A Day in the Life of a Medieval Princess | Boring History

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Looks like your Royal drowsiness
has returned and I see you've 

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claimed your throne of pillows 
again. 

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So I'm glad you're here. 
The fire is low and steady 

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tonight casting that warm glow 
that makes the world feel 

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smaller and kinder. 
We're settling into a day in the

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life of a medieval princess, not
as a glittering Legend, but as a

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series of quiet 
responsibilities, watchful 

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conversations and long stretches
of waiting. 

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If this calm story telling helps
you unwind, please. 

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Feel free to follow us. 
Drop a like and tell me where 

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you're listening from and what 
time it is for you. 

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Now he's closer to the warmth, 
let your head sink into the 

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pillow, slow your breathing and 
be sure to switch that fan on 

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for some noise. 
Englund. 1348. 

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Black Death has not yet reached.
Your father's lands and the 

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castle humps with the ordinary 
rhythms of daily life. 

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Prayers and meals lessons and 
needlework and the endless small

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ceremonies that Mark time in a 
world measured by bells, and 

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Seasons, your 17 quart between 
childhood and whatever 

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Arrangement your father's 
Council deems. 

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Most advantageous living in that
peculiar space where you have 

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all the restrictions of 
Womanhood but few of its 

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freedoms. 
The chapel Bell cuts through 

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your sleep. 
Like a blade through butter 

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though. 
Considerably less Pleasant. 

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Your eyes open to near total 
darkness broken only by The 

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Faint glow of coals in the 
Brazier across your chamber 

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somewhere, beyond the heavy 
tapestries covering the stone 

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walls. 
A servant is already moving. 

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You can hear the whisper of 
Russia's under feet and the soft

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clink of a water. 
You are being set down, you lie.

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Still for a moment wrapped in 
Furs, that smell faintly of the 

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herbs, your chamber maid stuffs 
between them lavender, you think

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and something sharpener, 
Rupert's the linen sheets, 

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beneath you are cool against 
your cheek and your acutely 

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aware. 
That the moment you move the 

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warmth you've cultivated through
the night, will escape replaced 

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by the bone, deep chill of a 
stone chamber in February My 

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lady Agnes's voice comes soft 
through the bed, curtains. 

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She's been your chamber made 
since you were nine patient with

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your morning reluctance in a 
way. 

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Your mother never was the bells 
have run. 

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You make a sound that isn't 
quite agreement, isn't quite 

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protest. 
Agnes. 

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Used to this performance. 
Doesn't wait for more articulate

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consent. 
The bed, curtains, part and cold

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air rushes in like an unwelcome 
visitor, you sit up and she's 

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already there with your chamber 
robe. 

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The wool one lined with rabbit 
fur that your aunt sent to 

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Winters ago. 
The floor is cold even through 

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the rush, matting. 
Your feet, find your slippers 

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soft leather slightly too large 
lined with wool that's beginning

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to peel. 
Agnes has already laid out your 

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Chimes on the clothing chest and
you slip it over your head. 

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While she turns to prod the 
breeze, your colds back to life.

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The linen settles against your 
skin. 

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Like a whisper. 
Fine enough that you can feel 

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the cold through it. 
You move to the base and where 

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she's poured water from the 
Euler. 

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It's cold. 
Of course, there's no heating 

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water before Prime. 
That small luxury reserved for 

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evening a pollution's. 
He splashed it on your face 

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anyway, the shock of it driving 
the last fog of sleep from your 

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mind. 
The water smells faintly 

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metallic drawn from the well in 
the lower Bailey. 

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You dry your face on the linen 
towel Agnes offers noting 

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absently that it needs. 
Mending along one Edge. 

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The blue today, my lady Agnes 
holds up your day. 

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Kirtle the one died with woe 
that your mother says brings out

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your eyes you nod and she helps 
you into it. 

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The fingers quick with the 
lacing up the side. 

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The wool is heavy, good quality 
and tightly woven enough to keep

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out drafts over. 
It goes your sleeveless circuit 

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the neckline embroidered with a 
pattern of roses. 

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You Stitch yourself last summer 
under your mother's watchful 

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eye. 
Your hair is still in its night 

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braids and Agnes Begins, the 
familiar process of undoing, it 

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running her fingers through to 
work out the tangles before we 

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braiding it smoothly. 
Hands are gentle but efficient, 

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she's done this thousands of 
times and there's something 

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soothing about the rhythm of it.
Close your eyes while she works 

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feeling the pull and release as 
she sections and weave. 

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Your circulate my lady, she 
settles it over your Veil, The 

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Thin band of silver that marks 
your rank without the 

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ostentation of a crown. 
It sits just so a gentle 

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pressure of your brow that 
you've long since stopped 

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noticing except when it's first 
place, the walk to the chapel 

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takes you through corridors. 
Barely touched by Torchlight at 

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this hour your soft soled. 
Shoes make almost no sound on 

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the stone floors. 
You can hear the castle waking 

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around you, the clang of Pops 
from the distant kitchen, the 

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murmur of servants, beginning 
their day and the scrape of 

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benches being moved in the Great
Hall below. 

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The chapel is cold enough that 
you can see your breath. 

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Your mother is already in her 
place. 

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Her back perfectly straight. 
Her prayer book open before her.

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She doesn't turn when you enter 
but you know, she's noted your 

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arrival, probably measured it 
against whatever, internal 

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clock. 
She keeps to judge such things, 

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you settle onto your own 
kneeling cushion, the 

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embroidered, one your 
grandmother made and bow your 

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head. 
Father Benedict's voice rises in

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the familiar Latin and you let 
it wash over you without trying 

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to pass every word. 
Your mind is always wondered 

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during these early offices and 
you've long since given up 

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feeling guilty about it. 
Instead, you focus on the way, 

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the words sound the rhythm of 
them like water over stones. 

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Chapel smells of incense and Old
Stone and the particular 

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mustiness of prayer books that 
have been handled by countless 

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fingers, your knees, begin to 
ache against the thin cushion. 

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This is normal. 
You shift your weight slightly, 

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a movement. 
So small, your mother probably 

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doesn't notice though, you 
wouldn't bet your best salt on 

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it. 
The cold seeps up through the 

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floor, through the cushion an 
into your bones. 

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You think about breakfast? 
There will be bread cheese. 

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Likely, some of the smoked fish 
from the stores and we kale to 

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wash it down. 
Your stomach makes a small sound

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of anticipation and you pray. 
It wasn't loud enough to carry 

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The service ends eventually as 
all things do you rise stiffly 

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your knees? 
Protesting your mother sweeps. 

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Past with barely a glance, her 
mind already on the dais 

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household management. 
You follow at a more measured 

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Pace Agnes, falling into step 
behind you. 

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The breakfast chamber is 
marginally warmer than the 

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chapel. 
Thanks to a brassiere. 

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Someone had the wisdom to light 
Before Dawn. 

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The table is already laid with 
bread cheese and of pickled 

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vegetables. 
That makes your nose wrinkle 

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slightly. 
Your father sits at the head, 

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breaking his bread with decisive
movements while your younger 

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brother picks at his portion 
with the sort of studied in 

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different. 
Only a 12 year old can muster 

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You take your seat and a servant
immediately fills your cup with 

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ale. 
Thin stuff, barely worth the 

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Brewing, but it's warm and 
that's what matters on a 

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February morning. 
The bread is yesterday's, which 

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means it's tough enough to 
require actual chewing, but it's

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good bread. 
Dark and dense made from mixed 

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rye and wheat. 
You spread it with butter. 

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That's been stored in the cool, 
Cellar slightly harder than 

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ideal and take a bite that 
requires determination. 

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Your father is discussing grain 
stores with the steward, his 

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voice. 
Carrying that particular Edge. 

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It gets when he's worried about 
something but refusing to admit 

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it. 
The Harvest was good last year 

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but not generous and everyone's 
making calculations about how 

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long Supply will hold. 
If spring comes late, you listen

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while pretending not to a skill,
you've perfected over years of 

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being present, but officially 
uninterested in matters of a 

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state management, The lower 
Fields need draining. 

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Your father says pointing at 
nothing with his bread. 

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I'll not have another season of 
poor yield because we're growing

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more water than wheat. 
The steward makes agreeable. 

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Sounds your brother yours. 
Not bothering to cover his mouth

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until your mother's sharp glance
from him. 

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You bite back a smile and take 
another drink of Ale breakfast, 

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doesn't last long, your father 
has a state business, your 

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mother has household matters and
your brother has weapons 

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practice with the Master at 
Arms, which he approaches with 

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considerably more enthusiasm 
than he shows for the Latin 

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Premiere. 
His tutor makes him suffer 

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through afterward. 
You meanwhile have lessons of 

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your own Your tutor brother 
Clemente is waiting in the Solar

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his books and writing materials 
already arranged on the table 

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that catches the best light from
the tall window. 

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He's a patient man round faced 
and Mild with ink stains on his 

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fingers that never quite wash 
away. 

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He rises when you enter bowing 
slightly. 

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Good morning, my lady. 
I thought we might continue with

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our boethius today. 
You settle into your chair 

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grateful for the cushion. 
Someone remembered to place on 

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it. 
The consolation of philosophy 

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lies open on the table. 
The Latin text marching across 

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the page in neat. 
Columns, brother, Clemente has 

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been working with you on 
translation, for months now, and

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you've developed a peculiar 
fondness for Bowie's, and his 

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prison cell philosophizing. 
There's something oddly 

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comforting about reading a man 
who wrote about fate and 

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Fortune. 
While awaiting execution. 

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It puts your own a minor 
frustrations in perspective, 

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Shall We Begin with chapter 7 
brother? 

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Clemente suggests and you nod 
scanning the text to find your 

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place? 
The work is slow and careful. 

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You read a sentence allowed in 
Latin then attempt to render it 

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into French. 
The language. 

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You actually speak when you're 
not struggling through ancient 

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texts. 
Brother, Clemente listens 

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occasionally correcting your 
pronunciation more often, 

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helping you untangle, 
particularly naughty grammar. 

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The Latin has a rhythm to it 
that you've learned to 

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appreciate even when the meaning
slips away from you, like fish 

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in a stream. 
Nothing is miserable unless you 

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think it. 
So you translate working through

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the sentence word by word. 
And likewise every Fortune is 

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blessed if it is born with 
equanimity. 

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Very good. 
My lady though. 

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Blessed might be a touch strong.
Perhaps favorable would serve 

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better. 
You can consider this tracing 

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the Latin word with your finger.
Piata. 

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But doesn't that have religious 
connotations? 

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Blessed seems, right. 
Ah, but we see, this is speaking

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philosophically here. 
Not theologically, the 

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distinction matters. 
You've had this sort of 

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discussion before brother, 
Clemente takes great pleasure in

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these fine points of meaning and
you've learned that arguing with

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him is both expected and 
educational. 

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You spend a pleasant quarter 
hour, debating the nuances of 

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Latin terminology before moving 
on, to the next passage the 

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Morning. 
Light shifts, as you work 

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moving, cross the floor in that,
slow inevitable way that Marx 

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time more reliably than any 
water clock. 

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Your hand cramps slightly from 
writing brother Clemente, 

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insists you copy out sections to
improve your script and your 

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letters are still more 
enthusiastic than elegant. 

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You pause to flex your fingers 
and he takes the opportunity to 

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discourse on the value of clear 
handwriting. 

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00:12:04,800 --> 00:12:08,500
A well-formed letter is a kind 
of courtesy to the reader. 

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00:12:08,500 --> 00:12:11,000
My lady. 
It says that you value their 

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00:12:11,000 --> 00:12:15,100
time and effort you nod, trying 
not to think about how you 

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aren't right to hand so cramped 
and crooked that reading her 

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letters, feels like deciphering 
some ancient code. 

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Apparently, courtesy has its 
limits. 

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By the time, the bells ring for 
tourists you've translated three

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more chapters and copied out. 
One particularly relevant, 

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passage about the nature of 
Good. 

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Fortune, your hand aches. 
Your back is stiff from sitting 

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your mind feels pleasantly full 
in the way it does off to 

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concentrated work. 
Brother Clemente gathers his 

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materials, with the care of a 
man who values his books more 

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than most value gold. 
Tomorrow, we might attempt some 

232
00:12:51,700 --> 00:12:53,700
overhead. 
He suggests which makes you 

233
00:12:53,700 --> 00:12:58,500
smile despite yourself brother 
Clements idea of appropriate, 

234
00:12:58,500 --> 00:13:01,600
reading for a young woman, 
stretches considerably beyond 

235
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:04,400
what your mother would have 
proved She's never actually 

236
00:13:04,400 --> 00:13:07,200
asked what you study and you've 
never volunteered the 

237
00:13:07,200 --> 00:13:09,800
information. 
Your mother is waiting in the 

238
00:13:09,800 --> 00:13:13,800
ladies solo when you arrive her 
embroidery frame already set up 

239
00:13:13,800 --> 00:13:15,300
near the window where the light 
is best. 

240
00:13:16,100 --> 00:13:19,200
Two of her ladies are with her 
lady Margaret, who's been your 

241
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:22,800
mother's companion since before 
you were born and Eleanor whose 

242
00:13:22,800 --> 00:13:25,300
only a few years older than you 
and married to one of your 

243
00:13:25,300 --> 00:13:29,100
father's mine and knights they 
look up when you enter their 

244
00:13:29,100 --> 00:13:33,000
needles pausing in their work, 
sit your mother says, nodding 

245
00:13:33,000 --> 00:13:35,700
toward your own frame. 
We're working on the altar 

246
00:13:35,700 --> 00:13:38,100
cloth. 
The altar cloth, you'd almost 

247
00:13:38,100 --> 00:13:41,600
managed to forget about it. 
It's been in progress for what 

248
00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:45,200
feels like your entire life. 
A massive piece of linen in 

249
00:13:45,208 --> 00:13:49,100
destined for the chapel covered 
in an intricate pattern of vines

250
00:13:49,100 --> 00:13:52,300
and flowers and small birds that
your mother designed with more 

251
00:13:52,300 --> 00:13:56,200
ambition than Mercy. 
Your section currently features 

252
00:13:56,200 --> 00:13:58,100
a rose in various stages of 
completion. 

253
00:13:59,100 --> 00:14:02,200
The petals worked in Split 
Stitch with silk threads. 

254
00:14:02,200 --> 00:14:04,000
So fine, it makes your eyes 
ache. 

255
00:14:04,700 --> 00:14:07,300
You settle onto your stool and 
examine your work from 

256
00:14:07,300 --> 00:14:09,600
yesterday. 
The rose looks slightly 

257
00:14:09,600 --> 00:14:12,300
lopsided. 
One petal, bulging, where your 

258
00:14:12,308 --> 00:14:15,300
stitches pulled two tight. 
Your mother will notice of 

259
00:14:15,300 --> 00:14:19,100
course she notices everything 
but perhaps if you work on the 

260
00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:22,400
leaves today you can come back 
to fix it when she's distracted.

261
00:14:23,300 --> 00:14:26,300
The red silk first. 
Your mother says, as if reading 

262
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:29,400
your attempt at strategic 
avoidance, that petal needs 

263
00:14:29,408 --> 00:14:32,600
filling. 
So much for clever planning, you

264
00:14:32,600 --> 00:14:35,700
thread, your needle, a process 
that takes longer than you'd 

265
00:14:35,700 --> 00:14:38,900
like, give them that the silk is
approximately, the width of a 

266
00:14:38,900 --> 00:14:42,100
hair, and the needle's eye is 
apparently designed for someone 

267
00:14:42,100 --> 00:14:43,500
with the vision of a hunting 
Hawk. 

268
00:14:44,200 --> 00:14:47,500
When you finally succeed, you 
take a breath and begin the 

269
00:14:47,500 --> 00:14:50,900
small careful stitches that 
embroidery demands. 

270
00:14:51,800 --> 00:14:54,000
The work requires enough 
concentration. 

271
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:58,100
That conversation happens in the
pauses between stitches, when 

272
00:14:58,100 --> 00:15:00,700
someone's needle needs 
rethreading, well the light 

273
00:15:00,700 --> 00:15:02,500
shifts and everyone adjusts 
position. 

274
00:15:02,500 --> 00:15:05,600
Slightly lady Margaret is 
telling a story about The 

275
00:15:05,600 --> 00:15:09,200
Miller's wife who apparently 
threw a bucket of wash water at 

276
00:15:09,200 --> 00:15:12,200
the Miller during an argument 
about something involving the 

277
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:15,600
grain measure. 
Right in the face, lady Margaret

278
00:15:15,600 --> 00:15:19,400
says with evidence satisfaction 
and he was standing there 

279
00:15:19,400 --> 00:15:22,700
dripping to surprise to speak 
Eleanor laughs. 

280
00:15:22,700 --> 00:15:24,600
The sound bright in the quiet 
room. 

281
00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:28,300
Your mother makes a sound that 
could be disapproval but might 

282
00:15:28,300 --> 00:15:30,800
be suppressed. 
Amusement, it's hard to tell 

283
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:34,400
with her sometimes. 
The Millers wife always did have

284
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:38,100
a temper, your mother observes 
her needle moving in and out of 

285
00:15:38,108 --> 00:15:39,800
the linen with mechanical 
precision. 

286
00:15:40,600 --> 00:15:42,200
Though, I suspect he deserved 
it. 

287
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:45,100
John has been measuring light 
since michaelmas. 

288
00:15:46,200 --> 00:15:49,400
You smiled to yourself, keeping 
your eyes on your rose petal. 

289
00:15:50,100 --> 00:15:53,800
the silks slides through the 
linen with a soft, whisper one 

290
00:15:53,800 --> 00:16:00,500
stitch, pull through another 
Stitch pull through the river is

291
00:16:00,500 --> 00:16:04,600
soothing once you settle in to 
it, almost meditative your mind 

292
00:16:04,600 --> 00:16:08,600
wanders, while your hands work 
You think about boethius and his

293
00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:11,600
prison cell about whether he 
ever did needle worked to pass 

294
00:16:11,608 --> 00:16:13,700
the time, though? 
Probably not. 

295
00:16:14,500 --> 00:16:16,400
That seems like the sort of 
thing they leave out of 

296
00:16:16,400 --> 00:16:19,000
philosophical texts. 
Careful there. 

297
00:16:19,000 --> 00:16:22,100
Your mother says and you realize
you've let your stitches pull 

298
00:16:22,100 --> 00:16:24,800
too tight again. 
You loosen your grip, slightly 

299
00:16:24,800 --> 00:16:28,200
adjusting the tension. 
This is the Eternal challenge of

300
00:16:28,200 --> 00:16:32,100
embroidery keeping everything. 
Even smooth and consistent. 

301
00:16:32,100 --> 00:16:35,200
Rather like life. 
You suppose, though you keep the

302
00:16:35,200 --> 00:16:39,200
observational is talking about 
the new chaplain at her 

303
00:16:39,208 --> 00:16:42,700
husband's Manor, a young man, 
apparently more enthusiastic 

304
00:16:42,700 --> 00:16:46,000
about salvation, then skilled in
delivering sermons. 

305
00:16:46,900 --> 00:16:49,200
He preached for two hours last 
Sunday. 

306
00:16:49,200 --> 00:16:54,200
She says her voice mixing or and
exhaustion, two hours about 

307
00:16:54,200 --> 00:17:00,200
locusts. plague of locusts lady 
Margaret asks know just locusts 

308
00:17:00,200 --> 00:17:04,200
in general, their habits, their 
diet By the end, I knew more 

309
00:17:04,208 --> 00:17:05,599
about Locust than I ever wished 
to. 

310
00:17:06,500 --> 00:17:10,000
Your mother's needle pauses. 
Two hours is excessive. 

311
00:17:10,700 --> 00:17:13,400
Someone should speak to the 
prior about suitable sermon 

312
00:17:13,400 --> 00:17:16,000
length. 
You bite your lip to keep from 

313
00:17:16,000 --> 00:17:18,500
laughing. 
The image of someone instructing

314
00:17:18,500 --> 00:17:21,200
a young priest on the 
appropriate duration for insect 

315
00:17:21,200 --> 00:17:25,599
related preaching strikes, you 
as fundamentally absurd and you 

316
00:17:25,599 --> 00:17:29,200
focus very hard on your rose 
petal to avoid catching 

317
00:17:29,200 --> 00:17:32,100
Eleanor's. 
I The morning slides, by In This

318
00:17:32,100 --> 00:17:36,300
fashion Small Talk gossip. 
The quiet sound of needles 

319
00:17:36,300 --> 00:17:38,900
through linen. 
And the occasional frustrated, 

320
00:17:38,900 --> 00:17:42,200
sigh, when someone's thread 
Tangles, your rose petal. 

321
00:17:42,200 --> 00:17:45,900
Gradually fills in the red silk 
building up layers of stitches 

322
00:17:45,900 --> 00:17:48,100
until it begins to look almost 
dimensional. 

323
00:17:48,100 --> 00:17:51,800
Not as perfect as your mother's 
work, but better than it was 

324
00:17:52,700 --> 00:17:57,000
Progress, you tell yourself is 
still progress by the time, the 

325
00:17:57,000 --> 00:17:59,900
bells ring for sex, your back 
aches, from hunching, over your 

326
00:17:59,900 --> 00:18:03,100
frame and you have a small knot 
between your shoulder blades, 

327
00:18:03,100 --> 00:18:05,400
that no amount of rolling, your 
shoulders will shift. 

328
00:18:06,500 --> 00:18:09,000
Your mother sets down her work 
with the air of someone 

329
00:18:09,000 --> 00:18:11,200
satisfied with the mornings 
accomplishment. 

330
00:18:12,900 --> 00:18:15,700
We'll continue after dinner. 
She says, which isn't a 

331
00:18:15,700 --> 00:18:18,500
question. 
You nod already thinking about 

332
00:18:18,500 --> 00:18:21,800
the afternoon and whether you 
can engineer some reason to take

333
00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:24,800
your needle, work to the Garden 
instead of staying in the Solar 

334
00:18:24,800 --> 00:18:27,700
fresh air seems suddenly very 
appealing. 

335
00:18:27,700 --> 00:18:31,500
The Great Hall is filling by the
time you arrive the household 

336
00:18:31,500 --> 00:18:33,300
gathering for the main meal of 
the day. 

337
00:18:33,300 --> 00:18:37,100
The Trestle tables are already 
laid, the bread trenches set 

338
00:18:37,100 --> 00:18:40,100
out, the air thick with the 
smell of roasted meat. 

339
00:18:40,100 --> 00:18:43,700
And the particular human warmth 
of bodies packed into an 

340
00:18:43,700 --> 00:18:47,000
enclosed space. 
You make your way to the high 

341
00:18:47,000 --> 00:18:50,300
table, where your family sits 
slightly elevated above the 

342
00:18:50,300 --> 00:18:54,200
general population, a physical 
manifestation of hierarchy that 

343
00:18:54,200 --> 00:18:56,700
no one questioned because it 
simply how things are. 

344
00:18:57,600 --> 00:19:00,300
Your father is already seated 
discussing something with the 

345
00:19:00,300 --> 00:19:03,400
bailiff that involves much 
pointing at an absent field and 

346
00:19:03,400 --> 00:19:06,500
frowning. 
Your mother arrives moments 

347
00:19:06,500 --> 00:19:10,300
after you her ladies trailing 
behind to take their places at 

348
00:19:10,300 --> 00:19:13,500
the side tables. 
Your brother slouches into his 

349
00:19:13,500 --> 00:19:17,100
seat, with the particular 
graceless of 12 year old boys 

350
00:19:17,100 --> 00:19:20,000
who have just finished weapons 
practice and are mainly 

351
00:19:20,000 --> 00:19:23,000
interested in food. 
The servants. 

352
00:19:23,000 --> 00:19:26,300
Bring the first course. 
Thick pottage of beans and 

353
00:19:26,300 --> 00:19:29,700
barley steaming in its bowl. 
You eat with your bread, 

354
00:19:29,700 --> 00:19:33,400
trencher soaking up the broth, 
the warmth of its spreading 

355
00:19:33,400 --> 00:19:35,400
through. 
You, the pottage is good. 

356
00:19:35,400 --> 00:19:39,600
Hearty and flavored with onions 
and herbs and small bits of salt

357
00:19:39,600 --> 00:19:41,700
pork that our depth without 
overwhelming. 

358
00:19:41,700 --> 00:19:45,500
You've had this same pottage 
countless times, but it never 

359
00:19:45,500 --> 00:19:47,900
gets old. 
There's something comforting 

360
00:19:47,900 --> 00:19:51,800
about familiar food. 
The next course arrives roasted 

361
00:19:51,800 --> 00:19:55,400
cape on still on the bone, the 
skin crispy and gleaming with 

362
00:19:55,400 --> 00:19:58,700
fat. 
Your father, carves the meat 

363
00:19:58,700 --> 00:20:03,000
falling away in tender pieces. 
You take your portion along with

364
00:20:03,000 --> 00:20:05,800
some of the roasted turnips that
have been cooking alongside the 

365
00:20:05,800 --> 00:20:08,100
bird, their edges caramelized 
and sweet. 

366
00:20:09,200 --> 00:20:12,000
Turn it to your favorite part. 
Actually though you'd never 

367
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:15,000
admit it. 
There's something undignified 

368
00:20:15,000 --> 00:20:16,900
about preferring vegetables to 
meet. 

369
00:20:17,900 --> 00:20:21,500
Around the hall conversation, 
Rises and Falls like waves. 

370
00:20:21,500 --> 00:20:25,300
The lower tables allowed her 
voice is mixing into a general 

371
00:20:25,300 --> 00:20:30,600
whom punctuated by laughter and 
the occasional Shout Someone has

372
00:20:30,600 --> 00:20:34,000
brought in a dog, which is 
strictly forbidden but happens 

373
00:20:34,000 --> 00:20:38,200
anyway with reliable regularity.
The dog wanders between tables, 

374
00:20:38,200 --> 00:20:41,400
hoping for scraps and several 
people applied, despite the 

375
00:20:41,400 --> 00:20:43,000
official rules against such 
things. 

376
00:20:43,800 --> 00:20:47,200
Your father is telling a story 
now about a hunting trip last 

377
00:20:47,200 --> 00:20:50,200
Autumn when sir Robert's horse 
threw him into a stream. 

378
00:20:50,900 --> 00:20:54,400
So Roberts sitting three seats 
down, takes the ribbing with 

379
00:20:54,400 --> 00:20:57,700
good grace, adding his own 
embellishments about the 

380
00:20:57,700 --> 00:21:01,200
temperature of the water, and 
the indignity of explaining wet 

381
00:21:01,200 --> 00:21:05,500
clothes to his wife, the table 
laughs, and you find yourself, 

382
00:21:05,500 --> 00:21:10,100
smiling around your bread. 
And the Dear Sir, Robert adds 

383
00:21:10,100 --> 00:21:13,000
stopped to watch. 
I swear it was laughing. 

384
00:21:14,000 --> 00:21:16,000
Dear. 
Don't laugh your brother objects

385
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:18,200
with the absolute. 
Certainty of someone. 

386
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:18,900
Who knows. 
Everything. 

387
00:21:19,800 --> 00:21:24,600
This one did I saw its face? 
Your brother looks ready to 

388
00:21:24,600 --> 00:21:27,100
argue the point further, but 
your mother catches his eye. 

389
00:21:27,100 --> 00:21:30,600
And he subsides returning to his
cape on with renewed, Focus. 

390
00:21:30,600 --> 00:21:34,700
You hide your smile behind your 
cup, your brother's faith. 

391
00:21:34,700 --> 00:21:37,600
In his own correctness, is both 
endearing and occasionally 

392
00:21:37,600 --> 00:21:40,800
exhausting, milk, continues 
through additional courses, 

393
00:21:40,800 --> 00:21:43,300
fishing a cream sauce, more 
bread. 

394
00:21:43,300 --> 00:21:46,500
And a dish of stewed apples that
are probably the last of last 

395
00:21:46,500 --> 00:21:49,000
year's store wrinkled, but still
sweet. 

396
00:21:50,100 --> 00:21:54,300
You eat slowly savoring each 
bite in, no, hurry to return to 

397
00:21:54,300 --> 00:21:57,800
your embroidery, the hall is 
warm from the fire and the Press

398
00:21:57,800 --> 00:22:00,700
of bodies and you've achieved 
that Pleasant state of being 

399
00:22:00,700 --> 00:22:03,600
neither hungry. 
Nor uncomfortably full your 

400
00:22:03,600 --> 00:22:05,200
father moves on to a state 
business. 

401
00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:09,700
Discussing the spring plowing 
with the bailiff when to start 

402
00:22:09,700 --> 00:22:13,100
which fields to plant with what 
crops and how many oxen they'll 

403
00:22:13,100 --> 00:22:15,700
need. 
It's the Eternal agricultural 

404
00:22:15,700 --> 00:22:20,300
calculus balancing soil and seed
and season trying to wring 

405
00:22:20,300 --> 00:22:22,100
enough from the land to feed 
everyone. 

406
00:22:22,100 --> 00:22:25,100
For another year, you've heard 
these same discussions your 

407
00:22:25,100 --> 00:22:28,000
entire life and you could 
probably make most of the 

408
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:31,500
decisions Yourself by now. 
Though no one's asking for your 

409
00:22:31,500 --> 00:22:35,100
input. 
The Northfield should rest this 

410
00:22:35,100 --> 00:22:38,000
year, the bailiff is saying 
we've worked it, hard for three 

411
00:22:38,000 --> 00:22:42,000
seasons, your father nod, 
slowly, considering plant it 

412
00:22:42,000 --> 00:22:44,100
with peas, then they'll fix the 
soil. 

413
00:22:45,700 --> 00:22:48,000
This is where your mind tends to
wander during these 

414
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:50,800
conversations. 
The endless practical details of

415
00:22:50,800 --> 00:22:54,200
running an estate important. 
Certainly necessary. 

416
00:22:54,200 --> 00:22:57,500
Absolutely. 
But not precisely thrilling. 

417
00:22:58,200 --> 00:23:01,100
You let their voices become 
background, noise and focus on 

418
00:23:01,100 --> 00:23:02,600
your apples. 
Fishing out. 

419
00:23:02,600 --> 00:23:06,500
The best pieces from the syrup 
this swimming in By the time, 

420
00:23:06,500 --> 00:23:09,500
the meal winds down the 
afternoon is well advanced. 

421
00:23:10,200 --> 00:23:13,600
Your father Rises, the signal, 
that the meal is officially over

422
00:23:13,600 --> 00:23:17,500
the household, begins to 
disperse servants, clearing 

423
00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:20,900
tables, men returning to work 
and your mother Gathering her 

424
00:23:20,900 --> 00:23:23,200
ladies. 
You rise as well, your body 

425
00:23:23,200 --> 00:23:25,600
slightly stiff from sitting and 
prepare yourself for more 

426
00:23:25,608 --> 00:23:30,100
needlework. but your mother 
surprises, you Take your sewing 

427
00:23:30,100 --> 00:23:32,600
to the Garden. 
If you like, she says, already 

428
00:23:32,600 --> 00:23:35,200
moving toward the stairs. 
The light is good this 

429
00:23:35,200 --> 00:23:38,400
afternoon. 
You try not to look too eager as

430
00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:41,200
you thank her, but inside, 
you're already planning your 

431
00:23:41,200 --> 00:23:43,500
escape. 
The garden is your favorite 

432
00:23:43,500 --> 00:23:47,300
place in the entire Castle. 
A small square of cultivated 

433
00:23:47,300 --> 00:23:50,600
Earth, tucked against the South 
wall with a stone holds the 

434
00:23:50,600 --> 00:23:54,700
sun's warmth. 
In summer, it's a riot of color 

435
00:23:54,700 --> 00:23:59,300
Rose's, Lily's herbs, both 
medicinal and culinary. 

436
00:23:59,300 --> 00:24:02,700
And even a small patch of 
strawberries that your mother 

437
00:24:02,700 --> 00:24:07,700
guards jealously Now, in 
February, it's mostly bare Earth

438
00:24:07,700 --> 00:24:10,800
and dead storms. 
But here, and there, you can see

439
00:24:10,800 --> 00:24:15,200
the green shoots of early, bulbs
pushing through determined and 

440
00:24:15,200 --> 00:24:18,500
optimistic. 
You settle on the stone bench 

441
00:24:18,500 --> 00:24:21,600
near the Rosemary. 
Which somehow stays green year 

442
00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:24,800
round and fills the air with its
sharp clean scent. 

443
00:24:24,800 --> 00:24:27,800
When you brush against It, Agnes
has brought your embroidery 

444
00:24:27,800 --> 00:24:31,600
frame and a cushion lesser and 
she hovers uncertainly until you

445
00:24:31,600 --> 00:24:33,900
waver off to whatever tasks she 
has waiting. 

446
00:24:33,900 --> 00:24:37,500
You don't actually need 
supervision to sit in a garden 

447
00:24:37,500 --> 00:24:41,100
and stab linen with a needle. 
The quiet is immediate and 

448
00:24:41,108 --> 00:24:43,600
complete. 
The garden walls block. 

449
00:24:43,600 --> 00:24:46,500
Most of the castle noise, 
leaving only the wind in the 

450
00:24:46,500 --> 00:24:49,400
bare, branches of the pear tree 
and the distant sound of someone

451
00:24:49,400 --> 00:24:52,600
chopping wood. 
You take a breath, feeling your 

452
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:54,100
shoulders. 
Drop tension. 

453
00:24:54,100 --> 00:24:56,200
You didn't know you were 
carrying releasing into the 

454
00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:58,900
afternoon. 
Are You set up your frame 

455
00:24:58,900 --> 00:25:01,800
threading, your needle more from
muscle memory than conscious 

456
00:25:01,800 --> 00:25:04,200
thought, the Rose needs more 
work. 

457
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:07,600
It always needs more work, but 
now you can do it without your 

458
00:25:07,600 --> 00:25:09,800
mother's. 
Watchful eye tracking every 

459
00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:14,200
Stitch You settle into the 
rhythm of it, needle in and out 

460
00:25:14,200 --> 00:25:18,500
the silk catching the light. 
A robin lands on the wall, 

461
00:25:18,500 --> 00:25:22,300
nearby regarding you with the 
suspicious interest Robin's. 

462
00:25:22,300 --> 00:25:25,900
Always seem to have it hops 
along the stones head cocked 

463
00:25:25,900 --> 00:25:28,200
before deciding you're not 
interesting enough to 

464
00:25:28,208 --> 00:25:30,000
investigate further and flying 
off. 

465
00:25:30,800 --> 00:25:33,300
You watch it. 
Go a small flash of Russia, 

466
00:25:33,300 --> 00:25:36,700
against grey Stone. 
The Garden in Winter, has a 

467
00:25:36,700 --> 00:25:40,700
particular quality of patience. 
Everything is waiting the roses 

468
00:25:40,700 --> 00:25:44,000
for spring pruning. 
The herbs for warmer days and 

469
00:25:44,000 --> 00:25:47,500
the fruit trees for whatever 
Alchemy transforms bare branches

470
00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:50,700
into blossoms, You understand 
the feeling? 

471
00:25:51,300 --> 00:25:56,000
You've been waiting yourself in 
various ways for years now. 

472
00:25:57,000 --> 00:25:58,500
Waiting to be old enough for 
marriage. 

473
00:25:58,500 --> 00:26:02,300
Negotiations, waiting for your 
father, to choose from among the

474
00:26:02,300 --> 00:26:04,400
various options is Council 
presents. 

475
00:26:05,300 --> 00:26:08,300
Waiting for your life to 
properly begin instead of 

476
00:26:08,308 --> 00:26:11,200
existing in the strange 
proprietary state. 

477
00:26:12,000 --> 00:26:13,300
You've mostly made peace with 
it. 

478
00:26:13,300 --> 00:26:17,900
Mostly there are days when the 
waiting feels less like patience

479
00:26:17,900 --> 00:26:21,800
and more like, suspension, when 
you want to shake everyone and 

480
00:26:21,800 --> 00:26:24,200
demand that something, anything 
happen. 

481
00:26:25,000 --> 00:26:27,700
But those days are rare. 
And now you've learned the same 

482
00:26:27,700 --> 00:26:29,900
list in the garden. 
Knows that rushing. 

483
00:26:29,900 --> 00:26:32,000
The season doesn't make spring, 
come fast faster. 

484
00:26:33,100 --> 00:26:36,900
A beer appears from somewhere 
drowsy and confused by the 

485
00:26:36,900 --> 00:26:39,100
unseasonable. 
Warmth of the afternoon, sun on 

486
00:26:39,100 --> 00:26:42,200
the South Wall. 
Bumbles passed, you 

487
00:26:42,200 --> 00:26:45,500
investigating the Rose Marie. 
Hopefully, before moving on to 

488
00:26:45,500 --> 00:26:48,700
check the dead lavender stalks. 
You wish it luck, finding 

489
00:26:48,700 --> 00:26:51,500
anything worth visiting. 
The spring flowers haven't 

490
00:26:51,500 --> 00:26:53,700
opened yet and the winter ones 
are long. 

491
00:26:53,700 --> 00:26:56,200
Finished your stitches are 
better out here. 

492
00:26:56,200 --> 00:27:01,000
You notice more even less 
anxious Perhaps it's the lack of

493
00:27:01,000 --> 00:27:03,900
audience or perhaps. 
It's simply that the garden 

494
00:27:03,900 --> 00:27:07,300
makes everything easier. you've 
always felt more yourself here 

495
00:27:07,300 --> 00:27:11,200
among the growing things than 
you do in the formal rooms of 

496
00:27:11,200 --> 00:27:14,200
the castle, where everything is 
about presentation, and 

497
00:27:14,200 --> 00:27:18,400
propriety, Shoot of something 
Green catches your eye near the 

498
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:22,500
path, probably a crocus judging 
by the shape of the leaves. 

499
00:27:22,500 --> 00:27:24,800
You'll have to tell the gardener
to be careful. 

500
00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:28,000
When he starts the spring 
digging, the crocuses were your 

501
00:27:28,000 --> 00:27:30,800
grandmother's favorite, and your
mother is sentimental about them

502
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:33,200
in a way. 
She isn't about much else you 

503
00:27:33,200 --> 00:27:36,200
make a mental, note to Mark the 
Spot with a small stick so it 

504
00:27:36,200 --> 00:27:39,400
doesn't get trampled. 
The afternoon light shifts, 

505
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:44,000
growing more gold and as the sun
moves West, your rose petal is 

506
00:27:44,000 --> 00:27:47,000
nearly finished. 
Now the red silk dense and Rich 

507
00:27:47,800 --> 00:27:50,500
You'll need to start on the 
leaves next, which means, 

508
00:27:50,500 --> 00:27:54,200
switching to Green thread and a 
whole new set of decisions about

509
00:27:54,200 --> 00:27:57,900
shading and Direction. 
But not today, today your 

510
00:27:57,900 --> 00:28:00,700
content to finish what you 
started and call it progress. 

511
00:28:01,500 --> 00:28:04,900
You hear the chapel bell ring 
for none, marking the afternoon 

512
00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:08,900
office, you don't move, you're 
allowed this small Rebellion, 

513
00:28:08,900 --> 00:28:12,400
this choosing of garden over 
prayer at least for now. 

514
00:28:13,400 --> 00:28:16,500
Your mother will forgive it. 
Or at least Overlook it. 

515
00:28:17,500 --> 00:28:20,500
The garden is one of the few 
places where the rules, relax 

516
00:28:20,500 --> 00:28:23,400
slightly. 
Where you can be something other

517
00:28:23,400 --> 00:28:26,800
than perfectly dutiful a cat 
appears from behind the 

518
00:28:26,800 --> 00:28:29,900
lavender, one of the barn cats 
that hunt mice in The Grainery. 

519
00:28:30,700 --> 00:28:34,800
It's a rangy tabby more wild 
than tame, but it's learned that

520
00:28:34,800 --> 00:28:37,200
the garden sometimes means laps 
and warmth. 

521
00:28:37,900 --> 00:28:41,300
It approaches cautiously then 
jumps up onto the bench beside 

522
00:28:41,300 --> 00:28:44,600
you circling twice before 
settling into a compact loaf 

523
00:28:44,600 --> 00:28:46,900
shape. 
You're supposed to be working, 

524
00:28:46,900 --> 00:28:50,100
you tell it, but you're already 
reaching out to scratch behind 

525
00:28:50,100 --> 00:28:53,800
its ears. 
Starts purring a rusty engine 

526
00:28:53,800 --> 00:28:55,000
sound. 
That makes you smile. 

527
00:28:55,000 --> 00:28:57,200
The two of you. 
Sit like that for a while. 

528
00:28:57,200 --> 00:29:01,300
You stitching the cat purring 
the garden waiting patiently for

529
00:29:01,300 --> 00:29:03,600
spring. 
It's not exciting. 

530
00:29:03,600 --> 00:29:05,900
Exactly. 
No one would write a song about 

531
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:10,100
it but it is yours. 
This quiet afternoon moment and 

532
00:29:10,100 --> 00:29:12,600
that's enough. 
The afternoon brings you back 

533
00:29:12,600 --> 00:29:14,700
inside. 
Reluctantly leaving the garden's

534
00:29:14,700 --> 00:29:17,700
piece for the Great Hall where 
your father holds what he calls 

535
00:29:17,700 --> 00:29:21,000
his open court. 
The weekly session where tenants

536
00:29:21,000 --> 00:29:24,100
and towns people can bring 
grievances requests and the 

537
00:29:24,100 --> 00:29:26,800
general administrative chaos of 
managing an estate. 

538
00:29:27,800 --> 00:29:31,000
You're not required to attend, 
but your father has recently 

539
00:29:31,000 --> 00:29:33,800
decided you should learn the 
Practical side of governance. 

540
00:29:34,500 --> 00:29:37,800
which means sitting on a 
slightly uncomfortable chair at 

541
00:29:37,800 --> 00:29:40,500
the side of his great carved 
seat and trying to look 

542
00:29:40,500 --> 00:29:43,600
interested while people argue 
about boundary stones and water 

543
00:29:43,600 --> 00:29:48,000
rights The hall is already 
filling when you arrive, you 

544
00:29:48,000 --> 00:29:51,200
recognize most of the faces. 
These are your father's people 

545
00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:53,800
farmers and Craftsmen and 
Merchants you've known your 

546
00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:57,100
entire life. 
Old Thomas, who runs the mill is

547
00:29:57,100 --> 00:29:58,900
near the front, looking graved 
about something. 

548
00:29:58,900 --> 00:30:03,200
The Carpenters wife stands with 
their arms crossed her face set 

549
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:05,300
in determined lines that 
suggests. 

550
00:30:05,300 --> 00:30:07,100
She's not leaving without 
satisfaction. 

551
00:30:07,100 --> 00:30:10,900
Your father enters with 
appropriate, ceremony settling 

552
00:30:10,900 --> 00:30:13,200
into his chair with the weight 
of someone who knows. 

553
00:30:13,200 --> 00:30:16,100
He's about to spend several 
hours mediating disputes. 

554
00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:20,800
Stewards stands ready with his 
role of parchment, ready to 

555
00:30:20,800 --> 00:30:24,300
record, decisions your range, 
your skirts and prepare to look 

556
00:30:24,300 --> 00:30:27,200
attentive. 
The first petition is about 

557
00:30:27,200 --> 00:30:30,100
pigs. 
Specifically about whether 

558
00:30:30,100 --> 00:30:32,900
Walters pigs have been routing 
in Edmonds kitchen garden. 

559
00:30:32,900 --> 00:30:36,800
And if so what compensation is 
owed for destroyed cabbages, 

560
00:30:37,800 --> 00:30:41,100
Both men, present, their cases, 
with the passionate intensity, 

561
00:30:41,100 --> 00:30:43,400
usually reserved for matters of 
life and death. 

562
00:30:44,100 --> 00:30:47,100
Your father, listens his face 
carefully. 

563
00:30:47,100 --> 00:30:50,400
Neutral asking occasional 
questions about fence 

564
00:30:50,400 --> 00:30:53,400
maintenance and pig. 
Wandering patterns in the end, 

565
00:30:53,400 --> 00:30:56,200
he rules that Walter must pay 
for the cabbages and repair his 

566
00:30:56,200 --> 00:30:59,700
fence to prevent future. 
Poor sign, invasions both men, 

567
00:30:59,700 --> 00:31:03,700
look moderately satisfied with 
this, which your father has 

568
00:31:03,700 --> 00:31:05,500
explained, is the Hallmark of a 
good judgment. 

569
00:31:05,500 --> 00:31:09,100
Everyone leaves slightly 
unhappy, which means it's 

570
00:31:09,100 --> 00:31:12,000
probably Fair. 
The next case involves a 

571
00:31:12,000 --> 00:31:15,600
disputed property line, which 
requires bringing out a map and 

572
00:31:15,600 --> 00:31:18,400
several elderly men who claim to
remember where the boundary is 

573
00:31:18,400 --> 00:31:21,600
always been They don't agree 
naturally. 

574
00:31:22,400 --> 00:31:26,000
One, swears the old Oaks the 
corner while another insists is 

575
00:31:26,000 --> 00:31:30,800
the Hawthorne hedge. 3rd claims 
both are wrong and the true 

576
00:31:30,800 --> 00:31:34,500
boundaries, the drainage ditch 
which hasn't existed in living 

577
00:31:34,500 --> 00:31:37,400
memory, but his grandfather told
him about it. 

578
00:31:38,100 --> 00:31:41,200
Your father questioned, each 
man, patiently working to 

579
00:31:41,200 --> 00:31:42,900
establish some sort of 
consensus. 

580
00:31:43,800 --> 00:31:46,400
You watch the process with 
growing appreciation for his 

581
00:31:46,400 --> 00:31:50,500
skill, he never dismisses 
anyone, never suggest their 

582
00:31:50,500 --> 00:31:54,000
memory is a fully and just 
gently guide them toward finding

583
00:31:54,000 --> 00:31:57,600
common ground. 
Eventually they agreed to split 

584
00:31:57,600 --> 00:32:00,700
the difference with the boundary
running between the Oak and the 

585
00:32:00,700 --> 00:32:03,100
Hedge. 
The disputed strip will be 

586
00:32:03,100 --> 00:32:06,100
common grazing. 
Everyone looks relieved to have 

587
00:32:06,108 --> 00:32:09,200
it settled. 
The afternoon proceeds through a

588
00:32:09,200 --> 00:32:12,800
catalog of minor dramas. 
A question about fishing rights 

589
00:32:12,800 --> 00:32:16,800
in the Stream, a complaint about
the baker's weights and a 

590
00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:19,200
requested delay. 
Rent payment until after the 

591
00:32:19,200 --> 00:32:22,400
spring planting. 
Each case requires listening 

592
00:32:22,400 --> 00:32:25,400
questioning and sometimes 
Consulting with the steward or 

593
00:32:25,400 --> 00:32:26,900
bailiff before rendering 
judgment. 

594
00:32:28,400 --> 00:32:31,300
You find yourself paying 
attention, despite the mundane 

595
00:32:31,300 --> 00:32:33,700
subject matter. 
There's something fascinating 

596
00:32:33,700 --> 00:32:36,900
about the way people present 
their cases, the rhetoric, they 

597
00:32:36,900 --> 00:32:40,300
employ and the appeals to 
tradition, or fairness or common

598
00:32:40,300 --> 00:32:43,400
sense. 
The Carpenters wife arguing for 

599
00:32:43,400 --> 00:32:45,700
compensation. 
After a tree from your father's 

600
00:32:45,700 --> 00:32:47,700
land fell on her, husband's 
Workshop. 

601
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:52,700
Speaks with controlled passion 
about Justice and responsibility

602
00:32:52,700 --> 00:32:55,700
your father listens to her 
entire argument. 

603
00:32:55,700 --> 00:32:59,500
Before pointing out gently that 
the tree fell in a storm that no

604
00:32:59,500 --> 00:33:02,500
one could have predicted. 
And while he sympathizes with 

605
00:33:02,500 --> 00:33:05,700
her loss, he cannot be held 
responsible for acts of God. 

606
00:33:05,700 --> 00:33:10,500
However, he continues, he will 
provide Timba from his own Woods

607
00:33:10,500 --> 00:33:13,100
to repair the workshop as a 
gesture of Goodwill. 

608
00:33:14,000 --> 00:33:18,000
The Carpenter's wife accepts 
this with Grace and you make a 

609
00:33:18,000 --> 00:33:21,400
mental note of the strategy 
acknowledge the claim without 

610
00:33:21,400 --> 00:33:24,400
accepting the premise. 
Then offer something to soften 

611
00:33:24,400 --> 00:33:27,000
the refusal its diplomacy in 
miniature. 

612
00:33:28,000 --> 00:33:31,200
Old Thomas's complained about 
the grain measures turns out to 

613
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:34,500
be less about the measures 
themselves and more about a 

614
00:33:34,500 --> 00:33:36,500
running dispute. 
With the Millers wife, which 

615
00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:40,800
everyone in the Hall of knows 
about except your father There's

616
00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:42,900
some suppressed laughter when 
the Millers wife is called 

617
00:33:42,900 --> 00:33:45,800
forward and immediately begins 
her own restitution of 

618
00:33:45,800 --> 00:33:48,700
grievances. 
Most of which involved Thomas's 

619
00:33:48,700 --> 00:33:51,800
allegedly wandering. 
Hands during grain delivery your

620
00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:54,700
father cuts through the personal
drama to the Practical issue. 

621
00:33:54,700 --> 00:33:56,400
Are the measures accurate or 
not? 

622
00:33:57,700 --> 00:34:01,000
This is conducted with standard 
weights and the measures proved 

623
00:34:01,000 --> 00:34:05,500
true. case dismissed though with
a stern lecture to Thomas about 

624
00:34:05,500 --> 00:34:08,300
appropriate behavior, that makes
the old man Shuffle, his feet, 

625
00:34:08,300 --> 00:34:12,800
like a scalded child, By the 
time, the last petition is heard

626
00:34:12,800 --> 00:34:16,100
a straightforward request for 
permission to cut wood in the 

627
00:34:16,100 --> 00:34:20,199
forest easily granted. 
Your tired from sitting still 

628
00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:23,199
for so long but your mind feels 
pleasantly engaged. 

629
00:34:24,199 --> 00:34:26,900
The petty details of a state 
management, turn out to be more 

630
00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:30,100
interesting than you expected, 
full of human nature, and 

631
00:34:30,100 --> 00:34:34,100
problem-solving and the Eternal 
challenge of balancing competing

632
00:34:34,100 --> 00:34:37,800
interests. 
Your father Rises signaling, the

633
00:34:37,800 --> 00:34:42,000
end of the session, the crowd 
disperses some people lingering 

634
00:34:42,000 --> 00:34:44,600
to speak with the steward or 
bailiff about details. 

635
00:34:44,600 --> 00:34:48,000
You stand as well stretching 
surreptitiously. 

636
00:34:48,800 --> 00:34:51,600
What did you think? 
Your father asks surprising you,

637
00:34:51,608 --> 00:34:53,900
he rarely asks your opinion on 
anything. 

638
00:34:55,199 --> 00:34:57,900
I think the Carpenters wife made
the best argument you say 

639
00:34:57,900 --> 00:34:59,900
honestly even though she didn't 
win. 

640
00:35:00,800 --> 00:35:03,500
He nods slowly. 
She presented her case. 

641
00:35:03,500 --> 00:35:06,000
Well. 
But sometimes being right isn't 

642
00:35:06,000 --> 00:35:08,200
the same as being entitled to 
compensation. 

643
00:35:08,200 --> 00:35:11,600
He pauses though, the timber was
a fair compromise. 

644
00:35:11,600 --> 00:35:14,800
I think. 
Very fair, you agree and 

645
00:35:14,800 --> 00:35:17,600
something that might be approval
flickers across his face before 

646
00:35:17,600 --> 00:35:19,200
he turns to confirm with the 
steward. 

647
00:35:19,900 --> 00:35:23,300
You leave the holding oddly 
satisfied as if you've learned 

648
00:35:23,300 --> 00:35:25,700
something important without 
quite being able to articulate 

649
00:35:25,700 --> 00:35:29,100
what it is. 
Evening approaches bringing with

650
00:35:29,100 --> 00:35:32,000
it, the owl, your mother calls 
cultivation of the gentle Arts, 

651
00:35:32,000 --> 00:35:35,500
which is her way of saying, it's
time for music practice, you 

652
00:35:35,500 --> 00:35:38,400
collect your loot from your 
chamber, the instrument, that's 

653
00:35:38,400 --> 00:35:41,700
been your companion since you 
were 10 and deemed old enough to

654
00:35:41,700 --> 00:35:46,400
learn proper playing, the lute 
is beautiful in its way polished

655
00:35:46,400 --> 00:35:48,300
wood. 
Inlaid with subtle patterning, 

656
00:35:48,300 --> 00:35:51,800
around the soundhole and strings
that gleam in the candlelight, 

657
00:35:52,700 --> 00:35:56,300
It's also temperamental prone to
going out of tune at the 

658
00:35:56,300 --> 00:35:59,900
slightest provocation and 
possessed of a personality that 

659
00:35:59,900 --> 00:36:02,000
you've never quite managed a 
master. 

660
00:36:02,800 --> 00:36:05,400
Your relationship with the 
instrument is one of mutual 

661
00:36:05,400 --> 00:36:09,500
tolerance rather than Harmony. 
Which your music teacher finds 

662
00:36:09,500 --> 00:36:13,900
endlessly disappointing? 
Brother Anselm is waiting in the

663
00:36:13,908 --> 00:36:17,500
small chamber of the solar. 
His own loot already tuned. 

664
00:36:18,200 --> 00:36:20,400
He's a different sort of Monk 
than brother Clemente. 

665
00:36:20,400 --> 00:36:25,100
Younger more worldly with an 
actual talent for music, rather 

666
00:36:25,100 --> 00:36:27,700
than the dutiful competence most
Brothers developed. 

667
00:36:27,700 --> 00:36:30,000
He can make his loot sing in 
ways. 

668
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:33,900
Yours steadfastly, refuses to, 
which is both inspiring and 

669
00:36:33,900 --> 00:36:37,700
mildly irritating. 
My lady, he greets you with a 

670
00:36:37,700 --> 00:36:39,100
small bow. 
Shelby. 

671
00:36:39,100 --> 00:36:41,400
Continue with the French are 
with began last week. 

672
00:36:42,200 --> 00:36:45,000
You settle onto your stool, 
adjusting the loot on your lap. 

673
00:36:45,700 --> 00:36:48,300
We can try though. 
It wasn't going well last time. 

674
00:36:49,200 --> 00:36:52,100
Music is patient with those who 
are patient with it, he says, 

675
00:36:52,100 --> 00:36:54,900
which is the sort of thing, 
music teaches say when you're 

676
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:57,900
not very good but they're too 
polite to mention it directly. 

677
00:36:58,700 --> 00:37:02,000
You begin tuning, adjusting the 
pegs, with careful precision. 

678
00:37:02,800 --> 00:37:06,100
The strings ping and stretch 
gradually settling into 

679
00:37:06,100 --> 00:37:09,700
something, approaching correct 
pitch, rather Anselm weights 

680
00:37:09,700 --> 00:37:11,600
with the infinite. 
Patience of someone who's 

681
00:37:11,600 --> 00:37:14,100
witnessed this process. 
Hundreds of times. 

682
00:37:14,900 --> 00:37:17,600
Better, he says when you finally
play a tentative chord. 

683
00:37:17,600 --> 00:37:22,700
Now remember, Fourth finger 
stays curved like you're holding

684
00:37:22,700 --> 00:37:25,400
an egg. 
You've never understood why the 

685
00:37:25,400 --> 00:37:27,900
posture for Loop playing 
involves invisible eggs? 

686
00:37:28,600 --> 00:37:30,300
But you adjust your hand 
accordingly. 

687
00:37:31,100 --> 00:37:33,200
The are you learning is called 
Belle. 

688
00:37:33,200 --> 00:37:36,100
Duet a Melancholy piece about 
waiting and longing. 

689
00:37:36,100 --> 00:37:38,200
That seems appropriate for a 
winter evening. 

690
00:37:38,200 --> 00:37:41,800
You begin fingers, finding the 
familiar patterns. 

691
00:37:42,600 --> 00:37:45,700
The first few measures go well 
but then you hit the passage 

692
00:37:45,700 --> 00:37:49,000
where the melody moves to the 
higher strings, and everything 

693
00:37:49,000 --> 00:37:52,700
falls apart. 
Your fourth finger, refuses to 

694
00:37:52,700 --> 00:37:56,600
curve properly, the notes come 
out muffled and you lose the 

695
00:37:56,600 --> 00:38:00,000
Rhythm entirely. 
You stop frustrated. 

696
00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:03,800
Again, brother Anthem says not 
unkindly. 

697
00:38:04,600 --> 00:38:08,300
Listen to the spaces between the
notes, there is important as the

698
00:38:08,300 --> 00:38:12,400
notes themselves. 
You try again this time, you 

699
00:38:12,400 --> 00:38:16,500
focus on the pauses, the silence
that gives shape to the sound. 

700
00:38:16,500 --> 00:38:21,400
It's marginally better though. 
Still far from the fluid Beauty 

701
00:38:21,400 --> 00:38:23,200
brother and Selma achieves when 
he plays it. 

702
00:38:24,000 --> 00:38:27,500
But you can hear the melody now 
and can feel where it wants to 

703
00:38:27,500 --> 00:38:30,500
go, even if your fingers don't 
quite take it there. 

704
00:38:31,500 --> 00:38:34,100
Good. 
He says when you finish, you're 

705
00:38:34,100 --> 00:38:36,400
thinking too much about 
technique and not enough about 

706
00:38:36,400 --> 00:38:38,700
the music itself, let your 
hands. 

