 
Intelligence Officers face 

2219
02:00:33,500 --> 02:00:36,400
particular risks due to the 
medical realities of medieval 

2220
02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:38,600
life. 
When working under a false 

2221
02:00:38,600 --> 02:00:42,000
identity, a spy who gets 
seriously ill may not be able to

2222
02:00:42,000 --> 02:00:44,500
keep up their cover. 
Particularly if the medical 

2223
02:00:44,500 --> 02:00:46,900
care, they require reveals 
details about their true 

2224
02:00:46,900 --> 02:00:50,100
activities or background. 
If disease, kept important 

2225
02:00:50,100 --> 02:00:53,100
Agents from fulfilling their 
responsibilities or meeting 

2226
02:00:53,100 --> 02:00:56,300
their contacts, it could 
jeopardize, entire networks 

2227
02:00:56,300 --> 02:00:59,500
medieval spies were working 
across sectarian lines, face 

2228
02:00:59,500 --> 02:01:03,000
unique risks, due to religious 
conflicts If an agent made 

2229
02:01:03,000 --> 02:01:06,500
mistakes that exposed their true
religious background, they could

2230
02:01:06,500 --> 02:01:08,600
be exposed because their cover 
identity. 

2231
02:01:08,600 --> 02:01:11,700
Required them to take part in 
religious ceremonies due to the 

2232
02:01:11,700 --> 02:01:13,400
strong religious beliefs of the 
Middle. 

2233
02:01:13,400 --> 02:01:16,500
Ages, religious deception, was 
both essential for many 

2234
02:01:16,500 --> 02:01:20,100
operations and very risky of 
Court, medieval legal systems, 

2235
02:01:20,100 --> 02:01:23,900
produced unpredictable, and 
challenging to manage risks a 

2236
02:01:23,900 --> 02:01:26,200
spy working, under a false 
identity, could find themselves 

2237
02:01:26,200 --> 02:01:29,300
embroiled in legal proceedings 
that could reveal their true 

2238
02:01:29,300 --> 02:01:32,200
Origins. 
Local regulations pertaining to 

2239
02:01:32,200 --> 02:01:35,200
travel business or religion. 
Could present unforeseen 

2240
02:01:35,200 --> 02:01:37,600
challenges that compelled agents
to divulge more personal 

2241
02:01:37,600 --> 02:01:41,400
information than was safe agents
or their handlers had no control

2242
02:01:41,400 --> 02:01:43,700
over how weather and natural 
disasters, could ruin 

2243
02:01:43,700 --> 02:01:46,100
meticulously plan, intelligence 
operations. 

2244
02:01:46,100 --> 02:01:49,800
A spy may be forced to take an 
alternate route that exposes 

2245
02:01:49,800 --> 02:01:52,200
them to Discovery. 
If a bridge is washed out by 

2246
02:01:52,200 --> 02:01:55,200
flooding. 
Time sensitive operations may be

2247
02:01:55,200 --> 02:01:56,900
disrupted. 
If said scheduled meetings are 

2248
02:01:56,900 --> 02:01:59,800
impossible due to an 
exceptionally harsh winter over 

2249
02:01:59,800 --> 02:02:02,600
the course of long-term 
operations spies developed, 

2250
02:02:02,600 --> 02:02:05,100
personal relationships, that 
could lead to both operational 

2251
02:02:05,100 --> 02:02:09,600
success, and disastrous failure.
When an agent maintained a false

2252
02:02:09,600 --> 02:02:12,000
identity, while forming real 
friendships, or romantic 

2253
02:02:12,000 --> 02:02:15,200
relationships, they ran the risk
of developing emotional issues 

2254
02:02:15,200 --> 02:02:16,300
that could impair their 
judgment. 

2255
02:02:16,300 --> 02:02:20,300
However, abruptly terminating 
these relationships, may also 

2256
02:02:20,300 --> 02:02:23,900
raise suspicions that result in 
Discovery when led by a student 

2257
02:02:23,900 --> 02:02:26,500
suspicious leaders. 
Medieval counterintelligence 

2258
02:02:26,500 --> 02:02:29,500
operations, could be 
surprisingly successful despite 

2259
02:02:29,500 --> 02:02:31,400
being less organized than 
contemporary ones. 

2260
02:02:32,400 --> 02:02:35,400
A shrewd nobleman might see 
Trends in the inquiries made by 

2261
02:02:35,408 --> 02:02:37,900
various guests or note that 
particular kinds of information 

2262
02:02:37,900 --> 02:02:40,500
appeared to leak to adversaries 
on a regular basis. 

2263
02:02:41,200 --> 02:02:43,600
Experienced medieval leaders 
were occasionally able to 

2264
02:02:43,600 --> 02:02:46,300
recognize and stop in the 
intelligence operations. 

2265
02:02:46,300 --> 02:02:49,200
Even in the absence of official 
counterintelligence training, 

2266
02:02:49,200 --> 02:02:52,800
failures in medieval Espionage, 
had far-reaching effects that 

2267
02:02:52,800 --> 02:02:56,500
went well, beyond the specific 
agents involved, Inaccurate 

2268
02:02:56,500 --> 02:03:00,100
intelligence could cost military
leaders battles and thousands of

2269
02:03:00,100 --> 02:03:02,100
soldiers could lose their lives 
as a result. 

2270
02:03:02,108 --> 02:03:05,400
Diplomatic choices made by 
political leaders who were 

2271
02:03:05,400 --> 02:03:08,000
tricked by enemy operatives 
could undermine their standing 

2272
02:03:08,000 --> 02:03:10,800
for decades failures. 
In intelligent, could have 

2273
02:03:10,800 --> 02:03:14,100
repercussions that affect entire
kingdoms and the outcome of Wars

2274
02:03:14,100 --> 02:03:17,500
most tragically failed. 
Medieval spies frequently 

2275
02:03:17,500 --> 02:03:19,500
suffered alongside their 
families and Associates. 

2276
02:03:20,500 --> 02:03:23,100
The associates of spies who were
caught may have been punished 

2277
02:03:23,100 --> 02:03:25,600
for their involvement in 
intelligence operations alone. 

2278
02:03:25,600 --> 02:03:29,500
As medieval Justice did not 
always distinguish between major

2279
02:03:29,500 --> 02:03:33,200
offenders and their families. 
Failures in medieval Espionage, 

2280
02:03:33,200 --> 02:03:36,300
could have a personal cost to 
those who are unaware of or did 

2281
02:03:36,308 --> 02:03:40,000
not participate in intelligence 
operations, surviving network 

2282
02:03:40,000 --> 02:03:43,100
members faced additional 
difficulties as a result of the 

2283
02:03:43,100 --> 02:03:46,000
psychological effects of seeing 
or hearing about Espionage 

2284
02:03:46,000 --> 02:03:49,100
failures. 
Agents, who are aware that their

2285
02:03:49,100 --> 02:03:51,400
co-workers have been taken 
prisoner and subjected to 

2286
02:03:51,400 --> 02:03:54,500
torture had to carry on with 
their own perilous work while 

2287
02:03:54,500 --> 02:03:56,900
dealing with the trauma of 
knowing that they could suffer 

2288
02:03:56,900 --> 02:04:00,000
the same Fate In addition to 
their other psychological 

2289
02:04:00,000 --> 02:04:03,300
burdens medieval spies also had 
to deal with the fear of 

2290
02:04:03,300 --> 02:04:05,700
failure. 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

2291
02:04:05,700 --> 02:04:08,500
persisted in functioning and 
growing throughout the Medieval 

2292
02:04:08,500 --> 02:04:11,700
era in spite of these 
significant risks and frequent 

2293
02:04:11,700 --> 02:04:14,400
breakdowns. 
Despite being aware of the 

2294
02:04:14,400 --> 02:04:16,000
possible, repercussions of 
failure. 

2295
02:04:16,000 --> 02:04:19,400
The individuals involved were 
strong enough to persevere, and 

2296
02:04:19,400 --> 02:04:21,700
the accomplishments were 
noteworthy enough to offset the 

2297
02:04:21,708 --> 02:04:25,600
expenses, their contributions to
Medieval statecraft are all the 

2298
02:04:25,600 --> 02:04:27,900
more noteworthy for their 
bravery, in the face of such 

2299
02:04:27,900 --> 02:04:30,100
dangers. 
Pour yourself, another cup of 

2300
02:04:30,108 --> 02:04:34,600
tea and Marvel at this medieval 
spies desperate inventiveness in

2301
02:04:34,600 --> 02:04:37,200
trying to solve impossible 
problems, with whatever 

2302
02:04:37,200 --> 02:04:39,800
materials they could find led to
some of the most brilliant 

2303
02:04:39,800 --> 02:04:41,800
technological advancements in 
human history. 

2304
02:04:41,800 --> 02:04:44,500
Not from University's or Royal 
workshops. 

2305
02:04:44,500 --> 02:04:47,600
These were not science fiction 
devices, but rather workable 

2306
02:04:47,600 --> 02:04:50,400
Solutions, developed by 
individuals, who realized that 

2307
02:04:50,400 --> 02:04:53,500
staying one step ahead of their 
adversaries was essential to 

2308
02:04:53,500 --> 02:04:56,100
their survival, though. 
Most of it would seem laughably 

2309
02:04:56,100 --> 02:04:59,400
archaic by today's standards. 
The Medieval Era, saw some 

2310
02:04:59,400 --> 02:05:02,600
amazing advancements in what we 
might call Espionage technology.

2311
02:05:03,400 --> 02:05:06,500
However, medieval spies 
developed truly sophisticated 

2312
02:05:06,500 --> 02:05:09,900
and frequently, remarkably 
effective tools and techniques 

2313
02:05:09,900 --> 02:05:13,000
within the limitations of 
medieval Materials Science, and 

2314
02:05:13,000 --> 02:05:16,300
Manufacturing capabilities. 
Spies pushed the limits of what 

2315
02:05:16,300 --> 02:05:19,100
could be done with pens, income 
parchment, and writing, 

2316
02:05:19,100 --> 02:05:21,800
technology was essential for 
intelligence operations during 

2317
02:05:21,800 --> 02:05:24,800
the Middle Ages. 
They created inks that when 

2318
02:05:24,800 --> 02:05:27,700
heated or exposed to particular 
chemicals could change color 

2319
02:05:27,700 --> 02:05:31,700
making messages appear or vanish
as needed inks that were 

2320
02:05:31,700 --> 02:05:34,400
invisible until exposed to 
specific substances. 

2321
02:05:34,400 --> 02:05:38,200
That only the intended recipient
would know how to apply were 

2322
02:05:38,200 --> 02:05:41,600
made by some medieval spies 
another medieval invention that 

2323
02:05:41,600 --> 02:05:44,400
called for exceptional patience.
And skill was the production of 

2324
02:05:44,400 --> 02:05:48,200
microscopic text. 
In order to conceal entire 

2325
02:05:48,200 --> 02:05:50,400
intelligence reports, in what 
seemed to be ornamental 

2326
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:54,100
flourishes, on common documents,
spies learn to write messages. 

2327
02:05:54,100 --> 02:05:57,400
So tiny, that they were nearly 
imperceptible to the human eye, 

2328
02:05:57,400 --> 02:06:01,200
only magnifying glasses, which 
were uncommon and costly during 

2329
02:06:01,200 --> 02:06:03,800
the Middle Ages. 
Could read these messages, the 

2330
02:06:03,800 --> 02:06:07,000
hands of medieval intelligence 
networks sealing wax developed 

2331
02:06:07,000 --> 02:06:10,700
into a highly Advanced security 
technology in order to make it 

2332
02:06:10,700 --> 02:06:13,900
nearly impossible to detect 
tampering, spies developed 

2333
02:06:13,900 --> 02:06:15,800
methods for melting and 
reselling wax. 

2334
02:06:15,800 --> 02:06:19,100
Seals, they developed techniques
for encoding confidential 

2335
02:06:19,100 --> 02:06:22,600
information into the wax itself 
and made unique seal designs 

2336
02:06:22,600 --> 02:06:25,900
with concealed elements, that 
could confirm authenticity by 

2337
02:06:25,900 --> 02:06:28,800
producing phony letters, 
official seals and travel 

2338
02:06:28,800 --> 02:06:30,800
documents that could withstand 
close examination. 

2339
02:06:30,800 --> 02:06:34,400
Medieval spies also made 
significant advances in the 

2340
02:06:34,400 --> 02:06:38,200
field of document forgery. this 
called for in-depth familiarity 

2341
02:06:38,200 --> 02:06:42,000
with the materials methods and 
administrative processes 

2342
02:06:42,000 --> 02:06:46,700
utilized in various regions, in 
addition to artistic talent A 

2343
02:06:46,700 --> 02:06:49,300
successful Forge needed to be 
familiar with the writing style.

2344
02:06:49,300 --> 02:06:53,700
Ink formulations and papermaking
procedures utilized in different

2345
02:06:53,700 --> 02:06:55,300
administrative and quartz 
settings. 

2346
02:06:55,300 --> 02:06:59,500
Despite being archaic by today's
standards optical devices were 

2347
02:06:59,500 --> 02:07:03,500
crucial to Medieval intelligence
operations, Spies developed 

2348
02:07:03,500 --> 02:07:07,300
methods for using glass and 
crystal to magnify small text or

2349
02:07:07,300 --> 02:07:09,500
images. 
Made Simple, telescopes to 

2350
02:07:09,508 --> 02:07:12,400
observe activities in the 
distance and used mirrors, to 

2351
02:07:12,400 --> 02:07:14,300
send light signals over long 
distances. 

2352
02:07:15,300 --> 02:07:18,000
These Optical advancements. 
Necessitated a thorough 

2353
02:07:18,000 --> 02:07:20,800
comprehension of medieval mirror
making and lens. 

2354
02:07:20,800 --> 02:07:24,000
Grinding methods, medieval spies
were able to operate more 

2355
02:07:24,000 --> 02:07:26,500
effectively and with less chance
of being caught. 

2356
02:07:26,500 --> 02:07:29,100
Thanks to the development of 
portable writing and message 

2357
02:07:29,100 --> 02:07:31,800
systems. 
They designed message containers

2358
02:07:31,800 --> 02:07:34,300
that could be hidden in places 
where casual searches wouldn't 

2359
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:36,500
find them. 
They developed inks, that could 

2360
02:07:36,500 --> 02:07:39,700
be quickly mixed from everyday 
materials and they made writing 

2361
02:07:39,700 --> 02:07:42,100
kits, that could be hidden 
inside everyday objects. 

2362
02:07:42,100 --> 02:07:44,900
Even though clock and timing 
Technologies were still in their

2363
02:07:44,900 --> 02:07:46,300
infancy. 
During the Middle Ages 

2364
02:07:46,300 --> 02:07:49,400
intelligence networks, adopted 
them for security and 

2365
02:07:49,400 --> 02:07:53,000
coordination Reasons by using 
natural phenomena like tide 

2366
02:07:53,000 --> 02:07:56,400
cycles star positions and Shadow
lengths to coordinate activities

2367
02:07:56,400 --> 02:08:00,000
across multiple locations. 
Spies created techniques for 

2368
02:08:00,008 --> 02:08:01,900
timing meetings and message 
deliveries. 

2369
02:08:01,900 --> 02:08:05,600
That did not rely on mechanical 
clocks as spies produced more 

2370
02:08:05,600 --> 02:08:08,700
precise and in depth maps of 
regions, fortifications and 

2371
02:08:08,700 --> 02:08:12,100
routes of travel, medieval 
cartography evolved into an 

2372
02:08:12,100 --> 02:08:15,400
intelligence tool. 
Militarily sensitive information

2373
02:08:15,400 --> 02:08:19,800
such as the locations of Supply 
caches defensive weaknesses, and

2374
02:08:19,800 --> 02:08:22,700
secret routes was frequently 
included on these Maps. 

2375
02:08:23,600 --> 02:08:26,100
Making Maps, required knowledge 
of military engineering and 

2376
02:08:26,100 --> 02:08:28,300
strategic planning. 
In addition, to geography, 

2377
02:08:28,300 --> 02:08:31,200
despite being constrained by 
medieval manufacturing 

2378
02:08:31,200 --> 02:08:33,700
capabilities. 
Mechanical Devices were 

2379
02:08:33,700 --> 02:08:36,900
surprisingly sophisticatedly 
modified for intelligence 

2380
02:08:36,900 --> 02:08:40,300
purposes. 
Spies made mechanical aids for 

2381
02:08:40,300 --> 02:08:44,200
scaling walls or getting around 
security measures made lock 

2382
02:08:44,200 --> 02:08:47,200
picking tools that looked like 
commonplace tools and made 

2383
02:08:47,200 --> 02:08:50,800
secret compartments in every day
objects despite being founded on

2384
02:08:50,800 --> 02:08:54,000
what is now regarded as 
primitive science, medieval 

2385
02:08:54,000 --> 02:08:57,200
intelligence practitioners, 
possessively sophisticated 

2386
02:08:57,200 --> 02:09:01,000
chemical knowledge Spies knew 
how to make sabotage related 

2387
02:09:01,000 --> 02:09:04,300
explosives poisons. 
That could be used covertly and 

2388
02:09:04,300 --> 02:09:07,200
chemical tests that could detect
tamper documents or materials 

2389
02:09:07,200 --> 02:09:10,500
technologies that could Shield 
confidential documents from 

2390
02:09:10,500 --> 02:09:14,800
moisture, insects theft and 
accidental Discovery were needed

2391
02:09:14,800 --> 02:09:18,600
for the preservation and storage
of intelligence data waterproof,

2392
02:09:18,600 --> 02:09:21,400
containers hiding spots that 
could withstand building 

2393
02:09:21,400 --> 02:09:24,400
Renovations and storage systems 
that would keep data safe for 

2394
02:09:24,400 --> 02:09:27,500
years or decades while still 
being available to authorized 

2395
02:09:27,500 --> 02:09:29,400
users were all inventions of 
medieval. 

2396
02:09:29,400 --> 02:09:33,500
Spies medieval spies had to 
invent innovative ways to modify

2397
02:09:33,500 --> 02:09:36,400
existing Technologies. 
In order to communicate over 

2398
02:09:36,400 --> 02:09:39,700
great distances, they 
established networks of human 

2399
02:09:39,700 --> 02:09:43,300
Messengers who could transmit 
information more quickly than 

2400
02:09:43,300 --> 02:09:45,600
traditional commercial or 
diplomatic channels. 

2401
02:09:45,600 --> 02:09:49,000
Employed trained Birds to 
deliver messages and device 

2402
02:09:49,000 --> 02:09:51,500
systems of signal fires and 
mirror flashes for quick 

2403
02:09:51,500 --> 02:09:53,900
communication. 
Medieval spies were able to 

2404
02:09:53,900 --> 02:09:56,800
better conceal their activities 
and change their appearances. 

2405
02:09:56,800 --> 02:09:59,400
Thanks to Technologies for 
disguise and concealment. 

2406
02:10:00,200 --> 02:10:03,100
Using the tools and resources 
available in medieval Society, 

2407
02:10:03,100 --> 02:10:06,400
they created ways to alter their
physical appearance, social 

2408
02:10:06,400 --> 02:10:10,100
standing and perceived age. 
These disguise is needed to be 

2409
02:10:10,108 --> 02:10:12,500
convincing enough to fool. 
Anyone who might come into 

2410
02:10:12,500 --> 02:10:14,300
contact with the spy on a 
regular basis. 

2411
02:10:14,300 --> 02:10:17,600
Over a long period of Time, 
Medieval intelligence networks, 

2412
02:10:17,600 --> 02:10:20,900
created authentication and 
verification systems that were 

2413
02:10:20,900 --> 02:10:24,000
incredibly difficult to forge 
and frequently cleverly 

2414
02:10:24,000 --> 02:10:26,900
straightforward. 
They developed physical tokens 

2415
02:10:26,900 --> 02:10:30,400
that were almost impossible to 
counterfeit identification 

2416
02:10:30,400 --> 02:10:32,400
systems. 
Based on information that only 

2417
02:10:32,400 --> 02:10:35,000
authorized agents would know and
recognition. 

2418
02:10:35,000 --> 02:10:37,700
Protocols, that could confirm 
identity without written 

2419
02:10:37,700 --> 02:10:40,600
records, the creation of 
information processing and 

2420
02:10:40,600 --> 02:10:43,900
Analysis systems by medieval 
spies who lacked formal 

2421
02:10:43,900 --> 02:10:46,900
bureaucratic structures. 
And computers may have been the 

2422
02:10:46,900 --> 02:10:50,500
most remarkable development They
produce systems for monitoring 

2423
02:10:50,500 --> 02:10:53,800
shifting political ties. 
Techniques for integrating data.

2424
02:10:53,800 --> 02:10:56,800
From various sources and 
analytical Frameworks that could

2425
02:10:56,800 --> 02:10:59,200
spot patterns and Trends in 
intricate political 

2426
02:10:59,200 --> 02:11:01,900
circumstances these 
technological advancements. 

2427
02:11:01,900 --> 02:11:04,800
Show how extraordinary 
creativity was driven by 

2428
02:11:04,800 --> 02:11:07,900
practical necessity in the field
of medieval intelligence work. 

2429
02:11:08,700 --> 02:11:11,900
Devil spies operating under 
strict material and 

2430
02:11:11,900 --> 02:11:14,800
technological. 
Limitations developed solutions 

2431
02:11:14,800 --> 02:11:18,200
that were sophisticated in their
application, but often elegant 

2432
02:11:18,200 --> 02:11:21,900
in their simplicity, The 
intelligence technologies that 

2433
02:11:21,900 --> 02:11:25,100
would develop over centuries 
into the systems, utilized by 

2434
02:11:25,100 --> 02:11:28,300
contemporary, intelligence 
agencies were made possible by 

2435
02:11:28,300 --> 02:11:30,900
their Innovations. 
Let's take a step back and 

2436
02:11:30,900 --> 02:11:32,500
track. 
The Unseen strands that link 

2437
02:11:32,500 --> 02:11:35,800
those mud splattered medieval 
spies to the advanced 

2438
02:11:35,800 --> 02:11:38,600
intelligence operations of 
today, as you approach the 

2439
02:11:38,600 --> 02:11:42,300
bottom of your cup and feel the 
soft pull of impending sleep, 

2440
02:11:43,100 --> 02:11:46,300
With the end of the Medieval 
Era, the methods networks and 

2441
02:11:46,300 --> 02:11:48,000
values they created did not 
vanish. 

2442
02:11:48,700 --> 02:11:52,900
Rather they changed adapted and 
served as the Cornerstone for 

2443
02:11:52,908 --> 02:11:55,300
intelligence operations that 
still influence our world. 

2444
02:11:55,300 --> 02:11:58,400
Today, the establishment of 
intelligence gathering as a 

2445
02:11:58,400 --> 02:12:01,200
crucial government function, was
the most fundamental Legacy of 

2446
02:12:01,208 --> 02:12:05,500
medieval Espionage initially. 
Considering spying a repugnant 

2447
02:12:05,500 --> 02:12:08,600
necessity, medieval rulers, 
eventually realized that 

2448
02:12:08,600 --> 02:12:12,100
information was just as crucial 
to preserving political power, 

2449
02:12:12,100 --> 02:12:16,000
as armies as a result of this 
acknowledgment permanent 

2450
02:12:16,000 --> 02:12:19,200
intelligence organizations were 
established which later 

2451
02:12:19,200 --> 02:12:21,700
developed into the National 
Intelligence Services of 

2452
02:12:21,700 --> 02:12:25,000
contemporary nation's medieval. 
Intelligence networks created 

2453
02:12:25,000 --> 02:12:27,800
recruitment guide lines that set
trends that are still used by 

2454
02:12:27,800 --> 02:12:31,300
contemporary organizations 
intelligence recruitment, still 

2455
02:12:31,300 --> 02:12:34,600
heavily favors those who could 
travel without suspicion, who 

2456
02:12:34,600 --> 02:12:38,200
naturally asked questions and 
who have the cycle fortitude to 

2457
02:12:38,200 --> 02:12:42,100
keep up full side identities. 
The most successful spies as 

2458
02:12:42,100 --> 02:12:45,600
demonstrated by medieval spies a
frequently, those who can blend 

2459
02:12:45,600 --> 02:12:48,600
in with the general population. 
The foundation for contemporary 

2460
02:12:48,600 --> 02:12:52,000
intelligence, communication was 
established by medieval advances

2461
02:12:52,000 --> 02:12:54,000
in Secure, communication and 
cryptography. 

2462
02:12:54,900 --> 02:12:57,800
The complex encryption systems 
that Safeguard contemporary 

2463
02:12:57,800 --> 02:13:00,800
intelligence Communications were
developed from the codes and 

2464
02:13:00,800 --> 02:13:03,000
cyphers created by medieval 
Networks. 

2465
02:13:04,000 --> 02:13:07,300
The fundamental concepts of 
secure, communication message, 

2466
02:13:07,300 --> 02:13:10,400
authentication, and key 
distribution that medieval spies

2467
02:13:10,400 --> 02:13:13,700
found difficult to grasp 
continue to be major obstacles 

2468
02:13:13,700 --> 02:13:16,500
for contemporary intelligence 
organizations, modern 

2469
02:13:16,500 --> 02:13:19,300
intelligence Services, continue 
to employ the organizational 

2470
02:13:19,300 --> 02:13:21,900
principles established by the 
network structures developed by 

2471
02:13:21,908 --> 02:13:23,800
medieval intelligence 
organizations. 

2472
02:13:24,500 --> 02:13:27,500
Modern intelligence 
compartmentalization was based 

2473
02:13:27,500 --> 02:13:30,200
on the cell structures that 
prevented medieval networks from

2474
02:13:30,200 --> 02:13:32,700
being totally compromised. 
When individual agents were 

2475
02:13:32,708 --> 02:13:36,100
apprehended one of the main 
challenges for contemporary 

2476
02:13:36,100 --> 02:13:38,600
intelligence operations is 
maintaining the operational 

2477
02:13:38,600 --> 02:13:41,900
security, and coordination, 
balance that medieval networks 

2478
02:13:41,900 --> 02:13:44,700
were able to achieve the 
fundamentals of contemporary 

2479
02:13:44,700 --> 02:13:46,800
defensive intelligence work were
established by the 

2480
02:13:46,800 --> 02:13:50,400
counterintelligence awareness 
that medieval spies developed in

2481
02:13:50,400 --> 02:13:53,700
reaction to enemy. 
Intelligence activities, modern 

2482
02:13:53,700 --> 02:13:56,800
counterintelligence doctrines, 
which assumed hostile 

2483
02:13:56,800 --> 02:13:59,100
intelligence services, are 
continuously attempting to 

2484
02:13:59,100 --> 02:14:03,000
compromise friendly operations. 
A medieval understanding that 

2485
02:14:03,000 --> 02:14:05,500
intelligence Services must 
defend themselves against 

2486
02:14:05,500 --> 02:14:08,100
deception. 
And penetration, modern 

2487
02:14:08,100 --> 02:14:10,900
forensic, methods for examining 
intelligence materials are the 

2488
02:14:10,908 --> 02:14:13,800
result of medieval advancements 
in document analysis and 

2489
02:14:13,800 --> 02:14:16,900
verification. 
Modern intelligence analysis 

2490
02:14:16,900 --> 02:14:19,500
techniques which employ 
technology, but adhere to 

2491
02:14:19,508 --> 02:14:22,500
similar logical principles 
evolved from the abilities that 

2492
02:14:22,500 --> 02:14:25,500
medieval spies developed for 
identifying forged documents, 

2493
02:14:25,500 --> 02:14:29,600
evaluating writing styles and 
confirming the reliability of 

2494
02:14:29,600 --> 02:14:32,500
information sources. 
Modern knowledge of intelligence

2495
02:14:32,500 --> 02:14:34,600
operations. 
Incorporates the psychological 

2496
02:14:34,600 --> 02:14:38,200
understanding of human 
motivation deceit and loyalty 

2497
02:14:38,200 --> 02:14:40,600
that medieval intelligence 
practitioners acquired. 

2498
02:14:41,300 --> 02:14:45,400
Medieval spies acquired skills, 
in motivating agents, evaluating

2499
02:14:45,400 --> 02:14:48,400
The credibility of sources and 
preserving operational security 

2500
02:14:48,400 --> 02:14:50,300
while fostering fruitful 
collaborations. 

2501
02:14:50,300 --> 02:14:53,900
These realizations continue to 
be essential to contemporary 

2502
02:14:53,900 --> 02:14:57,300
human intelligence activities, 
medieval networks successful, 

2503
02:14:57,300 --> 02:15:00,000
integration of military and 
diplomatic operations with 

2504
02:15:00,000 --> 02:15:03,100
intelligence work, created 
models, that contemporary 

2505
02:15:03,100 --> 02:15:06,800
governments continue to adhere 
to The effective coordination of

2506
02:15:06,800 --> 02:15:10,500
military action diplomacy and 
intelligence was a lesson 

2507
02:15:10,500 --> 02:15:13,400
learned by medieval rulers that 
are still applicable to 

2508
02:15:13,400 --> 02:15:16,700
contemporary National Security 
strategy, modern intelligence 

2509
02:15:16,700 --> 02:15:19,000
funding and financial management
have their roots. 

2510
02:15:19,000 --> 02:15:22,300
In the economic principles that 
guided medieval intelligence 

2511
02:15:22,300 --> 02:15:25,200
operations. 
Just as it was for medieval, 

2512
02:15:25,200 --> 02:15:27,500
spymasters attempting, to pay 
agents covertly. 

2513
02:15:27,500 --> 02:15:31,300
The problem of financing covert 
operations without leaving, 

2514
02:15:31,300 --> 02:15:34,000
audit trails, that hostile 
Services could use is still 

2515
02:15:34,000 --> 02:15:36,600
present today. 
Modern intelligent services are 

2516
02:15:36,600 --> 02:15:39,400
still confronted with the moral 
and legal, dilemmas brought up 

2517
02:15:39,400 --> 02:15:41,000
by medieval Espionage 
operations. 

2518
02:15:41,900 --> 02:15:44,700
Modern democratic societies, 
must strike a balance between 

2519
02:15:44,700 --> 02:15:48,500
security requirements, legal 
restrictions, and ethical 

2520
02:15:48,500 --> 02:15:51,500
principles. 
Medieval societies grappled with

2521
02:15:51,500 --> 02:15:53,600
the conflict, between the 
Practical necessity of 

2522
02:15:53,600 --> 02:15:56,300
intelligence work and 
traditional moral and legal 

2523
02:15:56,300 --> 02:15:59,500
principles, modern intelligence.
Technology development is 

2524
02:15:59,500 --> 02:16:03,100
characterized by patterns of 
adaptation and creativity that 

2525
02:16:03,100 --> 02:16:05,500
were established by the 
technological innovations. 

2526
02:16:05,500 --> 02:16:07,900
Pioneered by medieval 
intelligence Networks. 

2527
02:16:08,600 --> 02:16:10,600
In the same way that 
contemporary intelligence 

2528
02:16:10,600 --> 02:16:13,400
agencies, modify commercial 
Technologies for security 

2529
02:16:13,400 --> 02:16:16,300
applications. 
Medieval spies who modified 

2530
02:16:16,300 --> 02:16:19,500
civilian Technologies for 
intelligence purposes started a 

2531
02:16:19,500 --> 02:16:23,200
traditional intelligence Works, 
global Scopes set the stage for 

2532
02:16:23,200 --> 02:16:25,300
contemporary intelligence 
competition and collaboration 

2533
02:16:25,300 --> 02:16:28,000
cross. 
Political medieval intelligence 

2534
02:16:28,000 --> 02:16:31,000
networks created models for 
state to state intelligence 

2535
02:16:31,000 --> 02:16:34,500
cooperation and competition that
still have an impact on 

2536
02:16:34,500 --> 02:16:36,500
contemporary International 
intelligence, cooperation 

2537
02:16:36,500 --> 02:16:40,799
literature entertainment and the
general Public's perception of 

2538
02:16:40,799 --> 02:16:43,700
intelligence work, all reflect 
the cultural influence of 

2539
02:16:43,700 --> 02:16:46,900
medieval Espionage and continued
to shape how contemporary 

2540
02:16:46,900 --> 02:16:50,400
societies you spies and 
intelligence organizations. 

2541
02:16:50,400 --> 02:16:53,700
The way intelligence work is 
portrayed and understood in 

2542
02:16:53,700 --> 02:16:55,900
popular culture is still 
influenced by The Narrative 

2543
02:16:55,900 --> 02:16:59,600
patterns created by medieval 
Tales of spies and secret 

2544
02:16:59,600 --> 02:17:02,200
agents. 
The value of historical analysis

2545
02:17:02,200 --> 02:17:04,700
for contemporary intelligence 
work was established by the 

2546
02:17:04,700 --> 02:17:08,000
institutional memory, that 
medieval intelligence networks 

2547
02:17:08,000 --> 02:17:11,500
preserved, Medieval 
practitioners set the standard 

2548
02:17:11,500 --> 02:17:14,400
for contemporary intelligence 
services that preserve 

2549
02:17:14,400 --> 02:17:17,400
historical records and analyze 
past operations to enhance 

2550
02:17:17,400 --> 02:17:20,700
present performance by learning 
from the successes and failures 

2551
02:17:20,700 --> 02:17:24,299
of early operations. 
Most significantly medieval 

2552
02:17:24,299 --> 02:17:28,600
Espionage showed that at its 
core intelligence work is not 

2553
02:17:28,600 --> 02:17:31,900
about technology or 
institutional Frameworks but 

2554
02:17:31,900 --> 02:17:34,500
rather about human relationships
and psychology. 

2555
02:17:34,500 --> 02:17:38,600
The success or failure of 
medieval spies was determined by

2556
02:17:38,600 --> 02:17:41,200
their capacity to comprehend an 
influence human behavior. 

2557
02:17:41,200 --> 02:17:45,000
A skill that is essential to 
intelligence operations, even 

2558
02:17:45,000 --> 02:17:47,600
with all of the modern era's 
technological, advancements. 

2559
02:17:47,600 --> 02:17:50,700
Modern intelligent services are 
still influenced by the moral 

2560
02:17:50,700 --> 02:17:53,500
and Professional Standards set 
by The Bravery and commitment of

2561
02:17:53,500 --> 02:17:56,799
medieval intelligence agents. 
Modern intelligence 

2562
02:17:56,799 --> 02:17:59,600
professionals are still inspired
by the traditions of Service 

2563
02:17:59,600 --> 02:18:03,400
established by medieval spies 
who risk their lives for causes.

2564
02:18:03,400 --> 02:18:06,400
They supported upheld 
Professional Standards in the 

2565
02:18:06,400 --> 02:18:09,600
face of personal danger, and 
serve their societies without 

2566
02:18:09,600 --> 02:18:12,900
much credit or compensation, the
principles and techniques that 

2567
02:18:12,900 --> 02:18:16,000
were initially developed by 
those Anonymous medieval agents,

2568
02:18:16,000 --> 02:18:20,500
who traveled, muddy roads, slept
in flea-infested ins and risk 

2569
02:18:20,500 --> 02:18:22,500
their lives to gather 
information that would shape, 

2570
02:18:22,500 --> 02:18:25,700
the course of history are still 
used by modern intelligence 

2571
02:18:25,700 --> 02:18:28,299
agencies, as they confront new 
challenges, from International 

2572
02:18:28,299 --> 02:18:32,600
terrorism, technological change,
and evolving security threats. 

2573
02:18:32,600 --> 02:18:35,700
Think about the amazing people 
whose stories we have told 

2574
02:18:35,700 --> 02:18:38,100
tonight, as you get ready to 
close this, chapter of history 

2575
02:18:38,100 --> 02:18:41,299
and go to sleep, they were 
regular people who made 

2576
02:18:41,299 --> 02:18:44,500
extraordinary Life Choices. 
People who put up with 

2577
02:18:44,500 --> 02:18:48,400
discomfort risk and anonymity 
for causes that frequently. 

2578
02:18:48,400 --> 02:18:50,400
Brought them little reward and 
little recognition. 

2579
02:18:50,400 --> 02:18:53,500
The glitzy character of 
contemporary fiction were not 

2580
02:18:53,508 --> 02:18:55,799
the medieval spies whose stories
we have exam. 

2581
02:18:55,900 --> 02:18:58,299
And rather they were perhaps 
more admirable. 

2582
02:18:58,299 --> 02:19:01,900
Actual people who bravely 
creatively and resolutely face 

2583
02:19:01,900 --> 02:19:05,100
real challenges, They 
contributed to historical 

2584
02:19:05,100 --> 02:19:06,900
advancements. 
That shape, the world we 

2585
02:19:06,900 --> 02:19:09,700
inherited solved problems. 
That would have challenged 

2586
02:19:09,700 --> 02:19:12,900
contemporary professionals and 
upheld their integrity and 

2587
02:19:12,900 --> 02:19:15,100
situations that would have 
broken many others. 

2588
02:19:15,100 --> 02:19:19,200
These underappreciated Heroes of
medieval statecraft serve as a 

2589
02:19:19,200 --> 02:19:20,799
reminder. 
That history has shaped by the 

2590
02:19:20,799 --> 02:19:24,400
innumerable people who labor 
silently in the background to 

2591
02:19:24,400 --> 02:19:28,200
maintain Communications, gather 
information and provide the 

2592
02:19:28,208 --> 02:19:31,600
intelligence necessary for 
effective leadership not just by

2593
02:19:31,600 --> 02:19:34,000
kings and queens, conflicts and 
treaties. 

2594
02:19:34,799 --> 02:19:37,100
Their contribution should be 
honored because they were the 

2595
02:19:37,100 --> 02:19:40,700
unsung heroes of their time. 
Their experiences also serve as 

2596
02:19:40,700 --> 02:19:43,000
a reminder that the problems 
intelligence professionals. 

2597
02:19:43,000 --> 02:19:46,299
Face such as striking, a balance
between security and 

2598
02:19:46,299 --> 02:19:49,500
Effectiveness juggling personal,
and professional commitments, 

2599
02:19:49,500 --> 02:19:52,700
and balancing morally 
challenging, but necessary work 

2600
02:19:52,700 --> 02:19:56,800
a universal human struggles that
cut across all time periods, 

2601
02:19:56,800 --> 02:20:01,100
dreams of moonlit castle walls. 
Coded messages, concealed in 

2602
02:20:01,108 --> 02:20:03,300
merchant letters or courageous 
people. 

2603
02:20:03,300 --> 02:20:06,000
Walking perilous roads in 
support of causes they believed 

2604
02:20:06,000 --> 02:20:08,700
in they come to mind as you 
drift off to sleep. 

2605
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:12,400
These dreams introduce you to a 
never-ending tale of 

2606
02:20:12,408 --> 02:20:16,400
selflessness service, and unsung
bravery that has influenced our 

2607
02:20:16,400 --> 02:20:18,300
world. 
In ways we hardly ever recognize

2608
02:20:18,300 --> 02:20:21,500
all the lives of the medieval 
spies we've met tonight were 

2609
02:20:21,500 --> 02:20:24,700
frequently uncomfortable. 
Dangerous and little known. 

2610
02:20:24,700 --> 02:20:27,200
Their work was vital to the 
societies. 

2611
02:20:27,200 --> 02:20:31,000
They served They serve as a 
reminder, that Civilization is 

2612
02:20:31,000 --> 02:20:33,700
not solely dependent on the 
well-known people whose names. 

2613
02:20:33,700 --> 02:20:36,300
We can still recall. 
But also on the innumerable, 

2614
02:20:36,300 --> 02:20:40,000
unnamed people who make in 
calculable frequently unseen, 

2615
02:20:40,000 --> 02:20:43,900
but always vital contributions 
to the common good rest easy. 

2616
02:20:43,900 --> 02:20:46,000
Knowing that you've spent the 
evening with some of the bravest

2617
02:20:46,000 --> 02:20:47,800
and most devoted people in 
history. 

2618
02:20:47,800 --> 02:20:51,200
People, whose dedication to 
service and willingness to make 

2619
02:20:51,200 --> 02:20:53,800
sacrifices for the greater good 
made. 

2620
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:56,700
Traditions, that still serve and
protect our contemporary world. 

2621
02:20:56,700 --> 02:21:00,000
Every intelligence professional 
who carries on their work 

2622
02:21:00,000 --> 02:21:02,700
carries on their legacy and 
their memory is honored. 

2623
02:21:02,700 --> 02:21:06,400
Every time we remember that true
heroism frequently doesn't wear 

2624
02:21:06,400 --> 02:21:10,700
a uniform and doesn't seek 
recognition, sweet dreams and 

2625
02:21:10,700 --> 02:21:13,300
may you rest in peace, knowing 
that courageous people have 

2626
02:21:13,300 --> 02:21:15,300
always worked in silence to 
defend the society. 

2627
02:21:15,300 --> 02:21:18,000
As they served requesting 
nothing more than the 

2628
02:21:18,000 --> 02:21:20,800
Fulfillment of their Duty and 
service to cause his bigger than

2629
02:21:20,800 --> 02:21:29,700
themselves. 
Picturing England in the early 

2630
02:21:29,700 --> 02:21:33,000
1500s and try to forget 
everything you think you know 

2631
02:21:33,000 --> 02:21:35,600
about it. 
This isn't the England of Empire

2632
02:21:35,600 --> 02:21:38,900
and Industry of tea and 
parliamentary democracy. 

2633
02:21:39,600 --> 02:21:42,900
This is an island nation, still 
finding its footing still 

2634
02:21:42,900 --> 02:21:44,300
figuring out what it wants to 
be. 

2635
02:21:44,300 --> 02:21:47,400
When it grows up the Morning, 
Light filters, through the small

2636
02:21:47,400 --> 02:21:50,500
thick glass, windows of a Manor 
House in the Cotswolds 

2637
02:21:50,500 --> 02:21:53,500
Illuminating dust. 
Moats that danced in the cold 

2638
02:21:53,500 --> 02:21:56,000
air. 
You can smell the wood smoke 

2639
02:21:56,000 --> 02:21:59,600
from cooking fires mixing with 
the earthier scent of Russia's 

2640
02:21:59,600 --> 02:22:02,700
covering the floor. 
Rushes, that need changing, but 

2641
02:22:02,700 --> 02:22:05,000
probably won't be replaced for 
another week. 

2642
02:22:05,900 --> 02:22:09,500
The herb scattered among them 
lavender, Rosemary and mint 

2643
02:22:09,500 --> 02:22:13,100
release their fragrance. 
When you step on them, a 

2644
02:22:13,100 --> 02:22:15,500
medieval attempt at air 
freshening that works better in 

2645
02:22:15,500 --> 02:22:17,700
theory than in practice. 
England. 

2646
02:22:17,700 --> 02:22:22,100
In 1509 is a nation of about 3 
million Souls, which means it 

2647
02:22:22,100 --> 02:22:25,200
has fewer people than modern Los
Angeles spread across an entire 

2648
02:22:25,200 --> 02:22:27,900
country. 
Most of those Souls live in 

2649
02:22:27,908 --> 02:22:30,800
villages. 
So small you could walk from one

2650
02:22:30,800 --> 02:22:33,100
end to the other. 
In the time it takes to finish 

2651
02:22:33,100 --> 02:22:36,800
your morning coffee. 
The largest city London houses. 

2652
02:22:36,800 --> 02:22:40,900
Perhaps 50,000 people crowded 
along the Thames their Timber 

2653
02:22:40,900 --> 02:22:43,800
framed houses leaning into 
narrow streets where the upper 

2654
02:22:43,800 --> 02:22:47,100
is nearly touch across the way, 
blocking out the sky. 

2655
02:22:47,100 --> 02:22:50,500
The Rhythm of Life follows the 
church bells at punctuate each 

2656
02:22:50,500 --> 02:22:54,500
day with their bronze voices. 
You wake to the sound of prime, 

2657
02:22:54,500 --> 02:22:58,300
the first morning, prayer, and 
move through your day, guide by 

2658
02:22:58,300 --> 02:23:04,500
terse sexed, none Vespers, and 
finally complain, as Darkness 

2659
02:23:04,500 --> 02:23:06,800
Falls. 
The bells aren't just 

2660
02:23:06,800 --> 02:23:08,900
timekeepers. 
They're the heartbeat of a 

2661
02:23:08,908 --> 02:23:11,700
society where the church isn't 
separate from daily life. 

2662
02:23:11,700 --> 02:23:15,900
But woven into every aspect of 
it, like threads in the very 

2663
02:23:15,900 --> 02:23:18,600
fabric you wear and what fabric 
it is. 

2664
02:23:19,500 --> 02:23:22,100
If you're wealthy enough you 
might own Woolen cloth in deep 

2665
02:23:22,100 --> 02:23:25,500
Reds or Blues colors that cost 
more than a labor earns in 

2666
02:23:25,500 --> 02:23:28,100
months. 
The wool itself. 

2667
02:23:28,100 --> 02:23:32,600
Tells a story England's economy 
runs on sheep, those Placid 

2668
02:23:32,600 --> 02:23:36,500
creatures grazing on every 
available Hillside their fleece,

2669
02:23:36,500 --> 02:23:38,800
transformed in workshops and 
sold across Europe. 

2670
02:23:39,700 --> 02:23:42,400
When you wear wool in Tudor 
England, you're wearing the 

2671
02:23:42,400 --> 02:23:46,600
nation's primary export, its 
economic engine, and its claim 

2672
02:23:46,600 --> 02:23:50,000
to International relevance, the 
Catholic Church dominates the 

2673
02:23:50,000 --> 02:23:51,800
landscape, both literally and 
figuratively. 

2674
02:23:52,800 --> 02:23:56,700
Parish churches, anchor every 
Community, their Stone Towers 

2675
02:23:56,700 --> 02:23:59,900
Rising above, thatched Cottages 
like parents watching over 

2676
02:23:59,900 --> 02:24:02,900
children. 
Monasteries and Abby's dot the 

2677
02:24:02,900 --> 02:24:06,000
countryside. 
There are nearly 900 religious 

2678
02:24:06,000 --> 02:24:10,100
houses in England home to 
perhaps 10,000 monks nuns and 

2679
02:24:10,100 --> 02:24:12,400
fryers. 
These aren't just places of 

2680
02:24:12,400 --> 02:24:16,700
prayer, their hospitals, schools
hostels for travelers and 

2681
02:24:16,700 --> 02:24:18,700
landlords controling, vast 
Estates. 

2682
02:24:18,700 --> 02:24:22,300
The Abbot glassed onions, land 
in several counties. 

2683
02:24:22,300 --> 02:24:26,100
The monastery at Westminster 
practically as a small town unto

2684
02:24:26,100 --> 02:24:28,100
itself. 
Your relationship with the 

2685
02:24:28,100 --> 02:24:30,000
church is an optional or 
occasional. 

2686
02:24:30,000 --> 02:24:34,100
It's as fundamental as 
breathing, You're born into it, 

2687
02:24:34,100 --> 02:24:37,600
literally with baptism, washing 
Away, original sin within days 

2688
02:24:37,600 --> 02:24:41,000
of birth. 
You marry in it, the priest 

2689
02:24:41,000 --> 02:24:44,000
blessing transforming a private 
Arrangement into a public 

2690
02:24:44,000 --> 02:24:47,700
sacrament. 
You'll die in it receiving last 

2691
02:24:47,700 --> 02:24:52,000
rites that determine your souls 
destination in between you 

2692
02:24:52,000 --> 02:24:55,700
attend Mass regularly confess 
your sins to a priest. 

2693
02:24:55,700 --> 02:24:57,200
Who knows all your neighbor's 
business too. 

2694
02:24:57,200 --> 02:25:02,500
Pay your tithes observe the fast
days and purchase indulgences to

2695
02:25:02,500 --> 02:25:06,400
reduce time in purgatory. 
The Pope in Rome that distant 

2696
02:25:06,400 --> 02:25:09,700
figure in his Vatican Palace 
holds more practical power over 

2697
02:25:09,700 --> 02:25:11,500
English daily life than you 
might imagine. 

2698
02:25:11,500 --> 02:25:15,100
He can, annul. 
Marriage is the gites children 

2699
02:25:15,100 --> 02:25:18,800
and Grant special dispensation 
for everything from eating meat 

2700
02:25:18,800 --> 02:25:20,400
on Friday to marrying your 
cousin. 

2701
02:25:21,200 --> 02:25:23,700
He appoints Bishops, who become 
major political figures. 

2702
02:25:23,700 --> 02:25:28,300
He can excommunicate anyone from
King to Peasant, which in this 

2703
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:31,800
society means cutting them off 
from all social connection and 

2704
02:25:31,800 --> 02:25:35,900
condemning their soul to hell. 
It's a threat that carries real 

2705
02:25:35,900 --> 02:25:40,400
weight when everyone you know 
believes it absolutely but there

2706
02:25:40,400 --> 02:25:44,500
are grumbles in the taverns 
those dim smoke-filled rooms 

2707
02:25:44,500 --> 02:25:46,700
where ale flows and inhibitions 
loosen. 

2708
02:25:46,700 --> 02:25:50,000
You might hear men complain 
about how much land the church 

2709
02:25:50,000 --> 02:25:53,200
owns while paying no taxes. 
You might hear Merchants 

2710
02:25:53,200 --> 02:25:55,700
frustrated by religious 
restrictions on business 

2711
02:25:55,700 --> 02:25:58,600
practices. 
You might even hear whispers 

2712
02:25:58,600 --> 02:26:01,900
about church corruption though. 
No one speaks too loudly because

2713
02:26:01,900 --> 02:26:04,800
heresy is a burning, a fence. 
Literally the political 

2714
02:26:04,800 --> 02:26:08,800
landscape is equally complex. 
England Has a King Henry. 

2715
02:26:08,800 --> 02:26:11,600
The seventh one is Crown by 
killing the previous King on a 

2716
02:26:11,600 --> 02:26:13,600
battlefield. 
And who spent his Reign 

2717
02:26:13,600 --> 02:26:16,000
consolidating power and feeling 
the treasury. 

2718
02:26:16,900 --> 02:26:20,000
Parliament exists, but it meets 
a regularly when the king needs 

2719
02:26:20,000 --> 02:26:23,000
money. 
Local Administration happens 

2720
02:26:23,000 --> 02:26:27,100
through a patchwork of nobles 
Bishops, sheriffs, and justices 

2721
02:26:27,100 --> 02:26:30,800
of the Peace A system that works
mostly because everyone's known 

2722
02:26:30,800 --> 02:26:32,500
everyone else's families for 
Generations. 

2723
02:26:32,500 --> 02:26:36,300
England's place in the Wilder 
European world is complicated. 

2724
02:26:36,300 --> 02:26:39,700
It's not quite the Backwater, 
some Continental Scholars 

2725
02:26:39,700 --> 02:26:42,400
dismiss, but it's not a major 
power either. 

2726
02:26:43,400 --> 02:26:46,300
Spain and France are the real 
players with their larger 

2727
02:26:46,300 --> 02:26:49,700
population, stronger economies, 
and more assertive. 

2728
02:26:49,700 --> 02:26:53,500
King's the Holy Roman Empire 
sprawls across Central Europe. 

2729
02:26:53,500 --> 02:26:57,300
A complicated Patchwork that 
makes England's administrative 

2730
02:26:57,300 --> 02:26:59,000
system. 
Look, elegantly simple. 

2731
02:26:59,900 --> 02:27:03,000
The Italian city-states control 
trade and banking. 

2732
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:07,500
England England makes good wool 
and occasionally causes trouble 

2733
02:27:07,500 --> 02:27:09,300
when its Kings. 
Remember they technically 

2734
02:27:09,300 --> 02:27:13,200
claimed the French throne, 
technology is beginning to stir 

2735
02:27:13,200 --> 02:27:16,700
printing, presses are starting 
to appear the books, remain 

2736
02:27:16,700 --> 02:27:18,900
expensive, and most people can't
read anyway. 

2737
02:27:19,700 --> 02:27:23,200
Navigation techniques are 
improving making longer sea 

2738
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:24,000
voyages? 
Possible. 

2739
02:27:24,000 --> 02:27:27,000
Gunpowder is changing Warfare 
though. 

2740
02:27:27,000 --> 02:27:30,000
Knights in armor still ride a 
battle as if nothing has 

2741
02:27:30,000 --> 02:27:32,300
changed. 
Its a world caught between 

2742
02:27:32,300 --> 02:27:35,200
medieval traditions and 
something new, trying to be born

2743
02:27:35,200 --> 02:27:39,200
in the England of 1509. 
No one imagines, the 

2744
02:27:39,200 --> 02:27:42,900
transformation coming, the 
monasteries seemed Eternal, the 

2745
02:27:42,900 --> 02:27:46,600
Pope's Authority unquestionable 
and the rhythm of Catholic life,

2746
02:27:46,600 --> 02:27:50,300
as unchanging as the seasons. 
If you could tell an English 

2747
02:27:50,300 --> 02:27:53,500
villager, that within 30 years, 
their local Abbey would be torn 

2748
02:27:53,500 --> 02:27:57,500
down the Latin Mass replaced 
with English prayer and their 

2749
02:27:57,500 --> 02:27:59,600
spiritual connection to Rome 
severed forever. 

2750
02:27:59,600 --> 02:28:03,700
They would think you mad but 
changes coming carried. 

2751
02:28:03,700 --> 02:28:07,700
Not by armies, or philosophers, 
but by one young man's desperate

2752
02:28:07,700 --> 02:28:11,300
desire for something. 
He cannot have a legitimate son 

2753
02:28:11,300 --> 02:28:15,400
on an April day. 
In 1509 17 year old Prince Henry

2754
02:28:15,400 --> 02:28:18,900
became King Henry the 8th. 
And England, got a ruler who 

2755
02:28:18,900 --> 02:28:22,000
looked like he'd been ordered 
from a royal catalog featuring 

2756
02:28:22,000 --> 02:28:25,700
only the most impressive 
specifications, picture him at 

2757
02:28:25,700 --> 02:28:28,300
his coronation 6 feet, 2 inches 
tall. 

