What Life Was Really Like as a Geisha in Old Japan | History for Sleep

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Welcome in my tired potatoes. 
I know you need that sleep with 

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a little history. 
So let's snuggle up. 

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We're going back in time to the 
floating world of Edo period 

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Japan where you're about to step
into the hidden life of a Geisha

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in Kyoto's oldest hanamachi 
tonight, you'll experience the 

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rhythm of days filled with silk 
and Sheamus and strings green 

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tea and golden lamp light in a 
world that existed behind paper 

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screens and beneath the glow of 
lantern-lit streets. 

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But before we start, I'd love to
know how you're doing down below

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in the comments where in the 
world you're listening in from 

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and what time it is for you now 
close your eyes and let yourself

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drift back to a time when art 
was currently conversation was 

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crafted and Beauty took a 
lifetime to perfect. you wait to

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the sound of water being poured 
into a basement somewhere below 

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the tatami beneath your futon 
still holds the night's coolness

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and through the show G screen 
early light filtered in with 

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that particular quality unique 
to Kyoto Mourning's Soft almost 

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lavender tinted as if the city 
itself is reluctant to fully 

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wake. 
Your room is small but a 

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macular. 
A single scroll. 

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Hangs in the Alcove featuring 
Autumn grasses painted with 

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three brush Strokes. 
Nothing more. 

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The Simplicity is intentional, 
cultivated a kind of luxury that

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takes years to understand. 
You hear the Ikea coming to life

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around you. 
The house where you live with 

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seven other Geisha and maiko 
operates like a breathing 

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organism, each person a vital 
part. 

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Synchronized to rhythms 
established over centuries 

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somewhere your occur. 
Son of the woman who runs this 

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house is already reviewing the 
days of appointments in her, 

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Ledger, her reading glasses, 
perched, on her, nose 

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calculating Witcher, will 
attend, which Teahouse, and 

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which Patron has requested. 
Whose company? 

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She manages this establishment 
with the Precision of a ship's 

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Captain and the intuition of a 
chess master, The smell of rice 

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cooking drifts upward. 
Not the quick modern kind. 

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But rice that has been soaking 
since yesterday. 

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Now steaming in proper. 
Wooden containers that give it a

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faintly sweet, almost nutty 
aroma Your stomach responds with

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a small polite, Rumble. 
You've learned to eat breakfast 

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slowly mindfully because the 
rest of your day will be a 

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careful, dance of timing, and 
rushing anything, even a meal 

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disrupts, the flow. 
You fold your futon with the 

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automatic Precision of someone 
who has performed, this task 

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thousands of times. 
Each fold must be exact. 

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The bedding is stored in the 
closet behind you. 

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And when you slide the door, 
shut the room transforms from 

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sleeping space to living space 
in seconds. 

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This transformation happens 
throughout the Ikea every 

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morning, private becomes public,
rest becomes preparation, and 

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the intimate architecture of 
sleep disappears without a 

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trace. downstairs, you need at 
the low table where breakfast 

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has been set, miso soup, still 
steaming Pickled vegetables. 

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In small dishes, Daikon, radish,
cucumber, and eggplant. 

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Each with its own distinct 
sharpness. 

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A small piece of grilled fish. 
Probably mackerel its skin 

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crispy and salty. 
The rice is perfect each grain 

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separate yet cohesive and 
slightly glossy you eat with 

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chopsticks that feel like 
extensions of your fingers and 

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you eat slowly aware that one of
the younger maiko is watching 

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you from the corner of her, eye,
learning how to move, how to 

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hold herself and how to exist in
space with Grace, after 

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breakfast. 
Comes the first bath in the Edo 

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period bathing was an art form 
unto itself and in your okeya, 

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the tradition continues with 
religious devotion. 

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The water is heated to exactly 
the right temperature. 

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Hot enough to open your pores. 
Not so hot that it readons, your

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skin, you scrub yourself, 
outside the tub. 

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First sitting on a small, wooden
stool, using a rough cloth and 

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rice bran powder that leaves 
your skin. 

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Youth and faintly fragrant only 
then you enter the water. 

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Letting it envelope you 
completely feeling the heat work

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its way into your muscles. 
Softening the places that hold 

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tension from last night's 
performance. 

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You soak for exactly the amount 
of time that feels right. 

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Not rushed not. 
Indulgent, the bathroom is 

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simple with wooden walls that 
have darkened with age and steam

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and a small window that looks 
out onto the inner Courtyard 

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where a stone Lantern sits among
carefully raked gravel. 

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Sometimes you think about how 
much of your life happens in 

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these in between spaces, not the
grand tea houses where you 

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perform, not the private moments
in your room but these 

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transitions zones, where you 
prepare yourself, transform 

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yourself, and become the person 
in the outside. 

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World expects to see after the 
bath. 

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Your skin is wrapped in a cotton
Road and you return to your room

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to begin the Day's real work. 
But first, there's tea, not the 

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formal tea sermon, you'll 
perform later for guests. 

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Simple cup of sensor green and 
grassy drunk while sitting by 

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the window watching sparrows 
argue over territory on the roof

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tiles, across the Narrow Street.
This moment, this small pocket 

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of unscheduled time is precious 
because it belongs entirely to 

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you. 
The morning sun is fully up now 

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and the hunter match is waking 
in Earnest. 

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You can hear the vegetable 
seller making his rounds. 

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His voice calling out the days 
offerings in a Melody, that 

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hasn't changed in Generations. 
Someone is practicing in a 

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nearby Ikea, the notes stumbling
over a difficult, passage 

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repeating repeating until 
suddenly they flow correctly. 

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The sound makes you smile. 
Because you remember being that 

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maiko your fingers cramping and 
your teachers patient insistence

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that you try again and again and
again until muscle memory 

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replaced conscious thought your 
hair still damp from the bath is

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beginning to dry. 
You run your fingers through it,

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feeling its weight and texture 
later. 

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It will be dressed in the 
traditional style, but for now, 

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it hangs loose down your back. 
A rare in formality, catch your 

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reflection in a small hand 
mirror, your face bear of the 

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white makeup, your features your
own. 

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This face unadorned is the one. 
You see least off often, the 

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irony isn't lost on you. 
You spend hours each day 

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applying elaborate makeup to 
create a mask of beauty. 

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Yet this simple clean face. 
Looking back at you holds its 

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own quiet or authenticity as cat
ancient tabin named tarma, who 

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answers to know one appears in 
your doorway, She eyes you with 

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the Imperial disdain, that only 
cats can manage, then decide 

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your acceptable and jumps onto 
your lap. 

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Her purring is like a small 
motor and you stroke her fur 

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while finishing your tea. 
Tama has lived in this Ikea 

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longer than you have. 
She's seen my co become Geisha, 

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watch women retire. 
And observe the endless cycle of

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seasons and ceremonies with the 
same detached interest. 

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She brings to watching Birds. 
You envy her Simplicity 

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sometimes the dressing room on 
the second floor. 

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Is where magic happens though, 
calling it magic, seems wrong. 

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It's more like architecture. 
Careful construction of beauty, 

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using specific materials and 
techniques perfected over 

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centuries. 
You enter this room as yourself 

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and exit as a geisha and the 
transformation is so complete. 

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That sometimes you barely 
recognize the woman in the 

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mirror, you begin with your 
undergarments. 

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A thin cotton Naga juban that 
goes on first tied with a simple

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chord. 
The fabric is soft from 

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countless washing and it settles
against your skin like a 

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familiar Embrace over. 
This goes, a second layer. 

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Slightly more substantial with a
white collar, that will be 

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visible at the nape of your 
neck. 

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This column must be positioned. 
Exactly? 

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Right showing precisely. 
The correct amount of skin. 

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Too much. 
Looks sloppy to little looks 

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prudish. 
You've measured this distance so

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many times that your hands know 
it instinctively but you still 

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check in the mirror twice. 
The kimono comes next, today's 

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choice is a deep Indigo silk 
with a subtle pattern of waves 

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rendered in a slightly different
shade of blue. 

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The kind of detail. 
You notice only when light hits 

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the fabric at certain angles, 
the kimono is heavy 

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reassuringly. 
So and putting it on requires a 

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specific sequence of movements. 
Left side. 

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First always then the right 
side. 

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Overlaps it creating the closure
that wraps your body. 

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The opposite way is reserved for
dressing the dead and this 

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Superstition is so deeply 
ingrained that Doing It Wrong. 

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Would feel like inviting 
disaster or dresser an older 

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woman named fumiko who has been 
dressing for 40 years arrives to

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help with the Obi, this wide 
belt of brocaded. 

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Silk is a masterpiece on its 
own. 

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Today's features chrysanthemums 
in gold and copper thread 

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against a background of deepest 
green, the obese forming meters 

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long and nearly 30 centimeters 
wide. 

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And tying it properly requires 
two people specific padding, 

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multiple chords and about 20 
minutes of precise work. 

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Fumiko works with the 
concentration of a surgeon. 

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She raps folds Tuck's and ties 
with movements. 

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So, practice, they seem 
choreographed The Obi must be 

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tight enough to hold the kimono 
closed and maintain your 

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posture. 
But not so tight that you can't 

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breathe or bend. 
Finding this balance is not 

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form. 
She uses an OB Mercurial, a 

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padded cushion to create the 
foundation for the bow at your 

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back. 
Then Begins the complex process 

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of folding. 
The silk into the traditional 

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Tycho musubi style, the drum 
shaped bow worn by Geisha. 

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You stand perfectly still during
this process arms slightly 

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extended breathing slowly, you 
learned early in your training 

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that fighting the constriction 
of the Obi. 

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Only makes it uncomfortable, 
instead you relax into it, let 

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it support your spine and use it
as a kind of external skeleton. 

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That enforces. 
Perfect posture, your breath 

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becomes measured flowing into 
your upper chest rather than 

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your belly. 
This restriction changes, how 

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you move through the world 
smaller steps more, deliberate 

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gestures and a consciousness of 
your own body in space that 

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borders on meditation while 
fumiko works on the Obi, you can

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see other Geisha in various 
stages of preparation. 

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One is having her hair dressed 
sitting perfectly motionless 

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while the hairdressers hands. 
Fly through her hair with pins 

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and Combs and permadeath The 
room, hums with quiet, industry,

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punctuated by occasional 
murmured, instructions or 

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requests. 
The makeup comes after your 

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fully dressed. 
And this is the part that truly 

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completes the transformation, 
you sit at a low table, with a 

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mirror, propped in front of you.
And you begin with bint Suka 

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oil, rubbing it into your face 
and neck and the exposed part of

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your chest. 
The oil creates a base and helps

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the white makeup adhere evenly, 
then comes the white paste 

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itself. 
A mixture that has evolved over 

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time but still maintains its 
characteristic capacity its 

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ability to create a blank 
canvas. 

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You apply it with a wide brush, 
starting at your hairline and 

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working downward using smooth 
Strokes that leave no streaks or

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patches the coverage. 
Must be complete. 

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Transforming your skin into 
porcelain you. 

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Leave three bear triangular 
points at the nape of your neck.

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A design element that has a 
rocket significant and 

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traditional Japanese culture. 
Though most modern observers 

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have forgotten why the contrast 
of white makeup and natural 

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skin. 
At these points creates a visual

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tension, an intimacy that feels 
more revealing than actual 

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nudity. 
You're facing the mirror is now 

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a white mask. 
Waiting for features to be drawn

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back on you. 
Take a thin brush and black ink 

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and carefully. 
Outline your eyes, extending the

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lines slightly outward to create
an almond shape. 

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Then come the eyebrows drawn 
higher than your natural brows 

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with a slight Arch. 
That gives you a look of 

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Perpetual gentle surprise. 
Red pigment goes on your 

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eyelids. 
Just a Touch enough to add 

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warmth then your lips painted 
with a red. 

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So deep. 
It's almost black applied 

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carefully to make your mouth 
appear smaller than it is a 

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rosebud of color in the white 
expanse. 

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The effect is startling. 
You look like a painting, a wood

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block print comes to life, 
utterly, artificial and utterly 

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beautiful, Your individual 
features have been subordinated 

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to an ideal. 
A collective vision of beauty 

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that has been refined over 
centuries. 

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Some visitors from the West find
this unsettling, this Erasure of

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individual identity in favor of 
artistic perfection, But you 

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00:12:57,800 --> 00:13:01,000
understand it differently. 
The white makeup isn't hiding 

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00:13:01,000 --> 00:13:03,400
who you are. 
It's creating a space where you 

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00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:07,000
can become something more than 
yourself where you can embody an

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00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:11,200
ideal and perform a role, that's
larger than any single person. 

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00:13:12,800 --> 00:13:14,700
The final elements, come 
quickly. 

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00:13:14,700 --> 00:13:18,200
Now White Foundation on your 
hands and wrists perfectly 

236
00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:19,800
Blended. 
Where it meets your natural 

237
00:13:19,800 --> 00:13:23,600
skin. 
Tone hair ornaments today, a 

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00:13:23,600 --> 00:13:25,300
simple. 
But elegant arrangement of silk,

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00:13:25,300 --> 00:13:29,300
flowers, and tortoise shell, 
Combs, your fan, folded, and 

240
00:13:29,300 --> 00:13:32,300
tucked into your Obi. 
The small purse containing 

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00:13:32,300 --> 00:13:34,400
powder for touch-ups a 
handkerchief. 

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00:13:34,400 --> 00:13:39,200
And perhaps, a few coins, you 
stand and fumiko makes a final 

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00:13:39,200 --> 00:13:43,200
adjustment to your OB tugging it
fractionally to the left, you 

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00:13:43,200 --> 00:13:45,500
catch side of your self in the 
full length mirror and 

245
00:13:45,500 --> 00:13:47,700
experience that momentary 
dislocation. 

246
00:13:47,700 --> 00:13:51,900
You never quite get used to the 
disconnect between who you feel 

247
00:13:51,900 --> 00:13:54,000
like inside and who you see 
outside? 

248
00:13:54,000 --> 00:13:57,600
The woman in the mirror is 
elegant Poise and perfect. 

249
00:13:58,600 --> 00:14:02,200
She looks like she never rushes,
never stumbles and never doubts 

250
00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:04,600
herself. 
She looks like she was born 

251
00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:07,500
knowing exactly how to move 
through the world with Grace, 

252
00:14:07,500 --> 00:14:11,700
you know, better, of course. 
You remember your first attempt 

253
00:14:11,700 --> 00:14:14,900
at putting on a kimono getting 
the left and right side 

254
00:14:14,900 --> 00:14:17,700
confused. 
You remember the time you 

255
00:14:17,700 --> 00:14:20,500
tripped on your own hair and 
felt spectacularly during a 

256
00:14:20,500 --> 00:14:23,800
dance performance, you remember?
Crying and frustration, when you

257
00:14:23,808 --> 00:14:26,500
couldn't get the Chamois sent to
produce anything, but discordant

258
00:14:26,500 --> 00:14:29,000
noise, But that's the secret, 
isn't it? 

259
00:14:29,008 --> 00:14:33,200
The Perfection is performed 
practiced and earned through 

260
00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:36,400
thousands of hours of repetition
until the artificial becomes 

261
00:14:36,400 --> 00:14:39,400
natural until the mask and the 
face beneath it. 

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00:14:39,400 --> 00:14:43,200
Merge into something new. 
Your teacher arrives at 2 in the

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00:14:43,208 --> 00:14:45,800
afternoon as she does every 
Tuesday and Friday. 

264
00:14:46,500 --> 00:14:50,200
Carrying her shamisen in its 
protective case and wearing an 

265
00:14:50,200 --> 00:14:54,700
expression of calm expectation 
tomiko Sensei is in her 70s 

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00:14:54,700 --> 00:14:58,500
small and compact with hands. 
That show the evidence of a 

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00:14:58,500 --> 00:15:01,000
lifetime spent coaxing music 
from silk strings. 

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00:15:01,000 --> 00:15:04,700
She's been teaching for longer 
than you've been alive, and she 

269
00:15:04,700 --> 00:15:07,200
maintained standards that would 
make drill sergeant seem 

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00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:09,600
lenient. 
The lesson room is on the third 

271
00:15:09,600 --> 00:15:13,300
floor away from the main traffic
of the Ikea with windows that 

272
00:15:13,300 --> 00:15:15,300
look out over. 
Neighboring roof tops told the 

273
00:15:15,300 --> 00:15:19,000
mountains in the distance, the 
afternoon light is perfect here 

274
00:15:19,000 --> 00:15:24,000
warm but not harsh and the room 
itself has excellent Acoustics, 

275
00:15:24,000 --> 00:15:27,400
a happy accident of its 
proportions and the materials 

276
00:15:27,400 --> 00:15:30,700
used in its construction. 
You need on the tatami with your

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00:15:30,700 --> 00:15:33,700
Sam and tomiko Sensei Niels 
across from you. 

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00:15:33,700 --> 00:15:37,500
And for the next two hours, 
nothing exists except music. 

279
00:15:38,500 --> 00:15:42,300
You begin with scales, as you 
always do basic finger 

280
00:15:42,300 --> 00:15:45,700
exercises, that you've been 
practicing for years that you'll

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00:15:45,700 --> 00:15:47,100
practice for the rest of your 
life. 

282
00:15:47,100 --> 00:15:50,100
Because these fundamentals are 
the foundation of everything 

283
00:15:50,100 --> 00:15:53,600
else your left hand presses. 
The strings at precise points 

284
00:15:53,600 --> 00:15:56,400
along the neck. 
While your right hand strikes 

285
00:15:56,400 --> 00:16:00,000
them with the batchy the large 
plectrum, that produces the 

286
00:16:00,000 --> 00:16:04,400
shama's characteristic bright, 
percussive sound the notes ring 

287
00:16:04,400 --> 00:16:06,600
out, clear and true. 
And you move through the pattern

288
00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:09,200
with your eyes, half closed 
feeling rather than thinking 

289
00:16:09,200 --> 00:16:14,000
Tamiko Sensei listens with 
absolute attention her face, 

290
00:16:14,000 --> 00:16:17,300
giving nothing away. 
Then she raises one hand 

291
00:16:17,300 --> 00:16:20,100
slightly. 
Stop you stop. 

292
00:16:20,100 --> 00:16:23,100
She demonstrates a phrase, her 
fingers, flying over the strings

293
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:25,600
with a speed and precision. 
That seems impossible given her 

294
00:16:25,600 --> 00:16:28,400
age. 
She plays it once twice, three 

295
00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:32,300
times, then nods at you, you 
attempt to replicate it, your 

296
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:34,000
fingers stumble over the fast 
section. 

297
00:16:34,000 --> 00:16:38,300
She shows you again, slower this
time breaking down the movement 

298
00:16:38,300 --> 00:16:42,600
into components. 
You try again better but not 

299
00:16:42,600 --> 00:16:46,100
right. 
Again again again again. 

300
00:16:47,200 --> 00:16:50,100
This is how learning works and 
traditional Japanese Arts. 

301
00:16:50,100 --> 00:16:54,500
Not through link the explanation
or theoretical Frameworks but 

302
00:16:54,500 --> 00:16:57,600
through observation imitation 
and repetition. 

303
00:16:58,600 --> 00:17:01,300
Your teacher shows you are to 
copy. 

304
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:06,900
She corrects you try again? 
The process is simultaneously 

305
00:17:06,900 --> 00:17:10,099
frustrating and meditative 
there's no shortcut. 

306
00:17:10,099 --> 00:17:14,099
No way to think yourself into 
competence, your body must 

307
00:17:14,099 --> 00:17:16,500
learn. 
And your muscles must develop 

308
00:17:16,500 --> 00:17:20,000
their own memory, and this takes
time, measured not in hours, but

309
00:17:20,000 --> 00:17:24,700
in years between musical phrases
tomiko Sensei occasionally 

310
00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:28,200
offers commentary. 
Story about a famous Geisha from

311
00:17:28,208 --> 00:17:31,500
decades past who could play this
particular piece while 

312
00:17:31,500 --> 00:17:35,300
simultaneously carrying on a 
witty conversation, a memory of 

313
00:17:35,300 --> 00:17:38,200
her own teacher who would wrap 
students, knuckles with the 

314
00:17:38,200 --> 00:17:41,400
batch of their posture slipped 
and observation about the 

315
00:17:41,400 --> 00:17:44,800
emotional quality of a certain 
passage, how it should sound 

316
00:17:44,800 --> 00:17:48,100
like cherry blossoms falling 
into water or wind through 

317
00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:50,400
bamboo or the last Light of 
evening. 

318
00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:53,100
These comments seem random and 
tangential. 

319
00:17:53,100 --> 00:17:55,200
But there actually deeply 
instructional. 

320
00:17:55,900 --> 00:17:58,900
The teaching you to hear music 
not just as notes, but as 

321
00:17:58,900 --> 00:18:02,800
emotional atmosphere and 
narrative, the shamisen isn't 

322
00:18:02,800 --> 00:18:04,400
merely an instrument to be 
mastered. 

323
00:18:04,400 --> 00:18:08,000
Technically, it's a tool for 
creating particular feelings in 

324
00:18:08,000 --> 00:18:11,300
listeners, for enhancing the 
mood of an evening and for 

325
00:18:11,300 --> 00:18:15,900
telling stories without words, 
After shamisen, comes dance, 

326
00:18:15,900 --> 00:18:19,600
practice you change into a 
lighter practice, kimono still 

327
00:18:19,600 --> 00:18:22,400
traditional, but easier to move 
in and meet your dance. 

328
00:18:22,400 --> 00:18:24,500
Teacher in the larger Studio on 
the second floor. 

329
00:18:25,400 --> 00:18:29,000
Rayco Sensei is younger than 
Tamiko Sensei, but no less 

330
00:18:29,000 --> 00:18:31,600
exacting. 
She's a former Geisha herself 

331
00:18:31,600 --> 00:18:34,700
and she moves with a fluidity 
that makes every gesture. 

332
00:18:34,700 --> 00:18:37,700
Look effortless. 
Today you're working on a piece 

333
00:18:37,700 --> 00:18:40,800
about the changing seasons and 
you're currently focused on the 

334
00:18:40,808 --> 00:18:44,200
Autumn section. 
The movements are subtle, a turn

335
00:18:44,208 --> 00:18:47,600
of the wrists suggesting Falling
Leaves this slight tilt of the 

336
00:18:47,600 --> 00:18:51,300
head of waking Melancholy, and a
sweeping step that somehow 

337
00:18:51,300 --> 00:18:54,400
conveys the cooling of the Year.
Nothing is literal. 

338
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:58,400
Everything is suggestion 
implication or the outline of an

339
00:18:58,408 --> 00:19:00,400
idea rather than the idea 
itself. 

340
00:19:01,500 --> 00:19:03,900
Raco Sensei watches, you move 
through the sequence. 

341
00:19:03,900 --> 00:19:07,000
Then stops you your hand 
position was wrong. 

342
00:19:07,000 --> 00:19:10,200
It should be rotated. 
Slightly more outward fingers 

343
00:19:10,200 --> 00:19:12,600
together rather than spread 
thumb tucked. 

344
00:19:13,200 --> 00:19:16,700
She demonstrates. 
You try again, she stops you 

345
00:19:16,700 --> 00:19:19,200
again, your weight distribution 
is off. 

346
00:19:19,200 --> 00:19:22,700
You're leaning too far forward. 
Breaking the line of your body, 

347
00:19:22,700 --> 00:19:28,300
adjust continue, stop the angle 
of your fan is wrong. 

348
00:19:28,300 --> 00:19:32,800
Again again, you've been 
practicing this particular dance

349
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,200
for three months and you're 
maybe halfway to Performance 

350
00:19:35,200 --> 00:19:38,100
ready. 
This is normal a complex piece. 

351
00:19:38,100 --> 00:19:40,900
Might take a year or more to 
learn properly and even then 

352
00:19:40,900 --> 00:19:43,200
you'll continue refining it for 
the rest of your career. 

353
00:19:43,200 --> 00:19:46,200
The depth of these traditional 
Arts is bottomless. 

354
00:19:46,900 --> 00:19:49,800
You can spend a lifetime 
exploring them, and still find 

355
00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:52,600
new layers. 
New subtleties, a new 

356
00:19:52,608 --> 00:19:56,100
possibilities. 
What strikes visitors about 

357
00:19:56,100 --> 00:19:59,300
Geisha training is the intensity
of focus on details. 

358
00:19:59,300 --> 00:20:03,200
That seem almost invisible. 
The precise angle of a finger 

359
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:07,400
the exact time of a turn, the 
quality of your breath between 

360
00:20:07,400 --> 00:20:11,600
phrases but this attention to 
Manute detail is what creates 

361
00:20:11,600 --> 00:20:15,600
the overall effect of effortless
Grace when every small element 

362
00:20:15,600 --> 00:20:19,000
is perfected, the whole becomes 
more than the sum of its parts. 

363
00:20:19,900 --> 00:20:23,700
Between dance and shamisen. 
You also study Tea, Ceremony 

364
00:20:23,700 --> 00:20:28,500
calligraphy traditional poetry 
flower arrangement and games 

365
00:20:28,500 --> 00:20:31,700
like go and Mahjong. 
You continue studying these Arts

366
00:20:31,700 --> 00:20:34,300
throughout your career because 
Geisha are expected to be 

367
00:20:34,300 --> 00:20:37,900
accomplished conversationalists 
and accomplishment requires 

368
00:20:37,900 --> 00:20:40,300
knowledge. 
You need to be able to discuss 

369
00:20:40,300 --> 00:20:43,600
literature with a professor 
play, a decent game of Go with a

370
00:20:43,600 --> 00:20:46,600
businessman arrange flowers, 
according to seasonal, 

371
00:20:46,600 --> 00:20:49,900
Aesthetics and compose, a haiku 
that doesn't embarrass you. 

372
00:20:49,900 --> 00:20:54,400
The education is practical but 
also philosophical. you're 

373
00:20:54,400 --> 00:20:56,900
learning, not just how to 
perform certain actions, but how

374
00:20:56,900 --> 00:21:00,500
to think aesthetically, how to 
recognize Beauty in its many 

375
00:21:00,500 --> 00:21:04,500
forms and how to create and 
maintain atmosphere these skills

376
00:21:04,500 --> 00:21:08,100
transfer across contexts, The 
attention to detail. 

377
00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:11,100
You bring to arranging flowers 
influences, how you arrange 

378
00:21:11,100 --> 00:21:13,600
yourself in space? 
Timing. 

379
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,500
You learn in music affects the 
rhythm of your conversation. 

380
00:21:17,200 --> 00:21:21,000
Everything connects by the time 
you're afternoon lessons, end, 

381
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:23,500
you're exhausted in that 
particular way that comes from 

382
00:21:23,500 --> 00:21:27,000
intense mental focus combined 
with physical precision. 

383
00:21:27,800 --> 00:21:31,800
Your muscles, ache pleasantly, 
your mind feels both empty and 

384
00:21:31,800 --> 00:21:36,400
full emptied of trivial concerns
filled with music and movement, 

385
00:21:36,400 --> 00:21:39,600
and Beauty, you have an hour 
before you need to begin 

386
00:21:39,600 --> 00:21:43,000
preparing for the evening and 
you use it to rest lying on your

387
00:21:43,000 --> 00:21:47,000
futon in the dimming afternoon, 
light watching dust moats drift 

388
00:21:47,000 --> 00:21:49,700
through a Sunbeam, thinking 
about nothing in particular 

389
00:21:49,700 --> 00:21:53,500
letting your mind settle like 
sediment in Stillwater. 

390
00:21:53,500 --> 00:21:56,900
The tea house, where your 
working tonight is called Kiku 

391
00:21:56,900 --> 00:21:58,900
Sooey. 
And it's one of the oldest in 

392
00:21:58,900 --> 00:22:01,600
the Hannah matching with a 
reputation for a tracking 

393
00:22:01,600 --> 00:22:03,800
distinguished guests, and 
maintaining the highest 

394
00:22:03,800 --> 00:22:06,500
standards. 
You arrive just after Sunset. 

395
00:22:06,500 --> 00:22:10,500
When the lanterns are being lit,
along the street, and the Autumn

396
00:22:10,500 --> 00:22:13,900
air carries that peculiar chill,
that makes you grateful for the 

397
00:22:13,900 --> 00:22:17,000
layers of silk wrapped around. 
You the Orca song of the 

398
00:22:17,000 --> 00:22:19,500
Teahouse greets, you at the 
entrance with a slight bow. 

399
00:22:20,300 --> 00:22:23,700
She's been managing The 
Establishment for 30 years and 

400
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:27,600
knows every Geisha in the 
district, their strengths, their

401
00:22:27,600 --> 00:22:31,400
quirks, and their reliability. 
You have a good relationship 

402
00:22:31,400 --> 00:22:35,200
with her, you arrive on time, 
you don't cause drama and you 

403
00:22:35,200 --> 00:22:37,100
handle difficult guests with 
Grace. 

404
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:40,400
She appreciates this and in 
return. 

405
00:22:40,400 --> 00:22:42,800
She calls on you regularly for 
her best clients. 

406
00:22:42,800 --> 00:22:46,100
Tonight's Gathering is for a 
group of five businessmen from 

407
00:22:46,100 --> 00:22:48,900
Osaka in Kyoto for some 
corporate purpose. 

408
00:22:48,900 --> 00:22:53,100
You don't fully understand and 
don't need to your job, isn't to

409
00:22:53,100 --> 00:22:56,300
comprehend the intricacies of 
their business dealings, but to 

410
00:22:56,300 --> 00:22:59,300
provide a pleasant evening 
skillful entertainment and 

411
00:22:59,300 --> 00:23:03,100
sophisticated company two, other
Geisha are working this party 

412
00:23:03,100 --> 00:23:05,900
for Meko and Yuki both 
colleagues. 

413
00:23:05,900 --> 00:23:09,500
You've known for years and work 
well with The room where you'll 

414
00:23:09,500 --> 00:23:12,000
spend the evening is beautiful 
in that understated, way, that 

415
00:23:12,000 --> 00:23:16,100
characterizes traditional 
Japanese design to Tommy Matts 

416
00:23:16,100 --> 00:23:19,500
pristine and faintly fragrant. 
Atoka. 

417
00:23:19,500 --> 00:23:21,200
Noma. 
Alcove displaying a scroll 

418
00:23:21,200 --> 00:23:24,100
painting of persimmons and a 
simple flower arrangement of 

419
00:23:24,100 --> 00:23:28,400
autumn grasses Shoji screens 
filtering the light into soft 

420
00:23:28,400 --> 00:23:31,300
diffused. 
Warmth low tables already set 

421
00:23:31,300 --> 00:23:34,900
with dishes and seki cups. 
Everything is in perfect order. 

422
00:23:34,900 --> 00:23:36,900
Nothing is calling attention to 
itself. 

423
00:23:36,900 --> 00:23:40,300
And the overall effect is one of
quiet refinement. 

424
00:23:40,300 --> 00:23:44,200
The guests arrive settling 
themselves on Zappa tan. 

425
00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:46,900
Cushions around the table. 
You can read them immediately. 

426
00:23:46,900 --> 00:23:50,700
This is part of your training, 
being able to assess a room's 

427
00:23:50,700 --> 00:23:53,700
energy in second. 
Two of the man are clearly 

428
00:23:53,700 --> 00:23:56,000
senior. 
Probably in the 50s and 

429
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:59,400
comfortable with this kind of 
formal entertainment two others,

430
00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:02,500
a younger maybe in their 30s, 
trying to appear relaxed but 

431
00:24:02,500 --> 00:24:04,500
slightly uncertain about the 
protocol. 

432
00:24:04,500 --> 00:24:07,200
The 5th man seems to be the 
primary host. 

433
00:24:07,200 --> 00:24:10,100
The one who organized this 
Gathering, and he's already 

434
00:24:10,100 --> 00:24:13,500
slightly drunk in a jovial, 
rather than sloppy way. 

435
00:24:13,500 --> 00:24:17,100
You enter the room with fumiko 
and Yuki and the atmosphere 

436
00:24:17,100 --> 00:24:20,900
immediately shifts. 
Becomes more festive more alive.

437
00:24:21,700 --> 00:24:25,100
You exchanged greetings and make
small talk, while pouring sake 

438
00:24:25,100 --> 00:24:27,100
and established the evening's 
tone. 

439
00:24:27,100 --> 00:24:30,000
Your movements are practiced, 
but not mechanical. 

440
00:24:31,000 --> 00:24:34,400
You laugh at someone's joke 
genuinely because it was 

441
00:24:34,400 --> 00:24:37,300
actually funny. 
You asked thoughtful questions 

442
00:24:37,300 --> 00:24:40,700
about their impressions of 
Kyoto, you create an atmosphere 

443
00:24:40,700 --> 00:24:43,600
that feels intimate without 
being too familiar and elegant 

444
00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:47,600
without being stuffy. 
The food arrives in courses, 

445
00:24:47,600 --> 00:24:49,900
each dish. 
A small work of art. 

446
00:24:50,900 --> 00:24:53,400
Seasonal, fish arranged to 
suggest swimming. 

447
00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:57,300
Vegetables, cut into decorative 
shapes soup. 

448
00:24:57,300 --> 00:25:00,100
Served in lacquered bowls, that 
feel precious in your hands. 

449
00:25:00,100 --> 00:25:03,900
The meal itself is theater, and 
part of your job is to 

450
00:25:03,900 --> 00:25:08,000
appreciate it, appropriately to 
comment on the chefs skill and 

451
00:25:08,000 --> 00:25:11,100
to create conversation around 
what's being served between 

452
00:25:11,100 --> 00:25:14,200
courses. 
You perform tonight starts with 

453
00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:18,600
a traditional song accompanied 
by fumiko on shamisen the pieces

454
00:25:18,600 --> 00:25:21,100
called Sakura though, not the 
simple folk version. 

455
00:25:21,100 --> 00:25:24,600
Everyone knows this is a more 
complex Arrangement full of 

456
00:25:24,608 --> 00:25:28,200
subtle variations and Technical 
challenges, you sing in the 

457
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:31,300
traditional style, with that 
particular nasal quality and 

458
00:25:31,300 --> 00:25:34,000
careful ornamentation that takes
years to master. 

459
00:25:34,000 --> 00:25:38,000
Your voice isn't operatically 
powerful, but it's controlled 

460
00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:41,700
expressive, and perfectly 
pitched to fill this intimate 

461
00:25:41,700 --> 00:25:46,100
space without overwhelming it 
The guest listen with varying 

462
00:25:46,100 --> 00:25:48,600
degrees of attention. 
The older men watch with 

463
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:51,700
appreciation, recognizing the 
skill involved. 

464
00:25:52,400 --> 00:25:54,600
The Young Ones try to look 
interested while probably 

465
00:25:54,600 --> 00:25:56,900
wishing, they were somewhere 
with loud music and stronger, 

466
00:25:56,900 --> 00:26:00,300
drinks, the host closes his 
eyes, swaying slightly 

467
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:03,800
transported by sac and 
Nostalgia, to somewhere else 

468
00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:06,400
entirely you perform for all of 
them. 

469
00:26:06,400 --> 00:26:10,200
Equally giving them music, the 
respect it deserves regardless 

470
00:26:10,200 --> 00:26:14,300
of how it's received after the 
song comes conversation and this

471
00:26:14,300 --> 00:26:18,200
is where the real Artistry lies.
Anyone can learn to sing or play

472
00:26:18,200 --> 00:26:19,800
an instrument with enough 
practice. 

473
00:26:20,600 --> 00:26:24,100
But conversation, genuine 
engaging intelligent 

474
00:26:24,100 --> 00:26:27,300
conversation, that adapts to the
flow of the evening and the 

475
00:26:27,300 --> 00:26:30,100
Personalities in the room. 
That's the skill. 

476
00:26:30,100 --> 00:26:33,600
That separates competent Geisha 
from exceptional ones. 

477
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:36,200
You talk about everything and 
nothing. 

478
00:26:37,200 --> 00:26:39,300
Changing leaves in the temple 
Gardens. 

479
00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:43,500
A new restaurant is opened near 
the station, the quality of this

480
00:26:43,500 --> 00:26:46,800
year's sake, Harvest someone 
mentions having seen a 

481
00:26:46,800 --> 00:26:49,300
particularly beautiful moon last
week and you respond with a 

482
00:26:49,300 --> 00:26:50,900
haiku. 
You know, that references 

483
00:26:50,900 --> 00:26:54,700
Moonlight and Autumn and this 
leads to a discussion of poetry 

484
00:26:54,700 --> 00:26:57,400
which branches into literature 
more broadly. 

485
00:26:57,400 --> 00:27:01,500
And before long, you're having a
surprisingly deep conversation 

486
00:27:01,500 --> 00:27:04,200
about the difference between 
Western and Japanese narrative 

487
00:27:04,200 --> 00:27:06,600
structures. 
One of the young business men 

488
00:27:06,600 --> 00:27:10,800
emboldened by sakey asks, you 
about your life as a geisha, you

489
00:27:10,800 --> 00:27:13,900
get this question often, and 
you've developed a repertoire of

490
00:27:13,900 --> 00:27:16,300
responses calibrated to 
different contexts. 

491
00:27:17,200 --> 00:27:20,400
Tonight, you keep it light. 
Talking about the rigorous 

492
00:27:20,400 --> 00:27:23,600
training, the early mornings and
the sometimes, absurd 

493
00:27:23,600 --> 00:27:26,300
difficulties of Walking In 
traditional wooden sandals, on 

494
00:27:26,300 --> 00:27:30,000
cobblestone streets, you make 
them laugh with a story about a 

495
00:27:30,000 --> 00:27:32,900
typhoon that knocked out power 
in the hanamachi during a 

496
00:27:32,900 --> 00:27:35,300
performance. 
Forcing everyone to continue by 

497
00:27:35,300 --> 00:27:37,900
candlelight, like something from
the Edo period itself. 

498
00:27:37,900 --> 00:27:41,600
What you don't mention is the 
exhaustion, the financial 

499
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:43,600
pressures. 
And the constant awareness of 

500
00:27:43,600 --> 00:27:46,900
Aging in a profession that 
prizes youth, you don't talk 

501
00:27:46,900 --> 00:27:50,000
about the complexity of the 
relationships between Geisha and

502
00:27:50,000 --> 00:27:52,700
patreons or the careful 
navigation required to maintain 

503
00:27:52,700 --> 00:27:55,500
appropriate. 
Boundaries you don't discuss the

504
00:27:55,500 --> 00:27:58,800
decline of the profession. 
The way fewer young women are 

505
00:27:58,800 --> 00:28:03,100
choosing this path every year. 
These truths exist but they're 

506
00:28:03,100 --> 00:28:04,500
not part of tonight's 
performance. 

507
00:28:04,500 --> 00:28:08,500
Yuki performs a dance moving 
through the limited space with 

508
00:28:08,500 --> 00:28:12,000
remarkable Grace, her fan, 
catching the light as she turns.

509
00:28:13,100 --> 00:28:16,700
The businessman applaud in 
enthusiastically more sake is 

510
00:28:16,700 --> 00:28:18,800
poor and more conversation 
flows. 

511
00:28:18,800 --> 00:28:22,000
Someone suggests to drinking 
game and you play along 

512
00:28:22,000 --> 00:28:25,400
deliberately losing to keep 
things fun, making 

513
00:28:25,400 --> 00:28:28,000
self-deprecating jokes about 
your terrible luck. 

514
00:28:29,400 --> 00:28:33,200
The evening develops, a rhythm, 
a momentum periods of 

515
00:28:33,208 --> 00:28:37,000
performance alternate with 
conversation formal moments, 

516
00:28:37,000 --> 00:28:40,400
give way to laughter and the 
boundaries between Entertainer 

517
00:28:40,400 --> 00:28:43,700
and guest become pleasantly 
blurred while still maintaining 

518
00:28:43,700 --> 00:28:47,900
a central propriety. 
This is the skill, creating an 

519
00:28:47,900 --> 00:28:51,400
atmosphere, where everyone feels
special entertained and 

520
00:28:51,400 --> 00:28:54,600
transported from their everyday 
concerns into an evening. 

521
00:28:54,600 --> 00:28:56,900
That feels suspended outside 
normal time. 

522
00:28:57,800 --> 00:29:00,300
Around 11. 
You notice the energy beginning 

523
00:29:00,300 --> 00:29:02,700
to flag the sack has done its 
work. 

524
00:29:02,700 --> 00:29:06,700
The younger men are glassy. 
I'd even the hosts enthusiasm as

525
00:29:06,700 --> 00:29:10,300
mellowed into contentment. 
This is your cue to begin the 

526
00:29:10,300 --> 00:29:12,500
graceful process of closing. 
The evening. 

527
00:29:12,500 --> 00:29:15,800
You don't announce it. 
You simply let the conversation 

528
00:29:15,800 --> 00:29:19,200
wind down, naturally, allow the 
Poor's to stretch slightly 

529
00:29:19,200 --> 00:29:22,400
longer and suggest perhaps one 
final song. 

530
00:29:23,400 --> 00:29:26,700
You sing something, quiet and 
contemplative a piece about 

531
00:29:26,700 --> 00:29:28,900
returning home. 
It feels appropriate. 

532
00:29:29,900 --> 00:29:33,100
When you finish, there's a 
moment of satisfied silence. 

533
00:29:33,100 --> 00:29:36,200
And then the guests, begin the 
process of preparing to leave 

534
00:29:36,200 --> 00:29:40,400
Gathering themselves. 
Expressing gratitude and making 

535
00:29:40,400 --> 00:29:44,800
promises to return soon that may
or may not materialize you and 

536
00:29:44,800 --> 00:29:46,300
the other Geisha, see them to 
the door. 

537
00:29:46,300 --> 00:29:49,200
Bowing thanking them for their 
Patron and wishing them. 

538
00:29:49,200 --> 00:29:53,600
Safe travels, then they're gone 
and the spell breaks, you'll 

539
00:29:53,600 --> 00:29:55,700
suddenly aware of how much your 
feet hurt. 

540
00:29:55,700 --> 00:29:59,700
How the makeup feels tight on 
your skin and how ready you are 

541
00:29:59,700 --> 00:30:01,300
to be done performing for the 
night. 

542
00:30:02,500 --> 00:30:05,800
Back at the okea, you remove the
elaborate layers with relief 

543
00:30:05,800 --> 00:30:07,400
that borders on physical 
pleasure. 

544
00:30:07,400 --> 00:30:11,500
The obn wines, and you can 
suddenly breathe fully again. 

545
00:30:11,500 --> 00:30:14,300
Your rib cage, expanding into 
the space. 

546
00:30:14,300 --> 00:30:17,900
It's reclaimed. 
The kimono comes off and your 

547
00:30:17,900 --> 00:30:22,200
body remembers its natural shape
no longer constrained by Silk 

548
00:30:22,200 --> 00:30:25,100
and tradition. 
The makeup takes the longest to 

549
00:30:25,100 --> 00:30:28,200
remove careful cleansing to 
protect your skin. 

550
00:30:28,200 --> 00:30:32,900
Camellia oil to dissolve the 
white pace and gentle motions to

551
00:30:32,900 --> 00:30:36,900
avoid irritation, your face 
emerges gradually from beneath 

552
00:30:36,900 --> 00:30:39,400
the mosque. 
First, the white receives 

553
00:30:39,400 --> 00:30:43,000
revealing your actual skin tone 
Then the carefully drawn 

554
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:46,300
features disappear and you're 
real eyebrows and your real 

555
00:30:46,300 --> 00:30:49,000
mouth become visible. 
Again, you look at yourself in 

556
00:30:49,000 --> 00:30:51,200
the mirror and experience, a 
curious doubling. 

557
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:54,700
Recognizing yourself while also 
feeling slightly like a 

558
00:30:54,700 --> 00:30:57,700
stranger. 
Who is this woman with the bare 

559
00:30:57,700 --> 00:31:00,800
face and tired eyes? 
She looks nothing like the 

560
00:31:00,800 --> 00:31:02,400
porcelain figure. 
Who spent the evening 

561
00:31:02,400 --> 00:31:04,600
entertaining, businessmen in a 
tea house. 

562
00:31:05,400 --> 00:31:09,200
It's past midnight now and the 
Ikea is quiet, some of the other

563
00:31:09,200 --> 00:31:12,300
Geisha, still out and 
engagements, some have already 

564
00:31:12,300 --> 00:31:15,200
returned and gone to bed. 
You're in that liminal space 

565
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:18,300
between the public day and 
private night and you save it. 

566
00:31:19,200 --> 00:31:22,000
Simple cotton new Carter 
releases the elaborate kimono 

567
00:31:22,000 --> 00:31:26,600
your hair still styled will stay
that way until tomorrow sleeping

568
00:31:26,600 --> 00:31:30,200
on a special pillow that keeps 
the arrangement intact a minor 

569
00:31:30,200 --> 00:31:31,800
discomfort. 
You've long since stopped 

570
00:31:31,800 --> 00:31:34,100
noticing you make tea in the 
communal. 

571
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:38,900
Kitchen, just simple censure 
nothing ceremonial The cattle 

572
00:31:38,900 --> 00:31:43,300
hisses, softly outside attacks, 
he passes its tires, hissing on 

573
00:31:43,300 --> 00:31:47,400
The Damp Street, someone has 
left a magazine on the table, an

574
00:31:47,400 --> 00:31:49,400
Entertainment Weekly with 
celebrities on the cover 

575
00:31:49,400 --> 00:31:52,400
Thoroughly Modern. 
Jarringly different from the 

576
00:31:52,400 --> 00:31:55,100
world, you've just exited. 
You flip through it, while 

577
00:31:55,100 --> 00:31:59,200
drinking your tea, letting your 
mind Idol, appreciating the 

578
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:03,900
ordinary of this moment. 
Yuki joins you also fresh from 

579
00:32:03,900 --> 00:32:07,600
the tea house, also in the 
process of transitioning back to

580
00:32:07,600 --> 00:32:11,900
herself, you don't talk much 
just exist, companion in the 

581
00:32:11,900 --> 00:32:15,100
kitchen's warm light, two people
who understand each other's 

582
00:32:15,100 --> 00:32:17,000
lives without need for 
explanation. 

583
00:32:17,800 --> 00:32:21,200
She mentions that her feet are 
killing her, you can Miser. 

584
00:32:21,900 --> 00:32:25,000
She asks, if you're working 
tomorrow you can firm. 

585
00:32:25,000 --> 00:32:27,200
You have an afternoon 
appointment at different tea 

586
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:30,600
house. 
She nods yawns, finishes her tea

587
00:32:30,600 --> 00:32:32,900
and wishes you good night. 
Alone. 

588
00:32:32,900 --> 00:32:36,300
Again, you sit for another few 
minutes, reluctant to end the 

589
00:32:36,300 --> 00:32:39,800
day, despite your exhaustion. 
There's something precious about

590
00:32:39,800 --> 00:32:43,300
These Quiet Moments, these 
pockets of solitude in a life, 

591
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:47,300
large Lee lived in company. 
You think about the evening what

592
00:32:47,300 --> 00:32:49,100
went well what could have been 
better? 

593
00:32:50,100 --> 00:32:52,700
The second song felt slightly 
off in the third verse. 

594
00:32:52,700 --> 00:32:56,500
You'll practice that tomorrow. 
One of the guests made an 

595
00:32:56,500 --> 00:32:58,500
interesting comment about 
traditional architecture that 

596
00:32:58,500 --> 00:33:02,200
you want to remember mental 
notes, accumulating settling 

597
00:33:02,200 --> 00:33:04,800
into memory. 
Eventually you climb the stairs 

598
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:08,200
to your room where the futon is 
already laid out where 

599
00:33:08,200 --> 00:33:11,100
everything is exactly as you 
left it this morning and 

600
00:33:11,100 --> 00:33:14,900
eternity ago. 
The scroll in the Alcove still 

601
00:33:14,900 --> 00:33:18,200
shows Autumn grasses, the 
windows still frames the same 

602
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:20,500
view of neighboring roofs and 
distant mountains. 

603
00:33:20,500 --> 00:33:24,000
Now, silhouetted against the 
sky, just beginning to lighten 

604
00:33:24,000 --> 00:33:27,100
toward Dawn. 
You slide between the covers 

605
00:33:27,100 --> 00:33:30,700
feeling the days accumulated, 
fatigue, finally claim you. 

606
00:33:30,700 --> 00:33:34,100
Your muscles are sore in that 
satisfying way that comes from 

607
00:33:34,100 --> 00:33:37,100
having been used. 
Well, Your mind is quiet, 

608
00:33:37,100 --> 00:33:41,000
pleasantly empty, you think, 
briefly about how strange this 

609
00:33:41,000 --> 00:33:44,100
life is her completely you 
inhabit, two different 

610
00:33:44,100 --> 00:33:48,100
identities, the Geisha, and the 
woman and how both are equally. 

611
00:33:48,100 --> 00:33:53,200
Real equally you Sleep comes 
quickly mercifully. 

612
00:33:53,200 --> 00:33:56,100
And tomorrow you'll wake again 
to the sound of water, being 

613
00:33:56,100 --> 00:33:59,700
poured to the smell of rice 
cooking to another day of 

614
00:33:59,700 --> 00:34:03,800
transformation and performance 
and Beauty, the cycle continues 

615
00:34:03,800 --> 00:34:06,500
as it has for centuries, as it 
will. 

616
00:34:06,500 --> 00:34:09,400
For as long as there are women 
willing to preserve these Arts, 

617
00:34:09,400 --> 00:34:12,800
these Traditions, these 
elaborate rituals of refinement 

618
00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:16,199
that exists increasingly at the 
margins of modern life. 

619
00:34:16,199 --> 00:34:20,000
But persist nonetheless, Dublin 
and beautiful and strange. 

620
00:34:20,699 --> 00:34:23,699
Spring arrives, gradually in 
Kyoto announcing itself. 

621
00:34:23,699 --> 00:34:26,699
First through the plum blossoms 
that appear in Temple Gardens, 

622
00:34:26,699 --> 00:34:29,699
then the anticipation that 
builds throughout the city. 

623
00:34:29,699 --> 00:34:33,600
As everyone waits for the Sakura
you've experienced this cycle. 

624
00:34:33,600 --> 00:34:38,100
15 times since becoming a geisha
and it never loses its power. 

625
00:34:38,100 --> 00:34:41,500
The way an entire culture, 
collectively holds, its breath 

626
00:34:41,500 --> 00:34:45,699
waiting for flowers to bloom The
Hannah Machi transforms during 

627
00:34:45,699 --> 00:34:49,100
secure season, your kimono 
patterns shift to Cherry 

628
00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:53,699
Blossom, motifs, subtle pink 
petals scattered across silk or 

629
00:34:53,699 --> 00:34:56,500
sometimes, just the suggestion 
of blossoms in the way fabric 

630
00:34:56,500 --> 00:34:59,600
has been dyed. 
Your hair ornaments, incorporate

631
00:34:59,600 --> 00:35:03,100
tiny silk cherry blossoms. 
Even the sweet served at 

632
00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:06,600
teahouses change becoming pink 
and white Confections shape like

633
00:35:06,600 --> 00:35:10,100
petals or branches, but it's 
more than Aesthetics. 

634
00:35:10,900 --> 00:35:13,700
Season changes. 
The quality of gatherings, makes

635
00:35:13,700 --> 00:35:17,400
them more festive and makes them
slightly wild parties. 

636
00:35:17,400 --> 00:35:19,800
That would normally be. 
Restrained, become sacked, 

637
00:35:19,800 --> 00:35:22,400
soaked celebrations of 
impermanence because that's what

638
00:35:22,400 --> 00:35:26,500
Sakura represent beauty so 
intense precisely because it's 

639
00:35:26,500 --> 00:35:29,600
temporary. 
Perfection that exists for mere 

640
00:35:29,600 --> 00:35:33,000
days before falling, you find 
yourself, working longer hours, 

641
00:35:33,000 --> 00:35:36,400
attending more parties and 
having more late nights that 

642
00:35:36,400 --> 00:35:39,500
blend into early mornings. 
There's a tradition during this 

643
00:35:39,500 --> 00:35:42,600
season of outdoor, Gatherings 
under blooming trees and you 

644
00:35:42,600 --> 00:35:45,900
participate in several sitting 
on blankets and Gardens. 

645
00:35:45,900 --> 00:35:50,200
While petals drift down like 
snow Landing in sake cups and on

646
00:35:50,200 --> 00:35:52,600
shoulders and in carefully 
arranged hair. 

647
00:35:52,600 --> 00:35:56,300
These events feel suspended 
outside normal time, slightly 

648
00:35:56,300 --> 00:35:58,400
unreal. 
As if the beauty of the 

649
00:35:58,400 --> 00:36:02,200
surroundings has transformed 
ordinary reality into something 

650
00:36:02,200 --> 00:36:05,300
more dreamlike, you performed 
differently, during Sakura 

651
00:36:05,300 --> 00:36:09,400
season, your songs take on a 
particular point in Sea and your

652
00:36:09,400 --> 00:36:12,400
dances incorporate movements 
that evoke falling petals. 

653
00:36:12,400 --> 00:36:16,400
Even conversation shifts, 
becoming more philosophical more

654
00:36:16,400 --> 00:36:19,200
concerned with poetry and 
impermanence and The Bitter 

655
00:36:19,200 --> 00:36:21,800
Sweet nature of beautiful things
guests. 

656
00:36:21,800 --> 00:36:24,100
Who might normally discuss 
business in Stead find 

657
00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:27,200
themselves, reciting haikyuu, 
getting uncharacteristically, 

658
00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:29,000
emot All about the passage of 
time. 

659
00:36:29,900 --> 00:36:33,500
Then the petals fall, and 
suddenly, it's over, the trees 

660
00:36:33,500 --> 00:36:37,000
are green again ordinary again 
and the Hannah match, your 

661
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:40,600
returns to its normal rhythms. 
But for those few weeks you were

662
00:36:40,600 --> 00:36:43,800
all living inside a kind of 
collective artwork, a cultural 

663
00:36:43,800 --> 00:36:47,000
performance that's been repeated
for centuries that will be 

664
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:51,200
repeated for centuries more each
generation experiencing the same

665
00:36:51,200 --> 00:36:54,400
astonishment that something so 
beautiful can be so brief 

666
00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:56,500
summer, brings different 
challenges. 

667
00:36:57,200 --> 00:36:59,600
The kimonos that look. 
So beautiful are also incredibly

668
00:36:59,600 --> 00:37:03,200
hot and performing in July 
humidity while wearing multiple 

669
00:37:03,200 --> 00:37:05,900
layers of silk and a wig 
requires a particular kind of 

670
00:37:05,908 --> 00:37:08,500
endurance. 
You've developed techniques for 

671
00:37:08,500 --> 00:37:11,900
managing this knowing exactly 
how to position yourself to 

672
00:37:11,900 --> 00:37:15,700
catch any available Breeze, how 
to fan yourself in ways that 

673
00:37:15,700 --> 00:37:18,700
look elegant rather than 
desperate and how to maintain 

674
00:37:18,700 --> 00:37:23,500
perfect composure while, sweat 
runs down your spine, the summer

675
00:37:23,500 --> 00:37:25,600
Matsuri. 
Bring a welcome change of pace. 

676
00:37:25,600 --> 00:37:29,500
These festivals, allow gay to 
wear lighter, ukata, instead of 

677
00:37:29,508 --> 00:37:32,600
formal, kimono and the 
atmosphere is more relaxed and 

678
00:37:32,600 --> 00:37:35,400
more playful. 
You dance and Street Parade's 

679
00:37:35,400 --> 00:37:38,700
the movements less refined, but 
more energetic than your usual 

680
00:37:38,700 --> 00:37:41,900
performance is you work in 
outdoor beer Garden's where 

681
00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:46,000
businessmen in Lewiston ties, 
drink cold beer and Yakitori and

682
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,100
the formality of winter. 
Tea houses feels very far away 

683
00:37:49,100 --> 00:37:52,400
evening's during summer. 
Sometimes extend late into the 

684
00:37:52,400 --> 00:37:55,700
night, taking advantage of the 
heat that makes sleep difficult 

685
00:37:55,700 --> 00:37:58,600
to any way you've spent 
Countless summer, midnight, 

686
00:37:58,600 --> 00:38:02,300
sitting in Tea House, Gardens 
listening to the sound of water 

687
00:38:02,300 --> 00:38:05,200
running over stones in 
carefully, designed streams 

688
00:38:05,200 --> 00:38:08,500
watching fireflies, drift 
through the darkness. 

689
00:38:08,500 --> 00:38:12,400
Like tiny wandering lanterns. 
Autumn is your favorite season 

690
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:14,400
though you'd never say this 
aloud. 

691
00:38:15,700 --> 00:38:18,800
There's something about the 
cooling are the changing colors 

692
00:38:18,800 --> 00:38:22,300
and the scents of the Year. 
Turning toward rest, that feels 

693
00:38:22,300 --> 00:38:25,800
aligned with the essence of 
Geisha culture, the understated 

694
00:38:25,800 --> 00:38:28,500
Elegance, the appreciation for 
subtle Beauty. 

695
00:38:28,500 --> 00:38:32,600
The awareness of impermanence 
these Autumn qualities are what 

696
00:38:32,600 --> 00:38:36,400
you've been training to embody 
your Autumn kimonos, a deep Reds

697
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:40,600
and Golds oranges and Browns and
patterns of maple leaves and 

698
00:38:40,600 --> 00:38:44,100
chrysanthemums. 
Food tea houses features 

699
00:38:44,100 --> 00:38:46,900
chestnuts Persimmons and 
mushrooms. 

700
00:38:46,900 --> 00:38:51,300
The sake is richer and more 
complex, Everything feels 

701
00:38:51,300 --> 00:38:54,900
slightly more serious, more 
contemplative than some as 

702
00:38:54,900 --> 00:38:58,500
exuberance or Springs. 
Giddy celebration you perform 

703
00:38:58,500 --> 00:39:02,200
pieces about falling leaves 
about Harvest and about the 

704
00:39:02,200 --> 00:39:05,200
beauty of things. 
Fading your conversations with 

705
00:39:05,200 --> 00:39:09,000
guests turn toward memory and 
Nostalgia older patrons. 

706
00:39:09,000 --> 00:39:13,000
Tell you about their youth about
Kyoto as it used to be and about

707
00:39:13,000 --> 00:39:15,300
Geisha. 
They knew decades ago, you 

708
00:39:15,300 --> 00:39:18,200
listen with genuine interest 
because these stories are your 

709
00:39:18,200 --> 00:39:21,400
professional history, the living
connection to Traditions that 

710
00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:25,800
extend back further than anyone 
can remember winter brings a 

711
00:39:25,800 --> 00:39:29,700
different, kind of beauty, spas 
elegant focused on negative 

712
00:39:29,700 --> 00:39:33,600
space and subtle contrasts. 
Your kimonos are darker 

713
00:39:33,600 --> 00:39:37,500
featuring Pine branches or Plum 
blossoms on deep blue, or black 

714
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:40,500
backgrounds. 
The teahouses are colder despite

715
00:39:40,500 --> 00:39:44,100
the heating systems and there's 
something luxurious about being 

716
00:39:44,100 --> 00:39:48,100
warm in a cold room about the 
way sake feels going down. 

717
00:39:48,100 --> 00:39:51,400
When you've just come in, from 
Frozen streets, New Year is the 

718
00:39:51,400 --> 00:39:55,200
busiest time, a succession of 
formal parties, and ceremonial 

719
00:39:55,200 --> 00:39:58,000
events that require you to 
maintain perfect form. 

720
00:39:58,000 --> 00:40:01,600
While exhaustion, accumulates 
you perform traditional dances 

721
00:40:01,600 --> 00:40:04,700
that have been performed every 
new year for centuries where in 

722
00:40:04,700 --> 00:40:06,700
kimonos. 
So elaborate they can only be 

723
00:40:06,700 --> 00:40:09,300
worn once a year. 
Moving through prescribed 

724
00:40:09,300 --> 00:40:12,700
patterns that connect you to 
every gear who's ever perform 

725
00:40:12,700 --> 00:40:15,300
these same eh movements in the 
same season. 

726
00:40:15,300 --> 00:40:19,200
There's all this repetition. 
This reliability. 

727
00:40:20,300 --> 00:40:23,600
The seasons turn the festival 
cycle through their appointed 

728
00:40:23,600 --> 00:40:27,300
times and the traditional Arts 
persist in a world. 

729
00:40:27,300 --> 00:40:30,000
That's changing faster than 
anyone can fully process. 

730
00:40:30,000 --> 00:40:32,900
There's something stabilizing 
about Traditions. 

731
00:40:32,900 --> 00:40:36,400
That remain constant about 
performing, rituals that your 

732
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:38,900
great-grandmother would 
recognize that your potential 

733
00:40:38,900 --> 00:40:43,000
great-granddaughter might 
someday perform what outside is 

734
00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:46,300
don't understand about the 
Hannah Machi is that it's less a

735
00:40:46,300 --> 00:40:49,700
geographic location than a 
complex web of relationships 

736
00:40:49,700 --> 00:40:53,200
obligations and unspoken 
understandings that govern every

737
00:40:53,200 --> 00:40:55,300
aspect of professional and 
personal life. 

738
00:40:55,300 --> 00:40:59,100
You exist within this web, 
constantly aware of its 

739
00:40:59,100 --> 00:41:00,900
influence, even when it's 
invisible. 

740
00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:05,000
The Ikea where you live is the 
center of your world, but it's 

741
00:41:05,000 --> 00:41:06,700
not home in the conventional 
sense. 

742
00:41:06,700 --> 00:41:10,600
It's more like a company or a 
guild, a business entity, run by

743
00:41:10,600 --> 00:41:13,900
your okusan, who is invested 
considerable money in your 

744
00:41:13,908 --> 00:41:17,800
training and who expects Returns
on that investment your 

745
00:41:17,800 --> 00:41:20,400
relationship with her is 
simultaneously famil And 

746
00:41:20,400 --> 00:41:24,700
financial affectionate and 
transactional she worries about 

747
00:41:24,700 --> 00:41:27,400
your well-being. 
The way a mother might She also 

748
00:41:27,400 --> 00:41:30,700
tracks your earnings with a 
business person's Precision, the

749
00:41:30,700 --> 00:41:34,400
other gay show in your Kia, a 
colleague's competitors, and 

750
00:41:34,400 --> 00:41:37,800
something like sisters all at. 
Once you've lived with some of 

751
00:41:37,808 --> 00:41:40,900
them for years, sharing 
bathrooms and meals, and the 

752
00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:42,800
mundane intimacies of daily 
life. 

753
00:41:43,700 --> 00:41:46,300
But you're also aware that 
you're competing for the same 

754
00:41:46,300 --> 00:41:49,900
engagements, the same patronage 
and the same limited 

755
00:41:49,900 --> 00:41:54,100
opportunities for advancement. 
This creates a dynamic that's 

756
00:41:54,100 --> 00:41:56,800
complicated. 
You genuinely care about these 

757
00:41:56,800 --> 00:41:59,700
women while also being aware 
that their success might come at

758
00:41:59,700 --> 00:42:03,600
your expense. 
Fumiko the most senior Geisha in

759
00:42:03,600 --> 00:42:06,300
your Ikea serves as an informal 
Mentor. 

760
00:42:06,300 --> 00:42:10,400
She's been practicing this 
profession for 25 years and she 

761
00:42:10,400 --> 00:42:13,700
possesses a kind of weathered 
wisdom about how to navigate its

762
00:42:13,700 --> 00:42:16,300
complexities. 
She's the one who taught you how

763
00:42:16,300 --> 00:42:19,500
to manage, difficult guests, 
without causing a fence, how to 

764
00:42:19,500 --> 00:42:23,500
cultivate long-term, patrons and
how to save money despite the 

765
00:42:23,500 --> 00:42:26,200
professions expenses. 
She's also the one who 

766
00:42:26,200 --> 00:42:29,800
occasionally drinks too much and
confesses fears about aging in a

767
00:42:29,800 --> 00:42:33,400
profession that prizes youth 
about what happens when your two

768
00:42:33,400 --> 00:42:36,100
older to work. 
But not old enough to retire the

769
00:42:36,100 --> 00:42:37,600
younger. 
Michael look up to you with a 

770
00:42:37,608 --> 00:42:40,900
mixture of admiration and 
assessment trying to determine 

771
00:42:40,900 --> 00:42:42,700
whether your someone worth 
emulating. 

772
00:42:42,700 --> 00:42:46,000
You remember, being in their 
position, what watching the 

773
00:42:46,000 --> 00:42:49,700
established Geisha with hungry 
attention, trying to decode the 

774
00:42:49,700 --> 00:42:53,000
secrets of success? 
Now, you're the one being 

775
00:42:53,000 --> 00:42:56,800
watched and the responsibility 
feels heavier than you expected 

776
00:42:56,800 --> 00:43:00,200
beyond your owner Kia. 
The Hannah she contains dozens 

777
00:43:00,200 --> 00:43:03,600
of other houses each with its 
own higher key and Dynamics. 

778
00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:08,100
You know, Geisha from other 
Ikea, some are friends, some of 

779
00:43:08,100 --> 00:43:12,300
merely acquaintances and some 
arrivals you run into them at 

780
00:43:12,300 --> 00:43:15,800
lessons at teahouses and at the 
occasional social Gatherings 

781
00:43:15,800 --> 00:43:17,200
that happen within the 
community. 

782
00:43:18,000 --> 00:43:20,900
There's a complex etiquette 
governing these interactions. 

783
00:43:20,900 --> 00:43:24,200
A delicate balance of 
professional courtesy and 

784
00:43:24,200 --> 00:43:27,700
competitive awareness. 
The old Chaya, the teahouses 

785
00:43:27,700 --> 00:43:31,000
where you work are run by 
formidable, women who act as 

786
00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:34,800
Gatekeepers to the profession. 
Anoka Saint, who likes you will 

787
00:43:34,800 --> 00:43:38,800
call on you regularly recommend 
you to important patrons and 

788
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:41,000
give you opportunities that 
Advance your career. 

789
00:43:41,000 --> 00:43:44,800
One who doesn't will freeze you 
out and there's very little you 

790
00:43:44,800 --> 00:43:47,200
can do about it. 
Except try to win back her favor

791
00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:50,200
through impeccable behavior and 
skillful performance. 

792
00:43:50,200 --> 00:43:53,500
Your teachers exist in a 
different category entirely 

793
00:43:53,500 --> 00:43:56,700
respected authorities, whose 
approval matters deeply. 

794
00:43:56,700 --> 00:44:00,100
But whose relationship with you 
is purely pedagogical. 

795
00:44:00,100 --> 00:44:03,300
They care about your artistic 
development but not your 

796
00:44:03,300 --> 00:44:06,700
financial success, your 
technical Mastery but not your 

797
00:44:06,700 --> 00:44:10,500
personal happiness. 
This single-minded focus on 

798
00:44:10,500 --> 00:44:15,300
Craft can feel cold sometimes 
but it's also clarifying in a 

799
00:44:15,300 --> 00:44:17,800
professional full of complex 
relationships, your teachers, 

800
00:44:17,800 --> 00:44:22,300
provide straightforward 
expectations, practice improve, 

801
00:44:22,300 --> 00:44:25,900
an honor, the Traditions, you've
inherited, then there are the 

802
00:44:25,900 --> 00:44:28,700
patreons, the guests, who 
request your company, who pay 

803
00:44:28,700 --> 00:44:32,300
for your time and who sometimes 
develop ongoing relationships. 

804
00:44:32,300 --> 00:44:35,200
That last years. 
These relationships are perhaps 

805
00:44:35,200 --> 00:44:38,200
the most complicated of all 
existing in a carefully, 

806
00:44:38,200 --> 00:44:41,100
maintained ambiguity, between 
friendship and transaction, 

807
00:44:41,100 --> 00:44:44,900
genuine affection, and 
professional obligation. 

808
00:44:44,900 --> 00:44:47,100
Some patreons are simply 
customers. 

809
00:44:47,100 --> 00:44:50,000
People who enjoy your company 
for an evening, but with whom 

810
00:44:50,000 --> 00:44:51,600
you share, no particular 
connection. 

811
00:44:51,600 --> 00:44:54,900
Others become something like 
friends, people, you genuinely 

812
00:44:54,900 --> 00:44:58,100
enjoy spending time with whose 
conversations you find 

813
00:44:58,100 --> 00:45:01,400
interesting and who treat you 
with respect and consideration. 

814
00:45:01,400 --> 00:45:05,400
An occasionally rarely, there 
are patrons who want more, who 

815
00:45:05,400 --> 00:45:08,500
develop feelings that exceed the
appropriate bounds of the 

816
00:45:08,800 --> 00:45:09,900
Geisha. 
Patron relationship. 

817
00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:14,800
Navigating these situations 
requires enormous skill, you 

818
00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:17,400
must discourage romantic 
attachment without causing a 

819
00:45:17,400 --> 00:45:20,100
fence. 
Maintain emotional distance 

820
00:45:20,100 --> 00:45:23,600
without appearing cold and make 
guests feel special while 

821
00:45:23,600 --> 00:45:26,800
preserving clear boundaries, 
it's a balancing act that 

822
00:45:26,800 --> 00:45:29,600
sometimes feels impossible and 
you don't always get it right. 

823
00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:33,000
You've made mistakes been too 
warm. 

824
00:45:33,000 --> 00:45:35,400
When you should have been 
professional too distant. 

825
00:45:35,400 --> 00:45:38,500
When someone needed, kindness 
each mistake taught, you 

826
00:45:38,500 --> 00:45:40,500
something. 
And refined your understanding 

827
00:45:40,500 --> 00:45:44,100
of where exactly, those 
boundaries lie The Hannah match.

828
00:45:44,100 --> 00:45:47,000
He also includes people, you 
rarely see but who are essential

829
00:45:47,000 --> 00:45:50,600
to its functioning the dressers 
who help with kimono and Obi, 

830
00:45:50,600 --> 00:45:53,900
the hairdressers who create and 
maintain those elaborate Styles.

831
00:45:53,900 --> 00:45:57,300
The makeup artist who can 
transform a face in minutes. 

832
00:45:58,000 --> 00:46:02,000
The Seamus and makers and kimono
designers and sandal craftsmen. 

833
00:46:02,000 --> 00:46:03,700
Who skilled enable your 
performance. 

834
00:46:03,700 --> 00:46:07,100
All of these people exist in 
orbit around the Geisha, 

835
00:46:07,100 --> 00:46:11,300
supporting the entire, elaborate
structure, and underlying 

836
00:46:11,300 --> 00:46:14,700
everything of the unspoken 
rules, the traditional higher 

837
00:46:14,700 --> 00:46:17,000
Archies. 
And the ways things have always 

838
00:46:17,000 --> 00:46:19,900
been done, you learn these 
through observation and 

839
00:46:19,900 --> 00:46:23,600
occasional correction absorbing 
a complex, social code that 

840
00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:27,000
governs behavior in every 
situation when to speak. 

841
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:31,500
And when to listen, How to pour 
sake for guests of different 

842
00:46:31,500 --> 00:46:34,400
statuses. 
The appropriate way to greet a 

843
00:46:34,400 --> 00:46:36,300
senior Geisha, versus a junior 
one. 

844
00:46:36,300 --> 00:46:40,300
What topics were acceptable for 
conversation and which should be

845
00:46:40,300 --> 00:46:45,200
avoided Breaking these rules, 
even inadvertently can have 

846
00:46:45,200 --> 00:46:47,400
consequences that Ripple through
the community. 

847
00:46:47,400 --> 00:46:50,900
A careless comment can damage 
your reputation that took years 

848
00:46:50,900 --> 00:46:54,800
to build a violation of 
etiquette can result in subtle, 

849
00:46:54,800 --> 00:46:59,800
ostracism opportunities, drying 
up and doors closing. the social

850
00:46:59,808 --> 00:47:03,800
control is powerful precisely 
because it's diffuse enacted, 

851
00:47:03,800 --> 00:47:06,500
not through explicit punishment 
but through the collective 

852
00:47:06,500 --> 00:47:09,600
withdrawal of support, Yet, 
Within These constraints. 

853
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:13,700
There's also a kind of freedom 
because the rules are so clearly

854
00:47:13,700 --> 00:47:16,200
defined, you know exactly where 
you stand. 

855
00:47:17,400 --> 00:47:20,100
Because the community is so 
tightly knit, your never alone 

856
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:22,500
because the Traditions are so 
strong. 

857
00:47:22,500 --> 00:47:25,900
You don't have to constantly 
reinvent yourself or figure out 

858
00:47:25,900 --> 00:47:30,800
how to live The path is already 
laid out tested by generations 

859
00:47:30,800 --> 00:47:33,300
of women who walked it before 
you the most. 

860
00:47:33,300 --> 00:47:37,000
Common question you hear from 
visitors are Geisha the same as 

861
00:47:37,000 --> 00:47:40,000
prostitutes. 
The question is asked with 

862
00:47:40,008 --> 00:47:43,600
varying degrees of tact, 
sometimes genuinely curious. 

863
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:46,900
Sometimes with a knowing Lear 
that makes your professional 

864
00:47:46,900 --> 00:47:51,400
smile feel like hard work. 
The answer is no definitively 

865
00:47:51,400 --> 00:47:54,800
know but the explanation is more
complex than a simple negation. 

866
00:47:54,800 --> 00:47:58,200
Historically the boundaries 
between Geisha and courtesans 

867
00:47:58,200 --> 00:48:01,200
were sometimes blurry 
particularly in the Edo period, 

868
00:48:01,200 --> 00:48:04,000
when both professions existed 
within the same pleasure 

869
00:48:04,000 --> 00:48:06,500
quarters. 
But the distinction was always, 

870
00:48:06,500 --> 00:48:11,000
meaningful courtesan, sold sex 
and Geisha sold artistic skill 

871
00:48:11,000 --> 00:48:13,400
and sophisticated companionship 
that. 

872
00:48:13,400 --> 00:48:16,100
This distinction has been lost 
in Weston imaginations. 

873
00:48:16,100 --> 00:48:18,600
As more about Western 
assumptions than about actual 

874
00:48:18,600 --> 00:48:22,700
Geisha practice modern Geisha 
are artists and entertainers 

875
00:48:22,700 --> 00:48:25,800
period. 
You've spent years training in 

876
00:48:25,800 --> 00:48:29,700
music, dance and conversation. 
You work parties, provide 

877
00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:31,400
entertainment and create 
atmosphere. 

878
00:48:31,400 --> 00:48:34,400
Some Geisha have patreons who 
support them financially. 

879
00:48:34,400 --> 00:48:38,000
And some of these relationships 
may include romantic or sexual 

880
00:48:38,000 --> 00:48:40,400
elements. 
But these are personal choices 

881
00:48:40,400 --> 00:48:43,300
between adults, not professional
obligations. 

882
00:48:44,200 --> 00:48:47,100
The flash of Geisha with sex 
work is both historically, 

883
00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:50,700
ignorant and actively offensive 
to women who've dedicated their 

884
00:48:50,700 --> 00:48:52,800
lives to preserve and 
traditional Arts. 

885
00:48:52,800 --> 00:48:58,000
Another misconception, the 
Geisha, a submissive passive, an

886
00:48:58,000 --> 00:49:02,000
existing only to please men. 
The reality is considerably more

887
00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:05,300
complex. 
Yes, your professional role, 

888
00:49:05,300 --> 00:49:08,700
involves pleasing guests, making
them comfortable and 

889
00:49:08,700 --> 00:49:12,700
facilitating their enjoyment but
this requires enormous skill, 

890
00:49:12,700 --> 00:49:17,300
intelligence and Social Power. 
You're managing the emotional 

891
00:49:17,300 --> 00:49:21,100
temperature of a room reading 
subtle cues, steering 

892
00:49:21,100 --> 00:49:24,800
conversations and exercising. 
Considerable control while 

893
00:49:24,800 --> 00:49:28,500
appearing effortless. 
Litigation are often formidable 

894
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:32,200
women, shrewd business, people 
sharp conversationalists and 

895
00:49:32,200 --> 00:49:34,800
individuals with strong opinions
and impressive knowledge. 

896
00:49:35,600 --> 00:49:37,700
The performance of feminine 
Grace doesn't negate. 

897
00:49:37,700 --> 00:49:40,300
The intelligence and strength 
required to execute it. 

898
00:49:41,100 --> 00:49:43,800
If anything, the ability to 
appear soft. 