707
00:38:38,700 --> 00:38:43,400
Remember the pattern while your 
mind follows the melody, This is

708
00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:46,700
easier said than done rather 
like telling someone to think 

709
00:38:46,700 --> 00:38:50,900
about not thinking. 
But you try again attempting to 

710
00:38:50,900 --> 00:38:53,400
relax into the music instead of 
attacking it. 

711
00:38:54,300 --> 00:38:57,700
Your hands move through the 
pattern stumbling in places but 

712
00:38:57,700 --> 00:39:02,100
recovering the melody emerges 
hesitant but recognizable. 

713
00:39:03,100 --> 00:39:06,300
Their brother handsome says with
satisfaction, that's the 

714
00:39:06,300 --> 00:39:08,300
difference. 
You were playing notes before 

715
00:39:08,300 --> 00:39:12,300
now you're making music. 
You're not entirely sure. 

716
00:39:12,300 --> 00:39:15,800
You agree with this assessment. 
The stumbles were still stumbles

717
00:39:15,800 --> 00:39:17,100
the muffled notes. 
Still muffled. 

718
00:39:18,100 --> 00:39:21,100
But something did feel different
less forced. 

719
00:39:21,800 --> 00:39:24,600
You play through it again and 
this time, it flows slightly 

720
00:39:24,600 --> 00:39:26,600
better. 
The melody line becoming 

721
00:39:26,600 --> 00:39:29,800
clearer. 
Brother and Son, picks up his 

722
00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:31,800
own loot. 
Let me play with you. 

723
00:39:31,800 --> 00:39:34,200
This time. 
Listen to how the parts fit 

724
00:39:34,200 --> 00:39:37,600
together. 
He begins and you join in after 

725
00:39:37,600 --> 00:39:40,700
the first phrase. 
His playing is so much smoother 

726
00:39:40,700 --> 00:39:42,400
than yours. 
That it's almost embarrassing 

727
00:39:42,400 --> 00:39:45,500
but also pulls you forward and 
gives you something to follow. 

728
00:39:46,300 --> 00:39:50,100
Your part weaves around his 
sometimes, harmonizing, 

729
00:39:50,100 --> 00:39:52,400
sometimes moving in. 
Contrary motion. 

730
00:39:52,400 --> 00:39:56,000
When you stumble his steady 
Rhythm, keeps you from losing 

731
00:39:56,000 --> 00:39:59,000
your place entirely, by the time
you finish. 

732
00:39:59,000 --> 00:40:03,100
You're actually smiling. 
It wasn't perfect far from it, 

733
00:40:03,100 --> 00:40:07,200
but it was music real music. 
Two instruments. 

734
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:09,900
Speaking to each other in the 
language of Melody and rhythm 

735
00:40:11,400 --> 00:40:14,200
Rather Anselm is smiling too. 
Clearly pleased with the 

736
00:40:14,200 --> 00:40:17,200
progress. 
Practice that this week he says 

737
00:40:17,200 --> 00:40:20,700
not for Perfection but for 
pleasure music should be 

738
00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:24,900
enjoyed, not injured. you 
promised to try though, you 

739
00:40:24,900 --> 00:40:28,100
suspect your practice session 
will continue to be more about 

740
00:40:28,100 --> 00:40:31,600
grinding through difficult, 
passages, the joyful music 

741
00:40:31,600 --> 00:40:35,500
making Still, it's something to 
work toward. 

742
00:40:36,500 --> 00:40:39,600
After brother Anselm leaves, you
sit from a moment with the loot 

743
00:40:39,600 --> 00:40:41,600
still in your lap plucking Idol 
notes. 

744
00:40:42,500 --> 00:40:45,700
The instrument feels slightly, 
more friendly than usual as if 

745
00:40:45,700 --> 00:40:50,100
your brief success has softened,
its attitude. you play through a

746
00:40:50,100 --> 00:40:53,800
simpler Melody, when you learned
years ago, letting your fingers,

747
00:40:53,800 --> 00:40:57,800
remember the pattern, while your
mind wanders, There's something 

748
00:40:57,800 --> 00:41:01,300
meditative about music when 
you're alone with it, with no 

749
00:41:01,300 --> 00:41:05,300
one listening or judging the 
notes rise and fall filling the 

750
00:41:05,308 --> 00:41:07,300
chamber with sound, that's just 
for you. 

751
00:41:07,300 --> 00:41:11,600
Not performance, not practice 
just music for the sake of 

752
00:41:11,608 --> 00:41:16,300
making it eventually your 
fingers start to Tire you 

753
00:41:16,300 --> 00:41:20,000
carefully set the looter side, 
The light is fading outside the 

754
00:41:20,000 --> 00:41:23,300
window, the short February day 
already giving away to evening. 

755
00:41:24,100 --> 00:41:26,600
you can hear the household 
settling into its evening, 

756
00:41:26,600 --> 00:41:30,800
rhythms servants, lighting, 
candles preparing for supper and

757
00:41:30,800 --> 00:41:34,300
the general shift toward the 
Days, Inn You take a breath. 

758
00:41:35,100 --> 00:41:38,600
Feeling oddly peaceful. 
The day has been full of small 

759
00:41:38,600 --> 00:41:43,600
things, embroidery and lessons 
garden and music disputes about 

760
00:41:43,600 --> 00:41:48,200
pigs and Boundary stones. 
Nothing, dramatic, nothing that 

761
00:41:48,200 --> 00:41:52,300
would make a song or story. 
Just life ordinary and 

762
00:41:52,300 --> 00:41:56,400
unremarkable, rolling forward. 
One small moment at a time. 

763
00:41:57,400 --> 00:42:00,800
after a light supper bread and 
cheese and some of the preserves

764
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:04,500
from Summer eaten quickly in the
small chamber, where your family

765
00:42:04,500 --> 00:42:08,200
takes informal meals, Your 
retreat to your chamber for the 

766
00:42:08,200 --> 00:42:10,500
evening. 
Agnes has already prepared your 

767
00:42:10,500 --> 00:42:14,200
writing desk, setting out, fresh
parchment during Inkwell and the

768
00:42:14,208 --> 00:42:16,900
quills. 
She sharpened earlier Letter 

769
00:42:16,900 --> 00:42:19,808
writing is your favorite part of
the day, the hour when you get 

770
00:42:19,816 --> 00:42:23,100
to think beyond the castle 
walls, your correspondence is 

771
00:42:23,100 --> 00:42:27,100
limited of course. 
Your aunt at court, a cousin 

772
00:42:27,100 --> 00:42:30,200
married to a minor Lord in the 
north and occasionally your 

773
00:42:30,200 --> 00:42:33,000
mother's sister who lives in a 
Convent and writes the most 

774
00:42:33,000 --> 00:42:37,200
wonderfully, a cervical letters 
about religious life. but these 

775
00:42:37,200 --> 00:42:41,300
few connections are precious 
threads, linking, you to a wider

776
00:42:41,300 --> 00:42:44,400
world, you can only Glimpse 
through written words Tonight, 

777
00:42:44,400 --> 00:42:47,600
your writing to your aunt, who 
sent a letter last week full of 

778
00:42:47,608 --> 00:42:50,700
Court gossip and political 
maneuvering, that was more 

779
00:42:50,700 --> 00:42:52,800
entertaining than any minstrels 
Tale. 

780
00:42:53,600 --> 00:42:56,700
She has a gift for description, 
bringing the great Lords and 

781
00:42:56,708 --> 00:43:00,900
Ladies to life with a few sharp 
observations reading her letters

782
00:43:00,900 --> 00:43:03,300
makes you feel like you're 
there, what watching the 

783
00:43:03,300 --> 00:43:05,500
elaborate dance of influence and
favor? 

784
00:43:05,500 --> 00:43:09,500
You dip your quilt carefully 
letting the excess ink drip back

785
00:43:09,500 --> 00:43:13,400
into the well The first words 
are always the hardest, the 

786
00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:16,600
formal greeting, that convention
requires before you can settle 

787
00:43:16,600 --> 00:43:21,000
into actual communication. 
He write it out carefully, your 

788
00:43:21,000 --> 00:43:23,800
script more control than the 
rushed hand, you use, for 

789
00:43:23,800 --> 00:43:28,000
copying Latin. 
My dearest aren't I hope this 

790
00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:30,100
letter finds you well, and in 
good health. 

791
00:43:31,000 --> 00:43:34,000
Formalities completed. 
You relax into the letter. 

792
00:43:34,000 --> 00:43:38,200
Proper You tell her about the 
garden about the early bulbs 

793
00:43:38,200 --> 00:43:39,700
pushing through despite the 
cold. 

794
00:43:40,500 --> 00:43:43,100
She loves Gardens. 
You know though the court rarely

795
00:43:43,100 --> 00:43:47,200
allows her time to enjoy them. 
You describe brother and selmes 

796
00:43:47,200 --> 00:43:50,600
music lessons, making a joke 
about your fourth fingers, 

797
00:43:50,600 --> 00:43:54,000
continue to refusal to curve 
like an egg holding implement 

798
00:43:55,000 --> 00:43:58,300
You mention your father's court 
session, the dispute about the 

799
00:43:58,300 --> 00:44:01,500
pigs and the Carpenters wife's 
eloquent argument. 

800
00:44:02,800 --> 00:44:06,100
The quill scratches a cross. 
The parchment, the sound 

801
00:44:06,100 --> 00:44:09,800
rhythmic and satisfying, you 
pause, occasionally, gather, 

802
00:44:09,800 --> 00:44:12,900
your thoughts or let a 
particularly flowing phrase dry 

803
00:44:12,900 --> 00:44:16,600
before continuing. 
Letter writing requires a 

804
00:44:16,608 --> 00:44:18,700
different kind of composition 
and speaking. 

805
00:44:18,700 --> 00:44:23,000
You have time to choose your 
words to craft sentences that 

806
00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:26,400
say exactly what you mean. 
It's a luxury, really? 

807
00:44:26,400 --> 00:44:30,200
You asked your aunt's health and
about the court lady. 

808
00:44:30,200 --> 00:44:33,700
She's mentioned in previous 
letters, is the young Countess 

809
00:44:33,700 --> 00:44:35,100
still carrying favor with the 
queen. 

810
00:44:35,100 --> 00:44:38,500
Did the Duke's marriage and 
negotiation succeed? 

811
00:44:39,600 --> 00:44:43,500
Has there been news from France?
Where the war continues, its 

812
00:44:43,500 --> 00:44:46,100
endless grinding forward and 
back. 

813
00:44:47,100 --> 00:44:50,300
Halfway through you pause to 
sharpen your quill. 

814
00:44:50,900 --> 00:44:54,100
The knife cutting away the 
Warren tip to expose a fresh 

815
00:44:54,100 --> 00:44:57,300
point. 
Agnes has taught you the trick 

816
00:44:57,300 --> 00:45:01,300
of it, the angle of the cut, the
slight curve, that makes the 

817
00:45:01,300 --> 00:45:04,600
quill flow smoothly. 
It's a small skill, but 

818
00:45:04,600 --> 00:45:09,300
satisfying and its usefulness. 
You can continue writing moving 

819
00:45:09,300 --> 00:45:12,400
into more personal territory. 
You can Fest to feeling 

820
00:45:12,400 --> 00:45:14,700
restless. 
Lately caught between childhood 

821
00:45:14,700 --> 00:45:17,900
and whatever comes next. 
You don't mention marriage, 

822
00:45:17,900 --> 00:45:21,500
negotiations directly. 
Your aunt is too clever not to 

823
00:45:21,500 --> 00:45:23,400
have heard about them through 
her Court connections. 

824
00:45:23,400 --> 00:45:27,000
But you hint at it. 
The waiting and uncertainty. 

825
00:45:28,300 --> 00:45:29,900
I sometimes feel like the 
garden. 

826
00:45:29,900 --> 00:45:33,400
You write waiting for a season 
that may or may not. 

827
00:45:33,400 --> 00:45:36,900
Come when expected though at 
least the bowls no, spring will 

828
00:45:36,900 --> 00:45:39,800
eventually arrive even if the 
timing is unclear. 

829
00:45:40,700 --> 00:45:43,400
You read that back considering 
whether it's too revealing, too 

830
00:45:43,400 --> 00:45:46,700
vulnerable, but your aunt has 
always been kind about such a 

831
00:45:46,700 --> 00:45:50,600
mission's never mocking your 
moments of uncertainty you let 

832
00:45:50,600 --> 00:45:53,700
it stand. 
The letter fills. 

833
00:45:53,700 --> 00:45:56,000
Two sheets of parchment before 
your satisfied. 

834
00:45:56,000 --> 00:45:58,700
You've said everything worth 
saying you close with 

835
00:45:58,700 --> 00:46:01,000
appropriate wishes for her 
health and happiness. 

836
00:46:01,000 --> 00:46:04,100
Sign your name with a flourish. 
That would make brother 

837
00:46:04,100 --> 00:46:06,000
Clemente. 
Wince at its lack of careful 

838
00:46:06,000 --> 00:46:10,200
formation and set it aside to 
dry while the ink settles you 

839
00:46:10,200 --> 00:46:11,500
pull out another piece of 
parchment. 

840
00:46:11,500 --> 00:46:14,700
You have a half composed letter 
to your cousin in the north 

841
00:46:14,700 --> 00:46:17,200
started weeks ago and never 
finished. 

842
00:46:18,000 --> 00:46:20,500
She's recently had a second 
child and you should send 

843
00:46:20,500 --> 00:46:23,600
congratulations, even though the
news is no longer precisely 

844
00:46:23,600 --> 00:46:26,000
fresh. 
You read what you wrote before, 

845
00:46:26,000 --> 00:46:31,100
Winston slightly at the stilted 
phrasing to formal to careful 

846
00:46:31,100 --> 00:46:33,800
your cousin deserves better than
careful. 

847
00:46:33,800 --> 00:46:38,000
You cross out most of it and 
start fresh, this time writing 

848
00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:41,600
the way you'd talk to her. 
If you could warm slightly 

849
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:45,400
irreverent and full of the small
jokes and observations that make

850
00:46:45,400 --> 00:46:47,900
letters from Friends rather than
obligation. 

851
00:46:48,800 --> 00:46:52,700
You asked about the baby about a
health and about whether her 

852
00:46:52,700 --> 00:46:55,400
husband has stopped his habit of
bringing his hunting dogs into 

853
00:46:55,400 --> 00:46:59,000
the Great Hall at meal times. 
You share news from your own 

854
00:46:59,000 --> 00:47:02,700
life, the embroidery project, 
the music lessons, the gardens 

855
00:47:02,700 --> 00:47:06,300
patient waiting ordinary things 
but their, what friendship is 

856
00:47:06,300 --> 00:47:09,600
built from these ordinary 
sharing's, the candles of burned

857
00:47:09,600 --> 00:47:11,200
down. 
Noticeably by the time you 

858
00:47:11,200 --> 00:47:15,200
finish Your hand, a slightly 
from writing, the familiar 

859
00:47:15,200 --> 00:47:17,700
cramping of fingers held too 
long in the same position. 

860
00:47:18,500 --> 00:47:22,100
You Flex them watching the ink 
dry on your final letter. 

861
00:47:22,100 --> 00:47:26,700
Agnes appears quietly as she 
always does when she senses your

862
00:47:26,700 --> 00:47:29,700
finishing up, she'll collect the
letters tomorrow and give them 

863
00:47:29,700 --> 00:47:32,400
to the steward to include with 
the next messenger heading in 

864
00:47:32,400 --> 00:47:35,900
the appropriate directions. 
Your words will travel roads. 

865
00:47:35,900 --> 00:47:39,300
You've never walked arriving in 
places you've only imagined, 

866
00:47:39,300 --> 00:47:40,900
through other people's 
descriptions. 

867
00:47:41,800 --> 00:47:45,300
You seal the letters with wax 
pressing your ring into each 

868
00:47:45,300 --> 00:47:48,400
blob of red. 
Your own small mark on the world

869
00:47:48,400 --> 00:47:50,700
traveling farther than you ever 
will. 

870
00:47:51,700 --> 00:47:55,600
The wax hardens quickly in the 
cool are preserving your seal 

871
00:47:55,600 --> 00:47:58,400
like a promise. 
Ready for bed. 

872
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:02,600
My lady Agnes asks and you nod 
suddenly aware of how tied you 

873
00:48:02,600 --> 00:48:05,100
are. 
The day has been long full of 

874
00:48:05,108 --> 00:48:08,600
small tasks and Quiet Moments, 
and you're ready for sleep. 

875
00:48:08,600 --> 00:48:11,600
Your chamber is dim except for 
the candles. 

876
00:48:12,700 --> 00:48:17,200
Agnes has lit 3, 1 by the bed, 
another on the clothing chest 

877
00:48:17,200 --> 00:48:20,600
and a third near the Brazier, 
where colds glow, red and warm. 

878
00:48:20,600 --> 00:48:24,500
She helps you out of your Kurt 
and circuit unleashing with 

879
00:48:24,500 --> 00:48:29,700
practice deficiency. 
The wool slides off heavy and 

880
00:48:29,700 --> 00:48:33,200
slightly musty from a day's 
wearing, you're down to your 

881
00:48:33,200 --> 00:48:36,300
chemise now and Agnes, brings a 
bowl of warm water for washing. 

882
00:48:37,300 --> 00:48:40,600
This evening water is a luxury 
heated in the kitchen and 

883
00:48:40,600 --> 00:48:44,000
carried up specially. 
You wash your face and hands. 

884
00:48:44,000 --> 00:48:48,200
The warm cloth, soothing against
your skin, the water smells 

885
00:48:48,200 --> 00:48:52,200
faintly of the herbs. 
Agnes adds lavender again and 

886
00:48:52,200 --> 00:48:54,000
something else you can't quite 
identify. 

887
00:48:55,200 --> 00:48:58,400
She takes down your hair next 
and doing the careful braiding. 

888
00:48:58,400 --> 00:49:02,100
She did this morning, your hair 
Falls in waves freed from the 

889
00:49:02,108 --> 00:49:04,700
constraint. 
She runs her fingers through it.

890
00:49:04,700 --> 00:49:08,800
Gently working out Tangles and 
you close your eyes at The 

891
00:49:08,800 --> 00:49:12,300
Familiar comfort of it. 
This is perhaps your favorite 

892
00:49:12,300 --> 00:49:16,100
part of the day. 
This quiet, ritual of becoming 

893
00:49:16,100 --> 00:49:19,300
yourself again. 
Shedding the layers of propriety

894
00:49:19,300 --> 00:49:23,000
and presentation. 
Shall I braid it for sleeping? 

895
00:49:23,000 --> 00:49:26,700
My lady you nod and she Begins 
the loose Platt that keeps your 

896
00:49:26,700 --> 00:49:28,100
hair manageable through the 
night. 

897
00:49:29,300 --> 00:49:32,900
A fingers work quickly. 
The Rhythm soothing You can feel

898
00:49:32,900 --> 00:49:36,900
the days tension, releasing your
shoulders dropping and your 

899
00:49:36,900 --> 00:49:38,100
breathing. 
Slowing. 

900
00:49:39,600 --> 00:49:43,500
When she's done, you climb into 
bed and Agnes, pulls the heavy 

901
00:49:43,500 --> 00:49:47,600
curtains, partway closed leaving
them open enough for air to 

902
00:49:47,600 --> 00:49:50,800
circulate. 
The bed is cold at first the 

903
00:49:50,800 --> 00:49:53,900
linen sheets like ice but you 
know, it will warm soon. 

904
00:49:54,700 --> 00:49:57,100
Just placed a warming. 
Stone wrapped, in cloth, near 

905
00:49:57,100 --> 00:49:59,200
your feet. 
New curl your toes around. 

906
00:49:59,200 --> 00:50:01,700
It greatly. 
Will you need anything else? 

907
00:50:01,700 --> 00:50:03,700
My lady? 
No, thank you. 

908
00:50:03,708 --> 00:50:06,200
Agnes sleep. 
Well and you my lady. 

909
00:50:07,100 --> 00:50:10,000
She slips out quietly. 
Taking one of the candles with 

910
00:50:10,000 --> 00:50:12,700
her. 
The remaining light flickers 

911
00:50:12,700 --> 00:50:15,300
against the bed, curtains, 
casting moving Shadows. 

912
00:50:15,300 --> 00:50:19,300
You lie still listening to the 
castle settling around you. 

913
00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:23,100
Somewhere below. 
Servants are finishing the day's

914
00:50:23,100 --> 00:50:27,600
tasks in the guard house. 
Men are changing watch in the 

915
00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:29,900
chapel amongst of preparing for 
complain. 

916
00:50:29,900 --> 00:50:34,100
The final office before sleep. 
You think about your day? 

917
00:50:34,100 --> 00:50:37,000
All the small moments that 
comprised it. 

918
00:50:37,700 --> 00:50:41,300
The cold Chapel, the stubborn 
rose petal, and the Robin in the

919
00:50:41,308 --> 00:50:43,500
garden. 
The pigs and the boundary 

920
00:50:43,500 --> 00:50:46,400
stones. 
Your loot fighting against 

921
00:50:46,400 --> 00:50:48,300
Beauty and occasionally 
surrendering. 

922
00:50:48,300 --> 00:50:52,400
The letters are now waiting to 
travel carrying your words into 

923
00:50:52,400 --> 00:50:55,900
the world, nothing 
extraordinary, nothing that 

924
00:50:55,900 --> 00:50:59,900
would be remembered or remarked 
upon just a day, one of 

925
00:50:59,900 --> 00:51:03,700
thousands unremarkable and 
precious in its very 

926
00:51:03,700 --> 00:51:05,700
ordinariness, you're alive in 
it. 

927
00:51:05,700 --> 00:51:09,400
Present in all the small 
details, the scratch of the 

928
00:51:09,400 --> 00:51:12,800
quill, the smell of Rosemary, 
the weight of the loot, in your 

929
00:51:12,808 --> 00:51:15,900
lap. 
Tastes of apples stewed in 

930
00:51:15,900 --> 00:51:19,300
Honey. 
The feel of silk threads sliding

931
00:51:19,300 --> 00:51:23,200
through linen and the sound of 
your father's measured judgments

932
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:28,100
echoing in the Great Hall. 
This is your life, not waiting 

933
00:51:28,100 --> 00:51:32,000
for it to begin but actually 
living it here in these moments.

934
00:51:32,000 --> 00:51:35,200
That feel too small to matter, 
but somehow add up to 

935
00:51:35,200 --> 00:51:37,700
everything. 
The garden knows this. 

936
00:51:37,700 --> 00:51:41,100
You think drowsily? 
The bulbs pushing through frozen

937
00:51:41,100 --> 00:51:44,400
ground aren't waiting for spring
to live their living. 

938
00:51:44,400 --> 00:51:47,700
Now, in the darkness and the 
cold, doing what they need to do

939
00:51:47,700 --> 00:51:52,000
to survive until warmth arrives.
You shift slightly pulling The 

940
00:51:52,000 --> 00:51:55,000
Furs up higher. 
The warming stone is doing its 

941
00:51:55,000 --> 00:51:57,100
job. 
Heat radiating through the 

942
00:51:57,100 --> 00:51:59,700
cloth. 
Your feet are finally losing 

943
00:51:59,700 --> 00:52:04,000
their chill outside. 
The night is full of sounds wind

944
00:52:04,000 --> 00:52:07,300
in the battlements, the distant 
Cry of an owl and the soft 

945
00:52:07,300 --> 00:52:09,400
footsteps of guards on their 
rounds. 

946
00:52:10,100 --> 00:52:14,500
Safe sounds familiar. 
Sounds the castle wrapped around

947
00:52:14,500 --> 00:52:16,500
you. 
Like another layer of blankets, 

948
00:52:16,500 --> 00:52:19,600
keeping you warm and protected 
from the darkness beyond the 

949
00:52:19,600 --> 00:52:21,700
walls. 
Your eyes are heavy. 

950
00:52:21,700 --> 00:52:25,200
Now the days accumulation of 
small efforts pulling you 

951
00:52:25,200 --> 00:52:30,000
towards sleep, You think about 
tomorrow more embroidery more 

952
00:52:30,000 --> 00:52:33,600
lessons, more of the gentle 
Rhythm that marks time in this 

953
00:52:33,600 --> 00:52:38,200
place the same, but not quite 
because each day brings its 

954
00:52:38,200 --> 00:52:41,500
small variations. 
A different passage in Bowie. 

955
00:52:41,500 --> 00:52:44,700
Theists a new section of the 
altar cloth or perhaps 

956
00:52:44,700 --> 00:52:46,900
different, whether that will 
change what you can do in the 

957
00:52:46,908 --> 00:52:49,700
garden. 
The candle flickers, and dims 

958
00:52:49,700 --> 00:52:52,700
Agnes will come in later to blow
it out once she certainly 

959
00:52:52,700 --> 00:52:55,300
asleep. 
But for now, it burns deadly. 

960
00:52:55,300 --> 00:52:57,900
A small point of light in the 
darkness. 

961
00:52:57,900 --> 00:53:01,600
You think about your aunt at 
court probably still awake. 

962
00:53:01,600 --> 00:53:05,500
Probably still navigating the 
complex social terrain that 

963
00:53:05,500 --> 00:53:09,800
never seems to rest About your 
cousin in the north feeding, her

964
00:53:09,800 --> 00:53:14,700
new baby tired and content about
all the people in your father's 

965
00:53:14,700 --> 00:53:17,600
lands settling into sleep, in 
their own beds. 

966
00:53:17,600 --> 00:53:21,200
Their own lives playing out in 
patterns, both similar and 

967
00:53:21,200 --> 00:53:25,800
entirely different from yours. 
The weight of the day presses 

968
00:53:25,800 --> 00:53:28,400
down pleasantly and you 
surrender to it. 

969
00:53:29,200 --> 00:53:31,200
Your breathing slows and 
deepens. 

970
00:53:31,200 --> 00:53:34,400
The flickering candle light 
behind your closed eyelids. 

971
00:53:34,400 --> 00:53:37,300
The warmth of the bed, seeping 
into your bones. 

972
00:53:38,000 --> 00:53:40,000
Soft. 
Darkness gathering around you 

973
00:53:40,000 --> 00:53:44,000
like a familiar friend? 
Tomorrow will come with its own 

974
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:48,800
small moments and quiet demands.
But tonight, there's just this 

975
00:53:49,900 --> 00:53:53,400
Piece of a day, well enough 
lived the comfort of routine, 

976
00:53:53,400 --> 00:53:57,000
and ritual and the simple 
satisfaction of being warm and 

977
00:53:57,000 --> 00:54:00,700
safe and drifting towards sleep.
Your last conscious thought is 

978
00:54:00,700 --> 00:54:02,200
about the crocuses in the 
garden. 

979
00:54:02,200 --> 00:54:05,900
Waiting patiently under the cold
Earth they know something, 

980
00:54:05,900 --> 00:54:08,700
you're learning that life isn't 
always about the dramatic 

981
00:54:08,700 --> 00:54:12,600
moments, the big changes, well, 
the events that shake the world 

982
00:54:13,500 --> 00:54:16,300
Sometimes it's about the quiet 
Persistence of pushing through 

983
00:54:16,300 --> 00:54:20,600
frozen ground about growing in 
darkness and the light finds 

984
00:54:20,600 --> 00:54:22,900
you. 
About the patient, accumulation 

985
00:54:22,900 --> 00:54:26,100
of small days that somehow add 
up to a life worth living. 

986
00:54:27,800 --> 00:54:31,500
Candle gutters in a draft, 
you're already too far gone to 

987
00:54:31,500 --> 00:54:35,800
notice. 
Sleep takes you gently the way 

988
00:54:35,800 --> 00:54:38,200
it does when you've earned it 
through a day of small efforts 

989
00:54:38,200 --> 00:54:42,400
and quiet accomplishments. 
Outside the night continues. 

990
00:54:42,400 --> 00:54:46,300
Its watch Inside the castle 
breathes with the rhythm of 

991
00:54:46,308 --> 00:54:50,300
sleeping Souls tomorrow. 
You'll wake to Bells again to 

992
00:54:50,300 --> 00:54:54,300
cold water, and morning prayers 
and the endless round of Duties 

993
00:54:54,300 --> 00:54:56,500
and small Pleasures that make up
your days. 

994
00:54:57,200 --> 00:55:01,200
But that's tomorrow and tomorrow
can wait tonight, you sleep 

995
00:55:01,200 --> 00:55:08,900
peacefully my friends? 
You wake before the sun touches 

996
00:55:08,900 --> 00:55:12,000
the watchtowers, curved roof, 
the air carriers that particular

997
00:55:12,000 --> 00:55:13,900
chill. 
That comes just before Dawn 

998
00:55:13,900 --> 00:55:17,100
breaks over northern China. 
Crisp enough to make you pull 

999
00:55:17,100 --> 00:55:19,400
your padded jacket tighter. 
But not so cold. 

1000
00:55:19,400 --> 00:55:21,600
That Frost is formed on the 
stone beneath your feet. 

1001
00:55:22,400 --> 00:55:24,700
You've been stationed at this 
section of the wall for three 

1002
00:55:24,700 --> 00:55:26,600
years now. 
And your body has learned to 

1003
00:55:26,608 --> 00:55:29,600
recognize the exact moment when 
night shifts toward morning, 

1004
00:55:29,600 --> 00:55:33,500
even before your eyes open, The 
darkness around, you isn't 

1005
00:55:33,500 --> 00:55:36,400
complete Stars. 
Still scatter across the sky, 

1006
00:55:36,400 --> 00:55:40,500
like rice grains spilled on dark
silk and you can make out the 

1007
00:55:40,500 --> 00:55:44,200
walls distinctive crenellations 
those two like parapets 

1008
00:55:44,200 --> 00:55:47,400
stretching away in both 
directions and they blur into 

1009
00:55:47,400 --> 00:55:51,000
the pre-dawn Shadows somewhere 
in the distance, a rooster's 

1010
00:55:51,000 --> 00:55:53,100
from one of the villages tucked 
Into The Valleys below. 

1011
00:55:53,900 --> 00:55:57,200
The sound carries strangely. 
Well, in this still our bouncing

1012
00:55:57,200 --> 00:56:00,900
off the mountains in a way that 
makes you smile that rooster 

1013
00:56:00,900 --> 00:56:03,400
belongs to Old Chen's Farm. 
You're fairly certain which 

1014
00:56:03,400 --> 00:56:05,800
means it's probably the brown 
one with the Crooked tail 

1015
00:56:05,800 --> 00:56:09,000
feather. 
You stretch slowly feeling your 

1016
00:56:09,000 --> 00:56:12,400
joints protest in that familiar 
way the stone platform where 

1017
00:56:12,400 --> 00:56:14,100
you've spent the night, isn't 
uncomfortable. 

1018
00:56:14,100 --> 00:56:17,400
Exactly. 
You've slept in worse places but

1019
00:56:17,400 --> 00:56:21,000
it certainly isn't a bed You're 
sleeping, mat has compressed 

1020
00:56:21,000 --> 00:56:24,500
over the hours and you roll it 
up carefully, tucking it into 

1021
00:56:24,500 --> 00:56:26,700
the corner of the Watchtower, 
where it lives during daylight 

1022
00:56:26,700 --> 00:56:30,500
hours. 
Tower itself is roughly 15 feet 

1023
00:56:30,500 --> 00:56:33,700
square with walls thick enough 
to keep out most of the Wind. 

1024
00:56:34,500 --> 00:56:36,200
Small opening at regular 
intervals. 

1025
00:56:36,200 --> 00:56:38,800
Allow you to observe the 
landscape and a larger opening 

1026
00:56:38,800 --> 00:56:41,700
face in Wood toward the 
populated side of the wall. 

1027
00:56:42,800 --> 00:56:46,100
As the sky begins to lighten 
from black to deep blue, you can

1028
00:56:46,100 --> 00:56:49,100
see the wall more. 
Clearly this particular section 

1029
00:56:49,100 --> 00:56:52,100
runs along a ridge line 
following the natural Contours 

1030
00:56:52,100 --> 00:56:55,500
of the mountain with an elegant,
that seems almost casual until 

1031
00:56:55,500 --> 00:56:57,400
you remember the planning 
required to achieve it. 

1032
00:56:58,300 --> 00:57:01,800
The wall dips and Rises curves 
and straightens all while 

1033
00:57:01,800 --> 00:57:05,500
maintaining its essential 
purpose, erased pathway wide 

1034
00:57:05,500 --> 00:57:08,400
enough for soldiers and supplies
protected by Parra pets on both 

1035
00:57:08,400 --> 00:57:10,900
sides. 
The first True Light catches, 

1036
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:14,100
the Eastern face of the wall 
turning the grayish Stone, a 

1037
00:57:14,100 --> 00:57:16,900
warm, golden color that lasts 
only minutes before fading to 

1038
00:57:16,900 --> 00:57:19,300
its usual tone. 
You've watched this 

1039
00:57:19,300 --> 00:57:22,900
transformation hundreds of 
times, and it never quite loses 

1040
00:57:22,900 --> 00:57:25,900
its appeal. 
The stones themselves are 

1041
00:57:25,900 --> 00:57:28,400
slightly irregular. 
This section was built using 

1042
00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:32,100
local materials and you can see 
variations in color and texture 

1043
00:57:32,100 --> 00:57:36,100
that tell the story of where 
each Stone originated, some came

1044
00:57:36,100 --> 00:57:37,400
from the mountain just north of 
here. 

1045
00:57:37,400 --> 00:57:40,700
Others. 
From a quarry to valleys over a 

1046
00:57:40,700 --> 00:57:43,700
hawk appears circling lazily on 
the morning thermals that are 

1047
00:57:43,700 --> 00:57:46,300
just beginning to rise. 
You watch it for a moment. 

1048
00:57:46,300 --> 00:57:50,500
Appreciating the efficiency of 
its movement, Hawks often Patrol

1049
00:57:50,500 --> 00:57:53,600
this section of the wall drawn 
by the mice and small creatures 

1050
00:57:53,600 --> 00:57:56,000
that make homes in the crevices 
between stones. 

1051
00:57:56,800 --> 00:57:58,800
The relationship feels almost 
Co-operative. 

1052
00:57:58,800 --> 00:58:02,300
The wall provides hunting 
grounds and the Hawks provide 

1053
00:58:02,300 --> 00:58:05,200
entertainment for Watchmen who 
might otherwise find the hours, 

1054
00:58:05,200 --> 00:58:09,100
slow. you hear footsteps, before
you see Wang, your fellow 

1055
00:58:09,100 --> 00:58:12,700
Guardian emerging from the 
Watchtower to the east, he moves

1056
00:58:12,700 --> 00:58:15,400
with the careful gate of someone
whose knees remember every 

1057
00:58:15,400 --> 00:58:19,000
winter spent on Cold Stone and 
he is carrying a small Clay Pot 

1058
00:58:19,000 --> 00:58:23,500
that likely contains tea Wong is
perhaps 15 years older than you 

1059
00:58:23,500 --> 00:58:26,000
with a face. 
Weathered by constant exposure 

1060
00:58:26,000 --> 00:58:29,700
to wind and Sun until his skin 
resembles, the leather used for 

1061
00:58:29,700 --> 00:58:33,300
water bags. 
He nods in greeting the gesture 

1062
00:58:33,300 --> 00:58:36,000
economical and friendly without 
requiring conversation, this 

1063
00:58:36,000 --> 00:58:39,300
early in the day. 
The two of you stand together in

1064
00:58:39,300 --> 00:58:42,300
comfortable, silence watching as
the valley below, gradually 

1065
00:58:42,300 --> 00:58:45,700
reveals itself terrorist Fields 
become visible first. 

1066
00:58:45,700 --> 00:58:48,900
They're careful geometry are 
human Counterpoint to the wild 

1067
00:58:48,900 --> 00:58:52,800
mountains Beyond Then the 
village appears not 

1068
00:58:52,800 --> 00:58:56,600
dramatically, but incrementally,
the smoke from morning fires, 

1069
00:58:56,600 --> 00:58:59,700
begins to rise and the darker 
shapes of building separate 

1070
00:58:59,700 --> 00:59:03,100
themselves from the landscape. 
You can identify individual 

1071
00:59:03,100 --> 00:59:05,400
structures. 
Now, the larger building that 

1072
00:59:05,400 --> 00:59:08,800
serves as a communal Granary the
temple with its distinctive 

1073
00:59:08,800 --> 00:59:12,000
curved roof and the cluster of 
houses where the families live. 

1074
00:59:12,000 --> 00:59:14,800
Your stomach reminds you that 
you haven't eaten since 

1075
00:59:14,800 --> 00:59:18,100
yesterday, evening and one seems
to have the same thought because

1076
00:59:18,100 --> 00:59:21,700
he produces two small rice cakes
from somewhere within his 

1077
00:59:21,700 --> 00:59:24,600
jacket. 
Their slightly stale but welcome

1078
00:59:24,600 --> 00:59:26,800
and you eat your slowly making 
it last. 

1079
00:59:27,700 --> 00:59:31,000
Tea when Wang finally pulls it 
from his pot into two small cups

1080
00:59:31,000 --> 00:59:33,500
is barely warm. 
But flavored with something 

1081
00:59:33,500 --> 00:59:37,300
perhaps Ginger, that makes it 
feel warming despite its 

1082
00:59:37,300 --> 00:59:39,700
temperature. 
The morning, routine continues 

1083
00:59:39,700 --> 00:59:41,300
with a casualness born of 
repetition. 

1084
00:59:41,300 --> 00:59:44,500
You walk the section of wall, 
that's your responsibility 

1085
00:59:44,500 --> 00:59:47,600
checking for obvious problems 
that might have emerged 

1086
00:59:47,600 --> 00:59:51,400
overnight, a loose Stone here, 
some mortar that seems to be 

1087
00:59:51,408 --> 00:59:55,900
crumbling there, nothing urgent,
but you make mental notes, the 

1088
00:59:55,900 --> 00:59:59,800
wall is always changing always 
requiring attention like a very 

1089
00:59:59,800 --> 01:00:02,700
large and very patient animal 
that needs constant grooming. 

1090
01:00:03,900 --> 01:00:07,100
Other Guardians appear as the 
morning progresses emerging from

1091
01:00:07,100 --> 01:00:09,800
their own watch Towers or 
walking up the stone ramps that 

1092
01:00:09,800 --> 01:00:13,900
provide access from Below. 
You exchange nods and occasional

1093
01:00:13,900 --> 01:00:16,000
comments about the weather, 
which looks promising. 

1094
01:00:16,900 --> 01:00:19,700
Clear skies suggesting a good 
day for the repair work that has

1095
01:00:19,700 --> 01:00:22,500
been planned. 
Everyone moves with purpose but 

1096
01:00:22,500 --> 01:00:26,000
without Rush understanding that 
the work ahead requires steady 

1097
01:00:26,000 --> 01:00:29,800
effort rather than bursts of 
energy by mid-morning. 

1098
01:00:29,800 --> 01:00:32,900
You've descended the wall using 
one of the internal staircases 

1099
01:00:32,900 --> 01:00:36,600
steep Stone steps. 
One Smooth by countless feet 

1100
01:00:36,600 --> 01:00:39,800
over decades. 
The Village at the walls base is

1101
01:00:39,800 --> 01:00:42,400
fully awakened and the sounds of
daily life. 

1102
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:45,700
Create a gentle Symphony 
hammering from the Carpenters 

1103
01:00:45,700 --> 01:00:47,700
Workshop. 
The rhythmic thump of someone 

1104
01:00:47,700 --> 01:00:51,500
beating grain children's voices 
from the small school and 

1105
01:00:51,500 --> 01:00:54,500
Underneath It, All the constant 
background presence of chickens 

1106
01:00:54,500 --> 01:00:56,500
making their various 
pronouncements about life. 

1107
01:00:57,300 --> 01:00:59,100
The Village exists because of 
the wall. 

1108
01:00:59,100 --> 01:01:02,300
And for the wall, though, after 
Generations, this relationship 

1109
01:01:02,300 --> 01:01:05,300
has become so natural that 
nobody thinks about it much 

1110
01:01:05,300 --> 01:01:07,500
anymore. 
The house is a built from the 

1111
01:01:07,500 --> 01:01:11,000
same Stone as the wall itself. 
Creating a visual continuity, 

1112
01:01:11,000 --> 01:01:13,900
that makes the settlement seemed
to have grown organically from 

1113
01:01:13,900 --> 01:01:17,000
the landscape. 
Narrow Pathways wind between 

1114
01:01:17,000 --> 01:01:19,900
buildings, following routes 
established by the Practical 

1115
01:01:19,900 --> 01:01:23,000
consideration of daily life, 
rather than any formal planning,

1116
01:01:23,000 --> 01:01:25,700
your heading to the workshop, 
were supplies, a stored and 

1117
01:01:25,708 --> 01:01:27,400
prepared for the days 
maintenance work. 

1118
01:01:27,400 --> 01:01:30,200
The building sits partially 
against the wallet itself. 

1119
01:01:30,200 --> 01:01:34,100
Using the massive structure as 
one wall and taking advantage of

1120
01:01:34,100 --> 01:01:36,900
its thermal Mass to keep the 
interior cool in summer and 

1121
01:01:36,900 --> 01:01:40,700
relatively warm in winter. 
Inside you find master Liu 

1122
01:01:40,700 --> 01:01:42,300
already sorting through 
materials. 

1123
01:01:42,300 --> 01:01:44,400
He is the senior Mason for this 
section. 

1124
01:01:44,400 --> 01:01:46,700
A man whose knowledge of stone 
and mortar. 

1125
01:01:46,700 --> 01:01:48,600
Seems almost Supernatural in its
depth. 

1126
01:01:48,600 --> 01:01:51,500
Marley does not look up 
immediately when you enter 

1127
01:01:51,500 --> 01:01:54,900
focused on examining a pile of 
lime the arrived yesterday from 

1128
01:01:54,900 --> 01:01:58,100
the kill and two valleys over. 
He picks up pinches of it, 

1129
01:01:58,100 --> 01:02:01,300
rubbing the material between his
fingers with the concentration 

1130
01:02:01,300 --> 01:02:03,100
of someone reading an important 
text. 

1131
01:02:04,100 --> 01:02:06,400
You've learned not to interrupt 
these examinations. 

1132
01:02:06,400 --> 01:02:09,600
The quality of lime varies 
depending on countless factors, 

1133
01:02:09,600 --> 01:02:13,700
the type of Rocket was made from
the temperature of the Kiln, the

1134
01:02:13,700 --> 01:02:17,100
weather during production, and 
master Liu can detect subtle 

1135
01:02:17,100 --> 01:02:20,000
differences, that determine how 
well it will perform in Mortar. 

1136
01:02:20,600 --> 01:02:23,900
Eventually he nods to himself 
and looks up acknowledging your 

1137
01:02:23,900 --> 01:02:26,700
presence with a slight smile 
that creases his face in 

1138
01:02:26,700 --> 01:02:30,800
familiar patterns. 
Good lime, he says, simply which

1139
01:02:30,800 --> 01:02:33,200
from Master Luke counts as an 
enthusiastic praise. 

1140
01:02:33,200 --> 01:02:36,100
You help him transfer the lime 
into smaller containers, that 

1141
01:02:36,100 --> 01:02:37,600
will be easier to carry up the 
wall. 

1142
01:02:37,600 --> 01:02:41,600
Careful not to raise dust. 
The fine powder has a sharp 

1143
01:02:41,600 --> 01:02:43,900
alkaline smell that catches in 
your throat. 

1144
01:02:43,900 --> 01:02:47,400
If you're not careful. 
Around you the workshop reveals 

1145
01:02:47,400 --> 01:02:50,900
the organized complexity of wall
maintenance wooden shelves, hold

1146
01:02:50,900 --> 01:02:54,200
tools in careful Arrangement 
hammers of various sizes and 

1147
01:02:54,200 --> 01:02:56,600
weights chisels with different 
profiles. 

1148
01:02:56,600 --> 01:03:00,300
Wooden mallets, bronze measuring
devices levels. 

1149
01:03:00,300 --> 01:03:04,900
Plumb lines brushes for applying
mortar and scrapers for removing

1150
01:03:04,900 --> 01:03:07,700
old material. 
Which tool has its specific 

1151
01:03:07,700 --> 01:03:11,900
purpose and each shows the wear 
patterns of frequent use some of

1152
01:03:11,900 --> 01:03:15,100
being in service for decades. 
There wouldn't handle smooth and

1153
01:03:15,100 --> 01:03:18,200
dark from the oils of many hands
in one corner. 

1154
01:03:18,200 --> 01:03:21,700
Bundles of wooden planks leaning
against the wall waiting to be 

1155
01:03:21,700 --> 01:03:24,600
used for scaffolding or perhaps 
for repairing, the wooden 

1156
01:03:24,600 --> 01:03:28,500
buildings that the walls length.
Small shelters, where supplies 

1157
01:03:28,500 --> 01:03:31,600
are stored or where Guardians 
can take refuge during severe 

1158
01:03:31,600 --> 01:03:33,800
weather. 
The wood smells pleasantly 

1159
01:03:33,800 --> 01:03:37,600
resonance cut recently enough 
that sap still marks and pieces.

1160
01:03:37,600 --> 01:03:40,500
These planks came from the 
forest on the mountains. 

1161
01:03:40,500 --> 01:03:43,500
Northern slope carried down by 
the same team that will help. 

1162
01:03:43,508 --> 01:03:45,200
Hold them back up when the time 
comes. 

1163
01:03:45,900 --> 01:03:49,000
A Young Apprentice may be 14 
years old with the gangly 

1164
01:03:49,000 --> 01:03:51,500
awkwardness of someone still 
growing into their adult height.

1165
01:03:51,500 --> 01:03:54,900
Enters carrying a yoke across, 
his shoulders with water buckets

1166
01:03:54,900 --> 01:03:58,500
hanging from each end. he moves 
carefully trying not to slosh 

1167
01:03:58,500 --> 01:04:02,000
the precious liquid and you 
remember being that age trying 

1168
01:04:02,000 --> 01:04:05,800
to prove yourself capable of 
adult responsibilities Master 

1169
01:04:05,800 --> 01:04:08,400
lewd, direct him to pull the 
water into the large, clay 

1170
01:04:08,400 --> 01:04:11,200
vessels kept from mixing mortar 
and the boy does. 

1171
01:04:11,200 --> 01:04:14,200
So with exaggerated care, that 
makes you hide a smile? 

1172
01:04:15,700 --> 01:04:18,900
the preparation continues 
methodically materials need to 

1173
01:04:18,900 --> 01:04:22,200
be gathered tool selected and 
work assignments, confirmed, 

1174
01:04:22,200 --> 01:04:25,300
you'll be part of a team, 
working on a section about half 

1175
01:04:25,300 --> 01:04:28,100
a mile east of here, where 
Winter's freeze thaw cycles of 

1176
01:04:28,100 --> 01:04:31,600
damaged, some of the mortar 
joints between stones, It's not 

1177
01:04:31,600 --> 01:04:33,100
dramatic work. 
No. 

1178
01:04:33,100 --> 01:04:35,900
Massive reconstruction. 
Just the patient attention that 

1179
01:04:35,900 --> 01:04:38,200
keeps small problems from 
becoming large ones. 

1180
01:04:39,400 --> 01:04:42,200
Other villagers passed by the 
workshop, entrance going about 

1181
01:04:42,200 --> 01:04:45,100
their own business. 
An older woman herds, a small 

1182
01:04:45,100 --> 01:04:48,700
group of ducks toward the pond 
murmuring 2 in the patient tone 

1183
01:04:48,700 --> 01:04:50,600
used for creatures. 
That respond more to voice 

1184
01:04:50,600 --> 01:04:54,200
Rhythm than actual words. 
Two men carry a large basket of 

1185
01:04:54,200 --> 01:04:57,400
vegetables between them probably
heading to the communal storage.

1186
01:04:57,400 --> 01:05:01,200
A child darts pass chasing a dog
that has apparently stolen 

1187
01:05:01,200 --> 01:05:03,700
something. 
Maybe a shoe and the resulting 

1188
01:05:03,700 --> 01:05:07,800
chaos makes everyone smile This 
Village has perhaps 40 families,

1189
01:05:07,800 --> 01:05:11,600
their lives into woven through 
marriages friendships, shared 

1190
01:05:11,600 --> 01:05:15,000
work, and the simple proximity 
of living together in a remote 

1191
01:05:15,008 --> 01:05:18,000
location. 
Most families have been here for

1192
01:05:18,000 --> 01:05:20,500
Generations though. 
Occasionally someone arrives 

1193
01:05:20,500 --> 01:05:22,900
from elsewhere drawn by the 
steady work that will 

1194
01:05:22,900 --> 01:05:26,100
maintenance provides The work 
isn't glamorous or particularly 

1195
01:05:26,100 --> 01:05:29,900
well paid, but it's reliable in 
a way that farming dependent on 

1196
01:05:29,900 --> 01:05:34,000
whether and luck can never quite
be your return to the wall. 

1197
01:05:34,000 --> 01:05:36,900
With the morning supplies 
climbing, the stone ramp that 

1198
01:05:36,900 --> 01:05:39,900
ascends at a gentle angle, 
making the burden of carrying 

1199
01:05:39,900 --> 01:05:42,300
materials manageable. 
Other workers. 

1200
01:05:42,300 --> 01:05:45,600
Accompany you some carrying 
tools others with baskets of 

1201
01:05:45,600 --> 01:05:48,500
lime or sand. 
And one man balancing a wooden 

1202
01:05:48,500 --> 01:05:51,200
pole across his shoulders with 
water containers hanging from 

1203
01:05:51,200 --> 01:05:53,800
both ends. 
Everyone has learned to Pace 

1204
01:05:53,800 --> 01:05:57,200
themselves understanding that 
this work requires endurance, 

1205
01:05:57,200 --> 01:06:01,300
rather than speed the wall at 
this point, Rises about 25 feet 

1206
01:06:01,300 --> 01:06:03,700
above the ground. 
On the Northern side, though, on

1207
01:06:03,708 --> 01:06:06,000
the southern side, where it 
follows The Ridges natural 

1208
01:06:06,000 --> 01:06:09,800
elevation, it's only about six 
feet tall, Walking along the 

1209
01:06:09,800 --> 01:06:13,000
top, you're struck again by the 
width easily wide enough for 

1210
01:06:13,000 --> 01:06:15,700
five or six people to walk 
abreast and in some sections, 

1211
01:06:15,700 --> 01:06:18,600
even wider. 
This isn't just a wall. 

1212
01:06:18,600 --> 01:06:22,200
It's a raised Road. 
A military highway that allowed 

1213
01:06:22,200 --> 01:06:24,700
troops and supplies to move 
quickly along China's Northern 

1214
01:06:24,700 --> 01:06:27,700
Frontier. 
The Guardians you work alongside

1215
01:06:27,700 --> 01:06:29,500
are for the most part 
unremarkable. 

1216
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:32,200
People doing remarkable work 
through sheer persistence. 

1217
01:06:33,300 --> 01:06:35,700
There's old ciao. 
Who is maintained his section 

1218
01:06:35,700 --> 01:06:38,100
for 30 years and can apparently 
sense. 

1219
01:06:38,100 --> 01:06:40,300
Structural problems before they 
become visible. 

1220
01:06:40,300 --> 01:06:43,800
There's the Widow Mrs, Tang 
whose husband died in an 

1221
01:06:43,800 --> 01:06:47,400
accident involving Stones, 10 
years ago and who now manages 

1222
01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:50,000
supplies with an efficiently 
that borders on artistic. 

1223
01:06:50,000 --> 01:06:53,500
There's young way barely into 
his 20s who approaches every 

1224
01:06:53,500 --> 01:06:56,300
task with an enthusiasm that the
older workers find 

1225
01:06:56,300 --> 01:07:00,200
simultaneously endearing and 
exhausting Your own role has 

1226
01:07:00,200 --> 01:07:03,500
evolved over the years. 
From simple laboring materials, 

1227
01:07:03,500 --> 01:07:07,300
mixing mortar to more skilled 
work involving actual repairs. 

1228
01:07:07,300 --> 01:07:10,400
You've learned to read the walls
condition, the way of physician 

1229
01:07:10,400 --> 01:07:13,900
reads A patient's symptoms 
understanding that small signs, 

1230
01:07:13,900 --> 01:07:17,600
often indicate larger issues 
Crack following a particular 

1231
01:07:17,600 --> 01:07:20,300
pattern might suggest movement 
in the earth beneath the 

1232
01:07:20,300 --> 01:07:23,200
foundation. 
Mortar that crumbles to easily 

1233
01:07:23,200 --> 01:07:26,200
could indicate that water is 
getting behind the stones 

1234
01:07:26,200 --> 01:07:29,400
vegetation growing in joints, 
means that roots are working 

1235
01:07:29,400 --> 01:07:32,800
their way into the structure 
slowly but inevitably causing 

1236
01:07:32,800 --> 01:07:35,200
damage. 
The section you're working on 

1237
01:07:35,200 --> 01:07:37,400
today, shows, typical wear from 
winter weather. 

1238
01:07:37,400 --> 01:07:41,600
Winter has infiltrated joints 
between Stones Frozen during 

1239
01:07:41,600 --> 01:07:44,700
cold nights and expanded with 
enough Force to crack the 

1240
01:07:44,700 --> 01:07:47,200
mortar. 
The damaged material has fallen 

1241
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:49,800
away leaving gaps, that will 
only worse than if left 

1242
01:07:49,808 --> 01:07:53,400
unattended, your task is to 
remove the remaining compromised

1243
01:07:53,400 --> 01:07:56,600
mortar clean, the joints 
thoroughly and refill them with 

1244
01:07:56,600 --> 01:07:58,700
fresh material. 
Mixed to the proper consistency 

1245
01:07:58,700 --> 01:08:03,300
Master lure, arrives to inspect 
the work area running his hands 

1246
01:08:03,300 --> 01:08:05,900
over the stones with the gentle 
attention of someone greeting, 

1247
01:08:05,900 --> 01:08:09,000
an old friend, he points out 
details, you might have missed 

1248
01:08:09,900 --> 01:08:13,400
Stone, that has shifted slightly
and needs to be reset a section 

1249
01:08:13,400 --> 01:08:16,500
where water seems to be pooling 
and needs better drainage and a 

1250
01:08:16,500 --> 01:08:19,200
crack that requires monitoring. 
But doesn't yet need repair? 

1251
01:08:20,100 --> 01:08:23,399
His knowledge comes from Decades
of observation new absorb. 

1252
01:08:23,399 --> 01:08:26,500
What you can knowing that this 
expertise can't be learned from 

1253
01:08:26,500 --> 01:08:30,300
books or formal instruction. 
The work begins with careful 

1254
01:08:30,300 --> 01:08:33,300
removal of old mortar. 
You use a chisel and Hammer 

1255
01:08:33,300 --> 01:08:36,200
tapping gently to avoid damaging
the stones themselves. 

1256
01:08:36,200 --> 01:08:39,800
The old mortar comes away in 
chunks and powder, and you 

1257
01:08:39,800 --> 01:08:42,899
collect it in a basket, not for 
reuse, but because leaving 

1258
01:08:42,899 --> 01:08:45,700
debris on the wall. 
Creates problems, the material 

1259
01:08:45,700 --> 01:08:48,899
gets swept up by wind, and can 
clogged drainage systems or 

1260
01:08:48,899 --> 01:08:51,200
accumulating Corners where 
water, then pools. 

1261
01:08:52,100 --> 01:08:54,600
As you work, you notice the 
construction details that make 

1262
01:08:54,600 --> 01:08:57,500
the wall more sophisticated than
it might appear from a distance.

1263
01:08:58,500 --> 01:09:01,600
Stones aren't simply stacked, 
they're carefully selected and 

1264
01:09:01,600 --> 01:09:03,100
placed to create a stable 
structure. 

1265
01:09:04,100 --> 01:09:07,500
Larger stones form the face of 
the wall, while the interior is 

1266
01:09:07,500 --> 01:09:10,800
filled with smaller Stones, 
rubble and Earth, all taped down

1267
01:09:10,800 --> 01:09:14,700
to create a solid Mass. 
The facing stones are cut or 

1268
01:09:14,700 --> 01:09:18,100
selected to fit together closely
minimizing the amount of Morton 

1269
01:09:18,100 --> 01:09:20,500
needed and creating a surface 
that resists weathering. 

1270
01:09:21,500 --> 01:09:25,899
The mortar itself is a careful 
of lime clay and sand with 

1271
01:09:25,899 --> 01:09:29,600
proportions That Vary depending 
on the specific application for 

1272
01:09:29,600 --> 01:09:32,500
joints exposed to weather more 
lime, makes the mixture more 

1273
01:09:32,508 --> 01:09:34,899
water resistant for interior 
work. 

1274
01:09:34,899 --> 01:09:38,300
Less lime saves money without 
compromising strength Master 

1275
01:09:38,300 --> 01:09:41,600
Lewis taught you to test more to
consistency by how it holds to a

1276
01:09:41,600 --> 01:09:46,000
trail too wet and its slumps to 
dry and it crumbles just right? 

1277
01:09:46,000 --> 01:09:50,100
And it clings without running. 
Your fellow workers, maintain a 

1278
01:09:50,100 --> 01:09:53,500
steady Rhythm, each person 
focused on their task but aware 

1279
01:09:53,500 --> 01:09:56,400
of the others presence. 
occasionally, someone makes a 

1280
01:09:56,400 --> 01:09:59,800
comment about the weather about 
a tool that needs sharpening or 

1281
01:09:59,800 --> 01:10:02,900
about the village gossip that 
always circulates The 

1282
01:10:02,900 --> 01:10:05,900
conversation is minimal but 
friendly punctuated by the 

1283
01:10:05,900 --> 01:10:09,600
sounds of tools against Stone, 
the scrape of trowels and the 

1284
01:10:09,600 --> 01:10:12,000
soft impact of hammers against 
wooden Stakes. 