2758
02:28:28,300 --> 02:28:30,200
In an era. 
When most men, barely reached 

2759
02:28:30,200 --> 02:28:33,600
five and a half feet, Shoulders 
broad enough to fill out the 

2760
02:28:33,600 --> 02:28:36,900
elaborate doublets. 
He favors legs muscular from 

2761
02:28:36,900 --> 02:28:41,100
years of hunting and jousting. 
His hair catches, the light 

2762
02:28:41,100 --> 02:28:44,500
through Westminster Abbey 
stained glass reddish gold, 

2763
02:28:44,500 --> 02:28:46,500
Warren long enough to curl at 
his neck. 

2764
02:28:47,400 --> 02:28:49,500
His face hasn't yet acquired the
jowling. 

2765
02:28:49,500 --> 02:28:53,400
Heaviness of his later years. 
Instead it's all Youth and 

2766
02:28:53,400 --> 02:28:57,100
confidence with blue eyes that 
sparkle, when he's pleased and 

2767
02:28:57,100 --> 02:29:00,200
turned cold, when he's not Henry
moves through his coronation 

2768
02:29:00,200 --> 02:29:02,700
ceremony with the grace of 
someone who has been preparing 

2769
02:29:02,700 --> 02:29:05,400
for this moment. 
His entire life, which isn't 

2770
02:29:05,400 --> 02:29:08,600
quite accurate. 
He was actually the spare are 

2771
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:12,000
the insurance policy while. 
His older brother Arthur was 

2772
02:29:12,000 --> 02:29:16,200
groomed for King ship. 
But Arthur died at 15, 7 years. 

2773
02:29:16,208 --> 02:29:20,400
Early leaving Henry to inherit, 
not just a crowd, but also as 

2774
02:29:20,400 --> 02:29:24,200
Widow, Catherine of Aragon, the 
young king is what we might call

2775
02:29:24,200 --> 02:29:27,000
a renaissance, man, though, that
term won't be coined for 

2776
02:29:27,000 --> 02:29:31,900
centuries, he speaks Latin 
fluently reads, French nose 

2777
02:29:31,900 --> 02:29:35,000
enough, Spanish to charm, his 
wife, and his learning Italian, 

2778
02:29:35,000 --> 02:29:39,400
because educated people should 
know Italian, He writes poetry 

2779
02:29:39,400 --> 02:29:44,300
not particularly good poetry but
enthusiastic poetry that scans 

2780
02:29:44,300 --> 02:29:46,900
properly and occasionally hits 
on a decent metaphor. 

2781
02:29:47,900 --> 02:29:52,400
He composes music playing the 
lute virginals and recorder with

2782
02:29:52,408 --> 02:29:56,200
genuine skill. 
His song Pastime with good 

2783
02:29:56,200 --> 02:30:00,100
company will still be performed 
500 years later though. 

2784
02:30:00,100 --> 02:30:04,000
Mostly by people who enjoy 
singing in Period costume Henry 

2785
02:30:04,000 --> 02:30:06,800
jousts with the aggressive 
confidence of someone who's very

2786
02:30:06,800 --> 02:30:10,500
good at sports and knows it He 
hunts almost obsessively 

2787
02:30:10,500 --> 02:30:14,100
sometimes riding Freight or ten 
hours straight, wearing out 

2788
02:30:14,100 --> 02:30:16,500
horses and companions with equal
ease. 

2789
02:30:16,500 --> 02:30:19,900
He dances with the kind of vigor
that makes watching him 

2790
02:30:19,900 --> 02:30:23,100
exhausting at his coronation 
celebrations. 

2791
02:30:23,100 --> 02:30:25,600
He reportedly went through 
multiple partners because he 

2792
02:30:25,600 --> 02:30:28,600
kept wearing them out. 
Henry's, most impressive feature

2793
02:30:28,600 --> 02:30:32,400
might be his mind. 
He's genuinely intelligent with 

2794
02:30:32,400 --> 02:30:34,500
that particular, kind of 
intelligence, that loves 

2795
02:30:34,500 --> 02:30:36,800
learning new things and showing 
off that knowledge. 

2796
02:30:36,800 --> 02:30:41,100
He can debate theology with 
Scholars, discussed tactics with

2797
02:30:41,100 --> 02:30:44,300
military commanders and hold 
forth on everything from 

2798
02:30:44,300 --> 02:30:48,100
architecture to astronomy. 
He's also convinced he's right 

2799
02:30:48,100 --> 02:30:51,300
about everything which will 
become more problematic as the 

2800
02:30:51,300 --> 02:30:53,600
ages. 
But at 17 just seems like 

2801
02:30:53,600 --> 02:30:58,300
confidence his father left him a
full treasury unprecedented for 

2802
02:30:58,300 --> 02:31:01,700
an English king and young Henry 
approaches spending this money 

2803
02:31:01,700 --> 02:31:04,300
with the enthusiasm of someone 
who has just discovered their 

2804
02:31:04,300 --> 02:31:09,300
parents credit card has no limit
He throws tournaments that cost 

2805
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:11,600
more than the annual income for 
small counties. 

2806
02:31:12,400 --> 02:31:16,100
His coronation festivities last 
for days and include enough food

2807
02:31:16,100 --> 02:31:19,300
to feed a small army, which is 
appropriate since he's 

2808
02:31:19,300 --> 02:31:22,800
essentially feeding his entire 
court plus, hundreds of guests. 

2809
02:31:22,800 --> 02:31:25,500
The new Kings household is a 
world unto itself. 

2810
02:31:25,500 --> 02:31:30,000
A mobile Village of people who 
exist solely to maintain Royal 

2811
02:31:30,000 --> 02:31:33,600
comfort and dignity. 
There are Gentlemen of the privy

2812
02:31:33,600 --> 02:31:36,900
chamber who helped him dress 
Grooms, who manages extensive 

2813
02:31:36,900 --> 02:31:41,400
wardrobe servers, who bring his 
meals musicians, who provide 

2814
02:31:41,400 --> 02:31:45,600
entertainment chaplains, who 
lead prayers, Physicians, who 

2815
02:31:45,608 --> 02:31:49,400
monitor his health and countless
others, whose jobs have titles, 

2816
02:31:49,400 --> 02:31:53,000
like, Yeoman of the mouth and 
make perfect sense in context. 

2817
02:31:53,000 --> 02:31:56,000
Henry's daily routine would 
exhaust most people. 

2818
02:31:56,000 --> 02:32:00,200
He rises around six or seven 
hearing Mass almost immediately 

2819
02:32:00,200 --> 02:32:03,200
because religious devotion and 
political display conveniently 

2820
02:32:03,200 --> 02:32:05,900
overlap. 
He conducts business in the 

2821
02:32:05,900 --> 02:32:10,600
morning, signing documents, 
receiving ambassadors Consulting

2822
02:32:10,600 --> 02:32:14,600
with counselors, but never so 
much business that it interferes

2823
02:32:14,600 --> 02:32:18,800
with dinner at 10 or 11. 
After dinner comes the real Joy 

2824
02:32:18,800 --> 02:32:23,900
of his day. 
Hunting Hawking tennis or 

2825
02:32:23,900 --> 02:32:26,600
jousting? 
Depending on whether and mood. 

2826
02:32:27,800 --> 02:32:31,800
Supper arrives around 5 or 6, 
followed by entertainment music 

2827
02:32:31,800 --> 02:32:36,500
cards, dice dancing, that can 
continue until midnight his 

2828
02:32:36,500 --> 02:32:39,700
marriage to Catherine of Aragon 
seems initially quite 

2829
02:32:39,700 --> 02:32:44,600
successful. 
Atharin is 23 to Henry 17, which

2830
02:32:44,600 --> 02:32:47,600
makes her practically an older 
woman in an era where most Royal

2831
02:32:47,600 --> 02:32:51,100
brides are teenagers. 
She's intelligent educated 

2832
02:32:51,100 --> 02:32:55,600
deeply religious and genuinely 
seems to love her young husband 

2833
02:32:56,800 --> 02:33:01,000
Henry appears equally devoted 
calling her his true wife and 

2834
02:33:01,000 --> 02:33:04,700
clearly enjoying her company. 
Their Crown together ruled 

2835
02:33:04,700 --> 02:33:09,500
together and seem to share both 
affection and respect Catherine 

2836
02:33:09,500 --> 02:33:13,000
comes from impressive stock. 
She's the daughter of Ferdinand 

2837
02:33:13,000 --> 02:33:16,000
and Isabella of Spain, the 
monarchs who completed the 

2838
02:33:16,000 --> 02:33:18,900
Reconquista and funded 
Columbus's voyage. 

2839
02:33:19,900 --> 02:33:23,200
Her upbringing emphasized, 
educational and piety in equal 

2840
02:33:23,200 --> 02:33:26,300
measure. 
She reads Latin speaks multiple 

2841
02:33:26,300 --> 02:33:29,800
languages and understands 
politics with the sophistication

2842
02:33:29,800 --> 02:33:32,500
of someone raised in one of 
Europe's, most powerful courts. 

2843
02:33:33,300 --> 02:33:37,000
She's Not Just decorative. 
She's competent, which Tudor 

2844
02:33:37,000 --> 02:33:38,700
England actually values in its 
Queen. 

2845
02:33:38,700 --> 02:33:41,900
Consorts the court. 
Henry creates around himself is 

2846
02:33:41,900 --> 02:33:43,900
magnificent by English 
standards. 

2847
02:33:43,900 --> 02:33:47,000
The Continental observe is 
sometimes find it a bit 

2848
02:33:47,008 --> 02:33:50,200
provincial. 
The Great Hall at any of his 

2849
02:33:50,208 --> 02:33:53,300
palaces fills with courtiers 
wearing their finest clothes 

2850
02:33:53,300 --> 02:33:57,500
doublets in Rich, Fabrics, gowns
with the elaborate sleeves, and 

2851
02:33:57,500 --> 02:34:00,300
hats sporting feathers that cost
small fortunes. 

2852
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:05,800
The tables grown under roasted 
Meats, pies elaborate sugar 

2853
02:34:05,800 --> 02:34:08,300
sculptures and wine from France 
and Spain. 

2854
02:34:09,200 --> 02:34:12,200
Musicians play from galleries 
while gestures and acrobats 

2855
02:34:12,200 --> 02:34:15,300
provide entertainment between 
courses, but beneath the 

2856
02:34:15,300 --> 02:34:18,500
magnifiscents Henry's court is 
also a place of careful 

2857
02:34:18,500 --> 02:34:21,700
calculation. 
Every favor granted creates 

2858
02:34:21,700 --> 02:34:25,600
obligation every position, 
filled affects the balance of 

2859
02:34:25,600 --> 02:34:27,900
power between competing noble 
families. 

2860
02:34:27,900 --> 02:34:32,500
Every smile or frown from the 
King can make or break careers. 

2861
02:34:33,300 --> 02:34:35,600
The men and women surrounding 
Henry are playing a complex 

2862
02:34:35,600 --> 02:34:38,500
game, where the rules aren't 
written down but everyone knows 

2863
02:34:38,500 --> 02:34:41,000
them. 
And the penalty for mistakes can

2864
02:34:41,000 --> 02:34:43,700
be severe. 
Henry's approached to King ship 

2865
02:34:43,700 --> 02:34:46,500
in these early years is 
energetic but not particularly 

2866
02:34:46,500 --> 02:34:49,300
focused. 
He wants to be a great king. 

2867
02:34:49,300 --> 02:34:53,300
Certainly But his understanding 
of greatness comes partly from 

2868
02:34:53,300 --> 02:34:57,900
medieval romance and partly from
his father's example, great 

2869
02:34:57,900 --> 02:35:00,300
Kings, go to war. 
So Henry will go to war. 

2870
02:35:00,300 --> 02:35:04,000
Great kings are learned. 
So, Henry will be learned, great

2871
02:35:04,000 --> 02:35:06,200
kings are Pious, so Henry, will 
be Pious. 

2872
02:35:06,200 --> 02:35:10,300
It's kingship as performance, 
and Henry is a natural 

2873
02:35:10,300 --> 02:35:13,300
performer. 
His counselors particularly the 

2874
02:35:13,300 --> 02:35:16,600
brilliant Thomas, Wolsey who 
Rises rapidly to become Lord, 

2875
02:35:16,600 --> 02:35:19,900
Chancellor and Cardinal handle. 
Most, actual governance. 

2876
02:35:20,700 --> 02:35:25,300
Woolsey is everything, Henry 
isn't lowborn detail oriented 

2877
02:35:25,300 --> 02:35:27,900
and willing to do the boring 
administrative work. 

2878
02:35:27,900 --> 02:35:31,000
That keeps the kingdom 
functioning He's also ambitious 

2879
02:35:31,000 --> 02:35:35,300
clever and completely devoted to
managing Henry's Affairs, in 

2880
02:35:35,300 --> 02:35:39,300
ways that keep his royal master 
happy while accumulating power 

2881
02:35:39,300 --> 02:35:42,900
for himself, the relationship 
between Henry and Woolsey works 

2882
02:35:42,900 --> 02:35:45,000
because it satisfies both men's 
needs. 

2883
02:35:45,800 --> 02:35:49,400
Henry gets to play King fighting
Wars, hosting tournaments 

2884
02:35:49,400 --> 02:35:53,000
impressing foreign ambassadors 
while Woolsey runs the country. 

2885
02:35:53,000 --> 02:35:58,400
Waltz wealth power and influence
far beyond what his butcher's, 

2886
02:35:58,400 --> 02:36:01,900
son background, would normally 
allow it's a partnership that 

2887
02:36:01,900 --> 02:36:05,800
will last for two decades and 
accomplish remarkable things, 

2888
02:36:05,800 --> 02:36:09,500
until the moment, it doesn't in 
these early years, Henry, 

2889
02:36:09,500 --> 02:36:12,900
occasionally mentioned, his 
design for a son, Catherine 

2890
02:36:12,900 --> 02:36:15,700
becomes pregnant multiple times,
but the babies don't survive. 

2891
02:36:16,700 --> 02:36:19,800
Stillborn daughter. 
A son who lives only weeks and 

2892
02:36:19,800 --> 02:36:23,200
more heartbreak, this is common 
in the 16th century. 

2893
02:36:23,200 --> 02:36:27,300
When infant mortality claims, at
least a third of all babies, but

2894
02:36:27,300 --> 02:36:30,200
it's particularly significant 
when you're trying to secure a 

2895
02:36:30,200 --> 02:36:33,500
dynasty. 
Still Henry and Catherine are 

2896
02:36:33,500 --> 02:36:36,500
young. 
There's time everyone says this 

2897
02:36:36,500 --> 02:36:38,900
time. 
Henry's, England in these early 

2898
02:36:38,900 --> 02:36:40,400
years. 
Hums with optimism. 

2899
02:36:40,400 --> 02:36:46,000
The king is Young energetic and 
generous Treasury is full the 

2900
02:36:46,000 --> 02:36:49,500
wars with France, while 
expensive and not particularly 

2901
02:36:49,500 --> 02:36:52,200
successful. 
At least make England feel 

2902
02:36:52,200 --> 02:36:55,800
important on the European stage.
The monasteries continue their 

2903
02:36:55,800 --> 02:36:59,100
centuries old routines the 
parish churches, anchor their 

2904
02:36:59,100 --> 02:37:02,700
communities, the Pope's 
Authority remains unquestioned, 

2905
02:37:02,700 --> 02:37:06,900
everything seemed stable 
permanent and part of a natural 

2906
02:37:06,900 --> 02:37:08,700
order, that will continue 
indefinitely. 

2907
02:37:08,700 --> 02:37:13,100
No one yet imagines that this 
golden young king So devoted to 

2908
02:37:13,100 --> 02:37:15,800
his Spanish. 
Catholic wife will become the 

2909
02:37:15,800 --> 02:37:18,000
man who breaks England away from
Rome. 

2910
02:37:18,000 --> 02:37:21,700
No one suspects that his 
desperate desire for her. 

2911
02:37:21,700 --> 02:37:24,800
Son will reshaping English, 
religion, politics, and daily 

2912
02:37:24,800 --> 02:37:27,800
life. 
The revolution is coming, but it

2913
02:37:27,800 --> 02:37:32,000
approaches quietly disguised as 
personal frustration, rather 

2914
02:37:32,000 --> 02:37:36,000
than ideological conviction as 
the 1520s unfold. 

2915
02:37:36,000 --> 02:37:39,200
You might notice subtle changes 
and how England's King speaks 

2916
02:37:39,200 --> 02:37:41,900
about Authority and Power. 
It's nothing. 

2917
02:37:41,900 --> 02:37:45,700
Dramatic at first, just a young 
man in his thirties. 

2918
02:37:45,700 --> 02:37:49,500
Growing more confident about his
own judgment and less interested

2919
02:37:49,500 --> 02:37:53,000
in deferring to others. 
Even others wearing papal Tiaras

2920
02:37:53,000 --> 02:37:56,300
Henry is theological. 
Education is impressive for a 

2921
02:37:56,300 --> 02:37:59,800
king, Most monarchs content 
themselves with attending mass 

2922
02:37:59,800 --> 02:38:02,300
and letting clergy handle the 
complicated stuff. 

2923
02:38:02,300 --> 02:38:04,400
But Henry, actually reads 
theology. 

2924
02:38:05,400 --> 02:38:09,600
His Library contains volumes by 
Church fathers like Augustine 

2925
02:38:09,600 --> 02:38:13,500
and Jerome medieval Scholars, 
like Thomas Aquinas and 

2926
02:38:13,500 --> 02:38:17,300
contemporary humanists. 
He doesn't just read them, he 

2927
02:38:17,300 --> 02:38:20,500
makes notes in the margins 
arguing with long dead 

2928
02:38:20,500 --> 02:38:22,800
theologians as if they're 
sitting across from him at 

2929
02:38:22,800 --> 02:38:25,900
dinner. 
In 1521, Henry writes a book 

2930
02:38:25,908 --> 02:38:29,100
defending the seven sacraments 
against Martin Luther's attacks?

2931
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:33,800
Yes, rights not commission's. 
Not takes credit for, but 

2932
02:38:33,800 --> 02:38:37,100
actually writes complete with 
crossed out sections and 

2933
02:38:37,100 --> 02:38:39,000
revision. 
That Scholars will examine 

2934
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:42,400
centuries later. 
The book earns him in the title 

2935
02:38:42,400 --> 02:38:45,200
Defender Of The Faith, from 
Pope, Leo X. 

2936
02:38:46,000 --> 02:38:48,300
Which is deliciously ironic 
given what's coming. 

2937
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:53,200
Henry's genuinely proud of this 
title wearing it like a teenager

2938
02:38:53,200 --> 02:38:56,400
wears their first Varsity 
letter, but here's what makes 

2939
02:38:56,400 --> 02:38:59,300
Henry Dangerous. 
He's smart enough to understand 

2940
02:38:59,300 --> 02:39:03,400
complex, theological arguments, 
but convinced enough of his own 

2941
02:39:03,400 --> 02:39:05,800
righteousness to believe that 
when he understands something 

2942
02:39:05,800 --> 02:39:09,400
differently than traditional 
interpretation tradition must be

2943
02:39:09,400 --> 02:39:11,800
wrong. 
It's the Dunning Kruger effect 

2944
02:39:11,800 --> 02:39:14,400
in a crowd and it's going to 
reshape a nation. 

2945
02:39:14,400 --> 02:39:17,500
The issue of his marriage to 
Catherine begins, noring at 

2946
02:39:17,500 --> 02:39:19,300
Henry like a persistent. 
Toothache. 

2947
02:39:20,100 --> 02:39:23,700
By the mid-50s, Catherine is in 
her 40s and unlikely to have 

2948
02:39:23,700 --> 02:39:26,100
more children. 
There are only surviving child 

2949
02:39:26,100 --> 02:39:28,500
is Princess Mary. 
An England has never 

2950
02:39:28,500 --> 02:39:31,200
successfully been ruled by a 
queen in her own right? 

2951
02:39:32,500 --> 02:39:35,300
Henry starts wondering if 
perhaps his marriage was cursed 

2952
02:39:35,300 --> 02:39:37,400
from the beginning. 
He finds his answer in 

2953
02:39:37,400 --> 02:39:40,500
Leviticus, That Old Testament, 
book of laws that most people 

2954
02:39:40,500 --> 02:39:43,700
skip over. 
Chapter 20 verse 1. 

2955
02:39:44,600 --> 02:39:47,900
If a man shall take his 
brother's wife, it is an unclean

2956
02:39:47,900 --> 02:39:49,700
thing. 
They shall be childless. 

2957
02:39:50,900 --> 02:39:54,100
Never mind that he has a 
daughter, the Hebrew word Henry 

2958
02:39:54,100 --> 02:39:58,300
decides really means sunless. 
Never mind that the pope granted

2959
02:39:58,300 --> 02:40:01,300
a dispensation specifically 
allowing him to marry his 

2960
02:40:01,300 --> 02:40:04,300
brother's widow. 
Henry has convinced himself that

2961
02:40:04,300 --> 02:40:06,900
God is punishing him for 
violating Divine Law. 

2962
02:40:06,900 --> 02:40:11,000
This conclusion isn't entirely 
self-serving though it 

2963
02:40:11,000 --> 02:40:14,500
conveniently aligns with his 
desires, Henry genuinely 

2964
02:40:14,500 --> 02:40:17,400
believes in Divine judgment and 
biblical Authority. 

2965
02:40:17,400 --> 02:40:21,000
He also genuinely wants a 
legitimate male heir to prevent 

2966
02:40:21,000 --> 02:40:23,500
the Civil War. 
That could erupt, if he dies 

2967
02:40:23,500 --> 02:40:27,000
without one, and he very 
definitely wants to marry and 

2968
02:40:27,000 --> 02:40:30,200
Berlin the dark eyed lady in 
waiting who was captured his 

2969
02:40:30,200 --> 02:40:34,400
attention and refuses, to become
his mistress, and Berlin is not 

2970
02:40:34,400 --> 02:40:37,700
the conventional Beauty. 
You might expect contemporary 

2971
02:40:37,700 --> 02:40:40,100
description suggests. 
She's interesting looking rather

2972
02:40:40,100 --> 02:40:46,200
than pretty Long neck dark hair,
dark eyes, and an extra finger 

2973
02:40:46,200 --> 02:40:50,000
on one hand that she carefully 
conceals with long sleeves but 

2974
02:40:50,000 --> 02:40:53,500
she's sophisticated having spent
years at the French Court 

2975
02:40:53,500 --> 02:40:57,700
educated Beyond most women of 
her time and possessed of that 

2976
02:40:57,700 --> 02:41:00,200
quality. 
That's impossible to Define but 

2977
02:41:00,200 --> 02:41:04,900
instantly recognizable, she's 
fascinated more importantly and 

2978
02:41:04,900 --> 02:41:07,100
refuses to sleep. 
With Henry without marriage. 

2979
02:41:07,100 --> 02:41:10,400
Her sister Mary had been the 
king's mistress and had been 

2980
02:41:10,400 --> 02:41:15,000
discarded when he lost interest.
Anna's observed, this lesson and

2981
02:41:15,000 --> 02:41:18,800
drawn conclusions, she'll be 
queen or nothing. 

2982
02:41:19,700 --> 02:41:23,400
Which drives Henry absolutely 
mad with desire and frustration 

2983
02:41:23,400 --> 02:41:26,800
in equal measure, Henry's 
approach to solving his great 

2984
02:41:26,800 --> 02:41:29,000
matter. 
As the proposed annulment 

2985
02:41:29,000 --> 02:41:32,200
becomes known reveals both his 
intelligence and his 

2986
02:41:32,200 --> 02:41:35,600
limitations. 
He deploys theologians to argue 

2987
02:41:35,600 --> 02:41:39,200
his case commission, scholarly 
opinions from universities 

2988
02:41:39,200 --> 02:41:43,000
across Europe, and has his agent
search library for precedence. 

2989
02:41:43,700 --> 02:41:46,600
He's treating his marriage like 
a legal case to be one through 

2990
02:41:46,600 --> 02:41:50,700
Superior argument and evidence. 
Cardinal willsey that brilliant 

2991
02:41:50,700 --> 02:41:54,700
administrator, whose managed 
England for years finds himself.

2992
02:41:54,700 --> 02:41:57,400
Tasked with accomplishing 
something nearly impossible. 

2993
02:41:57,400 --> 02:42:00,800
Convincing Pope Clement, the 
seven to a null Henry's. 

2994
02:42:00,800 --> 02:42:03,700
Marriage to Catherine who 
happens to be the of Charles, 

2995
02:42:03,700 --> 02:42:05,900
the 5th. 
The Holy Roman Emperor, who 

2996
02:42:05,900 --> 02:42:09,300
recently sacked Rome and has the
pope essentially, under house 

2997
02:42:09,300 --> 02:42:11,700
arrest. 
It's like asking someone to 

2998
02:42:11,700 --> 02:42:13,800
convince their captor to anger 
their captors. 

2999
02:42:13,800 --> 02:42:16,600
Aunt. 
Woolsey tries everything, 

3000
02:42:16,600 --> 02:42:22,900
negotiation persuasion legal 
arguments, implied threats. 

3001
02:42:23,900 --> 02:42:26,300
But it's a chess game. 
Where the opposing player 

3002
02:42:26,300 --> 02:42:30,100
controls, most of the board, the
annulment process drags on for 

3003
02:42:30,100 --> 02:42:32,400
years. 
And during these years, you can 

3004
02:42:32,400 --> 02:42:37,500
feel England beginning to shift.
Little at first, like the change

3005
02:42:37,500 --> 02:42:41,400
in air pressure before a storm 
Henri starts, questioning papal,

3006
02:42:41,400 --> 02:42:44,000
Authority, and ways that would 
have shocked his younger self. 

3007
02:42:44,900 --> 02:42:48,700
If the pope won't Grant, what 
Henry knows is just perhaps the 

3008
02:42:48,700 --> 02:42:51,200
Pope's Authority isn't as 
absolute. 

3009
02:42:51,200 --> 02:42:54,900
As everyone assumed Protestant 
ideas have been filtering into 

3010
02:42:54,900 --> 02:42:57,900
England like water seeping 
through cracks in a damn. 

3011
02:42:58,900 --> 02:43:00,400
Merchants traveling to the 
continent. 

3012
02:43:00,400 --> 02:43:02,900
Bring back books by Luther and 
other reformers. 

3013
02:43:03,800 --> 02:43:07,100
University Scholars, debate, new
theological Concepts. 

3014
02:43:07,900 --> 02:43:11,200
Some one keeps smuggling English
translation of the Bible into 

3015
02:43:11,200 --> 02:43:13,700
the country though. 
Possessing them is heresy. 

3016
02:43:14,700 --> 02:43:17,900
These aren't mainstream views, 
most English people remain 

3017
02:43:17,900 --> 02:43:21,700
thoroughly Catholic but their 
creating intellectual space for 

3018
02:43:21,700 --> 02:43:23,500
questioning traditional 
Authority. 

3019
02:43:23,500 --> 02:43:26,400
Henry's. 
Personal piety remains intense, 

3020
02:43:26,400 --> 02:43:30,500
even as he questioned his people
power He still hears multiple 

3021
02:43:30,500 --> 02:43:35,200
masses Daly, still observes fast
and holy days and still makes 

3022
02:43:35,200 --> 02:43:37,400
pilgrimages to important 
shrines. 

3023
02:43:38,300 --> 02:43:40,900
But he's developing a 
distinction in his mind between 

3024
02:43:40,900 --> 02:43:43,700
the Eternal truths of 
Christianity, and the 

3025
02:43:43,700 --> 02:43:47,600
institutional structures of the 
Catholic Church. if those 

3026
02:43:47,600 --> 02:43:51,300
structures stand between him and
what, he's convinced God wants 

3027
02:43:51,300 --> 02:43:55,500
that, the structures need 
adjustment, the English clergy 

3028
02:43:55,500 --> 02:43:59,100
finds itself in an impossible 
position, they were allegiance 

3029
02:43:59,100 --> 02:44:02,200
to both their King and their 
Pope, which works fine, until 

3030
02:44:02,200 --> 02:44:05,800
those two authorities, want 
opposite things, Some clergy, 

3031
02:44:05,800 --> 02:44:08,400
particularly those who've 
studied reformed theology. 

3032
02:44:08,400 --> 02:44:12,100
Starts suggesting that perhaps 
National churches should govern 

3033
02:44:12,100 --> 02:44:13,800
themselves. 
Others. 

3034
02:44:13,800 --> 02:44:17,500
Remain firmly committed to papal
Supremacy which is brave. 

3035
02:44:17,500 --> 02:44:21,400
But increasingly dangerous, 
Thomas Kramer a Cambridge 

3036
02:44:21,400 --> 02:44:25,300
scholar with quiet manners, and 
radical ideas, enters Henry, 

3037
02:44:25,300 --> 02:44:29,300
Circle during this period, 
Kramer suggest that instead of 

3038
02:44:29,308 --> 02:44:32,700
asking the pope for permission 
Henry should simply declare that

3039
02:44:32,700 --> 02:44:35,300
English religious matters should
be decided in England. 

3040
02:44:35,300 --> 02:44:39,100
It's a revolutionary idea raped 
in reasonable sounding language 

3041
02:44:39,100 --> 02:44:42,600
and Henry loves it. 
Here's someone telling him that 

3042
02:44:42,600 --> 02:44:45,800
he's not rebelling against 
proper Authority, he's claiming 

3043
02:44:45,800 --> 02:44:47,600
Authority. 
That was rightfully his all 

3044
02:44:47,600 --> 02:44:51,600
along the break with Rome when 
it comes won't happen in a 

3045
02:44:51,600 --> 02:44:55,600
single dramatic moment. 
Instead it will unfold across 

3046
02:44:55,600 --> 02:44:58,700
several years through a series 
of parliamentary acts and Royal 

3047
02:44:58,700 --> 02:45:02,800
declarations each one, taking 
another step away from papal, 

3048
02:45:02,800 --> 02:45:05,800
Authority, while claiming to 
restore ancient English 

3049
02:45:05,800 --> 02:45:09,800
Liberties its revolution 
disguised as restoration, 

3050
02:45:09,800 --> 02:45:14,100
radical change presented as a 
return to proper order, but 

3051
02:45:14,100 --> 02:45:16,900
before the formal break, you can
feel English society 

3052
02:45:16,900 --> 02:45:21,100
recalibrating conversations in 
taverns, include speculation 

3053
02:45:21,100 --> 02:45:24,500
about the Kings marriage. 
Sermons from pulpits begin 

3054
02:45:24,500 --> 02:45:26,200
carefully. 
Exploring questions about 

3055
02:45:26,200 --> 02:45:29,700
religious Authority. 
Nobles calculate which side. 

3056
02:45:29,700 --> 02:45:33,000
They should support. 
Families divided by religious 

3057
02:45:33,000 --> 02:45:35,400
conviction. 
Navigating increasingly awkward 

3058
02:45:35,400 --> 02:45:37,800
dinners. 
The foundation's are shifting 

3059
02:45:37,800 --> 02:45:39,800
though. 
The building still looks solid 

3060
02:45:39,800 --> 02:45:43,500
from outside, Henry himself 
becomes more unpredictable 

3061
02:45:43,500 --> 02:45:44,700
during these years of 
frustration. 

3062
02:45:45,800 --> 02:45:49,000
He's in his 30s now. 
No longer the golden youth of 

3063
02:45:49,000 --> 02:45:53,100
his coronation his leg. 
In a jousting accident, 

3064
02:45:53,100 --> 02:45:57,500
troubles, him increasingly His 
temper always quick becomes 

3065
02:45:57,500 --> 02:45:59,900
quicker. 
He's used to getting what he 

3066
02:45:59,900 --> 02:46:03,300
wants and the continued 
resistance to his annulment to 

3067
02:46:03,300 --> 02:46:06,900
offend in both politically and 
personally, He's the king 

3068
02:46:06,900 --> 02:46:10,600
shouldn't that mean something 
the thing about Henry that makes

3069
02:46:10,600 --> 02:46:14,400
him particularly dangerous as a 
religious revolutionary is that 

3070
02:46:14,400 --> 02:46:16,700
he doesn't think of himself as 
revolutionary. 

3071
02:46:17,400 --> 02:46:20,900
In his mind, he's defending 
proper order against papal 

3072
02:46:20,900 --> 02:46:23,700
ovary. 
Claiming rights that English 

3073
02:46:23,700 --> 02:46:26,800
kings always possessed but 
previous generations. 

3074
02:46:26,800 --> 02:46:30,700
Fail, to exercise, he's not 
breaking with Catholic Doctrine.

3075
02:46:30,700 --> 02:46:34,300
His breaking with people 
authority over England which in 

3076
02:46:34,300 --> 02:46:37,500
his increasingly firm, 
conviction are entirely 

3077
02:46:37,500 --> 02:46:40,200
different things, the 
transformation of England's, 

3078
02:46:40,200 --> 02:46:43,300
religious life, doesn't happen 
with trumpets and proclamations 

3079
02:46:43,300 --> 02:46:45,000
announcing that everything has 
changed. 

3080
02:46:46,000 --> 02:46:49,900
Instead it arrives. 
Quietly almost apologetically. 

3081
02:46:50,800 --> 02:46:55,400
Skies does administrative reform
and legal clarification in 1531 

3082
02:46:55,400 --> 02:46:57,300
Henry. 
Has Parliament declared him. 

3083
02:46:57,300 --> 02:47:00,400
Supreme head of the Church of 
England with the careful 

3084
02:47:00,400 --> 02:47:04,500
qualifier as far as the law of 
Christ allows Which is just 

3085
02:47:04,500 --> 02:47:06,600
vague enough to let everyone 
interpret it. 

3086
02:47:06,608 --> 02:47:09,900
However, they need to clergy, 
who find the song, Comfortable 

3087
02:47:09,900 --> 02:47:13,700
can focus on the qualifier. 
Reformers can focus on the main 

3088
02:47:13,700 --> 02:47:17,700
Clause Henry can present it to 
simple recognition of existing 

3089
02:47:17,700 --> 02:47:20,400
reality. 
The act of Supremacy in 1534 

3090
02:47:20,400 --> 02:47:23,000
removes the qualifier and makes 
it official. 

3091
02:47:23,800 --> 02:47:26,500
King not. 
The pope is the Supreme head of 

3092
02:47:26,508 --> 02:47:29,500
the church in England. 
If you're a parish priest, 

3093
02:47:29,500 --> 02:47:32,300
reading this proclamation to 
your congregation, you might 

3094
02:47:32,300 --> 02:47:35,900
notice the awkward silence that 
follows your parishioners aren't

3095
02:47:35,900 --> 02:47:38,200
sure how to react nothing. 
Looks different. 

3096
02:47:38,200 --> 02:47:42,300
Same church saying, same 
vestments, same Latin Mass but 

3097
02:47:42,300 --> 02:47:46,100
somehow Everything Has Changed 
Thomas Cromwell who has become 

3098
02:47:46,100 --> 02:47:49,400
Henry's chief minister after 
walls as fall approaches the 

3099
02:47:49,400 --> 02:47:52,200
transformation of England with 
the efficient of a modern 

3100
02:47:52,200 --> 02:47:56,400
corporate restructure. 
Where was a cardinal first and 

3101
02:47:56,400 --> 02:47:59,200
an administrator. 
Second Cromwell is purely 

3102
02:47:59,200 --> 02:48:02,900
practical, a blacksmith's son, 
who understands that power comes

3103
02:48:02,900 --> 02:48:05,000
not from Noble birth or church 
office. 

3104
02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:09,100
But from controlling information
and process, Cromwell sends 

3105
02:48:09,100 --> 02:48:12,600
Commissioners across England. 
To inventory, Church property a 

3106
02:48:12,600 --> 02:48:14,700
process called The Valor 
ecclesiasticus. 

3107
02:48:15,600 --> 02:48:18,000
Imagine teams of men with paper 
and pens. 

3108
02:48:18,000 --> 02:48:21,600
Visiting your local Monastery, 
counting every Candlestick 

3109
02:48:21,600 --> 02:48:24,000
measuring. 
Every acre of land and 

3110
02:48:24,000 --> 02:48:28,400
calculating every pound of 
income, their creating a date of

3111
02:48:28,408 --> 02:48:30,900
database of ecclesiastical 
wealth though. 

3112
02:48:30,900 --> 02:48:34,600
Nobody uses that term yet. 
The monks and nuns watch, this 

3113
02:48:34,600 --> 02:48:38,300
inventory process with growing 
unease, sensing that you don't 

3114
02:48:38,308 --> 02:48:40,400
count things. 
This carefully, unless you're 

3115
02:48:40,400 --> 02:48:43,000
planning to take them the 
dissolution of the monasteries 

3116
02:48:43,000 --> 02:48:47,300
begins in 1536 with the smaller 
houses, those with annual 

3117
02:48:47,300 --> 02:48:50,900
incomes under 200 dollars. 
The official justification 

3118
02:48:50,900 --> 02:48:55,900
involves moral failings laziness
and Corruption though. 

3119
02:48:55,900 --> 02:48:58,900
Most monasteries probably 
function, no better or worse 

3120
02:48:58,900 --> 02:49:02,200
than they have for centuries. 
The real reason is simpler. 

3121
02:49:02,200 --> 02:49:06,100
Henry needs money. 
Wars with France have depleted, 

3122
02:49:06,100 --> 02:49:09,200
his father's carefully 
accumulated Treasury and 

3123
02:49:09,200 --> 02:49:11,900
hundreds of monasteries 
collectively owned somewhere 

3124
02:49:11,900 --> 02:49:14,200
between a quarter and a third of
England's land. 

3125
02:49:14,200 --> 02:49:18,100
If you're living near a 
monastery in 1536, you watch 

3126
02:49:18,100 --> 02:49:20,600
with mixed feelings. 
As the Commissioners arrived, 

3127
02:49:20,600 --> 02:49:23,800
the monastery provided 
employment for local people, 

3128
02:49:23,800 --> 02:49:28,000
bought supplies from local, 
Merchants operated, a hospital 

3129
02:49:28,000 --> 02:49:32,000
that treated anyone who showed 
up ran a school, where boys, 

3130
02:49:32,000 --> 02:49:35,400
learn to read and write and gave
food to the poor every week. 

3131
02:49:36,600 --> 02:49:40,800
It's all so wealthy while paying
no taxes holds ancient rites 

3132
02:49:40,800 --> 02:49:44,600
that sometimes burden the 
community and houses monks whose

3133
02:49:44,600 --> 02:49:47,000
behavior isn't always a 
spiritual as their vows 

3134
02:49:47,000 --> 02:49:49,600
suggested. 
The dissolution process is 

3135
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:53,300
surprisingly bureaucratic. 
Commissioners, inventory, the 

3136
02:49:53,308 --> 02:49:57,800
property pension of the monks 
and nuns, and sell the valuable 

3137
02:49:57,800 --> 02:50:02,700
items, gold and silver plate. 
LED from the roofs Bells from 

3138
02:50:02,708 --> 02:50:05,900
the towers and even the Stone 
from the buildings themselves. 

3139
02:50:07,100 --> 02:50:10,100
Local people sometimes buy 
chunks of Monastery, to build 

3140
02:50:10,100 --> 02:50:13,900
their own houses which means 600
years later, someone will be 

3141
02:50:13,900 --> 02:50:17,900
living in a cottage whose walls 
include stones that once echoed 

3142
02:50:17,900 --> 02:50:21,600
with Gregorian chant the speed 
of physical transformation is 

3143
02:50:21,600 --> 02:50:26,200
startling a monastery that stood
for 400 years can be stripped, 

3144
02:50:26,200 --> 02:50:28,000
and partially demolished in 
months. 

3145
02:50:28,900 --> 02:50:32,600
Visit the site year later and 
you'll find ruins open to the 

3146
02:50:32,600 --> 02:50:35,300
sky. 
Ivy already beginning to reclaim

3147
02:50:35,300 --> 02:50:38,800
walls and locals using the old 
chapter house as a sheep pen. 

3148
02:50:39,800 --> 02:50:42,700
The destruction is so complete 
that people will later assumed 

3149
02:50:42,700 --> 02:50:46,700
these ruins must be ancient. 
Surely nothing so recent could 

3150
02:50:46,700 --> 02:50:50,400
look so thoroughly lost, but the
transformation goes deeper than 

3151
02:50:50,400 --> 02:50:53,100
dismantling. 
Building's the dissolution 

3152
02:50:53,100 --> 02:50:56,700
eliminates the entire monastic 
Network that provided Social 

3153
02:50:56,700 --> 02:51:00,800
Services across England, 
hospitals, closed schools 

3154
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:04,100
disappear, the regular 
distribution of food, the poor 

3155
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:06,900
stops, Travelers lose their 
free. 

3156
02:51:06,900 --> 02:51:10,800
Accommodation, monasteries that 
copied manuscripts and preserved

3157
02:51:10,800 --> 02:51:13,800
learning are gone. 
It's like simultaneously 

3158
02:51:13,800 --> 02:51:18,200
shutting down hospitals, hotels 
schools, libraries and social 

3159
02:51:18,200 --> 02:51:20,400
welfare offices across an entire
nation. 

3160
02:51:20,400 --> 02:51:24,800
Some communities resist In 
northern England, the pilgrimage

3161
02:51:24,800 --> 02:51:28,000
of Grace brings together. 
Thousands of people, not just 

3162
02:51:28,000 --> 02:51:32,300
monks but Farmers Merchants and 
local Nobles demanding 

3163
02:51:32,300 --> 02:51:34,800
restoration of the monasteries 
and the old ways. 

3164
02:51:34,800 --> 02:51:38,900
It's the largest popular 
uprising of Tudor England and 

3165
02:51:38,900 --> 02:51:41,900
Henry handles it with his 
characteristic combination of 

3166
02:51:41,900 --> 02:51:46,100
promises and ruthlessness. 
He makes concessions waits for 

3167
02:51:46,100 --> 02:51:49,200
the rebels to disperse. 
Then arrest the leaders next. 

3168
02:51:49,200 --> 02:51:51,600
Execute them. 
By the time he's finished, 

3169
02:51:51,600 --> 02:51:54,200
nobody else wants to lead a 
rebellion, the larger 

3170
02:51:54,200 --> 02:51:57,600
monasteries fall between 1538 
and 1540. 

3171
02:51:57,600 --> 02:52:00,800
Even the great houses like 
Glastonbury Abbey. 

3172
02:52:00,800 --> 02:52:03,800
That once seemed as permanent as
the hills themselves. 

3173
02:52:04,900 --> 02:52:08,400
The dissolution transfers an 
enormous amount of property into

3174
02:52:08,400 --> 02:52:12,300
Royal hands, which Henry 
immediately begins selling or 

3175
02:52:12,300 --> 02:52:16,100
granting to Loyal supporters. 
It's the largest redistribution 

3176
02:52:16,100 --> 02:52:19,500
of property in England since the
Norman conquest, and it creates 

3177
02:52:19,500 --> 02:52:23,200
a class of landowners whose 
wealth depends on the religious 

3178
02:52:23,200 --> 02:52:26,100
changes continuing. 
You can't go back to the old 

3179
02:52:26,100 --> 02:52:29,000
system without dispossessing 
thousands of newly wealthy 

3180
02:52:29,000 --> 02:52:31,800
families who now have strong 
interests in maintaining the New

3181
02:52:31,800 --> 02:52:36,100
Order religious practice itself.
Changes more gradually, the 

3182
02:52:36,100 --> 02:52:39,600
Latin Mass continues in most 
parishes looking and sounding 

3183
02:52:39,608 --> 02:52:42,000
almost identical to what it's 
always been. 

3184
02:52:42,900 --> 02:52:45,200
Small changes appear. 
Like cracks in familiar. 

3185
02:52:45,200 --> 02:52:48,500
Surfaces, certain feast days are
eliminated. 

3186
02:52:48,500 --> 02:52:52,600
Shrines to Saints are dismantled
in their Treasures seized. 

3187
02:52:53,300 --> 02:52:55,500
Pilgrimages. 
Once a standard part of 

3188
02:52:55,500 --> 02:52:59,900
religious life are discouraged. 
The veneration of relics, those 

3189
02:52:59,900 --> 02:53:03,200
bits of bone and cloth. 
Supposedly from Saints is 

3190
02:53:03,200 --> 02:53:04,800
criticized. 
As Superstition. 

3191
02:53:04,800 --> 02:53:07,500
English Bibles begin appearing 
in churches. 

3192
02:53:07,500 --> 02:53:11,400
Enormous volumes to lecture so 
nobody can steal them. 

3193
02:53:12,400 --> 02:53:16,200
For people who can read, this is
revolutionary. they can now 

3194
02:53:16,200 --> 02:53:19,300
check whether the priest Latin 
sermon actually reflects what 

3195
02:53:19,300 --> 02:53:22,900
the text says for people who 
can't read, which is most people

3196
02:53:23,800 --> 02:53:27,500
Someone in the community usually
can and Bible reading becomes a 

3197
02:53:27,500 --> 02:53:29,600
communal activity. 
As people gather to hear 

3198
02:53:29,600 --> 02:53:33,200
scripture in their own language.
The theological changes are more

3199
02:53:33,200 --> 02:53:36,300
subtle Henry insists. 
He's maintained Catholic 

3200
02:53:36,300 --> 02:53:40,700
Doctrine, even while rejecting 
people Authority, The six 

3201
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:44,100
articles of 1539, reaffirm 
traditional beliefs about 

3202
02:53:44,108 --> 02:53:48,400
transubstantiation clerical, 
celibacy and confession. 

3203
02:53:49,400 --> 02:53:52,400
But the door has been open to 
questioning and once you start 

3204
02:53:52,400 --> 02:53:55,600
questioning one form of 
authority, it becomes harder to 

3205
02:53:55,600 --> 02:53:59,000
insist on unquestioning 
acceptance of others, Thomas 

3206
02:53:59,000 --> 02:54:01,900
cranmer. 
Now, Archbishop of Canterbury 

3207
02:54:01,900 --> 02:54:06,600
begins carefully, cautiously 
pushing England toward more 

3208
02:54:06,600 --> 02:54:09,900
Protestant positions. 
He's a brilliant politician. 

3209
02:54:09,900 --> 02:54:13,000
Who understands that Henry? 
Won't accept dramatic changes. 

3210
02:54:13,000 --> 02:54:17,300
So he works incrementally a 
modification to the Liturgy 

3211
02:54:17,300 --> 02:54:20,300
here. 
A revised prayer there slowly 

3212
02:54:20,300 --> 02:54:23,300
Shifting the service away from 
medieval Catholic practice 

3213
02:54:23,300 --> 02:54:27,500
towards something more reformed,
the chantries come under 

3214
02:54:27,500 --> 02:54:29,900
scrutiny. 
Next these are endowments for 

3215
02:54:29,900 --> 02:54:33,200
priests to say masses for the 
dead based on the Catholic 

3216
02:54:33,200 --> 02:54:37,100
doctrine of purgatory. wealthy 
people have for centuries left 

3217
02:54:37,100 --> 02:54:40,300
money to pay for prayers, that 
will shorten their time in 

3218
02:54:40,300 --> 02:54:44,700
purgatory's, purifying fires, If
you question, Purgatory, is 

3219
02:54:44,700 --> 02:54:48,300
existence, these endowments 
become pointless and the 

3220
02:54:48,300 --> 02:54:51,200
property supporting them becomes
available for other purposes. 

3221
02:54:51,200 --> 02:54:55,100
Like, funding the Kings 
government, daily life ordinary 

3222
02:54:55,100 --> 02:54:57,200
English, people becomes a 
religiously confusing. 

3223
02:54:58,000 --> 02:55:01,100
Your grandparents taught you to 
pray to Saints, to make 

3224
02:55:01,100 --> 02:55:03,800
pilgrimages and to purchase 
indulgences. 

3225
02:55:04,700 --> 02:55:07,700
The old priest emphasized, these
practices as essential for 

3226
02:55:07,708 --> 02:55:11,800
salvation, the new priest says, 
their Superstition, you're 

3227
02:55:11,800 --> 02:55:14,400
supposed to stop venerating 
relics but continue believing in

3228
02:55:14,400 --> 02:55:18,100
transubstantiation, you should 
read the Bible in English but 

3229
02:55:18,100 --> 02:55:20,000
maintain traditional liturgy and
Latin. 

3230
02:55:20,000 --> 02:55:23,000
It's like trying to follow rules
that keep changing without 

3231
02:55:23,000 --> 02:55:24,900
anyone. 
Quite explaining the new system,

3232
02:55:24,900 --> 02:55:28,100
the destruction of religious art
represents a particularly 

3233
02:55:28,100 --> 02:55:31,300
visible loss. 
Parish churches contained, 

3234
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:35,300
centuries of accumulated, Beauty
painted walls showing biblical 

3235
02:55:35,300 --> 02:55:38,900
scenes stained glass windows to 
picking Saints. 

3236
02:55:38,900 --> 02:55:43,900
Elaborate wooden screens carved 
by local Craftsmen and statues 

3237
02:55:43,900 --> 02:55:47,600
that children had always known 
Commissioners order, this art 

3238
02:55:47,600 --> 02:55:51,100
destroyed as idolatrous and 
people watch as Beauty 

3239
02:55:51,100 --> 02:55:55,100
accumulated over Generations is 
whitewashed smashed or carted 

3240
02:55:55,100 --> 02:55:58,200
away. 
Something about this destruction

3241
02:55:58,200 --> 02:56:01,500
feels wrong even to people who 
support reform must 

3242
02:56:01,500 --> 02:56:03,500
Transformations. 
Require such comprehensive 

3243
02:56:03,500 --> 02:56:07,200
elimination of the past, the 
religious upheaval reshapes, 

3244
02:56:07,200 --> 02:56:11,300
English daily life in ways, both
obvious and subtle Like water, 

3245
02:56:11,300 --> 02:56:14,100
changing course, and cutting new
channels through a familiar 

3246
02:56:14,100 --> 02:56:15,900
landscape. 
Your morning. 

3247
02:56:15,900 --> 02:56:20,000
Still begins with bells but 
fewer Bells than before the 

3248
02:56:20,000 --> 02:56:23,200
monastic hours that once 
punctuated each day with their 

3249
02:56:23,200 --> 02:56:26,700
bronze voices, have fallen 
silent leaving, only Parish 

3250
02:56:26,700 --> 02:56:28,900
church bells to Mark the passing
time. 

3251
02:56:29,500 --> 02:56:32,300
The absence is like missing 
teeth in a smile. 

3252
02:56:32,300 --> 02:56:35,700
You don't notice until you do 
and then you can't stop 

3253
02:56:35,700 --> 02:56:38,600
noticing. 
The calendar itself has changed.

3254
02:56:39,500 --> 02:56:42,600
Those feast days that once 
dotted the year like raisins in 

3255
02:56:42,600 --> 02:56:46,300
a pudding giving breaks from 
labor and reasons for Community 

3256
02:56:46,300 --> 02:56:49,200
celebration have been 
drastically reduced. 

3257
02:56:50,200 --> 02:56:53,300
The new religious Authority is 
consider many Saints days to be 

3258
02:56:53,300 --> 02:56:56,300
superstitious success that are 
working people. 

3259
02:56:56,300 --> 02:56:59,100
They were welcome breaks in the 
grinding routine of Labor. 

3260
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:02,100
Fewer. 
Holy days means more work days 

3261
02:57:02,100 --> 02:57:06,700
which pleases employers but not 
employees, food, culture shifts 

3262
02:57:06,700 --> 02:57:09,700
in unexpected ways the Catholic 
Church required. 

3263
02:57:09,700 --> 02:57:14,100
Fasting on Fridays and during 
Lent, no meat though fish was 

3264
02:57:14,100 --> 02:57:18,700
permitted This created a huge 
market for fish supporting 

3265
02:57:18,700 --> 02:57:21,300
Coastal communities and 
providing nutrition to people 

3266
02:57:21,300 --> 02:57:23,100
who might not otherwise afford 
protein. 

3267
02:57:24,100 --> 02:57:26,800
Protestant idea. 
Spread and fasting requirements 

3268
02:57:26,800 --> 02:57:28,900
are questioned. 
The fish trade suffers 

3269
02:57:28,900 --> 02:57:31,500
Parliament. 
Eventually has to pass laws. 

3270
02:57:31,500 --> 02:57:35,300
Requiring fish consumption on 
certain days for purely economic

3271
02:57:35,300 --> 02:57:38,600
reasons, which creates the odd 
situation of enforcing, 

3272
02:57:38,600 --> 02:57:41,000
religious dietary rules for 
commercial purposes. 

3273
02:57:41,000 --> 02:57:45,400
After abandoning them for 
Spiritual reasons, the poor feel

3274
02:57:45,400 --> 02:57:47,800
the dissolution of monasteries 
most acutely. 

3275
02:57:48,700 --> 02:57:51,400
That Weekly distribution of 
food, from the Abbey, is gone 

3276
02:57:51,400 --> 02:57:56,400
hospital that treated anyone who
arrived no longer exists, the 

3277
02:57:56,400 --> 02:57:59,700
monks, Who provided education to
clever children from poor 

3278
02:57:59,700 --> 02:58:02,400
families of dispersed, The 
Travelers. 

3279
02:58:02,400 --> 02:58:05,900
Accommodation has closed. 
The result is more people with 

3280
02:58:05,900 --> 02:58:09,500
no way to turn when times are 
hard, which in the 16th century 

3281
02:58:09,500 --> 02:58:12,800
is frequently parishes. 
Find the cells, responsible for 

3282
02:58:12,800 --> 02:58:14,100
poor relief without the 
resources. 

3283
02:58:14,100 --> 02:58:18,400
Monasteries once provided Parish
has to care for its own poor, 

3284
02:58:18,400 --> 02:58:22,200
which sounds reasonable Until 
you realize poor people can't 

3285
02:58:22,200 --> 02:58:25,200
travel to find work without 
losing their Parish residents of

3286
02:58:25,200 --> 02:58:28,700
effectively trapping them in 
poverty, It's like deleting the 

3287
02:58:28,700 --> 02:58:32,100
social safety net and replacing 
it with a smaller less 

3288
02:58:32,100 --> 02:58:34,200
effective. 
Local version while. 