899
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:47,600
While being strong is itself, a 
kind of power that outside as 

900
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:50,700
frequently underestimate then 
there's the assumption that all 

901
00:49:50,700 --> 00:49:54,200
gear, a young and beautiful that
aging out of the profession is 

902
00:49:54,200 --> 00:49:57,000
inevitable. 
While it's true that maiko 

903
00:49:57,000 --> 00:50:00,700
Apprentice Geisha are typically 
teenagers and that youth is 

904
00:50:00,708 --> 00:50:03,600
valued. 
Successful Geisha can work well 

905
00:50:03,600 --> 00:50:06,600
into middle age and Beyond what 
you lose in youthful. 

906
00:50:06,600 --> 00:50:10,500
Beauty you gain in skill, 
reputational, and the depth that

907
00:50:10,500 --> 00:50:14,000
comes from Decades of practice. 
Some of the most sought after 

908
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:17,800
Geisha are women in the forties 
and fifties respected for their 

909
00:50:17,800 --> 00:50:20,500
Artistry and conversational 
abilities rather than their 

910
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:23,000
appearance. 
People also Imagine The 

911
00:50:23,000 --> 00:50:26,400
hanamachi is Frozen in Time 
completely unchanged since the 

912
00:50:26,400 --> 00:50:29,700
Edo period. 
This fantasy of preservation is 

913
00:50:29,700 --> 00:50:33,000
appealing but false. 
Yes traditional elements. 

914
00:50:33,000 --> 00:50:37,000
Persist the kimono, the Arts, 
the teahouses, but the 

915
00:50:37,000 --> 00:50:40,600
profession has evolved 
continuously modern Geisha. 

916
00:50:40,600 --> 00:50:44,500
Use smartphones, follow social 
media and adapt to changing 

917
00:50:44,500 --> 00:50:47,600
economic realities. 
The hanamachi isn't a museum 

918
00:50:47,600 --> 00:50:50,200
exhibit. 
It's a living community that 

919
00:50:50,200 --> 00:50:53,800
maintains traditional Arts while
existing in contemporary Japan. 

920
00:50:54,800 --> 00:50:59,400
The Romantic notion of Geisha as
exotic flowers, mysterious and 

921
00:50:59,400 --> 00:51:01,700
unknowable is equally 
problematic. 

922
00:51:01,700 --> 00:51:05,800
You're not a fantasy or a 
cultural artifact, you're a 

923
00:51:05,800 --> 00:51:07,200
working. 
Professional in a demanding 

924
00:51:07,200 --> 00:51:10,200
artistic field. 
Your life includes Beauty and 

925
00:51:10,200 --> 00:51:16,300
traditional Financial stress, 
interpersonal, drama, and all 

926
00:51:16,300 --> 00:51:18,300
the mundane struggles of any 
career. 

927
00:51:18,300 --> 00:51:23,000
The exoticization strips away 
your Humanity, reducing you to 

928
00:51:23,000 --> 00:51:26,300
an aesthetic object rather than 
recognizing you as a complete 

929
00:51:26,300 --> 00:51:29,200
person. 
There's also confusion about the

930
00:51:29,200 --> 00:51:32,800
economics of the professional 
people assume all gay or wealthy

931
00:51:32,800 --> 00:51:36,700
or conversely that they're all 
trapped in debt to their Ikea. 

932
00:51:36,700 --> 00:51:40,600
The reality is varied, some 
Geisha are financially 

933
00:51:40,600 --> 00:51:44,600
successful, particularly those 
with generous long-term patrons,

934
00:51:44,600 --> 00:51:48,500
other struggle, Particularly 
younger ones still paying off 

935
00:51:48,500 --> 00:51:51,900
their training debts. 
She offers potential for 

936
00:51:51,900 --> 00:51:56,400
financial stability but no 
guarantees and the expenses. 

937
00:51:56,400 --> 00:52:01,500
Kimono lessons hairdressing 
makeup, a considerable. 

938
00:52:01,500 --> 00:52:04,700
What frustrates you most is when
people project their own 

939
00:52:04,700 --> 00:52:08,100
cultural assumptions, onto the 
profession without attempting to

940
00:52:08,100 --> 00:52:11,800
understand it on its own terms. 
Western critics sometimes 

941
00:52:11,800 --> 00:52:14,500
condemned Geisha culture as 
inherently oppressive or 

942
00:52:14,500 --> 00:52:18,300
patriarchal while Western 
Enthusiast romanticize it as 

943
00:52:18,300 --> 00:52:21,700
pure and traditional both 
perspectives the actual 

944
00:52:21,700 --> 00:52:25,000
complexity of women's lives. 
Within this profession, the 

945
00:52:25,000 --> 00:52:28,700
genuine Artistry, the real 
constraints and the complicated 

946
00:52:28,700 --> 00:52:32,400
negotiations, between tradition 
and modernity, autonomy, and 

947
00:52:32,408 --> 00:52:35,700
expectation, you've learned to 
handle these misunderstandings 

948
00:52:35,700 --> 00:52:38,900
with Grace. 
Providing patient explanations 

949
00:52:38,900 --> 00:52:42,200
to genuinely curious people 
while declining to engage. 

950
00:52:42,200 --> 00:52:45,400
With those who've already 
decided, what you must be is 

951
00:52:45,400 --> 00:52:49,600
exhausting, sometimes being 
constantly misrepresented having

952
00:52:49,600 --> 00:52:52,900
to defend your Actually against 
assumptions based on movies or 

953
00:52:52,900 --> 00:52:56,700
novels or complete ignorance. 
But it's also part of the work 

954
00:52:56,700 --> 00:52:59,900
maintaining the traditional 
requires educating people about 

955
00:52:59,900 --> 00:53:04,200
what that tradition actually is 
correcting misconceptions, and 

956
00:53:04,200 --> 00:53:08,000
asserting the legitimacy and 
value of these Arts late at 

957
00:53:08,000 --> 00:53:09,400
night. 
When the makeup is off, and the 

958
00:53:09,400 --> 00:53:12,300
kimono is put away. 
You sometimes wonder how much 

959
00:53:12,300 --> 00:53:15,600
longer this world will exist? 
The Hannah match is shrinking 

960
00:53:15,600 --> 00:53:17,400
fewer. 
Maiko entering the profession 

961
00:53:17,400 --> 00:53:21,600
fewer tea, houses, operating and
fewer patrons willing to pay for

962
00:53:21,600 --> 00:53:24,900
traditional entertainment. 
When modern alternatives are 

963
00:53:24,900 --> 00:53:27,800
cheaper and more accessible. 
The math is simple and 

964
00:53:27,800 --> 00:53:30,400
troubling. 
More Geisha retiring than 

965
00:53:30,400 --> 00:53:34,800
entering expenses, Rising income
uncertain and the entire 

966
00:53:34,800 --> 00:53:37,600
elaborate structure becoming 
increasingly difficult to 

967
00:53:37,600 --> 00:53:40,400
sustain. 
You've watched a child close 

968
00:53:40,400 --> 00:53:43,500
their buildings, converted to 
restaurants or boutique hotels. 

969
00:53:43,500 --> 00:53:47,000
You've seen skilled Geisha, 
leave the profession for more 

970
00:53:47,000 --> 00:53:49,600
stable careers. 
You've attended, farewell 

971
00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:52,700
parties for women who could no 
longer justify the financial and

972
00:53:52,700 --> 00:53:56,700
personal costs of continuing. 
The attrition is gradual, but 

973
00:53:56,700 --> 00:54:00,200
steady, and each lost diminishes
the community a little more. 

974
00:54:01,000 --> 00:54:04,300
Part of the problem is economic 
training, a geisha requires 

975
00:54:04,300 --> 00:54:09,000
enormous investment years of 
lessons in music, dance Tea 

976
00:54:09,000 --> 00:54:11,600
Ceremony flower arrangement and 
etiquette. 

977
00:54:12,500 --> 00:54:16,400
The kimono alone costs thousands
of dollars sometimes, tens of 

978
00:54:16,400 --> 00:54:20,300
thousands for formal occasions. 
Maintaining a traditional Ikea 

979
00:54:20,300 --> 00:54:23,400
in historic Kyoto with all its 
Associated expenses is 

980
00:54:23,400 --> 00:54:26,700
increasingly difficult and the 
number of people willing to pay 

981
00:54:26,700 --> 00:54:29,900
premium, prices for traditional 
entertainment is declining. 

982
00:54:29,900 --> 00:54:34,100
As Japanese culture, becomes 
more westernized, more casual, 

983
00:54:34,100 --> 00:54:37,000
and less interested in elaborate
formality. 

984
00:54:38,300 --> 00:54:40,200
But economics isn't the only 
issue. 

985
00:54:40,200 --> 00:54:44,100
The professional requires 
personal sacrifices that fewer 

986
00:54:44,100 --> 00:54:46,900
young, women are willing to make
the rigid rules. 

987
00:54:46,900 --> 00:54:50,900
The constant performance, the 
subordination of personal life, 

988
00:54:50,900 --> 00:54:54,900
to professional demands The 
Limited privacy, the public 

989
00:54:54,900 --> 00:54:58,800
scrutiny, these aspects of 
Geisha life are increasingly 

990
00:54:58,800 --> 00:55:01,500
incompatible with modern 
expectations of individual 

991
00:55:01,500 --> 00:55:05,500
autonomy and work-life balance. 
You understand why young women 

992
00:55:05,500 --> 00:55:08,200
chose other paths? 
You've questioned your own 

993
00:55:08,200 --> 00:55:11,300
choices, wondered what your life
might have, been if you'd 

994
00:55:11,300 --> 00:55:15,100
pursued a conventional career, a
conventional relationship or 

995
00:55:15,100 --> 00:55:16,600
conventional measures of 
success. 

996
00:55:16,600 --> 00:55:20,600
The counterfactuals are endless 
and ultimately pointless, but 

997
00:55:20,600 --> 00:55:24,400
they visit you sometimes in 
Quiet Moments ghosts of unlived 

998
00:55:24,400 --> 00:55:27,400
lives roads. 
Not taken even while 

999
00:55:27,400 --> 00:55:30,100
acknowledging these challenges, 
you find yourself unable to 

1000
00:55:30,100 --> 00:55:33,400
imagine the Hannah much he 
disappearing entirely these 

1001
00:55:33,400 --> 00:55:35,700
Arts. 
These traditions this entire 

1002
00:55:35,700 --> 00:55:39,000
elaborate cultural performance. 
It seems impossible that 

1003
00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:43,600
something so beautiful. 
So refined so deeply embedded in

1004
00:55:43,600 --> 00:55:46,000
Japanese. 
Cultural identity could simply 

1005
00:55:46,000 --> 00:55:49,000
cease to exist but history is 
full of traditions. 

1006
00:55:49,000 --> 00:55:52,200
That seemed permanent and until 
they were not and practices that

1007
00:55:52,200 --> 00:55:55,500
appeared Eternal until they 
vanished leaving only memories 

1008
00:55:55,500 --> 00:55:59,200
and Museum exhibits. 
What will remain if the Hannah 

1009
00:55:59,200 --> 00:56:01,900
actually dies? 
Perhaps the Arts will survive in

1010
00:56:01,900 --> 00:56:05,500
different contexts shamisen. 
Music in concert Halls, 

1011
00:56:05,500 --> 00:56:09,900
traditional dance, and cultural 
centers, and Tea Ceremony as a 

1012
00:56:09,900 --> 00:56:11,100
hobby. 
Rather than a profession, 

1013
00:56:11,100 --> 00:56:14,400
perhaps Scholars will study 
Geisha culture, the way they 

1014
00:56:14,400 --> 00:56:17,400
study, other historical, 
phenomena preserving knowledge, 

1015
00:56:17,400 --> 00:56:19,500
even as living practice 
disappears. 

1016
00:56:19,500 --> 00:56:22,900
Perhaps, nothing will survive, 
except photographs and films and

1017
00:56:22,900 --> 00:56:26,200
stories evidence that this 
strange and beautiful world 

1018
00:56:26,200 --> 00:56:28,900
wants existed. 
You try not to think about this 

1019
00:56:28,900 --> 00:56:31,500
too much. 
Try to focus on the present 

1020
00:56:31,500 --> 00:56:36,100
moment on your next performance,
your next lesson and the 

1021
00:56:36,100 --> 00:56:39,400
continuous work of maintaining 
your skills and honoring your 

1022
00:56:39,408 --> 00:56:43,800
commitments, but the uncertainty
Shadows, everything adds, a 

1023
00:56:43,808 --> 00:56:47,400
bitter sweet quality to even the
most perfect evenings and makes 

1024
00:56:47,400 --> 00:56:49,700
you acutely aware that each 
performance might be 

1025
00:56:49,700 --> 00:56:54,000
contributing to the final 
chapter of a tradition that a 

1026
00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:56,600
survived for centuries, but 
might not survive much longer. 

1027
00:56:57,400 --> 00:57:00,600
Some nights after particularly 
successful engagements, you 

1028
00:57:00,600 --> 00:57:03,500
allow yourself hope. 
The guests were engaged 

1029
00:57:03,500 --> 00:57:05,700
appreciative and moved by the 
performance. 

1030
00:57:05,700 --> 00:57:09,400
The younger maiko showed real 
talent and genuine dedication, 

1031
00:57:09,400 --> 00:57:14,700
the Arts felt vital necessary, 
and worth preserving, These 

1032
00:57:14,700 --> 00:57:18,100
moments suggest possibility 
suggests that, maybe the 

1033
00:57:18,100 --> 00:57:22,000
traditional adapt and survive, 
finding new forms and new 

1034
00:57:22,000 --> 00:57:24,000
audiences. 
While maintaining a central 

1035
00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:26,600
continuity with the past other 
nights. 

1036
00:57:26,600 --> 00:57:30,300
The decline feels inevitable. 
You see the empty seats that 

1037
00:57:30,300 --> 00:57:32,800
performance is the younger 
Generations on their 

1038
00:57:32,800 --> 00:57:35,600
smartphones, even during 
traditional ceremonies and the 

1039
00:57:35,600 --> 00:57:39,100
general cultural drift away from
formality and toured. 

1040
00:57:39,100 --> 00:57:42,100
Casual informality, you wonder 
if you're part of the last 

1041
00:57:42,100 --> 00:57:45,500
generation, if the woman who 
will eventually close, the final

1042
00:57:45,500 --> 00:57:48,800
lochia has already been born and
if you're all collectively, 

1043
00:57:48,800 --> 00:57:52,100
performing a beautifully 
executed But ultimately futile, 

1044
00:57:52,100 --> 00:57:55,400
resistance against historical 
change the truth. 

1045
00:57:55,400 --> 00:57:58,000
You suspect lies somewhere 
between catastrophe and 

1046
00:57:58,000 --> 00:58:00,400
preservation. 
The Hannah marchie will likely 

1047
00:58:00,400 --> 00:58:03,500
continue to shrink, well, 
probably never regain its form 

1048
00:58:03,500 --> 00:58:06,100
of prominence. 
But make persist in diminished 

1049
00:58:06,100 --> 00:58:10,500
form maintained by dedicated 
practitioners and supported by a

1050
00:58:10,500 --> 00:58:13,600
small, but committed audience 
that values traditional Arts. 

1051
00:58:14,500 --> 00:58:16,500
This is enough. 
Not the Glorious. 

1052
00:58:16,500 --> 00:58:19,000
Continuation. 
You might wish for but survival 

1053
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:22,700
nonetheless. 
Thin thread connecting past to 

1054
00:58:22,700 --> 00:58:26,900
Future. 
You've made peace mostly with 

1055
00:58:26,900 --> 00:58:30,100
not knowing how the story ends. 
Your Role isn't to save the 

1056
00:58:30,100 --> 00:58:33,000
entire traditional 
single-handedly, or to solve the

1057
00:58:33,000 --> 00:58:34,900
professions existential 
challenges. 

1058
00:58:34,900 --> 00:58:39,100
Your Role is smaller and more 
achievable to practice your Arts

1059
00:58:39,100 --> 00:58:41,900
as well as you can. 
To honor the teachers, who 

1060
00:58:41,900 --> 00:58:45,700
trained you to pass knowledge on
to whoever comes after you and 

1061
00:58:45,700 --> 00:58:49,500
to create Beautiful Moments that
justify themselves regardless of

1062
00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:53,200
what comes next. 
And so you can continue waking 

1063
00:58:53,200 --> 00:58:56,100
to the sound of water being 
poured studying, your 

1064
00:58:56,100 --> 00:58:59,800
instruments, transforming 
yourself into art performing for

1065
00:58:59,800 --> 00:59:02,700
audiences, that may or may not 
understand what their witnessing

1066
00:59:02,700 --> 00:59:06,300
and returning each night to your
simple room, where you strip 

1067
00:59:06,300 --> 00:59:09,500
away the layers and remember who
you are beneath them, the cycle 

1068
00:59:09,500 --> 00:59:13,300
repeats day after day, sees off 
to season, a ritual of 

1069
00:59:13,308 --> 00:59:16,700
refinement that persists, 
because you persist, because 

1070
00:59:16,700 --> 00:59:19,900
beauty deserves to exist, even 
in a world that increasingly 

1071
00:59:19,900 --> 00:59:23,500
questioned its value because 
some traditions are worth 

1072
00:59:23,500 --> 00:59:27,300
maintaining Even when their 
future is uncertain because this

1073
00:59:27,300 --> 00:59:30,500
is the life you've chosen and 
these are the Arts you love. 

1074
00:59:30,500 --> 00:59:34,500
And that has to be enough 
whether the hanamachi survives 

1075
00:59:34,500 --> 00:59:38,400
another Century or only another 
decade, whether your part of a 

1076
00:59:38,400 --> 00:59:42,000
living tradition or its final 
Witnesses, whether anyone 

1077
00:59:42,000 --> 00:59:44,600
remembers or whether it all 
disappears, like cherry blossoms

1078
00:59:44,600 --> 00:59:48,500
in the rainfall and brief and 
already becoming memory even as 

1079
00:59:48,500 --> 00:59:53,500
you live it. 
Imagine you're living in England

1080
00:59:53,500 --> 00:59:57,700
in the Autumn of 1703 and your 
life moves at the pace of a 

1081
00:59:57,700 --> 01:00:00,400
horse-drawn cart. 
There are no weather apps on 

1082
01:00:00,400 --> 01:00:04,600
your phone because there are no 
phones, no meteorologists are 

1083
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:06,900
tracking pressure systems 
because the barometer is only 

1084
01:00:06,908 --> 01:00:09,900
recently been invented. 
And most people think it's some 

1085
01:00:09,900 --> 01:00:13,200
kind of scientific curiosity 
rather than a practical tool. 

1086
01:00:14,200 --> 01:00:17,700
Queen Anne sits on the throne, 
having recently succeeded her 

1087
01:00:17,700 --> 01:00:19,000
brother-in-law. 
William the Third. 

1088
01:00:19,900 --> 01:00:23,500
The country is embroiled in the 
war of Spanish succession which 

1089
01:00:23,500 --> 01:00:26,200
is one of those complicated 
European conflicts where 

1090
01:00:26,200 --> 01:00:28,100
everyone seems to be fighting 
everyone else. 

1091
01:00:28,100 --> 01:00:30,000
So over inheritance is in 
territory. 

1092
01:00:31,000 --> 01:00:34,800
But for ordinary people, wore is
something that happens far away 

1093
01:00:34,800 --> 01:00:39,300
while the real concerns are much
closer to home bringing in the 

1094
01:00:39,300 --> 01:00:43,500
Harvest fixing the fat on the 
roof before winter and making 

1095
01:00:43,500 --> 01:00:46,000
sure there's enough firewood 
stacked for the cold months 

1096
01:00:46,000 --> 01:00:48,700
ahead. 
November in England, means the 

1097
01:00:48,700 --> 01:00:52,900
farming season is winding down 
the fields of being harvested. 

1098
01:00:52,900 --> 01:00:56,600
The animals are being prepared 
for winter and people are 

1099
01:00:56,600 --> 01:00:59,200
settling into that cozy. 
Rhythm of shorter days and 

1100
01:00:59,200 --> 01:01:01,800
longer nights. 
It's the time of year when your 

1101
01:01:01,800 --> 01:01:06,100
grateful for solid roof, a warm 
Hearth and walls that keep out 

1102
01:01:06,100 --> 01:01:10,000
the wind. 
The house is of 1703 would seem 

1103
01:01:10,000 --> 01:01:12,100
almost impossibly fragile to you
now. 

1104
01:01:12,900 --> 01:01:15,600
Most buildings outside. 
Major cities are timber frame 

1105
01:01:15,600 --> 01:01:18,000
with walls made of wattle and 
daub. 

1106
01:01:18,700 --> 01:01:21,700
Basically sticks and mud with 
some hope mixed in. 

1107
01:01:22,600 --> 01:01:26,700
Roofs are thatched with straw or
reads held down by wooden pegs 

1108
01:01:26,700 --> 01:01:30,000
and prayer. 
Even in London, which is 

1109
01:01:30,000 --> 01:01:32,900
rebuilding. 
After the Great Fire of 1666, 

1110
01:01:32,900 --> 01:01:35,300
many structures are still 
partially. 

1111
01:01:35,300 --> 01:01:38,800
Wooden glass. 
Windows are expensive luxuries, 

1112
01:01:38,800 --> 01:01:41,700
so many homes. 
Make do with oiled paper or 

1113
01:01:41,700 --> 01:01:44,800
wooden shutters. 
The English Countryside is 

1114
01:01:44,800 --> 01:01:47,500
dotted with windmills that grind
grain into flour. 

1115
01:01:48,500 --> 01:01:51,400
These tall wooden structures. 
Turn their sails to catch the 

1116
01:01:51,400 --> 01:01:54,800
wind like patient Sentinels 
watching over the fields. 

1117
01:01:55,600 --> 01:01:58,100
There are hundreds of them 
essential to feeding the 

1118
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:02,000
population standing on hilltops 
and valleys where the wind blows

1119
01:02:02,000 --> 01:02:05,200
strongest. 
Their marvels of engineering for

1120
01:02:05,200 --> 01:02:07,600
their time though. 
They have one significant 

1121
01:02:07,600 --> 01:02:09,800
vulnerability that nobody has 
quite sold. 

1122
01:02:10,700 --> 01:02:14,800
There are extremely susceptible 
to strong winds, churches, rise 

1123
01:02:14,800 --> 01:02:18,400
about most Villages their Stone 
towers and wooden Steeples 

1124
01:02:18,400 --> 01:02:20,800
pointing toward heaven like 
fingers in prayer. 

1125
01:02:21,600 --> 01:02:25,300
These spiers can be seen for 
miles around helping Travelers 

1126
01:02:25,300 --> 01:02:28,400
navigate and reminding everyone 
of the central place religion 

1127
01:02:28,400 --> 01:02:31,900
holds in daily life. 
The church bells marked the 

1128
01:02:31,900 --> 01:02:34,600
hours call people to worship and
warn of danger. 

1129
01:02:35,500 --> 01:02:38,600
They're the communication system
of the age, ringing out 

1130
01:02:38,600 --> 01:02:42,700
messages, across the landscape, 
along the coasts Maritime life, 

1131
01:02:42,700 --> 01:02:47,300
pulses with constant Activity. 
The Royal Navy maintains dozens 

1132
01:02:47,300 --> 01:02:50,900
of Warships in various ports, 
while Merchant vessels crowd, 

1133
01:02:50,900 --> 01:02:54,400
the harbors loading, and 
unloading goods from around the 

1134
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:57,000
world. 
Portsmouth Plymouth and the 

1135
01:02:57,000 --> 01:02:59,900
Thames Estuary forests of masts 
and rigging. 

1136
01:03:00,900 --> 01:03:03,600
Sailors, live lives that 
alternate between the tedium of 

1137
01:03:03,608 --> 01:03:08,000
Port maintenance, and the danger
of sea voyages were storms are 

1138
01:03:08,000 --> 01:03:10,100
an accepted occupational. 
Hazard. 

1139
01:03:11,300 --> 01:03:15,000
The weather in late 1703 as 
being odd not dramatically. 

1140
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:18,600
So, but enough that people 
notice there have been unusually

1141
01:03:18,600 --> 01:03:21,800
strong winds throughout November
the kind that makes you lean 

1142
01:03:21,800 --> 01:03:23,800
into your walk and hold on, to 
your hat. 

1143
01:03:24,900 --> 01:03:27,900
Trees have been shedding their 
leaves early than usual, as if 

1144
01:03:27,908 --> 01:03:29,400
they know something the humans 
don't. 

1145
01:03:30,300 --> 01:03:34,500
Old Timers, the kind to feel 
storms in their bones have been 

1146
01:03:34,500 --> 01:03:38,100
muttering about the signs. 
Red skies at odd hours. 

1147
01:03:38,100 --> 01:03:42,300
Birds behaving, strangely and an
unsettled feeling in the air 

1148
01:03:42,300 --> 01:03:45,500
itself. 
But England is weathered storms 

1149
01:03:45,500 --> 01:03:48,200
before. 
This is an island nation after 

1150
01:03:48,200 --> 01:03:51,800
all, surrounded by temperamental
seas and subject to whatever. 

1151
01:03:51,800 --> 01:03:55,800
Whether the Atlantic decides to 
send its way, People have 

1152
01:03:55,800 --> 01:03:58,900
learned to bend With the Wind to
secure their belongings and to 

1153
01:03:58,900 --> 01:04:00,600
wait out whatever nature throws 
at them. 

1154
01:04:00,600 --> 01:04:04,200
They've survived Norse, Raiders 
the Black Death, Civil War and 

1155
01:04:04,200 --> 01:04:07,600
the great fire. 
How bad could a little wind be 

1156
01:04:07,600 --> 01:04:10,100
this sense of resilient 
confidence. 

1157
01:04:10,100 --> 01:04:14,000
This very British attitude of 
muddling through is about to be 

1158
01:04:14,000 --> 01:04:15,900
tested in ways. 
No one can imagine. 

1159
01:04:17,300 --> 01:04:19,600
Because the storm that's 
Gathering out in the Atlantic 

1160
01:04:19,600 --> 01:04:23,800
isn't a normal Autumn Gail, it's
not even an exceptional storm by

1161
01:04:23,800 --> 01:04:27,800
the usual standards. 
It's something else entirely a 

1162
01:04:27,800 --> 01:04:30,700
meteorological monster that will
make weather history and haunt 

1163
01:04:30,700 --> 01:04:32,700
European Consciousness for 
Generations. 

1164
01:04:32,700 --> 01:04:37,400
The last week of November. 1703 
feels like Nature's taking a 

1165
01:04:37,400 --> 01:04:41,200
deep breath before screaming. 
You step out side on November 

1166
01:04:41,200 --> 01:04:44,100
24th, and the air has that 
peculiar quality. 

1167
01:04:44,100 --> 01:04:46,000
That makes the hair on your 
arms. 

1168
01:04:46,000 --> 01:04:47,900
Stand up. 
It's not just cold. 

1169
01:04:47,900 --> 01:04:52,400
It's charged electronic. 
As if the atmosphere itself is 

1170
01:04:52,400 --> 01:04:55,900
holding tension, like a drawn 
bow string, the sky takes on 

1171
01:04:55,900 --> 01:04:57,700
colors that don't appear in 
normal weather. 

1172
01:04:57,700 --> 01:05:01,700
There a brassy yellows near the 
Horizon, Deep Purple in the 

1173
01:05:01,708 --> 01:05:05,200
clouds and that particular shade
of green that experienced 

1174
01:05:05,200 --> 01:05:08,800
Sailors, know means trouble. 
Clouds themselves seem to be 

1175
01:05:08,808 --> 01:05:13,300
moving in several directions at 
once low scud racing across the 

1176
01:05:13,300 --> 01:05:16,100
sky. 
While higher formations Lumber 

1177
01:05:16,100 --> 01:05:19,300
along at different angles, It's 
like watching a badly 

1178
01:05:19,300 --> 01:05:22,300
choreographed dance. 
Where none of the performers can

1179
01:05:22,300 --> 01:05:25,900
agree on the music. 
Birds are acting strangely and 

1180
01:05:25,900 --> 01:05:29,800
if you were the noticing type, 
this would concern you Seagulls 

1181
01:05:29,800 --> 01:05:32,200
those Perpetual optimists of the
avian world. 

1182
01:05:32,200 --> 01:05:35,900
Have moved. 
Inland on mass crows, Gather in 

1183
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:39,100
unusual numbers making a racket.
That sounds almost like 

1184
01:05:39,100 --> 01:05:41,800
warnings. 
Even the farm animals seem 

1185
01:05:41,800 --> 01:05:45,400
unsettled horses, stamp and 
Winnie in their Stables. 

1186
01:05:45,400 --> 01:05:50,100
Cows refused to go into their 
Barns and dog's Pace nervously 

1187
01:05:50,100 --> 01:05:54,400
whining at their owners. 
The barometer in the few places 

1188
01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:57,400
where such newfangled 
instruments exist is doing 

1189
01:05:57,400 --> 01:06:01,800
something unprecedented. 
Its falling but not in the 

1190
01:06:01,800 --> 01:06:04,300
gradual way that suggests an 
approaching storm. 

1191
01:06:04,300 --> 01:06:08,500
It's plummeting like a stone 
dropped in water faster than 

1192
01:06:08,500 --> 01:06:12,900
anyone has seen before Daniel 
Defoe, who will later document. 

1193
01:06:12,900 --> 01:06:15,900
The storm in extraordinary 
detail owns one of these 

1194
01:06:15,900 --> 01:06:19,000
instruments. 
He watches it drop and one 

1195
01:06:19,000 --> 01:06:21,000
wonders if perhaps the device is
broken. 

1196
01:06:21,900 --> 01:06:24,600
Surely the air pressure can't 
actually be falling this 

1197
01:06:24,600 --> 01:06:28,200
rapidly. 
November 26th Dawns with an 

1198
01:06:28,200 --> 01:06:30,900
eerie calm. 
The wind that has been bothering

1199
01:06:30,900 --> 01:06:33,200
people for weeks, has died down 
to almost nothing. 

1200
01:06:34,000 --> 01:06:37,600
The air feels heavy thick like 
trying to breathe through a damp

1201
01:06:37,600 --> 01:06:40,700
wool blanket. 
This is the kind of Stillness 

1202
01:06:40,700 --> 01:06:43,200
that precedes something 
significant though. 

1203
01:06:43,200 --> 01:06:45,100
Most people interpret it as a 
relief. 

1204
01:06:46,200 --> 01:06:50,100
Finally they think the Winds of 
stopped perhaps, they can get 

1205
01:06:50,100 --> 01:06:53,900
some repairs done, secure their 
properties properly, and maybe 

1206
01:06:53,900 --> 01:06:56,400
even sleep without the constant 
whistling and rattling. 

1207
01:06:56,400 --> 01:07:00,300
But Seasons Sailors and Shepards
people whose lives depend on 

1208
01:07:00,308 --> 01:07:01,800
reading weather. 
No better. 

1209
01:07:01,800 --> 01:07:06,200
This isn't peaceful calm. 
This is nature pausing for 

1210
01:07:06,200 --> 01:07:09,500
effect, like a Storyteller 
taking a breath before the 

1211
01:07:09,500 --> 01:07:12,900
climax. 
The old Maritime saying comes to

1212
01:07:12,900 --> 01:07:13,900
mind. 
Calm. 

1213
01:07:13,900 --> 01:07:18,700
Before the storm though, in this
case storm is going to prove a 

1214
01:07:18,700 --> 01:07:23,000
ghostly inadequate word for what
to approaching By the evening of

1215
01:07:23,000 --> 01:07:26,800
November 26th the wind returns. 
But it's different now. 

1216
01:07:27,600 --> 01:07:29,400
It's no longer the Blustery, 
Autumn Breeze. 

1217
01:07:29,400 --> 01:07:33,800
People of grown accustomed to 
its purposeful building with an 

1218
01:07:33,800 --> 01:07:36,900
almost conscious intent. 
Like something that has decided 

1219
01:07:36,900 --> 01:07:38,600
to stop playing around and get 
serious. 

1220
01:07:39,500 --> 01:07:43,500
Sound changes too from the 
familiar whistle and moan to a 

1221
01:07:43,500 --> 01:07:46,700
deeper more ominous Roar that 
seems to come from everywhere at

1222
01:07:46,700 --> 01:07:49,000
once. 
People begin their evening 

1223
01:07:49,000 --> 01:07:51,200
preparations with growing 
uneasiness. 

1224
01:07:51,200 --> 01:07:55,400
You secure your shutters bring 
in anything from the yard that 

1225
01:07:55,400 --> 01:07:58,300
might blow away and double check
that the animals are safely. 

1226
01:07:58,300 --> 01:08:02,700
Housed in coastal towns Sailors.
Look at their Maude vessels with

1227
01:08:02,700 --> 01:08:06,800
worried Expressions wondering if
the ropes and chains will hold 

1228
01:08:07,900 --> 01:08:11,600
ship captains who can put out 
additional anchors and say, 

1229
01:08:11,600 --> 01:08:14,300
prayers to whatever Saints 
specialize in Maritime 

1230
01:08:14,300 --> 01:08:17,399
protection. 
As Darkness Falls on November 

1231
01:08:17,399 --> 01:08:21,800
26th, the wind continues to 
build, it's no longer just 

1232
01:08:21,800 --> 01:08:24,700
moving, air is Coming a physical
presence. 

1233
01:08:24,700 --> 01:08:28,300
Something you can lean against 
something that pushes back. 

1234
01:08:29,500 --> 01:08:32,300
The sound grows from a roar to 
something that resembles 

1235
01:08:32,300 --> 01:08:36,200
Continuous Thunder. 
A bass note that you feel in 

1236
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:38,500
your chest as much as here with 
your ears. 

1237
01:08:39,700 --> 01:08:43,100
Inside homes across Southern 
England, families, gather close 

1238
01:08:43,100 --> 01:08:47,100
to their fires, trying to ignore
the increasingly alarming noises

1239
01:08:47,100 --> 01:08:50,600
from outside. 
Shutters begin to Rattle despite

1240
01:08:50,600 --> 01:08:53,800
being latched. 
The wind finds every Gap in the 

1241
01:08:53,808 --> 01:08:58,100
walls, every crack around doors 
and windows, creating whistling 

1242
01:08:58,100 --> 01:09:00,100
harmonics. 
That would sound almost musical 

1243
01:09:00,100 --> 01:09:05,200
if they weren't so unsettling. 
A true start to lift and settle 

1244
01:09:05,200 --> 01:09:08,899
lift and settle like, the 
building itself is breathing 

1245
01:09:08,899 --> 01:09:11,800
heavily. 
Around midnight, the storm stops

1246
01:09:11,800 --> 01:09:14,700
building and simply arrives in 
its full Fury. 

1247
01:09:15,500 --> 01:09:19,200
It's as if someone has flipped a
switch from very bad weather to 

1248
01:09:19,200 --> 01:09:22,700
apocalyptic nightmare. 
The wind doesn't just blow 

1249
01:09:22,700 --> 01:09:24,000
anymore. 
It hammers. 

1250
01:09:24,000 --> 01:09:28,100
It screams it attacks. 
The sound becomes so 

1251
01:09:28,100 --> 01:09:30,500
overwhelming that it's almost 
impossible to think clearly 

1252
01:09:30,500 --> 01:09:34,500
imagine standing next to a jet 
engine and you're getting close 

1253
01:09:34,500 --> 01:09:38,000
to the volume and intensity of 
what people are experiencing and

1254
01:09:38,000 --> 01:09:39,500
here's the thing that makes this
storm. 

1255
01:09:39,500 --> 01:09:44,700
So strange, so different from 
normal tempests it's not coming 

1256
01:09:44,700 --> 01:09:49,399
from a single Direction. 
The wind seems to swirl and 

1257
01:09:49,399 --> 01:09:52,600
Eddie attacking from multiple 
angles simultaneously. 

1258
01:09:54,000 --> 01:09:57,100
This isn't a weather pattern. 
People understand storms have 

1259
01:09:57,100 --> 01:09:59,800
direct directions. 
They have fronts and they move 

1260
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:03,100
in predictable ways. 
This storm seems to be 

1261
01:10:03,100 --> 01:10:07,300
everywhere. 
Once a circular Fury that defies

1262
01:10:07,300 --> 01:10:12,500
normal meteorological Behavior. 
What nobody realizes yet because

1263
01:10:12,500 --> 01:10:15,900
the science doesn't exist to 
understand it is that they're 

1264
01:10:15,900 --> 01:10:19,400
experiencing something 
exceptionally rare, a bomb 

1265
01:10:19,400 --> 01:10:22,600
Cyclone what modern 
meteorologists call explosive 

1266
01:10:22,600 --> 01:10:25,800
cyclogenesis. 
The atmospheric pressure is 

1267
01:10:25,800 --> 01:10:28,800
dropping so rapidly. 
That the storm is intensifying 

1268
01:10:28,800 --> 01:10:32,200
at a rate that occurs perhaps 
once or twice a century. 

1269
01:10:33,600 --> 01:10:36,100
The rotating winds are reaching 
speeds that won't be 

1270
01:10:36,100 --> 01:10:40,300
scientifically measured for 
another 150 years when someone 

1271
01:10:40,300 --> 01:10:44,200
invents proper instruments for 
such things as the night of 

1272
01:10:44,200 --> 01:10:48,400
November 26th deepens into the 
early hours of November 27th. 

1273
01:10:49,200 --> 01:10:52,300
Everyone in Southern England is 
about to experience the longest 

1274
01:10:52,300 --> 01:10:57,000
most terrifying night of their 
lives and the truly horrifying 

1275
01:10:57,000 --> 01:10:59,400
part. 
The storm is still intense 

1276
01:10:59,400 --> 01:11:02,000
fireing. 
Picture yourself huddled in a 

1277
01:11:02,000 --> 01:11:05,400
stone Cottage somewhere in Kent 
as the clock approaches two a.m.

1278
01:11:05,400 --> 01:11:09,200
on November 27th. 
Fire in your half is being 

1279
01:11:09,200 --> 01:11:12,900
sucked up the chimney, by the 
incredible draft sending Sparks 

1280
01:11:12,900 --> 01:11:16,800
and smoke into the room. 
Every few seconds the entire 

1281
01:11:16,800 --> 01:11:19,300
building shutters. 
As if being struck by a giant 

1282
01:11:19,300 --> 01:11:22,100
fist, the noise is beyond 
description. 

1283
01:11:22,100 --> 01:11:26,700
Imagine a freight train a 
waterfall and Continuous Thunder

1284
01:11:26,700 --> 01:11:29,600
all happening at once and you're
still not quite there. 

1285
01:11:30,700 --> 01:11:34,400
That roof above your head. 
Is now lifting in sections, you 

1286
01:11:34,400 --> 01:11:37,200
can actually see it moving and 
feel the sudden drafts of 

1287
01:11:37,200 --> 01:11:40,400
freezing air as gaps appear and 
then close again. 

1288
01:11:41,100 --> 01:11:44,800
Bits of straw are falling into 
the room like strange snow. 

1289
01:11:44,800 --> 01:11:48,400
You're making calculations about
whether it's safer to stay 

1290
01:11:48,400 --> 01:11:51,900
inside a building that might 
collapse or venture outside into

1291
01:11:51,900 --> 01:11:53,700
wind. 
That could literally knock you 

1292
01:11:53,700 --> 01:11:56,600
off your feet and blow you 
across the countryside across 

1293
01:11:56,600 --> 01:11:58,900
Southern England. 
Roofs, are now leaving buildings

1294
01:11:58,900 --> 01:12:01,800
entirely not being damaged 
leaving. 

1295
01:12:02,900 --> 01:12:07,100
Whole thatched roofs lift off 
like birds Taking Flight sailing

1296
01:12:07,100 --> 01:12:08,800
through the air. 
In one piece before 

1297
01:12:08,800 --> 01:12:12,400
disintegrating into gold and 
clouds of straw that scatter 

1298
01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:16,200
across the landscape. 
Tiles and slate become 

1299
01:12:16,200 --> 01:12:20,000
projectiles, flying through the 
air, with enough Force to embed 

1300
01:12:20,000 --> 01:12:23,400
themselves in walls, or 
tragically in anything living 

1301
01:12:23,400 --> 01:12:24,900
that happens to be in their 
path. 

1302
01:12:24,900 --> 01:12:28,400
The windmills that have stood 
Sentinel over the countryside or

1303
01:12:28,400 --> 01:12:30,500
experience in catastrophic 
failures. 

1304
01:12:30,500 --> 01:12:34,800
Their sales designed to catch 
the wind deficient are now 

1305
01:12:34,808 --> 01:12:39,400
catching far too much of it. 
Unable to be shut down or furled

1306
01:12:39,400 --> 01:12:41,700
fast enough. 
The Mills begin spinning at 

1307
01:12:41,700 --> 01:12:45,000
impossible. 
Speeds the wooden gears inside 

1308
01:12:45,000 --> 01:12:47,000
never meant for such rotation 
rates. 

1309
01:12:47,000 --> 01:12:52,200
Start smoking from friction. 
Some Mills, simply explode from 

1310
01:12:52,200 --> 01:12:56,400
the centrifugal force sending 
massive wooden beams flying 

1311
01:12:56,400 --> 01:12:58,600
through the air like enormous 
javelins. 

1312
01:12:59,400 --> 01:13:02,200
Others catch fire from the 
friction of their over spinning 

1313
01:13:02,200 --> 01:13:06,000
Machinery becoming bizarre 
torches in the stormwreck night.

1314
01:13:07,000 --> 01:13:10,600
Church Steeples those proud 
fingers pointing to Heaven are 

1315
01:13:10,600 --> 01:13:13,500
toppling. 
The Spire of Saint Mary's in 

1316
01:13:13,500 --> 01:13:16,700
Somerset goes first crashing 
through the roof of the church 

1317
01:13:16,700 --> 01:13:19,400
itself. 
Then dozens more across the 

1318
01:13:19,400 --> 01:13:22,800
South follow suit their lead 
covered wooden frames. 

1319
01:13:22,800 --> 01:13:25,300
No match for wins that are 
essentially trying to tear 

1320
01:13:25,300 --> 01:13:28,400
England apart. 
Each falling steeple, makes a 

1321
01:13:28,400 --> 01:13:30,800
sound like a forest tree being 
felled. 

1322
01:13:30,800 --> 01:13:34,500
A groaning crack followed by an 
enormous crash. 

1323
01:13:35,400 --> 01:13:37,300
For deeply religious people 
seeing churches. 

1324
01:13:37,300 --> 01:13:39,300
Destroyed, feels specially 
ominous. 

1325
01:13:40,200 --> 01:13:43,300
If God's house is aren't safe. 
What hope to ordinary buildings.

1326
01:13:43,300 --> 01:13:45,800
Have. 
In London, the scene is 

1327
01:13:45,800 --> 01:13:49,600
apocalyptic, the city still 
recovering from the Great Fire 

1328
01:13:49,600 --> 01:13:54,000
of 1666 is being battered by 
winds, that a methodically 

1329
01:13:54,000 --> 01:13:57,900
undoing Decades of 
reconstruction roof tiles, fly 

1330
01:13:57,900 --> 01:14:01,800
through the streets, like deadly
frisbees, chimneys topple 

1331
01:14:01,800 --> 01:14:04,900
sending bricks raining down onto
cobblestones below. 

1332
01:14:05,800 --> 01:14:08,500
Anyone foolish or desperate 
enough to be outside. 

1333
01:14:08,500 --> 01:14:12,400
Quickly realizes their mistake 
as the wind shoves them against 

1334
01:14:12,408 --> 01:14:15,000
walls or literally lifts them 
off their feet. 

1335
01:14:15,900 --> 01:14:18,700
The Thames is behaving in ways. 
Nobody has seen before. 

1336
01:14:18,700 --> 01:14:22,100
The wind is so powerful that 
it's actually pushing water 

1337
01:14:22,100 --> 01:14:24,600
Upstream reversing the rivers 
flow. 

1338
01:14:25,700 --> 01:14:31,000
Waves are forming on the river's
surface waves on a river in 

1339
01:14:31,000 --> 01:14:34,000
central London. 
Barges and small boats. 

1340
01:14:34,000 --> 01:14:35,700
Moored at the Docks are being 
tossed. 

1341
01:14:35,700 --> 01:14:39,600
Like, bath toys breaking their 
Moorings and crashing into each 

1342
01:14:39,600 --> 01:14:42,100
other or smashing against the 
embankments. 

1343
01:14:43,000 --> 01:14:46,400
Daniel Defoe future author of 
Robinson Crusoe but currently a 

1344
01:14:46,400 --> 01:14:50,400
controversial political writer 
is in his London home watching 

1345
01:14:50,400 --> 01:14:53,400
what he describes as tiles. 
Flying past his windows. 

1346
01:14:53,400 --> 01:14:56,600
Like Autumn Leaves. 
He's making mental notes for 

1347
01:14:56,600 --> 01:14:59,100
what will become the world's 
first real investigative 

1348
01:14:59,100 --> 01:15:01,400
journalism piece about a natural
disaster. 

1349
01:15:02,600 --> 01:15:05,000
Between flinching at each new 
crash and bang. 

1350
01:15:05,000 --> 01:15:07,700
He's already planning how to 
document this night for 

1351
01:15:07,700 --> 01:15:11,500
posterity. but the truly 
catastrophic scenes are playing 

1352
01:15:11,508 --> 01:15:15,100
out along the coast and at sea 
at the Eddystone Light House 

1353
01:15:15,100 --> 01:15:19,100
perched, on rocks, 14 miles off 
the coast of Plymouth The 

1354
01:15:19,100 --> 01:15:23,200
situation is beyond desperate. 
This is the first Lighthouse 

1355
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:27,100
ever built on these treacherous 
rocks, completed, just five 

1356
01:15:27,100 --> 01:15:29,900
years earlier. 
It's a wooden structure, which 

1357
01:15:29,900 --> 01:15:32,700
seems insane now. 
But, was considered reasonable 

1358
01:15:32,700 --> 01:15:36,300
engineering at the time. 
The Lighthouse Keeper Henry. 

1359
01:15:36,300 --> 01:15:38,600
Winstanley is actually at the 
Lighthouse. 

1360
01:15:38,600 --> 01:15:41,900
Having gone out to perform, 
repairs, just days before. 

1361
01:15:42,700 --> 01:15:45,700
The lighthouse is flexing and 
swaying in ways that wooden 

1362
01:15:45,700 --> 01:15:47,700
structures should never flex and
sway. 

1363
01:15:48,500 --> 01:15:52,500
Around 2 a.m. a wave larger than
any in recorded memory hits the 

1364
01:15:52,500 --> 01:15:55,900
lighthouse. 
When Dawn eventually comes the 

1365
01:15:55,900 --> 01:15:58,500
light house is simply gone 
vanished. 

1366
01:15:58,500 --> 01:16:00,400
As completely as if it never 
existed. 

1367
01:16:01,500 --> 01:16:05,800
Henry went Stanley, his crew and
the entire structure have been 

1368
01:16:05,800 --> 01:16:09,000
erased from the ocean. 
Not a single piece of wreckage 

1369
01:16:09,000 --> 01:16:12,900
will ever be found. 
In Portsmouth Harbour, the Royal

1370
01:16:12,900 --> 01:16:16,400
Navy is experiencing its worst 
piece time disaster in history. 

1371
01:16:17,400 --> 01:16:19,200
Dozens of warships are moored 
here. 

1372
01:16:19,200 --> 01:16:23,200
And as the storm intensifies, 
their anchors begin to drag. 

1373
01:16:24,200 --> 01:16:27,600
These aren't small boats. 
Some are three decked ships of 

1374
01:16:27,600 --> 01:16:31,000
the line, massive wooden 
Castle's that carry hundreds of 

1375
01:16:31,008 --> 01:16:35,000
men and dozens of Canon. 
But in this wind there has 

1376
01:16:35,000 --> 01:16:38,600
helpless as children's toys. 
Ships begin colliding with each 

1377
01:16:38,600 --> 01:16:41,500
other in the darkness. 
The sound of wooden hulls 

1378
01:16:41,500 --> 01:16:45,600
grinding together as audible, 
even over the storm must snap 

1379
01:16:45,600 --> 01:16:49,100
with cracks like cannon. 
Fire rigging, Tangles between 

1380
01:16:49,100 --> 01:16:52,800
ships, creating a chaos of rope 
and canvas that makes it 

1381
01:16:52,800 --> 01:16:56,300
impossible to separate vessels 
even if anyone could work on 

1382
01:16:56,300 --> 01:16:59,800
deck which they can't. 
The wind is strong enough to 

1383
01:16:59,800 --> 01:17:03,100
blow men off their feet and over
the railings into the churning, 

1384
01:17:03,100 --> 01:17:05,900
water below. 
Some ships are being driven onto

1385
01:17:05,900 --> 01:17:09,400
the shore, despite their 
anchors, the HMS Association, 

1386
01:17:09,400 --> 01:17:13,500
and 90 gunship of the line, 
drags her anchors and grounds 

1387
01:17:13,500 --> 01:17:17,300
near the Isle of Wight. 
The HMS restoration, snaps at 

1388
01:17:17,300 --> 01:17:20,500
anchor, cables and is driven 
onto the mud flats where she'll 

1389
01:17:20,500 --> 01:17:23,400
eventually sink. 
All across the southern coast 

1390
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:27,600
from Bristol to Kent ships, a 
meeting, similar Fates, Merchant

1391
01:17:27,600 --> 01:17:31,400
vessels fishing, boats and naval
ships are all equally helpless. 

1392
01:17:31,400 --> 01:17:35,200
Before the storms Fury human 
cost at Sea is staggering. 

1393
01:17:36,000 --> 01:17:39,300
Sailors who have survived 
battles storms and years of hard

1394
01:17:39,300 --> 01:17:42,400
service, a drowning within sight
of their home ports. 

1395
01:17:43,200 --> 01:17:45,700
Some attract below decks and 
ships that are flooding. 

1396
01:17:46,700 --> 01:17:49,600
Others are washed overboard into
water, so violent. 

1397
01:17:49,600 --> 01:17:53,100
That rescue is impossible. 
Even if anyone could mount an 

1398
01:17:53,100 --> 01:17:57,100
attempt which they can't. 
The Navy alone will lose over 

1399
01:17:57,100 --> 01:18:01,000
1,000 men this night more than 
most Naval battles of the era. 

1400
01:18:01,000 --> 01:18:04,800
Inland trees that have stood for
centuries are falling by the 

1401
01:18:04,800 --> 01:18:08,700
thousands ancient Oaks that were
already old when Shakespeare was

1402
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:12,500
born, topple like dominoes, 
Entire forests are being 

1403
01:18:12,500 --> 01:18:16,300
flattened creating lunar 
Landscapes of Fallen Timber that

1404
01:18:16,300 --> 01:18:19,700
will take decades to clear. 
The New Forest loses an 

1405
01:18:19,700 --> 01:18:22,900
estimated 4,000 ancient trees in
a single night. 

1406
01:18:23,700 --> 01:18:28,300
Dear foxes Badgers and birds 
that depend on these trees are 

1407
01:18:28,300 --> 01:18:31,000
being crushed or left homeless. 
Agricultural damage is 

1408
01:18:31,000 --> 01:18:34,100
catastrophic Barnes and storage 
buildings. 

1409
01:18:34,100 --> 01:18:37,700
Collapse crushing livestock, and
destroying the winter Food 

1410
01:18:37,700 --> 01:18:41,600
Supplies that farming families 
depend on Haystacks that 

1411
01:18:41,600 --> 01:18:44,800
represent months of Labor 
scatter across the countryside. 

1412
01:18:46,000 --> 01:18:48,800
Sheep and cattle terrified by 
the noise. 

1413
01:18:48,800 --> 01:18:52,800
Unable to find shelter. 
Huddling Fields were some are 

1414
01:18:52,800 --> 01:18:55,200
actually blown over and killed 
by the force of the Wind. 

1415
01:18:56,200 --> 01:18:59,400
A detail so bizarre that people 
will initially refused to 

1416
01:18:59,400 --> 01:19:02,900
believe the reports. 
As the storm rages through the 

1417
01:19:02,900 --> 01:19:06,500
early hours of November 27th, 
people huddle in whatever, 

1418
01:19:06,500 --> 01:19:10,200
shelter, they can find listening
to their world being torn apart.

1419
01:19:10,200 --> 01:19:15,100
Every crash, every splintering 
sound, every moment when the 

1420
01:19:15,100 --> 01:19:18,000
wind seems to increase 
impossibly beyond what had 

1421
01:19:18,000 --> 01:19:21,900
already, was it all contributes 
to a growing certainty that this

1422
01:19:21,900 --> 01:19:25,500
isn't a normal storm. 
This is something unprecedented.

1423
01:19:25,500 --> 01:19:29,900
Something that's revealing just 
how fragile human civilization 

1424
01:19:29,900 --> 01:19:34,300
really is when Nature decides to
stop being cooperative And still

1425
01:19:34,300 --> 01:19:37,300
remarkably the storm continues 
to intensify. 

1426
01:19:37,300 --> 01:19:41,900
Let's focus on individual 
moments within this catastrophic

1427
01:19:41,900 --> 01:19:46,000
night because statistics and 
general descriptions can't quite

1428
01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:47,600
capture what it means to live 
through. 

1429
01:19:47,600 --> 01:19:51,600
Something like this. 
These are the human Stories, the

1430
01:19:51,600 --> 01:19:54,300
small dramas playing out across 
Southern England, while the 

1431
01:19:54,300 --> 01:19:56,400
great drama of the storm rages 
on. 

1432
01:19:57,600 --> 01:20:01,400
In a small village in Sussex, a 
family of seven huddles in their

1433
01:20:01,400 --> 01:20:03,200
Cottage as the walls, begin to 
crack. 

1434
01:20:04,300 --> 01:20:07,200
Father, a farmer named Thomas as
moved. 

1435
01:20:07,200 --> 01:20:10,800
Everyone into the oldest part of
the house, the stone section 

1436
01:20:10,800 --> 01:20:13,100
that is Grandfather, built 60 
years ago. 

1437
01:20:14,200 --> 01:20:16,700
The newer Timber framed rooms 
are already showing. 

1438
01:20:16,700 --> 01:20:20,700
Alarming signs of stress with 
beams visibly, shifting and 

1439
01:20:20,700 --> 01:20:25,600
walls leaning. around 3 a.m. the
decision makes itself with a 

1440
01:20:25,600 --> 01:20:29,600
sound like a 1000 trees breaking
at once the timber section of 

1441
01:20:29,600 --> 01:20:33,200
their homes, simply 
disintegrates One moment, it's 

1442
01:20:33,200 --> 01:20:35,700
there. 
The next is gone scattered 

1443
01:20:35,700 --> 01:20:38,000
across the countryside in a 
million pieces. 

1444
01:20:38,000 --> 01:20:41,600
The family packed into the stone
rooms survives because of a 

1445
01:20:41,600 --> 01:20:43,400
building. 
Decision made two generations 

1446
01:20:43,400 --> 01:20:47,500
early by careful craftsmen, who 
mixed his mortar properly and 

1447
01:20:47,500 --> 01:20:50,700
chose good Stone in the morning.
They'll walk out to find that 

1448
01:20:50,700 --> 01:20:52,900
everything they owned. 
Except what's in this one room 

1449
01:20:52,900 --> 01:20:55,200
is gone spread across Three 
Counties. 

1450
01:20:55,200 --> 01:21:00,200
Meanwhile in Bristol a midwife 
named Eleanor is facing an 

1451
01:21:00,200 --> 01:21:03,200
impossible decision. 
A woman has gone into labor and 

1452
01:21:03,200 --> 01:21:05,900
complications mean Eleanor needs
to reach her quickly. 

1453
01:21:07,400 --> 01:21:09,300
But going outside of the storm 
is madness. 

1454
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:13,300
The streets are rivers of flying
debris and the wind is strong 

1455
01:21:13,300 --> 01:21:15,000
enough to make walking nearly 
impossible. 

1456
01:21:15,900 --> 01:21:19,000
Eleanor looks at the store. 
Looks at her bag of instruments 

1457
01:21:19,000 --> 01:21:22,700
and herbs thinks about the woman
and unborn child and makes the 

1458
01:21:22,700 --> 01:21:25,600
choice. 
She wraps herself in every piece

1459
01:21:25,600 --> 01:21:28,200
of heavy clothing. 
She owns and sets out into the 

1460
01:21:28,208 --> 01:21:31,600
Tempest. 
Her journey of less than half, a

1461
01:21:31,600 --> 01:21:35,700
mile takes over an hour. crawls 
part of the way holding onto 

1462
01:21:35,700 --> 01:21:39,500
walls and fences moving between 
buildings when the wind briefly 

1463
01:21:39,500 --> 01:21:44,300
lessens A roof tile, strikes, 
her shoulder leaving a bruise, 

1464
01:21:44,300 --> 01:21:46,000
but fortunately not breaking a 
bone. 

1465
01:21:46,600 --> 01:21:49,200
At one point, a gusts simply 
lifts her off her feet and 

1466
01:21:49,200 --> 01:21:54,000
deposits her 10 feet away. 
But Eleanor keeps going driven 

1467
01:21:54,000 --> 01:21:57,800
by professional Duty and sheer 
stubbornness until she reaches 

1468
01:21:57,800 --> 01:22:00,500
her patient. 
The baby will be born healthy, 

1469
01:22:00,500 --> 01:22:03,500
just after Dawn. 
And Ellen, will later say that 

1470
01:22:03,500 --> 01:22:05,700
bringing life into the world 
during history is deadly. 

1471
01:22:05,700 --> 01:22:08,500
A storm gave her a perspective 
on resilience that she never 

1472
01:22:08,500 --> 01:22:12,100
lost. 
Out at Sea, the situation is a 

1473
01:22:12,108 --> 01:22:16,500
pure Nightmare on the HMS. 
Maori, a fourth-rate ship with 

1474
01:22:16,500 --> 01:22:18,700
50 guns. 
The crew is done everything. 

1475
01:22:18,700 --> 01:22:23,700
Right anchors are down sales, a 
field and hatches a baton. 

1476
01:22:23,700 --> 01:22:26,800
The wind is so strong that the 
ship is dragging. 

1477
01:22:26,800 --> 01:22:30,600
Her anchors anyway, moving 
slowly but inexorably toward the

1478
01:22:30,600 --> 01:22:31,900
rocky shore of the Isle of 
Wight. 

1479
01:22:33,400 --> 01:22:36,400
The captain knows what's coming.
He can feel it through the 

1480
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:40,400
ship's Timbers that subtle 
change in motion that tells an 

1481
01:22:40,400 --> 01:22:43,000
experienced semen that his 
vessel is doomed. 

1482
01:22:43,700 --> 01:22:46,400
He can't save the ship perhaps. 
He can save the crew. 

1483
01:22:47,200 --> 01:22:50,900
He orders everyone into the 
rigging counterintuitive but it 

1484
01:22:50,900 --> 01:22:53,400
gets them higher above the deck 
before the ship grounds. 

1485
01:22:54,000 --> 01:22:57,600
When the Mary finally strikes, 
the Rocks around 4 a.m. the 

1486
01:22:57,600 --> 01:23:00,300
impact is so violent, that it 
tears the bottom out of the 

1487
01:23:00,300 --> 01:23:03,800
hull. 
The ship floods in minutes, but 

1488
01:23:03,800 --> 01:23:07,800
most of the crew clinging to the
mask and yards survive until 

1489
01:23:07,800 --> 01:23:10,200
dawn when Rescuers can reach 
them. 

1490
01:23:10,200 --> 01:23:15,800
Not everyone is so fortunate. 
The HMS Northumberland, a large 

1491
01:23:15,800 --> 01:23:19,100
Merchant vessel pressed into 
Navy service, breaks, free of 

1492
01:23:19,100 --> 01:23:22,100
her Moorings in Portsmouth, and 
is driven directly into the path

1493
01:23:22,100 --> 01:23:26,500
of the HMS. Mary, The two ships 
Collide in the darkness with a 

1494
01:23:26,500 --> 01:23:30,000
grinding, splintering crash, 
that can be heard on Shore over 

1495
01:23:30,000 --> 01:23:34,300
the wind, the Northumberland 
Mass fall like trees, crushing 

1496
01:23:34,300 --> 01:23:38,600
men who have no time to escape. 
the ship begins taking on water 

1497
01:23:38,600 --> 01:23:44,100
immediately and in the chaos and
darkness rescue is impossible of

1498
01:23:44,100 --> 01:23:49,200
a crew of 200 fewer than 200 
will see the dawn In Kent, a 

1499
01:23:49,200 --> 01:23:51,400
Shepherd named William has been 
caught away from home. 

1500
01:23:51,400 --> 01:23:54,800
When the storm truly hit. 
He's taken shelter in a small 

1501
01:23:54,808 --> 01:23:59,100
Stone Hut used for storing 
tools, basically four walls, and

1502
01:23:59,100 --> 01:24:01,200
a solid roof. 
No windows. 

1503
01:24:01,200 --> 01:24:06,800
And one door it's cramped and 
cold, but it's Stone and it's 

1504
01:24:06,800 --> 01:24:11,300
holding William settles in to 
wait out the storm, listening to

1505
01:24:11,300 --> 01:24:15,000
The Unbelievable Fury outside 
and probably thinking about 

1506
01:24:15,000 --> 01:24:18,800
every poor decision that led to 
him being here, instead of Home 

1507
01:24:18,800 --> 01:24:22,500
in his own bed. 
Around midnight, William, hears,

1508
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:24,800
something over the store, an odd
bleeding. 

1509
01:24:24,800 --> 01:24:28,400
Sound opening the door, 
slightly, he finds a you from 

1510
01:24:28,408 --> 01:24:30,800
his flock terrified and pressed 
against the wall. 

1511
01:24:30,800 --> 01:24:34,600
He pulls her inside within an 
hour, three more sheep of 

1512
01:24:34,600 --> 01:24:37,100
Founders shelter. 
Then a fox appears and 

1513
01:24:37,100 --> 01:24:39,300
William's. 
First instinct is to drive it 

1514
01:24:39,300 --> 01:24:42,500
away. 
Something about the absolute 

1515
01:24:42,500 --> 01:24:44,300
Terror. 
In the animals eyes makes him 

1516
01:24:44,300 --> 01:24:47,500
hesitate. 
The fox slinks into a corner as 

1517
01:24:47,500 --> 01:24:50,100
far from the Sheep as possible 
and lies their shaking. 

1518
01:24:51,200 --> 01:24:54,000
They all survive the night 
together in that, Tiny Stone 

1519
01:24:54,000 --> 01:24:57,800
Hut. 
Predator and prey United by fear

1520
01:24:57,800 --> 01:24:59,200
of something worse than each 
other. 

1521
01:25:00,100 --> 01:25:03,700
Back in London, Westminster 
Abbey is suffering devastating 

1522
01:25:03,700 --> 01:25:06,000
damage. 
This isn't some wooden 

1523
01:25:06,000 --> 01:25:09,400
structure, but a massive Stone 
building that stood for 

1524
01:25:09,400 --> 01:25:12,400
centuries. 
Yet the wind is finding 

1525
01:25:12,400 --> 01:25:14,400
weaknesses that nobody knew 
existed. 

1526
01:25:15,500 --> 01:25:17,400
Lead sheets on the roof, 
appealing back. 

1527
01:25:17,400 --> 01:25:21,600
Like paper flying debris has 
broken several ancient stained 

1528
01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:24,700
glass windows. 
Most dramatically the Abby's 

1529
01:25:24,700 --> 01:25:28,300
roof which weighs several tons 
actually lifts and shifts 

1530
01:25:28,300 --> 01:25:30,900
dropping back down at slight 
angle. 

1531
01:25:30,900 --> 01:25:34,200
The architectural damage will 
take years to properly repair 

1532
01:25:35,200 --> 01:25:38,000
The Tower of London, that 
ancient Fortress that is with 

1533
01:25:38,000 --> 01:25:41,200
stood, sieges fires and 
political upheavals is 

1534
01:25:41,200 --> 01:25:45,100
experiencing something new. 
The wind is so strong that it's 

1535
01:25:45,100 --> 01:25:48,900
actually pushing in the leaded, 
Windows, the famous Ravens that 

1536
01:25:48,900 --> 01:25:52,500
live in the tower who according 
to Legend, protect England by 

1537
01:25:52,500 --> 01:25:55,900
their presence of all taken 
shelter in the deepest most 

1538
01:25:55,900 --> 01:25:59,400
protected corners of the 
Fortress even birds that are 

1539
01:25:59,400 --> 01:26:02,200
essentially carrying heaters 
built to handle harsh 

1540
01:26:02,200 --> 01:26:07,100
conditions, know, when to admit 
defeat, in Portsmouth a naval 

1541
01:26:07,100 --> 01:26:10,700
officer named Samuel peeps not 
the diarist, but a distant 

1542
01:26:10,700 --> 01:26:14,900
relative is trapped aboard his 
ship making impossible decisions

1543
01:26:15,900 --> 01:26:18,800
His vessel has dragged anchor 
and his heading toward the 

1544
01:26:18,800 --> 01:26:22,700
Rocks, but the storm is so 
violent that he can't order men 

1545
01:26:22,700 --> 01:26:25,400
on Deck without essentially 
sending them to their deaths. 

1546
01:26:26,100 --> 01:26:30,300
He watches three ships, Collide 
nearby sees, masts fall. 

1547
01:26:30,300 --> 01:26:33,200
And here's the screams of men 
going into the water. 

1548
01:26:33,200 --> 01:26:36,400
There's nothing he can do 
command in. 

1549
01:26:36,408 --> 01:26:40,600
This storm is meaningless. 
Nature is in charge now and all 

1550
01:26:40,600 --> 01:26:42,400
human authority is temporarily 
suspended. 

1551
01:26:43,800 --> 01:26:47,400
Around 4 a.m. something shifts 
in the storm's character. 

1552
01:26:47,400 --> 01:26:51,300
It doesn't weaken if anything. 
This is the peak of its Fury. 

1553
01:26:52,000 --> 01:26:55,900
But the wind begins to change 
direction swinging, around from 

1554
01:26:55,900 --> 01:26:58,300
the southwest to the west and 
then North West. 

1555
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:02,400
This rotation means that places 
that had been somewhat protected

1556
01:27:02,400 --> 01:27:05,500
by geography. 
Now get hit with full force 

1557
01:27:05,500 --> 01:27:08,400
while areas that had borne the 
brunt for hours. 

1558
01:27:08,400 --> 01:27:13,300
Get briefed relative respite. 
This windshift causes a new wave

1559
01:27:13,300 --> 01:27:17,200
of Destruction buildings that 
had survived by facing away from

1560
01:27:17,200 --> 01:27:18,400
the wind now. 
Have it? 

1561
01:27:18,400 --> 01:27:20,100
Hit them from unexpected, 
angles. 

1562
01:27:21,000 --> 01:27:23,600
Ships that had positioned 
themselves carefully for South 

1563
01:27:23,600 --> 01:27:27,300
West, Winds find themselves 
broadside north-west gales. 

1564
01:27:28,400 --> 01:27:31,900
The windshift feels almost 
malicious as if the storm is 

1565
01:27:31,900 --> 01:27:34,300
making sure nothing escapes its 
attention. 

1566
01:27:35,700 --> 01:27:38,900
On the coast of Hampshire, a 
small fishing Village experience

1567
01:27:38,900 --> 01:27:42,000
is what locals will later 
describe as the most terrifying 

1568
01:27:42,000 --> 01:27:45,100
hour of the night. 
The wind had been bad but 

1569
01:27:45,100 --> 01:27:49,500
survivable, then the shift 
happens and suddenly the wind is

1570
01:27:49,500 --> 01:27:51,900
coming, straight off the ocean 
with nothing to block it. 

1571
01:27:52,900 --> 01:27:57,300
The entire Villages fishing 
fleet 20 small boats drawn up on

1572
01:27:57,308 --> 01:28:00,700
the beach is picked up and 
thrown against the Seawall. 

1573
01:28:01,900 --> 01:28:05,400
Houses nearest. 
The water struck by waves that 

1574
01:28:05,400 --> 01:28:06,800
have no business being that 
large. 

1575
01:28:07,700 --> 01:28:10,800
Three Cottages, simply collapse 
into the sea which is now 

1576
01:28:10,800 --> 01:28:12,900
reaching places, it has never 
reached before. 

1577
01:28:13,700 --> 01:28:17,900
The Village Church which sits on
a slight rise and has been a 

1578
01:28:17,900 --> 01:28:21,600
landmark for 200 years loses, 
its entire roof. 

1579
01:28:21,600 --> 01:28:26,300
In one piece, the roof simply 
lifts off sails, several hundred

1580
01:28:26,300 --> 01:28:29,400
yards, Inland and lands in a 
field where it will remain 

1581
01:28:29,400 --> 01:28:33,400
largely intact. 
The church bell falls from the 

1582
01:28:33,400 --> 01:28:36,600
tower and rolls down into the 
Village Square where it will 

1583
01:28:36,600 --> 01:28:40,100
stay for weeks because it's too 
heavy to move easily and there 

1584
01:28:40,100 --> 01:28:44,000
are far more pressing concerns. 
As the first hints of gray. 

1585
01:28:44,000 --> 01:28:46,800
Light begin to appear in the 
Eastern Sky though. 

1586
01:28:46,800 --> 01:28:50,100
Light is a generous term for the
murky dimness that passes for 

1587
01:28:50,100 --> 01:28:54,500
Dawn on November 27th. 
People begin to realize that 

1588
01:28:54,500 --> 01:28:57,900
they might actually survive 
this, the storm is still raging,

1589
01:28:57,900 --> 01:29:00,700
but there's a subtle lessening 
of intensity. 

1590
01:29:00,700 --> 01:29:06,100
A sense that perhaps the worst 
as passed, Of course, nobody can

1591
01:29:06,100 --> 01:29:10,300
be sure the storm has already 
defied every expectation and 

1592
01:29:10,300 --> 01:29:13,100
broken, every rule. 
Who's to say it won't suddenly 

1593
01:29:13,100 --> 01:29:16,300
intensify again but slowly 
gradually. 

1594
01:29:16,300 --> 01:29:20,000
The wind does begin to decrease.
Not quickly. 

1595
01:29:20,000 --> 01:29:25,300
This isn't like a switch being 
flipped off, but measurably by 6

1596
01:29:25,300 --> 01:29:28,700
a.m. it's possible to stand 
outside without being knocked 

1597
01:29:28,700 --> 01:29:32,000
down, though, you still need to 
lean into the wind and watch for

1598
01:29:32,000 --> 01:29:36,200
flying debris. 
By 7 a.m. the wind has dropped 

1599
01:29:36,200 --> 01:29:37,400
to. 
What would normally be called 

1600
01:29:37,400 --> 01:29:40,100
gale force? 
Which after the horrors of the 

1601
01:29:40,100 --> 01:29:42,300
night? 
Feels almost calm by comparison.

1602
01:29:43,300 --> 01:29:46,400
The storm isn't over, it will 
continue to batter parts of 

1603
01:29:46,400 --> 01:29:49,400
England and move on to ravage 
sections of Europe for another 

1604
01:29:49,400 --> 01:29:52,400
day. 
But the absolute Peak that 

1605
01:29:52,400 --> 01:29:56,000
nightmare period between 
midnight and Dawn, his finally 

1606
01:29:56,000 --> 01:29:59,800
ending people begin to emerge 
from whatever shelter they 

1607
01:29:59,800 --> 01:30:02,500
found. 
Stepping out into a world that 

1608
01:30:02,500 --> 01:30:04,400
has been fundamentally 
transformed. 

1609
01:30:05,300 --> 01:30:08,200
Imagine stepping out of your 
shelf as the gray light of 

1610
01:30:08,200 --> 01:30:12,600
November 27th, gross strong 
enough to actually see by the 

1611
01:30:12,600 --> 01:30:15,800
wind is still blowing hard. 
But compared to the knights 

1612
01:30:15,800 --> 01:30:20,400
Fury, it feels almost gentle. 
First thing that strikes you is 

1613
01:30:20,400 --> 01:30:25,700
the smell fresh wood from 
thousands of broken trees salt. 

1614
01:30:25,700 --> 01:30:29,500
Spray carried miles, Inland from
the sea Disturbed Earth from 

1615
01:30:29,500 --> 01:30:32,900
buildings that have collapsed 
and smoke from fires that have 

1616
01:30:32,900 --> 01:30:36,400
broken out in the chaos. 
The second thing you notice is 

1617
01:30:36,400 --> 01:30:39,800
the sound after hours of 
continuous roaring. 

1618
01:30:39,800 --> 01:30:42,200
Wind the relative quiet is 
almost disorienting. 

1619
01:30:42,200 --> 01:30:45,300
Your ears are ringing from the 
sustained volume. 

1620
01:30:46,100 --> 01:30:49,600
But there are new sounds now. 
The crash of delayed structural 

1621
01:30:49,600 --> 01:30:52,500
collapses as buildings that were
weakened during the night. 

1622
01:30:52,500 --> 01:30:56,300
Finally, give up The calls of 
people searching for family 

1623
01:30:56,300 --> 01:30:59,600
members and neighbors, and the 
creaking of damaged structures 

1624
01:30:59,600 --> 01:31:01,000
that are still partially 
standing. 

1625
01:31:01,900 --> 01:31:04,900
Then you look around and your 
mind struggles to process what 

1626
01:31:04,900 --> 01:31:07,900
you're seeing the landscape has 
been transformed. 

1627
01:31:07,900 --> 01:31:11,400
So completely that it takes a 
moment to orient yourself. 

1628
01:31:12,300 --> 01:31:15,800
Trees that will landmarks that. 
You've used your entire life to 

1629
01:31:15,800 --> 01:31:19,500
navigate our gone. 
Buildings that Define the 

1630
01:31:19,500 --> 01:31:22,900
skyline have vanished or are now
unrecognizable ruins. 

1631
01:31:23,800 --> 01:31:26,000
The Village or town. 
You've lived in your whole life 

1632
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:27,800
has become a foreign country 
overnight. 

1633
01:31:28,600 --> 01:31:31,300
In the countryside, the 
devastation is staggering, but 

1634
01:31:31,300 --> 01:31:35,100
at least it's spread out. 
Entire forests are flattened yes

1635
01:31:35,100 --> 01:31:38,000
but forests were going to be cut
down eventually anyway. 

1636
01:31:38,000 --> 01:31:41,500
For Timber, it's shocking, but 
it's not as immediately 

1637
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:44,000
heartbreaking as what's 
happening in population centers 

1638
01:31:44,000 --> 01:31:47,500
in towns and cities, the 
destruction is intimate and 

1639
01:31:47,500 --> 01:31:50,600
immediate this pile of rubble 
was the baker family's house 

1640
01:31:50,600 --> 01:31:53,200
where Mrs. Baker made the best 
bread in the village. 

1641
01:31:54,100 --> 01:31:57,100
That scattered Timber was the 
Smithy where horses were shot 

1642
01:31:57,100 --> 01:32:01,800
and tools were mended the church
where you were baptized where 

1643
01:32:01,800 --> 01:32:04,600
your parents were married and 
where your grandparents are 

1644
01:32:04,600 --> 01:32:07,100
buried. 
It's now missing half its roof 

1645
01:32:07,100 --> 01:32:11,500
and its entire steeple. 
The community's physical memory 

1646
01:32:11,500 --> 01:32:13,200
has been partially erased 
overnight. 

1647
01:32:14,200 --> 01:32:17,500
People are emerging slowly and 
cautiously many of them in 

1648
01:32:17,500 --> 01:32:21,400
shock, you see a woman standing 
in front of where a house used 

1649
01:32:21,400 --> 01:32:24,800
to be just standing there 
staring at the ruble, not 

1650
01:32:24,800 --> 01:32:29,400
moving, not speaking. 
A man is walking in circles in 

1651
01:32:29,400 --> 01:32:32,400
his yard, picking up random 
objects, a cooking pot, a child 

1652
01:32:32,400 --> 01:32:35,800
shoe, a book holding each one 
for a moment before setting it 

1653
01:32:35,800 --> 01:32:37,200
down and picking up something 
else. 

1654
01:32:37,200 --> 01:32:39,700
As if he's lost, the ability to 
decide. 

1655
01:32:39,700 --> 01:32:44,400
What's important children crying
from Fear, some from exhaustion 

1656
01:32:44,400 --> 01:32:47,800
and some from that peculiar 
distress that comes from having 

1657
01:32:47,800 --> 01:32:51,200
their entire world revealed as 
less safe and stable than they 

1658
01:32:51,200 --> 01:32:54,400
believed. 
Dogs are barking frantically 

1659
01:32:54,400 --> 01:32:57,700
trying to find their owners or 
protect property that no longer 

1660
01:32:57,700 --> 01:33:00,500
exists. 
Cats are nowhere to be seen. 