1285
01:10:13,100 --> 01:10:16,400
A light, wind picks up around 
midday bringing cooler air from 

1286
01:10:16,400 --> 01:10:19,600
the mountains to the north. 
It carries sense that tell 

1287
01:10:19,600 --> 01:10:23,600
stories Pine from the distant, 
forests dust from the planes 

1288
01:10:23,600 --> 01:10:27,700
Beyond, and sometimes 
mysteriously, a hint of the sea 

1289
01:10:27,700 --> 01:10:31,700
that lies of miles away. 
You pulls to drink from your 

1290
01:10:31,700 --> 01:10:34,900
water flask, looking out over 
the landscape that has become 

1291
01:10:34,908 --> 01:10:36,700
familiar through daily 
observation. 

1292
01:10:37,500 --> 01:10:40,900
The afternoon brings different 
work actual stone replacement, 

1293
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:42,900
rather than just three pointing 
mortar. 

1294
01:10:44,400 --> 01:10:47,000
A section about 30 feet from 
where you were working. 

1295
01:10:47,000 --> 01:10:49,900
This morning has several stones 
that have become too damaged to 

1296
01:10:49,900 --> 01:10:53,300
remain in place. 
Whether age and this simple 

1297
01:10:53,300 --> 01:10:56,400
stress of supporting weight of 
created, cracks that compromise,

1298
01:10:56,400 --> 01:10:59,300
the Stone's integrity. 
They need to come out and be 

1299
01:10:59,300 --> 01:11:02,000
replaced. 
This work requires more people 

1300
01:11:02,000 --> 01:11:03,600
and more planning. 
Master. 

1301
01:11:03,600 --> 01:11:06,900
Lucy supervisors, directing the 
placement of wooden props that 

1302
01:11:06,900 --> 01:11:09,700
will support the weight while 
damage stones are removed. 

1303
01:11:10,400 --> 01:11:12,600
The props themselves are 
fascinating pieces of 

1304
01:11:12,600 --> 01:11:15,900
engineering adjustable, wooden 
beams that can be wedged into 

1305
01:11:15,900 --> 01:11:18,000
place and tightened to take 
weight gradually. 

1306
01:11:18,800 --> 01:11:22,300
The Wood Creek slightly under 
load but Master you listens to 

1307
01:11:22,308 --> 01:11:25,100
these sounds with the attention 
of a musician tuning, an 

1308
01:11:25,100 --> 01:11:28,100
instrument understanding, 
exactly how much stress the 

1309
01:11:28,100 --> 01:11:31,400
props can safely handle. 
Removing a stone from the middle

1310
01:11:31,400 --> 01:11:34,200
of the wall without causing a 
collapse requires, patience that

1311
01:11:34,200 --> 01:11:37,400
borders on meditative. 
First, the mortar around, the 

1312
01:11:37,400 --> 01:11:40,900
stone must be completely 
removed, not just loosened, but 

1313
01:11:40,900 --> 01:11:44,000
entirely cleared away until the 
stone is held in place only by 

1314
01:11:44,000 --> 01:11:46,100
the weight and friction of 
surrounding Stones. 

1315
01:11:46,100 --> 01:11:50,500
Then wooden wedges are driven 
into the gaps, slowly increasing

1316
01:11:50,500 --> 01:11:51,800
the space and relieving 
pressure. 

1317
01:11:52,700 --> 01:11:55,800
Finally, with careful Levering 
and the coordinated effort of 

1318
01:11:55,808 --> 01:11:58,200
several people. 
The stone can be shifted and 

1319
01:11:58,200 --> 01:12:00,500
removed. 
The damaged Stone wants 

1320
01:12:00,500 --> 01:12:02,600
extracted reveals. 
Interesting details. 

1321
01:12:02,600 --> 01:12:06,500
His back surface is rougher than
the front exactly, as it should 

1322
01:12:06,500 --> 01:12:07,600
be. 
The rough. 

1323
01:12:07,600 --> 01:12:10,400
Surface provides better grip for
the mortar and ruffle. 

1324
01:12:11,100 --> 01:12:14,400
You can see tool marks from its 
original shaping, probably made 

1325
01:12:14,400 --> 01:12:17,300
by a Mason working decades or 
even centuries ago. 

1326
01:12:17,300 --> 01:12:20,100
Depending on when this 
particular section was lost 

1327
01:12:20,100 --> 01:12:23,800
rebuilt. 
The stone weighs 200 pounds and 

1328
01:12:23,800 --> 01:12:26,700
moving it requires. 
A wooden Sledge and four people.

1329
01:12:26,700 --> 01:12:30,400
Pulling carefully, coordinated 
ropes Replacement stones have 

1330
01:12:30,400 --> 01:12:33,400
been prepared in advance 
selected from the stockpile that

1331
01:12:33,400 --> 01:12:37,100
every maintenance section keeps.
Finding stones that match the 

1332
01:12:37,100 --> 01:12:41,400
existing work in size and shape 
is part art and part practical 

1333
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:44,000
geometry. 
Master Liu examined. 

1334
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:47,000
Several candidates rejecting, 
some for reasons that aren't 

1335
01:12:47,000 --> 01:12:49,900
immediately obvious to you one 
has a hairline crack that might 

1336
01:12:49,900 --> 01:12:53,300
not matter now, but could cause 
problems later and another is a 

1337
01:12:53,300 --> 01:12:55,400
slightly softer stone that will 
weather faster than its 

1338
01:12:55,400 --> 01:12:57,900
neighbors. 
The Chosen replacement Stone 

1339
01:12:57,900 --> 01:13:01,200
gets fitted carefully into the 
opening, it doesn't simply drop 

1340
01:13:01,200 --> 01:13:05,100
into place instead it requires 
small adjustments, shaving a bit

1341
01:13:05,100 --> 01:13:08,900
here, shimming there with thin 
Stone flakes until it sits 

1342
01:13:08,900 --> 01:13:12,700
precisely as it should. 
Fit needs to be tight enough to 

1343
01:13:12,700 --> 01:13:15,900
provide structural Integrity but
not so tight that it creates 

1344
01:13:15,900 --> 01:13:18,900
stress points. 
Master, you checks the alignment

1345
01:13:18,900 --> 01:13:21,700
using a water level. 
Along tube, filled with water. 

1346
01:13:21,700 --> 01:13:25,100
Whose ends must be at the same 
height regardless of the tubes 

1347
01:13:25,100 --> 01:13:28,400
path between them. 
While this skilled work proceeds

1348
01:13:28,400 --> 01:13:30,100
other tasks, continue around 
you. 

1349
01:13:30,900 --> 01:13:34,000
Someone is clearing vegetation 
from drainage channels a job 

1350
01:13:34,000 --> 01:13:36,600
that seems minor and you can 
consider that blocked. 

1351
01:13:36,600 --> 01:13:39,600
Drainage causes water to 
accumulate freeze and cracks 

1352
01:13:39,600 --> 01:13:42,000
Stones. 
Another worker is treating 

1353
01:13:42,000 --> 01:13:45,300
wooden elements with a mixture 
of oils that help preserve them 

1354
01:13:45,300 --> 01:13:48,700
against weather and insects. 
Third person is checking and 

1355
01:13:48,700 --> 01:13:51,500
tightening the stones that pave,
the walls walking surface 

1356
01:13:51,500 --> 01:13:54,300
ensuring that none of worked 
loose and might trip someone 

1357
01:13:54,300 --> 01:13:57,800
hurrying along in the dark. 
The new stone, finally settles 

1358
01:13:57,800 --> 01:14:01,000
into place with a satisfying 
solidity, and mortar is 

1359
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:04,800
carefully packed around it. 
Master Liu uses a thin stick to 

1360
01:14:04,800 --> 01:14:08,300
work the mortar into every Gap. 
Ensuring no air pockets, remain.

1361
01:14:09,100 --> 01:14:12,600
The excess mortar gets scraped 
away and smooth, creating neat 

1362
01:14:12,600 --> 01:14:14,400
joints. 
That will shed water rather than

1363
01:14:14,400 --> 01:14:17,700
Channel it into the wall. 
The work won't be fully cured 

1364
01:14:17,700 --> 01:14:20,800
for days, but even now you can 
see that it will be virtually 

1365
01:14:20,800 --> 01:14:23,300
invisible. 
Once completed, just another 

1366
01:14:23,300 --> 01:14:25,300
Stone. 
In an endless line of stones, 

1367
01:14:25,300 --> 01:14:28,600
maintaining the walls Integrity 
for whoever comes after you. 

1368
01:14:29,800 --> 01:14:32,800
You take a moment to appreciate 
the continuity, this represents 

1369
01:14:32,800 --> 01:14:35,100
the stone. 
You've just replaced might have 

1370
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:38,100
been placed by a Mason during 
the Ming Dynasty's early years 

1371
01:14:38,100 --> 01:14:40,800
and the stone. 
Now, filling its space might 

1372
01:14:40,800 --> 01:14:42,500
remain in place for another few 
centuries. 

1373
01:14:42,500 --> 01:14:45,300
Your hands have touched the same
surfaces that. 

1374
01:14:45,300 --> 01:14:48,500
Countless other hands touch 
before and countless more will 

1375
01:14:48,500 --> 01:14:52,500
touch after the work is humble. 
But the connection to history 

1376
01:14:52,500 --> 01:14:55,100
feels tangible in a way that 
written records never quite 

1377
01:14:55,100 --> 01:14:57,800
capture. 
As afternoons, slides toward the

1378
01:14:57,800 --> 01:15:00,700
evening attention shifts, to the
wooden structures along the 

1379
01:15:00,700 --> 01:15:04,800
wall, the small buildings, Gates
and shelters that provide 

1380
01:15:04,800 --> 01:15:07,100
crucial functionality beyond the
stone and Earth. 

1381
01:15:07,800 --> 01:15:10,200
These structures require their 
own form of Maintenance, 

1382
01:15:10,200 --> 01:15:14,100
following rhythms determined by 
seasons and weather rather than 

1383
01:15:14,100 --> 01:15:16,400
the slower pace of stone 
deterioration. 

1384
01:15:17,300 --> 01:15:20,400
The nearest shelter is a small 
building, perhaps 10 feet square

1385
01:15:20,400 --> 01:15:24,400
with walls of Timber and a tiled
roof designed to shed rain and 

1386
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:28,100
snow efficiently. 
It sits against the walls in a 

1387
01:15:28,100 --> 01:15:30,800
face using the massive Stone 
structure as shelter. 

1388
01:15:30,800 --> 01:15:34,600
From northern winds, Inside the 
space is simple but functional 

1389
01:15:34,600 --> 01:15:39,300
storage for emergency supplies. 
A small raised platform for 

1390
01:15:39,300 --> 01:15:42,700
sleeping and a brassiere for 
heating during cold weather with

1391
01:15:42,700 --> 01:15:45,100
a carefully designed chimney 
that vents through the roof. 

1392
01:15:46,200 --> 01:15:49,100
Today's work involves replacing 
some of the roof tiles that 

1393
01:15:49,100 --> 01:15:52,800
cracked during winter freezes. 
You climb a ladder checking its 

1394
01:15:52,800 --> 01:15:55,700
stability first because Falls 
from even modest. 

1395
01:15:55,700 --> 01:15:58,500
Heights can be serious and 
carefully Removed the damaged 

1396
01:15:58,500 --> 01:16:01,700
tiles each tile. 
Overlaps its neighbors in a 

1397
01:16:01,700 --> 01:16:04,200
pattern that creates a 
waterproof surface while 

1398
01:16:04,200 --> 01:16:06,900
allowing individual pieces to be
replaced with without disturbing

1399
01:16:06,900 --> 01:16:10,200
the entire roof. 
The system is elegant in its 

1400
01:16:10,200 --> 01:16:14,200
Simplicity proven over centuries
of use, the replacement tiles. 

1401
01:16:14,200 --> 01:16:16,800
Have been fired in the same 
kills that produced tiles for 

1402
01:16:16,800 --> 01:16:19,700
village houses maintaining 
consistency and color and 

1403
01:16:19,700 --> 01:16:22,400
texture. 
Heavier than they look and 

1404
01:16:22,400 --> 01:16:25,000
positioning them correctly 
requires attention to detail. 

1405
01:16:25,000 --> 01:16:28,900
Each tile must sit at the proper
angle to channel water away and 

1406
01:16:28,900 --> 01:16:31,800
the overlap must be sufficient 
to prevent leaks even in driving

1407
01:16:31,800 --> 01:16:35,500
rain or melting snow. 
You work slowly testing each 

1408
01:16:35,500 --> 01:16:39,500
tiles position before moving to 
the next From the roof, you have

1409
01:16:39,500 --> 01:16:42,400
an interesting perspective on 
the walls construction, you can 

1410
01:16:42,408 --> 01:16:44,900
see how the crenellations those 
parapet walls on. 

1411
01:16:44,900 --> 01:16:47,600
Either side are actually quite 
complex structures. 

1412
01:16:47,600 --> 01:16:51,000
Not simple walls but carefully 
designed elements that provide 

1413
01:16:51,000 --> 01:16:54,100
protection while allowing 
observation and when necessary 

1414
01:16:54,100 --> 01:16:57,600
defensive action the gaps 
between crenellations are 

1415
01:16:57,600 --> 01:17:00,500
positioned to offer, Clear Sight
lines while remaining narrow 

1416
01:17:00,500 --> 01:17:02,800
enough that someone standing 
behind them remains largely 

1417
01:17:02,800 --> 01:17:05,800
protected. 
Other wooden elements the walls 

1418
01:17:05,800 --> 01:17:08,100
length. 
There are simple gates in some 

1419
01:17:08,100 --> 01:17:11,500
sections, allowing access to 
parse that descent a villagers 

1420
01:17:11,500 --> 01:17:14,600
or water sources. 
These Gates need regular 

1421
01:17:14,600 --> 01:17:16,800
attention, hinges. 
Must be oil. 

1422
01:17:16,800 --> 01:17:21,000
Wood must be treated against rot
and the fit must be checked to 

1423
01:17:21,000 --> 01:17:22,500
ensure. 
They can still close properly. 

1424
01:17:23,800 --> 01:17:27,100
There are also wooden platforms 
at various points, providing 

1425
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:30,300
elevated positions for 
observation or simply offering 

1426
01:17:30,300 --> 01:17:32,200
level surfaces where the wall 
itself. 

1427
01:17:32,200 --> 01:17:35,000
Sloped, steeply The seasonal 
nature of this? 

1428
01:17:35,000 --> 01:17:38,000
Maintenance becomes apparent as 
you work in. 

1429
01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:40,800
Spring attention, focuses on 
repairing, winter damage, 

1430
01:17:40,800 --> 01:17:44,700
cracked tiles warped. 
Boards and fasteners loosened by

1431
01:17:44,700 --> 01:17:48,200
freeze thaw Cycles in summer, 
the concern, shifts to 

1432
01:17:48,200 --> 01:17:50,800
protection against son and 
insects with applications of 

1433
01:17:50,808 --> 01:17:53,200
preservative oils and inspection
for pest damage. 

1434
01:17:54,300 --> 01:17:58,100
Autumn brings preparation for 
winter, checking that roofs of 

1435
01:17:58,100 --> 01:18:01,000
sound that shutters closed 
properly and that supplies are 

1436
01:18:01,000 --> 01:18:03,300
adequate. 
Winter itself, sees less 

1437
01:18:03,300 --> 01:18:06,800
maintenance activity with work, 
limited to Urgent, repairs and 

1438
01:18:06,800 --> 01:18:08,700
daily. 
Clearing of snow from critical 

1439
01:18:08,700 --> 01:18:12,400
areas, youngway joins you on the
roof bringing additional tiles 

1440
01:18:12,400 --> 01:18:15,200
and showing the easy confidence 
of someone who has never fallen 

1441
01:18:15,200 --> 01:18:18,600
from a height and thus hasn't 
yet learned appropriate caution.

1442
01:18:19,500 --> 01:18:22,400
You subtly position yourself to 
block his access to the roof's 

1443
01:18:22,400 --> 01:18:24,000
Edge, and he doesn't notice or 
comment. 

1444
01:18:24,800 --> 01:18:27,200
He Chatters while working 
talking about his plans to 

1445
01:18:27,200 --> 01:18:30,200
perhaps marry next year. 
Maybe start a family and 

1446
01:18:30,200 --> 01:18:32,700
continue his work on the wall, 
like his father and grandfather 

1447
01:18:32,700 --> 01:18:36,200
before him. 
His enthusiasm is genuine and 

1448
01:18:36,200 --> 01:18:39,000
you find yourself slightly 
envious of his certainty about 

1449
01:18:39,000 --> 01:18:41,700
the future. 
The sun has moved significantly.

1450
01:18:41,700 --> 01:18:44,600
Across the sky, by the time the 
roof work is complete. 

1451
01:18:44,600 --> 01:18:48,200
And you climb down carefully, 
feeling the days labor, in your 

1452
01:18:48,200 --> 01:18:51,200
shoulders and back. 
The ladder goes back into 

1453
01:18:51,200 --> 01:18:53,700
storage. 
A good ladder is valuable and 

1454
01:18:53,700 --> 01:18:56,900
needs protection from weather 
and you gather the broken tiles 

1455
01:18:56,900 --> 01:19:00,100
for disposal. 
They can't be reused but they'll

1456
01:19:00,100 --> 01:19:02,700
be buried near the wall 
eventually becoming part of the 

1457
01:19:02,708 --> 01:19:05,200
landscape. 
Like everything else that has 

1458
01:19:05,200 --> 01:19:08,200
served its purpose here. 
Evening finds you in the supply 

1459
01:19:08,200 --> 01:19:10,800
storage area, helping to 
organize materials for 

1460
01:19:10,800 --> 01:19:13,600
tomorrow's work. 
This might seem like mundane 

1461
01:19:13,600 --> 01:19:15,600
bookkeeping but maintaining the 
wall. 

1462
01:19:15,600 --> 01:19:18,400
Depends, absolutely on having 
the right materials in the right

1463
01:19:18,400 --> 01:19:21,800
places at the right times. 
The logistics of Supply 

1464
01:19:21,800 --> 01:19:24,500
management have their own 
complexity, their own 

1465
01:19:24,500 --> 01:19:27,600
satisfaction. 
The storage area is actually a 

1466
01:19:27,600 --> 01:19:30,200
series of spaces built into an 
against the wall itself. 

1467
01:19:30,200 --> 01:19:33,200
Taking advantage of the 
structures and protection. 

1468
01:19:34,100 --> 01:19:36,700
Some storage is in vaulted. 
Chambers within the walls, 

1469
01:19:36,700 --> 01:19:40,000
thickness spaces originally 
designed for military purposes 

1470
01:19:40,000 --> 01:19:42,500
but now repurposed for peaceful 
maintenance work. 

1471
01:19:43,500 --> 01:19:46,000
Other supplies live in the 
wooden structures, built against

1472
01:19:46,000 --> 01:19:48,500
the walls in a face protected 
from weather. 

1473
01:19:48,500 --> 01:19:52,300
But accessible when needed 
materials arrive from various 

1474
01:19:52,300 --> 01:19:55,300
sources following Supply chains 
that can connect this remote 

1475
01:19:55,300 --> 01:19:58,700
section of wall to production 
centers that might be days or 

1476
01:19:58,700 --> 01:20:01,600
weeks away. 
Lime comes from Kilns in The 

1477
01:20:01,608 --> 01:20:04,200
Valleys where limestone is 
burned and carefully. 

1478
01:20:04,200 --> 01:20:08,500
Tended fires sand is collected 
from specific riverbeds, chosen 

1479
01:20:08,500 --> 01:20:12,100
for grain size and mineral 
content Clay comes from deposits

1480
01:20:12,100 --> 01:20:14,000
identified and worked over 
Generations. 

1481
01:20:14,000 --> 01:20:17,600
Would arrives from managed 
forests where trees are 

1482
01:20:17,600 --> 01:20:20,000
selectively harvested to 
maintain the resource for future

1483
01:20:20,000 --> 01:20:22,400
needs. 
The accounting system is 

1484
01:20:22,400 --> 01:20:25,800
surprisingly sophisticated 
maintained by a clerk who visits

1485
01:20:25,800 --> 01:20:28,300
every few weeks to update 
records and arranged for new 

1486
01:20:28,300 --> 01:20:31,300
supplies. 
He uses a combination of written

1487
01:20:31,300 --> 01:20:34,300
records and Counting rods. 
The traditional Chinese 

1488
01:20:34,300 --> 01:20:37,500
calculation tool that allows 
complex arithmetic through Rod 

1489
01:20:37,500 --> 01:20:39,800
position and manipulation 
watching. 

1490
01:20:39,800 --> 01:20:43,400
Him work is fascinating, his 
fingers move with practice 

1491
01:20:43,400 --> 01:20:47,300
speed, calculating quantity is 
and costs with an accuracy that 

1492
01:20:47,300 --> 01:20:51,600
matches any written arithmetic. 
You help count and stack tiles 

1493
01:20:51,600 --> 01:20:53,700
organizing them by size and 
condition. 

1494
01:20:54,600 --> 01:20:56,900
Damage tiles. 
Get separated for potential 

1495
01:20:56,900 --> 01:21:00,300
reuse, even broken tiles, have 
value as Rubble fill, or 

1496
01:21:00,300 --> 01:21:03,800
drainage material. 
Good tiles are stacked carefully

1497
01:21:03,800 --> 01:21:06,600
with straw between layers to 
prevent shipping during storage.

1498
01:21:07,700 --> 01:21:11,700
The counting becomes almost 
meditative one, two, three, 

1499
01:21:11,700 --> 01:21:14,400
four. 
Continuing in Rhythm, while your

1500
01:21:14,400 --> 01:21:18,200
mind, wanders to other thoughts,
Other supplies receive similar 

1501
01:21:18,200 --> 01:21:21,100
attention. 
Wooden planks assorted by length

1502
01:21:21,100 --> 01:21:24,000
and thickness. 
Tools are invented and those 

1503
01:21:24,000 --> 01:21:26,900
needing repair are set aside for
the village blacksmith's 

1504
01:21:26,900 --> 01:21:29,700
attention. 
Rope gets inspected for wear 

1505
01:21:29,700 --> 01:21:32,700
with any showing significant 
fraying marked for replacement 

1506
01:21:32,700 --> 01:21:37,500
before it fails during use iron 
fittings hinges, brackets Nails,

1507
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:40,900
accounted and their condition 
noted, even the seemingly 

1508
01:21:40,900 --> 01:21:43,900
infinite supply of basic 
materials like sand and gravel 

1509
01:21:43,900 --> 01:21:46,000
gets monitored with orders. 
Placed. 

1510
01:21:46,000 --> 01:21:49,900
When reserves dropped below 
certain levels, Mrs. Tang the 

1511
01:21:49,900 --> 01:21:52,900
supply manager moves through the
storage areas with complete 

1512
01:21:52,900 --> 01:21:56,200
confidence in the dark spaces. 
She knows where everything is 

1513
01:21:56,200 --> 01:21:59,700
kept how much of everything 
remains and what will be needed 

1514
01:21:59,700 --> 01:22:03,900
for the coming weeks work. 
Her memory seems perfect, but 

1515
01:22:03,900 --> 01:22:06,800
you notice, she keeps small 
notations, on wooden tablets 

1516
01:22:06,800 --> 01:22:10,200
character marks that serve as 
Memory aids and double checks 

1517
01:22:10,200 --> 01:22:13,400
against oversight. 
She explains to you as she's 

1518
01:22:13,400 --> 01:22:16,800
explained before that Supply 
management operates on multiple 

1519
01:22:16,800 --> 01:22:20,300
time frames simultaneously. 
There are immediate needs 

1520
01:22:20,300 --> 01:22:23,800
tomorrow's mortar requires lime 
that must be available today. 

1521
01:22:23,800 --> 01:22:26,800
There are seasonal needs tiles 
for winter. 

1522
01:22:26,800 --> 01:22:29,700
Repairs must be ordered in 
summer when kills are operating 

1523
01:22:29,700 --> 01:22:32,700
and roads are possible. 
And there are long-term 

1524
01:22:32,700 --> 01:22:37,000
strategic reserves materials 
kept against unexpected problems

1525
01:22:37,000 --> 01:22:41,000
sudden damage from storms or 
earthquakes or interruptions in 

1526
01:22:41,000 --> 01:22:44,300
the normal supply chain. 
The system has evolved over 

1527
01:22:44,300 --> 01:22:47,500
centuries of trial and error, 
incorporating hard, one lessons 

1528
01:22:47,500 --> 01:22:51,100
about what works and what 
doesn't Storing lime in sealed, 

1529
01:22:51,100 --> 01:22:52,600
containers keeps it dry and 
active. 

1530
01:22:52,600 --> 01:22:55,200
Keeping multiple tool types 
means work. 

1531
01:22:55,200 --> 01:22:57,700
Doesn't stop. 
When one breaks Maintaining 

1532
01:22:57,700 --> 01:23:01,100
relationships with reliable, 
suppliers, ensures quality and 

1533
01:23:01,100 --> 01:23:03,500
availability. 
These aren't written rules so 

1534
01:23:03,500 --> 01:23:06,200
much as practical knowledge 
passed down through generations 

1535
01:23:06,200 --> 01:23:09,200
of workers. 
As Darkness, settles fully over 

1536
01:23:09,200 --> 01:23:12,100
the wall, you finish the 
Infantry work and help secure 

1537
01:23:12,100 --> 01:23:15,300
the storage areas. 
Doors are closed and latched. 

1538
01:23:15,300 --> 01:23:17,700
Not locked. 
There's little theft here. 

1539
01:23:17,700 --> 01:23:20,800
Where everyone knows everyone 
and Community disapproval is 

1540
01:23:20,800 --> 01:23:23,700
powerful enforcement, but 
secured against wind and 

1541
01:23:23,700 --> 01:23:26,000
animals. 
The satisfaction of good 

1542
01:23:26,000 --> 01:23:29,300
organization, is real tomorrow's
work will proceed smoothly 

1543
01:23:29,300 --> 01:23:31,800
because tonight's preparation 
was Thoreau. 

1544
01:23:33,200 --> 01:23:36,000
The next morning, brings 
different work, attention to the

1545
01:23:36,000 --> 01:23:39,300
earthwork that forms much of the
walls mass and provides its 

1546
01:23:39,300 --> 01:23:41,800
fundamental stability from a 
distance. 

1547
01:23:41,800 --> 01:23:45,400
The wall appears to be primarily
Stone but this visible surface 

1548
01:23:45,400 --> 01:23:48,500
is actually just the facing on a
much larger structure of Earth, 

1549
01:23:48,500 --> 01:23:53,100
rubble and careful engineering. 
You're working on a section 

1550
01:23:53,100 --> 01:23:56,300
where water drainage has become 
problematic, the walls 

1551
01:23:56,300 --> 01:23:58,100
Foundation here. 
Sits on a relatively 

1552
01:23:58,100 --> 01:24:01,600
impermeable, clay layer and 
winter runoff has pooled rather 

1553
01:24:01,600 --> 01:24:04,400
than draining away. 
Creating conditions that could 

1554
01:24:04,400 --> 01:24:05,900
undermine the structures 
stability. 

1555
01:24:07,100 --> 01:24:10,400
The work required involves both 
diagnosis and repair, 

1556
01:24:10,400 --> 01:24:14,300
understanding the waters path 
and redirecting, it away from 

1557
01:24:14,300 --> 01:24:17,400
vulnerable areas. 
Master Liu has brought several 

1558
01:24:17,400 --> 01:24:20,400
workers for this project. 
Understanding that earthwork 

1559
01:24:20,400 --> 01:24:23,000
requires different skills than 
masonry or carpentry. 

1560
01:24:23,900 --> 01:24:27,100
One older man, his name is ghoul
and he's worked on irrigation 

1561
01:24:27,100 --> 01:24:30,000
channels for most of his life. 
Has the knowledge needed to 

1562
01:24:30,000 --> 01:24:32,500
understand how water moves 
through soil and around 

1563
01:24:32,500 --> 01:24:35,000
obstacles. 
He walks the area slowly 

1564
01:24:35,000 --> 01:24:37,700
observing. 
Subtle changes in vegetation and

1565
01:24:37,700 --> 01:24:40,200
soil color that indicate 
moisture patterns. 

1566
01:24:40,200 --> 01:24:44,200
The diagnostic process is 
fascinating to watch grow 

1567
01:24:44,200 --> 01:24:47,400
examines where water appears 
after rain, noting stains on 

1568
01:24:47,400 --> 01:24:49,100
Stone and patterns of moss 
growth. 

1569
01:24:49,100 --> 01:24:52,700
He digs small test holes in 
several locations describing 

1570
01:24:52,700 --> 01:24:56,400
what he finds in each, the soil,
composition the depth to 

1571
01:24:56,400 --> 01:24:59,100
different layers. 
And the presence of roots or 

1572
01:24:59,100 --> 01:25:01,500
rocks that might Channel or 
block water flow. 

1573
01:25:01,500 --> 01:25:05,000
He seems to be building a mental
map of the subsurface conditions

1574
01:25:05,000 --> 01:25:08,100
and eventually he nods to 
himself and points to where work

1575
01:25:08,100 --> 01:25:10,800
should focus. 
The repair involves creating a 

1576
01:25:10,808 --> 01:25:13,600
drainage channel, that will 
intercept water before it 

1577
01:25:13,600 --> 01:25:16,800
reaches the walls foundation, 
and redirect it to a point where

1578
01:25:16,800 --> 01:25:20,700
it can safely Flow Away. 
This requires digging. 

1579
01:25:20,700 --> 01:25:24,500
Not the dramatic excavation, you
might imagine, but careful 

1580
01:25:24,500 --> 01:25:27,900
methodical removal of Earth. 
Always watching for signs of 

1581
01:25:27,908 --> 01:25:29,800
instability. 
That might indicate the wall 

1582
01:25:29,800 --> 01:25:31,700
itself is being affected by the 
work. 

1583
01:25:32,700 --> 01:25:36,200
The Earth here is a mixture of 
clay silt and small stones 

1584
01:25:36,200 --> 01:25:38,700
packed hard by centuries of 
compression. 

1585
01:25:38,700 --> 01:25:42,800
Removing it requires picks to 
break up the material, followed 

1586
01:25:42,800 --> 01:25:46,400
by shovels to clear it away. 
The work is physically demanding

1587
01:25:46,400 --> 01:25:50,300
in a way that's different from 
stone or woodwork less Precision

1588
01:25:50,300 --> 01:25:52,400
required, but more sustained 
physical effort. 

1589
01:25:52,400 --> 01:25:56,300
You take turns with the digging 
switching places every 15 or 20 

1590
01:25:56,300 --> 01:26:00,400
minutes to prevent exhaustion as
you dig you encounter layers 

1591
01:26:00,400 --> 01:26:01,700
that. 
Tell stories about the walls 

1592
01:26:01,700 --> 01:26:04,400
history. 
A layer of charcoal indicates a 

1593
01:26:04,400 --> 01:26:06,800
fire. 
Probably from a brassiere or 

1594
01:26:06,800 --> 01:26:10,300
cooking fire along a go. 
Fragments of pottery show where 

1595
01:26:10,300 --> 01:26:13,200
someone broke a vessel and the 
pieces ended up in film 

1596
01:26:13,200 --> 01:26:15,800
material. 
Bones from meals, eaten by 

1597
01:26:15,800 --> 01:26:17,600
previous generations of workers 
appear. 

1598
01:26:17,600 --> 01:26:21,200
Occasionally, usually chicken or
Pig disposed off in the most 

1599
01:26:21,200 --> 01:26:24,400
convenient way of available. 
The drainage Channel takes shape

1600
01:26:24,400 --> 01:26:27,200
gradually. 
A shallow ditch line with stones

1601
01:26:27,200 --> 01:26:30,400
to prevent erosion, graded to 
ensure water flows in the 

1602
01:26:30,400 --> 01:26:33,600
intended Direction, and designed
to handle, not just typical 

1603
01:26:33,600 --> 01:26:36,600
runoff, but also the larger 
volumes that come with spring 

1604
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:40,400
snowmelt or summer storms. 
Master Liu, checks the grade 

1605
01:26:40,400 --> 01:26:44,100
using the same water level tool 
employed for stonework ensuring 

1606
01:26:44,100 --> 01:26:47,100
that the channel will function 
as intended rather than simply 

1607
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:48,900
moving the problem to a 
different location. 

1608
01:26:48,900 --> 01:26:53,300
Once the channel is excavated 
and aligned attention, turns to 

1609
01:26:53,308 --> 01:26:56,300
protecting it against damage, 
the channel gets covered with 

1610
01:26:56,300 --> 01:26:59,800
flat Stones laid Loosely enough,
that water can still enter But 

1611
01:26:59,800 --> 01:27:01,600
animals or cartwheels won't 
collapse. 

1612
01:27:01,600 --> 01:27:04,900
The structure vegetation will be
encouraged to grow along its 

1613
01:27:04,900 --> 01:27:07,600
edges with the roots helping to 
stabilize the soil. 

1614
01:27:07,600 --> 01:27:10,500
While the plants themselves 
indicate that drainage is 

1615
01:27:10,500 --> 01:27:13,100
working properly. 
The work extends into the 

1616
01:27:13,108 --> 01:27:16,200
afternoon with breaks for water 
and simple food. 

1617
01:27:16,200 --> 01:27:20,300
More rice cakes, some dried 
fruit and tea that somehow stays

1618
01:27:20,300 --> 01:27:23,900
warm in Mrs. Tang's Pottery 
container, despite the cool air 

1619
01:27:23,900 --> 01:27:26,900
temperature, the group works 
with the easy coordination of 

1620
01:27:26,900 --> 01:27:30,300
people who have collaborated 
frequently understanding without

1621
01:27:30,300 --> 01:27:32,300
much discussion, who should do 
what? 

1622
01:27:32,300 --> 01:27:36,600
And when By late after noon, the
drainage work is complete. 

1623
01:27:36,600 --> 01:27:39,800
And you spend time restoring the
area around the work site to 

1624
01:27:39,800 --> 01:27:41,800
something approximating its 
previous appearance. 

1625
01:27:42,800 --> 01:27:45,600
Excess Earth gets spread rather 
than left in piles. 

1626
01:27:45,600 --> 01:27:48,400
Stones are returned to 
approximately where they came 

1627
01:27:48,400 --> 01:27:51,100
from, and the trampled 
vegetation is encouraged to 

1628
01:27:51,100 --> 01:27:54,300
stand up, right again, the goal 
is to make the repair as 

1629
01:27:54,300 --> 01:27:56,700
invisible as possible while 
ensuring it functions 

1630
01:27:56,700 --> 01:28:00,000
effectively. 
As evening approaches and work 

1631
01:28:00,000 --> 01:28:02,400
winds down. 
You find yourself sitting on the

1632
01:28:02,400 --> 01:28:05,700
wall with several other workers,
eating dinner, and sharing the 

1633
01:28:05,700 --> 01:28:10,200
comfortable silence that comes 
after a day of shared labor, But

1634
01:28:10,208 --> 01:28:13,700
conversation, eventually starts 
and stories begin to emerge. 

1635
01:28:13,700 --> 01:28:17,200
The Human Experience that give 
meaning to the physical work 

1636
01:28:17,200 --> 01:28:19,400
old. 
Jao the most senior worker 

1637
01:28:19,400 --> 01:28:20,800
present talks about his 
grandfather. 

1638
01:28:20,800 --> 01:28:23,800
Who worked this, same section of
the wall during the previous 

1639
01:28:23,800 --> 01:28:27,500
century, the stories, a matter 
of fact, rather than dramatic, 

1640
01:28:28,200 --> 01:28:29,800
Small incidents and daily 
routines. 

1641
01:28:29,800 --> 01:28:33,400
Rather than heroic events, his 
grandfather, apparently had a 

1642
01:28:33,408 --> 01:28:36,000
talent for predicting. 
Whether by observing clouds and 

1643
01:28:36,000 --> 01:28:38,800
wind patterns, a skill that 
helped the work Cruise plan 

1644
01:28:38,800 --> 01:28:41,400
their activities and take 
shelter before storms arrived. 

1645
01:28:42,300 --> 01:28:45,000
The conversation meanders 
through family history and you 

1646
01:28:45,008 --> 01:28:47,300
realize that many of the workers
are connected through 

1647
01:28:47,300 --> 01:28:50,000
complicated, webs of 
relationships ways. 

1648
01:28:50,000 --> 01:28:53,500
Mother was Jaws cousin, Mrs. 
Tang's late husband was the 

1649
01:28:53,500 --> 01:28:56,500
brother of the village headman. 
Your own connection to. 

1650
01:28:56,500 --> 01:28:59,500
This place came through an uncle
who worked here and suggested 

1651
01:28:59,500 --> 01:29:01,700
you apply when you needed 
employment years ago. 

1652
01:29:02,600 --> 01:29:06,000
These relationships create a 
sense of continuity and mutual 

1653
01:29:06,000 --> 01:29:08,100
obligation that goes beyond mere
employment. 

1654
01:29:08,800 --> 01:29:11,900
Someone mentions a storm from 
several years back, you remember

1655
01:29:11,900 --> 01:29:14,100
it? 
Vaguely a late summer Tempest 

1656
01:29:14,100 --> 01:29:17,100
that brought winds, strong 
enough to strip tiles from roofs

1657
01:29:17,100 --> 01:29:19,900
and flood the drainage channels 
that normally handle water 

1658
01:29:19,900 --> 01:29:22,800
easily. 
The wall itself suffered minor 

1659
01:29:22,800 --> 01:29:25,900
damage but the wooden structures
took heavy losses and the 

1660
01:29:25,908 --> 01:29:27,900
recovery work. 
Dominated several months. 

1661
01:29:28,800 --> 01:29:31,600
The memory is shared among those
who were present with each 

1662
01:29:31,600 --> 01:29:33,900
person adding details that 
others had forgotten or 

1663
01:29:33,900 --> 01:29:37,100
experienced differently, the 
stories aren't all serious. 

1664
01:29:37,100 --> 01:29:40,800
There's the time that young way 
in his first month of work, 

1665
01:29:40,800 --> 01:29:44,600
accidentally knocked a bucket of
fresh mortar off the wall and it

1666
01:29:44,600 --> 01:29:48,500
landed with remarkable Precision
directly on Master to lose head 

1667
01:29:48,500 --> 01:29:51,900
as he walked below the incident 
was apparently spectacular with 

1668
01:29:51,900 --> 01:29:54,800
mortar splattered widely enough 
that evidence remained visible 

1669
01:29:54,800 --> 01:29:58,600
for weeks to despite cleaning 
efforts Way takes the teasing 

1670
01:29:58,600 --> 01:30:00,700
good naturedly though. 
He still looks slightly 

1671
01:30:00,700 --> 01:30:04,300
mortified years later. 
There are older stories passed 

1672
01:30:04,300 --> 01:30:07,900
down through generations of 
workers a tale about a guardian 

1673
01:30:07,900 --> 01:30:09,900
who supposedly saw a dragon in 
the Mist. 

1674
01:30:09,900 --> 01:30:11,800
One morning though everyone 
agrees. 

1675
01:30:11,800 --> 01:30:14,000
It was probably just an 
unusually shaped cloud 

1676
01:30:14,000 --> 01:30:16,100
formation. 
They enjoy the story anyway. 

1677
01:30:17,100 --> 01:30:20,300
A legend about a stretch of wall
that was completed in record 

1678
01:30:20,300 --> 01:30:22,900
time because the workers 
discovered a natural spring that

1679
01:30:22,900 --> 01:30:26,300
saved days of water. 
Hauling Stories about visitors, 

1680
01:30:26,300 --> 01:30:29,500
who came to inspect the wall 
minor officials, mostly who 

1681
01:30:29,500 --> 01:30:32,000
asked obvious questions and then
left without contributing 

1682
01:30:32,000 --> 01:30:35,800
anything useful. 
The conversation drifts to 

1683
01:30:35,800 --> 01:30:39,100
families and children, the 
universal concerns that connect 

1684
01:30:39,100 --> 01:30:43,000
workers across time and place. 
Jao's granddaughter is learning 

1685
01:30:43,000 --> 01:30:46,000
to read which he finds 
simultaneously impressive and 

1686
01:30:46,000 --> 01:30:48,300
slightly mysterious having never
learned himself. 

1687
01:30:49,900 --> 01:30:52,000
Weighed talks again about his 
marriage plans. 

1688
01:30:52,000 --> 01:30:55,000
Earning gentle, teasing about 
his romantic optimism. 

1689
01:30:55,000 --> 01:30:59,600
Someone mentions a new baby born
in the village marveling at how 

1690
01:30:59,600 --> 01:31:01,600
small Human start, and how 
quickly they grow. 

1691
01:31:02,700 --> 01:31:05,300
Stars begin appearing in the 
darkening, Sky, the 

1692
01:31:05,300 --> 01:31:07,800
conversation, grows quieter and 
more reflective. 

1693
01:31:07,800 --> 01:31:10,200
Someone mentioned that this 
work. 

1694
01:31:10,200 --> 01:31:14,500
Maintaining the wall is a 
strange sort of immortality, the

1695
01:31:14,500 --> 01:31:17,800
individual workers come and go 
living their brief lives, but 

1696
01:31:17,800 --> 01:31:20,200
the wall continues. 
And the work continues 

1697
01:31:20,200 --> 01:31:23,100
connecting Generations. 
Through shared purpose. 

1698
01:31:24,000 --> 01:31:27,100
Your own hands repair work done 
by hands that turned to dust 

1699
01:31:27,100 --> 01:31:29,500
centuries ago and hands. 
Not yet. 

1700
01:31:29,500 --> 01:31:31,400
Born will repair your work in 
turn. 

1701
01:31:32,500 --> 01:31:35,100
Final day of this particular 
work cycle brings a different 

1702
01:31:35,100 --> 01:31:37,700
perspective. 
A chance to step back from 

1703
01:31:37,700 --> 01:31:40,800
immediate tasks and consider the
larger picture of what this work

1704
01:31:40,800 --> 01:31:43,600
means and why it continues. 
Despite the fact that the walls 

1705
01:31:43,600 --> 01:31:47,300
military purpose has largely 
faded You're walking along a 

1706
01:31:47,300 --> 01:31:49,700
section of the wall than usual 
accompanying Master. 

1707
01:31:49,700 --> 01:31:52,200
Liu on an inspection tour, that 
covers several miles. 

1708
01:31:52,200 --> 01:31:56,000
The walk itself is peaceful with
Morning Mist, still filling The 

1709
01:31:56,000 --> 01:31:58,700
Valleys below and the sun, just 
beginning to warm the stone 

1710
01:31:58,700 --> 01:32:02,000
beneath your feet. 
Master you points out various 

1711
01:32:02,000 --> 01:32:05,000
features as you go sharing 
knowledge accumulated over 

1712
01:32:05,000 --> 01:32:08,400
Decades of careful observation, 
he shows you how to identify 

1713
01:32:08,400 --> 01:32:12,000
sections built during different 
periods by subtle differences in

1714
01:32:12,000 --> 01:32:15,000
construction. 
Technique earlier sections, tend

1715
01:32:15,000 --> 01:32:17,400
to use larger stones with less 
regular shapes. 

1716
01:32:17,400 --> 01:32:20,800
While later construction shows 
more standardization, more 

1717
01:32:20,800 --> 01:32:23,400
precise, cutting, and more 
sophisticated mortar. 

1718
01:32:24,200 --> 01:32:26,900
He points out repairs made by 
previous generations of 

1719
01:32:26,900 --> 01:32:30,300
Maintenance workers explaining 
how you can often identify 

1720
01:32:30,300 --> 01:32:33,200
individual Mason's by their 
characteristic patterns. 

1721
01:32:33,200 --> 01:32:36,500
One person always pointed their 
joints in a particular way. 

1722
01:32:36,500 --> 01:32:40,800
Another favorite slightly, 
recessed mortar and a third had 

1723
01:32:40,800 --> 01:32:45,100
a distinctive signature in how 
they shaped cornerstones. the 

1724
01:32:45,100 --> 01:32:48,100
wall itself, tells a story of 
technological, Evolution and 

1725
01:32:48,100 --> 01:32:51,300
accumulated knowledge, Drainage 
Systems become more 

1726
01:32:51,300 --> 01:32:54,600
sophisticated in later sections.
Incorporating lessons learned 

1727
01:32:54,600 --> 01:32:57,900
from earlier failures. 
Foundation work shows increasing

1728
01:32:57,900 --> 01:33:00,000
understanding of soil, 
mechanics, and Water Management.

1729
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:03,400
Even the simple details. 
How steps are shaped. 

1730
01:33:03,400 --> 01:33:07,000
How parapets are capped how 
doors are hung show incremental 

1731
01:33:07,000 --> 01:33:10,500
improvements based on practical 
experience, Master, you talks 

1732
01:33:10,500 --> 01:33:12,300
about his own role in this 
continuity. 

1733
01:33:12,300 --> 01:33:15,300
How we learned from his 
predecessor and is now teaching 

1734
01:33:15,300 --> 01:33:18,900
the Next Generation. 
The knowledge isn't recorded in 

1735
01:33:18,900 --> 01:33:22,400
books or formal documents, there
are no written manuals for wall 

1736
01:33:22,400 --> 01:33:25,400
maintenance, but rather passes 
directly from experienced 

1737
01:33:25,400 --> 01:33:29,000
workers to apprentices through 
demonstration, correction and 

1738
01:33:29,000 --> 01:33:33,400
patient explanation. he worries,
sometimes he admits The crucial 

1739
01:33:33,400 --> 01:33:36,600
knowledge, might be lost, if the
chain of transmission breaks, if

1740
01:33:36,600 --> 01:33:39,500
the work is interrupted long 
enough that living memory fades,

1741
01:33:40,200 --> 01:33:42,300
But he's also optimistic 
pointing out that the 

1742
01:33:42,300 --> 01:33:45,700
fundamental principles of good 
construction and maintenance are

1743
01:33:45,700 --> 01:33:49,000
actually quite simple. 
Use quality materials, pay 

1744
01:33:49,000 --> 01:33:51,900
attention to drainage address, 
small problems before they 

1745
01:33:51,900 --> 01:33:54,800
become large and maintain 
respect for the structure, your 

1746
01:33:54,800 --> 01:33:57,600
working on. 
These principles remain valid 

1747
01:33:57,600 --> 01:34:00,400
regardless of changing political
circumstances or social 

1748
01:34:00,400 --> 01:34:03,400
conditions, ensuring that 
whoever works on the wall in the

1749
01:34:03,408 --> 01:34:05,800
future, will be able to figure 
out what needs doing. 

1750
01:34:06,700 --> 01:34:10,000
The walk brings you to a section
where the wall ends or at least 

1751
01:34:10,008 --> 01:34:12,800
where this particular section 
transitions to a different 

1752
01:34:12,800 --> 01:34:15,300
construction style managed by 
different work Crews. 

1753
01:34:16,000 --> 01:34:19,000
The boundary is marked by a 
watchtower slightly larger than 

1754
01:34:19,000 --> 01:34:21,600
usual serving as an 
administrative division Point, 

1755
01:34:21,600 --> 01:34:24,100
as well as a structural element 
you. 

1756
01:34:24,100 --> 01:34:27,500
Rest here, eating a simple lunch
and looking back along the walls

1757
01:34:27,500 --> 01:34:30,500
length seeing it curved away 
into the distance until it 

1758
01:34:30,500 --> 01:34:33,800
disappears over a ridge. from 
this vantage point, the wall 

1759
01:34:33,800 --> 01:34:36,800
seems less like a single 
structure and more like a 

1760
01:34:36,800 --> 01:34:40,100
geographical feature something 
that has always been part of the

1761
01:34:40,100 --> 01:34:44,100
landscape and always will be The
distinction between natural and 

1762
01:34:44,100 --> 01:34:47,800
artificial blurs, the wall 
follows the terrain so faithful 

1763
01:34:47,800 --> 01:34:50,100
that its to grow from the 
mountains rather than being 

1764
01:34:50,100 --> 01:34:53,300
imposed upon them. 
This integration Master loose 

1765
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:57,200
suggests, his part of what makes
the structure endure it works 

1766
01:34:57,200 --> 01:35:00,700
with the landscape rather than 
against it accepting the lands 

1767
01:35:00,700 --> 01:35:03,300
movement and adjustment rather 
than the rigidly resisting 

1768
01:35:03,300 --> 01:35:06,300
change. 
The afternoon brings reflection 

1769
01:35:06,300 --> 01:35:08,300
on what this work means in 
personal terms. 

1770
01:35:09,000 --> 01:35:12,600
For you it's been employment 
certainly and purpose a 

1771
01:35:12,600 --> 01:35:15,300
satisfaction of doing something.
Well of maintaining something 

1772
01:35:15,300 --> 01:35:18,100
important. 
But it's also been Community 

1773
01:35:18,100 --> 01:35:21,300
Connection to other people and 
to history and a kind of 

1774
01:35:21,300 --> 01:35:23,600
meditation on impermanence and 
continuity. 

1775
01:35:24,300 --> 01:35:28,000
Every stone, you've replaced 
every joint you've reported and 

1776
01:35:28,000 --> 01:35:30,400
every drainage Channel. 
You've cleared represents a 

1777
01:35:30,400 --> 01:35:33,700
small victory against entropy 
against the constant tendency of

1778
01:35:33,700 --> 01:35:35,500
organized things to become 
disorganized. 

1779
01:35:37,000 --> 01:35:39,300
Think about the people who will 
walk this wall in the future, 

1780
01:35:39,300 --> 01:35:42,000
but centuries from now, perhaps 
longer. 

1781
01:35:42,700 --> 01:35:45,400
They'll see these Stones you've 
touched walk this path you've 

1782
01:35:45,400 --> 01:35:48,300
maintained and benefit from 
drainage channels, you've dug 

1783
01:35:48,300 --> 01:35:50,400
and repairs. 
You've made they won't know your

1784
01:35:50,400 --> 01:35:52,000
name. 
Won't think about you 

1785
01:35:52,000 --> 01:35:54,800
specifically, but your work will
continue serving its purpose 

1786
01:35:54,800 --> 01:35:58,700
long after your forgotten This 
anonymity, strangely feels 

1787
01:35:58,700 --> 01:36:01,900
appropriate rather than sad as 
the sun begins. 

1788
01:36:01,900 --> 01:36:03,600
Its descent toward the Western 
mountains. 

1789
01:36:03,600 --> 01:36:07,200
You start the walk back toward 
your home section of moving at 

1790
01:36:07,200 --> 01:36:10,500
an easy Pace that allows 
attention to surroundings. the 

1791
01:36:10,508 --> 01:36:13,700
evening light transforms the 
walls Stone, bringing out, warm 

1792
01:36:13,700 --> 01:36:17,600
colors that the harsh midday Sun
washes out Shadows from 

1793
01:36:17,600 --> 01:36:20,500
crenellations create regular 
patterns that March along the 

1794
01:36:20,500 --> 01:36:23,400
walls length. 
Slight breeze, carries the cool 

1795
01:36:23,400 --> 01:36:26,600
breath of approaching night. 
He pass other workers heading 

1796
01:36:26,600 --> 01:36:28,800
home, exchanging nods and brief 
words. 

1797
01:36:28,800 --> 01:36:32,000
Everyone looks tired in the good
way that comes from physical. 

1798
01:36:32,000 --> 01:36:34,800
Work completed satisfactorily 
and there's quiet. 

1799
01:36:34,800 --> 01:36:36,600
Contentment in the shared 
exhaustion. 

1800
01:36:37,300 --> 01:36:40,500
Tomorrow will bring more work, 
different specific tasks, but 

1801
01:36:40,500 --> 01:36:43,900
the same essential purpose, 
keeping the wall standing 

1802
01:36:43,900 --> 01:36:46,800
functional and ready for 
whatever future use. 

1803
01:36:46,800 --> 01:36:50,900
It might serve The Village comes
into view as you descend, it's 

1804
01:36:50,900 --> 01:36:53,400
evening, cooking, fires, 
beginning to release smoke, that

1805
01:36:53,400 --> 01:36:55,600
rises straight in the still air 
before dispersing. 

1806
01:36:56,400 --> 01:36:58,900
Children are playing some game 
involving much running and 

1807
01:36:58,900 --> 01:37:01,900
shouting their energy seemingly 
inexhaustible despite the Days 

1808
01:37:01,900 --> 01:37:04,700
end. 
Someone is singing, you can't 

1809
01:37:04,700 --> 01:37:07,700
make out the words but the 
melody carries a gentle 

1810
01:37:07,700 --> 01:37:10,800
Melancholy that suits the 
evening mood, you reach your own

1811
01:37:10,800 --> 01:37:14,300
home as Darkness. 
Settles fully Small structure 

1812
01:37:14,300 --> 01:37:17,400
built against the walls. 
Southern face sharing one wall 

1813
01:37:17,400 --> 01:37:20,100
with a massive structure that 
has defined so much of your 

1814
01:37:20,108 --> 01:37:23,300
life. 
Inside you like to lamp, it's 

1815
01:37:23,300 --> 01:37:25,500
soft glow. 
Pushing back the dark enough to 

1816
01:37:25,500 --> 01:37:28,800
prepare a simple meal. 
The physical tiredness feels 

1817
01:37:28,800 --> 01:37:32,600
good and through useful work, 
rather than wasted on pointless 

1818
01:37:32,600 --> 01:37:34,700
activity. 
Before sleeping. 

1819
01:37:34,700 --> 01:37:38,500
You step outside one more time 
looking up at the wall, Rising 

1820
01:37:38,500 --> 01:37:42,200
behind your home. 
Stars scatter across the sky and

1821
01:37:42,200 --> 01:37:46,000
the wall silhouette stands solid
against their light exactly as 

1822
01:37:46,000 --> 01:37:48,100
it stood last night and will 
stand tomorrow night. 

1823
01:37:49,200 --> 01:37:52,300
The constancy is comforting a 
reminder that some things 

1824
01:37:52,308 --> 01:37:55,700
persist through human effort and
Care maintained by countless 

1825
01:37:55,700 --> 01:37:58,200
individuals working quietly 
across Generations. 

1826
01:37:59,000 --> 01:38:00,600
You think about the work waiting
Tomorrow? 

1827
01:38:00,600 --> 01:38:03,500
There's always more work. 
Always, another section needing 

1828
01:38:03,500 --> 01:38:06,800
attention, always small problems
to address before they become 

1829
01:38:06,800 --> 01:38:09,400
large problems. 
But tonight, the work is done 

1830
01:38:09,400 --> 01:38:12,100
and you can rest with the 
satisfaction of knowing you've 

1831
01:38:12,100 --> 01:38:15,100
contributed to something larger 
than yourself, something that 

1832
01:38:15,100 --> 01:38:16,700
will Outlast you. 
And everyone, you know, 

1833
01:38:17,500 --> 01:38:20,200
Maintained by the quiet 
dedication of ordinary people 

1834
01:38:20,200 --> 01:38:23,300
doing extraordinary work through
simple persistence. 

1835
01:38:23,300 --> 01:38:27,100
The war will stand through your 
lifetime and Beyond not through 

1836
01:38:27,100 --> 01:38:30,000
any single heroic effort. 
But through the accumulated 

1837
01:38:30,000 --> 01:38:32,500
patient attention of workers, 
who understand? 

1838
01:38:32,500 --> 01:38:35,800
That maintenance, not drama 
keeps important. 

1839
01:38:35,800 --> 01:38:39,400
Things functioning And in this 
understanding lies, a deeper 

1840
01:38:39,400 --> 01:38:42,500
truth, that the truly important 
work of the world happens. 

1841
01:38:42,500 --> 01:38:46,400
Quietly without Fanfare 
performed by people whose names 

1842
01:38:46,400 --> 01:38:49,700
Fade Into Obscurity. 
But whose efforts Echo forward 

1843
01:38:49,700 --> 01:38:52,600
through time touching lives. 
They'll never know in ways they 

1844
01:38:52,600 --> 01:38:55,300
can't. 
Imagine sleep comes easily and 

1845
01:38:55,300 --> 01:38:57,400
the wall stands. 
Watch through the night solid 

1846
01:38:57,400 --> 01:38:59,600
and patient waiting for 
tomorrow's. 

1847
01:38:59,600 --> 01:39:03,500
Attention ready for another day 
of careful maintenance by hands 

1848
01:39:03,500 --> 01:39:13,200
that understand their purpose. 
Welcome to Tudor England, where 

1849
01:39:13,200 --> 01:39:15,900
the approach of Darkness meant 
something entirely different 

1850
01:39:15,900 --> 01:39:21,300
than it does today. 
Between 1485 and 1603 when the 

1851
01:39:21,308 --> 01:39:25,600
sun set over thatched cottages 
and manor, houses alike and 

1852
01:39:25,600 --> 01:39:30,200
entire ritual, unfolded, that 
shaped how people rested dreamed

1853
01:39:30,200 --> 01:39:32,800
and greeted each new day 
tonight. 

1854
01:39:32,800 --> 01:39:36,800
We'll explore the intimate world
of Tudor sleep from the moment. 