3289
02:58:34,200 --> 02:58:37,900
Pretending you've improved 
things education transforms from

3290
02:58:37,900 --> 02:58:40,400
religious to secular control 
though. 

3291
02:58:40,400 --> 02:58:42,800
The transition takes decades and
leaves gaps. 

3292
02:58:43,700 --> 02:58:45,400
Monastery, schools have 
vanished. 

3293
02:58:46,200 --> 02:58:48,800
Cathedral schools continue. 
But with different emphasis, 

3294
02:58:48,800 --> 02:58:53,000
grammar schools, begin appearing
funded by Merchants money or 

3295
02:58:53,000 --> 02:58:55,300
wealthy individuals rather than 
religious houses. 

3296
02:58:56,100 --> 02:58:58,200
The education is still heavily 
religious. 

3297
02:58:58,200 --> 02:59:02,100
You can't escape that in Tudor 
England but its purpose shifts 

3298
02:59:02,100 --> 02:59:04,200
from training. 
Clergy to training gentlemen and

3299
02:59:04,200 --> 02:59:06,400
professionals. 
The English language itself 

3300
02:59:06,400 --> 02:59:09,600
begins changing as religious 
vocabulary transforms. 

3301
02:59:10,300 --> 02:59:12,900
Words like priests acquired 
different. 

3302
02:59:12,900 --> 02:59:15,500
Implications depending on 
whether your Protestant or 

3303
02:59:15,500 --> 02:59:20,000
Catholic, Church might mean the 
building the community of 

3304
02:59:20,000 --> 02:59:24,000
Believers or the institutional 
structure and which meaning you 

3305
02:59:24,000 --> 02:59:26,400
intend, says something about 
your religious position. 

3306
02:59:28,000 --> 02:59:31,300
The Bible in English, introduces
Hebrew and Greek Concepts 

3307
02:59:31,300 --> 02:59:35,100
directly into common speech 
enriching the language even as 

3308
02:59:35,100 --> 02:59:37,500
religious controversy to divide 
communities. 

3309
02:59:37,500 --> 02:59:41,800
Women women's roles shift in 
complex ways, the dissolution of

3310
02:59:41,800 --> 02:59:44,900
nunnery is eliminates the one 
respectable option for women, 

3311
02:59:44,900 --> 02:59:48,000
who didn't want to marry or 
whose families couldn't provide 

3312
02:59:48,000 --> 02:59:51,400
dowries. 
Before the dissolution, an 

3313
02:59:51,400 --> 02:59:54,700
educated woman could become a 
prior arrest or Abby's managing 

3314
02:59:54,700 --> 02:59:57,600
substantial property and 
wielding real Authority. 

3315
02:59:58,500 --> 03:00:01,600
After the dissolution that path 
no longer exists. 

3316
03:00:02,500 --> 03:00:05,700
Marriage becomes more thoroughly
compulsory which isn't 

3317
03:00:05,700 --> 03:00:08,000
Liberation. 
Even if Protestant, theology 

3318
03:00:08,000 --> 03:00:10,900
emphasizes companionate marriage
over Catholic. 

3319
03:00:10,900 --> 03:00:14,500
Acceptance of celibacy 
architecture begins changing, 

3320
03:00:14,500 --> 03:00:17,600
though. 
Gradually New houses built by 

3321
03:00:17,600 --> 03:00:19,400
families who bought Monastery 
lands. 

3322
03:00:19,400 --> 03:00:22,700
Look different from medieval 
Styles more Renaissance, 

3323
03:00:22,700 --> 03:00:26,800
influence more classical 
proportions and larger Windows. 

3324
03:00:26,800 --> 03:00:29,000
Now that clear glass is becoming
more available. 

3325
03:00:29,900 --> 03:00:32,100
The country house is rising on 
former Monastery. 

3326
03:00:32,100 --> 03:00:35,700
Land represent a new class of 
gentry whose comes from Royal 

3327
03:00:35,700 --> 03:00:39,300
favor and land speculation 
rather than ancient inheritance 

3328
03:00:39,300 --> 03:00:42,500
the art of dying changes 
significantly. 

3329
03:00:43,500 --> 03:00:46,000
Flick traditionally included 
elaborate rituals surrounding 

3330
03:00:46,000 --> 03:00:49,100
death. 
Last nights prayers for the dead

3331
03:00:49,100 --> 03:00:52,100
and masses purchased to shorten 
time in purgatory. 

3332
03:00:53,300 --> 03:00:56,600
Protestant theology. 
Question's Purgatory existence, 

3333
03:00:56,600 --> 03:01:00,500
which removes the urgency around
death bed, preparation while 

3334
03:01:00,500 --> 03:01:04,700
also eliminating the Comfort. 
Many people found in believing, 

3335
03:01:04,700 --> 03:01:07,700
they could help deceased loved 
ones through prayer and paid 

3336
03:01:07,700 --> 03:01:10,200
masses guilds and 
confraternities. 

3337
03:01:10,200 --> 03:01:13,400
Those medieval organizations 
that combined Professional 

3338
03:01:13,400 --> 03:01:15,300
Organization with religious 
Brotherhood. 

3339
03:01:16,000 --> 03:01:19,400
Find their religious functions 
questions, questioned the guild,

3340
03:01:19,400 --> 03:01:22,000
still regulates who can practice
certain trades. 

3341
03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:26,300
But the shared masses the 
processions on patron saints 

3342
03:01:26,300 --> 03:01:28,300
days and the religious 
obligations. 

3343
03:01:28,300 --> 03:01:31,100
That bound members together. 
These are increasingly 

3344
03:01:31,100 --> 03:01:36,300
problematic Some guilds adapt. 
Others decline, an urban 

3345
03:01:36,300 --> 03:01:38,100
community. 
Life becomes somehow more 

3346
03:01:38,100 --> 03:01:42,100
commercial and less communal 
publishing explodes as religious

3347
03:01:42,100 --> 03:01:44,900
controversy creates demand for 
books and pamphlets. 

3348
03:01:44,900 --> 03:01:48,800
Arguing different positions. 
Print shops in London, and other

3349
03:01:48,800 --> 03:01:52,500
cities churn out, Bibles, 
prayer, books, theological 

3350
03:01:52,500 --> 03:01:55,300
treaties and controversial 
pamphlets. 

3351
03:01:55,300 --> 03:01:58,400
The government tries to control 
this, through licensing and 

3352
03:01:58,400 --> 03:02:01,400
censorship, but books are small 
and smuggling is easy. 

3353
03:02:02,300 --> 03:02:05,100
Ideas spread faster than 
authorities, can suppress them, 

3354
03:02:05,100 --> 03:02:08,000
which is both thrilling and 
frightening depending on what 

3355
03:02:08,000 --> 03:02:11,700
ideas you support music and 
churches shifts from elaborate 

3356
03:02:11,700 --> 03:02:16,200
cliffony sung by trained choirs 
to simpler hims, the concretions

3357
03:02:16,200 --> 03:02:20,200
can actually sing together. 
The Glorious complexity of late 

3358
03:02:20,200 --> 03:02:23,200
medieval church music as being 
replaced by something more, 

3359
03:02:23,200 --> 03:02:26,100
participatory perhaps less 
transgendered. 

3360
03:02:26,800 --> 03:02:30,000
If you love that soaring 
polyphony, this feels like loss.

3361
03:02:30,600 --> 03:02:33,300
If you always felt excluded by 
Latin hymns, you couldn't 

3362
03:02:33,300 --> 03:02:35,000
understand sung by 
professionals. 

3363
03:02:35,000 --> 03:02:38,900
You couldn't match the change. 
Feels like finally being invited

3364
03:02:38,900 --> 03:02:41,800
to participate. 
The rhythm of the weak changes 

3365
03:02:41,800 --> 03:02:46,000
as Sunday becomes more strictly 
observed Protest in emphasis on 

3366
03:02:46,008 --> 03:02:49,200
Sabbath, rest means fewer of the
entertainments that once 

3367
03:02:49,200 --> 03:02:53,800
accompanied holy days. 
No dancing, no plays, and no 

3368
03:02:53,800 --> 03:02:56,000
excessive Mary Making on the 
Lord's Day. 

3369
03:02:56,900 --> 03:03:01,900
This creates peculiarly English 
Sunday, quiet sober and boring 

3370
03:03:01,900 --> 03:03:05,700
to Children, then and now, but 
theoretically, a day of rest 

3371
03:03:05,700 --> 03:03:09,300
that even servants and 
apprentices should receive legal

3372
03:03:09,300 --> 03:03:11,100
changes. 
Ripple, through Daily Life 

3373
03:03:11,100 --> 03:03:14,900
Church courts which once handled
cases involving morality 

3374
03:03:14,900 --> 03:03:19,300
marriage, wills and deformation 
lose jurisdiction to secular 

3375
03:03:19,300 --> 03:03:22,400
courts. 
This sounds technical Until you 

3376
03:03:22,400 --> 03:03:25,900
realize it affects where you go,
if your neighbor's land as you 

3377
03:03:25,900 --> 03:03:29,500
how you can test a will or how 
you prove your marriage as 

3378
03:03:29,500 --> 03:03:32,000
valid. 
The Familiar systems, people 

3379
03:03:32,000 --> 03:03:35,200
relied on for Generations are 
being replaced with new 

3380
03:03:35,200 --> 03:03:38,200
structures that work differently
and required different 

3381
03:03:38,200 --> 03:03:42,500
expertise, Market Days can 
continue as always the need to 

3382
03:03:42,508 --> 03:03:45,100
buy and sell predate any 
religious controversy. 

3383
03:03:46,200 --> 03:03:48,000
Character of markets. 
Shifts. 

3384
03:03:48,000 --> 03:03:51,300
Subtly Fewer. 
Religious festivals means fewer.

3385
03:03:51,300 --> 03:03:54,700
Special Market Days. 
The dissolution of monasteries 

3386
03:03:54,700 --> 03:03:58,300
eliminates major institutional 
buyers of agricultural products.

3387
03:03:59,600 --> 03:04:02,900
former Monastery land being 
converted to sheep pasture by 

3388
03:04:02,900 --> 03:04:07,100
new owners changes, what's being
produced The Invisible Hand of 

3389
03:04:07,100 --> 03:04:10,500
the market is adjusting to 
religious upheaval in ways 

3390
03:04:10,500 --> 03:04:13,000
economists won't theorize about 
for centuries. 

3391
03:04:13,000 --> 03:04:17,400
Travel becomes simultaneously 
easier and harder easier because

3392
03:04:17,400 --> 03:04:19,600
you no longer have to 
coordinate, pilgrimages around 

3393
03:04:19,600 --> 03:04:22,600
the religious calendar, or 
obtain, permissions from church 

3394
03:04:22,600 --> 03:04:25,900
authorities harder. 
Because the network of monastic,

3395
03:04:25,900 --> 03:04:29,500
guest houses as vanished leaving
Travelers dependent on 

3396
03:04:29,500 --> 03:04:33,400
Commercial ins, that cost money.
The highways are more crowded 

3397
03:04:33,400 --> 03:04:36,100
with people seeking work. 
After losing positions in 

3398
03:04:36,100 --> 03:04:39,800
dissolved religious houses, 
which makes roads both busier 

3399
03:04:39,800 --> 03:04:42,800
and potentially more dangerous 
Family Life. 

3400
03:04:42,800 --> 03:04:46,800
Absorbs, these changes like a 
sponge absorbs water, gradually 

3401
03:04:46,800 --> 03:04:49,100
pervasively, changing texture in
the process. 

3402
03:04:50,100 --> 03:04:51,900
Parents who grew up in 
Thoroughly Catholic? 

3403
03:04:51,900 --> 03:04:53,700
England must raise children in 
this. 

3404
03:04:53,700 --> 03:04:56,000
New confused religious 
landscape. 

3405
03:04:56,700 --> 03:04:59,300
Do you teach your daughter to 
pray to the Virgin Mary, as you 

3406
03:04:59,300 --> 03:05:02,200
were taught or is that now? 
A dangerous Superstition. 

3407
03:05:02,200 --> 03:05:05,700
Do you tell your son about 
purgatory or is that been 

3408
03:05:05,700 --> 03:05:09,700
definitively rejected the 
answers depend on which priest 

3409
03:05:09,700 --> 03:05:12,800
is currently preaching which 
faction is currently dominant 

3410
03:05:12,800 --> 03:05:16,300
and how willing you are to risk?
Being labeled either heretic or 

3411
03:05:16,308 --> 03:05:18,700
papers? 
The English language of religion

3412
03:05:18,700 --> 03:05:21,500
is creating unexpected, intimacy
with scripture. 

3413
03:05:21,500 --> 03:05:24,600
When you hear the Bible in 
Latin, it sounds sacred 

3414
03:05:24,600 --> 03:05:28,800
mysterious and authoritative 
when you hear it in English, it 

3415
03:05:28,800 --> 03:05:31,200
sometimes sounds strange or even
shocking. 

3416
03:05:32,200 --> 03:05:34,300
The Song of Solomon is quite 
explicit. 

3417
03:05:34,300 --> 03:05:37,500
Once you understand it? 
The profits complaints about 

3418
03:05:37,500 --> 03:05:40,600
Israel's, unfaithfulness use 
metaphors that make sense, but 

3419
03:05:40,600 --> 03:05:42,300
aren't exactly polite in a 
conversation. 

3420
03:05:43,600 --> 03:05:46,900
Suddenly scripture is both more 
accessible and more difficult to

3421
03:05:46,900 --> 03:05:50,000
explain to Children. 
Nabil in this grows complicated 

3422
03:05:50,000 --> 03:05:53,200
as religious divisions. 
Cut through communities, your 

3423
03:05:53,200 --> 03:05:55,000
neighbor with whom you've lived 
peacefully for years. 

3424
03:05:55,000 --> 03:05:58,100
Turns out to hold different 
views about trans of stanchion, 

3425
03:05:58,100 --> 03:06:01,100
which shouldn't matter accepting
does. 

3426
03:06:02,000 --> 03:06:04,600
Do you associate with known 
Catholics at risk of being 

3427
03:06:04,600 --> 03:06:07,900
suspect yourself? 
Do you shun reformers even 

3428
03:06:07,900 --> 03:06:09,200
though you've known them since 
childhood? 

3429
03:06:10,200 --> 03:06:12,000
These aren't theoretical 
questions. 

3430
03:06:12,000 --> 03:06:15,400
They're the stuff of daily 
social navigation, in a time 

3431
03:06:15,400 --> 03:06:18,200
when a religious positions, 
carry political consequences 

3432
03:06:18,200 --> 03:06:21,400
clothes don't change 
dramatically but they become 

3433
03:06:21,400 --> 03:06:24,200
markers of religious affiliation
in subtle ways. 

3434
03:06:25,100 --> 03:06:28,400
Sober colors and simple Cuts, 
suggest Protestant sympathies 

3435
03:06:28,400 --> 03:06:30,900
while elaborate decoration might
indicate. 

3436
03:06:30,900 --> 03:06:34,300
Catholic, leanings though, these
associations are fluid and 

3437
03:06:34,300 --> 03:06:38,400
unreliable looking to Catholic 
can be dangerous but looking too

3438
03:06:38,400 --> 03:06:40,900
Protestant, can attract negative
attention. 

3439
03:06:41,800 --> 03:06:44,800
Fashion becomes a negotiation 
between personal preference and 

3440
03:06:44,800 --> 03:06:48,400
political Prudence entertainment
adapts to the new religious 

3441
03:06:48,400 --> 03:06:51,300
landscape. 
The mystery plays that once 

3442
03:06:51,300 --> 03:06:54,700
dramatized biblical stories, 
during religious festivals are 

3443
03:06:54,700 --> 03:06:58,300
increasingly problematic. 
Their religious instruction, but

3444
03:06:58,300 --> 03:07:01,900
also performance Catholic in 
origin, but popular with 

3445
03:07:01,900 --> 03:07:05,600
everyone traditional but 
potentially heretical depending 

3446
03:07:05,600 --> 03:07:09,800
on current theological position.
Some continue with modification 

3447
03:07:09,800 --> 03:07:14,000
others disappear leaving gaps 
and community life that nothing 

3448
03:07:14,000 --> 03:07:17,700
quite replaces furniture and 
homes gradually changes as 

3449
03:07:17,700 --> 03:07:20,700
Protestant theology emphasizes 
word over image. 

3450
03:07:21,700 --> 03:07:24,400
That small altar in the corner 
where your grandmother kept 

3451
03:07:24,400 --> 03:07:26,800
candles and a picture of the 
Virgin becomes awkward. 

3452
03:07:26,800 --> 03:07:30,200
Do you remove it and risk, 
offending older, family members 

3453
03:07:30,200 --> 03:07:34,000
or keep it and risk visits from 
officials checking for Catholic 

3454
03:07:34,000 --> 03:07:36,900
sympathies. 
Many families compromise. 

3455
03:07:36,900 --> 03:07:41,100
The altar is quietly dismantled,
but the picture is kept in a 

3456
03:07:41,100 --> 03:07:45,000
draw just in case the pub that 
is Central English. 

3457
03:07:45,000 --> 03:07:48,500
Institution becomes more 
important as Church, centered 

3458
03:07:48,500 --> 03:07:52,100
Community Life diminishes. 
When holy days, no longer 

3459
03:07:52,100 --> 03:07:55,300
provide regular Community, 
Gatherings people need other 

3460
03:07:55,300 --> 03:07:59,100
places to meet talk and maintain
social bonds. 

3461
03:08:00,300 --> 03:08:03,200
The Ale House serves this 
function though religious 

3462
03:08:03,200 --> 03:08:06,800
authorities frequently complain 
about how much time people spend

3463
03:08:06,800 --> 03:08:10,500
drinking instead of attending 
services or reading scripture 

3464
03:08:10,500 --> 03:08:14,400
children growing up in this era 
of transformation experience, a 

3465
03:08:14,400 --> 03:08:15,800
different England than their 
parents knew. 

3466
03:08:16,800 --> 03:08:21,100
They learn English prayers in 
ones, reading English Bibles and

3467
03:08:21,100 --> 03:08:25,700
church and never know a world 
with monasteries to them, the 

3468
03:08:25,700 --> 03:08:29,400
changes, their parents describe 
sound like fairy tales about a 

3469
03:08:29,400 --> 03:08:32,200
lost world. 
They can't quite imagine what 

3470
03:08:32,200 --> 03:08:34,500
was lost because they've only 
known what replaced it. 

3471
03:08:34,508 --> 03:08:38,400
Seasonal Rhythm shift, as 
agricultural, practice adapts to

3472
03:08:38,400 --> 03:08:43,100
new land ownership patterns. 
The great monastic Estates once 

3473
03:08:43,100 --> 03:08:46,200
managed for long-term 
sustainability and Community 

3474
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:50,700
Support are being divided. 
Sold Consolidated and managed 

3475
03:08:50,700 --> 03:08:53,300
for profit. 
Former common lands are being 

3476
03:08:53,308 --> 03:08:56,900
enclosed and former Monastery 
fields are being converted to 

3477
03:08:56,900 --> 03:08:59,900
more. 
Lucrative uses the landscape 

3478
03:08:59,900 --> 03:09:03,200
itself is being reorganized 
according to economic logic, 

3479
03:09:03,200 --> 03:09:05,700
rather than traditional usage 
rights. 

3480
03:09:07,100 --> 03:09:09,600
Always a constant companion in 
the 16th century. 

3481
03:09:09,600 --> 03:09:14,300
Becomes religiously uncertain. 
The elaborate Catholic funeral 

3482
03:09:14,300 --> 03:09:16,800
rites the prayers, the paid 
masses. 

3483
03:09:16,800 --> 03:09:20,200
The belief that the living could
help the dead provided both 

3484
03:09:20,200 --> 03:09:24,800
comfort and structure for grief.
Protestant theology offers 

3485
03:09:24,800 --> 03:09:28,200
different Comfort. 
The deceased is in God's hands 

3486
03:09:28,200 --> 03:09:29,900
prayer. 
Can't change their fate. 

3487
03:09:30,600 --> 03:09:33,400
Which some find liberating and 
others, find Kohl's. 

3488
03:09:34,200 --> 03:09:37,800
Grief remains, but the approved 
ways of expressing an addressing

3489
03:09:37,800 --> 03:09:41,100
it have changed. 
By the time Henry, the 8th dies 

3490
03:09:41,100 --> 03:09:44,100
in 1547. 
England has become something 

3491
03:09:44,100 --> 03:09:48,000
unprecedented a nation that's 
Catholic in Doctrine but 

3492
03:09:48,000 --> 03:09:51,500
Protestant in Governor's, 
traditional in practice, but 

3493
03:09:51,500 --> 03:09:56,300
radical in theory, conservative 
by Royal Decree, but unsettled 

3494
03:09:56,300 --> 03:09:59,600
in popular opinion, the England 
Henry leaves behind is 

3495
03:09:59,600 --> 03:10:02,200
thoroughly confused about its 
religious identity. 

3496
03:10:03,200 --> 03:10:07,000
Which is partly his doing and 
partly the inevitable result of 

3497
03:10:07,000 --> 03:10:08,600
trying to maintain Catholic 
theology. 

3498
03:10:08,600 --> 03:10:13,200
While rejecting paper Authority,
it's like trying to follow a 

3499
03:10:13,200 --> 03:10:15,400
recipe while substituting 
different ingredients and 

3500
03:10:15,400 --> 03:10:17,800
insisting. 
The result is the original dish,

3501
03:10:17,800 --> 03:10:21,600
but something deeper has shifted
beyond the specific theological 

3502
03:10:21,600 --> 03:10:24,700
positions. 
England has discovered that it 

3503
03:10:24,700 --> 03:10:28,600
can exist independently of 
Continental approval, for 

3504
03:10:28,600 --> 03:10:32,500
centuries, English kings looked 
to the pope for legitimacy to 

3505
03:10:32,600 --> 03:10:36,100
France, for cultural standards 
and to roam for intellectual 

3506
03:10:36,100 --> 03:10:39,100
Authority. 
Henry's break with Rome, 

3507
03:10:39,100 --> 03:10:43,300
whatever its motivation. 
Has forced England to develop 

3508
03:10:43,300 --> 03:10:45,900
its own Answers, to Religious 
and political questions. 

3509
03:10:45,900 --> 03:10:48,400
The English Bible which Henry 
authorized. 

3510
03:10:48,400 --> 03:10:51,900
Despite his conservative 
theology proves transformative 

3511
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:54,100
in ways. 
Nobody initially anticipated. 

3512
03:10:55,100 --> 03:10:57,400
Now that ordinary people can 
read scripture to themselves, 

3513
03:10:57,400 --> 03:11:00,600
they start developing their own 
interpretations. 

3514
03:11:01,500 --> 03:11:05,300
Religious Authority becomes less
about receiving instruction and 

3515
03:11:05,300 --> 03:11:08,100
more about individual 
understanding, which is 

3516
03:11:08,100 --> 03:11:10,800
fundamentally Protestant. 
Even when the reader doesn't 

3517
03:11:10,800 --> 03:11:14,300
identify as Protestant, the 
dissolution of monasteries is 

3518
03:11:14,300 --> 03:11:17,500
redistributed. 
So much property, that thousands

3519
03:11:17,500 --> 03:11:20,500
of families now have vested 
interest in preventing Catholic 

3520
03:11:20,500 --> 03:11:23,700
restoration. 
They've bought Monastery lands, 

3521
03:11:23,700 --> 03:11:27,200
built houses on them and 
established their fortunes 

3522
03:11:27,200 --> 03:11:28,700
through Henry's religious 
policies. 

3523
03:11:29,500 --> 03:11:31,600
Going back to the old system 
would impoverish them. 

3524
03:11:31,600 --> 03:11:34,700
So they become committed 
Defenders of the New Order, even

3525
03:11:34,700 --> 03:11:36,800
if they don't particularly care 
about theology. 

3526
03:11:36,800 --> 03:11:40,000
Parliament has grown stronger 
through its role in authorizing 

3527
03:11:40,000 --> 03:11:43,700
religious changes. 
Henry needed parliamentary acts 

3528
03:11:43,700 --> 03:11:47,700
to break with Rome dissolved, 
monasteries and establish Royal 

3529
03:11:47,700 --> 03:11:51,100
Supremacy. 
Each Act increased parliament's 

3530
03:11:51,100 --> 03:11:54,500
importance and set precedence 
for legislative authority over 

3531
03:11:54,500 --> 03:11:57,200
matters that were previously 
considered Royal prerogative. 

3532
03:11:58,100 --> 03:12:00,900
England is accidentally 
developing constitutional 

3533
03:12:00,900 --> 03:12:03,900
government while trying to 
manage religious transformation.

3534
03:12:03,900 --> 03:12:07,400
The English language as gained 
Prestige through his religious 

3535
03:12:07,400 --> 03:12:11,800
use When the Bible prayer book 
and religious instruction all 

3536
03:12:11,800 --> 03:12:15,300
appearing English rather than 
Latin the language stopped being

3537
03:12:15,300 --> 03:12:18,800
merely vernacular and becomes 
worthy of serious literature and

3538
03:12:18,800 --> 03:12:22,000
scholarship. 
This linguistic nationalism will

3539
03:12:22,000 --> 03:12:24,800
eventually contribute to an 
extraordinary flowering of 

3540
03:12:24,808 --> 03:12:27,000
English. 
Literature though, Shakespeare 

3541
03:12:27,000 --> 03:12:30,500
is still decades in the future. 
National identity is forming 

3542
03:12:30,500 --> 03:12:33,000
around these religious changes 
in ways that will last 

3543
03:12:33,000 --> 03:12:36,500
centuries. 
English will increasingly mean 

3544
03:12:36,500 --> 03:12:39,200
to be Protestant while to be 
Catholic. 

3545
03:12:39,200 --> 03:12:44,100
Will seem somehow foreign this 
Association is unfair to English

3546
03:12:44,100 --> 03:12:46,800
Catholics who are as thoroughly 
English as anyone. 

3547
03:12:47,700 --> 03:12:49,600
Becomes embedded in National 
consciousness. 

3548
03:12:50,500 --> 03:12:53,600
English patriotism and 
Protestant identity become 

3549
03:12:53,600 --> 03:12:56,600
intertwined in ways that shape 
everything from politics to 

3550
03:12:56,600 --> 03:13:00,200
poetry, the Royal Navy, which 
will eventually make England. 

3551
03:13:00,200 --> 03:13:03,800
A global power is growing During
the period partly because 

3552
03:13:03,800 --> 03:13:07,500
Henry's break with Rome makes 
Continental Catholic Powers 

3553
03:13:07,500 --> 03:13:11,300
potential enemies. 
Island nations need strong, 

3554
03:13:11,300 --> 03:13:14,600
navies, and England is learning 
this lesson through religious 

3555
03:13:14,600 --> 03:13:17,600
controversy. 
The ship's being built during 

3556
03:13:17,600 --> 03:13:20,100
Henry's later years will 
defending England against Spain 

3557
03:13:20,100 --> 03:13:23,400
and eventually, controlled sea 
lanes that connect continents 

3558
03:13:23,400 --> 03:13:27,800
education is expanding even as 
its religious character shifts. 

3559
03:13:28,500 --> 03:13:30,000
Grammar schools are being 
founded. 

3560
03:13:30,000 --> 03:13:31,700
Sometimes on the property of 
dissolved. 

3561
03:13:31,700 --> 03:13:36,100
Monasteries teaching Latin Greek
and increasingly English to boys

3562
03:13:36,100 --> 03:13:37,700
whose fathers can afford to send
them. 

3563
03:13:38,400 --> 03:13:40,700
These schools will produce the 
next generation of 

3564
03:13:40,700 --> 03:13:44,400
Administrators clergy, lawyers 
and writers, who will run 

3565
03:13:44,400 --> 03:13:48,000
Elizabethan England and create 
its cultural achievements, the 

3566
03:13:48,000 --> 03:13:50,700
printing press, which arrived in
England, just decades before. 

3567
03:13:50,700 --> 03:13:53,900
Henry's break, with Rome has 
become a tool of religious 

3568
03:13:53,900 --> 03:13:57,500
transformation. 
Every theological pamphlet, 

3569
03:13:57,500 --> 03:14:01,200
every English Bible and every 
prayer book represents 

3570
03:14:01,200 --> 03:14:04,900
technology enabling religious 
change in an era without 

3571
03:14:04,900 --> 03:14:08,300
Electronic media. 
Print is revolutionary making 

3572
03:14:08,300 --> 03:14:12,800
ideas portable permanent and 
reproducible in ways that oral 

3573
03:14:12,800 --> 03:14:15,900
culture never allowed English 
cooking loses. 

3574
03:14:15,900 --> 03:14:19,100
Some of its medieval complexity 
as fish days are reduced and 

3575
03:14:19,108 --> 03:14:21,700
spices, become less essential 
for preserving meat. 

3576
03:14:22,600 --> 03:14:25,400
The elaborate Cuisine of the 
late Middle Ages with its 

3577
03:14:25,400 --> 03:14:29,000
emphasis on strong flavors and 
exotic ingredients, gradually 

3578
03:14:29,000 --> 03:14:33,200
gives way to something simpler 
heartier and more focused on the

3579
03:14:33,200 --> 03:14:37,400
quality of basic ingredients. 
English food is developing its 

3580
03:14:37,400 --> 03:14:39,900
reputation for plainness. 
The weather. 

3581
03:14:39,900 --> 03:14:43,700
This is progress is debatable. 
Architecture is creating a 

3582
03:14:43,700 --> 03:14:47,500
distinctly English style that 
combines medieval Gothic 

3583
03:14:47,500 --> 03:14:50,800
Traditions with Renaissance 
classical influences and 

3584
03:14:50,800 --> 03:14:54,800
Protestants implicitly. 
The great house is being built 

3585
03:14:54,800 --> 03:14:58,400
by Henry's courtiers and their 
successors will Define English 

3586
03:14:58,400 --> 03:15:00,500
architectural taste for 
centuries. 

3587
03:15:01,300 --> 03:15:05,400
Those long galleries, those 
symmetrical facades, and those 

3588
03:15:05,400 --> 03:15:08,600
elaborate Gardens designed for 
entertaining rather than 

3589
03:15:08,600 --> 03:15:12,600
monastic, contemplation, music 
is diverging from Continental 

3590
03:15:12,600 --> 03:15:15,100
Catholic Traditions, while 
developing its own character. 

3591
03:15:16,000 --> 03:15:18,800
English composers are creating 
works that reflect the 

3592
03:15:18,800 --> 03:15:22,000
Protestant emphasis on text 
comprehension while. 

3593
03:15:22,000 --> 03:15:25,600
Maintaining the sophisticated 
musical tradition, that England 

3594
03:15:25,600 --> 03:15:29,500
has always possessed. 
The music of Thomas Tallis, and 

3595
03:15:29,500 --> 03:15:32,700
his contemporaries sounds 
distinctly English in ways that 

3596
03:15:32,700 --> 03:15:36,000
earlier church music. 
Based on Continental models. 

3597
03:15:36,000 --> 03:15:41,300
Did not the concept of loyalty 
is being redefined. for 

3598
03:15:41,300 --> 03:15:44,800
centuries, English people 
odile's to King country and Pope

3599
03:15:44,800 --> 03:15:48,600
in a hierarchy that usually 
didn't conflict Henry's. 

3600
03:15:48,600 --> 03:15:53,000
Break with Rome forced a choice.
When King and Pope disagreed, 

3601
03:15:53,000 --> 03:15:57,000
which authority was Supreme 
England, chose the king 

3602
03:15:57,000 --> 03:16:00,700
establishing a pattern of 
national loyalty over religious 

3603
03:16:00,700 --> 03:16:03,500
obedience, that will shape in 
English identity through future 

3604
03:16:03,500 --> 03:16:06,200
centuries. 
Women's literacy is slowly 

3605
03:16:06,200 --> 03:16:08,800
increasing. 
As Protestant emphasis on Bible 

3606
03:16:08,800 --> 03:16:11,500
reading extends to daughter's as
well as Sons. 

3607
03:16:12,400 --> 03:16:14,800
If everyone should read 
scripture, then girls need 

3608
03:16:14,800 --> 03:16:18,400
education, too at least enough 
to read the Bible and prayer 

3609
03:16:18,400 --> 03:16:21,400
book. 
This isn't a quality girls, 

3610
03:16:21,400 --> 03:16:25,000
education remains limited 
compared to boys, but it's a 

3611
03:16:25,008 --> 03:16:28,500
foundation that future 
Generations will build upon the 

3612
03:16:28,500 --> 03:16:31,000
merchant classes growing 
wealthier and more confident. 

3613
03:16:31,800 --> 03:16:34,200
The men who bought Monastery 
lands who trade with the 

3614
03:16:34,208 --> 03:16:38,400
continent and who financed 
Ventures to the Americas are 

3615
03:16:38,400 --> 03:16:41,500
developing economic power that 
will eventually translate into 

3616
03:16:41,500 --> 03:16:45,300
political influence. 
Tudor England is accidentally, 

3617
03:16:45,300 --> 03:16:48,900
creating the conditions for 
capitalism while trying to solve

3618
03:16:48,900 --> 03:16:52,100
religious controversies. 
Regional distinctions are 

3619
03:16:52,100 --> 03:16:54,300
becoming more pronounced as 
religious changes affect 

3620
03:16:54,300 --> 03:16:59,400
different areas, unevenly the 
north more conservative and more

3621
03:16:59,400 --> 03:17:03,200
attached to monasteries, resists
changes that the South accepts 

3622
03:17:03,200 --> 03:17:06,400
more readily. 
Wales and Cornwall with their 

3623
03:17:06,400 --> 03:17:09,900
distinct languages and cultures 
experience religious 

3624
03:17:09,900 --> 03:17:11,700
transformation differently than 
England. 

3625
03:17:11,700 --> 03:17:15,400
Proper Unity is more aspiration 
than reality. 

3626
03:17:15,400 --> 03:17:19,000
The legal professional expands 
as religious changes, create 

3627
03:17:19,000 --> 03:17:22,500
endless litigation. 
Questions about property rights 

3628
03:17:22,500 --> 03:17:26,000
from dissolved, monasteries the 
leader of marriages under 

3629
03:17:26,000 --> 03:17:29,300
changing rules and enforcement 
of religious Conformity. 

3630
03:17:29,300 --> 03:17:32,700
All require lawyers The end of 
Court. 

3631
03:17:32,700 --> 03:17:35,000
Training lawyers in London are 
becoming more important. 

3632
03:17:35,000 --> 03:17:38,700
Creating a professional class, 
that will influence England's, 

3633
03:17:38,700 --> 03:17:42,200
political development, for 
centuries, Henry's, personal 

3634
03:17:42,200 --> 03:17:44,900
life continues chaotically, 
through these years of national 

3635
03:17:44,900 --> 03:17:48,500
transformation. 
He married, Jane Seymour, who 

3636
03:17:48,500 --> 03:17:50,500
gives him the son. 
He desperately wanted. 

3637
03:17:51,400 --> 03:17:53,900
Edward. 
But dies shortly after 

3638
03:17:53,900 --> 03:17:57,000
childbirth. 
He marries Anne of Cleves in a 

3639
03:17:57,000 --> 03:17:59,600
political Alliance that fails 
immediately because Henry finds 

3640
03:17:59,600 --> 03:18:03,100
her unattractive. 
He marries, Catherine Howard who

3641
03:18:03,100 --> 03:18:06,100
is young enough to be his 
granddaughter, then executes her

3642
03:18:06,100 --> 03:18:09,200
for adultery. 
Finally, he marries Catherine, 

3643
03:18:09,200 --> 03:18:12,600
Parr who manages to outlive him 
partly through extraordinary 

3644
03:18:12,600 --> 03:18:16,800
tact and partly through luck. 
Each marriage, each divorce or 

3645
03:18:16,800 --> 03:18:20,500
each execution reinforces that 
the king's personal life and 

3646
03:18:20,500 --> 03:18:24,400
England's, religious policies 
are inseparable Henry wanted an 

3647
03:18:24,400 --> 03:18:26,600
annulment. 
Couldnt get people permission 

3648
03:18:26,600 --> 03:18:29,100
broke with Rome and in the 
process. 

3649
03:18:29,100 --> 03:18:32,900
Transformed a nation. 
Its cause an effect operating on

3650
03:18:32,900 --> 03:18:34,900
a scale. 
Usually reserved for Wars or 

3651
03:18:34,900 --> 03:18:39,400
plagues, except the Catalyst was
one man's desperate desire for a

3652
03:18:39,408 --> 03:18:43,000
legitimate son and his equally 
strong conviction that God 

3653
03:18:43,000 --> 03:18:46,000
supported his claim as you 
settle deeper into your 

3654
03:18:46,008 --> 03:18:47,900
comfortable spot. 
Perhaps, refreshing. 

3655
03:18:47,900 --> 03:18:50,800
That warm drink. 
Let's contemplate what Henry the

3656
03:18:50,800 --> 03:18:54,700
8th Left Behind not just the 
obvious political and religious 

3657
03:18:54,700 --> 03:18:58,200
changes but the subtle ways his 
Reign reshaped. 

3658
03:18:58,200 --> 03:19:03,200
How England thought about itself
and its place in the world Henry

3659
03:19:03,200 --> 03:19:09,100
died in January, 1547 enormously
fat, probably weighing over 300 

3660
03:19:09,100 --> 03:19:13,900
pounds in constant pain from his
ulcerated leg and convinced of 

3661
03:19:13,900 --> 03:19:17,900
his own righteousness. 
Until the end, His will provided

3662
03:19:17,900 --> 03:19:21,200
for elaborate prayers for his 
soul, despite Protestant 

3663
03:19:21,200 --> 03:19:23,800
questioning of prayers for the 
dead because Henry, never 

3664
03:19:23,800 --> 03:19:27,400
stopped being Catholic in his 
own mind, even as he destroyed 

3665
03:19:27,400 --> 03:19:31,700
Catholic, institutional power in
England, his son Edward the six 

3666
03:19:31,700 --> 03:19:34,400
that desperately wanted male 
Heir. 

3667
03:19:34,400 --> 03:19:37,500
Ruled for only six years before 
dying at 15. 

3668
03:19:38,500 --> 03:19:41,800
During Edwards brief Reign, 
Protestant reformers pushed 

3669
03:19:41,800 --> 03:19:44,700
England further from Catholic 
practices than Henry ever 

3670
03:19:44,700 --> 03:19:48,500
intended. 
The Latin Mass disappeared with 

3671
03:19:48,500 --> 03:19:52,000
English prayer services. 
Priests for allowed to marry 

3672
03:19:52,000 --> 03:19:55,300
Church, Interiors were 
whitewashed, and stripped of 

3673
03:19:55,300 --> 03:19:58,500
remaining decoration. 
Henry's attempt to maintain 

3674
03:19:58,500 --> 03:20:02,000
Catholic theology. 
While rejecting people Authority

3675
03:20:02,000 --> 03:20:05,800
collapsed into something much 
more thoroughly, Protestant Then

3676
03:20:05,800 --> 03:20:08,300
Came Mary. 
Henry's daughter by Catherine of

3677
03:20:08,300 --> 03:20:11,800
Aragon who tried desperately to 
reverse her father's religious 

3678
03:20:11,800 --> 03:20:14,900
policies and restore England to 
Catholic obedience. 

3679
03:20:15,900 --> 03:20:19,300
Her five year range or the 
return of paper Authority, the 

3680
03:20:19,300 --> 03:20:23,000
restoration of some monasteries 
and the burning of protestant 

3681
03:20:23,000 --> 03:20:26,100
Heretics which earned her the 
nickname Bloody Mary. 

3682
03:20:26,100 --> 03:20:29,700
And ensured that her religious 
policies would die with her. 

3683
03:20:30,500 --> 03:20:33,600
You can't reverse a generation 
of change through Force. 

3684
03:20:34,600 --> 03:20:37,100
Especially when so many people 
have economic interest in 

3685
03:20:37,100 --> 03:20:40,500
maintaining the new system 
finally Elizabeth. 

3686
03:20:40,500 --> 03:20:45,100
The first Henry's daughter by 
Anne Boleyn created what became 

3687
03:20:45,100 --> 03:20:47,000
known as the Elizabethan 
settlement. 

3688
03:20:47,000 --> 03:20:50,800
A moderate Protestant church 
that retained some traditional 

3689
03:20:50,800 --> 03:20:56,300
practices while firmly rejecting
people Authority, Elizabeth 

3690
03:20:56,300 --> 03:21:00,700
understood what her father 
brother and sister had not that 

3691
03:21:00,700 --> 03:21:03,600
most English people wanted 
religious stability more than 

3692
03:21:03,600 --> 03:21:07,500
doctrinal purity. 
They were exhausted by change, 

3693
03:21:07,500 --> 03:21:11,000
frightened by a religious 
violence and ready for someone 

3694
03:21:11,000 --> 03:21:12,900
to Simply make decisions and 
stick with them. 

3695
03:21:12,900 --> 03:21:16,400
The Church of England that 
emerged from the Tudor, tumult 

3696
03:21:16,400 --> 03:21:19,900
was something unique. 
Protestant in theology but 

3697
03:21:19,900 --> 03:21:24,200
Catholic instructor reformed in 
Doctrine, but traditional in 

3698
03:21:24,200 --> 03:21:27,400
practice, independent of Rome 
but connected to Christian 

3699
03:21:27,400 --> 03:21:30,100
history. 
It was Henry's compromise. 

3700
03:21:30,100 --> 03:21:33,900
Extended and elaborated made 
workable through Elizabeth's, 

3701
03:21:33,900 --> 03:21:37,400
political genius and the English
people's practical acceptance 

3702
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:40,600
that this was preferable to 
continued turmoil, the 

3703
03:21:40,600 --> 03:21:43,100
dissolution of monasteries 
permanently, altered the English

3704
03:21:43,100 --> 03:21:45,900
landscape. 
Those ruins, you can still visit

3705
03:21:45,900 --> 03:21:49,800
revolve fountains Tintin a 
monuments to this 

3706
03:21:49,800 --> 03:21:54,200
transformation. 600 years of 
benedictine's sister and 

3707
03:21:54,200 --> 03:21:58,200
Augustine and life ended in a 
decade and the physical remnants

3708
03:21:58,200 --> 03:22:00,900
became romantic ruins. 
That later generations would 

3709
03:22:00,900 --> 03:22:03,500
paint and photograph. 
Forgetting. 

3710
03:22:03,500 --> 03:22:06,500
They represented the violent 
destruction of an entire way of 

3711
03:22:06,500 --> 03:22:10,800
life, the Landry distribution, 
created a Gentry class that were

3712
03:22:10,800 --> 03:22:12,700
dominating English politics for 
centuries. 

3713
03:22:13,700 --> 03:22:16,100
The families who bought 
Monastery lands became the 

3714
03:22:16,100 --> 03:22:19,700
country's governing class. 
Serving as justices of the 

3715
03:22:19,700 --> 03:22:23,800
peace, sitting in Parliament and
providing local Administration. 

3716
03:22:24,600 --> 03:22:27,400
English governments became less 
centralized and more based on 

3717
03:22:27,400 --> 03:22:31,400
local Elites who had both 
Authority and property A system 

3718
03:22:31,408 --> 03:22:34,500
that works surprisingly. 
Well, until it didn't in English

3719
03:22:34,500 --> 03:22:38,100
national identity, crystallized 
around these religious changes 

3720
03:22:38,100 --> 03:22:41,900
in ways that Henry couldn't have
predicted To be English came to 

3721
03:22:41,900 --> 03:22:45,400
mean being Protestant being 
independent of Continental 

3722
03:22:45,400 --> 03:22:49,000
Catholic Powers being loyal to 
the crown over the Pope. 

3723
03:22:49,800 --> 03:22:53,000
This identity would shaping 
England's conflicts with Spain 

3724
03:22:53,000 --> 03:22:57,100
and France, its eventual 
overseas expansion and its 

3725
03:22:57,100 --> 03:23:00,900
internal politics for centuries.
The act of Supremacy 

3726
03:23:00,900 --> 03:23:04,100
established, the principle that 
Parliament could legislate on 

3727
03:23:04,100 --> 03:23:07,500
religious matters, which was 
revolutionary even if nobody 

3728
03:23:07,500 --> 03:23:11,500
quite realized it at the time. 
Religious Authority came from 

3729
03:23:11,500 --> 03:23:14,000
law rather than tradition, or 
Divine appointment. 

3730
03:23:14,900 --> 03:23:17,500
This principle would eventually 
extend to all areas of 

3731
03:23:17,508 --> 03:23:21,600
governance, making Parliament 
Supreme and establishing the 

3732
03:23:21,600 --> 03:23:24,000
constitutional monarchy that 
England. 

3733
03:23:24,000 --> 03:23:27,900
Still technically maintains 
English Bible, proved perhaps 

3734
03:23:27,900 --> 03:23:31,500
the most lasting of Henry's 
unintended legacies, the 

3735
03:23:31,500 --> 03:23:32,900
authorized it for political 
reasons. 

3736
03:23:32,900 --> 03:23:35,900
But once Ordinary, People could 
read scripture themselves. 

3737
03:23:35,900 --> 03:23:40,100
Religious Authority could never 
be purely higher archaeal again.

3738
03:23:41,500 --> 03:23:44,600
Every reader became potentially 
a theologian every 

3739
03:23:44,600 --> 03:23:47,100
interpretation created potential
controversy. 

3740
03:23:48,000 --> 03:23:51,100
Authority had to be justified 
through persuasion rather than 

3741
03:23:51,100 --> 03:23:54,900
simply imposed through position.
The destruction of Catholic art,

3742
03:23:54,900 --> 03:23:58,200
and religious culture left gaps,
that took generations to fill 

3743
03:23:58,900 --> 03:24:02,700
English music visual art and 
literature had to develop new 

3744
03:24:02,700 --> 03:24:06,200
forms that reflected Protestant 
values while satisfying, 

3745
03:24:06,200 --> 03:24:10,500
humanistic needs this eventually
produced extraordinary 

3746
03:24:10,500 --> 03:24:14,800
achievements Shakespeare's plays
the King James Bible English 

3747
03:24:14,800 --> 03:24:18,800
madrigals but represented a 
break with medieval artistic 

3748
03:24:18,800 --> 03:24:20,800
Traditions. 
That was both liberating and 

3749
03:24:20,800 --> 03:24:23,800
costly. 
The social welfare system never 

3750
03:24:23,800 --> 03:24:27,600
recovered from the dissolution 
of monasteries England developed

3751
03:24:27,600 --> 03:24:30,900
Paul laws that made parishes 
responsible for their own poor. 

3752
03:24:31,500 --> 03:24:34,600
But this system was less 
comprehensive and less generous 

3753
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:36,500
than what monasteries had 
provided. 

3754
03:24:38,100 --> 03:24:41,500
The poorest English people were 
probably worse off after the 

3755
03:24:41,500 --> 03:24:44,800
dissolution than before. 
Which is an irony, given the 

3756
03:24:44,800 --> 03:24:48,900
Protestant emphasis on charity 
and social responsibility, women

3757
03:24:48,900 --> 03:24:51,700
lost options without recovering 
equivalent alternatives. 

3758
03:24:52,600 --> 03:24:55,700
The convents that once provided 
respectable Life Choices, for 

3759
03:24:55,700 --> 03:24:57,500
women, who didn't marry 
disappeared? 

3760
03:24:58,300 --> 03:25:01,200
While Protestant emphasis on 
marriage made spins to hood more

3761
03:25:01,200 --> 03:25:04,000
problematic. 
Some women gained from the 

3762
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:06,900
Protestant emphasis on Bible, 
reading and spiritual equality. 

3763
03:25:06,900 --> 03:25:11,600
But institutional opportunities,
actually decreased Henry's 

3764
03:25:11,600 --> 03:25:15,100
personal reputation, underwent 
fascinating Transformations over

3765
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:18,400
the centuries. 
To Protestants, he became the 

3766
03:25:18,400 --> 03:25:21,900
hero who freading England from 
papal tyranny, despite his 

3767
03:25:21,900 --> 03:25:25,700
conservative theology. to 
catholic's, he became the 

3768
03:25:25,700 --> 03:25:28,700
villain who destroyed England's,
Catholic Heritage for personal 

3769
03:25:28,700 --> 03:25:33,400
reasons, despite his initial 
defense of Catholic Doctrine, To

3770
03:25:33,400 --> 03:25:35,400
moderns. 
He is often that fascinating 

3771
03:25:35,400 --> 03:25:41,100
monster, brilliant charismatic 
ruthless and ultimately tragic 

3772
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:43,100
in his desperate quest for 
dynasty. 

3773
03:25:43,100 --> 03:25:46,400
The historical debate about 
whether Henry was reformer or 

3774
03:25:46,400 --> 03:25:50,400
opportunist a hero, or villain 
and a Visionary or egotist 

3775
03:25:50,400 --> 03:25:53,000
continues because he was 
genuinely all of these things. 

3776
03:25:54,000 --> 03:25:57,100
He broke with Rome for personal 
reasons, but created space for 

3777
03:25:57,100 --> 03:26:00,600
genuine religious reform. 
He brutally suppressed 

3778
03:26:00,600 --> 03:26:03,500
opposition but was sincerely 
convinced of his righteousness. 

3779
03:26:04,300 --> 03:26:06,800
He destroyed monasteries for 
money but believed he was 

3780
03:26:06,808 --> 03:26:11,100
correcting religious error. 
His motives were selfish, his 

3781
03:26:11,100 --> 03:26:14,400
consequences were 
transformative, the Tudor 

3782
03:26:14,400 --> 03:26:17,800
periods religious turmoil taught
England lessons about tolerance.

3783
03:26:17,800 --> 03:26:20,500
That wouldn't be fully learned 
and for Generations. 

3784
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:24,500
The burning of Heretics under 
Mary, the persecution of 

3785
03:26:24,508 --> 03:26:28,000
Catholics under Elizabeth and 
the continued conflicts over 

3786
03:26:28,000 --> 03:26:31,500
religious Conformity all 
demonstrated that religious 

3787
03:26:31,500 --> 03:26:34,800
uniformity in forced through 
violence creates resentment 

3788
03:26:34,800 --> 03:26:39,100
rather than genuine agreement. 
Eventually centuries. 

3789
03:26:39,100 --> 03:26:42,400
Later, England would develop 
religious tolerance, though. 

3790
03:26:42,400 --> 03:26:45,700
The path would be long and 
painful, the expansion of 

3791
03:26:45,700 --> 03:26:48,100
literacy that began with English
Bible and prayer. 

3792
03:26:48,100 --> 03:26:51,000
Books, created a reading public.
That would have eventually 

3793
03:26:51,000 --> 03:26:52,800
demand more than religious 
texts. 

3794
03:26:53,800 --> 03:26:56,800
By Elizabeth reign printing, 
presses were producing plays, 

3795
03:26:56,800 --> 03:27:00,600
poems history is and practical 
manuals. 

3796
03:27:01,400 --> 03:27:04,100
The culture of literacy that 
merged from religious control 

3797
03:27:04,100 --> 03:27:06,100
for sea laid. 
The groundwork for England's 

3798
03:27:06,100 --> 03:27:09,100
literary achievements, 
architecture, and landscape 

3799
03:27:09,100 --> 03:27:13,000
design reflecting Protestant 
values, simpler more focused on 

3800
03:27:13,000 --> 03:27:15,400
function. 
Let's concerned with religious 

3801
03:27:15,400 --> 03:27:19,700
symbolism created, distinctly 
English aesthetic preferences. 

3802
03:27:20,800 --> 03:27:23,400
The great houses with their long
Galleries and Protestants 

3803
03:27:23,400 --> 03:27:26,700
implicitly, the gardens designed
for pleasure rather than 

3804
03:27:26,700 --> 03:27:30,300
contemplation and the church is 
stripped of statutory, but 

3805
03:27:30,300 --> 03:27:32,400
retaining their basic Gothic 
structure. 

3806
03:27:32,400 --> 03:27:36,100
All reflected this Protestant 
transformation of physical 

3807
03:27:36,100 --> 03:27:38,400
space. 
The Royal navies development 

3808
03:27:38,400 --> 03:27:41,700
during an after Henry's. 
Reign partly motivated by the 

3809
03:27:41,700 --> 03:27:44,700
need to defend Protestant 
England against Catholic Powers.

3810
03:27:44,700 --> 03:27:47,300
Eventually made England a global
power. 

3811
03:27:48,500 --> 03:27:51,600
The same religious controverses 
that destroyed monasteries and 

3812
03:27:51,600 --> 03:27:55,100
persecuted, dissenters. 
All the ships that were defeat 

3813
03:27:55,100 --> 03:27:58,100
the Spanish Armada and 
eventually created a worldwide 

3814
03:27:58,100 --> 03:28:01,100
Empire legal developments during
Henry's Reign. 

3815
03:28:01,100 --> 03:28:04,400
Particularly parliament's 
increased Authority, and the 

3816
03:28:04,400 --> 03:28:07,700
expansion of secular Courts at 
the expense of church courts 

3817
03:28:07,700 --> 03:28:12,500
laid foundations for English. 
Common laws development, The 

3818
03:28:12,500 --> 03:28:15,600
legal system that emerged from 
Tudor, religious controversies 

3819
03:28:15,600 --> 03:28:18,500
would have eventually be 
exported to England colonies, 

3820
03:28:18,500 --> 03:28:22,100
influencing legal Traditions 
across multiple continents. 

3821
03:28:23,100 --> 03:28:26,200
A scientific revolution that 
would flourish in 17th century. 

3822
03:28:26,200 --> 03:28:29,400
England was partly enabled by 
Henry's religious changes. 

3823
03:28:30,400 --> 03:28:34,400
Once religious Authority became 
questionable all authority 

3824
03:28:34,400 --> 03:28:37,700
became potentially questionable.
The habit of questioning 

3825
03:28:37,700 --> 03:28:41,500
established truths in religion, 
transferred to questioning 

3826
03:28:41,500 --> 03:28:44,500
established truths in natural, 
philosophy, creating 

3827
03:28:44,500 --> 03:28:48,000
intellectual space, for 
scientific inquiry, as your 

3828
03:28:48,000 --> 03:28:49,600
warm, drink cools and your eyes,
grow heavy. 