1661
01:33:00,500 --> 01:33:04,300
They've all hidden in whatever 
deep dark places they could find

1662
01:33:04,300 --> 01:33:08,400
and won't emerge for days. 
The death toll becomes apparent.

1663
01:33:08,400 --> 01:33:11,400
Gradually Someone finds a body 
under Rubble here. 

1664
01:33:11,400 --> 01:33:15,700
Another is discovered in a 
collapsed building their Family 

1665
01:33:15,700 --> 01:33:17,600
didn't make it out when their 
house collapsed. 

1666
01:33:18,300 --> 01:33:22,500
An elderly person too frail to 
evacuate to Stronger shelter was

1667
01:33:22,500 --> 01:33:25,000
crushed. 
When a beam fell, the numbers 

1668
01:33:25,000 --> 01:33:28,400
start to accumulate and with 
each Discovery, the community 

1669
01:33:28,400 --> 01:33:35,100
shock deepened In London, the 
scene is a poetic streets are in

1670
01:33:35,100 --> 01:33:37,500
impossible. 
Blocked by Fallen chimneys 

1671
01:33:37,500 --> 01:33:42,600
collapsed walls and debris. 
The lead Merchants Warehouse 

1672
01:33:42,600 --> 01:33:46,600
near the Thames as collapsed. 
Spilling thousands of sheets of 

1673
01:33:46,600 --> 01:33:48,900
LED roofing material into the 
streets. 

1674
01:33:49,900 --> 01:33:52,000
Tiles and Bricks Like 
everywhere. 

1675
01:33:52,000 --> 01:33:56,600
Mixed with broken glass 
splintered wood and Scattered 

1676
01:33:56,600 --> 01:33:59,400
belongings from homes that no 
longer have roofs to protect 

1677
01:33:59,400 --> 01:34:02,300
their contents. 
Westminster Abbey looks like 

1678
01:34:02,300 --> 01:34:05,700
it's been hit by artillery. 
The roof damage is extensive 

1679
01:34:05,700 --> 01:34:08,600
exposing the interior, the 
elements. 

1680
01:34:09,300 --> 01:34:12,900
Several Pinnacles and decorative
elements of Fallen smashing into

1681
01:34:12,900 --> 01:34:15,900
the streets below. 
The clock tower stopped working,

1682
01:34:15,900 --> 01:34:19,200
its mechanism jammed by the 
building structural shifts. 

1683
01:34:19,200 --> 01:34:22,500
The queen will later be told 
that the damage to the Abbey 

1684
01:34:22,500 --> 01:34:26,000
alone will cost thousands of 
pounds to repair a fortune in 

1685
01:34:26,000 --> 01:34:30,200
1703 money. 
Daniel Defoe having survived the

1686
01:34:30,208 --> 01:34:33,400
night with his family begins. 
What will become the world's 

1687
01:34:33,400 --> 01:34:35,200
first. 
Systematic disaster 

1688
01:34:35,200 --> 01:34:38,100
investigation. 
The places advertisements in 

1689
01:34:38,108 --> 01:34:41,700
London newspapers asking people 
to send him their observations 

1690
01:34:41,700 --> 01:34:44,500
and experiences. 
He's going to collect data, 

1691
01:34:44,500 --> 01:34:48,700
compiles, statistics and create 
a comprehensive account of the 

1692
01:34:48,708 --> 01:34:52,000
storm. 
Its revolutionary journalism 

1693
01:34:52,000 --> 01:34:56,700
using systematic investigation 
and I witnessed testimony to 

1694
01:34:56,700 --> 01:35:01,400
document and natural disaster. 
His eventual publication, the 

1695
01:35:01,400 --> 01:35:05,200
storm will become a historical 
document of immense value. 

1696
01:35:06,100 --> 01:35:09,900
Along the coast, the maritime 
disaster is beyond anything. 

1697
01:35:09,900 --> 01:35:12,300
The Royal Navy has experience in
peace time. 

1698
01:35:12,300 --> 01:35:15,200
Portsmouth, Harbour looks like a
Battlefield. 

1699
01:35:16,300 --> 01:35:19,900
Ship's a piled on top of each 
other, masks are broken and 

1700
01:35:19,900 --> 01:35:23,600
trailing in the water and hulls 
a stove in and sinking. 

1701
01:35:24,600 --> 01:35:27,500
Bodies are washing up on shore 
Sailors, who went into the water

1702
01:35:27,500 --> 01:35:31,800
during the night and never made 
it out. the Eddystone light, 

1703
01:35:31,800 --> 01:35:35,000
which stood as a symbol of human
engineering triumphing over 

1704
01:35:35,000 --> 01:35:39,200
Nature, has vanished completely 
Search ships, will eventually 

1705
01:35:39,200 --> 01:35:42,700
find the Rocks where it stood, 
but not a single piece of the 

1706
01:35:42,700 --> 01:35:46,800
structure remains. 
Henry winstanley who designed 

1707
01:35:46,800 --> 01:35:49,900
and built the lighthouse and who
famously said he wanted to be 

1708
01:35:49,908 --> 01:35:51,900
inside it. 
During the greatest storm to 

1709
01:35:51,900 --> 01:35:55,100
prove its strength. 
God is wish in the coolest way 

1710
01:35:55,100 --> 01:35:57,600
possible. 
His confidence in his 

1711
01:35:57,600 --> 01:35:59,400
engineering as cost him 
everything. 

1712
01:36:00,400 --> 01:36:04,000
Merchant ships from around. 
The world have been destroyed a 

1713
01:36:04,000 --> 01:36:06,800
vessel from the East Indies, 
carrying spices and silk with a 

1714
01:36:06,800 --> 01:36:09,000
small fortune has sunk in the 
harbor. 

1715
01:36:10,000 --> 01:36:14,200
Ship from the Americas loaded 
with tobacco and sugar has been 

1716
01:36:14,200 --> 01:36:16,300
driven onto the rocks and broken
apart. 

1717
01:36:17,300 --> 01:36:20,400
Insurance companies in London 
will face bankruptcy from the 

1718
01:36:20,400 --> 01:36:23,000
claims. 
The financial impact of the 

1719
01:36:23,000 --> 01:36:25,200
storm will Ripple through the 
economy for years. 

1720
01:36:26,200 --> 01:36:29,100
The total ship losses are 
difficult to calculate initially

1721
01:36:29,100 --> 01:36:32,300
because ships, keeping found 
wrecked in unexpected places. 

1722
01:36:32,300 --> 01:36:35,900
The wind was strong enough to 
blow vessels miles from where 

1723
01:36:35,900 --> 01:36:40,100
they should have been One 
merchant ship is found several 

1724
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:42,700
miles. 
Inland blown up a tidal Creek 

1725
01:36:42,700 --> 01:36:44,600
and deposited in a farmer's 
field. 

1726
01:36:44,600 --> 01:36:47,600
Like some bizarre, sea monster 
that lost its way. 

1727
01:36:48,600 --> 01:36:51,500
It will stay there for years 
because moving it is in 

1728
01:36:51,500 --> 01:36:54,400
Practical. 
Eventually, it will just rot in 

1729
01:36:54,400 --> 01:36:56,400
place. 
Becoming a landmark. 

1730
01:36:56,400 --> 01:37:01,100
And a reminder, Bishop's Palace 
in Wells, Somerset has lost most

1731
01:37:01,100 --> 01:37:04,000
of its roof. 
Tiles that have protected this 

1732
01:37:04,000 --> 01:37:06,900
building for centuries are gone 
scattered across the 

1733
01:37:06,900 --> 01:37:10,200
countryside. 
Rain is now falling into rooms 

1734
01:37:10,200 --> 01:37:12,000
that have not been wet since 
they were built. 

1735
01:37:12,800 --> 01:37:14,900
Ancient manuscripts and 
documents are being. 

1736
01:37:14,908 --> 01:37:17,900
Hastily moved to try to save the
from water damage. 

1737
01:37:17,900 --> 01:37:21,300
It will take months to make the 
palace weatherproof again. 

1738
01:37:22,200 --> 01:37:25,100
Canterbury Cathedral one of the 
most important religious sites 

1739
01:37:25,100 --> 01:37:28,500
in England has suffered damage 
to its Bell Harry Tower 

1740
01:37:29,400 --> 01:37:32,700
stonework that has stood since 
the 1400s has been weakened or 

1741
01:37:32,700 --> 01:37:35,900
destroyed, Lead sheet have been 
torn from the roof. 

1742
01:37:35,900 --> 01:37:38,900
The Archbishop will later 
calculate that the storm has 

1743
01:37:38,900 --> 01:37:41,600
done more damage to the 
cathedral, that was inflicted 

1744
01:37:41,600 --> 01:37:45,500
during the entire nation. 
As people begin to assess the 

1745
01:37:45,500 --> 01:37:48,000
damage and start the 
overwhelming task of recovery. 

1746
01:37:49,000 --> 01:37:51,300
Stories emerge that strain 
credibility? 

1747
01:37:52,400 --> 01:37:55,600
A woman in Kent claims that her 
chickens were blown, two miles 

1748
01:37:55,600 --> 01:37:59,600
from her farm, and landed alive.
But extremely confused in 

1749
01:37:59,600 --> 01:38:02,900
Neighbors yard. 
A farmer insists that the wind 

1750
01:38:02,900 --> 01:38:05,600
was so strong, it blew the 
fleece off several of his sheep.

1751
01:38:06,400 --> 01:38:08,900
Claim that seems impossible 
until you see the sheep in 

1752
01:38:08,900 --> 01:38:12,100
question partially shared by 
wind and flying debris. 

1753
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:16,400
Someone finds a haystack from 
Sussex, sitting in a field in 

1754
01:38:16,400 --> 01:38:19,800
Kent blown, 20 miles from its 
original location. 

1755
01:38:20,900 --> 01:38:23,800
A weather vane from a church 
steeple in Hampshire, his 

1756
01:38:23,800 --> 01:38:27,400
discovered embedded in a tree in
Dorset, 40 miles away. 

1757
01:38:28,300 --> 01:38:30,100
These objects aren't just blown 
around. 

1758
01:38:30,100 --> 01:38:33,500
They're becoming projectiles 
that travel distance is that 

1759
01:38:33,500 --> 01:38:35,300
seem to violate the laws of 
physics. 

1760
01:38:35,300 --> 01:38:38,300
The task of clearing, the debris
and beginning. 

1761
01:38:38,300 --> 01:38:42,200
Repairs is overwhelming in every
village in every town. 

1762
01:38:42,200 --> 01:38:45,100
People are looking at months or 
years of work. 

1763
01:38:45,100 --> 01:38:50,000
Roofs need to be rebuilt, walls,
need to be repaired and trees 

1764
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:53,900
need to be cleared and winter is
coming damaged. 

1765
01:38:53,900 --> 01:38:56,700
Buildings need to be made 
weatherproof before the real 

1766
01:38:56,700 --> 01:39:00,000
cold arrives. 
There's a desperate urgency to 

1767
01:39:00,000 --> 01:39:03,200
the work driven by the 
knowledge, that another storm, 

1768
01:39:03,200 --> 01:39:06,500
even a normal one. 
Could be catastrophic for 

1769
01:39:06,500 --> 01:39:08,200
buildings that are barely 
standing. 

1770
01:39:09,000 --> 01:39:11,800
Help begins to arrive from areas
that were less affected. 

1771
01:39:12,600 --> 01:39:15,400
The northern counties which 
experienced strong winds, but 

1772
01:39:15,400 --> 01:39:18,800
nothing like the destruction, in
the South send workers and 

1773
01:39:18,800 --> 01:39:22,700
materials, the queen opens, the 
Royal purse to help with repairs

1774
01:39:22,700 --> 01:39:24,400
to churches and public 
buildings. 

1775
01:39:25,200 --> 01:39:27,700
Wealthy landowners, organized 
relief, efforts for their 

1776
01:39:27,700 --> 01:39:31,200
tenants. 
It's not enough, it can't be 

1777
01:39:31,200 --> 01:39:33,900
enough. 
But it's something and in the 

1778
01:39:33,900 --> 01:39:37,500
aftermath of disaster, something
is infinitely better than 

1779
01:39:37,500 --> 01:39:40,900
nothing as the day progresses 
and the win continues to die 

1780
01:39:40,900 --> 01:39:42,700
down. 
People start trying to 

1781
01:39:42,700 --> 01:39:45,700
understand what happened. 
This is the beginning of a 

1782
01:39:45,700 --> 01:39:48,100
collective attempt to make sense
of something that defies 

1783
01:39:48,100 --> 01:39:51,200
comprehension. 
In an age before. 

1784
01:39:51,200 --> 01:39:54,600
Modern meteorology before 
whether science, as we know it, 

1785
01:39:54,600 --> 01:39:57,600
people are reaching for 
explanations that make sense 

1786
01:39:57,600 --> 01:40:00,800
within their world view. 
In the days and weeks. 

1787
01:40:00,800 --> 01:40:03,500
Following the great storm people
across, England are asking the 

1788
01:40:03,500 --> 01:40:05,600
same question what just 
happened? 

1789
01:40:06,500 --> 01:40:09,900
You have to remember that in 
1703, the scientific 

1790
01:40:09,900 --> 01:40:13,600
understanding of whether was 
primitive at best, the barometer

1791
01:40:13,600 --> 01:40:14,300
exists. 
Yes. 

1792
01:40:14,300 --> 01:40:18,300
But it's a novelty. 
The concept of air pressure is 

1793
01:40:18,300 --> 01:40:21,900
understood in abstract terms by 
a few scientists but the 

1794
01:40:21,900 --> 01:40:25,100
connection between precious 
systems and weather is still 

1795
01:40:25,100 --> 01:40:27,000
being debated in academic 
circles. 

1796
01:40:27,000 --> 01:40:30,500
Most people's understanding of 
weather comes from centuries of 

1797
01:40:30,508 --> 01:40:32,700
folk wisdom and religious 
interpretation. 

1798
01:40:33,500 --> 01:40:37,800
Storms are sent by God either as
punishment for sin or as tests 

1799
01:40:37,800 --> 01:40:41,400
of faith. weather patterns are 
influenced by the Moon by the 

1800
01:40:41,400 --> 01:40:44,800
stars and by various signs and 
Omens that experience people 

1801
01:40:44,800 --> 01:40:48,300
learn to read It's not 
scientific but it's the 

1802
01:40:48,300 --> 01:40:50,800
framework people have for 
understanding their world. 

1803
01:40:51,600 --> 01:40:55,200
So when a storm of unprecedented
violent strikes without warning 

1804
01:40:55,200 --> 01:40:58,800
and causes unimaginable 
destruction, the search for 

1805
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:03,100
meaning becomes urgent. 
Religious leaders, who serve as 

1806
01:41:03,100 --> 01:41:05,300
the primary interpreters of 
major events. 

1807
01:41:05,300 --> 01:41:08,700
Immediately frame. 
The storm in theological terms. 

1808
01:41:09,700 --> 01:41:12,700
Sermons across the country. 
Describe, it is divine judgment,

1809
01:41:12,700 --> 01:41:15,200
though. 
What exactly English is being 

1810
01:41:15,200 --> 01:41:18,100
judged for various depending on 
the preachers particular 

1811
01:41:18,100 --> 01:41:22,200
theological emphasis, Some 
ministers point to the ongoing 

1812
01:41:22,200 --> 01:41:25,900
war with France, suggesting that
God is displeased with the 

1813
01:41:25,900 --> 01:41:30,300
Bloodshed others focus on moral 
decay in London, claiming that 

1814
01:41:30,300 --> 01:41:34,200
the storm is punishment for the 
theater gambling and other 

1815
01:41:34,200 --> 01:41:36,200
vice's flourishing in the 
capital. 

1816
01:41:37,200 --> 01:41:40,400
Still others, take a more 
political angle, suggesting that

1817
01:41:40,400 --> 01:41:43,800
religious divisions between 
anglicans and dissenters, have 

1818
01:41:43,800 --> 01:41:47,600
angered the Almighty. 
These explanations provide 

1819
01:41:47,600 --> 01:41:51,200
comfort in their way. 
If the storm is divine judgment 

1820
01:41:51,200 --> 01:41:55,500
then it's not random. 
It has meaning purpose and cause

1821
01:41:55,500 --> 01:41:59,200
and if it has a cause then 
perhaps it can be prevented next

1822
01:41:59,200 --> 01:42:01,000
time by improving moral 
Behavior. 

1823
01:42:01,000 --> 01:42:05,200
Reforming religious practices, 
It's a way of restoring a sense 

1824
01:42:05,208 --> 01:42:08,400
of control in a situation that 
revealed how little control 

1825
01:42:08,400 --> 01:42:11,800
anyone actually has. 
Queen Anne, who is deeply 

1826
01:42:11,800 --> 01:42:15,300
religious orders are national 
day of fasting and prayer to be 

1827
01:42:15,300 --> 01:42:18,800
held in January. 
It's both a religious observant 

1828
01:42:18,800 --> 01:42:22,400
and a political statement 
acknowledging the disaster while

1829
01:42:22,400 --> 01:42:25,200
demonstrating Royal concern for 
the nation's welfare. 

1830
01:42:26,100 --> 01:42:29,500
Churches across England will 
hold special services and people

1831
01:42:29,500 --> 01:42:32,700
will pray for the souls of the 
dead and for protection from 

1832
01:42:32,700 --> 01:42:36,000
future disasters. 
But not everyone is satisfied 

1833
01:42:36,000 --> 01:42:39,900
with purely religious, 
explanations a small but growing

1834
01:42:39,900 --> 01:42:43,300
number of natural philosophers. 
The term scientists won't be 

1835
01:42:43,300 --> 01:42:46,600
coined for another Century are 
approaching the storm from a 

1836
01:42:46,600 --> 01:42:50,100
more analytical perspective. 
They want to understand the 

1837
01:42:50,100 --> 01:42:53,500
physical mechanisms that could 
produce such extraordinary wins.

1838
01:42:54,300 --> 01:42:57,300
Daniel defoe's investigation 
represents this new way of 

1839
01:42:57,308 --> 01:43:01,900
thinking, He's collecting data, 
systematically comparing 

1840
01:43:01,900 --> 01:43:05,100
accounts from different 
locations and trying to map the 

1841
01:43:05,100 --> 01:43:09,700
storm's path and intensity. 
He's asking questions like how 

1842
01:43:09,700 --> 01:43:13,300
fast were the winds, nobody 
knows because instruments to 

1843
01:43:13,300 --> 01:43:15,800
measure wind speed won't be 
invented until the 1800s. 

1844
01:43:16,700 --> 01:43:19,700
What was the air pressure? 
The few people with barometers 

1845
01:43:19,700 --> 01:43:22,800
report unprecedented lows, but 
there's no standard measurement 

1846
01:43:22,800 --> 01:43:26,200
system, did the storm follow a 
predictable path. 

1847
01:43:26,800 --> 01:43:30,700
The account suggests something 
strange a rotating storm system 

1848
01:43:30,700 --> 01:43:32,100
that moved across Southern 
England. 

1849
01:43:32,100 --> 01:43:35,900
But the concept of cyclonic 
rotation won't be understood for

1850
01:43:35,900 --> 01:43:39,400
over a century. 
Robert Hooke the brilliant, but 

1851
01:43:39,400 --> 01:43:42,900
often overlooked scientist who 
serves as curator of experiments

1852
01:43:42,900 --> 01:43:46,800
for the Royal Society, Has been 
keeping detailed weather records

1853
01:43:46,800 --> 01:43:49,800
for years. 
He reviews his observations from

1854
01:43:49,800 --> 01:43:53,500
late November and notes. 
The unusual barometric pressure 

1855
01:43:53,500 --> 01:43:57,000
reading He suspects. 
There's a connection between the

1856
01:43:57,000 --> 01:43:59,500
rapid pressure, drop and the 
storms intensity. 

1857
01:44:00,200 --> 01:44:03,000
But he lacks the theoretical 
framework to explain it 

1858
01:44:03,000 --> 01:44:06,800
properly. 
The Royal Society England's 

1859
01:44:06,800 --> 01:44:10,600
Premier scientific institution 
holds several meetings, 

1860
01:44:10,600 --> 01:44:12,600
dedicated to discussing the 
storm. 

1861
01:44:13,500 --> 01:44:17,500
Members present observations 
theories and speculations. 

1862
01:44:18,400 --> 01:44:20,800
Some of their ideas are 
surprisingly close to Modern 

1863
01:44:20,800 --> 01:44:24,700
understanding, they correctly, 
identify that the storm involved

1864
01:44:24,700 --> 01:44:29,400
rotating winds and move from 
west to east. other ideas are 

1865
01:44:29,400 --> 01:44:32,700
completely wrong including 
suggestions that earthquakes 

1866
01:44:32,700 --> 01:44:35,300
under the Atlantic somehow 
caused the storm or that 

1867
01:44:35,300 --> 01:44:38,100
unusual, planetary alignments 
influenced atmospheric 

1868
01:44:38,100 --> 01:44:42,100
conditions, What makes the 
discussion interesting is that 

1869
01:44:42,100 --> 01:44:44,800
they're trying to apply 
empirical observation and 

1870
01:44:44,800 --> 01:44:48,500
logical reasoning to a natural 
phenomenon rather than simply 

1871
01:44:48,500 --> 01:44:50,700
accepting Supernatural 
explanations. 

1872
01:44:50,700 --> 01:44:53,900
This represents an important 
moment in the development of 

1873
01:44:53,900 --> 01:44:57,100
meteorological science. 
Even if the actual understanding

1874
01:44:57,100 --> 01:45:00,700
is still primitive, one 
observation that particularly 

1875
01:45:00,700 --> 01:45:04,600
puzzles natural philosophers is 
the storms extraordinary wind 

1876
01:45:04,600 --> 01:45:07,000
speed. 
Several people report seeing 

1877
01:45:07,000 --> 01:45:09,600
objects blown velocities that 
seemed impossible. 

1878
01:45:10,600 --> 01:45:14,900
Tiles flying like birds pieces 
of roof traveling for Miles. 

1879
01:45:14,900 --> 01:45:17,400
People actually being lifted off
their feet. 

1880
01:45:18,300 --> 01:45:21,500
These accounts suggest wind 
speeds far beyond what anyone 

1881
01:45:21,500 --> 01:45:23,200
has measured or documented 
before. 

1882
01:45:24,700 --> 01:45:29,200
Modern meteorological analysis, 
conducted centuries later using 

1883
01:45:29,200 --> 01:45:33,100
defoe's collected accounts and 
other historical records suggest

1884
01:45:33,100 --> 01:45:36,300
that wind speeds during the 
storm's Peak may have reached 

1885
01:45:36,308 --> 01:45:42,700
120 to 130 miles per hour 
possibly higher in gusts that's 

1886
01:45:42,700 --> 01:45:46,800
Category, 3, hurricane strength,
but occurring in a Latitude 

1887
01:45:46,800 --> 01:45:48,900
where such storms essentially 
never happen. 

1888
01:45:48,900 --> 01:45:52,400
It's the equivalent of a major 
Caribbean hurricane somehow 

1889
01:45:52,400 --> 01:45:55,200
appearing in the English 
Channel, meteorologically 

1890
01:45:55,200 --> 01:45:57,000
bizarre and historically 
unprecedented. 

1891
01:45:58,400 --> 01:46:02,400
The storm's path is all so 
unusual, most Atlantic storms. 

1892
01:46:02,400 --> 01:46:05,300
That reach England come from the
south-west and weaken as they 

1893
01:46:05,300 --> 01:46:08,200
approached land. 
This storm seems to have 

1894
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:11,800
intensified as it approached, 
which violates normal storm 

1895
01:46:11,800 --> 01:46:14,800
Behavior. 
It also maintained its strength 

1896
01:46:14,800 --> 01:46:17,800
far longer than normal. 
Battering, Southern England for 

1897
01:46:17,800 --> 01:46:19,900
over 12 hours at Peak intense 
City. 

1898
01:46:20,800 --> 01:46:24,500
Everything about it, is 
exceptional, anomalous and 

1899
01:46:24,500 --> 01:46:26,000
wrong. 
According to the typical 

1900
01:46:26,000 --> 01:46:28,700
patterns, that experienced 
observers recognize, 

1901
01:46:28,700 --> 01:46:31,900
agricultural, communities are, 
particularly concerned with 

1902
01:46:31,900 --> 01:46:35,200
understanding, what happened, 
because they need to know if it 

1903
01:46:35,200 --> 01:46:37,900
could happen. 
Again, if this was a one-time 

1904
01:46:37,900 --> 01:46:41,000
Divine judgment, that's one 
thing, but if it's a weather 

1905
01:46:41,000 --> 01:46:43,700
pattern that might recur, then 
building practices need to 

1906
01:46:43,700 --> 01:46:48,500
change farming strategies need 
to adapt and communities need to

1907
01:46:48,500 --> 01:46:50,400
prepare differently for winter 
storms. 

1908
01:46:50,400 --> 01:46:55,500
The answer frustratingly. 
Is that nobody knows, This could

1909
01:46:55,500 --> 01:46:58,000
be a once in a millennium of 
event, that won't recur for 

1910
01:46:58,000 --> 01:47:01,800
centuries, or it could be the 
first of a new pattern, maybe 

1911
01:47:01,800 --> 01:47:05,300
the climate is changing, maybe 
some fundamental shift in 

1912
01:47:05,300 --> 01:47:06,900
atmospheric conditions as 
occurred. 

1913
01:47:07,800 --> 01:47:10,800
Without historical records going
back more than a generation or 

1914
01:47:10,800 --> 01:47:13,700
two and without scientific 
instruments to measure 

1915
01:47:13,700 --> 01:47:16,900
conditions properly. 
It's impossible to put the storm

1916
01:47:16,900 --> 01:47:19,800
in proper context. 
What people do know is that 

1917
01:47:19,800 --> 01:47:22,100
their understanding of what 
weather can do has been 

1918
01:47:22,100 --> 01:47:26,700
fundamentally revised Before the
storm people thought they knew 

1919
01:47:26,700 --> 01:47:30,600
the limits of wind strength, the
maximum height of waves and the 

1920
01:47:30,600 --> 01:47:32,700
worst that nature could throw at
England. 

1921
01:47:33,500 --> 01:47:36,700
The storm is demonstrated that 
those limits were imaginary. 

1922
01:47:37,400 --> 01:47:39,300
That nature is capable of 
violence. 

1923
01:47:39,300 --> 01:47:42,100
Far beyond what anyone 
considered possible. 

1924
01:47:42,800 --> 01:47:46,600
This realization is both 
terrifying and in an odd way 

1925
01:47:46,600 --> 01:47:50,500
liberating if the old 
certainties about whether or 

1926
01:47:50,500 --> 01:47:52,600
wrong, then perhaps other 
certainties are also 

1927
01:47:52,600 --> 01:47:56,900
questionable, Maybe the world is
more Dynamic, more changeable, 

1928
01:47:56,900 --> 01:48:00,300
and more surprising than 
traditional wisdom suggests. 

1929
01:48:01,000 --> 01:48:04,000
It's an uncomfortable thought, 
but it's also the kind of 

1930
01:48:04,000 --> 01:48:06,200
thinking that drives scientific 
progress. 

1931
01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:09,900
Insurance companies are all so 
trying to understand the storm 

1932
01:48:09,900 --> 01:48:13,500
but for purely practical 
reasons, they need to calculate 

1933
01:48:13,500 --> 01:48:17,200
risks and set premiums, which 
requires some of ability to 

1934
01:48:17,200 --> 01:48:19,200
predict the likelihood of future
disasters. 

1935
01:48:20,200 --> 01:48:22,900
The losses from the storm are 
bankrupting several Insurance 

1936
01:48:22,900 --> 01:48:25,100
firms. 
And the survivors need to figure

1937
01:48:25,100 --> 01:48:27,700
out how to price policies in a 
world where apparently 

1938
01:48:27,700 --> 01:48:29,900
impossible disaster can actually
occur. 

1939
01:48:31,300 --> 01:48:34,300
This leads to some of the first 
attempts at Actuarial science, 

1940
01:48:34,300 --> 01:48:37,900
applied to weather. 
Trying to use historical records

1941
01:48:37,900 --> 01:48:41,900
and mathematical probability to 
estimate storm frequency and 

1942
01:48:41,900 --> 01:48:45,400
intensity. 
Its crewed by modern standards 

1943
01:48:45,400 --> 01:48:49,100
but it represents the beginning 
of treating weather disasters as

1944
01:48:49,100 --> 01:48:53,500
calculable risks rather than 
simply unpredictable acts of 

1945
01:48:53,508 --> 01:48:56,400
God. 
As weeks turned to months and 

1946
01:48:56,400 --> 01:48:58,700
England slowly recovers from the
great storm. 

1947
01:48:58,700 --> 01:49:01,700
The ways, it has changed the 
country, begin to emerge. 

1948
01:49:02,700 --> 01:49:06,200
Some changes are obvious and 
immediate thousands of buildings

1949
01:49:06,200 --> 01:49:08,400
have been rebuilt with stronger 
construction methods. 

1950
01:49:08,400 --> 01:49:11,200
For instance. 
Other changes are more subtle 

1951
01:49:11,200 --> 01:49:14,100
working their way through 
culture and Consciousness in 

1952
01:49:14,100 --> 01:49:16,800
ways that will influence British
Society for Generations. 

1953
01:49:18,100 --> 01:49:20,200
The most immediate Legacy is 
architectural. 

1954
01:49:20,200 --> 01:49:24,500
The storm has provided a brutal 
lesson in what works. 

1955
01:49:24,500 --> 01:49:27,800
And what doesn't when it comes 
to withstanding, extreme winds, 

1956
01:49:27,800 --> 01:49:31,400
thatched, roofs while 
traditional and relatively 

1957
01:49:31,400 --> 01:49:34,600
inexpensive have proven 
catastrophically vulnerable. 

1958
01:49:35,500 --> 01:49:38,500
In the Reconstruction that 
follows you can see a shift 

1959
01:49:38,500 --> 01:49:42,300
toward tiles and slates toward 
heavier roofing materials that 

1960
01:49:42,300 --> 01:49:46,000
won't simply Blow Away. 
Building techniques changed too 

1961
01:49:46,000 --> 01:49:50,600
Timba framing, gets reinforced, 
building's anchored, more secure

1962
01:49:50,600 --> 01:49:53,400
to their foundations and walls 
are built thicker. 

1963
01:49:53,400 --> 01:49:57,500
There's a new appreciation for 
stone construction, even though 

1964
01:49:57,500 --> 01:50:00,500
it's more expensive. 
The storm has essentially 

1965
01:50:00,500 --> 01:50:03,900
provided free but extremely 
harsh testing of construction 

1966
01:50:03,900 --> 01:50:06,600
methods and Builders are 
learning from the results. 

1967
01:50:07,500 --> 01:50:10,200
The windmill industry undergoes 
a complete redesign. 

1968
01:50:11,500 --> 01:50:14,900
Catastrophic failures during the
storm Mills spinning themselves 

1969
01:50:14,900 --> 01:50:19,700
to destruction Catching Fire or 
simply exploding have made it 

1970
01:50:19,700 --> 01:50:20,900
clear. 
That Current Designs are 

1971
01:50:20,908 --> 01:50:24,500
inadequate Engineers develop 
better brake systems stronger, 

1972
01:50:24,500 --> 01:50:28,700
gearing and emergency shutdown 
mechanisms future windmills will

1973
01:50:28,700 --> 01:50:32,600
be lower and sturdier trading 
some efficiency for much better 

1974
01:50:32,600 --> 01:50:35,900
storm, survival. 
Lighthouse construction sees 

1975
01:50:35,900 --> 01:50:39,900
even more dramatic changes. 
The complete obliteration of the

1976
01:50:39,900 --> 01:50:43,300
edyst Stone Light makes it clear
that wooden structures no matter

1977
01:50:43,308 --> 01:50:46,900
how cleverly designed, simply 
cannot withstand the worst. 

1978
01:50:46,900 --> 01:50:50,600
The ocean can throw at them. 
When the light house is rebuilt,

1979
01:50:50,600 --> 01:50:53,400
it will be stoned. 
And when that proves 

1980
01:50:53,400 --> 01:50:57,400
insufficient and is replaced 
again, 50 years later, it will 

1981
01:50:57,400 --> 01:51:00,200
be even heavier stone with 
Innovative engineering. 

1982
01:51:01,500 --> 01:51:05,000
The storm effectively ends the 
era of wooden offshore light 

1983
01:51:05,000 --> 01:51:07,500
House's. 
The Royal Navy learned hard 

1984
01:51:07,500 --> 01:51:10,000
lessons about Harbor management 
and ships security. 

1985
01:51:10,900 --> 01:51:13,300
New Mooring systems are 
developed Harbor. 

1986
01:51:13,300 --> 01:51:17,000
Configurations are redesigned 
and procedures for securing 

1987
01:51:17,000 --> 01:51:20,300
ships during extreme weather a 
completely overhauled. 

1988
01:51:21,300 --> 01:51:24,700
The loss of so many ships in 
Harbor where they should have 

1989
01:51:24,700 --> 01:51:27,100
been safe. 
Is an embarrassment that the 

1990
01:51:27,100 --> 01:51:28,900
Navy is determined not to 
repeat. 

1991
01:51:29,900 --> 01:51:32,800
But beyond these practical 
changes, the storm leaves deeper

1992
01:51:32,800 --> 01:51:34,500
marks on British culture and 
psychology. 

1993
01:51:35,500 --> 01:51:39,100
It becomes a reference point, a 
benchmark against which all 

1994
01:51:39,100 --> 01:51:42,300
future storms are measured. 
For Generations, afterward 

1995
01:51:42,300 --> 01:51:47,600
people will say things like the 
worst storm since 2003 or not, 

1996
01:51:47,600 --> 01:51:51,300
as bad as the great storm, it 
enters the national memory as a 

1997
01:51:51,300 --> 01:51:53,300
shared trauma, that defined an 
era. 

1998
01:51:54,900 --> 01:51:57,000
Storm. 
Also contributes to a slowly 

1999
01:51:57,000 --> 01:51:59,700
growing sense that the world is 
more knowable and less 

2000
01:51:59,700 --> 01:52:02,000
mysterious than previous 
generations believed. 

2001
01:52:03,000 --> 01:52:05,800
The fact that someone like Dafoe
could sister matically 

2002
01:52:05,800 --> 01:52:10,200
investigate a natural disaster, 
collect data, and produce a 

2003
01:52:10,200 --> 01:52:13,800
comprehensive account. 
This represents a new way of 

2004
01:52:13,800 --> 01:52:17,100
understanding the world. 
Not through divine, revelation 

2005
01:52:17,100 --> 01:52:20,200
or ancient Authority, but 
through observation, 

2006
01:52:20,200 --> 01:52:26,100
documentation and Analysis. 
The foes, the storm published in

2007
01:52:26,100 --> 01:52:29,400
1704, become a best-seller and 
remains in print for decades, 

2008
01:52:29,400 --> 01:52:33,500
it's part disaster, account part
investigation, and apartment 

2009
01:52:33,500 --> 01:52:35,900
meditation on human 
vulnerability, in the face of 

2010
01:52:35,900 --> 01:52:39,200
nature. 
But more importantly, it's proof

2011
01:52:39,200 --> 01:52:42,700
that complex natural phenomena 
can be studied systematically 

2012
01:52:42,700 --> 01:52:46,100
and understood rationally. 
This approach will influence 

2013
01:52:46,100 --> 01:52:49,300
everything from how future 
disasters are documented to how 

2014
01:52:49,300 --> 01:52:51,600
scientific investigation is 
conducted. 

2015
01:52:52,700 --> 01:52:55,500
The insurance industry forced to
reinvent itself. 

2016
01:52:55,500 --> 01:52:58,900
After the storm's Financial 
Devastation, becomes more 

2017
01:52:58,900 --> 01:53:01,600
sophisticated and more 
mathematical in its approach. 

2018
01:53:02,700 --> 01:53:06,200
The disaster accelerates the 
development of Actuarial science

2019
01:53:06,200 --> 01:53:10,200
and risk assessment. 
In a very real way, the modern 

2020
01:53:10,200 --> 01:53:14,100
insurance industry with its 
complex calculations of risk and

2021
01:53:14,100 --> 01:53:16,900
probability. 
Has roots in the attempts to 

2022
01:53:16,900 --> 01:53:20,500
understand and price the risk of
another great storm. 

2023
01:53:21,900 --> 01:53:24,900
Weather observation becomes more
systematic in the storms 

2024
01:53:24,900 --> 01:53:28,000
aftermath. 
More people invest in barometers

2025
01:53:28,000 --> 01:53:32,500
details, whether logs are kept 
and patterns and noted the Royal

2026
01:53:32,500 --> 01:53:35,300
Society encourages this 
systematic observation 

2027
01:53:35,300 --> 01:53:38,600
collecting data, that will 
eventually contribute to the 

2028
01:53:38,600 --> 01:53:41,000
development of meteorology as a 
proper science. 

2029
01:53:42,000 --> 01:53:44,300
It will take another century and
a half before weather 

2030
01:53:44,300 --> 01:53:48,300
forecasting becomes reliable. 
But the great storm marks an 

2031
01:53:48,300 --> 01:53:51,100
important step in that 
direction, the religious 

2032
01:53:51,100 --> 01:53:54,300
response to the storm, also has 
lasting effects though. 

2033
01:53:54,300 --> 01:53:56,500
Perhaps not the ones, the clergy
intended. 

2034
01:53:57,300 --> 01:54:00,100
Well, sermons frame, the 
disasters, Divine judgment. 

2035
01:54:01,000 --> 01:54:04,100
Fact that the Godly and ungodly 
suffered equally raises 

2036
01:54:04,100 --> 01:54:07,900
uncomfortable questions. 
Why would God destroy churches 

2037
01:54:07,900 --> 01:54:12,300
while sparing taverns, why kill 
Pious Sailors while sparing 

2038
01:54:12,300 --> 01:54:15,500
sinful merchants? 
these questions don't shake 

2039
01:54:15,500 --> 01:54:19,800
religious Faith, England remains
deeply Christian, but they 

2040
01:54:19,800 --> 01:54:22,600
contribute to a gradually 
developing sense, that may be 

2041
01:54:22,600 --> 01:54:26,600
natural events have natural 
causes rather than being direct 

2042
01:54:26,600 --> 01:54:31,300
expression of divine will This 
is part of a larger intellectual

2043
01:54:31,300 --> 01:54:34,800
shift happening across Europe. 
The Enlightenment with its 

2044
01:54:34,800 --> 01:54:38,000
emphasis on reason observation 
and natural law. 

2045
01:54:39,400 --> 01:54:42,700
The great storm doesn't cause 
this shift, but it provides 

2046
01:54:42,700 --> 01:54:45,500
dramatic evidence that supports 
the new way of thinking. 

2047
01:54:46,400 --> 01:54:49,500
If even the weather follows 
natural laws, rather than being 

2048
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:53,200
directly controlled by divine 
intervention, then perhaps the 

2049
01:54:53,200 --> 01:54:56,200
entire universe operates 
according to predictable 

2050
01:54:56,200 --> 01:54:58,800
principles that humans can 
discover and understand. 

2051
01:54:59,800 --> 01:55:03,100
In literature and culture, the 
storm becomes a symbol of 

2052
01:55:03,100 --> 01:55:05,500
Nature's power and human 
vulnerability. 

2053
01:55:05,500 --> 01:55:10,200
It appears in poems plays and 
novels artists depict the 

2054
01:55:10,208 --> 01:55:13,900
devastation and Engravings and 
paintings the image of ships. 

2055
01:55:13,900 --> 01:55:17,800
Being torn apart in Harbor of 
ancient trees, toppling of 

2056
01:55:17,800 --> 01:55:21,800
churches losing the Steeples, 
these become powerful metaphors 

2057
01:55:21,800 --> 01:55:23,800
for the fragility of human 
achievements. 

2058
01:55:23,800 --> 01:55:28,600
In the face of natural forces, 
the storm also influences. 

2059
01:55:28,600 --> 01:55:31,700
British Maritime culture and the
national self-image. 

2060
01:55:32,600 --> 01:55:36,400
Britain sees itself as a naval 
power as a nation connected to 

2061
01:55:36,400 --> 01:55:39,300
the Sea. 
Fact that the sea could strike. 

2062
01:55:39,300 --> 01:55:42,300
So devastating a blow right in 
the heart of British Naval 

2063
01:55:42,300 --> 01:55:45,800
strength his sobering, it 
reinforces the respect for the 

2064
01:55:45,808 --> 01:55:48,300
ocean that is Central to British
Maritime tradition. 

2065
01:55:48,300 --> 01:55:52,600
The understanding that the sea 
is never fully tamed, never 

2066
01:55:52,600 --> 01:55:55,600
completely safe and always 
demands respect. 

2067
01:55:57,300 --> 01:56:00,500
For the family who lost loved 
ones in the storm, the legacy is

2068
01:56:00,500 --> 01:56:05,300
more personal and more painful. 
Approximately 8,000 people died.

2069
01:56:05,300 --> 01:56:08,700
Most of them Sailors who drowned
when their ships went down. 

2070
01:56:09,600 --> 01:56:11,500
That's a staggering number for a
country. 

2071
01:56:11,500 --> 01:56:16,100
With England's population, in 
1703 nearly every Coastal 

2072
01:56:16,100 --> 01:56:20,200
Community, lost someone every 
port town has widows and 

2073
01:56:20,200 --> 01:56:23,600
orphans. 
Human cost ripples through 

2074
01:56:23,600 --> 01:56:28,600
Society for a generation. 
There's also an economic Legacy,

2075
01:56:28,600 --> 01:56:33,000
the destruction of property, the
loss of ships and cargo, and the

2076
01:56:33,000 --> 01:56:37,200
cost of reconstruction, all of 
this represents an enormous. 

2077
01:56:37,200 --> 01:56:42,400
Financial burden England in 1703
is already fighting an expensive

2078
01:56:42,400 --> 01:56:45,100
war with France. 
Adding a massive natural 

2079
01:56:45,100 --> 01:56:48,000
disaster on top of that strains,
the national economy. 

2080
01:56:48,800 --> 01:56:51,500
Taxes are raised to fund 
reconstruction of government 

2081
01:56:51,500 --> 01:56:55,200
buildings and churches in 
insurance premiums Skyrocket. 

2082
01:56:55,200 --> 01:56:59,100
Some businesses never recover. 
But there's also resilience in 

2083
01:56:59,100 --> 01:57:02,100
the response communities. 
Come together to rebuild, 

2084
01:57:02,100 --> 01:57:05,600
neighbors, helped, neighbors, 
clear, debris and repair homes. 

2085
01:57:06,300 --> 01:57:08,100
The nation as a whole 
demonstrates. 

2086
01:57:08,100 --> 01:57:11,100
A capacity to absorb a 
devastating blow and keep 

2087
01:57:11,100 --> 01:57:14,200
functioning. 
This resilience becomes part of 

2088
01:57:14,200 --> 01:57:17,200
Britain's National character 
part of the story. 

2089
01:57:17,200 --> 01:57:21,100
The Country, tells about itself 
that British people endure 

2090
01:57:21,100 --> 01:57:24,200
persist and carry on, regardless
of circumstances. 

2091
01:57:25,900 --> 01:57:28,900
The great storm becomes part of 
the cultural mythology that 

2092
01:57:28,900 --> 01:57:30,900
helps Define what it means to be
British. 

2093
01:57:31,600 --> 01:57:33,200
It's invoked during World War 
Two. 

2094
01:57:33,200 --> 01:57:36,200
When the blitz is compared to 
natural disasters of the past 

2095
01:57:36,200 --> 01:57:39,600
its referenced during subsequent
hurricanes and floods. 

2096
01:57:39,600 --> 01:57:43,000
It becomes one of those 
foundational stories that helped

2097
01:57:43,000 --> 01:57:47,200
a nation understand itself, a 
reminder that Britain has faced 

2098
01:57:47,200 --> 01:57:51,400
catastrophe before and survived.
From a modern perspective, 

2099
01:57:51,400 --> 01:57:54,900
knowing what we now know about 
climate and weather systems, the

2100
01:57:54,900 --> 01:57:59,800
great storm of 1703 remains 
meteorologically fascinating. 

2101
01:58:00,600 --> 01:58:03,600
Computer models, attempting to 
recreate the storm based on 

2102
01:58:03,600 --> 01:58:06,200
historical accounts. 
Suggest it was essentially a 

2103
01:58:06,200 --> 01:58:09,600
bomb cyclone. 
An extratropical storm that 

2104
01:58:09,600 --> 01:58:12,900
underwent explosive 
intensification with pressure 

2105
01:58:12,900 --> 01:58:17,000
dropping at unprecedented rates.
Storms are rare but not 

2106
01:58:17,000 --> 01:58:19,400
impossible. 
And when they occur in the North

2107
01:58:19,400 --> 01:58:22,200
Atlantic, they can produce 
conditions similar to Major 

2108
01:58:22,200 --> 01:58:26,600
hurricanes. 
What makes the 1703 stormx? 

2109
01:58:26,600 --> 01:58:31,000
Is that it struck a peek, 
intensity, maintain that 

2110
01:58:31,000 --> 01:58:35,100
intensity for many hours and hit
the most populated and developed

2111
01:58:35,100 --> 01:58:39,300
part of England directly. 
It was a perfect storm in the 

2112
01:58:39,300 --> 01:58:42,000
literal sense. 
Perfect combination of 

2113
01:58:42,000 --> 01:58:46,100
meteorological, conditions 
timing and geography to produce 

2114
01:58:46,100 --> 01:58:50,300
maximum devastation. 
Modern climate science, can't 

2115
01:58:50,300 --> 01:58:53,700
say with certainty, whether the 
storm was a pure anomaly or 

2116
01:58:53,700 --> 01:58:55,800
whether it reflected broader 
climate patterns. 

2117
01:58:56,600 --> 01:59:00,000
The early 1700s fall within 
What's called the little ice 

2118
01:59:00,000 --> 01:59:02,300
age. 
A period of cooler than average 

2119
01:59:02,300 --> 01:59:05,800
temperatures in Europe. 
Some climate historians, 

2120
01:59:05,800 --> 01:59:07,900
speculate that the unusual 
temperature patterns of this 

2121
01:59:07,900 --> 01:59:11,900
period, might have contributed 
to unusual storm patterns, but 

2122
01:59:11,900 --> 01:59:16,000
the evidence is inconclusive, 
what we can say is that storms 

2123
01:59:16,000 --> 01:59:18,200
of similar intensity are 
possible today. 

2124
01:59:19,200 --> 01:59:21,300
The technology and 
infrastructure of modern 

2125
01:59:21,300 --> 01:59:24,500
Britain, a better equipped to 
handle extreme weather than the 

2126
01:59:24,500 --> 01:59:28,000
wooden buildings and sailing 
ships of 1,703. 

2127
01:59:28,900 --> 01:59:31,400
But a storm of truly equivalent 
intensity. 

2128
01:59:31,400 --> 01:59:35,500
Sustained winds of 120 plus 
miles per hour. 

2129
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:39,500
Striking Southern England would 
still cause catastrophic damage,

2130
01:59:39,500 --> 01:59:41,600
despite all our modern 
advantages. 

2131
01:59:42,500 --> 01:59:45,400
As you settle deeper into your 
blanket and the story wins 

2132
01:59:45,400 --> 01:59:48,900
toward its end, its worth 
reflecting on what the great 

2133
01:59:48,900 --> 01:59:52,900
storm of 1703 can teach us more 
than three centuries later. 

2134
01:59:54,100 --> 01:59:57,300
Because while the specifics are 
historical, the themes are 

2135
01:59:57,300 --> 02:00:02,700
Eternal, Nature's power, human 
vulnerability resilience in the 

2136
02:00:02,700 --> 02:00:05,800
face of disaster and the ongoing
challenge of understanding 

2137
02:00:05,800 --> 02:00:10,900
forces, beyond our control. 
The people of 1703 lived in a 

2138
02:00:10,908 --> 02:00:14,000
world that was in many ways, 
utterly different from ours, 

2139
02:00:14,000 --> 02:00:17,400
they traveled by horse and 
sailing ship lit. 

2140
02:00:17,400 --> 02:00:21,700
Their homes with candles and had
no electricity no engines and no

2141
02:00:21,700 --> 02:00:26,100
synthetic materials of any kind.
Their entire technological 

2142
02:00:26,100 --> 02:00:31,400
civilization was based on wood. 
Stone metal and muscle power. 

2143
02:00:32,200 --> 02:00:36,400
Human and animal. 
Yet their emotional responses to

2144
02:00:36,400 --> 02:00:39,400
the storm would be immediately 
recognizable to anyone who has 

2145
02:00:39,400 --> 02:00:40,800
lived through a natural 
disaster. 

2146
02:00:41,800 --> 02:00:46,000
The fears, the winds intensified
the uncertainty about whether 

2147
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:49,300
shelter would hold. 
The shock of seeing familiar 

2148
02:00:49,300 --> 02:00:52,700
Landscapes transformed into 
unrecognizable Devastation. 

2149
02:00:52,700 --> 02:00:57,200
The grief of loss the overwhelm 
of recovery and the gradual 

2150
02:00:57,200 --> 02:01:00,100
emergence of resilience and 
determination to rebuild. 

2151
02:01:01,200 --> 02:01:03,700
These human experiences 
Transcendent technology and 

2152
02:01:03,700 --> 02:01:06,400
time. 
The storm also reminds us that 

2153
02:01:06,400 --> 02:01:10,200
nature operates on scales and 
with forces that dwarf human 

2154
02:01:10,200 --> 02:01:13,900
power. 
For all our modern technology, a

2155
02:01:13,900 --> 02:01:17,800
reinforced buildings are weather
satellite our computer models. 

2156
02:01:17,800 --> 02:01:21,300
We remain fundamentally 
vulnerable to Natural Forces. 

2157
02:01:22,100 --> 02:01:24,400
We've gotten better at 
predicting disasters and 

2158
02:01:24,400 --> 02:01:27,700
surviving them but we haven't 
eliminated the vulnerability. 

2159
02:01:28,500 --> 02:01:31,800
A storm strong enough can still 
overwhelm our preparations. 

2160
02:01:31,800 --> 02:01:35,500
This isn't a depressing thought,
or at least it doesn't have to 

2161
02:01:35,508 --> 02:01:37,500
be. 
There's something almost 

2162
02:01:37,500 --> 02:01:40,600
comforting about the reminder, 
that humans, aren't incomplete 

2163
02:01:40,600 --> 02:01:43,600
control that there are forces in
the world larger than our 

2164
02:01:43,600 --> 02:01:48,800
politics, our economies, and our
personal concerns, The wind that

2165
02:01:48,808 --> 02:01:52,100
blew through England in 1703 
didn't care about National 

2166
02:01:52,100 --> 02:01:56,100
boundaries, religious 
differences, social class or 

2167
02:01:56,100 --> 02:01:59,700
individual achievement. 
It treated everyone equally 

2168
02:01:59,700 --> 02:02:01,800
which in its way, was a form of 
Justice. 

2169
02:02:02,800 --> 02:02:04,600
The great storm. 
Also demonstrates, the 

2170
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:07,500
importance of systematic, 
observation and record, keeping 

2171
02:02:08,300 --> 02:02:11,000
Without Daniel defoe's 
investigation without the 

2172
02:02:11,000 --> 02:02:13,700
detailed accounts. 
He collected our understanding 

2173
02:02:13,700 --> 02:02:15,200
of the storm would be much more 
limited. 

2174
02:02:16,300 --> 02:02:19,600
We'd have scattered references 
in letters and Diaries but not 

2175
02:02:19,600 --> 02:02:22,500
the comprehensive picture that 
defies work provides. 

2176
02:02:23,400 --> 02:02:26,100
This has relevance for how we 
approach modern challenges 

2177
02:02:26,100 --> 02:02:30,000
climate change. 
For instance, requires exactly. 

2178
02:02:30,000 --> 02:02:33,900
This kind of systemic long-term,
observation and documentation. 

2179
02:02:35,300 --> 02:02:38,400
We need people willing to do the
patient and glamorous. 

2180
02:02:38,400 --> 02:02:42,700
Work of collecting data 
comparing accounts and building 

2181
02:02:42,700 --> 02:02:47,200
comprehensive records. 
Defoe's work in 1703 was 

2182
02:02:47,200 --> 02:02:50,600
pioneering in this regard. 
He essentially invented 

2183
02:02:50,600 --> 02:02:54,000
disaster, journalism and 
established a model for 

2184
02:02:54,000 --> 02:02:56,700
investigating natural 
catastrophes that we still use 

2185
02:02:56,700 --> 02:02:59,800
today. 
The storm also illustrates how 

2186
02:02:59,800 --> 02:03:04,200
disasters can accelerate change.
The architectural, improvements 

2187
02:03:04,200 --> 02:03:08,800
the advances in Maritime safety,
the development of insurance 

2188
02:03:08,800 --> 02:03:13,100
practices and the progress in. 
Whether observation all of these

2189
02:03:13,100 --> 02:03:16,800
might have happened eventually, 
Storm compressed years or 

2190
02:03:16,800 --> 02:03:21,100
Decades of gradual development 
into a few months of urgent 

2191
02:03:21,100 --> 02:03:24,500
necessity. 
Sometimes it takes a crisis to 

2192
02:03:24,500 --> 02:03:27,900
overcome inertia, an Implement 
improvements that people had 

2193
02:03:27,900 --> 02:03:31,300
been discussing but not acting 
on this pattern repeats 

2194
02:03:31,300 --> 02:03:35,100
throughout history. 
The Great Fire of London in 

2195
02:03:35,100 --> 02:03:39,700
1666, led to improved building 
codes and the first organized 

2196
02:03:39,700 --> 02:03:43,800
firefighting Services. 
The Titanic sinking in 1912. 

2197
02:03:43,800 --> 02:03:46,300
Revolutionized Maritime safety 
regulation. 

2198
02:03:47,500 --> 02:03:51,700
Hurricane Katrina in 2005 
transformed Emergency Management

2199
02:03:51,700 --> 02:03:54,800
planning. 
Disasters for all their tragedy 

2200
02:03:54,800 --> 02:03:57,100
can be powerful Catalyst for 
positive change. 

2201
02:03:57,100 --> 02:04:00,900
Assuming we're willing to learn 
from them, the religious 

2202
02:04:00,900 --> 02:04:04,900
responses to the stoma 
instructive not, because they 

2203
02:04:04,900 --> 02:04:07,300
were correct in their 
attribution of divine judgment, 

2204
02:04:07,300 --> 02:04:10,800
because they show how people 
seek meaning in natural 

2205
02:04:10,800 --> 02:04:13,900
disasters. 
Humans, seem psychologically 

2206
02:04:13,900 --> 02:04:17,900
wired to find patterns and 
purposes even in random or 

2207
02:04:17,900 --> 02:04:21,600
probabilistic events. 
When something terrible happens 

2208
02:04:21,600 --> 02:04:26,000
saying it's just bad luck or 
it's a statistical. 

2209
02:04:26,000 --> 02:04:29,600
Inevitability doesn't provide 
the same psychological 

2210
02:04:29,600 --> 02:04:31,700
comforters finding meaning in 
the event. 

2211
02:04:32,700 --> 02:04:36,000
Modern secular society is 
largely replaced, religious 

2212
02:04:36,000 --> 02:04:39,700
interpretations, with scientific
ones, but the underlying need to

2213
02:04:39,700 --> 02:04:42,600
understand and contextualize 
disaster remains. 

2214
02:04:42,600 --> 02:04:46,400
We explain hurricanes in terms 
of sea surface, temperatures, 

2215
02:04:46,400 --> 02:04:49,200
and atmospheric pressure 
gradients, which is more 

2216
02:04:49,200 --> 02:04:51,700
accurate than explaining them as
Divine judgment. 

2217
02:04:52,600 --> 02:04:55,600
But the psychological function 
is similar to make the 

2218
02:04:55,600 --> 02:04:59,800
incomprehensible comprehensible,
and to restore a sense of order 

2219
02:04:59,800 --> 02:05:01,900
and understanding to chaotic 
events. 

2220
02:05:02,700 --> 02:05:05,700
The storm also reminds us about 
the power of community and 

2221
02:05:05,700 --> 02:05:08,100
Recovery. 
The immediate aftermath saw 

2222
02:05:08,100 --> 02:05:11,400
people helping each other 
sharing resources and working 

2223
02:05:11,400 --> 02:05:13,700
together to clear debris and 
repair damage. 

2224
02:05:14,500 --> 02:05:17,900
This spontaneous cooperation was
an organized by government or 

2225
02:05:17,900 --> 02:05:21,600
mandated by Authority. 
It emerged naturally from 

2226
02:05:21,600 --> 02:05:25,500
people, recognizing their Mutual
vulnerability and mutual 

2227
02:05:25,500 --> 02:05:28,100
dependence. 
This pattern appears in 

2228
02:05:28,100 --> 02:05:30,900
virtually every disaster, 
ancient or modern. 

2229
02:05:31,800 --> 02:05:35,500
When catastrophe strips away, 
the normal social structures and

2230
02:05:35,500 --> 02:05:38,600
economic systems. 
People tend to cooperate rather 

2231
02:05:38,600 --> 02:05:42,200
than compete. 
The popular image of disaster 

2232
02:05:42,200 --> 02:05:45,900
survivors to sending into chaos 
and violence is largely myth. 

2233
02:05:45,900 --> 02:05:49,300
The reality is usually Mutual 
Aid and solidarity. 

2234
02:05:50,500 --> 02:05:54,500
The great storm of 1703 
demonstrated this and every 

2235
02:05:54,500 --> 02:05:58,100
disaster since has confirmed it.
There's something deeply 

2236
02:05:58,100 --> 02:06:02,100
optimistic in this pattern, it 
suggests that beneath all our 

2237
02:06:02,100 --> 02:06:05,400
divisions and differences. 
Humans retain a fundamental 

2238
02:06:05,400 --> 02:06:09,400
capacity for empathy and 
cooperation When things are 

2239
02:06:09,400 --> 02:06:13,100
really bad, when survival is 
uncertain and the normal rules, 

2240
02:06:13,100 --> 02:06:16,000
don't apply. 
People tend to help each other. 

2241
02:06:17,000 --> 02:06:20,500
this capacity for Mutual Aid, 
might be one of Humanity's most 

2242
02:06:20,500 --> 02:06:25,000
important, survival traits The 
storms Legacy also includes all 

2243
02:06:25,000 --> 02:06:27,700
the stories that have been 
passed down through generations.

2244
02:06:27,700 --> 02:06:32,500
The grandmother who survived by 
hiding in a Stone cellar Sailor 

2245
02:06:32,500 --> 02:06:35,700
who was washed overboard, but 
managed to grab floating debris 

2246
02:06:35,700 --> 02:06:39,400
and was rescued at dawn, the 
village that lost its church, 

2247
02:06:39,400 --> 02:06:43,000
but rebuilt it stronger. 
These stories become part of 

2248
02:06:43,008 --> 02:06:46,600
family histories, local 
traditions and the narrative 

2249
02:06:46,600 --> 02:06:50,200
fabric of communities, these 
oral histories serve important 

2250
02:06:50,200 --> 02:06:53,600
functions, they preserve memory,
they transmit lessons, and they 

2251
02:06:53,600 --> 02:06:57,600
connect Generations. they remind
people that their ancestors 

2252
02:06:57,600 --> 02:07:01,100
faced catastrophes and survived,
which provides perspective 

2253
02:07:01,100 --> 02:07:04,800
during current difficulties When
your own world feels like it's 

2254
02:07:04,800 --> 02:07:08,400
falling apart, knowing that your
great-great-great-grandparents 

2255
02:07:08,400 --> 02:07:14,000
of the great storm of 1703 can 
be genuinely comforting as 

2256
02:07:14,000 --> 02:07:16,700
weather patterns become more 
extreme due to climate change. 

2257
02:07:16,700 --> 02:07:20,500
The great storm takes on new 
relevance as a historical 

2258
02:07:20,500 --> 02:07:23,600
benchmark. 
It reminds us that even without 

2259
02:07:23,600 --> 02:07:27,300
human caused climate change. 
Nature is capable of producing 

2260
02:07:27,300 --> 02:07:30,700
extreme events. 
It provides a calibration point.

2261
02:07:30,700 --> 02:07:33,900
If storms like this were 
possible in the little Ice Age, 

2262
02:07:33,900 --> 02:07:38,200
what might be possible in a 
warming world, This isn't to 

2263
02:07:38,200 --> 02:07:41,100
minimize climate change or 
suggest that extreme weather is 

2264
02:07:41,100 --> 02:07:44,700
nothing new rather. 
It's to acknowledge that we're 

2265
02:07:44,700 --> 02:07:47,900
not starting from a baseline of 
calm predictable. 

2266
02:07:47,900 --> 02:07:52,100
Weather earth's climate has 
always produced extremes and 

2267
02:07:52,100 --> 02:07:55,300
human civilization has always 
had to contend with Nature's 

2268
02:07:55,300 --> 02:07:58,800
capacity for violence. 
Climate changes making this 

2269
02:07:58,800 --> 02:08:03,200
worse potentially much worse, 
but the underlying vulnerability

2270
02:08:03,200 --> 02:08:07,900
was always there. 
The great storm of 1703 stands 

2271
02:08:07,900 --> 02:08:11,000
as a testament to both human 
vulnerability and human 

2272
02:08:11,000 --> 02:08:13,900
resilience. 
It showed how quickly the 

2273
02:08:13,900 --> 02:08:17,300
comfortable familiar world can 
be torn apart by natural forces.

2274
02:08:18,200 --> 02:08:21,800
But it also showed how people 
responded with courage with 

2275
02:08:21,800 --> 02:08:25,000
mutual Aid and with 
determination to understand what

2276
02:08:25,000 --> 02:08:27,100
happened and to rebuild better 
than before. 

2277
02:08:28,700 --> 02:08:31,800
As you drift towards sleep, 
imagine the wind that blew 

2278
02:08:31,800 --> 02:08:34,600
through England on that November
night in 1703. 

2279
02:08:35,500 --> 02:08:38,800
It started as disturbances in 
the atmosphere over the Atlantic

2280
02:08:38,800 --> 02:08:42,200
subtle differences in 
temperature and pressure that 

2281
02:08:42,200 --> 02:08:44,200
gradually Amplified into 
something. 

2282
02:08:44,200 --> 02:08:48,500
Monstrous It traveled, thousands
of miles across the ocean 

2283
02:08:48,500 --> 02:08:52,500
gathering, strength, until it 
struck a small island with 

2284
02:08:52,500 --> 02:08:57,600
unprecedented Fury. 
The wind itself was just are in 

2285
02:08:57,600 --> 02:09:00,800
motion, molecules responding to 
physical laws with no 

2286
02:09:00,800 --> 02:09:04,400
consciousness or intent. 
Yet the people who experienced 

2287
02:09:04,400 --> 02:09:07,900
it, described it in almost 
personal terms as if the wind 

2288
02:09:07,900 --> 02:09:12,600
had will had purpose had rage. 
This is how humans make sense of

2289
02:09:12,600 --> 02:09:16,800
forces, beyond our control, by 
anthropomorphizing them by 

2290
02:09:16,800 --> 02:09:19,900
creating narratives that turn 
natural processes into stories. 

2291
02:09:19,900 --> 02:09:22,700
We can understand that wind is 
gone. 

2292
02:09:22,700 --> 02:09:26,800
Now its energy long since 
dissipated its molecules 

2293
02:09:26,800 --> 02:09:29,800
scattered across the atmosphere 
and cycled through. 

2294
02:09:29,800 --> 02:09:33,400
Countless other weather systems 
over the past three centuries. 

2295
02:09:34,500 --> 02:09:38,300
But its effects Ripple forward 
through time, the buildings that

2296
02:09:38,300 --> 02:09:41,700
were redesigned because of its 
still stands incorporating 

2297
02:09:41,700 --> 02:09:43,600
Lessons Learned on that terrible
night. 

2298
02:09:44,600 --> 02:09:48,300
The maritime safety procedures 
inspired still protect Sailors. 

2299
02:09:48,300 --> 02:09:52,000
The systematic approach to 
disaster investigation. 

2300
02:09:52,000 --> 02:09:54,900
That Dafoe pioneered still 
guides, how we respond to 

2301
02:09:54,900 --> 02:09:57,800
catastrophes. 
The people who experience the 

2302
02:09:57,800 --> 02:09:59,100
storm are gone, too. 
Of course. 

2303
02:09:59,900 --> 02:10:03,900
The last survivor died sometime 
in the late 1700s and with them 

2304
02:10:03,900 --> 02:10:05,600
died, the immediate memory of 
that night. 

2305
02:10:07,000 --> 02:10:11,500
But they left records stories 
and descriptions that allow us 

2306
02:10:11,500 --> 02:10:16,100
to reconstruct their experience.
Daniel defoe's investigation 

2307
02:10:16,100 --> 02:10:19,200
preserved hundreds of accounts. 
That would otherwise have been 

2308
02:10:19,208 --> 02:10:22,300
lost. 
Parish records documented the 

2309
02:10:22,300 --> 02:10:27,300
deaths insurance claims recorded
the property damage letters and 

2310
02:10:27,300 --> 02:10:29,600
Diaries captured personal 
reactions. 

2311
02:10:29,600 --> 02:10:33,500
These records allow us to touch 
across three centuries. 

2312
02:10:33,500 --> 02:10:36,300
The experience of people who 
faced something overwhelming and

2313
02:10:36,300 --> 02:10:39,800
terrifying. 
We can read their words, follow 

2314
02:10:39,800 --> 02:10:43,500
their logic, and share Their 
Fear and grief and eventual 

2315
02:10:43,500 --> 02:10:46,500
determination. 
History isn't just dates and 

2316
02:10:46,500 --> 02:10:49,500
facts. 
It's the accumulated experience 

2317
02:10:49,500 --> 02:10:53,200
of countless individuals 
preserved in fragments that we 

2318
02:10:53,200 --> 02:10:55,500
can piece together into 
something like understanding. 

2319
02:10:56,900 --> 02:11:00,200
If you visited Southern England 
today, you could still find 

2320
02:11:00,200 --> 02:11:03,500
traces of the great storm. 
If you knew where to look, there

2321
02:11:03,500 --> 02:11:08,400
are ancient trees, whose trunk 
showed damage from 1703 and 

2322
02:11:08,400 --> 02:11:11,500
limbs that were torn away and 
never quite grew back properly. 

2323
02:11:12,900 --> 02:11:15,700
There are buildings that 
incorporate Salvage, Timbers 

2324
02:11:15,700 --> 02:11:17,600
from structures destroyed in the
storm. 

2325
02:11:17,600 --> 02:11:21,100
There are graveyards where 
unusual clusters of burials from

2326
02:11:21,100 --> 02:11:24,300
November. 
And December 1703, tell silence 

2327
02:11:24,300 --> 02:11:27,500
stories of loss. 
The storm has become part of the

2328
02:11:27,500 --> 02:11:31,300
Landscapes deep History, part of
the accumulated memory that 

2329
02:11:31,300 --> 02:11:35,600
makes a place what it is. 
Every location has these layers 

2330
02:11:35,600 --> 02:11:39,800
events that shape the land and 
the people that influenced, how 

2331
02:11:39,800 --> 02:11:43,500
communities developed that left 
marks both physical and cultural

2332
02:11:43,500 --> 02:11:47,100
that persist long. 
After the events themselves have

2333
02:11:47,100 --> 02:11:50,800
faded from living memory. 
And somewhere in the Atlantic 

2334
02:11:50,800 --> 02:11:54,600
right now, air is moving 
precious systems are forming, 

2335
02:11:54,600 --> 02:11:59,100
and weather is being made this 
same physical processes that 

2336
02:11:59,100 --> 02:12:02,000
created. 
The great storm of 1703 are 

2337
02:12:02,000 --> 02:12:05,100
still operating the same 
equations, government house 

2338
02:12:05,100 --> 02:12:09,500
storms form and intensify. 
The same ocean that bred that 

2339
02:12:09,500 --> 02:12:12,800
ancient Tempest still breeds 
modern ones and still 

2340
02:12:12,800 --> 02:12:14,600
occasionally produces 
conditions. 

2341
02:12:14,600 --> 02:12:16,100
That create extraordinary 
violence. 

2342
02:12:17,100 --> 02:12:19,900
Were better prepared now than 
people were in 1703. 

2343
02:12:19,900 --> 02:12:23,500
We have Warning Systems sturdy 
buildings and weather forecasts 

2344
02:12:23,500 --> 02:12:26,800
that can predict storms days in 
advance, but we're not 

2345
02:12:26,808 --> 02:12:29,800
invulnerable. 
Nature, still has the capacity 

2346
02:12:29,800 --> 02:12:33,700
to surprise us to produce events
at the edge of probability that 

2347
02:12:33,700 --> 02:12:36,000
exceed our preparations and 
assumptions. 

2348
02:12:36,800 --> 02:12:39,600
This is both sobering and in a 
strange way exciting. 

2349
02:12:39,600 --> 02:12:44,000
It means the world retains its 
capacity to astonish us to 

2350
02:12:44,000 --> 02:12:46,400
remind us that for all our 
knowledge and Technology. 

2351
02:12:46,400 --> 02:12:50,400
We remain part of natural 
systems that operate on scales 

2352
02:12:50,400 --> 02:12:53,800
beyond our control. 
We're passengers on a planet 

2353
02:12:53,800 --> 02:12:57,300
spinning through space. 
Protected by a thin layer of 

2354
02:12:57,300 --> 02:13:00,500
atmosphere that sometimes moves 
in ways that can tear our 

2355
02:13:00,500 --> 02:13:03,900
civilization apart. 
But we're passengers with memory

2356
02:13:03,900 --> 02:13:07,400
with records with the 
accumulated wisdom of 

2357
02:13:07,400 --> 02:13:11,300
generations who faced disasters 
and learned from them. 

2358
02:13:12,400 --> 02:13:16,600
The great storm of 1703 is part 
of that accumulated wisdom. 

2359
02:13:16,600 --> 02:13:20,800
A reminder of what is possible, 
a lesson in vulnerability and 

2360
02:13:20,800 --> 02:13:23,500
resilience. 
And a story that connects us to 

2361
02:13:23,500 --> 02:13:27,200
people long Dead who face their 
Darkest Night, with whatever 

2362
02:13:27,200 --> 02:13:31,700
courage they could muster, as 
you sleep tonight, safe in a 

2363
02:13:31,700 --> 02:13:34,000
building that incorporates three
centuries of improved 

2364
02:13:34,000 --> 02:13:36,700
understanding of wind resistance
and Structural Engineering. 

2365
02:13:37,500 --> 02:13:40,300
Your benefiting from lessons 
that were purchased with great 

2366
02:13:40,300 --> 02:13:45,200
suffering and 1703. 
Every secure roof, beam every 

2367
02:13:45,200 --> 02:13:48,600
well, anchored Foundation, every
building code and safety 

2368
02:13:48,600 --> 02:13:51,700
regulation. 
They all rest on the accumulated

2369
02:13:51,700 --> 02:13:55,800
experience of people who faced 
disasters and said never again, 

2370
02:13:55,800 --> 02:13:58,800
or at least not like this. 
Sleep. 

2371
02:13:58,800 --> 02:14:02,300
Well, knowing that you're part 
of this ongoing, human story of 

2372
02:14:02,308 --> 02:14:06,200
learning from catastrophe of 
building, better after disaster.

2373
02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:09,500
A facing an indifferent Universe
with determination and 

2374
02:14:09,500 --> 02:14:13,300
ingenuity. 
The wind that blew in 1703 has 

2375
02:14:13,300 --> 02:14:17,500
gone but the lessons, it taught 
remain woven into the fabric of 

2376
02:14:17,500 --> 02:14:21,800
how we build, how we prepare, 
and how we understand our place 

2377
02:14:21,800 --> 02:14:25,200
in the natural world. 
And tomorrow, when you check the

2378
02:14:25,200 --> 02:14:28,400
weather forecast, a routine 
action that would have seemed 

2379
02:14:28,400 --> 02:14:30,600
like magic to someone. 
In 1703. 

2380
02:14:31,500 --> 02:14:34,400
Remember that your benefiting 
from centuries of careful 

2381
02:14:34,400 --> 02:14:37,900
observation that began in part 
with people trying to understand

2382
02:14:37,900 --> 02:14:41,700
the incomprehensible storm that 
struck on a November night 300 

2383
02:14:41,700 --> 02:14:45,900
years ago. 
The great storm of 1703 is over 

2384
02:14:45,900 --> 02:14:50,700
but its Legacy continues. 
It lives in our buildings, our 

2385
02:14:50,700 --> 02:14:55,000
institution's are scientific 
understanding and our cultural 

2386
02:14:55,000 --> 02:14:59,700
memory It reminds us that 
history isn't just about Kings 

2387
02:14:59,700 --> 02:15:03,600
and wars and political events. 
It is about ordinary people 

2388
02:15:03,600 --> 02:15:07,000
facing extraordinary 
circumstances about human 

2389
02:15:07,000 --> 02:15:09,900
vulnerability and resilience, 
and about the ongoing 

2390
02:15:09,900 --> 02:15:13,400
conversation between human 
civilization and the natural 

2391
02:15:13,400 --> 02:15:16,900
forces that shape the planet 
long before we arrived and will 

2392
02:15:16,900 --> 02:15:20,400
continue long. 
After we're gone, Sweet dreams 

2393
02:15:20,400 --> 02:15:23,100
and may your sleepy as peaceful 
as that November night was 

2394
02:15:23,100 --> 02:15:26,800
violent. 
Stormers passed the wind is 

2395
02:15:26,800 --> 02:15:30,400
settled and mourning always 
comes even after the longest 

2396
02:15:30,400 --> 02:15:35,500
darkest Knight. 
Picture yourself standing on a 

2397
02:15:35,500 --> 02:15:38,600
tree-lined street in London, 
somewhere around 1885. 

2398
02:15:38,600 --> 02:15:42,200
The gas lamps are just being 
lit, creating pools of amber 

2399
02:15:42,200 --> 02:15:44,500
light that, don't quite reach 
the darkening spaces between 

2400
02:15:44,500 --> 02:15:47,500
them, it's late October. 
And the air has that particular 

2401
02:15:47,500 --> 02:15:51,200
quality that Autumn brings crisp
enough to make you grateful for 

2402
02:15:51,200 --> 02:15:55,000
your coat but not yet, bitter 
with Winter's approach the smell

2403
02:15:55,008 --> 02:15:58,300
of coal smoke drifts from 
chimneys mixing with the earthy 

2404
02:15:58,300 --> 02:16:01,400
scent of fallen leaves that have
been dampened by afternoon rain.

2405
02:16:02,300 --> 02:16:05,100
You're not in the London of 
dickensian poverty or industrial

2406
02:16:05,100 --> 02:16:07,400
Grime though. 
You found yourself in one of 

2407
02:16:07,408 --> 02:16:10,000
those comfortable neighborhoods 
where doctors and lawyers and 

2408
02:16:10,000 --> 02:16:13,200
prosperous, Merchants live 
people who have done well enough

2409
02:16:13,200 --> 02:16:16,500
to afford homes with proper 
parlors and dining rooms, maybe 

2410
02:16:16,500 --> 02:16:19,400
even a small servant or two. 
The kind of people who read 

2411
02:16:19,400 --> 02:16:22,200
novels and attend concerts and 
host parties, that lasts well 

2412
02:16:22,200 --> 02:16:25,100
into the evening, tonight is 
Halloween though. 

2413
02:16:25,100 --> 02:16:28,200
The victorians often, called It 
All Hallows Eve, or snap Apple 

2414
02:16:28,200 --> 02:16:31,000
night or nutkrack night 
depending on which region of 

2415
02:16:31,000 --> 02:16:33,200
Britain. 
You found yourself in the 

2416
02:16:33,200 --> 02:16:35,900
holiday hadn't yet become the 
commercial spectacle, you know, 

2417
02:16:35,907 --> 02:16:39,200
today, there were no plastic 
decorations manufactured in 

2418
02:16:39,200 --> 02:16:42,700
distant factories. 
No, costume shops and no balls 

2419
02:16:42,700 --> 02:16:45,799
of miniature chocolate bars, 
waiting by the door instead 

2420
02:16:45,799 --> 02:16:48,799
Halloween in Victorian times, 
was something more intimate and 

2421
02:16:48,808 --> 02:16:52,200
subtle a night that belonged as 
much to tradition and folklore, 

2422
02:16:52,200 --> 02:16:54,600
as it did to parlor a game and 
gentle superstition. 