1855
01:39:36,800 --> 01:39:41,000
Twilight descended to the first 
stirrings of dawn discovering 

1856
01:39:41,000 --> 01:39:44,900
how your ancestors found, rest 
in an era without electricity 

1857
01:39:44,900 --> 01:39:48,200
central heating or any of the 
modern Comforts, we take for 

1858
01:39:48,200 --> 01:39:50,900
granted now. 
Imagine if you will yourself 

1859
01:39:50,900 --> 01:39:54,500
standing in a Tudor Marketplace,
on a September afternoon and the

1860
01:39:54,500 --> 01:39:58,200
light is already changing. 
The sun, hangs lower the new to 

1861
01:39:58,200 --> 01:40:02,300
expect for 4:00 casting Long 
Shadows across the cobblestones 

1862
01:40:02,300 --> 01:40:05,000
around. 
You Merchants are packing up 

1863
01:40:05,000 --> 01:40:06,700
their stalls with increasing 
urgency. 

1864
01:40:06,700 --> 01:40:11,000
And you realize this isn't just 
about closing shop, it's about 

1865
01:40:11,008 --> 01:40:14,400
getting home before the darkness
arrives in Earnest in Tudor 

1866
01:40:14,400 --> 01:40:17,100
England, and Nightfall wasn't 
simply an inconvenience to be 

1867
01:40:17,100 --> 01:40:21,000
conquered with Light switch it 
represented a fundamental shift 

1868
01:40:21,000 --> 01:40:25,800
in how life operated your body 
if you'd lived in this era would

1869
01:40:25,800 --> 01:40:28,500
have been attuned to the sun's 
movements in ways that modern 

1870
01:40:28,500 --> 01:40:33,200
humans have largely forgotten. 
The pineal gland in your brain 

1871
01:40:33,200 --> 01:40:37,300
responding to decreasing light 
would begin releasing melatonin 

1872
01:40:37,300 --> 01:40:41,300
much earlier than it does today.
Sometimes, as early as mid after

1873
01:40:41,300 --> 01:40:45,100
noon, in winter months, the 
phrase close of Day held literal

1874
01:40:45,100 --> 01:40:48,900
weight shops, shuttered, their 
Windows families, gathered their

1875
01:40:48,900 --> 01:40:51,900
children from Play. 
Even livestock seem to 

1876
01:40:51,900 --> 01:40:54,800
understand the approaching 
transition making their way 

1877
01:40:54,800 --> 01:40:56,500
toward Barnes without much 
prompting. 

1878
01:40:57,800 --> 01:41:01,300
This wasn't fear, exactly. 
Though nighttime did carry 

1879
01:41:01,300 --> 01:41:03,600
legitimate concerns about safety
and navigation. 

1880
01:41:03,600 --> 01:41:07,700
Rather it was acceptance of a 
natural Rhythm that. 

1881
01:41:07,700 --> 01:41:11,800
Governed everything from work 
schedule to meal times to social

1882
01:41:11,800 --> 01:41:15,100
Gatherings, as you walk through 
a two to town at dusk. 

1883
01:41:15,100 --> 01:41:18,400
You'd notice the sound's 
changing The hammering from the 

1884
01:41:18,400 --> 01:41:22,600
blacksmith's Forge false silent 
the calls of Street vendors Fade

1885
01:41:22,600 --> 01:41:25,300
Away in their place. 
Comes a different acoustic 

1886
01:41:25,300 --> 01:41:28,800
landscape, the settling of 
Timber frames as building's. 

1887
01:41:28,800 --> 01:41:32,200
Cool, the distant bleeding of 
sheep, being penned for the 

1888
01:41:32,208 --> 01:41:35,400
night and the closest sounds of 
families moving inside their 

1889
01:41:35,400 --> 01:41:38,400
homes. 
Someone nearby is bringing in 

1890
01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:40,900
firewood. 
The logs clunking against each 

1891
01:41:40,900 --> 01:41:42,700
other, with that particular 
Hollow sound. 

1892
01:41:42,700 --> 01:41:45,900
That means they've been drying 
all summer the smell of cooking 

1893
01:41:45,900 --> 01:41:49,500
fires intensifies. 
As you pass houses, where supper

1894
01:41:49,500 --> 01:41:52,900
preparations are underway. 
Smoke curls from chimneys. 

1895
01:41:52,900 --> 01:41:55,600
Relatively new feature in Tudor 
times. 

1896
01:41:55,600 --> 01:41:58,500
Actually, there's many older 
buildings still relied on 

1897
01:41:58,500 --> 01:42:00,400
Central halves with holes in the
roof. 

1898
01:42:01,700 --> 01:42:05,400
The aroma tells you what's for 
dinner in a dozen homes pottage 

1899
01:42:05,400 --> 01:42:07,700
made with whatever vegetables 
came from the garden. 

1900
01:42:07,700 --> 01:42:11,100
Perhaps some salted pork. 
If it's a household with means 

1901
01:42:11,100 --> 01:42:14,900
and bread, baking on half stones
for tomorrow's breakfast, your 

1902
01:42:14,900 --> 01:42:19,300
own household, assuming your 
neither destitute operates on a 

1903
01:42:19,300 --> 01:42:22,600
predictable schedule. 
Supper happens while this still 

1904
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:24,200
enough natural light to see your
food. 

1905
01:42:24,200 --> 01:42:27,000
Clearly not out of preference 
but necessity. 

1906
01:42:27,900 --> 01:42:31,100
Candles and Rush, Lights cost 
money, and you'll need them for 

1907
01:42:31,100 --> 01:42:33,500
the essential tasks. 
That must happen after dark. 

1908
01:42:34,500 --> 01:42:36,500
The tower rush like sputter and 
smoke. 

1909
01:42:36,500 --> 01:42:40,300
Giving off a smell that visitors
from our time would find 

1910
01:42:40,300 --> 01:42:43,600
unpleasant, but the Tudor knows 
his barely registered. 

1911
01:42:44,500 --> 01:42:48,100
These were decorative elements 
but practical tools jealously 

1912
01:42:48,100 --> 01:42:51,300
guarded and carefully. 
Rationed children are already 

1913
01:42:51,300 --> 01:42:54,800
showing signs of drowsiness much
earlier than modern kids would 

1914
01:42:55,500 --> 01:42:59,200
Without the stimulation of 
screens or Bright Lights their 

1915
01:42:59,200 --> 01:43:01,400
circadian rhythms. 
Follow ancient patterns. 

1916
01:43:01,400 --> 01:43:03,800
You might see a 5 year old 
rubbing. 

1917
01:43:03,800 --> 01:43:05,900
Her eyes at 6:00. 
Ready for bed. 

1918
01:43:05,900 --> 01:43:07,600
Long before the adults will 
retire. 

1919
01:43:08,400 --> 01:43:10,800
This isn't considered unusual or
problematic. 

1920
01:43:10,800 --> 01:43:15,000
It's simply how children are the
transition from day to night. 

1921
01:43:15,008 --> 01:43:17,400
Carried a certain Comfort 
despite its challenges. 

1922
01:43:17,400 --> 01:43:19,900
There was predictability in the 
routine. 

1923
01:43:19,900 --> 01:43:23,400
A sense that you were doing what
countless Generations before you

1924
01:43:23,400 --> 01:43:25,800
had done. 
As Darkness settled more 

1925
01:43:25,800 --> 01:43:28,900
completely over the town, you'd 
begin moving through the rituals

1926
01:43:28,900 --> 01:43:31,000
that prepare both house and body
for sleep. 

1927
01:43:31,700 --> 01:43:34,900
Rituals that were as much about 
psychological preparation as 

1928
01:43:34,900 --> 01:43:38,200
physical assess. 
Chapter 2, the bed chamber 

1929
01:43:38,200 --> 01:43:41,000
itself. 
Let's step into a typical Tudor 

1930
01:43:41,000 --> 01:43:43,600
bedroom, though. 
Typical covers a wide range 

1931
01:43:43,600 --> 01:43:47,100
depending on social status. 
We'll start with a middling 

1932
01:43:47,100 --> 01:43:50,600
household prosperous enough to 
have separate sleeping quarters 

1933
01:43:50,600 --> 01:43:53,400
but far from the elaborator 
arrangements of nobility. 

1934
01:43:54,300 --> 01:43:58,400
Climb a narrow wooden staircase.
Your hand trailing along, a wall

1935
01:43:58,408 --> 01:44:02,500
made of wattle and orb. 
Woven sticks covered with a 

1936
01:44:02,500 --> 01:44:08,100
mixture of mud, clay and straw. 
The texture under your fingers 

1937
01:44:08,100 --> 01:44:11,100
is rough but solid cool to the 
touch. 

1938
01:44:12,000 --> 01:44:15,300
At the top, you duck slightly 
through a doorway built for 

1939
01:44:15,300 --> 01:44:17,700
people who averaged several 
inches shorter than modern 

1940
01:44:17,700 --> 01:44:20,700
humans though not quite as short
as myth would have it. 

1941
01:44:21,800 --> 01:44:24,600
The average Tudor man, stood 
around 5 foot 7. 

1942
01:44:24,600 --> 01:44:28,800
The average woman about five 
foot two, the bed chamber isn't 

1943
01:44:28,800 --> 01:44:30,900
large. 
In fact, it strikes you as 

1944
01:44:30,900 --> 01:44:35,300
remarkably small by contemporary
standards, 10 feet by 12 feet, 

1945
01:44:35,300 --> 01:44:38,400
and it serves multiple purposes 
Beyond sleeping. 

1946
01:44:39,300 --> 01:44:43,400
Against one wall stands, the bed
itself, the rooms most valuable 

1947
01:44:43,400 --> 01:44:47,300
piece of furniture and quite 
possibly the most expensive 

1948
01:44:47,300 --> 01:44:48,700
item. 
The family owns. 

1949
01:44:49,600 --> 01:44:52,500
This isn't a mattress on a frame
from a furniture store. 

1950
01:44:53,200 --> 01:44:56,500
This is a substantial wooden 
structure built to last 

1951
01:44:56,500 --> 01:44:58,100
Generations. 
That will be mentioned 

1952
01:44:58,100 --> 01:45:01,600
specifically in the owners. 
Will the bed frame Rises higher 

1953
01:45:01,600 --> 01:45:04,100
off the floor than you'd expect 
roughly three feet up. 

1954
01:45:04,100 --> 01:45:07,700
There's practical reasoning 
here, elevation provides 

1955
01:45:07,700 --> 01:45:10,900
protection from floor drafts. 
And from the various creatures 

1956
01:45:10,900 --> 01:45:13,200
that might wander across the 
floorboards at night. 

1957
01:45:14,000 --> 01:45:17,800
The space underneath serves as a
storage for chess boxes and 

1958
01:45:17,800 --> 01:45:21,000
sometimes even a trundle bed 
that pulls out for children or 

1959
01:45:21,000 --> 01:45:23,000
servants. 
What catches your attention? 

1960
01:45:23,000 --> 01:45:26,800
Most is the bed itself. 
Killer the mattress situation 

1961
01:45:26,800 --> 01:45:30,200
which operates on a principle of
layering that would make perfect

1962
01:45:30,200 --> 01:45:33,900
sense to anyone who understands 
Insulation at the base. 

1963
01:45:33,900 --> 01:45:37,500
It's a canvas sack stuffed with 
straw quite firmly packed. 

1964
01:45:38,600 --> 01:45:40,900
This Foundation layer gets 
replaced seasonally. 

1965
01:45:41,600 --> 01:45:45,400
Fresh straw and Autumn brought a
particular satisfaction like the

1966
01:45:45,400 --> 01:45:48,500
feeling of new rushes on the 
floor or a newly thatched roof. 

1967
01:45:49,300 --> 01:45:53,300
On top of this lies, a second 
mattress thinner, and stuffed 

1968
01:45:53,300 --> 01:45:57,000
with wool, if the household can 
afford it or more straw mixed 

1969
01:45:57,000 --> 01:46:01,300
with dried herbs, if they can't,
the term mattress itself comes 

1970
01:46:01,300 --> 01:46:05,300
from the Arabic word, meaning to
throw referring to the cushions 

1971
01:46:05,300 --> 01:46:06,800
thrown on the floor for 
sleeping. 

1972
01:46:08,200 --> 01:46:10,500
Tudor beds at evolved well 
beyond floor. 

1973
01:46:10,500 --> 01:46:13,700
Cushions incorporating Knowledge
from Continental. 

1974
01:46:13,700 --> 01:46:15,900
Craftsman about comfort and 
construction. 

1975
01:46:16,900 --> 01:46:20,200
A well-made bed represented a 
significant investment. 

1976
01:46:21,200 --> 01:46:24,900
Perhaps three months of wages 
for a laborer bed, curtains. 

1977
01:46:24,900 --> 01:46:28,100
Hang from a wooden frame, and 
these serve purposes that are 

1978
01:46:28,108 --> 01:46:32,000
modern heated bedrooms don't 
require Heavy wool or linen. 

1979
01:46:32,000 --> 01:46:35,200
Curtains sometimes lined with 
additional fabric for winter 

1980
01:46:35,200 --> 01:46:40,100
Creator room within a room. 
When drawn, they trap body heat 

1981
01:46:40,100 --> 01:46:44,200
and provide genuine privacy, and
homeware privacy was scarce. 

1982
01:46:45,100 --> 01:46:47,900
The curtains also block drafts 
that slip through shuttered 

1983
01:46:47,900 --> 01:46:51,300
windows and gaps in walls, 
making the enclosed space, 

1984
01:46:51,300 --> 01:46:54,600
several degrees warmer than the 
outer room, the curtains aren't 

1985
01:46:54,600 --> 01:46:57,100
purely functional, they carry 
social meaning too. 

1986
01:46:57,900 --> 01:47:00,900
Their quality and decoration 
announced status to anyone who 

1987
01:47:00,900 --> 01:47:04,000
enters the room. 
Wealthy households might have 

1988
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:07,300
curtains embroidered with family
crests or biblical scenes. 

1989
01:47:08,100 --> 01:47:11,200
Middling families, might add 
simple, geometric patterns, or 

1990
01:47:11,200 --> 01:47:15,200
contrasting colored trim. 
Even modest households try to 

1991
01:47:15,208 --> 01:47:18,500
manage something Beyond plain 
undyed fabric. 

1992
01:47:19,500 --> 01:47:23,000
Perhaps adding bands of color at
the edges or simple embroidered 

1993
01:47:23,000 --> 01:47:26,700
flowers, near the opening bed, 
linens, tell another story about

1994
01:47:26,700 --> 01:47:30,500
Tudor life. if your fortunate 
enough to have sheets they made 

1995
01:47:30,508 --> 01:47:34,200
of Lin in Temple Flats woven 
into cloth that started out 

1996
01:47:34,200 --> 01:47:38,000
quite rough but softened with 
repeated washing Cotton is 

1997
01:47:38,000 --> 01:47:41,800
exotic and expensive, imported 
from great distances. 

1998
01:47:43,000 --> 01:47:45,900
Silk is for the truly wealthy 
your sheets. 

1999
01:47:45,900 --> 01:47:48,900
Assuming you have them rather 
than sleeping directly on the 

2000
01:47:48,900 --> 01:47:52,600
wall mattress cover, get washed 
perhaps once a month or every 

2001
01:47:52,600 --> 01:47:56,500
six weeks depending on the 
season and available water, the 

2002
01:47:56,500 --> 01:47:59,700
pillow under your head contains 
feathers, if your prosperous or 

2003
01:47:59,700 --> 01:48:03,600
wool or buckwheat hulls, if 
you're not Multiple pillows are 

2004
01:48:03,600 --> 01:48:06,700
a luxury. 
Most people make do with one and

2005
01:48:06,700 --> 01:48:09,700
it's not unusual for two people,
sharing a bed to share a single 

2006
01:48:09,708 --> 01:48:12,900
pillow as well. 
The pillowcase called a pillow 

2007
01:48:12,900 --> 01:48:16,700
bear gets washed more frequently
than sheets because you're face 

2008
01:48:16,700 --> 01:48:20,200
touches it, nightly blankets and
coverlets complete, the bedding.

2009
01:48:20,200 --> 01:48:24,700
And here again, we see that 
principle of layering A linen 

2010
01:48:24,700 --> 01:48:28,400
sheet, goes over the sleeper, 
then wool blanket, then perhaps 

2011
01:48:28,400 --> 01:48:31,100
a coverlet. 
A decorative woven or 

2012
01:48:31,100 --> 01:48:34,300
embroidered covering that as 
much about display as warmth. 

2013
01:48:35,000 --> 01:48:38,900
In Winter, you might have a 
Furrow added to the pile rabbit 

2014
01:48:38,900 --> 01:48:42,200
or lambskin if your moderately 
prosperous or expensive. 

2015
01:48:42,200 --> 01:48:44,800
Imported. 
If you are well fee, the room 

2016
01:48:44,800 --> 01:48:47,800
contains other Furniture though,
not much by modern standards. 

2017
01:48:49,000 --> 01:48:52,100
Chess sits at the foot of the 
bed holding clothing and linens.

2018
01:48:53,200 --> 01:48:55,700
This chest, probably traveled 
here with the wife when she 

2019
01:48:55,708 --> 01:48:59,000
married as part of her Dowry and
it might be the only piece of 

2020
01:48:59,000 --> 01:49:01,900
furniture. 
She truly owns outright a small 

2021
01:49:01,908 --> 01:49:05,600
table near the bed holds candle 
in a holder, perhaps a cup of 

2022
01:49:05,608 --> 01:49:08,000
water or ale, or maybe a prayer 
book. 

2023
01:49:08,000 --> 01:49:11,500
If the household is literate and
devout enough to own one pegs on

2024
01:49:11,508 --> 01:49:14,600
the wall, hold clothing. 
The concept of a closet or 

2025
01:49:14,600 --> 01:49:16,900
wardrobe belongs mainly to the 
very wealthy. 

2026
01:49:17,500 --> 01:49:20,200
Your few garments. 
Hang on these wooden pegs and 

2027
01:49:20,200 --> 01:49:23,300
you're careful with them because
cloth represents significant 

2028
01:49:23,300 --> 01:49:26,600
expense and labor. 
That wool gown hanging by the 

2029
01:49:26,600 --> 01:49:30,300
door, took a shepherd's year of 
work, a sheerer skill, a 

2030
01:49:30,300 --> 01:49:34,400
Spinners hours at the wheel, a 
Weaver's time at the loom and a 

2031
01:49:34,400 --> 01:49:36,400
Tailor's, expertise with needle 
and thread. 

2032
01:49:36,400 --> 01:49:40,500
You don't treat it carelessly. 
The floor might be wood planks 

2033
01:49:40,500 --> 01:49:43,100
or packed Earth. 
Depending on the house is age 

2034
01:49:43,100 --> 01:49:45,800
and the owners means. 
Either way, it's covered with 

2035
01:49:45,800 --> 01:49:49,800
rushes long grasses, strewn 
across the surface that serves 

2036
01:49:49,800 --> 01:49:53,400
as a combination Floor Covering 
insulation and waste of 

2037
01:49:53,408 --> 01:49:56,700
absorption system. 
Fresh rushes smell green and 

2038
01:49:56,700 --> 01:50:01,700
pleasant old rushes due for 
changing smell of all the things

2039
01:50:01,700 --> 01:50:03,600
that have fallen into them over 
weeks or months. 

2040
01:50:04,500 --> 01:50:08,100
You'd notice it immediately, but
Judah noses were acclimated to 

2041
01:50:08,100 --> 01:50:11,300
organic smells that modern 
sensibilities, find challenging 

2042
01:50:11,300 --> 01:50:15,400
a window quite small by modern 
standards sits high in one wall,

2043
01:50:15,400 --> 01:50:20,000
it has shutters but no glass 
windows, remain expensive and 

2044
01:50:20,000 --> 01:50:22,500
mainly appear in the homes of 
the wealthy or in churches. 

2045
01:50:22,500 --> 01:50:26,300
When shutters closed at night, 
they block wind and rain but 

2046
01:50:26,300 --> 01:50:29,600
also all light and fresh air. 
So there's a constant 

2047
01:50:29,600 --> 01:50:33,500
negotiation between warmth and 
ventilation between Securities 

2048
01:50:33,500 --> 01:50:36,400
and stuffiness. 
The walls might have a religious

2049
01:50:36,400 --> 01:50:39,700
image or two would block prints 
of saints are affordable. 

2050
01:50:39,700 --> 01:50:43,800
Even for modest households 
Crucifix hangs near the bed 

2051
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:46,300
placed where you'll see it 
lasting at night. 

2052
01:50:46,300 --> 01:50:49,200
And first thing in the morning, 
a reminder of spiritual 

2053
01:50:49,200 --> 01:50:51,600
protection during the vulnerable
hours of sleep. 

2054
01:50:51,600 --> 01:50:55,700
This room represents safety, 
privacy and rest in a world 

2055
01:50:55,708 --> 01:50:57,600
where all three are precious 
Commodities. 

2056
01:50:57,600 --> 01:51:01,400
It's not merely a place to 
sleep, but a sanctuary from the 

2057
01:51:01,408 --> 01:51:04,800
demand of daylight, the 
observation of neighbors, and 

2058
01:51:04,800 --> 01:51:08,800
the requirements of work. 
Within these walls, with those 

2059
01:51:08,800 --> 01:51:13,400
curtains drawn, you can be 
simply yourself free temporarily

2060
01:51:13,400 --> 01:51:16,100
from the social roles and 
expectations that govern 

2061
01:51:16,100 --> 01:51:20,200
behavior in the public sphere. 
Chapter 3, who sleeps, where the

2062
01:51:20,200 --> 01:51:22,300
question of sleeping 
Arrangements in Tudor England, 

2063
01:51:22,300 --> 01:51:25,600
reveals, much about social 
structure, family, Dynamics, and

2064
01:51:25,600 --> 01:51:29,100
practical necessities. 
The modern assumption, that each

2065
01:51:29,100 --> 01:51:33,300
person deserves their own bed, 
let alone their own room would 

2066
01:51:33,300 --> 01:51:36,900
strike Tudor Minds as bizarre 
and rather wasteful in your 

2067
01:51:36,900 --> 01:51:38,900
middling household. 
The sleeping Arrangements, 

2068
01:51:38,900 --> 01:51:42,200
operate on a clear higher 
Archie, the master and Mistress 

2069
01:51:42,200 --> 01:51:44,300
of the house, share the main bed
chamber. 

2070
01:51:44,300 --> 01:51:47,600
We've just explored this 
represents both privilege and 

2071
01:51:47,600 --> 01:51:50,100
responsibility their bed is the 
good one. 

2072
01:51:50,100 --> 01:51:51,300
Yes. 
But there are all. 

2073
01:51:51,300 --> 01:51:54,500
So expected to manage household 
Affairs, which means they might 

2074
01:51:54,500 --> 01:51:58,300
be woken by servants reporting 
problems at any our children 

2075
01:51:58,300 --> 01:52:00,500
sleeping Arrangements, depend on
age and gender. 

2076
01:52:01,400 --> 01:52:04,300
Young children, regardless of 
sex, might share a bed in a 

2077
01:52:04,300 --> 01:52:07,500
separate chamber. 
If the house has one or sleep in

2078
01:52:07,500 --> 01:52:11,400
the same room as their parents 
in smaller homes, Trundle beds, 

2079
01:52:11,400 --> 01:52:14,400
slides under the main bed during
the day and pulls out at night 

2080
01:52:14,400 --> 01:52:17,700
for children. 
This works reasonably well until

2081
01:52:17,700 --> 01:52:20,700
the children reach a certain age
at which point gender 

2082
01:52:20,700 --> 01:52:23,800
segregation becomes important 
for modesty older. 

2083
01:52:23,800 --> 01:52:26,600
Boys, might sleep in an attic 
space or in an outbuilding. 

2084
01:52:26,600 --> 01:52:29,800
Well older girls typically 
remain in the house proper under

2085
01:52:29,800 --> 01:52:33,300
closer supervision. 
This isn't uniform across all 

2086
01:52:33,300 --> 01:52:36,800
households practical 
considerations often override 

2087
01:52:36,800 --> 01:52:39,800
ideal Arrangements. 
If you only have one chamber, 

2088
01:52:39,800 --> 01:52:42,700
everyone sleeps there, in 
whatever configuration makes 

2089
01:52:42,700 --> 01:52:45,600
sense, servants present. 
Another layer of sleeping 

2090
01:52:45,600 --> 01:52:49,100
Logistics in larger households 
servants, might have their own 

2091
01:52:49,100 --> 01:52:53,000
quarters often, quite cramped 
Chambers in attics or over 

2092
01:52:53,000 --> 01:52:56,700
outbuildings. 
In smaller, establishments, a 

2093
01:52:56,700 --> 01:52:58,000
serving girl might sleep in the 
Kitchen. 

2094
01:52:58,000 --> 01:53:01,900
Near the dying fire or at the 
foot of her mistress's, bed, or 

2095
01:53:01,900 --> 01:53:04,400
in the same room with the 
children, she helps 10. 

2096
01:53:05,400 --> 01:53:10,100
Male servants, might bend down 
in Stables workshops or any 

2097
01:53:10,100 --> 01:53:13,900
available space that offers some
shelter, the concept of servants

2098
01:53:13,900 --> 01:53:17,100
sleeping in the same rooms as 
their employers strikes, modern 

2099
01:53:17,100 --> 01:53:21,100
sensibilities as strange, but 
Tudor households operated more 

2100
01:53:21,100 --> 01:53:24,800
communally than ours. 
Privacy was less about physical 

2101
01:53:24,800 --> 01:53:28,000
separation and more about social
understanding. 

2102
01:53:28,600 --> 01:53:31,700
You pretended not to notice 
certain things and others 

2103
01:53:31,700 --> 01:53:35,500
extended the same courtesy to. 
You bed-sharing was utterly 

2104
01:53:35,500 --> 01:53:39,100
normal across all social 
classes, two or three children. 

2105
01:53:39,100 --> 01:53:42,500
Commonly shared a bed and this 
Arrangement continued well, into

2106
01:53:42,500 --> 01:53:44,300
adulthood for unmarried 
siblings. 

2107
01:53:45,100 --> 01:53:48,200
Adult guests might share beds 
with household members of the 

2108
01:53:48,200 --> 01:53:51,100
same sex without anyone thinking
twice about it. 

2109
01:53:52,000 --> 01:53:55,900
When ins advertised beds, they 
often meant spaces in beds. 

2110
01:53:55,900 --> 01:53:59,200
You might find yourself sharing 
with a stranger though in 

2111
01:53:59,200 --> 01:54:01,800
Keepers trying to pair people of
similar parents. 

2112
01:54:01,800 --> 01:54:07,200
This proximity didn't generally 
carry romantic implications bed,

2113
01:54:07,200 --> 01:54:11,700
sharing was practical, beds cost
money deadly in his cost money 

2114
01:54:11,700 --> 01:54:16,700
heating, multiple rooms cost 
money and besides shared body 

2115
01:54:16,700 --> 01:54:20,000
heat kept, everyone, warmer 
people slept in their 

2116
01:54:20,000 --> 01:54:24,700
undergarments not naked as many 
modern people do, which provided

2117
01:54:24,700 --> 01:54:28,400
a basic layer of modesty. 
The wealthy had more options but

2118
01:54:28,400 --> 01:54:31,500
didn't necessarily choose 
Solitude a nobleman. 

2119
01:54:31,500 --> 01:54:34,700
And his wife might have separate
bed Chambers but this was often 

2120
01:54:34,700 --> 01:54:37,400
about creating private spaces 
for entertaining, guests of 

2121
01:54:37,408 --> 01:54:39,600
their own sex rather than 
avoiding each other. 

2122
01:54:40,600 --> 01:54:43,300
The lady might receive female 
friends and her chamber. 

2123
01:54:43,300 --> 01:54:46,100
During the day, while the 
gentleman used his for business 

2124
01:54:46,100 --> 01:54:49,500
meetings, or entertaining other 
men, great households had 

2125
01:54:49,500 --> 01:54:52,900
elaborate sleeping hierarchies, 
the Lord and Lady had their 

2126
01:54:52,900 --> 01:54:56,800
private Chambers. 
Yes, but these rooms opened onto

2127
01:54:56,800 --> 01:55:00,400
others, where personal servants,
slept ready to assist at a 

2128
01:55:00,400 --> 01:55:03,400
moment's notice. 
A ladies maid might sleep in a 

2129
01:55:03,400 --> 01:55:06,900
small chamber joining her 
mistress's room literally, on 

2130
01:55:06,900 --> 01:55:10,800
call throughout the night. 
The gentleman's valet had 

2131
01:55:10,800 --> 01:55:15,000
similar Arrangements apprentices
in merchant or craft households 

2132
01:55:15,000 --> 01:55:16,700
presented their own sleeping 
puzzle. 

2133
01:55:17,300 --> 01:55:20,900
They were neither family nor 
exactly servants occupying an 

2134
01:55:20,900 --> 01:55:24,300
ambiguous middle State artist. 
typically they slept in the 

2135
01:55:24,308 --> 01:55:27,800
workshop itself or in the 
chamber above it, their presence

2136
01:55:27,800 --> 01:55:31,600
serving partly a security 
against theft, the relationship 

2137
01:55:31,600 --> 01:55:35,000
between master and Apprentice 
included and understanding that 

2138
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:37,000
the master would provide bed and
board. 

2139
01:55:37,700 --> 01:55:40,200
So the apprentices sleeping 
Arrangements were part of the 

2140
01:55:40,200 --> 01:55:42,800
contract babies and very young 
children. 

2141
01:55:42,800 --> 01:55:46,400
Often slept in cradles near 
their parents bed, close enough,

2142
01:55:46,400 --> 01:55:48,800
that a mother could reach out 
and rock the cradle without 

2143
01:55:48,800 --> 01:55:51,400
getting up. 
Some cradles were designed to 

2144
01:55:51,400 --> 01:55:54,600
hook onto the main bed frame, 
keeping the infant literally 

2145
01:55:54,600 --> 01:55:59,200
within Arms Reach. 
Wet nurses employed in wealthier

2146
01:55:59,200 --> 01:56:02,400
families, might sleep with the 
infant in a separate room. 

2147
01:56:02,400 --> 01:56:05,600
Essentially, taking over 
nighttime parenting duties. 

2148
01:56:05,600 --> 01:56:08,400
So the mother could rest 
undisturbed the danger of 

2149
01:56:08,400 --> 01:56:10,700
overlaying, accidentally 
smothering. 

2150
01:56:10,700 --> 01:56:14,300
An infant while sleeping was 
well, recognized and genuinely 

2151
01:56:14,300 --> 01:56:17,500
feared. 
Some parishes kept records of 

2152
01:56:17,500 --> 01:56:20,800
these deaths and moralists 
preached against parents, bring 

2153
01:56:20,800 --> 01:56:24,400
babies into their beds though. 
Necessity often over Road 

2154
01:56:24,400 --> 01:56:27,800
cautioning, cold weather. 
Or when a child was sick as 

2155
01:56:27,800 --> 01:56:30,500
children, grew their sleeping 
locations tracked, their 

2156
01:56:30,500 --> 01:56:32,600
increasing Independence and 
changing roles. 

2157
01:56:33,700 --> 01:56:36,500
A boy approaching apprenticeship
age might move out of the family

2158
01:56:36,500 --> 01:56:39,900
sleeping quarters as preparation
for his coming departure from 

2159
01:56:39,900 --> 01:56:42,700
home. 
A girl approaching marriageable 

2160
01:56:42,700 --> 01:56:44,500
age needed increased 
supervision. 

2161
01:56:44,500 --> 01:56:47,500
So her sleeping Arrangements 
might actually become less 

2162
01:56:47,500 --> 01:56:50,400
independent. 
Moving closer to parental 

2163
01:56:50,400 --> 01:56:53,500
oversight elderly, family 
members presented yet. 

2164
01:56:53,500 --> 01:56:56,700
Another consideration. 
Grandparents who could no longer

2165
01:56:56,700 --> 01:57:00,000
maintain their own households. 
Like moving with adult children,

2166
01:57:00,000 --> 01:57:03,100
requiring adjustments to 
sleeping Arrangements. 

2167
01:57:03,100 --> 01:57:07,000
A grandmother might share a bed 
with granddaughter's both 

2168
01:57:07,000 --> 01:57:09,300
providing supervision and 
receiving care. 

2169
01:57:10,300 --> 01:57:12,800
The grandfather might bend down 
near the fire on the ground 

2170
01:57:12,800 --> 01:57:14,500
floor. 
If climbing stairs became 

2171
01:57:14,500 --> 01:57:18,100
difficult during play years or 
times of illness sleeping, 

2172
01:57:18,100 --> 01:57:21,400
Arrangement shifted 
dramatically, the sick were 

2173
01:57:21,400 --> 01:57:25,000
isolated as much as possible 
though, isolation in a Tudor 

2174
01:57:25,000 --> 01:57:26,400
house meant something different 
than it does. 

2175
01:57:26,400 --> 01:57:30,200
Now, perhaps sleeping alone in a
chamber rather than sharing a 

2176
01:57:30,200 --> 01:57:33,800
bed with the door closed to 
contain contagious Vapors, that 

2177
01:57:33,800 --> 01:57:37,000
medical Theory, blamed for 
spreading disease seasonal, 

2178
01:57:37,000 --> 01:57:41,000
variations affected sleeping 
locations, too in summer, some 

2179
01:57:41,000 --> 01:57:44,000
people move their sleeping 
pallets to cooler locations, 

2180
01:57:44,000 --> 01:57:47,800
perhaps a chamber on the north 
side of the house or even into 

2181
01:57:47,800 --> 01:57:50,500
Garden's for the truly wealthy 
with secure properties. 

2182
01:57:51,600 --> 01:57:55,300
In Winter, everyone contracted 
into the warmest rooms accepting

2183
01:57:55,300 --> 01:57:59,100
crowding and exchange for warmth
all these Arrangements operated 

2184
01:57:59,100 --> 01:58:02,800
under unspoken rules about 
hierarchy modesty and mutual 

2185
01:58:02,800 --> 01:58:05,500
respect. 
You knew where you ranked in the

2186
01:58:05,500 --> 01:58:09,600
household by where you slept 
what you slept on and whom you 

2187
01:58:09,600 --> 01:58:13,100
slept near. 
The social order that structured

2188
01:58:13,100 --> 01:58:17,100
Waking, Life continued in to the
night reflected in, who got the 

2189
01:58:17,100 --> 01:58:21,100
good mattress, the wool blankets
and the spot father, this from 

2190
01:58:21,100 --> 01:58:24,500
drafty Windows chapter 4 
preparing for Sleep. 

2191
01:58:24,500 --> 01:58:27,800
The transition from Waking Life 
to sleep in Tudor England 

2192
01:58:27,800 --> 01:58:30,300
involved rituals both practical 
and spiritual. 

2193
01:58:31,100 --> 01:58:34,400
A series of actions that 
prepared body home and soul for 

2194
01:58:34,400 --> 01:58:37,300
the vulnerable hours of 
Darkness, your evening routine 

2195
01:58:37,300 --> 01:58:40,900
begins, while some light Still 
Remains first, comes the task of

2196
01:58:40,900 --> 01:58:44,700
securing the house checking that
shutters are fastened, doors are

2197
01:58:44,700 --> 01:58:46,700
barred and anything valuable is 
put away. 

2198
01:58:47,600 --> 01:58:51,300
This isn't paranoia but prudent 
caution without street, lights 

2199
01:58:51,300 --> 01:58:53,400
or night watches in smaller 
communities. 

2200
01:58:53,400 --> 01:58:56,800
Darkness provides cover. 
For those with bad intentions. 

2201
01:58:56,800 --> 01:58:59,600
You check the fire. 
Making sure it's banked properly

2202
01:58:59,600 --> 01:59:02,700
for the night. 
Letting a fire go completely out

2203
01:59:02,700 --> 01:59:06,600
was a serious inconvenience. 
Requiring, you to either restart

2204
01:59:06,600 --> 01:59:10,500
it from scratch using flint and 
steel, a time-consuming process 

2205
01:59:10,500 --> 01:59:13,900
or send someone to a neighbor to
fetch live colds in the morning.

2206
01:59:14,800 --> 01:59:17,200
Most households kept fires 
burning continuously. 

2207
01:59:17,200 --> 01:59:22,300
Sometimes for years carefully 
maintained day and night banking

2208
01:59:22,300 --> 01:59:24,200
a fire involves covering the 
burning. 

2209
01:59:24,200 --> 01:59:27,700
Coals with ashes to slow 
combustion while keeping them 

2210
01:59:27,700 --> 01:59:31,100
alive until morning. 
It's a skill that takes practice

2211
01:59:31,100 --> 01:59:35,000
to get right too much Ash and 
you smother the fire completely 

2212
01:59:35,000 --> 01:59:38,400
too little and you burn through 
your wood stalls. 

2213
01:59:38,400 --> 01:59:42,500
Waste for me a well banked fire.
Should still show red Embers 

2214
01:59:42,500 --> 01:59:46,100
when uncovered at dawn ready to 
spring back to life with fresh 

2215
01:59:46,100 --> 01:59:48,600
wood? 
And a bit of bellows work, water

2216
01:59:48,600 --> 01:59:51,700
gets hold inside for mornings. 
If your house doesn't have an 

2217
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:55,600
indoor, well or convenient, rain
barrel, In winter, this prevents

2218
01:59:55,600 --> 01:59:59,400
you from having to break ice to 
acts as water at dawn, a bucket 

2219
01:59:59,400 --> 02:00:02,700
or pitcher sits ready near the 
fire where the remaining heat 

2220
02:00:02,700 --> 02:00:06,600
keeps it from freezing solid in 
the coldest months prayers form,

2221
02:00:06,600 --> 02:00:10,100
an essential part of the bedtime
routine, even in households that

2222
02:00:10,100 --> 02:00:12,900
aren't particularly devout 
during the day, nighttime 

2223
02:00:12,900 --> 02:00:15,400
prayers, serve important 
psychological functions. 

2224
02:00:15,400 --> 02:00:20,400
They Mark the transition from 
active to resting States invoke 

2225
02:00:20,400 --> 02:00:22,900
protection during the vulnerable
hours of sleep and they 

2226
02:00:22,900 --> 02:00:27,100
reinforced the moral framework 
that governs daily life in 

2227
02:00:27,100 --> 02:00:29,500
Catholic homes. 
Before the Reformation, the 

2228
02:00:29,500 --> 02:00:31,500
rosary might be recited as a 
family. 

2229
02:00:32,300 --> 02:00:35,700
After England breaks from Rome, 
Protestant prayers replace 

2230
02:00:35,700 --> 02:00:40,000
Catholic ones though the basic 
Rhythm remain, similar a formal 

2231
02:00:40,000 --> 02:00:43,000
acknowledgment of dependence on 
Divine protection, through the 

2232
02:00:43,000 --> 02:00:45,200
night. 
Children, learn prayers 

2233
02:00:45,200 --> 02:00:49,100
specifically designed for bed 
time, asking angels to guard 

2234
02:00:49,100 --> 02:00:50,900
them. 
While they sleep, requesting. 

2235
02:00:50,900 --> 02:00:54,600
They wait to see another day 
personal hygiene before bed is 

2236
02:00:54,600 --> 02:00:56,200
less elaborate than modern 
routine. 

2237
02:00:56,200 --> 02:01:00,500
But not non-existent You might 
rent your face and hands with 

2238
02:01:00,500 --> 02:01:04,000
water, from a basement, using a 
cloth to wipe away the days, 

2239
02:01:04,000 --> 02:01:08,500
accumulation of dirt and sweat. 
Teeth cleaning when it happens, 

2240
02:01:08,500 --> 02:01:12,700
involves rubbing them with a 
cloth perhaps dipped in salt or 

2241
02:01:12,700 --> 02:01:16,300
a mixture of herbs, toothbrushes
exist but aren't common. 

2242
02:01:16,300 --> 02:01:20,200
Their novel items expensive and 
not yet considered essential 

2243
02:01:20,200 --> 02:01:23,100
hair gets attention especially 
for women. 

2244
02:01:24,000 --> 02:01:28,300
Long hair worn by most females, 
regardless of age needs brushing

2245
02:01:28,300 --> 02:01:31,500
or combing to remove Tangles and
debris accumulated during the 

2246
02:01:31,500 --> 02:01:34,200
day. 
This serves practical purposes, 

2247
02:01:34,200 --> 02:01:38,800
untangling is easier when done 
daily and aesthetic ones as 

2248
02:01:38,800 --> 02:01:41,500
women take pride in maintaining 
healthy hair, even though it 

2249
02:01:41,500 --> 02:01:44,000
remains covered in public 
nightclubs. 

2250
02:01:44,000 --> 02:01:45,600
And tutoring, England aren't 
what you might imagine. 

2251
02:01:45,600 --> 02:01:48,700
There's no such thing as pajamas
in the modern sense. 

2252
02:01:48,700 --> 02:01:52,600
Instead you sleep in your 
undergarments, your shift if 

2253
02:01:52,600 --> 02:01:56,300
you're a woman, your shirt. 
If you're a man, these linen 

2254
02:01:56,300 --> 02:02:00,100
garments warn under your outer 
clothes during the day become 

2255
02:02:00,100 --> 02:02:02,200
nightwear after you remove 
everything else. 

2256
02:02:03,100 --> 02:02:05,800
They're washed more frequently 
than now to garments because 

2257
02:02:05,800 --> 02:02:08,300
they absorb body oils and sweat 
directly. 

2258
02:02:08,300 --> 02:02:12,200
The wealthy might own specific 
sleeping shifts made of finer 

2259
02:02:12,200 --> 02:02:16,200
linen but this is a luxury Most 
people make do with the same 

2260
02:02:16,200 --> 02:02:19,500
undergarments day and night 
perhaps changing them once or 

2261
02:02:19,500 --> 02:02:22,900
twice a week. 
More often in summer less often 

2262
02:02:22,900 --> 02:02:25,000
in winter when washing and 
drying laundry. 

2263
02:02:25,000 --> 02:02:28,300
Becomes more challenging 
nightcaps, serve important 

2264
02:02:28,300 --> 02:02:31,000
functions for women. 
They keep hair contained and 

2265
02:02:31,000 --> 02:02:33,800
clean for men and women. 
Both they provide warmth. 

2266
02:02:34,500 --> 02:02:38,000
Substantial heat escapes through
your head and a good linen or 

2267
02:02:38,000 --> 02:02:41,800
Wool Cap helps retain it. 
You'd know more sleep without a 

2268
02:02:41,800 --> 02:02:44,600
nightcap than you'd sleep 
without a blanket, except 

2269
02:02:44,600 --> 02:02:47,400
perhaps during the hottest 
summer nights, checking on 

2270
02:02:47,400 --> 02:02:50,900
children becomes part of the 
evening routine, you make sure 

2271
02:02:50,900 --> 02:02:53,900
younger ones have relieved 
themselves chamber pots. 

2272
02:02:53,900 --> 02:02:58,000
Sit under beds or in corners for
nighttime use because venturing 

2273
02:02:58,000 --> 02:03:00,600
outside the privy and darkness 
isn't appealing. 

2274
02:03:00,600 --> 02:03:05,000
You settle any last minute needs
car, many fears about Darkness, 

2275
02:03:05,000 --> 02:03:08,100
or strange sounds and pull 
blankets up around small, 

2276
02:03:08,100 --> 02:03:10,700
shoulders in larger households 
servants. 

2277
02:03:10,700 --> 02:03:12,500
Perform, a final round of 
Duties. 

2278
02:03:12,500 --> 02:03:16,400
The empty chamber pots from the 
day, carry up pictures of water 

2279
02:03:16,400 --> 02:03:18,700
for morning. 
Make sure Rush, lights are 

2280
02:03:18,700 --> 02:03:21,500
safely, extinguished, and check 
that the households dog is 

2281
02:03:21,500 --> 02:03:25,100
inside, or outside, depending on
its role guard, dog, stay 

2282
02:03:25,100 --> 02:03:28,500
outside and lap dogs. 
Come in some households, engage 

2283
02:03:28,500 --> 02:03:30,900
in a practice called reading in 
bed, though. 

2284
02:03:30,900 --> 02:03:33,900
This is limited to those who can
read and can afford candles or 

2285
02:03:33,900 --> 02:03:37,100
oil lamps. 
Religious texts are most common.

2286
02:03:37,100 --> 02:03:40,700
Psalms devotional works and 
lives of saints before the 

2287
02:03:40,700 --> 02:03:44,300
Reformation. 
Reading serves both spiritual 

2288
02:03:44,300 --> 02:03:47,600
edification and practical 
purposes as the ice training 

2289
02:03:47,600 --> 02:03:50,800
work of reading by Paul light 
naturally, induces sleepiness 

2290
02:03:50,800 --> 02:03:54,600
conversation happens too though.
Not the late night discussion's 

2291
02:03:54,600 --> 02:03:56,300
common in the age of electric 
lights. 

2292
02:03:57,200 --> 02:04:00,700
Married couples might review the
days of events plan, tomorrow's 

2293
02:04:00,700 --> 02:04:03,400
tasks and discuss children or 
household concerns. 

2294
02:04:04,300 --> 02:04:07,800
But these talks wind down 
relatively quickly, candles cost

2295
02:04:07,800 --> 02:04:12,500
money and tomorrow begins early.
Finally, you climb into bed, a 

2296
02:04:12,500 --> 02:04:14,100
process that requires a bit of 
coordination. 

2297
02:04:14,100 --> 02:04:18,300
Given the beds height, Wooden 
steps or a small stool, might 

2298
02:04:18,300 --> 02:04:20,300
assist, or you simply clamber 
up. 

2299
02:04:21,000 --> 02:04:24,000
The bed curtains closed ceiling 
you into your private domain. 

2300
02:04:24,000 --> 02:04:27,400
The remaining light gets 
extinguished a rush, like, 

2301
02:04:27,400 --> 02:04:30,500
snuffed a candle blown out. 
Darkness settling, completely 

2302
02:04:30,500 --> 02:04:33,000
the bed itself. 
Fills different from Modern 

2303
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:35,800
mattresses, Firm. 
Not soft. 

2304
02:04:35,800 --> 02:04:38,600
And it can forms to your body's 
weight rather than the 

2305
02:04:38,600 --> 02:04:42,000
cushioning you above it. 
The straw beneath Russell's with

2306
02:04:42,008 --> 02:04:45,200
every movement. 
The wool or linen against your 

2307
02:04:45,200 --> 02:04:49,100
skin, carries the smell of the 
household would smoke cooking. 

2308
02:04:49,100 --> 02:04:52,800
The herbs scattered amongst 
stored Linens and the general 

2309
02:04:52,800 --> 02:04:57,800
organic Center of daily life you
lie on your side most likely or 

2310
02:04:57,800 --> 02:05:01,500
on your back with knees bent 
Sleeping positions recommended 

2311
02:05:01,500 --> 02:05:05,100
by medical authorities, who had 
opinions about, which positions 

2312
02:05:05,100 --> 02:05:08,400
promoted health and which 
encouraged bad dreams or 

2313
02:05:08,400 --> 02:05:11,300
illness. 
Whether people actually follow 

2314
02:05:11,300 --> 02:05:15,000
this advice is debatable, but 
the existence of such guidelines

2315
02:05:15,000 --> 02:05:18,400
shows that even sleep positions.
Carried, cultural meaning 

2316
02:05:18,400 --> 02:05:21,700
chapter 5, the pattern of two 
sleeps, one of the most 

2317
02:05:21,700 --> 02:05:23,900
surprising aspects of Tudor. 
Sleep habits. 

2318
02:05:23,900 --> 02:05:28,000
At least a modern Minds is the 
practice of segmented sleep. 

2319
02:05:28,800 --> 02:05:32,600
What historians call First, 
sleep and second sleep separated

2320
02:05:32,600 --> 02:05:35,200
by a quiet waking period, in the
middle of the night. 

2321
02:05:35,200 --> 02:05:39,900
You fall asleep shortly after 
full, Darkness arrives exhausted

2322
02:05:39,900 --> 02:05:42,300
from a day of physical labor or 
household management. 

2323
02:05:43,800 --> 02:05:47,800
First sleep comes easily your 
body surrendering to fatigue, 

2324
02:05:47,800 --> 02:05:52,100
melatonin flooding your system, 
unchecked by artificial light. 

2325
02:05:53,000 --> 02:05:57,100
You sleep deeply dreamless, or 
with the vivid dreams that 

2326
02:05:57,108 --> 02:05:59,400
accompanied the first sleep 
cycle of the night. 

2327
02:05:59,400 --> 02:06:03,100
Then, somewhere around midnight 
or one in the morning, you wake 

2328
02:06:03,100 --> 02:06:06,100
up, this isn't insomnia or a 
sleep disorder. 

2329
02:06:06,100 --> 02:06:09,300
It's a natural pattern 
documented across Europe in this

2330
02:06:09,300 --> 02:06:12,000
period. 
Your eyes open in the darkness 

2331
02:06:12,000 --> 02:06:16,200
and your mind, surfaces from 
sleep into a peculiar state of 

2332
02:06:16,200 --> 02:06:19,700
calm wakefulness. 
You're not anxious or Restless, 

2333
02:06:19,700 --> 02:06:23,500
you'll simply awake. 
This quiet hour or two between 

2334
02:06:23,500 --> 02:06:26,300
sleep served various purposes in
Tudor life. 

2335
02:06:26,300 --> 02:06:30,500
Some people use it for prayer or
meditation considering it a 

2336
02:06:30,500 --> 02:06:34,200
spiritually significant time 
when the barrier between Earthly

2337
02:06:34,200 --> 02:06:38,100
and divine, might be thinner. 
Prayers during this interval, 

2338
02:06:38,100 --> 02:06:41,900
were thought to carry special 
power and some religious manuals

2339
02:06:41,900 --> 02:06:45,100
included, prayer, specifically 
designated for the midnight. 

2340
02:06:45,100 --> 02:06:48,500
Watch married, couples might use
this time for intimate 

2341
02:06:48,500 --> 02:06:51,800
conversation or love making. 
With children and servants 

2342
02:06:51,800 --> 02:06:54,200
sleeping with daily pressures 
suspended. 

2343
02:06:54,200 --> 02:06:58,900
The interval between sleeps 
offered rare privacy Medical 

2344
02:06:58,900 --> 02:07:01,800
texts from the period suggests 
this timing for marital 

2345
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:05,000
relations claiming that 
conception was more likely when 

2346
02:07:05,000 --> 02:07:07,400
the body was relaxed but not 
fully unconscious. 

2347
02:07:07,400 --> 02:07:11,600
Others simply like quietly 
thinking through problems or 

2348
02:07:11,600 --> 02:07:15,000
making mental plans. 
Without the distractions of 

2349
02:07:15,008 --> 02:07:17,200
daytime, no one calling your 
name. 

2350
02:07:17,200 --> 02:07:21,400
No tasks demanding attention, 
you could process the thoughts, 

2351
02:07:21,400 --> 02:07:25,000
more clearly Solutions to 
problems might emerge during 

2352
02:07:25,000 --> 02:07:28,600
these contemplative hours. 
Decisions that seemed impossible

2353
02:07:28,600 --> 02:07:31,300
in daylight might resolve 
themselves in the calm of 

2354
02:07:31,308 --> 02:07:34,000
midnight waking. 
Some people got up during this 

2355
02:07:34,000 --> 02:07:36,600
interval, moving through the 
dark house for practical 

2356
02:07:36,600 --> 02:07:38,900
reasons. 
You might need the chamber pot, 

2357
02:07:38,900 --> 02:07:42,900
you might check on a sick child 
or elderly parent, you might 

2358
02:07:42,900 --> 02:07:45,900
tend the fire adding a log. 
If the night was particularly 

2359
02:07:45,900 --> 02:07:48,600
cold, banking at more 
thoroughly, if you'd wake to 

2360
02:07:48,600 --> 02:07:51,800
find it burning too hot, the 
wealthy might like to handle and

2361
02:07:51,800 --> 02:07:54,600
read or write. 
Diaries from the period. 

2362
02:07:54,600 --> 02:07:57,300
Sometimes mention thoughts 
recorded during the night. 

2363
02:07:57,300 --> 02:08:02,100
Watch letters might be composed 
accounts reviewed and poems. 

2364
02:08:02,100 --> 02:08:04,900
Drafted. 
Some of the errors literary 

2365
02:08:04,900 --> 02:08:08,200
output probably originated in 
these quiet midnight hours. 

2366
02:08:08,200 --> 02:08:11,600
When creative thoughts flowed 
freely you might simply lie. 

2367
02:08:11,600 --> 02:08:14,700
There listening to the nighttime
soundscape of your house and 

2368
02:08:14,700 --> 02:08:18,500
neighborhood In Winter, you'd 
hear the wind testing shutters. 

2369
02:08:18,500 --> 02:08:22,100
The Creeks of Timber adjusting 
to temperature changes and 

2370
02:08:22,100 --> 02:08:25,900
perhaps the scratch of mice in 
the walls, In some summer, 

2371
02:08:25,900 --> 02:08:29,200
insects chirped outside and 
birds called occasionally. 

2372
02:08:30,000 --> 02:08:32,600
Some species are more active at 
night than daylight dwellers 

2373
02:08:32,600 --> 02:08:36,100
realize. the practice of 
segmented, sleep aligned with 

2374
02:08:36,100 --> 02:08:39,900
natural human physiology in ways
that modern Consolidated sleep 

2375
02:08:39,900 --> 02:08:44,100
off and doesn't Without electric
light to suppress melatonin 

2376
02:08:44,100 --> 02:08:46,700
production. 
And without the stimulation of 

2377
02:08:46,700 --> 02:08:50,800
screens and entertainment, the 
body naturally settled into the 

2378
02:08:50,800 --> 02:08:54,300
Two-Face pattern, you won't 
fighting your biology to 

2379
02:08:54,300 --> 02:08:56,700
maintain it. 
You were simply following what 

2380
02:08:56,700 --> 02:09:00,500
your body did on its own. 
This interval rarely lasted more

2381
02:09:00,500 --> 02:09:03,400
than an hour or two. 
Gradually you'd feel sleep 

2382
02:09:03,400 --> 02:09:07,100
returning that gentle tug of 
drowsiness that signaled, your 

2383
02:09:07,100 --> 02:09:09,300
body was ready for the second 
phase of rest. 

2384
02:09:10,100 --> 02:09:12,100
You'd settle back into your 
straw mattress. 

2385
02:09:12,100 --> 02:09:16,100
Pull the wool, blankets closer 
and slip into second sleep. 

2386
02:09:16,100 --> 02:09:18,600
Second sleep was different from 
first sleep. 

2387
02:09:18,600 --> 02:09:21,900
Lighter more prone to dreams and
easier to wake from. 

2388
02:09:21,900 --> 02:09:26,000
You might shift positions, more 
surface, briefly without fully 

2389
02:09:26,000 --> 02:09:29,800
waking and experience the Vivid 
narrative dreams that happen in 

2390
02:09:29,800 --> 02:09:32,900
the later sleep cycles. 
Medical authorities. 

2391
02:09:32,900 --> 02:09:35,300
Believed second sleep was when 
the body completed its 

2392
02:09:35,300 --> 02:09:38,000
restorative work. 
Balancing the humours 

2393
02:09:38,000 --> 02:09:42,000
consolidating memories and 
preparing for Waking Life. 

2394
02:09:42,800 --> 02:09:45,700
Transition from second sleep to 
morning happened gradually as 

2395
02:09:45,700 --> 02:09:48,100
well. 
You didn't leap awake at an 

2396
02:09:48,100 --> 02:09:51,000
alarms insistence. 
Instead you drifted toward 

2397
02:09:51,000 --> 02:09:54,800
Consciousness, perhaps hovering 
in that half awake state, where 

2398
02:09:54,800 --> 02:09:57,900
dreams and thoughts into mingle 
where you're aware of your 

2399
02:09:57,900 --> 02:10:00,700
physical surroundings, but not 
yet ready to engage with them. 

2400
02:10:00,700 --> 02:10:03,400
This sleep pattern. 
So foreign to Modern 

2401
02:10:03,400 --> 02:10:07,300
Consolidated eight hours, sleep 
was documented not just in 

2402
02:10:07,300 --> 02:10:09,700
England but across Western 
Europe in this period. 

2403
02:10:10,800 --> 02:10:14,300
References to first and second 
sleep appear in legal 

2404
02:10:14,300 --> 02:10:17,600
depositions, medical texts 
literature and Diaries. 

2405
02:10:18,500 --> 02:10:20,400
People scheduled activities 
around it. 

2406
02:10:20,400 --> 02:10:23,900
A time to meet a lot of might be
set for after first sleep. 

2407
02:10:23,900 --> 02:10:27,700
Implying everyone knew what that
meant, the practice began to 

2408
02:10:27,700 --> 02:10:32,100
disappear in the 17th and 18th 
centuries, as artificial 

2409
02:10:32,100 --> 02:10:35,100
lighting, improved and nighttime
activities became more common. 

2410
02:10:35,900 --> 02:10:39,300
Street Lighting in cities, 
better home, lighting, coffee, 

2411
02:10:39,300 --> 02:10:42,700
houses, staying open late and 
theatrical performances, 

2412
02:10:42,700 --> 02:10:46,600
extending into evening hours. 
All these gradually compressed 

2413
02:10:46,600 --> 02:10:50,500
nighttime into a period for 
Consolidated, sleep rather than 

2414
02:10:50,500 --> 02:10:54,100
segmented, rest with a 
contemplative interval, modern 

2415
02:10:54,100 --> 02:10:57,600
sleep, researchers have studied 
this pattern, sometimes calling 

2416
02:10:57,600 --> 02:11:01,500
it by phasic sleep or bimodal 
sleep. 

2417
02:11:02,400 --> 02:11:04,800
When subjects in sleep 
Laboratories are deprived of 

2418
02:11:04,808 --> 02:11:06,900
artificial light for extended 
periods. 