3829
03:28:49,600 --> 03:28:53,500
Consider one final thought about
Henry the 8th and his 

3830
03:28:53,500 --> 03:28:58,000
transformation of England. 
Changes, he initiated continued 

3831
03:28:58,000 --> 03:29:02,200
evolving long after his death. 
Creating consequences he never 

3832
03:29:02,200 --> 03:29:06,100
imagined and solving problems. 
He didn't know existed, the 

3833
03:29:06,100 --> 03:29:08,500
Church of England. 
He created became the foundation

3834
03:29:08,500 --> 03:29:11,400
for worldwide. 
Anglican communion spreading 

3835
03:29:11,400 --> 03:29:14,300
across continents as England 
expanded overseas. 

3836
03:29:15,400 --> 03:29:19,100
Churches from Nigeria to 
Australia to Canada Trace their 

3837
03:29:19,100 --> 03:29:22,500
institutional ancestry to 
Henry's break with Rome though. 

3838
03:29:22,500 --> 03:29:25,000
They might emphasize Thomas 
Kramer's theology over. 

3839
03:29:25,000 --> 03:29:28,100
Henry's Politics. 
The English language he elevated

3840
03:29:28,100 --> 03:29:30,800
through biblical translation and
became a global language. 

3841
03:29:30,800 --> 03:29:34,800
Carried by English speakers 
across Ocean's and continents 

3842
03:29:34,800 --> 03:29:37,700
eventually becoming the 
international language of 

3843
03:29:37,700 --> 03:29:43,300
business science and diplomacy. 
The King James Bible published 

3844
03:29:43,300 --> 03:29:46,100
60 years after Henry's. 
Death shaped English pro-style 

3845
03:29:46,100 --> 03:29:49,200
for centuries and remains in. 
Print today, the principle of 

3846
03:29:49,200 --> 03:29:52,200
parliamentary Supremacy. 
He accidentally, strengthened by

3847
03:29:52,200 --> 03:29:55,800
using Parliament, authorized 
religious changes, became the 

3848
03:29:55,800 --> 03:29:59,100
foundation, of English 
constitutional government, when 

3849
03:29:59,100 --> 03:30:02,400
American colonists argued that 
Parliament had no authority to 

3850
03:30:02,400 --> 03:30:05,900
tax them without representation,
they were invoking principles. 

3851
03:30:05,900 --> 03:30:09,400
That emerge partly from Tudor 
religious controversies, the 

3852
03:30:09,400 --> 03:30:11,600
nationalism. 
He fostered by making England, 

3853
03:30:11,600 --> 03:30:13,900
religiously independent 
contributed to England's 

3854
03:30:13,900 --> 03:30:16,400
resistance to vary his 
Continental threats. 

3855
03:30:17,300 --> 03:30:21,200
Spanish Armada, Napoleon's, 
Empire, and Hitler's Invasion 

3856
03:30:21,200 --> 03:30:24,400
plans. 
English identity formed around. 

3857
03:30:24,400 --> 03:30:27,400
This idea of Independence became
a resource during times of 

3858
03:30:27,400 --> 03:30:30,800
Christ's, but Henry's Legacy 
also includes religious 

3859
03:30:30,800 --> 03:30:34,400
divisions that persisted for 
centuries, catholic's faced 

3860
03:30:34,400 --> 03:30:37,700
discrimination, and legal 
disabilities in England until 

3861
03:30:37,700 --> 03:30:41,800
the 19th century. 
Tensions between Protestant and 

3862
03:30:41,800 --> 03:30:43,900
Catholic. 
In Northern Ireland, Trace 

3863
03:30:43,900 --> 03:30:46,100
partly to the Tudor 
transformation of religion. 

3864
03:30:47,000 --> 03:30:50,000
Religious Strife that Henry's 
actions initiated killed 

3865
03:30:50,000 --> 03:30:51,900
thousands across multiple 
Generations. 

3866
03:30:51,900 --> 03:30:55,800
The destruction of monasteries 
and religious art represents 

3867
03:30:55,800 --> 03:30:58,100
cultural loss that can never be 
fully. 

3868
03:30:58,100 --> 03:31:01,700
Calculated will never hear the 
music that was lost. 

3869
03:31:01,700 --> 03:31:04,000
Read the manuscripts that were 
burned. 

3870
03:31:04,000 --> 03:31:06,000
Will see the art, that was 
smashed. 

3871
03:31:06,800 --> 03:31:10,100
Every whitewash Church wall 
represents not just religious 

3872
03:31:10,100 --> 03:31:13,000
transformation but cultural 
impoverishment. 

3873
03:31:13,000 --> 03:31:17,100
However necessary reformers 
considered it, the social 

3874
03:31:17,100 --> 03:31:20,100
welfare gaps created by 
monastic, dissolution took 

3875
03:31:20,100 --> 03:31:24,800
centuries, to address through 
alternative institutions, Modern

3876
03:31:24,800 --> 03:31:28,000
social security systems are 
attempting to solve problems. 

3877
03:31:28,000 --> 03:31:31,800
That Tudor England created when 
it destroyed medieval Catholic 

3878
03:31:31,800 --> 03:31:34,900
Social infrastructure without 
providing adequate Replacements 

3879
03:31:34,900 --> 03:31:38,100
without Henry's. 
Break with Rome, England might 

3880
03:31:38,100 --> 03:31:42,100
have remained a minor European 
power, culturally derivative and

3881
03:31:42,100 --> 03:31:45,800
politically subordinate. 
The Independents political 

3882
03:31:45,800 --> 03:31:49,400
religious and intellectual that 
emerged from Tudor religious 

3883
03:31:49,400 --> 03:31:52,500
controversies created space for 
English achievements. 

3884
03:31:52,500 --> 03:31:55,800
In everything from literature to
science to political philosophy.

3885
03:31:55,800 --> 03:32:00,000
Shakespeare's play is written 
during Elizabeth's Reign emerged

3886
03:32:00,000 --> 03:32:02,600
from a culture transformed by 
Henry's actions. 

3887
03:32:03,900 --> 03:32:06,300
The English identity, 
Shakespeare explored and 

3888
03:32:06,300 --> 03:32:10,400
celebrated in his history and 
comedies was partly created by 

3889
03:32:10,400 --> 03:32:13,200
his grandfather's generation's 
experience of religious 

3890
03:32:13,200 --> 03:32:16,100
transformation. 
The language Shakespeare 

3891
03:32:16,100 --> 03:32:18,600
perfected was enriched by 
religious controversy. 

3892
03:32:18,600 --> 03:32:22,200
In biblical translation. 
The Scientific Revolution that 

3893
03:32:22,200 --> 03:32:26,500
produced Newton boil and other 
English scientists emerge partly

3894
03:32:26,500 --> 03:32:29,800
from habits of questioning 
Authority, that began with 

3895
03:32:29,800 --> 03:32:33,800
religious Reformation. 
Once people questioned, papal, 

3896
03:32:33,800 --> 03:32:37,500
Authority, intellectual 
authority of all kinds became 

3897
03:32:37,500 --> 03:32:40,300
potentially questionable 
creating space. 

3898
03:32:40,300 --> 03:32:43,400
For empirical investigation over
traditional, explanations 

3899
03:32:43,400 --> 03:32:47,300
England's, distinctive, 
political development, its 

3900
03:32:47,300 --> 03:32:50,200
constitutional monarchy its 
parliamentary Supremacy. 

3901
03:32:50,200 --> 03:32:55,200
Its gradual extension of 
political rights, Connects in 

3902
03:32:55,200 --> 03:32:59,000
complicated ways to religious 
controversies that began with 

3903
03:32:59,000 --> 03:33:02,600
Henry. 
Religious tolerance emerged 

3904
03:33:02,600 --> 03:33:06,500
slowly from religious strife. 
Limited government emerged 

3905
03:33:06,500 --> 03:33:08,900
partly from centuries of 
negotiating religious 

3906
03:33:08,900 --> 03:33:13,000
settlements that required 
compromise rather than absolute 

3907
03:33:13,000 --> 03:33:16,000
Authority. 
As you drift towards sleep, you 

3908
03:33:16,000 --> 03:33:19,400
might reflect that Henry the 
never intended most of what his 

3909
03:33:19,400 --> 03:33:22,900
actions produced. 
He wanted a son and an 

3910
03:33:22,900 --> 03:33:26,500
annulment. 
Instead he triggered changes 

3911
03:33:26,500 --> 03:33:31,100
that reshaped religion politics 
culture, a national identity 

3912
03:33:31,100 --> 03:33:33,200
across centuries. 
History. 

3913
03:33:33,200 --> 03:33:37,000
Rarely unfolds as anyone 
player's, small decisions 

3914
03:33:37,000 --> 03:33:39,600
combined with structural forces 
to produce outcomes. 

3915
03:33:39,600 --> 03:33:44,000
Nobody predicted the young king 
Who Loved Theology and wanted to

3916
03:33:44,000 --> 03:33:47,700
defend, Catholic Orthodoxy 
became the man who broke England

3917
03:33:47,700 --> 03:33:52,200
from Rome The desperate father 
seeking a legitimate male Heir, 

3918
03:33:52,200 --> 03:33:54,900
became the Catalyst for 
religious Revolution. 

3919
03:33:55,600 --> 03:33:58,800
The Monarch trying to maintain 
tradition while solving a 

3920
03:33:58,800 --> 03:34:01,900
personal problem became an agent
of transformation England. 

3921
03:34:01,900 --> 03:34:06,400
Before Henry was one kind of 
place medieval Catholic looking 

3922
03:34:06,400 --> 03:34:08,200
to the continent for cultural 
leadership. 

3923
03:34:09,100 --> 03:34:12,400
England after Henry was 
something different Protestant 

3924
03:34:12,400 --> 03:34:16,200
independent developing. 
Its own cultural confidence. 

3925
03:34:17,600 --> 03:34:22,300
Transition was painful and 
costly independent and produced 

3926
03:34:22,300 --> 03:34:24,900
winners and losers across every 
social class. 

3927
03:34:26,200 --> 03:34:28,700
Created the foundation for the 
England that would eventually 

3928
03:34:28,700 --> 03:34:33,000
emerge as a global power for 
better and worse tonight. 

3929
03:34:33,000 --> 03:34:36,600
As you drift off to sleep, your 
part of a world, Henry helped 

3930
03:34:36,600 --> 03:34:40,400
create The English language used
speak was elevated partly 

3931
03:34:40,400 --> 03:34:43,900
through his religious policies. 
The ideas about limited 

3932
03:34:43,900 --> 03:34:47,200
government and individual rights
that shape, modern democracies 

3933
03:34:47,200 --> 03:34:50,500
emerged partly from the English 
experience of religious 

3934
03:34:50,500 --> 03:34:53,800
transformation. 
Scientific world view that 

3935
03:34:53,800 --> 03:34:57,400
produced modern technology 
developed partly in the 

3936
03:34:57,400 --> 03:35:00,800
intellectual space created by 
questioning religious Authority.

3937
03:35:00,800 --> 03:35:05,000
Henry The Wraith died over 400 
and 170 years ago but his 

3938
03:35:05,000 --> 03:35:07,200
decisions Echo forward into our 
present. 

3939
03:35:08,000 --> 03:35:11,900
Every time someone questions 
Authority, read scripture in 

3940
03:35:11,900 --> 03:35:14,800
their own language or argues 
that National sovereignty 

3941
03:35:14,800 --> 03:35:17,300
matters. 
They continuing conversations, 

3942
03:35:17,300 --> 03:35:20,100
Henry helped begin though, 
usually without knowing it 

3943
03:35:20,100 --> 03:35:23,200
sleep. 
Well knowing that history is 

3944
03:35:23,200 --> 03:35:26,800
made not just by great plans and
Noble intentions but by human 

3945
03:35:26,800 --> 03:35:29,200
beings pursuing very human 
desires. 

3946
03:35:29,200 --> 03:35:35,600
Love legitimacy, Authority 
certainty, in ways that produce 

3947
03:35:35,600 --> 03:35:39,100
consequences. 
Far beyond their imagining Henry

3948
03:35:39,100 --> 03:35:44,300
wanted a son instead, he got a 
legacy whether that's tragedy or

3949
03:35:44,300 --> 03:35:47,600
Triumph depends on your 
perspective and which aspects of

3950
03:35:47,600 --> 03:35:51,000
the Legacy or measuring the 
bells that wants marked monastic

3951
03:35:51,000 --> 03:35:54,500
hours as a silent now but you 
can still hear church bells. 

3952
03:35:54,500 --> 03:35:58,400
If you listened, the monasteries
are ruin's but their Stones 

3953
03:35:58,400 --> 03:36:02,500
people still inhabit. 
The old Faith disappeared, 

3954
03:36:02,500 --> 03:36:06,400
officially but traces remain in 
language culture and memory. 

3955
03:36:07,200 --> 03:36:10,300
Everything changed. 
Nothing completely disappeared. 

3956
03:36:11,200 --> 03:36:15,600
That's perhaps the real lesson 
of Henry's Reformation transfer 

3957
03:36:15,600 --> 03:36:18,700
nation is never as complete as 
revolutionaries hope or 

3958
03:36:18,708 --> 03:36:20,700
conservative. 
Fear rest. 

3959
03:36:20,700 --> 03:36:23,200
Now and dream. 
Perhaps of a youngest simpler in

3960
03:36:23,208 --> 03:36:26,600
England where Stone monasteries 
caught the morning light and 

3961
03:36:26,600 --> 03:36:29,500
bells. 
Mark the hours where change came

3962
03:36:29,500 --> 03:36:31,700
slowly. 
In the old ways seemed eternal 

3963
03:36:32,600 --> 03:36:36,700
Or dream of the England that 
emerged confident, independent 

3964
03:36:36,700 --> 03:36:39,700
finding its own voice and 
identity. 

3965
03:36:41,400 --> 03:36:44,000
Both England's existed. 
One after the other. 

3966
03:36:44,800 --> 03:36:49,100
Separated by a few Decades of 
tumultuous transformation led by

3967
03:36:49,100 --> 03:36:52,400
an unlikely revolutionary King, 
who never quite meant to 

3968
03:36:52,400 --> 03:36:56,000
revolutionize anything tomorrow.
When you wake, you'll rise into 

3969
03:36:56,000 --> 03:36:59,400
a world still shaped by these 
distant Tudor Transformations. 

3970
03:36:59,400 --> 03:37:03,900
Still wrestling with questions, 
about Authority, identity, and 

3971
03:37:03,900 --> 03:37:06,300
faith. 
That Henry's choices made urgent

3972
03:37:06,300 --> 03:37:12,000
five centuries ago. but tonight,
rest let history become a story 

3973
03:37:12,000 --> 03:37:15,400
and let the story become the 
gentle companion of sleep. 

3974
03:37:22,400 --> 03:37:25,300
Your sitting outside a cave 
entrance in what will one day? 

3975
03:37:25,300 --> 03:37:28,700
Be called France? 
But that name won't exist for 

3976
03:37:28,700 --> 03:37:33,600
another 30,000 years. 
The year is approximately 35,000

3977
03:37:33,600 --> 03:37:37,400
BCE and you've just finished a 
meal of roasted ibex. 

3978
03:37:38,300 --> 03:37:42,100
Fire crackles beside. 
You sending occasional Sparks 

3979
03:37:42,100 --> 03:37:45,600
upward into the darkness. 
And as your eyes, follow, those 

3980
03:37:45,600 --> 03:37:48,900
brief orange Embers. 
They continue traveling until 

3981
03:37:48,900 --> 03:37:51,100
they meet something far more 
permanent. 

3982
03:37:52,000 --> 03:37:56,000
Stars not just a handful of 
stars but thousands upon 

3983
03:37:56,000 --> 03:37:59,700
thousands of them spread across 
the sky in a Brilliance that 

3984
03:37:59,700 --> 03:38:02,900
would make any modern city 
dweller weep with disbelief, 

3985
03:38:03,900 --> 03:38:08,000
There's no light pollution here,
no glow of distant towns or 

3986
03:38:08,000 --> 03:38:11,300
passing cars. 
The Milky Way stretches overhead

3987
03:38:11,300 --> 03:38:14,200
like a river of cream poured 
across Black Stone. 

3988
03:38:14,200 --> 03:38:16,800
So, bright, you could almost 
read by it. 

3989
03:38:16,800 --> 03:38:20,800
If reading was something new, 
how to do, But you don't need 

3990
03:38:20,800 --> 03:38:24,700
reading your mind is already 
doing something far, more 

3991
03:38:24,700 --> 03:38:27,800
fundamental. 
It's finding patterns. 

3992
03:38:27,800 --> 03:38:34,400
This isn't a conscious decision.
Your brain like every human 

3993
03:38:34,400 --> 03:38:37,700
brain that will follow yours 
through the Millennia is a 

3994
03:38:37,700 --> 03:38:41,200
pattern recognition machine. 
It's what keeps you alive. 

3995
03:38:42,400 --> 03:38:46,200
That rustling in the grass might
be wind or it might be a cave, 

3996
03:38:46,200 --> 03:38:49,200
lion. 
That particular arrangement of 

3997
03:38:49,200 --> 03:38:52,100
broken branches. 
Might mean another human past 

3998
03:38:52,100 --> 03:38:54,200
this way, or it might mean 
nothing. 

3999
03:38:54,200 --> 03:38:57,900
At all your survival. 
Depends on sorting signal from 

4000
03:38:57,900 --> 03:39:00,900
noise and you've gotten 
remarkably good at it. 

4001
03:39:01,800 --> 03:39:04,700
So when you look at the stars, 
your brain does what it does 

4002
03:39:04,700 --> 03:39:08,700
best, it connects dots that 
cluster over there looks 

4003
03:39:08,700 --> 03:39:12,300
somewhat like the Ibex you 
hunted earlier, see how those 

4004
03:39:12,300 --> 03:39:16,200
stars form the curve of horns 
and that group, to the east 

4005
03:39:16,200 --> 03:39:19,700
resembles, the bear. 
You saw last spring though you'd

4006
03:39:19,700 --> 03:39:22,200
never get close enough to one to
confirm the details. 

4007
03:39:22,200 --> 03:39:26,500
You don't have names for these 
patterns yet at least not names.

4008
03:39:26,500 --> 03:39:30,600
That will survive but you 
recognize them night after 

4009
03:39:30,600 --> 03:39:32,900
night. 
They're there in the same 

4010
03:39:32,900 --> 03:39:34,600
positions, relative to each 
other. 

4011
03:39:34,600 --> 03:39:39,300
This is remarkable actually. 
Almost everything else in your 

4012
03:39:39,300 --> 03:39:43,600
world changes. 
The seasons shift animals 

4013
03:39:43,600 --> 03:39:49,900
migrate Rivers flood and reseed 
trees, grow and fall, even the 

4014
03:39:49,900 --> 03:39:52,700
moon transforms its face across 
each month. 

4015
03:39:52,700 --> 03:39:56,900
Swelling from a sliver to a 
bright, Circle and back again. 

4016
03:39:56,900 --> 03:40:01,800
But these Stars these particular
Arrangements, they are constant.

4017
03:40:02,500 --> 03:40:06,000
Or mostly constant. 
Anyway, you've noticed they do 

4018
03:40:06,008 --> 03:40:09,400
move across the sky. 
Each night Wheeling from east to

4019
03:40:09,400 --> 03:40:12,800
west, but they maintain their 
relationships to each other. 

4020
03:40:12,800 --> 03:40:18,600
The Ibex Stars, stay Ibex shaped
the best Stars remain, bear-like

4021
03:40:19,300 --> 03:40:22,300
You don't know it yet but you've
just made one of the most 

4022
03:40:22,300 --> 03:40:24,600
important discoveries in human 
history. 

4023
03:40:24,600 --> 03:40:29,600
You found something reliable in 
an unreliable world over the 

4024
03:40:29,600 --> 03:40:32,100
following nights and months. 
You notice more. 

4025
03:40:33,000 --> 03:40:36,100
Those same star patterns appear 
in the East each evening and 

4026
03:40:36,100 --> 03:40:39,000
travel Westwood eventually 
disappearing. 

4027
03:40:39,000 --> 03:40:42,600
Below the Western Horizon. 
If you stay awake, long enough, 

4028
03:40:42,600 --> 03:40:47,100
and sometimes you do whether by 
choice or because something has 

4029
03:40:47,100 --> 03:40:49,600
spooked the group and everyone's
remaining alert. 

4030
03:40:50,300 --> 03:40:53,300
You see new patterns rise in the
east to replace them. 

4031
03:40:53,300 --> 03:40:56,600
It's like watching a very slow 
parade. 

4032
03:40:56,600 --> 03:41:00,200
Except this parade repeats 
itself with extraordinary 

4033
03:41:00,200 --> 03:41:04,600
Precision you begin to 
anticipate You know that when 

4034
03:41:04,600 --> 03:41:08,900
certain stars appear, just above
the Eastern Horizon at dusk, the

4035
03:41:08,900 --> 03:41:10,700
weather will soon. 
Turn colder. 

4036
03:41:10,700 --> 03:41:14,600
You've seen this correlation 
enough times that it's no longer

4037
03:41:14,600 --> 03:41:18,000
a coincidence. 
When other stars dominate the 

4038
03:41:18,000 --> 03:41:21,700
night sky, the herds will be 
moving through the valley and 

4039
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:25,600
hunting will be good. 
This knowledge gets shared 

4040
03:41:25,600 --> 03:41:30,100
around fires under those same 
Stars, you and others discuss 

4041
03:41:30,100 --> 03:41:33,200
these observations. 
The sharing isn't formal 

4042
03:41:33,200 --> 03:41:35,900
education as future 
civilizations will understand 

4043
03:41:35,900 --> 03:41:38,700
it. 
There are no schools, no books 

4044
03:41:38,700 --> 03:41:43,000
and no formal teachers, but 
knowledge passes anyway, through

4045
03:41:43,000 --> 03:41:46,500
conversation and demonstration 
through the simple Act of 

4046
03:41:46,508 --> 03:41:48,300
pointing upward and helping 
others. 

4047
03:41:48,300 --> 03:41:51,800
See what you see. 
A young member of your group 

4048
03:41:51,800 --> 03:41:55,000
perhaps 10 or 11 years old sits 
beside you. 

4049
03:41:55,000 --> 03:41:58,800
One night you point out the 
patterns, you know, tracing 

4050
03:41:58,800 --> 03:42:01,600
invisible lines between stars 
with your finger. 

4051
03:42:02,400 --> 03:42:06,400
The child's eyes, follow your 
hand, and you can see the moment

4052
03:42:06,400 --> 03:42:11,100
of recognition that same spark 
of understanding that Lit your 

4053
03:42:11,100 --> 03:42:15,100
own mind years ago. 
Patterns aren't random, they 

4054
03:42:15,100 --> 03:42:18,600
mean, something they can be 
learned, neither of you, 

4055
03:42:18,600 --> 03:42:22,100
realizes it, but you're creating
something that will Outlast both

4056
03:42:22,100 --> 03:42:25,300
your lives. 
Both your descendants and both 

4057
03:42:25,300 --> 03:42:31,000
your entire lineages stretching,
forward, 10,000 years, you're 

4058
03:42:31,000 --> 03:42:33,700
creating tradition, you're 
building the foundation of 

4059
03:42:33,700 --> 03:42:36,600
astronomy. 
The Stars wheel, overhead 

4060
03:42:36,600 --> 03:42:39,300
indifferent. 
Your newfound attention. 

4061
03:42:39,300 --> 03:42:43,500
They've been there for billions 
of years before you and they'll 

4062
03:42:43,500 --> 03:42:46,000
remain for billions more after 
your gone. 

4063
03:42:46,000 --> 03:42:50,400
But in this moment in the simple
Act of watching and wandering, 

4064
03:42:50,400 --> 03:42:54,100
you've joined a project that 
your species will continue for 

4065
03:42:54,100 --> 03:42:57,600
as long as it exists. 
You've started asking the 

4066
03:42:57,600 --> 03:43:01,100
question that will echo through 
every civilization that follows.

4067
03:43:01,100 --> 03:43:04,500
What are those lights? 
And what do they mean? 

4068
03:43:04,500 --> 03:43:10,100
It's approximately 15,000 BC now
and your standing in what will 

4069
03:43:10,100 --> 03:43:14,700
eventually be known as Germany? 
Watching the moon rise over a 

4070
03:43:14,700 --> 03:43:18,300
landscape of ice and Scattered 
Pine, the glaciers have been 

4071
03:43:18,308 --> 03:43:21,700
retreating for Generations, but 
winter still brings a cold that 

4072
03:43:21,700 --> 03:43:25,300
can kill the unwearing. 
You've survived 23 of these 

4073
03:43:25,300 --> 03:43:29,000
Winters which makes you 
remarkably old by the standards 

4074
03:43:29,000 --> 03:43:31,100
of your time. 
And you've learned something 

4075
03:43:31,100 --> 03:43:35,800
that younger people often miss. 
The Sky Keeps time. 

4076
03:43:35,800 --> 03:43:41,200
Not just any time the perfect 
time you discovered this 

4077
03:43:41,200 --> 03:43:43,700
gradually. 
The way most important things 

4078
03:43:43,700 --> 03:43:47,000
are discovered. 
One year, you noticed that the 

4079
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:51,700
moon went through exactly 12 
complete Cycles from new to full

4080
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:55,800
and back to New again before the
seasons completed their circuit.

4081
03:43:55,800 --> 03:43:59,600
Well, almost 12. 
It was actually a bit more than 

4082
03:43:59,600 --> 03:44:02,500
12 but close enough that you 
could use it as a rough 

4083
03:44:02,500 --> 03:44:05,800
calendar. 
When the moon had cycled through

4084
03:44:05,800 --> 03:44:10,200
its phases 12 times, you could 
expect the warm season to arrive

4085
03:44:10,200 --> 03:44:13,000
soon when it cycled through 
another 12. 

4086
03:44:13,000 --> 03:44:17,100
The cold would return. 
This was useful, but the moon 

4087
03:44:17,100 --> 03:44:19,100
alone was not quite reliable 
enough. 

4088
03:44:20,100 --> 03:44:24,100
Some years counting 12 moons 
brought you to the season change

4089
03:44:24,100 --> 03:44:27,000
right on schedule. 
Other years you'd be off by 

4090
03:44:27,000 --> 03:44:30,300
several weeks. 
It was frustrating like trying 

4091
03:44:30,300 --> 03:44:33,500
to catch fish with the net. 
That had inconsistent holes. 

4092
03:44:34,100 --> 03:44:38,000
But then you paid attention to 
the Stars specifically to, which

4093
03:44:38,000 --> 03:44:41,400
stars were visible. 
Just Before Dawn, you can notice

4094
03:44:41,400 --> 03:44:44,800
that certain Stars would appear 
on the Eastern Horizon just 

4095
03:44:44,800 --> 03:44:48,300
before the sun rose and this 
appearance correlated even 

4096
03:44:48,300 --> 03:44:50,600
better with the seasons than the
moon did. 

4097
03:44:50,600 --> 03:44:54,700
When you could see a particular 
bright star Rising just before 

4098
03:44:54,700 --> 03:44:58,800
Daybreak new with certainly that
the herds would arrive within 

4099
03:44:58,800 --> 03:45:02,200
days. 
When another star made its first

4100
03:45:02,200 --> 03:45:05,500
pre-dawn appearance, you could 
prepare for the cold. 

4101
03:45:05,500 --> 03:45:07,900
You didn't know the physics 
behind this. 

4102
03:45:07,900 --> 03:45:11,900
You didn't know that Earth 
orbits the Sun or that the Stars

4103
03:45:11,900 --> 03:45:15,100
apparent positions shift 
gradually throughout the year 

4104
03:45:15,100 --> 03:45:19,100
because this orbital motion you 
didn't need to know the 

4105
03:45:19,100 --> 03:45:21,500
mechanism. 
You just needed to know it 

4106
03:45:21,500 --> 03:45:25,500
worked and it did with the 
reliability that bordered on the

4107
03:45:25,500 --> 03:45:28,800
miraculous. 
Other patterns emerged as you 

4108
03:45:28,800 --> 03:45:32,300
watched the moon's position 
against the background Stars 

4109
03:45:32,300 --> 03:45:36,600
changed nightly moving Eastward 
through the same star patterns 

4110
03:45:36,600 --> 03:45:38,400
that the sun seemed to travel 
through. 

4111
03:45:38,400 --> 03:45:41,600
During the year. 
The moon completed its journey 

4112
03:45:41,600 --> 03:45:46,300
through these patterns in about 
29 days, one, complete cycle, 

4113
03:45:46,300 --> 03:45:50,300
from New Moon to New Moon, This 
realization helped you 

4114
03:45:50,300 --> 03:45:53,200
understand why? 
The 12 months didn't quite match

4115
03:45:53,200 --> 03:45:56,800
up with the seasonal year, the 
moon and the sun were traveling 

4116
03:45:56,800 --> 03:46:00,200
along the same path through the 
stars, but at different speeds, 

4117
03:46:00,200 --> 03:46:04,400
you began marking these 
observations on Bones and 

4118
03:46:04,400 --> 03:46:09,200
antlers you carved, notches not 
random decorations, but 

4119
03:46:09,200 --> 03:46:14,400
deliberate counts, 29, notches 
for a lunar month. 12 sets of 

4120
03:46:14,400 --> 03:46:18,200
these for a year with additional
marks to track the discrepancy. 

4121
03:46:18,200 --> 03:46:21,800
These were not idle doodling 
passed around a fire. 

4122
03:46:21,800 --> 03:46:24,800
They were data. 
They were records. 

4123
03:46:24,800 --> 03:46:29,100
They were Humanity's first 
spreadsheets carved in to 

4124
03:46:29,100 --> 03:46:31,700
whatever material was hard 
enough to last. 

4125
03:46:32,600 --> 03:46:36,100
The Precision of these records 
is startling modern 

4126
03:46:36,100 --> 03:46:39,900
archaeologists examining Ice Age
artifacts of found counting 

4127
03:46:39,900 --> 03:46:43,400
systems that tracked lunar 
phases with remarkable accuracy.

4128
03:46:44,400 --> 03:46:47,800
You weren't primitive in your 
thinking, you were sophisticated

4129
03:46:47,800 --> 03:46:50,700
observers using the tools 
available to you. 

4130
03:46:51,500 --> 03:46:54,000
The fact that you lacked 
telescope or mathematical 

4131
03:46:54,000 --> 03:46:56,400
notation didn't make you less 
intelligent. 

4132
03:46:57,200 --> 03:47:00,300
It made you more impressive, 
actually, because you figured 

4133
03:47:00,300 --> 03:47:04,000
out so much with. 
So little this time keeping had 

4134
03:47:04,000 --> 03:47:07,800
immediate practical value, 
knowing when Seasons would 

4135
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:11,400
change meant knowing when to 
move Camp when to hunt specific 

4136
03:47:11,400 --> 03:47:15,600
animals and went to gather 
particular plants, a group that 

4137
03:47:15,600 --> 03:47:19,100
could predict these changes had 
significant advantages over a 

4138
03:47:19,100 --> 03:47:21,100
group that reacted to them as 
they occurred. 

4139
03:47:21,900 --> 03:47:25,800
You could prepare, you could 
plan, you could survive when 

4140
03:47:25,800 --> 03:47:29,000
others might not, but something 
else was happening, too 

4141
03:47:29,000 --> 03:47:33,300
something harder to quantify. 
By tracking time, you were 

4142
03:47:33,300 --> 03:47:36,600
developing a new relationship 
with the future instead of 

4143
03:47:36,600 --> 03:47:40,100
living entirely in the present 
moment, reacting, to whatever 

4144
03:47:40,100 --> 03:47:44,200
each day, brought you a 
beginning to anticipate you were

4145
03:47:44,200 --> 03:47:48,200
building mental models of how 
the world worked. models that 

4146
03:47:48,200 --> 03:47:52,900
extended Beyond immediate 
sensory experience you were in a

4147
03:47:52,900 --> 03:47:57,800
real sense beginning to think 
abstractly the night sky, became

4148
03:47:57,800 --> 03:48:01,600
your most reliable reference, 
the ground, Beneath Your Feet, 

4149
03:48:01,600 --> 03:48:05,300
change with floods and fires, 
and the slow grinding of 

4150
03:48:05,300 --> 03:48:09,900
glaciers, the plants and animals
around you, migrated and evolved

4151
03:48:09,900 --> 03:48:14,800
even the climate shifted across 
Generations, but those Stars 

4152
03:48:14,800 --> 03:48:18,800
those patterns in the sky 
remained constant enough to 

4153
03:48:18,800 --> 03:48:22,808
build your life around They were
the one fixed reference in a 

4154
03:48:22,816 --> 03:48:25,800
fluid world. 
You didn't worship the Stars 

4155
03:48:25,800 --> 03:48:28,800
exactly though, that would come 
later for other cultures. 

4156
03:48:28,800 --> 03:48:33,400
Your relationship with them was 
more practical than spiritual at

4157
03:48:33,400 --> 03:48:35,300
this point. 
They were tools. 

4158
03:48:35,300 --> 03:48:37,600
They were the most accurate 
calendar. 

4159
03:48:37,600 --> 03:48:41,900
You had the most reliable clock 
and the best map for predicting 

4160
03:48:41,900 --> 03:48:44,900
the future. 
They were quite literally your 

4161
03:48:44,900 --> 03:48:48,600
guide to survival as you stand 
there, watching the moon rise, 

4162
03:48:48,600 --> 03:48:53,700
you feel a satisfaction that 
transcends mere utility There's 

4163
03:48:53,700 --> 03:48:57,300
something deeply pleasing about 
understanding how the sky works.

4164
03:48:58,100 --> 03:49:01,400
About being able to predict what
will appear where and when 

4165
03:49:01,400 --> 03:49:05,000
you've turned mystery into 
knowledge and Chaos into 

4166
03:49:05,000 --> 03:49:08,200
pattern, you've looked at the 
universe and found it 

4167
03:49:08,200 --> 03:49:12,900
comprehensively the Stars 
continue their ancient dance and

4168
03:49:12,900 --> 03:49:16,300
you can continue your watch 
adding another night's 

4169
03:49:16,300 --> 03:49:19,200
observations to a lifetime of 
accumulated knowledge. 

4170
03:49:19,200 --> 03:49:22,800
You don't know that people will 
still be doing this same thing 

4171
03:49:22,800 --> 03:49:27,100
15,000 years from now. 
Using tools you can't imagine to

4172
03:49:27,100 --> 03:49:30,800
ask questions you'd never think 
to pose But you'd probably 

4173
03:49:30,800 --> 03:49:34,700
appreciate the continuity. 
You've started something after 

4174
03:49:34,700 --> 03:49:38,300
all, you've begun the long 
project of mapping the heavens 

4175
03:49:38,300 --> 03:49:42,600
and that project has barely 
begun your standing on a 

4176
03:49:42,600 --> 03:49:46,900
ziggurat in ancient Babylon, and
the year is approximately 1700 

4177
03:49:46,900 --> 03:49:51,700
BCE the structure Beneath Your 
Feet rises in, massive tears 

4178
03:49:51,700 --> 03:49:53,500
above the Euphrates River 
Valley. 

4179
03:49:53,500 --> 03:49:58,500
Each level smaller than the one 
below creating a stepped pyramid

4180
03:49:58,500 --> 03:50:01,100
that serves as both Temple and 
Observatory. 

4181
03:50:01,100 --> 03:50:05,400
The Heirs warm, it's almost 
always warm here and the sounds 

4182
03:50:05,400 --> 03:50:07,500
of the city of faded with the 
sunset. 

4183
03:50:07,500 --> 03:50:13,200
Now, there's just you the night 
and your duty, you are a priest 

4184
03:50:13,200 --> 03:50:16,400
astronomer which in this 
civilization, means your one of 

4185
03:50:16,408 --> 03:50:18,200
the most powerful people in the 
Kingdom. 

4186
03:50:19,200 --> 03:50:22,200
King's consult you before making
important decisions. 

4187
03:50:23,300 --> 03:50:26,500
Farmers depend on your 
calculations to know when to 

4188
03:50:26,500 --> 03:50:30,200
plant the entire Empire runs 
according to calendars. 

4189
03:50:30,200 --> 03:50:34,200
You and your colleagues maintain
this isn't symbolic power. 

4190
03:50:34,200 --> 03:50:38,600
This is real Authority, derived 
from real knowledge and that 

4191
03:50:38,600 --> 03:50:42,000
knowledge comes from the sky. 
Your people have been watching 

4192
03:50:42,000 --> 03:50:46,100
the heavens systematically for 
centuries, keeping records that 

4193
03:50:46,100 --> 03:50:50,100
span Generations. 
These aren't casual observations

4194
03:50:50,100 --> 03:50:51,800
noted. 
When someone happens to 

4195
03:50:51,800 --> 03:50:55,900
remember, this is rigorous 
continuous monitoring with each 

4196
03:50:55,900 --> 03:50:58,600
night sky. 
Carefully recorded on clay 

4197
03:50:58,600 --> 03:51:00,800
tablets that fill entire 
Library. 

4198
03:51:00,800 --> 03:51:04,500
You've inherited these records 
and you add to them. 

4199
03:51:04,500 --> 03:51:08,400
Nightly continuing a scientific 
tradition, that will Outlast 

4200
03:51:08,400 --> 03:51:13,000
your civilization itself. 
Tonight, your tracking Venus, 

4201
03:51:13,000 --> 03:51:16,000
the evening star. 
You call it though, you've 

4202
03:51:16,000 --> 03:51:19,300
noticed it all of appears as the
Morning Star at different times 

4203
03:51:19,300 --> 03:51:21,900
of year. 
What you don't yet realize is 

4204
03:51:21,900 --> 03:51:26,000
that these are the same object. 
A planet closer to the Sun than 

4205
03:51:26,000 --> 03:51:28,600
Earth. 
Though the concept of planets, 

4206
03:51:28,600 --> 03:51:32,400
as worlds, rather than wandering
stars is still centuries away. 

4207
03:51:32,400 --> 03:51:36,100
What you do know is that Venus 
follows a complex pattern 

4208
03:51:36,100 --> 03:51:40,100
through the sky, appearing and 
disappearing with a regularity 

4209
03:51:40,100 --> 03:51:44,800
you've learned to predict This 
predictability is everything in 

4210
03:51:44,800 --> 03:51:46,900
a world where so much is 
uncertain. 

4211
03:51:46,900 --> 03:51:51,000
Where crops might fail where 
diseases strike without warning,

4212
03:51:51,000 --> 03:51:53,500
where enemies could attack at 
any time. 

4213
03:51:53,500 --> 03:51:58,100
The sky offers constancy, the 
fact that you can predict 

4214
03:51:58,100 --> 03:52:01,600
celestial events, gives you a 
kind of power over chaos itself,

4215
03:52:01,600 --> 03:52:05,100
when you announce that Venus 
will disappear from the evening 

4216
03:52:05,100 --> 03:52:10,200
sky and 5 days and reappear as 
the morning star in 83 days and 

4217
03:52:10,200 --> 03:52:11,500
then it happens. 
Exactly. 

4218
03:52:11,500 --> 03:52:14,800
As you've said, your 
demonstrating Mastery over the 

4219
03:52:14,800 --> 03:52:18,300
cosmos itself, or at least 
that's how it appears to those, 

4220
03:52:18,300 --> 03:52:20,100
who don't understand your 
methods. 

4221
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:23,800
But you understand your methods 
and then not magic, their 

4222
03:52:23,800 --> 03:52:27,600
mathematics, your civilization 
has developed sophisticated 

4223
03:52:27,600 --> 03:52:32,200
arithmetic, including a basic 60
counting system that will 

4224
03:52:32,200 --> 03:52:35,900
eventually give the world 60 
second minutes and 60 Minute 

4225
03:52:35,900 --> 03:52:38,200
hours. 
You use this mathematics to 

4226
03:52:38,200 --> 03:52:41,800
track Celestial Cycles, 
calculating the relationship. 

4227
03:52:42,000 --> 03:52:45,500
Between different astronomical 
periods with impressive, 

4228
03:52:45,500 --> 03:52:48,400
precision. 
The moon has been especially 

4229
03:52:48,400 --> 03:52:53,500
well studied your predecessors 
discovered the Sorrows cycle, a 

4230
03:52:53,500 --> 03:52:58,200
period of approximately 18 years
and 11 days after which eclipses

4231
03:52:58,200 --> 03:53:00,800
repeat in almost identical 
patterns. 

4232
03:53:00,800 --> 03:53:05,500
This means that if you record 
every eclipse for 18 years, you 

4233
03:53:05,500 --> 03:53:09,100
can predict eclipses for the 
next 18 years and the 18. 

4234
03:53:09,100 --> 03:53:12,000
After that. 
It's not perfect small 

4235
03:53:12,000 --> 03:53:16,700
variations accumulate over time,
but it's remarkably accurate, 

4236
03:53:16,700 --> 03:53:20,100
and it makes you appear. 
Almost prophetic to those who 

4237
03:53:20,100 --> 03:53:23,100
don't know, the mathematics 
behind your predictions. 

4238
03:53:23,100 --> 03:53:27,000
You've all been tracking the 
five visible planets though. 

4239
03:53:27,000 --> 03:53:32,400
You don't call them that yet. 
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter and

4240
03:53:32,400 --> 03:53:35,300
Saturn wander among the fixed 
Stars. 

4241
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:37,900
Each following its own complex 
path. 

4242
03:53:37,900 --> 03:53:42,400
Mercury never Strays far from 
the Sun appearing briefly, after

4243
03:53:42,400 --> 03:53:46,900
sunset, or Before Sunrise, Venus
make its more dramatic 

4244
03:53:46,900 --> 03:53:50,500
appearance is becoming the 
brightest object in the sky, 

4245
03:53:50,500 --> 03:53:54,100
besides the Sun and Moon. 
Mars occasionally seems to move 

4246
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:58,300
backward a phenomenon called 
retrograde motion, that will 

4247
03:53:58,300 --> 03:54:00,300
puzzle astronomers for 
centuries. 

4248
03:54:01,600 --> 03:54:06,200
Jupiter and Saturn, move more 
slowly taking years to complete 

4249
03:54:06,200 --> 03:54:08,600
their Journeys. 
Through the Stars, these 

4250
03:54:08,600 --> 03:54:10,700
observations have practical 
applications. 

4251
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:15,000
Your calendar based on lunar 
months, but adjusted to keep 

4252
03:54:15,000 --> 03:54:18,700
Pace with the solar year, 
requires constant monitoring to 

4253
03:54:18,700 --> 03:54:21,500
remain accurate. 
You add extra months when 

4254
03:54:21,500 --> 03:54:25,300
necessary a practice called 
intercalation to prevent the 

4255
03:54:25,300 --> 03:54:28,000
calendar from drifting away from
the seasons. 

4256
03:54:28,000 --> 03:54:31,100
This ensures that religious 
festivals occur at the 

4257
03:54:31,100 --> 03:54:34,700
appropriate times of year that 
Farmers plant at the optimal 

4258
03:54:34,700 --> 03:54:38,700
moment and that the entire 
civilization stays synchronized 

4259
03:54:38,700 --> 03:54:42,500
with natural cycles. 
But there's more than 

4260
03:54:42,500 --> 03:54:46,200
practicality at work here. 
You've begun to see patterns 

4261
03:54:46,200 --> 03:54:50,300
within patterns relationships 
between celestial events. 

4262
03:54:50,300 --> 03:54:53,000
That suggests the universe 
operates according to 

4263
03:54:53,000 --> 03:54:56,600
comprehensible rules. 
When you calculate that Mars 

4264
03:54:56,600 --> 03:54:59,500
will appear in a certain 
position relative to certain 

4265
03:54:59,500 --> 03:55:02,700
stars on a certain date and then
it happens. 

4266
03:55:02,700 --> 03:55:06,800
You're not just predicting the 
future your Glimpse in the 

4267
03:55:06,800 --> 03:55:08,600
underlying order of creation 
itself. 

4268
03:55:08,600 --> 03:55:13,000
Your culture has woven the sky 
into every aspect of life. 

4269
03:55:13,700 --> 03:55:17,900
The Zodiac those 12 patterns of 
stars through which the Sun 

4270
03:55:17,900 --> 03:55:22,100
appears to travel during the 
year, has become a framework for

4271
03:55:22,100 --> 03:55:25,700
understanding time. 
And fate each month, belongs to 

4272
03:55:25,700 --> 03:55:29,100
a different zodiac sign. 
And the position of planets 

4273
03:55:29,100 --> 03:55:32,700
within these signs is believed 
influence Earthly events. 

4274
03:55:32,700 --> 03:55:36,400
This is the beginning of 
astrology, which will later 

4275
03:55:36,400 --> 03:55:39,700
diverge from astronomy, but 
which in your time is 

4276
03:55:39,700 --> 03:55:43,400
inseparable from it. 
Both are attempts to find 

4277
03:55:43,400 --> 03:55:47,900
meaning in the sky to understand
how Celestial patterns relate to

4278
03:55:47,900 --> 03:55:51,600
terrestrial existence. 
You don't see a conflict between

4279
03:55:51,600 --> 03:55:55,400
the spiritual and the 
mathematical for you calculating

4280
03:55:55,400 --> 03:55:59,500
the precise moment of a lunar 
eclipse and believing that a 

4281
03:55:59,500 --> 03:56:02,900
Clips Carry's Divine 
significance, a complementary 

4282
03:56:02,900 --> 03:56:07,700
activities, the mathematics, 
proves the divine order, The 

4283
03:56:07,700 --> 03:56:11,000
predictability of the heavens 
demonstrates that the universe 

4284
03:56:11,000 --> 03:56:14,900
is not chaotic but rather 
follows laws established by the 

4285
03:56:14,900 --> 03:56:18,000
Gods. 
Your calculations are in a 

4286
03:56:18,000 --> 03:56:19,800
sense. 
A way of reading the gods 

4287
03:56:19,800 --> 03:56:24,300
intention has the night deepens,
you record your observations on 

4288
03:56:24,300 --> 03:56:27,200
a fresh clay. 
Tablet pressing wedge-shaped 

4289
03:56:27,200 --> 03:56:30,400
marks into the soft surface with
your Reed stylist. 

4290
03:56:31,400 --> 03:56:35,100
Centuries from now archeologists
will unearth tablets like this 

4291
03:56:35,100 --> 03:56:39,600
and Marvel at their accuracy. 
They'll recognize genuine 

4292
03:56:39,600 --> 03:56:44,400
astronomical data recorded with 
scientific precision, they'll 

4293
03:56:44,400 --> 03:56:47,300
see that your civilization 
understood far more about 

4294
03:56:47,300 --> 03:56:51,600
Celestial mechanics than history
often credits you with knowing 

4295
03:56:52,500 --> 03:56:56,500
but for now, you're simply doing
your job, you're watching 

4296
03:56:56,508 --> 03:57:01,500
recording calculating and slowly
building a body of knowledge 

4297
03:57:01,500 --> 03:57:06,200
that will influence every 
civilization that follows When 

4298
03:57:06,200 --> 03:57:09,600
Greek astronomers later develop 
their models of the cosmos, 

4299
03:57:09,600 --> 03:57:14,000
they'll build on Babylonian 
observations when Islamic 

4300
03:57:14,000 --> 03:57:17,300
scholars, preserve an expand 
astronomical knowledge during 

4301
03:57:17,300 --> 03:57:20,600
Europe's Dark Ages, Phil 
reference at baloney and 

4302
03:57:20,600 --> 03:57:24,300
Mathematics when modern 
astronomy, finally emerges, it 

4303
03:57:24,300 --> 03:57:27,000
will carry forward, Traditions 
that began on ziggurats. 

4304
03:57:27,000 --> 03:57:31,600
Like the one beneath your feet. 
The Stars wheel overhead, the 

4305
03:57:31,600 --> 03:57:35,900
same stars that Ice Age Hunters 
watched but you're seeing them 

4306
03:57:35,900 --> 03:57:38,400
differently. 
Now your measuring them 

4307
03:57:38,400 --> 03:57:42,000
calculating their movements and 
finding mathematical 

4308
03:57:42,000 --> 03:57:46,200
relationships in their patterns.
You've transformed them from 

4309
03:57:46,200 --> 03:57:50,500
mysterious lights into data 
points, in an increasingly 

4310
03:57:50,500 --> 03:57:53,100
sophisticated understanding of 
the cosmos. 

4311
03:57:53,100 --> 03:57:56,500
You've turned Wonder into 
science that you don't use that 

4312
03:57:56,500 --> 03:57:59,900
word yet. 
Above you, the Milky Way glows 

4313
03:57:59,900 --> 03:58:03,900
and somewhere within it though 
you'll never know this, the 

4314
03:58:03,900 --> 03:58:07,500
light of your own son is just 
one star among billions. 

4315
03:58:07,500 --> 03:58:12,500
But on this night in this moment
you're doing the work that will 

4316
03:58:12,500 --> 03:58:14,800
eventually reveal even that 
humbling. 

4317
03:58:14,800 --> 03:58:20,300
Truth, your watching recording 
and thinking activities that 

4318
03:58:20,300 --> 03:58:23,500
will prove to be among 
Humanity's most powerful tools 

4319
03:58:23,500 --> 03:58:27,500
for understanding the universe. 
Your standing on the deck of a 

4320
03:58:27,500 --> 03:58:32,000
Polynesian voyaging canoe, and 
the year is approximately 800 

4321
03:58:32,000 --> 03:58:36,700
CE, the nearest land is three 
days behind you and the nearest 

4322
03:58:36,700 --> 03:58:39,200
land ahead is perhaps five days 
away. 

4323
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:43,600
Though you won't know for 
certain until you see it around 

4324
03:58:43,600 --> 03:58:45,600
you. 
The Pacific Ocean extends to 

4325
03:58:45,600 --> 03:58:48,300
every Horizon and expanse of 
water. 

4326
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:51,700
So vast that all the world's 
land could fit within it with 

4327
03:58:51,700 --> 03:58:57,000
room to spare and you have no 
instruments, no Compass, no sex,

4328
03:58:57,000 --> 03:59:01,500
don't and no GPS. 
You have something better, you 

4329
03:59:01,500 --> 03:59:04,000
have the stars and, you know, 
how to read them. 

4330
03:59:04,700 --> 03:59:09,300
Your canoe is magnificent, 60 
feet of a hull carved from 

4331
03:59:09,300 --> 03:59:13,100
breadfruit trees with two, hulls
joined by a platform that 

4332
03:59:13,100 --> 03:59:15,300
provides stability and rough 
Seas. 

4333
03:59:15,300 --> 03:59:20,300
The sale is woven from pandanus 
leaves and it catches the trade 

4334
03:59:20,300 --> 03:59:23,300
winds that will carry you, 
across hundreds of miles of open

4335
03:59:23,300 --> 03:59:25,900
ocean. 
You're traveling with 30 other 

4336
03:59:25,908 --> 03:59:29,400
people carrying plants and 
animals to establish on a new 

4337
03:59:29,408 --> 03:59:31,400
island. 
Assuming you find it. 

4338
03:59:32,300 --> 03:59:35,400
This isn't exploration for 
exploration's sake. 

4339
03:59:35,400 --> 03:59:40,700
This is colonization migration. 
The deliberate expansion of your

4340
03:59:40,700 --> 03:59:45,300
people across a vast ocean and 
your navigating by methods, that

4341
03:59:45,300 --> 03:59:48,700
would seem impossible to many 
other cultures you have no 

4342
03:59:48,700 --> 03:59:51,800
written charts. 
You've never ridden down any 

4343
03:59:51,800 --> 03:59:55,600
direction or drawn any Maps, 
everything, you know about 

4344
03:59:55,600 --> 04:00:00,500
navigation, every technique, 
every star path, every wave 

4345
04:00:00,500 --> 04:00:04,400
pattern exists in your memory. 
And in the memories of The 

4346
04:00:04,400 --> 04:00:07,900
Navigators who taught you, this 
knowledge was passed down 

4347
04:00:07,900 --> 04:00:12,400
orally, demonstrated as sea and 
practice until it became 

4348
04:00:12,400 --> 04:00:16,000
intuitive. 
What looks like magic to outside

4349
04:00:16,000 --> 04:00:20,300
is actually a sophisticated 
science based on careful 

4350
04:00:20,300 --> 04:00:22,200
observation of natural 
phenomena. 

4351
04:00:22,200 --> 04:00:28,200
The stars are your primary tools
Before departing you memorize 

4352
04:00:28,200 --> 04:00:32,100
star paths. 
Specific stars that rise and set

4353
04:00:32,100 --> 04:00:35,800
at consistent points on the 
horizon, creating paths across 

4354
04:00:35,800 --> 04:00:38,800
the sky, that correspond to 
directions across the ocean. 

4355
04:00:38,800 --> 04:00:42,900
When you want to sail toward 
your destination Island, you've 

4356
04:00:42,900 --> 04:00:45,900
identify the appropriate 
starpath and keep your canoe 

4357
04:00:45,900 --> 04:00:49,400
aligned with it. 
As each star rises in the East 

4358
04:00:49,400 --> 04:00:54,300
travels across the sky and sets 
in the west, you use it to 

4359
04:00:54,300 --> 04:00:58,200
maintain your course, when one 
star becomes too high to use 

4360
04:00:58,200 --> 04:01:01,200
effectively. 
You switch to the next star in 

4361
04:01:01,200 --> 04:01:05,200
the sequence. 
This continues all night every 

4362
04:01:05,200 --> 04:01:08,500
night for as many nights as the 
journey requires. 

4363
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:13,000
During the day, you have the sun
which Rises and sets a 

4364
04:01:13,000 --> 04:01:14,800
predictable points depending on 
the season. 