2423
02:16:55,600 --> 02:16:57,700
The house your approaching has 
its curtains open. 

2424
02:16:57,700 --> 02:17:01,500
Despite the Gathering darkness, 
which is unusual for the time 

2425
02:17:01,500 --> 02:17:05,000
victorians typically valued 
their privacy drawing heavy 

2426
02:17:05,000 --> 02:17:08,000
drapes against the night in the 
Curious eyes of passersby. 

2427
02:17:08,000 --> 02:17:10,700
But on Halloween, there was a 
feeling that the boundary 

2428
02:17:10,700 --> 02:17:13,400
between public and private. 
Like so many other boundaries 

2429
02:17:13,400 --> 02:17:17,299
became a bit more permeable 
through those uncovered Windows,

2430
02:17:17,299 --> 02:17:20,799
you can see the Warm Glow of oil
lamps and candles and shadows. 

2431
02:17:20,799 --> 02:17:24,100
Moving against walls papered in 
Rich patterns of burgundy and 

2432
02:17:24,100 --> 02:17:27,200
Forest Green. 
The front door opens before you 

2433
02:17:27,200 --> 02:17:30,600
can knock and warm air rushes 
out to meet you carrying with 

2434
02:17:30,600 --> 02:17:34,100
it, the scent of apples and 
cinnamon burning candles and 

2435
02:17:34,100 --> 02:17:37,799
that particular mustiness of old
books and wool carpets the 

2436
02:17:37,799 --> 02:17:40,200
hostess. 
Let's call a Mrs, Eleanor 

2437
02:17:40,200 --> 02:17:43,000
Ashford, greets, you with a 
restrained warmth that Victorian

2438
02:17:43,000 --> 02:17:46,600
middle-class propriety demanded.
No effusive hugging or squealing

2439
02:17:46,600 --> 02:17:49,900
just a genuine smile and a 
gentle touch on your arm as you.

2440
02:17:49,907 --> 02:17:53,799
Welcome you into her home. 
Inside the hallways dimmer than 

2441
02:17:53,799 --> 02:17:56,900
modern homes lit. 
Only by a single lamp on a side 

2442
02:17:56,900 --> 02:17:59,200
table, your eyes, need a moment 
to adjust. 

2443
02:17:59,200 --> 02:18:02,000
And in that adjustment period, 
the house seems almost to 

2444
02:18:02,000 --> 02:18:04,700
breathe around you. 
The walls are covered in dark 

2445
02:18:04,700 --> 02:18:08,600
wallpaper and every available 
surface holds something vase. 

2446
02:18:08,600 --> 02:18:12,799
A photograph in an ornate frame,
a small sculpture or dried 

2447
02:18:12,799 --> 02:18:16,600
flowers under a glass dough 
Victoria's uphold empty space. 

2448
02:18:16,600 --> 02:18:20,200
The way nature of vacuum filling
their homes with objects that 

2449
02:18:20,200 --> 02:18:23,500
spoke of taste, education and 
respectability. 

2450
02:18:24,500 --> 02:18:27,299
Mrs. Ashford takes your coat and
leads you toward the back of the

2451
02:18:27,299 --> 02:18:29,400
house where the main parlor 
waits. 

2452
02:18:29,400 --> 02:18:32,299
As you walk down the hallway, 
you notice that the usual 

2453
02:18:32,299 --> 02:18:34,600
family, photographs, and 
Landscape paintings have been 

2454
02:18:34,608 --> 02:18:37,900
joined by something else. 
Autumn Leaves pressed between 

2455
02:18:37,900 --> 02:18:41,299
sheets of glass, branches of 
Rowan, berries, and vases. 

2456
02:18:41,299 --> 02:18:44,799
And here, and there, small 
carved turnips, with candles 

2457
02:18:44,799 --> 02:18:47,100
flickering inside them. 
These are the original 

2458
02:18:47,100 --> 02:18:49,900
jack-o-lanterns before, Irish 
and Scottish immigrants, brought

2459
02:18:49,900 --> 02:18:53,100
the tradition to America and 
discovered that pumpkins were 

2460
02:18:53,100 --> 02:18:55,799
far easier to carve than tough 
fibrous turnips. 

2461
02:18:56,600 --> 02:19:01,100
The turnip lanterns cast, weird 
dancing, Shadows on the walls. 

2462
02:19:01,100 --> 02:19:03,799
Their carved faces less cartoon 
like than their pumpkin 

2463
02:19:03,799 --> 02:19:05,900
descendants would become these 
faces. 

2464
02:19:05,900 --> 02:19:09,299
Look genuinely Eerie in the 
candlelight hollowed out and 

2465
02:19:09,299 --> 02:19:12,500
skull like with a kind of 
ancient Menace that plastic 

2466
02:19:12,500 --> 02:19:15,500
decorations could never quite 
capture, but there are also 

2467
02:19:15,500 --> 02:19:17,799
oddly comforting. 
These little lights in the 

2468
02:19:17,799 --> 02:19:20,000
darkness. 
He small defenses against 

2469
02:19:20,000 --> 02:19:22,100
whatever might be lurking in the
October night. 

2470
02:19:23,299 --> 02:19:27,299
You're not the first guest to 
arrive as Mrs. Ashford opens the

2471
02:19:27,299 --> 02:19:29,799
Parlour door. 
You see, perhaps a dozen people 

2472
02:19:29,799 --> 02:19:32,700
already gathered all dressed in 
their respectable evening 

2473
02:19:32,700 --> 02:19:35,000
clothes. 
The women in dresses with high 

2474
02:19:35,000 --> 02:19:38,799
collars and narrow, waists The 
Hairpin up in elaborate style, 

2475
02:19:38,799 --> 02:19:42,299
that must have taken their Maids
are now to achieve the men in 

2476
02:19:42,299 --> 02:19:44,100
dark suits with high buttoned 
vests. 

2477
02:19:44,100 --> 02:19:46,100
And watch chains glinting in the
Lamplight. 

2478
02:19:46,100 --> 02:19:50,000
Everyone looks both formal and 
somehow cozy, like they're ready

2479
02:19:50,008 --> 02:19:54,500
for both ceremony and comfort. 
The Parlor itself is a study in 

2480
02:19:54,500 --> 02:19:57,300
Victorian decorative excess 
tempered by Autumn's influence, 

2481
02:19:57,300 --> 02:20:00,900
the usual heavy Furniture, 
overstuffed chairs and cities 

2482
02:20:00,900 --> 02:20:03,000
side. 
Tables crowded with knickknacks 

2483
02:20:03,000 --> 02:20:06,800
a piano against one wall has 
been supplemented with seasonal 

2484
02:20:06,800 --> 02:20:10,700
touches swags of Autumn Leaves. 
Both real and silk draped along 

2485
02:20:10,708 --> 02:20:12,200
the mantle piece and picture 
rails. 

2486
02:20:12,200 --> 02:20:16,600
Apple sit in bowls on every 
available surface, the red and 

2487
02:20:16,600 --> 02:20:19,300
green skins polished to a shine 
hazelnuts. 

2488
02:20:19,300 --> 02:20:23,100
Fill small dishes and in the 
fireplace, a proper Coal, Fire 

2489
02:20:23,100 --> 02:20:25,900
Burns with that particular blue 
and orange flame, that coal 

2490
02:20:25,900 --> 02:20:29,800
produces radiating heat into the
room and creating Shadows that 

2491
02:20:29,800 --> 02:20:34,000
dance across the ceiling. 
What strikes you most though, is

2492
02:20:34,000 --> 02:20:36,400
the quality of the light in our 
modern world. 

2493
02:20:36,400 --> 02:20:40,000
We're so accustomed to uniform 
overhead illumination that we 

2494
02:20:40,000 --> 02:20:43,200
forget how Darkness used to have
texture and depth here. 

2495
02:20:43,200 --> 02:20:46,600
The light comes from the fire 
from oil lamps, turned down to a

2496
02:20:46,600 --> 02:20:48,500
gentle glow. 
And from candles in wall, 

2497
02:20:48,500 --> 02:20:51,600
sconces, and on the piano, 
Shadows aren't just the absence 

2498
02:20:51,600 --> 02:20:54,300
of light there. 
Almost substantial gathering in 

2499
02:20:54,308 --> 02:20:56,000
corners and pooling under 
furniture. 

2500
02:20:56,000 --> 02:20:59,900
And in those Shadows on this 
particular night, anything might

2501
02:20:59,900 --> 02:21:02,700
be lurking. 
This is the world where Victoria

2502
02:21:02,700 --> 02:21:05,600
and Halloween lived, not in 
broad daylight, or harsh, 

2503
02:21:05,600 --> 02:21:08,300
electric glare. 
But in this liminal space 

2504
02:21:08,300 --> 02:21:12,200
between light and dark between 
Summers, abundance and winter 

2505
02:21:12,200 --> 02:21:14,500
scarcity. 
Between the world, you can see 

2506
02:21:14,500 --> 02:21:16,600
and the world, you can only 
sense. 

2507
02:21:17,800 --> 02:21:20,900
Before we get too far into the 
evening's festivities, it helps 

2508
02:21:20,900 --> 02:21:23,500
to understand what Halloween 
actually meant to these 

2509
02:21:23,500 --> 02:21:27,000
Victorian party-goers unlike 
their 20th century descendants 

2510
02:21:27,000 --> 02:21:29,500
who would largely forget the 
holidays origins in favor of 

2511
02:21:29,508 --> 02:21:32,900
candy and costumes. 
The victorians were still close 

2512
02:21:32,900 --> 02:21:35,200
enough to Halloween's routes to 
feel the weight of its history, 

2513
02:21:35,200 --> 02:21:37,600
Halloween or All Hallows. 
Eve. 

2514
02:21:37,600 --> 02:21:40,700
Sits on the calendar, like a 
hinge between seasons and 

2515
02:21:40,700 --> 02:21:44,300
Between Worlds, it falls on 
October 31st the night before. 

2516
02:21:44,300 --> 02:21:46,400
All Saints Day positioned, 
right? 

2517
02:21:46,400 --> 02:21:49,600
At that moment when autumn stops
being Harvest Time and starts 

2518
02:21:49,600 --> 02:21:53,000
being the descent into winter 
for agricultural societies, 

2519
02:21:53,000 --> 02:21:56,600
which Britain still largely was 
in Victorian times despite all 

2520
02:21:56,600 --> 02:21:59,700
the factory smoke and urban 
growth, this transition Point 

2521
02:21:59,700 --> 02:22:04,700
had always been significant The 
holiday reached back through 

2522
02:22:04,700 --> 02:22:06,300
Christian tradition, to even 
older. 

2523
02:22:06,300 --> 02:22:10,300
Celtic celebration of Sam Hine, 
a festival that marked the end 

2524
02:22:10,300 --> 02:22:12,600
of the harvest season and the 
beginning of the darker, half of

2525
02:22:12,600 --> 02:22:15,900
the year, the Celts believed 
that on Som Hein, the boundary 

2526
02:22:15,900 --> 02:22:18,900
between the living world and the
other world grew thin allowing 

2527
02:22:18,900 --> 02:22:21,300
spirits to cross over. 
This wasn't necessarily 

2528
02:22:21,300 --> 02:22:23,800
terrifying. 
These might be the spirits of 

2529
02:22:23,800 --> 02:22:26,900
beloved ancestors coming back to
visit after all, but it was 

2530
02:22:26,908 --> 02:22:30,400
certainly unsettling. 
When Christianity spread through

2531
02:22:30,400 --> 02:22:33,300
Celtic lands. 
It did what Christianity often 

2532
02:22:33,300 --> 02:22:37,200
did with pagan, holidays it 
absorbed them, renamed them and 

2533
02:22:37,200 --> 02:22:39,400
gave them new meaning while 
keeping much of the old 

2534
02:22:39,400 --> 02:22:43,300
symbolism intact samin, became 
All Hallows Eve the night 

2535
02:22:43,300 --> 02:22:44,200
before. 
All Saints Day. 

2536
02:22:44,200 --> 02:22:46,700
When Christians commemorated 
their holy dead. 

2537
02:22:46,700 --> 02:22:49,600
But underneath the Christian 
overlay, those older beliefs 

2538
02:22:49,600 --> 02:22:52,700
about thinning, veils, and 
visiting Spirits remained like 

2539
02:22:52,700 --> 02:22:54,700
old wallpaper showing through 
new paint. 

2540
02:22:55,700 --> 02:22:58,500
By Victorian times most educated
middle-class. 

2541
02:22:58,500 --> 02:23:01,700
People didn't literally believe 
in ghosts wandering, the Earth 

2542
02:23:01,700 --> 02:23:04,600
on Halloween night or at least 
they would have been embarrassed

2543
02:23:04,600 --> 02:23:07,500
to admit it if they did, the 
Victorian era was after all the 

2544
02:23:07,500 --> 02:23:11,000
age of Science and progress of 
Railways and telegraphs and 

2545
02:23:11,000 --> 02:23:14,300
Gaslight Superstition was 
something for Country folk and 

2546
02:23:14,308 --> 02:23:17,600
the uneducated lower classes, 
not for respectable people in 

2547
02:23:17,600 --> 02:23:20,600
respectable home's. 
Yet, here's the fascinating 

2548
02:23:20,600 --> 02:23:23,100
thing. 
Those same respectable people 

2549
02:23:23,100 --> 02:23:25,700
were absolutely fascinated by 
the supernatural. 

2550
02:23:25,700 --> 02:23:30,000
This was the era of spiritualism
when seances were fashionable 

2551
02:23:30,000 --> 02:23:33,300
parlor, entertainment and 
mediums could fill theaters with

2552
02:23:33,300 --> 02:23:35,300
people. 
Hoping to contact their departed

2553
02:23:35,300 --> 02:23:37,000
loved ones. 
This was the age. 

2554
02:23:37,000 --> 02:23:38,400
When ghost stories became a 
literary. 

2555
02:23:38,408 --> 02:23:41,900
Genre, when people devoured 
Tales of haunted houses, and 

2556
02:23:41,900 --> 02:23:45,200
spectral visitations, the 
victorians might have said, they

2557
02:23:45,200 --> 02:23:48,100
didn't believe in ghosts, but 
they certainly loved talking 

2558
02:23:48,100 --> 02:23:50,700
about them Halloween. 
Gave them permission to indulge 

2559
02:23:50,700 --> 02:23:53,000
this Fascination under the cover
of tradition. 

2560
02:23:53,000 --> 02:23:56,400
And folklore, you could pretend 
to consult Spirits about your 

2561
02:23:56,400 --> 02:23:58,100
future spouse. 
Not because you actually 

2562
02:23:58,100 --> 02:24:01,400
believed in such things Heaven's
know, but because it was a 

2563
02:24:01,400 --> 02:24:04,100
Charming old custom, a bit of 
harmless fun. 

2564
02:24:04,100 --> 02:24:07,400
And a way to connect, with the 
quaint beliefs of your and 

2565
02:24:07,400 --> 02:24:10,400
sisters, the fact that you might
feel a genuine thrill of 

2566
02:24:10,400 --> 02:24:13,900
excitement or unease while doing
so well, that was just part of 

2567
02:24:13,900 --> 02:24:17,500
the entertainment. 
The Victorian middle class had a

2568
02:24:17,500 --> 02:24:20,000
particular genius for taking, 
potentially frightening or 

2569
02:24:20,000 --> 02:24:23,700
socially disruptive, elements 
and domesticating them turning 

2570
02:24:23,700 --> 02:24:26,000
them into parlor games and 
polite amusements. 

2571
02:24:26,000 --> 02:24:29,600
This was after all an era that 
turned sex into coded flower 

2572
02:24:29,600 --> 02:24:32,000
language, and death into 
elaborate mourning. 

2573
02:24:32,000 --> 02:24:35,500
Rituals with specific rules, for
every stage of grief Halloween. 

2574
02:24:35,500 --> 02:24:38,200
Underwent, the same 
transformation from a night when

2575
02:24:38,208 --> 02:24:40,900
the dead might genuinely walk 
abroad to an evening of 

2576
02:24:40,900 --> 02:24:44,200
structured games and fortune 
telling all conducted in 

2577
02:24:44,200 --> 02:24:46,700
well-lit, parlors under the 
watchful eye of respectable 

2578
02:24:46,700 --> 02:24:50,900
hostesses, but something of the 
original Power remained even 

2579
02:24:50,900 --> 02:24:54,000
domesticated and turned into 
entertainment, these Halloween, 

2580
02:24:54,000 --> 02:24:57,100
traditions, still touched 
something deeper that awareness 

2581
02:24:57,100 --> 02:25:01,600
of cycles and seasons of death, 
as part of life of the mystery 

2582
02:25:01,600 --> 02:25:05,000
that lurks, just beyond the edge
of understanding the victorians 

2583
02:25:05,000 --> 02:25:07,000
might have dressed up in 
propriety and called it 

2584
02:25:07,000 --> 02:25:11,000
folklore, but they were still in
their own way acknowledging. 

2585
02:25:11,000 --> 02:25:14,200
The same realities that their 
Celtic ancestors had recognized 

2586
02:25:14,200 --> 02:25:17,300
centuries before. 
This is what makes Victorian 

2587
02:25:17,300 --> 02:25:20,500
Halloween. 
So, fascinating it existed in 

2588
02:25:20,500 --> 02:25:21,000
that. 
Perfect. 

2589
02:25:21,000 --> 02:25:24,000
Balance point between genuine 
belief and complete skepticism 

2590
02:25:24,000 --> 02:25:26,800
between ancient tradition and 
modern rationality. 

2591
02:25:27,800 --> 02:25:30,800
Between treating it all as a 
joke and feeling that shiver 

2592
02:25:30,800 --> 02:25:32,900
down your spine. 
When a candle gut is 

2593
02:25:32,900 --> 02:25:36,000
unexpectedly or a shadow moves 
in a way that Shadows shouldn't 

2594
02:25:36,000 --> 02:25:39,200
move. 
Let's return to Mrs. Ashford's 

2595
02:25:39,200 --> 02:25:41,900
parlor where the evening is 
about to truly begin. 

2596
02:25:41,900 --> 02:25:45,700
As more guests arrive, you start
to notice the careful thought 

2597
02:25:45,700 --> 02:25:48,900
that has gone into preparing the
space for Halloween festivities.

2598
02:25:48,900 --> 02:25:53,200
Victorian party planning was not
form and a successful Hostess 

2599
02:25:53,200 --> 02:25:55,400
paid attention to details. 
That might Escape modern. 

2600
02:25:55,400 --> 02:25:59,200
Notice the decorations for 
instance, follow a logic quite 

2601
02:25:59,200 --> 02:26:01,500
different from contemporary 
Halloween, Aesthetics. 

2602
02:26:01,500 --> 02:26:04,400
There are no skeletons or 
witches, or manufactured 

2603
02:26:04,400 --> 02:26:07,400
spookiness. 
Instead, Mrs. Ashford has 

2604
02:26:07,400 --> 02:26:09,900
created an atmosphere that 
speaks more to Autumn's 

2605
02:26:09,900 --> 02:26:13,200
transition than to death's door.
Those swags of Autumn Leaves, 

2606
02:26:13,200 --> 02:26:17,400
aren't just pretty this symbols 
of change and decay of Life 

2607
02:26:17,400 --> 02:26:20,100
completing its cycle. 
The Apple's represent the 

2608
02:26:20,100 --> 02:26:22,300
Harvest, the successful 
conclusion of the growing 

2609
02:26:22,300 --> 02:26:25,500
season, but also the old British
tradition of Apple divination 

2610
02:26:25,500 --> 02:26:29,300
which will get to soon enough. 
Look more closely at the mantle 

2611
02:26:29,300 --> 02:26:33,000
piece and you'll see that Mrs. 
Ashford has a range her seasonal

2612
02:26:33,000 --> 02:26:35,700
decorations with the same 
careful, attention to Symmetry 

2613
02:26:35,700 --> 02:26:40,100
and balance that governs. 
All Victorian interior design, A

2614
02:26:40,100 --> 02:26:43,000
pair of brass candlesticks 
polished to a high shine 

2615
02:26:43,000 --> 02:26:45,000
standard either end between 
them. 

2616
02:26:45,000 --> 02:26:48,400
She's created a sort of harvest.
Tableau sheaves of wheat 

2617
02:26:48,400 --> 02:26:51,500
clusters of grapes. 
Probably artificial silk ones, 

2618
02:26:51,500 --> 02:26:54,400
since real grapes would be past 
their season, and those 

2619
02:26:54,400 --> 02:26:58,300
ever-present apples tucked among
them, a small, personal touches,

2620
02:26:58,300 --> 02:27:02,400
a few feathers from game birds. 
Some chestnuts, and a sprig or 

2621
02:27:02,400 --> 02:27:04,600
two of Rosemary and Sage from 
her kitchen Garden. 

2622
02:27:05,700 --> 02:27:08,200
The walls already crowded with 
the usual. 

2623
02:27:08,200 --> 02:27:10,600
Victorian clutter of framed 
prints and family. 

2624
02:27:10,600 --> 02:27:13,500
Photographs have been 
supplemented with paper chains. 

2625
02:27:13,500 --> 02:27:16,900
Cut in autumn colors deep Gold's
rust, Reds. 

2626
02:27:16,900 --> 02:27:19,300
And Browns that look almost 
black in the Lamplight. 

2627
02:27:19,300 --> 02:27:22,000
So Enterprise guests at previous
partys. 

2628
02:27:22,000 --> 02:27:24,500
Have clearly contributed paper 
cutouts of oak leaves and 

2629
02:27:24,500 --> 02:27:27,600
acorns, which hang from the 
picture rail on, black threads 

2630
02:27:27,600 --> 02:27:30,700
spinning slowly in the warm air 
rising from the fire. 

2631
02:27:30,700 --> 02:27:34,500
But it's the lighting that 
really sets the mood Mrs. 

2632
02:27:34,500 --> 02:27:37,200
Ashford has been strategic about
which lamps to light, and which 

2633
02:27:37,200 --> 02:27:40,200
to leave dark. 
The corners of the room are 

2634
02:27:40,200 --> 02:27:42,500
deliberately dim creating 
pockets of shadow. 

2635
02:27:42,500 --> 02:27:45,000
That makes the space feel 
somehow larger and more 

2636
02:27:45,000 --> 02:27:46,800
mysterious than it would in full
light. 

2637
02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:50,300
The fire provides most of the 
illumination supplemented by 

2638
02:27:50,300 --> 02:27:53,000
candles in Hurricane glasses 
that protect the Flames from 

2639
02:27:53,000 --> 02:27:56,100
drafts while allowing them to 
Flicker and dance. 

2640
02:27:57,400 --> 02:28:00,500
On the piano, someone has draped
a length of black silk. 

2641
02:28:00,500 --> 02:28:03,900
And a top, it sits a curious 
collection of objects. 

2642
02:28:03,900 --> 02:28:07,900
A small mirror face down a bowl 
of water with a single candle 

2643
02:28:07,900 --> 02:28:09,900
floating in it. 
Several walnuts. 

2644
02:28:09,900 --> 02:28:12,000
And what appears to be a ball of
yarn? 

2645
02:28:12,000 --> 02:28:15,500
These aren't random decorations.
They're the tools for tonight's 

2646
02:28:15,500 --> 02:28:18,700
fortune-telling games and their 
presence transforms the piano 

2647
02:28:18,700 --> 02:28:22,000
from a musical instrument into 
something like an altar to 

2648
02:28:22,000 --> 02:28:26,000
divination. 
The room smells wonderful in a 

2649
02:28:26,000 --> 02:28:28,800
way, that's hard to describe to 
someone accustomed to air. 

2650
02:28:28,800 --> 02:28:32,200
Fresheners and scented candles. 
There's the coal fire, which has

2651
02:28:32,200 --> 02:28:34,700
its own particular smell, not 
unpleasant, but definitely 

2652
02:28:34,700 --> 02:28:37,000
present a sort of mineral 
warmth. 

2653
02:28:37,800 --> 02:28:40,200
There's the wood of the 
furniture which has absorbed 

2654
02:28:40,200 --> 02:28:43,800
Decades of beeswax polish and 
now releases its slowly in the 

2655
02:28:43,808 --> 02:28:46,200
heat. 
There's the faint mustiness of 

2656
02:28:46,200 --> 02:28:49,600
old Fabric and carpets the 
sharpest center of the apples. 

2657
02:28:49,600 --> 02:28:53,000
And Underneath It All the 
slightly sweet, waxy smell of 

2658
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:56,500
burning candles. 
Mrs. Ashford has also thought 

2659
02:28:56,500 --> 02:29:00,600
about sound or rather the lack 
of it, unlike modern parties, 

2660
02:29:00,600 --> 02:29:03,000
where music might be playing 
constantly in the background 

2661
02:29:03,000 --> 02:29:05,300
here. 
The ambient noise is much 

2662
02:29:05,300 --> 02:29:08,200
gentler. 
The crackle and his of the coal,

2663
02:29:08,200 --> 02:29:11,500
fire the rustle of silk and 
taffeta as women adjust their 

2664
02:29:11,500 --> 02:29:15,100
positions in their chairs and 
the soft tick of The Mantel 

2665
02:29:15,100 --> 02:29:17,000
clock. 
When people speak, they do. 

2666
02:29:17,000 --> 02:29:20,400
So in relatively quiet voices 
loud, laugh after or raise 

2667
02:29:20,400 --> 02:29:23,900
voices would be considered 
vulgar a sign of insufficient 

2668
02:29:23,900 --> 02:29:26,900
self-control. 
This attention to Atmosphere 

2669
02:29:26,900 --> 02:29:30,600
isn't just Victorian fussiness. 
Its intentional scene setting 

2670
02:29:30,600 --> 02:29:32,500
for the kinds of activities that
will happen later. 

2671
02:29:32,500 --> 02:29:34,500
Fortune telling and ghost 
stories. 

2672
02:29:34,500 --> 02:29:38,400
Work better in dim, quiet spaces
where Shadows have substance and

2673
02:29:38,400 --> 02:29:43,200
imagination has room to work. 
Mrs. Ashford understands that 

2674
02:29:43,200 --> 02:29:46,600
mystery requires a certain 
amount of Darkness, both literal

2675
02:29:46,600 --> 02:29:49,600
and figurative. 
The temperature in the room is 

2676
02:29:49,600 --> 02:29:52,200
also worth noting. 
The victorians didn't have 

2677
02:29:52,200 --> 02:29:54,700
central heating. 
So rooms tend to be either too 

2678
02:29:54,700 --> 02:29:56,500
hot near the fire or too cold 
away from it. 

2679
02:29:57,500 --> 02:30:01,900
Misses ashford's parlor follows 
this pattern, deliciously, warm,

2680
02:30:01,900 --> 02:30:04,900
if you're sitting near the half,
but with a definite, chill along

2681
02:30:04,900 --> 02:30:08,000
the outer walls, this 
temperature gradient adds to the

2682
02:30:08,000 --> 02:30:11,100
atmosphere, you find yourself 
drawn toward the warmth and the 

2683
02:30:11,100 --> 02:30:14,400
light away from the colder. 
Darker edges of the room where 

2684
02:30:14,400 --> 02:30:18,500
Shadows congregate, As the last 
guests arrive and settle into 

2685
02:30:18,500 --> 02:30:20,800
their places. 
You notice how the seating 

2686
02:30:20,800 --> 02:30:23,800
arrangement has been managed 
unlike modern parties where 

2687
02:30:23,800 --> 02:30:26,400
people might circulate freely 
victorians. 

2688
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:29,300
Tended to arrange themselves, 
more formally with subtle 

2689
02:30:29,300 --> 02:30:34,000
hierarchies of age, gender, and 
social status governing, who sat

2690
02:30:34,000 --> 02:30:36,900
where the most comfortable 
chairs near the fire have been 

2691
02:30:36,908 --> 02:30:39,800
reserved, for older guests. 
And ladies, while younger people

2692
02:30:39,800 --> 02:30:43,400
and gentlemen stand or perch on 
less comfortable seats farther 

2693
02:30:43,400 --> 02:30:47,100
from the Heat, This formality 
might seem stifling to Modern 

2694
02:30:47,100 --> 02:30:50,800
sensibilities but it served a 
purpose by establishing clear 

2695
02:30:50,800 --> 02:30:54,100
structures for interaction. 
It created a safe framework 

2696
02:30:54,100 --> 02:30:56,500
within which people could engage
in activities that might 

2697
02:30:56,500 --> 02:31:00,100
otherwise feel riskier improper 
when you know exactly where you 

2698
02:31:00,100 --> 02:31:03,600
stand in the social hierarchy. 
And what's expected of you, it's

2699
02:31:03,600 --> 02:31:07,200
easier to participate in games 
of chance and divination without

2700
02:31:07,200 --> 02:31:11,000
feeling like you're actually 
Crossing important boundaries. 

2701
02:31:12,000 --> 02:31:14,800
Mrs. Ashford catches everyone's 
attention. 

2702
02:31:14,800 --> 02:31:18,400
Not by calling out or clapping 
her hands that would be far too 

2703
02:31:18,400 --> 02:31:21,600
crude but simply by moving to 
the center of the room and 

2704
02:31:21,600 --> 02:31:23,700
waiting Victorian social 
training. 

2705
02:31:23,700 --> 02:31:26,600
Meant that people noticed when a
Hostess Was preparing to speak, 

2706
02:31:26,600 --> 02:31:30,600
a naturally fell silent giving 
her the floor without her having

2707
02:31:30,600 --> 02:31:34,000
to demand it. 
Invented tainment is about to 

2708
02:31:34,000 --> 02:31:36,700
begin. 
And in the warm shadowy parlor 

2709
02:31:36,700 --> 02:31:39,800
with the fire crackling and the 
turnip lanterns casting their 

2710
02:31:39,800 --> 02:31:43,100
Eerie light, you can feel the 
anticipation building like 

2711
02:31:43,100 --> 02:31:47,600
static electricity before a 
storm misses Ashford begins with

2712
02:31:47,600 --> 02:31:50,100
the most traditional of 
Halloween fortune telling games 

2713
02:31:50,100 --> 02:31:53,400
Apple divination. 
This isn't some quaint custom, 

2714
02:31:53,400 --> 02:31:56,100
she's invented for the evening, 
it's a practice that reaches 

2715
02:31:56,100 --> 02:31:59,100
back centuries and every person 
in the room would have grown up 

2716
02:31:59,100 --> 02:32:01,100
hearing about it from parents 
and grandparents. 

2717
02:32:02,300 --> 02:32:05,900
She directs everyone's attention
to a large wooden tub that had 

2718
02:32:05,900 --> 02:32:09,000
been hidden behind a screen. 
It's filled with water and 

2719
02:32:09,000 --> 02:32:11,800
floating on the water. 
Perhaps a dozen apples, their 

2720
02:32:11,800 --> 02:32:13,500
Redskins gleaming in the 
candlelight. 

2721
02:32:13,500 --> 02:32:16,500
This is snap apple. 
One of the most enduring 

2722
02:32:16,500 --> 02:32:20,000
Halloween traditions and even 
though everyone present is far 

2723
02:32:20,000 --> 02:32:22,800
too sophisticated, to believe it
actually predicts the future, 

2724
02:32:22,800 --> 02:32:24,500
they're all eager to 
participate. 

2725
02:32:25,800 --> 02:32:29,600
The rules are simple enough. 
Each person in turn must try to 

2726
02:32:29,600 --> 02:32:31,100
catch an apple using only their 
mouth. 

2727
02:32:31,100 --> 02:32:34,300
No hands allowed successfully. 
Catching an apple, supposedly 

2728
02:32:34,300 --> 02:32:36,100
predicts a successful year 
ahead. 

2729
02:32:36,100 --> 02:32:38,700
Particularly in matters of Love 
and Marriage. 

2730
02:32:39,500 --> 02:32:42,700
The first person to succeed will
be the first to marry the last 

2731
02:32:42,700 --> 02:32:45,200
person might expect to remain 
single for another year. 

2732
02:32:45,200 --> 02:32:48,100
It's all in good, fun, of 
course, just to silly game. 

2733
02:32:48,100 --> 02:32:51,000
But notice how the unmarried 
young people in the room are 

2734
02:32:51,000 --> 02:32:52,300
paying particularly close 
attention. 

2735
02:32:53,300 --> 02:32:56,200
A young woman goes, first 
kneeling beside the tub in her. 

2736
02:32:56,200 --> 02:32:59,200
Elaborate dress, trying, not to 
get her sleeves wet. 

2737
02:32:59,200 --> 02:33:02,800
She makes several attempts a 
face getting progressively read.

2738
02:33:02,800 --> 02:33:06,000
As she pursues, The elusive 
apples, which Bob away whenever 

2739
02:33:06,000 --> 02:33:09,900
she gets close, the apples are 
playing hard to get spinning and

2740
02:33:09,900 --> 02:33:12,200
dodging in the water, like they 
have minds of their own. 

2741
02:33:12,200 --> 02:33:15,500
Finally after much laughter from
the assembled guests, she 

2742
02:33:15,500 --> 02:33:18,200
manages to pin one against the 
side of the tub and catch it 

2743
02:33:18,200 --> 02:33:21,200
between her teeth. 
Emerging triumphant and only 

2744
02:33:21,200 --> 02:33:24,800
slightly damp. the game 
continues around the room with 

2745
02:33:24,800 --> 02:33:28,200
varying degrees of success and 
splashing, what makes it 

2746
02:33:28,200 --> 02:33:30,100
interesting is how it 
temporarily breaks down, 

2747
02:33:30,100 --> 02:33:34,100
Victorian Reserve, suddenly 
proper ladies and gentlemen, on 

2748
02:33:34,100 --> 02:33:37,200
the floor, getting their faces, 
wet laughing at their own 

2749
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:40,400
undignified struggles. 
There's something leveling about

2750
02:33:40,400 --> 02:33:43,000
the game. 
Something that reduces everyone 

2751
02:33:43,000 --> 02:33:46,400
to the same slightly ridiculous 
level, but there's more going on

2752
02:33:46,400 --> 02:33:50,300
here than simple silliness. 
Apples have been symbols of 

2753
02:33:50,300 --> 02:33:54,700
knowledge, Temptation and 
divination for centuries in 

2754
02:33:54,700 --> 02:33:57,600
Celtic tradition. 
The Apple Tree was sacred, the 

2755
02:33:57,600 --> 02:34:00,800
associated with the other world 
and with immortality, by using 

2756
02:34:00,800 --> 02:34:02,400
apples for divination on 
Halloween. 

2757
02:34:02,400 --> 02:34:05,400
When the veil Between Worlds was
thought to be thinnest. 

2758
02:34:05,400 --> 02:34:09,100
The victorians were tapping into
a very old current of belief, 

2759
02:34:10,000 --> 02:34:12,500
Once everyone who wishes to his 
tried their luck with the 

2760
02:34:12,500 --> 02:34:16,800
Snapple Mrs. Ashford produces 
another Apple based divination. 

2761
02:34:16,800 --> 02:34:19,800
This one is quieter and more 
intimate. 

2762
02:34:20,600 --> 02:34:23,300
She hands an apple to one of the
young women and provide a knife.

2763
02:34:23,300 --> 02:34:26,800
Instructing her to peel the 
Apple in one continuous strip 

2764
02:34:26,800 --> 02:34:30,000
without breaking the peel. 
Once she's managed this and it 

2765
02:34:30,008 --> 02:34:31,500
takes some concentration and 
skill. 

2766
02:34:31,500 --> 02:34:34,300
She is to throw the peel. 
Over her left shoulder the 

2767
02:34:34,300 --> 02:34:35,900
shape. 
It makes when it lands will 

2768
02:34:35,900 --> 02:34:37,700
supposedly form the initial of 
her future. 

2769
02:34:37,700 --> 02:34:40,900
Spouse's name, the young woman 
performs this operation with 

2770
02:34:40,900 --> 02:34:43,900
great care The tongue caught 
between her teeth and 

2771
02:34:43,900 --> 02:34:47,200
concentration. 
The apple peel spirals down in 

2772
02:34:47,200 --> 02:34:50,400
one long curling ribbon and when
she finally throws it over her 

2773
02:34:50,400 --> 02:34:53,200
shoulder, everyone crowds around
to see what letter it might 

2774
02:34:53,208 --> 02:34:55,500
form. 
The peel lies in a shape that 

2775
02:34:55,500 --> 02:34:58,900
could perhaps be an r or maybe a
p or possibly just a random 

2776
02:34:58,900 --> 02:35:01,200
coil. 
But the ambiguity is part of the

2777
02:35:01,200 --> 02:35:03,400
fun. 
Everyone has an opinion about 

2778
02:35:03,400 --> 02:35:06,300
what letter they see and the 
young woman laughs and blushes, 

2779
02:35:06,300 --> 02:35:09,400
probably thinking about which of
her acquaintances has a name 

2780
02:35:09,408 --> 02:35:13,200
beginning with r These Apple 
games might seem trivial but 

2781
02:35:13,200 --> 02:35:16,500
they served an important social 
function in an era. 

2782
02:35:16,500 --> 02:35:19,400
When marriages were still partly
business arrangements and when 

2783
02:35:19,400 --> 02:35:22,600
courtship was heavily chaperoned
and regulated Halloween 

2784
02:35:22,600 --> 02:35:25,700
divination gave young people a 
sanctioned way to think about 

2785
02:35:25,700 --> 02:35:28,100
romance and express their hopes 
for the future. 

2786
02:35:28,100 --> 02:35:31,500
It was all pretend, of course, 
nobody really believed that 

2787
02:35:31,500 --> 02:35:34,200
apple peels could predict 
marriages, but it created a 

2788
02:35:34,200 --> 02:35:37,700
space where such hopes could be 
voiced examined and laughed 

2789
02:35:37,700 --> 02:35:41,800
about Next comes the mirror 
divination and this one is more 

2790
02:35:41,800 --> 02:35:44,400
atmospheric edging closer to the
genuinely. 

2791
02:35:44,400 --> 02:35:47,800
Eerie the lights are dimmed even
further and Mrs. Ashford 

2792
02:35:47,800 --> 02:35:50,400
produces a hand mirror that's 
been kept face down on the piano

2793
02:35:50,400 --> 02:35:53,800
the traditional practice. 
She explains is for a young 

2794
02:35:53,808 --> 02:35:57,400
woman to go alone to a darkened 
room at midnight sit before a 

2795
02:35:57,400 --> 02:35:59,600
mirror and eat an apple. 
While looking at her reflection,

2796
02:35:59,600 --> 02:36:02,800
if she is destined to marry 
she'll supposedly, see the face 

2797
02:36:02,800 --> 02:36:04,900
of her future husband appear 
over shoulder. 

2798
02:36:04,900 --> 02:36:07,600
In the mirror. 
Of course, in a powerful of 

2799
02:36:07,608 --> 02:36:10,600
people, nobody's going alone 
anywhere and it's not yet 

2800
02:36:10,600 --> 02:36:13,600
midnight. 
But Mrs. Ashford has adapted the

2801
02:36:13,600 --> 02:36:16,800
tradition She arranges for one 
of the young women to sit with 

2802
02:36:16,808 --> 02:36:19,900
her back to the room, holding 
the mirror so she can see both 

2803
02:36:19,900 --> 02:36:22,600
her own reflection and whatever 
might be behind her. 

2804
02:36:22,600 --> 02:36:25,800
The room Falls silent, even the 
fire seems to quiet its 

2805
02:36:25,800 --> 02:36:28,600
crackling as the young woman 
stares into the mirror. 

2806
02:36:29,400 --> 02:36:33,100
Nothing happens of course, but 
in the silence and the dimness 

2807
02:36:33,100 --> 02:36:35,900
with everyone's imagination 
activated by the build-up, 

2808
02:36:35,900 --> 02:36:37,900
there's genuine moment of 
tension. 

2809
02:36:38,700 --> 02:36:42,000
Shadow shift in the candlelight,
the young woman stares into the 

2810
02:36:42,000 --> 02:36:44,800
mirror and you can see her own 
uncertainty about whether she 

2811
02:36:44,800 --> 02:36:46,200
really wants to see something or
not. 

2812
02:36:46,200 --> 02:36:49,400
It's a perfect example of how 
the victorians could create 

2813
02:36:49,400 --> 02:36:52,300
atmosphere and suspense using 
nothing more than traditional 

2814
02:36:52,300 --> 02:36:54,800
dim lighting and the power of 
suggestion. 

2815
02:36:56,100 --> 02:36:58,400
After a suitable pores, the 
young woman turns around 

2816
02:36:58,400 --> 02:37:01,700
laughing, a bit nervously and 
reports that she saw nothing but

2817
02:37:01,700 --> 02:37:04,800
her own reflection, everyone, 
relaxes and the conversation 

2818
02:37:04,800 --> 02:37:07,100
picks up again, but something 
has shifted in the room. 

2819
02:37:07,100 --> 02:37:10,100
The games have created an 
atmosphere of possibility. 

2820
02:37:10,800 --> 02:37:14,700
Sense that perhaps just perhaps,
there might be more going on 

2821
02:37:14,700 --> 02:37:16,900
tonight than rational minds want
to acknowledge. 

2822
02:37:18,100 --> 02:37:22,200
As the evening progresses, Mrs. 
Ashford introduces, other forms 

2823
02:37:22,200 --> 02:37:25,000
of divination each with its own 
history and symbolism. 

2824
02:37:25,000 --> 02:37:28,800
These games might seem random to
Modern observers but they follow

2825
02:37:28,800 --> 02:37:31,900
a logic rooted in centuries of 
folklore and seasonal tradition.

2826
02:37:32,900 --> 02:37:36,500
The next game involves hazelnuts
which have been placed in a bowl

2827
02:37:36,500 --> 02:37:39,600
on the mantle piece warming. 
Gently in the heat from the 

2828
02:37:39,600 --> 02:37:41,400
fire. 
In some parts of Britain 

2829
02:37:41,400 --> 02:37:45,600
Halloween was known as nutkrack 
Knights, featured prominently in

2830
02:37:45,600 --> 02:37:49,800
the evening's fortune telling 
practices Mrs. Ashford explains,

2831
02:37:49,800 --> 02:37:53,500
the procedure each person 
selects two hazelnuts and names 

2832
02:37:53,500 --> 02:37:56,000
them one for the themselves, and
one for someone their 

2833
02:37:56,000 --> 02:37:58,500
romantically interested in or 
currently courting. 

2834
02:37:59,400 --> 02:38:01,300
The nuts are then placed on the 
edge of the fire. 

2835
02:38:01,300 --> 02:38:04,800
If the two nuts burn quietly 
side by side, the relationship 

2836
02:38:04,800 --> 02:38:08,500
will be peaceful and successful.
If they pop and jump away from 

2837
02:38:08,500 --> 02:38:11,500
each other, the relationship is 
doomed to Discord. 

2838
02:38:11,500 --> 02:38:15,800
And if one nut explodes 
spectacularly, well, that 

2839
02:38:15,800 --> 02:38:19,200
suggests passion of one sort or 
another Hazelnuts are placed 

2840
02:38:19,200 --> 02:38:22,500
carefully on the hot coals and 
everyone watches with the kind 

2841
02:38:22,500 --> 02:38:25,500
of intense interest, usually 
reserved, for much more 

2842
02:38:25,500 --> 02:38:29,100
important matters. 
The nuts begin to heat their 

2843
02:38:29,100 --> 02:38:32,600
shells, darkening. 
And then the popping starts one 

2844
02:38:32,600 --> 02:38:35,800
pair sits quietly together, 
barely moving much to the 

2845
02:38:35,800 --> 02:38:38,500
satisfaction of the established 
married, couple who named them, 

2846
02:38:38,500 --> 02:38:41,800
another pair seems engaged in 
active warfare with one nut 

2847
02:38:41,800 --> 02:38:43,900
practically launching itself 
across the fireplace. 

2848
02:38:43,900 --> 02:38:47,800
While the other sit smugly in 
place this produces much, 

2849
02:38:47,800 --> 02:38:50,700
laughter and teasing. 
What's fascinating about this 

2850
02:38:50,700 --> 02:38:53,900
practice is how to allows people
to externalize their anxieties 

2851
02:38:53,900 --> 02:38:58,200
and hopes about relationships by
signing, significant to how nuts

2852
02:38:58,200 --> 02:39:00,900
behave in a fire. 
They're creating a framework for

2853
02:39:00,900 --> 02:39:04,200
thinking about compatibility and
future happiness, that feels 

2854
02:39:04,200 --> 02:39:07,200
both playful and somehow 
meaningful, it doesn't matter 

2855
02:39:07,200 --> 02:39:09,900
that there's no rational 
connection between nut behavior 

2856
02:39:09,900 --> 02:39:13,300
and romantic success. 
The game provides a language for

2857
02:39:13,300 --> 02:39:15,600
discussing these important, but 
difficult topics. 

2858
02:39:16,400 --> 02:39:19,900
The nut divination is followed 
by a practice involving cabbage.

2859
02:39:19,900 --> 02:39:22,700
Yes, cabbage. 
Which might seem like the least 

2860
02:39:22,700 --> 02:39:25,700
romantic vegetable imaginable, 
but which actually has a long 

2861
02:39:25,700 --> 02:39:28,800
history and Halloween, folklore,
traditionally young women would 

2862
02:39:28,800 --> 02:39:32,100
go blindfolded into a garden at 
midnight and pull up the first 

2863
02:39:32,100 --> 02:39:35,100
cabbage. 
They encountered The size shape 

2864
02:39:35,100 --> 02:39:38,600
and amount of dirt clinging to 
its roots were said to predict 

2865
02:39:38,600 --> 02:39:40,700
the appearance and wealth of 
their future spouse. 

2866
02:39:40,700 --> 02:39:43,800
A large cabbage with lots of 
dirt attached, meant at all, 

2867
02:39:43,808 --> 02:39:47,200
wealthy husband, a small clean 
cabbage, suggested something 

2868
02:39:47,200 --> 02:39:51,700
rather, less impressive Mrs. 
Ashford lacking both a garden 

2869
02:39:51,700 --> 02:39:54,400
and midnight timing as adapted. 
This tradition in a 

2870
02:39:54,408 --> 02:39:56,100
characteristically. 
Victorian way. 

2871
02:39:56,100 --> 02:39:59,300
She's brought in several 
cabbages of varying sizes and 

2872
02:39:59,300 --> 02:40:01,300
had them arranged on a table in 
the back parlor. 

2873
02:40:01,300 --> 02:40:04,200
Young women take turns being 
blindfolded and led to the 

2874
02:40:04,200 --> 02:40:07,700
table, where they must select a 
cabbage by touch alone, the 

2875
02:40:07,700 --> 02:40:10,800
ensuing predictions about 
future, spouse's based on 

2876
02:40:10,808 --> 02:40:13,900
whether they've chosen a large 
or small cabbage, a leafy or 

2877
02:40:13,900 --> 02:40:18,200
compact, one provide much 
amusement But perhaps the most 

2878
02:40:18,200 --> 02:40:20,900
intriguing divination of the 
evening, involves something 

2879
02:40:20,900 --> 02:40:25,700
called the three bowls, or the 
three dishes, Mrs. Ashford has a

2880
02:40:25,700 --> 02:40:29,200
range three, identical bowls on 
a side table, covering them with

2881
02:40:29,200 --> 02:40:31,000
cloth napkins. 
So their contents, aren't 

2882
02:40:31,000 --> 02:40:33,500
visible. 
One Bowl, contains clean water. 

2883
02:40:33,500 --> 02:40:36,400
One contains dirty water and one
is empty. 

2884
02:40:36,400 --> 02:40:39,600
Each person who wishes to try 
their luck, must close their 

2885
02:40:39,600 --> 02:40:42,800
eyes and choose a bowling their 
fingers into it, or finding it, 

2886
02:40:42,800 --> 02:40:46,500
empty Clean water predicts 
marriage to someone pure and 

2887
02:40:46,500 --> 02:40:50,100
virtuous dirty water, suggests 
marriage to a widow or widower, 

2888
02:40:50,100 --> 02:40:52,600
someone who's already been 
through one relationship. 

2889
02:40:52,600 --> 02:40:55,900
An empty bowl means, no marriage
in the coming year. 

2890
02:40:55,900 --> 02:40:59,000
It's all quite solemn and 
serious until someone gets the 

2891
02:40:59,000 --> 02:41:01,800
dirty water and everyone 
dissolves into laughter at the 

2892
02:41:01,808 --> 02:41:04,400
thought of this person supposed 
romantic future. 

2893
02:41:05,700 --> 02:41:08,900
These divinations silly. 
As they might seem touch on 

2894
02:41:08,900 --> 02:41:13,000
something deeply human, our 
desire to know what's coming. 

2895
02:41:13,000 --> 02:41:15,600
To have some sense of control. 
Over our futures. 

2896
02:41:15,600 --> 02:41:18,400
The victorians might have 
dismissed these practices as 

2897
02:41:18,400 --> 02:41:21,200
mere Superstition, but they 
participated in them with 

2898
02:41:21,200 --> 02:41:24,100
genuine enthusiasm. 
There's something comforting 

2899
02:41:24,100 --> 02:41:27,000
about the idea that the Universe
might drop hints about, what's 

2900
02:41:27,000 --> 02:41:29,300
ahead. 
Even if those hints come in the 

2901
02:41:29,300 --> 02:41:31,800
form of apple, peels, and 
exploding hazelnuts. 

2902
02:41:33,300 --> 02:41:36,800
Between these various games 
people mingle and chat helping 

2903
02:41:36,800 --> 02:41:40,700
themselves to Refreshments that 
Mrs. Ashford has laid out on the

2904
02:41:40,700 --> 02:41:43,000
dining room table. 
There are more apples, of 

2905
02:41:43,000 --> 02:41:46,800
course, along with nuts, to 
crack seed, cake gingerbread and

2906
02:41:46,800 --> 02:41:49,200
a large bowl of punch made with 
apples and spices. 

2907
02:41:49,200 --> 02:41:53,600
The food is substantial but not 
elaborate Halloween wasn't an 

2908
02:41:53,600 --> 02:41:56,200
occasion for formal dining. 
The younger guests are 

2909
02:41:56,200 --> 02:41:58,000
particularly animated their 
earlier. 

2910
02:41:58,000 --> 02:42:00,500
Reserve melting away as the 
evening progresses and the games

2911
02:42:00,500 --> 02:42:03,200
become more absurd. 
There's something about shared 

2912
02:42:03,200 --> 02:42:06,300
silliness that breaks down, 
social barriers, even Victorian 

2913
02:42:06,300 --> 02:42:08,000
ones. 
When you've just watched 

2914
02:42:08,000 --> 02:42:10,700
someone, you barely know stick 
their face in a tub of water, 

2915
02:42:10,700 --> 02:42:13,900
trying to catch an apple 
certain, formalities seem less 

2916
02:42:13,900 --> 02:42:16,200
important. 
The older guests watched these 

2917
02:42:16,200 --> 02:42:18,600
proceedings with what appears to
be indulgent to Amusement, 

2918
02:42:18,600 --> 02:42:22,200
though, you suspect that some of
them are remembering their own 

2919
02:42:22,200 --> 02:42:25,300
youthful Halloween parties, 
their own attempts at divination

2920
02:42:25,300 --> 02:42:27,600
and their own hopes and fears 
about the future. 

2921
02:42:27,600 --> 02:42:31,400
The game's might be silly, but 
the feelings they address the 

2922
02:42:31,400 --> 02:42:34,400
desire for love for security. 
For some glimpse of what 

2923
02:42:34,400 --> 02:42:37,500
tomorrow might bring these are 
Universal and timeless. 

2924
02:42:38,900 --> 02:42:42,200
As the evening deepens and the 
coal, fire burns, lower Mrs. 

2925
02:42:42,200 --> 02:42:46,400
Ashford begins to shift the 
mood, the active games, give way

2926
02:42:46,400 --> 02:42:49,000
to something quieter, but 
potentially more powerful, the 

2927
02:42:49,000 --> 02:42:52,600
telling of ghost stories. 
This transition is managed 

2928
02:42:52,600 --> 02:42:54,700
skillfully. 
The lamps are turned down even 

2929
02:42:54,700 --> 02:42:57,600
further, making the shadows in 
the corners of the room seemed 

2930
02:42:57,600 --> 02:42:59,500
to expand and grow more 
substantial. 

2931
02:42:59,500 --> 02:43:03,000
Fresh coal is added to the fire 
which responds with blue flames 

2932
02:43:03,000 --> 02:43:05,700
that cast an eerie flickering 
light across the assembled 

2933
02:43:05,700 --> 02:43:08,500
faces, people draw their chairs 
closer together. 

2934
02:43:08,500 --> 02:43:11,900
Forming a more intimate Circle. 
The temperature in the room 

2935
02:43:11,900 --> 02:43:14,800
drops slightly as the fiery 
builds, and more than one person

2936
02:43:14,800 --> 02:43:16,800
pulls their shawl or jacket a 
bit tighter. 

2937
02:43:17,600 --> 02:43:20,000
Ghost stories had become 
tremendously popular in 

2938
02:43:20,000 --> 02:43:23,700
Victorian times and Halloween 
provided the perfect excuse to 

2939
02:43:23,700 --> 02:43:26,300
indulge in this particular form 
of entertainment. 

2940
02:43:26,300 --> 02:43:28,800
The stories served multiple 
purposes. 

2941
02:43:28,800 --> 02:43:31,500
They were thrilling without 
being truly frightening. 

2942
02:43:31,500 --> 02:43:35,000
They provided a way to discuss 
death and the afterlife in an 

2943
02:43:35,000 --> 02:43:38,000
acceptable social context and 
they allowed people to 

2944
02:43:38,000 --> 02:43:41,000
experience fear in a controlled 
safe environment. 

2945
02:43:41,000 --> 02:43:45,200
Mrs. Ashford begins with a 
relatively mild tale, something 

2946
02:43:45,200 --> 02:43:48,400
about a spectral hitchhiker on a
country road who vanishes before

2947
02:43:48,400 --> 02:43:51,400
reaching his destination. 
It's a classic ghost story 

2948
02:43:51,400 --> 02:43:54,300
structure. 
Mysterious stranger helpful, 

2949
02:43:54,300 --> 02:43:58,200
gesture Supernatural, Revelation
and everyone listens with the 

2950
02:43:58,200 --> 02:44:01,500
kind of polite attention, the 
dead educated victorians brought

2951
02:44:01,500 --> 02:44:04,400
to most social activities. 
But as she tells the story, 

2952
02:44:04,400 --> 02:44:08,500
something interesting happens, 
the listeners begin to lean 

2953
02:44:08,500 --> 02:44:12,800
forward drawn into the narrative
despite themselves Mrs. Ashford 

2954
02:44:12,800 --> 02:44:15,800
is a good Storyteller knowing 
when to pause when to lower her 

2955
02:44:15,800 --> 02:44:19,400
voice and when to inject Sudden 
detail that makes people jump. 

2956
02:44:19,400 --> 02:44:23,000
She's Not Just reciting a tale, 
she's creating an experience 

2957
02:44:23,000 --> 02:44:25,500
using her voice in the 
atmosphere of the room to 

2958
02:44:25,500 --> 02:44:27,700
transport her audience into the 
story's world. 

2959
02:44:28,800 --> 02:44:32,000
When she finishes, there's a 
moment of silence that 

2960
02:44:32,000 --> 02:44:35,300
particular quality of Silence 
that follows a well-told story 

2961
02:44:35,300 --> 02:44:38,400
when people are still half 
inhabiting, its reality, then 

2962
02:44:38,400 --> 02:44:41,000
someone else volunteers to share
a story, they've heard about a 

2963
02:44:41,000 --> 02:44:44,100
haunted house in their Hometown,
where lights appear in Windows 

2964
02:44:44,100 --> 02:44:46,300
of long. 
Abandoned rooms the stories. 

2965
02:44:46,300 --> 02:44:49,700
Continue, each person who speaks
adding their own contribution to

2966
02:44:49,700 --> 02:44:53,000
the evening's entertainment. 
Some Tales are clearly borrowed 

2967
02:44:53,000 --> 02:44:56,500
from books or magazines. 
Victorian periodicals were full 

2968
02:44:56,500 --> 02:44:58,900
of ghost stories and educated 
people read. 

2969
02:44:58,900 --> 02:45:01,300
Whiteley. 
Others claimed to be true of 

2970
02:45:01,300 --> 02:45:02,900
events. 
That happened to a friend of a 

2971
02:45:02,900 --> 02:45:06,000
friend that classic framework of
urban legends. 

2972
02:45:06,000 --> 02:45:09,000
A few stories are local 
Traditions, tied to specific 

2973
02:45:09,000 --> 02:45:12,500
places or historical events. 
What's striking about these 

2974
02:45:12,500 --> 02:45:13,200
Victorian? 
Ghost? 

2975
02:45:13,200 --> 02:45:15,600
Stories is their restraint 
compared to Modern horror? 

2976
02:45:15,600 --> 02:45:18,300
There are no graphic 
descriptions of violence, no 

2977
02:45:18,300 --> 02:45:21,600
Gore, and no emphasis on 
physical Terror instead. 

2978
02:45:21,600 --> 02:45:25,000
The stories rely on atmosphere 
suggestion and psychological 

2979
02:45:25,000 --> 02:45:28,000
unease, a mysterious figure 
Glimpse to Twilight. 

2980
02:45:28,900 --> 02:45:32,900
Cold spot in a warm room, a 
feeling of being watched these 

2981
02:45:32,900 --> 02:45:35,900
subtle touches create more 
lasting discomfort than any 

2982
02:45:35,900 --> 02:45:39,500
amount of explicit horror. 
One gentleman tells a story 

2983
02:45:39,508 --> 02:45:43,000
about a house where a clock in a
sealed room continues to chime 

2984
02:45:43,000 --> 02:45:45,400
the hours even though nobody is 
wounded for decades. 

2985
02:45:45,400 --> 02:45:48,800
The clock belonged to a man who 
died there and it supposedly 

2986
02:45:48,800 --> 02:45:51,500
marks the hours of his Restless 
Spirits nightly wanderings. 

2987
02:45:51,500 --> 02:45:54,700
It's not a particularly 
frightening story, but something

2988
02:45:54,700 --> 02:45:58,500
about the image of that clock 
chiming in darkness, keeping 

2989
02:45:58,500 --> 02:46:00,200
time for someone who's Beyond 
time. 

2990
02:46:00,200 --> 02:46:03,500
Sends a little shiver through 
the room, a young woman 

2991
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:06,500
contributes, a tale about a 
mirror that won't reflect 

2992
02:46:06,500 --> 02:46:09,200
certain people, those who are 
Marked for Death within the 

2993
02:46:09,200 --> 02:46:11,600
year. 
She tells it well with just the 

2994
02:46:11,600 --> 02:46:14,300
right amount of hesitation, as 
if she is, not quite sure 

2995
02:46:14,300 --> 02:46:17,400
whether she should be sharing 
this particular story when she 

2996
02:46:17,400 --> 02:46:20,000
finishes, you notice that 
several people unconsciously 

2997
02:46:20,000 --> 02:46:23,700
avoid looking at the mirrors in 
the room. between Stories, the 

2998
02:46:23,700 --> 02:46:28,200
fire crackles and settles 
sending up occasional Sparks the

2999
02:46:28,200 --> 02:46:31,100
candles of burned lower, their 
Flames growing smaller and more 

3000
02:46:31,100 --> 02:46:34,600
unstable Outside. 
You can hear the wind picking up

3001
02:46:34,600 --> 02:46:37,600
rustling through the Autumn 
Leaves and occasionally causing 

3002
02:46:37,600 --> 02:46:39,200
a branch to scratch against the 
window. 

3003
02:46:39,200 --> 02:46:42,700
These ambient sounds become part
of the storytelling experience, 

3004
02:46:42,700 --> 02:46:45,500
natural sound effects that 
enhance the atmosphere. 

3005
02:46:46,500 --> 02:46:50,000
Mrs. Ashford steers the 
selection carefully making sure 

3006
02:46:50,000 --> 02:46:53,000
that nobody tells anything too 
frightening or too dark. 

3007
02:46:53,000 --> 02:46:57,000
There are boundaries even for 
Halloween certain subjects are 

3008
02:46:57,000 --> 02:47:00,300
simply not discussed in polite, 
company and graphic or deeply 

3009
02:47:00,300 --> 02:47:03,000
disturbing content would be 
considered in poor taste. 

3010
02:47:03,000 --> 02:47:06,500
The story should create a 
pleasant frizz on of unease, not

3011
02:47:06,500 --> 02:47:10,500
genuine Terror or distress, the 
storytelling also provides an 

3012
02:47:10,500 --> 02:47:13,400
opportunity for people to 
demonstrate their education and 

3013
02:47:13,400 --> 02:47:16,800
cultural knowledge references to
Shakespeare's ghosts to 

3014
02:47:16,800 --> 02:47:19,500
classical mythology and to 
contemporary literature. 

3015
02:47:19,500 --> 02:47:22,500
These all indicate that the 
speaker is well, read and 

3016
02:47:22,500 --> 02:47:24,800
cultured ghost stories in. 
Victorian. 

3017
02:47:24,800 --> 02:47:27,400
Parlors were as much about 
displaying refinement as they 

3018
02:47:27,400 --> 02:47:31,100
were about scaring people. 
As the night wears on, and the 

3019
02:47:31,100 --> 02:47:32,800
stories continue. 
Something. 

3020
02:47:32,800 --> 02:47:35,100
Subtle happens to the atmosphere
in the room. 

3021
02:47:35,100 --> 02:47:37,800
The repeated invocation of 
ghosts and spirits. 

3022
02:47:37,800 --> 02:47:40,200
And the emphasis on the 
Supernatural, and The Uncanny 

3023
02:47:40,200 --> 02:47:42,700
created a kind of consensual 
haunting. 

3024
02:47:42,700 --> 02:47:45,600
Even though nobody literally 
believes in the stories, being 

3025
02:47:45,600 --> 02:47:48,700
told the collective imagination 
of the group, gives them a kind 

3026
02:47:48,700 --> 02:47:51,200
of reality. 
The shadows in the corners, feel

3027
02:47:51,200 --> 02:47:54,300
more watchful and The Creeks of 
the old house, more significant 

3028
02:47:55,100 --> 02:47:58,900
This is what the victorians 
understood about Halloween, that

3029
02:47:58,900 --> 02:48:01,800
atmosphere, and Imagination 
could create experiences that 

3030
02:48:01,800 --> 02:48:04,900
felt meaningful. 
Even if they weren't literally 

3031
02:48:04,900 --> 02:48:08,200
True by gathering together, in a
candlelit room, and telling 

3032
02:48:08,200 --> 02:48:11,600
stories of ghosts and spirits, 
they were participating in a 

3033
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:14,400
tradition that connected them to
their ancestors, while also 

3034
02:48:14,400 --> 02:48:17,300
creating a shared moment of 
controlled, Wonder as the 

3035
02:48:17,300 --> 02:48:21,400
evening at Mrs. Ashford's party 
continues with a fire burning 

3036
02:48:21,400 --> 02:48:23,600
low and the candles guttering in
their holders. 

3037
02:48:23,600 --> 02:48:26,700
It's worth pausing to consider 
what all this actually meant to 

3038
02:48:26,700 --> 02:48:29,900
the victorians themselves. 
Why did respectable rational, 

3039
02:48:29,900 --> 02:48:32,600
people Gather in parlors to Bob,
for apples and tell ghost 

3040
02:48:32,600 --> 02:48:34,300
stories. 
What were they really 

3041
02:48:34,300 --> 02:48:37,500
celebrating on Halloween night? 
On the surface. 

3042
02:48:37,500 --> 02:48:40,200
It's tempting to dismiss 
Victorian Halloween as mere 

3043
02:48:40,200 --> 02:48:43,300
entertainment. 
Parlor games to pass a long 

3044
02:48:43,308 --> 02:48:46,400
October evening, nothing more 
significant than an evening of 

3045
02:48:46,400 --> 02:48:49,400
cards or charades, but if you 
look more closely, these 

3046
02:48:49,400 --> 02:48:52,000
Halloween Traditions, serve 
deeper purposes in Victorian 

3047
02:48:52,000 --> 02:48:56,200
society, first and foremost, 
Halloween provided a sanctioned 

3048
02:48:56,200 --> 02:49:00,000
opportunity to acknowledge death
and the supernatural in a 

3049
02:49:00,000 --> 02:49:03,000
culture that was simultaneously,
obsessed with and terrified of 

3050
02:49:03,008 --> 02:49:05,800
both topics. 
The Victorian era was marked by 

3051
02:49:05,800 --> 02:49:09,000
high mortality rates 
particularly among children and 

3052
02:49:09,000 --> 02:49:12,100
young adults. 
Death was a constant presence in

3053
02:49:12,100 --> 02:49:15,400
people's lives, yet, social 
conventions, demanded that 

3054
02:49:15,400 --> 02:49:19,100
grief, the expressed in highly 
controlled ritualized ways. 

3055
02:49:19,100 --> 02:49:21,400
You mourned. 
According to strict rules about 

3056
02:49:21,400 --> 02:49:25,700
clothing behavior and duration 
Genuine emotional expression was

3057
02:49:25,700 --> 02:49:29,300
often seen as a dangerous loss 
of control Halloween, offered a 

3058
02:49:29,300 --> 02:49:32,700
release valve for the suppressed
anxieties by Framing death and 

3059
02:49:32,700 --> 02:49:34,600
Spirits as folklore and 
entertainment. 

3060
02:49:34,600 --> 02:49:38,100
The victorians could engage with
their fears, in a way that felt 

3061
02:49:38,100 --> 02:49:42,500
safe and socially acceptable. 
The ghost stories weren't really

3062
02:49:42,500 --> 02:49:44,500
frightening. 
They were thrilling. 

3063
02:49:44,500 --> 02:49:47,700
The Divination games were not 
really about controlling fate. 

3064
02:49:47,700 --> 02:49:51,400
There were just fun this distant
singing mechanism allowed people

3065
02:49:51,400 --> 02:49:54,000
to touch on difficult subjects, 
without having to directly 

3066
02:49:54,000 --> 02:49:58,500
confront their genuine Terror of
loss and mortality, Secondly 

3067
02:49:58,500 --> 02:50:01,200
Halloween maintained a 
connection to agricultural 

3068
02:50:01,200 --> 02:50:05,100
rhythms and seasonal cycles that
was rapidly disappearing and 

3069
02:50:05,100 --> 02:50:07,700
industrializing Britain. 
As more people moved to cities 

3070
02:50:07,700 --> 02:50:09,300
and worked in factories and 
offices. 

3071
02:50:09,300 --> 02:50:12,400
The direct relationship with 
nature that had governed human 

3072
02:50:12,400 --> 02:50:15,800
life for Millennia was breaking 
down, you know, longer planted 

3073
02:50:15,800 --> 02:50:17,800
and harvested. 
According to the seasons. 

3074
02:50:17,800 --> 02:50:20,600
You work the same hours in the 
same building regardless of 

3075
02:50:20,600 --> 02:50:23,800
whether it was spring or winter 
Halloween with its emphasis on 

3076
02:50:23,800 --> 02:50:27,900
Autumn Harvest, symbols apples 
nuts, late vegetables, reminded 

3077
02:50:27,900 --> 02:50:31,200
people that human life was still
fundamentally tied to natural 

3078
02:50:31,200 --> 02:50:34,500
cycles, the holiday Mark, the 
transition between the abundance

3079
02:50:34,500 --> 02:50:38,000
of harvest, and the scarcity of 
winter, a transition that might 

3080
02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:40,700
not matter as much when you buy 
your food from shops rather than

3081
02:50:40,700 --> 02:50:43,400
growing at yourself. 
But which still resonates on 

3082
02:50:43,400 --> 02:50:46,000
some deeper level the fortune 
telling games. 

3083
02:50:46,000 --> 02:50:49,300
Meanwhile addressed a peculiarly
Victorian anxiety about the 

3084
02:50:49,300 --> 02:50:51,900
future. 
Particularly regarding marriage 

3085
02:50:51,900 --> 02:50:54,500
and social status. 
For young women, especially 

3086
02:50:54,500 --> 02:50:57,400
married was the single most 
important event that would shape

3087
02:50:57,400 --> 02:51:00,300
their entire lives. 
A good marriage, meant 

3088
02:51:00,300 --> 02:51:05,100
Securities, respectability and 
the possibility of Happiness, a 

3089
02:51:05,100 --> 02:51:06,500
bad marriage or no marriage at 
all. 

3090
02:51:06,500 --> 02:51:09,800
Could mean, poverty, social 
marginalization and dependence 

3091
02:51:09,800 --> 02:51:11,500
on relatives who might resent 
the burden. 

3092
02:51:12,200 --> 02:51:14,600
Yet, despite marriages enormous 
importance. 

3093
02:51:14,600 --> 02:51:17,600
Young people had relatively 
little control over their 

3094
02:51:17,600 --> 02:51:19,900
romantic Fates. 
Courtship was heavily 

3095
02:51:19,900 --> 02:51:22,600
supervised. 
Social mixing was limited by 

3096
02:51:22,600 --> 02:51:26,200
class boundaries and parental 
approval was essential in this 

3097
02:51:26,200 --> 02:51:29,700
context, divination games, 
offered a fantasy of control. 

3098
02:51:29,700 --> 02:51:32,800
The idea that you might Glimpse 
your future, or influence your 

3099
02:51:32,808 --> 02:51:36,000
fate through symbolic actions. 
It didn't matter that nobody 

3100
02:51:36,000 --> 02:51:38,700
really believed apple peels 
could predict initials or that 

3101
02:51:38,700 --> 02:51:40,600
nuts. 
And fire revealed compatibility 

3102
02:51:40,600 --> 02:51:43,600
the games provided a language 
for hopes that couldn't be 

3103
02:51:43,608 --> 02:51:47,100
directly expressed. 
Halloween also, served as what 

3104
02:51:47,100 --> 02:51:49,500
anthropologists might call a 
ritual of inversion. 

3105
02:51:50,500 --> 02:51:52,900
A sanction time when normal 
rules could be temporarily 

3106
02:51:52,900 --> 02:51:56,100
relaxed on ordinary evening's, 
young women didn't need on the 

3107
02:51:56,108 --> 02:51:57,900
floor with their faces and tubs 
of water. 

3108
02:51:57,900 --> 02:52:01,300
While everyone watched people 
didn't sit in dark and rooms 

3109
02:52:01,300 --> 02:52:02,900
trying to summon Visions in 
mirrors. 

3110
02:52:02,900 --> 02:52:06,500
These activities involved a 
degree of undignified behavior, 

3111
02:52:06,500 --> 02:52:09,200
and superstitious practice. 
That would have been 

3112
02:52:09,200 --> 02:52:12,700
embarrassing on any other night.
But on Halloween, such things 

3113
02:52:12,700 --> 02:52:16,000
were acceptable even expected 
because they were traditional 

3114
02:52:16,800 --> 02:52:19,800
This temporary loosening of 
normal constraints, served an 

3115
02:52:19,800 --> 02:52:22,600
important social function. 
It allowed people to blow off 

3116
02:52:22,600 --> 02:52:25,900
steam to be slightly silly, and 
to interact across social 

3117
02:52:25,900 --> 02:52:28,400
boundaries that usually remained
firmly in place. 

3118
02:52:28,400 --> 02:52:31,400
The young woman who successfully
caught an apple could laugh and 

3119
02:52:31,400 --> 02:52:34,700
be congratulated by people, who 
would normally maintain a more 

3120
02:52:34,700 --> 02:52:37,200
formal distance? 
The gentleman who told a 

3121
02:52:37,200 --> 02:52:39,400
particularly effective ghost 
story earned admiration, 

3122
02:52:39,400 --> 02:52:43,200
regardless of his exact position
in the social hierarchy, for the

3123
02:52:43,208 --> 02:52:46,700
victorians Halloween, also 
represented continuity with the 

3124
02:52:46,700 --> 02:52:50,600
past at a time of Rapid change. 
Britain in the late 19th, 

3125
02:52:50,600 --> 02:52:52,700
century was transforming almost 
beyond recognition. 

3126
02:52:53,800 --> 02:52:57,500
Railways had revolutionized 
Transportation telegraphs had 

3127
02:52:57,500 --> 02:53:00,300
changed communication and 
photography, had altered how 

3128
02:53:00,300 --> 02:53:03,600
people understood images and 
memory, traditional crafts. 

3129
02:53:03,600 --> 02:53:06,600
Were being replaced by factory 
production and old social 

3130
02:53:06,600 --> 02:53:09,200
hierarchies were being 
challenged by New Wealth from 

3131
02:53:09,208 --> 02:53:12,400
industry and trade. 
In this context of constant, 

3132
02:53:12,400 --> 02:53:15,400
change Halloween, offered 
connection, to something older 

3133
02:53:15,400 --> 02:53:18,100
and more stable. 
These were the same games that 

3134
02:53:18,100 --> 02:53:21,200
grandparents had played the same
stories that had been told for 

3135
02:53:21,200 --> 02:53:23,900
Generations. 
The Traditions linked victorians

3136
02:53:23,900 --> 02:53:27,600
to their ancestors and provided 
a sense of continuity in a world

3137
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:30,200
that often seemed to be spinning
into unfamiliar territory. 

3138
02:53:31,500 --> 02:53:34,000
There's also something to be 
said for the communal aspect of 

3139
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:37,500
Victorian Halloween in an era 
before radio television or the 

3140
02:53:37,500 --> 02:53:40,700
internet entertainment was 
something you created yourself 

3141
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:43,400
usually with others. 
A Halloween party brought people

3142
02:53:43,400 --> 02:53:46,800
together and shared activity, 
not just passive consumption of 

3143
02:53:46,800 --> 02:53:49,900
entertainment created by others,
but active participation in 

3144
02:53:49,900 --> 02:53:52,900
games, storytelling and 
tradition, everyone. 

3145
02:53:52,900 --> 02:53:56,200
Contributed to the evening 
success, everyone had a role to 

3146
02:53:56,200 --> 02:53:57,900
play. 
This communal creation of 

3147
02:53:57,900 --> 02:54:00,900
entertainment, fostered, social 
bonds in ways, that individual 

3148
02:54:00,900 --> 02:54:03,100
consumption of mass media, never
quite could. 

3149
02:54:03,100 --> 02:54:05,600
When you'd watch someone 
struggle to catch an apple, 

3150
02:54:05,600 --> 02:54:08,500
listen to them, tell a ghost 
story and participated with them

3151
02:54:08,500 --> 02:54:11,600
in divination games. 
You'd shared experience is that 

3152
02:54:11,600 --> 02:54:14,800
created genuine connection. 
You'd seen them in moments of 

3153
02:54:14,800 --> 02:54:16,800
silliness and seriousness 
competence. 

3154
02:54:16,800 --> 02:54:20,100
And clumsiness these shared 
moments built the social fabric 

3155
02:54:20,100 --> 02:54:23,200
that held communities together. 
The spiritual dimension of 

3156
02:54:23,200 --> 02:54:25,900
Halloween, though. 
Often downplayed in respectable 

3157
02:54:25,900 --> 02:54:28,900
Victorian society. 
Hadn't entirely disappeared. 

3158
02:54:28,900 --> 02:54:31,400
While middle class, urbanites 
might have dismissed. 