2419
02:11:06,900 --> 02:11:11,200
Many naturally fall into this 
two sleep pattern with a quiet 

2420
02:11:11,200 --> 02:11:15,500
waking interval in between this 
suggests Tudor sleep habits 

2421
02:11:15,500 --> 02:11:19,300
weren't cultural quirks but 
responses to natural human 

2422
02:11:19,300 --> 02:11:23,000
biology operating without 
artificial lights into fear and 

2423
02:11:23,000 --> 02:11:25,200
understanding this pattern 
helps. 

2424
02:11:25,200 --> 02:11:27,400
Explain various aspects of Tudor
life. 

2425
02:11:27,408 --> 02:11:28,800
That might otherwise seem 
puzzling. 

2426
02:11:30,400 --> 02:11:34,100
Why did people go to bed? 
So, early, even before full 

2427
02:11:34,100 --> 02:11:37,800
Darkness fell, Partly because 
they'd wake in the middle of the

2428
02:11:37,800 --> 02:11:40,900
night anyway. 
So the total time in bed needed 

2429
02:11:40,900 --> 02:11:42,700
to be longer than actual sleep 
time. 

2430
02:11:42,700 --> 02:11:47,200
Why do periods sources describe 
midnight as a special 

2431
02:11:47,200 --> 02:11:50,500
contemplative time? 
Because people regularly 

2432
02:11:50,500 --> 02:11:53,100
experienced it in a unique State
of Consciousness. 

2433
02:11:53,100 --> 02:11:57,600
Neither fully asleep nor fully 
awake in the daytime sense for 

2434
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:01,000
you lying in your Tudor bed with
curtains drawn around you. 

2435
02:12:01,000 --> 02:12:05,600
This pattern would feel entirely
natural The transition from 

2436
02:12:05,600 --> 02:12:08,200
first to second sleep, wouldn't 
worry you. 

2437
02:12:08,200 --> 02:12:12,600
It's just how Knight Works, how 
it's always worked and how 

2438
02:12:12,600 --> 02:12:18,700
everyone you know experiences it
the quiet hour in darkness alone

2439
02:12:18,700 --> 02:12:20,800
with your thoughts or quite 
quietly, talking with your 

2440
02:12:20,800 --> 02:12:25,900
spouse represents, not disrupted
sleep, but integral part of how 

2441
02:12:25,900 --> 02:12:29,100
human beings rest. 
When a line with natural 

2442
02:12:29,100 --> 02:12:34,300
rhythms, chapter 6, staying warm
through winter nights, winter 

2443
02:12:34,300 --> 02:12:37,200
nights in Tudor England, 
presented genuine challenges. 

2444
02:12:37,200 --> 02:12:40,300
Particularly in the brutal 
months between December and 

2445
02:12:40,300 --> 02:12:42,500
February. 
When temperatures regularly 

2446
02:12:42,500 --> 02:12:47,400
dropped well below freezing and 
houses despite their fires and 

2447
02:12:47,400 --> 02:12:50,800
inhabitants best efforts 
remained cold by modern 

2448
02:12:50,800 --> 02:12:54,400
standards your bed chamber in 
deep winter, might hover around 

2449
02:12:54,400 --> 02:12:58,300
45 degrees Fahrenheit and that's
where the fire burning somewhere

2450
02:12:58,300 --> 02:13:01,100
in the house. 
Without central heating or 

2451
02:13:01,100 --> 02:13:03,700
insulation beyond the straw in 
the walls and the rushes on the 

2452
02:13:03,700 --> 02:13:06,300
floor. 
Keeping warm became a nightly 

2453
02:13:06,300 --> 02:13:09,400
engineering project involving 
multiple strategies layered 

2454
02:13:09,400 --> 02:13:12,300
together, the bed curtains which
we mentioned earlier, become 

2455
02:13:12,300 --> 02:13:16,200
crucial wintertime allies When 
fully closed, they create what's

2456
02:13:16,200 --> 02:13:19,400
essentially a tent within the 
room. trapping the heat 

2457
02:13:19,400 --> 02:13:23,100
generated by your body or bodies
and separating you from the 

2458
02:13:23,108 --> 02:13:26,400
colder air Beyond the 
temperature difference between 

2459
02:13:26,400 --> 02:13:29,800
inside the curtained bed and the
outer chamber might be 10 or 15 

2460
02:13:29,800 --> 02:13:34,100
degrees Significant, when you're
trying to sleep, that layering 

2461
02:13:34,100 --> 02:13:36,700
principle in the bedding. 
Reaches its full expression in 

2462
02:13:36,700 --> 02:13:39,200
winter. 
You start with the base straw 

2463
02:13:39,200 --> 02:13:43,100
mattress at the wall topper. 
Then cover yourself with a linen

2464
02:13:43,100 --> 02:13:47,800
sheet, wool blankets, possibly a
coverlet, perhaps a fur throw 

2465
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:51,300
and in the coldest weather, your
outdoor clothes on top of 

2466
02:13:51,300 --> 02:13:54,100
everything. 
You're essentially building an 

2467
02:13:54,100 --> 02:13:57,600
insulating nest with yourself as
the heat Source at the center 

2468
02:13:57,600 --> 02:14:01,500
warming pans represented, one of
the errors, great bed, timeline,

2469
02:14:01,500 --> 02:14:05,500
luxuries long-handled, bra saw 
copper pans with perforated. 

2470
02:14:05,500 --> 02:14:07,600
Lids that held hot coals from 
the fire. 

2471
02:14:08,400 --> 02:14:11,000
You'd run this device between 
the sheets, before, climbing 

2472
02:14:11,000 --> 02:14:14,700
into bed warming, the linen and 
wool, and chasing away the bone,

2473
02:14:14,700 --> 02:14:18,000
deep chill. 
For about half an hour after 

2474
02:14:18,000 --> 02:14:21,600
using a warming pan, your bed, 
felt positively toasty. 

2475
02:14:22,300 --> 02:14:25,600
Small Miracle on a January night
when your breath misted in the 

2476
02:14:25,600 --> 02:14:28,000
are not everyone owned warming 
pans. 

2477
02:14:28,000 --> 02:14:30,700
They were significant 
Investments, poorer households. 

2478
02:14:30,708 --> 02:14:34,300
Improvised with heated Stones, 
wrapped in cloth, achieving 

2479
02:14:34,300 --> 02:14:36,800
similar results though, 
requiring more care to avoid 

2480
02:14:36,800 --> 02:14:40,100
Burns. 
Stone heated in the fire's Edge 

2481
02:14:40,100 --> 02:14:42,800
wrapped in several layers of 
wool and tucked. 

2482
02:14:42,800 --> 02:14:44,700
At the foot of the bed. 
Could keep your toes. 

2483
02:14:44,700 --> 02:14:47,200
Warm for hours bed. 
Socks existed. 

2484
02:14:47,200 --> 02:14:49,900
Though socks in general were 
less common than you might 

2485
02:14:49,908 --> 02:14:51,700
expect. 
Stockings. 

2486
02:14:51,700 --> 02:14:56,200
What we might call long socks or
tights were standard day wear 

2487
02:14:56,200 --> 02:14:58,500
for both sexes. 
And you might keep these on 

2488
02:14:58,500 --> 02:15:00,900
under your sleeping shift, if 
the night was particularly 

2489
02:15:00,900 --> 02:15:04,700
brutal, the very cold, sensitive
might add a second layer of 

2490
02:15:04,700 --> 02:15:07,500
everything, though, this limits 
Mobility under the heavy 

2491
02:15:07,500 --> 02:15:11,400
blankets night caps as mentioned
before, weren't optional in 

2492
02:15:11,400 --> 02:15:13,700
Winter. 
A substantial wall cap. 

2493
02:15:13,700 --> 02:15:16,900
Kept heat from escaping through 
your head and protected your 

2494
02:15:16,900 --> 02:15:20,300
ears from the cold. 
Some people also wraped cloths 

2495
02:15:20,300 --> 02:15:22,900
around their necks. 
Particularly if they were prone 

2496
02:15:22,900 --> 02:15:26,300
to throw tail and cold weather, 
shared body heat became 

2497
02:15:26,300 --> 02:15:30,000
increasingly valuable as 
temperatures dropped This is one

2498
02:15:30,000 --> 02:15:33,700
reason bed sharing was so. 
Prevalent two people generate 

2499
02:15:33,700 --> 02:15:38,400
more warmth than one and three 
more than two children packed 

2500
02:15:38,400 --> 02:15:40,600
together in a bed weren't just 
saving space. 

2501
02:15:40,600 --> 02:15:42,700
They were pooling thermal 
resources. 

2502
02:15:43,900 --> 02:15:46,800
Married couples had an obvious 
Advantage here, though. 

2503
02:15:46,800 --> 02:15:49,100
Even, they might invite a young 
child into their bed. 

2504
02:15:49,100 --> 02:15:52,900
On the coldest nights, despite 
usual preferences for separate 

2505
02:15:52,900 --> 02:15:56,400
sleeping Arrangements, somehow 
solds brought small braziers or 

2506
02:15:56,408 --> 02:15:59,500
heated bricks into bed. 
Chambers before sleep warming. 

2507
02:15:59,500 --> 02:16:02,200
The air briefly, though, these 
had to be removed before 

2508
02:16:02,200 --> 02:16:05,100
actually sleeping due to the 
danger of fire and the fumes 

2509
02:16:05,100 --> 02:16:08,900
they produced Carbon monoxide 
poisoning wasn't understood in 

2510
02:16:08,900 --> 02:16:11,900
these terms, but people 
recognize that sleeping with 

2511
02:16:11,900 --> 02:16:14,700
burning coals in an enclosed 
space, could kill you. 

2512
02:16:15,500 --> 02:16:18,500
Probably attributing it to bad 
Vapors, rather than the actual 

2513
02:16:18,500 --> 02:16:22,700
mechanism of asphyxiation rooms 
about the kitchen or Bakehouse 

2514
02:16:22,700 --> 02:16:26,100
were prized in Winter, because 
he from below rows into them. 

2515
02:16:26,900 --> 02:16:30,000
If your family ran in or shop 
with others operating into the 

2516
02:16:30,008 --> 02:16:34,000
evening, the chambers of stayed 
noticeably warmer than others. 

2517
02:16:35,000 --> 02:16:37,900
Some people positioned beds 
directly above the first floor, 

2518
02:16:37,900 --> 02:16:41,200
half for similar reasons, 
excepting the occasional bit of 

2519
02:16:41,208 --> 02:16:43,799
smoke seeping through 
floorboards in exchange for 

2520
02:16:43,799 --> 02:16:46,100
extra warmth. 
Draft proofing, became a 

2521
02:16:46,108 --> 02:16:49,700
household project as winter 
approached gaps in shutters. 

2522
02:16:49,700 --> 02:16:52,000
Got stuffed with Rags or sealed 
with wax. 

2523
02:16:52,000 --> 02:16:55,900
Flaws received extra layers of 
rushes, for insulation, 

2524
02:16:55,900 --> 02:16:59,100
tapestries on walls, serve 
decorative purposes. 

2525
02:16:59,100 --> 02:17:02,799
Yes, but also created dead air 
space that reduced heat loss 

2526
02:17:02,799 --> 02:17:06,200
through stone or Timber. 
Even a simple cloth hanging 

2527
02:17:06,200 --> 02:17:07,600
could make a measurable 
difference. 

2528
02:17:07,600 --> 02:17:10,700
Still, you'd be cold by modern 
standards. 

2529
02:17:10,700 --> 02:17:15,100
Your nose would be chilly, your 
face exposed to the air outside 

2530
02:17:15,100 --> 02:17:18,000
the blanket. 
Getting up in the night, to use 

2531
02:17:18,000 --> 02:17:21,600
the chamber pot required, 
genuine courage, leaving the 

2532
02:17:21,600 --> 02:17:24,600
warm Nest, meant exposing 
yourself to frigid air. 

2533
02:17:24,600 --> 02:17:28,100
That made your muscles clench 
and your skin prickle. 

2534
02:17:28,700 --> 02:17:31,500
You'd accomplished your business
quickly and dive back under the 

2535
02:17:31,500 --> 02:17:34,700
covers burrowing in and until 
your body heat warmed. 

2536
02:17:34,700 --> 02:17:37,700
Everything again, morning 
presented the hardest moment 

2537
02:17:37,700 --> 02:17:41,400
that transition from warm bed to
cold room when your body 

2538
02:17:41,400 --> 02:17:45,100
protested vigorously against 
moving, You'd procrastinate 

2539
02:17:45,100 --> 02:17:48,500
lingering under the blanket, 
stealing yourself for the 

2540
02:17:48,500 --> 02:17:51,400
unpleasant but necessary task of
getting up and dressing. 

2541
02:17:52,299 --> 02:17:55,200
The first person up had the 
worst of it, they'd restart the 

2542
02:17:55,200 --> 02:17:58,100
fire and begin warming, the 
house, making it easier. 

2543
02:17:58,100 --> 02:18:00,200
For those who followed children 
might. 

2544
02:18:00,200 --> 02:18:03,700
Wake to frost patterns on the 
inside of shutters, ice in the 

2545
02:18:03,708 --> 02:18:06,799
washing water and their breath 
forming clouds in the air. 

2546
02:18:07,600 --> 02:18:11,200
This wasn't unusual or alarming,
it was simply how winter 

2547
02:18:11,200 --> 02:18:14,799
mornings felt. 
You dressed quickly layering on 

2548
02:18:14,799 --> 02:18:18,799
garments moving, close to the 
fire as soon as possible and 

2549
02:18:18,799 --> 02:18:22,000
beginning, the day's work partly
to generate body heat through 

2550
02:18:22,000 --> 02:18:25,000
activity. 
Despite these challenges due to 

2551
02:18:25,008 --> 02:18:27,100
people didn't generally complain
about cold the way. 

2552
02:18:27,108 --> 02:18:31,400
Modern people might, it was 
expected normal and part of the 

2553
02:18:31,400 --> 02:18:34,200
seasonal Rhythm of Life. 
You prepared for it. 

2554
02:18:34,200 --> 02:18:38,100
Accepted it and worked with it 
rather than fighting against it.

2555
02:18:38,100 --> 02:18:42,000
The return of Springs warmth, 
when it finally came, felt like 

2556
02:18:42,000 --> 02:18:46,299
a genuine blessing, a relief. 
So profound that people's moods,

2557
02:18:46,299 --> 02:18:50,200
lifted noticeably with the 
rising temperatures and days 

2558
02:18:50,200 --> 02:18:54,900
chapter 7, the soundscape of 
night lying, in your curtained 

2559
02:18:54,900 --> 02:18:58,299
bed, in a Tudor night, the 
sounds surrounding you create an

2560
02:18:58,299 --> 02:19:01,700
acoustic environment completely 
different from anything most 

2561
02:19:01,700 --> 02:19:05,299
modern people experience. 
Let's listen carefully to what 

2562
02:19:05,299 --> 02:19:08,000
you'd hear during those 
nighttime hours, the house 

2563
02:19:08,008 --> 02:19:12,299
itself, provides a constant 
backdrop of sound timber frames 

2564
02:19:12,299 --> 02:19:15,799
expand, and contract with 
temperature changes producing 

2565
02:19:15,799 --> 02:19:19,900
creeks groans and occasional, 
sharp cracks that might start 

2566
02:19:19,900 --> 02:19:22,100
you until you learn to recognize
them as normal. 

2567
02:19:23,700 --> 02:19:26,700
The thatch on the roof Russells 
when wind passes over it. 

2568
02:19:27,299 --> 02:19:30,299
A sound like soft scratching or 
the movement of some large 

2569
02:19:30,299 --> 02:19:33,000
animal though. 
It's just dried straw shifting 

2570
02:19:33,000 --> 02:19:36,000
against itself in Winter, the 
wind becomes a dominant 

2571
02:19:36,008 --> 02:19:38,400
presence. 
It finds every Gap in the 

2572
02:19:38,407 --> 02:19:41,900
shutters producing whistles in 
different pitches, depending on 

2573
02:19:41,900 --> 02:19:45,799
the size of the opening and the 
wind strength, it Buffs the 

2574
02:19:45,799 --> 02:19:49,300
walls, making the hole structure
shutter slightly during the 

2575
02:19:49,300 --> 02:19:52,700
strongest gusts You can hear it 
approaching a cross, the 

2576
02:19:52,700 --> 02:19:55,300
landscape. 
Rushing through bare trees 

2577
02:19:55,300 --> 02:19:58,600
before hitting your house. 
Then moving away again into the 

2578
02:19:58,600 --> 02:20:01,000
darkness rein on a thatched 
roof. 

2579
02:20:01,000 --> 02:20:03,700
Sounds different from rain on 
Modern, shingles or tiles 

2580
02:20:03,700 --> 02:20:07,200
softer, more. 
Muffled, like someone pouring 

2581
02:20:07,200 --> 02:20:10,000
dry sand, rather than water. 
Heavy. 

2582
02:20:10,000 --> 02:20:12,900
Rain creates a steady rushing 
sound that some people find, 

2583
02:20:12,900 --> 02:20:16,900
soothing a natural white noise 
that masks are the sounds and 

2584
02:20:16,900 --> 02:20:19,500
helps LOL you back to Second 
sleep animals. 

2585
02:20:19,500 --> 02:20:23,100
Contribute, their voices, 
throughout the night, mice, Gary

2586
02:20:23,100 --> 02:20:27,900
inside walls, their tiny claws, 
scratching on wood their squeaks

2587
02:20:27,900 --> 02:20:31,800
occasionally Audible You accept 
their presence as inevitable, 

2588
02:20:31,800 --> 02:20:34,400
keeping a house, completely 
mouse. 

2589
02:20:34,400 --> 02:20:36,600
Free is nearly impossible 
though. 

2590
02:20:36,600 --> 02:20:39,000
You try to prevent them from 
getting into food stores. 

2591
02:20:39,800 --> 02:20:42,800
sometimes you hear a thump and a
brief struggle as the house cat 

2592
02:20:42,800 --> 02:20:46,700
catches one, doing its job 
outside, owls, call to each 

2593
02:20:46,700 --> 02:20:49,700
other, they're hooting carrying 
clearly through the still night 

2594
02:20:49,700 --> 02:20:53,800
air Foxes produce. 
Surprisingly disturbing sounds 

2595
02:20:53,800 --> 02:20:58,200
screams that can sound Almost 
Human, particularly unsettling 

2596
02:20:58,200 --> 02:21:01,800
if you're not expecting them 
dogs bark in the distance. 

2597
02:21:01,800 --> 02:21:05,400
One setting off another, 
creating a chain of canine 

2598
02:21:05,400 --> 02:21:07,800
communication across the 
neighborhood livestock. 

2599
02:21:07,800 --> 02:21:11,200
Make nighttime noises too. 
If you're near a barn you might 

2600
02:21:11,200 --> 02:21:15,000
hear cattle shifting in their 
stalls, pigs grunting and horses

2601
02:21:15,000 --> 02:21:18,500
stamping and blowing air through
their nostrils, chickens, 

2602
02:21:18,500 --> 02:21:21,600
sometimes, startled awake and 
cluck nervously before settling 

2603
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:24,400
back down. 
These sounds are reassuring in 

2604
02:21:24,400 --> 02:21:26,500
their way. 
They mean, your animals are safe

2605
02:21:26,500 --> 02:21:30,400
still alive, and still you're 
well and sustenance human sounds

2606
02:21:30,400 --> 02:21:33,800
punctuate the night as well. 
Someone in the house might 

2607
02:21:33,800 --> 02:21:36,300
snore. 
The sound carrying from one 

2608
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:39,600
chamber to another through 
Timberwolves that provide less 

2609
02:21:39,600 --> 02:21:41,900
sound insulation than modern 
Construction. 

2610
02:21:42,900 --> 02:21:46,200
Babies cry and get soothed young
children. 

2611
02:21:46,200 --> 02:21:49,200
Call out from dreams or knee 
middle of the night comfort. 

2612
02:21:50,000 --> 02:21:52,300
You might hear your neighbors 
through shared walls. 

2613
02:21:52,300 --> 02:21:56,000
If you live in attached 
townhouses, their coughs, their 

2614
02:21:56,000 --> 02:22:00,000
conversations, their movements 
across creaky floors, church, 

2615
02:22:00,000 --> 02:22:02,900
bells, Mark, the passage of 
nighttime hours in towns and 

2616
02:22:02,908 --> 02:22:05,800
villages. 
Not every hour gets rung in 

2617
02:22:05,800 --> 02:22:08,100
every place. 
But midnight, typically receive 

2618
02:22:08,100 --> 02:22:12,100
special notice and some Churches
ring bells Before Dawn services.

2619
02:22:13,000 --> 02:22:16,500
These bells serve practical 
purposes, they help people track

2620
02:22:16,500 --> 02:22:19,400
time in the darkness. 
They call people to prayer at 

2621
02:22:19,400 --> 02:22:22,900
appointed hours and they provide
reassurance that the communities

2622
02:22:22,900 --> 02:22:26,700
spiritual Guardians remain 
watchful in cities night 

2623
02:22:26,700 --> 02:22:28,800
Watchman. 
Call out the hours, walking 

2624
02:22:28,800 --> 02:22:30,500
their roots and announcing the 
time. 

2625
02:22:30,500 --> 02:22:33,200
Along with the weather 
conditions to a clock and all's 

2626
02:22:33,200 --> 02:22:35,600
well or three o'clock and cold 
clear night. 

2627
02:22:36,600 --> 02:22:40,300
These calls serve multiple 
purposes, they Mark time. 

2628
02:22:40,300 --> 02:22:43,900
They announced the watchman's 
presence to deter criminals and 

2629
02:22:43,900 --> 02:22:46,500
they provide Comfort to those 
lying awake that someone is 

2630
02:22:46,500 --> 02:22:49,500
keeping guard, the fire. 
If you can hear it from your 

2631
02:22:49,500 --> 02:22:53,400
chamber produces, its own sounds
would pops and hisses. 

2632
02:22:53,400 --> 02:22:57,800
A sap turns to steam, Cole's 
shift, and resettle in the half 

2633
02:22:57,800 --> 02:23:02,100
with soft crashes. on 
particularly quiet nights, you 

2634
02:23:02,100 --> 02:23:06,400
might even hear the whisper of 
flames consuming would Sounds so

2635
02:23:06,400 --> 02:23:08,100
soft. 
It's barely perceptible, but 

2636
02:23:08,100 --> 02:23:12,300
somehow audible in deep silence 
chamber pots get used throughout

2637
02:23:12,300 --> 02:23:15,100
the night. 
Producing sounds that medieval 

2638
02:23:15,100 --> 02:23:19,100
modesty, simply acknowledged and
politely ignored Everyone 

2639
02:23:19,100 --> 02:23:21,400
performed. 
The same biological functions. 

2640
02:23:21,400 --> 02:23:25,500
Everyone made the same sounds 
and everyone practiced, the 

2641
02:23:25,500 --> 02:23:29,300
social fiction of not noticing 
what they heard from behind bed 

2642
02:23:29,300 --> 02:23:33,200
curtains or from other Chambers 
seasonal variations affected the

2643
02:23:33,208 --> 02:23:37,100
soundscape significantly. 
Some are Knights brought insect 

2644
02:23:37,100 --> 02:23:40,600
choruses crickets producing 
their rhythmic chirping. 

2645
02:23:40,600 --> 02:23:44,400
Moths batting against shutters 
drawn to whatever light seep 

2646
02:23:44,400 --> 02:23:47,400
through cracks. 
Frogs near ponds or streams 

2647
02:23:47,400 --> 02:23:52,000
added their croaking to the mix.
Bats flying overhead produced 

2648
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:55,300
sound too high for most human 
ears, but occasionally audible 

2649
02:23:55,300 --> 02:23:57,800
as soft squeaking thunder in 
summer. 

2650
02:23:57,800 --> 02:23:59,700
Storms, could shake the entire 
house. 

2651
02:23:59,700 --> 02:24:03,400
Each crash followed by the sound
of rain intensifying. 

2652
02:24:03,400 --> 02:24:07,400
You'd hear the initial large 
drops hitting the thatch, then 

2653
02:24:07,400 --> 02:24:10,600
the steady downpour patch the 
rushing of water, through 

2654
02:24:10,600 --> 02:24:14,500
gutters, or off Eve's and the 
sound of the storm passing over 

2655
02:24:14,500 --> 02:24:17,400
like a living thing. 
Moving through the landscape in 

2656
02:24:17,400 --> 02:24:20,400
the quiet periods between sounds
silence itself. 

2657
02:24:20,400 --> 02:24:24,700
Had a quality different from 
Modern silence, No electric hum 

2658
02:24:24,700 --> 02:24:26,600
of refrigerators or heating 
systems. 

2659
02:24:26,600 --> 02:24:30,200
No distant traffic. 
Sounds No airplane. 

2660
02:24:30,200 --> 02:24:34,600
Overhead just genuine quiet. 
Broken only by the immediate 

2661
02:24:34,600 --> 02:24:38,300
sounds of your household and 
natural environment a silent. 

2662
02:24:38,300 --> 02:24:41,000
So complete, that modern people 
who experience it often. 

2663
02:24:41,000 --> 02:24:44,700
Find it unsettling at first. 
So accustomed, a Wii to 

2664
02:24:44,700 --> 02:24:48,200
continuous background noise, 
your own body, produces sound, 

2665
02:24:48,200 --> 02:24:51,200
you might notice in the 
Stillness, Your heartbeat 

2666
02:24:51,200 --> 02:24:53,300
becomes audible. 
When you press your rear against

2667
02:24:53,300 --> 02:24:57,300
the mattress, You're breathing 
your stomach gurgling quietly, 

2668
02:24:57,300 --> 02:24:59,500
the rustle of linen against your
skin. 

2669
02:24:59,500 --> 02:25:02,900
When you shift position all 
become part of the Sonic 

2670
02:25:02,900 --> 02:25:04,600
environment. 
When everything else Falls 

2671
02:25:04,600 --> 02:25:07,800
still, some sounds inspired fear
or Superstition. 

2672
02:25:07,800 --> 02:25:12,000
Unexplained noises might be 
attributed to Spirits or demons 

2673
02:25:12,000 --> 02:25:14,800
testing the households defenses,
though. 

2674
02:25:14,800 --> 02:25:17,900
Most people understood that most
mysterious sounds had natural 

2675
02:25:17,900 --> 02:25:23,200
explanations, once you learned 
to identify them, Still a sudden

2676
02:25:23,200 --> 02:25:26,400
loud noise in the Deep Knight. 
Its source. 

2677
02:25:26,400 --> 02:25:30,800
Uncertain could set your heart 
racing and make you cluck your 

2678
02:25:30,800 --> 02:25:34,000
religious medals or whisper 
protective prayers. 

2679
02:25:34,000 --> 02:25:38,700
The return of mourning, sounds 
provided its own comfort The 

2680
02:25:38,700 --> 02:25:42,300
first Birds Before Dawn roosters
crowing, they're not always 

2681
02:25:42,300 --> 02:25:46,100
exactly at dawn despite folklore
signal the approaching End Of 

2682
02:25:46,108 --> 02:25:49,000
Night. 
Other birds, joined gradually 

2683
02:25:49,000 --> 02:25:52,700
building toward the dawn chorus.
You'd hear the household 

2684
02:25:52,700 --> 02:25:56,600
beginning to stir people, rising
fires being revived and the 

2685
02:25:56,608 --> 02:25:59,600
sounds of daily life returning 
to replace the nighttime. 

2686
02:25:59,600 --> 02:26:02,700
Soundscape. 
This acoustic World shaped how 

2687
02:26:02,700 --> 02:26:07,200
Tudor people experienced night. 
Without visual stimuli with 

2688
02:26:07,200 --> 02:26:11,400
Darkness, complete Behind Closed
shutters and curtains, hearing 

2689
02:26:11,400 --> 02:26:14,000
became the primary sense. 
Connecting you to the world 

2690
02:26:14,000 --> 02:26:17,400
beyond your bed. 
You learned to interpret sound 

2691
02:26:17,400 --> 02:26:21,600
to distinguish normal from 
alarming to find comfort in 

2692
02:26:21,600 --> 02:26:27,300
expected noises and concern in 
unexpected ones. the nighttime 

2693
02:26:27,300 --> 02:26:32,600
soundscape far from being empty,
silence was richly textured with

2694
02:26:32,600 --> 02:26:36,800
information about whether 
animals, neighbors, and the 

2695
02:26:36,800 --> 02:26:41,600
house itself A constant stream 
of Sonic data that Tudor is 

2696
02:26:41,600 --> 02:26:45,000
processed instinctively 
throughout the Night, chapter 8,

2697
02:26:45,000 --> 02:26:49,300
Dawn and Rising the transition 
from night to day happened 

2698
02:26:49,300 --> 02:26:53,200
gradually in Tudor England. 
Slow emergence from sleep and 

2699
02:26:53,200 --> 02:26:56,500
darkness that aligned with the 
body's natural rhythms far, more

2700
02:26:56,500 --> 02:26:58,500
than modern alarm clock 
Awakenings. 

2701
02:26:58,500 --> 02:27:02,300
You'd become aware of increasing
light first even before fully 

2702
02:27:02,300 --> 02:27:04,700
waking. 
The Blackness behind your 

2703
02:27:04,700 --> 02:27:05,800
closed. 
Eyelids. 

2704
02:27:05,800 --> 02:27:09,100
Shifts to a lighter shade. 
As Dawn brightens the world, 

2705
02:27:09,100 --> 02:27:13,100
beyond your shuttered windows. 
Thin strips of light appear at 

2706
02:27:13,100 --> 02:27:16,200
the edges of shutters. 
Announcing that night grip is 

2707
02:27:16,200 --> 02:27:18,600
loosening. 
The household sounds change 

2708
02:27:18,600 --> 02:27:22,300
character when night sounds were
sporadic and muted morning, 

2709
02:27:22,300 --> 02:27:27,000
brings purposeful activity. 
The first person up often a 

2710
02:27:27,000 --> 02:27:29,700
servant or the housewife 
herself, move through the house 

2711
02:27:29,700 --> 02:27:33,500
on specific mission's. 
You hear the scrap of implements

2712
02:27:33,500 --> 02:27:36,300
at the half. 
Working to revive the banked 

2713
02:27:36,300 --> 02:27:38,800
fire. 
You hear the clunk of logs being

2714
02:27:38,800 --> 02:27:42,500
added, the Creak of the Bellows 
and the first crackling as 

2715
02:27:42,500 --> 02:27:45,000
flames. 
Catch holes, you might lie. 

2716
02:27:45,000 --> 02:27:47,900
Still for a few minutes, not 
quite ready to leave your warm 

2717
02:27:47,900 --> 02:27:49,700
Nest. 
Listening to the house, wake 

2718
02:27:49,700 --> 02:27:52,100
around you. 
Someone opens a shutter down, 

2719
02:27:52,100 --> 02:27:54,900
stairs, admitting light and the 
fresh morning air. 

2720
02:27:54,900 --> 02:28:00,000
You hear water being poured feet
on stairs and low voices of 

2721
02:28:00,000 --> 02:28:02,700
people greeting each other and 
beginning their days tasks. 

2722
02:28:03,400 --> 02:28:06,800
Quality of light seeping into 
your chamber changes as the sun 

2723
02:28:06,800 --> 02:28:10,100
rises. 
What started as pale gray 

2724
02:28:10,100 --> 02:28:12,700
brightens toward gold or silver,
depending on the weather. 

2725
02:28:13,500 --> 02:28:16,500
On clear mornings. 
You might see actual shafts of 

2726
02:28:16,508 --> 02:28:20,500
light, piercing through gaps, in
the shutters on cloudy days. 

2727
02:28:20,500 --> 02:28:23,200
The illumination remains 
diffuse, but still increases to 

2728
02:28:23,200 --> 02:28:25,400
the point where you can 
distinguish shapes in the room. 

2729
02:28:25,400 --> 02:28:29,000
Rising requires a certain amount
of determination on cold 

2730
02:28:29,000 --> 02:28:32,500
mornings, you have to leave your
warm cocoon, and expose yourself

2731
02:28:32,500 --> 02:28:34,300
to are. 
That's cold enough to make your 

2732
02:28:34,300 --> 02:28:38,600
skin prickly immediately. 
The process happens in stages. 

2733
02:28:39,400 --> 02:28:42,500
First you sit up under the 
blanket preparing yourself. 

2734
02:28:42,500 --> 02:28:46,400
Then you emerge perhaps wrapping
a blanket around your shoulders,

2735
02:28:46,400 --> 02:28:49,800
as you swing your legs, over the
side of the bed, your feet Hit 

2736
02:28:49,800 --> 02:28:53,000
the Floor, cold even through any
Floor Covering or discarded 

2737
02:28:53,000 --> 02:28:55,100
clothing. 
You might step on you move 

2738
02:28:55,100 --> 02:28:58,800
quickly now, motivated by 
discomfort reaching for your 

2739
02:28:58,800 --> 02:29:02,400
outer clothes that hang nearby. 
Dressing happens rapidly 

2740
02:29:02,400 --> 02:29:06,000
layering on garments that have 
been sitting in the cold air all

2741
02:29:06,000 --> 02:29:08,500
night and feel clammy until your
body heat warms them. 

2742
02:29:08,500 --> 02:29:11,800
If you're lucky, someone has 
brought warm water up for 

2743
02:29:11,800 --> 02:29:14,600
washing. 
If not you make do with whatever

2744
02:29:14,600 --> 02:29:17,400
is in the chamber. 
Pitcher, probably cold enough to

2745
02:29:17,400 --> 02:29:19,600
make you gasp when you on your 
face. 

2746
02:29:20,400 --> 02:29:23,400
This shock of cold Waters does? 
Wake you effectively though? 

2747
02:29:23,400 --> 02:29:26,000
No need for coffee. 
When ice cold water hits your 

2748
02:29:26,000 --> 02:29:28,300
skin. 
Personal prayers might happen 

2749
02:29:28,300 --> 02:29:30,400
now. 
A quick devotional practice 

2750
02:29:30,400 --> 02:29:34,600
before the day's demands begin 
Kneeling by the bed you'd run 

2751
02:29:34,600 --> 02:29:38,200
through familiar prayers, 
perhaps adding specific requests

2752
02:29:38,200 --> 02:29:41,600
relevant to the day ahead. 
Safety for a journey. 

2753
02:29:41,600 --> 02:29:45,600
Success in business, dealings 
health for a sick, family 

2754
02:29:45,600 --> 02:29:49,200
member, anything Weighing on 
your mind as you face a new day,

2755
02:29:49,200 --> 02:29:52,600
emptying chamber pots represents
one of the Less Pleasant morning

2756
02:29:52,600 --> 02:29:55,600
tasks. 
Someone usually a servant if you

2757
02:29:55,600 --> 02:29:58,800
have one or the housewife, if 
you don't carry these down 

2758
02:29:58,800 --> 02:30:01,700
stairs and out to the privy or 
to a spot where the contents 

2759
02:30:01,700 --> 02:30:03,600
will be buried or otherwise 
disposed of. 

2760
02:30:04,400 --> 02:30:07,200
In cities, chamber pots might be
empty into Street. 

2761
02:30:07,200 --> 02:30:10,900
Gutters a practice that 
contributed to Urban sanitation 

2762
02:30:10,900 --> 02:30:14,300
problems and unpleasant smells 
hair gets attention, 

2763
02:30:14,300 --> 02:30:17,500
particularly for women. 
That nightcap comes off 

2764
02:30:17,500 --> 02:30:20,900
revealing hair that needs 
brushing or combing before being

2765
02:30:20,900 --> 02:30:24,000
covered again with a koeth or 
other head covering appropriate 

2766
02:30:24,000 --> 02:30:27,500
for the day's activities. 
Men might run their fingers 

2767
02:30:27,500 --> 02:30:30,700
through shorter hair and call it
done, though. 

2768
02:30:30,700 --> 02:30:32,100
Some attention to grooming 
happened. 

2769
02:30:32,100 --> 02:30:36,100
Even for males teeth. 
Receive quick attention, a rinse

2770
02:30:36,100 --> 02:30:39,300
of the mouth with water or ale 
perhaps running a cloth over 

2771
02:30:39,300 --> 02:30:42,200
teeth to remove the furry 
feeling that builds overnight. 

2772
02:30:43,300 --> 02:30:46,200
More thorough cleaning might 
wait until later if guests are 

2773
02:30:46,208 --> 02:30:48,800
expected. 
Or if you're preparing for a 

2774
02:30:48,800 --> 02:30:51,500
special occasion beds don't get 
made in the modern sense. 

2775
02:30:51,500 --> 02:30:56,600
Instead they get aired blankets 
thrown back covers folded over 

2776
02:30:56,600 --> 02:30:59,700
the foot of the bed allowing air
to circulate through the 

2777
02:30:59,700 --> 02:31:02,400
bedding. 
This prevents mustiness and 

2778
02:31:02,400 --> 02:31:05,900
gives moisture from Nighttime, 
breathing and sweating a chance 

2779
02:31:05,900 --> 02:31:09,100
to evaporate. 
In good weather, you might hang 

2780
02:31:09,100 --> 02:31:12,100
blankets out a window or carry 
them outside to are in the sun, 

2781
02:31:12,100 --> 02:31:16,100
which freshens them remarkably. 
Well breakfast, in Tudor, 

2782
02:31:16,100 --> 02:31:18,900
England wasn't the substantial 
meal it became in later 

2783
02:31:18,900 --> 02:31:22,300
centuries. 
Many people, those doing 

2784
02:31:22,300 --> 02:31:26,100
physical labor, ate, something 
light, Bread with butter or 

2785
02:31:26,100 --> 02:31:28,700
cheese, perhaps ale or small 
beer. 

2786
02:31:28,700 --> 02:31:32,000
Maybe pottage left from the 
previous evening supper and 

2787
02:31:32,000 --> 02:31:34,700
reheated. 
The truly wealthy might have 

2788
02:31:34,700 --> 02:31:38,600
more elaborate morning meals, 
but for most breaking fast meant

2789
02:31:38,600 --> 02:31:42,400
exactly that Breaking the 
overnight fast with enough food 

2790
02:31:42,400 --> 02:31:44,800
to start the day not feeling 
yourself. 

2791
02:31:44,800 --> 02:31:48,600
Completely children need waking,
and helping a special younger 

2792
02:31:48,600 --> 02:31:50,500
ones. 
They're not naturally early 

2793
02:31:50,500 --> 02:31:53,500
Rises at the period, lacking the
school schedule. 

2794
02:31:53,500 --> 02:31:55,800
That would later structure 
childhood mornings. 

2795
02:31:55,800 --> 02:31:59,500
You might need to coax a child 
from bed, help with dressing, 

2796
02:31:59,500 --> 02:32:02,800
and make sure faces. 
Get washed and hair gets combed.

2797
02:32:03,500 --> 02:32:06,600
The same parental tasks that 
cross all time, periods. 

2798
02:32:06,600 --> 02:32:10,000
As light increases, you can 
finally open the shutters fully 

2799
02:32:10,000 --> 02:32:12,100
admitting the morning into the 
house. 

2800
02:32:12,100 --> 02:32:15,500
The quality of light tells you 
much about the day ahead. 

2801
02:32:16,200 --> 02:32:20,000
Clear and bright means fair. 
Weather is likely gray and flats

2802
02:32:20,000 --> 02:32:24,200
just rain and particular colors 
of the Dawn Sky, predict wind or

2803
02:32:24,200 --> 02:32:27,900
storm, depending on folk wisdom 
accumulated over Generations. 

2804
02:32:27,900 --> 02:32:31,500
The house begins to fill with 
the days activities, if there's 

2805
02:32:31,500 --> 02:32:33,500
a shop or Workshop, it's 
preparations. 

2806
02:32:33,500 --> 02:32:36,100
Begin. 
If the household revolves around

2807
02:32:36,100 --> 02:32:39,100
farming people move towards and 
Fields. 

2808
02:32:39,100 --> 02:32:43,000
If you're in a townhouse with a 
trade to pursue tools, come out,

2809
02:32:43,000 --> 02:32:47,100
work spaces, get a range and The
Business of making a living 

2810
02:32:47,100 --> 02:32:49,900
begins in Earnest. 
You take your place in this 

2811
02:32:49,900 --> 02:32:53,300
daily Rhythm moving from the 
private world of sleep and 

2812
02:32:53,300 --> 02:32:55,900
bedroom into the public world of
work and community. 

2813
02:32:57,000 --> 02:33:01,200
The transition feels natural 
aligned with light and sound in 

2814
02:33:01,200 --> 02:33:04,300
the needs of your body. 
There's no jarring a alarm. 

2815
02:33:04,300 --> 02:33:07,400
No sense of being rented from 
sleep before you're ready. 

2816
02:33:07,408 --> 02:33:12,300
Just a gradual emergence, that 
respect, biological rhythms, 

2817
02:33:12,300 --> 02:33:16,800
even as it responds to practical
Necessities the morning routine 

2818
02:33:16,800 --> 02:33:20,300
repeated day after day with 
minor variations for seasons and

2819
02:33:20,300 --> 02:33:23,300
circumstances, provide structure
and comfort. 

2820
02:33:23,300 --> 02:33:26,500
You know what comes next? 
Because it's what always comes 

2821
02:33:26,500 --> 02:33:29,100
next. 
The predictability might seem 

2822
02:33:29,100 --> 02:33:32,300
boring to Modern sensibilities. 
That value variety and Novelty. 

2823
02:33:32,300 --> 02:33:37,200
But Tudor people generally found
security and repetition in doing

2824
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:40,200
what their parents did, what 
their grandparents did and what 

2825
02:33:40,200 --> 02:33:44,100
everyone around them does, by 
the time full daylight arrives, 

2826
02:33:44,100 --> 02:33:49,100
your dressed washed fed, at 
least minimally and engaged in 

2827
02:33:49,100 --> 02:33:50,800
the days. 
First tasks. 

2828
02:33:51,800 --> 02:33:56,100
The night has fully released its
hold whatever dreams or thoughts

2829
02:33:56,100 --> 02:34:00,200
occupied those dark hours Fade 
Into memory, as immediate 

2830
02:34:00,200 --> 02:34:04,100
concerns, demand attention, the 
daily cycle that will eventually

2831
02:34:04,100 --> 02:34:06,100
lead. 
You back to that same bed begins

2832
02:34:06,100 --> 02:34:08,900
again. 
As inevitable and natural as the

2833
02:34:08,900 --> 02:34:13,300
sun's path across the sky 
chapter 9, the cultural meaning 

2834
02:34:13,300 --> 02:34:16,300
of sleep sleeping. 
Tudor England, carried, meanings

2835
02:34:16,300 --> 02:34:18,500
that extended far beyond the 
simple. 

2836
02:34:18,500 --> 02:34:23,000
Biological need for rest. 
How you slept where you slept, 

2837
02:34:23,000 --> 02:34:26,500
what you wore and what 
surrounded you, while sleeping 

2838
02:34:26,500 --> 02:34:30,500
all these reflected and 
reinforced the social order, 

2839
02:34:30,500 --> 02:34:34,100
spiritual beliefs and 
philosophical understanding of 

2840
02:34:34,100 --> 02:34:37,600
human nature at the most basic 
level sleep represented, 

2841
02:34:37,600 --> 02:34:41,100
vulnerability while sleeping, 
you couldn't defend yourself, 

2842
02:34:41,100 --> 02:34:44,800
could not maintain social masses
and couldn't control your 

2843
02:34:44,800 --> 02:34:48,500
behavior or appearance. 
This made the sleeping chamber, 

2844
02:34:48,500 --> 02:34:52,600
a space, requiring protection, 
both physical and spiritual. 

2845
02:34:53,600 --> 02:34:56,800
Prayers before bed weren't just 
empty ritual, they expressed 

2846
02:34:56,800 --> 02:34:59,300
genuine concern about the 
helpless hours ahead. 

2847
02:34:59,300 --> 02:35:04,300
The bed itself carried enormous 
symbolic weight, When you made a

2848
02:35:04,308 --> 02:35:08,000
will and most people of any 
means made Wills, you 

2849
02:35:08,000 --> 02:35:11,600
specifically bequeathed your 
bed, naming it as a valuable 

2850
02:35:11,600 --> 02:35:13,800
asset to be passed to particular
heirs. 

2851
02:35:15,200 --> 02:35:20,000
The bed represented, security, 
Domesticity and the private life

2852
02:35:20,000 --> 02:35:23,100
of the family. 
To inherit someone's bed meant 

2853
02:35:23,100 --> 02:35:24,600
more than gaining a physical 
object. 

2854
02:35:24,600 --> 02:35:28,900
It meant taking on a piece of 
their domestic Legacy marriage 

2855
02:35:28,900 --> 02:35:30,600
beds, held particular 
significant. 

2856
02:35:30,600 --> 02:35:34,600
The marriage bed was blessed by 
the church and the act of being 

2857
02:35:34,600 --> 02:35:37,100
bedded. 
The ceremonial putting to bed of

2858
02:35:37,100 --> 02:35:40,900
the new bride and groom marked 
the transition to married life. 

2859
02:35:41,700 --> 02:35:43,500
Witnesses. 
Might actually accompany the 

2860
02:35:43,500 --> 02:35:45,300
couple to the bed chamber, 
though. 

2861
02:35:45,300 --> 02:35:48,500
They'd leave before, 
consummation occurred the bed, 

2862
02:35:48,500 --> 02:35:51,600
thus, served as both symbol and 
Stage for one of life's most 

2863
02:35:51,600 --> 02:35:55,200
important transitions deaths, 
occurred in the same beds. 

2864
02:35:55,200 --> 02:35:58,800
Most people died at home in 
their own beds, surrounded by 

2865
02:35:58,808 --> 02:36:01,600
family. 
The bed witnessed your birth. 

2866
02:36:01,600 --> 02:36:05,100
If you were born at home, you're
conception your wedding night, 

2867
02:36:05,100 --> 02:36:08,200
your children's births, and 
finally, your death. 

2868
02:36:09,000 --> 02:36:11,000
Few pieces of furniture 
participated. 

2869
02:36:11,000 --> 02:36:15,200
So intimately and life's major 
passages social hierarchy 

2870
02:36:15,200 --> 02:36:17,900
expressed itself in sleeping 
arrangements with remarkable 

2871
02:36:17,900 --> 02:36:21,200
clarity. 
Servants, slept on straw pallets

2872
02:36:21,200 --> 02:36:25,300
on Floors or in attics middling 
folks slept in proper beds with 

2873
02:36:25,300 --> 02:36:28,700
decent mattresses. 
The wealthy slept, in massive, 

2874
02:36:28,700 --> 02:36:31,700
poster, beds with expensive 
hangings, feather mattresses, 

2875
02:36:31,700 --> 02:36:35,300
and finally, in where you slept 
and what you slept on and 

2876
02:36:35,300 --> 02:36:37,800
announced your status, as surely
as your clothing did during 

2877
02:36:37,800 --> 02:36:41,100
waking hours dreams, held 
significant that modern 

2878
02:36:41,100 --> 02:36:42,900
psychology doesn't quite 
capture. 

2879
02:36:43,800 --> 02:36:47,400
Tudor people believed dreams 
could carry messages from God, 

2880
02:36:47,400 --> 02:36:50,900
from angels, from the 
subconscious mind, struggling 

2881
02:36:50,900 --> 02:36:54,300
with waking problems or 
sometimes from darker sources. 

2882
02:36:54,300 --> 02:36:59,400
Prophetic dreams, warning, 
dreams dreams that revealed 

2883
02:36:59,400 --> 02:37:02,900
Hidden Truths, all these 
appeared in literature and folk 

2884
02:37:02,900 --> 02:37:05,200
belief. 
You might consult an almanac or 

2885
02:37:05,200 --> 02:37:07,600
a priest about the meaning of a 
particularly Vivid, or 

2886
02:37:07,600 --> 02:37:10,900
disturbing dream. 
The vulnerability of sleep made 

2887
02:37:10,900 --> 02:37:13,200
people care about who could 
observe them sleeping. 

2888
02:37:14,100 --> 02:37:16,700
Servants might see their masters
in night clothes. 

2889
02:37:16,700 --> 02:37:19,700
That this was part of the 
intimate household relationship.

2890
02:37:19,700 --> 02:37:23,500
Balance by mutual dependencies 
and understood boundaries. 

2891
02:37:24,600 --> 02:37:27,900
Strangers seeing you sleep 
though represented a kind of 

2892
02:37:27,900 --> 02:37:31,700
violation, your guard was down 
your face. 

2893
02:37:31,700 --> 02:37:35,700
Relaxed into its true form and 
your body positioned without the

2894
02:37:35,700 --> 02:37:38,300
careful control. 
You maintained while awake 

2895
02:37:38,300 --> 02:37:41,800
medical Theory connected sleep 
to the body's humeral balance 

2896
02:37:42,700 --> 02:37:46,300
Sleep allowed, the digestive 
system to process food, the body

2897
02:37:46,300 --> 02:37:50,000
to repair itself and the Brain 
to clear itself of vapors 

2898
02:37:50,000 --> 02:37:53,900
accumulated during waking hours.
Too much sleep made, you 

2899
02:37:53,900 --> 02:37:57,200
sluggish and flag Matic. 
Too little sleep. 

2900
02:37:57,200 --> 02:37:59,600
Dried out the body's fluids 
leading. 

2901
02:37:59,600 --> 02:38:03,800
Tolerate irritability. 
The right amount of sleep, which

2902
02:38:03,800 --> 02:38:08,100
varied by age Constitution, and 
seasoned maintained equilibrium 

2903
02:38:08,100 --> 02:38:11,200
different phases of Life, 
required different amounts of 

2904
02:38:11,200 --> 02:38:13,500
sleep. 
Babies and young children 

2905
02:38:13,500 --> 02:38:15,300
needed. 
Much sleep for proper growth, 

2906
02:38:15,300 --> 02:38:19,300
adults in their Prime needed, 
moderates, sleep enough for 

2907
02:38:19,300 --> 02:38:22,200
health, but not so much at 
encouraged laziness. 

2908
02:38:23,100 --> 02:38:26,500
Elderly people naturally 
required less their bodies 

2909
02:38:26,500 --> 02:38:30,900
winding down toward life's end. 
These patterns seemed obvious 

2910
02:38:30,900 --> 02:38:34,700
through observation and folk 
wisdom, aligned reasonably well,

2911
02:38:34,700 --> 02:38:38,200
with what modern sleep science 
has since confirmed seasonal 

2912
02:38:38,200 --> 02:38:41,800
sleep patterns, reflected the 
agricultural calendar, winter 

2913
02:38:41,800 --> 02:38:44,600
allowed slightly longer sleep 
periods, since less daylight 

2914
02:38:44,600 --> 02:38:48,600
meant fewer workouts. 
Some are demanded earlier rising

2915
02:38:48,600 --> 02:38:51,800
to make use of long days though.
Afternoon rests might 

2916
02:38:51,800 --> 02:38:55,200
compensate. 
The wealthy less tied to 

2917
02:38:55,200 --> 02:38:58,300
agricultural rhythms could 
maintain more consistent 

2918
02:38:58,300 --> 02:39:01,100
schedules though. 
Even they adjusted somewhat to 

2919
02:39:01,100 --> 02:39:04,600
seasonal light changes religious
observance intersected with 

2920
02:39:04,600 --> 02:39:09,000
sleep in multiple ways. 
Monks and nuns Rose for night 

2921
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:11,600
prayers. 
The night offices, that divided 

2922
02:39:11,600 --> 02:39:14,900
sleep into segments different 
from the late pattern of first 

2923
02:39:14,900 --> 02:39:18,600
and second sleep. 
Devoutly people might rise at 

2924
02:39:18,600 --> 02:39:22,400
midnight for private prayers, 
imitating, monastic practice. 

2925
02:39:23,400 --> 02:39:27,200
Religious holidays might involve
night vigils or Dawn procession 

2926
02:39:27,200 --> 02:39:29,500
that disrupted normal. 
Sleep patterns. 

2927
02:39:29,500 --> 02:39:32,100
The language people used about 
sleep carried. 

2928
02:39:32,100 --> 02:39:34,900
Moral overtones to be a slug of 
bed. 

2929
02:39:34,900 --> 02:39:38,800
Someone who stayed too long in 
bed implied, moral failure, 

2930
02:39:38,800 --> 02:39:43,600
laziness and lack of virtue. 
The early riser, demonstrated 

2931
02:39:43,600 --> 02:39:46,800
industry godliness and proper 
household management. 

2932
02:39:47,800 --> 02:39:50,100
Early to bed and early to rise 
makes a man. 

2933
02:39:50,108 --> 02:39:52,200
Healthy wealthy and wise 
captured. 

2934
02:39:52,200 --> 02:39:55,400
This attitude though that 
specific formulation came 

2935
02:39:55,400 --> 02:39:58,700
slightly later than the Tudor 
period sleep made you equal to 

2936
02:39:58,700 --> 02:40:02,000
everyone else in a way. 
The nobleman, and the peasant, 

2937
02:40:02,000 --> 02:40:04,800
both needed sleep. 
Both experienced dreams and both

2938
02:40:04,800 --> 02:40:08,800
lay helpless in the dark. 
This temporary equality perhaps 

2939
02:40:08,800 --> 02:40:12,600
made sleep slightly troubling to
social hierarchies, it suggested

2940
02:40:12,600 --> 02:40:15,900
that beneath the elaborate 
social structures, All Humans 

2941
02:40:15,900 --> 02:40:18,900
shared basic needs and 
experiences that no amount of 

2942
02:40:18,900 --> 02:40:23,300
wealth or status could eliminate
literature of the period use 

2943
02:40:23,300 --> 02:40:25,800
sleep as a metaphor and plot 
device extensively. 

2944
02:40:26,700 --> 02:40:29,900
Shakespeare writing at the tail 
end of this era, filled his 

2945
02:40:29,900 --> 02:40:33,800
plays with sleep imagery. 
The innocent sleep that knits up

2946
02:40:33,800 --> 02:40:36,900
the raveled sleave of care, the 
sleep of death. 

2947
02:40:36,900 --> 02:40:40,700
And the prophetic dreams that 
advanced plots or reveal 

2948
02:40:40,700 --> 02:40:44,300
characters in a state's His 
audience is understood these 

2949
02:40:44,300 --> 02:40:47,500
references immediately because 
sleep held such cultural weight.

2950
02:40:47,500 --> 02:40:51,000
The position you slept in 
supposedly revealed character 

2951
02:40:51,000 --> 02:40:54,000
traits. 
Sleeping on your back indicated.

2952
02:40:54,000 --> 02:40:58,200
An open honest nature side, 
sleeping showed balance and 

2953
02:40:58,200 --> 02:41:00,600
moderation. 
Sleeping on your stomach 

2954
02:41:00,600 --> 02:41:05,500
suggested secretiveness or 
devious Tendencies were there. 

2955
02:41:05,500 --> 02:41:08,600
Anyone actually believe this or 
just found it amusing as hard to

2956
02:41:08,600 --> 02:41:12,100
say, but the existence of such 
folklore shows that even 

2957
02:41:12,100 --> 02:41:14,500
unconsciously sleeping 
positions, carried meaning, 

2958
02:41:14,500 --> 02:41:18,800
nightmares, required spiritual 
explanation, The term itself 

2959
02:41:18,800 --> 02:41:22,700
comes from Nightmare a demon or 
evil spirit that sat on your 

2960
02:41:22,708 --> 02:41:26,300
chest, while you slept, causing 
bad dreams and difficulty 

2961
02:41:26,300 --> 02:41:29,300
breathing. 
Other cultures had similar 

2962
02:41:29,300 --> 02:41:33,200
Concepts the succubus and 
Incubus of medieval belief. 

2963
02:41:34,200 --> 02:41:37,000
Spiritual Beings that visited 
sleepers with various 

2964
02:41:37,000 --> 02:41:39,900
intentions. 
Whether people literally 

2965
02:41:39,900 --> 02:41:43,400
believed in these entities, or 
use them as explanations for 

2966
02:41:43,400 --> 02:41:46,500
Sleep phenomenal, like, sleep, 
paralysis varied among 

2967
02:41:46,500 --> 02:41:50,300
individuals and regions the 
continuity between sleep and 

2968
02:41:50,308 --> 02:41:54,400
death, the resemblance of the 
sleeping body to a quartz made 

2969
02:41:54,400 --> 02:41:57,000
sleep, both natural and slightly
uncanny. 

2970
02:41:57,700 --> 02:42:01,100
You surrendered Consciousness, 
trusted that you'd wake again, 

2971
02:42:01,100 --> 02:42:05,100
but could not guarantee it. 
Every night involved a small Act

2972
02:42:05,100 --> 02:42:07,500
of Faith that this sleep 
wouldn't become permanently 

2973
02:42:07,500 --> 02:42:10,000
sleep. 
Morning prayers often included. 

2974
02:42:10,000 --> 02:42:13,400
Thanks for being allowed to wait
and acknowledgment that survival

2975
02:42:13,400 --> 02:42:15,000
through the night wasn't 
automatic. 

2976
02:42:15,000 --> 02:42:18,200
This Rich web of meaning 
surrounding sleep. 

2977
02:42:18,200 --> 02:42:22,100
Made it far more than a 
biological necessity Sleep, 

2978
02:42:22,100 --> 02:42:26,300
represented, spiritual States 
Social positions, moral 

2979
02:42:26,300 --> 02:42:29,300
qualities, and existential 
concerns. 

2980
02:42:30,100 --> 02:42:33,800
The rituals surrounding sleep, 
the prayers, the careful 

2981
02:42:33,800 --> 02:42:36,300
preparations. 
The symbolic objects. 