4365
04:01:15,900 --> 04:01:19,900
You also have the swells long 
period waves generated by 

4366
04:01:19,900 --> 04:01:23,700
distant storms that travel 
across the ocean inconsistent 

4367
04:01:23,700 --> 04:01:26,600
Direction's. 
You can feel these swells 

4368
04:01:26,600 --> 04:01:29,900
through the hull and sense their
Direction even when surface 

4369
04:01:29,900 --> 04:01:33,700
waves obscure them. like 
combining Sun position with 

4370
04:01:33,700 --> 04:01:37,300
swell Direction, you maintain 
your course, during daylight 

4371
04:01:37,300 --> 04:01:42,400
hours, but the Stars provide the
most reliable guidance, You 

4372
04:01:42,400 --> 04:01:45,700
know, dozens of stars by name 
understand their rising and 

4373
04:01:45,700 --> 04:01:49,600
setting points and can estimate 
your latitude, by observing, 

4374
04:01:49,600 --> 04:01:51,900
which stars passed directly 
overhead. 

4375
04:01:51,900 --> 04:01:56,200
The North Star Polaris is too 
far north to be useful in most 

4376
04:01:56,200 --> 04:02:00,900
of the Pacific, but other stars,
serve, similar functions, the 

4377
04:02:00,900 --> 04:02:05,100
Southern Cross points. 
South Arcturus which you call 

4378
04:02:05,100 --> 04:02:09,500
Hokulea passes nearly overhead 
at Hawaii's latitude. 

4379
04:02:09,500 --> 04:02:13,300
When Hawker is directly above 
you, you know you're at the 

4380
04:02:13,300 --> 04:02:15,400
correct latitude to find those 
islands. 

4381
04:02:16,400 --> 04:02:20,200
You've also memorized reference 
Islands, small, atolls and 

4382
04:02:20,200 --> 04:02:23,100
islands that lie between your 
starting point and destination. 

4383
04:02:23,100 --> 04:02:27,100
Even if you don't plan to stop 
at these references, knowing 

4384
04:02:27,100 --> 04:02:31,100
their positions, helps you 
navigate If you spot one of them

4385
04:02:31,100 --> 04:02:34,800
you can adjust your course 
accordingly, if you don't spot 

4386
04:02:34,800 --> 04:02:38,400
one, you expected to see you 
know you've drifted and can 

4387
04:02:38,400 --> 04:02:42,300
calculate the correction needed.
The sophistication of this 

4388
04:02:42,300 --> 04:02:45,500
system is staggering. 
You're essentially maintaining 

4389
04:02:45,500 --> 04:02:48,200
dead reckoning. 
Across hundreds or thousands of 

4390
04:02:48,200 --> 04:02:51,400
miles of featureless ocean 
updating your position. 

4391
04:02:51,400 --> 04:02:55,500
Constantly based on every 
available cue, you watch for 

4392
04:02:55,500 --> 04:02:59,800
clouds that form over distant 
Islands, invisible below the 

4393
04:02:59,800 --> 04:03:02,800
Horizon but revealed by the 
clouds they generate. 

4394
04:03:03,600 --> 04:03:07,700
You observe sea birds and know 
which species fly far from land 

4395
04:03:07,700 --> 04:03:11,300
and which stay close to shore 
you note the color of the water,

4396
04:03:11,300 --> 04:03:15,300
the type of floating debris and 
the temperature changes that 

4397
04:03:15,300 --> 04:03:19,900
indicate different currents. 
On clear nights, the navigation 

4398
04:03:19,900 --> 04:03:23,400
is almost relaxing. 
The stars are bright and 

4399
04:03:23,400 --> 04:03:26,900
obvious, the moon provides 
additional light and you can see

4400
04:03:26,900 --> 04:03:31,200
the Horizon clearly. 
But tonight clouds obscure much 

4401
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:33,900
of the sky. 
This would Panic a less 

4402
04:03:33,900 --> 04:03:37,200
experienced Navigator, but 
you've sailed through worse 

4403
04:03:37,200 --> 04:03:39,900
conditions, you find gaps in the
clouds. 

4404
04:03:39,900 --> 04:03:44,000
Catch glimpses of familiar stars
and use those brief views to 

4405
04:03:44,000 --> 04:03:47,700
maintain your course. 
When stars aren't visible at 

4406
04:03:47,700 --> 04:03:51,200
all, you rely on the swells, on 
the wind's Direction. 

4407
04:03:51,200 --> 04:03:56,100
And on subtle signs that others 
might miss entirely, your people

4408
04:03:56,100 --> 04:03:57,700
have been making Journeys like 
this. 

4409
04:03:57,700 --> 04:04:02,500
For over 1000 Years, spreading 
across the Pacific in waves of 

4410
04:04:02,500 --> 04:04:06,700
migration that populated Islands
from Hawaii to New Zealand to 

4411
04:04:06,700 --> 04:04:09,400
Easter Island. 
This represents one of 

4412
04:04:09,400 --> 04:04:12,300
Humanity's greatest 
navigational, achievements 

4413
04:04:12,300 --> 04:04:16,000
settling thousands of islands 
scattered across the world's 

4414
04:04:16,000 --> 04:04:21,200
largest ocean using nothing but 
observation memory and skill 

4415
04:04:21,200 --> 04:04:25,300
cultures with metal tools and 
written languages couldn't match

4416
04:04:25,300 --> 04:04:28,400
what your people accomplished 
with wooden, canoes and oral 

4417
04:04:28,400 --> 04:04:33,700
knowledge. the key was the Stars
reliability on a notion without 

4418
04:04:33,700 --> 04:04:38,000
landmarks where currents can 
push you off course and wins can

4419
04:04:38,000 --> 04:04:42,800
shift unpredictably the Stars 
remained constant They appeared 

4420
04:04:42,800 --> 04:04:47,000
in the same positions, followed 
the same paths and maintain 

4421
04:04:47,000 --> 04:04:48,800
their same relationships to each
other. 

4422
04:04:48,800 --> 04:04:52,600
This Celestial constancy 
provided the reference frame, 

4423
04:04:52,600 --> 04:04:55,400
you needed to navigate 
terrestrial uncertainty. 

4424
04:04:56,100 --> 04:04:59,500
You're navigation is astronomy 
in its most practical form. 

4425
04:04:59,500 --> 04:05:02,700
You don't care about the 
physical nature of stars. 

4426
04:05:02,700 --> 04:05:05,500
Whether they're distant Sons or 
lights on. 

4427
04:05:05,500 --> 04:05:08,400
A celestial sphere, makes no 
difference to your work. 

4428
04:05:09,500 --> 04:05:13,100
What matters is their positions,
their movements and their 

4429
04:05:13,100 --> 04:05:17,100
usefulness as guides, you've 
developed and applied science of

4430
04:05:17,100 --> 04:05:20,700
astronomy focused, entirely on 
what works rather than why it 

4431
04:05:20,700 --> 04:05:23,300
works. 
Your theories about the cosmos. 

4432
04:05:23,300 --> 04:05:27,900
Might strike later astronomers 
as primitive But your practical 

4433
04:05:27,900 --> 04:05:31,100
knowledge of celestial 
navigation, is extraordinarily 

4434
04:05:31,100 --> 04:05:34,300
sophisticated. 
As Dawn, approaches you spot 

4435
04:05:34,300 --> 04:05:38,300
something on the horizon. 
Cloud with a greenish tinted at 

4436
04:05:38,308 --> 04:05:43,300
his base reflecting vegetation 
on an island below, its the 

4437
04:05:43,300 --> 04:05:46,500
reference at all. 
You expected to see right? 

4438
04:05:46,500 --> 04:05:49,600
Where it should be. 
You'll navigation has been 

4439
04:05:49,600 --> 04:05:52,400
accurate. 
You adjust your course, slightly

4440
04:05:52,400 --> 04:05:56,100
compensating for the current 
that pushed you, marginally East

4441
04:05:56,100 --> 04:06:00,100
during the night and continued 
toward your destination around. 

4442
04:06:00,100 --> 04:06:03,800
You, people are waking preparing
food and tending to the plants 

4443
04:06:03,800 --> 04:06:05,400
and animals. 
You're transporting. 

4444
04:06:06,200 --> 04:06:09,900
Children play on the platform. 
Between the holes, two young to 

4445
04:06:09,900 --> 04:06:13,000
understand the Precision 
required to find a tiny Island 

4446
04:06:13,000 --> 04:06:16,100
in an enormous ocean. 
They'll learn though. 

4447
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:19,100
Some of them will become 
Navigators themselves, 

4448
04:06:19,100 --> 04:06:23,700
memorizing, the same star paths,
you know, learning to read the 

4449
04:06:23,700 --> 04:06:27,900
same subtle signs and continuing
Traditions that stretch back 

4450
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:32,000
through more Generations than 
anyone can count the sun rises 

4451
04:06:32,000 --> 04:06:36,200
and the Stars fade, your 
nighttime navigation, tools 

4452
04:06:36,200 --> 04:06:38,600
disappear. 
But you've already noted your 

4453
04:06:38,600 --> 04:06:42,200
position and set your daytime 
course in a few days. 

4454
04:06:42,200 --> 04:06:45,200
If your calculations remain 
accurate, you'll cite your 

4455
04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:49,300
destination, a new island to 
settle the new home for your 

4456
04:06:49,300 --> 04:06:53,400
people found by following lights
in the sky across an ocean. 

4457
04:06:53,400 --> 04:06:55,500
That covers nearly a third of 
the planet. 

4458
04:06:55,500 --> 04:06:58,300
The Stars didn't care about your
journey. 

4459
04:06:58,300 --> 04:07:01,600
They would have shown just as 
brightly with you, were there to

4460
04:07:01,600 --> 04:07:05,800
see them or not, but by learning
to read them by understanding 

4461
04:07:05,800 --> 04:07:09,000
their movements with the off 
Precision to stake, your life on

4462
04:07:09,000 --> 04:07:12,500
that understanding, you've 
transformed them from merely 

4463
04:07:12,500 --> 04:07:16,500
beautiful light into the most 
reliable tools Humanity. 

4464
04:07:16,700 --> 04:07:19,800
Has ever found for exploring the
world. 

4465
04:07:19,800 --> 04:07:23,600
You've proven that careful 
observation and rigorous mental 

4466
04:07:23,600 --> 04:07:25,100
training. 
Can overcome seemingly 

4467
04:07:25,100 --> 04:07:29,300
impossible challenges? 
You've shown that the sky is 

4468
04:07:29,300 --> 04:07:31,100
more than something to wonder 
at. 

4469
04:07:31,700 --> 04:07:36,600
It's something to use to rely on
and to trust with your survival 

4470
04:07:36,600 --> 04:07:39,600
and in doing. 
So you've continued the project 

4471
04:07:39,600 --> 04:07:41,800
begun by those Ice Age 
observers. 

4472
04:07:41,800 --> 04:07:45,500
The long patient work of 
understanding what those lights 

4473
04:07:45,500 --> 04:07:47,600
are and what they can tell us 
about the world. 

4474
04:07:47,600 --> 04:07:51,800
We inhabit your standing in the 
Library of Alexandria and the 

4475
04:07:51,800 --> 04:07:56,300
year is approximately 200. 
BC e the room around, you can 

4476
04:07:56,300 --> 04:08:00,000
contains hundreds of thousands, 
of Scrolls, the accumulated, 

4477
04:08:00,000 --> 04:08:03,600
knowledge of the ancient world 
gathered from every culture, the

4478
04:08:03,600 --> 04:08:08,000
Hellenistic Empire has touched 
But right now, you're not 

4479
04:08:08,008 --> 04:08:09,800
interested in poetry or 
philosophy. 

4480
04:08:09,800 --> 04:08:13,300
Your focused on a particular. 
Scroll that contains 

4481
04:08:13,300 --> 04:08:17,000
astronomical observations from 
Babylon and you're trying to 

4482
04:08:17,008 --> 04:08:20,400
reconcile those observations 
with a new geometric model of 

4483
04:08:20,400 --> 04:08:24,400
the cosmos you are in the 
terminology of your time, a 

4484
04:08:24,400 --> 04:08:27,700
mathematician and natural 
philosopher, though, later ages 

4485
04:08:27,700 --> 04:08:31,100
will call you an astronomer. 
Your name might be remembered, 

4486
04:08:31,100 --> 04:08:36,200
perhaps your aristarchus or 
eratosthenes or hipparchus or it

4487
04:08:36,200 --> 04:08:39,200
might be forgotten. 
Lost among the thousands of 

4488
04:08:39,200 --> 04:08:42,200
Scholars who worked in 
Alexandria during its golden 

4489
04:08:42,200 --> 04:08:44,000
age. 
But whether or not your 

4490
04:08:44,000 --> 04:08:47,700
individual name, survives the 
work you're doing, will change 

4491
04:08:47,700 --> 04:08:50,200
Humanity's relationship with the
sky forever. 

4492
04:08:50,200 --> 04:08:54,000
You're not just observing the 
heavens, any more, your 

4493
04:08:54,000 --> 04:08:57,200
measuring them. 
This represents a fundamental 

4494
04:08:57,200 --> 04:09:01,300
shift in approach early 
civilizations, watched the sky 

4495
04:09:01,300 --> 04:09:05,600
and recorded what they saw 
identifying patterns and using 

4496
04:09:05,600 --> 04:09:09,400
those Patterns for practical 
purposes, you're doing something

4497
04:09:09,400 --> 04:09:13,100
different, you're asking 
quantitative questions and 

4498
04:09:13,100 --> 04:09:17,300
demanding numerical answers, not
just where does the sun appear 

4499
04:09:17,300 --> 04:09:19,400
to move? 
But how large is the Sun? 

4500
04:09:19,400 --> 04:09:22,900
Not just do the stars move, but 
how far away are they? 

4501
04:09:23,800 --> 04:09:28,000
Your culture has advantages that
earlier observers lacked Greek 

4502
04:09:28,000 --> 04:09:30,600
mathematics has developed 
geometric tools. 

4503
04:09:30,600 --> 04:09:34,600
Powerful enough to model 
Celestial mechanics, your 

4504
04:09:34,600 --> 04:09:37,800
understanding of circles angles 
and ratios allows you to make 

4505
04:09:37,800 --> 04:09:40,600
calculations that would have 
been impossible for the 

4506
04:09:40,600 --> 04:09:44,200
Babylonians despite their 
sophisticated arithmetic. 

4507
04:09:44,200 --> 04:09:47,400
You also have access to 
centuries of Babylonian 

4508
04:09:47,400 --> 04:09:51,400
observations giving you data 
spanning longer periods than any

4509
04:09:51,400 --> 04:09:55,100
single lifetime could provide 
consider eritos. 

4510
04:09:55,100 --> 04:09:58,700
These famous calculation of 
Earth circumference performed 

4511
04:09:58,700 --> 04:10:03,000
right here in Alexandria, 
roughly 50 years ago, he noticed

4512
04:10:03,000 --> 04:10:08,300
the noon on the summer solstice 
The sun was directly overhead in

4513
04:10:08,300 --> 04:10:13,100
seen casting no Shadow. 
While in Alexandria It cast a 

4514
04:10:13,100 --> 04:10:16,900
shadow corresponding to an angle
of approximately 7 degrees. 

4515
04:10:16,900 --> 04:10:20,400
By measuring the distance 
between these cities and using 

4516
04:10:20,400 --> 04:10:23,500
basic geometry. 
He calculated Earth's 

4517
04:10:23,500 --> 04:10:27,500
circumference with remarkable 
accuracy, this wasn't just 

4518
04:10:27,500 --> 04:10:29,500
clever. 
It was revolutionary. 

4519
04:10:29,500 --> 04:10:33,800
He'd measured the size of the 
entire planet using nothing but 

4520
04:10:33,800 --> 04:10:38,100
Shadows, angles and reasoning. 
Your attempting something. 

4521
04:10:38,100 --> 04:10:43,400
Similarly audacious Calculating 
the distance to the Moon, you 

4522
04:10:43,400 --> 04:10:46,400
know, that during a lunar 
eclipse, Earth's Shadow falls on

4523
04:10:46,400 --> 04:10:49,600
the moon and by carefully 
measuring the Shadows size 

4524
04:10:49,600 --> 04:10:53,400
relative to the moon's diameter.
You can determine the ratio of 

4525
04:10:53,408 --> 04:10:56,500
distances. 
The mathematics is tricky. 

4526
04:10:56,500 --> 04:11:01,400
You need precise observations of
eclipses, careful, measurements 

4527
04:11:01,400 --> 04:11:05,000
of angles and sophisticated 
geometric reasoning, but is 

4528
04:11:05,008 --> 04:11:07,500
doable. 
And when you finish, you'll have

4529
04:11:07,500 --> 04:11:11,500
a number The Moon is 
approximately 60 Earth radii 

4530
04:11:11,500 --> 04:11:14,800
away. 
This is astonishing accuracy for

4531
04:11:14,800 --> 04:11:18,300
observations made with naked 
eyes and simple measuring tools.

4532
04:11:19,100 --> 04:11:22,800
You have no telescope's, no 
Precision Instruments, just 

4533
04:11:22,800 --> 04:11:26,600
calibrated sticks and circles 
divided into degrees. 

4534
04:11:26,600 --> 04:11:31,400
Your determining Cosmic distance
is measuring the unmeasurable 

4535
04:11:31,400 --> 04:11:34,700
pulling numbers from what had 
been pure mystery. 

4536
04:11:35,600 --> 04:11:38,900
Other scholars in Alexandria 
attacking different questions. 

4537
04:11:38,900 --> 04:11:43,500
Aristarchus is proposed 
something radical, perhaps Earth

4538
04:11:43,500 --> 04:11:48,200
orbits the sun rather than the 
reverse his geometric arguments 

4539
04:11:48,200 --> 04:11:51,900
are compelling if Earth's 
circles the sun, it explains 

4540
04:11:51,900 --> 04:11:55,500
certain observations about 
planetary motions more elegantly

4541
04:11:55,500 --> 04:11:59,600
than the traditional model. 
But his idea faces resistance. 

4542
04:11:59,600 --> 04:12:04,400
If Earth moves shouldn't, we 
feel it shouldn't the Stars 

4543
04:12:04,400 --> 04:12:07,400
shift position as Earth travels 
around its orbit. 

4544
04:12:08,200 --> 04:12:10,600
The lack of observable, stellar 
parallax. 

4545
04:12:10,600 --> 04:12:13,800
The apparent shift in Star 
positions caused by. 

4546
04:12:13,800 --> 04:12:17,300
Earth's motion seems to argue 
against a moving Earth. 

4547
04:12:17,300 --> 04:12:20,500
What aristarchus doesn't know is
that he's right? 

4548
04:12:20,500 --> 04:12:24,400
But the stars are far more 
distant than anyone imagines. 

4549
04:12:25,200 --> 04:12:28,800
The Parallax exists, but it's 
too small to detect without 

4550
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:31,600
telescopes. 
His correct Theory will be 

4551
04:12:31,600 --> 04:12:35,400
largely forgotten, buried under 
the weight of common sense. 

4552
04:12:35,400 --> 04:12:39,000
That insist the Solid Ground 
beneath our feet must be 

4553
04:12:39,000 --> 04:12:40,800
stationary. 
Truth. 

4554
04:12:40,800 --> 04:12:45,400
Sometimes loses to intuition. 
At least temporarily you're also

4555
04:12:45,400 --> 04:12:49,000
working on cataloging stars with
unprecedented precision. 

4556
04:12:50,100 --> 04:12:53,400
Your predecessor had Parker's 
created a star catalog that 

4557
04:12:53,400 --> 04:12:57,500
listed roughly a thousand stars 
noting their positions and 

4558
04:12:57,500 --> 04:13:01,000
relative brightnesses. 
You're expanding this, work 

4559
04:13:01,000 --> 04:13:05,500
adding more stars, refining the 
measurements and developing a 

4560
04:13:05,500 --> 04:13:08,100
magnitude system to classify 
brighten brightness. 

4561
04:13:08,900 --> 04:13:13,100
This might seem like me a 
bookkeeping, but it's crucial to

4562
04:13:13,100 --> 04:13:15,200
understand how the heavens 
change. 

4563
04:13:15,200 --> 04:13:19,300
You first need to know their 
normal state, only with precise 

4564
04:13:19,300 --> 04:13:21,700
catalogs. 
Can you detect phenomena like 

4565
04:13:21,700 --> 04:13:27,400
Novi, new stars that appear when
none existed before or track 

4566
04:13:27,400 --> 04:13:31,600
subtle changes in planetary 
positions, the geometric models,

4567
04:13:31,600 --> 04:13:34,700
your developing represent 
Humanities first serious 

4568
04:13:34,700 --> 04:13:37,200
attempts at explaining Celestial
mechanics. 

4569
04:13:37,200 --> 04:13:41,400
You describe the cosmos as a 
series of nested spheres. 

4570
04:13:41,400 --> 04:13:45,300
Each carrying different, 
celestial objects, all rotating 

4571
04:13:45,300 --> 04:13:48,900
around Earth at the center. 
It's wrong in most details. 

4572
04:13:48,900 --> 04:13:53,500
But the approaches sound, create
a mathematical model tested 

4573
04:13:53,500 --> 04:13:57,200
against observations and refine 
it when discrepancies appear. 

4574
04:13:58,100 --> 04:14:00,600
This is science. 
Even if the specific 

4575
04:14:00,600 --> 04:14:02,800
conclusions, will later be 
overturned. 

4576
04:14:02,800 --> 04:14:06,000
Your particularly interested in 
planetary motion. 

4577
04:14:06,800 --> 04:14:11,900
The five visible planets 
Mercury, Venus Mars, Jupiter, 

4578
04:14:11,900 --> 04:14:15,300
and Saturn wander Among the 
Stars in ways. 

4579
04:14:15,300 --> 04:14:19,500
That simple circular motion. 
Can't explain Mars, occasionally

4580
04:14:19,500 --> 04:14:23,200
appears to stop move backward, 
then resume its normal 

4581
04:14:23,200 --> 04:14:26,400
Direction. 
How can this be if planets? 

4582
04:14:26,400 --> 04:14:31,200
Move on simple circles? 
Your solution involves epicycles

4583
04:14:31,200 --> 04:14:36,300
small circles who centers travel
along larger circles, a planet 

4584
04:14:36,300 --> 04:14:39,900
moves along its epicycle while 
the epicycle center moves, along

4585
04:14:39,900 --> 04:14:43,800
a larger circle around Earth. 
With the right combination of 

4586
04:14:43,800 --> 04:14:47,600
circles, moving at the right 
speed, you can match observed, 

4587
04:14:47,600 --> 04:14:51,500
planetary motions quite. 
Well, the model is complicated, 

4588
04:14:51,500 --> 04:14:55,200
requiring, multiple Epistles for
some planets but it works. 

4589
04:14:55,200 --> 04:14:58,800
It predicts where planets will 
appear in the sky months or 

4590
04:14:58,800 --> 04:15:01,900
years in advance. 
This model will dominate 

4591
04:15:01,900 --> 04:15:06,200
astronomy for over 1000 Years. 
Not because people are stubborn 

4592
04:15:06,208 --> 04:15:10,600
or ignorant, but because it's 
genuinely useful, it predicts 

4593
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:14,800
Celestial phenomena, accurately 
enough and navigation, calendar,

4594
04:15:14,800 --> 04:15:17,000
making and other practical 
purposes. 

4595
04:15:17,000 --> 04:15:20,100
The fact that its base on 
incorrect assumptions about 

4596
04:15:20,100 --> 04:15:22,900
Earth centrality, doesn't matter
for prediction. 

4597
04:15:23,700 --> 04:15:27,000
A wrong model that works is more
useful than no model at all. 

4598
04:15:27,008 --> 04:15:29,700
But something else is happening 
in your work. 

4599
04:15:29,700 --> 04:15:32,800
That transcends, any specific 
model or measurement? 

4600
04:15:34,000 --> 04:15:37,100
Your establishing the principle 
that the Universe operates 

4601
04:15:37,100 --> 04:15:41,300
according to mathematical laws, 
discoverable through reason and 

4602
04:15:41,300 --> 04:15:43,600
observation. 
The heavens aren't merely 

4603
04:15:43,600 --> 04:15:46,500
mysterious or Divine their 
comprehensible. 

4604
04:15:46,500 --> 04:15:50,500
They follow rules. 
Those rules can be written down,

4605
04:15:50,500 --> 04:15:55,300
calculated and predicted. 
This idea more than any 

4606
04:15:55,300 --> 04:15:59,300
particular Discovery is your 
culture's greatest contribution 

4607
04:15:59,300 --> 04:16:02,800
to astronomy as evening Falls 
and you finally leave the 

4608
04:16:02,800 --> 04:16:04,900
library. 
You walk out into the 

4609
04:16:04,900 --> 04:16:10,200
Mediterranean night The stars 
are emerging the same stars that

4610
04:16:10,200 --> 04:16:14,300
I Sage Hunters watched. 
That Babylonian priests tracked 

4611
04:16:14,300 --> 04:16:16,900
and that Polynesian Navigators 
followed. 

4612
04:16:16,900 --> 04:16:20,900
But you see them differently. 
Now, you don't just observe 

4613
04:16:20,900 --> 04:16:24,600
them, you measure them. 
You don't merely note their 

4614
04:16:24,600 --> 04:16:27,500
patents. 
You create mathematical models 

4615
04:16:27,500 --> 04:16:31,700
to explain those patterns. 
You've transformed them from 

4616
04:16:31,700 --> 04:16:35,300
objects of Wonder into objects 
of study. 

4617
04:16:35,300 --> 04:16:39,400
The transformation isn't 
complete, of course, many of 

4618
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:42,700
your measurements are rough. 
Many of your models are wrong 

4619
04:16:42,700 --> 04:16:46,200
and many questions remain 
unanswerable with your current 

4620
04:16:46,200 --> 04:16:50,400
tools but you've established 
something crucial the project of

4621
04:16:50,400 --> 04:16:53,600
understanding the cosmos through
mathematics and systematic 

4622
04:16:53,600 --> 04:16:56,700
observation. 
You show that human reason can 

4623
04:16:56,700 --> 04:17:00,700
grapple with Celestial phenomena
that the Apparently unreachable 

4624
04:17:00,700 --> 04:17:03,500
can be measured. 
And that Mysteries can become 

4625
04:17:03,500 --> 04:17:07,600
mathematics somewhere in your 
calculations and models buried 

4626
04:17:07,600 --> 04:17:11,200
in geometric, diagrams and 
numerical tables lie. 

4627
04:17:11,200 --> 04:17:14,600
The seeds of re Nations that 
won't flower for centuries. 

4628
04:17:15,500 --> 04:17:18,900
Your work on Stellar positions, 
will eventually prove Earth 

4629
04:17:18,900 --> 04:17:21,600
moves. 
Your geometric techniques will 

4630
04:17:21,600 --> 04:17:24,300
help demonstrate the vast scale 
of the cosmos. 

4631
04:17:25,200 --> 04:17:29,300
Your insistence that observation
must match Theory will become 

4632
04:17:29,300 --> 04:17:33,800
the foundation of the scientific
method, but tonight you're 

4633
04:17:33,800 --> 04:17:36,700
simply satisfied to have added a
few more measurements to 

4634
04:17:36,700 --> 04:17:39,600
Humanities growing understanding
of the heavens. 

4635
04:17:40,400 --> 04:17:45,100
The stars shine on indifferent 
to your calculations, but you've

4636
04:17:45,100 --> 04:17:48,500
measured their positions with 
unprecedented Precision. 

4637
04:17:48,500 --> 04:17:53,200
You've turned skywards mystery 
into Earthly mathematics, you've

4638
04:17:53,200 --> 04:17:57,100
continued, the long journey from
one to understanding and that 

4639
04:17:57,100 --> 04:18:01,400
journey is far from over. 
You're on a rooftop in Padua, 

4640
04:18:01,400 --> 04:18:05,800
Italy and the year is 1609 in 
your hands. 

4641
04:18:05,800 --> 04:18:08,900
You hold an instrument that will
change human understanding of 

4642
04:18:08,900 --> 04:18:11,300
the cosmos more profoundly than 
anything. 

4643
04:18:11,300 --> 04:18:15,200
Since the invention of 
mathematics itself, it's a tube 

4644
04:18:15,200 --> 04:18:19,300
roughly three feet, long fitted 
with carefully ground lenses at 

4645
04:18:19,300 --> 04:18:22,000
each end, capable of magnifying 
distant objects. 

4646
04:18:22,000 --> 04:18:27,100
Approximately 20 times you call 
it a telescope from Greek Roots,

4647
04:18:27,100 --> 04:18:30,200
meaning, far-seeing. 
And tonight, you're about to 

4648
04:18:30,200 --> 04:18:33,100
turn it toward the sky for 
perhaps the hundredth time. 

4649
04:18:33,100 --> 04:18:37,300
Each session revealing something
new that contradicts centuries 

4650
04:18:37,300 --> 04:18:41,000
of accepted truth. 
The device itself is barely a 

4651
04:18:41,000 --> 04:18:45,100
year old, at least in its 
current form Dutch, spectacle 

4652
04:18:45,100 --> 04:18:48,400
makers, discovered that certain 
combinations of lenses could 

4653
04:18:48,400 --> 04:18:52,500
magnify distant objects and when
you heard about this, you 

4654
04:18:52,500 --> 04:18:54,500
immediately recognized its 
potential. 

4655
04:18:54,500 --> 04:18:59,100
You've spent months, grinding 
lenses, testing configurations, 

4656
04:18:59,100 --> 04:19:02,500
and improving the design until 
you achieved magnifications. 

4657
04:19:02,500 --> 04:19:04,600
Far beyond what the Dutch 
achieved. 

4658
04:19:05,500 --> 04:19:09,200
Where they saw a novelty. 
You saw a revolution, your 

4659
04:19:09,200 --> 04:19:12,500
colleague at the University of 
Padua were initially skeptical. 

4660
04:19:13,800 --> 04:19:16,200
Some refuse to even look through
the device. 

4661
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:19,200
Insisting that. 
Anything seen through glass 

4662
04:19:19,200 --> 04:19:22,900
lenses must be an artifact or 
Illusion rather than reality, 

4663
04:19:22,900 --> 04:19:25,700
others looked. 
But dismissed what they saw 

4664
04:19:25,700 --> 04:19:30,000
unable to reconcile observations
with their understanding of how 

4665
04:19:30,000 --> 04:19:33,900
the cosmos should work. 
But you've persisted and your 

4666
04:19:33,900 --> 04:19:36,600
observations have become 
increasingly difficult to 

4667
04:19:36,600 --> 04:19:41,200
dismiss tonight. 
Your focusing on Jupiter, you've

4668
04:19:41,200 --> 04:19:43,000
been watching this planet for 
weeks now. 

4669
04:19:43,000 --> 04:19:45,400
And what you've discovered is 
staggering. 

4670
04:19:45,400 --> 04:19:50,900
Jupiter has moons at least four 
of them visible as Tiny Points 

4671
04:19:50,900 --> 04:19:54,000
of Light arranged in a line 
extending from the planets 

4672
04:19:54,000 --> 04:19:58,800
bright disk Night by Night. 
You've watched, these moons 

4673
04:19:58,800 --> 04:20:03,200
change position orbiting Jupiter
exactly as the moon orbits 

4674
04:20:03,200 --> 04:20:06,000
Earth. 
This is revolutionary because it

4675
04:20:06,000 --> 04:20:08,800
proves that not everything in 
the heavens orbits Earth. 

4676
04:20:09,600 --> 04:20:12,600
Here is a Celestial body with 
its own satellites. 

4677
04:20:12,600 --> 04:20:15,900
A miniature planetary system 
that demolishes the 

4678
04:20:15,900 --> 04:20:20,900
earth-centered cosmos accepted 
since ancient times you've been 

4679
04:20:20,908 --> 04:20:24,600
keeping detailed records 
sketching Jupiter's moons in 

4680
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:28,300
different positions, each night 
and calculating their orbital 

4681
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:31,500
periods. 
The innermost Moon completes its

4682
04:20:31,500 --> 04:20:36,100
orbit in roughly 42 hours. 
The outermost takes about 16 

4683
04:20:36,100 --> 04:20:38,900
days. 
The Precision of their movements

4684
04:20:38,900 --> 04:20:41,500
is beautiful. 
They're following the same 

4685
04:20:41,500 --> 04:20:44,800
mathematical laws that govern 
the moons orbit around Earth. 

4686
04:20:45,500 --> 04:20:49,200
Suggesting Universal principles,
rather than special cases. 

4687
04:20:50,000 --> 04:20:52,600
But Jupiter's moons are your 
only Discovery. 

4688
04:20:52,600 --> 04:20:58,300
The moon Earth's moon has been 
equally revelatory through your 

4689
04:20:58,300 --> 04:20:59,800
telescope. 
The smooth. 

4690
04:20:59,800 --> 04:21:04,100
Perfect, sphere described by 
ancient philosophers transforms 

4691
04:21:04,100 --> 04:21:07,100
into a rough mountainous world. 
You see? 

4692
04:21:07,108 --> 04:21:10,200
Craters, valleys and towering 
Peaks. 

4693
04:21:10,200 --> 04:21:14,000
That cast, Long Shadows across 
Luna Plains, you've even 

4694
04:21:14,000 --> 04:21:17,200
measured the height of some 
mountains by calculating Shadow 

4695
04:21:17,200 --> 04:21:19,600
lengths, finding Peaks that 
rival. 

4696
04:21:19,600 --> 04:21:22,800
Earth's highest Summits. 
The moon isn't a perfect 

4697
04:21:22,800 --> 04:21:25,800
celestial object made of 
quintessence as Aristotle, 

4698
04:21:25,800 --> 04:21:29,000
claimed. 
It's a world as physical and a 

4699
04:21:29,000 --> 04:21:33,100
regular as Earth itself. 
Venus is provided more evidence 

4700
04:21:33,100 --> 04:21:36,700
against earth-centered models 
through your telescope. 

4701
04:21:36,700 --> 04:21:39,900
You've observed that Venus goes 
through phases, like the moon. 

4702
04:21:39,900 --> 04:21:43,600
Sometimes appearing as a 
crescent, sometimes, as a 

4703
04:21:43,600 --> 04:21:47,400
gibbous shape and sometimes 
nearly full, this only makes 

4704
04:21:47,400 --> 04:21:50,400
sense. 
If Venus orbits the sun passing 

4705
04:21:50,400 --> 04:21:53,700
between us and the sun, when it 
appears as a crescent and moving

4706
04:21:53,700 --> 04:21:57,500
beyond the sun, when it appears 
full in an earth-centered 

4707
04:21:57,500 --> 04:22:01,100
system, where Venus orbits 
between Earth and the Sun, it 

4708
04:22:01,100 --> 04:22:03,200
should only ever appear as a 
crescent. 

4709
04:22:04,100 --> 04:22:07,600
The phases of Venus are direct 
evidence for a sun-centered 

4710
04:22:07,600 --> 04:22:11,700
solar system, you've also been 
observing the sun itself using 

4711
04:22:11,700 --> 04:22:16,100
projection methods to avoid 
damaging your eyes The sun. 

4712
04:22:16,100 --> 04:22:19,800
Supposedly the most perfect 
celestial object is marked with 

4713
04:22:19,800 --> 04:22:25,000
spots, dark blemishes that 
appear change shape and 

4714
04:22:25,000 --> 04:22:29,000
disappear over days or weeks by 
tracking these spots. 

4715
04:22:29,000 --> 04:22:33,300
You've determined that the sun 
rotates completing one 

4716
04:22:33,300 --> 04:22:39,200
revolution, approximately every 
27 days, This rotation combined,

4717
04:22:39,200 --> 04:22:43,100
with the imperfect nature of 
sunspots further demolishes, the

4718
04:22:43,100 --> 04:22:47,200
idea of celestial Perfection, 
the Milky Way has revealed its 

4719
04:22:47,200 --> 04:22:50,300
Secret. 
To the naked eye, it appears as 

4720
04:22:50,300 --> 04:22:54,100
a hazy band of light across the 
sky through your telescope. 

4721
04:22:54,100 --> 04:22:58,900
It resolves into thousands upon 
thousands of individual Stars 

4722
04:22:58,900 --> 04:23:02,400
too distant and numerous to see 
separately without 

4723
04:23:02,400 --> 04:23:05,600
magnification. 
This suggests, the universe 

4724
04:23:05,600 --> 04:23:07,800
contains far more stars than 
anyone. 

4725
04:23:07,800 --> 04:23:12,600
Imagined not the few thousand 
visible to the naked eye, but 

4726
04:23:12,600 --> 04:23:18,200
potentially millions or billions
extending far beyond what 

4727
04:23:18,200 --> 04:23:20,100
earlier astronomers thought 
possible. 

4728
04:23:20,100 --> 04:23:23,400
Each of these observations 
contradicts established 

4729
04:23:23,400 --> 04:23:27,200
Doctrine. 
The church's cosmology, based on

4730
04:23:27,200 --> 04:23:31,600
Aristotle and Ptolemy places 
Earth at the center of a small 

4731
04:23:31,600 --> 04:23:35,400
ordered Universe with perfect 
celestial bodies. 

4732
04:23:35,400 --> 04:23:39,900
Moving on, perfect circles your 
observations suggest a vastly 

4733
04:23:39,900 --> 04:23:44,500
larger universe within perfect 
celestial bodies where Earth is 

4734
04:23:44,500 --> 04:23:48,900
not Central You're not trying to
challenge religious Authority, 

4735
04:23:48,900 --> 04:23:53,700
you'll simply reporting what you
see, but the implications are 

4736
04:23:53,708 --> 04:23:57,300
impossible to ignore the 
resistance you face isn't 

4737
04:23:57,300 --> 04:24:01,100
entirely unreasonable. 
Your telescope is new technology

4738
04:24:01,100 --> 04:24:04,200
and its reliability isn't yet 
proven. 

4739
04:24:04,200 --> 04:24:08,400
How can anyone be certain that 
what appears in the telescope 

4740
04:24:08,400 --> 04:24:13,100
truly represents reality rather 
than optical illusions created 

4741
04:24:13,100 --> 04:24:17,600
by lenses? 
Your response is pragmatic The 

4742
04:24:17,600 --> 04:24:21,100
telescope accurately shows 
distant terrestrial objects. 

4743
04:24:21,800 --> 04:24:26,700
Ships that are below the Horizon
and buildings in distant cities.

4744
04:24:27,800 --> 04:24:29,800
If it works. 
Reliably for Earthly 

4745
04:24:29,800 --> 04:24:34,100
observations, why should 
Celestial observations be 

4746
04:24:34,100 --> 04:24:36,600
different? 
You're also making your findings

4747
04:24:36,600 --> 04:24:39,800
public publishing your 
observations in language 

4748
04:24:39,800 --> 04:24:44,100
accessible to educated readers. 
Not just in Latin for Scholars. 

4749
04:24:44,100 --> 04:24:48,800
Your book, sidereus nuncius, The
Starry Messenger, spreads your 

4750
04:24:48,808 --> 04:24:52,700
discoveries across Europe within
months other observers with 

4751
04:24:52,700 --> 04:24:54,700
telescope's confirm your 
findings. 

4752
04:24:54,700 --> 04:24:59,000
Jupiter's moons can be seen by 
anyone with adequate 

4753
04:24:59,000 --> 04:25:02,000
magnification. 
The phases of Venus are 

4754
04:25:02,000 --> 04:25:05,400
independently verified and the 
moon's mountains are 

4755
04:25:05,400 --> 04:25:09,100
photographed with increasing 
detail as telescope technology. 

4756
04:25:09,100 --> 04:25:14,000
Improves the cumulative weight 
of these observations forces, a 

4757
04:25:14,000 --> 04:25:18,800
revolution in thought, The 
cosmos is not small ordered and 

4758
04:25:18,800 --> 04:25:21,200
geocentric. 
Its vast. 

4759
04:25:21,200 --> 04:25:26,200
Perhaps infinite with Earth as 
just one planet among several 

4760
04:25:26,200 --> 04:25:30,300
orbiting and ordinary star. 
This Insight is simultaneously 

4761
04:25:30,300 --> 04:25:34,700
humbling and exhilarating. 
Humanity has been demoted from 

4762
04:25:34,700 --> 04:25:39,200
the center of creation, but in 
exchange, we've discovered a far

4763
04:25:39,200 --> 04:25:42,800
grander Universe than anyone 
imagined as you pack up your 

4764
04:25:42,800 --> 04:25:46,600
telescope for the night. 
You reflect on how one simple 

4765
04:25:46,600 --> 04:25:49,400
device. 
A tube with lenses has 

4766
04:25:49,400 --> 04:25:51,900
demolished Millennia of accepted
truth. 

4767
04:25:52,900 --> 04:25:55,400
The ancient Greeks would have 
given anything for this 

4768
04:25:55,400 --> 04:25:58,000
technology. 
They had the mathematical 

4769
04:25:58,000 --> 04:26:01,300
sophistication to understand 
what you're seeing, but they 

4770
04:26:01,300 --> 04:26:04,900
lack the tools to see it. 
The observations that would have

4771
04:26:04,900 --> 04:26:08,000
resolved their debates about 
Earth's motion were always there

4772
04:26:08,000 --> 04:26:10,200
in the sky. 
Invisible. 

4773
04:26:10,200 --> 04:26:13,500
Only because human eyes could 
not detect them without help 

4774
04:26:13,500 --> 04:26:18,100
this raises a humbling question.
What else is in the sky? 

4775
04:26:18,100 --> 04:26:20,700
That you can't see even with 
your telescope? 

4776
04:26:21,700 --> 04:26:26,500
Your instrument magnifies 20 
times, which is impressive, but 

4777
04:26:26,500 --> 04:26:30,500
surely this isn't the limit of 
what possible future observers 

4778
04:26:30,500 --> 04:26:33,200
with better. 
Telescopes will undoubtedly see 

4779
04:26:33,200 --> 04:26:36,600
things your missing. 
How much larger is the universe 

4780
04:26:36,600 --> 04:26:37,700
than what? 
You can see. 

4781
04:26:37,700 --> 04:26:41,800
How many more discoveries await 
merely better technology. 

4782
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:46,000
You don't know it yet. 
But your telescope represents 

4783
04:26:46,000 --> 04:26:49,600
the first of many technological 
leaps that will progressively 

4784
04:26:49,600 --> 04:26:53,500
reveal the cosmos is true 
nature, better lenses then 

4785
04:26:53,500 --> 04:26:57,500
reflecting telescopes then 
photography then spectroscopy 

4786
04:26:57,500 --> 04:27:01,600
then radio astronomy, then 
space-based telescopes free from

4787
04:27:01,600 --> 04:27:05,700
atmospheric distortion. 
Each advancement will reveal new

4788
04:27:05,700 --> 04:27:11,000
phenomena answer old questions 
and raise new Mysteries. 

4789
04:27:11,000 --> 04:27:14,800
Your 17 inch telescope is 
primitive compared to what's 

4790
04:27:14,800 --> 04:27:18,800
coming, but it's sophisticated 
enough to begin the revolution. 

4791
04:27:19,700 --> 04:27:24,000
The stars shine overhead. 
Now known to be distant Suns, 

4792
04:27:24,000 --> 04:27:26,500
rather than lights on a 
celestial sphere. 

4793
04:27:26,500 --> 04:27:30,200
The planets visible as bright 
points to the naked. 

4794
04:27:30,200 --> 04:27:35,000
Eye are revealed through your 
telescope as worlds, Jupiter 

4795
04:27:35,000 --> 04:27:39,500
with its Cloud bands and moons 
Saturn with its mysterious 

4796
04:27:39,500 --> 04:27:43,200
elongated shape. 
You can't quite resolved, the 

4797
04:27:43,200 --> 04:27:44,800
rings with your current 
telescope. 

4798
04:27:44,800 --> 04:27:48,100
But you know something, odd 
extends from the planet's sides 

4799
04:27:48,100 --> 04:27:50,600
and Mars with hints of surface 
features. 

4800
04:27:50,600 --> 04:27:52,900
You've lived through one of 
History's. 

4801
04:27:52,900 --> 04:27:55,200
Great turning points. 
The moment. 

4802
04:27:55,200 --> 04:27:59,300
When Humanity first saw the 
cosmos as it truly is, rather 

4803
04:27:59,300 --> 04:28:03,100
than as we imagined it must be 
the implications will take 

4804
04:28:03,100 --> 04:28:08,000
generations to fully understand 
but the basic fact is clear, we 

4805
04:28:08,000 --> 04:28:12,600
are far smaller and the universe
far larger than anyone dreamed. 

4806
04:28:12,600 --> 04:28:17,200
And that's wonderful because it 
means there's so much more to 

4807
04:28:17,200 --> 04:28:21,400
discover so many more Mysteries 
waiting in the dark between the 

4808
04:28:21,400 --> 04:28:25,600
Stars, your working in a 
Cambridge office and the year is

4809
04:28:25,600 --> 04:28:30,400
approximately 1700 and 2026 
papers cover your desk 

4810
04:28:30,400 --> 04:28:34,500
calculations, diagrams, and 
observations from astronomers 

4811
04:28:34,500 --> 04:28:37,200
across Europe. 
Your attempting something that 

4812
04:28:37,200 --> 04:28:39,100
many colleagues consider 
impossible. 

4813
04:28:39,100 --> 04:28:43,600
You're trying to calculate the 
To a comet using nothing but 

4814
04:28:43,600 --> 04:28:47,200
geometric principles and 
observations from multiple 

4815
04:28:47,200 --> 04:28:50,800
locations. 
If you succeed, you'll prove 

4816
04:28:50,800 --> 04:28:53,700
that comets are distant 
celestial objects, rather than 

4817
04:28:53,700 --> 04:28:57,700
atmospheric phenomena and you'll
demonstrate that mathematics can

4818
04:28:57,700 --> 04:29:01,200
measure even the seemingly 
unmeasurable, your name is 

4819
04:29:01,200 --> 04:29:04,800
Edmond Halley and you've 
dedicated much of your career to

4820
04:29:04,800 --> 04:29:06,600
understanding Celestial 
mechanics. 

4821
04:29:06,600 --> 04:29:09,300
You've been fascinated by 
comets. 

4822
04:29:09,300 --> 04:29:14,000
Those mysterious objects that 
appear unpredictably Blaze 

4823
04:29:14,000 --> 04:29:18,200
across the sky for weeks or 
months, then vanish Aristotle. 

4824
04:29:18,200 --> 04:29:22,100
Believed they were atmospheric 
disturbances weather phenomena 

4825
04:29:22,100 --> 04:29:26,100
rather than celestial objects. 
This view persisted for 

4826
04:29:26,100 --> 04:29:30,100
centuries, but your convinced 
Aristotle was wrong. 

4827
04:29:30,900 --> 04:29:35,000
The evidence is in the geometry.
You have observations of comets 

4828
04:29:35,000 --> 04:29:38,600
from different locations on 
Earth, measured carefully by 

4829
04:29:38,600 --> 04:29:41,900
skilled astronomers. 
If comets were atmospheric 

4830
04:29:41,900 --> 04:29:45,800
phenomena relatively close to 
Earth, observers at different 

4831
04:29:45,800 --> 04:29:49,500
locations, should see them at 
noticeably different positions, 

4832
04:29:49,500 --> 04:29:54,000
against the background Stars, 
This is Parallax this same 

4833
04:29:54,000 --> 04:29:57,800
principle that makes nearby 
objects appear too shift when 

4834
04:29:57,800 --> 04:30:01,600
you close one eye and open the 
other but commentary Parallax. 

4835
04:30:01,600 --> 04:30:05,600
When measurable at all is Tiny, 
suggesting these objects are 

4836
04:30:05,600 --> 04:30:09,900
extremely distant. 
Moreover, you've been studying 

4837
04:30:09,900 --> 04:30:14,200
historical records of comet, 
sightings comparing their paths 

4838
04:30:14,200 --> 04:30:17,800
across the sky, their 
appearance, and their behavior, 

4839
04:30:17,800 --> 04:30:20,300
and you've noticed something 
remarkable. 

4840
04:30:21,000 --> 04:30:27,900
Comets that appeared in 1500 and
3167 and 1682. 

4841
04:30:27,900 --> 04:30:32,200
Followed nearly identical paths.
They appeared in similar regions

4842
04:30:32,200 --> 04:30:35,900
of the sky, moved in similar, 
directions, and brightened and 

4843
04:30:35,900 --> 04:30:39,700
Faded in similar patterns. 
What if these weren't three 

4844
04:30:39,700 --> 04:30:44,100
different comets but the same 
Comet returning periodically. 

4845
04:30:45,000 --> 04:30:49,000
The mathematics support this 
hypothesis using Newton's laws 

4846
04:30:49,000 --> 04:30:53,000
of motion and gravitation, which
your friend Isaac published, 40 

4847
04:30:53,000 --> 04:30:56,600
years ago, you can calculate 
orbital paths for objects, 

4848
04:30:56,600 --> 04:30:59,800
moving through the solar system.
When you apply these 

4849
04:30:59,800 --> 04:31:04,900
calculations to the 1682 Comet, 
assuming it's in a highly 

4850
04:31:04,900 --> 04:31:08,600
elliptical orbit around the sun,
you get an orbital period of 

4851
04:31:08,600 --> 04:31:15,400
roughly 75 to 76 years. 
Count back 76 years from 1682 

4852
04:31:15,400 --> 04:31:21,300
and you reach 16007, count back,
another 76 years and you reach 

4853
04:31:21,300 --> 04:31:25,000
150031. 
The timing matches the 

4854
04:31:25,000 --> 04:31:27,400
historical sightings almost 
perfectly. 

4855
04:31:27,400 --> 04:31:31,900
This means you can make a 
prediction if your hypothesis is

4856
04:31:31,900 --> 04:31:34,000
correct. 
This Comet should return around 

4857
04:31:34,000 --> 04:31:39,900
1758 or 1759. 
You'll be long dead by then your

4858
04:31:39,900 --> 04:31:43,900
already in your 70s but the 
comet will either appear as 

4859
04:31:43,900 --> 04:31:47,300
predicted. 
Confirming your calculations or 

4860
04:31:47,300 --> 04:31:51,100
it won't proving you wrong. 
Either way, the prediction is 

4861
04:31:51,100 --> 04:31:54,400
testable which makes it 
scientific rather than mere 

4862
04:31:54,400 --> 04:31:57,000
speculation. 
What you're doing? 

4863
04:31:57,000 --> 04:31:59,100
Represents a new kind of 
astronomy. 

4864
04:32:00,000 --> 04:32:03,900
Earlier, observers watch the sky
and recorded what they saw, they

4865
04:32:03,900 --> 04:32:07,100
identified patterns and made 
predictions based on those 

4866
04:32:07,100 --> 04:32:11,300
patterns, but their predictions 
were essentially extrapolations,

4867
04:32:11,300 --> 04:32:14,400
assuming the future will 
resemble the past. 

4868
04:32:15,000 --> 04:32:18,400
You're doing something 
different, you're using physical

4869
04:32:18,400 --> 04:32:22,300
laws, mathematical models and 
theoretical understanding to 

4870
04:32:22,300 --> 04:32:24,900
predict phenomena that haven't 
been observed yet. 

4871
04:32:25,800 --> 04:32:29,600
You're not just recording the 
universe, your calculating it. 

4872
04:32:30,300 --> 04:32:34,700
Newton's work made this possible
his laws of motion and Universal

4873
04:32:34,700 --> 04:32:38,900
gravitational provided for the 
first time, a unified framework 

4874
04:32:38,900 --> 04:32:41,700
for understanding, both 
Celestial and terrestrial 

4875
04:32:41,700 --> 04:32:45,000
mechanics. 
The same force that pulls an 

4876
04:32:45,000 --> 04:32:48,200
apple downward pulls the moon 
toward Earth and Earth toward 

4877
04:32:48,200 --> 04:32:51,300
the Sun. 
The same mathematical laws that 

4878
04:32:51,300 --> 04:32:55,200
described projectile motion on 
Earth, describe planetary, 

4879
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:59,000
orbits in the heavens. 
This unification is profound. 

4880
04:32:59,000 --> 04:33:03,200
It means the universe operates 
according to comprehensible 

4881
04:33:03,200 --> 04:33:07,400
Universal principles rather than
separate rules for different 

4882
04:33:07,400 --> 04:33:10,500
domains. 
You've applied these principles 

4883
04:33:10,500 --> 04:33:14,200
to various problems. 
You calculated the path of the 

4884
04:33:14,200 --> 04:33:18,800
1682 Comet determining its 
orbital elements with 

4885
04:33:18,800 --> 04:33:22,099
unprecedented Precision. 
You've worked on improving 

4886
04:33:22,099 --> 04:33:27,099
tables of planetary positions, 
incorporating perturbations the 

4887
04:33:27,099 --> 04:33:30,400
subtle gravitational influences 
that planets exert on each 

4888
04:33:30,400 --> 04:33:33,599
other, causing small deviations 
from perfect. 

4889
04:33:33,599 --> 04:33:36,900
Elliptical orbits, you've 
studied the Moon's motion 

4890
04:33:36,900 --> 04:33:39,400
wrestling with the three-body 
problem. 