3159
02:54:31,500 --> 02:54:34,800
Literal belief in ghosts and 
spirits there, remained a sense 

3160
02:54:34,800 --> 02:54:38,100
that Halloween was a thin time 
when the boundary between worlds

3161
02:54:38,100 --> 02:54:40,300
became permeable. 
This wasn't necessarily 

3162
02:54:40,300 --> 02:54:43,500
frightening. 
It could also be comforting a 

3163
02:54:43,500 --> 02:54:46,800
time when to loved ones, might 
feel closer when the dead 

3164
02:54:46,800 --> 02:54:49,500
weren't entirely lost, but 
somehow still part of the 

3165
02:54:49,500 --> 02:54:53,200
family. 
Victorian cultures, elaborate 

3166
02:54:53,200 --> 02:54:56,600
morning practices reflected, the
central place of death and daily

3167
02:54:56,608 --> 02:54:58,700
life. 
People wore mourning clothes for

3168
02:54:58,708 --> 02:55:01,400
years after a loss. 
Kept locks of hair from the 

3169
02:55:01,400 --> 02:55:04,900
deceased and took photographs of
dead children posed as if 

3170
02:55:04,900 --> 02:55:07,800
sleeping Halloween with its 
acknowledgment, that the dead 

3171
02:55:07,800 --> 02:55:11,400
might somehow still be present 
fit into this broader cultural 

3172
02:55:11,400 --> 02:55:13,800
framework of maintaining 
connections with those who had 

3173
02:55:13,800 --> 02:55:18,800
passed on Back in Mrs. Ashford's
parlor the evening is reaching 

3174
02:55:18,800 --> 02:55:21,900
its natural conclusion. 
The fire has burned down to 

3175
02:55:21,900 --> 02:55:25,100
glowing coals. 
The candles are mere Stubbs and 

3176
02:55:25,100 --> 02:55:27,600
several of the oil lamps have 
been extinguished entirely. 

3177
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:30,200
The room is dark. 
And now than it was hours ago, 

3178
02:55:30,200 --> 02:55:34,300
the Shadows deeper and more 
assertive, the storytelling has 

3179
02:55:34,300 --> 02:55:38,600
wound down and people sit 
quietly, some still absorbed in 

3180
02:55:38,600 --> 02:55:41,000
the mood created by the tales 
others. 

3181
02:55:41,000 --> 02:55:44,500
Chatting in low voices, about 
less Supernatural topics. 

3182
02:55:44,500 --> 02:55:48,200
Someone suggests one final 
divination something to end the 

3183
02:55:48,208 --> 02:55:50,300
evening on an appropriately 
mysterious note. 

3184
02:55:51,100 --> 02:55:53,100
Mrs. Ashford nods and produces a
key. 

3185
02:55:53,100 --> 02:55:57,100
An old-fashioned Iron Key. 
The kind that might unlock a 

3186
02:55:57,100 --> 02:55:59,700
trunk or in ancient door. 
She explains the tradition. 

3187
02:56:00,600 --> 02:56:03,400
At midnight on Halloween you 
take a key and hold it over your

3188
02:56:03,400 --> 02:56:05,100
left shoulder while looking into
a mirror. 

3189
02:56:05,800 --> 02:56:08,300
If your destined to have your 
heart's desire, granted in the 

3190
02:56:08,300 --> 02:56:10,500
coming year, you'll see the keys
reflection. 

3191
02:56:10,500 --> 02:56:13,900
Clearly if the reflection is 
blurred or distorted challenges,

3192
02:56:13,900 --> 02:56:17,300
lie ahead, it's nearly midnight.
Now, The Mantel clock shows, 

3193
02:56:17,300 --> 02:56:21,100
five minutes to 12 and the 
timing feels almost orchestrated

3194
02:56:21,100 --> 02:56:24,400
though, of course. 
Mrs. Ashford has been subtly 

3195
02:56:24,400 --> 02:56:25,800
steering the evening toward this
moment. 

3196
02:56:26,600 --> 02:56:29,700
Someone dims the remaining lapse
even further until the room is 

3197
02:56:29,700 --> 02:56:32,800
lit, almost entirely by the 
dying fire and a few candles. 

3198
02:56:33,800 --> 02:56:36,700
As midnight approaches, you can 
feel the tension building. 

3199
02:56:36,700 --> 02:56:40,100
It's absurd. 
Really nobody actually believes 

3200
02:56:40,100 --> 02:56:43,100
that the position of clock hands
has any mystical, significance 

3201
02:56:43,100 --> 02:56:46,600
that midnight is somehow more 
Supernatural than any other time

3202
02:56:46,600 --> 02:56:49,900
yet in this darkened room, after
hours of ghost stories and 

3203
02:56:49,900 --> 02:56:53,200
divination games after the 
repeated invocation of spirits 

3204
02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:56,400
and Supernatural forces 
midnight, feels genuinely 

3205
02:56:56,400 --> 02:57:01,200
significant Clock begins to 
chime its mechanism producing. 

3206
02:57:01,200 --> 02:57:05,200
That particular resonance sound 
that old clocks have not the 

3207
02:57:05,200 --> 02:57:08,100
electronic beep of modern 
timepieces, but a genuine Bell 

3208
02:57:08,100 --> 02:57:10,000
being struck. 
Each time. 

3209
02:57:10,000 --> 02:57:13,100
Seems to hang in the air before 
fading and nobody speaks. 

3210
02:57:13,100 --> 02:57:15,000
While the clock completes its 12
Strokes. 

3211
02:57:16,300 --> 02:57:19,800
In the silence following the 
final chime someone holds the 

3212
02:57:19,800 --> 02:57:22,400
key over their shoulder and 
looks into the mirror, the 

3213
02:57:22,400 --> 02:57:25,600
candlelight catches, the metal 
making the reflection Shimmer 

3214
02:57:25,600 --> 02:57:27,400
and dance. 
Is it clear? 

3215
02:57:27,400 --> 02:57:30,500
Is it distorted? 
In this lighting, it's 

3216
02:57:30,500 --> 02:57:33,600
impossible to say definitively 
and that ambiguity is perfect. 

3217
02:57:33,600 --> 02:57:36,700
The person lowers the key and 
turns away from the mirror 

3218
02:57:36,700 --> 02:57:39,300
smiling enigmatically and others
take their turns. 

3219
02:57:40,300 --> 02:57:43,300
What's interesting is how 
seriously people take this final

3220
02:57:43,300 --> 02:57:46,000
divination. 
Even after hours of laughing at 

3221
02:57:46,000 --> 02:57:49,400
similar practices, there's 
something about midnight about 

3222
02:57:49,400 --> 02:57:51,500
that moment. 
When one day officially becomes 

3223
02:57:51,500 --> 02:57:55,600
another that feels liminal and 
significant for just a moment in

3224
02:57:55,600 --> 02:57:59,000
that darkened room with shadows 
pressing close its possible to 

3225
02:57:59,000 --> 02:58:03,100
believe or at least to suspend 
disbelief in the idea of that 

3226
02:58:03,100 --> 02:58:05,400
the Universe might offer 
glimpses of what's to come. 

3227
02:58:06,500 --> 02:58:11,000
But the moment passes as such 
moments always do, someone makes

3228
02:58:11,000 --> 02:58:13,500
a joke. 
Breaking the tension, the lamps 

3229
02:58:13,500 --> 02:58:16,000
are turned up. 
Slightly Mrs. Ashford begins to 

3230
02:58:16,000 --> 02:58:18,300
move about the room. 
Subtly signaling that the 

3231
02:58:18,308 --> 02:58:21,700
evening is drawing to a close 
guest star and stretch 

3232
02:58:21,700 --> 02:58:25,000
beginning, the social dance of 
departure that Victorian 

3233
02:58:25,000 --> 02:58:27,900
etiquette demanded. 
Coats are retrieved from 

3234
02:58:27,900 --> 02:58:30,600
wherever they were stored. 
Goodbyes are said with the 

3235
02:58:30,600 --> 02:58:33,900
appropriate level of formality. 
Thanks to the hostess for a 

3236
02:58:33,900 --> 02:58:37,000
delightful evening, compliments 
on the refreshments, and 

3237
02:58:37,000 --> 02:58:39,200
expressions of hope that they'll
meet again soon. 

3238
02:58:39,200 --> 02:58:43,200
The guests who live nearby begin
to depart wrapping scarves 

3239
02:58:43,200 --> 02:58:46,200
against the October night, and 
stepping out into darkness that 

3240
02:58:46,200 --> 02:58:49,200
now seems less mysterious and 
more simply cold. 

3241
02:58:50,100 --> 02:58:52,900
As you prepare to leave, you 
take one last, look at the 

3242
02:58:52,900 --> 02:58:55,300
Parlor, the turnip lanterns of 
burned out. 

3243
02:58:56,100 --> 02:58:57,900
The candles reduced to puddles 
of Wax. 

3244
02:58:58,700 --> 02:59:01,700
The decorative autumn leaves. 
Look, wilted and slightly sad in

3245
02:59:01,700 --> 02:59:04,200
the dim light. 
The bowls of apples have been 

3246
02:59:04,200 --> 02:59:06,700
depleted. 
The nuts are scattered, the 

3247
02:59:06,700 --> 02:59:08,900
room, which seemed so enchanted 
early. 

3248
02:59:08,900 --> 02:59:12,500
Now, just looks like someone's 
parlor after a party slightly 

3249
02:59:12,500 --> 02:59:15,900
messy, dimly lit. 
With that particular emptiness, 

3250
02:59:15,900 --> 02:59:17,900
that space is have when people 
have left them. 

3251
02:59:17,900 --> 02:59:21,600
But the memory of the evening 
willinger later when you're 

3252
02:59:21,600 --> 02:59:23,900
walking home through dark 
streets lit, only by occasional 

3253
02:59:23,900 --> 02:59:26,700
gas lamps, you might find 
yourself thinking about those 

3254
02:59:26,700 --> 02:59:29,600
ghost stories. 
When you pass a mirror, you 

3255
02:59:29,600 --> 02:59:32,200
might remember that tradition 
about seeing faces over your 

3256
02:59:32,200 --> 02:59:35,100
shoulder when you eat an apple, 
you might recall the laughter 

3257
02:59:35,100 --> 02:59:36,800
and splashing of the snap apple 
game. 

3258
02:59:36,800 --> 02:59:41,200
This is what Victorian Halloween
created, not lasting Terror or 

3259
02:59:41,200 --> 02:59:44,800
Genuine Supernatural experience.
But a gentle enchantment that 

3260
02:59:44,800 --> 02:59:48,400
colored ordinary things with a 
bit of mystery for one evening. 

3261
02:59:48,400 --> 02:59:51,600
The respectable middle class 
allowed themselves to play with 

3262
02:59:51,600 --> 02:59:55,700
Superstition to tell stories 
about ghosts and to pretend that

3263
02:59:55,700 --> 02:59:57,800
hazelnuts. 
And apple peels might reveal the

3264
02:59:57,800 --> 03:00:01,400
future and in doing so they 
created moments of Community 

3265
03:00:01,400 --> 03:00:05,800
Connection and carefully 
controlled Wonder If you could 

3266
03:00:05,800 --> 03:00:08,800
return to Mrs, ashford's house. 
The next morning, you'd find a 

3267
03:00:08,800 --> 03:00:12,100
very different scene daylight 
streaming through the windows, 

3268
03:00:12,100 --> 03:00:15,300
that seemed so mysterious. 
Last night, the maid bustled 

3269
03:00:15,300 --> 03:00:17,900
about clearing away, the remains
of the party sweeping up, 

3270
03:00:17,900 --> 03:00:21,100
nutshells and apple seeds. 
The Parlor was being restored to

3271
03:00:21,100 --> 03:00:23,200
its usual. 
Victorian order with all those 

3272
03:00:23,200 --> 03:00:25,900
decorative leaves and Autumn 
touches being carefully packed 

3273
03:00:25,900 --> 03:00:29,900
away for another year. 
Mrs. Ashford herself might be at

3274
03:00:29,900 --> 03:00:32,900
The Breakfast Table reading, the
morning newspaper, and thinking 

3275
03:00:32,900 --> 03:00:35,100
about, thank you notes. 
She'll need to write to guests, 

3276
03:00:35,100 --> 03:00:36,800
who brought contributions to the
party. 

3277
03:00:36,800 --> 03:00:39,800
In Chapman of Halloween has 
evaporated with the morning 

3278
03:00:39,800 --> 03:00:43,100
light and life has returned to 
its ordinary rhythms of calling 

3279
03:00:43,100 --> 03:00:45,900
cards and household, management,
and social obligations. 

3280
03:00:47,100 --> 03:00:50,900
Something has shifted even if 
it's subtle the guests, who 

3281
03:00:50,900 --> 03:00:53,600
attended last night will 
remember the evening not every 

3282
03:00:53,600 --> 03:00:56,500
detail perhaps but the feeling 
of it they'll mention it to 

3283
03:00:56,500 --> 03:00:59,100
friends who weren't there. 
Perhaps exaggerating slightly 

3284
03:00:59,100 --> 03:01:01,800
how frightening the ghost 
stories were or how accurate. 

3285
03:01:01,800 --> 03:01:04,500
The Divination seemed, they'll 
tuck the memory away. 

3286
03:01:04,500 --> 03:01:07,200
And years later, they might tell
their own children or 

3287
03:01:07,200 --> 03:01:08,900
grandchildren about Halloween 
parties. 

3288
03:01:08,900 --> 03:01:11,800
They attended when they were 
young, this is how tradition 

3289
03:01:11,800 --> 03:01:15,500
survived and evolved not through
any Grand preservation effort. 

3290
03:01:15,500 --> 03:01:18,700
But through people enjoying 
them, remembering them and 

3291
03:01:18,700 --> 03:01:21,800
passing them along the Victorian
Halloween party with all its 

3292
03:01:21,800 --> 03:01:24,800
games and divinations and ghost 
stories was itself. 

3293
03:01:24,800 --> 03:01:27,800
A link in a long chain 
stretching back to Celtic Sam 

3294
03:01:27,800 --> 03:01:30,200
Hine and forward to the 
Halloween, you know today. 

3295
03:01:31,300 --> 03:01:33,300
As you settle deeper into your 
comfortable spot. 

3296
03:01:33,300 --> 03:01:36,600
Perhaps, pulling your blanket a 
bit closer, let's Trace how 

3297
03:01:36,600 --> 03:01:39,700
those Victorian parlor games and
Fireside stories of evolved into

3298
03:01:39,700 --> 03:01:42,600
the Halloween you recognized. 
Today, it's a fascinating 

3299
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:45,400
Journey that crosses an ocean 
and transforms. 

3300
03:01:45,400 --> 03:01:48,500
A relatively quiet celebration, 
into a major commercial holiday.

3301
03:01:49,700 --> 03:01:52,100
When Irish and Scottish 
immigrants came to America in 

3302
03:01:52,100 --> 03:01:55,200
the 19th century, they brought 
Halloween Traditions with them, 

3303
03:01:55,200 --> 03:01:57,600
the fortune telling games the 
apple. 

3304
03:01:57,600 --> 03:01:59,900
Bobbing the emphasis on Autumn 
Harvest. 

3305
03:01:59,900 --> 03:02:02,900
All of these traveled across the
Atlantic and found new 

3306
03:02:02,900 --> 03:02:06,000
expression in the new world. 
But America's Frontier spirit, 

3307
03:02:06,000 --> 03:02:08,900
and entrepreneurial energy would
transform these traditions in 

3308
03:02:08,900 --> 03:02:10,900
ways that victorians might have 
found startling. 

3309
03:02:12,100 --> 03:02:14,600
The first major American 
transformation was the emphasis 

3310
03:02:14,600 --> 03:02:18,500
on community celebration rather 
than private parties, in Rural 

3311
03:02:18,500 --> 03:02:21,400
America, Halloween became an 
occasion for barn, dances, and 

3312
03:02:21,400 --> 03:02:24,400
town, Gatherings events that 
brought together much larger 

3313
03:02:24,400 --> 03:02:26,600
groups than could fit in a 
Victorian parlor. 

3314
03:02:27,100 --> 03:02:29,900
This shift from intimate to 
communal changed the nature of 

3315
03:02:29,900 --> 03:02:33,400
the celebration, the subtle 
atmosphere that misses Ashford 

3316
03:02:33,400 --> 03:02:36,700
worked so hard to create. 
That careful balance of light 

3317
03:02:36,700 --> 03:02:38,900
and Shadow the quiet 
storytelling. 

3318
03:02:38,900 --> 03:02:42,700
The controlled sense of mystery 
was harder to maintain in a 

3319
03:02:42,700 --> 03:02:45,800
barn, full of Neighbors. 
American Halloween also became 

3320
03:02:45,800 --> 03:02:49,100
more mischievous young people. 
Particularly boys took to 

3321
03:02:49,100 --> 03:02:52,400
playing pranks on Halloween 
night tipping, over out House's,

3322
03:02:52,400 --> 03:02:54,200
soaping windows and moving farm 
equipment. 

3323
03:02:54,200 --> 03:02:58,100
This trick element would 
eventually evolve into the trick

3324
03:02:58,100 --> 03:03:01,100
or treat tradition but in its 
early form, it was less about 

3325
03:03:01,100 --> 03:03:03,600
candy and more about sanctioned 
minor vandalism. 

3326
03:03:03,600 --> 03:03:07,400
The victorians would have been 
appalled, Halloween pranks 

3327
03:03:07,400 --> 03:03:09,900
violated their sense of proper 
behavior and respect for 

3328
03:03:09,900 --> 03:03:13,200
property, but Americans seem to 
view them as harmless fun. 

3329
03:03:14,200 --> 03:03:17,200
The costume element which was 
relatively minor in Victorian 

3330
03:03:17,200 --> 03:03:21,500
celebrations exploded in America
were victorians, might have worn

3331
03:03:21,500 --> 03:03:25,400
simple masks or modest costumes 
for their parlor games American 

3332
03:03:25,400 --> 03:03:28,700
Halloween embraced elaborate 
disguises by the early 20th 

3333
03:03:28,700 --> 03:03:31,100
century costume. 
Parties were becoming standard 

3334
03:03:31,100 --> 03:03:34,000
with people dressing as 
everything from ghosts and 

3335
03:03:34,000 --> 03:03:36,300
witches to contemporary 
celebrities and Comic 

3336
03:03:36,300 --> 03:03:39,300
characters. 
This shift toward costumes 

3337
03:03:39,300 --> 03:03:43,100
changed Halloween's nature 
fundamentally the holiday became

3338
03:03:43,100 --> 03:03:45,700
less about divination and 
Connection to the Past and more 

3339
03:03:45,700 --> 03:03:49,300
about fantasy and play acting. 
Instead of trying to Glimpse the

3340
03:03:49,300 --> 03:03:52,400
future or contact Spirits people
were creating alternate 

3341
03:03:52,400 --> 03:03:54,800
identities for themselves. 
It was still about 

3342
03:03:54,800 --> 03:03:58,000
transformation and mystery but 
in a more theatrical less 

3343
03:03:58,000 --> 03:04:01,900
spiritual way. 
The commercialization of 

3344
03:04:01,908 --> 03:04:04,500
Halloween began in Earnest in 
the early 20th century 

3345
03:04:04,500 --> 03:04:07,900
manufacturers, recognized a 
market opportunity and began 

3346
03:04:07,900 --> 03:04:09,800
producing Halloween specific 
products. 

3347
03:04:10,500 --> 03:04:13,900
Decorated paper, goods, costumes
and Candy. 

3348
03:04:13,900 --> 03:04:16,600
What had been a homemade 
celebration using seasonal 

3349
03:04:16,600 --> 03:04:19,500
materials. 
Those turnip lanterns Autumn 

3350
03:04:19,500 --> 03:04:22,800
Leaves and apples from your own 
trees became something you could

3351
03:04:22,800 --> 03:04:25,600
buy at a store. 
This commercialization 

3352
03:04:25,600 --> 03:04:29,300
accelerated dramatically after 
World War, 2 trick or treaty 

3353
03:04:29,300 --> 03:04:32,600
which had existed in various 
forms for decades became 

3354
03:04:32,600 --> 03:04:36,500
standardized and wide-spread. 
Candy companies promoted their 

3355
03:04:36,500 --> 03:04:38,100
products specifically for 
Halloween. 

3356
03:04:39,000 --> 03:04:42,600
Costume manufacturers turned out
ready-made outfits, department 

3357
03:04:42,600 --> 03:04:45,600
stores created Halloween 
sections, the holiday was 

3358
03:04:45,600 --> 03:04:48,100
becoming an industry. 
But here's what's interesting, 

3359
03:04:48,100 --> 03:04:51,200
even as Halloween became 
commercialized and transformed 

3360
03:04:51,200 --> 03:04:52,900
some of those Victorian 
elements. 

3361
03:04:52,900 --> 03:04:56,400
Persisted apple bobbing though, 
less common now is still 

3362
03:04:56,400 --> 03:05:00,300
recognized as a Halloween game, 
Ghost Stories and scary movies 

3363
03:05:00,300 --> 03:05:02,100
have become Central to October 
entertainment. 

3364
03:05:02,100 --> 03:05:05,600
The emphasis on Autumn 
decorations, pumpkins corn 

3365
03:05:05,600 --> 03:05:07,900
stalks and Autumn Leaves 
continues. 

3366
03:05:07,900 --> 03:05:10,500
The Victorian tradition of 
marking the seasons change. 

3367
03:05:11,400 --> 03:05:14,200
The Divination element has 
mostly disappeared though, you 

3368
03:05:14,200 --> 03:05:17,000
can still find articles about 
Halloween, fortune telling 

3369
03:05:17,000 --> 03:05:19,000
Traditions. 
Modern people are less 

3370
03:05:19,000 --> 03:05:21,200
interested in learning who 
they'll marry and more focused 

3371
03:05:21,200 --> 03:05:24,400
on candy and costumes. 
But the impulse behind those, 

3372
03:05:24,400 --> 03:05:28,300
Victorian games, the desire to 
Mark, time passing to 

3373
03:05:28,300 --> 03:05:31,400
acknowledge mystery and 
uncertainty hasn't entirely 

3374
03:05:31,400 --> 03:05:33,700
vanished. 
It's just been channeled into 

3375
03:05:33,700 --> 03:05:35,900
different forms. 
The ghost story tradition 

3376
03:05:35,900 --> 03:05:39,500
particularly has proven 
remarkably durable Victorian 

3377
03:05:39,500 --> 03:05:42,200
Fireside Tales of old into pop 
magazine stories. 

3378
03:05:42,200 --> 03:05:46,100
Then radio plays then horror 
movies and TV shows every 

3379
03:05:46,100 --> 03:05:48,300
October people seek out scary 
content. 

3380
03:05:48,300 --> 03:05:51,900
Not because they genuinely 
believe in the Supernatural, but

3381
03:05:51,900 --> 03:05:55,100
for that same reason, the 
victorians told ghost stories to

3382
03:05:55,100 --> 03:05:58,500
experience controlled fear to 
touch on darker themes while 

3383
03:05:58,500 --> 03:06:02,000
remaining safe. 
Even the timing of Halloween has

3384
03:06:02,000 --> 03:06:04,700
Victorian roots. 
The date was fixed long before 

3385
03:06:04,700 --> 03:06:07,900
Victoria's reign, of course, but
the Victorian emphasis on 

3386
03:06:07,900 --> 03:06:11,700
October, 31st is the primary 
Halloween celebration rather 

3387
03:06:11,700 --> 03:06:14,700
than the extended period from 
October. 31st through November 

3388
03:06:14,700 --> 03:06:18,200
2nd, that Catholic tradition 
observed shaped how modern 

3389
03:06:18,200 --> 03:06:21,300
America, celebrates, we focus on
that single night. 

3390
03:06:21,300 --> 03:06:25,400
That one evening of costumes and
candy and spookiness rather than

3391
03:06:25,400 --> 03:06:27,300
a longer period of remembering 
the Dead. 

3392
03:06:28,200 --> 03:06:30,700
The Victorian influence. 
Also, persists in Halloween 

3393
03:06:30,700 --> 03:06:33,600
aesthetic. 
Those Rich, autumn colors, deep 

3394
03:06:33,600 --> 03:06:37,400
oranges, burgundies, and Browns,
come directly from Victorian 

3395
03:06:37,400 --> 03:06:40,700
decorative Traditions. 
The emphasis on Candlelight and 

3396
03:06:40,700 --> 03:06:43,000
Atmospheric lighting Echoes, 
those dimly lit. 

3397
03:06:43,000 --> 03:06:46,500
Parlors even the modern plastic 
decorations with their stylized 

3398
03:06:46,500 --> 03:06:49,700
witches, and ghosts and black 
cats reference injury. 

3399
03:06:49,700 --> 03:06:51,900
That became codified during the 
Victorian era. 

3400
03:06:53,000 --> 03:06:56,300
What's been mostly lost though 
is the intimacy and subtlety of 

3401
03:06:56,300 --> 03:06:59,400
Victorian Halloween. 
Modern celebrations tend toward 

3402
03:06:59,400 --> 03:07:03,200
spectacle and excess, huge 
animatronic decorations, 

3403
03:07:03,200 --> 03:07:06,700
elaborate haunted houses, and 
vast quantities of candy. 

3404
03:07:06,700 --> 03:07:10,200
The Victorian emphasis on 
suggestion overstatement on 

3405
03:07:10,200 --> 03:07:13,100
creating atmosphere through 
careful detail, rather than over

3406
03:07:13,100 --> 03:07:16,300
the sensei's that's largely 
disappeared. 

3407
03:07:17,700 --> 03:07:20,200
We've also lost the social 
function that Victorian 

3408
03:07:20,200 --> 03:07:22,600
Halloween served. 
Those parlor games brought 

3409
03:07:22,600 --> 03:07:25,900
people together and shared 
activity and created moments of 

3410
03:07:25,900 --> 03:07:28,200
genuine interaction and 
community. 

3411
03:07:28,900 --> 03:07:31,700
Modern Halloween, for all its 
popularity, tends to be more 

3412
03:07:31,700 --> 03:07:35,200
passive, you watch scary movies 
rather than telling stories to 

3413
03:07:35,200 --> 03:07:37,600
each other. 
You buy costumes rather than 

3414
03:07:37,600 --> 03:07:40,900
creating them with friends, you 
eat candy alone rather than 

3415
03:07:40,900 --> 03:07:43,300
playing games that require 
coordination and cooperation. 

3416
03:07:43,300 --> 03:07:47,000
But perhaps, that's changing in 
recent years, there's been a 

3417
03:07:47,000 --> 03:07:49,900
Revival of interest in what, you
might call artisanal Halloween 

3418
03:07:49,900 --> 03:07:52,300
people. 
Creating elaborate homemade 

3419
03:07:52,300 --> 03:07:56,200
decorations hosting themed 
parties with vintage games and 

3420
03:07:56,200 --> 03:07:59,000
seeking out authentic. 
Victorian Halloween Traditions. 

3421
03:07:59,000 --> 03:08:02,500
It's a small movement mostly 
among people who find modern 

3422
03:08:02,500 --> 03:08:05,500
commercial Halloween on 
satisfying, but it suggests that

3423
03:08:05,500 --> 03:08:09,100
something about those Victorian 
practices, still resonate what 

3424
03:08:09,100 --> 03:08:12,200
the victorians understood and 
what modern Halloween sometimes 

3425
03:08:12,200 --> 03:08:15,300
forgets his is that the best 
celebrations engage your 

3426
03:08:15,300 --> 03:08:18,800
imagination rather than simply 
over the centers, a turnip 

3427
03:08:18,800 --> 03:08:22,200
lantern with a single candle 
flickering in, darkness creates 

3428
03:08:22,200 --> 03:08:25,200
a more genuine atmosphere than 
an expensive animatronic 

3429
03:08:25,200 --> 03:08:28,200
decoration. 
A well-told ghost story around a

3430
03:08:28,200 --> 03:08:31,200
fire affects people more deeply 
than a gory horror movie. 

3431
03:08:31,200 --> 03:08:36,000
Simple divination games invested
with meaning by the participants

3432
03:08:36,000 --> 03:08:39,300
create more authentic moments 
than elaborate party 

3433
03:08:39,300 --> 03:08:42,100
entertainment. 
As we near the end of our 

3434
03:08:42,100 --> 03:08:45,300
exploration, it's worth 
considering what we might learn 

3435
03:08:45,300 --> 03:08:48,600
from Victorian Halloween, not to
recreate it. 

3436
03:08:48,600 --> 03:08:51,000
Exactly. 
But to understand what made it 

3437
03:08:51,000 --> 03:08:53,700
effective and meaningful in ways
that modern celebrations, 

3438
03:08:53,700 --> 03:08:58,500
sometimes aren't The Victorian 
approach to Halloween was 

3439
03:08:58,500 --> 03:09:01,000
fundamentally about creating 
atmosphere rather than 

3440
03:09:01,000 --> 03:09:03,400
purchasing it. 
Mrs. Ashford didn't buy her 

3441
03:09:03,400 --> 03:09:05,000
decorations from a Halloween 
store? 

3442
03:09:05,000 --> 03:09:09,700
She used, what was available? 
Autumn Leaves apples candles and

3443
03:09:09,700 --> 03:09:14,200
fabric the limitation forced 
creativity, but it also created 

3444
03:09:14,200 --> 03:09:17,500
authenticity her decorations. 
Weren't generic Halloween 

3445
03:09:17,500 --> 03:09:19,000
images, mass-produced, in 
factories. 

3446
03:09:19,000 --> 03:09:24,100
They were specific to her home, 
her region and her autumn This 

3447
03:09:24,100 --> 03:09:26,900
DIY approach meant the preparing
for Halloween was itself. 

3448
03:09:26,900 --> 03:09:30,400
Part of the celebration 
Gathering Autumn Leaves carving,

3449
03:09:30,400 --> 03:09:33,500
turnip blantons, and planning 
games and divination. 

3450
03:09:34,100 --> 03:09:36,900
These activities built 
anticipation and involvement in 

3451
03:09:36,900 --> 03:09:40,100
ways that opening a package of 
store-bought decorations, never 

3452
03:09:40,100 --> 03:09:43,600
quite can, the preparation was 
participatory rather than 

3453
03:09:43,600 --> 03:09:46,100
transactional. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

3454
03:09:46,100 --> 03:09:49,400
subtlety over spectacle also has
something to teach us, they 

3455
03:09:49,400 --> 03:09:52,400
understood that Darkness makes 
light more precious, that 

3456
03:09:52,400 --> 03:09:56,000
silence, amplifies sound. 
And that suggestion is often 

3457
03:09:56,000 --> 03:09:59,400
more powerful than explicit 
display a shadow in a dark, and 

3458
03:09:59,400 --> 03:10:01,500
corner is scary than a plastic 
skeleton. 

3459
03:10:01,500 --> 03:10:04,000
Precisely, because you're 
imagination fills. 

3460
03:10:04,000 --> 03:10:06,800
In the details, a whispered 
ghost story affects you more 

3461
03:10:06,808 --> 03:10:10,500
deeply than allowed gory movie, 
because you have to lean in, pay

3462
03:10:10,500 --> 03:10:13,200
attention, and engage actively 
with the narrative. 

3463
03:10:13,200 --> 03:10:16,600
Victoria in Halloween was also, 
fundamentally social in ways 

3464
03:10:16,600 --> 03:10:19,900
that modern celebrations, often 
aren't everything happened 

3465
03:10:19,900 --> 03:10:24,400
together in shared space with 
everyone participating, you 

3466
03:10:24,400 --> 03:10:27,000
didn't Retreat to separate 
screens or separate Activities. 

3467
03:10:27,000 --> 03:10:30,600
The Game's required interaction,
someone had to hold the mirror. 

3468
03:10:30,600 --> 03:10:33,200
Someone had to judge the apple 
bobbing and someone had to tell 

3469
03:10:33,200 --> 03:10:36,500
stories while Others listened. 
This forced togetherness created

3470
03:10:36,500 --> 03:10:39,600
genuine community. 
The fortune telling element. 

3471
03:10:39,600 --> 03:10:42,800
While we might not believe in it
literally served an important 

3472
03:10:42,800 --> 03:10:45,200
purpose. 
It gave people permission to 

3473
03:10:45,200 --> 03:10:48,200
voice hopes and fears that were 
otherwise difficult to express 

3474
03:10:48,200 --> 03:10:50,400
the young woman, wandering about
her future. 

3475
03:10:50,400 --> 03:10:53,500
Could externalize that anxiety 
through apple peels and nut 

3476
03:10:53,500 --> 03:10:56,500
Behavior rather than having to 
speak directly about her 

3477
03:10:56,500 --> 03:10:58,700
worries. 
The game's created a language 

3478
03:10:58,700 --> 03:11:01,800
for discussing difficult topics,
this indirect approach to 

3479
03:11:01,800 --> 03:11:04,500
Serious subjects, might actually
be something worth recovering. 

3480
03:11:04,500 --> 03:11:08,600
We tend to value directness and 
explicit communication, but 

3481
03:11:08,600 --> 03:11:11,400
sometimes metaphor, and symbol 
allow us to approach trues that 

3482
03:11:11,400 --> 03:11:14,000
direct statement makes two raw 
or overwhelming. 

3483
03:11:14,000 --> 03:11:17,400
Halloween divination gave the 
victorians a way to think about 

3484
03:11:17,400 --> 03:11:20,600
death change and uncertain 
Futures without having to 

3485
03:11:20,600 --> 03:11:22,300
confront those realities 
head-on. 

3486
03:11:23,400 --> 03:11:26,400
The Victorian integration of 
Halloween with natural rhythms 

3487
03:11:26,400 --> 03:11:29,000
and seasonal change is 
particularly relevant. 

3488
03:11:29,000 --> 03:11:31,800
Now, when climate change is 
disrupting the very Seasons, 

3489
03:11:31,800 --> 03:11:34,800
these Traditions were built 
around the emphasis on Harvest 

3490
03:11:34,800 --> 03:11:39,000
on the transition from abundance
to scarce City on preparation 

3491
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:41,100
for winter. 
These connected people to 

3492
03:11:41,100 --> 03:11:43,800
ecological realities that we 
often ignore in our climate 

3493
03:11:43,800 --> 03:11:47,000
controlled, always available 
food, modern world. 

3494
03:11:47,900 --> 03:11:51,400
Perhaps most importantly, 
Victorian Halloween maintained, 

3495
03:11:51,400 --> 03:11:54,400
a balance, between playfulness 
and reverence between treating 

3496
03:11:54,400 --> 03:11:57,500
Traditions as mere entertainment
and taking them too. 

3497
03:11:57,500 --> 03:12:00,900
Seriously, the victorians could 
participate in divination games 

3498
03:12:00,900 --> 03:12:02,700
without literally believing, 
they worked. 

3499
03:12:02,700 --> 03:12:06,200
Tell ghost stories without 
actually thinking ghost walked 

3500
03:12:06,200 --> 03:12:08,900
abroad and engage with 
Supernatural themes while 

3501
03:12:08,900 --> 03:12:10,500
remaining fundamentally 
rational. 

3502
03:12:10,500 --> 03:12:15,000
They held multiple perspectives 
simultaneously skepticism and 

3503
03:12:15,000 --> 03:12:19,400
wonder reason and Imagination 
modern science and ancient 

3504
03:12:19,400 --> 03:12:22,100
folklore. 
This ability to engage with 

3505
03:12:22,100 --> 03:12:25,700
Traditions symbolically rather 
than literally is increasingly 

3506
03:12:25,700 --> 03:12:27,900
rare. 
In our polarized age, where we 

3507
03:12:27,900 --> 03:12:30,900
tend to sort everything into 
either literally true and 

3508
03:12:30,900 --> 03:12:34,200
therefore important or proven 
false and therefore meaningless 

3509
03:12:35,000 --> 03:12:37,500
The victorians understood that 
something could be symbolically 

3510
03:12:37,500 --> 03:12:40,400
true and meaningful without 
being literally factual 

3511
03:12:40,400 --> 03:12:43,500
Halloween divinations didn't 
actually predict the future, 

3512
03:12:43,500 --> 03:12:46,500
didn't make them worthless. 
They served social and 

3513
03:12:46,500 --> 03:12:49,000
psychological functions that had
real value. 

3514
03:12:52,000 --> 03:12:55,500
As you sit here, perhaps 
noticing that your tea has gone 

3515
03:12:55,500 --> 03:12:59,000
cold, or that you've pulled your
blanket up almost to your chin. 

3516
03:12:59,000 --> 03:13:02,900
Imagine one final scene with me.
It's the Deep powers of the 

3517
03:13:02,908 --> 03:13:05,800
night after Mrs. Ashford's 
party, all the guests of 

3518
03:13:05,800 --> 03:13:09,700
departed and the house has 
settled into silence in The 

3519
03:13:09,708 --> 03:13:12,600
Parlor, a single coal in the 
fireplace, still glows faintly, 

3520
03:13:12,600 --> 03:13:16,000
not producing much heat, but 
maintaining a tiny point of 

3521
03:13:16,000 --> 03:13:18,800
light in the darkness, the 
turnip Lantern of burned out. 

3522
03:13:18,800 --> 03:13:23,200
Completely the decorations look 
tired and slightly for lawn, the

3523
03:13:23,200 --> 03:13:26,600
room smells of candle wax and 
cold, smoke apples, and old 

3524
03:13:26,600 --> 03:13:29,400
fabric. 
Mrs. Ashford before retiring to 

3525
03:13:29,400 --> 03:13:31,600
bed, does one final walk through
the space? 

3526
03:13:31,600 --> 03:13:35,500
She adjusted a picture frame 
that slightly Askew, picks up a 

3527
03:13:35,500 --> 03:13:38,000
forgotten handkerchief and make 
sure the fire screen is 

3528
03:13:38,000 --> 03:13:40,100
properly. 
Positioned, she pauses for a 

3529
03:13:40,108 --> 03:13:41,600
moment. 
Looking around at the dim 

3530
03:13:41,600 --> 03:13:45,200
parlor, probably thinking about 
the evening success, or failure,

3531
03:13:45,200 --> 03:13:47,900
mentally noting. 
What worked well and what she 

3532
03:13:47,900 --> 03:13:51,400
might change next year? 
Then she extinguishes, the final

3533
03:13:51,400 --> 03:13:54,700
lamp and leaves the room to 
Darkness the house, creaks and 

3534
03:13:54,700 --> 03:13:56,900
settles around her. 
She climbs the stairs to bed 

3535
03:13:56,900 --> 03:13:59,500
outside. 
The October night is quiet 

3536
03:13:59,500 --> 03:14:02,700
except for wind in the trees and
the occasional distant bark of a

3537
03:14:02,700 --> 03:14:05,500
dog. 
The Thin Veil Between Worlds if 

3538
03:14:05,500 --> 03:14:07,500
it was ever truly thin as closed
again. 

3539
03:14:08,300 --> 03:14:09,700
Halloween is over for another 
year. 

3540
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:14,100
Something lingers in the minds 
of the guests walking home or 

3541
03:14:14,100 --> 03:14:17,300
already lying in their beds, 
memories of the evening persist.

3542
03:14:17,900 --> 03:14:21,000
A particularly effective ghost 
story keeps replaying the image 

3543
03:14:21,000 --> 03:14:24,500
of a face and Candlelight eyes 
wide while holding that key over

3544
03:14:24,500 --> 03:14:26,800
a shoulder. 
The tastes of apples and the 

3545
03:14:26,800 --> 03:14:28,800
feel of cold water during snap 
Apple. 

3546
03:14:28,800 --> 03:14:32,300
These sensory memories will fade
over time, but they'll leave 

3547
03:14:32,300 --> 03:14:35,500
traces contributing to each 
person's understanding of what 

3548
03:14:35,500 --> 03:14:39,800
Autumn means what mystery feels 
like and how Community forms and

3549
03:14:39,800 --> 03:14:43,700
reforms through shared ritual. 
this is the real Legacy of 

3550
03:14:43,700 --> 03:14:47,500
Victorian Halloween, not the 
specific games or Traditions, 

3551
03:14:47,500 --> 03:14:50,000
which have mostly faded or 
transformed beyond recognition, 

3552
03:14:51,100 --> 03:14:53,600
but the understanding that 
certain times of year call for 

3553
03:14:53,600 --> 03:14:56,900
certain kinds of attention that 
the transition from one season 

3554
03:14:56,900 --> 03:14:59,800
to another deserves 
acknowledgment, That gathering 

3555
03:14:59,800 --> 03:15:02,500
together in shared activity 
creates bonds that persist 

3556
03:15:02,500 --> 03:15:05,800
beyond the Gathering itself that
a well told story around a fire 

3557
03:15:05,800 --> 03:15:09,100
to something to the human soul 
that watching a screen alone can

3558
03:15:09,100 --> 03:15:13,600
never quite replicate. 
The victorians for all their 

3559
03:15:13,600 --> 03:15:15,300
stuffiness and their excessive 
furniture. 

3560
03:15:15,300 --> 03:15:18,200
And their social rigidity 
understood something about 

3561
03:15:18,200 --> 03:15:20,300
celebration that we've partially
lost. 

3562
03:15:20,300 --> 03:15:23,500
They knew that the best 
festivities engage people rather

3563
03:15:23,500 --> 03:15:27,300
than just entertaining them. 
They created experiences rather 

3564
03:15:27,300 --> 03:15:30,600
than consuming them they used. 
What was at hand rather than 

3565
03:15:30,600 --> 03:15:33,800
buying, what was marketed to 
them as you prepare to drift off

3566
03:15:33,800 --> 03:15:36,600
to sleep tonight. 
Perhaps your dream of Victorian,

3567
03:15:36,600 --> 03:15:40,600
parlors of candlelit, Shadows 
and apple bobbing of hushed, 

3568
03:15:40,600 --> 03:15:43,500
ghost stories, and mysterious 
mirrors, or perhaps your dream 

3569
03:15:43,500 --> 03:15:46,100
of something else. 
Entirely your own, memories, 

3570
03:15:46,100 --> 03:15:49,600
your own Autumn evening's your 
own celebrations with their own 

3571
03:15:49,600 --> 03:15:54,100
meanings. 
But maybe just may be your wake 

3572
03:15:54,100 --> 03:15:56,400
up tomorrow with a slightly 
different sense of what 

3573
03:15:56,400 --> 03:15:59,300
celebration could be. 
Not just buying decorations and 

3574
03:15:59,300 --> 03:16:02,700
candy not just passive 
entertainment, but the creation 

3575
03:16:02,700 --> 03:16:05,600
of atmosphere and meaning 
through attention and intention,

3576
03:16:05,600 --> 03:16:07,600
Victorian Halloween, wasn't 
perfect. 

3577
03:16:07,600 --> 03:16:11,200
Nothing human ever is but it had
a gentle magic that was worth 

3578
03:16:11,208 --> 03:16:15,200
remembering The Thin Veil 
Between Worlds, that the Celts 

3579
03:16:15,200 --> 03:16:18,400
believed in wasn't just about 
spirits and the afterlife. 

3580
03:16:18,400 --> 03:16:22,000
It was also about the veil 
between past and present between

3581
03:16:22,000 --> 03:16:25,000
what was, and what is? 
Every time we engage with 

3582
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:28,700
tradition, really engage with 
it, understanding its Origins 

3583
03:16:28,700 --> 03:16:31,000
and meanings. 
We thin that Veil a little. 

3584
03:16:31,000 --> 03:16:33,800
We can connect with the people 
who came before us, who 

3585
03:16:33,800 --> 03:16:36,400
celebrated in their own ways for
their own reasons. 

3586
03:16:36,400 --> 03:16:40,600
But who shared our fundamental 
human need for ritual community 

3587
03:16:40,600 --> 03:16:44,400
and a touch of Mystery. 
So as you close your eyes and 

3588
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:47,000
let's sleep, take you remember 
Mrs? 

3589
03:16:47,000 --> 03:16:50,200
Ashford's parlor. 
Remember the glow of the coal 

3590
03:16:50,200 --> 03:16:51,700
fire and the flicker of 
Candlelight? 

3591
03:16:51,700 --> 03:16:54,900
Remember the laughter during 
snap apple and the hush during 

3592
03:16:54,900 --> 03:16:57,700
ghost stories. 
Remember, the smell of autumn 

3593
03:16:57,700 --> 03:17:00,900
leaves and burning wax. 
Remember that once upon a time 

3594
03:17:00,900 --> 03:17:02,500
not. 
So very long ago, people 

3595
03:17:02,500 --> 03:17:05,200
gathered in comfortable rooms to
play gentle games about the 

3596
03:17:05,200 --> 03:17:07,900
future and tell quiet stories 
about the past. 

3597
03:17:07,900 --> 03:17:11,200
And perhaps next Autumn were not
October, winds are rattling. 

3598
03:17:11,200 --> 03:17:13,900
The windows and leaves are 
drifting down from the trees. 

3599
03:17:13,900 --> 03:17:16,600
You might try lighting a candle 
instead of turning on all the 

3600
03:17:16,600 --> 03:17:19,800
lights, you might tell a story 
instead of turning on a screen, 

3601
03:17:19,800 --> 03:17:22,100
you might Bob for apples or 
throw apple. 

3602
03:17:22,100 --> 03:17:25,400
Peels over your shoulder or sit 
in the dark with friends and let

3603
03:17:25,400 --> 03:17:27,300
him imagination work. 
Its subtle Magic. 

3604
03:17:28,300 --> 03:17:32,000
The victorians are long gone, 
their parlors dismantled or 

3605
03:17:32,000 --> 03:17:35,400
converted to other uses. 
Their elaborate social rules 

3606
03:17:35,400 --> 03:17:39,000
abandoned their stuffed 
Furniture, mostly consigned to 

3607
03:17:39,008 --> 03:17:41,700
antique shops, but the 
understanding at the heart of 

3608
03:17:41,708 --> 03:17:44,500
their Halloween celebrations, 
that mystery and community and 

3609
03:17:44,508 --> 03:17:48,100
seasonal awareness matter that 
atmosphere and attention can 

3610
03:17:48,100 --> 03:17:51,700
create enchantment. 
That sometimes the old ways, new

3611
03:17:51,700 --> 03:17:55,200
something worth preserving that 
understanding is still available

3612
03:17:55,200 --> 03:17:56,600
to us if we care to reach for 
it. 

3613
03:17:57,500 --> 03:18:00,600
Sleep, well, and let the gentle 
ghosts of Victorian Halloween's,

3614
03:18:00,600 --> 03:18:03,800
past keep watch over your 
dreams, their harmless Spirits, 

3615
03:18:03,800 --> 03:18:06,000
these. 
Not frightening, but friendly 

3616
03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:09,100
not threatening, but comforting 
they Whisper of autumn evenings 

3617
03:18:09,100 --> 03:18:13,100
and firelight of laughter, and 
shadows of that perfect balance 

3618
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:15,700
between playfulness and 
reverence that made Victorian 

3619
03:18:15,700 --> 03:18:19,700
Halloween, something special, 
the coal in Mrs. Ashford's, 

3620
03:18:19,700 --> 03:18:22,300
fireplace is finally gone dark, 
but it's warmth lingers in 

3621
03:18:22,308 --> 03:18:25,100
memory, and that perhaps is the 
best kind of warmth. 

3622
03:18:25,100 --> 03:18:28,600
The kind that persists long 
after the fire itself has burned

3623
03:18:28,600 --> 03:18:31,800
out, the kind that can be 
rekindled whenever we were a 

3624
03:18:31,800 --> 03:18:39,100
member and honor the Traditions 
that shape us Picture England in

3625
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:42,500
the early 1500s and try to 
forget everything you think you 

3626
03:18:42,500 --> 03:18:46,200
know about it, this isn't the 
England of Empire and Industry 

3627
03:18:46,200 --> 03:18:48,600
of tea and parliamentary 
democracy. 

3628
03:18:49,300 --> 03:18:52,600
This is an island nation, still 
finding its footing still 

3629
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:54,100
figuring out what it wants to 
be. 

3630
03:18:54,100 --> 03:18:57,200
When it grows up the Morning, 
Light filters, through the small

3631
03:18:57,200 --> 03:19:00,200
thick glass, windows of a Manor 
House in the Cotswolds 

3632
03:19:00,200 --> 03:19:03,300
Illuminating dust. 
Moats that danced in the cold 

3633
03:19:03,300 --> 03:19:05,700
air. 
You can smell the wood smoke 

3634
03:19:05,700 --> 03:19:09,300
from cooking fires, mixing with 
the earthy Ascent of Russia's 

3635
03:19:09,300 --> 03:19:12,500
covering the floor. 
Rushes, that need changing, but 

3636
03:19:12,500 --> 03:19:14,700
probably won't be replaced for 
another week. 

3637
03:19:15,600 --> 03:19:19,300
The herb scattered among them 
lavender, Rosemary and mint 

3638
03:19:19,300 --> 03:19:22,800
release their fragrance. 
When you step on them, a 

3639
03:19:22,800 --> 03:19:25,200
medieval attempt at air 
freshening that works better in 

3640
03:19:25,200 --> 03:19:27,400
theory than in practice. 
England. 

3641
03:19:27,400 --> 03:19:31,800
In 1509 is a nation of about 3 
million Souls, which means it 

3642
03:19:31,800 --> 03:19:35,000
has fewer people than modern Los
Angeles spread across an entire 

3643
03:19:35,000 --> 03:19:37,700
country. 
Most of those Souls live in 

3644
03:19:37,708 --> 03:19:40,400
villages. 
So small you could walk from one

3645
03:19:40,400 --> 03:19:42,800
end of the other. 
In the time it takes to finish 

3646
03:19:42,800 --> 03:19:46,500
your morning coffee. 
The largest city London houses. 

3647
03:19:46,500 --> 03:19:49,500
Perhaps 50,000 people crowded 
along the Thames. 

3648
03:19:49,500 --> 03:19:53,300
Timber framed houses leaning 
into narrow streets where the 

3649
03:19:53,300 --> 03:19:56,800
upper is nearly touch across the
way, blocking out the sky. 

3650
03:19:56,800 --> 03:20:00,300
The Rhythm of Life follows the 
church bells at punctuate each 

3651
03:20:00,300 --> 03:20:04,200
day with their bronze voices. 
You wait to the sound of prime, 

3652
03:20:04,200 --> 03:20:08,100
the first morning, prayer and 
move through your day, Guided by

3653
03:20:08,100 --> 03:20:14,200
terse sexed, none Vespers, and 
finally complain, as Darkness 

3654
03:20:14,200 --> 03:20:17,200
Falls, The bells aren't just 
timekeepers. 

3655
03:20:17,200 --> 03:20:20,200
They're the heartbeat of a 
society where the church isn't 

3656
03:20:20,200 --> 03:20:23,800
separate from daily life. 
But woven into every aspect of 

3657
03:20:23,800 --> 03:20:28,000
it, like threads in the very 
fabric you wear and what fabric 

3658
03:20:28,000 --> 03:20:30,300
it is. 
If you're wealthy enough you 

3659
03:20:30,300 --> 03:20:33,900
might own Woolen cloth in deep 
Reds or Blues colors that cost 

3660
03:20:33,900 --> 03:20:35,700
more than a labor earns in 
months. 

3661
03:20:37,200 --> 03:20:40,100
The wool itself. 
Tells a story England's economy 

3662
03:20:40,100 --> 03:20:44,000
runs on sheep, those Placid 
creatures grazing on every 

3663
03:20:44,000 --> 03:20:47,600
available Hillside their fleece,
transformed in workshops and 

3664
03:20:47,608 --> 03:20:51,000
sold across Europe. 
When you wear in Tudor England, 

3665
03:20:51,000 --> 03:20:54,800
you're wearing the nation's 
primary export, its economic 

3666
03:20:54,800 --> 03:20:58,300
engine, and its claim to 
International relevance, the 

3667
03:20:58,300 --> 03:21:01,100
Catholic Church dominates the 
landscape, both literally and 

3668
03:21:01,100 --> 03:21:04,100
figuratively. 
Parish churches, anchor every 

3669
03:21:04,100 --> 03:21:08,300
Community, their Stone Towers 
Rising above, thatched Cottages 

3670
03:21:08,300 --> 03:21:10,000
like parents watching over 
children. 

3671
03:21:11,100 --> 03:21:12,800
Monasteries and Abby's dot the 
countryside. 

3672
03:21:12,808 --> 03:21:17,500
There are nearly 900 religious 
houses in England home to 

3673
03:21:17,500 --> 03:21:20,400
perhaps 10,000 monks nuns and 
fryers. 

3674
03:21:21,100 --> 03:21:24,300
These aren't just places of 
prayer, their hospitals, schools

3675
03:21:24,300 --> 03:21:27,900
hostels for travelers and 
landlords controlling, vast 

3676
03:21:27,900 --> 03:21:30,400
Estates. 
The Abbot glass Tori. 

3677
03:21:30,400 --> 03:21:33,900
Owns land in several counties. 
The monastery at Westminster 

3678
03:21:33,900 --> 03:21:36,100
practically as a small town unto
itself. 

3679
03:21:36,100 --> 03:21:39,100
Your relationship with the 
church isn't optional or 

3680
03:21:39,100 --> 03:21:41,900
occasional. 
It's just fundamental as 

3681
03:21:41,900 --> 03:21:44,300
breathing. 
You're born into it, literally 

3682
03:21:44,300 --> 03:21:47,400
with baptism, washing Away, 
original sin within days of 

3683
03:21:47,400 --> 03:21:50,700
birth. 
You marry in it, the priest 

3684
03:21:50,700 --> 03:21:53,700
blessing transforming a private 
Arrangement into a public 

3685
03:21:53,700 --> 03:21:57,400
sacrament. 
You'll die in it receiving last 

3686
03:21:57,400 --> 03:22:01,600
rites that determine your souls 
destination in between you 

3687
03:22:01,600 --> 03:22:05,400
attend Mass regularly confess 
your sins to a priest. 

3688
03:22:05,400 --> 03:22:07,000
Who knows all your neighbor's 
business too. 

3689
03:22:07,000 --> 03:22:12,100
Pay your ties, observe the fast 
days and purchase Indulgence is 

3690
03:22:12,100 --> 03:22:16,100
to reduce time in purgatory. 
The Pope in Rome that distant 

3691
03:22:16,100 --> 03:22:19,400
figure in his Vatican Palace 
holds more practical power over 

3692
03:22:19,400 --> 03:22:21,300
English daily life than you 
might imagine. 

3693
03:22:22,100 --> 03:22:24,500
He can annul. 
Marriage is the Jitter mized 

3694
03:22:24,500 --> 03:22:27,600
children and Grant special 
dispensations for everything 

3695
03:22:27,600 --> 03:22:30,100
from eating meat on Friday to 
marrying your cousin. 

3696
03:22:30,100 --> 03:22:33,500
He appoints Bishops who become 
major political figures. 

3697
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:38,000
He can excommunicate anyone from
King to Peasant, which in this 

3698
03:22:38,000 --> 03:22:41,500
society means cutting them off 
from all social connection and 

3699
03:22:41,500 --> 03:22:45,600
condemning this sold to hell. 
It's a threat that carries real 

3700
03:22:45,600 --> 03:22:50,100
weight when everyone you know 
believes it absolutely but there

3701
03:22:50,100 --> 03:22:54,800
are grumbles in these dim 
smoke-filled rooms where hail 

3702
03:22:54,800 --> 03:22:58,300
flows and inhibitions loose and 
you might hear men complain 

3703
03:22:58,300 --> 03:23:01,200
about how much land the church 
owns while paying no taxes. 

3704
03:23:01,200 --> 03:23:04,200
You might hear Merchants 
frustrated by religious 

3705
03:23:04,200 --> 03:23:05,900
restrictions on business 
practices. 

3706
03:23:07,000 --> 03:23:10,200
You might even hear whispers 
about church corruption though. 

3707
03:23:10,200 --> 03:23:13,100
No one speaks too loudly because
heresy is a burning offense. 

3708
03:23:13,100 --> 03:23:16,300
Literally, the political 
landscape is equally complex. 

3709
03:23:16,300 --> 03:23:20,500
England Has a King, Henry the 
7th who won his crown by killing

3710
03:23:20,500 --> 03:23:21,900
the previous King on a 
battlefield. 

3711
03:23:21,900 --> 03:23:25,300
And who spent his Reign 
consolidating power and filling 

3712
03:23:25,300 --> 03:23:28,400
the treasury. 
Parliament exists, but it meets 

3713
03:23:28,400 --> 03:23:30,000
a regularly when the king needs 
money. 

3714
03:23:31,100 --> 03:23:34,200
Local Administration happens 
through a patchwork of nobles 

3715
03:23:34,200 --> 03:23:39,000
Bishops, sheriffs, and justices 
of the Peace A system that works

3716
03:23:39,000 --> 03:23:42,100
mostly because everyone's known 
everyone else's families for 

3717
03:23:42,100 --> 03:23:44,600
Generations. 
England's place in The Wider. 

3718
03:23:44,600 --> 03:23:48,100
European world is complicated. 
It's not quite the Backwater. 

3719
03:23:48,100 --> 03:23:51,500
Some Continental Scholars 
dismiss, but it's not a major 

3720
03:23:51,508 --> 03:23:54,500
power either. 
Spain and France of the real 

3721
03:23:54,500 --> 03:23:56,600
players with their larger 
population. 

3722
03:23:56,600 --> 03:24:01,300
Stronger economies, and more 
assertive Kings the Holy Roman 

3723
03:24:01,300 --> 03:24:03,200
Empire sprawls across Central 
Europe. 

3724
03:24:03,200 --> 03:24:07,000
A complicated Patchwork that 
makes England's administrative 

3725
03:24:07,000 --> 03:24:08,800
system. 
Look, elegantly simple. 

3726
03:24:09,600 --> 03:24:12,500
The Italian city-states control 
trade and banking. 

3727
03:24:12,500 --> 03:24:17,300
England makes good wool and 
occasionally causes trouble when

3728
03:24:17,300 --> 03:24:19,000
it's King's. 
Remember they technically 

3729
03:24:19,000 --> 03:24:22,900
claimed the French throne. 
Technology is beginning to stir 

3730
03:24:22,900 --> 03:24:26,300
printing, presses are starting 
to appear the books, remain 

3731
03:24:26,300 --> 03:24:28,500
expensive, and most people can't
read anyway. 

3732
03:24:29,400 --> 03:24:33,000
Navigation techniques are 
improving making longer sea 

3733
03:24:33,000 --> 03:24:33,700
voyages? 
Possible. 

3734
03:24:33,700 --> 03:24:36,900
Gunpowder is changing Warfare 
though. 

3735
03:24:36,900 --> 03:24:39,900
Knights in armor still ride a 
battle as if nothing has 

3736
03:24:39,900 --> 03:24:42,000
changed. 
Its a world caught between 

3737
03:24:42,000 --> 03:24:44,900
medieval traditions and 
something new, trying to be born

3738
03:24:44,900 --> 03:24:48,900
in this England of 1509. 
No one imagines, the 

3739
03:24:48,900 --> 03:24:52,800
transformation coming, the 
monasteries seemed Eternal, the 

3740
03:24:52,800 --> 03:24:56,400
Pope's Authority unquestionable.
And the rhythm of Catholic life 

3741
03:24:56,400 --> 03:25:00,000
is unchanging as the seasons. 
If you could tell an English 

3742
03:25:00,000 --> 03:25:03,200
villager that within 30 years, 
their local Abbey would be torn 

3743
03:25:03,200 --> 03:25:06,900
down their Latin Mass replaced 
with English prayer and their 

3744
03:25:06,900 --> 03:25:09,400
spiritual connection to Rome 
severed forever. 

3745
03:25:09,400 --> 03:25:13,800
They would think you mad but 
changes coming carried, not by 

3746
03:25:13,800 --> 03:25:18,000
armies, or philosophers by one 
young man's desperate desire for

3747
03:25:18,000 --> 03:25:21,000
something. 
He cannot have a legitimate son 

3748
03:25:21,000 --> 03:25:25,100
on an April day. 
In 1509 17 year old Prince Henry

3749
03:25:25,100 --> 03:25:28,600
became King Henry the 8th. 
And England, got a ruler who 

3750
03:25:28,600 --> 03:25:31,700
looked like he'd been ordered 
from a royal catalog featuring 

3751
03:25:31,700 --> 03:25:35,400
only the most impressive 
specifications, picture him at 

3752
03:25:35,400 --> 03:25:38,500
his coronation 6, ft 2 inches 
tall in an air. 

3753
03:25:38,500 --> 03:25:42,100
When most men, barely reached 
five and a half feet Shoulders 

3754
03:25:42,100 --> 03:25:44,200
broad enough to fill out the 
elaborate doublets. 

3755
03:25:44,200 --> 03:25:48,500
He favors legs muscular from 
years of hunting and jousting. 

3756
03:25:49,200 --> 03:25:52,300
His hair catches, the light 
through Westminster, Abbey 

3757
03:25:52,300 --> 03:25:55,200
stained glass. 
Reddish gold Warren long enough 

3758
03:25:55,200 --> 03:25:58,600
to curl at his neck. 
His face hasn't yet acquired, 

3759
03:25:58,600 --> 03:26:03,300
the jowly heaviness of his later
years instead it's all Youth and

3760
03:26:03,308 --> 03:26:07,100
confidence with blue eyes that 
sparkle, when he's pleased and 

3761
03:26:07,100 --> 03:26:09,900
turned cold, when he's not Henry
moves through his coronation 

3762
03:26:09,900 --> 03:26:12,400
ceremony with the grace of 
someone who has been preparing 

3763
03:26:12,400 --> 03:26:15,200
for this moment. 
His entire life, which isn't 

3764
03:26:15,200 --> 03:26:18,300
quite accurate. 
He was actually the spare are 

3765
03:26:18,300 --> 03:26:21,700
the insurance policy while. 
His older brother Arthur was 

3766
03:26:21,700 --> 03:26:26,000
groomed for King ship, but 
Arthur died at 15, 7 years. 

3767
03:26:26,000 --> 03:26:29,700
Early leaving Henry to inherit, 
not just a crown but also 

3768
03:26:29,700 --> 03:26:32,000
Arthur's Widow, Catherine of 
Aragon. 

3769
03:26:32,000 --> 03:26:35,600
The young king is what we might 
call the Renaissance Man, though

3770
03:26:35,600 --> 03:26:38,900
that term won't be coined for 
centuries. speaks Latin, 

3771
03:26:38,900 --> 03:26:42,900
fluently reads, French nose 
enough, Spanish to charm, his 

3772
03:26:42,900 --> 03:26:46,400
wife, and his learning Italian, 
because educated people should 

3773
03:26:46,400 --> 03:26:51,400
know Italian, He writes poetry 
not particularly good poetry but

3774
03:26:51,400 --> 03:26:55,500
in enthusiastic poetry the scans
properly and occasionally hit on

3775
03:26:55,500 --> 03:26:59,500
a decent metaphor. 
He composes music playing the 

3776
03:26:59,500 --> 03:27:03,200
lute virginals and recorder with
genuine skill. 

3777
03:27:04,200 --> 03:27:07,900
His song Pastime with good 
company will still be performed 

3778
03:27:07,900 --> 03:27:11,200
500 years later though. 
Mostly by people who enjoy 

3779
03:27:11,200 --> 03:27:15,000
singing in Period costume Henry 
jousts with the aggressive 

3780
03:27:15,000 --> 03:27:19,200
confidence of someone who's very
good at sports and knows it He 

3781
03:27:19,200 --> 03:27:22,500
hunts almost obsessively 
sometimes riding for eight or 

3782
03:27:22,500 --> 03:27:25,900
ten hours, straight, wearing out
horses and companions with equal

3783
03:27:25,900 --> 03:27:28,800
ease. 
He dances with the kind of vigor

3784
03:27:28,800 --> 03:27:31,800
that makes watching him 
exhausting at his coronation 

3785
03:27:31,800 --> 03:27:34,000
celebrations. 
He reportedly went through 

3786
03:27:34,000 --> 03:27:36,300
multiple partners because he 
kept wearing them out. 

3787
03:27:36,300 --> 03:27:39,200
But Henry's, most impressive 
feature might be his mind. 

3788
03:27:39,200 --> 03:27:43,100
He's genuinely intelligent with 
that particular, kind of 

3789
03:27:43,100 --> 03:27:45,700
intelligence, that loves 
learning new things, and showing

3790
03:27:45,700 --> 03:27:48,600
off that knowledge. 
He can debate theology with 

3791
03:27:48,600 --> 03:27:52,700
Scholars, discussed tactics with
military commanders and hold 

3792
03:27:52,700 --> 03:27:55,500
forth on everything from 
architecture to astronomy. 

3793
03:27:56,400 --> 03:27:59,400
He's also convinced he's right 
about everything which will 

3794
03:27:59,400 --> 03:28:01,200
become more problematic as the 
ages. 

3795
03:28:01,200 --> 03:28:05,700
But at 17 just seems like 
confidence his father left him a

3796
03:28:05,700 --> 03:28:10,100
full treasury unprecedented for 
an English king and young Henry 

3797
03:28:10,100 --> 03:28:12,900
approaches spending this money 
with the enthusiasm of someone 

3798
03:28:12,900 --> 03:28:16,200
who has just discovered their 
parents credit card has no limit

3799
03:28:17,200 --> 03:28:20,700
He throws tournaments that cost 
more than the annual income for 

3800
03:28:20,700 --> 03:28:24,000
small counties. 
His coronation festivities last 

3801
03:28:24,000 --> 03:28:27,700
for days and include enough food
to feed a small army, which is 

3802
03:28:27,700 --> 03:28:30,300
appropriate since he's 
essentially feeding his entire 

3803
03:28:30,300 --> 03:28:34,300
court plus, hundreds of guests. 
The new Kings household is a 

3804
03:28:34,308 --> 03:28:37,600
world unto itself. 
A mobile Village of hundreds of 

3805
03:28:37,608 --> 03:28:40,400
people who exist solely to 
maintain Royal comfort and 

3806
03:28:40,400 --> 03:28:43,300
dignity. 
There are Gentlemen of the privy

3807
03:28:43,300 --> 03:28:46,600
chamber who helped him dress 
Grooms, who manages extensive 

3808
03:28:46,600 --> 03:28:51,100
wardrobe servers, who bring his 
meals musicians, who provide 

3809
03:28:51,100 --> 03:28:55,400
entertainment chaplains, who 
lead prayers for Physicians, who

3810
03:28:55,400 --> 03:28:59,100
monitor his health and countless
others, whose jobs have titles, 

3811
03:28:59,100 --> 03:29:02,700
like Yeoman of the mouth and 
make perfect sense in context. 

3812
03:29:02,700 --> 03:29:05,700
Henry's daily routine would 
exhaust most people. 

3813
03:29:05,700 --> 03:29:10,000
He rises around six or seven 
hearing Mass almost immediately 

3814
03:29:10,000 --> 03:29:12,900
because religious devotion of 
political display conveniently 

3815
03:29:12,900 --> 03:29:17,400
overlap, He conducts business in
the morning, signing documents, 

3816
03:29:17,400 --> 03:29:21,100
receiving ambassadors Consulting
with counselors. 

3817
03:29:21,900 --> 03:29:25,000
But never so much business that 
it interferes with dinner at 10 

3818
03:29:25,000 --> 03:29:28,500
or 11. 
After dinner comes the real Joy 

3819
03:29:28,500 --> 03:29:33,600
of his day. 
Hunting Hawking tennis or 

3820
03:29:33,600 --> 03:29:36,300
jousting? 
Depending on whether and mood. 

3821
03:29:37,500 --> 03:29:41,500
Supper arrives around 5 or 6, 
followed by entertainment music 

3822
03:29:41,500 --> 03:29:46,300
cards, dice dancing, that can 
continue until midnight his 

3823
03:29:46,300 --> 03:29:49,400
marriage to Catherine of Aragon 
seems initially quite 

3824
03:29:49,400 --> 03:29:54,300
successful. 
Thrin is 23 to Henry 17 which 

3825
03:29:54,300 --> 03:29:57,400
makes her practically an older 
woman in an era where most Royal

3826
03:29:57,400 --> 03:30:00,800
brides are teenagers. 
She's intelligent educated 

3827
03:30:00,800 --> 03:30:05,300
deeply religious and genuinely 
seems to love her young husband 

3828
03:30:06,500 --> 03:30:10,700
Henry appears equally devoted 
calling her his true wife and 

3829
03:30:10,700 --> 03:30:14,500
clearly enjoying her company. 
Their Crown together ruled 

3830
03:30:14,500 --> 03:30:19,300
together and seem to share both 
affection and respect Catherine 

3831
03:30:19,300 --> 03:30:22,700
comes from impressive stock. 
She's the daughter of Ferdinand 

3832
03:30:22,700 --> 03:30:25,700
and Isabella of Spain, the 
monarchs who completed the 

3833
03:30:25,700 --> 03:30:28,700
Reconquista and funded 
Columbus's voyage. 

3834
03:30:29,600 --> 03:30:32,900
Her upbringing emphasized, 
education and piety in equal 

3835
03:30:32,900 --> 03:30:36,000
measure. 
She reads Latin speaks multiple 

3836
03:30:36,000 --> 03:30:39,500
languages and understands 
politics with the sophistication

3837
03:30:39,500 --> 03:30:42,300
of someone raised in one of 
Europe's, most powerful courts. 

3838
03:30:43,100 --> 03:30:46,800
She's Not Just decorative. 
She's competent, which Tudor 

3839
03:30:46,800 --> 03:30:48,400
England actually values in its 
Queen. 

3840
03:30:48,400 --> 03:30:51,700
Consorts the court. 
Henry creates around himself is 

3841
03:30:51,700 --> 03:30:53,600
magnificent by English 
standards. 

3842
03:30:53,600 --> 03:30:56,700
The Continental observe is 
sometimes find it a bit 

3843
03:30:56,708 --> 03:30:59,900
provincial. 
The Great Hall at any of his 

3844
03:30:59,900 --> 03:31:03,000
palaces fills with courtiers 
wearing their finest clothes 

3845
03:31:03,000 --> 03:31:07,200
doublets in Rich, Fabrics, gowns
with the elaborate sleeves, and 

3846
03:31:07,200 --> 03:31:10,000
hats sporting feathers that cost
small fortunes. 

3847
03:31:11,200 --> 03:31:15,400
The tables grown under roasted 
Meats, pies elaborate sugar 

3848
03:31:15,400 --> 03:31:18,100
sculptures and wine from France 
and Spain. 

3849
03:31:18,900 --> 03:31:21,900
Musicians play from galleries 
while gestures and acrobats 

3850
03:31:21,900 --> 03:31:25,000
provide entertainment between 
courses, but beneath the 

3851
03:31:25,000 --> 03:31:28,300
magnifiscents Henry's court is 
also a place of careful 

3852
03:31:28,300 --> 03:31:31,500
calculation. 
Every favor granted creates 

3853
03:31:31,500 --> 03:31:35,300
obligation every position, 
filled affects the balance of 

3854
03:31:35,300 --> 03:31:37,600
power between competing noble 
families. 

3855
03:31:37,600 --> 03:31:42,200
Every smile or frown from the 
King can make or break careers. 

3856
03:31:43,100 --> 03:31:45,400
The men and women surrounding 
Henry are playing a complex 

3857
03:31:45,400 --> 03:31:48,300
game, where the rules aren't 
written down, but everyone knows

3858
03:31:48,300 --> 03:31:50,900
them. 
And the penalty for mistakes can

3859
03:31:50,900 --> 03:31:53,600
be severe. 
Henry's approach to kingship in 

3860
03:31:53,600 --> 03:31:57,100
these early years is energetic 
but not particularly focused. 

3861
03:31:57,100 --> 03:32:01,400
He wants to be a great king 
certainly but his understanding 

3862
03:32:01,400 --> 03:32:05,500
of greatness comes partly from 
medieval romance and partly from

3863
03:32:05,500 --> 03:32:08,700
his father's example, great 
Kings, go to war. 

3864
03:32:08,700 --> 03:32:11,700
So Henry will go to war. 
Great kings are learned. 

3865
03:32:11,700 --> 03:32:15,300
So, Henry will be learned, great
kings are Pious, so Henry will 

3866
03:32:15,300 --> 03:32:18,900
be pious. 
It kingship as performance and 

3867
03:32:18,900 --> 03:32:23,000
Henry is a natural performer, 
his counselors particularly the 

3868
03:32:23,000 --> 03:32:26,300
brilliant Thomas Wolsey who 
Rises rapidly to become Lord, 

3869
03:32:26,300 --> 03:32:29,600
Chancellor and Cardinal handle. 
Most, actual governance. 

3870
03:32:30,400 --> 03:32:35,000
Woolsey is everything, Henry 
isn't lowborn detail oriented 

3871
03:32:35,000 --> 03:32:37,600
and willing to do the boring 
administrative work. 

3872
03:32:37,600 --> 03:32:40,700
That keeps the kingdom 
functioning He's also ambitious 

3873
03:32:40,700 --> 03:32:45,100
clever and completely devoted to
managing Henry's Affairs, in 

3874
03:32:45,100 --> 03:32:49,000
ways that keep his royal master 
happy while accumulating power 

3875
03:32:49,000 --> 03:32:52,500
for himself, the relationship 
between Henry and Woolsey works 

3876
03:32:52,500 --> 03:32:54,800
because it's satisfies both 
men's needs. 

3877
03:32:55,500 --> 03:32:59,100
Henry gets to play King fighting
Wars, hosting tournaments 

3878
03:32:59,100 --> 03:33:02,800
impressing foreign ambassadors 
while Woolsey runs the country. 

3879
03:33:02,800 --> 03:33:07,600
Woolsey gets wealth power and 
influence far beyond what his 

3880
03:33:07,600 --> 03:33:11,400
butcher's, son background, would
normally allow to partnership 

3881
03:33:11,400 --> 03:33:14,900
that will last for two decades 
and accomplish remarkable 

3882
03:33:14,900 --> 03:33:18,800
things, until the moment, it 
doesn't in these early years 

3883
03:33:18,800 --> 03:33:21,500
Henry, occasionally mentions his
desire for a son. 

3884
03:33:22,200 --> 03:33:24,800
Catherine becomes pregnant 
multiple times, but the babies 

3885
03:33:24,800 --> 03:33:27,300
don't survive. 
Stillborn daughter. 

3886
03:33:27,300 --> 03:33:31,800
A son who lives only weeks and 
more heartbreak, this is common 

3887
03:33:31,800 --> 03:33:35,100
in the 16th century. 
When infant mortality claims, at

3888
03:33:35,100 --> 03:33:38,400
least a third of all babies, but
it's particularly significant 

3889
03:33:38,400 --> 03:33:40,200
when you're trying to secure a 
dynasty. 

3890
03:33:41,100 --> 03:33:43,200
Still Henry and Catherine a 
young. 

3891
03:33:43,200 --> 03:33:47,600
There's time. 
Everyone says this time Henry's 

3892
03:33:47,600 --> 03:33:51,600
Inland in these early years hums
with optimism, the king is Young

3893
03:33:51,600 --> 03:33:56,800
energetic and generous Treasury 
is full the wars with France, 

3894
03:33:56,800 --> 03:33:59,700
while expensive and not 
particularly successful. 

3895
03:33:59,700 --> 03:34:03,600
At least make England feel 
important on the European stage.

3896
03:34:03,600 --> 03:34:07,600
The monasteries continue their 
centuries old routines the 

3897
03:34:07,600 --> 03:34:10,900
parish churches, anchor their 
communities, the Pope's 

3898
03:34:10,900 --> 03:34:14,400
Authority remains unquestioned, 
everything seems stable 

3899
03:34:14,400 --> 03:34:18,000
permanent and part of a natural 
order that will continue 

3900
03:34:18,000 --> 03:34:20,800
indefinitely. 
No one yet imagines that this 

3901
03:34:20,800 --> 03:34:23,400
golden young king So devoted to 
his Spanish. 

3902
03:34:23,400 --> 03:34:27,200
Catholic wife will become the 
man who breaks England away from

3903
03:34:27,200 --> 03:34:29,800
Rome. 
No one suspects that his 

3904
03:34:29,800 --> 03:34:33,100
desperate desire for a son will 
reshape in English religion, 

3905
03:34:33,100 --> 03:34:37,500
politics and daily life. 
The revolution is coming, but it

3906
03:34:37,500 --> 03:34:41,900
approaches quietly disguised as 
personal frustration rather than

3907
03:34:41,900 --> 03:34:45,700
ideological conviction as the 
1520s on fold. 

3908
03:34:45,700 --> 03:34:48,900
You might notice subtle changes 
and how England's King speaks 

3909
03:34:48,900 --> 03:34:51,600
about Authority and Power. 
It's nothing. 

3910
03:34:51,600 --> 03:34:55,400
Dramatic at first, just a young 
man in his thirties. 

3911
03:34:55,400 --> 03:34:59,300
Growing more confident about his
own judgment and less interested

3912
03:34:59,300 --> 03:35:01,400
in deferring to others. 
Even others? 