2982
02:42:36,300 --> 02:42:38,700
Like blessed medallions. 
Hung near beds. 

2983
02:42:39,400 --> 02:42:43,200
Addressed, these multiple layers
of meaning acknowledging that 

2984
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:46,500
when you close your eyes, each 
night, you entered a realm where

2985
02:42:46,500 --> 02:42:49,400
the normal rules were suspended 
and something else, something 

2986
02:42:49,400 --> 02:42:52,100
both dangerous and necessary 
took over until dawn. 

2987
02:42:52,100 --> 02:42:55,300
And so we come to the end of our
nighttime journey through 

2988
02:42:55,300 --> 02:42:58,300
tutoring England. 
You've experienced the full 

2989
02:42:58,300 --> 02:43:02,500
cycle from dust for Shadows 
through the depth of night, to 

2990
02:43:02,500 --> 02:43:06,200
mornings, gradual return. 
You felt the weight of wool 

2991
02:43:06,200 --> 02:43:10,700
blankets on a cold night. 
Heard the sound of darkness and 

2992
02:43:10,700 --> 02:43:12,900
understood The rhythms of 
segmented sleep. 

2993
02:43:12,900 --> 02:43:16,000
And the cultural meaning was 
woven through every aspect of 

2994
02:43:16,000 --> 02:43:18,300
rest. 
The modern world has gained much

2995
02:43:18,300 --> 02:43:21,500
in comfort and convenience, but 
it has lost something too. 

2996
02:43:21,500 --> 02:43:26,200
That deeper alignment with 
natural rhythms, that acceptance

2997
02:43:26,200 --> 02:43:28,600
of darkness and its own 
particular gifts. 

2998
02:43:29,300 --> 02:43:32,500
That sense of sleep as something
more than mere unconsciousness 

2999
02:43:32,500 --> 02:43:34,600
between productive waking 
periods. 

3000
02:43:35,400 --> 02:43:38,400
To people for all their 
discomforts and challenges, knew

3001
02:43:38,400 --> 02:43:41,700
how to rest in ways. 
We've largely forgotten, perhaps

3002
02:43:41,700 --> 02:43:44,200
there's wisdom in their 
practices that we might recover 

3003
02:43:44,200 --> 02:43:48,300
not by returning to straw 
mattresses and chamber pots but 

3004
02:43:48,300 --> 02:43:52,000
by remembering that sleep 
deserves respect that Darkness 

3005
02:43:52,000 --> 02:43:54,900
has value. 
And that rest is not idleness 

3006
02:43:54,900 --> 02:43:59,900
but renewal As you drift towards
sleep in your own time, in your 

3007
02:43:59,908 --> 02:44:02,708
own bed. 
Perhaps you can carry a bit of 

3008
02:44:02,716 --> 02:44:06,100
Tudor wisdom with you. 
The acceptance of natural 

3009
02:44:06,100 --> 02:44:10,300
rhythms, the appreciation for 
simple Comforts and the 

3010
02:44:10,300 --> 02:44:13,300
understanding that a good 
night's rest is not a luxury, 

3011
02:44:13,300 --> 02:44:17,800
but a fundamental human need on 
it by Generations who slept 

3012
02:44:17,800 --> 02:44:21,700
before you and those who will 
sleep after your gone sleep well

3013
02:44:21,700 --> 02:44:31,000
whenever and wherever you find 
your rest. you wait before Dawn 

3014
02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:34,300
in your small chamber near the 
library's Eastern wing The room 

3015
02:44:34,300 --> 02:44:37,700
measures perhaps 10 places 
across with whitewashed walls, 

3016
02:44:37,700 --> 02:44:40,400
that catch the first gray light 
filtering through a narrow 

3017
02:44:40,400 --> 02:44:42,500
window. 
Your sleeping mat lies. 

3018
02:44:42,500 --> 02:44:45,800
Rolled in the corner and beside 
its a small wooden chest, 

3019
02:44:45,800 --> 02:44:50,400
containing your few possession. 
Two changes of linen tunics, a 

3020
02:44:50,400 --> 02:44:53,600
pair of sandals for formal 
occasions and a bronze oil, lamp

3021
02:44:53,600 --> 02:44:56,900
that belong to your father. 
The air smells of the sea, 

3022
02:44:56,900 --> 02:44:59,800
carried on the breeze, from the 
harbor, just three streets away.

3023
02:45:00,600 --> 02:45:04,100
Alexandria, never truly sleeps, 
but these early hours before 

3024
02:45:04,100 --> 02:45:07,200
Sunrise, hold a particular 
Stillness that you've grown to 

3025
02:45:07,200 --> 02:45:10,200
Treasure. 
Somewhere in the distance. 

3026
02:45:10,200 --> 02:45:13,400
A rooster announces the coming 
day with admirable punctuality 

3027
02:45:13,400 --> 02:45:14,900
though. 
You suspect. 

3028
02:45:14,900 --> 02:45:18,000
It's the same confused bird that
often crows at midnight during 

3029
02:45:18,000 --> 02:45:21,600
full moons. 
You stand and stretch feeling 

3030
02:45:21,600 --> 02:45:24,000
the pleasant stiffness in your 
shoulders that come from 

3031
02:45:24,000 --> 02:45:27,600
yesterday's work. 
Organizing Scrolls involves more

3032
02:45:27,600 --> 02:45:31,300
reaching and lifting than most 
people imagine your joints pops 

3033
02:45:31,300 --> 02:45:33,000
Softly. 
As You Raise Your Arms overhead 

3034
02:45:33,000 --> 02:45:35,800
and you make a mental note to 
request some of that Egyptian 

3035
02:45:35,800 --> 02:45:37,900
willow bark tea from the kitchen
stores. 

3036
02:45:38,900 --> 02:45:41,100
The headlight librarian, 
Demetrius swears by it for 

3037
02:45:41,100 --> 02:45:43,800
aching muscles, though. 
He also swears by standing on 

3038
02:45:43,800 --> 02:45:47,600
one foot while reading texts. 
So, his advice requires some 

3039
02:45:47,600 --> 02:45:50,300
filtering. 
The stone floor feels cool 

3040
02:45:50,300 --> 02:45:52,600
against your bare feet, as you 
walked to the wash base and 

3041
02:45:52,608 --> 02:45:55,200
someone has already filled it 
with fresh water. 

3042
02:45:55,200 --> 02:45:59,300
Probably young Marcus who starts
his rounds even early than you 

3043
02:45:59,300 --> 02:46:01,500
do. 
The water is cold enough to make

3044
02:46:01,500 --> 02:46:04,500
you gasps slightly as you Splash
it on your face, which doesn't 

3045
02:46:04,500 --> 02:46:06,700
excellent job of completing the 
waking process. 

3046
02:46:06,700 --> 02:46:10,000
That the rooster began you dress
in your working tunic. 

3047
02:46:10,000 --> 02:46:13,000
The one with the small ink, stay
near the Hem that never quite 

3048
02:46:13,000 --> 02:46:14,700
washed out. 
After that incident with the 

3049
02:46:14,700 --> 02:46:18,200
Aristotle commentary. 
The fabric is soft from 

3050
02:46:18,200 --> 02:46:21,200
countless Washings, Warren 
comfortable in a way that new 

3051
02:46:21,200 --> 02:46:24,600
cloth never quite manages. 
Your sandals are the everyday 

3052
02:46:24,600 --> 02:46:27,800
pair practical leather without 
any decorative flourishes. 

3053
02:46:27,800 --> 02:46:30,700
Designed for walking the 
library's endless corridors 

3054
02:46:30,700 --> 02:46:34,200
rather than impressing visiting 
Scholars outside your door. 

3055
02:46:34,200 --> 02:46:37,400
The library complex begins its 
daily transformation from 

3056
02:46:37,400 --> 02:46:40,700
Sleeping Giant to buzzing Hive 
of intellectual activity. 

3057
02:46:40,700 --> 02:46:43,500
You can hear the kitchen staff 
already at work. 

3058
02:46:43,500 --> 02:46:46,800
The rhythmic sound of someone 
grinding grain for bread mixing 

3059
02:46:46,800 --> 02:46:48,100
with the lower tone of 
conversation. 

3060
02:46:49,600 --> 02:46:51,900
The smell of baking will reach 
your corner of the building 

3061
02:46:51,900 --> 02:46:54,500
within the hour. 
And your stomach offers a quiet,

3062
02:46:54,500 --> 02:46:58,100
Rumble of anticipation, The 
corridor leading to the main 

3063
02:46:58,100 --> 02:47:01,800
library haul stretches before 
you lit by oil, lamps in wall 

3064
02:47:01,800 --> 02:47:05,100
niches, someone maintains these 
lamps throughout the night. 

3065
02:47:05,100 --> 02:47:07,800
Ensuring that Scholars, working 
late or early. 

3066
02:47:07,800 --> 02:47:10,400
Always have light, you've never 
met the night. 

3067
02:47:10,400 --> 02:47:14,000
Lamp tender, though, you've seen
evidence of their passage fresh 

3068
02:47:14,000 --> 02:47:17,300
oil in the reservoirs trimmed 
Wix and occasionally, a small 

3069
02:47:17,300 --> 02:47:19,400
plate of date. 
Cakes, left on a reading table. 

3070
02:47:19,400 --> 02:47:22,400
As if even the lamp tender 
believes Scholars, forget to eat

3071
02:47:23,000 --> 02:47:26,000
Your first stop is always the 
small Shrine near the entrance 

3072
02:47:26,000 --> 02:47:30,200
to the manuscript storage rooms.
It's dedicated to Thoth the 

3073
02:47:30,200 --> 02:47:32,600
Egyptian god of writing and 
knowledge, though. 

3074
02:47:32,600 --> 02:47:35,500
The ptolemaic administration 
prefers to call him Hermes in 

3075
02:47:35,500 --> 02:47:38,200
official documents. 
The Greeks who run this Library,

3076
02:47:38,200 --> 02:47:40,800
like to pretend everything is 
properly hellenized but the 

3077
02:47:40,800 --> 02:47:44,500
Egyptian staff knows better 
Thoth or Hermes. 

3078
02:47:44,500 --> 02:47:46,800
The god doesn't seem to mind 
what name you use. 

3079
02:47:46,800 --> 02:47:49,900
As long as you remember to keep 
the tiny oil lamp at his Shrine 

3080
02:47:49,900 --> 02:47:53,400
burning You had a few drops of 
oil to the lamp and Whisperer a 

3081
02:47:53,400 --> 02:47:54,400
brief. 
Thanks for another day. 

3082
02:47:54,400 --> 02:47:57,200
Among the Scrolls. 
This isn't exactly prayer. 

3083
02:47:57,200 --> 02:47:59,300
It's more like, checking in with
a colleague. 

3084
02:47:59,300 --> 02:48:02,200
Who happened to be divine. 
The shrine is simple. 

3085
02:48:02,200 --> 02:48:05,800
A small painted image of an Ibis
headed figure holding a writing 

3086
02:48:05,800 --> 02:48:08,800
palette surrounded by offering 
of dried flowers, and the 

3087
02:48:08,800 --> 02:48:11,400
occasional Papyrus scrap, 
containing students prayers for 

3088
02:48:11,400 --> 02:48:14,800
help with examination. 
The main manuscript Halls open 

3089
02:48:14,800 --> 02:48:17,800
before you like a can of 
knowledge, the ceiling saws, 

3090
02:48:17,800 --> 02:48:21,200
three stories, high supported by
columns that catch the growing 

3091
02:48:21,200 --> 02:48:23,700
Dawn light. 
Wooden shelves, line. 

3092
02:48:23,700 --> 02:48:26,900
Every wall Rising toward the 
ceiling in carefully, organized 

3093
02:48:26,900 --> 02:48:29,700
sections. 
Each shelf contains pigeonholes 

3094
02:48:29,700 --> 02:48:33,200
and each pigeonhole contains 
Scrolls arranged by subject 

3095
02:48:33,200 --> 02:48:37,200
author and language. 
The system is brilliantly, 

3096
02:48:37,200 --> 02:48:39,400
logical. 
Once you understand it, though, 

3097
02:48:39,400 --> 02:48:41,300
new staff members often spend 
their first month. 

3098
02:48:41,300 --> 02:48:44,400
Wandering lost clutching a 
scroll and looking for its 

3099
02:48:44,400 --> 02:48:48,300
proper home, like a confused 
pigeon, This morning, you're 

3100
02:48:48,300 --> 02:48:50,500
assigned to the Natural 
philosophy section, which 

3101
02:48:50,500 --> 02:48:52,700
occupies the entire north wall 
of Hall, 3. 

3102
02:48:52,700 --> 02:48:56,500
Natural philosophy is what later
generations will call science 

3103
02:48:56,500 --> 02:48:58,800
though. 
That word doesn't exist yet in 

3104
02:48:58,800 --> 02:49:02,300
quite the same way here, rest, 
the collected observations of 

3105
02:49:02,308 --> 02:49:05,200
dozens of cultures trying to 
understand how the world Works. 

3106
02:49:05,200 --> 02:49:08,900
Greek theories about elements 
and atoms Egyptian. 

3107
02:49:08,900 --> 02:49:13,300
Astronomical records Babylonian 
mathematics an Indian treaties 

3108
02:49:13,300 --> 02:49:15,800
on medicine. 
You begin your morning routine 

3109
02:49:15,800 --> 02:49:19,900
by checking the scroll logs. 
Each section has a log, a long 

3110
02:49:19,900 --> 02:49:22,000
roll of Papyrus. 
Where every scroll, the enters 

3111
02:49:22,000 --> 02:49:25,400
all leaves, gets recorded You 
run your finger down yesterday's

3112
02:49:25,400 --> 02:49:27,300
entries. 
Noting that someone borrowed the

3113
02:49:27,300 --> 02:49:30,600
Astros inquiry into plants and 
hasn't yet returned it. 

3114
02:49:31,500 --> 02:49:35,100
This happens constantly Scholars
become so absorbed in their 

3115
02:49:35,100 --> 02:49:37,200
reading that they forget. 
The Scrolls don't actually 

3116
02:49:37,200 --> 02:49:39,600
belong to them. 
You make a note to check the 

3117
02:49:39,600 --> 02:49:42,600
private study rooms later the 
Morning, Light strength, and 

3118
02:49:42,600 --> 02:49:45,600
pouring, through high windows, 
in Golden shafts that make the 

3119
02:49:45,600 --> 02:49:49,300
dust Motes dance, like tiny 
philosophers, debating invisible

3120
02:49:49,300 --> 02:49:52,000
points. 
You've always found this like 

3121
02:49:52,000 --> 02:49:55,000
beautiful the way it transforms.
The normally austere holes into 

3122
02:49:55,000 --> 02:49:58,800
something almost magical. 
Of course, the dust itself is 

3123
02:49:58,800 --> 02:50:01,500
less magical when you're the one
responsible for keeping it under

3124
02:50:01,500 --> 02:50:03,600
control. 
But you've learned to appreciate

3125
02:50:03,600 --> 02:50:05,800
small moments of beauty and 
routine work. 

3126
02:50:05,800 --> 02:50:09,400
Your first task involves 
inspecting Scrolls for damage. 

3127
02:50:09,400 --> 02:50:12,700
You select one from the 
pigeonhole labeled Democritus, 

3128
02:50:12,700 --> 02:50:16,300
various fragments and carefully 
unroll it on a reading table. 

3129
02:50:17,300 --> 02:50:20,100
Papyrus is old, perhaps a 
century or more and the edge of 

3130
02:50:20,100 --> 02:50:22,800
begun to Brown and crack. 
The text itself. 

3131
02:50:22,800 --> 02:50:26,400
Remains legible Greek letters 
Marching In neat columns, but 

3132
02:50:26,400 --> 02:50:30,400
the margins show signs of wear. 
This particular scroll discusses

3133
02:50:30,400 --> 02:50:33,800
atoms, those theoretical tiny 
particles that Democritus, 

3134
02:50:33,800 --> 02:50:37,400
believed formed all matter. 
You've read it before during 

3135
02:50:37,400 --> 02:50:39,000
your training and found 
yourself. 

3136
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:43,200
Oddly Charmed by the idea that 
everything including yourself is

3137
02:50:43,200 --> 02:50:45,900
made of invisibly small pieces. 
Bumping into each other. 

3138
02:50:45,900 --> 02:50:49,800
It makes the occasional bruised,
Shin or stubbed toes, seemed 

3139
02:50:49,800 --> 02:50:52,100
less personal somehow not your 
fault. 

3140
02:50:52,100 --> 02:50:54,800
Really just unfortunate Atomic 
Arrangements. 

3141
02:50:54,800 --> 02:50:57,600
You note the Scrolls condition 
in your inspection. 

3142
02:50:57,600 --> 02:51:01,500
Logging it for copying. 
When a manuscript becomes too 

3143
02:51:01,500 --> 02:51:03,700
fragile scribes, create fresh 
copies. 

3144
02:51:03,700 --> 02:51:06,400
Transferring the text to new 
Papyrus before. 

3145
02:51:06,400 --> 02:51:10,000
The original becomes unreadable.
This copying process is how the 

3146
02:51:10,000 --> 02:51:13,900
library maintains its collection
fighting the inevitable decay of

3147
02:51:13,900 --> 02:51:16,100
organic materials through 
constant reproduction. 

3148
02:51:17,100 --> 02:51:19,200
It's rather like the way living 
things reproduce. 

3149
02:51:19,200 --> 02:51:21,700
You've often thought though 
mentioning this comparison to 

3150
02:51:21,700 --> 02:51:24,700
the more conservative Librarians
tends to elicit uncomfortable. 

3151
02:51:24,700 --> 02:51:28,600
Coughs The inspection continues 
through a dozen more Scrolls, 

3152
02:51:28,600 --> 02:51:32,400
most are unacceptable condition.
Requiring only basic cleaning 

3153
02:51:32,400 --> 02:51:35,800
with a soft cloth. 
One scroll a mathematical texts 

3154
02:51:35,800 --> 02:51:39,300
from Alexandria's own Euclid, 
has acquired a mysterious sticky

3155
02:51:39,300 --> 02:51:41,600
spot that suggests someone was 
reading while eating honey 

3156
02:51:41,600 --> 02:51:44,100
cakes. 
You add a Stern note to the log 

3157
02:51:44,100 --> 02:51:45,900
about this though. 
You know it will have 

3158
02:51:45,908 --> 02:51:48,800
approximately Zero Effect on 
honey cake consumption among 

3159
02:51:48,800 --> 02:51:51,900
mathematicians by the time you 
finish the inspection, the 

3160
02:51:51,900 --> 02:51:55,400
library has fully awakened. 
You can hear voices echoing from

3161
02:51:55,400 --> 02:51:58,800
other hauls, the shuffling 
footsteps of early Scholars and 

3162
02:51:58,800 --> 02:52:01,600
the occasional thump of someone 
dropping a particularly heavy 

3163
02:52:01,600 --> 02:52:04,000
scroll. 
That last sound always makes you

3164
02:52:04,000 --> 02:52:06,500
wince. 
Imagining The Fragile, Papyrus 

3165
02:52:06,500 --> 02:52:09,700
crying out in protest though. 
Papyrus is actually quite 

3166
02:52:09,700 --> 02:52:12,900
durable when properly treated 
your next responsibility. 

3167
02:52:12,900 --> 02:52:17,100
Involves reshelving Scrolls that
were used yesterday and left on 

3168
02:52:17,100 --> 02:52:18,700
reading tables throughout the 
library. 

3169
02:52:18,700 --> 02:52:23,400
This task requires both physical
effort and detailed knowledge of

3170
02:52:23,400 --> 02:52:27,000
the organizational system. 
Each scroll must return to its 

3171
02:52:27,000 --> 02:52:30,600
exact location or the entire 
catalog becomes useless. 

3172
02:52:30,600 --> 02:52:33,400
Imagine trying to find one 
particular. 

3173
02:52:33,900 --> 02:52:36,200
Scroll among thousands when it's
been placed randomly. 

3174
02:52:37,300 --> 02:52:39,600
It's the kind of chaos that 
gives Librarians, actual 

3175
02:52:39,600 --> 02:52:43,000
nightmares, you collect a wooden
cart and begin your rounds. 

3176
02:52:43,000 --> 02:52:46,900
The cart has wheels that squeak 
persistently despite regular 

3177
02:52:46,900 --> 02:52:48,800
applications of olive oil to the
axles. 

3178
02:52:48,800 --> 02:52:52,300
You've grown fond of the squeak.
Actually, it announces your 

3179
02:52:52,300 --> 02:52:53,800
presence. 
As you move through the Halls, 

3180
02:52:53,800 --> 02:52:56,300
giving startled Scholars a 
moment to remove their feet from

3181
02:52:56,300 --> 02:52:59,100
tables or hide the food. 
They're not supposed to have in 

3182
02:52:59,100 --> 02:53:02,700
the manuscript rooms. 
The first reading table yields 

3183
02:53:02,700 --> 02:53:05,500
three Scrolls, a commentary on 
Homer. 

3184
02:53:05,500 --> 02:53:08,800
A treat is on Hydraulics and 
something in Aramaic that you'll

3185
02:53:08,800 --> 02:53:12,800
need to check the catalog to 
properly identify The Homer 

3186
02:53:12,800 --> 02:53:16,400
commentary shows signs of 
intense study with small Papyrus

3187
02:53:16,400 --> 02:53:18,700
markers. 
Tucked between sections, you 

3188
02:53:18,700 --> 02:53:21,900
remove these carefully, placing 
them in a basket on your cart. 

3189
02:53:22,600 --> 02:53:25,500
Scholars, often forget to remove
their notes and you've 

3190
02:53:25,500 --> 02:53:27,800
accumulated quite a collection 
of bookmarks over the years. 

3191
02:53:27,800 --> 02:53:31,400
Ranging from simple scraps to 
elaborate markers decorated with

3192
02:53:31,400 --> 02:53:34,400
tiny paintings. 
The Hydraulics treat is belongs 

3193
02:53:34,400 --> 02:53:37,300
in the engineering section, 
which occupies shelves near the 

3194
02:53:37,300 --> 02:53:40,700
library's main entrance. 
As you walk that direction you 

3195
02:53:40,700 --> 02:53:44,200
pass through the central Atrium,
a large open space where Morning

3196
02:53:44,200 --> 02:53:47,200
Light floods, through skylights 
several Scholars. 

3197
02:53:47,200 --> 02:53:49,900
Have already claimed tables 
here, bent over their work with 

3198
02:53:49,900 --> 02:53:52,500
the intense focus of people 
trying to solve the universe's 

3199
02:53:52,500 --> 02:53:55,600
Mysteries before lunch. 
You recognize most of the 

3200
02:53:55,600 --> 02:53:58,100
regular readers. 
There's Helena, the visiting 

3201
02:53:58,100 --> 02:54:00,400
scholar from pergamum who spends
every morning. 

3202
02:54:00,400 --> 02:54:03,300
Copying medical texts to take 
back to a city's own Library. 

3203
02:54:03,300 --> 02:54:06,300
Her handwriting is 
extraordinarily neat. 

3204
02:54:06,300 --> 02:54:10,700
Each letter formed with patient 
precision, Beside her sits old 

3205
02:54:10,700 --> 02:54:14,000
philosopher's, who claims to be 
writing a comprehensive history 

3206
02:54:14,000 --> 02:54:17,700
of Greek Athletics, but mostly 
seems to nap with a scroll open 

3207
02:54:17,700 --> 02:54:20,300
in front of him. 
His snoring has become part of 

3208
02:54:20,308 --> 02:54:24,100
the library's Ambient sound like
the rustling of Papyrus or the 

3209
02:54:24,108 --> 02:54:28,000
distant calls of Harbor Birds. 
at a corner table, three young 

3210
02:54:28,000 --> 02:54:31,300
students huddle over a 
mathematics text, their faces, 

3211
02:54:31,300 --> 02:54:34,700
showing that peculiar expression
of confused concentration that 

3212
02:54:34,700 --> 02:54:38,600
higher mathematics tends to 
inspire One of them has Inked on

3213
02:54:38,600 --> 02:54:41,100
his nose, which suggests he's 
been rubbing his face while 

3214
02:54:41,100 --> 02:54:44,100
thinking a habit that seems 
Universal among Scholars 

3215
02:54:44,100 --> 02:54:47,200
regardless of their field. 
You make a mental note to 

3216
02:54:47,200 --> 02:54:50,500
mention the no situation as you 
pass because nobody wants to 

3217
02:54:50,500 --> 02:54:52,800
walk around all day with ink on 
their face, though. 

3218
02:54:52,800 --> 02:54:55,700
The young man seems to absorb to
notice your helpful gesture. 

3219
02:54:56,600 --> 02:54:58,700
The engineering section 
welcomes, the Hydraulics, 

3220
02:54:58,700 --> 02:55:00,900
treated as back into its 
pigeonhole, like a sheep 

3221
02:55:00,900 --> 02:55:04,100
returning to the flock. 
These metaphors come naturally 

3222
02:55:04,100 --> 02:55:06,900
after years in the library, 
you've begun thinking of 

3223
02:55:06,900 --> 02:55:09,500
Scrolls, as living things with 
personalities and preferences. 

3224
02:55:09,500 --> 02:55:12,300
The hydraulic treated is 
particularly dignified, 

3225
02:55:12,300 --> 02:55:15,300
probably, because it contains 
drawings of water screws 

3226
02:55:15,300 --> 02:55:16,900
designed by our comedies 
himself. 

3227
02:55:16,900 --> 02:55:19,300
Any scroll that includes our 
comedies. 

3228
02:55:19,300 --> 02:55:22,400
As work as a right to be a bit 
proud, the Aramaic, scroll 

3229
02:55:22,400 --> 02:55:25,500
presents, more of a puzzle. 
You unroller portion and examine

3230
02:55:25,500 --> 02:55:27,600
the script, trying to identify 
the subject matter. 

3231
02:55:27,600 --> 02:55:30,900
The letters flow in elegant 
curves, but your Aramaic is 

3232
02:55:30,900 --> 02:55:33,800
limited to basic reading. 
You can make out what seemed to 

3233
02:55:33,800 --> 02:55:36,800
be astronomical observations and
references to planetary, 

3234
02:55:36,800 --> 02:55:40,200
movements, and lunar cycles. 
This place is it somewhere in 

3235
02:55:40,200 --> 02:55:42,900
the astronomy section? 
But that section is vast 

3236
02:55:42,900 --> 02:55:45,200
organized by culture and time 
period. 

3237
02:55:45,200 --> 02:55:49,100
As well as subject you consult 
the master catalog, a series of 

3238
02:55:49,100 --> 02:55:51,800
Scrolls that list every 
manuscript in the library along 

3239
02:55:51,800 --> 02:55:55,400
with its location. 
The catalog itself, occupies an 

3240
02:55:55,400 --> 02:55:58,400
entire room, and requires its 
own team of librarians to 

3241
02:55:58,400 --> 02:56:01,200
maintain. 
Finding a specific entry in. 

3242
02:56:01,200 --> 02:56:03,700
The catalog is sometimes nearly 
as challenging as finding the 

3243
02:56:03,700 --> 02:56:07,100
scroll itself, which has led to 
jokes about needing a catalog 

3244
02:56:07,100 --> 02:56:09,700
for the catalog. 
The head librarian finds these 

3245
02:56:09,700 --> 02:56:11,400
jokes, less amusing than the 
staff does. 

3246
02:56:11,400 --> 02:56:14,500
After some searching you 
discover that the Aramaic, 

3247
02:56:14,500 --> 02:56:16,700
scroll belongs to the Babylonian
astronomy collection. 

3248
02:56:16,700 --> 02:56:20,000
Specifically, the section 
containing observational records

3249
02:56:20,000 --> 02:56:22,300
from the reign of 
Nebuchadnezzar, you make your 

3250
02:56:22,300 --> 02:56:24,800
way to this section, which 
occupies shelves in the 

3251
02:56:24,800 --> 02:56:27,400
library's Eastern wing. 
With the morning, light is best 

3252
02:56:27,400 --> 02:56:30,800
for reading, astronomical 
tables, the Babylonian astronomy

3253
02:56:30,800 --> 02:56:32,200
section. 
Smells slightly different from 

3254
02:56:32,200 --> 02:56:35,600
other areas. 
All Scrolls have a scent, a 

3255
02:56:35,600 --> 02:56:39,700
mixed of Papyrus Inc and age, 
but here the smell includes 

3256
02:56:39,700 --> 02:56:42,600
traces of the cedar oil used to 
preserve these particularly old 

3257
02:56:42,600 --> 02:56:45,300
manuscripts. 
The Babylonians began recording 

3258
02:56:45,300 --> 02:56:48,700
astronomical observations of 
years before Alexander the Great

3259
02:56:48,700 --> 02:56:52,600
brought Greek culture to Egypt 
and these Scrolls represent, 

3260
02:56:52,600 --> 02:56:54,600
generations of patient 
skywatching. 

3261
02:56:54,600 --> 02:56:57,800
He returned the scroll to its 
proper pigeonhole in update. 

3262
02:56:57,800 --> 02:57:01,100
The location log. 
Pigeonhole has a small tag 

3263
02:57:01,100 --> 02:57:04,700
written in Greek. 
Identifying the contents The tag

3264
02:57:04,700 --> 02:57:08,500
for this section reads, 
Babylonian observations planets,

3265
02:57:08,500 --> 02:57:14,800
605 to 562 BCE, which is 
remarkably specific. 

3266
02:57:14,800 --> 02:57:17,300
Considering the Scrolls 
themselves were when the library

3267
02:57:17,300 --> 02:57:19,200
was founded. 
Your car. 

3268
02:57:19,200 --> 02:57:22,300
Now empty, you return to the 
central Atrium, to continue 

3269
02:57:22,300 --> 02:57:25,500
collecting. 
The morning has progressed and 

3270
02:57:25,500 --> 02:57:29,000
the library grows busier. 
The sound of conversation drifts

3271
02:57:29,000 --> 02:57:32,000
from the reading rooms that 
particular Buzz of intellectual 

3272
02:57:32,000 --> 02:57:34,400
discussion that characterizes 
scholarly spaces. 

3273
02:57:35,200 --> 02:57:38,700
You can't make out individual 
words, but the rhythm of debate 

3274
02:57:38,700 --> 02:57:42,100
is unmistakable. 
Statement counter-argument 

3275
02:57:42,100 --> 02:57:45,500
counter-counter argument and 
occasional laughter. 

3276
02:57:45,500 --> 02:57:47,400
When someone makes a 
particularly clever point. 

3277
02:57:48,600 --> 02:57:51,400
The main entrance hall fills 
with new arrivals as the morning

3278
02:57:51,400 --> 02:57:54,600
fully establishes itself. 
Scholars, come from a cross. 

3279
02:57:54,600 --> 02:57:57,800
The Mediterranean to use the 
library's Collections and each 

3280
02:57:57,800 --> 02:58:00,900
morning brings Fresh Faces 
mixing with familiar ones. 

3281
02:58:01,600 --> 02:58:04,400
The entrance hall serves as a 
buffer between the busy streets 

3282
02:58:04,400 --> 02:58:08,200
of Alexandria and the quieter 
interior spaces, giving visitors

3283
02:58:08,200 --> 02:58:11,700
a moment to transition from the 
city's chaos, to the library's 

3284
02:58:11,700 --> 02:58:15,900
focused calm Your organizing a 
cart of Scrolls near the 

3285
02:58:15,900 --> 02:58:17,600
entrance. 
When a young woman approaches, 

3286
02:58:17,600 --> 02:58:21,200
she's clearly a visitor 
clutching a small, wooden tablet

3287
02:58:21,200 --> 02:58:24,400
with notes and looking around 
with wide eyes, the library 

3288
02:58:24,400 --> 02:58:27,700
scale, impresses newcomers. 
The building complex covers 

3289
02:58:27,700 --> 02:58:30,800
several city blocks with 
multiple Halls, connected by 

3290
02:58:30,800 --> 02:58:32,400
covered, walkways and 
courtyards. 

3291
02:58:33,100 --> 02:58:35,400
Finding anything specific 
without help is nearly 

3292
02:58:35,400 --> 02:58:38,100
impossible on a first visit. 
Excuse me. 

3293
02:58:38,100 --> 02:58:41,100
She says, in Greek, with a 
Syrian accent, I'm looking for 

3294
02:58:41,100 --> 02:58:44,300
texts about plant, medicines 
specifically, anything about the

3295
02:58:44,300 --> 02:58:47,900
uses of willow bark. 
You smile, because willow bark 

3296
02:58:47,900 --> 02:58:50,200
has been on your mind since 
Waking with saw shoulders, 

3297
02:58:50,200 --> 02:58:54,300
you'll want the medical botany 
section in Hall 5, follow this 

3298
02:58:54,300 --> 02:58:57,800
Corridor to the second 
Courtyard, turn left and enter 

3299
02:58:57,800 --> 02:59:01,500
through the blue painted door. 
the Botanical text occupy, the 

3300
02:59:01,508 --> 02:59:05,800
Western Wall look for the 
section marked theophrastus, his

3301
02:59:05,800 --> 02:59:09,200
planting quarries, include 
medicinal uses She thanks you 

3302
02:59:09,200 --> 02:59:10,600
and starts to leave. 
Then turns back. 

3303
02:59:11,500 --> 02:59:13,500
Is it true? 
That the library contained every

3304
02:59:13,500 --> 02:59:16,700
book ever written. 
This is a common question and 

3305
02:59:16,700 --> 02:59:19,500
you've developed a gentle way of
managing expectations. 

3306
02:59:19,500 --> 02:59:23,200
Not every book, but we try to 
collect copies of significant 

3307
02:59:23,200 --> 02:59:26,800
works from all cultures and 
languages, the library has been 

3308
02:59:26,800 --> 02:59:29,000
Gathering text for nearly 300 
years. 

3309
02:59:29,000 --> 02:59:32,900
You'll find Greek Egyptian, 
Persian, Indian, Jewish, 

3310
02:59:32,900 --> 02:59:35,400
Babylonian, and many other 
Traditions represented. 

3311
02:59:36,400 --> 02:59:39,600
How many Scrolls total? 
She asks the estimates vary, 

3312
02:59:39,600 --> 02:59:44,200
perhaps, 400,000, perhaps more. 
Catalog is constantly being 

3313
02:59:44,200 --> 02:59:46,900
updated as new acquisitions 
arrived and copies are made. 

3314
02:59:47,600 --> 02:59:50,800
Her eyes widened further. 
How does anyone find anything? 

3315
02:59:51,800 --> 02:59:54,500
Very carefully you say, which is
honest, if not particularly 

3316
02:59:54,500 --> 02:59:56,900
helpful, the catalog system 
works. 

3317
02:59:56,900 --> 03:00:00,200
Well, once you understand it, 
don't hesitate to ask any of us 

3318
03:00:00,200 --> 03:00:02,000
for help, that's what we're here
for. 

3319
03:00:03,300 --> 03:00:05,400
She leaves and you return to 
your cart. 

3320
03:00:05,400 --> 03:00:07,900
But the conversation has 
reminded you of something 

3321
03:00:07,900 --> 03:00:11,700
important, a visiting scholar 
from siren requested several 

3322
03:00:11,700 --> 03:00:14,700
specific texts yesterday, and 
you promised to have them ready 

3323
03:00:14,700 --> 03:00:17,800
this morning, the scholar is 
researching the history of Greek

3324
03:00:17,800 --> 03:00:21,200
drama needs all of available 
fragments of Easter's, lost 

3325
03:00:21,200 --> 03:00:23,300
plays. 
The drama collection is one of 

3326
03:00:23,300 --> 03:00:26,400
your favorite sections, partly? 
Because Greek Theater is 

3327
03:00:26,400 --> 03:00:29,500
endlessly entertaining and 
partly, because the section is 

3328
03:00:29,500 --> 03:00:31,400
relatively Compact and well 
organized. 

3329
03:00:32,200 --> 03:00:35,300
The Greeks wrote hundreds of 
plays over the centuries, but 

3330
03:00:35,300 --> 03:00:37,500
only a fraction survive in 
complete form. 

3331
03:00:37,500 --> 03:00:42,000
Many exist, only as fragments 
partial copies or references. 

3332
03:00:42,000 --> 03:00:45,300
In other works, the library has 
been collecting these fragments 

3333
03:00:45,300 --> 03:00:47,500
carefully. 
Copying them from any Source 

3334
03:00:47,500 --> 03:00:49,500
available. 
You locate the aeschylus 

3335
03:00:49,500 --> 03:00:51,600
fragments and place them on a 
reading table in one of the 

3336
03:00:51,600 --> 03:00:54,000
private study rooms, these rooms
line. 

3337
03:00:54,000 --> 03:00:57,300
The libraries quiet to Halls, 
small spaces, with good light 

3338
03:00:57,300 --> 03:00:59,800
and doors, that close designed 
for Scholars. 

3339
03:00:59,800 --> 03:01:01,400
Who need to focus without 
distraction. 

3340
03:01:01,400 --> 03:01:04,900
Each room contains a table, a 
chair, a lamp. 

3341
03:01:04,900 --> 03:01:07,400
And a small shelf for temporary,
scroll storage. 

3342
03:01:08,100 --> 03:01:11,500
The Serene scholar arrives 
promptly an older man with ink 

3343
03:01:11,500 --> 03:01:14,400
stained fingers and the slightly
disheveled appearance of someone

3344
03:01:14,400 --> 03:01:17,300
who thinks more about ancient 
drama than personal grooming. 

3345
03:01:18,200 --> 03:01:20,400
He nods gratefully. 
When you show him the assembled 

3346
03:01:20,400 --> 03:01:23,500
Scrolls already unrolling, the 
first one before you finish 

3347
03:01:23,500 --> 03:01:26,000
explaining the collection. 
Wonderful. 

3348
03:01:26,000 --> 03:01:29,100
He murmurs not really talking to
you so much as thinking aloud. 

3349
03:01:29,100 --> 03:01:32,700
I've been trying to reconstruct 
the plot of the Lost Prometheus 

3350
03:01:32,700 --> 03:01:36,200
plays, if I can connect these 
fragments with the references in

3351
03:01:36,200 --> 03:01:39,700
Aristophanes, perhaps. 
You leave him to his work 

3352
03:01:39,700 --> 03:01:41,500
scholars in the grip of 
research. 

3353
03:01:41,500 --> 03:01:44,900
Don't need conversation. 
They need Scrolls, and Solitude 

3354
03:01:44,900 --> 03:01:48,500
the study room door, closes 
softly behind you muting. 

3355
03:01:48,500 --> 03:01:50,800
The sound of Papyrus rustling. 
As the man begins. 

3356
03:01:50,800 --> 03:01:55,100
His investigation into plays 
performed 400 years ago The 

3357
03:01:55,100 --> 03:01:57,800
morning continues with its 
pleasant rhythm of requests and 

3358
03:01:57,800 --> 03:02:00,700
research. 
A mathematician needs Euclid's. 

3359
03:02:00,700 --> 03:02:03,400
Advanced proofs a philosopher 
wants to compare different 

3360
03:02:03,400 --> 03:02:06,600
manuscripts of Plato's dialogues
to check for copying errors. 

3361
03:02:06,600 --> 03:02:10,100
A historian requests everything.
The library has on the reign of 

3362
03:02:10,100 --> 03:02:13,000
Darius, the great each request 
sends you traveling through 

3363
03:02:13,000 --> 03:02:15,900
different sections of the 
collection, pulling Scrolls from

3364
03:02:15,900 --> 03:02:17,900
their homes and delivering them 
to waiting readers. 

3365
03:02:18,700 --> 03:02:21,700
Between requests you perform 
routine, maintenance Scrolls, 

3366
03:02:21,700 --> 03:02:23,600
need regular inspection and 
occasional cleaning. 

3367
03:02:23,600 --> 03:02:28,300
The library battles constantly 
against dust insects moisture 

3368
03:02:28,300 --> 03:02:32,700
and the simple passage of time. 
Papyrus last remarkably well, 

3369
03:02:32,700 --> 03:02:35,200
when properly stored but 
properly, stored requires 

3370
03:02:35,200 --> 03:02:38,800
constant attention. 
Scroll must be kept dry but not 

3371
03:02:38,800 --> 03:02:42,800
too, dry clean, but not overhand
and accessible but protected. 

3372
03:02:43,500 --> 03:02:45,700
Your cleaning a section of 
Egyptian medical texts. 

3373
03:02:45,700 --> 03:02:49,100
When you discover a small 
problem, one of the Scrolls, a 

3374
03:02:49,100 --> 03:02:52,000
copy of the ebers Papyrus, 
dealing with eye, diseases has 

3375
03:02:52,000 --> 03:02:55,700
developed a small tear along one
Edge, the damage is minor, but 

3376
03:02:55,700 --> 03:02:59,500
will worsen if not addressed you
carefully wrap the scroll in and

3377
03:02:59,500 --> 03:03:01,200
carry it to the conservation 
Workshop. 

3378
03:03:02,100 --> 03:03:04,800
The conservation, Workshop 
occupies a well-lit room, near 

3379
03:03:04,800 --> 03:03:07,600
the library, Southern Edge, 
where large Windows, provide 

3380
03:03:07,600 --> 03:03:11,600
excellent, natural light for 
details work here, skilled 

3381
03:03:11,600 --> 03:03:14,400
Crafts, People repair. 
Damaged Scrolls, prepare new 

3382
03:03:14,400 --> 03:03:18,200
Papyrus mix inks and perform the
delicate work of keeping the 

3383
03:03:18,200 --> 03:03:21,500
collection intact. 
Today, three people work at 

3384
03:03:21,500 --> 03:03:24,800
Separate Tables, Sarah and 
Egyptian woman, whose family has

3385
03:03:24,800 --> 03:03:26,200
been making Papyrus for 
Generations. 

3386
03:03:26,200 --> 03:03:29,700
Carefully glues fresh Papyrus 
sheets together to form a long 

3387
03:03:29,708 --> 03:03:33,100
roll. 
At another table Marcus, 

3388
03:03:33,100 --> 03:03:35,300
examined, a badly damaged, 
scroll under strong light 

3389
03:03:35,300 --> 03:03:39,700
planning, his repaire strategy. 
The third worker, an older Greek

3390
03:03:39,700 --> 03:03:43,600
man named Theon mixes Inc, with 
focused concentration, adding 

3391
03:03:43,600 --> 03:03:46,700
ingredients in precise 
proportions, you place your 

3392
03:03:46,700 --> 03:03:49,100
damage, scroll on the intake 
table and fill out the repair 

3393
03:03:49,100 --> 03:03:52,400
request form. 
Sarah glances over wiping. 

3394
03:03:52,400 --> 03:03:55,000
Her hands on her work apron. 
Another tier. 

3395
03:03:55,000 --> 03:03:58,300
She asks, small one in the 
Airbus, copy the section about 

3396
03:03:58,300 --> 03:04:01,600
eye diseases She picks up the 
scroll and examines it with 

3397
03:04:01,600 --> 03:04:05,300
expertise, not bad. 
This is fixable probably 

3398
03:04:05,300 --> 03:04:08,400
happened during rolling. 
Someone got Hasty, I can have it

3399
03:04:08,400 --> 03:04:10,400
back to you by tomorrow 
afternoon at that. 

3400
03:04:10,400 --> 03:04:12,800
You thank her and watch for a 
moment as she returned to her 

3401
03:04:12,800 --> 03:04:15,300
work. 
Sarah is building a new scroll 

3402
03:04:15,300 --> 03:04:18,400
from Individual Papyrus. 
Sheets overlapping them slightly

3403
03:04:18,400 --> 03:04:21,300
and using a paste made from 
flour and water to bind them 

3404
03:04:21,300 --> 03:04:23,700
together. 
The process looks simple but 

3405
03:04:23,700 --> 03:04:26,900
requires considerable skill. 
The sheets, must align perfectly

3406
03:04:26,900 --> 03:04:30,300
and the pace must be applied 
evenly to avoid lumps or weeks 

3407
03:04:30,300 --> 03:04:33,200
spots. 
How's the new batch of Papyrus 

3408
03:04:33,200 --> 03:04:35,200
you ask? 
Excellent quality. 

3409
03:04:35,200 --> 03:04:38,900
These came from the Delta Region
harvested at exactly the right 

3410
03:04:38,900 --> 03:04:42,100
time, the fibers are strong and 
uniform, this will make good 

3411
03:04:42,100 --> 03:04:46,100
durable writing material. 
Papyrus comes from a marsh plant

3412
03:04:46,100 --> 03:04:47,500
that grows abundantly in the 
Nile. 

3413
03:04:47,500 --> 03:04:50,700
Delta, the manufacturing 
process, involves cutting the 

3414
03:04:50,700 --> 03:04:53,300
plant's. 
Pith Into Thin strips, arranging

3415
03:04:53,300 --> 03:04:55,900
these strips and perpendicular 
layers, and pressing them 

3416
03:04:55,900 --> 03:04:58,900
together. 
The plants natural starches act 

3417
03:04:58,900 --> 03:05:02,400
as glue binding the layers into 
a writing surface that both 

3418
03:05:02,400 --> 03:05:06,800
flexible and surprisingly tough.
Egypt has been making Papyrus 

3419
03:05:06,800 --> 03:05:10,000
for thousands of years, long 
before Greeks or anyone else 

3420
03:05:10,000 --> 03:05:13,600
arrived, the word paper will 
eventually derive from Papyrus 

3421
03:05:13,600 --> 03:05:16,800
though, that linguistic 
evolution is still centuries in 

3422
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:19,600
the future. 
For now, Papyrus is simply the 

3423
03:05:19,600 --> 03:05:21,900
standard writing material 
throughout the Mediterranean 

3424
03:05:21,900 --> 03:05:25,600
world as common and unremarkable
as the notebooks in a distant 

3425
03:05:25,600 --> 03:05:28,900
future office supply store. 
Marcus looks up from his 

3426
03:05:28,900 --> 03:05:30,700
damaged. 
Scroll pushing, gray hair back 

3427
03:05:30,700 --> 03:05:32,700
from his forehead. 
You want to see something 

3428
03:05:32,700 --> 03:05:35,800
interesting. 
You walk over to his table where

3429
03:05:35,800 --> 03:05:37,800
he's examining. 
What appears to be a very old 

3430
03:05:37,800 --> 03:05:41,700
mathematical texts. 
The Papyrus is dark with age and

3431
03:05:41,700 --> 03:05:44,400
the ink has faded to a brown, 
that's barely distinguishable 

3432
03:05:44,400 --> 03:05:47,600
from the Papyrus itself. 
This came from a private 

3433
03:05:47,600 --> 03:05:49,500
collection in Memphis, Marcus 
explains. 

3434
03:05:49,500 --> 03:05:52,800
It's a mathematical Treatise 
that at least 500 years old, 

3435
03:05:52,800 --> 03:05:57,300
maybe older but look here. 
Points to a section of text, you

3436
03:05:57,300 --> 03:05:59,000
lean closer and see what he 
means. 

3437
03:06:00,700 --> 03:06:04,200
Beneath the mathematical texts. 
Barely visible a traces of 

3438
03:06:04,208 --> 03:06:08,800
earlier writing The Papyrus has 
been reused, the original text 

3439
03:06:08,800 --> 03:06:11,500
was washed off a new text was 
written over it. 

3440
03:06:12,400 --> 03:06:15,300
Palimpsest you ask using the 
Greek term for reused. 

3441
03:06:15,300 --> 03:06:17,000
Writing material. 
Exactly. 

3442
03:06:17,000 --> 03:06:20,700
Papyrus is expensive. 
So people often reuse it when 

3443
03:06:20,700 --> 03:06:22,400
the original text is no longer 
needed. 

3444
03:06:22,400 --> 03:06:25,600
I'm trying to determine if the 
underlying text is worth 

3445
03:06:25,600 --> 03:06:28,700
attempting to read. 
It could be nothing important or

3446
03:06:28,700 --> 03:06:30,400
could be a lost work. 
We didn't know existed. 

3447
03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:34,200
This is one of the exciting 
aspects of Library work. 

3448
03:06:35,000 --> 03:06:36,900
Sometimes you stumble onto 
Hidden Treasures. 

3449
03:06:36,900 --> 03:06:40,400
Texts that survived only because
someone reused the Papyrus for 

3450
03:06:40,400 --> 03:06:42,800
something else. 
The underlying writing is 

3451
03:06:42,800 --> 03:06:44,300
usually impossible to read 
clearly. 

3452
03:06:44,300 --> 03:06:48,000
But sometimes with the right 
light and enough patience, you 

3453
03:06:48,000 --> 03:06:50,800
can tease out enough letters to 
identify what it wants said. 

3454
03:06:51,800 --> 03:06:55,000
The uncles you over to his table
were several small pots of inks 

3455
03:06:55,000 --> 03:06:58,900
in various Shades of Black. 
Want to try the new formula. 

3456
03:06:58,900 --> 03:07:02,200
He asks the honors been 
perfecting ink recipes for 

3457
03:07:02,200 --> 03:07:04,500
decades. 
The library's scribes are 

3458
03:07:04,500 --> 03:07:07,500
particular about their ink and 
Theon takes pride in meeting 

3459
03:07:07,500 --> 03:07:11,400
their exacting standards. good 
ink must flow smoothly from the 

3460
03:07:11,400 --> 03:07:15,300
pen dry quickly, without 
smudging adhere permanently, to 

3461
03:07:15,300 --> 03:07:18,700
Papyrus, and resists fading over
time Achieving all these 

3462
03:07:18,700 --> 03:07:20,500
qualities. 
Requires a careful balance of 

3463
03:07:20,500 --> 03:07:23,700
ingredients. 
He dips a reed pen into one of 

3464
03:07:23,708 --> 03:07:27,000
the pots and writes, a few Greek
letters on a scrap of Papyrus, 

3465
03:07:27,000 --> 03:07:30,900
the ink flows beautifully, 
creating crisp, black letters, 

3466
03:07:30,900 --> 03:07:34,400
with clean edges. 
Carbon black from burned, grape 

3467
03:07:34,400 --> 03:07:37,500
Vines, mixed with gum arabic for
adhesion he explains. 

3468
03:07:37,500 --> 03:07:41,100
I think the gum proportions 
slightly to improve permanence 

3469
03:07:41,900 --> 03:07:44,500
You watch as the ink dries 
transforming from slightly 

3470
03:07:44,500 --> 03:07:47,800
glossy to matte black. 
The letters remain crisp and 

3471
03:07:47,808 --> 03:07:50,400
clear with no bleeding into the 
Papyrus fibers. 

3472
03:07:50,400 --> 03:07:53,400
Its excellent. 
You say honestly the scribes 

3473
03:07:53,400 --> 03:07:56,200
will be pleased Theon nods 
satisfied. 

3474
03:07:56,200 --> 03:07:59,700
He's not one for excessive 
displays of emotion, but you can

3475
03:07:59,700 --> 03:08:03,300
see the quiet pride in his work.
The ink he makes today will 

3476
03:08:03,300 --> 03:08:07,000
carry texts into the future 
preserving words and ideas long.

3477
03:08:07,000 --> 03:08:10,200
After everyone in this room as 
returned to dust, Thats the 

3478
03:08:10,208 --> 03:08:13,100
underlying purpose of all 
Library, work, fighting against 

3479
03:08:13,100 --> 03:08:17,800
times tendency to erase things. 
The afternoon brings a shift in 

3480
03:08:17,800 --> 03:08:20,900
the library's atmosphere. 
The mornings energetic, arrival 

3481
03:08:20,900 --> 03:08:23,900
of Scholars, gives way to a 
quieter more focused mood. 

3482
03:08:24,600 --> 03:08:27,400
People settle into their 
research, the initial excitement

3483
03:08:27,400 --> 03:08:30,500
of new, discoveries replaced by 
the patient work of detailed 

3484
03:08:30,500 --> 03:08:33,000
study. 
The reading rooms fill with the 

3485
03:08:33,000 --> 03:08:36,500
soft sounds of Scrolls and 
rolling read pens, scratching on

3486
03:08:36,500 --> 03:08:39,000
Papyrus and the occasional 
satisfied. 

3487
03:08:39,000 --> 03:08:42,900
Hmm of someone finding exactly 
the passage they needed. 

3488
03:08:43,700 --> 03:08:46,200
You spend the afternoon in the 
philosophy section, which 

3489
03:08:46,200 --> 03:08:49,600
occupies an entire haul and 
represents, centuries of Greek 

3490
03:08:49,600 --> 03:08:53,600
thought here, rest the great 
works Plato's dialogues 

3491
03:08:53,600 --> 03:08:56,400
Aristotle's. 
Treaters is the fragments of 

3492
03:08:56,400 --> 03:08:59,100
presocratic, thinkers. 
The ethical writings of the 

3493
03:08:59,100 --> 03:09:01,700
stoics and The Logical puzzles 
of the megarian. 

3494
03:09:03,100 --> 03:09:06,200
Every significant philosophical 
text produced in the Greek world

3495
03:09:06,200 --> 03:09:07,900
has been copied and shelved 
here. 

3496
03:09:08,700 --> 03:09:11,600
Your task is to create new 
catalog tags for a recently 

3497
03:09:11,600 --> 03:09:13,800
acquired collection of 
philosophical letters. 

3498
03:09:13,800 --> 03:09:16,800
These letters were written by 
various philosophers to their 

3499
03:09:16,800 --> 03:09:19,700
students and colleagues 
discussing everything from 

3500
03:09:19,700 --> 03:09:22,900
ethical dilemmas to proper diet 
to the nature of happiness. 

3501
03:09:24,000 --> 03:09:27,200
Personal letters often survive 
when formal treatises are lost 

3502
03:09:27,200 --> 03:09:30,300
and they provide valuable 
insights into how philosophers 

3503
03:09:30,300 --> 03:09:33,900
actually thought and lived 
rather than just what they wrote

3504
03:09:33,900 --> 03:09:36,800
for public consumption. 
You unroll each letter, 

3505
03:09:36,800 --> 03:09:40,400
carefully reading enough to 
determine its author recipient 

3506
03:09:40,400 --> 03:09:44,300
and primary subject matter. 
first letter is from epicurus to

3507
03:09:44,308 --> 03:09:47,500
a student named menoeceus 
discussing the philosophy of 

3508
03:09:47,508 --> 03:09:51,100
Pleasure and Pain epicurus 
believed that happiness comes 

3509
03:09:51,100 --> 03:09:54,200
from moderate pleasure, and 
freedom from anxiety, which 

3510
03:09:54,200 --> 03:09:57,200
seems reasonable enough, though,
his opponents accused him of 

3511
03:09:57,200 --> 03:10:00,400
promoting excessive 
self-indulgence, Reading his 

3512
03:10:00,400 --> 03:10:04,000
actual letters, you find him, 
remarkably sensible more 

3513
03:10:04,000 --> 03:10:06,400
concerned with cultivating 
friendships and intellectual 

3514
03:10:06,400 --> 03:10:08,700
contentment than with wild 
parties. 

3515
03:10:09,900 --> 03:10:12,300
The next letter comes from a 
stoic philosopher, whose name 

3516
03:10:12,300 --> 03:10:15,300
you don't immediately, recognize
offering advice on dealing with 

3517
03:10:15,300 --> 03:10:16,500
difficult. 
Family members. 

3518
03:10:16,500 --> 03:10:20,300
The advice is surprisingly. 
Practical focus on controlling 

3519
03:10:20,300 --> 03:10:22,900
your reactions, since you can't 
control others Behavior. 

3520
03:10:22,900 --> 03:10:24,900
Maintain your own sense of 
virtue. 

3521
03:10:24,900 --> 03:10:28,700
Regardless of external chaos and
remember that family drama is a 

3522
03:10:28,700 --> 03:10:31,200
temporary disturbance in an 
otherwise rational universe. 

3523
03:10:32,400 --> 03:10:34,800
You wonder if this philosopher 
had particularly challenging 

3524
03:10:34,800 --> 03:10:37,300
relatives. 
As you work, you notice patterns

3525
03:10:37,300 --> 03:10:40,200
in the letters philosophers, 
write about surprisingly 

3526
03:10:40,200 --> 03:10:43,200
ordinary concerns alongside 
their theoretical discussions. 

3527
03:10:43,200 --> 03:10:45,800
They worry about money health 
and reputation. 

3528
03:10:45,800 --> 03:10:48,700
They complain about students who
don't pay attention and 

3529
03:10:48,700 --> 03:10:51,900
colleagues, who steal their 
ideas, they offer recipes, 

3530
03:10:51,900 --> 03:10:54,500
recommend books, and gossip 
about other philosophers. 

3531
03:10:54,500 --> 03:10:58,000
The letters, make these ancient 
thinkers feel suddenly human and

3532
03:10:58,000 --> 03:11:01,900
relatable not marble statues. 
But actual people navigating 

3533
03:11:01,900 --> 03:11:05,200
life's complexities while trying
to figure out how to think about

3534
03:11:05,200 --> 03:11:08,900
existence you're creating a tag 
for a letter about friendship, 

3535
03:11:08,900 --> 03:11:12,100
when someone clears their throat
behind you, You turn to find 

3536
03:11:12,100 --> 03:11:15,100
Demetrius the headlight area. 
Looking at you with his 

3537
03:11:15,100 --> 03:11:18,800
characteristic expression of 
patient concern to meet Chris is

3538
03:11:18,800 --> 03:11:22,000
perhaps 60 years old with a 
carefully trimmed beard going 

3539
03:11:22,000 --> 03:11:24,700
white and eyes that notice 
everything. 