4891
04:33:39,400 --> 04:33:43,500
The mathematical challenge of 
precisely calculating Health. 3 

4892
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:47,800
gravatt in interacting objects, 
move The moon problem is 

4893
04:33:47,800 --> 04:33:51,700
particularly vexing. 
The moon's orbit is influenced, 

4894
04:33:51,700 --> 04:33:56,000
not just by Earth, but also by 
the sun and the combined 

4895
04:33:56,000 --> 04:34:00,200
gravitational effects create 
orbital irregularities that are 

4896
04:34:00,200 --> 04:34:03,300
devilishly difficult to 
calculate Newton himself, 

4897
04:34:03,300 --> 04:34:06,700
struggle with lunar motion, and 
the problem won't be fully 

4898
04:34:06,700 --> 04:34:10,200
solved for another Century. 
But you've made progress 

4899
04:34:10,200 --> 04:34:14,099
improving predictions enough 
that Navigators can use your 

4900
04:34:14,099 --> 04:34:18,300
lunar tables, to determine 
longitude at Sea a practical 

4901
04:34:18,300 --> 04:34:22,400
application of celestial 
mechanics that saves lives and 

4902
04:34:22,400 --> 04:34:25,599
enables exploration. 
You've also been thinking about 

4903
04:34:25,599 --> 04:34:29,800
Stellar distance is the stars 
are clearly far more distant 

4904
04:34:29,800 --> 04:34:32,599
than planets. 
They show no measurable 

4905
04:34:32,599 --> 04:34:35,599
Parallax, even from 
observations, made six months 

4906
04:34:35,599 --> 04:34:38,400
apart. 
When Earth is on opposite side 

4907
04:34:38,400 --> 04:34:42,200
of its orbit around the sun. 
This means Stellar distance is 

4908
04:34:42,200 --> 04:34:46,400
must be enormous compared to 
solar system scales, but how 

4909
04:34:46,700 --> 04:34:49,700
Enormous. 
Can these distances be measured 

4910
04:34:49,700 --> 04:34:54,000
at all you suspect? 
They can eventually though, not 

4911
04:34:54,000 --> 04:34:57,599
with current instruments. 
If telescopes become powerful 

4912
04:34:57,599 --> 04:35:00,900
enough and measurements. 
Precise enough stellar parallax 

4913
04:35:00,900 --> 04:35:03,900
should become detectable. 
The math is straightforward. 

4914
04:35:03,900 --> 04:35:08,400
Measure a star's position in 
summer measure again, in winter.

4915
04:35:08,400 --> 04:35:11,900
When Earth has moved to the 
opposite side of its orbit and 

4916
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:15,500
calculate the distance based on 
the apparent shift, the 

4917
04:35:15,500 --> 04:35:18,599
challenge is that even the 
nearest stars are so distant 

4918
04:35:18,599 --> 04:35:22,200
that their Parallax is measured 
in fractions of an arc second 

4919
04:35:23,000 --> 04:35:25,000
Angles. 
So small, they require 

4920
04:35:25,000 --> 04:35:28,300
instruments far more precise 
than what's currently available,

4921
04:35:28,300 --> 04:35:31,800
but your confident that future 
astronomers will make these 

4922
04:35:31,800 --> 04:35:36,200
measurements technology. 
Improves telescopes become more 

4923
04:35:36,200 --> 04:35:40,599
powerful measurement techniques,
become more refined what's 

4924
04:35:40,599 --> 04:35:42,900
impossible to today becomes 
routine tomorrow. 

4925
04:35:42,900 --> 04:35:47,200
The Stars distances will 
eventually be known and when 

4926
04:35:47,200 --> 04:35:51,099
that happens, Humanity will 
finally understand the true 

4927
04:35:51,099 --> 04:35:55,000
scale of the cosmos as you 
review your calculations one 

4928
04:35:55,000 --> 04:35:58,400
more time, checking for errors, 
you can consider how far 

4929
04:35:58,400 --> 04:36:01,099
astronomy has come in. 
Just a few Generations. 

4930
04:36:01,099 --> 04:36:05,800
When you were born telescope for
relatively new, the heliocentric

4931
04:36:05,800 --> 04:36:09,200
model was still controversial 
and the physical laws. 

4932
04:36:09,200 --> 04:36:13,300
Governing Celestial motion were 
unknown now less than a century 

4933
04:36:13,300 --> 04:36:15,500
later. 
Your calculating Comet, orbits 

4934
04:36:15,500 --> 04:36:19,700
predicting future appearances 
and treating the heavens as a 

4935
04:36:19,700 --> 04:36:23,400
domain subject to the same 
mathematical laws that Govern 

4936
04:36:23,400 --> 04:36:26,700
Earthly, phenomena. 
The transformational isn't 

4937
04:36:26,700 --> 04:36:29,300
complete. 
Many Mysteries remain. 

4938
04:36:30,200 --> 04:36:33,900
The nature of stars is unknown. 
Are they distant sons? 

4939
04:36:33,900 --> 04:36:38,700
And if so, how far away, and how
large the structure of the Milky

4940
04:36:38,700 --> 04:36:41,400
Way is unclear, is it a flat 
disc? 

4941
04:36:41,400 --> 04:36:45,500
A sphere, or something else? 
Entirely the possibility of 

4942
04:36:45,508 --> 04:36:47,800
other galaxies? 
Hasn't even been seriously 

4943
04:36:47,800 --> 04:36:51,900
considered most astronomers 
assumed more visible stars, 

4944
04:36:51,900 --> 04:36:55,800
belong to one unified system, 
but the methodology is now 

4945
04:36:55,800 --> 04:36:59,599
established You observe you 
measure you calculate you 

4946
04:36:59,599 --> 04:37:03,900
predict and you test. 
When predictions fail, you 

4947
04:37:03,900 --> 04:37:07,900
refine your models, when you 
phenomena are discovered, you 

4948
04:37:07,900 --> 04:37:09,900
incorporate them into your 
framework. 

4949
04:37:09,900 --> 04:37:14,599
This is science and its proving 
extraordinarily powerful for 

4950
04:37:14,599 --> 04:37:19,599
understanding nature, your Comet
prediction in particular feels 

4951
04:37:19,599 --> 04:37:23,599
like a gamble against mortality 
itself, your wagering that 

4952
04:37:23,599 --> 04:37:27,000
mathematics and physics can 
project forward decades, into 

4953
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:31,300
the future that the universe is 
lawful enough, and that your 

4954
04:37:31,300 --> 04:37:34,800
understanding is complete enough
to make predictions across time 

4955
04:37:34,800 --> 04:37:37,099
scales longer than human 
lifetimes. 

4956
04:37:37,099 --> 04:37:41,599
If you're right, and the comet 
returns when predicted, it will 

4957
04:37:41,599 --> 04:37:45,400
be one of science's, great 
triumphs, a demonstration that 

4958
04:37:45,400 --> 04:37:49,900
human reason can grasp Cosmic 
patterns and use them to predict

4959
04:37:49,900 --> 04:37:53,400
the unpredictable. 
You won't live to see it but 

4960
04:37:53,400 --> 04:37:56,400
your content with that. 
You've done the work you've 

4961
04:37:56,400 --> 04:37:59,099
made. 
The calculation the comet will 

4962
04:37:59,099 --> 04:38:01,500
either confirm your hypothesis 
or it won't. 

4963
04:38:01,500 --> 04:38:03,900
But Either outcome, advances 
knowledge. 

4964
04:38:03,900 --> 04:38:08,800
And that ultimately is what 
drives you not personal Glory or

4965
04:38:08,800 --> 04:38:10,800
the satisfaction of being 
proven, right? 

4966
04:38:10,800 --> 04:38:14,400
But the simple desire to 
understand how the universe 

4967
04:38:14,400 --> 04:38:17,099
works. 
The stars shine outside your 

4968
04:38:17,099 --> 04:38:21,200
window distant and mysterious 
but less mysterious than they 

4969
04:38:21,200 --> 04:38:26,000
were each generation peels back.
Another layer of cosmic mystery 

4970
04:38:26,000 --> 04:38:29,099
armed with better tools, better 
mathematics. 

4971
04:38:29,099 --> 04:38:33,300
And better understanding your 
generation has accomplished 

4972
04:38:33,300 --> 04:38:37,300
remarkable things but just 
certain future Generations will 

4973
04:38:37,300 --> 04:38:43,599
accomplish more The universe is 
vast complex and wonderful, and 

4974
04:38:43,599 --> 04:38:46,400
Humanity has barely begun to 
explore it. 

4975
04:38:46,400 --> 04:38:49,900
Your standing outside, the Dome 
of the Mount Wilson Observatory 

4976
04:38:49,900 --> 04:38:56,200
in California, and the year is 
1924 the Sunset hours ago and 

4977
04:38:56,200 --> 04:39:00,000
now the Milky Way stretches 
overhead in magnificent detail 

4978
04:39:00,000 --> 04:39:02,500
visible. 
Despite the growing light, 

4979
04:39:02,500 --> 04:39:06,400
pollution from Los Angeles in 
the valley below inside the Dome

4980
04:39:06,400 --> 04:39:10,099
behind you, sits the hooker. 
Telescope 100 inches of 

4981
04:39:10,099 --> 04:39:13,000
reflecting mirror. 
The largest telescope in the 

4982
04:39:13,000 --> 04:39:16,900
world capable of gathering more 
light and seeing faint of 

4983
04:39:16,900 --> 04:39:19,599
objects than any instrument in 
human history. 

4984
04:39:19,599 --> 04:39:23,800
And tonight, you've used it to 
make a discovery that will 

4985
04:39:23,800 --> 04:39:27,200
fundamentally change Humanity's 
understanding of its place. 

4986
04:39:27,200 --> 04:39:31,500
In the cosmos, your name is 
Edwin Hubble and you've been 

4987
04:39:31,508 --> 04:39:36,099
photographing spiral nebulae, 
those fuzzy spiral shaped 

4988
04:39:36,099 --> 04:39:38,000
objects scattered across the 
sky. 

4989
04:39:39,100 --> 04:39:41,300
Stromers, have debated their 
nature for years? 

4990
04:39:41,300 --> 04:39:45,800
Are they gas clouds within our 
own Galaxy, or they distant 

4991
04:39:45,800 --> 04:39:49,100
galaxies themselves? 
Separate Island, universes 

4992
04:39:49,100 --> 04:39:53,000
beyond the Milky Way? 
The debate has been Fierce with 

4993
04:39:53,000 --> 04:39:57,100
respected scientists on both 
sides, but you think you finally

4994
04:39:57,100 --> 04:39:59,300
settled it? 
You've been focusing on 

4995
04:39:59,300 --> 04:40:03,100
Andromeda the largest and 
brightest of the Spiral nebulae 

4996
04:40:03,100 --> 04:40:06,100
using the hooker telescopes 
light Gathering Power. 

4997
04:40:06,100 --> 04:40:10,000
You've been taking long 
exposure, photographs images 

4998
04:40:10,000 --> 04:40:13,700
that accumulate light over 
hours, revealing details, 

4999
04:40:13,700 --> 04:40:17,800
invisible to direct observation.
And in these photographs, you've

5000
04:40:17,800 --> 04:40:22,200
identified individual Stars 
within Andromeda, not just the 

5001
04:40:22,200 --> 04:40:26,300
bright blue white stars that 
Mark spiral arms, but specific 

5002
04:40:26,300 --> 04:40:31,000
types of variable Stars called 
Sophia's Sophia's are crucial 

5003
04:40:31,000 --> 04:40:35,200
because their brightness varies,
predictably pulsing brighter and

5004
04:40:35,200 --> 04:40:38,000
dimmer over periods ranging from
days to months. 

5005
04:40:38,000 --> 04:40:42,000
More importantly, there's a 
direct relationship between a 

5006
04:40:42,000 --> 04:40:44,500
sefs period and its intrinsic 
brighteners. 

5007
04:40:45,200 --> 04:40:48,200
Longer period. 
Safety are inherently brighter 

5008
04:40:48,200 --> 04:40:51,700
than short period ones. 
This relationship was discovered

5009
04:40:51,700 --> 04:40:55,700
by Henry at 11:00 working with 
sapphires in the magellanic 

5010
04:40:55,700 --> 04:40:59,500
clouds and it provides a method 
for measuring Cosmic distances. 

5011
04:40:59,500 --> 04:41:04,000
Here's the beautiful logic. 
If you know a set feeds 

5012
04:41:04,000 --> 04:41:07,300
intrinsic brightness and can 
measure its apparent brightness 

5013
04:41:07,300 --> 04:41:12,000
you can calculate its distance. 
It's like seeing a light bulb 

5014
04:41:12,000 --> 04:41:15,100
and determining how far away it 
is by how dim it appears. 

5015
04:41:15,900 --> 04:41:19,200
If you know, it's 100 watt bulb,
you can tell whether it's 10 

5016
04:41:19,200 --> 04:41:22,900
feet away or 100 feet away by 
its apparent brightness, the 

5017
04:41:22,900 --> 04:41:26,100
Seafoods you found in Andromeda 
have periods, indicating their 

5018
04:41:26,100 --> 04:41:30,200
extremely luminous stars, yet 
they appear very faint in your 

5019
04:41:30,208 --> 04:41:33,200
photographs. 
The only way to reconcile these 

5020
04:41:33,200 --> 04:41:37,300
facts is if Andromeda is 
extraordinarily distant, not 

5021
04:41:37,300 --> 04:41:41,100
thousands or tens of thousands 
of light years away, but nearly 

5022
04:41:41,100 --> 04:41:44,300
a million light years. 
This place. 

5023
04:41:44,300 --> 04:41:47,800
Is it far beyond any reasonable 
estimate of the Milky Ways? 

5024
04:41:47,800 --> 04:41:51,300
Size Andromeda isn't a gas cloud
within our galaxy. 

5025
04:41:51,300 --> 04:41:55,500
It's a Galaxy itself comparable 
in size to the Milky Way, 

5026
04:41:55,500 --> 04:41:58,400
containing hundreds of billions 
of stars. 

5027
04:41:59,400 --> 04:42:03,600
If Andromeda is a Galaxy, then 
likely all spiral nebulae are 

5028
04:42:03,600 --> 04:42:06,700
galaxies. 
This means the universe contains

5029
04:42:06,700 --> 04:42:09,800
not one gallaxy but countless 
millions of them. 

5030
04:42:10,600 --> 04:42:13,600
Scattered through space at 
distance, is that dwarf? 

5031
04:42:13,600 --> 04:42:17,300
The distance is between Stars 
within any single Galaxy. 

5032
04:42:17,300 --> 04:42:21,800
The universe is vastly almost 
incomprehensibly larger than 

5033
04:42:21,800 --> 04:42:24,700
anyone imagined. 
But you've made another 

5034
04:42:24,700 --> 04:42:28,700
Discovery even more startling, 
you've been measuring the 

5035
04:42:28,700 --> 04:42:32,400
Spectra of galaxies, analyzing 
the light they emit to, 

5036
04:42:32,400 --> 04:42:36,500
determine which wavelengths are 
present, what you found is that 

5037
04:42:36,500 --> 04:42:39,000
nearly, every galaxy shows a 
redshift. 

5038
04:42:39,000 --> 04:42:42,500
Meaning their light is shifted 
toward longer red wavelengths. 

5039
04:42:42,500 --> 04:42:46,700
Compared to what it should be 
and the more distant the Galaxy,

5040
04:42:46,700 --> 04:42:50,100
the greater the redshift. 
This redshift has a clear 

5041
04:42:50,100 --> 04:42:53,400
interpretation. 
These galaxies are moving away 

5042
04:42:53,400 --> 04:42:56,300
from us. 
The shift in wavelength is a 

5043
04:42:56,300 --> 04:43:00,000
Doppler effect the same 
phenomenon that makes a train 

5044
04:43:00,000 --> 04:43:02,300
whistles pitch, drop as it 
passes you. 

5045
04:43:02,300 --> 04:43:06,100
When a light source moves away 
its lightest stretched to longer

5046
04:43:06,100 --> 04:43:10,800
wavelengths, red shifted. 
When it approaches the lightest 

5047
04:43:10,800 --> 04:43:14,000
compressed to Shorter 
wavelengths, blue shifted. 

5048
04:43:14,000 --> 04:43:16,500
Moreover you've noticed a 
relationship. 

5049
04:43:17,600 --> 04:43:21,000
Father away a galaxy is the 
faster its receding. 

5050
04:43:21,900 --> 04:43:25,400
Double the distance and the 
recession velocity doubled as 

5051
04:43:25,400 --> 04:43:27,600
well. 
This relationship. 

5052
04:43:27,600 --> 04:43:31,000
What will become known as 
Hubble's Law has profound 

5053
04:43:31,000 --> 04:43:34,300
implications. 
If all distant galaxies are 

5054
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:37,900
moving away from us and their 
recession, velocity increases 

5055
04:43:37,900 --> 04:43:40,800
with distance. 
The universe itself must be 

5056
04:43:40,800 --> 04:43:43,600
expanding. 
This is difficult to grasp. 

5057
04:43:43,600 --> 04:43:47,400
You're not saying Galaxy is a 
moving through space away from 

5058
04:43:47,400 --> 04:43:49,500
us as if we're at the center of 
an explosion. 

5059
04:43:50,300 --> 04:43:54,700
You're saying space itself is 
expanding carrying galaxies 

5060
04:43:54,700 --> 04:43:59,100
along with it, it's like dots on
an inflating balloon as the 

5061
04:43:59,100 --> 04:44:02,700
balloon, expands all dots move 
away from each other. 

5062
04:44:02,700 --> 04:44:07,600
But no dot is at the center of 
the expansion every observer in 

5063
04:44:07,600 --> 04:44:12,500
any Galaxy would see all other 
galaxies receding with more 

5064
04:44:12,500 --> 04:44:17,200
distant ones, receding faster. 
This expansion suggests, the 

5065
04:44:17,200 --> 04:44:21,000
universe has a history. 
If galaxies are currently moving

5066
04:44:21,000 --> 04:44:25,000
apart, they must have been 
closer together in the past, run

5067
04:44:25,000 --> 04:44:28,700
the expansion backward, and you 
eventually reach a point where 

5068
04:44:28,700 --> 04:44:32,800
all matter was concentrated in 
an incredibly small dents. 

5069
04:44:33,400 --> 04:44:36,000
This is the beginning of what 
will later be called? 

5070
04:44:36,000 --> 04:44:40,400
The Big Bang Theory the idea 
that the Universe began in an 

5071
04:44:40,400 --> 04:44:45,200
extremely hot dense State and 
has been expanding and cooling 

5072
04:44:45,200 --> 04:44:48,700
ever since the implications 
Cascade outward. 

5073
04:44:48,700 --> 04:44:53,300
If the universe is expanding and
had a beginning, it has an age. 

5074
04:44:54,100 --> 04:44:57,100
You can estimate this age by 
calculating how long it would 

5075
04:44:57,100 --> 04:45:00,200
take Galaxy to reach their 
current separation, give them 

5076
04:45:00,200 --> 04:45:03,400
their observed velocities, your 
initial estimates. 

5077
04:45:03,400 --> 04:45:07,300
Suggest an age of a few billion 
years which is troubling young, 

5078
04:45:07,300 --> 04:45:11,200
geologists already have evidence
that Earth is older than that. 

5079
04:45:12,400 --> 04:45:14,200
But the principle is 
established. 

5080
04:45:15,200 --> 04:45:19,800
The universe isn't Eternal and 
unchanging, its Dynamic, and 

5081
04:45:19,800 --> 04:45:21,500
evolving with the definite 
history. 

5082
04:45:21,500 --> 04:45:25,500
As you stand beneath the stars, 
you realize your witnessing 

5083
04:45:25,500 --> 04:45:29,400
something unprecedented in human
history every previous 

5084
04:45:29,400 --> 04:45:33,600
generation believed the universe
was static unchanging in its 

5085
04:45:33,600 --> 04:45:36,300
large-scale structure. 
Oh, planets. 

5086
04:45:36,300 --> 04:45:39,300
Moved and comets appeared and 
stars, occasionally exploded, 

5087
04:45:39,300 --> 04:45:42,700
but the overall Universe its 
size its structure. 

5088
04:45:42,700 --> 04:45:46,100
Its fundamental nature was 
thought to be eternal. 

5089
04:45:46,900 --> 04:45:49,000
You've discovered this 
assumption is wrong. 

5090
04:45:49,000 --> 04:45:54,300
The universe is not static, it's
expanding Cooling and evolving. 

5091
04:45:54,300 --> 04:45:57,600
It had a beginning and will have
a future different from its 

5092
04:45:57,600 --> 04:46:00,800
present state. 
This discovery comes from 

5093
04:46:00,800 --> 04:46:05,400
technology, the 100 inch 
telescope photographic plate, 

5094
04:46:05,400 --> 04:46:09,400
sensitive enough to capture 
faint light, and spectroscopes 

5095
04:46:09,400 --> 04:46:13,500
capable of analyzing that light.
None of this was available. 

5096
04:46:13,500 --> 04:46:17,900
Even 50 years ago, your 
Discovery was always waiting in 

5097
04:46:17,900 --> 04:46:22,700
the sky visible in principle but
invisible in practice until 

5098
04:46:22,700 --> 04:46:26,100
instruments became sophisticated
enough to detect it. 

5099
04:46:26,900 --> 04:46:28,900
How many more discoveries are 
out there? 

5100
04:46:28,900 --> 04:46:33,200
Waiting for better technology? 
You think about the long chain 

5101
04:46:33,200 --> 04:46:36,100
of observations and insights 
that led to this moment? 

5102
04:46:36,900 --> 04:46:40,200
Ancient astronomers identifying 
Celestial patterns. 

5103
04:46:40,200 --> 04:46:45,300
Babylonians calculating 
planetary positions Greeks 

5104
04:46:45,300 --> 04:46:49,400
creating geometric models 
telescopes revealing Jupiter's 

5105
04:46:49,400 --> 04:46:54,100
moons and Saturn's rings. 
Newton's Laws enable orbital 

5106
04:46:54,100 --> 04:46:57,100
calculations. 
Photography allows long 

5107
04:46:57,100 --> 04:47:00,600
exposures that see deeper into 
space than eyes alone could. 

5108
04:47:01,700 --> 04:47:04,900
Spectroscopy reveals the 
physical properties of distant 

5109
04:47:04,900 --> 04:47:08,300
objects, each Advanced built on 
previous work. 

5110
04:47:08,300 --> 04:47:12,300
Each generation seeing farther 
and understanding more deeply 

5111
04:47:12,300 --> 04:47:15,500
and now you've pushed the 
frontier again. 

5112
04:47:15,500 --> 04:47:18,800
You've measured the universe and
found it. 

5113
04:47:18,800 --> 04:47:22,100
Vast at any one. 
Thought you've discovered that 

5114
04:47:22,100 --> 04:47:26,600
its expanding That it has a 
history that it's not eternal. 

5115
04:47:27,400 --> 04:47:31,000
Future Generations, will push 
farther still answering 

5116
04:47:31,000 --> 04:47:33,200
questions. 
You haven't even thought to ask 

5117
04:47:33,200 --> 04:47:35,700
yet. 
Will they find the edge of the 

5118
04:47:35,700 --> 04:47:38,000
universe? 
Or is it in for infinite? 

5119
04:47:38,000 --> 04:47:41,400
What happened in those first 
moments after the expansion 

5120
04:47:41,400 --> 04:47:44,200
began? 
Oh, there are other universes 

5121
04:47:44,200 --> 04:47:47,900
Beyond hours, you don't know, 
but you're confident, they'll 

5122
04:47:47,900 --> 04:47:51,100
keep looking. 
The hooker telescope Dome closes

5123
04:47:51,100 --> 04:47:54,100
for the night. 
Your photographic plates are 

5124
04:47:54,100 --> 04:47:57,000
secure ready for detailed 
analysis tomorrow. 

5125
04:47:57,000 --> 04:48:00,300
The data is recorded, the 
measurements are made and the 

5126
04:48:00,300 --> 04:48:02,600
conclusions are becoming 
inescapable. 

5127
04:48:02,600 --> 04:48:07,600
The universe is larger stranger 
and more wonderful than Humanity

5128
04:48:07,600 --> 04:48:10,900
ever imagined. 
And that ultimately is the most 

5129
04:48:10,900 --> 04:48:13,300
exciting thing you could 
possibly discover. 

5130
04:48:13,300 --> 04:48:17,200
Not that we understand 
everything, but there's so much 

5131
04:48:17,200 --> 04:48:21,500
more to explore your monitoring 
a radio telescope in northern 

5132
04:48:21,500 --> 04:48:25,700
England and the year is 1965 the
instrument. 

5133
04:48:25,700 --> 04:48:29,800
You're using doesn't look like a
traditional telescope, no dough,

5134
04:48:29,800 --> 04:48:32,400
No IP East. 
Just an array of horn-shaped 

5135
04:48:32,400 --> 04:48:36,600
antennas pointed at the sky 
connected to sensitive radio 

5136
04:48:36,600 --> 04:48:39,300
receivers. 
You're not looking at the sky 

5137
04:48:39,300 --> 04:48:43,000
invisible light, but in radio 
waves, which passed through 

5138
04:48:43,000 --> 04:48:47,000
clouds and work during daytime 
opening, the Heavens to 

5139
04:48:47,000 --> 04:48:51,500
Observation 24 hours. a day, 
your name is irrelevant to this 

5140
04:48:51,500 --> 04:48:54,700
particular night, but the 
discovery you're about to 

5141
04:48:54,700 --> 04:48:58,400
confirm is not You've been 
detecting a persistent 

5142
04:48:58,400 --> 04:49:03,200
background noise in your data. 
Faint radio signal, that appears

5143
04:49:03,200 --> 04:49:06,200
to come equally from all 
directions, in the sky. 

5144
04:49:06,200 --> 04:49:09,600
At first, you thought it was 
instrumental error or perhaps 

5145
04:49:09,600 --> 04:49:11,900
radio interference from nearby 
cities. 

5146
04:49:12,700 --> 04:49:16,500
But extensive checks of ruled 
out these explanations, the 

5147
04:49:16,500 --> 04:49:21,200
signal is real, it's Cosmic in 
origin and its uniform across 

5148
04:49:21,200 --> 04:49:24,500
the entire Sky to within one 
part in 10,000. 

5149
04:49:25,300 --> 04:49:28,100
This uniform signal is 
extraordinary because it 

5150
04:49:28,100 --> 04:49:31,700
shouldn't exist. 
It came from stars or galaxies, 

5151
04:49:31,700 --> 04:49:34,600
it would be stronger in some 
directions than others 

5152
04:49:34,600 --> 04:49:39,100
concentrated in the Milky Ways. 
Plain for instance, or showing 

5153
04:49:39,100 --> 04:49:41,400
bright spots, where galaxies 
cluster. 

5154
04:49:41,400 --> 04:49:44,800
But this signal is almost 
perfectly isotropic. 

5155
04:49:44,800 --> 04:49:49,000
The same from every direction. 
It's like the universe has a 

5156
04:49:49,000 --> 04:49:52,500
temperature and what you're 
detecting is thermal radiation 

5157
04:49:52,500 --> 04:49:56,100
from the cosmos itself. 
The signals wavelength 

5158
04:49:56,100 --> 04:50:00,400
corresponds to extremely cold 
thermal radiation about three 

5159
04:50:00,400 --> 04:50:04,600
degrees of absolute zero. 
This is puzzling until you 

5160
04:50:04,600 --> 04:50:07,700
remember recent theoretical 
Works suggesting that if the 

5161
04:50:07,700 --> 04:50:12,200
universe began in a hot dense 
State, the Big Bang, it would 

5162
04:50:12,200 --> 04:50:15,400
have cooled as it expanded in 
its earliest moments. 

5163
04:50:15,400 --> 04:50:18,200
The universe would have been hot
enough to Glow, brightly 

5164
04:50:18,200 --> 04:50:21,800
invisible light, even in 
ultraviolet, an x-rays. 

5165
04:50:21,800 --> 04:50:25,000
But as it expanded, this 
radiation would have stretched 

5166
04:50:25,000 --> 04:50:30,500
to longer wavelengths shifted by
the expansion itself until Today

5167
04:50:30,500 --> 04:50:33,700
appears as faint radio waves, 
your detecting. 

5168
04:50:33,700 --> 04:50:37,800
The Afterglow of the Big Bang 
itself radiation that has 

5169
04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:41,700
traveled, through space, for 
nearly 14 billion years cooling 

5170
04:50:41,700 --> 04:50:45,500
from temperatures of thousands 
of degrees to just a few degrees

5171
04:50:45,500 --> 04:50:49,600
above absolute zero. 
This Cosmic microwave background

5172
04:50:49,600 --> 04:50:53,200
radiation is direct evidence 
that the Universe had a hot 

5173
04:50:53,200 --> 04:50:56,300
beginning, that it's been 
expanding and cooling ever 

5174
04:50:56,300 --> 04:50:58,800
since. 
And that, the Big Bang Theory is

5175
04:50:58,800 --> 04:51:01,600
correct. 
This discovery transforms 

5176
04:51:01,600 --> 04:51:05,200
cosmology from speculation to 
observational science. 

5177
04:51:06,000 --> 04:51:09,800
Before this, the Big Bang was 
one Theory among several for the

5178
04:51:09,800 --> 04:51:13,200
universes origin. 
Now, it's strongly supported by 

5179
04:51:13,200 --> 04:51:17,500
direct evidence radiation, that 
could only exist if the universe

5180
04:51:17,500 --> 04:51:21,900
began in a hot dense state. 
Alternative theories that 

5181
04:51:21,900 --> 04:51:24,100
proposed an eternal 
steady-state. 

5182
04:51:24,100 --> 04:51:28,400
Universe cannot explain this 
uniform background radiation. 

5183
04:51:28,400 --> 04:51:32,500
The evidence is overwhelming. 
But the cosmic microwave 

5184
04:51:32,500 --> 04:51:35,600
background isn't just 
confirmation of the Big Bang. 

5185
04:51:35,600 --> 04:51:39,900
It's a snapshot of the early 
Universe a window in to 

5186
04:51:39,900 --> 04:51:43,900
conditions when the cosmos was 
just 380,000 years old. 

5187
04:51:44,700 --> 04:51:48,200
Before that time, the universe 
was too hot for atoms to form 

5188
04:51:48,200 --> 04:51:53,000
electrons and protons existed, 
as a plasma and photons 

5189
04:51:53,000 --> 04:51:55,100
scattered off. 
These charged particles 

5190
04:51:55,100 --> 04:51:59,900
constantly making the universe 
opaque when the universe cooled 

5191
04:51:59,900 --> 04:52:05,000
enough for atoms to form photons
suddenly could travel freely The

5192
04:52:05,000 --> 04:52:07,700
radiation, you're detecting 
comes from that moment of 

5193
04:52:07,700 --> 04:52:10,400
recombination. 
When the universe became 

5194
04:52:10,400 --> 04:52:14,800
transparent, I studying this 
radiation in detail measuring 

5195
04:52:14,800 --> 04:52:16,700
its temperature in different 
directions. 

5196
04:52:16,700 --> 04:52:21,400
Looking for tiny variations in 
intensity, Astronomers will 

5197
04:52:21,400 --> 04:52:24,600
learn about the universe's 
structure at that early time 

5198
04:52:24,600 --> 04:52:27,400
slightly denser regions in the 
primordial. 

5199
04:52:27,400 --> 04:52:31,200
Plasma will appear a slightly 
warmer spots in the microwave 

5200
04:52:31,200 --> 04:52:34,300
background. 
These density variations with 

5201
04:52:34,300 --> 04:52:38,200
the seeds that eventually grew 
into galaxies clusters of 

5202
04:52:38,200 --> 04:52:41,800
galaxies and the large-scale 
structure of visible in the 

5203
04:52:41,800 --> 04:52:44,700
universe today. 
Over the following decades, 

5204
04:52:44,700 --> 04:52:48,700
increasingly sophisticated 
instruments will map The Cosmic 

5205
04:52:48,700 --> 04:52:51,600
microwave background with 
extraordinary, Precision 

5206
04:52:51,600 --> 04:52:57,600
satellites like c. 
O b e w m, a p and plank will 

5207
04:52:57,600 --> 04:53:01,900
measure temperature, variations 
as small as one part in 100,000.

5208
04:53:02,900 --> 04:53:06,200
Revealing detailed information 
about the universe's composition

5209
04:53:06,200 --> 04:53:10,800
age and geometry, these 
measurements will determine that

5210
04:53:10,800 --> 04:53:14,600
the universe is approximately 
13.8 billion years old. 

5211
04:53:15,400 --> 04:53:19,300
That its geometrically flat and 
that it contains, not just 

5212
04:53:19,300 --> 04:53:22,800
ordinary matter, but also dark 
matter and dark energy, 

5213
04:53:22,800 --> 04:53:27,700
mysterious substances, whose 
nature remains unknown, but 

5214
04:53:27,700 --> 04:53:30,300
whose gravitational effects are 
undeniable. 

5215
04:53:30,300 --> 04:53:34,300
The cosmic microwave background 
will also provide evidence for 

5216
04:53:34,300 --> 04:53:38,500
Cosmic inflation, a brief 
period, of exponential expansion

5217
04:53:38,500 --> 04:53:41,600
that occurred in the universe's.
First fraction of a second 

5218
04:53:41,600 --> 04:53:45,600
inflation explains why. 
The universe is so uniform on 

5219
04:53:45,600 --> 04:53:49,800
large scales while it's 
geometrically, flat and why 

5220
04:53:49,800 --> 04:53:52,900
certain types of irregularity 
appear in the density, 

5221
04:53:52,900 --> 04:53:55,800
distribution of matter. 
Without inflation. 

5222
04:53:55,800 --> 04:53:57,700
The universe's observed 
properties. 

5223
04:53:57,700 --> 04:54:01,600
Would require extraordinarily 
fine-tuned initial conditions 

5224
04:54:01,600 --> 04:54:04,400
within inflation. 
These properties emerge 

5225
04:54:04,400 --> 04:54:08,800
naturally from well-understood 
physics as you examine the data 

5226
04:54:08,800 --> 04:54:11,100
streaming. 
From the radio telescope, your 

5227
04:54:11,100 --> 04:54:13,200
struck by. 
How much can be learned from 

5228
04:54:13,200 --> 04:54:17,300
such a faint signal this. 
Radiation is incredibly weak. 

5229
04:54:18,000 --> 04:54:21,700
The total energy from the cosmic
microwave background hitting a 

5230
04:54:21,700 --> 04:54:25,000
person's body as far less than 
the energy from distant 

5231
04:54:25,000 --> 04:54:28,000
Starlight, which itself is 
minimal yet. 

5232
04:54:28,000 --> 04:54:31,600
This faint signal, contains 
information about the universe's

5233
04:54:31,600 --> 04:54:35,600
age, composition geometry and 
early history. 

5234
04:54:35,600 --> 04:54:39,500
It's as if the cosmos has left, 
its signature written in 

5235
04:54:39,500 --> 04:54:43,700
radiation, weighting billions of
years for technology to become 

5236
04:54:43,700 --> 04:54:48,200
sophisticated enough to read it.
You think about the long chain 

5237
04:54:48,200 --> 04:54:51,700
of discoveries that led here? 
Hubble discovered Galactic 

5238
04:54:51,700 --> 04:54:56,100
recession, implying the universe
expands extrapolating, this 

5239
04:54:56,100 --> 04:54:58,500
expansion backward to a hot 
dense. 

5240
04:54:58,500 --> 04:55:02,000
Beginning theoretical physicists
are calculating. 

5241
04:55:02,000 --> 04:55:05,700
What conditions would be like in
the early Universe predicting 

5242
04:55:05,700 --> 04:55:08,700
that thermal radiation from, 
that era should still be 

5243
04:55:08,700 --> 04:55:12,600
detectable Engineers are 
developing radio astronomy, 

5244
04:55:12,600 --> 04:55:16,500
creating instruments, sensitive 
enough to detect faint Cosmic 

5245
04:55:16,500 --> 04:55:21,600
signals and now the detection 
itself confirming predictions 

5246
04:55:21,600 --> 04:55:25,500
and opening new avenues of 
research, the cosmic microwave 

5247
04:55:25,500 --> 04:55:29,800
background is also humbling. 
It shows that the matter where 

5248
04:55:29,800 --> 04:55:33,800
familiar with atoms, molecules 
everything made of protons 

5249
04:55:33,800 --> 04:55:38,600
neutrons and electrons, 
comprises only about 5% of the 

5250
04:55:38,600 --> 04:55:43,000
universe's total energy content.
The rest is dark matter, and 

5251
04:55:43,000 --> 04:55:45,700
dark energy. 
Substances whose nature is 

5252
04:55:45,700 --> 04:55:46,900
completely. 
Unknown. 

5253
04:55:47,800 --> 04:55:51,400
We've mapped the universe 
measured its age determined, its

5254
04:55:51,400 --> 04:55:56,000
composition and discovered that 
we don't understand 95% of what 

5255
04:55:56,000 --> 04:55:59,100
it contains yet. 
This ignorance is exciting 

5256
04:55:59,100 --> 04:56:03,200
rather than discouraging. 
It means astronomy is far from 

5257
04:56:03,200 --> 04:56:06,100
finished. 
There are fundamental Mysteries 

5258
04:56:06,100 --> 04:56:09,700
remaining questions whose 
answers will require new 

5259
04:56:09,700 --> 04:56:14,500
physics, new observations and 
perhaps revolutionary insights 

5260
04:56:14,500 --> 04:56:17,400
comparable to those that 
launched quantum mechanics or 

5261
04:56:17,400 --> 04:56:20,700
relativity. 
The universe is still surprising

5262
04:56:20,700 --> 04:56:24,200
us, still revealing, that 
reality is stranger and more 

5263
04:56:24,200 --> 04:56:26,200
wonderful than our theories 
predict. 

5264
04:56:27,500 --> 04:56:31,200
As Dawn approaches and your 
observing shift ends, you 

5265
04:56:31,200 --> 04:56:36,200
prepare your preliminary report 
the signal is real, it's Cosmic 

5266
04:56:36,200 --> 04:56:39,800
and it matches predictions for 
the cooled, radiation from The 

5267
04:56:39,800 --> 04:56:43,400
Big Bang. 
Other observers will confirm it 

5268
04:56:43,400 --> 04:56:45,800
independently that's already 
happening. 

5269
04:56:45,800 --> 04:56:48,600
Actually, with similar, 
detections reported by other 

5270
04:56:48,600 --> 04:56:53,100
teams soon, this discovery will 
be announced publicly and it 

5271
04:56:53,100 --> 04:56:56,400
will transform Humanities 
understanding of cosmic history.

5272
04:56:56,400 --> 04:57:00,800
The Stars fade as the sky 
brightens but you know, they're 

5273
04:57:00,800 --> 04:57:04,800
still there still shining their 
light mixing with the faint 

5274
04:57:04,800 --> 04:57:08,900
microwave glow from the 
universe's hot beginning that 

5275
04:57:08,900 --> 04:57:12,600
glow has traveled for nearly 14 
billion years to reach your 

5276
04:57:12,600 --> 04:57:16,500
antennas carrying information of
about a time when no stars 

5277
04:57:16,500 --> 04:57:19,300
existed when no galaxies had 
formed. 

5278
04:57:19,300 --> 04:57:23,600
And when the universe was just a
hot dense plasma beginning at 

5279
04:57:23,600 --> 04:57:27,500
its long expansion toward the 
cool structured Cosmos. 

5280
04:57:27,500 --> 04:57:31,800
We inhabit today, somewhere in 
that ancient radiation in its 

5281
04:57:31,800 --> 04:57:34,700
tiny temperature, variations and
subtle. 

5282
04:57:34,700 --> 04:57:39,400
Polarization patterns lie. 
Answers to questions Humanity 

5283
04:57:39,400 --> 04:57:43,500
hasn't yet learned to ask. 
Future astronomers will extract 

5284
04:57:43,500 --> 04:57:47,300
those answers learning things 
about the universe's origin 

5285
04:57:47,300 --> 04:57:49,900
structure and fate that you 
can't even imagine. 

5286
04:57:49,900 --> 04:57:54,200
But tonight you've contributed 
your part to that ongoing 

5287
04:57:54,200 --> 04:57:58,700
project detecting, The Whisper 
from the beginning, confirming 

5288
04:57:58,700 --> 04:58:02,500
that the Universe has a history 
and opening a new window on 

5289
04:58:02,500 --> 04:58:05,500
Cosmic time. 
You're lying on your back in a 

5290
04:58:05,508 --> 04:58:09,600
dark field and the year is now 
no specific year. 

5291
04:58:09,600 --> 04:58:14,000
Really, this could be tonight to
tomorrow night or any clear 

5292
04:58:14,000 --> 04:58:15,800
night. 
When you decide to look up 

5293
04:58:15,800 --> 04:58:20,500
rather than down out rather than
in the grass beneath you is 

5294
04:58:20,500 --> 04:58:22,400
slightly damp with the evening 
due. 

5295
04:58:22,400 --> 04:58:26,500
The air is cool and above you. 
The sky Blazers with stars. 

5296
04:58:26,500 --> 04:58:30,200
If you're far from cities, you 
can see the Milky Way. 

5297
04:58:31,000 --> 04:58:34,900
That same river of light that 
our ancestors saw though, you 

5298
04:58:34,900 --> 04:58:37,100
know. 
Now it actually the combined 

5299
04:58:37,100 --> 04:58:41,900
light of billions of stars in 
our Galaxy's disk viewed Edge on

5300
04:58:41,900 --> 04:58:46,200
from Earth's position within it.
You can see planets too though. 

5301
04:58:46,200 --> 04:58:49,300
You need to know where to look. 
And when Venus might be 

5302
04:58:49,300 --> 04:58:53,100
brilliant in the west, just 
after Sunset, Jupiter could be 

5303
04:58:53,100 --> 04:58:56,200
high overhead. 
It's Moon's invisible to your 

5304
04:58:56,200 --> 04:58:59,500
eyes but their nonetheless, 
exactly. 

5305
04:58:59,500 --> 04:59:04,000
As Galileo saw them, Mars might 
show its distinctive red, orange

5306
04:59:04,000 --> 04:59:07,000
color. 
Dust storms in its thin 

5307
04:59:07,000 --> 04:59:10,800
atmosphere reflecting sunlight 
from 90 million miles away. 

5308
04:59:10,800 --> 04:59:15,300
And you can see stars, thousands
of them with Naked Eyes, 

5309
04:59:15,300 --> 04:59:19,000
Millions, through modest, 
telescopes and billions through 

5310
04:59:19,000 --> 04:59:23,000
instruments, like Hubble or the 
James Webb Space Telescope. 

5311
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:27,500
Each one is a son, many hosting 
planets, some of those planets 

5312
04:59:27,500 --> 04:59:31,500
potentially harboring life, the 
light, Reaching Your Eyes left 

5313
04:59:31,500 --> 04:59:36,300
those Stars years, or decades or
centuries ago, making you a time

5314
04:59:36,308 --> 04:59:39,800
traveler of sorts seeing the 
universe not as it is. 

5315
04:59:39,800 --> 04:59:44,600
But as it was You know things 
those ancient observers couldn't

5316
04:59:44,600 --> 04:59:48,400
have imagined you know the stars
are powered by nuclear fusion 

5317
04:59:48,400 --> 04:59:53,200
converting hydrogen to helium in
their cores generating energy 

5318
04:59:53,200 --> 04:59:56,800
through Einstein's, famous 
equation, relating, mass, and 

5319
04:59:56,800 --> 04:59:59,400
energy. 
You know, the universe is 

5320
04:59:59,400 --> 05:00:03,900
approximately 13.8 billion years
old formed in a hot, big bang, 

5321
05:00:03,900 --> 05:00:08,000
and expanding, ever since, you 
know, that galaxies cluster into

5322
05:00:08,000 --> 05:00:11,400
groups and super clusters, 
forming a cosmic web of 

5323
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:13,800
structure spanning billions of 
light years. 

5324
05:00:13,800 --> 05:00:18,500
You know, the universe contains 
Dark Matter invisible substance 

5325
05:00:18,500 --> 05:00:21,400
detected only through its 
gravitational effects. 

5326
05:00:21,400 --> 05:00:27,400
Making up roughly 27% of the 
universe's, total energy, you 

5327
05:00:27,400 --> 05:00:32,500
know that dark energy, even more
mysterious comprises about 68% 

5328
05:00:32,500 --> 05:00:37,500
and its causing the universe's 
expansion to accelerate distant 

5329
05:00:37,500 --> 05:00:39,400
galaxies on. 
Not just moving away. 

5330
05:00:39,400 --> 05:00:44,200
Their moving away faster over 
Time driven by this mysterious 

5331
05:00:44,200 --> 05:00:46,800
Dark Energy whose nature is one 
of physics. 

5332
05:00:46,800 --> 05:00:51,000
Greatest unsolved problems. 
You know that many stars have 

5333
05:00:51,000 --> 05:00:54,700
planets that exoplanets number 
in the thousands already 

5334
05:00:54,700 --> 05:00:57,700
discovered and that more are 
found constantly. 

5335
05:00:57,700 --> 05:01:02,200
You know, some of these worlds 
are roughly earth-sized orbiting

5336
05:01:02,200 --> 05:01:06,800
their stars at distances where 
liquid water could exist, You 

5337
05:01:06,800 --> 05:01:10,500
know, the chemistry of life 
carbon-based molecules water and

5338
05:01:10,500 --> 05:01:13,400
energy is common throughout the 
Universe. 

5339
05:01:13,400 --> 05:01:17,400
You know that if life exists 
here it probably exists 

5340
05:01:17,400 --> 05:01:21,200
elsewhere too though whether 
it's common or rare simple or 

5341
05:01:21,200 --> 05:01:25,500
complex contemporary or extinct 
remains unknown yet. 

5342
05:01:25,500 --> 05:01:28,900
Despite all this knowledge, 
you're lying in a field. 

5343
05:01:28,900 --> 05:01:30,500
Looking at stars. 
Exactly. 

5344
05:01:30,500 --> 05:01:34,400
As humans have done for hundreds
of thousands of years, the 

5345
05:01:34,400 --> 05:01:36,200
technology has changed 
dramatically. 

5346
05:01:37,400 --> 05:01:40,900
You might have a telescope 
beside you or a smartphone app 

5347
05:01:40,900 --> 05:01:44,700
identifying constellation or 
coordinates for satellites 

5348
05:01:44,700 --> 05:01:48,000
passing overhead. 
Put the fundamental activity is 

5349
05:01:48,000 --> 05:01:53,100
unchanged Your watching the sky 
wandering about those lights, 

5350
05:01:53,100 --> 05:01:57,200
continuing a tradition older 
than civilization itself. 

5351
05:01:58,200 --> 05:02:02,000
Stars your seeing of the same 
Stars, ancient observers saw 

5352
05:02:02,000 --> 05:02:06,100
give or take a few Supernova and
proper motion over millennia. 

5353
05:02:06,800 --> 05:02:10,600
The patterns are almost 
identical if an Ice Age Hunter 

5354
05:02:10,600 --> 05:02:14,100
or a Babylonian priest, or a 
Polynesian Navigator joined you.

5355
05:02:14,100 --> 05:02:18,800
In this field, you'd recognize 
the same constellations point to

5356
05:02:18,800 --> 05:02:23,300
the same bright stars and share 
the same sense of wonder at the 

5357
05:02:23,300 --> 05:02:26,800
vastness of what's different is 
understanding. 

5358
05:02:26,800 --> 05:02:30,100
You know, what those lights are,
how far away they are, what 

5359
05:02:30,100 --> 05:02:34,300
they're made of how they formed 
and how they'll die, you know, 

5360
05:02:34,300 --> 05:02:37,700
the physics governing their 
behavior, the chemistry of their

5361
05:02:37,700 --> 05:02:40,700
atmospheres and the mechanics of
their orbits. 

5362
05:02:41,500 --> 05:02:45,600
You've turned mystery into 
knowledge but somehow the Wonder

5363
05:02:45,600 --> 05:02:50,100
remains undiminished, perhaps. 
It's even greater now because 

5364
05:02:50,100 --> 05:02:52,800
you understand not just what 
you're seeing, but what it 

5365
05:02:52,800 --> 05:02:56,100
means, billions of Worlds 
scattered across 

5366
05:02:56,100 --> 05:03:01,100
incomprehensible distances, all 
governed, by universal laws, all

5367
05:03:01,100 --> 05:03:04,000
part of one vast interconnected 
Cosmos. 

5368
05:03:04,000 --> 05:03:08,700
This knowledge was hard one. 
It required countless observers 

5369
05:03:08,700 --> 05:03:11,700
spending countless nights 
recording positions, measuring 

5370
05:03:11,700 --> 05:03:16,300
angles timing of events and 
noting correlations, It required

5371
05:03:16,300 --> 05:03:20,100
mathematical genius to create 
models, explaining observations 

5372
05:03:20,100 --> 05:03:23,300
it, required technological, 
innovation, to build 

5373
05:03:23,300 --> 05:03:26,000
instruments. 
Extending human Senses Into 

5374
05:03:26,000 --> 05:03:28,800
Realms. 
We can't perceive unaided it 

5375
05:03:28,800 --> 05:03:31,400
required patience. 
The patience to make 

5376
05:03:31,408 --> 05:03:35,100
observations over lifetimes to 
pursue answers across 

5377
05:03:35,100 --> 05:03:38,700
generations and to accept that, 
some questions wouldn't be 

5378
05:03:38,700 --> 05:03:40,900
answered in any individual 
lifetime. 

5379
05:03:41,700 --> 05:03:46,100
But mostly it required, 
curiosity that simple desire to 

5380
05:03:46,100 --> 05:03:49,100
understand to know what those 
lights are and what they mean 

5381
05:03:49,100 --> 05:03:52,900
has driven Humanity's. 
Astronomical efforts from the 

5382
05:03:52,900 --> 05:03:55,400
beginning. 
We didn't need to understand the

5383
05:03:55,400 --> 05:04:00,200
Stars to survive early humans 
managed without knowing Stellar 

5384
05:04:00,200 --> 05:04:02,100
distances or Galactic 
structures. 

5385
05:04:02,100 --> 05:04:06,500
But we wanted to know anyway and
that wanting was enough to 

5386
05:04:06,500 --> 05:04:09,800
motivate Millennia of effort as 
you lie there. 

5387
05:04:09,800 --> 05:04:12,700
You might wonder what future 
observers will know that you 

5388
05:04:12,700 --> 05:04:17,000
don't what discoveries await 
better instruments deeper 

5389
05:04:17,000 --> 05:04:19,800
observations and more 
sophisticated theories. 

5390
05:04:20,700 --> 05:04:23,900
Will we find life on other 
worlds or evidence that we're 

5391
05:04:23,900 --> 05:04:27,100
alone? 
Will we understand dark matter? 

5392
05:04:27,100 --> 05:04:30,300
And dark energy? 
Will they remain mysterious? 

5393
05:04:31,200 --> 05:04:34,100
Will we discover the universe's 
ultimate fate? 

5394
05:04:34,900 --> 05:04:39,300
Endless expansion eventual, 
collapse or something stranger. 

5395
05:04:39,300 --> 05:04:43,000
Will we develop Technologies 
allowing travel to other stars 

5396
05:04:43,000 --> 05:04:45,700
or will the distances prove 
insurmountable? 

5397
05:04:45,700 --> 05:04:48,100
You don't know. 
And that's wonderful. 

5398
05:04:48,100 --> 05:04:51,000
It means astronomy. 
Story isn't finished. 

5399
05:04:51,000 --> 05:04:55,400
There are still Mysteries to 
solve discoveries to make and 

5400
05:04:55,400 --> 05:04:58,300
Revolutions in understanding 
waiting to happen. 

5401
05:04:59,200 --> 05:05:04,300
The universe is vast and strange
and Humanity as barely begun. 

5402
05:05:04,300 --> 05:05:07,900
Exploring it what we've learned 
in our brief time as a species 

5403
05:05:07,900 --> 05:05:10,900
is impressive? 
But what remains to learn is 

5404
05:05:10,900 --> 05:05:15,600
surely greater still, the stars 
shine on in different to human 

5405
05:05:15,600 --> 05:05:19,600
observation following physical 
laws established billions of 

5406
05:05:19,600 --> 05:05:22,100
years ago in the universe's. 
Hot Beginnings. 

5407
05:05:22,100 --> 05:05:24,700
They'll continue shining long 
after. 

5408
05:05:24,700 --> 05:05:28,200
Humanity is gone. 
Whether that thousands millions 

5409
05:05:28,200 --> 05:05:32,600
or billions of years from now. 
But while we're here, While we 

5410
05:05:32,600 --> 05:05:35,700
have the capacity to wonder and 
observe and understand. 

5411
05:05:35,700 --> 05:05:38,300
We're part of something 
Magnificent. 

5412
05:05:38,300 --> 05:05:43,700
The universe coming to know 
itself, Because that's what 

5413
05:05:43,700 --> 05:05:47,300
astronomy is ultimately. 
It's the cosmos developing 

5414
05:05:47,300 --> 05:05:51,700
awareness asking questions about
its own nature, and seeking 

5415
05:05:51,700 --> 05:05:54,100
answers to how and why it 
exists. 

5416
05:05:55,400 --> 05:05:59,300
We are the universe observing 
itself, matter and energy 

5417
05:05:59,300 --> 05:06:03,200
arranged in patterns complex 
enough to contemplate their own 

5418
05:06:03,200 --> 05:06:05,900
Origins. 
When you look at stars and 

5419
05:06:05,900 --> 05:06:08,900
wonder about them, your 
participating in something. 

5420
05:06:08,900 --> 05:06:14,000
Profound the long patient work 
of understanding of transforming

5421
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:18,100
mystery into knowledge of 
finding Humanity's place in the 

5422
05:06:18,100 --> 05:06:22,600
vast Cosmic story. 
So when clear night come step 

5423
05:06:22,600 --> 05:06:27,500
outside, look up your caring 
forward a traditions of 

5424
05:06:27,500 --> 05:06:31,700
thousands of years old joining 
countless observers across time 

5425
05:06:31,700 --> 05:06:34,900
who've shared your curiosity. 
You're seeing light that 

5426
05:06:34,900 --> 05:06:37,500
traveled across space and time 
to reach your eyes. 

5427
05:06:37,500 --> 05:06:41,900
Photons that began their 
Journeys years or centuries ago 

5428
05:06:41,900 --> 05:06:45,500
from distant Suns. 
Your witnessing a universe of 

5429
05:06:45,500 --> 05:06:49,000
almost incomprehensible scale 
and Beauty governed. 

5430
05:06:49,000 --> 05:06:52,700
By elegant laws, we've only 
partially understood and in 

5431
05:06:52,700 --> 05:06:56,500
doing so your continuing the 
work, those First curious humans

5432
05:06:56,500 --> 05:06:59,000
began on African grasslands so 
long ago. 

5433
05:07:00,000 --> 05:07:03,300
The work of looking upward 
wondering what those lights 

5434
05:07:03,300 --> 05:07:07,700
might be and slowly patiently, 
figuring it out. 