3913
03:35:01,400 --> 03:35:05,000
Wearing people TRS Henry's. 
Theological, education is 

3914
03:35:05,000 --> 03:35:08,600
impressive for a king, Most 
monarchs content themselves with

3915
03:35:08,600 --> 03:35:11,600
attending mass and letting 
clergy handle, the complicated 

3916
03:35:11,600 --> 03:35:13,700
stuff. 
But Henry actually reads 

3917
03:35:13,700 --> 03:35:17,000
theology. 
His Library contains volumes by 

3918
03:35:17,000 --> 03:35:21,700
Church fathers like Augustine 
and Jerome medieval Scholars, 

3919
03:35:21,700 --> 03:35:24,500
like Thomas Aquinas and 
contemporary humanists. 

3920
03:35:25,400 --> 03:35:28,600
He doesn't just read them, he 
makes notes in the margins 

3921
03:35:28,600 --> 03:35:31,900
arguing with long-dead 
theologians as if they're 

3922
03:35:31,900 --> 03:35:32,700
sitting across from him at 
dinner. 

3923
03:35:32,700 --> 03:35:37,200
In 1521, Henry writes a book. 
Defending the seven sacraments 

3924
03:35:37,200 --> 03:35:41,400
against Martin Luther's attacks?
Yes, rights not commission's, 

3925
03:35:41,400 --> 03:35:45,500
not takes credit for but 
actually writes complete with 

3926
03:35:45,500 --> 03:35:48,300
crossed out sections and 
revisions that Scholars will 

3927
03:35:48,300 --> 03:35:52,000
examine centuries later. 
The bookends in the title 

3928
03:35:52,000 --> 03:35:55,800
Defender Of The Faith. 
From Pope Leo X, which is 

3929
03:35:55,800 --> 03:35:59,900
deliciously, ironic given, 
what's coming Henry's genuinely 

3930
03:35:59,900 --> 03:36:03,400
proud of this title wearing it 
like a teenager wears their 

3931
03:36:03,400 --> 03:36:06,900
first Varsity letter, but here's
what makes Henry Dangerous. 

3932
03:36:06,900 --> 03:36:11,100
He's smart enough to understand 
complex, theological arguments, 

3933
03:36:11,100 --> 03:36:14,400
but convinced enough of his own 
righteousness to believe that 

3934
03:36:14,400 --> 03:36:17,000
when he understands something 
differently than traditional 

3935
03:36:17,000 --> 03:36:19,500
interpretation tradition must be
wrong. 

3936
03:36:19,500 --> 03:36:23,100
It's the Dunning Kruger effect 
and crowd and it's going to 

3937
03:36:23,100 --> 03:36:25,800
reshape a nation. 
The issue of his marriage to 

3938
03:36:25,800 --> 03:36:28,400
Catherine, begins snoring at 
Henry like a persistent 

3939
03:36:28,400 --> 03:36:31,800
toothache. 
By the mid 1520, Catherine is in

3940
03:36:31,800 --> 03:36:34,000
her 40s and unlikely to have 
more children. 

3941
03:36:34,000 --> 03:36:36,900
There are only surviving child 
is Princess Mary. 

3942
03:36:36,900 --> 03:36:40,200
In England has never 
successfully been ruled by a 

3943
03:36:40,200 --> 03:36:43,600
queen in her own right. 
Henry starts wondering if 

3944
03:36:43,600 --> 03:36:45,600
perhaps his marriage was cursed 
from the beginning. 

3945
03:36:45,600 --> 03:36:49,000
He finds his answer in 
Leviticus, That Old Testament, 

3946
03:36:49,000 --> 03:36:50,900
book of laws that most people 
skip over. 

3947
03:36:51,900 --> 03:36:55,400
Chapter 20 verse 21. 
If a man shall take his 

3948
03:36:55,400 --> 03:36:57,900
brother's wife, it is an unclean
thing. 

3949
03:36:58,800 --> 03:37:01,700
They should be childless. 
Never mind that he has a 

3950
03:37:01,708 --> 03:37:05,700
daughter, the Hebrew word Henry 
decides really means sunless. 

3951
03:37:06,500 --> 03:37:10,000
Never mind that the pope granted
a dispensation specifically 

3952
03:37:10,000 --> 03:37:11,700
allowing him to marry his 
brother's widow. 

3953
03:37:12,500 --> 03:37:15,300
Henry has convinced himself that
God is punishing him for 

3954
03:37:15,300 --> 03:37:18,900
violating Divine Law. 
This conclusion isn't entirely 

3955
03:37:18,900 --> 03:37:22,000
self-serving though it 
conveniently aligns with his 

3956
03:37:22,000 --> 03:37:25,900
desires, Henry genuinely 
believes in Divine judgment and 

3957
03:37:25,900 --> 03:37:29,400
biblical Authority. 
He also genuinely wants a 

3958
03:37:29,400 --> 03:37:31,500
legitimate male heir to prevent 
the Civil War. 

3959
03:37:31,500 --> 03:37:35,200
That could, erupt, if he dies 
with without one, And he very 

3960
03:37:35,200 --> 03:37:36,900
definitely wants to marry Anne 
Berlin. 

3961
03:37:36,900 --> 03:37:40,200
The dark eyed lady in waiting, 
who was captured his attention 

3962
03:37:40,200 --> 03:37:44,200
and refuses, to become his 
mistress, and Berlin is not the 

3963
03:37:44,200 --> 03:37:47,400
conventional Beauty. 
You might expect contemporary 

3964
03:37:47,400 --> 03:37:49,900
description suggests. 
She's interesting looking rather

3965
03:37:49,900 --> 03:37:55,900
than pretty Long neck dark hair,
dark eyes, and an extra finger. 

3966
03:37:55,900 --> 03:37:59,900
On one hand that she carefully 
cones with long sleeves but 

3967
03:37:59,900 --> 03:38:03,300
she's sophisticated having spent
years at the French Court 

3968
03:38:03,300 --> 03:38:07,400
educated Beyond most women of 
her time and possessed of that 

3969
03:38:07,400 --> 03:38:09,600
quality. 
That is impossible to Define, 

3970
03:38:09,600 --> 03:38:13,500
but instantly, recognizable, 
she's fascinating, or 

3971
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:16,400
importantly, and refuses to 
sleep with Henry, without 

3972
03:38:16,400 --> 03:38:18,900
marriage. 
Her sister Mary had been the 

3973
03:38:18,900 --> 03:38:21,800
king's mistress and had been 
discarded when he lost interest.

3974
03:38:22,900 --> 03:38:27,100
And has observed this lesson and
drawn conclusions, she'll be 

3975
03:38:27,108 --> 03:38:31,300
queen or nothing. 
Which drives Henry absolutely 

3976
03:38:31,300 --> 03:38:34,800
mad with desire and frustration 
in equal measure, Henry's 

3977
03:38:34,800 --> 03:38:36,900
approached to solving his great 
matter. 

3978
03:38:36,900 --> 03:38:40,700
As the proposed annulment 
becomes known reveals both his 

3979
03:38:40,700 --> 03:38:45,400
intelligent and his limitations.
He deploys theologians to argue 

3980
03:38:45,400 --> 03:38:49,000
his case commission, scholarly 
opinions from universities 

3981
03:38:49,000 --> 03:38:52,600
across Europe, and has his agent
search library for precedence. 

3982
03:38:53,400 --> 03:38:56,400
He's treating his marriage like 
a legal case to be one through 

3983
03:38:56,408 --> 03:39:00,600
Superior argument and evidence. 
Cardinal Woolsey that brilliant 

3984
03:39:00,600 --> 03:39:04,500
administrator who's managed 
England for years finds himself.

3985
03:39:04,500 --> 03:39:07,200
Tasked with accomplishing 
something nearly impossible. 

3986
03:39:07,200 --> 03:39:10,700
Convincing Pope Clement, the 
seven to a null Henry's. 

3987
03:39:10,700 --> 03:39:13,200
Marriage to Catherine, who 
happens to be the art of 

3988
03:39:13,208 --> 03:39:16,100
Charles, the fifth, the Holy 
Roman Emperor who recently 

3989
03:39:16,100 --> 03:39:19,500
sacked, Rome and has the pope 
essentially, under house arrest.

3990
03:39:19,500 --> 03:39:23,000
It's like asking someone to 
convince their captor to anger 

3991
03:39:23,000 --> 03:39:23,900
their captors. 
Aunt. 

3992
03:39:24,800 --> 03:39:30,300
Woolsey tries everything, 
negotiation persuasion legal 

3993
03:39:30,300 --> 03:39:35,200
arguments, implied threats. 
But it's a chess game with the 

3994
03:39:35,208 --> 03:39:38,500
opposing player controls, most 
of the board, the annulment 

3995
03:39:38,500 --> 03:39:42,100
process drags on for years. 
And during these years, you can 

3996
03:39:42,108 --> 03:39:47,200
feel England beginning to shift.
Subtle at first like the change 

3997
03:39:47,200 --> 03:39:50,500
in air pressure before a storm 
Henri starts, questioning 

3998
03:39:50,500 --> 03:39:53,300
people, Authority and ways that 
would have shocked his youngest 

3999
03:39:53,300 --> 03:39:55,900
self. 
If the pope won't Grant, what 

4000
03:39:55,900 --> 03:39:59,800
Henry knows is just perhaps the 
Pope's Authority isn't as 

4001
03:39:59,800 --> 03:40:03,100
absolute. 
As everyone assumed Protestant 

4002
03:40:03,100 --> 03:40:06,400
ideas have been filtering into 
England like water seeping 

4003
03:40:06,400 --> 03:40:09,700
through cracks in a damn. 
Merchants traveling to the 

4004
03:40:09,700 --> 03:40:12,800
continent, bring back books by 
Luther and other reformers 

4005
03:40:12,800 --> 03:40:15,600
University. 
Scholars, debate, new 

4006
03:40:15,600 --> 03:40:19,300
theological Concepts. 
Someone keeps smuggling English 

4007
03:40:19,300 --> 03:40:22,300
translations of the Bible into 
the country though. 

4008
03:40:22,300 --> 03:40:25,800
Possessing them is heresy. 
These aren't mainstream views, 

4009
03:40:25,800 --> 03:40:30,200
most English people remain 
thoroughly Catholic, but they're

4010
03:40:30,200 --> 03:40:32,500
creating intellectual space for 
questioning traditional 

4011
03:40:32,500 --> 03:40:35,600
Authority. 
Henry's, personal piety remains 

4012
03:40:35,600 --> 03:40:38,200
intense even as he questions, 
papal power. 

4013
03:40:38,900 --> 03:40:43,100
He still hears multiple masses 
Daly, still observes fasts and 

4014
03:40:43,100 --> 03:40:46,600
holy days and still makes 
pilgrimages to important 

4015
03:40:46,600 --> 03:40:48,900
shrines. 
But he's developing a 

4016
03:40:48,900 --> 03:40:51,800
distinction in his mind between 
the Eternal truths of 

4017
03:40:51,808 --> 03:40:55,100
Christianity, and the 
institutional structures of the 

4018
03:40:55,100 --> 03:40:59,500
Catholic Church. those 
structures stand between him and

4019
03:40:59,500 --> 03:41:03,200
what, he's convinced God wants, 
perhaps the structures needed 

4020
03:41:03,200 --> 03:41:06,800
justement the English clergy 
finds itself in an impossible 

4021
03:41:06,800 --> 03:41:09,800
position, they were allegiance 
to both their King and their 

4022
03:41:09,800 --> 03:41:13,400
Pope, which works fine, until 
those two authorities, want to 

4023
03:41:13,400 --> 03:41:16,800
opposite things, Some clergy, 
particularly those who have 

4024
03:41:16,808 --> 03:41:20,100
studied reformed theology. 
Starts suggesting that perhaps 

4025
03:41:20,100 --> 03:41:22,100
National churches should govern 
themselves. 

4026
03:41:22,100 --> 03:41:24,900
Others. 
Remain firmly, committed to 

4027
03:41:24,900 --> 03:41:28,600
papal Supremacy which is brave. 
But increasingly dangerous, 

4028
03:41:28,600 --> 03:41:32,700
Thomas, Kramer a Cambridge 
scholar with quiet manners, and 

4029
03:41:32,708 --> 03:41:36,400
radical ideas, enters Henry, 
Circle during this period, 

4030
03:41:37,300 --> 03:41:40,400
Kramer suggests that instead of 
asking the pope for permission, 

4031
03:41:40,400 --> 03:41:42,400
Henry should simply declare 
that. 

4032
03:41:42,400 --> 03:41:45,100
English religious matters should
be decided in England. 

4033
03:41:45,100 --> 03:41:48,500
It's a revolutionary idea 
wrapped in reasonable sounding 

4034
03:41:48,500 --> 03:41:52,400
language and Henry loves it. 
Here's someone telling him that 

4035
03:41:52,400 --> 03:41:55,600
he's not rebelling against 
proper Authority, he's claiming 

4036
03:41:55,600 --> 03:41:57,300
Authority. 
That was rightfully his all 

4037
03:41:57,300 --> 03:42:01,800
along the break with Rome when 
it comes won't happen in a 

4038
03:42:01,800 --> 03:42:05,200
single dramatic moment. 
Instead it will unfold across 

4039
03:42:05,200 --> 03:42:08,400
several years through a series 
of parliamentary acts and Royal 

4040
03:42:08,400 --> 03:42:11,800
declarations each one. 
Taking another step away from 

4041
03:42:11,800 --> 03:42:15,400
people Authority, while claiming
to restore a ancient English, 

4042
03:42:15,400 --> 03:42:21,100
Liberties its revolution Skys as
restoration radical change 

4043
03:42:21,100 --> 03:42:24,700
presented as a return to proper 
order, but before the formal 

4044
03:42:24,700 --> 03:42:27,500
break, you can feel English 
society recalibrating. 

4045
03:42:28,200 --> 03:42:31,200
Conversations in taverns, 
include speculation about the 

4046
03:42:31,200 --> 03:42:34,200
king's marriage. 
Sermons from pulpits begin, 

4047
03:42:34,200 --> 03:42:37,000
carefully exploring questions 
about religious Authority, 

4048
03:42:37,000 --> 03:42:40,000
Noble's calculate, which side. 
They should support. 

4049
03:42:41,100 --> 03:42:43,300
Families divided by religious 
conviction. 

4050
03:42:43,300 --> 03:42:45,500
Navigating increasingly awkward 
dinners. 

4051
03:42:46,300 --> 03:42:48,200
The foundations are shifting 
though. 

4052
03:42:48,200 --> 03:42:50,100
The building still looks solid 
from outside. 

4053
03:42:50,100 --> 03:42:53,900
Henry himself becomes more 
unpredictable during these years

4054
03:42:53,900 --> 03:42:56,800
of frustration. 
He's in his 30s now. 

4055
03:42:56,800 --> 03:43:01,800
No longer the golden youth of 
his coronation, his leg injured 

4056
03:43:01,800 --> 03:43:05,400
in a jousting accident, 
troubles, him increasingly His 

4057
03:43:05,400 --> 03:43:09,300
temper always quick becomes 
quicker. he's used to getting 

4058
03:43:09,300 --> 03:43:12,900
what he wants and the continued 
resistance to his annulment 

4059
03:43:12,900 --> 03:43:16,500
offense in both politically and 
personally He's the king 

4060
03:43:16,500 --> 03:43:20,300
shouldn't that mean something 
the thing about Henry that makes

4061
03:43:20,300 --> 03:43:24,100
him particularly dangerous as a 
religious revolutionary is that 

4062
03:43:24,100 --> 03:43:26,300
he doesn't think of himself as 
revolutionary. 

4063
03:43:27,100 --> 03:43:30,600
In his mind he is defending 
proper order against people 

4064
03:43:30,600 --> 03:43:33,500
overreach. 
Claiming rights that English 

4065
03:43:33,500 --> 03:43:36,500
kings always possessed but 
previous generations. 

4066
03:43:36,500 --> 03:43:40,400
Fail, to exercise, he's not 
breaking with Catholic Doctrine.

4067
03:43:40,400 --> 03:43:43,900
His breaking with people 
authority over England which in 

4068
03:43:43,900 --> 03:43:47,200
his increasingly firm, 
conviction are entirely 

4069
03:43:47,200 --> 03:43:49,900
different things, the 
transformation of England's, 

4070
03:43:49,900 --> 03:43:53,000
religious life, doesn't happen 
with trumpets and proclamations 

4071
03:43:53,000 --> 03:43:54,800
announcing that everything has 
changed. 

4072
03:43:55,700 --> 03:43:59,600
Instead it arrives. 
Quietly almost apologetically. 

4073
03:44:00,500 --> 03:44:05,200
Skies does administrative reform
and legal clarification in 1531 

4074
03:44:05,200 --> 03:44:07,000
Henry. 
Has Parliament declared him. 

4075
03:44:07,000 --> 03:44:10,200
Supreme head of the Church of 
England with the careful 

4076
03:44:10,200 --> 03:44:14,200
qualifier as far as the law of 
Christ allows Which is just 

4077
03:44:14,200 --> 03:44:16,400
vague enough to let everyone 
interpret it. 

4078
03:44:16,400 --> 03:44:19,300
However, they need to. 
Clergy who find this 

4079
03:44:19,300 --> 03:44:21,200
uncomfortable can focus on the 
qualifier. 

4080
03:44:21,900 --> 03:44:25,700
Reformers can focus on the main 
Clause Henry can present it to 

4081
03:44:25,700 --> 03:44:28,100
simple recognition of existing 
reality. 

4082
03:44:28,100 --> 03:44:32,200
The act of Supremacy in 1534 
removes the qualifier and makes 

4083
03:44:32,200 --> 03:44:34,200
it official. 
King not. 

4084
03:44:34,200 --> 03:44:37,200
The pope is the Supreme head of 
the church in England. 

4085
03:44:37,200 --> 03:44:40,500
If you're a parish priest, 
reading this proclamation to 

4086
03:44:40,500 --> 03:44:43,400
your congregation, you might 
notice the awkward silence. 

4087
03:44:43,400 --> 03:44:46,200
That follows your prisoners 
aren't sure how to react 

4088
03:44:46,200 --> 03:44:49,100
nothing. 
Looks different, same church 

4089
03:44:49,100 --> 03:44:52,500
buildings, same vestments, same 
Latin Mass but somehow 

4090
03:44:52,500 --> 03:44:56,200
Everything Has Changed Thomas 
Cromwell who has become Henry's 

4091
03:44:56,200 --> 03:44:59,200
chief minister After woolsey's 
Fall approaches, the 

4092
03:44:59,200 --> 03:45:01,900
transformation of England with 
the efficiency of a modern 

4093
03:45:01,900 --> 03:45:06,100
corporate restructure, Where 
will he was a cardinal first and

4094
03:45:06,100 --> 03:45:08,900
an administrator. 
Second Cromwell is purely 

4095
03:45:08,900 --> 03:45:12,700
practical, a blacksmith's son, 
who understands that power comes

4096
03:45:12,700 --> 03:45:14,800
not from Noble birth or church 
office. 

4097
03:45:14,800 --> 03:45:18,900
But from controlling information
and process, Cromwell sends 

4098
03:45:18,900 --> 03:45:22,400
Commissioners across English to 
inventory Church property a 

4099
03:45:22,400 --> 03:45:24,400
process called The Valor 
ecclesiasticus. 

4100
03:45:25,300 --> 03:45:27,700
Imagine teams of men with paper 
and pens. 

4101
03:45:27,700 --> 03:45:31,400
Visiting your local Monastery, 
counting every Candlestick 

4102
03:45:31,400 --> 03:45:33,700
measuring. 
Every acre of land and 

4103
03:45:33,700 --> 03:45:36,200
calculating every pound of 
income. 

4104
03:45:36,200 --> 03:45:40,800
They're creating a database of 
ecclesiastical wealth though. 

4105
03:45:40,800 --> 03:45:44,300
Nobody uses that term yet. 
The monks and nuns watch, this 

4106
03:45:44,300 --> 03:45:48,100
inventory process with growing 
unease, sensing that you don't 

4107
03:45:48,100 --> 03:45:49,800
count things. 
This carefully, unless you're 

4108
03:45:49,800 --> 03:45:52,800
planning to take them the 
dissolution of the monasteries 

4109
03:45:52,800 --> 03:45:57,700
begins in 1536 with the smaller 
houses those with annual incomes

4110
03:45:57,700 --> 03:46:00,600
under $200. 
The official justification 

4111
03:46:00,600 --> 03:46:05,600
involves moral failing laziness 
and Corruption though. 

4112
03:46:05,600 --> 03:46:08,700
Most monasteries probably 
function no better or worse than

4113
03:46:08,700 --> 03:46:11,900
they have for centuries. 
The real reason is simpler. 

4114
03:46:11,900 --> 03:46:15,800
Henry needs money. 
Wars with France have depleted, 

4115
03:46:15,800 --> 03:46:18,900
his father's carefully 
accumulated Treasury and 

4116
03:46:18,900 --> 03:46:21,600
hundreds of monasteries 
collectively owned somewhere 

4117
03:46:21,600 --> 03:46:23,900
between a quarter and a third of
England's land. 

4118
03:46:23,900 --> 03:46:27,900
If you're living near a 
monastery in 1536, you watch 

4119
03:46:27,900 --> 03:46:30,300
with mixed feelings. 
As the Commissioners arrived, 

4120
03:46:30,300 --> 03:46:33,600
the monastery provided 
employment for local people, 

4121
03:46:33,600 --> 03:46:37,600
bought supplies from local, 
Merchants operated, a hospital 

4122
03:46:37,600 --> 03:46:41,700
that treated anyone who showed 
up ran a school, where boys, 

4123
03:46:41,700 --> 03:46:45,200
learn to read and write and gave
food to the poor every week. 

4124
03:46:46,100 --> 03:46:50,600
it's also wealthy while paying 
no taxes holds ancient rites 

4125
03:46:50,600 --> 03:46:54,700
that sometimes burden the 
community and houses monks whose

4126
03:46:54,700 --> 03:46:57,300
behavior isn't always a 
spiritual as their vows suggest.

4127
03:46:57,300 --> 03:47:01,000
The dissolution process is 
surprisingly bureaucratic, 

4128
03:47:01,800 --> 03:47:05,300
Commissioners, inventory, the 
property pension off the monks 

4129
03:47:05,300 --> 03:47:09,900
and nuns and sell the valuable 
items, gold and silver plate. 

4130
03:47:09,900 --> 03:47:14,300
LED from the roofs Bells from 
the towers and even the Stone 

4131
03:47:14,300 --> 03:47:18,300
from the buildings themselves. 
Local people sometimes buy 

4132
03:47:18,300 --> 03:47:22,000
chunks of Monastery, to build 
their own houses which means 600

4133
03:47:22,000 --> 03:47:25,600
years later, someone will be 
living in a cottage whose walls 

4134
03:47:25,600 --> 03:47:29,900
include stones that once echoed 
with Gregorian chant the speed 

4135
03:47:29,900 --> 03:47:33,700
of physical transformation is 
startling a monastery that stood

4136
03:47:33,700 --> 03:47:37,200
for 400 years can be stripped, 
and partially demolished in 

4137
03:47:37,200 --> 03:47:40,900
months. 
Visit the site year later and 

4138
03:47:40,900 --> 03:47:42,700
you'll find ruins open to the 
sky. 

4139
03:47:42,700 --> 03:47:47,100
Ivy already beginning to reclaim
walls and locals using the old 

4140
03:47:47,100 --> 03:47:51,100
chapter house as a sheep pen. 
The destruction is so complete 

4141
03:47:51,100 --> 03:47:53,800
that people will later assumed 
these ruins must be ancient. 

4142
03:47:54,600 --> 03:47:58,500
Surely nothing so recent could 
look so thoroughly lost but the 

4143
03:47:58,500 --> 03:48:01,500
transformation goes deeper than 
dismantling buildings. 

4144
03:48:01,500 --> 03:48:05,500
The dissolution eliminates the 
entire monastic Network that 

4145
03:48:05,500 --> 03:48:09,800
provided Social Services across 
England hospitals, closed 

4146
03:48:09,800 --> 03:48:13,900
schools disappear, the regular 
distribution of food to the poor

4147
03:48:13,900 --> 03:48:16,600
stops. 
Travelers lose their free. 

4148
03:48:16,600 --> 03:48:20,600
Accommodation, monasteries that 
copied manuscripts and preserved

4149
03:48:20,600 --> 03:48:23,600
learning are gone. 
It's like simultaneously 

4150
03:48:23,600 --> 03:48:27,900
shutting down hospitals, hotels 
schools, libraries and social 

4151
03:48:27,900 --> 03:48:30,100
welfare offices across an entire
nation. 

4152
03:48:30,100 --> 03:48:33,600
Some communities resist in 
northern England. 

4153
03:48:33,600 --> 03:48:35,500
The pilgrimage of Grace brings 
together. 

4154
03:48:35,500 --> 03:48:40,100
Thousands of people, not just 
monks but Farmers Merchants and 

4155
03:48:40,100 --> 03:48:43,500
local Nobles demanding 
restoration of the monasteries 

4156
03:48:43,500 --> 03:48:46,500
and the old ways. 
It's the largest popular 

4157
03:48:46,500 --> 03:48:50,000
uprising of Tudor England and 
Henry handles it with his 

4158
03:48:50,000 --> 03:48:53,000
characteristic combination of 
promises and ruthlessness. 

4159
03:48:54,000 --> 03:48:57,600
He makes concessions waits for 
the rebels to disperse, then 

4160
03:48:57,600 --> 03:49:01,100
arrest the leaders next. 
Execute them by the time he's 

4161
03:49:01,100 --> 03:49:02,700
finished. 
Nobody else wants to lead a 

4162
03:49:02,700 --> 03:49:06,200
rebellion, the larger 
monasteries fall between 1538 

4163
03:49:06,200 --> 03:49:09,500
and 1540. 
Even the great houses like 

4164
03:49:09,500 --> 03:49:12,500
Glastonbury Abbey. 
That once seemed as permanent as

4165
03:49:12,500 --> 03:49:16,800
the hills themselves. 
The dissolution transfers an 

4166
03:49:16,800 --> 03:49:18,900
enormous amount of property into
Royal hands. 

4167
03:49:19,900 --> 03:49:23,600
Henry immediately begins selling
or granting to Loyal supporters.

4168
03:49:23,600 --> 03:49:27,300
It's the largest redistribution 
of property in England since the

4169
03:49:27,300 --> 03:49:31,500
Norman conquest, and it creates 
a class of landowners whose 

4170
03:49:31,500 --> 03:49:33,300
wealth depends on the religious 
changes. 

4171
03:49:33,300 --> 03:49:36,600
Continuing, you can't go back to
the old system without 

4172
03:49:36,600 --> 03:49:39,700
dispossessing thousands of newly
wealthy families who now have 

4173
03:49:39,700 --> 03:49:43,300
strong interests in maintaining 
the New Order religious practice

4174
03:49:43,300 --> 03:49:47,300
itself changes more gradually, 
the Latin masks continues in 

4175
03:49:47,300 --> 03:49:50,800
most parishes looking and 
sounding almost identical to 

4176
03:49:50,800 --> 03:49:53,800
what it's always been. 
But small changes appear like 

4177
03:49:53,800 --> 03:49:57,500
cracks and familiar surfaces. 
Certain feast days are 

4178
03:49:57,500 --> 03:50:01,700
eliminated shrines to Saints a 
dismantled in their Treasures. 

4179
03:50:01,700 --> 03:50:03,700
Seize. 
Pilgrimages. 

4180
03:50:03,700 --> 03:50:06,600
Once a standard part of 
religious life are discouraged. 

4181
03:50:07,500 --> 03:50:11,000
The veneration of relics, those 
bits of bone and cloth, 

4182
03:50:11,000 --> 03:50:13,700
supposedly from Saints. 
His criticized. 

4183
03:50:13,700 --> 03:50:16,600
As Superstition. 
English Bibles begin appearing 

4184
03:50:16,600 --> 03:50:20,900
in churches. 
Enormous volume to nobody can 

4185
03:50:20,900 --> 03:50:23,800
steal them. 
For people who can read, this is

4186
03:50:23,800 --> 03:50:26,700
revolutionary. 
They can now check whether the 

4187
03:50:26,700 --> 03:50:29,700
priest Latin sermon actually 
reflects what the text says. 

4188
03:50:30,600 --> 03:50:34,100
For people who can't read, which
is most people someone in the 

4189
03:50:34,100 --> 03:50:37,800
community, usually can and Bible
reading becomes a communal 

4190
03:50:37,800 --> 03:50:39,300
activity. 
As people gather to hear 

4191
03:50:39,308 --> 03:50:43,200
scripture in their own language.
The theological changes are more

4192
03:50:43,200 --> 03:50:46,600
subtle Henry insists he's 
maintained Catholic Doctrine, 

4193
03:50:46,600 --> 03:50:50,800
even while rejecting papal 
Authority, The six articles of 

4194
03:50:50,800 --> 03:50:54,600
1539, reaffirm traditional 
beliefs about transubstantiation

4195
03:50:54,600 --> 03:50:58,100
clerical, celibacy and 
confession. 

4196
03:50:59,000 --> 03:51:02,100
But the door has been open to 
questioning and once you start 

4197
03:51:02,100 --> 03:51:05,200
questioning one form of 
authority, it becomes harder to 

4198
03:51:05,200 --> 03:51:08,700
insist on unquestioning 
acceptance of others, Thomas 

4199
03:51:08,700 --> 03:51:11,600
cranmer. 
Now, Archbishop of Canterbury 

4200
03:51:11,600 --> 03:51:16,300
begins carefully, cautiously 
pushing England toward more 

4201
03:51:16,300 --> 03:51:19,700
Protestant positions. 
He's a brilliant politician. 

4202
03:51:19,700 --> 03:51:22,700
Who understands that Henry? 
Won't accept dramatic changes. 

4203
03:51:22,700 --> 03:51:27,100
So he works incrementally a 
modification to the Liturgy 

4204
03:51:27,100 --> 03:51:30,100
here. 
A revised prayer there slowly 

4205
03:51:30,100 --> 03:51:32,100
Shifting. 
The service away from medieval 

4206
03:51:32,100 --> 03:51:36,100
Catholic practice towards 
something more reforms, the 

4207
03:51:36,100 --> 03:51:39,600
Champions come under scrutiny. 
Next, these are endowments for 

4208
03:51:39,600 --> 03:51:42,900
priests to say, masses for the 
dead based on the Catholic 

4209
03:51:42,900 --> 03:51:46,800
doctrine of purgatory. wealthy 
people have for centuries left 

4210
03:51:46,808 --> 03:51:50,400
money to pay for prayers, that 
will shorten their time in 

4211
03:51:50,400 --> 03:51:55,100
purgatory's, purifying fires, if
you question poetry's existence,

4212
03:51:55,100 --> 03:51:58,700
these endowments become 
pointless and the property 

4213
03:51:58,700 --> 03:52:01,000
supporting them becomes 
available for other purposes, 

4214
03:52:01,000 --> 03:52:04,900
like funding the king's 
government, daily life ordinary 

4215
03:52:04,900 --> 03:52:07,900
English, people becomes a 
religiously confusing Your 

4216
03:52:07,900 --> 03:52:11,500
grandparents taught you to pray 
to Saints, to make pilgrimages 

4217
03:52:11,500 --> 03:52:15,800
and to purchase indulgences. 
The old priest emphasized, these

4218
03:52:15,800 --> 03:52:19,500
practices as essential for 
salvation, the new priest says, 

4219
03:52:19,500 --> 03:52:22,600
their Superstition, you're 
supposed to stop venerating 

4220
03:52:22,600 --> 03:52:26,500
relics but continue believing in
transubstantiation, you should 

4221
03:52:26,508 --> 03:52:29,200
read the Bible in English but 
maintain traditional liturgy and

4222
03:52:29,208 --> 03:52:31,700
Latin. 
It's like trying to follow rules

4223
03:52:31,700 --> 03:52:33,100
that keep changing without 
anyone. 

4224
03:52:33,100 --> 03:52:36,700
Quite explaining the new system,
the destruction of religious art

4225
03:52:36,700 --> 03:52:38,600
represents a particularly 
visible loss. 

4226
03:52:39,500 --> 03:52:42,800
Parish churches contained, 
centuries of accumulated, Beauty

4227
03:52:42,800 --> 03:52:47,500
painted walls showing biblical 
scenes stained glass windows 

4228
03:52:47,500 --> 03:52:51,100
depicting Saints. 
Elaborate wooden screens carved 

4229
03:52:51,100 --> 03:52:54,900
by local Craftsmen and statues 
that children had always known 

4230
03:52:56,000 --> 03:52:59,600
Commissioners order, this art 
destroyed as idolatrous and 

4231
03:52:59,600 --> 03:53:02,800
people watch as Beauty 
accumulated over Generations is 

4232
03:53:02,800 --> 03:53:05,100
whitewashed smashed or carted 
away. 

4233
03:53:06,400 --> 03:53:09,600
Something about this destruction
feels wrong even to people who 

4234
03:53:09,600 --> 03:53:12,700
support reform must 
transformational require such 

4235
03:53:12,700 --> 03:53:16,400
comprehensive elimination of the
past, the religious upheaval 

4236
03:53:16,400 --> 03:53:18,700
reshapes. 
English daily life in ways, both

4237
03:53:18,700 --> 03:53:22,600
obvious, and subtle, like water,
changing course, and cutting new

4238
03:53:22,600 --> 03:53:24,500
channels through a familiar 
landscape. 

4239
03:53:24,500 --> 03:53:27,600
Your morning. 
Still begins with bells but 

4240
03:53:27,600 --> 03:53:30,600
fewer bells. 
And before the monastic hours 

4241
03:53:30,600 --> 03:53:33,800
that once punctuated each day 
with their bronze voices, have 

4242
03:53:33,800 --> 03:53:37,700
fallen and Silent leaving, only 
Parish church bells to Mark the 

4243
03:53:37,700 --> 03:53:40,700
passing time. 
The absence is like, missing 

4244
03:53:40,700 --> 03:53:44,200
teeth in a smile. 
You don't notice until you do 

4245
03:53:44,200 --> 03:53:46,000
and then you can't stop 
noticing. 

4246
03:53:46,000 --> 03:53:50,600
The calendar itself has changed.
Those feast days that once 

4247
03:53:50,600 --> 03:53:54,100
dotted the year like raisins in 
a pudding giving breaks from 

4248
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:57,500
labor and reasons for Community 
celebration have been 

4249
03:53:57,500 --> 03:54:01,400
drastically reduced. 
The new religious authorities. 

4250
03:54:01,400 --> 03:54:04,500
Consider many Saints days to be 
superstitious success. 

4251
03:54:04,500 --> 03:54:08,000
The to work in people, they were
welcome breaks in the grinding 

4252
03:54:08,000 --> 03:54:10,300
routine of Labor. 
Fewer. 

4253
03:54:10,300 --> 03:54:14,000
Holy days means more work days 
which pleases employers but not 

4254
03:54:14,000 --> 03:54:18,800
employees, food, culture shifts 
in unexpected ways the Catholic 

4255
03:54:18,800 --> 03:54:21,000
Church required. 
Fasting on Fridays and during 

4256
03:54:21,000 --> 03:54:26,600
Lent, no meat though fish was 
permitted, this created a huge 

4257
03:54:26,600 --> 03:54:29,700
market for fish supporting 
Coastal communities and 

4258
03:54:29,700 --> 03:54:32,400
providing nutrition to people 
who might not otherwise afford 

4259
03:54:32,400 --> 03:54:35,500
protein. 
Protestant ideas, spread and 

4260
03:54:35,500 --> 03:54:37,400
fasting requirements are 
questioned. 

4261
03:54:37,400 --> 03:54:39,700
The fish trade suffers 
Parliament. 

4262
03:54:39,700 --> 03:54:42,700
Eventually has to pass laws. 
Requiring fish consumption on 

4263
03:54:42,700 --> 03:54:46,900
certain days for purely economic
reasons, which creates the odd 

4264
03:54:46,900 --> 03:54:49,700
situation of enforcing, 
religious dietary rules for 

4265
03:54:49,700 --> 03:54:52,600
commercial purposes. 
After abandoning them for 

4266
03:54:52,600 --> 03:54:55,900
Spiritual reasons, the poor 
Phil, the dissolution of 

4267
03:54:55,900 --> 03:54:59,700
monasteries most acutely. 
That Weekly distribution of 

4268
03:54:59,700 --> 03:55:03,600
food, from the Abbey, is gone 
hospital that treated anyone who

4269
03:55:03,600 --> 03:55:08,200
arrived no longer exists, the 
monks, Who provided education to

4270
03:55:08,200 --> 03:55:10,600
clever children from poor 
families of dispersed. 

4271
03:55:11,400 --> 03:55:13,300
The Travelers accommodation as 
closed. 

4272
03:55:13,300 --> 03:55:17,200
The result is more people with 
nowhere to turn when times are 

4273
03:55:17,200 --> 03:55:21,100
hard, which in the 16th century 
is frequently parishes. 

4274
03:55:21,100 --> 03:55:23,500
Find themselves responsible for 
poor relief without the 

4275
03:55:23,500 --> 03:55:26,600
resources. 
Monasteries once provided The 

4276
03:55:26,600 --> 03:55:29,700
parish has to care for its own 
poor, which sounds reasonable 

4277
03:55:29,700 --> 03:55:33,000
Until you realize poor people 
can't travel to find work 

4278
03:55:33,000 --> 03:55:35,900
without losing their, Parish 
residents, effectively trapping 

4279
03:55:35,900 --> 03:55:38,800
them in poverty. 
Its like deleting the social 

4280
03:55:38,800 --> 03:55:42,500
safety net and replacing it with
a smaller less effective. 

4281
03:55:42,500 --> 03:55:46,700
Local version while pretending 
you've improved things education

4282
03:55:46,700 --> 03:55:50,200
transforms from religious to 
secular control though. 

4283
03:55:50,200 --> 03:55:52,600
The transition takes decades and
leaves gaps. 

4284
03:55:53,500 --> 03:55:55,100
Monastery, schools have 
vanished. 

4285
03:55:55,900 --> 03:55:58,600
Cathedral schools continue. 
But with different emphasis, 

4286
03:55:58,600 --> 03:56:02,600
grammar schools, begin appearing
funded by Merchants money or 

4287
03:56:02,600 --> 03:56:05,000
wealthy individuals rather than 
religious housing. 

4288
03:56:05,900 --> 03:56:09,300
The education is still heavily 
religious you can't escape that 

4289
03:56:09,300 --> 03:56:12,300
in tutoring and but its purpose 
shifts from training. 

4290
03:56:12,300 --> 03:56:14,600
Clergy to training gentlemen and
professionals. 

4291
03:56:14,600 --> 03:56:17,800
The English language itself 
begins changing as religious 

4292
03:56:17,800 --> 03:56:22,400
vocabulary transforms. 
Words like priests acquired 

4293
03:56:22,400 --> 03:56:24,000
different. 
Implications depending on 

4294
03:56:24,000 --> 03:56:28,300
whether your Protestant or 
Catholic, Church might mean the 

4295
03:56:28,300 --> 03:56:31,800
building the community of 
Believers or the institutional 

4296
03:56:31,800 --> 03:56:35,100
structure and which meaning you 
intend, says something about 

4297
03:56:35,100 --> 03:56:39,500
your religious position. 
The Bible in English introduces 

4298
03:56:39,500 --> 03:56:42,500
Hebrew and Greek Concepts 
directly into common speech 

4299
03:56:42,500 --> 03:56:46,100
enriching the language even as 
religious controversy. 

4300
03:56:46,100 --> 03:56:50,800
Divides communities, women's 
roles shift in complex ways the 

4301
03:56:50,800 --> 03:56:52,800
dissolution of nunneries 
eliminates. 

4302
03:56:52,800 --> 03:56:55,900
The one respectable option for 
women who didn't want to marry 

4303
03:56:55,900 --> 03:56:58,400
or whose families couldn't 
provide dowries. 

4304
03:56:59,200 --> 03:57:02,700
Before the dissolution, an 
educated woman could become a 

4305
03:57:02,700 --> 03:57:05,800
prioress or Abbas managing 
substantial property and 

4306
03:57:05,800 --> 03:57:10,300
wielding real Authority. 
After the dissolution that path,

4307
03:57:10,300 --> 03:57:13,700
no longer exists. 
Marriage becomes more thoroughly

4308
03:57:13,700 --> 03:57:17,100
compulsory which isn't 
Liberation even if Protestant 

4309
03:57:17,100 --> 03:57:20,600
theology emphasizes companion 
and marriage over Catholic. 

4310
03:57:20,600 --> 03:57:24,100
Acceptance of celibacy 
architecture begins changing, 

4311
03:57:24,100 --> 03:57:27,300
though. 
Gradually New houses built by 

4312
03:57:27,300 --> 03:57:29,200
families who bought Monastery 
lands. 

4313
03:57:29,200 --> 03:57:32,400
Look different from medieval 
Styles more Renaissance, 

4314
03:57:32,400 --> 03:57:36,500
influence more classical 
proportions and larger Windows. 

4315
03:57:36,500 --> 03:57:38,800
Now that clear glasses becoming 
more available. 

4316
03:57:38,800 --> 03:57:41,800
The country house is rising on 
former Monastery. 

4317
03:57:41,800 --> 03:57:45,000
Land represent a new class of 
gentry whose wealth comes from 

4318
03:57:45,000 --> 03:57:49,100
Royal favor and land speculation
rather than ancient inheritance 

4319
03:57:49,100 --> 03:57:52,200
the art of dying changes 
significantly. 

4320
03:57:53,200 --> 03:57:55,700
Afflict tradition included, 
elaborate rituals surrounding 

4321
03:57:55,700 --> 03:57:58,900
death. 
Last rites prayers for the dead 

4322
03:57:58,900 --> 03:58:02,000
and masses, purchase to shorten 
time in purgatory. 

4323
03:58:03,200 --> 03:58:07,200
Protestant theology questions 
purgatory's existence, which 

4324
03:58:07,200 --> 03:58:10,100
removes the urgency around 
deathbed preparations. 

4325
03:58:10,100 --> 03:58:12,000
While also eliminating the 
Comfort. 

4326
03:58:12,000 --> 03:58:16,000
Many people found in believing 
they could help deceased loved 

4327
03:58:16,000 --> 03:58:19,000
ones through prayer and paid 
masses guilds and 

4328
03:58:19,008 --> 03:58:22,000
confraternities. 
Those medieval organizations 

4329
03:58:22,000 --> 03:58:24,500
that combined Professional 
Organization with religious 

4330
03:58:24,500 --> 03:58:27,200
Brotherhood. 
Find their religious functions 

4331
03:58:27,200 --> 03:58:30,200
questioned. 
The guild still regulates who 

4332
03:58:30,200 --> 03:58:34,100
can practice certain trades but 
the shared masses, the 

4333
03:58:34,100 --> 03:58:38,000
procession on patron saints days
and the religious obligations, 

4334
03:58:38,000 --> 03:58:40,800
that bound members together. 
These are increasingly 

4335
03:58:40,800 --> 03:58:46,000
problematic Some guilds adapt. 
Others declined, an urban 

4336
03:58:46,000 --> 03:58:48,800
community, life becomes somehow 
more commercial and less 

4337
03:58:48,800 --> 03:58:52,900
communal publishing explodes as 
religious controversy creates 

4338
03:58:52,900 --> 03:58:56,300
demand for books and pamphlets 
are doing different positions. 

4339
03:58:57,000 --> 03:59:00,800
Print shops in London and other 
cities turn out, Bibles prayer, 

4340
03:59:00,800 --> 03:59:05,000
books, theological treaties and 
controversial pamphlets. 

4341
03:59:05,000 --> 03:59:08,100
The government tries to control 
this through license and 

4342
03:59:08,100 --> 03:59:11,100
censorship, but books are small 
and smuggling is easy. 

4343
03:59:12,000 --> 03:59:14,900
Ideas spread faster than 
authorities, can suppress them, 

4344
03:59:14,900 --> 03:59:17,800
which is both thrilling and 
frightening depending on which 

4345
03:59:17,800 --> 03:59:21,500
ideas you support music and 
church is shifts from elaborate 

4346
03:59:21,500 --> 03:59:24,700
Plymouth sung by trained choirs 
to simpler hymns. 

4347
03:59:24,700 --> 03:59:27,100
The congregations can actually 
sing together. 

4348
03:59:28,100 --> 03:59:31,600
The Glorious complexity of late 
medieval church music as being 

4349
03:59:31,600 --> 03:59:35,000
replaced by something more 
participatory but perhaps less 

4350
03:59:35,000 --> 03:59:37,700
transcendent. 
If you love that soaring 

4351
03:59:37,700 --> 03:59:41,900
polyphony, this feels like loss.
If you always felt excluded by 

4352
03:59:41,900 --> 03:59:44,100
Latin hymns, you couldn't 
understand sung by 

4353
03:59:44,100 --> 03:59:46,700
professionals. 
You couldn't match the change. 

4354
03:59:46,700 --> 03:59:49,200
Feels like finally being invited
to participate. 

4355
03:59:49,200 --> 03:59:53,100
The rhythm of the week changes 
as Sunday becomes more strictly 

4356
03:59:53,100 --> 03:59:56,400
observed. 
Protest in emphasis on Sabbath. 

4357
03:59:56,400 --> 03:59:59,400
Rest means fewer of the 
entertainments that wants a 

4358
03:59:59,400 --> 04:00:03,500
company had holy days, no 
dancing, no place and no 

4359
04:00:03,500 --> 04:00:05,700
excessive Mary Making on the 
Lord's Day. 

4360
04:00:06,600 --> 04:00:11,600
This creates peculiarly English 
Sunday, quiet sober and boring 

4361
04:00:11,600 --> 04:00:15,400
to Children, then and now, but 
also theoretically a day of rest

4362
04:00:15,400 --> 04:00:19,000
that even servants and 
apprentices should receive legal

4363
04:00:19,000 --> 04:00:21,800
changes. 
Ripple through Daily Life Church

4364
04:00:21,800 --> 04:00:25,300
courts which once handle cases 
involving morality marriage, 

4365
04:00:25,300 --> 04:00:29,500
wills and defamation lose 
jurisdiction to secular courts. 

4366
04:00:30,500 --> 04:00:33,800
This sounds technical Until you 
realize it affects where you go.

4367
04:00:33,800 --> 04:00:38,200
If your neighbor Slanders you 
how you can test a will or how 

4368
04:00:38,200 --> 04:00:39,700
you prove your marriage is 
valid. 

4369
04:00:40,500 --> 04:00:44,100
The Familiar systems, people 
relied on for Generations are 

4370
04:00:44,100 --> 04:00:46,400
being replaced with new 
structures that work differently

4371
04:00:46,400 --> 04:00:50,100
and require different expertise 
Market Days. 

4372
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:53,700
Continuous always the need to 
buy and sell predates any 

4373
04:00:53,700 --> 04:00:59,500
religious controversy character 
of markets shift subtly Fewer. 

4374
04:00:59,500 --> 04:01:02,200
Religious festivals means fewer.
Special Market Days. 

4375
04:01:03,100 --> 04:01:06,200
The dissolution of monasteries 
eliminates major institutional 

4376
04:01:06,200 --> 04:01:10,800
buyers of agricultural products.
former Monastery land being 

4377
04:01:10,800 --> 04:01:14,400
converted to sheep pasture by 
new owners changes, what's being

4378
04:01:14,400 --> 04:01:18,200
produced The Invisible Hand of 
the market is adjusting to 

4379
04:01:18,200 --> 04:01:21,800
religious upheaval in ways 
economists won't theorize about 

4380
04:01:21,800 --> 04:01:24,800
for centuries. 
Travel become simultaneously 

4381
04:01:24,800 --> 04:01:27,900
easier and harder easier because
you no longer have to 

4382
04:01:27,900 --> 04:01:31,000
coordinate, pilgrimages around 
the religious, calendar, or 

4383
04:01:31,000 --> 04:01:34,100
obtained permissions from 
church, authorities harder. 

4384
04:01:34,100 --> 04:01:38,000
Because the network of monastic,
guest houses as vanished leaving

4385
04:01:38,000 --> 04:01:40,900
Travelers dependent on 
Commercial ins, that cost money.

4386
04:01:41,700 --> 04:01:44,400
The highways are more crowded 
with people seeking work. 

4387
04:01:44,400 --> 04:01:47,300
After losing positions in 
dissolved religious houses, 

4388
04:01:47,300 --> 04:01:51,300
which makes roads both busier 
and potentially more dangerous 

4389
04:01:51,300 --> 04:01:54,400
Family Life. 
Absorbs, these changes like a 

4390
04:01:54,400 --> 04:01:58,400
sponge absorbs water, gradually 
pervasively, changing texture in

4391
04:01:58,400 --> 04:02:00,800
the process. 
Parents who grew up in 

4392
04:02:00,800 --> 04:02:03,300
Thoroughly Catholic? 
England must raise children in 

4393
04:02:03,300 --> 04:02:05,000
this. 
New confused religious 

4394
04:02:05,000 --> 04:02:07,500
landscape. 
Do you teach your daughter to 

4395
04:02:07,500 --> 04:02:10,600
pray to the Virgin Mary, as you 
were taught or is that now? 

4396
04:02:10,600 --> 04:02:13,600
A dangerous Superstition. 
Do you tell your son about 

4397
04:02:13,600 --> 04:02:16,800
purgatory or as that been 
definitively rejected? 

4398
04:02:17,600 --> 04:02:20,200
The answers depend on which 
priest is currently preaching, 

4399
04:02:20,200 --> 04:02:23,900
which faction is currently 
dominant and how willing you are

4400
04:02:23,900 --> 04:02:26,000
to risk? 
Being labeled either heretic or 

4401
04:02:26,000 --> 04:02:28,400
papers. 
The English language of religion

4402
04:02:28,400 --> 04:02:31,100
is creating unexpected intimacy 
with scripture. 

4403
04:02:31,100 --> 04:02:34,200
When you hear the Bible in 
Latin, it sounds sacred 

4404
04:02:34,200 --> 04:02:38,200
mysterious and authoritative 
when you hear it in English, it 

4405
04:02:38,200 --> 04:02:40,800
sometimes sounds strange or even
shocking. 

4406
04:02:41,900 --> 04:02:44,000
The Song of Solomon is quite 
explicit. 

4407
04:02:44,000 --> 04:02:47,300
Once you understand it? 
The prophets complaints about 

4408
04:02:47,300 --> 04:02:50,300
Israel's on faithfulness, use 
metaphors, that make sense, but 

4409
04:02:50,300 --> 04:02:52,000
aren't exactly polite in a 
conversation. 

4410
04:02:53,300 --> 04:02:56,700
Suddenly scriptures both more 
accessible and more difficult to

4411
04:02:56,700 --> 04:02:59,900
explain to children. 
In this grows complicated as 

4412
04:02:59,900 --> 04:03:03,000
religious divisions. 
Cut through communities, your 

4413
04:03:03,000 --> 04:03:04,800
neighbor, with whom you've lived
peacefully for years. 

4414
04:03:04,800 --> 04:03:07,400
Turns out to hold different 
views about transubstantiation, 

4415
04:03:07,400 --> 04:03:10,900
which shouldn't matter except 
that, it increasingly does. 

4416
04:03:11,800 --> 04:03:14,300
Do you associate with known 
Catholics at risk of being 

4417
04:03:14,300 --> 04:03:17,600
suspect yourself? 
Do you shun reformers even 

4418
04:03:17,600 --> 04:03:18,900
though you've known them since 
childhood? 

4419
04:03:19,900 --> 04:03:21,600
These aren't theoretical 
questions. 

4420
04:03:21,600 --> 04:03:25,100
They are the stuff of daily 
social navigation, in a time 

4421
04:03:25,100 --> 04:03:27,800
when a religious positions, 
carry political consequences 

4422
04:03:27,800 --> 04:03:31,200
clothes don't change 
dramatically but they become 

4423
04:03:31,200 --> 04:03:33,700
markers of religious affiliation
in subtle ways. 

4424
04:03:34,800 --> 04:03:38,000
Sober colors and simple Cuts, 
suggest Protestant sympathies 

4425
04:03:38,000 --> 04:03:40,600
while elaborate decoration might
indicate. 

4426
04:03:40,600 --> 04:03:44,000
Catholic, leanings though, these
associations are fluid and 

4427
04:03:44,000 --> 04:03:48,100
unreliable looking to Catholic 
can be dangerous but looking to 

4428
04:03:48,100 --> 04:03:50,500
Protestant, can also attract 
negative attention. 

4429
04:03:51,500 --> 04:03:54,500
Fashion becomes a negotiation 
between personal preference and 

4430
04:03:54,500 --> 04:03:58,200
political Prudence entertainment
adapts to the new religious 

4431
04:03:58,200 --> 04:04:01,000
landscape. 
The mystery plays that once 

4432
04:04:01,000 --> 04:04:04,300
dramatized biblical stories, 
during religious festivals are 

4433
04:04:04,300 --> 04:04:08,000
increasingly problematic. 
Their religious instruction, but

4434
04:04:08,000 --> 04:04:10,900
also performance Catholic and 
origin. 

4435
04:04:10,900 --> 04:04:14,100
But popular with everyone 
traditional but potentially 

4436
04:04:14,100 --> 04:04:16,800
heretical depending on current 
theological position. 

4437
04:04:18,000 --> 04:04:20,900
Some continued with 
modifications others, disappear,

4438
04:04:20,900 --> 04:04:24,000
leaving gaps, and community 
life, that nothing quite 

4439
04:04:24,000 --> 04:04:28,200
replaces furniture and homes 
gradually changes as Protestant 

4440
04:04:28,200 --> 04:04:30,500
theology emphasizes word over 
image. 

4441
04:04:31,400 --> 04:04:34,100
That small altar in the corner 
where your grandmother kept 

4442
04:04:34,100 --> 04:04:36,500
candles and a picture of the 
Virgin becomes awkward. 

4443
04:04:36,500 --> 04:04:39,900
Do you remove it and risk, 
offending older, family members 

4444
04:04:39,900 --> 04:04:43,500
or keep it and risk visits from 
officials checking for Catholic 

4445
04:04:43,500 --> 04:04:46,500
sympathies. 
Many families compromise. 

4446
04:04:46,500 --> 04:04:50,800
The altar is quietly dismantled,
but the picture is kept in a 

4447
04:04:50,800 --> 04:04:54,700
drawer just in case the pub that
essential English. 

4448
04:04:54,700 --> 04:04:58,200
Institution becomes more 
important as Church, centered 

4449
04:04:58,200 --> 04:05:02,300
Community Life diminishes. 
When holy days no longer provide

4450
04:05:02,300 --> 04:05:05,900
regular Community, Gatherings 
people need other places to meet

4451
04:05:05,900 --> 04:05:11,300
talk and maintain social bonds. 
The Ale House serves this 

4452
04:05:11,300 --> 04:05:14,900
function, the religious 
authorities frequently, complain

4453
04:05:14,900 --> 04:05:18,500
about how much time people spend
drinking, instead of attending 

4454
04:05:18,500 --> 04:05:22,400
services or reading scripture 
children growing up in this era 

4455
04:05:22,400 --> 04:05:25,100
of transformation experience, a 
different England than their 

4456
04:05:25,100 --> 04:05:27,700
parents knew. 
They learn English prayers. 

4457
04:05:27,700 --> 04:05:32,000
Instead of Latin ones, riding 
English Bibles in church and 

4458
04:05:32,000 --> 04:05:35,900
never know a world with 
monasteries to them the changes,

4459
04:05:35,900 --> 04:05:39,300
their parents described sound 
like fairy tales about a lost 

4460
04:05:39,300 --> 04:05:42,000
world. 
They can't quite imagine what 

4461
04:05:42,000 --> 04:05:44,400
was lost because they've only 
known what replaced it. 

4462
04:05:44,400 --> 04:05:48,100
Seasonal Rhythm shift, as 
agricultural, practice adapts to

4463
04:05:48,100 --> 04:05:52,800
new land ownership patterns. 
The great monastic Estates once 

4464
04:05:52,800 --> 04:05:55,700
managed for long-term 
sustainability and Community 

4465
04:05:55,700 --> 04:06:00,300
Support are being divided. 
Sold Consolidated and managed 

4466
04:06:00,300 --> 04:06:03,100
for profit. 
Former common lands are being 

4467
04:06:03,100 --> 04:06:06,600
enclosed and former Monastery 
fields of being converted to 

4468
04:06:06,600 --> 04:06:10,500
more lucrative uses. 
The landscape itself is being 

4469
04:06:10,500 --> 04:06:13,900
reorganized according to 
economic logic rather than 

4470
04:06:13,900 --> 04:06:18,400
traditional usage rights death. 
Always a constant companion in 

4471
04:06:18,400 --> 04:06:21,700
the 16th century. 
Because religiously uncertain. 

4472
04:06:22,700 --> 04:06:26,200
The elaborate Catholic funeral 
rites the prayers, the paid 

4473
04:06:26,200 --> 04:06:28,200
masses. 
The belief that the living could

4474
04:06:28,200 --> 04:06:31,600
help the dead provided both 
comfort and structure for grief.

4475
04:06:33,000 --> 04:06:35,400
Protestant theology offers 
different Comfort. 

4476
04:06:35,400 --> 04:06:38,400
The deceased is in God's hands 
prayer. 

4477
04:06:38,400 --> 04:06:42,400
Can't change their fate. 
Some find liberating and others 

4478
04:06:42,400 --> 04:06:46,100
find cold. 
Grief remains, but the approved 

4479
04:06:46,100 --> 04:06:48,500
ways of expressing and 
addressing it have changed. 

4480
04:06:48,500 --> 04:06:52,000
By the time Henry, the 8th dies 
in 1547. 

4481
04:06:52,000 --> 04:06:56,500
England has become something 
unprecedented a nation that's 

4482
04:06:56,500 --> 04:07:00,900
Catholic Indy but Protestant in 
governance, traditional in 

4483
04:07:00,900 --> 04:07:05,200
practice, but radical in theory,
conservative by Royal Decree, 

4484
04:07:05,200 --> 04:07:08,300
but unsettled in popular 
opinion, the England Henry 

4485
04:07:08,300 --> 04:07:11,400
leaves behind is thoroughly 
confused about its religious 

4486
04:07:11,400 --> 04:07:14,700
identity. 
Which is partly his doing and 

4487
04:07:14,700 --> 04:07:17,900
partly the inevitable result of 
trying to maintain Catholic 

4488
04:07:17,900 --> 04:07:20,000
theology. 
While rejecting people 

4489
04:07:20,000 --> 04:07:22,700
Authority. 
It's like trying to follow a 

4490
04:07:22,700 --> 04:07:25,200
recipe while substituting 
different ingredients and 

4491
04:07:25,200 --> 04:07:27,500
insisting. 
The result is the original dish,

4492
04:07:27,500 --> 04:07:31,300
but something deeper has shifted
beyond the specific theological 

4493
04:07:31,300 --> 04:07:34,400
positions. 
England has discovered that it 

4494
04:07:34,400 --> 04:07:38,000
can exist independently of 
Continental approval, For 

4495
04:07:38,000 --> 04:07:41,600
centuries English kings, look to
the pope for legitimacy. 

4496
04:07:42,300 --> 04:07:45,100
To France for cultural 
standards, and to roam for 

4497
04:07:45,100 --> 04:07:48,900
intellectual Authority. 
Henry's break with Rome, 

4498
04:07:48,900 --> 04:07:53,000
whatever its motivation. 
Has forced England to develop 

4499
04:07:53,000 --> 04:07:55,600
its own Answers, to Religious 
and political questions. 

4500
04:07:55,600 --> 04:07:58,200
The English Bible which Henry 
authorized. 

4501
04:07:58,200 --> 04:08:01,700
Despite his conservative 
theology proves transformative 

4502
04:08:01,700 --> 04:08:03,900
in ways. 
Nobody initially anticipated. 

4503
04:08:04,700 --> 04:08:07,900
Now, that ordinary people can 
read scripture themselves, they 

4504
04:08:07,900 --> 04:08:10,400
start developing their own 
interpretations. 

4505
04:08:11,200 --> 04:08:15,000
Religious Authority becomes less
about receiving instruction and 

4506
04:08:15,000 --> 04:08:17,800
more about individual 
understanding, which is 

4507
04:08:17,800 --> 04:08:20,500
fundamentally Protestant. 
Even when the reader doesn't 

4508
04:08:20,500 --> 04:08:24,100
identify as Protestant, the 
dissolution of monasteries is 

4509
04:08:24,100 --> 04:08:27,200
redistributed. 
So much property, that thousands

4510
04:08:27,200 --> 04:08:29,200
of families. 
Now are vested interest in 

4511
04:08:29,200 --> 04:08:33,500
preventing Catholic restoration,
They've bought Monastery lands, 

4512
04:08:33,500 --> 04:08:37,000
built houses on them and 
establish their fortunes through

4513
04:08:37,000 --> 04:08:40,400
Henry's religious policies. 
Going back to the old system 

4514
04:08:40,400 --> 04:08:42,700
would impoverish them. 
So they become committed 

4515
04:08:42,700 --> 04:08:45,600
Defenders of the New Order, even
if they don't particularly care 

4516
04:08:45,600 --> 04:08:48,400
about theology. 
Parliament has grown stronger 

4517
04:08:48,400 --> 04:08:50,800
through its role in authorizing 
religious changes. 

4518
04:08:51,800 --> 04:08:55,400
Henry needed parliamentary acts 
to break with Rome dissolved, 

4519
04:08:55,400 --> 04:08:58,000
monasteries and establish Royal 
Supremacy. 

4520
04:08:58,000 --> 04:09:02,800
Each Act increased parliament's 
important and set precedence for

4521
04:09:02,800 --> 04:09:05,300
legislative authority over 
matters that were previously 

4522
04:09:05,300 --> 04:09:09,200
considered Royal prerogative. 
England is accidentally 

4523
04:09:09,200 --> 04:09:12,100
developing constitutional 
government while trying to 

4524
04:09:12,108 --> 04:09:15,800
manage religious transformation.
The English language is gained 

4525
04:09:15,800 --> 04:09:20,200
Prestige through his religious 
use When the Bible prayer book 

4526
04:09:20,200 --> 04:09:22,800
and religious instruction all 
appear in English rather than 

4527
04:09:22,800 --> 04:09:27,000
Latin the language stops, being 
merely vernacular and becomes 

4528
04:09:27,000 --> 04:09:29,100
worthy of serious literature and
scholarship. 

4529
04:09:30,000 --> 04:09:33,100
This linguistic nationalism will
eventually contribute to an 

4530
04:09:33,100 --> 04:09:34,900
extraordinary flowering of 
English. 

4531
04:09:34,900 --> 04:09:38,200
Literature though, Shakespeare 
is still decades in the future. 

4532
04:09:38,200 --> 04:09:41,800
National identity is forming 
around these religious changes 

4533
04:09:41,800 --> 04:09:45,700
in ways that will last centuries
to be English, will increase 

4534
04:09:45,700 --> 04:09:48,800
mean to be Protestant, while to 
be Catholic. 

4535
04:09:48,800 --> 04:09:53,800
Will seem somehow foreign this 
Association is unfair to English

4536
04:09:53,800 --> 04:09:57,600
Catholics who are as thoroughly 
English as anyone but it becomes

4537
04:09:57,600 --> 04:09:59,300
embedded in National 
consciousness. 

4538
04:10:00,100 --> 04:10:03,600
English patriotism and 
Protestant identity becoming to 

4539
04:10:03,600 --> 04:10:06,300
twined in ways that shape 
everything from politics to 

4540
04:10:06,300 --> 04:10:09,900
poetry, the Royal Navy, which 
will eventually make England. 

4541
04:10:09,900 --> 04:10:13,500
A global power is growing during
this period partly because 

4542
04:10:13,500 --> 04:10:17,200
Henry's break with Rome makes 
Continental Catholic Powers 

4543
04:10:17,200 --> 04:10:21,000
potential enemies. 
Island nations need strong, 

4544
04:10:21,000 --> 04:10:24,300
navies, and England is learning 
this lesson through religious 

4545
04:10:24,300 --> 04:10:27,300
controversy. 
The ships being built during 

4546
04:10:27,300 --> 04:10:29,900
Henry's later years will 
defending England against Spain 

4547
04:10:29,900 --> 04:10:33,100
and eventually control sea 
lanes, that connect continents 

4548
04:10:33,100 --> 04:10:37,500
education is expanding even as 
its religious character shifts. 

4549
04:10:38,200 --> 04:10:39,700
Grammar schools are being 
founded. 

4550
04:10:39,700 --> 04:10:41,500
Sometimes on the property of 
dissolved. 

4551
04:10:41,500 --> 04:10:45,900
Monasteries teaching Latin Greek
and increasingly English to boys

4552
04:10:45,900 --> 04:10:47,400
whose fathers can afford to send
them. 

4553
04:10:48,200 --> 04:10:50,400
These schools will produce the 
next generation of 

4554
04:10:50,400 --> 04:10:54,200
Administrators clergy, lawyers 
and writers, who will run 

4555
04:10:54,200 --> 04:10:57,700
Elizabethan England and create 
its cultural achievements, the 

4556
04:10:57,700 --> 04:11:00,400
printing press, which arrived in
England, just decades before. 

4557
04:11:00,400 --> 04:11:03,600
Henry's break, with Rome has 
become a tool of religious 

4558
04:11:03,600 --> 04:11:07,200
transformation. 
Every theological pamphlet, 

4559
04:11:07,200 --> 04:11:11,000
every English Bible and every 
prayer book represents 

4560
04:11:11,000 --> 04:11:14,600
technology enabling religious 
change in an era without 

4561
04:11:14,600 --> 04:11:18,000
electronic media. 
Print his revolutionary making 

4562
04:11:18,000 --> 04:11:22,500
ideas portable permanent and 
reproducible in ways that oral 

4563
04:11:22,500 --> 04:11:25,700
culture never allowed English 
cooking loses. 

4564
04:11:25,700 --> 04:11:28,800
Some of its medieval complexity 
as fish days are reduced and 

4565
04:11:28,800 --> 04:11:31,400
spices, become less essential 
for preserving meat. 

4566
04:11:32,300 --> 04:11:35,100
The elaborate Cuisine of the 
late Middle Ages with its 

4567
04:11:35,100 --> 04:11:38,700
emphasis on strong flavors and 
exotic ingredients, gradually 

4568
04:11:38,700 --> 04:11:42,900
gives way to something simpler 
heartier and more focused on the

4569
04:11:42,908 --> 04:11:47,100
quality of basic ingredients. 
English food is developing its 

4570
04:11:47,100 --> 04:11:49,600
reputation for plainness. 
The weather. 

4571
04:11:49,608 --> 04:11:53,600
This is progress is debatable. 
Architecture is creating a 

4572
04:11:53,600 --> 04:11:57,100
distinctly English style that 
combines medieval Gothic 

4573
04:11:57,100 --> 04:12:00,600
Traditions with Renaissance 
classical influences and 

4574
04:12:00,600 --> 04:12:04,600
Protestants implicitly. 
The great house is being built 

4575
04:12:04,600 --> 04:12:08,100
by Henry's courtiers and their 
successes will Define English 

4576
04:12:08,100 --> 04:12:10,300
architectural taste for 
centuries. 

4577
04:12:11,000 --> 04:12:15,100
Those long galleries, those 
symmetrical facades, and those 

4578
04:12:15,100 --> 04:12:18,300
elaborate Gardens designed for 
entertaining rather than 

4579
04:12:18,300 --> 04:12:22,300
monastic, contemplation, music 
is diverging from Continental 

4580
04:12:22,300 --> 04:12:24,900
Catholic Traditions, while 
developing its own character. 

4581
04:12:25,800 --> 04:12:28,600
English composers are creating 
works that reflect the 

4582
04:12:28,600 --> 04:12:31,700
Protestant emphasis on text 
comprehension while. 

4583
04:12:31,700 --> 04:12:35,300
Maintaining the sophisticated 
musical tradition, that England 

4584
04:12:35,300 --> 04:12:39,000
has always possessed. 
The music of Thomas Tallis, and 

4585
04:12:39,000 --> 04:12:42,400
his contemporaries sounds 
distinctly English in ways that 

4586
04:12:42,400 --> 04:12:45,700
early church music based on 
Continental models. 

4587
04:12:45,700 --> 04:12:50,700
Did not the concept of loyalty 
is being redefined. for 

4588
04:12:50,700 --> 04:12:54,100
centuries, English people owed 
allegiance, to King country and 

4589
04:12:54,100 --> 04:12:58,300
Pope in a hierarchy that usually
didn't conflict Henry's. 

4590
04:12:58,300 --> 04:13:02,700
Break with Rome forced a choice.
When King and Pope disagreed, 

4591
04:13:02,700 --> 04:13:06,700
which authority was Supreme 
England, chose the king 

4592
04:13:06,700 --> 04:13:10,400
establishing a pattern of 
national loyalty over religious 

4593
04:13:10,400 --> 04:13:13,200
obedience, that will shape 
English, identity through future

4594
04:13:13,200 --> 04:13:15,900
centuries. 
Women's literacy is slowly 

4595
04:13:15,900 --> 04:13:18,500
increasing. 
As Protestant emphasis on Bible 

4596
04:13:18,500 --> 04:13:21,200
reading extends to daughter's as
well as Sons. 

4597
04:13:22,000 --> 04:13:24,600
If everyone should read 
scripture, then girls need 

4598
04:13:24,600 --> 04:13:28,300
education, too at least enough 
to read the Bible and prayer 

4599
04:13:28,300 --> 04:13:31,200
book. 
This isn't a quality girls 

4600
04:13:31,200 --> 04:13:35,100
education remains limited 
compared to boys, but it's a 

4601
04:13:35,100 --> 04:13:38,300
foundation that future 
Generations will build upon the 

4602
04:13:38,300 --> 04:13:40,800
merchant class is growing 
wealthier and more confident. 

4603
04:13:41,500 --> 04:13:43,900
The men who bought Monastery 
lands who trade with the 

4604
04:13:43,908 --> 04:13:48,000
continent and who financed 
Ventures to the Americas are 

4605
04:13:48,000 --> 04:13:51,200
developing economic power that 
will eventually translate into 

4606
04:13:51,200 --> 04:13:55,000
political influence. 
Tudor England is accidentally, 

4607
04:13:55,000 --> 04:13:58,600
creating the conditions for 
capitalism while trying to solve

4608
04:13:58,600 --> 04:14:01,800
religious controversies. 
Regional distinctions are 

4609
04:14:01,800 --> 04:14:04,000
becoming more pronounced as 
religious changes affect 

4610
04:14:04,000 --> 04:14:09,100
different areas, unevenly The 
north more conservative and more

4611
04:14:09,100 --> 04:14:13,000
attached to monasteries, resists
changes that the South accepts 

4612
04:14:13,000 --> 04:14:16,100
more redly. 
Wales and Cornwall with their 

4613
04:14:16,100 --> 04:14:19,500
distinct languages and cultures 
experience religious 

4614
04:14:19,500 --> 04:14:21,400
transformation differently than 
England. 

4615
04:14:21,400 --> 04:14:25,100
Proper Unity is more aspiration 
than reality. 

4616
04:14:25,100 --> 04:14:28,800
The legal professional expands 
as religious changes, create 

4617
04:14:28,800 --> 04:14:32,200
endless litigation. 
Questions about property rights 

4618
04:14:32,200 --> 04:14:35,800
from dissolved, monasteries the 
leader of marriages under 

4619
04:14:35,800 --> 04:14:39,000
changing rules and enforcement 
of religious Conformity. 

4620
04:14:39,000 --> 04:14:42,600
All require lawyers The end of 
Court. 

4621
04:14:42,600 --> 04:14:44,700
Training lawyers in London are 
becoming more important. 

4622
04:14:44,700 --> 04:14:48,400
Creating a professional class, 
that will influence England's, 

4623
04:14:48,400 --> 04:14:51,900
political development, for 
centuries, Henry's, personal 

4624
04:14:51,900 --> 04:14:54,600
life continues chaotically, 
through these years of national 

4625
04:14:54,600 --> 04:14:58,300
transformation. 
He marries Jane Seymour, who 

4626
04:14:58,300 --> 04:15:00,400
gives him the son? 
He desperately wanted. 

4627
04:15:01,100 --> 04:15:03,500
Edward. 
But dies shortly after 

4628
04:15:03,500 --> 04:15:06,700
childbirth. 
He marries Anne of Cleves in a 

4629
04:15:06,708 --> 04:15:09,300
political Alliance that fails 
immediately because Henry finds 

4630
04:15:09,300 --> 04:15:12,800
her unattractive. 
He marries, Catherine Howard who

4631
04:15:12,800 --> 04:15:15,700
is young enough to be his 
granddaughter, then executes her

4632
04:15:15,700 --> 04:15:18,900
for adultery. 
Finally, he marries Catherine, 

4633
04:15:18,900 --> 04:15:22,300
Parr who manages to outlive him 
partly through extraordinary 

4634
04:15:22,300 --> 04:15:26,500
Tack and partly through luck. 
Each marriage, each divorce or 

4635
04:15:26,500 --> 04:15:30,200
each execution reinforces that 
the king's personal life and 

4636
04:15:30,200 --> 04:15:34,100
England's, religious policies 
are inseparable Henry wanted an 

4637
04:15:34,100 --> 04:15:38,300
annulment, couldn't get papal, 
permission broke with Rome and 

4638
04:15:38,300 --> 04:15:40,200
in the process. 
Transformed a nation. 

4639
04:15:40,200 --> 04:15:44,000
Its cause an effect operating on
a scale, usually reserved for 

4640
04:15:44,008 --> 04:15:47,500
Wars or plagues. 
Except the Catalyst was one 

4641
04:15:47,500 --> 04:15:51,400
man's desperate desire for a 
legitimate son and his equally 

4642
04:15:51,400 --> 04:15:54,700
strong conviction that God 
supported his claim as you 

4643
04:15:54,700 --> 04:15:56,700
settle deeper into your 
comfortable spot. 

4644
04:15:56,700 --> 04:15:58,500
Perhaps, refreshing. 
That warm drink. 

4645
04:15:58,500 --> 04:16:03,100
Let's contemplate what Henry the
8th Left Behind not just the 

4646
04:16:03,100 --> 04:16:06,800
obvious political and religious 
changes but the subtle ways his 

4647
04:16:06,800 --> 04:16:09,900
Reign reshaped. 
How England thought about itself

4648
04:16:09,900 --> 04:16:16,200
and its place in the world Henry
died in January 1547 enormously 

4649
04:16:16,200 --> 04:16:21,400
fat. probably weighing over 300 
pounds in constant pain from his

4650
04:16:21,400 --> 04:16:25,100
ulcerated leg and convinced of 
his own righteousness, until the

4651
04:16:25,100 --> 04:16:29,200
end, His will provided for 
elaborate prayers for his soul, 

4652
04:16:29,200 --> 04:16:33,000
despite Protestant questioning 
of prayers for the dead because 

4653
04:16:33,000 --> 04:16:36,300
Henry never stopped being 
Catholic in his own mind, even 

4654
04:16:36,300 --> 04:16:39,400
as he destroyed Catholic, 
institutional power in England, 

4655
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:43,900
his son Edward, the sixth that 
desperately wanted male Heir. 

4656
04:16:43,900 --> 04:16:47,200
Ruled for only six years before 
dying at 15. 

4657
04:16:48,300 --> 04:16:51,600
During Edwards brief Reign, 
Protestant reformers pushed 

4658
04:16:51,600 --> 04:16:54,400
England further from Catholic 
practices than Henry ever 

4659
04:16:54,400 --> 04:16:58,200
intended. 
The Latin Mast disappeared with 

4660
04:16:58,200 --> 04:17:01,700
English prayer services. 
Priests were allowed to marry 

4661
04:17:01,700 --> 04:17:04,400
Church. 
Interiors were whitewashed, and 

4662
04:17:04,400 --> 04:17:05,900
stripped of remaining 
decoration. 

4663
04:17:07,000 --> 04:17:09,400
Henry's attempt to maintain 
Catholic theology. 

4664
04:17:09,400 --> 04:17:13,400
While rejecting papal Authority,
collapsed into something much 

4665
04:17:13,400 --> 04:17:16,400
more thoroughly. 
Protestant Then Came Mary. 