3540
03:11:25,600 --> 03:11:29,000
He's been managing this library 
for two decades, navigating 

3541
03:11:29,000 --> 03:11:31,600
between the ptolemaic. 
Administration's demands of the 

3542
03:11:31,600 --> 03:11:34,200
scholarly communities needs with
diplomatic skill. 

3543
03:11:34,900 --> 03:11:36,300
House the cataloging 
progressing. 

3544
03:11:36,300 --> 03:11:39,700
He asks, well enough these 
philosophical letters are 

3545
03:11:39,700 --> 03:11:42,400
fascinating, did you know, 
epicurus recommended? 

3546
03:11:42,400 --> 03:11:44,100
Barley cakes for stomach 
complaints. 

3547
03:11:44,800 --> 03:11:47,900
I did not though I'm unsurprised
that philosophers have opinions 

3548
03:11:47,900 --> 03:11:50,600
about digestion, they have 
opinions about everything else. 

3549
03:11:51,400 --> 03:11:54,500
He pauses looking around the 
hall, I wanted to ask if you'd 

3550
03:11:54,500 --> 03:11:57,400
be willing to take on an 
additional responsibility, you 

3551
03:11:57,400 --> 03:12:00,800
wait, curious additional 
responsibilities in a library. 

3552
03:12:00,808 --> 03:12:03,700
Usually mean, interesting work 
rather than tedious tasks. 

3553
03:12:04,500 --> 03:12:07,400
We've received a delegation from
the museum requesting access to 

3554
03:12:07,400 --> 03:12:09,900
some of our more fragile, 
mathematical manuscripts, 

3555
03:12:09,900 --> 03:12:13,600
Demetrius continues. 
The Museum's mathematicians want

3556
03:12:13,600 --> 03:12:16,300
to study archimedes', original 
calculations regarding the 

3557
03:12:16,300 --> 03:12:19,600
volume of spheres and cylinders,
I'd like you to supervise their 

3558
03:12:19,600 --> 03:12:21,000
Works since you know, those 
texts. 

3559
03:12:21,000 --> 03:12:25,100
Well, the museum is the 
scholarly institution attached 

3560
03:12:25,100 --> 03:12:28,000
to the library where sponsored 
intellectuals live and work 

3561
03:12:28,000 --> 03:12:31,200
Museum Scholars have automatic 
access to the library's 

3562
03:12:31,200 --> 03:12:33,700
collections but particularly 
fragile texts. 

3563
03:12:33,700 --> 03:12:36,400
Require supervised viewing 
Archimedes. 

3564
03:12:36,400 --> 03:12:39,500
Mathematical work is treasured 
and the Scrolls containing. 

3565
03:12:39,500 --> 03:12:42,600
His original calculations are 
handled as carefully as sacred 

3566
03:12:42,600 --> 03:12:45,100
texts. 
I'd be happy to help you say. 

3567
03:12:45,100 --> 03:12:48,400
When are they coming? 
Tomorrow morning, 3 

3568
03:12:48,400 --> 03:12:51,400
mathematicians and one of their 
students, they'll need a study 

3569
03:12:51,400 --> 03:12:54,200
room with good light. 
And a steady table, Archimedes 

3570
03:12:54,200 --> 03:12:57,800
is proofs require concentration.
You nod already? 

3571
03:12:57,800 --> 03:13:01,000
Mentally planning the setup. 
The study rooms on the buildings

3572
03:13:01,000 --> 03:13:02,900
Eastern side. 
Have excellent Morning, Light 

3573
03:13:02,900 --> 03:13:06,500
and room. 7 has a particularly 
stable table important for 

3574
03:13:06,500 --> 03:13:09,300
mathematical work, involving 
diagrams and calculations 

3575
03:13:09,300 --> 03:13:13,000
Demetrius lingers for a moment. 
Looking at the philosophical 

3576
03:13:13,000 --> 03:13:16,700
letters, you've been cataloging 
Do you ever wonder he asks 

3577
03:13:16,700 --> 03:13:19,100
quietly? 
What future Scholars will think 

3578
03:13:19,100 --> 03:13:21,300
when they read our letters and 
catalog tags? 

3579
03:13:21,300 --> 03:13:24,500
Will we seem as human to them as
these ancient philosophers seem 

3580
03:13:24,500 --> 03:13:28,200
to us It's an unexpectedly 
philosophical question from a 

3581
03:13:28,200 --> 03:13:30,600
head librarian though. 
Perhaps not surprising, given 

3582
03:13:30,600 --> 03:13:34,000
the workplace I suppose that 
depends on whether anyone 

3583
03:13:34,000 --> 03:13:37,000
preserves are letters you say, 
most of what we write is, 

3584
03:13:37,000 --> 03:13:41,100
probably two ordinary to say. 
Perhaps but ordinary moments 

3585
03:13:41,100 --> 03:13:43,600
create the texture of life. 
Don't they the great 

3586
03:13:43,600 --> 03:13:46,100
philosophical treatises. 
Tell us how people thought they 

3587
03:13:46,100 --> 03:13:48,500
should live letters and Daily 
records. 

3588
03:13:48,500 --> 03:13:51,500
Tell us how they actually lived.
Both matter. 

3589
03:13:51,500 --> 03:13:55,300
He leaves and you return to your
cataloging thinking about his 

3590
03:13:55,300 --> 03:13:58,300
words, your creating records 
that might last centuries if 

3591
03:13:58,300 --> 03:14:01,000
properly maintained The catalog 
tags. 

3592
03:14:01,000 --> 03:14:03,800
You write today, could guide 
Scholars long after Alexandria 

3593
03:14:03,800 --> 03:14:05,600
itself has changed beyond 
recognition. 

3594
03:14:05,600 --> 03:14:10,100
It's a strange thought this link
between present and future all 

3595
03:14:10,100 --> 03:14:12,900
maintained through careful, 
record-keeping and systematic 

3596
03:14:12,900 --> 03:14:16,400
organization. 
As the sun descends toward the 

3597
03:14:16,400 --> 03:14:19,300
Western Horizon, the library's 
atmosphere shifts again. 

3598
03:14:19,300 --> 03:14:22,100
After noon readers, begin 
Gathering their notes and 

3599
03:14:22,100 --> 03:14:24,800
preparing to leave while a 
smaller group of evening 

3600
03:14:24,800 --> 03:14:27,000
Scholars, arrives to claim the 
now, empty spaces. 

3601
03:14:27,900 --> 03:14:30,700
Some Scholars prefer working at 
night when the building is 

3602
03:14:30,700 --> 03:14:33,400
quieter and cooler and the 
library accommodates these 

3603
03:14:33,400 --> 03:14:37,000
preferences by staying open. 
Well after sunset You begin your

3604
03:14:37,000 --> 03:14:39,400
evening routine by checking the 
oil lamps, throughout the 

3605
03:14:39,400 --> 03:14:43,000
building each Hall has dozens of
lamps, in wall, niches, and 

3606
03:14:43,000 --> 03:14:46,200
non-reading tables and all need 
sufficient oil to burn through 

3607
03:14:46,200 --> 03:14:49,200
the evening hours. 
He carry a large pottery jug of 

3608
03:14:49,200 --> 03:14:52,300
olive oil and a supply of fresh 
Wix moving systematically 

3609
03:14:52,300 --> 03:14:54,900
through the Halls. 
The work is meditative 

3610
03:14:54,900 --> 03:14:57,700
requiring, just enough attention
to be engaging with without 

3611
03:14:57,700 --> 03:15:01,300
demanding intense, Focus fill 
the reservoir, check the wick, 

3612
03:15:01,300 --> 03:15:05,600
and adjust the flame, move to 
the next lamp, repeat the pools 

3613
03:15:05,600 --> 03:15:08,400
of Lamplight, create islands of 
brightness in the Gathering Dusk

3614
03:15:08,400 --> 03:15:11,100
and you take satisfaction in 
knowing that Scholars will be 

3615
03:15:11,100 --> 03:15:12,900
able to continue reading as 
night Falls. 

3616
03:15:14,000 --> 03:15:16,500
In the philosophy Hall. 
You find old illustrator still 

3617
03:15:16,500 --> 03:15:19,400
at his table though the scroll 
in front of him suggests he's 

3618
03:15:19,400 --> 03:15:23,100
accomplished little actual work.
He's been reading the same page 

3619
03:15:23,100 --> 03:15:26,800
for 20 minutes or rather the 
same page has been open in front

3620
03:15:26,800 --> 03:15:28,400
of him. 
While his eyes remained closed, 

3621
03:15:28,400 --> 03:15:30,700
you fill the lamp near his 
table. 

3622
03:15:30,700 --> 03:15:34,400
Quietly, not wanting to disturb,
what might be deep philosophical

3623
03:15:34,400 --> 03:15:36,800
meditation, but is almost 
certainly a nap. 

3624
03:15:37,600 --> 03:15:40,600
The mathematics Hall holds three
Scholars bent over a complex, 

3625
03:15:40,600 --> 03:15:44,300
geometric proof, their table, 
covered with diagrams, sketched 

3626
03:15:44,300 --> 03:15:47,900
on Papyrus scraps. 
Mathematicians generate enormous

3627
03:15:47,900 --> 03:15:51,300
quantities of scrap, Papyrus, 
working through calculations and

3628
03:15:51,300 --> 03:15:54,500
proofs before creating clean 
final copies, the library 

3629
03:15:54,500 --> 03:15:56,800
provides recycled Papyrus for 
such purposes. 

3630
03:15:56,800 --> 03:16:00,700
Using sheets that are already 
marked on one side, nothing goes

3631
03:16:00,700 --> 03:16:04,900
to waste if it can be reused. 
One of the mathematicians looks 

3632
03:16:04,900 --> 03:16:07,200
up as you pass. 
Do you understand the 

3633
03:16:07,200 --> 03:16:10,300
Pythagorean theorem? 
He asks, suddenly The question 

3634
03:16:10,300 --> 03:16:13,800
catches you off-guard. 
The one about triangles the 

3635
03:16:13,800 --> 03:16:16,300
square of the hypotenuse equals 
the sum of the squares of the 

3636
03:16:16,308 --> 03:16:18,200
other two sides. 
That's it. 

3637
03:16:18,200 --> 03:16:20,200
Exactly. 
Now can you explain why it 

3638
03:16:20,200 --> 03:16:23,600
works? 
You think for a moment because, 

3639
03:16:24,700 --> 03:16:27,700
The relationships between the 
side follow mathematical rules, 

3640
03:16:27,700 --> 03:16:31,400
but why do those rules exist? 
What makes the universe 

3641
03:16:31,400 --> 03:16:32,900
mathematical rather than 
chaotic? 

3642
03:16:32,900 --> 03:16:36,500
You have no answer for this. 
And the mathematician nods, as 

3643
03:16:36,500 --> 03:16:40,600
if you're confusion, proves his 
point precisely, we can describe

3644
03:16:40,600 --> 03:16:43,300
the patterns and we can use 
them, but we can't. 

3645
03:16:43,300 --> 03:16:45,900
Truly explain why reality 
operates according to 

3646
03:16:45,900 --> 03:16:49,300
mathematical principles Plato. 
Thought mathematics was the 

3647
03:16:49,300 --> 03:16:52,900
fundamental reality and physical
objects mere Shadows. 

3648
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:55,400
Aristotle. 
Believed the mathematics 

3649
03:16:55,400 --> 03:16:59,000
described inherent properties of
physical things, neither fully 

3650
03:16:59,000 --> 03:17:01,700
answers the question. 
Now, his colleagues have stopped

3651
03:17:01,700 --> 03:17:03,700
working to listen to this 
impromptu lecture. 

3652
03:17:03,700 --> 03:17:07,500
One of them a woman with gray 
streaks in her dark hair speaks 

3653
03:17:07,500 --> 03:17:09,800
up. 
This is why we'll never finish 

3654
03:17:09,800 --> 03:17:13,000
this proof, we keep getting 
distracted by philosophical 

3655
03:17:13,000 --> 03:17:16,200
implications. 
Mathematics is philosophical the

3656
03:17:16,200 --> 03:17:19,400
first mathematician insists. 
You can't separate the Practical

3657
03:17:19,400 --> 03:17:22,000
calculations from the 
fundamental questions about why 

3658
03:17:22,000 --> 03:17:25,700
calculation works. 
I can and I do the woman says 

3659
03:17:25,700 --> 03:17:29,200
dryly, that's why I finished my 
proofs, you leave them to their 

3660
03:17:29,200 --> 03:17:31,700
debate which sounds like it 
might continue most of the night

3661
03:17:31,700 --> 03:17:35,300
mathematicians and philosophers 
share a tendency toward lengthy 

3662
03:17:35,300 --> 03:17:36,900
discussion about the nature of 
reality. 

3663
03:17:36,900 --> 03:17:39,600
The difference is that 
mathematicians eventually 

3664
03:17:39,600 --> 03:17:42,100
produce proofs while 
philosophers produce more 

3665
03:17:42,100 --> 03:17:45,900
questions, The final area 
needing lamps is the catalog 

3666
03:17:45,900 --> 03:17:47,900
room. 
Where two young, scribes work, 

3667
03:17:47,900 --> 03:17:50,800
late, creating index entries for
newly acquired Scrolls. 

3668
03:17:50,800 --> 03:17:54,100
They look up greatly as you fill
the lamps on their work tables. 

3669
03:17:54,900 --> 03:17:57,900
The catalog is never truly 
finished constantly growing as 

3670
03:17:57,900 --> 03:18:00,700
the collection expands and 
requires endless updates and 

3671
03:18:00,700 --> 03:18:03,600
cross references. 
How many new entries today. 

3672
03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:08,800
You are 47, one, scribe answers.
Rubbing his eyes tiredly and 

3673
03:18:08,800 --> 03:18:10,900
that's just the Greek 
manuscripts that arrived last 

3674
03:18:10,900 --> 03:18:13,100
week from roads. 
We still have the Persian 

3675
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:16,000
medical texts to catalog and 
apparently, a whole shipment of 

3676
03:18:16,000 --> 03:18:18,700
Roman agricultural. 
Writings is due to arrive any 

3677
03:18:18,700 --> 03:18:20,600
day. 
The Romans write about 

3678
03:18:20,608 --> 03:18:23,700
agriculture, you asked surprised
extensively. 

3679
03:18:23,700 --> 03:18:26,600
Apparently, there are 
Aristocrats consider farming, a 

3680
03:18:26,600 --> 03:18:29,300
noble Pursuit and write detailed
treatises about grape 

3681
03:18:29,300 --> 03:18:33,200
cultivation, Olive pressing and 
proper field rotation, very 

3682
03:18:33,200 --> 03:18:36,000
practical stuff compared to 
Greek philosophical agriculture.

3683
03:18:36,000 --> 03:18:39,100
You hadn't realized there was 
such a thing as philosophical 

3684
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:42,200
agriculture, but this is a 
library full of surprises. 

3685
03:18:42,200 --> 03:18:44,800
Scholars. 
Write about everything and 

3686
03:18:44,800 --> 03:18:46,800
somewhere in. 
These Halls are probably Scrolls

3687
03:18:46,800 --> 03:18:49,900
devoted to the philosophy of 
shoemaking, the mathematics of 

3688
03:18:49,900 --> 03:18:51,700
bread baking and the ethics of 
pottery. 

3689
03:18:52,900 --> 03:18:54,600
With the lamps filled and 
burning steadily. 

3690
03:18:54,600 --> 03:18:57,500
You returned to the staff room 
near the library's main 

3691
03:18:57,500 --> 03:19:00,900
entrance, this small space 
serves as a gathering spot for 

3692
03:19:00,900 --> 03:19:04,800
the library's workers, a place 
to rest between tasks and share 

3693
03:19:04,800 --> 03:19:06,200
information about the days of 
events. 

3694
03:19:07,000 --> 03:19:10,000
Several colleagues were already 
there eating evening meals and 

3695
03:19:10,000 --> 03:19:13,300
talking about various incidents.
Did you hear about the scholar, 

3696
03:19:13,300 --> 03:19:16,200
who tried to sneak Honey Cakes 
into the mathematics Hall asks 

3697
03:19:16,200 --> 03:19:18,300
Miriam one of the catalog 
Specialists. 

3698
03:19:18,300 --> 03:19:21,600
He hit the inside a scroll case 
but the case tipped over and 

3699
03:19:21,600 --> 03:19:24,400
honey went everywhere. 
Three valuable scrolls are now 

3700
03:19:24,400 --> 03:19:25,900
in conservation. 
Getting D honey. 

3701
03:19:26,600 --> 03:19:28,600
The same scholar who spilled 
wine last month. 

3702
03:19:28,600 --> 03:19:32,400
Someone asks the very same 
Demetrius is banned him from 

3703
03:19:32,400 --> 03:19:34,900
bringing any food or drink into 
the manuscript Halls. 

3704
03:19:34,900 --> 03:19:37,100
He has to eat in the courtyard 
like everyone else. 

3705
03:19:38,000 --> 03:19:40,400
You share your own story about 
discovering the mysterious 

3706
03:19:40,400 --> 03:19:43,600
sticky spot on Euclid's text, 
and everyone agrees that 

3707
03:19:43,600 --> 03:19:46,900
Scholars and food should be kept
separated by strict protocols. 

3708
03:19:48,100 --> 03:19:51,800
The conversation drifts to other
topics upcoming Acquisitions, 

3709
03:19:51,800 --> 03:19:54,900
staffing needs and a request 
from the ptolemaic 

3710
03:19:54,900 --> 03:19:58,200
administration for a complete 
inventory of all Hebrew texts. 

3711
03:19:59,000 --> 03:20:02,800
This last item prompts groans 
since inventories, require 

3712
03:20:02,800 --> 03:20:06,000
examining, every scroll in a 
collection and updating multiple

3713
03:20:06,000 --> 03:20:09,500
catalog records. 
As true Darkness, settles over 

3714
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:12,400
Alexandria, the library takes on
yet another character. 

3715
03:20:13,300 --> 03:20:17,100
Most Scholars have left heading 
to their homes or lodgings the 

3716
03:20:17,100 --> 03:20:18,900
Halls grow quieter though. 
Not silent. 

3717
03:20:19,800 --> 03:20:22,500
A few dedicated readers remain 
and the night staff. 

3718
03:20:22,500 --> 03:20:25,400
Begin their shifts. 
You're not technically part of 

3719
03:20:25,408 --> 03:20:28,000
the night staff, but you've 
stayed late to finish organizing

3720
03:20:28,000 --> 03:20:30,900
the philosophical letters. 
The work has proven more 

3721
03:20:30,900 --> 03:20:34,100
time-consuming than expected 
partly because you keep getting 

3722
03:20:34,100 --> 03:20:35,900
distracted by the letters 
content. 

3723
03:20:36,600 --> 03:20:39,700
It's hard to remain efficiently 
focused when epicurus is 

3724
03:20:39,700 --> 03:20:42,600
offering advice about friendship
or a stoic is describing the 

3725
03:20:42,600 --> 03:20:44,200
proper way to respond to 
insults. 

3726
03:20:45,300 --> 03:20:47,200
The Knight has its own sounds in
the Library. 

3727
03:20:47,200 --> 03:20:50,600
Without the constant Shuffle of 
footsteps and murmur of 

3728
03:20:50,600 --> 03:20:54,700
conversation, you become aware 
of subtle and noises the soft 

3729
03:20:54,700 --> 03:20:58,100
settling of building materials. 
As temperature changes, the 

3730
03:20:58,100 --> 03:21:01,400
scratch of Reed pens from 
Scholars, still working the 

3731
03:21:01,400 --> 03:21:04,400
distance, sound of waves, from 
the Harbour and the occasional 

3732
03:21:04,400 --> 03:21:06,700
bark of a dog somewhere in the 
city streets. 

3733
03:21:07,500 --> 03:21:09,500
Your finalizing, the last 
catalog tag. 

3734
03:21:09,500 --> 03:21:11,800
When you hear music drifting 
from somewhere deeper in the 

3735
03:21:11,800 --> 03:21:15,500
building, Someone is playing a 
liar, the notes, gentle and 

3736
03:21:15,500 --> 03:21:18,500
slightly melancholic. 
Following the sound leads you to

3737
03:21:18,508 --> 03:21:21,800
one of the smaller reading rooms
or a young scholar sits with an 

3738
03:21:21,800 --> 03:21:24,600
instrument on his lap fingers 
moving across the strings. 

3739
03:21:25,400 --> 03:21:27,500
He looks up startled when you 
appear in the doorway? 

3740
03:21:27,500 --> 03:21:32,100
I'm sorry I didn't think anyone 
would mind the text I'm studying

3741
03:21:32,100 --> 03:21:34,800
are on musical Theory and I 
wanted to hear what the ancient 

3742
03:21:34,800 --> 03:21:37,400
modes actually sound like. 
It's fine. 

3743
03:21:37,400 --> 03:21:40,400
You sure the music is lovely, 
which Modi play? 

3744
03:21:41,500 --> 03:21:43,300
Dorian. 
According to the Treatise 

3745
03:21:43,300 --> 03:21:45,600
though, honestly, I'm not 
certain, I'm interpreting the 

3746
03:21:45,600 --> 03:21:47,700
notation correctly, ancient 
Greek. 

3747
03:21:47,700 --> 03:21:49,800
Musical notation is ambiguous in
places. 

3748
03:21:50,700 --> 03:21:54,500
He plays a short phrase then 
stops and adjusts something, the

3749
03:21:54,500 --> 03:21:56,800
theorist, write about how 
different modes, create 

3750
03:21:56,800 --> 03:22:00,000
different emotional effects. 
But the explanations are often 

3751
03:22:00,000 --> 03:22:02,500
vague. 
They say Dorian is dignified and

3752
03:22:02,500 --> 03:22:05,100
serious. 
Phrygian is ecstatic and lydian 

3753
03:22:05,100 --> 03:22:07,400
is mournful. 
But whether that's true or just 

3754
03:22:07,400 --> 03:22:08,900
cultural bias is hard to 
determine. 

3755
03:22:09,700 --> 03:22:12,500
You listen, as the experiments 
with different musical phrases 

3756
03:22:12,500 --> 03:22:15,800
translating ancient written 
symbols into actual sounds. 

3757
03:22:15,800 --> 03:22:19,300
This is scholarship. 
In its most direct form, taking 

3758
03:22:19,300 --> 03:22:22,000
texts from the past and 
breathing life, back into them, 

3759
03:22:22,000 --> 03:22:25,100
trying to experience, what 
ancient people experience? 

3760
03:22:26,000 --> 03:22:28,600
Eventually he returns to his 
reading and you can continue 

3761
03:22:28,600 --> 03:22:31,700
arounds of the building in the 
Egyptian history section. 

3762
03:22:31,700 --> 03:22:34,700
You discover that someone has 
left to scroll partially 

3763
03:22:34,700 --> 03:22:37,800
unrolled on a table. 
This is technically against the 

3764
03:22:37,800 --> 03:22:39,700
rules. 
Since Scrolls should always be 

3765
03:22:39,700 --> 03:22:42,600
rolled up when not actively 
being read, but you recognize 

3766
03:22:42,600 --> 03:22:45,800
the text and account of the 
reign of Ramesses, the second 

3767
03:22:45,800 --> 03:22:49,500
written in higher attic script 
that you carefully, roll the 

3768
03:22:49,500 --> 03:22:51,300
scroll and return it to its 
proper place. 

3769
03:22:52,200 --> 03:22:55,900
The Egyptian texts occupy their 
own section organized by Dynasty

3770
03:22:55,900 --> 03:22:58,800
and subject. 
These Scrolls represent an older

3771
03:22:58,800 --> 03:23:02,200
tradition of record, keeping one
that existed for thousands of 

3772
03:23:02,200 --> 03:23:03,900
years before Greeks arrived in 
Egypt. 

3773
03:23:04,800 --> 03:23:07,900
Many of the texts have been 
translated into Greek but the 

3774
03:23:07,900 --> 03:23:10,400
originals remain preserving 
knowledge in the ancient 

3775
03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:13,200
language and script. 
Standing in this section 

3776
03:23:13,200 --> 03:23:16,500
surrounded by texts in higher 
attic and demotic Egyptian. 

3777
03:23:16,500 --> 03:23:19,600
You're reminded that the library
serves as a meeting point 

3778
03:23:19,600 --> 03:23:22,900
between cultures, Greek 
Administration, Egyptian 

3779
03:23:22,900 --> 03:23:26,800
Traditions, Persian scholarship,
Jewish scriptures, Babylonian 

3780
03:23:26,800 --> 03:23:31,700
astronomy, and Indian medicine 
all coexist in these Halls, The 

3781
03:23:31,708 --> 03:23:35,000
ptolemies, who founded and 
funded the library, wanted to 

3782
03:23:35,000 --> 03:23:37,800
collect Universal knowledge. 
And while that goal remains 

3783
03:23:37,800 --> 03:23:40,500
impossibly, ambitious, the 
attempt has created something 

3784
03:23:40,500 --> 03:23:43,300
remarkable. 
You make your final rounds. 

3785
03:23:43,300 --> 03:23:46,200
Checking locks on the manuscript
storage rooms and showing all 

3786
03:23:46,200 --> 03:23:48,600
files are properly tended. 
The night. 

3787
03:23:48,600 --> 03:23:51,400
Lamp keeper will take over soon.
The mysterious person who 

3788
03:23:51,400 --> 03:23:53,700
maintains the building's light 
through the dark hours. 

3789
03:23:53,700 --> 03:23:56,500
You've asked other staff members
about the night Keepers 

3790
03:23:56,500 --> 03:24:00,400
identity, but nobody seems to 
know for certain It's become a 

3791
03:24:00,408 --> 03:24:02,600
pleasant mystery. 
This invisible colleague, who 

3792
03:24:02,600 --> 03:24:05,300
ensures Scholars and staff. 
Alike, never work in darkness. 

3793
03:24:05,300 --> 03:24:08,500
Your last stop before. 
Leaving is the central Atrium, 

3794
03:24:08,500 --> 03:24:10,900
where you paused to. 
Look at the main catalog 

3795
03:24:10,900 --> 03:24:14,400
inscription mounted on the wall.
The inscription list, the 

3796
03:24:14,400 --> 03:24:17,900
library's founding principles 
carved in stone during the reign

3797
03:24:17,900 --> 03:24:21,000
of the first Ptolemy to collect 
the books of all the people's of

3798
03:24:21,000 --> 03:24:24,000
the world. 
Below this subsequent rulers 

3799
03:24:24,000 --> 03:24:26,200
have added their own 
contributions and expansions. 

3800
03:24:26,200 --> 03:24:29,400
The ambition seems almost absurd
when you think about it 

3801
03:24:29,400 --> 03:24:32,100
carefully. 
How could anyone, collect all 

3802
03:24:32,100 --> 03:24:34,500
books? 
New works are being written 

3803
03:24:34,500 --> 03:24:37,200
every day across the 
Mediterranean world and Beyond 

3804
03:24:37,200 --> 03:24:39,900
languages. 
You've never heard of contain 

3805
03:24:39,900 --> 03:24:41,700
texts that will never reach 
Alexandria. 

3806
03:24:41,700 --> 03:24:44,700
The goal is impossible. 
Yet the attempt creates 

3807
03:24:44,700 --> 03:24:48,300
something valuable in itself. 
This Gathering of knowledge, 

3808
03:24:48,300 --> 03:24:52,500
this effort to preserve an 
organized human thought across 

3809
03:24:52,500 --> 03:24:57,300
cultures and centuries. 
You step outside into the night,

3810
03:24:57,300 --> 03:25:00,900
air leaving the library's 
protected World Behind the 

3811
03:25:00,900 --> 03:25:02,500
streets of Alexandria are still 
busy. 

3812
03:25:02,500 --> 03:25:05,300
Despite the our this city, never
fully sleeps. 

3813
03:25:05,300 --> 03:25:08,900
Its position as a trading Hub, 
in constant activity in the 

3814
03:25:08,900 --> 03:25:11,700
harbors and markets. 
You can see the light house in 

3815
03:25:11,700 --> 03:25:13,200
the distance. 
It's fire. 

3816
03:25:13,200 --> 03:25:16,800
Burning bright to guide, ships 
safely to shore, another example

3817
03:25:16,800 --> 03:25:19,300
of Alexandria's relationship 
with light and knowledge, 

3818
03:25:20,100 --> 03:25:23,100
Walking back to your small room.
You think about the days work 

3819
03:25:23,100 --> 03:25:27,700
you reshelled, Scrolls, repair, 
damaged created catalog, entries

3820
03:25:27,700 --> 03:25:31,800
helped Scholars find Texans 
supervised manuscript handling 

3821
03:25:31,800 --> 03:25:35,700
and filled oil lamps, nothing, 
dramatic, nothing that will be 

3822
03:25:35,700 --> 03:25:39,700
recorded in history books. 
Yet this work matters every 

3823
03:25:39,700 --> 03:25:41,800
scroll that's properly. 
Stored might survive, another 

3824
03:25:41,800 --> 03:25:44,500
Century. 
Every catalog entry helps a 

3825
03:25:44,500 --> 03:25:46,000
future scholar, find needed 
information. 

3826
03:25:46,000 --> 03:25:49,600
Every lamp filled extends the 
hours available for reading and 

3827
03:25:49,600 --> 03:25:52,000
research. 
The library exists because 

3828
03:25:52,000 --> 03:25:56,300
people perform these tasks daily
year after year generation after

3829
03:25:56,300 --> 03:25:59,000
generation. 
The great collection everyone 

3830
03:25:59,000 --> 03:26:01,100
admires is built on unglamorous 
work. 

3831
03:26:01,100 --> 03:26:05,100
Careful organization, patient 
maintenance and constant 

3832
03:26:05,100 --> 03:26:07,000
vigilance against damage and 
decay. 

3833
03:26:07,800 --> 03:26:11,400
It's rather like the way ancient
stone stay standing not through 

3834
03:26:11,400 --> 03:26:14,600
any single dramatic effort but 
through countless small acts of 

3835
03:26:14,600 --> 03:26:17,800
preservation and care. 
You pass a night market where 

3836
03:26:17,800 --> 03:26:21,700
vendors sell food and oil to let
workers the smell of cooking. 

3837
03:26:21,700 --> 03:26:24,900
Lentils and onions, makes you 
realize your hungry, you 

3838
03:26:24,900 --> 03:26:27,400
purchase a small portion of 
lentil stew and eat it. 

3839
03:26:27,400 --> 03:26:30,600
While walking the warm clay Bowl
comfortable in your hands. 

3840
03:26:30,600 --> 03:26:33,700
The food, reminds you of the 
honey cake Scandal Miriam 

3841
03:26:33,700 --> 03:26:36,500
mentioned earlier which leads to
thinking about all the ways 

3842
03:26:36,500 --> 03:26:40,300
scholars in danger manuscripts 
through careless, eating In your

3843
03:26:40,300 --> 03:26:42,400
imagination, you compose a 
humorous. 

3844
03:26:42,400 --> 03:26:45,200
Treatise titled on the proper 
distance between food and 

3845
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:48,900
philosophy, which would detail. 
The many ways honey, wine, olive

3846
03:26:48,900 --> 03:26:51,900
oil and other substances have 
damaged important texts 

3847
03:26:51,900 --> 03:26:54,800
throughout history. 
The Treatise would be 

3848
03:26:54,808 --> 03:26:57,000
entertaining, but probably 
wouldn't change Behavior. 

3849
03:26:57,700 --> 03:27:00,500
Scholars will always prioritize 
their research over practical 

3850
03:27:00,500 --> 03:27:02,400
concerns like keeping their 
hands clean. 

3851
03:27:03,500 --> 03:27:06,600
Back in your small room, you 
light your bronze lamp and sit. 

3852
03:27:06,600 --> 03:27:10,200
For a moment before sleeping the
day has been typical which means

3853
03:27:10,200 --> 03:27:12,300
it contained. 
Dozens of small interesting 

3854
03:27:12,300 --> 03:27:16,300
moments mixed with routine tasks
tomorrow will likely be similar 

3855
03:27:16,300 --> 03:27:19,600
Scrolls to shelves Scholars to 
assist manuscripts to inspect 

3856
03:27:19,600 --> 03:27:23,900
and catalog entries to create 
You think about demetrius's 

3857
03:27:23,900 --> 03:27:26,700
question from earlier, about 
what future Generations might 

3858
03:27:26,700 --> 03:27:28,700
make of our ordinary records and
letters? 

3859
03:27:29,500 --> 03:27:32,800
It seems impossible to imagine 
this world Alexandria. 

3860
03:27:32,800 --> 03:27:36,000
The ptolemaic kingdom, the 
library itself, changing 

3861
03:27:36,000 --> 03:27:38,300
dramatically. 
Yet, you know, from the 

3862
03:27:38,300 --> 03:27:40,600
historical texts. 
You've read that Empires, rise 

3863
03:27:40,600 --> 03:27:44,000
and fall cities, change and 
knowledge is lost and found 

3864
03:27:44,000 --> 03:27:46,700
again. 
The library's purpose is to 

3865
03:27:46,700 --> 03:27:49,700
fight against that loss to 
preserve knowledge through 

3866
03:27:49,700 --> 03:27:52,100
careful copying and systematic 
organization. 

3867
03:27:52,100 --> 03:27:54,900
Whether that effort will succeed
in the long-term. 

3868
03:27:54,900 --> 03:27:58,800
Nobody can know. 
Perhaps some distance scholar 

3869
03:27:58,800 --> 03:28:01,600
will someday read these. 
Very Scrolls wondering about the

3870
03:28:01,600 --> 03:28:03,300
people who created and 
maintained them. 

3871
03:28:03,300 --> 03:28:07,700
Perhaps everything will be lost 
destroyed by fire or war or 

3872
03:28:07,700 --> 03:28:10,500
simple neglect. 
But that uncertainty doesn't 

3873
03:28:10,500 --> 03:28:12,600
diminish. 
The value of the work, you 

3874
03:28:12,600 --> 03:28:16,600
preserve what you can organize 
what exists and make knowledge 

3875
03:28:16,600 --> 03:28:20,300
accessible to those who seek it.
That's enough purpose for a 

3876
03:28:20,300 --> 03:28:22,300
life. 
Even if the outcomes remain 

3877
03:28:22,300 --> 03:28:26,300
uncertain, you extinguish your 
lamp and lie down feeling the 

3878
03:28:26,300 --> 03:28:29,300
satisfying fatigue of a day, 
spent in meaningful work. 

3879
03:28:30,100 --> 03:28:32,700
Tomorrow morning, you'll wake 
Before Dawn and begin again. 

3880
03:28:33,400 --> 03:28:38,100
Scrolls to tend Scholars to help
knowledge to preserve the work 

3881
03:28:38,100 --> 03:28:41,800
continues day after day, year 
after year, connecting past to 

3882
03:28:41,800 --> 03:28:45,000
present and present to Future 
through the simple Act of caring

3883
03:28:45,000 --> 03:28:48,300
for texts. 
Outside your window, Alexandria 

3884
03:28:48,300 --> 03:28:51,800
continues, its busy night 
somewhere in the library the 

3885
03:28:51,800 --> 03:28:55,000
night lamp keeper makes their 
rounds ensuring light burns in 

3886
03:28:55,008 --> 03:28:58,100
the halls of knowledge. 
The Scrolls rest in their pigeon

3887
03:28:58,100 --> 03:29:00,700
holes waiting for tomorrow's 
readers and the great project 

3888
03:29:00,700 --> 03:29:03,400
continues. 
The Impossible valuable attempt 

3889
03:29:03,400 --> 03:29:06,400
to gather and preserve the 
wisdom of the world one scroll 

3890
03:29:06,400 --> 03:29:09,500
at a time, sleep comes easily. 
When you've spent the day among 

3891
03:29:09,500 --> 03:29:13,300
books and ideas, your dreams, 
when they come a filled with 

3892
03:29:13,308 --> 03:29:16,700
Papyrus and ink Scrolls on 
rolling to reveal texts in 

3893
03:29:16,700 --> 03:29:20,600
languages, you can't quite read 
but somehow understand, In the 

3894
03:29:20,608 --> 03:29:22,600
dream logic, that makes perfect 
sense at night. 

3895
03:29:22,600 --> 03:29:26,600
Your cataloging, the Stars 
themselves creating neat tags 

3896
03:29:26,600 --> 03:29:29,300
that explain the movements of 
planets and the patterns of 

3897
03:29:29,300 --> 03:29:32,300
constellations. 
But morning will come soon. 

3898
03:29:32,300 --> 03:29:35,800
Enough bringing real Scrolls and
actual catalog entries. 

3899
03:29:35,800 --> 03:29:40,600
For now you rest one, small part
of the Great Machinery that 

3900
03:29:40,600 --> 03:29:44,100
keeps knowledge alive and 
accessible the library endures 

3901
03:29:44,100 --> 03:29:47,300
because people care for it and 
caring for it provides purpose 

3902
03:29:47,300 --> 03:29:49,000
and meaning to those people in 
turn. 

3903
03:29:49,700 --> 03:29:53,600
It's a fair exchange, you think,
drifting into deeper sleep, your

3904
03:29:53,600 --> 03:29:56,000
careful attention for the 
privilege of working among 

3905
03:29:56,000 --> 03:29:59,400
Humanity's collected wisdom 
walking daily through Halls 

3906
03:29:59,400 --> 03:30:00,800
where the thoughts of 
generations. 

3907
03:30:00,800 --> 03:30:04,000
Rest waiting to be discovered 
again and again. 

3908
03:30:09,600 --> 03:30:12,100
To yourself on a wooden ship in 
the middle of the Atlantic Ocean

3909
03:30:12,100 --> 03:30:16,000
in the year, 1700. 
The water looks like a wrinkled 

3910
03:30:16,000 --> 03:30:19,200
blue bed sheet with no edges. 
It goes on forever. 

3911
03:30:20,400 --> 03:30:23,400
Sails made of canvas above, you 
snap and Billow in the wind 

3912
03:30:23,400 --> 03:30:25,800
making sounds like thunder in 
the distance. 

3913
03:30:25,800 --> 03:30:28,600
You can hear the word creaking 
all the time below deck. 

3914
03:30:29,500 --> 03:30:32,800
Ship's wooden bones, Bend and 
grown as the waves, lift and 

3915
03:30:32,800 --> 03:30:34,600
dropped the ship in, a 
never-ending Rhythm. 

3916
03:30:34,600 --> 03:30:36,000
That makes your stomach feel 
bad. 

3917
03:30:37,000 --> 03:30:40,000
Here's the scary part. 
You have no idea where you are. 

3918
03:30:40,000 --> 03:30:43,200
You have a pretty good idea of 
how far north or south you've 

3919
03:30:43,200 --> 03:30:44,700
gone. 
That's not too hard. 

3920
03:30:44,700 --> 03:30:48,700
A Sextant can tell you the angle
of the Sun at noon, when it is 

3921
03:30:48,708 --> 03:30:52,500
at its highest point in the sky.
To find your latitude compare 

3922
03:30:52,500 --> 03:30:55,100
that angle to tables in a book 
and do some math. 

3923
03:30:55,100 --> 03:30:58,100
That would make your high school
geometry, teacher proud the 

3924
03:30:58,100 --> 03:31:01,100
hundreds of years Sailors, have 
been doing this and it worked 

3925
03:31:01,100 --> 03:31:03,300
great. 
But what about Eastern West 

3926
03:31:03,300 --> 03:31:07,200
that's when things got hard 
scary and very hard to 

3927
03:31:07,200 --> 03:31:10,500
understand to find out how far 
east or west you've traveled 

3928
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:13,800
your longitude you need to know 
what time it is back home. 

3929
03:31:13,800 --> 03:31:16,800
This may seem easy but it's 
actually very hard. 

3930
03:31:16,800 --> 03:31:20,100
You can figure out that you're 
about 60 degrees west of London,

3931
03:31:20,100 --> 03:31:22,500
if you know that it's noon where
you are now and that it's four 

3932
03:31:22,500 --> 03:31:26,500
in the afternoon back in London.
15 degrees of longitude is equal

3933
03:31:26,500 --> 03:31:30,000
to one hour of time, difference 
is really beautiful math. 

3934
03:31:30,000 --> 03:31:32,900
The kind that makes you feel 
smart, just thinking about it. 

3935
03:31:34,000 --> 03:31:37,000
Problem is that clocks from the 
1700s were Moody and worked 

3936
03:31:37,000 --> 03:31:40,300
great in your living room but as
soon as you put them on a ship, 

3937
03:31:40,300 --> 03:31:43,900
they became useless. 
Lumps of metal and gears the 

3938
03:31:43,900 --> 03:31:46,600
metal parts of the device 
expanded and contracted when the

3939
03:31:46,608 --> 03:31:49,900
temperature changed the moisture
in the air caused their delicate

3940
03:31:49,900 --> 03:31:53,600
parts to rust, the constant 
rocking motion messed up their 

3941
03:31:53,600 --> 03:31:56,300
pendulums, which were the 
weights that kept time steady. 

3942
03:31:57,000 --> 03:32:00,400
And what about Salt Air? 
Salt Air was like poison to 

3943
03:32:00,400 --> 03:32:03,300
machines. 
It ate away at brass and steel. 

3944
03:32:03,300 --> 03:32:05,900
Like the ocean waves, that 
slowly wear down a cliff. 

3945
03:32:07,500 --> 03:32:09,800
Sailors in the Age of 
Exploration were, basically 

3946
03:32:09,800 --> 03:32:15,500
driving across a flat desert 
with no GPS Compass or map, they

3947
03:32:15,500 --> 03:32:17,900
had to guess where they were by 
looking at the sun and making 

3948
03:32:17,900 --> 03:32:20,800
educated guesses. 
And as you might expect this 

3949
03:32:20,800 --> 03:32:23,100
caused disasters, that would 
haunt Maritime history. 

3950
03:32:24,000 --> 03:32:26,700
Ships would sail confidently 
toward what they thought was a 

3951
03:32:26,708 --> 03:32:29,800
safe harbor, only to find 
themselves grinding onto rocks. 

3952
03:32:29,800 --> 03:32:32,200
That shouldn't have been there 
for another 100 miles. 

3953
03:32:32,200 --> 03:32:36,000
Whole fleets would miss their 
destinations by hundreds of 

3954
03:32:36,008 --> 03:32:39,100
miles and sailors would run out 
of food and water, as they 

3955
03:32:39,100 --> 03:32:41,500
desperately searched, the 
Horizon for land, that was 

3956
03:32:41,500 --> 03:32:45,000
actually far behind them. 
The ocean was hiding things. 

3957
03:32:45,000 --> 03:32:48,600
Those things were dangerous. 
On a foggy October night in 

3958
03:32:48,600 --> 03:32:51,900
1707, a British naval fleet led 
by Admiral. 

3959
03:32:51,900 --> 03:32:54,700
Sir, cloudsley shovel was 
sailing home from Gibraltar. 

3960
03:32:54,700 --> 03:32:57,700
This was the worst Maritime 
disaster of the time. 

3961
03:32:57,700 --> 03:32:59,700
The Admirals Navigators told 
him. 

3962
03:32:59,700 --> 03:33:01,500
They were safely to the west of 
the dangerous. 

3963
03:33:01,500 --> 03:33:04,400
Rocks off the Isles of scilly, 
which are near the South-Western

3964
03:33:04,400 --> 03:33:06,100
tip of England. 
They were wrong 

3965
03:33:06,100 --> 03:33:08,800
catastrophically. 
It was wrong in the past. 

3966
03:33:09,800 --> 03:33:12,400
Four ships, hit the rocks that 
night and went down in a matter 

3967
03:33:12,408 --> 03:33:14,700
of hours. 
Their screams were lost in the 

3968
03:33:14,708 --> 03:33:17,100
fog, and wind is almost 2000. 
Men. 

3969
03:33:17,100 --> 03:33:20,800
Drowned in the cold, Atlantic 
Waters, Admiral shovell was one 

3970
03:33:20,800 --> 03:33:23,200
of them. 
He made it to shore alive but a 

3971
03:33:23,200 --> 03:33:25,600
local woman killed him because 
she wanted his emerald ring. 

3972
03:33:25,600 --> 03:33:28,800
It was the kind of tragedy that 
shows you how cruel it can be 

3973
03:33:28,800 --> 03:33:31,200
when people make mistakes and 
nature Acts. 

3974
03:33:32,100 --> 03:33:35,100
Britain was shocked the country 
that was building an empire that

3975
03:33:35,100 --> 03:33:37,700
stretched around the world 
couldn't even safely get its own

3976
03:33:37,708 --> 03:33:40,100
ships home. 
It was like being a great race 

3977
03:33:40,100 --> 03:33:43,400
car driver who couldn't always 
Park in their own garage. the 

3978
03:33:43,400 --> 03:33:45,700
embarrassment was only worse 
than the rising death toll in 

3979
03:33:45,700 --> 03:33:48,100
the money lost, when Merchant 
ships disappeared into the 

3980
03:33:48,100 --> 03:33:51,300
ocean's, vast anonymity, There 
had to be a change. 

3981
03:33:51,300 --> 03:33:55,200
The question was what? 
And who would be smart enough to

3982
03:33:55,200 --> 03:33:57,800
figure out problem that had 
stumped the smartest people of 

3983
03:33:57,800 --> 03:34:00,600
the time? 
In the village of falbe in 

3984
03:34:00,600 --> 03:34:04,000
Yorkshire England, a boy named 
John Harrison grew up in a world

3985
03:34:04,000 --> 03:34:07,200
where the Sun moved across the 
sky, and the seasons change. 

3986
03:34:08,300 --> 03:34:12,200
John was born in 1693 and was 
the kind of kid who noticed 

3987
03:34:12,200 --> 03:34:15,300
things that other kids didn't 
like how Shadows moved across 

3988
03:34:15,300 --> 03:34:17,600
the floor. 
How birds seemed to know exactly

3989
03:34:17,600 --> 03:34:20,500
when Dawn would break and the 
exact rhythm of his own 

3990
03:34:20,500 --> 03:34:23,400
heartbeat. 
His dad was a carpenter, which 

3991
03:34:23,400 --> 03:34:26,800
meant he was a Craftsman, an 
artist and a problem solver all 

3992
03:34:26,800 --> 03:34:29,800
at the same time. 
When people needed a door that 

3993
03:34:29,800 --> 03:34:33,400
fit just right a table, that 
wouldn't wobble, or a beam that 

3994
03:34:33,400 --> 03:34:34,900
could hold up a roof for 100 
years. 

3995
03:34:34,900 --> 03:34:38,400
They came to you carpentry, 
required an eye for detail, and 

3996
03:34:38,400 --> 03:34:41,100
a feel for how materials worked 
young, John. 

3997
03:34:41,100 --> 03:34:44,900
Learn the skills quickly like a 
sponge soaking up water but what

3998
03:34:44,900 --> 03:34:47,300
really interested John was 
something that most Carpenters 

3999
03:34:47,300 --> 03:34:49,500
didn't think about very much 
time. 

4000
03:34:49,500 --> 03:34:52,700
He would watch his dad work and 
pay attention to how long each 

4001
03:34:52,700 --> 03:34:56,200
job took how the quality of the 
wood affected, how fast it could

4002
03:34:56,200 --> 03:34:58,600
be cut and how is Dad's 
experience helped him? 

4003
03:34:58,600 --> 03:35:01,300
Guess how long a project would 
take with amazing accuracy? 

4004
03:35:02,600 --> 03:35:06,000
John was thinking about 
measurement, precision and the 

4005
03:35:06,000 --> 03:35:09,100
Unseen rhythms that controlled 
everything around him while 

4006
03:35:09,100 --> 03:35:12,100
other boys, his age were playing
games or doing things that made 

4007
03:35:12,100 --> 03:35:15,300
their parents sigh heavily. 
When John was about seven years 

4008
03:35:15,308 --> 03:35:18,800
old, he got smallpox a disease 
that killed millions of people 

4009
03:35:18,800 --> 03:35:21,100
and left those who survived with
scars for life. 

4010
03:35:21,800 --> 03:35:25,100
John lived, but the sickness 
kept him in bed for weeks 

4011
03:35:25,100 --> 03:35:28,100
someone gave him a watch while 
he was recovering and it changed

4012
03:35:28,100 --> 03:35:30,500
his life. 
You might think that a watch as 

4013
03:35:30,500 --> 03:35:33,600
a boring gift for a sick kid, 
there were no flashing lights 

4014
03:35:33,600 --> 03:35:36,300
moving Parts. 
You could see or bells and 

4015
03:35:36,308 --> 03:35:40,100
whistles that watch though was a
window into a world of 

4016
03:35:40,100 --> 03:35:41,500
precision. 
For John Harrison. 

4017
03:35:41,500 --> 03:35:45,000
He would put it to his ear and 
listen to the steady Tick, Tock 

4018
03:35:45,000 --> 03:35:47,000
of brass and steel like a 
heartbeat. 

4019
03:35:47,000 --> 03:35:50,700
He would watch the hands move 
slowly around the dial turning 

4020
03:35:50,700 --> 03:35:55,400
seconds into minutes minutes 
into hours and hours into days. 

4021
03:35:55,400 --> 03:35:57,800
He took it apart which is the 
most amazing thing. 

4022
03:35:58,600 --> 03:36:01,400
Imagine being seven years old 
sick, with a disease. 

4023
03:36:01,400 --> 03:36:04,300
That is killing people all 
around you and deciding that. 

4024
03:36:04,300 --> 03:36:07,400
The most interesting thing you 
could do is take apart, a 

4025
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:09,300
complicated machine to see how 
it works. 

4026
03:36:10,600 --> 03:36:13,900
John took out each tiny screw 
gear and piece of metal with 

4027
03:36:13,900 --> 03:36:16,500
great care and put them on his 
bedside table. 

4028
03:36:17,300 --> 03:36:20,300
Then with a level of focus, that
seems almost impossible for a 

4029
03:36:20,300 --> 03:36:23,200
child, he put it all back 
together and it still worked. 

4030
03:36:23,200 --> 03:36:25,300
This wasn't just mechanical 
skill. 

4031
03:36:25,300 --> 03:36:29,000
It was a kind of Genius that 
shows itself early and loudly 

4032
03:36:29,800 --> 03:36:32,600
John Harrison what he wanted to 
do before most kids could spell 

4033
03:36:32,600 --> 03:36:35,700
their own names. 
John's interesting clocks didn't

4034
03:36:35,700 --> 03:36:37,900
fade. 
As he got older, he didn't make 

4035
03:36:37,900 --> 03:36:41,000
it less deep. 
He made it deeper, he started 

4036
03:36:41,000 --> 03:36:44,200
making clocks. 
Not as a business at first, but 

4037
03:36:44,200 --> 03:36:47,500
as a hobby that took up all of 
his free time, he worked in his 

4038
03:36:47,508 --> 03:36:50,000
father's, carpentry, shop and 
tried out different materials 

4039
03:36:50,000 --> 03:36:53,900
designs and ways to fix the 
basic problems that made clocks 

4040
03:36:53,900 --> 03:36:56,500
inaccurate. 
Wood was the first thing he 

4041
03:36:56,500 --> 03:36:58,000
chose that changed. 
Everything. 

4042
03:36:58,000 --> 03:37:01,700
Other clockmakers used Metal 
Gears, that changed shape with 

4043
03:37:01,700 --> 03:37:05,100
temperature changes. 
John on the other hand, found 

4044
03:37:05,100 --> 03:37:08,300
that certain types of wood like 
Oak and boxwood had amazing 

4045
03:37:08,300 --> 03:37:10,600
qualities. 
If you cut them the right way 

4046
03:37:10,600 --> 03:37:13,500
and put them together the right 
way, they would naturally adjust

4047
03:37:13,500 --> 03:37:16,700
to changes in temperature when 
one part got bigger, the other 

4048
03:37:16,700 --> 03:37:20,100
part got smaller which kept the 
clocks accuracy stable, there 

4049
03:37:20,100 --> 03:37:22,800
was the kind of insight that 
seems clear in retrospect but 

4050
03:37:22,800 --> 03:37:26,600
takes Real Genius to find. 
John was learning about physics 

4051
03:37:26,600 --> 03:37:29,700
and Engineering on his own even 
though these ideas wouldn't be 

4052
03:37:29,700 --> 03:37:33,000
written down for decades. 
He did this while working in a 

4053
03:37:33,000 --> 03:37:34,800
small Workshop, in Yorkshire by 
candlelight. 

4054
03:37:34,800 --> 03:37:38,200
By the time he was in his 
twenties, John had made clocks. 

4055
03:37:38,200 --> 03:37:40,900
That was so accurate that they 
only lost about one second a 

4056
03:37:40,900 --> 03:37:43,100
month. 
This was an amazing feat for the

4057
03:37:43,108 --> 03:37:45,900
time. 
People would travel for miles to

4058
03:37:45,900 --> 03:37:49,400
see his clocks which were local 
wonders but John wasn't happy. 

4059
03:37:50,200 --> 03:37:52,100
He could tell that there was 
something bigger than his 

4060
03:37:52,100 --> 03:37:54,900
skills, could do some bigger 
problem that only his unique 

4061
03:37:54,900 --> 03:37:57,400
genius could solve, he didn't 
know yet. 

4062
03:37:57,400 --> 03:37:59,500
That the problem was waiting for
him in the form of a 

4063
03:37:59,500 --> 03:38:03,600
parliamentary prize, a maritime 
crisis, and the task of making a

4064
03:38:03,600 --> 03:38:06,600
clock, that could keep perfect 
time, while being tossed around 

4065
03:38:06,600 --> 03:38:11,700
on Angry, seas, in 1714 when 
John Harrison was only 21 and 

4066
03:38:11,700 --> 03:38:13,500
still making wooden clocks in 
Yorkshire. 

4067
03:38:13,500 --> 03:38:16,100
The British Parliament, did 
something strange. 

4068
03:38:16,100 --> 03:38:19,800
They asked for help. 
The longitude act said that 

4069
03:38:19,800 --> 03:38:22,300
anyone who could figure out the 
longitude problem would get a 

4070
03:38:22,300 --> 03:38:25,900
prize of 20,000 pounds, which is
about the same as several 

4071
03:38:25,900 --> 03:38:29,700
million pounds to today. 20,000 
pounds. 

4072
03:38:29,700 --> 03:38:31,600
Take a moment to think about 
that. 

4073
03:38:32,500 --> 03:38:35,000
Parliament was offering enough 
money to buy a smaller State, 

4074
03:38:35,000 --> 03:38:38,600
live comfortably for life and 
still have enough left over to 

4075
03:38:38,600 --> 03:38:40,100
pay for your grandchildren's 
education. 

4076
03:38:40,100 --> 03:38:44,100
At the time, a skilled 
Craftsman, could only make 50 

4077
03:38:44,100 --> 03:38:46,900
pounds a year. 
People quit their jobs and spent

4078
03:38:46,900 --> 03:38:48,500
their lives trying to solve 
problems. 

4079
03:38:48,500 --> 03:38:50,700
That seemed impossible because 
of the prize. 

4080
03:38:51,800 --> 03:38:54,800
But there were some rules for 
the prize, Your solution had to 

4081
03:38:54,800 --> 03:38:57,300
be able to figure out the 
longitude within half a degree 

4082
03:38:57,300 --> 03:39:00,500
after a ship had sailed to the 
West Indies and back, which 

4083
03:39:00,500 --> 03:39:03,600
could take months. 
That might not sound very exact 

4084
03:39:03,600 --> 03:39:05,800
until you remember. 
That half a degree of longitude 

4085
03:39:05,800 --> 03:39:07,900
at the equator is about 34 
miles. 

4086
03:39:07,900 --> 03:39:11,900
Your method had to tell a ship's
Captain where he was to within 

4087
03:39:11,900 --> 03:39:14,000
the distance. 
A person could walk in a day 

4088
03:39:14,000 --> 03:39:17,500
after months, at Sea, through 
storms and calm, heat and cold. 

4089
03:39:18,300 --> 03:39:20,700
Parliament set up the board of 
longitude to look at the 

4090
03:39:20,700 --> 03:39:23,900
proposed Solutions. 
This group of scientists naval 

4091
03:39:23,900 --> 03:39:26,100
officers and government 
officials would decide who 

4092
03:39:26,100 --> 03:39:28,900
should get the prize. 
Some of the smartest people in 

4093
03:39:28,900 --> 03:39:31,800
Britain were on this board 
including astronomers who liked 

4094
03:39:31,800 --> 03:39:35,500
the lunar distance method for 
finding longitude The lunar 

4095
03:39:35,500 --> 03:39:39,100
distance method was beautiful in
math and very hard in astronomy.

4096
03:39:39,900 --> 03:39:43,000
Theoretically Navigators could 
figure out their longitude, by 

4097
03:39:43,000 --> 03:39:46,200
measuring the exact position of 
the Moon against background 

4098
03:39:46,200 --> 03:39:49,200
stars and comparing that to 
tables made by astronomers. 

4099
03:39:49,200 --> 03:39:54,500
It took clear skies accurate 
tools, complicated math, and at 

4100
03:39:54,500 --> 03:39:56,300
least an hour of work for each 
measurement. 

4101
03:39:57,400 --> 03:40:00,400
Astronomers were happy with the 
solution but Sailors who were 

4102
03:40:00,400 --> 03:40:02,800
practical wanted to throw their 
sex and overboard. 