5435
05:07:08,700 --> 05:07:13,800
The journey isn't finished, the 
sky, holds mystery still waiting

5436
05:07:13,800 --> 05:07:17,600
for observers with new tools and
new insights to reveal them. 

5437
05:07:18,500 --> 05:07:23,100
tonight, your part of that 
Journey, Connected across time 

5438
05:07:23,100 --> 05:07:27,900
to everyone, who's ever wondered
about the Stars, welcome to that

5439
05:07:27,900 --> 05:07:32,200
ancient Fellowship of star. 
Watchers, the universe is vast, 

5440
05:07:32,200 --> 05:07:36,200
beautiful and comprehensible, 
and it's been waiting billions 

5441
05:07:36,200 --> 05:07:39,100
of years for mine's capable of 
understanding it. 

5442
05:07:39,900 --> 05:07:44,200
You're one of those mines look 
up Wanda and know that your 

5443
05:07:44,200 --> 05:07:47,400
participating in one of 
Humanity's greatest projects. 

5444
05:07:48,200 --> 05:07:51,500
The long patient effort to 
understand how the universe 

5445
05:07:51,500 --> 05:07:56,200
works and our place within it. 
Sweet dreams beneath the stars. 

5446
05:08:03,500 --> 05:08:06,800
You open your eyes Before, Dawn.
And the first thing you notice 

5447
05:08:06,800 --> 05:08:09,800
is how quiet everything is not 
silent. 

5448
05:08:09,800 --> 05:08:14,300
Egypt is never truly silent but 
Hushed in that particular way, 

5449
05:08:14,300 --> 05:08:16,700
that happens when an entire 
Palace is holding. 

5450
05:08:16,700 --> 05:08:20,200
Its breath waiting for you to 
wake up somewhere beyond your 

5451
05:08:20,200 --> 05:08:23,200
bed chamber, you can hear the 
distant sound of water being 

5452
05:08:23,200 --> 05:08:27,600
poured, the soft padding of bare
feet on Limestone floors and the

5453
05:08:27,600 --> 05:08:30,600
gentle rustle of linen. 
A servants prepare for your day,

5454
05:08:30,600 --> 05:08:33,600
but none of them will enter 
until you signal that you're 

5455
05:08:33,600 --> 05:08:36,300
ready. 
Being a God, has its perks. 

5456
05:08:36,300 --> 05:08:40,900
And previously Before Sunrise is
one of the bed beneath you a 

5457
05:08:40,900 --> 05:08:42,200
surprisingly comfortable for 
something? 

5458
05:08:42,200 --> 05:08:44,100
That looks like it was designed 
by someone? 

5459
05:08:44,100 --> 05:08:45,700
Who'd, never actually slept 
before. 

5460
05:08:45,700 --> 05:08:48,800
It's a wooden frame with a 
football carved to look like 

5461
05:08:48,800 --> 05:08:52,700
protective Spirits, part lion 
part something else entirely 

5462
05:08:52,700 --> 05:08:56,000
that, you're not entirely sure 
about but the Artisan seemed 

5463
05:08:56,000 --> 05:08:57,200
confident. 
So you went with it. 

5464
05:08:57,200 --> 05:09:00,500
The mattress is woven Reed, 
covered with linen sheets that 

5465
05:09:00,500 --> 05:09:03,100
somehow stay cool even in the 
Egyptian Heat. 

5466
05:09:03,800 --> 05:09:08,200
Your headrest, a curved piece of
wood that cradles your neck has 

5467
05:09:08,200 --> 05:09:11,400
taken some getting used to over 
the years when you were younger 

5468
05:09:11,400 --> 05:09:14,100
you thought it was a torture 
device disguised as Furniture. 

5469
05:09:14,100 --> 05:09:18,600
Now, you can't sleep without it.
The room smells like myrrh and 

5470
05:09:18,600 --> 05:09:21,500
frankincense from the sensors 
that burn through the night 

5471
05:09:21,500 --> 05:09:24,800
mixed with the peculiar scent of
Old Stone. 

5472
05:09:24,800 --> 05:09:28,300
That permeates every building in
Egypt, it's not unpleasant. 

5473
05:09:29,300 --> 05:09:32,400
Actually it becomes so familiar 
that you find it comforting, 

5474
05:09:32,400 --> 05:09:35,900
like the smell of rain to 
someone who grew up in a wetter 

5475
05:09:35,900 --> 05:09:38,900
climate through the high 
Windows, you can see the sky 

5476
05:09:38,900 --> 05:09:43,100
turning from black to deep blue.
That particular shade that only 

5477
05:09:43,100 --> 05:09:46,500
exists for about 15 minutes. 
Each morning before the sun 

5478
05:09:46,500 --> 05:09:50,100
decides to make its dramatic 
entrance, you sit up slowly 

5479
05:09:50,100 --> 05:09:53,600
because even Pharaoh's need a 
moment to let their backs adjust

5480
05:09:53,600 --> 05:09:57,700
after line down all night, the 
gold and Lapis, Lazuli Patrol, 

5481
05:09:57,700 --> 05:10:00,500
you ought to bed, you'll never 
completely unadorned, even in 

5482
05:10:00,500 --> 05:10:03,400
sleep catches, the pre-dawn 
light and throws. 

5483
05:10:03,400 --> 05:10:07,200
Tiny blue stars across the wall 
is one of your favorite actually

5484
05:10:07,200 --> 05:10:11,200
less ostentatious than some of 
the ceremonial pieces but 

5485
05:10:11,200 --> 05:10:12,900
beautiful in a way that doesn't 
scream. 

5486
05:10:12,900 --> 05:10:15,800
Look at me. 
I'm incredibly important and 

5487
05:10:15,800 --> 05:10:21,100
wealthy. it just Whispers it 
politely there's a gentle cough 

5488
05:10:21,100 --> 05:10:24,200
from Beyond the Door, not an 
impatient cough because nobody 

5489
05:10:24,200 --> 05:10:26,600
in their right mind would cough 
impatiently at a pharaoh. 

5490
05:10:27,200 --> 05:10:30,100
But a we're ready when you are 
but also the sun waits for no 

5491
05:10:30,100 --> 05:10:33,900
one kind of cough you call out 
that you're awake and the door 

5492
05:10:33,900 --> 05:10:37,300
opens to admit a small 
procession of people whose 

5493
05:10:37,300 --> 05:10:39,900
entire job is to make sure you 
don't have to dress yourself. 

5494
05:10:39,900 --> 05:10:43,400
Leading them is Ammon Hotel. 
Your chief steward, who has 

5495
05:10:43,400 --> 05:10:46,900
perfected, the art of looking 
simultaneously alert and Serene 

5496
05:10:46,900 --> 05:10:48,600
at an hour. 
When most people look like 

5497
05:10:48,600 --> 05:10:52,000
they've been hit with a brick, 
the purification ritual happens 

5498
05:10:52,000 --> 05:10:55,100
first before you can eat or 
drink or do anything else, 

5499
05:10:55,100 --> 05:10:57,900
because you can't very well 
commune with the gods while 

5500
05:10:57,900 --> 05:10:59,800
smelling like you've been asleep
for eight hours. 

5501
05:10:59,800 --> 05:11:03,800
Two presenter carrying Alabaster
jars of water drawn from the 

5502
05:11:03,800 --> 05:11:08,800
Nile to Sacred spotter stream. 
The water is cool and clean and 

5503
05:11:08,800 --> 05:11:12,100
they pour it over your hands and
feet while reciting prayers that

5504
05:11:12,100 --> 05:11:15,000
you've heard so many times you 
could recite them backwards 

5505
05:11:15,000 --> 05:11:18,600
probably shouldn't mention that 
you want to try doing exactly 

5506
05:11:18,600 --> 05:11:21,800
that during a particularly 
boring ceremony when you were 

5507
05:11:21,808 --> 05:11:25,100
13. 
Your high priest wasn't amused. 

5508
05:11:25,100 --> 05:11:29,400
The washing is methodical and 
strangely peaceful one, priest 

5509
05:11:29,400 --> 05:11:33,000
focuses on your right side, the 
other on your left, moving in 

5510
05:11:33,000 --> 05:11:35,600
perfect synchronization. 
Like they've been practicing 

5511
05:11:35,600 --> 05:11:39,000
this routine for years. 
Which, of course they have. 

5512
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:42,800
Water runs over your skin and 
collects in a bronze bass and 

5513
05:11:42,800 --> 05:11:45,500
beneath your feet. 
Carrying away the night and 

5514
05:11:45,500 --> 05:11:49,000
symbolically at least any 
impurities that might have 

5515
05:11:49,008 --> 05:11:53,000
accumulated while you slept, you
watch ripples form in the Basin 

5516
05:11:53,000 --> 05:11:56,300
and think about how the Nile 
itself must be going through its

5517
05:11:56,300 --> 05:11:59,200
own morning. 
Routines, Downstream preparing 

5518
05:11:59,200 --> 05:12:02,100
for another day of keeping 
millions of people alive. 

5519
05:12:03,000 --> 05:12:05,600
Next comes the anointing with 
oils. 

5520
05:12:05,600 --> 05:12:09,500
These aren't your everyday oils.
Nobody's rubbing you down with 

5521
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:11,700
whatever they used to keep door 
hinges from squeaking. 

5522
05:12:11,700 --> 05:12:16,700
These are sacred oils, expensive
oils oils that had to be 

5523
05:12:16,708 --> 05:12:20,500
imported from places so far away
that the merchants who brought 

5524
05:12:20,500 --> 05:12:23,600
them spent months traveling 
through deserts and across Seas.

5525
05:12:23,600 --> 05:12:27,100
The chief oil is Merrick mixed 
with cinnamon and something 

5526
05:12:27,100 --> 05:12:30,700
floral that you can never quite 
identify that smells like what 

5527
05:12:30,700 --> 05:12:32,600
you imagine? 
The gods Garden would smell like

5528
05:12:32,600 --> 05:12:35,900
if God's needed, Guardians the 
priest applies the oil to your 

5529
05:12:35,900 --> 05:12:39,800
forehead, first drawing symbols,
you can't see, but can feel in 

5530
05:12:39,800 --> 05:12:44,300
the patterns, his fingers, make 
then your chest your arms and 

5531
05:12:44,300 --> 05:12:48,200
your feet. 
The oil soaks in slowly leaving 

5532
05:12:48,200 --> 05:12:51,400
your skin gleaming in the 
Lamplight, you smell like a 

5533
05:12:51,400 --> 05:12:54,600
temple now which is appropriate,
considering you're about to 

5534
05:12:54,600 --> 05:12:57,500
become the primary link between 
Egypt, and every God whose 

5535
05:12:57,500 --> 05:13:01,800
paying attention this morning. 
The dressing process is its own 

5536
05:13:01,800 --> 05:13:04,500
kind of ritual first. 
The linen killed. 

5537
05:13:05,200 --> 05:13:08,600
Not just any linen but Royal 
linen woven. 

5538
05:13:08,600 --> 05:13:10,900
So finally you can barely feel 
it against your skin. 

5539
05:13:10,900 --> 05:13:13,500
It's pleated within an inch of 
its life. 

5540
05:13:13,500 --> 05:13:17,700
Each fold sharp enough to cut 
Papyrus and it's held in place 

5541
05:13:17,700 --> 05:13:20,300
with a belt that weighs 
approximately as much as a small

5542
05:13:20,300 --> 05:13:22,600
cat. 
The belt is gold because of 

5543
05:13:22,600 --> 05:13:25,800
course it is. 
Inlaid with semi-precious stones

5544
05:13:25,800 --> 05:13:28,900
arranged in patterns that tell 
stories about your Divine Right 

5545
05:13:28,900 --> 05:13:32,600
To Rule and your ancestors 
Divine Right To Rule and 

5546
05:13:32,600 --> 05:13:35,400
basically everyone in your 
family's divine right to do 

5547
05:13:35,400 --> 05:13:38,100
whatever they want. 
Then the color. 

5548
05:13:38,100 --> 05:13:40,200
This is where things get 
serious. 

5549
05:13:40,200 --> 05:13:43,200
Wait wise. 
The broad color is a masterpiece

5550
05:13:43,200 --> 05:13:47,800
of goldsmithing rows upon rows 
of gold Carnelian, turquoise and

5551
05:13:47,800 --> 05:13:50,700
Lapis, Lazuli beads strung 
together to create something 

5552
05:13:50,700 --> 05:13:54,700
that's part jewelry, part armor 
and part statement piece that 

5553
05:13:54,700 --> 05:13:58,900
says, yes, I could buy your 
entire village with what I'm 

5554
05:13:58,900 --> 05:14:02,000
wearing around my neck. 
It settles onto your shoulders 

5555
05:14:02,000 --> 05:14:05,100
with a familiar heaviness. 
You automatically straighten 

5556
05:14:05,100 --> 05:14:07,900
your posture to compensate. 
You've been wearing these 

5557
05:14:07,900 --> 05:14:10,900
collars since you were crowned 
and you've developed neck 

5558
05:14:10,900 --> 05:14:13,200
muscles, that could probably 
support a small building. 

5559
05:14:13,200 --> 05:14:17,300
The crown comes last, not the 
elaborate double crown, you'll 

5560
05:14:17,300 --> 05:14:19,900
wear for major ceremonies. 
That thing requires its own 

5561
05:14:19,900 --> 05:14:22,500
support staff, and gives you a 
headache after about 20 minutes,

5562
05:14:22,500 --> 05:14:27,000
but the simple neems headdress. 
The striped linen cloth that 

5563
05:14:27,000 --> 05:14:30,400
frames your face and makes you 
instantly recognizable as 

5564
05:14:30,400 --> 05:14:32,900
Pharaoh. 
It's surprisingly, practical 

5565
05:14:32,900 --> 05:14:36,700
actually keeps the sun off your 
head, keeps your hair out of 

5566
05:14:36,700 --> 05:14:39,100
your face and looks sufficiently
impressive. 

5567
05:14:39,100 --> 05:14:43,000
That people remember their, in 
the presence of royalty Finally 

5568
05:14:43,000 --> 05:14:44,600
they hand you the crook and 
flail. 

5569
05:14:44,600 --> 05:14:48,000
These are your symbols of King 
ship, the tools that Mark you as

5570
05:14:48,008 --> 05:14:51,600
both Shepherd and Warrior of 
Egypt, the crook is hooked at 

5571
05:14:51,600 --> 05:14:54,100
the top symbolizing, your role 
in guiding your people. 

5572
05:14:54,900 --> 05:14:57,600
Fail is a kind of whip thing 
that honestly serves no 

5573
05:14:57,600 --> 05:15:01,700
practical purpose, but looks 
great in reliefs and reminds 

5574
05:15:01,700 --> 05:15:04,400
everyone that you could 
theoretically, Smite them if 

5575
05:15:04,400 --> 05:15:07,400
necessary, hold them crossed 
against your chest, in the 

5576
05:15:07,400 --> 05:15:10,600
traditional pose and catch sight
of yourself in a polished bronze

5577
05:15:10,600 --> 05:15:13,400
mirror. 
You look like a pharaoh, you 

5578
05:15:13,400 --> 05:15:17,200
look like power personified, you
look like someone who definitely

5579
05:15:17,200 --> 05:15:19,900
knows what they're doing and has
everything under control. 

5580
05:15:19,900 --> 05:15:23,500
It's a good look even if you 
know that underneath all the 

5581
05:15:23,500 --> 05:15:27,100
gold and oil and carefully 
arranged linen, you're just a 

5582
05:15:27,100 --> 05:15:29,200
person who's going to need to 
visit the previous at some point

5583
05:15:29,208 --> 05:15:32,800
today and would really like some
breakfast this Sun. 

5584
05:15:32,800 --> 05:15:36,600
God Ra is making his appearance 
on the Eastern Horizon, which 

5585
05:15:36,600 --> 05:15:38,800
means it's time for you to make 
yours at the temple. 

5586
05:15:38,800 --> 05:15:42,700
This is non-negotiable you could
be dying and actually one of 

5587
05:15:42,708 --> 05:15:45,400
your predecessors did perform 
the morning ritual Wilding, 

5588
05:15:45,400 --> 05:15:49,200
which everyone agreed was 
impressively dedicated, but also

5589
05:15:49,200 --> 05:15:52,500
maybe taking things a bit far. 
And you'd still need to show up 

5590
05:15:52,500 --> 05:15:56,300
to help the sun rise because 
according to theology, the sun 

5591
05:15:56,300 --> 05:16:00,300
doesn't rise on its own. 
It rises because you as the 

5592
05:16:00,300 --> 05:16:04,100
living embodiment of Horus 
perform the correct rituals to 

5593
05:16:04,100 --> 05:16:06,200
make it happen. 
No pressure. 

5594
05:16:06,200 --> 05:16:09,100
The walk to the temple. 
Takes you through corridors, 

5595
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:11,000
that are starting to come alive 
with activity. 

5596
05:16:11,700 --> 05:16:14,500
Servants press themselves 
against the walls as you pass 

5597
05:16:14,500 --> 05:16:18,400
heads bowed because looking 
directly at you is considered 

5598
05:16:18,400 --> 05:16:20,900
bold at best and sacrilegious at
worst. 

5599
05:16:20,900 --> 05:16:24,000
You've tried to tell people, 
they can look at you, like a 

5600
05:16:24,000 --> 05:16:27,100
normal person, but apparently 
that's not how Divine King ship 

5601
05:16:27,100 --> 05:16:29,400
works. 
So you've learned to acknowledge

5602
05:16:29,400 --> 05:16:32,500
them with out. 
Requiring I contact Small nod 

5603
05:16:32,500 --> 05:16:34,700
here. 
A gesture there enough to show 

5604
05:16:34,700 --> 05:16:36,200
you. 
See them without forcing them, 

5605
05:16:36,200 --> 05:16:40,100
into an awkward theological 
situation, the temple is cool 

5606
05:16:40,100 --> 05:16:44,000
and dark lit, only by oil lamps,
that create pools of golden 

5607
05:16:44,000 --> 05:16:46,300
light. 
In the darkness, the air is 

5608
05:16:46,308 --> 05:16:49,700
thick with incense so thick you 
can practically taste it and 

5609
05:16:49,700 --> 05:16:52,000
you've developed the ability to 
breathe through your mouth 

5610
05:16:52,000 --> 05:16:54,700
without being obvious about it. 
The walls are covered in 

5611
05:16:54,700 --> 05:16:58,500
hieroglyphs and images that tell
the story of Creation, The Gods,

5612
05:16:58,500 --> 05:17:01,300
Your Divine ancestry. 
And several of your own 

5613
05:17:01,300 --> 05:17:04,300
accomplishments that may have 
been slightly exaggerated by the

5614
05:17:04,300 --> 05:17:08,500
artists that battle you won in 
real life, it was messy and 

5615
05:17:08,500 --> 05:17:12,300
terrifying and you nearly got 
knocked off your chariot on the 

5616
05:17:12,300 --> 05:17:14,600
temple wall, your 
single-handedly defeating 

5617
05:17:14,600 --> 05:17:17,200
thousands of enemies while 
remaining perfectly quaffed. 

5618
05:17:17,200 --> 05:17:20,400
The high priest is waiting for 
you at the sanctuary entrance 

5619
05:17:20,400 --> 05:17:23,400
along with a collection of other
priests who form a kind of 

5620
05:17:23,408 --> 05:17:26,400
religious Entourage. 
There are all shaved, completely

5621
05:17:26,400 --> 05:17:29,200
bald. 
Not just their heads eyebrows, 

5622
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:33,400
everything because body hair. 
Considered impure in sacred 

5623
05:17:33,400 --> 05:17:36,000
spaces. 
You've always found this a bit 

5624
05:17:36,008 --> 05:17:39,500
extreme but you're not the one 
who made the rules will 

5625
05:17:39,500 --> 05:17:41,900
technically you are the one who 
could change the rules being 

5626
05:17:41,900 --> 05:17:45,400
fair and all but some traditions
are so old and so ingrained that

5627
05:17:45,400 --> 05:17:48,300
even you don't mess with them. 
The inner Sanctuary is where the

5628
05:17:48,308 --> 05:17:50,700
god actually lives, not 
metaphorically. 

5629
05:17:50,700 --> 05:17:54,300
Lives the statue in their house 
is the actual essence of the 

5630
05:17:54,300 --> 05:17:58,100
god, making it the most sacred, 
and most dangerous spot in all 

5631
05:17:58,100 --> 05:18:01,200
of Egypt. 
Only you and the high priest can

5632
05:18:01,200 --> 05:18:05,500
enter and even then only during 
a specific rituals, the door is 

5633
05:18:05,508 --> 05:18:08,200
sealed with the previous day 
seal which you break with the 

5634
05:18:08,200 --> 05:18:13,100
ceremonial knife the wax cracks 
with a satisfying snap and the 

5635
05:18:13,100 --> 05:18:15,800
heavy doors, swing open to 
reveal the gods dwelling. 

5636
05:18:16,700 --> 05:18:20,800
Statue is magnificent covered in
Gold Leaf and precious stones. 

5637
05:18:20,800 --> 05:18:23,200
Wearing its own set of 
ceremonial garments that get 

5638
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:26,400
changed daily. 
It stands in the dim, lamp light

5639
05:18:26,400 --> 05:18:29,400
looking appropriately, Divine 
and slightly intimidating. 

5640
05:18:29,400 --> 05:18:33,100
The deities seem to follow you 
as you approach, which is either

5641
05:18:33,100 --> 05:18:36,100
a trick of the light or proof 
that the God is indeed present. 

5642
05:18:37,000 --> 05:18:39,000
You prefer not to think about it
too deeply. 

5643
05:18:39,000 --> 05:18:42,800
The morning ritual is always the
same you approach the statue. 

5644
05:18:42,800 --> 05:18:45,400
Reciting prayers in the ancient 
tongue that you learned 

5645
05:18:45,400 --> 05:18:48,100
phonetically. 
As a child, even though you're 

5646
05:18:48,100 --> 05:18:50,400
fluent in the now, there's 
something about the sound of the

5647
05:18:50,400 --> 05:18:54,200
words rounded and formal and 
heavy with Millennia of 

5648
05:18:54,200 --> 05:18:56,700
repetition, that makes them feel
powerful. 

5649
05:18:56,700 --> 05:19:01,200
You're not just speaking your 
activating something connecting 

5650
05:19:01,200 --> 05:19:02,900
to a power that existed before 
your 

5651
05:19:02,900 --> 05:19:05,300
great-great-great-grandparents 
were born. 

5652
05:19:06,000 --> 05:19:10,000
You purify the statue with water
and nature and carefully washing

5653
05:19:10,000 --> 05:19:13,000
the gods face and hands. 
Then you dress it in. 

5654
05:19:13,000 --> 05:19:15,600
Fresh Linen, removing 
yesterday's garments, and 

5655
05:19:15,600 --> 05:19:18,000
replacing them with new ones 
that have been specially 

5656
05:19:18,000 --> 05:19:21,400
prepared and consecrated. 
The god gets jewelry, too 

5657
05:19:21,400 --> 05:19:25,900
necklaces and bracelets that you
fasten with steady hands, taking

5658
05:19:25,900 --> 05:19:29,200
care, not to let them tangle. 
You've gotten quite good at 

5659
05:19:29,200 --> 05:19:31,200
this. 
Over the years, the first time 

5660
05:19:31,200 --> 05:19:34,500
you did it, you were so nervous.
You nearly dropped a Priceless 

5661
05:19:34,500 --> 05:19:36,900
amulet. 
The high priest face went 

5662
05:19:36,900 --> 05:19:39,400
through several shades of pale 
before you caught it. 

5663
05:19:40,200 --> 05:19:43,800
Food offerings come next a small
Feast is laid out before the 

5664
05:19:43,800 --> 05:19:47,300
statue bread. 
Beer roasted duck, fresh fruit 

5665
05:19:47,300 --> 05:19:49,700
and vegetables prepared. 
Exactly the way the god, 

5666
05:19:49,700 --> 05:19:53,100
prefers, the irony isn't lost on
you, that the god probably 

5667
05:19:53,100 --> 05:19:56,500
doesn't actually eat the food. 
What happens is that the gods 

5668
05:19:56,500 --> 05:20:00,000
Essence consumes, the spiritual 
part of the meal, leaving the 

5669
05:20:00,000 --> 05:20:03,000
physical part to be distributed 
among the priests later. 

5670
05:20:03,000 --> 05:20:07,300
It's an efficient system, really
the gods get fed, the priests 

5671
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:11,300
get fed, and everyone's happy. 
You like incense and make the 

5672
05:20:11,300 --> 05:20:14,900
final offerings, reciting the 
prayers, that release the Gods, 

5673
05:20:14,900 --> 05:20:17,000
power to flow through Egypt, for
another day. 

5674
05:20:17,000 --> 05:20:20,000
It's during these moments that 
you sometimes feel something 

5675
05:20:20,000 --> 05:20:23,400
shifted in the air, something 
you can't quite explain, but 

5676
05:20:23,400 --> 05:20:24,500
that makes the hair on your 
arms. 

5677
05:20:24,500 --> 05:20:27,200
Stand up. 
Maybe it's just the incense 

5678
05:20:27,200 --> 05:20:28,400
smoke Playing Tricks on your 
mind. 

5679
05:20:28,400 --> 05:20:31,700
Maybe it's the weight of belief 
from millions of Egyptians 

5680
05:20:31,700 --> 05:20:34,400
flowing through you. 
Maybe the gods really are 

5681
05:20:34,400 --> 05:20:37,100
listening when you emerge from 
the sanctuary. 

5682
05:20:37,100 --> 05:20:40,100
The sun is fully risen, this is 
important. 

5683
05:20:40,100 --> 05:20:43,900
If you'd fail in your duties, 
theoretically, the sun wouldn't 

5684
05:20:43,900 --> 05:20:46,400
have risen. 
Egypt would have fallen into 

5685
05:20:46,400 --> 05:20:48,800
chaos and it would have been 
entirely your fault. 

5686
05:20:48,800 --> 05:20:53,000
But the sun is shining, the Nile
is flowing, and the world 

5687
05:20:53,000 --> 05:20:56,900
continues to exist, which means 
you've successfully fulfilled, 

5688
05:20:56,900 --> 05:20:59,300
your Cosmic responsibilities for
another morning. 

5689
05:21:00,100 --> 05:21:03,000
You allow yourself a moment of 
quiet satisfaction. 

5690
05:21:03,000 --> 05:21:08,000
The rest of the morning involves
more temples and more Gods Egypt

5691
05:21:08,000 --> 05:21:11,000
has a lot of gods and almost 
embarrassing number of gods. 

5692
05:21:11,000 --> 05:21:14,400
Really, and while you can't 
personally visit all of them. 

5693
05:21:14,400 --> 05:21:16,700
Every day you need to make 
regular appearances. 

5694
05:21:16,700 --> 05:21:20,000
At the major temples. 
There's the Temple of a moon, 

5695
05:21:20,000 --> 05:21:23,600
the king of Gods, whose priests 
wheeled almost as much power as 

5696
05:21:23,600 --> 05:21:25,700
you do and need to be kept 
happy. 

5697
05:21:26,600 --> 05:21:30,100
There's the Temple of tar, 
patron of Kraft's man, whose 

5698
05:21:30,100 --> 05:21:31,700
favor you need. 
If you want your building 

5699
05:21:31,700 --> 05:21:35,800
projects to succeed as the 
Temple of hathor goddess of love

5700
05:21:35,800 --> 05:21:39,100
and joy, whose festivals are 
significantly more fun than the 

5701
05:21:39,108 --> 05:21:41,500
other gods festivals, each 
Temple. 

5702
05:21:41,500 --> 05:21:44,900
Visit follows a similar pattern 
approach with appropriate. 

5703
05:21:44,900 --> 05:21:48,700
Reverence perform the rituals, 
make the offerings and listen to

5704
05:21:48,700 --> 05:21:52,300
the priest reports about Temple 
business and their requests for 

5705
05:21:52,300 --> 05:21:56,000
more funding. 
The request for funding are 

5706
05:21:56,000 --> 05:21:59,300
constant, every priest believes 
that God, deserves a bigger 

5707
05:21:59,300 --> 05:22:02,400
Temple, more offerings and 
additional staff. 

5708
05:22:02,400 --> 05:22:05,800
You've become skilled at the 
political dance of appearing to 

5709
05:22:05,800 --> 05:22:09,000
consider every request. 
Seriously, while committing to 

5710
05:22:09,000 --> 05:22:11,600
nothing specific between 
temples. 

5711
05:22:11,600 --> 05:22:14,300
You're carried on a litter by 
bearers who move with 

5712
05:22:14,300 --> 05:22:17,400
synchronized Precision. 
Making the journey smoother 

5713
05:22:17,400 --> 05:22:20,000
enough that you could probably 
balance a cup of wine on your 

5714
05:22:20,000 --> 05:22:23,000
head without spilling a drop. 
Not that you've tried. 

5715
05:22:23,000 --> 05:22:26,600
That would be undignified. 
The streets are crowded with 

5716
05:22:26,600 --> 05:22:29,600
people who've come out to see 
you pass and you maintain the 

5717
05:22:29,600 --> 05:22:33,600
appropriate expression of 
benevolent Divine Authority or 

5718
05:22:33,600 --> 05:22:35,700
privately wondering. 
If you remember to have someone 

5719
05:22:35,700 --> 05:22:38,800
check on your favorite hunting, 
dog, who seemed a bit off 

5720
05:22:38,800 --> 05:22:41,900
yesterday by mid-morning. 
Your back at the palace for the 

5721
05:22:41,900 --> 05:22:44,900
less spiritual, but equally 
important part of being Pharaoh 

5722
05:22:44,900 --> 05:22:48,600
actually running the country. 
The audience Hall is already 

5723
05:22:48,600 --> 05:22:50,500
filling with people who need 
something from. 

5724
05:22:50,500 --> 05:22:55,300
You officials Nobles, foreign 
ambassadors, priests Architects,

5725
05:22:55,300 --> 05:23:00,600
Merchants Farmers with disputes,
criminals awaiting judgment, and

5726
05:23:00,600 --> 05:23:04,200
that one persistent inventor who
keeps trying to convince you to 

5727
05:23:04,200 --> 05:23:06,600
fund his revolutionary new 
irrigation system. 

5728
05:23:06,600 --> 05:23:08,600
That will definitely work this 
time. 

5729
05:23:08,600 --> 05:23:13,000
Unlike the last three times, you
settle onto your throne, which 

5730
05:23:13,000 --> 05:23:15,600
is magnificent and uncomfortable
in equal measure. 

5731
05:23:15,600 --> 05:23:19,500
It's designed to make you look 
powerful, not to provide lumbar 

5732
05:23:19,500 --> 05:23:22,900
support. 
The throne is gold plated inlaid

5733
05:23:22,900 --> 05:23:26,500
with Ivory and Ebony and carved 
with images of you defeating 

5734
05:23:26,500 --> 05:23:30,400
enemies communing with gods and 
generally being excellent. 

5735
05:23:30,400 --> 05:23:34,200
At everything, the arms are 
shaped like rearing cobras which

5736
05:23:34,200 --> 05:23:36,000
looks impressive, but means you 
have to be careful. 

5737
05:23:36,000 --> 05:23:39,000
Not to scratch yourself on the 
Cobra fangs when you adjust your

5738
05:23:39,000 --> 05:23:43,400
position. 
Your Vizio Taj approaches with 

5739
05:23:43,400 --> 05:23:46,300
the days of gender. 
He's been your second in command

5740
05:23:46,300 --> 05:23:50,000
for five years now and you trust
him more than almost anyone. 

5741
05:23:50,000 --> 05:23:53,500
He's brilliant and efficient and
has the rare quality of being 

5742
05:23:53,500 --> 05:23:56,600
willing to tell you when you're 
wrong, but doing it in such a 

5743
05:23:56,600 --> 05:23:59,300
diplomatic way that you don't 
feel like having him thrown to 

5744
05:23:59,300 --> 05:24:02,100
the crocodiles. 
He's also apparently immune to 

5745
05:24:02,100 --> 05:24:04,800
border which is essential when 
dealing with Palace 

5746
05:24:04,800 --> 05:24:08,200
Administration. 
The first matter is a border 

5747
05:24:08,200 --> 05:24:11,200
dispute between two provincial 
Governors who both claim the 

5748
05:24:11,200 --> 05:24:14,500
same stretch of Farmland. 
The dispute has been going on 

5749
05:24:14,500 --> 05:24:17,700
for three years which seems 
excessive for an argument about 

5750
05:24:17,700 --> 05:24:20,600
dirt but apparently this 
particular dirt is extremely 

5751
05:24:20,600 --> 05:24:23,700
fertile and produces exceptional
barley. 

5752
05:24:23,700 --> 05:24:27,500
Both Governors are present each 
with Scrolls of evidence 

5753
05:24:27,500 --> 05:24:29,600
Witnesses and arguments 
prepared. 

5754
05:24:30,300 --> 05:24:33,200
You let them present their 
cases, which takes approximately

5755
05:24:33,200 --> 05:24:36,900
forever and involves a lot of 
dramatic gesturing and appeals 

5756
05:24:36,900 --> 05:24:39,900
to ancient press residents. 
The truth is, you could probably

5757
05:24:39,900 --> 05:24:42,300
solve this by simply declaring, 
one of them, the winner and 

5758
05:24:42,300 --> 05:24:45,600
moving on your Pharaoh, your 
word is law. 

5759
05:24:45,600 --> 05:24:48,200
But you've learned that 
arbitrary decisions. 

5760
05:24:48,200 --> 05:24:50,900
Even when you have the power to 
make them tend to create 

5761
05:24:50,900 --> 05:24:52,800
resentment and problems down the
line. 

5762
05:24:52,800 --> 05:24:57,000
So you listen, ask questions and
eventually propose a solution 

5763
05:24:57,000 --> 05:24:58,900
that involves surveying the land
properly. 

5764
05:24:59,700 --> 05:25:03,100
Splitting it based on the survey
results and both Governors 

5765
05:25:03,100 --> 05:25:06,200
contributing to a new irrigation
project that will benefit the 

5766
05:25:06,200 --> 05:25:08,900
entire region. 
Neither Governor looks entirely 

5767
05:25:08,900 --> 05:25:11,500
happy, which probably means it's
a fair solution. 

5768
05:25:11,500 --> 05:25:15,600
Next is a delegation from Nubia 
with tribute and trade 

5769
05:25:15,600 --> 05:25:18,200
proposals. 
The Nubians are skilled 

5770
05:25:18,200 --> 05:25:22,000
diplomats who dressed in their 
finest gold jewelry that Rivals,

5771
05:25:22,000 --> 05:25:25,500
your own Fine Fabrics, and 
elaborate hairstyles. 

5772
05:25:25,500 --> 05:25:29,400
They present their gifts with 
appropriate ceremony gold. 

5773
05:25:29,400 --> 05:25:33,900
Ivory ebony exotic, animal skins
and a live leopard, that seems 

5774
05:25:33,900 --> 05:25:36,300
less than thrilled about being a
diplomatic gift. 

5775
05:25:36,300 --> 05:25:39,400
The leopard is beautiful, but 
looks like it's considering 

5776
05:25:39,400 --> 05:25:42,500
making a break for Freedom, 
which would certainly liven up 

5777
05:25:42,500 --> 05:25:45,200
the proceedings. 
You accept the tribute 

5778
05:25:45,200 --> 05:25:48,600
graciously, and listen to their 
trade proposals which are 

5779
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:53,200
actually quite reasonable Nubia,
has resources, Egypt needs and 

5780
05:25:53,200 --> 05:25:55,500
Egypt has grain and manufactured
goods. 

5781
05:25:55,500 --> 05:25:59,000
New beer wants its basic 
economics dressed up in 

5782
05:25:59,000 --> 05:26:03,600
diplomatic Language you agree to
most of their requests modify a 

5783
05:26:03,600 --> 05:26:07,300
few details and send them away. 
Happy the leopard goes to the 

5784
05:26:07,300 --> 05:26:10,100
Royal Menagerie where hopefully 
it will feel less homicidal. 

5785
05:26:10,900 --> 05:26:14,200
Then there's the criminal case. 
A merchant is accused of using 

5786
05:26:14,200 --> 05:26:16,000
false weights to cheat 
customers. 

5787
05:26:16,000 --> 05:26:20,300
The evidence is presented the 
weights and questioned testimony

5788
05:26:20,300 --> 05:26:24,500
from customers and the merchants
protests of Innocence, you 

5789
05:26:24,500 --> 05:26:27,800
examine the weights yourself, 
comparing them to the standard 

5790
05:26:27,800 --> 05:26:31,100
measures kept in the palace, 
there definitely lighter than 

5791
05:26:31,108 --> 05:26:33,700
they should be, which means the 
merchant was selling people, 

5792
05:26:33,700 --> 05:26:37,000
less grain than they paid. 
For not the crime of the 

5793
05:26:37,008 --> 05:26:40,800
century, the dishonest 
nonetheless Egyptian lore is 

5794
05:26:40,800 --> 05:26:44,700
supposed to be based on Matt 
truth justice Harmony and the 

5795
05:26:44,700 --> 05:26:46,500
fundamental order of the 
universe. 

5796
05:26:47,500 --> 05:26:49,900
In practice, it means trying to 
be fair while. 

5797
05:26:49,900 --> 05:26:52,500
Also making sure people don't 
think they can cheat each other 

5798
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:55,500
with impunity. 
You find the merchant guilty and

5799
05:26:55,500 --> 05:26:58,800
sentence him to pay back double 
what he stole plus a fine to the

5800
05:26:58,808 --> 05:27:01,500
temple. 
It Stern enough to discourage 

5801
05:27:01,500 --> 05:27:02,900
others from trying the same 
thing. 

5802
05:27:02,900 --> 05:27:05,900
But not so harsh that it 
destroys the man's life. 

5803
05:27:05,900 --> 05:27:08,600
He leaves looking relieved that 
you didn't order anything 

5804
05:27:08,600 --> 05:27:12,100
involving crocodiles, the 
architect arrives with updated 

5805
05:27:12,100 --> 05:27:15,400
plans, for your Mortuary Temple.
This is the building that will 

5806
05:27:15,400 --> 05:27:17,500
serve as your cult center after 
you die. 

5807
05:27:17,500 --> 05:27:20,100
Where priests will make 
offerings to your memory for 

5808
05:27:20,100 --> 05:27:21,800
centuries. 
No. 

5809
05:27:21,800 --> 05:27:23,700
Pressure to make it impressive 
or anything. 

5810
05:27:23,700 --> 05:27:27,900
The architect on roles Papyrus. 
After Papyrus showing you 

5811
05:27:27,900 --> 05:27:30,800
designs for Courtyards, columns,
statues and reliefs. 

5812
05:27:31,700 --> 05:27:35,500
Everything is calculated to 
inspire or and demonstrate your 

5813
05:27:35,500 --> 05:27:37,300
divine nature to Future 
Generations. 

5814
05:27:37,300 --> 05:27:41,800
You suggest some modifications, 
a larger Courtyard here, 

5815
05:27:41,800 --> 05:27:46,400
different proportions, there may
be fewer images of you smiting 

5816
05:27:46,400 --> 05:27:49,900
enemies, and more of you making 
offerings to Gods because you 

5817
05:27:49,900 --> 05:27:54,100
want to be remembered as Pious. 
Not just violent, the architect 

5818
05:27:54,100 --> 05:27:57,500
makes notes nodding 
enthusiastically at your ideas 

5819
05:27:57,500 --> 05:28:00,200
even though you suspect. 
He's going to gently talk you 

5820
05:28:00,200 --> 05:28:03,700
out of half of them later by 
explaining various architectural

5821
05:28:03,700 --> 05:28:07,100
principles, you don't fully 
understand between official 

5822
05:28:07,100 --> 05:28:09,700
audiences Tara tep updates your 
on the Kingdom's. 

5823
05:28:09,700 --> 05:28:13,600
Finances Egypt is well, but 
wealth requires management. 

5824
05:28:14,500 --> 05:28:18,500
There are granaries to maintain 
armies to pay building projects 

5825
05:28:18,500 --> 05:28:22,400
to fund temples to support and 
foreign trade to manage the 

5826
05:28:22,400 --> 05:28:25,600
Niles flood this year was good, 
which means the Harvest should 

5827
05:28:25,600 --> 05:28:27,900
be abundant, which means tax 
revenue. 

5828
05:28:27,900 --> 05:28:31,700
Should be solid. 
But there's always something a 

5829
05:28:31,700 --> 05:28:34,900
warehouse that needs repairs. 
A Garrison, that needs supplies,

5830
05:28:34,900 --> 05:28:39,200
a canal that needs dredging. 
You approved budgets sign off on

5831
05:28:39,200 --> 05:28:42,800
expenditures and make decisions 
about resource allocation. 

5832
05:28:42,800 --> 05:28:44,700
That would probably bore you to 
tears. 

5833
05:28:44,700 --> 05:28:47,600
If they weren't. 
So crucial to keeping Egypt 

5834
05:28:47,600 --> 05:28:49,800
functioning the truth about 
ruling. 

5835
05:28:49,800 --> 05:28:52,700
An Empire is that it's less 
about dramatic pronouncements 

5836
05:28:52,700 --> 05:28:56,900
and more about making sure grain
gets from where it's grown to 

5837
05:28:56,900 --> 05:29:00,800
where it's needed workers. 
Get paid infrastructure gets 

5838
05:29:00,800 --> 05:29:05,000
maintained and the complex 
machine of civilization keeps 

5839
05:29:05,000 --> 05:29:07,400
turning a messenger arrives with
news. 

5840
05:29:07,400 --> 05:29:09,900
From the Army. 
There's been a skirmish on the 

5841
05:29:09,900 --> 05:29:11,800
eastern border. 
Nothing major. 

5842
05:29:11,800 --> 05:29:14,400
Just Raiders testing each 
Egypt's defense's. 

5843
05:29:14,400 --> 05:29:18,400
Your general has handled it 
efficiently, but he's requesting

5844
05:29:18,400 --> 05:29:20,600
additional troops to reinforce 
the Garrison. 

5845
05:29:20,600 --> 05:29:24,000
You approve the request and 
dictator response, praising the 

5846
05:29:24,008 --> 05:29:26,600
General's. 
Vigilance Military matters. 

5847
05:29:26,600 --> 05:29:30,700
Require careful attention. 
Egypt is powerful but the world 

5848
05:29:30,700 --> 05:29:33,100
is full of neighbors. 
Who would love to claim a piece 

5849
05:29:33,100 --> 05:29:35,200
of the Niles? 
Well by early afternoon? 

5850
05:29:35,200 --> 05:29:38,700
You're ready for a break from 
audience is an administrative 

5851
05:29:38,700 --> 05:29:41,400
decision. 
You retired to the private 

5852
05:29:41,400 --> 05:29:45,400
quarters of the palace where the
rooms are cooler, quieter and 

5853
05:29:45,400 --> 05:29:49,600
significantly less formal here. 
You can actually relax or at 

5854
05:29:49,600 --> 05:29:52,800
least engage in the fairy onic 
version of relaxation which 

5855
05:29:52,800 --> 05:29:54,700
still involves some level of 
ceremony. 

5856
05:29:54,700 --> 05:29:57,500
But with fewer people watching 
your every move. 

5857
05:29:57,500 --> 05:30:01,700
The palace is a city unto 
itself, a sprawling complex of 

5858
05:30:01,700 --> 05:30:04,400
buildings Courtyards Gardens and
Halls. 

5859
05:30:04,400 --> 05:30:08,300
Your private quarters are in the
heart of it all protected by 

5860
05:30:08,300 --> 05:30:11,500
multiple layers of guards walls 
and protocol. 

5861
05:30:11,500 --> 05:30:15,400
The rooms are beautiful painted 
walls showing Gardens and 

5862
05:30:15,400 --> 05:30:20,600
Wildlife flaws of polished, 
Stone and Furniture in laid with

5863
05:30:20,600 --> 05:30:23,800
precious materials. 
But there are so surprisingly 

5864
05:30:23,800 --> 05:30:25,800
comfortable, you've made sure of
that. 

5865
05:30:25,800 --> 05:30:28,500
Yes you are a god king but 
you're all. 

5866
05:30:28,508 --> 05:30:31,800
So someone who appreciates a 
good chair Your chief wife 

5867
05:30:31,800 --> 05:30:34,300
nefertari is waiting in the 
garden. 

5868
05:30:34,300 --> 05:30:37,800
Courtyard, she is dressed more 
casually than you'd see her in 

5869
05:30:37,800 --> 05:30:39,600
public. 
Still elegant still wearing 

5870
05:30:39,600 --> 05:30:43,000
enough jewelry to fund a small 
army but in a lighter linen 

5871
05:30:43,000 --> 05:30:46,200
suitable for the afternoon heat,
she has been dealing with her 

5872
05:30:46,200 --> 05:30:49,400
own administrative duties all 
morning, the Royal household 

5873
05:30:49,400 --> 05:30:52,600
doesn't run itself and she 
manages a staff of hundreds with

5874
05:30:52,608 --> 05:30:54,500
the efficiency of a military 
commander. 

5875
05:30:55,300 --> 05:30:59,000
You discuss the day over light 
Refreshments, she tells you 

5876
05:30:59,000 --> 05:31:01,900
about a dispute between two 
servants that she had to mediate

5877
05:31:01,900 --> 05:31:05,600
a request from the Temple of 
hathor for her to attend an 

5878
05:31:05,600 --> 05:31:08,900
upcoming festival and her 
concerns about your eldest son's

5879
05:31:08,900 --> 05:31:11,100
education. 
He's showing more interest in 

5880
05:31:11,100 --> 05:31:14,100
hunting than in learning the 
administrative skills he'll need

5881
05:31:14,100 --> 05:31:16,000
when he eventually becomes 
Pharaoh. 

5882
05:31:16,000 --> 05:31:19,900
You make a mental note to spend 
some time with him, maybe find a

5883
05:31:19,900 --> 05:31:22,700
way to make governance seem as 
exciting as chasing, gazelle 

5884
05:31:22,700 --> 05:31:25,600
through the desert. 
The garden is one of your 

5885
05:31:25,600 --> 05:31:29,500
favorite places in the palace. 
It's noises of green in a 

5886
05:31:29,508 --> 05:31:33,500
landscape of stone and sand with
carefully, tended trees flowers 

5887
05:31:33,500 --> 05:31:38,000
and a pool stocked with fish. 
The Egyptians of managed to make

5888
05:31:38,000 --> 05:31:41,600
Gardens and art, form, creating 
spaces that are both beautiful 

5889
05:31:41,600 --> 05:31:44,800
and functional. the trees, 
provide shade, the flowers, 

5890
05:31:44,800 --> 05:31:48,200
provide perfume and the pool 
provides a spot for actual 

5891
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:51,300
relaxation that doesn't involve 
sitting on a throne covered in 

5892
05:31:51,300 --> 05:31:55,200
angry cobras You spend some time
with your children who are 

5893
05:31:55,208 --> 05:31:59,000
brought to you by their nurses 
Royal children if someone's 

5894
05:31:59,000 --> 05:32:03,500
separate lives from their 
parents, its traditional give 

5895
05:32:03,500 --> 05:32:06,500
them the demands of kingship. 
But you make time for them. 

5896
05:32:06,500 --> 05:32:09,000
When you can your daughter shows
your drawing? 

5897
05:32:09,000 --> 05:32:11,300
She made, which is supposed to 
be a lotus flower. 

5898
05:32:11,300 --> 05:32:13,800
But looks more, like, an 
enthusiastic blob. 

5899
05:32:13,800 --> 05:32:17,700
You praise it, appropriately, 
your younger son, who's about 

5900
05:32:17,700 --> 05:32:21,300
three is more interested in 
trying to grab your ceremonial 

5901
05:32:21,300 --> 05:32:24,800
beard, which is attached to your
chin with some kind of ancient 

5902
05:32:24,800 --> 05:32:28,700
Egyptian adhesive technology 
that works better than it has 

5903
05:32:28,700 --> 05:32:33,000
any right to these moments are 
precious not because their grand

5904
05:32:33,000 --> 05:32:36,500
or ceremonial but because 
they're normal in these moments 

5905
05:32:36,500 --> 05:32:40,500
you're not a fairer or a God or 
the living embodiment of cosmic 

5906
05:32:40,500 --> 05:32:42,200
order. 
You're just a parent. 

5907
05:32:42,200 --> 05:32:44,900
Trying to keep a toddler from 
destroying your Royal regalia 

5908
05:32:44,900 --> 05:32:47,400
while pretending to understand a
child's artwork. 

5909
05:32:48,900 --> 05:32:53,100
Later you review reports from 
your various States as Pharaoh. 

5910
05:32:53,100 --> 05:32:55,800
You personally, own significant 
amounts of land throughout Egypt

5911
05:32:55,800 --> 05:32:58,400
managed by stewards who send 
regular updates. 

5912
05:32:58,400 --> 05:33:01,400
The reports are written on 
papyrus in the neat. 

5913
05:33:01,400 --> 05:33:04,400
Hierarchic script that scribes 
use for business documents 

5914
05:33:04,400 --> 05:33:07,100
faster than hire a glyphs 
though. 

5915
05:33:07,100 --> 05:33:08,800
Significantly less impressive 
looking. 

5916
05:33:08,800 --> 05:33:12,300
You've learned to read these 
reports quickly scanning for 

5917
05:33:12,300 --> 05:33:14,700
important information. 
While skipping the elaborate 

5918
05:33:14,700 --> 05:33:18,800
formality that every scribe 
feels compelled to include, This

5919
05:33:18,800 --> 05:33:22,400
state had a good harvest that a 
state had some problems with 

5920
05:33:22,400 --> 05:33:26,500
locusts but managed to save most
of the crop, this estate Steward

5921
05:33:26,500 --> 05:33:29,200
is requesting permission to 
build a new irrigation channel 

5922
05:33:29,200 --> 05:33:32,500
that is State Steward. 
Wants to know if you'd like any 

5923
05:33:32,500 --> 05:33:36,200
of the particularly fine cattle.
They've read you make notes, 

5924
05:33:36,200 --> 05:33:40,400
approve or deny requests. 
And generally ensure that your 

5925
05:33:40,400 --> 05:33:43,900
personal wealth, which is 
considerable is being managed 

5926
05:33:43,900 --> 05:33:46,800
competently. 
There's a relaxing interlude of 

5927
05:33:46,800 --> 05:33:49,000
music. 
You have caught musicians who 

5928
05:33:49,000 --> 05:33:52,600
are genuinely talented, not just
employed, because they're good 

5929
05:33:52,608 --> 05:33:56,000
at flattering the Pharaoh, a 
harpist plays while you recline 

5930
05:33:56,000 --> 05:33:58,900
on a comfortable couch, the 
music filling the room with 

5931
05:33:58,900 --> 05:34:01,200
something beautiful, and 
temporary, and completely 

5932
05:34:01,200 --> 05:34:05,700
divorced from politics or 
religion, or responsibility, the

5933
05:34:05,700 --> 05:34:09,600
harp is a beautiful instrument, 
its sound, clear and resonant. 

5934
05:34:09,600 --> 05:34:12,800
And the musicians fingers move 
across the strings with 

5935
05:34:12,800 --> 05:34:18,300
practiced Grace, You close your 
eyes and just listen, the music 

5936
05:34:18,300 --> 05:34:21,800
washes over you and for a few 
minutes, your mind is empty of 

5937
05:34:21,800 --> 05:34:24,600
Border disputes. 
Budget, concerns diplomatic 

5938
05:34:24,600 --> 05:34:27,400
negotiations and Theological 
responsibilities. 

5939
05:34:27,400 --> 05:34:31,600
There's just the music, the cool
air from the garden and the 

5940
05:34:31,608 --> 05:34:34,700
distant sound of the palace, 
continuing its Daily Business. 

5941
05:34:34,700 --> 05:34:38,300
Without You a bath follows, 
Which is less, a quick rinse and

5942
05:34:38,308 --> 05:34:40,100
more. 
An elaborate process involving 

5943
05:34:40,100 --> 05:34:43,800
servants, oils, and water at 
exactly the right temperature. 

5944
05:34:44,800 --> 05:34:47,900
The bath is in a dedicated room 
with a limestone tub. 

5945
05:34:47,900 --> 05:34:50,500
That's been polished. 
Smooth by years of use, the 

5946
05:34:50,500 --> 05:34:54,500
water is centered with lotus oil
and as you sink into it, you 

5947
05:34:54,500 --> 05:34:57,500
feel muscles relaxed that you 
didn't realize were tense. 

5948
05:34:58,300 --> 05:35:00,800
Being a pharaoh is physically 
demanding in ways. 

5949
05:35:00,800 --> 05:35:04,200
People don't often consider all 
that standing sitting on 

5950
05:35:04,200 --> 05:35:07,400
uncomfortable Thrones wearing 
heavy jewelry and maintaining 

5951
05:35:07,400 --> 05:35:11,000
perfect posture. 
Your body keeps a running tally.

5952
05:35:11,000 --> 05:35:14,900
The afternoon heat is building 
and the palace has grown quiet. 

5953
05:35:14,900 --> 05:35:19,100
During the hottest hours, this 
is when sensible people rest and

5954
05:35:19,100 --> 05:35:23,000
even Pharos need to be sensible.
Occasionally You retire to your 

5955
05:35:23,000 --> 05:35:25,400
sleeping quarters, where the air
is cooler. 

5956
05:35:25,400 --> 05:35:27,900
Thanks to fix stonewalls and 
servants. 

5957
05:35:27,900 --> 05:35:30,900
Who've been waving fans and 
sprinkling water on read maps. 

5958
05:35:30,900 --> 05:35:33,800
You lie down on your bed. 
The same one. 

5959
05:35:33,800 --> 05:35:37,100
You woke up in this morning. 
Let yourself drift into sleep. 

5960
05:35:38,000 --> 05:35:42,100
The afternoon nap is sacred not 
theologically sacred. 

5961
05:35:42,100 --> 05:35:45,600
Just personally, sacred is one 
of the few parts of your day. 