4666
04:17:16,400 --> 04:17:20,200
Henry's daughter by Catherine of
Aragon who tried desperately to 

4667
04:17:20,200 --> 04:17:23,700
reverse her father's religious 
policies and restore England to 

4668
04:17:23,700 --> 04:17:27,000
Catholic obedience. 
Her five-year Reigns or the 

4669
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:30,700
return of papal Authority, the 
restoration of some monasteries 

4670
04:17:30,700 --> 04:17:34,700
and the burning of protestant 
Heretics, which earned her the 

4671
04:17:34,700 --> 04:17:38,000
nickname Bloody Mary. 
And ensured that her religious 

4672
04:17:38,000 --> 04:17:41,900
policies would die with her. 
You can't reverse a generation 

4673
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:45,400
of change through Force, 
especially when so many people 

4674
04:17:45,400 --> 04:17:48,100
have economic interest in 
maintaining the new system 

4675
04:17:48,100 --> 04:17:52,300
finally Elizabeth. 
The first Henry's daughter by 

4676
04:17:52,300 --> 04:17:56,100
Anne Boleyn created what became 
known as the Elizabethan 

4677
04:17:56,100 --> 04:17:59,100
settlement. 
A moderate Protestant church 

4678
04:17:59,100 --> 04:18:03,000
that retained some traditional 
practices while firmly rejecting

4679
04:18:03,000 --> 04:18:07,100
people or authority. 
Elizabeth understood what her 

4680
04:18:07,100 --> 04:18:11,300
father brother and sister had 
not that most English people 

4681
04:18:11,300 --> 04:18:14,500
wanted religious stability more 
than doctrinal purity. 

4682
04:18:15,400 --> 04:18:18,800
They were exhausted by change, 
frightened by a religious 

4683
04:18:18,800 --> 04:18:22,000
violence and ready for someone 
to Simply make decisions and 

4684
04:18:22,000 --> 04:18:24,500
stick with them. 
The Church of England that 

4685
04:18:24,500 --> 04:18:27,000
emerged from this Tudor, tumult 
was something unique. 

4686
04:18:28,000 --> 04:18:32,200
Protestant in theology but 
Catholic instructure reformed in

4687
04:18:32,200 --> 04:18:36,200
Doctrine, but traditional in 
practice independent of Rome but

4688
04:18:36,200 --> 04:18:40,000
connected to Christian history. 
It was Henry's compromise, 

4689
04:18:40,000 --> 04:18:43,700
extended and elaborated, made 
workable through Elizabeth's, 

4690
04:18:43,700 --> 04:18:47,200
political genius and the English
peoples practical acceptance 

4691
04:18:47,200 --> 04:18:50,300
that this was preferable to 
continued turmoil, the 

4692
04:18:50,300 --> 04:18:52,800
dissolution of monasteries 
permanently, altered the English

4693
04:18:52,808 --> 04:18:55,600
landscape. 
Those ruins, you can still visit

4694
04:18:55,600 --> 04:18:59,500
revolve fountains Tintin a 
monuments to this 

4695
04:18:59,500 --> 04:19:04,500
transformation. 600 years of 
Benedictine sister and Augustine

4696
04:19:04,500 --> 04:19:08,400
in life, ended in a decade and 
the physical remnants became 

4697
04:19:08,400 --> 04:19:10,600
romantic ruins. 
That later generations would 

4698
04:19:10,600 --> 04:19:13,000
paint and photograph. 
Forgetting. 

4699
04:19:13,000 --> 04:19:16,200
They represented the violent 
destruction of an entire way of 

4700
04:19:16,200 --> 04:19:20,200
life, the Landry distribution, 
created a Gentry class that were

4701
04:19:20,200 --> 04:19:22,400
dominating English politics for 
centuries. 

4702
04:19:23,400 --> 04:19:25,900
The families who bought 
Monastery lands became the 

4703
04:19:25,900 --> 04:19:29,400
country's governing class. 
Serving as justices of the 

4704
04:19:29,400 --> 04:19:33,500
peace, sitting in Parliament and
providing local Administration. 

4705
04:19:34,300 --> 04:19:37,200
English governance became less 
centralized and more based on 

4706
04:19:37,200 --> 04:19:41,100
local Elites who had both 
Authority and property A system 

4707
04:19:41,100 --> 04:19:44,200
that works surprisingly. 
Well, until it didn't English, 

4708
04:19:44,200 --> 04:19:47,800
national identity crystallized 
around these religious changes 

4709
04:19:47,800 --> 04:19:51,600
in ways that Henry couldn't have
predicted Be English came to 

4710
04:19:51,600 --> 04:19:55,100
mean being Protestant being 
independent of Continental 

4711
04:19:55,100 --> 04:19:58,800
Catholic Powers being loyal to 
the crown over the Pope. 

4712
04:19:59,600 --> 04:20:02,700
This identity would shape 
England's conflicts with Spain 

4713
04:20:02,700 --> 04:20:06,900
and France, its eventual 
overseas expansion and its 

4714
04:20:06,900 --> 04:20:10,700
internal politics for centuries.
The act of Supremacy 

4715
04:20:10,700 --> 04:20:13,800
established, the principle that 
Parliament could legislate on 

4716
04:20:13,800 --> 04:20:17,200
religious matters, which was 
revolutionary even if nobody 

4717
04:20:17,200 --> 04:20:21,200
quite realized it at the time. 
Religious Authority came from 

4718
04:20:21,200 --> 04:20:23,700
law rather than traditional, or 
Divine appointment. 

4719
04:20:24,600 --> 04:20:27,200
This principle would have 
eventually extend to all areas 

4720
04:20:27,200 --> 04:20:31,300
of governance, making Parliament
Supreme and establishing the 

4721
04:20:31,300 --> 04:20:34,600
constitutional monarchy that 
England, still technically 

4722
04:20:34,600 --> 04:20:38,300
maintains the English Bible. 
Proved perhaps the most lasting 

4723
04:20:38,300 --> 04:20:42,200
of Henry's unintended legacies. 
He authorized it for political 

4724
04:20:42,200 --> 04:20:44,700
reasons. 
But once Ordinary, People could 

4725
04:20:44,700 --> 04:20:48,100
read scripture themselves, 
religious Authority could never 

4726
04:20:48,100 --> 04:20:52,700
be purely hierarchical again. 
Every reader became potentially 

4727
04:20:52,700 --> 04:20:56,100
a theologian every 
interpretation created potential

4728
04:20:56,100 --> 04:20:59,400
controversy. 
Authority had to be justified 

4729
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:02,300
through persuasion rather than 
simply imposed through position.

4730
04:21:02,300 --> 04:21:06,300
The destruction of Catholic art,
and religious culture left gaps,

4731
04:21:06,300 --> 04:21:11,200
that took generations to fill 
English music visual art and 

4732
04:21:11,200 --> 04:21:14,200
literature had to develop new 
forms that reflected Protestant 

4733
04:21:14,200 --> 04:21:19,000
values while satisfying human 
aesthetic needs this eventually 

4734
04:21:19,000 --> 04:21:22,800
produced extraordinary 
achievements Shakespeare's plays

4735
04:21:22,800 --> 04:21:27,300
the King James Bible English 
madrigals but represented a 

4736
04:21:27,300 --> 04:21:29,200
break with medieval artistic 
Traditions. 

4737
04:21:29,200 --> 04:21:31,300
That was both liberating and 
costly. 

4738
04:21:31,300 --> 04:21:34,900
The social welfare system never 
recovered from the dissolution 

4739
04:21:34,900 --> 04:21:39,000
of monasteries England developed
poor laws that made parishes 

4740
04:21:39,000 --> 04:21:42,500
responsible for their own poor. 
But this system was less 

4741
04:21:42,500 --> 04:21:45,700
comprehensive and less generous 
than what monasteries had 

4742
04:21:45,700 --> 04:21:49,700
provide it. 
The poorest English people were 

4743
04:21:49,700 --> 04:21:52,300
probably worse off after the 
dissolution than before. 

4744
04:21:53,200 --> 04:21:56,300
Which is an irony, given the 
Protestant emphasis on charity 

4745
04:21:56,300 --> 04:22:00,100
and social responsibility, women
lost options without recovering 

4746
04:22:00,100 --> 04:22:03,700
equivalent alternatives. 
The convents that once provided 

4747
04:22:03,700 --> 04:22:06,400
respectable Life Choices, for 
women, who didn't marry 

4748
04:22:06,400 --> 04:22:09,400
disappeared? 
While Protestant emphasis on 

4749
04:22:09,400 --> 04:22:11,500
marry made Spence to hood more 
problematic. 

4750
04:22:12,600 --> 04:22:15,300
Some women gained from the 
Protestant emphasis on Bible 

4751
04:22:15,300 --> 04:22:18,700
reading and spiritual equality. 
But institutional opportunities,

4752
04:22:18,700 --> 04:22:23,000
actually decreased Henry's 
personal reputation, underwent 

4753
04:22:23,000 --> 04:22:25,600
fascinating transformation over 
the centuries. 

4754
04:22:26,500 --> 04:22:29,800
To Protestants, he became the 
hero who freed England from 

4755
04:22:29,800 --> 04:22:32,400
papal tyranny. 
Despite his conservative 

4756
04:22:32,400 --> 04:22:36,500
theology to Catholics, he became
the villain who destroyed 

4757
04:22:36,500 --> 04:22:40,000
England's, Catholic Heritage, 
for personal reasons, despite 

4758
04:22:40,000 --> 04:22:43,700
his initial defense of Catholic 
Doctrine, To moderns. 

4759
04:22:43,700 --> 04:22:48,200
He is often that fascinating 
monster, brilliant charismatic 

4760
04:22:48,200 --> 04:22:52,200
ruthless and ultimately tragic 
in his desperate quest for 

4761
04:22:52,208 --> 04:22:54,700
dynasty. 
The historical debate about 

4762
04:22:54,700 --> 04:22:58,400
whether Henry was reformer or 
opportunist a hero, or villain 

4763
04:22:58,400 --> 04:23:01,400
and a Visionary or egotist 
continues because he was 

4764
04:23:01,400 --> 04:23:05,100
genuinely all of these things. 
He broke with Rome for personal 

4765
04:23:05,100 --> 04:23:08,400
reasons, but created space for 
genuine religious reform. 

4766
04:23:09,300 --> 04:23:11,800
He brutally suppressed 
opposition but was sincerely 

4767
04:23:11,800 --> 04:23:15,300
convinced of his righteousness. 
He destroyed monasteries for 

4768
04:23:15,300 --> 04:23:17,900
money but believed he was 
correcting religious era. 

4769
04:23:18,700 --> 04:23:21,800
His motives were selfish. 
His consequences were 

4770
04:23:21,800 --> 04:23:24,800
transformative. 
The Tudor periods religious 

4771
04:23:24,800 --> 04:23:27,500
turmoil taught England lessons 
about tolerance. 

4772
04:23:27,500 --> 04:23:30,200
The wouldn't be fully learned 
and for Generations. 

4773
04:23:31,100 --> 04:23:34,200
The burning of Heretics under 
Mary, the persecution of 

4774
04:23:34,208 --> 04:23:37,800
Catholics under Elisabeth and 
the continued conflicts over 

4775
04:23:37,800 --> 04:23:41,200
religious Conformity all 
demonstrated that religious 

4776
04:23:41,200 --> 04:23:44,500
uniformity and force through 
violence creates resentment 

4777
04:23:44,500 --> 04:23:49,000
rather than genuine agreement. 
Eventually centuries. 

4778
04:23:49,000 --> 04:23:52,300
Later, England would develop 
religious tolerance, though. 

4779
04:23:52,300 --> 04:23:55,400
The path would be long and 
painful, the expansion of 

4780
04:23:55,408 --> 04:23:58,600
literacy that began with English
Bibles and prayer books, created

4781
04:23:58,600 --> 04:24:01,600
a reading public that would 
eventually demand more than 

4782
04:24:01,600 --> 04:24:05,100
religious texts. 
By Elizabeth reign printing, 

4783
04:24:05,100 --> 04:24:09,700
presses were producing plays, 
poems histories and practical 

4784
04:24:09,700 --> 04:24:12,500
manuals. 
The culture of literacy that 

4785
04:24:12,500 --> 04:24:14,500
merged from religious control 
for sea laid. 

4786
04:24:14,500 --> 04:24:16,900
The groundwork for England's 
literary achievements, 

4787
04:24:16,900 --> 04:24:20,300
architecture, and landscape 
design reflecting Protestant 

4788
04:24:20,300 --> 04:24:24,600
values, simpler more focused on 
function, less concerned with 

4789
04:24:24,600 --> 04:24:28,800
religious symbolism created, 
distinctly English aesthetic 

4790
04:24:28,800 --> 04:24:31,600
preferences. 
The great House's with their 

4791
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:34,000
long Galleries and Protestants 
implicitly. 

4792
04:24:34,000 --> 04:24:36,400
The gardens designed for 
pleasure, rather than 

4793
04:24:36,400 --> 04:24:40,000
contemplation and the churches. 
Stripped of statutory, but 

4794
04:24:40,000 --> 04:24:42,100
retaining their basic Gothic 
structure. 

4795
04:24:42,100 --> 04:24:45,800
All reflected this Protestant 
transformation of physical 

4796
04:24:45,800 --> 04:24:48,000
space. 
The Royal Navy's development 

4797
04:24:48,000 --> 04:24:51,800
during and after Henry's Reign 
partly motivated by the need to 

4798
04:24:51,800 --> 04:24:54,400
defend Protestant England 
against Catholic Powers. 

4799
04:24:54,400 --> 04:24:57,000
Eventually made England a global
power. 

4800
04:24:58,200 --> 04:25:01,300
The same religious controversies
that destroyed monasteries and 

4801
04:25:01,308 --> 04:25:04,700
persecuted, dissenters also 
built the ships that were 

4802
04:25:04,700 --> 04:25:07,800
defeat, the Spanish Armada and 
eventually create a worldwide 

4803
04:25:07,800 --> 04:25:10,900
Empire legal developments during
Henry's Reign. 

4804
04:25:10,900 --> 04:25:14,100
Particularly parliament's 
increased Authority, and the 

4805
04:25:14,100 --> 04:25:17,500
expansion of secular Courts at 
the expense of church courts 

4806
04:25:17,500 --> 04:25:22,200
laid foundations for English. 
Common laws development, The 

4807
04:25:22,200 --> 04:25:25,400
legal system that emerged from 
Tudor religious controversies 

4808
04:25:25,400 --> 04:25:29,600
would eventually be exported to 
England colonies, influencing 

4809
04:25:29,600 --> 04:25:31,900
legal Traditions across multiple
continents? 

4810
04:25:32,800 --> 04:25:35,900
Scientific Revolution that would
flourish in 17th century. 

4811
04:25:35,900 --> 04:25:39,200
England was partly enabled by 
Henry's religious changes. 

4812
04:25:40,100 --> 04:25:44,200
Once religious Authority became 
questionable all authority 

4813
04:25:44,200 --> 04:25:47,300
became potentially questionable.
The habit of questioning 

4814
04:25:47,300 --> 04:25:51,200
established true in religion, 
transferred to questioning 

4815
04:25:51,200 --> 04:25:54,200
established in natural 
philosophy, creating 

4816
04:25:54,200 --> 04:25:57,400
intellectual space for 
scientific inquiry, as your 

4817
04:25:57,400 --> 04:25:59,300
warm, drink cools and your eyes,
grow heavy. 

4818
04:25:59,300 --> 04:26:03,200
Consider one final thought about
Henry the 8th and his 

4819
04:26:03,200 --> 04:26:06,000
transformation of England. 
Changes. 

4820
04:26:06,000 --> 04:26:09,400
He initiated evolving long after
his death. 

4821
04:26:10,100 --> 04:26:13,700
Creating consequences he never 
imagined and solving problems. 

4822
04:26:13,700 --> 04:26:16,500
He didn't know existed, the 
Church of England. 

4823
04:26:16,500 --> 04:26:19,000
He created became the foundation
for worldwide. 

4824
04:26:19,000 --> 04:26:22,700
Anglican communion spreading 
across continents as England 

4825
04:26:22,700 --> 04:26:26,600
expanded overseas. 
Churches from Nigeria to 

4826
04:26:26,600 --> 04:26:30,300
Australia to Canada Trace their 
institutional ancestry to 

4827
04:26:30,300 --> 04:26:33,600
Henry's break with Rome though. 
They might emphasize Thomas 

4828
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:36,600
Kramer's theology over. 
Henry's Politics, the English 

4829
04:26:36,600 --> 04:26:38,400
language. 
He elevated through biblical 

4830
04:26:38,400 --> 04:26:42,200
translation became a global 
language, Carried by English 

4831
04:26:42,200 --> 04:26:46,100
speakers across Ocean's and 
continents eventually becoming 

4832
04:26:46,100 --> 04:26:50,100
the international language of 
business science and diplomacy. 

4833
04:26:51,400 --> 04:26:54,100
The King James Bible published 
60 years after Henry's. 

4834
04:26:54,100 --> 04:26:57,100
Death shaped English prose style
for centuries and remains in 

4835
04:26:57,100 --> 04:27:00,400
print today, the principal of 
parliamentary Supremacy, he 

4836
04:27:00,400 --> 04:27:03,400
accidentally, strengthened by 
using Parliament, authorized 

4837
04:27:03,400 --> 04:27:06,500
religious changes, became the 
foundation, of English, 

4838
04:27:06,500 --> 04:27:10,400
constitutional government, when 
American colonists argue that 

4839
04:27:10,400 --> 04:27:13,700
Parliament had no authority to 
tax them without representation.

4840
04:27:13,700 --> 04:27:17,400
They were invoking principles, 
that emerge partly from Tudor 

4841
04:27:17,400 --> 04:27:19,700
religious controverses. 
The nationalism. 

4842
04:27:19,700 --> 04:27:22,400
We fostered by making England, 
religiously independent 

4843
04:27:22,400 --> 04:27:24,900
contributed to England's 
resistance, to various 

4844
04:27:24,900 --> 04:27:29,000
Continental threats. 
Spanish Armada, Napoleon's, 

4845
04:27:29,000 --> 04:27:31,400
Empire, and Hitler's Invasion 
plans. 

4846
04:27:32,500 --> 04:27:35,900
English identity formed around. 
This idea of Independence became

4847
04:27:35,900 --> 04:27:39,600
a resource during times of 
Crisis, but Henry's Legacy also 

4848
04:27:39,600 --> 04:27:42,500
includes religious divisions 
that persisted for centuries. 

4849
04:27:43,300 --> 04:27:47,000
Catholics faced discrimination 
and legal disabilities in 

4850
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:51,600
England until the 19th century. 
Tensions between Protestant and 

4851
04:27:51,600 --> 04:27:53,500
Catholic. 
In Northern Ireland, Trace 

4852
04:27:53,500 --> 04:27:55,900
partly to the Tudor 
transformation of religion. 

4853
04:27:56,800 --> 04:27:59,700
Religious Strife that Henry's 
actions initiated killed 

4854
04:27:59,700 --> 04:28:01,700
thousands across multiple 
Generations. 

4855
04:28:01,700 --> 04:28:05,500
The destruction of monasteries 
and religious art represents 

4856
04:28:05,500 --> 04:28:08,500
cultural loss that can never be 
fully calculated. 

4857
04:28:09,500 --> 04:28:11,400
Will never hear the music that 
was lost. 

4858
04:28:11,400 --> 04:28:13,700
Read the manuscripts that were 
burned. 

4859
04:28:13,700 --> 04:28:15,700
Will see the art, that was 
smashed. 

4860
04:28:16,600 --> 04:28:19,800
Every whitewashed Church wall 
represents not just religious 

4861
04:28:19,800 --> 04:28:22,700
transformation but cultural 
impoverishment. 

4862
04:28:22,700 --> 04:28:26,800
However necessary reformers 
considered it, the social 

4863
04:28:26,800 --> 04:28:29,900
welfare gaps created by 
monastic, dissolution took 

4864
04:28:29,900 --> 04:28:34,400
centuries, to address through 
alternative institutions, Modern

4865
04:28:34,400 --> 04:28:37,700
social security systems are 
attempting to solve problems. 

4866
04:28:37,700 --> 04:28:41,400
That Tudor England created when 
it destroyed medieval Catholic 

4867
04:28:41,400 --> 04:28:44,600
Social infrastructure without 
providing adequate Replacements 

4868
04:28:44,600 --> 04:28:47,900
without Henry's. 
Break with Rome, England might 

4869
04:28:47,900 --> 04:28:51,800
have remained a minor European 
power, culturally derivative and

4870
04:28:51,800 --> 04:28:55,500
politically subordinate. 
The independence political 

4871
04:28:55,500 --> 04:28:59,200
religious and intellectual that 
emerged from Tudor religious 

4872
04:28:59,200 --> 04:29:02,200
controversies created space for 
English achievements. 

4873
04:29:02,200 --> 04:29:05,500
In everything from literature to
science to political philosophy 

4874
04:29:05,500 --> 04:29:09,900
Shakespeare's plays written 
during Elizabeth reign emerged 

4875
04:29:09,900 --> 04:29:12,400
from a culture transformed by 
Henry's actions. 

4876
04:29:13,600 --> 04:29:16,100
The English identity, 
Shakespeare explored and 

4877
04:29:16,100 --> 04:29:20,100
celebrated in his history and 
comedies was partly created by 

4878
04:29:20,100 --> 04:29:23,000
his grandfather's Generations 
experience of religious 

4879
04:29:23,000 --> 04:29:25,900
transformation. 
The language Shakespeare 

4880
04:29:25,900 --> 04:29:28,400
perfected was enriched by 
religious controversy. 

4881
04:29:28,400 --> 04:29:31,900
In biblical translation. 
The Scientific Revolution that 

4882
04:29:31,900 --> 04:29:35,900
produced Newton boil and other 
English scientists in merge 

4883
04:29:35,900 --> 04:29:38,900
partly from habits of 
questioning Authority, that 

4884
04:29:38,900 --> 04:29:40,500
began with religious 
Reformation. 

4885
04:29:41,700 --> 04:29:45,300
Once people questioned people 
Authority, intellectual 

4886
04:29:45,300 --> 04:29:48,300
authority of all kinds became 
potentially questionable 

4887
04:29:48,300 --> 04:29:51,400
creating space. 
For empirical investigation 

4888
04:29:51,400 --> 04:29:55,100
over, traditional explanation, 
England's distinctive, political

4889
04:29:55,100 --> 04:29:59,300
development, its constitutional 
monarchy, its parliamentary 

4890
04:29:59,300 --> 04:30:02,200
Supremacy. 
It's gradual extension of 

4891
04:30:02,200 --> 04:30:06,600
political rights, Connects in 
complicated ways to religious 

4892
04:30:06,600 --> 04:30:09,200
controversies that began with 
Henry. 

4893
04:30:10,500 --> 04:30:13,900
Religious tolerance emerged 
slowly from religious strife. 

4894
04:30:14,700 --> 04:30:17,400
Limited government emerged 
partly from centuries of 

4895
04:30:17,408 --> 04:30:20,400
negotiating religious 
settlements that required 

4896
04:30:20,400 --> 04:30:23,400
compromise rather than absolute 
Authority. 

4897
04:30:23,400 --> 04:30:27,600
As you drift towards sleep, you 
might reflect the Henry that 

4898
04:30:27,600 --> 04:30:30,100
never intended most of what his 
actions produced. 

4899
04:30:30,100 --> 04:30:33,100
He wanted a son and an 
annulment. 

4900
04:30:34,000 --> 04:30:38,400
Instead he triggered changes 
that reshaped religion politics 

4901
04:30:38,400 --> 04:30:43,400
culture and national identity 
across centuries history, rarely

4902
04:30:43,400 --> 04:30:47,300
unfolds as anyone plans, small 
decisions combined with 

4903
04:30:47,300 --> 04:30:49,300
structural forces to produce 
outcomes. 

4904
04:30:49,300 --> 04:30:53,800
Nobody predicted the young king 
Who Loved Theology and wanted to

4905
04:30:53,800 --> 04:30:57,400
defend, Catholic Orthodoxy 
became the man who broke England

4906
04:30:57,400 --> 04:31:01,900
from Rome The desperate father 
seeking a legitimate male Heir, 

4907
04:31:01,900 --> 04:31:04,500
became the Catalyst for 
religious Revolution. 

4908
04:31:05,400 --> 04:31:08,500
The Monarch trying to maintain 
tradition while solving a 

4909
04:31:08,500 --> 04:31:11,700
personal problem became an agent
of transformational England 

4910
04:31:11,700 --> 04:31:16,100
before Henry was one kind of 
place medieval Catholic looking 

4911
04:31:16,100 --> 04:31:18,000
to the continent for cultural 
leadership. 

4912
04:31:18,000 --> 04:31:20,300
England. 
After Henry was something 

4913
04:31:20,300 --> 04:31:24,200
different Protestant independent
developing. 

4914
04:31:24,200 --> 04:31:28,900
Its own cultural confidence. 
The transition was painful and 

4915
04:31:28,900 --> 04:31:33,200
costly independent and, and 
produced winners and losers 

4916
04:31:33,200 --> 04:31:37,300
across every social class. 
Created the foundation for the 

4917
04:31:37,300 --> 04:31:40,500
England that would eventually 
emerge as a global power for 

4918
04:31:40,500 --> 04:31:44,200
better and worse tonight. 
As you drift off to sleep, 

4919
04:31:44,200 --> 04:31:48,000
you're part of a world Henry 
helped create the English 

4920
04:31:48,000 --> 04:31:51,000
language you speak was elevated 
partly through his religious 

4921
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:53,700
policies. 
The ideas about limited 

4922
04:31:53,700 --> 04:31:56,900
government and individual rights
that shape, modern democracies 

4923
04:31:56,900 --> 04:32:00,300
emerged partly from the English 
experience of religious 

4924
04:32:00,300 --> 04:32:03,600
transformation. 
Scientific world view that 

4925
04:32:03,600 --> 04:32:07,100
produced modern technology 
developed partly in the 

4926
04:32:07,100 --> 04:32:10,500
intellectual space created by 
questioning religious Authority.

4927
04:32:10,500 --> 04:32:15,900
Henry, the eighth died over 470 
years ago but his decisions Echo

4928
04:32:15,900 --> 04:32:19,300
forward in to our present. 
Every time someone questioned 

4929
04:32:19,300 --> 04:32:23,300
Authority, read scripture in 
their own language or argues 

4930
04:32:23,300 --> 04:32:24,800
that National sovereignty 
matters. 

4931
04:32:24,800 --> 04:32:28,700
Their continuing conversations, 
Henry helped begin though, 

4932
04:32:28,700 --> 04:32:30,700
usually without knowing it 
sleep. 

4933
04:32:30,700 --> 04:32:34,400
Well knowing that history is 
made not just by great plans and

4934
04:32:34,400 --> 04:32:38,300
Noble intentions, but by human 
beings pursuing very human 

4935
04:32:38,300 --> 04:32:42,300
desires. 
Love legitimacy Authority. 

4936
04:32:42,300 --> 04:32:46,200
Certainly in ways that produce 
consequences. 

4937
04:32:46,200 --> 04:32:51,900
Far beyond their imagining Henry
wanted a son instead, he got a 

4938
04:32:51,900 --> 04:32:55,200
legacy whether that's tragedy or
Triumph depends on your 

4939
04:32:55,200 --> 04:32:59,300
perspective and which aspects of
the Legacy or measuring the 

4940
04:32:59,300 --> 04:33:01,700
bells that once marked monastic 
hours a silent. 

4941
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:04,200
Now, But you can still hear 
church bells. 

4942
04:33:04,200 --> 04:33:08,300
If you listen, the monastery is 
a ruins but their Stones built 

4943
04:33:08,300 --> 04:33:12,300
houses people still inhabit. 
The old Faith disappeared, 

4944
04:33:12,300 --> 04:33:16,200
officially but traces remain in 
language culture and memory. 

4945
04:33:16,800 --> 04:33:20,099
Everything changed. 
Nothing completely disappeared. 

4946
04:33:20,900 --> 04:33:23,900
That's perhaps the real lesson 
of Henry's Reformation. 

4947
04:33:24,900 --> 04:33:28,400
Transformational is never as 
complete as revolutionaries hope

4948
04:33:28,400 --> 04:33:31,400
or conservatives fear. 
Rest, now and dream. 

4949
04:33:31,400 --> 04:33:35,099
Perhaps of a youngest simpler 
England, where Stone monasteries

4950
04:33:35,099 --> 04:33:38,400
caught the morning light and 
bells marked the hours where 

4951
04:33:38,400 --> 04:33:41,400
change came slowly. 
In the old ways seemed eternal, 

4952
04:33:42,400 --> 04:33:46,400
Or dream of the England that 
emerged confident, independent 

4953
04:33:46,400 --> 04:33:49,300
finding its own voice and 
identity. 

4954
04:33:51,200 --> 04:33:53,700
Both England's existed. 
One after the other. 

4955
04:33:54,500 --> 04:33:58,800
Separated by a few Decades of 
tumultuous transformation led by

4956
04:33:58,800 --> 04:34:02,099
an unlikely revolutionary King, 
who never quite meant to 

4957
04:34:02,099 --> 04:34:05,800
revolutionize anything tomorrow.
When you wake, you'll rise into 

4958
04:34:05,800 --> 04:34:08,200
a world still shape. 
By Those Distant pewter. 

4959
04:34:08,200 --> 04:34:11,800
Transformations, still wrestling
with questions, about Authority,

4960
04:34:11,800 --> 04:34:16,000
identity and faith. 
That Henry's choices made urgent

4961
04:34:16,000 --> 04:34:21,800
five centuries ago. but tonight,
rest let history become a story 

4962
04:34:21,800 --> 04:34:25,099
and let the story become the 
gentle companion of sleep. 

4963
04:34:29,099 --> 04:34:33,500
Alexander Hamilton was born 
around, January 11th, 1755 or 

4964
04:34:33,500 --> 04:34:37,599
1757 given. 
Conflicting records in Nevis a 

4965
04:34:37,599 --> 04:34:41,200
small island in the Caribbean's 
Leeward chain, his father, James

4966
04:34:41,200 --> 04:34:44,099
Hamilton, hailed from Scotland, 
and drifted financially. 

4967
04:34:44,099 --> 04:34:47,900
While his mother, Rachel faucet 
was a strange from a prior 

4968
04:34:47,900 --> 04:34:50,099
marriage. 
So, she'll stigma dog, the 

4969
04:34:50,099 --> 04:34:53,900
family as Hamilton was deemed, 
illegitimate childhood brought 

4970
04:34:53,900 --> 04:34:56,599
precarious, living conditions 
amid the sugar-based economy 

4971
04:34:56,599 --> 04:35:00,700
reliant on enslaved labor Still 
the bright Caribbean, Sun, and 

4972
04:35:00,700 --> 04:35:03,099
bustle of Ireland, trade shaped 
his early impressions of 

4973
04:35:03,108 --> 04:35:06,099
Commerce and hierarchy. 
By the time, Hamilton reached 

4974
04:35:06,099 --> 04:35:11,000
adolescents, familial hardships 
and his father left compounding,

4975
04:35:11,000 --> 04:35:14,400
the family's instability. 
Then a fever came to his mother 

4976
04:35:14,400 --> 04:35:18,599
when he was around 11 orphaned 
Hamilton found Refuge with local

4977
04:35:18,599 --> 04:35:21,599
Merchants who recognized a keen 
mind behind the boys formal, but

4978
04:35:21,599 --> 04:35:24,099
urgent letters. 
He took a clock in job at 

4979
04:35:24,099 --> 04:35:26,700
Beekman and Kruger's. 
Trading firm absorbing the 

4980
04:35:26,700 --> 04:35:30,000
mechanics of shipping manifests,
currency, exchange and 

4981
04:35:30,000 --> 04:35:33,599
negotiation. 
Observers noted a precocious 

4982
04:35:33,599 --> 04:35:35,900
skill in accountancy and a calm 
Under Pressure. 

4983
04:35:35,900 --> 04:35:39,700
When Storms disrupted, cargo 
arrivals, this apprenticeship 

4984
04:35:39,700 --> 04:35:42,200
would lay the groundwork for 
Hamilton's later Mastery of 

4985
04:35:42,200 --> 04:35:45,099
financial systems. 
A crucial moment arrived. 

4986
04:35:45,099 --> 04:35:48,099
When Hamilton Pender Vivid 
letter describing A hurricane's,

4987
04:35:48,099 --> 04:35:51,500
Devastation his prose published 
in a local paper. 

4988
04:35:51,500 --> 04:35:54,900
So impressed leading citizens 
that they raised funds to send 

4989
04:35:54,900 --> 04:35:57,300
him to Mainland. 
Colonies for Education, the 

4990
04:35:57,300 --> 04:36:00,800
budding writer set sail, 
eventually Landing in. 

4991
04:36:00,800 --> 04:36:03,800
British North America. 
They precisely how he arranged 

4992
04:36:03,800 --> 04:36:05,700
for the schooling remains partly
obscure. 

4993
04:36:06,500 --> 04:36:09,400
By the time he stepped on to 
Mainland soil, Hamilton 

4994
04:36:09,400 --> 04:36:12,500
possessed, an unshakable resolve
to escape the constraints of 

4995
04:36:12,500 --> 04:36:16,099
colonial class, prejudice and 
prove his intellect in a broader

4996
04:36:16,099 --> 04:36:18,400
Arena. 
He enrolled at Kings College 

4997
04:36:18,400 --> 04:36:21,000
later, Columbia University in 
New York City. 

4998
04:36:21,900 --> 04:36:25,099
Political tension sword as 
Britain, imposed new taxes and 

4999
04:36:25,099 --> 04:36:28,800
cracked down on Colonial 
resistance, Hamilton originally 

5000
04:36:28,800 --> 04:36:32,200
cautious soon, found himself 
stirred by pamphlets on natural 

5001
04:36:32,200 --> 04:36:34,700
rights. 
He contributed a Anonymous 

5002
04:36:34,700 --> 04:36:37,900
essays defending Colonial, 
protests revealing a knack for 

5003
04:36:37,900 --> 04:36:41,099
political writing spite. 
His youthful status readers 

5004
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:43,599
found his arguments crisp 
blending logic with moral 

5005
04:36:43,599 --> 04:36:46,000
further. 
However, the outbreak of open 

5006
04:36:46,000 --> 04:36:48,700
Conflict at Lexington and 
Concord disrupted studies at 

5007
04:36:48,700 --> 04:36:51,300
King's College. 
Hamilton though, short of 

5008
04:36:51,308 --> 04:36:55,000
stature was physically active 
and spirited He joined a 

5009
04:36:55,000 --> 04:36:58,000
volunteer artillery company 
drilling near City squares. 

5010
04:36:58,800 --> 04:37:02,099
Even a shots from British ships,
threatened Manhattan, he 

5011
04:37:02,099 --> 04:37:04,400
balanced academics with 
preparing for possible War. 

5012
04:37:05,099 --> 04:37:09,500
In 1776 amid, the swirl of 
confusion over Independence, 

5013
04:37:09,500 --> 04:37:13,300
Hamilton left formal schooling 
to commit, fully to the Patriot 

5014
04:37:13,300 --> 04:37:17,500
cause some peers found him bold 
to do so, but Hamilton believed 

5015
04:37:17,500 --> 04:37:20,800
in forging, a new order, that 
might reward Merit over birth 

5016
04:37:20,800 --> 04:37:25,099
after forming, an artillery unit
Hamilton, exhibited discipline 

5017
04:37:25,099 --> 04:37:27,900
and quick strategic. 
Thinking at the disastrous 

5018
04:37:27,900 --> 04:37:31,000
Battle of Long Island is unit. 
Helps secure a retreat. 

5019
04:37:32,000 --> 04:37:33,800
The next month's through near 
collapses. 

5020
04:37:33,800 --> 04:37:37,599
He drew the notice of key 
figures during the harsh, winter

5021
04:37:37,599 --> 04:37:42,900
of 1776 to 1777 with the Army. 
Battered Hamilton's diligence in

5022
04:37:42,900 --> 04:37:45,400
orchestrating supplies and 
maintaining morale stood out 

5023
04:37:46,200 --> 04:37:48,800
General George Washington, 
recognized these talents 

5024
04:37:48,800 --> 04:37:52,500
inviting Hamilton to serve as an
aide to Camp an assignment that 

5025
04:37:52,500 --> 04:37:56,400
while staff bound gave Hamilton 
unprecedented exposure to 

5026
04:37:56,400 --> 04:37:59,500
high-level decision-making in 
Washington's Camp, Hamilton 

5027
04:37:59,500 --> 04:38:02,900
became indispensable drafting 
letters, shaping policy briefs, 

5028
04:38:02,900 --> 04:38:05,099
and forging alliances with other
officers. 

5029
04:38:05,099 --> 04:38:08,200
He gleaned Leadership Lessons 
From the General's balancing of 

5030
04:38:08,200 --> 04:38:11,800
caution and daring, yet. 
Hamilton always seeking direct 

5031
04:38:11,800 --> 04:38:13,900
action. 
Occasionally chafed, at staff 

5032
04:38:13,900 --> 04:38:18,700
duties yearly troops on the 
battlefield tensions with senior

5033
04:38:18,700 --> 04:38:22,400
officers, sometimes flared once 
Hamilton fell out with 

5034
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:25,400
Washington, for a perceived 
slight over tardiness that they 

5035
04:38:25,400 --> 04:38:28,599
eventually reconciled despite 
these brief stats. 

5036
04:38:28,599 --> 04:38:32,900
The Synergy between them grew 
and mutual respect for diligence

5037
04:38:32,900 --> 04:38:37,099
and strategy. 
Throughout 1777 to 1778. 

5038
04:38:37,099 --> 04:38:40,099
Hamilton's writing skill 
extended to political 

5039
04:38:40,099 --> 04:38:42,800
commentary. 
He published essays advocating 

5040
04:38:42,800 --> 04:38:45,300
for a stronger Central 
authority, to unify the war 

5041
04:38:45,300 --> 04:38:49,300
effort, the rickety Continental 
Congress lacking stable finance 

5042
04:38:49,300 --> 04:38:51,000
and overshadowed by state 
autonomy. 

5043
04:38:51,000 --> 04:38:54,599
Troubled him, he believed only 
robust National structure. 

5044
04:38:54,599 --> 04:38:57,300
Could defeat Britain this 
conviction would later inform 

5045
04:38:57,300 --> 04:38:59,200
his championing of a Federal 
Constitution. 

5046
04:39:00,200 --> 04:39:03,400
Meanwhile, in the immediate 
series of War, he juggled 

5047
04:39:03,400 --> 04:39:06,599
mission after mission for 
Washington, coordinating 

5048
04:39:06,599 --> 04:39:09,800
intelligence planning for 
Combined franco-american 

5049
04:39:09,800 --> 04:39:13,099
operations. 
And refining Supply, requests by

5050
04:39:13,099 --> 04:39:17,099
1779 Hamilton, stood at the 
intersection of military and 

5051
04:39:17,099 --> 04:39:20,300
political Realms forging. 
The identity of an intellect who

5052
04:39:20,308 --> 04:39:23,099
saw National success hinged upon
structure and cohesive 

5053
04:39:23,099 --> 04:39:27,000
governance. 
In early, 1780, Alexander 

5054
04:39:27,000 --> 04:39:30,099
Hamilton encountered, Elizabeth 
Schuyler daughter of General. 

5055
04:39:30,099 --> 04:39:33,099
Philip Schuyler a prominent New 
York, family patriarch. 

5056
04:39:34,099 --> 04:39:37,700
Their courtship blossomed 
swiftly, Elizabeth often called 

5057
04:39:37,700 --> 04:39:41,100
Eliza shared Hamilton's 
patriotic further and admired 

5058
04:39:41,100 --> 04:39:44,700
his wrestler intellect. 
They married in December, 1780 

5059
04:39:44,700 --> 04:39:47,400
forging a partnership that would
steady Hamilton through 

5060
04:39:47,400 --> 04:39:50,800
tumultuous times. 
The Skyler connection will raise

5061
04:39:50,800 --> 04:39:53,700
his social standing, giving him 
a link to one of the colonies 

5062
04:39:53,700 --> 04:39:57,000
influential Clans. 
Some whispered that Hamilton a 

5063
04:39:57,000 --> 04:40:00,300
once penniless immigrant had 
upped, but he dismissed such 

5064
04:40:00,300 --> 04:40:03,500
insinuation cherishing Eliza's 
steadfast support. 

5065
04:40:03,500 --> 04:40:06,300
Meanwhile Hamilton's earning for
field. 

5066
04:40:06,300 --> 04:40:09,200
Command. 
Lingard, he finally saw the 

5067
04:40:09,200 --> 04:40:14,000
action at the siege of Yorktown 
in 1781 leading a knight of salt

5068
04:40:14,000 --> 04:40:17,600
on British redoubts this bold 
for a brief. 

5069
04:40:17,600 --> 04:40:19,700
Gave him the battlefield 
credibility. 

5070
04:40:19,700 --> 04:40:24,000
He had long craved. 
After Yorktown success, the wars

5071
04:40:24,000 --> 04:40:27,600
momentum shifted. 
Heath negotiations, Advanced 

5072
04:40:27,600 --> 04:40:30,700
culminating in Britain's formal 
acknowledgment of American 

5073
04:40:30,700 --> 04:40:33,800
independence. 
With the conflict winding down, 

5074
04:40:33,800 --> 04:40:36,200
Hamilton resigned, from 
Washington staff. 

5075
04:40:36,200 --> 04:40:39,800
Now, is energy is turned to the 
new nation's post-war 

5076
04:40:39,800 --> 04:40:42,500
reconstruction. 
He recognized that Independence 

5077
04:40:42,500 --> 04:40:45,500
alone, didn't guarantee 
Prosperity, a more cohesive 

5078
04:40:45,500 --> 04:40:49,100
Union was necessary. 
Back in civilian life, Hamilton 

5079
04:40:49,100 --> 04:40:53,900
studied law intensively. 
Passing the bar in 1782 settling

5080
04:40:53,900 --> 04:40:56,000
in New York. 
He found a city grappling with 

5081
04:40:56,000 --> 04:40:58,500
war debts. 
Local factionalism, intention 

5082
04:40:58,500 --> 04:41:01,800
between wealthy merchants and 
populist artists and Hamilton 

5083
04:41:01,800 --> 04:41:04,200
opened a law practice 
specializing in commercial 

5084
04:41:04,200 --> 04:41:07,700
disputes, revealing a knack for 
clarifying intricate financial 

5085
04:41:07,700 --> 04:41:10,500
matters. 
Through these cases, he saw 

5086
04:41:10,508 --> 04:41:13,200
firsthand how the Articles of 
Confederation left the national 

5087
04:41:13,200 --> 04:41:15,900
government too, weak to regulate
trade or impose taxes. 

5088
04:41:15,900 --> 04:41:19,500
Leaving States in disarray and 
stifling economic growth. 

5089
04:41:19,500 --> 04:41:22,700
He started writing articles 
calling for a stronger Central 

5090
04:41:22,700 --> 04:41:25,800
Authority overshadowing. 
The patchwork of state-based 

5091
04:41:25,800 --> 04:41:29,500
Solutions in 1786. 
Shays Rebellion in Western 

5092
04:41:29,500 --> 04:41:32,600
Massachusetts alarmed, many 
national figures, including 

5093
04:41:32,600 --> 04:41:36,200
Hamilton that Revolt by indebted
Farmers demonstrated that 

5094
04:41:36,200 --> 04:41:38,600
unchecked local. 
Unrest, could threaten broader 

5095
04:41:38,600 --> 04:41:42,200
stability, Hamilton used it as 
fodder to argue that the current

5096
04:41:42,200 --> 04:41:44,900
Confederation risked fracturing 
under internal stress. 

5097
04:41:44,900 --> 04:41:48,900
He joined with others such as 
James Madison to push for a 

5098
04:41:48,900 --> 04:41:51,900
convention that would revise the
Articles although the Annapolis 

5099
04:41:51,900 --> 04:41:56,000
convention of 1786 was sparsely 
attended, it led to the more 

5100
04:41:56,000 --> 04:41:58,000
definitive Philadelphia 
Convention of 1787. 

5101
04:41:59,700 --> 04:42:03,100
Hamilton arrived in Philadelphia
with well home convictions. 

5102
04:42:03,100 --> 04:42:06,500
He believes the new government 
needed, robust Powers the 

5103
04:42:06,500 --> 04:42:10,400
capacity, tax regulate commerce,
maintain, an army and ensure, 

5104
04:42:10,400 --> 04:42:13,400
domestic peace yet. 
He faced considerable skepticism

5105
04:42:13,400 --> 04:42:17,500
from delegates, who feared 
monarchy indeed Hamilton's 

5106
04:42:17,500 --> 04:42:19,100
personal proposal at the 
convention. 

5107
04:42:19,100 --> 04:42:23,000
Favoring lifetime terms for 
executives and Senators seem too

5108
04:42:23,000 --> 04:42:26,800
close to monarchy for many. 
Realizing the group's mood 

5109
04:42:26,800 --> 04:42:29,300
Hamilton set aside those 
extremes. 

5110
04:42:29,300 --> 04:42:33,000
He worked a broker compromises 
although overshadowed by 

5111
04:42:33,000 --> 04:42:36,800
Madison's systematic plan, 
Hamilton's rhetorical skill and 

5112
04:42:36,800 --> 04:42:39,100
one-on-one lobbying helped shape
the final Constitution. 

5113
04:42:40,100 --> 04:42:43,400
After four taxing months, the 
Constitution was signed in 

5114
04:42:43,400 --> 04:42:46,900
September 1787, yet ratification
required. 

5115
04:42:46,900 --> 04:42:49,700
Each State's approval, sensing a
fierce debate. 

5116
04:42:49,700 --> 04:42:51,800
Hamilton. 
Collaborated with Madison and 

5117
04:42:51,800 --> 04:42:54,500
John Jay to Penn The Federalist 
Papers under the pseudonym 

5118
04:42:54,500 --> 04:42:57,600
Publius. 
Hamilton wrote the majority, the

5119
04:42:57,600 --> 04:43:01,400
second proposed structures like 
the president see, Senate, and 

5120
04:43:01,400 --> 04:43:05,200
Judiciary and addressing 
Anti-Federalists, fears, his 

5121
04:43:05,200 --> 04:43:08,400
essays emphasized checks, and 
balances the necessity of a 

5122
04:43:08,408 --> 04:43:11,800
central authority to manage 
Commerce and defense. and the 

5123
04:43:11,808 --> 04:43:15,800
improbability of tyranny under 
the new system, These Federalist

5124
04:43:15,800 --> 04:43:18,500
essays profoundly influenced, 
the ratification discourse 

5125
04:43:18,500 --> 04:43:23,000
marking Hamilton as a top tier 
constitutional, interpreter with

5126
04:43:23,000 --> 04:43:26,800
the Constitution ratified in 
1788, Hamilton died in a new 

5127
04:43:26,808 --> 04:43:29,100
challenge, forging actual 
governments. 

5128
04:43:30,600 --> 04:43:33,700
When George Washington became 
the first president, he tapped 

5129
04:43:33,700 --> 04:43:35,600
Hamilton as Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

5130
04:43:35,600 --> 04:43:38,300
Hamilton. 
Embracing, the role discovered, 

5131
04:43:38,300 --> 04:43:41,100
an untapped opportunity to 
establish a National Financial 

5132
04:43:41,100 --> 04:43:43,700
system. 
He inherited a war debt that 

5133
04:43:43,708 --> 04:43:45,100
threatened the new nation's 
credit. 

5134
04:43:45,900 --> 04:43:48,500
In a flurry of reports to 
Congress, he proposed the 

5135
04:43:48,500 --> 04:43:51,100
federal Assumption of State 
debts, the issuance of new 

5136
04:43:51,100 --> 04:43:53,600
government bonds and the 
creation of a National Bank. 

5137
04:43:53,600 --> 04:43:57,000
These measures aim to unify 
finances spurring economic 

5138
04:43:57,000 --> 04:43:59,900
confidence. 
However, they ignited, Fierce 

5139
04:43:59,900 --> 04:44:03,200
opposition led by Thomas 
Jefferson and James Madison, who

5140
04:44:03,200 --> 04:44:06,400
deemed them, expansions of 
federal power to the detriment 

5141
04:44:06,400 --> 04:44:08,800
of State. 
Autonomy, despite pushback, 

5142
04:44:08,800 --> 04:44:12,100
Hamilton's financial plan, 
largely prevailed in Congress. 

5143
04:44:13,000 --> 04:44:16,100
Carefully negotiated with 
Southerners trading the idea of 

5144
04:44:16,100 --> 04:44:18,900
placing the national capital on 
the Potomac for their backing on

5145
04:44:18,900 --> 04:44:24,000
debt assumption, the bank of the
United States authorized in 1791

5146
04:44:24,000 --> 04:44:28,100
Consolidated federal financial 
might and fostered, stable 

5147
04:44:28,100 --> 04:44:30,800
currency. 
This forging of a national 

5148
04:44:30,800 --> 04:44:33,100
economy was overshadowed by 
ideological. 

5149
04:44:33,100 --> 04:44:36,500
Splits what some labeled 
Hamilton's acceptance of 

5150
04:44:36,500 --> 04:44:40,200
Consolidated Authority. 
Even quasi Monarch called forms 

5151
04:44:40,200 --> 04:44:43,200
that Hamilton believed it was 
essential for a dynamic 

5152
04:44:43,200 --> 04:44:46,800
Republic. 
By the early 1790s, he had 

5153
04:44:46,808 --> 04:44:49,800
become a central figure in 
Washington's cabinet driving a 

5154
04:44:49,808 --> 04:44:52,400
vision of an industrial 
commercial robust America. 

5155
04:44:52,400 --> 04:44:56,700
Rivalries with Jefferson however
would soon erupt shaping the 

5156
04:44:56,700 --> 04:45:00,500
political landscape for years to
come Secretary of the Treasury. 

5157
04:45:00,500 --> 04:45:04,300
Alexander Hamilton found himself
entwined in ideological 

5158
04:45:04,300 --> 04:45:07,400
showdowns with Thomas Jefferson,
then Secretary of State. 

5159
04:45:07,400 --> 04:45:11,500
Jefferson envisaged, an agrarian
Republic of independent Farmers,

5160
04:45:11,500 --> 04:45:15,700
with limited Federal intrusion 
Hamilton, conversely believed, 

5161
04:45:15,700 --> 04:45:19,700
commas industry, and robust 
National structures would anchor

5162
04:45:19,700 --> 04:45:22,900
the nation's progress. 
Both men recognized George 

5163
04:45:22,900 --> 04:45:26,000
Washington, as a stabilizing 
presence, yet their friction, 

5164
04:45:26,000 --> 04:45:29,800
fueled early factional lines. 
Federalists rallied around 

5165
04:45:29,800 --> 04:45:34,700
Hamilton later the Democratic 
Republicans grew around his 

5166
04:45:34,700 --> 04:45:36,400
agrarian limited government 
stance. 

5167
04:45:37,600 --> 04:45:40,800
Foreign policy, stoked further 
tension the French Revolution 

5168
04:45:40,800 --> 04:45:46,000
launched in 1789, escalated into
European War by the early 1790s 

5169
04:45:46,000 --> 04:45:48,100
France pressed for us 
assistance. 

5170
04:45:48,100 --> 04:45:52,600
Citing the 1778 Alliance 
Hamilton mindful of Britain as a

5171
04:45:52,600 --> 04:45:55,300
crucial trading partner and 
believing the US lacked 

5172
04:45:55,300 --> 04:45:59,100
resources. 
Urged neutrality, Jefferson more

5173
04:45:59,100 --> 04:46:00,700
sympathetic to revolutionary 
ideals. 

5174
04:46:00,700 --> 04:46:04,300
Favorite measured support for 
France, Washington adopted a 

5175
04:46:04,300 --> 04:46:07,900
policy of the official 
neutrality in 1793 endorsing 

5176
04:46:07,900 --> 04:46:12,700
Hamilton's pragmatic approach. 
This decision, outraged Ardent, 

5177
04:46:12,700 --> 04:46:15,300
francophiles in the public, but 
secured commercial ties with 

5178
04:46:15,300 --> 04:46:18,100
Britain. 
Meanwhile, Hamilton Advanced 

5179
04:46:18,100 --> 04:46:20,800
domestic policies that 
integrated States deeper into 

5180
04:46:20,800 --> 04:46:24,000
the federal system, he 
introduced excise taxes, 

5181
04:46:24,000 --> 04:46:27,400
including one on Whiskey aiming 
to bolster federal revenue. 

5182
04:46:28,200 --> 04:46:32,300
In 1794 this whiskey, tax 
incited unrest among Frontier 

5183
04:46:32,300 --> 04:46:35,500
farmers in Western Pennsylvania.
Culminating in the so called 

5184
04:46:35,500 --> 04:46:38,800
Whiskey Rebellion. 
Hamilton urged Washington to a 

5185
04:46:38,808 --> 04:46:41,600
certain National Authority. 
And the president dispatched 

5186
04:46:41,600 --> 04:46:45,000
militia to quell the Revolt, the
rebellious Farmers dispersed 

5187
04:46:45,000 --> 04:46:48,400
without major Bloodshed 
Hamilton's critics though, 

5188
04:46:48,400 --> 04:46:51,700
branded him a tyrant accusing 
him of trampling local freedoms.

5189
04:46:51,700 --> 04:46:54,600
Hamilton argued, that only firm 
in forcement. 

5190
04:46:54,600 --> 04:46:57,600
Proved The Constitution's. 
Viability over the old feeble 

5191
04:46:57,600 --> 04:47:00,400
Articles of Confederation 
clashes, over the bank of the 

5192
04:47:00,400 --> 04:47:02,400
United States. 
Further deepened, the Hamilton 

5193
04:47:02,400 --> 04:47:05,100
Jefferson. 
Divide Jefferson viewed the bank

5194
04:47:05,100 --> 04:47:09,000
as constitutionally suspect not 
enumerated in the founding 

5195
04:47:09,000 --> 04:47:12,600
document Hamilton invoked. 
The Constitution's necessary and

5196
04:47:12,600 --> 04:47:16,300
proper clause contending that 
the bank was an implied power 

5197
04:47:16,300 --> 04:47:18,400
vital for the government's 
Financial operations. 

5198
04:47:19,200 --> 04:47:21,800
Washington sided with Hamilton 
signing. 

5199
04:47:21,800 --> 04:47:25,500
The bank bill into law, this 
incident set a precedent for 

5200
04:47:25,508 --> 04:47:28,300
broad constitutional 
interpretation to Jefferson's 

5201
04:47:28,300 --> 04:47:31,400
alarm the dispute laid, the 
ideological foundation for the 

5202
04:47:31,408 --> 04:47:35,200
two-party system with Hamilton's
Federalists championing, implied

5203
04:47:35,200 --> 04:47:38,200
federal powers and Jefferson's 
Republicans insisting on 

5204
04:47:38,200 --> 04:47:41,200
narrower interpretations by 
1795. 

5205
04:47:41,200 --> 04:47:44,800
Hamilton having established a 
stable Financial footing 

5206
04:47:44,800 --> 04:47:48,400
resigned as treasury secretary 
returning to New York City's 

5207
04:47:48,400 --> 04:47:51,500
legal sphere. 
He continued to provide discreet

5208
04:47:51,500 --> 04:47:54,600
advice to Washington, drafting 
speeches and shaping policy 

5209
04:47:54,600 --> 04:47:58,700
directions in 1796 Washington's 
Farewell Address, partly 

5210
04:47:58,700 --> 04:48:02,500
authored by Hamilton warned, 
against partizan in foreign 

5211
04:48:02,500 --> 04:48:05,300
alliances. 
Ironically, Hamilton himself was

5212
04:48:05,300 --> 04:48:09,300
a Primark of pots and lines the 
presidential election that year 

5213
04:48:09,300 --> 04:48:13,300
saw John Adams a federalist 
defeat Jefferson Hamilton who 

5214
04:48:13,300 --> 04:48:16,800
harbored doubts about atoms in 
David to exert influence on the 

5215
04:48:16,800 --> 04:48:18,300
administration from hidden 
position. 

5216
04:48:19,400 --> 04:48:21,000
But friction with Adams soon, 
spiraled. 

5217
04:48:21,000 --> 04:48:23,200
Culminating in an irreparable 
Rift. 

5218
04:48:24,100 --> 04:48:28,200
During Adams is presently us 
found itself in a Quasi War with

5219
04:48:28,200 --> 04:48:31,700
revolutionary France. 
Hamilton do you believed in a 

5220
04:48:31,700 --> 04:48:34,700
robust offense, spurred, the 
creation of a provisional army 

5221
04:48:34,700 --> 04:48:36,700
with himself as an influential 
Major General. 

5222
04:48:37,400 --> 04:48:41,200
Hope to unify Federalist power 
that Adams seeking to maintain 

5223
04:48:41,200 --> 04:48:43,300
peace. 
Eventually negotiated with 

5224
04:48:43,300 --> 04:48:45,600
France. 
This scotched Hamilton's 

5225
04:48:45,600 --> 04:48:47,700
Ambitions for an expanded 
military role. 

5226
04:48:47,700 --> 04:48:51,100
The Federalist Party, thus split
between atoms, Loyalists and 

5227
04:48:51,100 --> 04:48:54,000
Hamilton's faction. 
Meanwhile, the Alien and 

5228
04:48:54,000 --> 04:48:58,000
Sedition Acts championed by some
Federalists stifled free speech 

5229
04:48:58,000 --> 04:49:00,900
and outrage. 
Republicans Hamilton had mixed 

5230
04:49:00,900 --> 04:49:04,400
feelings recognizing the acts as
overreaching, but not 

5231
04:49:04,400 --> 04:49:08,100
vigorously, condemning them, the
controversies fuel Jefferson's 

5232
04:49:08,100 --> 04:49:10,200
eventual victory in the 1800 
election. 

5233
04:49:11,700 --> 04:49:15,400
That election turned bitter. 
Hamilton dislike both Jefferson 

5234
04:49:15,400 --> 04:49:18,200
and his Party's candidate, Aaron
Burr. 

5235
04:49:18,200 --> 04:49:21,700
Whom he deemed on principled. 
When the Electoral College 

5236
04:49:21,700 --> 04:49:24,600
produced a tie between Jefferson
and Burr, the House of 

5237
04:49:24,600 --> 04:49:28,200
Representatives had to choose 
Hamilton lobbied for Jefferson 

5238
04:49:28,200 --> 04:49:30,300
feeling, he was at least 
consistent. 

5239
04:49:30,300 --> 04:49:32,500
While Burr was dangerously 
opportunistic. 

5240
04:49:32,500 --> 04:49:37,100
Jefferson's win ended the 
Federalist grip on power despite

5241
04:49:37,100 --> 04:49:39,300
undermining his nominal Ally 
Burr. 

5242
04:49:39,300 --> 04:49:41,900
Hamilton saw it as the less 
harmful option. 

5243
04:49:41,900 --> 04:49:46,900
The feud with Burr, was set to 
escalate host, 1800 Hamilton 

5244
04:49:46,900 --> 04:49:48,900
retreated partially from 
National politics. 

5245
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:52,200
He resumed law. 
Founded the New York evening. 

5246
04:49:52,200 --> 04:49:54,200
Post to promote Federalist 
ideals. 

5247
04:49:54,200 --> 04:49:57,200
And wrote fervent editorials 
criticizing Jefferson's 

5248
04:49:57,200 --> 04:50:00,100
presidency. 
He also scolded John Adams in a 

5249
04:50:00,100 --> 04:50:03,000
notorious pamphlet fracturing 
Federalist. 

5250
04:50:03,000 --> 04:50:05,900
Unity further. 
Meanwhile tensions with burst 

5251
04:50:05,900 --> 04:50:10,400
simmered in 1804 the by then 
vice president ran for governor 

5252
04:50:10,400 --> 04:50:13,300
of New York. 
Hamilton openly opposed Birds 

5253
04:50:13,300 --> 04:50:17,300
bid, claiming he was unfit, 
burst blaming Hamilton for 

5254
04:50:17,300 --> 04:50:19,500
scarless remarks that cost him 
the election. 

5255
04:50:20,600 --> 04:50:23,700
There are many peaked in 
personal insults, Cole 

5256
04:50:23,700 --> 04:50:26,300
culminating and demands for an 
apology that Hamilton Shrugged 

5257
04:50:26,300 --> 04:50:29,000
off. 
Stage was set for a final 

5258
04:50:29,000 --> 04:50:32,700
confrontation, a duel that would
reverberate across the nation's 

5259
04:50:32,700 --> 04:50:37,800
Consciousness. 
Thus by 1803 to 1804 Hamilton's 

5260
04:50:37,800 --> 04:50:40,700
storied career in compass the 
forging of National Finance. 

5261
04:50:40,700 --> 04:50:44,400
The creation of a stable federal
government, deep personal 

5262
04:50:44,400 --> 04:50:47,900
rivalries, and the impetus for 
fractions Party politics. 

5263
04:50:48,800 --> 04:50:52,200
Well, overshadowed by his Feud 
with Burr, his broader impact on

5264
04:50:52,200 --> 04:50:55,600
shaping early American 
governance, was vast the looming

5265
04:50:55,600 --> 04:50:57,900
conflict with Burr in a 
Weehawken duel, might overshadow

5266
04:50:57,900 --> 04:51:01,300
many achievements, but it also 
exemplified the period's intense

5267
04:51:01,300 --> 04:51:03,900
code of honor. 
Revealing how personal Pride 

5268
04:51:03,900 --> 04:51:06,000
could overshadow reason in The 
Early Republic. 

5269
04:51:07,000 --> 04:51:11,500
On the morning of July 11th, 
1804 Alexander Hamilton, and 

5270
04:51:11,500 --> 04:51:15,700
Aaron Burr meta to Dueling 
ground in Weehawken, New Jersey 

5271
04:51:15,700 --> 04:51:19,900
perched, above the Hudson River.
Duels were technically illegal 

5272
04:51:19,900 --> 04:51:23,100
in both New York and New Jersey 
but we Hawken was a known 

5273
04:51:23,100 --> 04:51:26,000
neutral ground. 
The tradition demanded formal 

5274
04:51:26,000 --> 04:51:29,500
rituals second oversaw, loaded 
pistols In fairness. 

5275
04:51:30,400 --> 04:51:33,100
Hamilton though in accomplished 
Marksman in the Revolutionary 

5276
04:51:33,100 --> 04:51:36,300
War harbored, moral qualms about
dueling in letters to 

5277
04:51:36,300 --> 04:51:38,500
conference. 
He expressed an intention not to

5278
04:51:38,500 --> 04:51:41,700
fire at burb but to throw away 
his shot hoping to meet the code

5279
04:51:41,700 --> 04:51:43,000
of honor without a lethal 
outcome. 

5280
04:51:43,000 --> 04:51:47,100
Her next by Hamilton's public 
site approached, the 

5281
04:51:47,100 --> 04:51:50,900
confrontation more aggressively 
as a counts on the precise 

5282
04:51:50,900 --> 04:51:52,800
sequence. 
We rely on the second 

5283
04:51:52,800 --> 04:51:56,900
conflicting, Recollections, one 
shot, rang out, then another how

5284
04:51:56,900 --> 04:51:59,900
Hamilton was struck in the lower
abdomen, the bullet lodging near

5285
04:51:59,900 --> 04:52:04,600
his spine, apparently unharmed 
realized Hamilton was fatally. 

5286
04:52:04,600 --> 04:52:08,700
Wounded Hamilton was carried 
back across the river delirious 

5287
04:52:08,700 --> 04:52:12,200
and in agony. 
By the next afternoon July 12th.

5288
04:52:12,200 --> 04:52:16,000
He died at a friend's house. 
New spread swiftly overshadowing

5289
04:52:16,000 --> 04:52:19,800
Burr with accusations of murder.
Even many of Burr's allies found

5290
04:52:19,800 --> 04:52:22,400
his act. 
Reprehensible shock reverberated

5291
04:52:22,400 --> 04:52:27,600
Nationwide, Hamilton was just 
47, a Founding Father, the Chief

5292
04:52:27,600 --> 04:52:31,000
Architect of federal finance, 
and a voice for a strong union 

5293
04:52:31,000 --> 04:52:34,600
that he fell in a personal duel 
seemed tragic, borderline 

5294
04:52:34,600 --> 04:52:38,500
barbaric, the faced immediate 
scorn, and though, in indicted 

5295
04:52:38,500 --> 04:52:42,500
for murder, He Slipped Away his 
political career never recovered

5296
04:52:42,500 --> 04:52:44,900
the jewel. 
Also, propelled a reevaluation 

5297
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:48,700
of such honor bound Traditions 
public condemnation swelled 

5298
04:52:48,700 --> 04:52:51,700
though dueling remained embedded
in certain subcultures for 

5299
04:52:51,700 --> 04:52:55,200
decades to come in the immediate
aftermath Hamilton's family 

5300
04:52:55,200 --> 04:52:58,400
faced Financial insecurity. 
His estate was less robust than 

5301
04:52:58,400 --> 04:53:01,700
many assumed reflecting that 
Hamilton had poured resources 

5302
04:53:01,700 --> 04:53:03,700
into speculative deals and 
lifestyle. 

5303
04:53:04,500 --> 04:53:07,300
Morning Federalists Champion him
as a martyr to print, principal 

5304
04:53:07,300 --> 04:53:10,400
ignoring the messy politics that
led him to that fateful ground. 

5305
04:53:10,400 --> 04:53:14,900
Eulogies praised His Brilliant 
managerial Acumen and unwavering

5306
04:53:14,900 --> 04:53:18,400
patriotism critics. 
While ignoring his achievements 

5307
04:53:18,400 --> 04:53:20,600
pointed out. 
How is ambition and personal 

5308
04:53:20,600 --> 04:53:24,800
Feud shaped a harsh style that 
fanned party Rancor nonetheless 

5309
04:53:24,800 --> 04:53:27,500
the sense of a towering figure 
losing two soon. 

5310
04:53:27,500 --> 04:53:30,100
Overshadowed those critiques in 
the short term. 

5311
04:53:30,100 --> 04:53:34,000
His funeral in New York, Drew 
massive crowds processions in 

5312
04:53:34,008 --> 04:53:35,600
black. 
With the city's shipping at 

5313
04:53:35,600 --> 04:53:38,000
half-mast. 
Showcased Hamilton's local 

5314
04:53:38,000 --> 04:53:41,000
significance. 
People recalled, his rise from 

5315
04:53:41,000 --> 04:53:43,900
impoverished Caribbean youth to 
key founding Statesman. 

5316
04:53:44,600 --> 04:53:46,600
Hush fell over. 
The city's usual clamor. 

5317
04:53:46,600 --> 04:53:49,600
This wave of Sorrow. 
Ironically, softened, some of 

5318
04:53:49,608 --> 04:53:51,700
the political vitriol that a dog
him in life. 

5319
04:53:52,500 --> 04:53:55,400
Over time though. 
Hearty lines continue to shift 

5320
04:53:55,400 --> 04:53:59,000
and the nation turned to new 
challenges from the War of 1812 

5321
04:53:59,000 --> 04:54:03,400
to expansions West. 
Hamilton's memory lodged in 

5322
04:54:03,408 --> 04:54:06,300
history as the brilliant, but 
intense figure overshadowed by 

5323
04:54:06,300 --> 04:54:09,600
The Final Duel. 
In that Gloom and essential 

5324
04:54:09,600 --> 04:54:12,900
question, remained how to 
interpret Hamilton's lasting 

5325
04:54:12,900 --> 04:54:15,400
impact. 
As the immediate swirl of grief,

5326
04:54:15,400 --> 04:54:20,100
ease intellectuals examined, his
extensive writings reports on 

5327
04:54:20,100 --> 04:54:23,400
Public Credit, the Federalist 
essays and personal letters. 

5328
04:54:24,700 --> 04:54:27,300
They recognize that the federal 
government stable Finance is 

5329
04:54:27,300 --> 04:54:30,900
owed much to Hamilton's early 
Frameworks, the Constitution's, 

5330
04:54:30,900 --> 04:54:33,200
broad interpretation that 
spurred the bank of the United 

5331
04:54:33,208 --> 04:54:35,400
States shaped future 
developments in federal 

5332
04:54:35,400 --> 04:54:38,100
Authority. 
The tension he introduced with 

5333
04:54:38,100 --> 04:54:41,200
Jefferson over implied powers, 
would remain a fixture in legal 

5334
04:54:41,200 --> 04:54:45,100
debate for centuries? 
At the personal level Hamilton's

5335
04:54:45,100 --> 04:54:48,600
family, endured heartbreak, 
Eliza Hamilton survived decades 

5336
04:54:48,600 --> 04:54:51,300
longer. 
Dedicating herself to preserving

5337
04:54:51,300 --> 04:54:53,600
his papers and championing 
philanthropic work. 

5338
04:54:54,400 --> 04:54:57,200
You co-founded charitable 
societies, including an 

5339
04:54:57,200 --> 04:55:00,300
orphanage in New York, perhaps 
reflecting her empathy for 

5340
04:55:00,300 --> 04:55:03,900
fatherless children mindful of 
Hamilton's own orphaned 

5341
04:55:03,900 --> 04:55:07,300
beginnings. 
Over time Eliza's curation of 

5342
04:55:07,300 --> 04:55:08,800
Hamilton's letters and 
manuscripts. 

5343
04:55:08,800 --> 04:55:12,900
Showed that his role in founding
the nation wouldn't fade without

5344
04:55:12,900 --> 04:55:15,600
her stewardship. 
Many of his insights might have 

5345
04:55:15,600 --> 04:55:18,600
been lost overshadowed by the 
swirl of other founding figures.

5346
04:55:18,600 --> 04:55:23,700
Meanwhile Aaron Burr slunk from 
public life, although he briefly

5347
04:55:23,700 --> 04:55:27,400
re-emerged in conspiratorial 
escapades in the west Coleman 

5348
04:55:27,400 --> 04:55:30,200
acting in a high-profile treason
trial that Fiasco. 

5349
04:55:30,200 --> 04:55:34,300
Further tarnished his name over 
the 19th century Bears, memory 

5350
04:55:34,300 --> 04:55:37,400
was entwined with villainy while
Hamilton became the heroic 

5351
04:55:37,400 --> 04:55:40,500
victim. 
This moral narrative, though, 

5352
04:55:40,500 --> 04:55:45,800
oversimplified found residents 
in society, seeking tidy lessons

5353
04:55:45,800 --> 04:55:48,300
about the cost of personal feuds
among Statesman. 

5354
04:55:49,200 --> 04:55:52,300
Hence, the jewels tragedy 
overshadowed Hamilton's, final 

5355
04:55:52,300 --> 04:55:55,600
years of potential. 
He left behind partial drafts of

5356
04:55:55,608 --> 04:55:59,700
essays a life, cut short and a 
legacy that historians would 

5357
04:55:59,700 --> 04:56:03,000
piece together the subsequent 
swirl of politics saw. 

5358
04:56:03,000 --> 04:56:06,400
The Federalist Party fade 
overshadowed by Jeffersonian and

5359
04:56:06,400 --> 04:56:10,100
Jacksonian movements. yet as the
new Republic faced Wars and 

5360
04:56:10,108 --> 04:56:13,100
expansions Hamilton's 
institutional Frameworks, 

5361
04:56:13,100 --> 04:56:16,800
endured Shaping how the union 
Finance conflicts and integrated

5362
04:56:16,800 --> 04:56:20,400
new territories over time? 
The memory of Hamilton Grew From

5363
04:56:20,400 --> 04:56:23,600
the dust of partisan fights into
a near legend of the unsilence 

5364
04:56:23,600 --> 04:56:27,600
of all voice for a strong union,
a testament to how brilliant can

5365
04:56:27,600 --> 04:56:31,300
shine even after tragic, demise 
Hamilton's reputation 

5366
04:56:31,300 --> 04:56:34,500
experience, both highs and lows 
as the 19th century unfolded. 

5367
04:56:34,500 --> 04:56:39,000
In the 1800s supporters, who 
revered his Federalist Vision 

5368
04:56:39,000 --> 04:56:42,100
championed him as an 
intellectual Giant. 

5369
04:56:43,100 --> 04:56:45,000
While Jeffersonian loyalists 
found him. 

5370
04:56:45,000 --> 04:56:48,900
Dangerously elitist. 
The War of 1812 under scored the

5371
04:56:48,908 --> 04:56:52,500
value of robust, Federal 
finance's, an echo of Hamilton's

5372
04:56:52,500 --> 04:56:55,100
arguments. 
However, the rising tide of 

5373
04:56:55,100 --> 04:56:58,500
Jacksonian Democracy in the 
1820s and 30s, resurrected 

5374
04:56:58,500 --> 04:57:01,200
negative images of Hamilton as 
the father of a financial 

5375
04:57:01,200 --> 04:57:04,000
aristocracy. 
His preference for a central 

5376
04:57:04,000 --> 04:57:07,000
bank and Industrial growth, 
clashed with The Agrarian 

5377
04:57:07,000 --> 04:57:09,000
populism. 
That saw big government as 

5378
04:57:09,000 --> 04:57:12,000
suspect in historical writing of
the mid-1800s. 

5379
04:57:12,000 --> 04:57:15,600
Hamilton was overshadowed by 
Washington, soldierly Aura, 

5380
04:57:15,600 --> 04:57:18,900
Jefferson's philosophical 
romance and the dramatic 

5381
04:57:18,900 --> 04:57:20,700
expansion. 
Shaping the continent. 

5382
04:57:20,700 --> 04:57:25,500
His ideas about manufacturing 
shaped by the reading adamson's 

5383
04:57:25,500 --> 04:57:28,700
tour from Smith's Works found 
fresh appreciation in some 

5384
04:57:28,700 --> 04:57:31,200
northern states pushing early 
industrialization. 

5385
04:57:31,200 --> 04:57:34,200
But the memory of his direct 
political battles, had receded. 

5386
04:57:34,200 --> 04:57:36,800
Meanwhile his widow allies are 
persistently. 

5387
04:57:36,800 --> 04:57:39,900
Championed her husband's memory 
carefully, organizing his 

5388
04:57:39,900 --> 04:57:43,200
letters. 
She lived until 1854 bridging 

5389
04:57:43,200 --> 04:57:45,900
eras, from the founding to the 
eve of sectional crisis over 

5390
04:57:45,900 --> 04:57:48,800
slavery. 
As the Civil War approached, 

5391
04:57:48,800 --> 04:57:52,200
some Northern intellectuals, 
rediscovered Hamilton's emphasis

5392
04:57:52,200 --> 04:57:55,200
on a strong union. 
Seeing him as a prophet of 

5393
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:58,500
National Authority. 
They noted that had Hamilton's 

5394
04:57:58,500 --> 04:58:02,100
brand of federal cohesion, fully
blossomed, perhaps states rights

5395
04:58:02,100 --> 04:58:05,000
Doctrine. 
Secession might have been cured 

5396
04:58:05,000 --> 04:58:07,600
earlier. 
Writers vote Hamilton, as the 

5397
04:58:07,608 --> 04:58:10,400
founder, who best grasped. 
The necessity of a controlling 

5398
04:58:10,400 --> 04:58:13,000
Center that could override local
fractiousness. 

5399
04:58:14,200 --> 04:58:16,800
Opponents of such 
interpretations pointed out that

5400
04:58:16,800 --> 04:58:19,900
Hamilton's Frameworks, never 
explicitly addressed the moral 

5401
04:58:19,900 --> 04:58:23,700
contradiction of slavery. 
Indeed, Hamilton personally, 

5402
04:58:23,700 --> 04:58:27,100
opposed enslavement but parted 
from radical anti-slavery moves 

5403
04:58:27,100 --> 04:58:30,900
his stance overshadowed by 
political pragmatism after the 

5404
04:58:30,900 --> 04:58:34,000
Civil War industrial capitalism 
boomed. 

5405
04:58:34,000 --> 04:58:36,700
Prompting new appreciation for 
Hamilton's foresight about 

5406
04:58:36,700 --> 04:58:39,900
manufacturing, Gilded Age 
finances, admired him. 

5407
04:58:39,900 --> 04:58:42,700
As the original champion of a 
stable currency in Big Business 

5408
04:58:42,700 --> 04:58:46,500
critics, including agrarian 
populists in. 

5409
04:58:46,500 --> 04:58:49,200
Turn, damned him for setting a 
pattern, favoring Capital over 

5410
04:58:49,200 --> 04:58:52,200
farmers. 
Debate over monetary policy 

5411
04:58:52,200 --> 04:58:54,400
frequently, referenced 
Hamilton's original Central 

5412
04:58:54,400 --> 04:58:57,000
Bank. 
Specially regarding gold versus 

5413
04:58:57,000 --> 04:58:59,300
silver standards in the late 
19th century. 