5962
05:35:45,600 --> 05:35:49,100
That's entirely your own when 
nobody needs anything from you. 

5963
05:35:49,100 --> 05:35:51,300
And you don't need to make 
decisions about anything more 

5964
05:35:51,300 --> 05:35:54,900
important than which side to 
sleep on the palace knows not to

5965
05:35:54,908 --> 05:35:56,300
disturb. 
You unless something is 

5966
05:35:56,300 --> 05:35:59,700
literally on fire and even then 
they'd better be sure. 

5967
05:35:59,700 --> 05:36:03,500
It's a really important fire. 
You wake refreshed as the worst 

5968
05:36:03,500 --> 05:36:06,900
heat of the day begins to fade. 
The Nile is calling. 

5969
05:36:06,900 --> 05:36:10,700
Not literally though in poetry 
and him the Egyptian certainly 

5970
05:36:10,700 --> 05:36:12,300
right about the river like it 
speaks. 

5971
05:36:12,300 --> 05:36:15,200
And you've decided to take a 
journey on the Royal. 

5972
05:36:15,200 --> 05:36:19,800
Barge, the Nile is Egypt's 
Lifeline, its source of water, 

5973
05:36:19,800 --> 05:36:23,100
food, transportation and 
fertility. 

5974
05:36:24,100 --> 05:36:27,600
Understanding the river means 
understanding your kingdom and 

5975
05:36:27,600 --> 05:36:30,000
besides, its pleasant to be on 
the water. 

5976
05:36:30,000 --> 05:36:32,800
When the air is Cooling, and the
light is turning golden, the 

5977
05:36:32,800 --> 05:36:36,500
Royal barge is magnificent, 
which is practically a 

5978
05:36:36,500 --> 05:36:39,500
requirement for anything 
associated with royalty, but 

5979
05:36:39,500 --> 05:36:41,300
it's also surprisingly 
practical. 

5980
05:36:41,300 --> 05:36:45,000
It's large enough to be stable 
decorated enough to be 

5981
05:36:45,000 --> 05:36:48,100
impressive and equipped with a 
cabin that provides shade and 

5982
05:36:48,100 --> 05:36:50,700
privacy. 
The boat itself is painted in 

5983
05:36:50,700 --> 05:36:55,500
bright colors, red, blue, green,
and gold with the sacred Eye of 

5984
05:36:55,508 --> 05:36:57,400
Horus on the Proud to ward off 
evil. 

5985
05:36:57,400 --> 05:36:59,300
The ousman are skilled 
professionals. 

5986
05:36:59,300 --> 05:37:02,300
Who can navigate the Niles 
currents with the kind of 

5987
05:37:02,300 --> 05:37:04,600
precision that comes from years 
of practice. 

5988
05:37:04,600 --> 05:37:06,800
You bored with the small 
retinue. 

5989
05:37:06,800 --> 05:37:11,400
So, some guards, a few servants 
tarot Hotel who apparently never

5990
05:37:11,400 --> 05:37:14,500
takes time off and a priest 
because you're still pharaoh, 

5991
05:37:14,500 --> 05:37:16,000
and still connected to the 
Divine. 

5992
05:37:16,000 --> 05:37:19,900
Even when you're just taking a 
boat ride, the barge pushes away

5993
05:37:19,900 --> 05:37:23,100
from the dock and immediately 
you feel the difference on land 

5994
05:37:23,100 --> 05:37:26,400
your surrounded by. 
Stone and politics on the water,

5995
05:37:26,400 --> 05:37:29,600
there's movement are and a sense
of Freedom that is rare, when 

5996
05:37:29,600 --> 05:37:33,200
you're responsible for an entire
civilization, the Nile flows 

5997
05:37:33,200 --> 05:37:36,400
Northwood which confuses 
foreigners and he explained that

5998
05:37:36,400 --> 05:37:41,000
in Egypt, North means Downstream
toward the Mediterranean, and 

5999
05:37:41,000 --> 05:37:44,600
South means Upstream toward new 
beer, the current carries you 

6000
05:37:44,600 --> 05:37:48,000
gently along and when the wind 
is right, the sale can catch it 

6001
05:37:48,000 --> 05:37:49,800
and supplement the Allman's 
efforts. 

6002
05:37:50,600 --> 05:37:54,100
Today, the wind is perfect 
filling the sale with a 

6003
05:37:54,100 --> 05:37:57,900
satisfying snap of fabric and 
the boat Glides along with 

6004
05:37:57,900 --> 05:38:02,500
minimal effort from the water. 
You see, Egypt differently, the 

6005
05:38:02,500 --> 05:38:06,200
Riverbanks aligned with green, 
the fertile strip of land, where

6006
05:38:06,200 --> 05:38:09,800
everything grows where life is 
possible and where your people 

6007
05:38:09,800 --> 05:38:14,100
farm and build and live beyond 
the green, is the desert, the 

6008
05:38:14,100 --> 05:38:16,900
Red Land stretching away to 
distant Horizons. 

6009
05:38:16,900 --> 05:38:22,800
The contrast is Stark, green 
means life, red means death, the

6010
05:38:22,800 --> 05:38:24,900
Nile creates the green by 
flooding. 

6011
05:38:24,900 --> 05:38:29,100
Every year depositing Rich silt 
that makes Egypt soil, some of 

6012
05:38:29,100 --> 05:38:32,100
the most fertile on Earth. 
You pass Village Villages, and 

6013
05:38:32,100 --> 05:38:34,900
towns, their mud brick 
buildings, clustered near the 

6014
05:38:34,900 --> 05:38:37,900
water, people working in the 
fields, look up and see the 

6015
05:38:37,900 --> 05:38:42,500
Royal barge, recognizing it by 
its decoration and size, some 

6016
05:38:42,500 --> 05:38:46,300
wave, some ball, some simply 
stare, you're a distant figure 

6017
05:38:46,300 --> 05:38:50,100
to most Egyptians more symbol 
than person and moments like 

6018
05:38:50,100 --> 05:38:53,300
this, where they can actually 
see you even from a distance 

6019
05:38:53,300 --> 05:38:55,500
matter more than you might 
think. 

6020
05:38:55,500 --> 05:38:58,900
Fisherman in small, Papyrus 
boats are working their Nets. 

6021
05:38:58,900 --> 05:39:02,400
The ancient dance of casting and
pulling that has been performed 

6022
05:39:02,400 --> 05:39:04,200
on the Nile. 
Since before the pyramids were 

6023
05:39:04,200 --> 05:39:08,000
built fish are plentiful in the 
river perch catfish and tilapia 

6024
05:39:08,000 --> 05:39:10,800
and fishing provides food for 
Millions. 

6025
05:39:11,700 --> 05:39:14,300
You watch one fishermen, make a 
perfect cast. 

6026
05:39:14,300 --> 05:39:17,800
The weighted net, spreading into
a circle before dropping into 

6027
05:39:17,800 --> 05:39:20,200
the water. 
It's a simple act, but there's 

6028
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:24,000
Grace in it, skill in it and the
kind of practical Mastery that 

6029
05:39:24,000 --> 05:39:27,700
keeps civilization fed. 
Field stretch away from the 

6030
05:39:27,700 --> 05:39:31,800
river green with growing grain. 
This is barley and Emma wheat. 

6031
05:39:31,800 --> 05:39:33,800
The crops that make bread and 
beer. 

6032
05:39:33,800 --> 05:39:37,500
The Staples of the Egyptian diet
farmers are working. 

6033
05:39:37,500 --> 05:39:40,800
The irrigation channels 
directing water from the river 

6034
05:39:40,800 --> 05:39:43,800
to their fields through a 
network of canals and basins 

6035
05:39:43,800 --> 05:39:46,000
that represent centuries of 
engineering knowledge. 

6036
05:39:46,000 --> 05:39:50,300
The system works because people 
understand the Niles rhythms and

6037
05:39:50,300 --> 05:39:55,500
no one to flood the fields when 
to plant and when to harvest You

6038
05:39:55,500 --> 05:39:57,100
pass a temple under 
construction. 

6039
05:39:57,100 --> 05:40:00,500
Its Limestone walls gleaming 
white in the afternoon. 

6040
05:40:00,500 --> 05:40:04,900
Sun workers are everywhere, 
hauling Stones mixing mortar and

6041
05:40:04,900 --> 05:40:08,600
carving decorations building a 
temple is a massive undertaking 

6042
05:40:08,600 --> 05:40:12,800
that can last years or even 
decades employing hundreds of 

6043
05:40:12,800 --> 05:40:16,100
workers and consuming resources 
on a scale that would bankrupt 

6044
05:40:16,100 --> 05:40:19,700
smaller kingdoms, the temples 
are investments in the Divine, 

6045
05:40:19,700 --> 05:40:22,700
in ma'am. 
And in the cosmic order that 

6046
05:40:22,700 --> 05:40:27,700
keeps Egypt prosperous They're 
also admittedly very effective 

6047
05:40:27,700 --> 05:40:31,100
ways to demonstrate fairy. 
Onic power to anyone, who needs 

6048
05:40:31,100 --> 05:40:33,800
reminding. 
The barge stops at a landing 

6049
05:40:33,800 --> 05:40:35,300
where local officials are 
waiting. 

6050
05:40:35,900 --> 05:40:39,300
This is part of the purpose of 
the journey being seen hearing 

6051
05:40:39,300 --> 05:40:42,200
concerns and maintaining the 
connection between pharaoh and 

6052
05:40:42,200 --> 05:40:44,300
people. 
The officials present themselves

6053
05:40:44,300 --> 05:40:47,300
with appropriate ceremony and 
you listen to their reports 

6054
05:40:47,300 --> 05:40:51,100
about The Harvest local disputes
that have been resolved and 

6055
05:40:51,100 --> 05:40:54,900
requests for assistance with 
various projects, its king ship 

6056
05:40:54,900 --> 05:40:58,300
on a smaller scale, more 
personal than the audience is at

6057
05:40:58,300 --> 05:41:01,500
the palace. 
But just as important A farmer 

6058
05:41:01,500 --> 05:41:05,100
approaches nervous, but 
determined he's been granted and

6059
05:41:05,100 --> 05:41:08,600
audience because his farm 
produces exceptional wine and 

6060
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:10,500
he's brought a sample for your 
consideration. 

6061
05:41:11,500 --> 05:41:14,600
You try the wine. 
It's actually quite good with 

6062
05:41:14,600 --> 05:41:18,300
complexity that surprises you 
and compliment him on his work. 

6063
05:41:18,300 --> 05:41:22,100
His face lights up with pride 
and you make a note to have the 

6064
05:41:22,100 --> 05:41:23,900
palace acquire more of his 
vintage. 

6065
05:41:24,700 --> 05:41:28,500
Supporting excellent Craftsmen 
is part of your role and besides

6066
05:41:28,500 --> 05:41:32,300
you enjoy good wine. 
Back on the barge, you can 

6067
05:41:32,300 --> 05:41:36,000
continue Downstream the sun is 
getting lower now painting the 

6068
05:41:36,000 --> 05:41:37,900
sky in shades of orange and 
pink. 

6069
05:41:38,800 --> 05:41:42,100
The Nile reflects the colors 
turning the water into something

6070
05:41:42,100 --> 05:41:46,300
magical and you understand why 
the ancient Egyptians saw 

6071
05:41:46,300 --> 05:41:49,200
Divinity and everything. 
How could you not when the world

6072
05:41:49,200 --> 05:41:51,900
produces Beauty like this on a 
daily basis? 

6073
05:41:51,900 --> 05:41:55,900
You think about the rivers 
cycle, how it floods every year 

6074
05:41:55,900 --> 05:41:59,500
with reliable precision and how 
the ancient Egyptians built 

6075
05:41:59,500 --> 05:42:02,900
their entire calendar around. 
This Rhythm Arquette, the 

6076
05:42:02,900 --> 05:42:06,000
inundation season is when the 
river Rises and covers the 

6077
05:42:06,000 --> 05:42:10,100
fields parrot, is the growing 
season when crops are planted 

6078
05:42:10,100 --> 05:42:14,500
and tended, Shemu the harvest 
season is when all that work 

6079
05:42:14,500 --> 05:42:19,700
turns into food, three seasons 
each assential each dependent on

6080
05:42:19,700 --> 05:42:22,100
the Nile doing what it's done 
for thousands of years. 

6081
05:42:23,100 --> 05:42:25,400
It strikes. 
You sometimes how much depends 

6082
05:42:25,400 --> 05:42:28,200
on this River? 
If the flood is too small, this 

6083
05:42:28,200 --> 05:42:31,100
famine, if it's too large, 
there's destruction. 

6084
05:42:31,100 --> 05:42:35,200
The Nile has to be just right 
here after year or Egypt, 

6085
05:42:35,200 --> 05:42:38,600
suffers your ancestors claimed. 
They could control the flood 

6086
05:42:38,600 --> 05:42:41,900
through their divine power and 
you maintain that clay because 

6087
05:42:41,900 --> 05:42:43,700
pharaohs are supposed to control
everything. 

6088
05:42:43,700 --> 05:42:45,800
But privately, you know the 
truth. 

6089
05:42:45,800 --> 05:42:49,700
The Nile does what it will. 
And humans, just try to adapt. 

6090
05:42:50,600 --> 05:42:53,300
you're grateful that in your 
Reign so far, the river has been

6091
05:42:53,300 --> 05:42:57,200
kind as the barge returns to the
Palace. 

6092
05:42:57,200 --> 05:42:59,800
Doc, the Sun is setting and the 
evening meal. 

6093
05:42:59,800 --> 05:43:03,000
Awaits Egyptian, feasts are 
elaborate affairs. 

6094
05:43:03,900 --> 05:43:07,400
Especially Royal ones and 
tonight is a formal dinner with 

6095
05:43:07,400 --> 05:43:11,500
high-ranking officials foreign 
ambassadors, and Nobles who've 

6096
05:43:11,500 --> 05:43:13,500
been angling for an invitation 
for months. 

6097
05:43:13,500 --> 05:43:16,700
You've changed from your day 
clothes into evening, regalia. 

6098
05:43:17,400 --> 05:43:20,300
Fresh Kilt. 
A different collar and the kind 

6099
05:43:20,300 --> 05:43:23,000
of jewelry that catches 
Lamplight and makes everything 

6100
05:43:23,000 --> 05:43:25,600
Sparkle. 
The bank would Haul is 

6101
05:43:25,600 --> 05:43:28,800
spectacular. 
Columns painted with lotus 

6102
05:43:28,800 --> 05:43:32,400
designs rise to a sealing 
decorated with stars and sacred 

6103
05:43:32,400 --> 05:43:35,500
symbols oil lamps in elaborate 
bronze. 

6104
05:43:35,500 --> 05:43:39,200
Stands light, the room with 
warming light the florist 

6105
05:43:39,200 --> 05:43:40,900
scattered with fresh lotus. 
Flowers. 

6106
05:43:40,900 --> 05:43:44,300
Their scent mixing with 
frankincense from the sensors. 

6107
05:43:45,200 --> 05:43:47,800
Tables are arranged in the 
u-shape with your seat at the 

6108
05:43:47,800 --> 05:43:51,600
head elevated slightly. 
So everyone can see you, because

6109
05:43:51,600 --> 05:43:53,100
even at dinner, you're on 
display. 

6110
05:43:54,100 --> 05:43:57,300
Guests arrive in their finest 
clothes, which in Egypt means. 

6111
05:43:57,300 --> 05:44:00,500
Lots of pleated linen. 
Lots of jewelry, elaborate wigs 

6112
05:44:00,500 --> 05:44:04,800
and enough eye makeup to supply 
a modern cosmetic counter for a 

6113
05:44:04,800 --> 05:44:06,900
year. 
The women's dresses are Sheeran 

6114
05:44:06,900 --> 05:44:09,100
enough to be slightly 
scandalous, to foreign visitors,

6115
05:44:09,100 --> 05:44:12,100
but perfectly normal by Egyptian
standards. 

6116
05:44:12,800 --> 05:44:16,600
The men's Kilts are crisp and 
white their collars glittering 

6117
05:44:16,600 --> 05:44:18,700
with gold. 
And semi-precious stones, 

6118
05:44:18,700 --> 05:44:21,400
everyone has gone to 
considerable effort to look 

6119
05:44:21,400 --> 05:44:25,600
impressive and the overall 
effect is dazzling You take your

6120
05:44:25,600 --> 05:44:28,000
seat and servants immediately. 
Begin bringing food. 

6121
05:44:29,000 --> 05:44:31,200
Egyptian feasts are not subtle 
Affairs. 

6122
05:44:31,200 --> 05:44:34,800
There's roasted duck goose, beef
and fish prepared. 

6123
05:44:34,800 --> 05:44:38,000
A dozen different ways. 
This bread in various forms 

6124
05:44:38,000 --> 05:44:41,600
flatbread, raised, bread and 
bread flavored with honey, or 

6125
05:44:41,600 --> 05:44:44,400
dates or coriander. 
There are vegetables. 

6126
05:44:44,400 --> 05:44:49,000
Lettuce onions, garlic, 
cucumbers and beans. 

6127
05:44:49,000 --> 05:44:55,800
There are fruits, figs dates, 
pomegranates and melons there 

6128
05:44:55,800 --> 05:44:57,800
are sweets made from honey and 
nuts. 

6129
05:44:57,800 --> 05:45:00,800
There's enough food to feed 
everyone twice over which is the

6130
05:45:00,800 --> 05:45:02,900
point. 
A abundance, demonstrates 

6131
05:45:02,900 --> 05:45:07,800
Prosperity, wine flows freely 
served in elegant cuts by 

6132
05:45:07,800 --> 05:45:12,500
servants who glide through the 
crowd with practiced Grace, The 

6133
05:45:12,500 --> 05:45:15,200
wine is good. 
Some from your own, Estates some

6134
05:45:15,200 --> 05:45:18,800
imported from abroad Egyptians 
loved wine though. 

6135
05:45:18,800 --> 05:45:20,700
Beer is more common for everyday
drinking. 

6136
05:45:20,700 --> 05:45:23,400
Tonight is not an everyday 
occasion, though. 

6137
05:45:23,400 --> 05:45:27,500
So why it is you sip from a 
golden cup while watching the 

6138
05:45:27,500 --> 05:45:31,700
room, observing the social 
dynamics, the alliances forming,

6139
05:45:31,700 --> 05:45:34,900
and shifting and the careful 
dance of Court politics. 

6140
05:45:34,900 --> 05:45:40,400
Musicians, play Harps, Lutz 
drums and a sistrum whose 

6141
05:45:40,400 --> 05:45:43,100
metallic rattle is supposed to. 
Please the goddess a Thor. 

6142
05:45:43,900 --> 05:45:47,300
The music is Lively meant to 
encourage celebration rather 

6143
05:45:47,300 --> 05:45:52,000
than contemplation dancers, 
perform their movements graceful

6144
05:45:52,000 --> 05:45:54,900
and athletic. 
Their costumes designed more for

6145
05:45:54,900 --> 05:45:58,500
visual impact than coverage. 
Egyptian dance dancing. 

6146
05:45:58,500 --> 05:46:01,800
Involves a lot of acrobatic 
moves that look impossible but 

6147
05:46:01,800 --> 05:46:05,200
that these performers make seem 
effortless between courses. 

6148
05:46:05,200 --> 05:46:09,000
There's conversation the 
Ambassador from Hattie Egypt, 

6149
05:46:09,000 --> 05:46:13,500
sometimes allies, sometimes 
rival to the north Gus's trade 

6150
05:46:13,500 --> 05:46:16,700
agreements and mutual defense. 
The high priest of immune 

6151
05:46:16,700 --> 05:46:20,200
mentioned very casually that the
gods Temple could benefit from 

6152
05:46:20,200 --> 05:46:23,800
some renovations A provincial 
Governor, complements your 

6153
05:46:23,800 --> 05:46:25,900
wisdom in resolving that border 
dispute. 

6154
05:46:25,900 --> 05:46:30,200
Earlier, everyone is charming 
polite and carefully advancing 

6155
05:46:30,200 --> 05:46:31,800
their own interests while 
pretending. 

6156
05:46:31,800 --> 05:46:34,400
They're just here for the 
pleasure of your company, you 

6157
05:46:34,400 --> 05:46:38,500
make conversation with practice,
ease asking questions, listening

6158
05:46:38,500 --> 05:46:42,200
to responses and making the kind
of small talk that oils, the 

6159
05:46:42,200 --> 05:46:44,600
wheels of diplomacy, you 
compliment. 

6160
05:46:44,600 --> 05:46:48,000
The ambassadors wife on her 
jewelry, Egyptian gold. 

6161
05:46:48,000 --> 05:46:51,400
You notice, which is either a 
genuine preference or strategic 

6162
05:46:51,400 --> 05:46:54,600
flattery. 
You discuss architecture with a 

6163
05:46:54,600 --> 05:46:56,100
nobleman whose building a new 
Villa. 

6164
05:46:56,100 --> 05:46:59,300
You listen to a merchant 
describe his recent trading 

6165
05:46:59,300 --> 05:47:03,200
expedition to punt, a mysterious
land of the South that produces 

6166
05:47:03,200 --> 05:47:06,900
frankincense, myrrh, an exotic 
Goods, the food keeps coming. 

6167
05:47:06,900 --> 05:47:10,400
There's a whole Roasted Ox that 
required most of the afternoon 

6168
05:47:10,400 --> 05:47:13,100
to prepare. 
There are delicate pastries that

6169
05:47:13,100 --> 05:47:15,800
dissolve on your tongue. 
There are dates stuffed with 

6170
05:47:15,800 --> 05:47:19,400
nuts and honey that are probably
too sweet, but tastes amazing. 

6171
05:47:19,400 --> 05:47:22,100
Anyway, you eat moderately aware
that. 

6172
05:47:22,100 --> 05:47:25,500
Overeating in public is 
undignified but also aware that 

6173
05:47:25,500 --> 05:47:28,500
completely ignoring the food. 
Might offend the cooks who have 

6174
05:47:28,500 --> 05:47:32,700
spent days preparing this feast?
Entertainment continues between 

6175
05:47:32,700 --> 05:47:35,400
courses. 
There are acrobats, who form 

6176
05:47:35,400 --> 05:47:38,400
human pyramids and Tumble across
the floor with alarming 

6177
05:47:38,400 --> 05:47:41,200
precision. 
There are singers whose voices 

6178
05:47:41,200 --> 05:47:44,800
rise above the ambient noise, 
telling stories of gods and 

6179
05:47:44,800 --> 05:47:48,800
heroes and romantic Adventures. 
There's a magician who performs 

6180
05:47:48,800 --> 05:47:51,700
illusions that you can't quite 
figure out, but that Delight. 

6181
05:47:51,700 --> 05:47:54,600
The audience caught 
entertainment is supposed to be 

6182
05:47:54,600 --> 05:47:58,000
impressive and tonight's 
performers have clearly received

6183
05:47:58,000 --> 05:48:00,200
that memo as the evening 
progresses. 

6184
05:48:00,200 --> 05:48:04,500
The formality, relaxes slightly.
People are well fed, well 

6185
05:48:04,500 --> 05:48:07,600
watered with wine and in the 
kind of good mood that comes 

6186
05:48:07,600 --> 05:48:10,600
from being warm comfortable and 
surrounded by abundance. 

6187
05:48:10,600 --> 05:48:14,200
Conversation grows louder 
laughter more frequent. 

6188
05:48:14,200 --> 05:48:18,100
You allow yourself to relax too 
to enjoy the moment rather than 

6189
05:48:18,100 --> 05:48:21,500
constantly analyzing it. 
These Gathering serve political 

6190
05:48:21,500 --> 05:48:25,000
purposes but they're all so 
genuinely pleasant when you stop

6191
05:48:25,000 --> 05:48:28,600
treating them as work. 
Nefertari is at your side 

6192
05:48:28,600 --> 05:48:31,800
managing the social dynamics 
with her usual skill. 

6193
05:48:31,800 --> 05:48:35,200
She notices when someone feels 
ignored and draws them into 

6194
05:48:35,200 --> 05:48:39,200
conversation, She Smooths over a
potential argument between two 

6195
05:48:39,200 --> 05:48:40,800
Nobles who have had too much 
wine. 

6196
05:48:40,800 --> 05:48:45,200
She signals servants to refill, 
Cuts, clear plates, and adjust 

6197
05:48:45,200 --> 05:48:47,800
lighting. 
She makes it all look effortless

6198
05:48:47,800 --> 05:48:50,100
which is how, you know, she's 
working hard. 

6199
05:48:51,100 --> 05:48:53,900
Running a royal Feast is its own
kind of governance. 

6200
05:48:53,900 --> 05:48:58,800
Eventually the feast winds down 
guests, begin to leave offering.

6201
05:48:58,800 --> 05:49:00,500
Elaborate, thanks and 
compliments. 

6202
05:49:00,500 --> 05:49:03,200
You accept their gratitude with 
appropriate. 

6203
05:49:03,200 --> 05:49:07,100
Royal graciousness privately. 
Relieved that you consume retire

6204
05:49:07,100 --> 05:49:09,500
to quarters where you won't have
to be on anymore. 

6205
05:49:10,300 --> 05:49:13,500
The servants will spend hours 
cleaning up, but that's not your

6206
05:49:13,500 --> 05:49:15,900
concern. 
Your concern is saying good 

6207
05:49:15,900 --> 05:49:18,800
night to the last few stragglers
without being rude or appearing 

6208
05:49:18,800 --> 05:49:22,300
to eager to get rid of them. 
The next morning brings you to 

6209
05:49:22,300 --> 05:49:25,500
your greatest Obsession and most
enduring Legacy. 

6210
05:49:25,500 --> 05:49:30,800
Your building projects, every 
Pharaoh builds, practically a 

6211
05:49:30,800 --> 05:49:33,500
job requirement but you've taken
it to new levels. 

6212
05:49:33,500 --> 05:49:36,500
You're not just maintaining it 
existing structures. 

6213
05:49:36,500 --> 05:49:39,900
You're creating monuments that 
will Outlast You by Millennia, 

6214
05:49:39,900 --> 05:49:43,100
your Mortuary Temple. 
Your additions to the Great 

6215
05:49:43,100 --> 05:49:46,500
temple complexes and the statues
bearing your face. 

6216
05:49:46,500 --> 05:49:49,500
These will tell future 
Generations that you were here 

6217
05:49:49,500 --> 05:49:52,800
that you mattered and that you 
did things worth remembering. 

6218
05:49:52,800 --> 05:49:56,000
You're at the construction site 
of your Mortuary Temple 

6219
05:49:56,000 --> 05:49:59,500
accompanied by the Chief 
Architect, the project overseer 

6220
05:49:59,500 --> 05:50:03,300
and approximately 1,000 workers 
who are currently moving stone 

6221
05:50:03,300 --> 05:50:05,200
blocks. 
That way more than several 

6222
05:50:05,200 --> 05:50:08,600
people combined, the sound of 
construction fills, the air 

6223
05:50:08,600 --> 05:50:13,400
chisels on Stone, wooden sledges
scraping across sand Foreman 

6224
05:50:13,400 --> 05:50:15,300
shouting instructions and 
workers. 

6225
05:50:15,300 --> 05:50:19,500
Chanting rhythmic work songs to 
coordinate their efforts The 

6226
05:50:19,500 --> 05:50:22,700
scale of the project is 
staggering the temple complex 

6227
05:50:22,700 --> 05:50:26,200
will cover Acres with massive 
pylons at the entrance 

6228
05:50:26,200 --> 05:50:31,100
Courtyard, surrounded by columns
hypostyle Halls, where Forest 

6229
05:50:31,100 --> 05:50:34,800
sized Stone pillars, create 
artificial shade sanctuaries for

6230
05:50:34,808 --> 05:50:38,500
the gods and Chambers for the 
rituals that will maintain your 

6231
05:50:38,500 --> 05:50:42,200
cult after death right now. 
It's a construction site chaotic

6232
05:50:42,200 --> 05:50:45,400
and dusty, but the Architects 
plans show you what it will 

6233
05:50:45,400 --> 05:50:47,700
become and the vision is 
magnificent. 

6234
05:50:47,700 --> 05:50:51,600
You walk through the site, 
stepping carefully over tools 

6235
05:50:51,600 --> 05:50:54,000
and cut. 
Stone workers, pause in their 

6236
05:50:54,000 --> 05:50:57,300
labor to Bow as you pass and you
not acknowledgement. 

6237
05:50:58,200 --> 05:51:01,200
These men and they are almost 
all men, though, women 

6238
05:51:01,200 --> 05:51:04,700
participate in some aspects of 
construction, a skilled 

6239
05:51:04,700 --> 05:51:07,600
professionals. 
The stonecutters can split 

6240
05:51:07,600 --> 05:51:09,300
Granite with Precision, that 
seems impossible. 

6241
05:51:10,200 --> 05:51:13,000
The Masons can fit blocks 
together so tightly that you 

6242
05:51:13,008 --> 05:51:16,100
couldn't slip a knife blade 
between them, the artist carving

6243
05:51:16,100 --> 05:51:19,500
reliefs can turn flat stone in 
into images so life, like they 

6244
05:51:19,500 --> 05:51:23,100
seem ready to step off the wall.
The architect shows, you the 

6245
05:51:23,100 --> 05:51:24,800
foundation work for the Great 
Hall. 

6246
05:51:24,800 --> 05:51:28,000
Limestone blocks of being laid 
with mathematical Precision, 

6247
05:51:28,000 --> 05:51:31,400
creating a level platform for 
the columns that will support 

6248
05:51:31,400 --> 05:51:34,700
the roof. 
Each block has been cut to exact

6249
05:51:34,700 --> 05:51:39,900
specifications, its surfaces 
smooth to near-perfect flatness.

6250
05:51:39,900 --> 05:51:43,800
The ancient Egyptians don't have
the tools future civilizations 

6251
05:51:43,800 --> 05:51:46,700
will develop, but they've 
mastered the art of working 

6252
05:51:46,700 --> 05:51:50,300
stone with copper tools 
abrasives and an apparently 

6253
05:51:50,300 --> 05:51:53,100
infinite capacity for patient 
precise labor. 

6254
05:51:53,100 --> 05:51:56,900
You examine the columns being 
carved nearby These will be 

6255
05:51:56,900 --> 05:52:00,200
Papyrus form. 
Columns shaped like bundles of 

6256
05:52:00,200 --> 05:52:03,100
Papyrus. 
Stems topped with capitals that 

6257
05:52:03,100 --> 05:52:05,000
look like opened Papyrus 
flowers. 

6258
05:52:05,000 --> 05:52:09,500
The symbolism is deliberate. 
The pyrus grows in the marshes 

6259
05:52:09,500 --> 05:52:13,100
of Lower Egypt, representing the
northern part of your kingdom. 

6260
05:52:13,100 --> 05:52:15,800
The Craftsmen are working on the
decorative elements. 

6261
05:52:15,800 --> 05:52:18,800
Now carving higher, a glyphs 
that will describe your Victory 

6262
05:52:18,800 --> 05:52:22,500
is your Devotion to the gods and
your legitimate right to rule. 

6263
05:52:23,600 --> 05:52:26,400
The reliefs on the walls are 
taking shape under the artist 

6264
05:52:26,400 --> 05:52:28,700
chisels. 
These aren't just decorative 

6265
05:52:28,700 --> 05:52:32,000
their narrative, theological, 
and political statements. 

6266
05:52:32,800 --> 05:52:34,900
Here showing making offerings to
the gods. 

6267
05:52:34,900 --> 05:52:38,800
Maintaining the cosmic order? 
There your defeating enemies 

6268
05:52:38,800 --> 05:52:43,000
protecting Egypt from chaos. 
In another scene, you receiving 

6269
05:52:43,000 --> 05:52:45,100
the symbols of kingship from the
gods themselves. 

6270
05:52:45,100 --> 05:52:47,900
Visual Proof of Your Divine 
mandate. 

6271
05:52:48,800 --> 05:52:52,100
The artists are working from 
approved designs but within 

6272
05:52:52,100 --> 05:52:54,800
those parameters they're 
creating art that will last for 

6273
05:52:54,800 --> 05:52:57,500
ages. 
A master sculptor is working on 

6274
05:52:57,500 --> 05:53:01,100
a colossal statue of you in the 
traditional fairy onic pose. 

6275
05:53:01,800 --> 05:53:05,300
Standing left leg forward arms 
at your sides. 

6276
05:53:05,300 --> 05:53:08,800
Wearing the names headdress and 
holding Royal Insignia. 

6277
05:53:08,800 --> 05:53:12,400
The statue is carved from Red, 
Granite quarried, hundreds of 

6278
05:53:12,408 --> 05:53:16,200
miles, south and transported 
here by boat and sledge at 

6279
05:53:16,200 --> 05:53:19,100
enormous effort and expense. 
It's not finished yet. 

6280
05:53:19,100 --> 05:53:22,600
The face needs more refining and
details need to be added, but 

6281
05:53:22,600 --> 05:53:26,000
already, it's impressive. 
The statue is three times your 

6282
05:53:26,000 --> 05:53:28,700
actual height because subtlety 
is not the point here. 

6283
05:53:28,700 --> 05:53:33,300
The point is to inspire or you 
discuss proportions with the 

6284
05:53:33,308 --> 05:53:36,900
sculptor, whose been working on 
Royal statues for decades. 

6285
05:53:36,900 --> 05:53:40,300
He explains the mathematical 
ratios that governed Egyptian 

6286
05:53:40,300 --> 05:53:43,200
art, the relationships between 
different body parts. 

6287
05:53:43,200 --> 05:53:47,100
The angles that create the ideal
form and the conventions that 

6288
05:53:47,100 --> 05:53:51,400
make a statue unmistakably Ferry
on it, Egyptian art isn't 

6289
05:53:51,400 --> 05:53:54,500
realistic in the way later. 
Cultures will Define realism 

6290
05:53:54,500 --> 05:53:59,400
it's idealized formalized and 
designed to represent truth 

6291
05:53:59,400 --> 05:54:03,000
rather than mere appearance. 
Your statute doesn't need to 

6292
05:54:03,000 --> 05:54:05,900
look exactly like you. 
It needs to look like the 

6293
05:54:05,900 --> 05:54:10,000
Eternal perfect idea of you. 
The overseer shows you the work 

6294
05:54:10,000 --> 05:54:12,400
schedule. 
Thousands of workers are 

6295
05:54:12,400 --> 05:54:15,700
employed on this project alone. 
Organized into teams with 

6296
05:54:15,700 --> 05:54:19,300
specialized skills. 
There are Quarrymen haulers 

6297
05:54:19,300 --> 05:54:24,600
Masons Carvers painters, 
plasterers tool makers Cooks to 

6298
05:54:24,600 --> 05:54:27,000
feed everyone. 
Scribes to track supplies and 

6299
05:54:27,000 --> 05:54:29,600
wages and Foreman to coordinate 
efforts. 

6300
05:54:29,600 --> 05:54:32,800
It's a massive logistical 
undertaking that requires 

6301
05:54:32,800 --> 05:54:36,800
careful planning consistent 
resources and competent 

6302
05:54:36,800 --> 05:54:39,300
management. 
You asked about the workers 

6303
05:54:39,300 --> 05:54:43,500
conditions because despite what 
future people will believe these

6304
05:54:43,500 --> 05:54:46,800
aren't slaves. 
Their paid laborers, some 

6305
05:54:46,800 --> 05:54:50,000
working full-time, others, 
fulfilling their annual labor, 

6306
05:54:50,000 --> 05:54:54,300
obligation to the state they 
receive rations of grain beer, 

6307
05:54:54,300 --> 05:54:58,500
vegetables, and occasionally 
meet They have off days for 

6308
05:54:58,500 --> 05:55:01,800
festivals, they live in 
purpose-built, work of villages,

6309
05:55:01,800 --> 05:55:05,200
with houses, Medical Care and 
even a kind of Labor, dispute 

6310
05:55:05,200 --> 05:55:09,200
resolution system. 
It's not luxury, but it's also 

6311
05:55:09,200 --> 05:55:11,300
not the brutal. 
Oppression that pyramids and 

6312
05:55:11,308 --> 05:55:14,800
slavery myths would suggest the 
project is on schedule. 

6313
05:55:14,800 --> 05:55:18,500
The overseer assures you there 
on schedule for ancient Egyptian

6314
05:55:18,500 --> 05:55:20,700
construction means years or 
decades. 

6315
05:55:21,600 --> 05:55:25,500
You won't see this Temple 
completed your successor, might 

6316
05:55:25,500 --> 05:55:28,200
not see it completed, but it 
will be completed. 

6317
05:55:28,200 --> 05:55:32,600
And when it is it will stand as 
a testament to your Reign, your 

6318
05:55:32,600 --> 05:55:35,700
Devotion to the gods and your 
determination to be remembered 

6319
05:55:35,700 --> 05:55:38,700
you visit the workshops where 
Artisans are creating the 

6320
05:55:38,700 --> 05:55:42,000
smaller but still important 
elements, the gold leaf that 

6321
05:55:42,000 --> 05:55:45,900
will cover certain surfaces the 
precious stone inlays, the 

6322
05:55:45,900 --> 05:55:49,200
bronze doors and the elaborate 
furniture, for the temples 

6323
05:55:49,200 --> 05:55:52,500
various Chambers. 
Each item is being made by hand 

6324
05:55:52,500 --> 05:55:56,000
by craftsmen who learn their 
skills from Masters, who learned

6325
05:55:56,000 --> 05:55:59,300
from their masters maintaining 
Traditions that stretch back 

6326
05:55:59,300 --> 05:56:02,200
Generations. 
There's something profound about

6327
05:56:02,200 --> 05:56:06,000
what watching these Works, take 
shape, every chisel strike every

6328
05:56:06,000 --> 05:56:09,600
careful measurement, and every 
artistic decision is an Act of 

6329
05:56:09,608 --> 05:56:12,200
Creation that will Outlast every
one involved. 

6330
05:56:12,200 --> 05:56:15,200
The workers will die. 
You will die. 

6331
05:56:15,200 --> 05:56:18,900
Even the gods might change. 
But these stones will remain 

6332
05:56:18,900 --> 05:56:22,900
these images will endure and 
These hieroglyphs will continue 

6333
05:56:22,900 --> 05:56:25,600
telling your story to people who
have not been born yet. 

6334
05:56:25,600 --> 05:56:30,000
It's as close to immortality as 
humans get This evening 

6335
05:56:30,000 --> 05:56:34,000
approaches, you find yourself on
the palace roof, watching the 

6336
05:56:34,000 --> 05:56:35,800
sun, descend toward the Western 
desert. 

6337
05:56:35,800 --> 05:56:38,500
This has become something of a 
ritual for you. 

6338
05:56:38,500 --> 05:56:42,900
A quiet moment at the end of the
day to think to process to 

6339
05:56:42,900 --> 05:56:47,200
Simply exist without the weight 
of performance up here with the 

6340
05:56:47,208 --> 05:56:50,500
city spreading out below and the
desert Beyond you can see your 

6341
05:56:50,500 --> 05:56:53,800
kingdom in microcosm. 
The Nile cuts through the 

6342
05:56:53,800 --> 05:56:56,500
landscape, like a dark ribbon 
reflecting. 

6343
05:56:56,500 --> 05:57:00,400
The sunset colors along, its 
banks fields are darkening, from

6344
05:57:00,400 --> 05:57:04,000
green to black as the light 
Fades towns and Villages are 

6345
05:57:04,000 --> 05:57:07,700
coming alive with Lamplight. 
Tiny golden points of appearing 

6346
05:57:07,700 --> 05:57:09,500
as family settle in for the 
evening. 

6347
05:57:09,500 --> 05:57:14,000
Smoke rises from cooking fires, 
carrying the smell of bread and 

6348
05:57:14,000 --> 05:57:16,600
grilled fish, Somewhere in the 
distance. 

6349
05:57:16,600 --> 05:57:20,500
You can hear singing probably 
from a Tavern where workers are 

6350
05:57:20,500 --> 05:57:24,300
relaxing after the day's labor? 
You think about the enormity of 

6351
05:57:24,300 --> 05:57:27,700
your responsibility, Those 
lights represent people. 

6352
05:57:27,700 --> 05:57:32,600
Millions of them who depend on 
you to maintain that to keep the

6353
05:57:32,600 --> 05:57:36,000
Nile flowing. 
The Harvest coming the border 

6354
05:57:36,000 --> 05:57:39,700
secure and the gods satisfied. 
You didn't ask for this 

6355
05:57:39,700 --> 05:57:43,000
responsibility, you were born 
into it, trained for it from 

6356
05:57:43,000 --> 05:57:46,800
childhood, had it placed on your
head with a crown and declared 

6357
05:57:46,800 --> 05:57:49,800
inevitable, by every priest and 
official in Egypt. 

6358
05:57:49,800 --> 05:57:53,600
But you've accepted it and most 
days you believe you're doing an

6359
05:57:53,600 --> 05:57:56,800
adequate job. 
The concept of Mount occupies 

6360
05:57:56,800 --> 05:57:59,700
your thoughts often. 
It's more than just law or 

6361
05:57:59,700 --> 05:58:03,700
Justice, it's Cosmic order. 
The way things should be the 

6362
05:58:03,700 --> 05:58:06,100
balance between chaos and 
civilization. 

6363
05:58:06,900 --> 05:58:10,400
Your entire Reign is Judge by, 
how well you maintain that. 

6364
05:58:11,200 --> 05:58:14,100
Do you speak truth? 
Do you ensure Fair judgment? 

6365
05:58:14,100 --> 05:58:17,900
Do you support the gods temples?
Do you keep Egypt? 

6366
05:58:17,900 --> 05:58:21,400
Prosperous and secure every 
decision you make, is supposed 

6367
05:58:21,400 --> 05:58:25,600
to reinforce all order and push 
back against chaos is affect the

6368
05:58:25,600 --> 05:58:27,200
force that wants to unmake 
everything. 

6369
05:58:28,200 --> 05:58:32,100
It's an impossible standard 
really your human, despite what 

6370
05:58:32,100 --> 05:58:34,400
the theology says. 
You make mistakes. 

6371
05:58:34,400 --> 05:58:38,700
You have biases, you get tired 
and cranky and occasionally 

6372
05:58:38,700 --> 05:58:41,500
makes decisions because they're 
easier rather than because 

6373
05:58:41,500 --> 05:58:44,500
they're right. 
But you try every morning, you 

6374
05:58:44,500 --> 05:58:46,600
wake up and try to be the 
Pharaoh Egypt. 

6375
05:58:46,600 --> 05:58:50,700
Needs the living Horus, the son 
of raw, The Shepherd of the 

6376
05:58:50,700 --> 05:58:54,200
people, You think about 
mortality, which is, ironic 

6377
05:58:54,200 --> 05:58:57,600
considering you're supposed to 
be divine, but Divinity doesn't 

6378
05:58:57,600 --> 05:59:00,900
make you immune to death. 
It just means you're expected to

6379
05:59:00,908 --> 05:59:04,400
continue being important. 
After death, your tomb is being 

6380
05:59:04,400 --> 05:59:06,300
prepared. 
In the Valley of the Kings cut 

6381
05:59:06,300 --> 05:59:09,500
deep into the mountain. 
Rock, its walls covered with 

6382
05:59:09,500 --> 05:59:12,900
religious texts and images to 
guide you through the afterlife,

6383
05:59:12,900 --> 05:59:17,100
your burial goods are 
accumulating furniture clothes, 

6384
05:59:17,100 --> 05:59:20,600
jewelry food, everything you 
might need in the next world. 

6385
05:59:21,500 --> 05:59:24,500
The ancient Egyptians have made 
an art form of dealing with 

6386
05:59:24,500 --> 05:59:26,400
death. 
You don't just die. 

6387
05:59:26,400 --> 05:59:30,200
You transform Journey Through 
the underworld face judgment 

6388
05:59:30,200 --> 05:59:32,900
before the gods. 
And if you pass join, the 

6389
05:59:32,900 --> 05:59:36,100
Blessed dead Who Live Forever. 
The Book of the Dead, which 

6390
05:59:36,100 --> 05:59:38,600
isn't actually a book, but a 
collection of spells and 

6391
05:59:38,600 --> 05:59:42,000
instructions will be placed in 
your tomb to help you navigate 

6392
05:59:42,000 --> 05:59:44,800
the dangers of the afterlife. 
You've read it. 

6393
05:59:44,800 --> 05:59:48,300
Of course, it's comforting. 
In a way, all those details 

6394
05:59:48,300 --> 05:59:52,100
instructions about what to say 
and do as if death is just 

6395
05:59:52,100 --> 05:59:54,900
another Journey that can be 
planned for your 

6396
05:59:54,900 --> 05:59:57,700
accomplishments, run through 
your mind, like a scroll on 

6397
05:59:57,700 --> 06:00:00,900
rolling treaties. 
Negotiated temples, billed, 

6398
06:00:00,900 --> 06:00:05,000
enemies defeated laws, enacted, 
canals and Justice administered.

6399
06:00:05,800 --> 06:00:08,900
Some of it was significant. 
Some of it will be forgotten by 

6400
06:00:08,900 --> 06:00:11,900
next year, but you've tried to 
make Egypt, better than you 

6401
06:00:11,900 --> 06:00:15,600
found it to leave something 
lasting those buildings rising 

6402
06:00:15,600 --> 06:00:18,500
from the desert floor. 
Those inscriptions on Temple 

6403
06:00:18,500 --> 06:00:20,700
walls. 
Those legal precedents. 

6404
06:00:20,700 --> 06:00:24,000
They're your legacy. 
The proof that you existed and 

6405
06:00:24,000 --> 06:00:26,500
mattered. 
But there are failures too 

6406
06:00:26,500 --> 06:00:29,800
things. 
You regret hasty decisions that 

6407
06:00:29,800 --> 06:00:32,800
caused problems. 
Later people, you trusted who 

6408
06:00:32,800 --> 06:00:33,700
betrayed that? 
Trust? 

6409
06:00:34,600 --> 06:00:37,400
Projects that consumed 
resources, but delivered a 

6410
06:00:37,400 --> 06:00:40,900
little moments when you chose 
political expediency over 

6411
06:00:40,900 --> 06:00:45,100
Justice because the alternative 
seem to costly the waiter of 

6412
06:00:45,100 --> 06:00:48,300
rule includes carrying those 
failures learning from the myth 

6413
06:00:48,300 --> 06:00:51,700
possible and accepting them, 
when learning isn't enough, the 

6414
06:00:51,700 --> 06:00:56,000
sun, touches the Horizon and the
sky erupts in Reds and oranges 

6415
06:00:56,000 --> 06:00:58,800
and purples. 
The Egyptians believed the sun 

6416
06:00:58,800 --> 06:01:01,100
god rare travels through the 
underworld each night. 

6417
06:01:02,000 --> 06:01:05,700
Fighting The Serpent of chaos, 
ensuring the sun rises again 

6418
06:01:05,700 --> 06:01:09,800
each morning, you've helped that
process through your rituals but

6419
06:01:09,800 --> 06:01:12,100
watching the sunset. 
You wonder if Iran needs the 

6420
06:01:12,100 --> 06:01:16,100
help or if the Sun would rise 
anyway, theology says, one 

6421
06:01:16,100 --> 06:01:20,100
thing, your secret thoughts, 
sometimes suggest another, you 

6422
06:01:20,100 --> 06:01:22,200
think about your children and 
what kind of Egypt they'll 

6423
06:01:22,200 --> 06:01:26,200
inherit Your eldest son will 
likely be the next Pharaoh, the 

6424
06:01:26,200 --> 06:01:28,800
royal succession in Egypt isn't 
always straightforward. 

6425
06:01:28,800 --> 06:01:33,100
He's young still more interested
in the glory of kingship than 

6426
06:01:33,100 --> 06:01:36,500
its tedious reality. 
You hope he'll learn and hope 

6427
06:01:36,500 --> 06:01:38,400
you'll understand that being 
Pharaoh means more 

6428
06:01:38,400 --> 06:01:41,700
responsibility than power. 
You hope he'll be wise enough to

6429
06:01:41,700 --> 06:01:44,400
listen to good advisors and 
strong enough to ignore bad 

6430
06:01:44,400 --> 06:01:46,900
ones. 
Stars are appearing now, 

6431
06:01:46,900 --> 06:01:50,800
familiar constellations, the 
Egyptians of named and mapped 

6432
06:01:50,800 --> 06:01:53,100
and incorporated into their 
religious beliefs. 

6433
06:01:53,100 --> 06:01:57,100
Those Stars will be there long 
after your gone looking down on 

6434
06:01:57,100 --> 06:01:59,000
future. 
Pharaohs future, Egypt, and 

6435
06:01:59,000 --> 06:02:02,900
future worlds, you can't imagine
it's humbling in a way to think 

6436
06:02:02,900 --> 06:02:06,700
about the vastness of time in 
your tiny place in it, but it's 

6437
06:02:06,700 --> 06:02:10,200
also comforting your part of 
something larger than yourself, 

6438
06:02:10,200 --> 06:02:14,000
part of a chain of Kings, 
stretching back to normal who 

6439
06:02:14,000 --> 06:02:18,600
first United Egypt and forward 
to rulers, you'll never meet the

6440
06:02:18,600 --> 06:02:21,800
evening call to prayer, rises 
from the Temple's, priests 

6441
06:02:21,800 --> 06:02:24,700
singing hymns to the gods, 
thanking them for the day, 

6442
06:02:24,700 --> 06:02:28,300
asking for their protection. 
Through the night, the sound 

6443
06:02:28,300 --> 06:02:31,800
carries across the city and you 
find yourself humming along with

6444
06:02:31,800 --> 06:02:35,700
the familiar melodies. 
You may be a pharaoh, but you're

6445
06:02:35,700 --> 06:02:38,800
also a worshiper. 
Someone who acknowledges Powers 

6446
06:02:38,800 --> 06:02:42,300
greater than yourself as 
Darkness settles over Egypt. 

6447
06:02:42,300 --> 06:02:45,800
You feel the days tensions? 
Releasing tomorrow will bring 

6448
06:02:45,800 --> 06:02:48,900
new challenges, new 
responsibilities, and new 

6449
06:02:48,900 --> 06:02:51,800
opportunities to maintain or 
fail trying. 

6450
06:02:51,800 --> 06:02:54,300
But for now, this moment is 
enough. 

6451
06:02:54,300 --> 06:02:58,500
Standing on your Palace roof, 
watching your kingdoms, settle 

6452
06:02:58,500 --> 06:03:02,100
into night being simply yourself
before you have to be fair. 

6453
06:03:02,100 --> 06:03:05,900
Oh again, you turn away from The
View and head back inside, ready

6454
06:03:05,900 --> 06:03:08,800
for the evening meal, for the 
rituals that will prepare you 

6455
06:03:08,800 --> 06:03:11,100
for sleep, and for another 
night's rest. 

6456
06:03:11,100 --> 06:03:14,700
Before another day's rain, the 
palace swallows you back into 

6457
06:03:14,700 --> 06:03:17,700
its routines. 
You carry the piece of that roof

6458
06:03:17,700 --> 06:03:21,500
top moment with you a reminder 
that underneath all the ceremony

6459
06:03:21,500 --> 06:03:26,000
and responsibility, your human 
living, a life measured in 

6460
06:03:26,000 --> 06:03:29,200
Sunset and decisions, trying to 
do right? 

6461
06:03:29,200 --> 06:03:32,800
In a world that railing makes 
rightness easy, you lie in bed 

6462
06:03:32,800 --> 06:03:37,100
again. the day circuit complete 
tomorrow, you'll wake and do it 

6463
06:03:37,100 --> 06:03:40,600
all again, the rituals, the 
governance, the building the 

6464
06:03:40,600 --> 06:03:45,400
responsibility, It's a rhythm as
reliable as the Niles flood, as 

6465
06:03:45,400 --> 06:03:47,800
predictable as the sun's daily 
Journey. 

6466
06:03:47,800 --> 06:03:50,900
You're not Immortal, despite the
Divine titles. 

6467
06:03:50,900 --> 06:03:54,300
You're a person doing a job that
happens to involve being treated

6468
06:03:54,300 --> 06:03:58,300
like a god, your legacy will be 
stoned and law temples and 

6469
06:03:58,300 --> 06:04:02,800
treaties children who carry your
bloodline forward and officials 

6470
06:04:02,800 --> 06:04:06,700
who learned from your decisions.
Some of it will last Millennia, 

6471
06:04:06,700 --> 06:04:10,800
some will be forgotten within a 
generation such as the nature of

6472
06:04:10,800 --> 06:04:15,300
human endeavor but for now you 
sleep knowing the sun will rise 

6473
06:04:15,300 --> 06:04:18,100
again because Rah travels 
through the night or because the

6474
06:04:18,108 --> 06:04:22,700
Earth rotates or because that 
simply what Sons do your job is 

6475
06:04:22,700 --> 06:04:26,200
to be there when it rises to 
perform the rituals to govern 

6476
06:04:26,200 --> 06:04:29,200
justly and to maintain that for 
another day. 

6477
06:04:30,400 --> 06:04:34,000
The weight of the crown rests on
a stand nearby silent and 

6478
06:04:34,000 --> 06:04:38,200
patient waiting for more morning
outside the Nile flows 

6479
06:04:38,200 --> 06:04:40,500
Northwood. 
As it always has carrying Egypt 

6480
06:04:40,500 --> 06:04:43,900
life toward the sea and in the 
Eternal cycle of rising and 

6481
06:04:43,900 --> 06:04:47,400
setting of flooding, and 
planting, and harvesting of life

6482
06:04:47,400 --> 06:04:52,300
and death and life again. 
You are Pharaoh Divine mortal, 

6483
06:04:52,300 --> 06:04:55,800
powerful. 
Vulnerable responsible for 

6484
06:04:55,800 --> 06:05:00,100
everything master of nothing, 
but your intention sleep. 

6485
06:05:00,100 --> 06:05:04,400
Comes gently carrying you toward
dreams of the perfect Egypt, you

6486
06:05:04,400 --> 06:05:07,200
building each night and wake to 
approximate each day.