5414
04:58:59,300 --> 04:59:03,500
Some saw him as the father of 
stable credit others as the 

5415
04:59:03,500 --> 04:59:08,000
father of corporate overreach 
this relit, his legacy fueling a

5416
04:59:08,000 --> 04:59:12,100
fresh wave of scholarly interest
in the 20th century historian, 

5417
04:59:12,100 --> 04:59:15,900
systematically uncovered more of
Hamilton's personal writings, 

5418
04:59:15,900 --> 04:59:18,900
they found a figure Often 
overshadowed by his own towering

5419
04:59:18,900 --> 04:59:21,800
intensity. 
Riven by internal anxiety, is 

5420
04:59:21,800 --> 04:59:25,400
about identity and acceptance 
horny legitimate and lacking 

5421
04:59:25,400 --> 04:59:27,700
wealth. 
He sawed through brilliant 

5422
04:59:27,700 --> 04:59:30,700
alone. 
That personal Dimension gave a 

5423
04:59:30,700 --> 04:59:33,700
new angle. 
Hamilton wasn't merely an aloof 

5424
04:59:33,700 --> 04:59:36,200
elitist but a man. 
Forging personal progress in a 

5425
04:59:36,208 --> 04:59:40,700
world dominated by landed 
aristocracy simultaneously, the 

5426
04:59:40,700 --> 04:59:43,700
renewed scholarship dissected 
how The Federalist Papers shaped

5427
04:59:43,700 --> 04:59:45,900
the Supreme Court's approach to 
constitutional interpretation. 

5428
04:59:47,000 --> 04:59:50,900
Cultural depictions varied in 
some plays Hamilton was the 

5429
04:59:50,900 --> 04:59:55,100
stiff proud foiled to the warm 
Jefferson in textbooks. 

5430
04:59:55,100 --> 04:59:58,700
He appeared as the founder of 
the American Financial system. 

5431
04:59:59,500 --> 05:00:02,600
overshadowing, the fact that he 
also practiced law with further,

5432
05:00:03,200 --> 05:00:07,000
Championed reforms in local 
governance and 10 scathing 

5433
05:00:07,000 --> 05:00:08,700
critiques of political 
adversaries. 

5434
05:00:08,700 --> 05:00:13,500
Hollywood took scant interest 
overshadowed by the flamboyant 

5435
05:00:13,500 --> 05:00:15,000
stories of the war of 
independence. 

5436
05:00:15,000 --> 05:00:18,000
All the Civil War Hamilton's 
presence. 

5437
05:00:18,000 --> 05:00:21,200
Mostly stuck to academic circles
until the wave of musicals or 

5438
05:00:21,200 --> 05:00:24,200
pop culture references in the 
21st century suddenly 

5439
05:00:24,200 --> 05:00:27,800
catapulted, him back in to 
mainstream conversation. in that

5440
05:00:27,800 --> 05:00:31,600
modern reimagining, a more 
complex, portrait emerges, the 

5441
05:00:31,600 --> 05:00:35,500
Visionary, who overcame humble 
Origins shaped institutions but 

5442
05:00:35,500 --> 05:00:40,000
self-destructed in Lethal Feud 
This duel narrative, resonates 

5443
05:00:40,000 --> 05:00:42,900
with a public intrigued by 
Underdog success, stories and 

5444
05:00:42,900 --> 05:00:47,200
cautionary tales about ambition.
Meanwhile, historians continue 

5445
05:00:47,200 --> 05:00:50,700
on raveling his personal letters
for glimpses of how he wrestled 

5446
05:00:50,700 --> 05:00:54,000
with his private identity 
overshadowing, any single label 

5447
05:00:54,000 --> 05:00:57,900
like nationalist or elitist, 
they see him, the Deep tension 

5448
05:00:57,900 --> 05:01:00,700
between moral convictions and 
the messy realm of real world, 

5449
05:01:00,700 --> 05:01:04,200
politics, consequently 
Hamilton's Legacy stands as a 

5450
05:01:04,208 --> 05:01:07,000
testament to a Founder. 
Who's brilliant forged the 

5451
05:01:07,000 --> 05:01:10,700
Frameworks of American Finance, 
ushering, in a strong union that

5452
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:14,500
could handle crises from 1812 to
Beyond his life. 

5453
05:01:14,500 --> 05:01:18,100
Truncated by a bullet, in a 
duel, exemplifies the era's 

5454
05:01:18,100 --> 05:01:21,600
precarious, Norms of Honor Yet 
the institutional Frameworks, he

5455
05:01:21,600 --> 05:01:25,300
championed endured over 
shadowing, a femoral parties and

5456
05:01:25,300 --> 05:01:28,500
feuds as American Commerce and 
governance matured. 

5457
05:01:28,500 --> 05:01:33,000
Many of his ideas about credits 
systems minted currency and 

5458
05:01:33,000 --> 05:01:36,700
regulated trade blossomed. 
Before the overshadowed and 

5459
05:01:36,700 --> 05:01:40,500
certain historical arcs 
Hamilton's imprint remains woven

5460
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:43,400
into the fabric of the modern 
American state region. 

5461
05:01:43,400 --> 05:01:46,100
The intangible line from 
rebellious colony to global 

5462
05:01:46,100 --> 05:01:48,800
economic power. 
Alexander Hamilton's Journey 

5463
05:01:48,800 --> 05:01:52,900
might Echo as one of Unstoppable
curiosity and drive born into 

5464
05:01:52,908 --> 05:01:55,700
adversity. 
He harnessed his intellect to 

5465
05:01:55,700 --> 05:01:58,700
climb political and financial 
Summits historian schools. 

5466
05:01:58,700 --> 05:02:01,400
How Relentless learning and a 
willingness to challenge and 

5467
05:02:01,400 --> 05:02:04,400
trench Norms in yield 
transformative results. 

5468
05:02:04,400 --> 05:02:08,900
And yet it also warns of how 
personal vendettas and impulsive

5469
05:02:08,900 --> 05:02:12,500
decisions like The Final Duel 
can overshadow, even the 

5470
05:02:12,500 --> 05:02:15,900
grandest achievements. 
The interplay of success and 

5471
05:02:15,900 --> 05:02:19,100
tragedy and Hamilton's life 
offers a cautionary Dimension 

5472
05:02:19,100 --> 05:02:21,600
about letting rivalry overshadow
reason. 

5473
05:02:22,700 --> 05:02:25,700
One, dimension, often overlooked
is Hamilton's approach to social

5474
05:02:25,700 --> 05:02:29,300
Mobility. 
He believed in meritocracy, that

5475
05:02:29,300 --> 05:02:32,700
Talent not lineage should Define
one station. 

5476
05:02:33,500 --> 05:02:36,300
His views clashed with the 
prevailing aristocratic mores 

5477
05:02:36,300 --> 05:02:39,600
that granted advantage to 
established families in 

5478
05:02:39,600 --> 05:02:42,700
championing, a strong central 
government Hamilton believed it 

5479
05:02:42,700 --> 05:02:45,200
would break. 
Local oligarchies allowing new 

5480
05:02:45,200 --> 05:02:48,500
men of skill to advance. 
That conviction shape his 

5481
05:02:48,500 --> 05:02:52,100
financial Blueprinting that the 
nation's credit system, extended

5482
05:02:52,100 --> 05:02:54,500
Beyond a handful of wealthy 
Planters yet. 

5483
05:02:54,500 --> 05:02:57,500
It also invited accusations of 
favoritism toward banking. 

5484
05:02:57,500 --> 05:03:00,900
Elites ironically suggesting 
that merits still found 

5485
05:03:00,900 --> 05:03:04,700
expression, primarily among 
well-connected City, financiers 

5486
05:03:04,700 --> 05:03:07,900
another lesson. 
Known angle is how Hamilton 

5487
05:03:07,900 --> 05:03:11,800
viewed foreign policy, you 
favored comma space alliances. 

5488
05:03:11,800 --> 05:03:15,400
But distrusted in tangling, the 
US in ideological battles. 

5489
05:03:15,400 --> 05:03:19,300
While acknowledging as a trade 
partner, despite the rancor left

5490
05:03:19,300 --> 05:03:22,000
from the revolution. 
He saw stable trade routes as 

5491
05:03:22,000 --> 05:03:24,100
essential for revenue and Global
standing. 

5492
05:03:25,100 --> 05:03:28,700
Jefferson and Madison criticized
the strategy as an over cozy 

5493
05:03:28,700 --> 05:03:32,500
approach with a recent foe that 
Hamilton saw post-war British 

5494
05:03:32,500 --> 05:03:35,100
power as a practical anchor for 
commercial expansion. 

5495
05:03:36,000 --> 05:03:39,200
In this sense, his realism. 
Overshadowed older resentments, 

5496
05:03:39,200 --> 05:03:43,200
that stance was a Harbinger for 
how modern states were economic 

5497
05:03:43,200 --> 05:03:45,100
tires against historic 
grievances. 

5498
05:03:46,000 --> 05:03:48,900
Additionally, Hamilton's 
personal style at Social 

5499
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:51,700
Gatherings and in Daily 
interactions reveals a man who 

5500
05:03:51,700 --> 05:03:54,700
could be both charmingly 
eloquent and abrasively direct. 

5501
05:03:55,500 --> 05:03:58,600
Contemporaries described him as 
intense with a quick mind, that 

5502
05:03:58,600 --> 05:04:01,500
occasionally battered 
conversation partners he thrived

5503
05:04:01,500 --> 05:04:03,900
on intellectual debate. 
Some say, he embraced 

5504
05:04:03,900 --> 05:04:06,300
confrontation to refine ideas 
yet. 

5505
05:04:06,300 --> 05:04:08,600
This habit might have 
contributed to the accumulation 

5506
05:04:08,600 --> 05:04:13,400
of enemies culminating in the 
Fateful spat with the In an era 

5507
05:04:13,400 --> 05:04:16,900
where honor was a Cornerstone of
social standing Hamilton's 

5508
05:04:16,900 --> 05:04:21,400
cutting wit, proved a dangerous 
asset at home Hamilton and Eliza

5509
05:04:21,400 --> 05:04:25,000
raised a growing family though. 
Tragedies struck the death of 

5510
05:04:25,000 --> 05:04:27,600
their son, Philip in a duel. 
Reminiscent of his father's 

5511
05:04:27,600 --> 05:04:31,100
Fierce approached. 
A personal disputes, this sorrow

5512
05:04:31,100 --> 05:04:34,400
weighed heavily on Hamilton, 
intensifying his reflection on 

5513
05:04:34,400 --> 05:04:37,400
the code of honor. 
Paradoxically he still ended up 

5514
05:04:37,400 --> 05:04:41,700
abiding by that same code 
accepting Burr's challenge, The 

5515
05:04:41,700 --> 05:04:44,200
Duality of a brilliant mind 
trapped by the period. 

5516
05:04:44,200 --> 05:04:47,800
Social norms emerges starkly in 
these personal heartbreaks for 

5517
05:04:47,800 --> 05:04:49,400
modern readers. 
The scenario. 

5518
05:04:49,400 --> 05:04:52,100
Underscores, how societal 
expectations can override 

5519
05:04:52,100 --> 05:04:56,800
individual caution, even for a 
pragmatic Statesman Examining 

5520
05:04:56,800 --> 05:05:01,300
Hamilton's religious evolution 
is another nuanced topic late in

5521
05:05:01,300 --> 05:05:03,200
life. 
Particularly after Philip's 

5522
05:05:03,200 --> 05:05:06,100
death, he re-engaged with 
spiritual considerations. 

5523
05:05:07,300 --> 05:05:10,100
While not The Devout as John Jay
or Patrick Henry Hamilton 

5524
05:05:10,100 --> 05:05:13,300
expressed, his belief that moral
Frameworks were crucial to 

5525
05:05:13,300 --> 05:05:16,300
stable governance. 
Some Scholars see a near 

5526
05:05:16,300 --> 05:05:18,100
returned to Christian Orthodoxy 
in his final years 

5527
05:05:18,100 --> 05:05:20,700
overshadowing, the early secular
aura. 

5528
05:05:21,600 --> 05:05:23,900
This dimension of moral or 
religious introspection is 

5529
05:05:23,900 --> 05:05:25,800
overshadowed. 
In many popular accounts that 

5530
05:05:25,800 --> 05:05:29,000
focus on battles of Finance or 
parties and ship. 

5531
05:05:29,900 --> 05:05:33,500
Lastly, the robust myth making 
around Hamilton in the 21st 

5532
05:05:33,500 --> 05:05:36,600
century, particularly following 
a certain successful musical 

5533
05:05:36,600 --> 05:05:39,500
reflects how malleable 
historical figures can become 

5534
05:05:39,500 --> 05:05:42,200
for decades overshadowed in 
public memory. 

5535
05:05:42,200 --> 05:05:46,000
Hamilton found new admirers in 
thrall by his Underdog 

5536
05:05:46,000 --> 05:05:48,600
narrative. 
The musical Drew from historical

5537
05:05:48,600 --> 05:05:52,300
sources but adapted them for 
modern, audiences highlighting, 

5538
05:05:52,300 --> 05:05:55,900
themes of immigration ambition 
and the forging of identity. 

5539
05:05:56,800 --> 05:05:59,300
Meanwhile professional 
historians maintain a more 

5540
05:05:59,300 --> 05:06:02,900
measured stance acknowledging, 
the genius behind the bank and 

5541
05:06:02,900 --> 05:06:05,400
The Federalist Papers, but also 
the moral complexities 

5542
05:06:05,400 --> 05:06:08,400
involvement in a scandalous 
Reynolds Affair. 

5543
05:06:08,400 --> 05:06:12,000
The backing of harsh policies 
like the Alien and Sedition Acts

5544
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:15,200
and the overshadowed complicity 
in a system that tolerated 

5545
05:06:15,200 --> 05:06:19,100
slavery, hence Hamilton's life, 
embodies many contradictions, 

5546
05:06:19,800 --> 05:06:23,000
Hamilton was a brilliant 
champion of American Finance and

5547
05:06:23,000 --> 05:06:25,900
immigrants, success story, and a
defender of robust National 

5548
05:06:25,900 --> 05:06:28,600
institutions yet. 
He was also entangled in 

5549
05:06:28,600 --> 05:06:32,200
political vendettas, personal 
heartbreak, and moral. 

5550
05:06:32,200 --> 05:06:35,600
Ambiguity is the lethal code of 
personal honor of the era. 

5551
05:06:35,600 --> 05:06:38,400
Brought him down from the 
Pinnacle of policy influence. 

5552
05:06:39,300 --> 05:06:41,600
Contemporary observers can glean
from his Saga. 

5553
05:06:41,600 --> 05:06:45,600
How Vision intellect and 
determination can reshape a 

5554
05:06:45,600 --> 05:06:49,700
society while cautioning that 
untempered ambition and rivalry 

5555
05:06:49,700 --> 05:06:51,700
risk. 
Overshadowing, even the grandest

5556
05:06:51,700 --> 05:06:54,500
legacies in the modern Mosaic of
American History. 

5557
05:06:54,500 --> 05:06:59,000
Alexander Hamilton occupies a 
unique Niche, straddling Realms 

5558
05:06:59,000 --> 05:07:01,800
of Finance, politics and 
personal drama. 

5559
05:07:02,800 --> 05:07:05,200
Behind the scenes. 
He shaped the national domain by

5560
05:07:05,200 --> 05:07:08,200
delivering pragmatic solution, 
to fundamental questions about 

5561
05:07:08,200 --> 05:07:11,700
governance and economy. 
Yet his flamboyant final act, 

5562
05:07:11,700 --> 05:07:15,000
the duel with Aaron Burr. 
Long overshadowed, the breadth 

5563
05:07:15,000 --> 05:07:18,100
of his achievements? 
Over the past two centuries. 

5564
05:07:18,100 --> 05:07:21,400
The perception of Hamilton has 
fluctuated between critical 

5565
05:07:21,400 --> 05:07:25,000
weariness and near heroic 
adulation leading to a 

5566
05:07:25,000 --> 05:07:27,500
reexamination that highlights is
full complexity. 

5567
05:07:28,300 --> 05:07:31,900
For many decades Hamilton served
as a reference point for strong 

5568
05:07:31,900 --> 05:07:35,700
central governance. in debates 
about tariffs, internal 

5569
05:07:35,700 --> 05:07:39,400
improvements, and the role of a 
National Bank, legislators 

5570
05:07:39,400 --> 05:07:42,600
invoked his name Hamiltonian 
Visions signified. 

5571
05:07:42,600 --> 05:07:46,200
A dynamic industrializing. 
America that invested in 

5572
05:07:46,200 --> 05:07:48,300
large-scale infrastructure and 
cultivates. 

5573
05:07:48,300 --> 05:07:52,200
A robust bond market. 
Homan's retorted that such 

5574
05:07:52,200 --> 05:07:54,000
policies undercut, local 
autonomy. 

5575
05:07:54,800 --> 05:07:57,400
King Jeffersonian concerns about
overreach. 

5576
05:07:58,200 --> 05:08:00,200
Cyclical debate recurs whenever 
the nation. 

5577
05:08:00,200 --> 05:08:03,500
Confronts a crisis or looks to 
expand Federal influence. 

5578
05:08:03,500 --> 05:08:06,900
Vietnam, responding to economic 
depression or modern Financial 

5579
05:08:06,900 --> 05:08:10,800
bailouts among Scholars, 
Hamilton's contribution to the 

5580
05:08:10,800 --> 05:08:12,900
Federalist remains a crowning 
literary feat. 

5581
05:08:13,800 --> 05:08:16,900
It says like Federalist number 
78 shape, the judiciary's 

5582
05:08:16,900 --> 05:08:20,000
conceptual role, championing 
judicial Independence, and the 

5583
05:08:20,008 --> 05:08:24,500
power of constitutional review 
Federalist number 84 argued that

5584
05:08:24,508 --> 05:08:27,500
enumerating rights might risk. 
Constraining them though, 

5585
05:08:27,500 --> 05:08:30,000
ironically, the Bill of Rights 
was soon, appended to the 

5586
05:08:30,000 --> 05:08:32,900
Constitution. 
Anyway, such Works left a 

5587
05:08:32,900 --> 05:08:35,000
lasting intellectual deposit 
frequently. 

5588
05:08:35,000 --> 05:08:38,100
Cited in Supreme Court 
decisions, the interplay between

5589
05:08:38,100 --> 05:08:40,600
Hamilton's preference for strong
federal courts, and modern 

5590
05:08:40,600 --> 05:08:43,800
jurisprudence reveals the 
longevity of his influence. 

5591
05:08:44,500 --> 05:08:48,000
Public interests sword. 
A new in the 21st century with a

5592
05:08:48,000 --> 05:08:51,300
popular musical, recasting 
Hamilton as a hip Scrappy 

5593
05:08:51,300 --> 05:08:53,000
immigrant shaping the nation's 
destiny. 

5594
05:08:53,000 --> 05:08:56,200
That retelling lending. 
Hip hop, and historical 

5595
05:08:56,200 --> 05:08:59,400
references stoked. 
Fresh curiosity about details of

5596
05:08:59,400 --> 05:09:01,900
his Caribbean, youth. 
The Heartbreak of losing his 

5597
05:09:01,900 --> 05:09:04,600
mother and the unexpected 
mentorship from Merchants. 

5598
05:09:04,600 --> 05:09:08,300
It also reintroduced figures 
like John Lawrence, Hercules, 

5599
05:09:08,300 --> 05:09:11,300
Mulligan or Elizabeth Schuyler 
to mainstream conversational. 

5600
05:09:12,100 --> 05:09:14,800
This phenomenon demonstrates, 
how historical figures can be 

5601
05:09:14,800 --> 05:09:17,700
revived and reinterpreted to 
speak to current cultural 

5602
05:09:17,700 --> 05:09:21,300
dialogues about immigration 
representation and the forging 

5603
05:09:21,300 --> 05:09:25,000
of American identity that said 
the musicals creative Liberties 

5604
05:09:25,000 --> 05:09:27,200
overshadow. 
Certain complexities, for 

5605
05:09:27,200 --> 05:09:30,600
instance, the Deep potentials 
around slavery or Hamilton's 

5606
05:09:30,600 --> 05:09:32,100
relationship with Haitian 
Independence. 

5607
05:09:33,100 --> 05:09:36,200
Yet it undeniably catapulted him
back into the public eye, 

5608
05:09:36,200 --> 05:09:40,600
critically, modern reflection 
contends with Hamilton stance on

5609
05:09:40,600 --> 05:09:42,300
slavery. 
Though. 

5610
05:09:42,300 --> 05:09:44,900
Personally, not an owner of 
large plantations, he married 

5611
05:09:44,900 --> 05:09:47,400
into a family that benefited 
from enslaved. 

5612
05:09:47,400 --> 05:09:49,400
Labor. 
He opposed the international 

5613
05:09:49,400 --> 05:09:51,900
slave trade, but was less vocal 
about media. 

5614
05:09:51,900 --> 05:09:53,900
Abolition. 
Some historians. 

5615
05:09:53,900 --> 05:09:56,600
See him as moderately 
anti-slavery in principle yet. 

5616
05:09:56,600 --> 05:09:59,000
Overshadowed by the era's 
political constraints. 

5617
05:09:59,800 --> 05:10:02,900
This mild stance differs from 
the further of an abolitionist 

5618
05:10:02,900 --> 05:10:06,700
highlighting that even bright 
Minds can compromise on pressing

5619
05:10:06,700 --> 05:10:09,500
moral issues for perceived 
political necessity. 

5620
05:10:10,600 --> 05:10:13,300
Another puzzle is how Hamilton 
would respond to the subsequent,

5621
05:10:13,300 --> 05:10:16,900
expansions he died before 
industrialization truly took 

5622
05:10:16,900 --> 05:10:18,900
flight or the question of 
slavery, overtook? 

5623
05:10:18,900 --> 05:10:22,600
National politics, would he have
advocated for federal solutions 

5624
05:10:22,600 --> 05:10:24,500
to keep the union intact in the 
1850s? 

5625
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:28,200
Or would he have favored more 
localized pragmatic deals? 

5626
05:10:28,200 --> 05:10:31,600
The count of factual is 
tantalizing but unanswerable 

5627
05:10:32,300 --> 05:10:35,300
Like many Founders, his ideas 
form, the skeleton, for future 

5628
05:10:35,300 --> 05:10:38,600
developments, the subsequent 
Generations, molded them to new 

5629
05:10:38,600 --> 05:10:42,300
contexts. 
Finally, Hamilton's, personal 

5630
05:10:42,300 --> 05:10:45,000
letters uncovered in archives 
over time. 

5631
05:10:45,000 --> 05:10:48,700
Reveal the emotional complexity 
Behind The Confident public 

5632
05:10:48,700 --> 05:10:53,900
Persona he could be warm witty 
or scathing anxious about 

5633
05:10:53,900 --> 05:10:57,900
respect and standing. 
Specter of Orphan Hood, never 

5634
05:10:57,900 --> 05:11:01,000
fully left him. 
A sense of precariousness 

5635
05:11:01,000 --> 05:11:04,400
pervaded his ambition. 
He engaged in verbal battles 

5636
05:11:04,400 --> 05:11:08,300
with the Press establishing, a 
partisan strategy, the Reynolds 

5637
05:11:08,300 --> 05:11:10,700
Affair in which he admitted to 
an extramarital relationship 

5638
05:11:10,700 --> 05:11:13,200
tarnished. 
His moral standing yet 

5639
05:11:13,200 --> 05:11:16,800
underscored his willingness to 
publicly confess in a swirl of 

5640
05:11:16,800 --> 05:11:20,100
political blackmail. 
All these episodes illustrate, a

5641
05:11:20,100 --> 05:11:21,900
Founder who has no pristine 
statue. 

5642
05:11:21,900 --> 05:11:25,600
But a flawed participant in the 
messy birth of a republic in 

5643
05:11:25,600 --> 05:11:29,400
some Alexander, Hamilton's, 
Odyssey stands as an emblem of 

5644
05:11:29,400 --> 05:11:33,000
America's early audacity someone
forging National Frameworks with

5645
05:11:33,000 --> 05:11:36,900
unstoppable further, bridging 
personal adversity and political

5646
05:11:36,900 --> 05:11:39,000
upheaval. 
He hammered out Financial 

5647
05:11:39,000 --> 05:11:41,400
Machinery, that stabilized or 
precarious Union. 

5648
05:11:41,400 --> 05:11:44,200
Wrote constitutional 
commentaries that guided 

5649
05:11:44,200 --> 05:11:48,300
centuries of legal thought and 
valiantly served in war only to 

5650
05:11:48,300 --> 05:11:51,400
be undone by personal Vendetta 
in a misguided duel. 

5651
05:11:52,300 --> 05:11:55,100
This story resonates with 
universal themes of ammunition, 

5652
05:11:55,100 --> 05:11:59,100
printable rivalry, and the 
subtle interplay of personal and

5653
05:11:59,100 --> 05:12:01,200
public Realms. 
Hamilton's imprinting. 

5654
05:12:01,200 --> 05:12:04,200
Dues in the institution. 
He shaped the arguments, he 

5655
05:12:04,200 --> 05:12:07,600
Advanced and the persistent 
puzzle of how brilliant mind can

5656
05:12:07,600 --> 05:12:10,100
fall victim to a bullet 
summoned, by the code of honor 

5657
05:12:10,100 --> 05:12:17,300
with confusing reasoning. 
Imagine this, it's 1890 and 

5658
05:12:17,308 --> 05:12:18,900
you're walking through a 
sicilian Village. 

5659
05:12:18,900 --> 05:12:22,400
The first thing that hits, you 
isn't the Mediterranean Breeze 

5660
05:12:22,400 --> 05:12:25,500
or the smell of wild herbs. 
It's the fact that everyone 

5661
05:12:25,500 --> 05:12:29,100
within three miles knows exactly
who you are, where you're going 

5662
05:12:29,108 --> 05:12:30,900
and probably what you had for 
breakfast. 

5663
05:12:31,800 --> 05:12:34,700
An old Sicily. 
Privacy was as rare as snow in 

5664
05:12:34,700 --> 05:12:36,800
August, you'd wake up in your 
Stone House. 

5665
05:12:37,700 --> 05:12:40,700
When I say Stone I mean real 
rocks that the Mason put 

5666
05:12:40,700 --> 05:12:43,100
together with anything. 
He could find like his 

5667
05:12:43,100 --> 05:12:46,200
grandmother's secret recipe that
may or may not have had goat 

5668
05:12:46,200 --> 05:12:48,400
cheese in it. 
The walls were thick enough to 

5669
05:12:48,400 --> 05:12:50,900
stop a cannonball, which was 
good, because your neighbor's 

5670
05:12:50,900 --> 05:12:53,400
rooster sounded like an opera 
singer, having a terrible day, 

5671
05:12:55,000 --> 05:12:57,400
Today your bed wasn't really 
what we'd call comfortable. 

5672
05:12:57,400 --> 05:13:01,100
Imagine sleeping on a mound of 
grain sacks filled with things 

5673
05:13:01,100 --> 05:13:04,600
like corn husks wool that still 
smelled like a sheep and 

5674
05:13:04,600 --> 05:13:07,200
sometimes even a few surprises 
that made you think the previous

5675
05:13:07,200 --> 05:13:09,300
owner had been keeping his 
winter vegetables under there? 

5676
05:13:10,200 --> 05:13:13,300
You know, what you could have 
slept Downing up against a 

5677
05:13:13,300 --> 05:13:15,100
cactus after working for 14 
hours straight. 

5678
05:13:15,900 --> 05:13:18,000
The morning ritual was simple 
and gorgeous. 

5679
05:13:18,000 --> 05:13:20,900
You would wander into the 
kitchen, which was also the 

5680
05:13:20,900 --> 05:13:23,700
living room dining area and barn
for the family goat on Chile 

5681
05:13:23,700 --> 05:13:25,700
nights. 
Your wife would have already 

5682
05:13:25,700 --> 05:13:28,300
started the fire as people in 
the town believed that if you 

5683
05:13:28,300 --> 05:13:31,000
weren't married by the age of 
25, it meant something was wrong

5684
05:13:31,000 --> 05:13:33,500
with you. 
And by fire, I mean, a real wood

5685
05:13:33,500 --> 05:13:36,300
burning stove that needed the 
talents of a NASA engineer and 

5686
05:13:36,300 --> 05:13:37,900
the patience of a saint to work,
right? 

5687
05:13:38,600 --> 05:13:41,200
There was bred for breakfast, 
always bread. 

5688
05:13:41,200 --> 05:13:44,700
If the Harvest was good and the 
Saints were smiling, a tomato or

5689
05:13:44,700 --> 05:13:47,800
cheese might be undiscovered. 
The bread was a Wonder of 

5690
05:13:47,800 --> 05:13:51,100
medieval science, it was so 
dense that you could use it as a

5691
05:13:51,100 --> 05:13:53,500
foundation stone yet. 
It was also the best thing you'd

5692
05:13:53,500 --> 05:13:56,200
ever tasted. 
Your local Baker, who 

5693
05:13:56,200 --> 05:13:58,300
undoubtedly learned his 
profession from someone who 

5694
05:13:58,300 --> 05:14:01,400
might have known, Julius Caesar 
had hands that could make bread 

5695
05:14:01,400 --> 05:14:04,300
and water do magic. 
You'd go outside after breakfast

5696
05:14:04,300 --> 05:14:06,200
and breathe in air. 
That was so clean. 

5697
05:14:06,200 --> 05:14:09,900
It almost washed your lungs, 
women beat laundry against rocks

5698
05:14:09,900 --> 05:14:11,500
to the rhythm of ancient 
percussion. 

5699
05:14:11,500 --> 05:14:14,800
Children played games, that 
always seem to involve running 

5700
05:14:14,800 --> 05:14:18,600
at full volume and somewhere. 
In the distance, two men were 

5701
05:14:18,600 --> 05:14:20,900
having a philosophical argument 
about whether their 

5702
05:14:20,900 --> 05:14:23,600
grandfather's donkey was faster 
than their neighbor's 

5703
05:14:23,600 --> 05:14:27,200
grandfather's donkey. 
This argument had been going on 

5704
05:14:27,200 --> 05:14:30,500
for about 30 years. 
The roadways, if you could call 

5705
05:14:30,500 --> 05:14:33,400
them, that were more like 
suggestions, scratched into rock

5706
05:14:33,400 --> 05:14:37,700
by feet, Hooves, and the odd 
cartwheel over the years, they 

5707
05:14:37,700 --> 05:14:40,200
walked around Hills and olive 
trees, like water flows 

5708
05:14:40,200 --> 05:14:42,600
downhill, which means they had 
no logic at all. 

5709
05:14:42,600 --> 05:14:44,600
But they always took you where 
you wanted to go. 

5710
05:14:44,600 --> 05:14:48,400
It was like trying to solve a 
three-dimensional puzzle made by

5711
05:14:48,400 --> 05:14:51,800
someone with a sixth sense of 
humor and a clear dislike for 

5712
05:14:51,800 --> 05:14:53,100
straight lines to go around the 
village. 

5713
05:14:53,100 --> 05:14:56,200
Your house was surrounded by 
other houses that appeared like 

5714
05:14:56,200 --> 05:14:58,300
they had sprouted out of the 
hillside itself. 

5715
05:14:58,300 --> 05:15:02,300
These winding paths made sure 
you would run into at least 17 

5716
05:15:02,300 --> 05:15:04,300
individuals. 
Before you could buy a loaf of 

5717
05:15:04,308 --> 05:15:08,800
bread, this was on purpose in 
Sicily, Community wasn't simply 

5718
05:15:08,800 --> 05:15:11,300
a pleasant thought it was a way 
to stay alive. 

5719
05:15:12,500 --> 05:15:16,000
When the next drought Invasion 
or Locust plague struck you and 

5720
05:15:16,008 --> 05:15:17,200
your neighbors would need each 
other. 

5721
05:15:17,200 --> 05:15:19,500
Now let's speak about your 
employment. 

5722
05:15:20,500 --> 05:15:23,200
In the past work in Sicily, 
wasn't so much about getting 

5723
05:15:23,200 --> 05:15:25,900
ahead in your profession. 
As it was about getting mother 

5724
05:15:25,900 --> 05:15:29,200
nature to cooperate for one more
season if you were lucky enough 

5725
05:15:29,200 --> 05:15:32,900
to own property by land, I mean 
a plot about the size of a 

5726
05:15:32,900 --> 05:15:35,300
modern parking space that was 
supposed to support a family of 

5727
05:15:35,300 --> 05:15:38,200
eight, you were basically a 
professional Gambler playing 

5728
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:41,600
against the weather bugs and the
strange changes in soil. 

5729
05:15:41,600 --> 05:15:44,500
Chemistry, a modern Gardener 
would cry for you. 

5730
05:15:44,500 --> 05:15:47,900
If they saw your farming 
implements, imagine a plow that 

5731
05:15:47,900 --> 05:15:50,300
looked like it had been made by 
someone who had only heard about

5732
05:15:50,300 --> 05:15:52,000
plows, and had never seen one in
person. 

5733
05:15:53,000 --> 05:15:55,800
A donkey pulled it. 
And the only thing that seemed 

5734
05:15:55,800 --> 05:15:58,600
to qualify for the task was its 
amazing ability to show 

5735
05:15:58,600 --> 05:16:03,400
existential misery through are 
positioning This donkey lets 

5736
05:16:03,400 --> 05:16:06,700
call him Giuseppe because they 
were all named Giuseppe had 

5737
05:16:06,700 --> 05:16:09,200
something to say about every 
Furrow, and wasn't afraid to say

5738
05:16:09,200 --> 05:16:11,500
it. 
People who understood that flat 

5739
05:16:11,500 --> 05:16:13,300
ground was meant for others in 
different regions. 

5740
05:16:13,300 --> 05:16:16,800
Transformed, the fields into 
hillsides, you'd work on these 

5741
05:16:16,800 --> 05:16:19,300
terrorist plots that stuck to 
the sides of Hills. 

5742
05:16:19,300 --> 05:16:23,600
Like a stone masons fever dream.
There were paths between each 

5743
05:16:23,600 --> 05:16:24,800
level. 
That would make your calf 

5744
05:16:24,800 --> 05:16:26,400
muscles. 
Strong enough to break walnuts 

5745
05:16:27,100 --> 05:16:30,100
Every morning he would climb up 
and down these old steps with 

5746
05:16:30,100 --> 05:16:33,400
tools seeds, hope and 
occasionally just set these 

5747
05:16:33,400 --> 05:16:36,100
angry feelings when he thought 
the labor was too easy for him. 

5748
05:16:36,100 --> 05:16:38,100
But here's where it gets 
intriguing. 

5749
05:16:38,100 --> 05:16:41,200
Sicilians have turned making do 
in to an art form. 

5750
05:16:41,200 --> 05:16:42,700
That would make modern 
recyclers. 

5751
05:16:42,700 --> 05:16:44,300
Look like amateurs, who waste 
things. 

5752
05:16:44,300 --> 05:16:48,600
Nothing. 
Absolutely nothing was ever 

5753
05:16:48,600 --> 05:16:51,300
thrown away. 
Did the broken pottery catch 

5754
05:16:51,300 --> 05:16:53,800
your eye? 
It was perfect for storing olive

5755
05:16:53,800 --> 05:16:56,200
oil is that old shirt still in 
use. 

5756
05:16:56,200 --> 05:16:59,500
It can be used for cleaning 
purposes as patches for a 

5757
05:16:59,500 --> 05:17:02,400
friend's old clothing or even as
a source of fire fuel. 

5758
05:17:03,100 --> 05:17:06,000
Giuseppe meticulously collected 
the items he added to the 

5759
05:17:06,008 --> 05:17:08,600
landscape every day, 
transforming them into Treasures

5760
05:17:08,600 --> 05:17:11,500
for the garden. 
Your wife, on the other hand ran

5761
05:17:11,500 --> 05:17:13,200
a household that worked like a 
small Factory. 

5762
05:17:13,200 --> 05:17:16,600
She would get up before, Dawn to
Milk, The Goat, Who had her own 

5763
05:17:16,608 --> 05:17:19,900
ideas about how to start the day
and made them known by moving 

5764
05:17:19,900 --> 05:17:23,400
her Hooves in certain ways. 
Then came the bread-making, 

5765
05:17:23,400 --> 05:17:27,100
which was more like conducting a
symphony of yeast timing and 

5766
05:17:27,108 --> 05:17:30,200
prayer and cooking. 
The dough would rise in wooden 

5767
05:17:30,200 --> 05:17:32,600
bowls that had been in the 
family for so long that they 

5768
05:17:32,600 --> 05:17:36,100
almost had family names. 
Lunch was a time when Sicilian 

5769
05:17:36,100 --> 05:17:39,000
showed that, they knew something
deep about life, you can't work 

5770
05:17:39,000 --> 05:17:41,800
well on an empty stomach and you
can't appreciate food. 

5771
05:17:41,800 --> 05:17:44,700
Well, if you're in a hurry, 
Everyone in the Hamlet would 

5772
05:17:44,700 --> 05:17:47,200
stop what they were doing for 
two hours and congregate around 

5773
05:17:47,200 --> 05:17:51,500
tables rocks or any other flat 
surface they could find the food

5774
05:17:51,500 --> 05:17:54,700
could have been modest like 
bread olives and whatever 

5775
05:17:54,700 --> 05:17:57,900
veggies that the local animals 
hadn't devoured yet, but people 

5776
05:17:57,900 --> 05:18:00,700
ate it with such care and 
enjoyment, that it became a 

5777
05:18:00,700 --> 05:18:03,100
celebration. 
The afternoon, brought new 

5778
05:18:03,100 --> 05:18:05,200
problems. 
If you aren't tending to the 

5779
05:18:05,200 --> 05:18:06,700
crops, you might have been 
repairing. 

5780
05:18:06,700 --> 05:18:10,400
Something that was broken in a 
world composed of stone wood and

5781
05:18:10,400 --> 05:18:12,900
hope this happened about every 
15 minutes. 

5782
05:18:13,800 --> 05:18:15,600
Your concept on repairs was 
simple. 

5783
05:18:15,600 --> 05:18:19,300
If something is broken, use 
everything you have to fix it, 

5784
05:18:19,300 --> 05:18:22,200
if it breaks again, fix it 
again. 

5785
05:18:22,200 --> 05:18:24,000
But this time with more 
determination. 

5786
05:18:24,000 --> 05:18:28,300
If it breaks again, make it part
of the design and act like it 

5787
05:18:28,300 --> 05:18:29,600
was always meant to work that 
way. 

5788
05:18:30,400 --> 05:18:32,900
The way people lived in your 
community was more complicated 

5789
05:18:32,900 --> 05:18:35,600
than a spider web made by an 
architect, who couldn't make up 

5790
05:18:35,600 --> 05:18:38,300
his mind. 
Everyone knew everyone else, but

5791
05:18:38,300 --> 05:18:41,000
more significantly. 
Everyone knew everything about 

5792
05:18:41,000 --> 05:18:43,400
everyone else. 
Even things that hadn't happened

5793
05:18:43,400 --> 05:18:47,400
yet, but surely would because, 
as your neighbor would remark it

5794
05:18:47,400 --> 05:18:50,400
runs in the family. 
The Village. 

5795
05:18:50,400 --> 05:18:52,600
Well, was the core of this 
communication Network? 

5796
05:18:52,600 --> 05:18:56,400
It was the source of water. 
The News headquarters and an 

5797
05:18:56,408 --> 05:18:59,200
unofficial courtroom where 
people could settle conflicts 

5798
05:18:59,200 --> 05:19:02,300
from severe property problems. 
To heated arguments about whose 

5799
05:19:02,300 --> 05:19:06,100
grandmother cooked tomato sauce.
You'd come with your water jug 

5800
05:19:06,100 --> 05:19:08,700
and leave with it along with 
full reports on three, 

5801
05:19:08,700 --> 05:19:12,800
pregnants, two family fights. 
One, if he romance and 

5802
05:19:12,800 --> 05:19:15,400
comprehensive weather forecast 
from someone who's great uncle 

5803
05:19:15,400 --> 05:19:17,600
was said to have been able to 
tell when it was going to rain 

5804
05:19:17,600 --> 05:19:19,200
by watching how his chickens 
walked. 

5805
05:19:20,100 --> 05:19:22,400
In this social order, the 
priests of the community, had a 

5806
05:19:22,408 --> 05:19:25,500
special role. 
He was a spiritual guide and 

5807
05:19:25,500 --> 05:19:28,800
mediator, an amateur, 
meteorologist, and a Secret 

5808
05:19:28,800 --> 05:19:31,100
Keeper, who would have made a 
government spy envious. 

5809
05:19:31,100 --> 05:19:34,500
He had somehow learned the Fine 
Art of knowing everything while 

5810
05:19:34,500 --> 05:19:37,200
seeming to know nothing. 
He could give a sermon that 

5811
05:19:37,200 --> 05:19:39,000
spoke directly to the moral 
shortcomings. 

5812
05:19:39,000 --> 05:19:42,000
You had been struggling with all
week without ever looking you in

5813
05:19:42,000 --> 05:19:44,200
the eye. 
Then There Were The Village 

5814
05:19:44,200 --> 05:19:46,000
Elders. 
They were old enough to 

5815
05:19:46,000 --> 05:19:48,300
remember, when things were 
different, but not so ancient. 

5816
05:19:48,300 --> 05:19:51,400
That people could comfortably 
dismiss what they thought, they 

5817
05:19:51,400 --> 05:19:54,300
would sit outside their houses, 
like, living libraries giving 

5818
05:19:54,300 --> 05:19:57,600
Council criticism and sometimes 
deep knowledge. 

5819
05:19:58,600 --> 05:20:00,800
But you had to be careful to 
tell the difference between the 

5820
05:20:00,800 --> 05:20:04,000
wisdom and the stories that had 
become better with each telling 

5821
05:20:04,000 --> 05:20:07,300
over the preceding 40 years. 
While everything was going on, 

5822
05:20:07,300 --> 05:20:10,100
your kids were getting an 
education that no school could 

5823
05:20:10,100 --> 05:20:13,000
equal, they'd learn useful. 
Things like how to get a chicken

5824
05:20:13,000 --> 05:20:15,800
to lay eggs, where you want 
them, how to read the weather in

5825
05:20:15,800 --> 05:20:17,100
clouds. 
And how to cope with a 

5826
05:20:17,100 --> 05:20:20,200
complicated social dynamics of a
place where your third cousins 

5827
05:20:20,200 --> 05:20:23,200
choice to plant beans, in stead 
of wheat, could change your 

5828
05:20:23,200 --> 05:20:27,300
family's winter food supply, but
maybe most significantly kids 

5829
05:20:27,300 --> 05:20:32,000
would learn how to tell stories.
As the sun sank behind Hills 

5830
05:20:32,000 --> 05:20:34,300
that had seen, many families, 
struggle, and succeed. 

5831
05:20:34,300 --> 05:20:36,700
Someone would start a story 
every night. 

5832
05:20:37,700 --> 05:20:40,100
It could have been the time 
great-grandfather outsmarted, 

5833
05:20:40,100 --> 05:20:43,200
the tax collector, the winter 
when the whole village lived on 

5834
05:20:43,200 --> 05:20:46,400
nothing but olives and sheer 
stubbornness or the strange 

5835
05:20:46,400 --> 05:20:49,400
Merchants, who came one day with
spices that made everyone's food

5836
05:20:49,400 --> 05:20:51,800
tastes like it had been blessed 
by Angels. 

5837
05:20:51,800 --> 05:20:53,900
These stories were more than 
just fun. 

5838
05:20:53,900 --> 05:20:57,700
They were guides for how to live
every story had a lesson about 

5839
05:20:57,700 --> 05:21:01,700
bravery intelligence, the value 
of community and the fact that 

5840
05:21:01,700 --> 05:21:04,300
you should never ever trust 
someone who says they can make 

5841
05:21:04,300 --> 05:21:07,100
you rich quickly. 
The story showed you that life 

5842
05:21:07,100 --> 05:21:10,000
would be hard but also beautiful
and that the hard and the 

5843
05:21:10,008 --> 05:21:12,500
Beautiful were often. 
The same thing seen from various

5844
05:21:12,500 --> 05:21:15,400
points of view in your 
community, marriage was 

5845
05:21:15,400 --> 05:21:18,600
primarily focused on creating a 
partnership capable of handling.

5846
05:21:18,600 --> 05:21:22,000
Any challenges like presented, 
rather than being centered 

5847
05:21:22,000 --> 05:21:25,600
around love, which was scarce. 
Courtship involved long 

5848
05:21:25,600 --> 05:21:28,900
negotiations between families. 
There are background checks that

5849
05:21:28,900 --> 05:21:30,500
would make modern security 
agencies. 

5850
05:21:30,500 --> 05:21:34,000
Look, undesirable and careful 
thought about practical matters.

5851
05:21:34,000 --> 05:21:37,300
Like whose land bordered whose 
who had the healthier goats. 

5852
05:21:37,700 --> 05:21:39,800
And whether the potential 
bride's mother knew any 

5853
05:21:39,800 --> 05:21:43,200
advantageous ways to treat 
common illnesses people today 

5854
05:21:43,200 --> 05:21:45,600
have a hard time understanding, 
how complicated your 

5855
05:21:45,600 --> 05:21:48,600
relationship with food Wars. 
You lived in a place where 

5856
05:21:48,600 --> 05:21:51,500
wealth and scarcity were like 
elderly lovers who had been 

5857
05:21:51,508 --> 05:21:54,000
battling for ages but couldn't 
bear to be a part. 

5858
05:21:54,700 --> 05:21:57,900
One season might yield crops so 
large, you'd think you're in an 

5859
05:21:57,900 --> 05:22:01,100
agricultural Paradise, while the
next might be so lean. 

5860
05:22:01,100 --> 05:22:04,400
You'd enjoy the subtle taste in 
bread made of Hope and grounder 

5861
05:22:04,400 --> 05:22:06,800
corns. 
But what was wonderful was that 

5862
05:22:06,800 --> 05:22:09,900
Sicilians had come up with a way
to convert any meal into a 

5863
05:22:09,900 --> 05:22:11,800
party? 
With just three ingredients. 

5864
05:22:11,800 --> 05:22:16,300
Wild Greens a little olive oil 
and some garlic, your wife could

5865
05:22:16,300 --> 05:22:18,200
create a dish that would Delight
your palate. 

5866
05:22:18,200 --> 05:22:22,000
It wasn't about using strange 
spices or complicated methods. 

5867
05:22:22,000 --> 05:22:25,000
It was about giving each 
ingredient the care and respect 

5868
05:22:25,000 --> 05:22:29,400
it needed for example, look at 
your olive trees, these weren't 

5869
05:22:29,400 --> 05:22:31,700
simply plants. 
They were family members with 

5870
05:22:31,700 --> 05:22:34,500
their personalities, history, 
and even mood disorders, from 

5871
05:22:34,500 --> 05:22:37,400
time to time your great 
grandfather, learned to walk, 

5872
05:22:37,408 --> 05:22:40,700
when certain trees were making 
oil, Those trees would keep 

5873
05:22:40,700 --> 05:22:42,600
making oil long. 
After your great-grandchildren 

5874
05:22:42,600 --> 05:22:44,500
were old enough to Grumble about
the Harvest. 

5875
05:22:45,500 --> 05:22:48,300
The trees were all different. 
This one made oil early. 

5876
05:22:48,300 --> 05:22:51,700
That one was stubborn but made 
the sweetest oil and the old 

5877
05:22:51,700 --> 05:22:54,500
Behemoth on the hill had 
weathered three droughts and a 

5878
05:22:54,500 --> 05:22:56,600
landslide. 
But still made enough olives to 

5879
05:22:56,600 --> 05:22:57,900
feed the family through the 
winter. 

5880
05:22:59,000 --> 05:23:00,400
During the harvest season, the 
Hamlet. 

5881
05:23:00,400 --> 05:23:03,200
Transformed into a scene, 
resembling ordered, pandemonium 

5882
05:23:03,200 --> 05:23:06,400
everyone assisted each other 
since olives, don't wait for the

5883
05:23:06,400 --> 05:23:09,100
right time and a family that 
tried to pick them all alone, 

5884
05:23:09,100 --> 05:23:11,500
would still be picking when the 
next season's flowers came out, 

5885
05:23:11,500 --> 05:23:14,900
you'd work from dawn until your 
hands were purple from Olive 

5886
05:23:14,900 --> 05:23:17,800
stains and your back hurt. 
Like, it had been redesigned by 

5887
05:23:17,800 --> 05:23:22,300
someone who hated how people 
stand But the work paid off in 

5888
05:23:22,300 --> 05:23:24,200
ways that went beyond the oils 
usefulness. 

5889
05:23:24,200 --> 05:23:27,900
The rhythm of the Harvest was 
quite fulfilling, it was like 

5890
05:23:27,900 --> 05:23:31,300
reaching picking and tossing the
fruit into baskets that seemed 

5891
05:23:31,300 --> 05:23:34,400
to fill up with magic. 
The talks that took place 

5892
05:23:34,400 --> 05:23:36,700
throughout these lengthy days, 
formed friendships that would 

5893
05:23:36,700 --> 05:23:39,100
last a lifetime. 
People worked out their 

5894
05:23:39,100 --> 05:23:42,700
problems, fell in love and 
either settled old arguments or 

5895
05:23:42,700 --> 05:23:45,300
turn them into legendary feuds. 
That would Fascinate future 

5896
05:23:45,300 --> 05:23:48,500
Generations, you produced wine 
using a similar method. 

5897
05:23:48,500 --> 05:23:52,600
The great screw on vines that 
ran down slopes in designs that 

5898
05:23:52,600 --> 05:23:54,500
made it look like the person who
planted them. 

5899
05:23:54,500 --> 05:23:57,600
Either the new a lot about the 
land or had been sipping their 

5900
05:23:57,600 --> 05:24:01,300
wine while planning, each family
developed their unique methods 

5901
05:24:01,300 --> 05:24:04,200
learning from both their 
mistakes and successes over the 

5902
05:24:04,200 --> 05:24:06,800
years. 
Some batches got so famous that 

5903
05:24:06,800 --> 05:24:11,000
they became local Legends making
wine was a mix of chemistry art 

5904
05:24:11,000 --> 05:24:13,400
and religion. 
You would crush the greats, 

5905
05:24:13,400 --> 05:24:16,200
sometimes with your foot and 
sometimes with a wooden press, 

5906
05:24:16,200 --> 05:24:18,800
you knew that the wine would 
taste like the fruit. 

5907
05:24:18,800 --> 05:24:22,200
The weather that year the mood 
of the soil and your hopes for 

5908
05:24:22,200 --> 05:24:25,000
the months ahead when this 
purple liquid would warm winter 

5909
05:24:25,000 --> 05:24:29,600
evening and make ordinary meals.
Feel like celebration Another 

5910
05:24:29,600 --> 05:24:33,400
kind of art was preservation. 
Your lady knew how to preserve 

5911
05:24:33,400 --> 05:24:36,000
food in a way, that would 
impress even the smartest food 

5912
05:24:36,000 --> 05:24:39,600
experts today. 
He dried pickled salted and 

5913
05:24:39,600 --> 05:24:42,700
stored vegetables with the 
meticulous, care of someone who 

5914
05:24:42,700 --> 05:24:45,300
understood that the difference 
between having enough food and 

5915
05:24:45,300 --> 05:24:48,800
being hungry could hinge on 
accurately estimating, how many 

5916
05:24:48,800 --> 05:24:51,300
tomatoes, the family would need 
to last until spring. 

5917
05:24:52,100 --> 05:24:55,600
Pantry, which was really just a 
cool dark part of your Stone 

5918
05:24:55,600 --> 05:24:58,400
House was set up like a military
supply Depot. 

5919
05:24:59,100 --> 05:25:01,600
Peppers dangled from the 
rafters, like decorations that 

5920
05:25:01,600 --> 05:25:04,700
you could eat there were clay 
containers with olive oil, 

5921
05:25:04,700 --> 05:25:08,500
preserved, lemons and strange 
mixtures that your wife swore 

5922
05:25:08,500 --> 05:25:10,900
could treat anything from a 
headache to a broken heart. 

5923
05:25:11,700 --> 05:25:15,200
They carefully stored sacks of 
grain paying close attention to 

5924
05:25:15,200 --> 05:25:18,700
the moisture temperature and the
continuing fight against rodents

5925
05:25:18,700 --> 05:25:20,700
that thought your food storage 
was their Buffet. 

5926
05:25:21,500 --> 05:25:24,000
Your daily life was shaped by 
rhythms that were older than 

5927
05:25:24,000 --> 05:25:27,900
history rhythms that linked you 
to every generation that had 

5928
05:25:27,900 --> 05:25:30,200
ever worked in this tough 
magnificent. 

5929
05:25:30,200 --> 05:25:34,300
Country you wouldn't wake up to 
alarms, instead, you'd wake up 

5930
05:25:34,300 --> 05:25:37,300
to the sky getting lighter above
mountains, that had seen Empires

5931
05:25:37,300 --> 05:25:40,500
rise and fall conquerors. 
Come and go, and people who just

5932
05:25:40,500 --> 05:25:43,200
wanted to produce their food and
raise their kids in peace. 

5933
05:25:44,300 --> 05:25:46,400
Weather wasn't simply something 
that occurred to you. 

5934
05:25:46,400 --> 05:25:49,400
It was your business partner, 
your enemy and your 

5935
05:25:49,400 --> 05:25:52,300
unpredictable companion, who 
might make or ruin your year, 

5936
05:25:52,300 --> 05:25:55,300
depending on how it felt. 
You could discern signs. 

5937
05:25:55,300 --> 05:25:58,000
That meteorologists would be 
jealous of how the Morning 

5938
05:25:58,000 --> 05:26:01,800
Light, hit the hills, how the 
wind changed between valleys and

5939
05:26:01,800 --> 05:26:04,900
how insects and birds acted as 
if they knew things that humans 

5940
05:26:04,900 --> 05:26:08,200
wouldn't understand for another 
100 years, your neighbor, the 

5941
05:26:08,200 --> 05:26:11,500
one with the philosophical 
donkey possessed, meteorological

5942
05:26:11,500 --> 05:26:13,500
knowledge. 
That was almost other worldly. 

5943
05:26:14,100 --> 05:26:16,600
He could tell it would rain 
three days ahead of time by how 

5944
05:26:16,600 --> 05:26:18,600
his chickens organized 
themselves in the yard. 

5945
05:26:18,600 --> 05:26:21,900
He'd tell you when to plant by 
watching which wildflowers 

5946
05:26:21,900 --> 05:26:25,600
flowered first, His Four cast 
was so good that people from 

5947
05:26:25,600 --> 05:26:29,900
nearby towns would come to him 
only to obtain His Four cast But

5948
05:26:29,900 --> 05:26:32,400
knowing how the Earth operated 
meant more than just being able 

5949
05:26:32,400 --> 05:26:35,700
to anticipate the weather. 
You lived in a place where cores

5950
05:26:35,700 --> 05:26:38,700
and consequence were clear in 
ways that people who lived in 

5951
05:26:38,700 --> 05:26:41,800
cities would never see if you 
plant at the wrong moment. 

5952
05:26:41,800 --> 05:26:45,300
Your family will go hungry. 
If you don't pay attention to 

5953
05:26:45,300 --> 05:26:48,400
the indicators of plant disease,
your neighbor's crops will 

5954
05:26:48,400 --> 05:26:51,400
suffer too. 
When you waste water during dry 

5955
05:26:51,400 --> 05:26:55,300
spells, everyone suffers. 
This person was not being 

5956
05:26:55,300 --> 05:26:56,800
politically aware of the 
environment. 

5957
05:26:56,800 --> 05:27:01,600
It was just a matter of life and
death local Craftsmen made your 

5958
05:27:01,600 --> 05:27:03,900
tools so that they fit your 
hands as well as your skin. 

5959
05:27:03,900 --> 05:27:08,600
For example, a man's plow or a 
woman's Loom had to suit their 

5960
05:27:08,600 --> 05:27:12,000
hands properly. 
The blacksmith in the hamlet, 

5961
05:27:12,000 --> 05:27:13,800
wasn't just a person who fixed 
things. 

5962
05:27:13,800 --> 05:27:17,500
He was an artist who could look 
at a piece of Twisted Metal and 

5963
05:27:17,500 --> 05:27:19,100
see what kind of tool it wanted 
to be. 

5964
05:27:19,100 --> 05:27:22,800
He would heat iron in forges 
that gleamed like parts of the 

5965
05:27:22,800 --> 05:27:25,900
Sun that had been caught and 
then he would shape the metal 

5966
05:27:25,900 --> 05:27:28,100
with hammers that made sounds 
that could be heard throughout 

5967
05:27:28,100 --> 05:27:30,900
the valley. 
The rhythm of seasonal work 

5968
05:27:30,900 --> 05:27:33,600
generated a calendar that was 
more reliable than anything 

5969
05:27:33,600 --> 05:27:36,200
written down. 
In the spring, it was time to 

5970
05:27:36,200 --> 05:27:39,900
prune plant and carefully. 
Encourage New Growth while 

5971
05:27:39,900 --> 05:27:42,700
keeping it safe from late frosts
that could ruin months of 

5972
05:27:42,700 --> 05:27:46,300
planning in a single night. 
During the summer farmers were 

5973
05:27:46,300 --> 05:27:49,500
responsible for monitoring their
crops managing their water, 

5974
05:27:49,500 --> 05:27:53,500
resources and preparing for 
Harvest harvesting and storing 

5975
05:27:53,500 --> 05:27:56,200
food and celebrating the years 
success in the sellers and 

5976
05:27:56,200 --> 05:28:00,200
pantries took place in the fall.
During winter, you had the 

5977
05:28:00,200 --> 05:28:04,200
opportunity to make repairs 
strategize and spend extended 

5978
05:28:04,200 --> 05:28:06,400
evening, sharing stories and 
transferring skills. 

5979
05:28:06,400 --> 05:28:08,800
The way you lived, your holy 
life fit. 

5980
05:28:08,800 --> 05:28:11,800
Well with the way you farmed you
would pray for rain when your 

5981
05:28:11,800 --> 05:28:14,200
crops needed it. 
Praise God for excellent 

5982
05:28:14,200 --> 05:28:17,700
harvests and ask for protection 
when things were perilous and 

5983
05:28:17,700 --> 05:28:19,500
everything. 
You had worked for was at stake.

5984
05:28:20,700 --> 05:28:23,400
The Village feast days were on 
important days for farming. 

5985
05:28:23,400 --> 05:28:27,000
Thus the celebrations honored, 
both spiritual and practical 

5986
05:28:27,000 --> 05:28:29,400
Customs. 
The church was The Villages, 

5987
05:28:29,400 --> 05:28:32,400
most beautiful building. 
It was made of the same local 

5988
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:35,900
Stone as your house, but 
centuries of Craftsmen turned it

5989
05:28:35,900 --> 05:28:37,700
into something that made you 
feel good. 

5990
05:28:37,700 --> 05:28:41,400
Every time you saw it. 
Saints peered down from 

5991
05:28:41,400 --> 05:28:44,000
paintings made by painters who 
knew that the faces of the 

5992
05:28:44,000 --> 05:28:47,600
Saints needed to show the hopes 
and struggles of the people who 

5993
05:28:47,600 --> 05:28:50,300
would pray to them through years
of Joy and Pain. 

5994
05:28:51,300 --> 05:28:53,800
Your priest, had the hard job of
finding a balance between 

5995
05:28:53,800 --> 05:28:57,200
long-term and short-term needs. 
He would deliver sermons on 

5996
05:28:57,200 --> 05:29:00,100
spiritual salvation. 
While simultaneously monitoring 

5997
05:29:00,100 --> 05:29:03,200
families struggling to provide 
for their children and the 

5998
05:29:03,200 --> 05:29:07,000
silent support of the community.
He would marry people baptized 

5999
05:29:07,000 --> 05:29:09,700
them and bury them. 
Marking the end of their lives 

6000
05:29:09,700 --> 05:29:13,000
in the Embrace of community 
tradition and the harsh beauty 

6001
05:29:13,000 --> 05:29:16,900
of the Sicilian environment. 
In your Universe, family wasn't 

6002
05:29:16,900 --> 05:29:19,400
just a group of people who lived
together, it was all. 

6003
05:29:19,400 --> 05:29:22,700
So a business, a support 
network, and entertainment 

6004
05:29:22,700 --> 05:29:26,300
committee, and a quality control
Department, all rolled into one 

6005
05:29:26,300 --> 05:29:30,100
complicated career and often 
frustrating organization that 

6006
05:29:30,100 --> 05:29:34,400
ran every area of Every Day. 
Life, Your kids weren't just the

6007
05:29:34,400 --> 05:29:37,000
Next Generation. 
They were your retirement plan, 

6008
05:29:37,000 --> 05:29:41,100
your insurance policy, and your 
way of living on in a world that

6009
05:29:41,100 --> 05:29:44,500
judge performance in decades and
centuries instead of quarterly 

6010
05:29:44,500 --> 05:29:48,000
reports, your family's house, 
undoubtedly sheltered three or 

6011
05:29:48,000 --> 05:29:51,500
four generations, each of whom 
made their own changes repairs 

6012
05:29:51,500 --> 05:29:55,500
and upgrades Over time, the 
house became a physical record 

6013
05:29:55,500 --> 05:29:58,400
of your family's history that 
corner where the wall was a 

6014
05:29:58,400 --> 05:29:59,600
different color. 
Great. 

6015
05:29:59,600 --> 05:30:01,900
Grandfather added onto the 
kitchen there because great 

6016
05:30:01,900 --> 05:30:05,100
grandmother's cooking was so 
outstanding that neighbors, 

6017
05:30:05,100 --> 05:30:07,100
started coming over for supper 
without being invited. 

6018
05:30:07,100 --> 05:30:10,600
The floor in the main room isn't
even that was in the winter. 

6019
05:30:10,600 --> 05:30:13,600
When Uncle Antonio put his wine 
barrels inside and forgot that 

6020
05:30:13,600 --> 05:30:17,000
would expand when it gets wet. 
Your kids acquired 

6021
05:30:17,000 --> 05:30:19,800
responsibility, not through 
instruction, but through 

6022
05:30:19,800 --> 05:30:24,000
practical experience. by the 
time they were seven, they would

6023
05:30:24,000 --> 05:30:26,700
be in charge of critical tasks 
like feeding, the chickens 

6024
05:30:26,700 --> 05:30:31,000
retrieving eggs and maintaining 
the fragile diplomatic ties that

6025
05:30:31,000 --> 05:30:34,300
were needed to keep the family 
goat, giving milk By the time 

6026
05:30:34,300 --> 05:30:37,100
they were 10, they would know 
enough about farming to tell 

6027
05:30:37,100 --> 05:30:38,900
when plants were sick, guess 
what? 

6028
05:30:38,900 --> 05:30:41,400
The weather would be like and 
figure out exactly how much 

6029
05:30:41,400 --> 05:30:44,000
grain the family would need to 
get through to the next Harvest.

6030
05:30:45,100 --> 05:30:47,400
But being a kid, wasn't all 
about work and duty. 

6031
05:30:47,400 --> 05:30:49,900
Kids in Sicily were great at 
finding fun. 

6032
05:30:49,900 --> 05:30:53,700
Things to do with items that 
adults left lying around, they 

6033
05:30:53,700 --> 05:30:56,900
would use Stones sticks and 
their imaginations to play 

6034
05:30:56,900 --> 05:30:59,200
complicated games. 
That might turn a hill into a 

6035
05:30:59,200 --> 05:31:01,900
war, a kingdom or an ocean, full
of pirates. 

6036
05:31:02,700 --> 05:31:05,800
They would make toys out of 
scraps of fabric, build tiny 

6037
05:31:05,800 --> 05:31:08,900
communities out of Pebbles and 
clay and learn how to tell 

6038
05:31:08,900 --> 05:31:11,000
stories that would help them 
when they grew up and had to 

6039
05:31:11,000 --> 05:31:14,700
pass on Traditions to the Next 
Generation Unwritten rules, 

6040
05:31:14,700 --> 05:31:17,800
which were stronger than any 
written laws, dictated how 

6041
05:31:17,800 --> 05:31:20,700
neighbor's treated one another, 
you would help with the Harvest 

6042
05:31:20,700 --> 05:31:24,300
lent tools be there for people 
when they were sick or going 

6043
05:31:24,300 --> 05:31:27,300
through a hard time and take 
part in the complicated, social 

6044
05:31:27,300 --> 05:31:30,400
discussions that keep a small 
community running, however, 

6045
05:31:30,400 --> 05:31:34,300
rivalries competitions and 
fights could last for decades 

6046
05:31:34,300 --> 05:31:37,200
and be enjoyable for everyone 
else, who was not directly 

6047
05:31:37,200 --> 05:31:39,500
involved. 
Your town had its own court 

6048
05:31:39,500 --> 05:31:41,800
system. 
That worked on its own, no 

6049
05:31:41,800 --> 05:31:44,600
matter who was in charge of the 
government at the time, Village 

6050
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:46,000
Elders settled. 
Disagreements. 

6051
05:31:46,000 --> 05:31:48,200
Because they knew that the 
purpose was not to figure out 

6052
05:31:48,200 --> 05:31:51,700
who was right and who was wrong.
But to find solutions that let 

6053
05:31:51,700 --> 05:31:53,500
everyone keep living and working
together. 

6054
05:31:53,500 --> 05:31:56,400
Most of the time punishments 
were useful. 

6055
05:31:56,400 --> 05:32:00,400
For example, if you broke 
something, you would fix it and 

6056
05:32:00,400 --> 05:32:03,900
then some to make up for the 
trouble you caused. if one were 

6057
05:32:03,900 --> 05:32:07,400
to disseminate harmful rumors, 
it may be necessary to engage in

6058
05:32:07,400 --> 05:32:09,900
activities that would occupy 
one's time and prevent further 

6059
05:32:09,900 --> 05:32:13,700
gossip, The town also had its 
own economy centered on trade 

6060
05:32:13,700 --> 05:32:17,100
Mutual Duty and the idea that 
what goes around comes around, 

6061
05:32:17,100 --> 05:32:20,400
sometimes literally. 
You could swap olive oil for 

6062
05:32:20,400 --> 05:32:23,700
wheat, a neighbor with their 
harvest in exchange, for help 

6063
05:32:23,700 --> 05:32:26,400
with your own building project 
or give wine for a wedding 

6064
05:32:26,400 --> 05:32:29,400
celebration knowing that when 
your daughter got married, the 

6065
05:32:29,400 --> 05:32:31,800
community would give generously 
to her celebration. 

6066
05:32:33,000 --> 05:32:35,000
Marriage wasn't just the joining
of two people. 

6067
05:32:35,000 --> 05:32:38,600
It was the joining of two 
family, businesses complete with

6068
05:32:38,600 --> 05:32:40,300
negotiations. 
That would make current 

6069
05:32:40,300 --> 05:32:44,200
corporate lawyers proud People 
discussed dowries changed 

6070
05:32:44,200 --> 05:32:47,000
property lines and planned for 
future Generations. 

6071
05:32:47,000 --> 05:32:51,100
Like military leaders might But 
beyond all the Practical reasons

6072
05:32:51,100 --> 05:32:54,100
was, the understanding that 
successful marriages, made 

6073
05:32:54,100 --> 05:32:57,200
Partnerships strong enough to 
get through any problems that 

6074
05:32:57,200 --> 05:33:00,600
might come up in Sicily, women 
in your village, had a real, but

6075
05:33:00,600 --> 05:33:02,500
often hidden influence on the 
community. 

6076
05:33:02,500 --> 05:33:06,000
They oversaw the household. 
Budgets made medical choices, 

6077
05:33:06,000 --> 05:33:09,800
set up marriages, and kept the 
social networks going that let 

6078
05:33:09,800 --> 05:33:11,900
people share information and 
solve problems. 

6079
05:33:12,700 --> 05:33:15,500
A woman who was known for being 
wise and making beneficial 

6080
05:33:15,500 --> 05:33:18,800
decisions, might sway Village 
decisions, just as much as a 

6081
05:33:18,800 --> 05:33:21,800
male did. 
However, she might accomplish it

6082
05:33:21,800 --> 05:33:24,900
by talking to people at the well
in official gatherings in the 

6083
05:33:24,908 --> 05:33:27,600
Town Square. 
As night falls, over your 

6084
05:33:27,600 --> 05:33:30,700
village, the old Stones turn 
gold, as they have seen many 

6085
05:33:30,700 --> 05:33:34,000
sunsets just like this one. 
You feel like you are part of 

6086
05:33:34,000 --> 05:33:36,500
something bigger than anyone 
life or generation. 

6087
05:33:37,100 --> 05:33:39,800
Fire in your heart, burns wood 
from trees, your grandfather 

6088
05:33:39,800 --> 05:33:43,300
planted, it warms a house that 
was built by hands that learned 

6089
05:33:43,300 --> 05:33:46,500
how to do things from Craftsman,
whose names are no longer known,

6090
05:33:46,500 --> 05:33:48,400
but whose work is still strong 
and true. 

6091
05:33:49,300 --> 05:33:51,700
As the day comes to an end, your
kids come together. 

6092
05:33:51,700 --> 05:33:54,500
Their face is lit. 
By the firelight that ties them 

6093
05:33:54,500 --> 05:33:57,400
to every child who has ever 
listened to stories in this 

6094
05:33:57,400 --> 05:34:00,400
room, the stories you tell them 
aren't just for fun. 

6095
05:34:00,400 --> 05:34:03,100
There are Legacy that passes on 
knowledge, gained through 

6096
05:34:03,100 --> 05:34:07,000
generations of success and 
failure, happiness, and sadness,

6097
05:34:07,000 --> 05:34:10,300
and plenty. 
And want each story teaches, 

6098
05:34:10,300 --> 05:34:14,000
bravery intelligence 
determination and Community 

6099
05:34:14,000 --> 05:34:18,000
better than any school. 
The community, relaxes into its 

6100
05:34:18,000 --> 05:34:21,400
nightly routines, which have 
been the same for hundreds of 

6101
05:34:21,400 --> 05:34:23,600
years? 
Outside your massive stone 

6102
05:34:23,600 --> 05:34:26,800
walls, a woman sings while she 
spins wool. 

6103
05:34:26,800 --> 05:34:30,200
Her voice can be heard in the 
tiny alleys which are full of 

6104
05:34:30,200 --> 05:34:33,900
children, going home for dinner.
The fragrance of bread baking in

6105
05:34:33,900 --> 05:34:35,800
communal. 
Ovens mixes with the smell of 

6106
05:34:35,808 --> 05:34:39,700
wood smoke and plants growing 
wild on slopes that seemed to 

6107
05:34:39,700 --> 05:34:43,200
glow from inside. 
Your neighbors are doing their 

6108
05:34:43,200 --> 05:34:46,800
own nightly routines like taking
care of animals, fixing tools 

6109
05:34:46,800 --> 05:34:50,400
making plans for the next day's 
labor, and sharing meals that 

6110
05:34:50,400 --> 05:34:53,200
turn simple Foods into 
celebrations of survival and 

6111
05:34:53,200 --> 05:34:55,800
community. 
The two old men are still 

6112
05:34:55,800 --> 05:34:58,500
arguing about their 
grandfather's donkeys and their 

6113
05:34:58,500 --> 05:35:01,300
dispute has gotten more 
complicated to include extensive

6114
05:35:01,300 --> 05:35:05,700
comparisons of the donkeys, 
intelligence endurance and moral

6115
05:35:05,700 --> 05:35:08,000
character that will make future 
Generations. 

6116
05:35:08,000 --> 05:35:11,800
Laugh for decades The priests of
the Hamlet, makes his rounds at 

6117
05:35:11,800 --> 05:35:15,400
night, not as an official duty. 
But as a friend and neighbor, 

6118
05:35:15,400 --> 05:35:18,300
who knows that spiritual care 
frequently means helping out in 

6119
05:35:18,300 --> 05:35:20,700
other ways. 
He might help someone make a 

6120
05:35:20,700 --> 05:35:24,200
tough choice, settle a small 
argument or just have a glass of

6121
05:35:24,200 --> 05:35:25,800
wine with someone who needs 
companionship. 

6122
05:35:25,800 --> 05:35:30,000
His presence is like thread 
through fabric weaving through 

6123
05:35:30,000 --> 05:35:33,400
the community and making links 
that hold everyone together when

6124
05:35:33,400 --> 05:35:37,200
they strength isn't enough, 
Stars shine about mountains that

6125
05:35:37,200 --> 05:35:41,600
have protected your people from 
invasions plagues famines and 

6126
05:35:41,600 --> 05:35:43,800
all the other things that test 
human strength. 

6127
05:35:43,800 --> 05:35:46,900
You remember that, you are part 
of a chain, that goes back to 

6128
05:35:46,900 --> 05:35:50,200
ancestors whose names, you will 
never know but whose blood runs 

6129
05:35:50,200 --> 05:35:53,300
through your veins. 
Their hardships, made your life 

6130
05:35:53,300 --> 05:35:56,200
possible just like your 
struggles are making life 

6131
05:35:56,200 --> 05:35:58,200
possible for kids. 
Who haven't been born yet? 

6132
05:35:58,900 --> 05:36:00,800
The knowledge of Your World 
Isn't in books. 

6133
05:36:00,800 --> 05:36:03,600
It's in how you read the 
weather, how you keep food 

6134
05:36:03,600 --> 05:36:06,900
fresh, the stories, you tell the
songs you sing and the people 

6135
05:36:06,900 --> 05:36:09,400
you meet. 
Wisdom that comes from 

6136
05:36:09,400 --> 05:36:13,500
experience is tested by need and
is confirmed by the fact that 

6137
05:36:13,500 --> 05:36:15,900
you're here doing well in a 
location. 

6138
05:36:15,900 --> 05:36:19,100
That asks a lot of its people 
and provides them Beauty 

6139
05:36:19,100 --> 05:36:22,100
community and a deep sense of 
belonging. 

6140
05:36:23,100 --> 05:36:25,100
Your Sicily isn't just a place 
on a map. 

6141
05:36:25,100 --> 05:36:28,300
It's a way of living. 
That knows how seasons and souls

6142
05:36:28,300 --> 05:36:31,200
are connected. 
How individual effort can help a

6143
05:36:31,200 --> 05:36:34,200
community survive and how daily 
work is necessary. 

6144
05:36:34,200 --> 05:36:36,300
But all so spiritual. 
When it's shared with others 

6145
05:36:36,300 --> 05:36:40,200
through meals stories and 
struggles that become victories.

6146
05:36:41,000 --> 05:36:43,500
As you go off to sleep, in your 
old house, surrounded by the 

6147
05:36:43,500 --> 05:36:47,300
Tranquil sound of a community at
rest, you feel positive about 

6148
05:36:47,300 --> 05:36:50,200
the work, you've done the 
connections, you've taken care 

6149
05:36:50,200 --> 05:36:52,500
of and the Traditions. 
You've kept alive. 

6150
05:36:52,500 --> 05:36:55,700
Tomorrow will bring new 
problems, new chances and new 

6151
05:36:55,700 --> 05:36:57,400
stories to contribute to the 
collection. 

6152
05:36:57,400 --> 05:37:01,600
That makes up your people. 
But tonight, you are surrounded 

6153
05:37:01,600 --> 05:37:05,800
by Community tradition and the 
lasting beauty of a life lived 

6154
05:37:05,800 --> 05:37:08,900
in accordance with the rhythms 
of the soil, the seasons, and 

6155
05:37:08,900 --> 05:37:11,500
the human heart that Finds Its 
home in the endless dance 

6156
05:37:11,500 --> 05:37:13,000
between struggle and 
celebration. 

6157
05:37:13,000 --> 05:37:15,400
That is the heart of the 
Sicilian character. 

6158
05:37:16,700 --> 05:37:18,600
The fire turns into brilliant 
Embers. 

6159
05:37:18,600 --> 05:37:22,300
Your kids breathing slows as 
they fall asleep and the old 

6160
05:37:22,300 --> 05:37:25,600
Hills outside your window. 
Stand guard over dreams. 

6161
05:37:25,600 --> 05:37:29,600
That tie you to every generation
that has ever lived on this wild

6162
05:37:29,600 --> 05:37:30,500
beautiful Island.