4103
03:40:02,800 --> 03:40:06,000
A lot of the board members 
specially the astronomers 

4104
03:40:06,000 --> 03:40:08,800
thought that the answer to the 
longitude problem had to come 

4105
03:40:08,800 --> 03:40:12,300
from the Stars. 
After all navigation has always 

4106
03:40:12,300 --> 03:40:15,600
been about looking at the stars.
They thought it was unlikely at 

4107
03:40:15,600 --> 03:40:18,100
best and ridiculous at worst 
that someone could fix this 

4108
03:40:18,100 --> 03:40:21,600
problem with a mechanical device
which was basically a very fancy

4109
03:40:21,600 --> 03:40:24,200
clock. 
John Harrison would have to deal

4110
03:40:24,200 --> 03:40:27,000
with this bias for most of his 
life, but he didn't know that 

4111
03:40:27,000 --> 03:40:31,000
yet. 
John made a choice in 1728 when 

4112
03:40:31,000 --> 03:40:34,100
he was 35, that would shape the 
rest of his life. 

4113
03:40:34,100 --> 03:40:37,700
He would go to London, show the 
board of longitude his ideas for

4114
03:40:37,700 --> 03:40:40,500
a sea clock, and when the prize 
that no one else had been able 

4115
03:40:40,500 --> 03:40:44,900
to get In the 1700s. 
It wasn't easy to get from 

4116
03:40:44,900 --> 03:40:48,100
Yorkshire to London. 
It took days of travel on roads 

4117
03:40:48,100 --> 03:40:49,800
that were barely improved. 
Dirt paths. 

4118
03:40:49,800 --> 03:40:52,500
Staying in coaching Inns where 
the beds had more previous 

4119
03:40:52,500 --> 03:40:55,300
occupants than you wanted to 
think about and spending money 

4120
03:40:55,300 --> 03:40:56,900
that John didn't really have to 
spare. 

4121
03:40:57,700 --> 03:41:00,000
But he went on the trip, 
bringing with him drawing and 

4122
03:41:00,000 --> 03:41:02,400
descriptions of a clock that no 
one had ever seen before. 

4123
03:41:02,400 --> 03:41:06,400
John went to London to find 
Edmond Halley, the same Haley, 

4124
03:41:06,400 --> 03:41:09,800
who has a comet named after him.
Halle was the astronomer Royal 

4125
03:41:09,800 --> 03:41:11,800
and a member of the board of 
longitude. 

4126
03:41:11,800 --> 03:41:14,600
This meant that he could either 
help or hurt. 

4127
03:41:14,600 --> 03:41:17,700
John's goals, John was lucky 
that Hallie was the kind of 

4128
03:41:17,708 --> 03:41:20,100
scientist, who valued, smart 
answers, no matter where they 

4129
03:41:20,108 --> 03:41:23,400
came from. 
Hallie looked at John's plans 

4130
03:41:23,400 --> 03:41:25,100
and saw that they were truly 
unique. 

4131
03:41:25,100 --> 03:41:29,100
This wasn't a crazy person with 
vague ideas and crazy claims. 

4132
03:41:29,100 --> 03:41:32,000
This was a Craftsman who had 
spent a lot of time thinking 

4133
03:41:32,000 --> 03:41:35,100
about how hard it was to keep 
track of time at Sea and come up

4134
03:41:35,100 --> 03:41:39,400
with specific useful Solutions. 
Highly introduced John to George

4135
03:41:39,400 --> 03:41:41,700
Graham London's. 
Best clockmaker. 

4136
03:41:41,700 --> 03:41:45,300
Graham was also smart enough to 
know when genius came to his 

4137
03:41:45,300 --> 03:41:47,600
shop. 
Graham spent the whole day with 

4138
03:41:47,600 --> 03:41:50,700
John listening to his ideas, 
looking at his drawings and 

4139
03:41:50,700 --> 03:41:53,800
slowly, realizing that this 
country Carpenter had ideas that

4140
03:41:53,800 --> 03:41:55,900
London's best instrument makers 
had missed. 

4141
03:41:56,700 --> 03:41:59,100
Graham did something amazing by 
the end of their meeting. 

4142
03:41:59,100 --> 03:42:02,000
He offered to lend John money 
without charging him interest to

4143
03:42:02,000 --> 03:42:04,500
help him build. 
His first Marine timekeeper, it 

4144
03:42:04,500 --> 03:42:07,300
was a leap of faith in what 
people could do and it changed 

4145
03:42:07,300 --> 03:42:10,200
everything. 
John went back to your Yorkshire

4146
03:42:10,200 --> 03:42:12,500
with enough money to start 
building a clock that could work

4147
03:42:12,500 --> 03:42:14,800
at Sea. 
He was about to enter a part of 

4148
03:42:14,808 --> 03:42:16,200
his life that would last for 
decades. 

4149
03:42:16,200 --> 03:42:18,400
Drive him, insane and change the
world. 

4150
03:42:18,400 --> 03:42:21,200
But first, he had to make the 
thing. 

4151
03:42:21,200 --> 03:42:25,300
Think about how long it would 
take to make just one clock, not

4152
03:42:25,300 --> 03:42:28,300
as a hobby or a side project. 
But as your main focus for five 

4153
03:42:28,300 --> 03:42:31,700
years of calculating adjusting 
testing and improving. 

4154
03:42:31,700 --> 03:42:35,800
That's what John Harrison did 
from 1730 to 1735. 

4155
03:42:35,800 --> 03:42:39,200
He made his first Marine 
timekeeper which would be called

4156
03:42:39,200 --> 03:42:43,000
H1 H1 was not a delicate pocket.
Watch. 

4157
03:42:43,000 --> 03:42:46,400
It was a huge machine that 
weighed about 75 pounds and was 

4158
03:42:46,400 --> 03:42:49,400
about two feet tall. 
Your first thought when you saw 

4159
03:42:49,400 --> 03:42:51,700
it in a museum today would 
probably be that. 

4160
03:42:51,700 --> 03:42:54,400
It looks like a steampunk 
sculpture with all the brass 

4161
03:42:54,400 --> 03:42:59,000
gears and strange moving Parts. 
But every part of h-1 design had

4162
03:42:59,000 --> 03:43:02,500
a specific purpose in the fight 
against the forces that had 

4163
03:43:02,500 --> 03:43:04,000
stopped. 
Every other attempt at making a 

4164
03:43:04,000 --> 03:43:06,400
sea clock. 
John's main problem was figuring

4165
03:43:06,400 --> 03:43:09,300
out how to make a clock, that 
keeps accurate time, even when 

4166
03:43:09,300 --> 03:43:13,400
it is moved. 
Shaken, heated, cooled and hit 

4167
03:43:13,400 --> 03:43:16,600
by salty are all the time. 
It was like asking someone to 

4168
03:43:16,600 --> 03:43:18,800
play a violin while riding a 
roller coaster during an 

4169
03:43:18,800 --> 03:43:21,300
earthquake. 
The main task is hard enough 

4170
03:43:21,300 --> 03:43:23,300
without all those extra things 
getting in the way. 

4171
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:26,100
John's ideas were brilliant. 
Because he'd spent years, 

4172
03:43:26,100 --> 03:43:29,100
thinking about how mechanisms 
work when they are under stress.

4173
03:43:30,000 --> 03:43:33,000
John used to balance mechanism 
with two weighted bars connected

4174
03:43:33,000 --> 03:43:36,100
by Springs. 
Instead of a pendulum A pendulum

4175
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:39,000
needs gravity to work all the 
time, but it didn't work on a 

4176
03:43:39,008 --> 03:43:40,000
ship. 
That was tilting. 

4177
03:43:40,700 --> 03:43:43,700
One bar would swing one way and 
the other would swing the other 

4178
03:43:43,700 --> 03:43:47,000
way, when the ship rolled which 
stopped the ship from moving, it

4179
03:43:47,000 --> 03:43:49,600
was a mechanical genius that was
turned into brass and steel. 

4180
03:43:50,600 --> 03:43:53,200
The two balances were like 
dancers moving in perfect 

4181
03:43:53,200 --> 03:43:56,300
opposition, their movement. 
So perfectly timed, that the 

4182
03:43:56,308 --> 03:43:59,600
ship's rocking didn't matter, 
the ship pitched and rolled 

4183
03:43:59,600 --> 03:44:02,600
through the ways, but inside 
each one's mechanism time moved 

4184
03:44:02,600 --> 03:44:06,000
forward with calm precision. the
temperature was another problem 

4185
03:44:06,000 --> 03:44:10,900
when you heat metal it expands, 
and when you cool it, it shrinks

4186
03:44:11,700 --> 03:44:14,700
You may have noticed this when 
you run hot water over a jar lid

4187
03:44:14,700 --> 03:44:18,400
to make it easier to open these 
tiny changes in size can mess up

4188
03:44:18,400 --> 03:44:20,800
the timing of a clock so much 
that it stops working. 

4189
03:44:21,700 --> 03:44:23,800
John used by metallic strips to 
fix this. 

4190
03:44:23,800 --> 03:44:27,700
The strips were made of brass 
and steel and reacted to changes

4191
03:44:27,700 --> 03:44:31,300
in temperature in opposite ways 
making up for each other, then 

4192
03:44:31,300 --> 03:44:35,300
there was friction which is bad 
for all moving Parts, friction 

4193
03:44:35,300 --> 03:44:37,900
was trying to slow things down 
and make them less accurate. 

4194
03:44:37,900 --> 03:44:41,500
Every time gear teeth, meshed 
together or a bearing turned in 

4195
03:44:41,500 --> 03:44:44,100
its housing. 
Most clockmakers of the time 

4196
03:44:44,100 --> 03:44:47,900
used oil to reduce friction but 
oil thickened in the cold thin 

4197
03:44:47,900 --> 03:44:51,000
in the Heat and eventually 
turned into sticky residue that 

4198
03:44:51,000 --> 03:44:54,200
gummed up the works. 
John's answer was to use lignum.

4199
03:44:54,200 --> 03:44:57,800
Vitae a very hard heavy wood 
that has its own natural oils. 

4200
03:44:57,800 --> 03:45:01,200
His bearings were made from the 
wood that doesn't need oil so he

4201
03:45:01,200 --> 03:45:04,200
didn't need any at all. 
John knew a lot about how 

4202
03:45:04,200 --> 03:45:07,400
materials acted when they were 
under stress and every problem 

4203
03:45:07,400 --> 03:45:12,400
had a solution One was more than
just a clock, it was a 

4204
03:45:12,400 --> 03:45:13,800
dissertation in mechanical 
engineering. 

4205
03:45:13,800 --> 03:45:16,600
The man who had never gone to 
college wrote in brass and 

4206
03:45:16,600 --> 03:45:18,900
steal. 
Each one was ready for its 

4207
03:45:18,900 --> 03:45:22,200
trial. 
In 1735 the board of longitude 

4208
03:45:22,200 --> 03:45:25,600
sent John on the HMS, Centurion 
to Lisbon, Portugal and back. 

4209
03:45:26,400 --> 03:45:29,200
This trip would test whether 
this complicated machine could 

4210
03:45:29,200 --> 03:45:30,900
really do what John said, it 
could. 

4211
03:45:32,200 --> 03:45:35,200
Think about how John felt as he 
watched his five years of work. 

4212
03:45:35,200 --> 03:45:37,800
Being carefully, loaded onto a 
royal Navy warship. 

4213
03:45:38,600 --> 03:45:40,500
The open ocean was about to 
judge everything. 

4214
03:45:40,500 --> 03:45:43,800
He had given up every hour. 
He had spent in his workshop and

4215
03:45:43,800 --> 03:45:47,600
every calculation and adjustment
he had made, the trip was hard. 

4216
03:45:47,600 --> 03:45:51,100
The Atlantic doesn't care about 
your precise tools or the work 

4217
03:45:51,100 --> 03:45:52,500
you've done for the rest of your
life. 

4218
03:45:52,500 --> 03:45:57,100
The centurions deck was covered 
in waves and the ship rolled at 

4219
03:45:57,100 --> 03:45:59,500
angles that made even 
experienced Sailors. 

4220
03:45:59,500 --> 03:46:04,600
Hold onto the railings. 
Below in the captain's cabin, H1

4221
03:46:04,600 --> 03:46:08,000
sat quietly ticking away, 
seemingly unaffected by the 

4222
03:46:08,000 --> 03:46:10,900
chaos around it. 
The ship's Navigators thought 

4223
03:46:10,900 --> 03:46:13,400
they were getting closer to 
England from a certain place on 

4224
03:46:13,400 --> 03:46:16,000
the way back. 
John's clock said they were 

4225
03:46:16,000 --> 03:46:18,700
really about 90 miles east of 
Where The Navigators thought 

4226
03:46:18,700 --> 03:46:21,200
they were. 
John told the captain that they 

4227
03:46:21,200 --> 03:46:23,600
were getting close to England 
near The Dangerous Waters 

4228
03:46:23,600 --> 03:46:25,800
around. 
Start point, he did this with 

4229
03:46:25,800 --> 03:46:28,400
the confidence of someone who 
trusted his own work more than 

4230
03:46:28,400 --> 03:46:32,300
what most people thought. 
Roger Wills the captain believed

4231
03:46:32,300 --> 03:46:35,700
what John said enough to change 
course and when the fog cleared 

4232
03:46:35,700 --> 03:46:38,200
start point was right, where 
John's clock said, it would be. 

4233
03:46:39,000 --> 03:46:41,300
The Navigators had made a 
mistake that could have easily 

4234
03:46:41,300 --> 03:46:43,300
sunk the ship by almost 100 
miles. 

4235
03:46:43,300 --> 03:46:46,500
Each one was correct. 
You might think that this 

4236
03:46:46,500 --> 03:46:49,400
successful trial would have won 
John the longitude prize right 

4237
03:46:49,400 --> 03:46:52,200
away. 
His clock had just shown that it

4238
03:46:52,200 --> 03:46:55,700
could do exactly what Parliament
had promised to pay 20,000 

4239
03:46:55,700 --> 03:46:58,000
pounds to do. 
But you would be 

4240
03:46:58,000 --> 03:47:00,800
underestimating, how hard it is 
to convince experts, who are 

4241
03:47:00,800 --> 03:47:02,700
doubtful, that someone has 
solved a problem. 

4242
03:47:02,700 --> 03:47:04,300
They thought was almost 
impossible. 

4243
03:47:05,400 --> 03:47:09,100
The board of longitude said that
H1 had potential which in 

4244
03:47:09,100 --> 03:47:12,800
bureaucratic language means, 
this is interesting, but we're 

4245
03:47:12,800 --> 03:47:14,300
not ready to give you all that 
money yet. 

4246
03:47:15,100 --> 03:47:18,100
They gave John 500 pounds to 
keep working on it, and make a 

4247
03:47:18,108 --> 03:47:20,800
better version. 
It was both encouragement and a 

4248
03:47:20,800 --> 03:47:23,300
clear message show me again and 
do it better. 

4249
03:47:23,300 --> 03:47:25,500
John might have been feeling 
down. 

4250
03:47:25,500 --> 03:47:28,500
He went back to his shop and 
started making plans for each 

4251
03:47:28,500 --> 03:47:30,900
two. 
Instead you might think the H2 

4252
03:47:30,900 --> 03:47:33,000
would take less time. 
Now that John knew how to do it,

4253
03:47:33,000 --> 03:47:35,100
because it took him five years 
to build H1. 

4254
03:47:35,100 --> 03:47:38,900
You would be very wrong. 
It took John almost 20 years to 

4255
03:47:38,900 --> 03:47:41,200
finish two, but not because he 
worked slowly. 

4256
03:47:41,200 --> 03:47:43,100
He kept coming up with better 
ideas. 

4257
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:46,000
This is the time in John 
Harrison's, life that will test 

4258
03:47:46,000 --> 03:47:47,700
your patience just to hear about
it. 

4259
03:47:48,500 --> 03:47:51,500
Imagine spending your whole 
adult life trying to solve one 

4260
03:47:51,500 --> 03:47:55,400
problem getting close and then 
realizing you could do better 

4261
03:47:55,400 --> 03:48:01,400
and starting over over and over 
for 40 years, H2, which was 

4262
03:48:01,400 --> 03:48:06,500
finished in 1741 was heavier 
than H1 about 86 pounds. 

4263
03:48:07,300 --> 03:48:09,300
But it had changes that made it 
more accurate. 

4264
03:48:09,300 --> 03:48:12,400
In theory, John had fine-tuned 
his temperature compensation 

4265
03:48:12,400 --> 03:48:15,608
system improved his balance 
mechanism and made a lot of 

4266
03:48:15,616 --> 03:48:18,900
small changes that when added 
together made a difference, it 

4267
03:48:18,900 --> 03:48:21,900
was like, seeing a perfectionist
change a document changing the 

4268
03:48:21,900 --> 03:48:24,700
words and punctuation. 
Until each sentence was as clear

4269
03:48:24,700 --> 03:48:29,400
as glass But before H2 could be 
tested at Sea, John realized 

4270
03:48:29,400 --> 03:48:32,400
something that worried him, he 
had already come up with ways to

4271
03:48:32,400 --> 03:48:35,700
make it better. 
The world of ships was also 

4272
03:48:35,700 --> 03:48:39,300
changing the board of longitude 
had paid for the creation of a 

4273
03:48:39,300 --> 03:48:42,400
new way to measure the distance 
to the Moon and astronomers were

4274
03:48:42,400 --> 03:48:45,300
publishing tables that made 
navigating by the Stars easier. 

4275
03:48:46,200 --> 03:48:48,700
John's chance to prove his 
mechanical solution was running 

4276
03:48:48,700 --> 03:48:52,100
out. 
John started working on H3 in 

4277
03:48:52,100 --> 03:48:55,800
1749. 
It would take him 17 years to 

4278
03:48:55,800 --> 03:48:59,400
finish this version during that 
time he hardly left his 

4279
03:48:59,400 --> 03:49:03,800
Workshop, rarely saw friends and
focused so hard that his friends

4280
03:49:03,800 --> 03:49:07,100
and family were worried William 
his son who had grown up 

4281
03:49:07,108 --> 03:49:10,300
watching his father's Obsession 
became his assistant and later 

4282
03:49:10,300 --> 03:49:12,900
his Advocate when he had to deal
with the board of longitude. 

4283
03:49:13,900 --> 03:49:17,500
H3 was smaller than the ones 
that came before it, but it was 

4284
03:49:17,500 --> 03:49:20,800
much more complicated. 
John added new features like a 

4285
03:49:20,800 --> 03:49:24,500
bimetallic strip to adjust for 
temperature and a caged roller 

4286
03:49:24,500 --> 03:49:28,000
bearing mechanism. 
This design was so ahead of its 

4287
03:49:28,000 --> 03:49:30,900
time that it wasn't rediscovered
and widely used until the 

4288
03:49:30,900 --> 03:49:33,600
Industrial Revolution, more than
100 years later. 

4289
03:49:34,500 --> 03:49:37,800
You benefit from something. 
John Harrison came up with while

4290
03:49:37,800 --> 03:49:40,500
trying to solve the longitude 
problem, every time you ride in 

4291
03:49:40,500 --> 03:49:44,300
a car or use a machine with 
roller bearings, but there was a

4292
03:49:44,300 --> 03:49:47,000
problem with H3 that John 
couldn't completely fix. 

4293
03:49:47,000 --> 03:49:50,200
It was more sensitive to the 
ship's movement than his other 

4294
03:49:50,200 --> 03:49:52,900
designs. 
The changes he made in some 

4295
03:49:52,900 --> 03:49:54,700
areas had made other areas 
weaker. 

4296
03:49:54,700 --> 03:49:57,300
It was the kind of trade-off in 
engineering that keeps 

4297
03:49:57,300 --> 03:50:00,600
perfectionist, supper at night, 
and John was definitely a 

4298
03:50:00,600 --> 03:50:03,100
perfectionist. 
John was in his 60s by the 

4299
03:50:03,108 --> 03:50:06,400
middle of the 1750s. 
He had been working on sea 

4300
03:50:06,400 --> 03:50:09,700
clocks for more than 30 years. 
His first try was good enough to

4301
03:50:09,700 --> 03:50:12,500
show that the idea worked but 
not good enough to win the 

4302
03:50:12,500 --> 03:50:15,400
longitude prize, his later 
attempts would have been better 

4303
03:50:15,400 --> 03:50:18,100
in some ways, but he still 
hadn't reached the level of 

4304
03:50:18,108 --> 03:50:20,700
perfection. 
He wanted a lot of people would 

4305
03:50:20,700 --> 03:50:22,400
have given up the right thing to
do. 

4306
03:50:22,400 --> 03:50:24,400
Would have been to admit that he
had made important 

4307
03:50:24,400 --> 03:50:26,500
contributions, take whatever 
money. 

4308
03:50:26,500 --> 03:50:29,000
The board of longitude was 
willing to give him and then 

4309
03:50:29,000 --> 03:50:32,300
retire knowing that he had 
helped people learn more John 

4310
03:50:32,300 --> 03:50:35,100
Harrison was not like most 
people and he was not being 

4311
03:50:35,100 --> 03:50:38,300
reasonable about this problem. 
John made a choice in his 

4312
03:50:38,300 --> 03:50:40,800
Workshop that must have seemed a
little crazy even to him. 

4313
03:50:40,800 --> 03:50:44,700
He would stop working on H3 and 
start over from scratch with a 

4314
03:50:44,700 --> 03:50:47,300
very different method. 
His new clock would be nothing 

4315
03:50:47,300 --> 03:50:49,200
like the big complicated 
machines. 

4316
03:50:49,200 --> 03:50:53,500
He had spent years building, it 
would be small elegant and based

4317
03:50:53,500 --> 03:50:55,800
on ideas, he had learned while 
working on the other ones but 

4318
03:50:55,800 --> 03:50:59,300
had never fully used. 
He would make H4 which would be 

4319
03:50:59,308 --> 03:51:01,500
a watch. 
Think of a pocket watch from the

4320
03:51:01,500 --> 03:51:03,800
1700s. 
Like the kind you might see in a

4321
03:51:03,808 --> 03:51:06,900
period drama as hanging from a 
gold chain on a gentleman's 

4322
03:51:06,900 --> 03:51:09,900
waistcoat. 
Fancy classy and small enough to

4323
03:51:09,908 --> 03:51:13,500
fit in your hand Now picture 
this watch being so accurate and

4324
03:51:13,500 --> 03:51:15,600
well made that it will lose less
than a minute. 

4325
03:51:15,608 --> 03:51:20,300
After months, at Sea, through 
storms and calm, heat and cold. 

4326
03:51:21,900 --> 03:51:25,400
That was H4. 
John Harrison started working on

4327
03:51:25,400 --> 03:51:29,300
H4 in 1755. 
And by 1759, he had made 

4328
03:51:29,300 --> 03:51:32,700
something that looks simple but 
wasn't it was about five inches 

4329
03:51:32,700 --> 03:51:35,300
across, which is big for a 
pocket, watch by today's 

4330
03:51:35,300 --> 03:51:38,000
standards. 
But small compared to H1 H2 or 

4331
03:51:38,000 --> 03:51:40,500
H3, it was only three pounds 
heavy. 

4332
03:51:40,500 --> 03:51:43,800
You could easily hold it in both
hands and admire, its clean 

4333
03:51:43,800 --> 03:51:47,600
white face, elegant Roman 
numerals and the way its hands 

4334
03:51:47,600 --> 03:51:50,800
moves smoothly to Mark seconds 
and minutes with perfect timing.

4335
03:51:51,900 --> 03:51:54,300
But the ease was a trick inside 
H4. 

4336
03:51:54,300 --> 03:51:56,600
Silver case was a world of 
exactness. 

4337
03:51:56,600 --> 03:51:59,400
John had put together everything
he had learned about 

4338
03:51:59,400 --> 03:52:02,700
clock-making over the past 30 
years into a package that could 

4339
03:52:02,700 --> 03:52:06,100
fit in your pocket. 
The balance wheel moved back and

4340
03:52:06,100 --> 03:52:08,300
forth. 
Five times per second, which was

4341
03:52:08,300 --> 03:52:12,200
faster than any other Marine. 
Timekeeper this meant that small

4342
03:52:12,200 --> 03:52:15,000
mistakes in each oscillation 
would average out and getting 

4343
03:52:15,000 --> 03:52:17,200
worse. 
It was the application of 

4344
03:52:17,208 --> 03:52:20,400
statistical smoothing to 
mechanical engineering long 

4345
03:52:20,400 --> 03:52:22,300
before. 
Anyone had put these ideas into 

4346
03:52:22,300 --> 03:52:25,000
writing. 
The escapement mechanism, which 

4347
03:52:25,000 --> 03:52:28,700
turns the Springs energy into 
the regular tiktok motion was a 

4348
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:31,600
work of art in terms of mint, 
choice and accuracy. 

4349
03:52:32,400 --> 03:52:35,300
John had made sure that every 
tooth on every gear fit together

4350
03:52:35,300 --> 03:52:38,700
perfectly, which cut down on 
friction to almost nothing while

4351
03:52:38,700 --> 03:52:40,900
still keeping the right ratios 
for keeping time. 

4352
03:52:42,200 --> 03:52:46,000
The craftsmanship was so good 
that when you look at H4 under a

4353
03:52:46,000 --> 03:52:48,800
magnifying glass, you can see 
details that shouldn't have been

4354
03:52:48,800 --> 03:52:50,600
possible with tools from the 
18th century. 

4355
03:52:50,600 --> 03:52:54,400
The temperature compensation 
system used by metallic balance 

4356
03:52:54,400 --> 03:52:58,100
that grew and shrank in just the
right amounts to keep the watch 

4357
03:52:58,100 --> 03:53:02,400
accurate in both, arctic cold 
and tropical heat, The jeweled 

4358
03:53:02,400 --> 03:53:05,200
bearings which were tiny Ruby 
bearings that John used. 

4359
03:53:05,200 --> 03:53:08,100
It important friction points. 
Kept the machine from wearing 

4360
03:53:08,100 --> 03:53:10,400
down and kept it accurate for a 
long time. 

4361
03:53:10,400 --> 03:53:13,900
Every part of H4 was the most 
advanced thing that could be 

4362
03:53:13,908 --> 03:53:17,500
done with machines. 
At the time H4 was ready for its

4363
03:53:17,500 --> 03:53:22,300
trial in 1761 when John was 68 
years old, The board of 

4364
03:53:22,308 --> 03:53:25,200
longitude sent the watch on a 
trip to Jamaica to test it. 

4365
03:53:25,200 --> 03:53:28,900
The trip would take months and 
put the watch through all kinds 

4366
03:53:28,900 --> 03:53:31,300
of weather and conditions that 
could happen in the Atlantic. 

4367
03:53:32,300 --> 03:53:35,300
William John son offered to go 
with a H4 on the trip. 

4368
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:38,400
This was partly because his 
father was too old for such a 

4369
03:53:38,400 --> 03:53:41,500
long and hard journey and partly
because someone needed to wind 

4370
03:53:41,500 --> 03:53:43,500
the watch every day and keep an 
eye on how it was working. 

4371
03:53:44,300 --> 03:53:47,000
Can you picture how William felt
as HMS Deptford? 

4372
03:53:47,000 --> 03:53:50,200
Got ready to leave, he had his 
father's whole life's work. 

4373
03:53:50,200 --> 03:53:52,900
In a silver case, that was small
enough to fit in his pocket. 

4374
03:53:53,800 --> 03:53:57,000
If H4 didn't work all the work, 
the house and family had done 

4375
03:53:57,000 --> 03:53:58,600
for decades would have been for 
nothing. 

4376
03:53:59,500 --> 03:54:03,100
If they were successful, they 
would gain Fame wealth and the 

4377
03:54:03,100 --> 03:54:05,700
satisfaction of solving. 
One of the biggest scientific 

4378
03:54:05,700 --> 03:54:09,100
problems of the time. 
The trip to Jamaica took 81 

4379
03:54:09,100 --> 03:54:11,100
days. 
And during that time, William 

4380
03:54:11,100 --> 03:54:14,400
wound, H4 every day and kept 
careful records of how it 

4381
03:54:14,400 --> 03:54:16,700
worked. 
The watch kept ticking through 

4382
03:54:16,700 --> 03:54:20,200
the heat of the Caribbean and 
the storms of the Atlantic, as 

4383
03:54:20,200 --> 03:54:23,100
well as the calm times. 
When the ship barely moved, and 

4384
03:54:23,100 --> 03:54:25,600
the gaels when experienced 
Sailors prayed for deliverance. 

4385
03:54:27,100 --> 03:54:30,100
William compared h4s. 
Time to local astronomical 

4386
03:54:30,100 --> 03:54:32,600
observations. 
When the Deptford finally got to

4387
03:54:32,600 --> 03:54:34,700
Jamaica H4, had lost five 
seconds. 

4388
03:54:34,700 --> 03:54:39,700
Five seconds, the watch was off 
by 5 Seconds after 81 days at 

4389
03:54:39,700 --> 03:54:43,000
Sea during which it traveled, 
thousands of miles in all kinds 

4390
03:54:43,000 --> 03:54:45,300
of weather. 
That mistake meant that the 

4391
03:54:45,300 --> 03:54:48,600
longitude calculation was off by
just over one nautical mile, 

4392
03:54:48,600 --> 03:54:50,900
which is a lot better than the 
34 miles. 

4393
03:54:50,900 --> 03:54:54,800
The longitude prize needed, The 
trip back was just as amazing. 

4394
03:54:54,800 --> 03:54:58,900
The Deptford came back to 
England after 161 days at Sea 

4395
03:54:58,900 --> 03:55:01,600
and h4s. 
Total era was one minute and 

4396
03:55:01,600 --> 03:55:05,100
54.5 seconds. 
There should have been no doubt 

4397
03:55:05,100 --> 03:55:08,100
that John Harrison had sold the 
longitude problem because it had

4398
03:55:08,100 --> 03:55:10,200
gone so far beyond what was 
needed to win. 

4399
03:55:10,200 --> 03:55:13,700
The highest level of the 
longitude prize, At this point, 

4400
03:55:13,700 --> 03:55:15,900
you might think that the board 
of longitude would have given 

4401
03:55:15,900 --> 03:55:19,300
John the full 20,000 pounds 
prize, right away, ordered 

4402
03:55:19,300 --> 03:55:22,500
several copies of H4 and 
celebrated British creativity. 

4403
03:55:23,600 --> 03:55:26,100
That is not what happened. 
Not even close. 

4404
03:55:26,100 --> 03:55:29,200
If you've ever had to deal with 
red tape, you know how annoying 

4405
03:55:29,200 --> 03:55:31,900
it is, when rules change, goals,
change and committees, ask for 

4406
03:55:31,900 --> 03:55:33,400
more proof before they make a 
decision. 

4407
03:55:34,200 --> 03:55:37,700
Now, multiply that frustration 
by a few decades and add the 

4408
03:55:37,700 --> 03:55:39,700
bitter disappointment of seeing 
lesser Solutions. 

4409
03:55:39,700 --> 03:55:42,900
Get support, while your own work
is met with endless doubt. 

4410
03:55:44,100 --> 03:55:46,900
John Harrison had that 
experience after H4, successful 

4411
03:55:46,900 --> 03:55:49,100
trial. 
The board of longitude said that

4412
03:55:49,100 --> 03:55:52,600
H4 had done very well. 
But in giving them, the prize 

4413
03:55:52,600 --> 03:55:55,300
they asked for another trial. 
They said that the first trip 

4414
03:55:55,300 --> 03:55:58,400
might have been a fluke. 
We had to test the watch again 

4415
03:55:58,400 --> 03:55:59,700
to make sure it worked the same 
way. 

4416
03:55:59,700 --> 03:56:02,900
Every time. 
John who is now 70 years old had

4417
03:56:02,900 --> 03:56:07,700
to agree. the second trial 
happened in 1764 on a trip to 

4418
03:56:07,700 --> 03:56:10,800
Barbados the board of longitude 
sent Neville masculine this 

4419
03:56:10,800 --> 03:56:14,300
time, he was an astronomer who 
was very interested in the lunar

4420
03:56:14,300 --> 03:56:17,700
distance method of finding 
longitude Masculine was smart 

4421
03:56:17,700 --> 03:56:21,600
and dedicated, but unfortunately
for John, he was completely sure

4422
03:56:21,600 --> 03:56:24,200
that astronomical methods were 
better than mechanical ones. 

4423
03:56:25,600 --> 03:56:28,300
Four worked perfectly during the
trip but masculins report 

4424
03:56:28,300 --> 03:56:31,800
focused on small problems and 
theoretical issues in stead of 

4425
03:56:31,808 --> 03:56:35,400
the watches overall accuracy. 
It was like complaining that the

4426
03:56:35,400 --> 03:56:38,700
cup holder is an inch too small.
When you review a car that gets 

4427
03:56:38,700 --> 03:56:42,700
100 miles per gallon when they 
got back to England, the board 

4428
03:56:42,700 --> 03:56:46,200
decided that even though H4 had 
done a great job, they couldn't 

4429
03:56:46,200 --> 03:56:48,900
give him the full prize until 
John showed everyone, how he 

4430
03:56:48,900 --> 03:56:51,200
built things and let other 
watchmakers copy his work. 

4431
03:56:52,100 --> 03:56:54,000
This request, put John in a bad 
spot. 

4432
03:56:54,000 --> 03:56:57,100
He didn't want to share his 
Secrets because other makers 

4433
03:56:57,100 --> 03:56:59,600
could copy his design and he 
would lose his Edge in the 

4434
03:56:59,608 --> 03:57:02,000
market. 
He would not get the prize, he'd

4435
03:57:02,000 --> 03:57:04,100
worked his whole adult life for 
if he said no. 

4436
03:57:05,300 --> 03:57:08,200
It was a bureaucratic Catch 22, 
that looked like, it was meant 

4437
03:57:08,200 --> 03:57:12,100
to keep him from getting the 
credit he deserved. the board 

4438
03:57:12,100 --> 03:57:15,700
finally gave John half of the 
prize money 10,000 pounds, but 

4439
03:57:15,700 --> 03:57:18,300
only if he explained how he did 
it and made sure that the 

4440
03:57:18,300 --> 03:57:21,800
duplicate watches were built It 
was like winning an Olympic gold

4441
03:57:21,800 --> 03:57:24,100
medal and being told, you could 
only have it if you taught 

4442
03:57:24,100 --> 03:57:25,600
everyone else how to do it 
first. 

4443
03:57:26,400 --> 03:57:28,800
If they were happy with how you 
taught them, you might get the 

4444
03:57:28,800 --> 03:57:30,600
rest of your prize later 
Neville. 

4445
03:57:30,600 --> 03:57:33,500
Masculine had become the 
astronomer Royal and a senior 

4446
03:57:33,500 --> 03:57:34,600
member of the board of 
longitude. 

4447
03:57:34,600 --> 03:57:37,900
By this point, he kept pushing 
for the lunar distance method by

4448
03:57:37,900 --> 03:57:40,500
publishing tables and 
instructions that made 

4449
03:57:40,500 --> 03:57:43,400
navigating the Stars easier, it 
was good work. 

4450
03:57:43,400 --> 03:57:46,000
That helped a lot of sailors, 
but it also meant that the 

4451
03:57:46,000 --> 03:57:49,700
person judging John's mechanical
method had spent years working 

4452
03:57:49,700 --> 03:57:53,900
on a competing solution The 
scientific Community had a 

4453
03:57:53,908 --> 03:57:56,000
strong bias against Mechanical 
Solutions. 

4454
03:57:56,000 --> 03:57:59,100
A lot of astronomers thought 
that navigation was an 

4455
03:57:59,100 --> 03:58:02,100
astronomical problem at its core
and should be solved with 

4456
03:58:02,100 --> 03:58:04,800
astronomical tools. 
They were offended that a 

4457
03:58:04,800 --> 03:58:07,500
Craftsman who was not even a 
real scientist or mathematician 

4458
03:58:07,500 --> 03:58:11,900
could use gears and Springs to 
figure out, longitude, For 

4459
03:58:11,900 --> 03:58:14,200
years, John built duplicate 
watches under the boards 

4460
03:58:14,200 --> 03:58:16,900
watchful eye. 
He showed other watchmakers how 

4461
03:58:16,900 --> 03:58:19,600
to do it and gave them more and 
more detailed explanations of 

4462
03:58:19,600 --> 03:58:22,500
his work. 
William his son, became his 

4463
03:58:22,500 --> 03:58:25,000
lawyer, publicist and moral 
support all at once. 

4464
03:58:25,600 --> 03:58:28,000
He argued John's case. 
Before the board wrote 

4465
03:58:28,000 --> 03:58:29,900
pamphlets. 
Explaining how unfair their 

4466
03:58:29,900 --> 03:58:31,700
treatment was and did all of 
these things? 

4467
03:58:33,400 --> 03:58:37,500
John was in his late 70s by the 
early 1770s and he still hadn't 

4468
03:58:37,500 --> 03:58:39,000
won the full. 
Longitude prize. 

4469
03:58:39,000 --> 03:58:42,700
It had turned into a bit of a 
public Scandal, this man had 

4470
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:45,700
clearly solved the problem that 
Parliament had asked him to, but

4471
03:58:45,700 --> 03:58:47,900
he couldn't get the promised 
reward because of technical 

4472
03:58:47,900 --> 03:58:51,700
issues, bureaucratic delays, and
what seemed to be professional 

4473
03:58:51,700 --> 03:58:56,500
jealousy, from the astronomical 
establishment, In 1772, John was

4474
03:58:56,500 --> 03:58:58,400
desperate. 
Nearly didn't have much time 

4475
03:58:58,400 --> 03:58:59,700
left because he was getting 
older. 

4476
03:58:59,700 --> 03:59:03,100
He did something strange. 
He wrote to King George. 

4477
03:59:03,100 --> 03:59:06,600
The third directly, It was a 
brave move to go straight to the

4478
03:59:06,608 --> 03:59:09,500
Royal Authority and of going 
through the board of longitude. 

4479
03:59:10,600 --> 03:59:13,500
King George, the third like 
science and was specially 

4480
03:59:13,500 --> 03:59:15,700
interested in tools that were 
very accurate. 

4481
03:59:15,700 --> 03:59:18,700
The King was said to be very 
angry when he found out about 

4482
03:59:18,700 --> 03:59:22,000
John's situation. 
A man has spent 50 years working

4483
03:59:22,000 --> 03:59:24,500
on an important problem and 
still hadn't gotten the promised

4484
03:59:24,500 --> 03:59:26,800
reward. 
He had his four brought to his 

4485
03:59:26,800 --> 03:59:30,500
private Observatory or he 
watched it work for weeks. the 

4486
03:59:30,500 --> 03:59:34,000
King was sure that John had been
treated unfairly George the 

4487
03:59:34,000 --> 03:59:35,800
third used his power to make 
Parliament. 

4488
03:59:35,800 --> 03:59:37,700
Give John Harrison the rest of 
the prize money. 

4489
03:59:38,500 --> 03:59:40,900
John finally got the full 20,000
pounds. 

4490
03:59:40,900 --> 03:59:44,200
He had been promised almost 60 
years earlier in 1773 when he 

4491
03:59:44,200 --> 03:59:47,600
was 80 years old, it was a win. 
But it was a sad one. 

4492
03:59:48,400 --> 03:59:50,000
John one. 
Not because the scientific 

4493
03:59:50,000 --> 03:59:53,600
Community recognized his work, 
but because the royal family had

4494
03:59:53,600 --> 03:59:55,700
stepped in and stopped them from
objecting any longer. 

4495
03:59:56,600 --> 03:59:59,100
The board of longitude never 
officially said that John had 

4496
03:59:59,100 --> 04:00:01,200
won. 
The longitude prize instead. 

4497
04:00:01,200 --> 04:00:03,700
They made the payment as a 
special Grant from Parliament, 

4498
04:00:03,700 --> 04:00:07,000
which was worded in such a way, 
as to avoid suggesting that the 

4499
04:00:07,000 --> 04:00:11,800
board had made a mistake. 
Three years later in 1776, John 

4500
04:00:11,800 --> 04:00:15,500
Harrison died at the age of 83, 
he had lived long enough to see 

4501
04:00:15,500 --> 04:00:18,800
his work, get praised to know 
that his sea clocks worked and 

4502
04:00:18,808 --> 04:00:21,400
could save lives. 
And to see the start of a 

4503
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:23,700
revolution in how ship's 
navigated that would last for 

4504
04:00:23,700 --> 04:00:27,400
the next 200 years. 
But he died without ever getting

4505
04:00:27,400 --> 04:00:30,300
a formal letter from the board 
of longitude saying that he had 

4506
04:00:30,300 --> 04:00:31,000
solved. 
The problem. 

4507
04:00:31,000 --> 04:00:34,500
They had asked him to solve, you
might not feel like you've won 

4508
04:00:34,500 --> 04:00:37,500
even when you do win, as you get
more comfortable in your 

4509
04:00:37,500 --> 04:00:40,300
blankets and the stress of the 
day starts to fade. 

4510
04:00:40,300 --> 04:00:43,400
Let's talk about what happened 
after John Harrison died. 

4511
04:00:43,400 --> 04:00:47,000
This is when his story goes from
being about a personal Victory 

4512
04:00:47,000 --> 04:00:51,100
to a global change. 
By the 1780s, other watchmakers 

4513
04:00:51,100 --> 04:00:54,700
were making Marine chronometers,
based on John's ideas, these 

4514
04:00:54,700 --> 04:00:58,100
watches were very expensive. 
A good Marine chronometer could 

4515
04:00:58,100 --> 04:01:00,700
cost more than the captain of 
the ship made in a year. 

4516
04:01:00,708 --> 04:01:05,300
But for long trips, they quickly
became very useful, ship owners 

4517
04:01:05,300 --> 04:01:08,500
learned that the price of a 
chronometer was nothing compared

4518
04:01:08,500 --> 04:01:11,100
to the value of the cargo they 
could lose if they got lost. 

4519
04:01:12,100 --> 04:01:14,700
A standard equipment, the 
British Navy started giving 

4520
04:01:14,700 --> 04:01:17,700
ship's Marine. 
Chronometers Captain James Cook 

4521
04:01:17,700 --> 04:01:19,300
took a chronometer made by 
Larkin. 

4522
04:01:19,300 --> 04:01:23,700
Kendall on his famous Pacific 
voyages in the 1770s, it was 

4523
04:01:23,700 --> 04:01:28,200
basically a copy of H4 cooked 
with great enthusiasm about how 

4524
04:01:28,200 --> 04:01:31,300
accurate and dependable the 
chronometer was calling it. 

4525
04:01:31,300 --> 04:01:34,100
His trusty friend and never 
failing guide. 

4526
04:01:35,000 --> 04:01:37,300
People pay attention when the 
man who mapped more of the 

4527
04:01:37,300 --> 04:01:39,300
Pacific Ocean than anyone else 
before him. 

4528
04:01:39,300 --> 04:01:43,700
Praises your navigation tool. 
By the beginning of the 1800s 

4529
04:01:43,700 --> 04:01:45,900
Marine, chronometers were the 
most common way to find 

4530
04:01:45,900 --> 04:01:49,000
longitude at sea. 
The board of longitudes. 

4531
04:01:49,000 --> 04:01:51,200
Preferred astronomical. 
Methods were still used as a 

4532
04:01:51,200 --> 04:01:52,700
backup. 
Good Navigators. 

4533
04:01:52,700 --> 04:01:56,200
Used every tool they could find.
But John Harrison's mechanical 

4534
04:01:56,200 --> 04:02:00,300
solution became the main way to 
navigate for the next 150 years.

4535
04:02:01,100 --> 04:02:03,300
The effect on trade by sea was 
huge. 

4536
04:02:03,300 --> 04:02:06,400
Now, ships could plan their 
routes with confidence knowing 

4537
04:02:06,400 --> 04:02:08,800
that they could always find out 
where they were on the trip. 

4538
04:02:09,600 --> 04:02:12,000
Marine chronometers, that came 
from John Harrison's. 

4539
04:02:12,000 --> 04:02:15,200
Designs were used by clipper 
ships that raced tea from China 

4540
04:02:15,200 --> 04:02:18,500
to England, Merchant ships, that
connected Europe with the 

4541
04:02:18,500 --> 04:02:20,900
Americas. 
And Naval Expeditions that 

4542
04:02:20,900 --> 04:02:22,700
mapped the world's remaining 
coastlines. 

4543
04:02:23,500 --> 04:02:25,300
The changes to safety were just 
as big. 

4544
04:02:25,300 --> 04:02:28,100
There were a lot fewer 
shipwrecks caused by navigation,

4545
04:02:28,100 --> 04:02:31,900
mistakes. now captains could 
safely get close to dangerous 

4546
04:02:31,900 --> 04:02:35,800
coastlines at night or in fog 
knowing where they were The 

4547
04:02:35,800 --> 04:02:38,800
ocean was still dangerous 
because storms icebergs, broken 

4548
04:02:38,800 --> 04:02:41,200
equipment, and human mistakes 
still sank ships. 

4549
04:02:42,200 --> 04:02:45,400
However, one major cause of 
Maritime disaster, had mostly 

4550
04:02:45,400 --> 04:02:48,200
been removed. 
More subtly being able to keep 

4551
04:02:48,200 --> 04:02:51,200
track of time accurately at Sea 
led to the creation of accurate 

4552
04:02:51,200 --> 04:02:55,400
charts and maps. 
Now every Harbor entrance, every

4553
04:02:55,400 --> 04:02:58,500
dangerous show, and every 
Coastline could be found with 

4554
04:02:58,500 --> 04:03:00,500
precision and saved for Future 
Sailors. 

4555
04:03:00,500 --> 04:03:03,800
The oceans of the world were 
slowly, but surely changing from

4556
04:03:03,800 --> 04:03:07,400
vast unknown areas where 
positions were unclear to map 

4557
04:03:07,400 --> 04:03:09,100
areas where locations were 
known. 

4558
04:03:10,200 --> 04:03:13,100
The ideas about technology that 
John came up with had an effect 

4559
04:03:13,100 --> 04:03:16,300
on clock-making. 
Well, into the 20th century, his

4560
04:03:16,300 --> 04:03:19,000
new ideas for temperature, 
compensation, friction 

4561
04:03:19,000 --> 04:03:21,900
reduction, and precision, 
balance mechanisms became 

4562
04:03:21,900 --> 04:03:23,700
standard parts of high-quality 
watches. 

4563
04:03:24,800 --> 04:03:28,100
Watchmakers studied his designs 
the same way musicians study 

4564
04:03:28,100 --> 04:03:32,000
back or Architects. 
Study old temples as examples of

4565
04:03:32,000 --> 04:03:34,600
how to use basic ideas with 
genius level skill. 

4566
04:03:35,600 --> 04:03:38,100
Left tenant Commander Rupert. 
Goold said that restoring, the 

4567
04:03:38,100 --> 04:03:41,300
original Harrison sea clocks, 
which had fallen into disrepair 

4568
04:03:41,300 --> 04:03:43,700
was one of the best things that 
ever happened to him. 

4569
04:03:44,600 --> 04:03:48,000
When I opened H1 and saw John's,
wooden gears and carefully 

4570
04:03:48,000 --> 04:03:50,800
planned mechanisms. 
It was like talking to a Master 

4571
04:03:50,800 --> 04:03:52,700
Craftsman from hundreds of years
ago. 

4572
04:03:52,700 --> 04:03:55,300
The clocks were more than just 
old things. 

4573
04:03:55,300 --> 04:03:58,600
They were also working examples 
of ideas that were still useful.

4574
04:03:58,600 --> 04:04:02,100
The Harrison sea clocks made it 
through World War Two in London.

4575
04:04:02,100 --> 04:04:05,600
They were kept safe in a volt 
during the blitz, when German 

4576
04:04:05,600 --> 04:04:08,400
bombs fell on the city every 
night, they were cleaned 

4577
04:04:08,400 --> 04:04:11,300
restored and then put on display
at the Royal Observatory. 

4578
04:04:11,300 --> 04:04:14,700
In Greenwich where they still 
are today, you can see them 

4579
04:04:14,700 --> 04:04:17,100
ticking away, just like they did
hundreds of years ago. 

4580
04:04:17,100 --> 04:04:21,200
If you ever go to London H1 
through H5, and a few of John's,

4581
04:04:21,200 --> 04:04:24,100
other clocks are there, but the 
Marine chronometer was not the 

4582
04:04:24,100 --> 04:04:25,700
best navigation tool for all 
time. 

4583
04:04:26,500 --> 04:04:30,100
By the end of the 20th century 
GPS systems that use satellite 

4584
04:04:30,100 --> 04:04:31,900
started. 
Take the place of mechanical 

4585
04:04:31,900 --> 04:04:34,600
navigation tools. 
Ships could now tell where they 

4586
04:04:34,600 --> 04:04:37,600
were within feet instead of 
miles and they could do it all 

4587
04:04:37,600 --> 04:04:39,600
the time instead of having to do
it once a day. 

4588
04:04:40,800 --> 04:04:44,400
The change happened slowly, but 
by the early 2000s Marine 

4589
04:04:44,400 --> 04:04:47,400
chronometers were no longer the 
main tools for navigation, they 

4590
04:04:47,400 --> 04:04:49,400
were used as backups and safety 
devices. 

4591
04:04:50,400 --> 04:04:52,700
But even this technological 
advancement doesn't take away 

4592
04:04:52,700 --> 04:04:56,300
from what Harrison did GPS 
satellites need very accurate 

4593
04:04:56,300 --> 04:04:58,400
clocks. 
Like atomic clocks that make 

4594
04:04:58,400 --> 04:05:00,400
John's chronometers look rough 
by comparison. 

4595
04:05:01,900 --> 04:05:05,700
But the basic idea is still the 
same to navigate correctly, you 

4596
04:05:05,700 --> 04:05:07,400
need to keep track of time 
correctly. 

4597
04:05:08,300 --> 04:05:11,300
John Harrison knew this truth so
well that he spent his whole 

4598
04:05:11,300 --> 04:05:14,100
life trying to make it better. 
And every navigation system, 

4599
04:05:14,100 --> 04:05:17,700
since then has been built on 
that, the story of Harrison also

4600
04:05:17,700 --> 04:05:20,800
changed, how we think about 
scientific recognition and the 

4601
04:05:20,800 --> 04:05:23,700
link between practical skills 
and theoretical science. 

4602
04:05:24,700 --> 04:05:27,900
John was not a mathematician 
with a degree from a university 

4603
04:05:27,900 --> 04:05:30,600
or a natural philosopher from 
the upper class. 

4604
04:05:30,600 --> 04:05:34,100
He was a working-class craftsmen
who sold a problem by trying 

4605
04:05:34,100 --> 04:05:38,000
different things over and over 
using his mechanical intuition 

4606
04:05:38,000 --> 04:05:41,700
and being very stubborn. 
His success called into 

4607
04:05:41,700 --> 04:05:43,600
question. 
The idea that only traditional 

4608
04:05:43,600 --> 04:05:46,000
academic sources can lead to 
important scientific 

4609
04:05:46,000 --> 04:05:49,100
breakthroughs, Historians have 
been both embarrassed and 

4610
04:05:49,108 --> 04:05:50,800
fascinated. 
By the way, the board of 

4611
04:05:50,800 --> 04:05:53,700
longitude treated Harrison in 
the last few decades. 

4612
04:05:54,600 --> 04:05:57,600
How could smart well-meaning? 
People not see that the answer 

4613
04:05:57,600 --> 04:05:59,900
to the problem. 
They had defined was so clear. 

4614
04:06:00,700 --> 04:06:04,000
The answer has to do with class 
bias jealousy among 

4615
04:06:04,000 --> 04:06:06,400
professionals institutional, 
inertia. 

4616
04:06:06,400 --> 04:06:09,800
And the fact that people tend to
prefer solutions that come from 

4617
04:06:09,800 --> 04:06:12,400
people who are like them, 
instead of people who are not. 

4618
04:06:13,100 --> 04:06:16,600
Today several museums have 
working copies of Harrisons 

4619
04:06:16,600 --> 04:06:19,500
chronometers that were made by 
skilled craftsmen, who followed 

4620
04:06:19,500 --> 04:06:23,000
his original plans, these 
replicas still work as well as 

4621
04:06:23,000 --> 04:06:26,000
they did, in the 1700s losing 
only a few seconds. 

4622
04:06:26,000 --> 04:06:28,400
A month, even though they were 
made with tools and methods from

4623
04:06:28,400 --> 04:06:32,100
that time, it shows how well 
John's designs worked, and how 

4624
04:06:32,100 --> 04:06:33,900
well he understood the 
underlying ideas. 

4625
04:06:34,700 --> 04:06:38,400
The story of Harrison has 
inspired books movies and even a

4626
04:06:38,400 --> 04:06:41,700
best-selling novel by David, 
Sobel called longitude, which 

4627
04:06:41,700 --> 04:06:44,300
told millions of people about 
John's fight and victory 

4628
04:06:44,300 --> 04:06:46,800
students. 
Learn about him as a role model 

4629
04:06:46,800 --> 04:06:49,500
for hard work and new ideas 
Engineers. 

4630
04:06:49,500 --> 04:06:52,000
Look at his mechanisms as 
examples of how to solve 

4631
04:06:52,000 --> 04:06:55,400
problems in a smart way. 
And anyone who has ever felt 

4632
04:06:55,400 --> 04:06:57,900
like an expert didn't believe in
them confined, something 

4633
04:06:57,900 --> 04:07:00,000
inspiring in his refusal to give
up. 

4634
04:07:00,700 --> 04:07:03,800
As you start to feel sleepy, 
let's take a step back and think

4635
04:07:03,800 --> 04:07:06,700
about what John Harris, work 
really means in the grand scheme

4636
04:07:06,700 --> 04:07:09,100
of things. 
It's not just about one man, 

4637
04:07:09,100 --> 04:07:11,900
making fancy clocks. 
It's also about how we, as 

4638
04:07:11,900 --> 04:07:14,900
people relate to time space and 
our place in the universe. 

4639
04:07:15,600 --> 04:07:18,300
Time was mostly a local thing 
for most of human history. 

4640
04:07:18,300 --> 04:07:21,600
Noon was when the sun was at its
highest point where you were 

4641
04:07:21,600 --> 04:07:25,700
standing the sun's path across 
each Village City and Valley Sky

4642
04:07:25,700 --> 04:07:29,700
set the time for each place. 
This worked well when most 

4643
04:07:29,700 --> 04:07:32,300
people didn't go more than a few
miles from where they were born.

4644
04:07:33,100 --> 04:07:36,100
But a societies grew and 
communication got better this 

4645
04:07:36,100 --> 04:07:38,000
way of keeping time caused 
problems. 

4646
04:07:38,000 --> 04:07:40,300
What time does the morning coach
leave. 

4647
04:07:40,300 --> 04:07:43,700
When should we get together? 
The absence of a standardized 

4648
04:07:43,700 --> 04:07:46,400
time became progressively, 
problematic, when organizing 

4649
04:07:46,400 --> 04:07:48,900
activities, requiring 
coordination across distant 

4650
04:07:48,900 --> 04:07:52,400
locations, the longitude problem
made people rethink how they 

4651
04:07:52,400 --> 04:07:55,700
thought about time to use 
Harrison's, chronometers to find

4652
04:07:55,700 --> 04:07:59,500
your way, you needed to know the
time in both your area and at a 

4653
04:07:59,500 --> 04:08:03,000
reference point, Greenwich 
England became that reference 

4654
04:08:03,000 --> 04:08:05,400
point and this is how we got 
Greenwich Mean Time. 

4655
04:08:05,400 --> 04:08:08,700
All of a sudden time wasn't just
something that people in one 

4656
04:08:08,700 --> 04:08:11,400
place, could see. 
It was a global standard that 

4657
04:08:11,400 --> 04:08:15,000
linked far away places on Earth.
This change in how people 

4658
04:08:15,000 --> 04:08:18,500
thought about time eventually 
led to the time Zone's were used

4659
04:08:18,500 --> 04:08:20,600
now. 
In the 19th century. 

4660
04:08:20,600 --> 04:08:24,200
When railroad started linking 
far off cities, it became 

4661
04:08:24,200 --> 04:08:26,200
impossible to keep track of 
local times. 

4662
04:08:26,200 --> 04:08:28,800
It was a nightmare to 
coordinated train schedule. 

4663
04:08:28,800 --> 04:08:30,900
That used doesn't have different
local times. 

4664
04:08:30,900 --> 04:08:34,700
The answer was to break the 
world up into time zones, Each 

4665
04:08:34,700 --> 04:08:36,400
of which was set to a standard 
time. 

4666
04:08:36,400 --> 04:08:39,600
Greenwich was the main Meridian,
which is the point from which 

4667
04:08:39,600 --> 04:08:41,100
all other longitudes are 
measured. 

4668
04:08:41,100 --> 04:08:44,100
When you look at your watch to 
see if your late for a meeting 

4669
04:08:44,100 --> 04:08:47,000
or to help a friend on the other
side of the world, figure out 

4670
04:08:47,000 --> 04:08:49,700
what time it is. 
You're using a way of thinking 

4671
04:08:49,700 --> 04:08:52,700
that came from John Harrison's 
work on the longitude problem. 

4672
04:08:53,600 --> 04:08:57,000
Standardization of time was 
necessary for navigation, which 

4673
04:08:57,000 --> 04:08:58,800
is why it became the same all 
over the world. 

4674
04:08:59,800 --> 04:09:01,600
Harrison's. 
Chronometers were also an 

4675
04:09:01,600 --> 04:09:03,600
important step in the history of
human precision. 

4676
04:09:04,400 --> 04:09:07,100
Before the Industrial 
Revolution, most things were 

4677
04:09:07,100 --> 04:09:09,800
made by hand. 
It fit the frame of the door. 

4678
04:09:09,800 --> 04:09:13,000
The wheel was round enough 
people used their eyes and 

4679
04:09:13,000 --> 04:09:16,800
experience to make measurements 
instead of exact tools, the work

4680
04:09:16,800 --> 04:09:20,200
of John Harrison required and 
showed a level of accuracy that 

4681
04:09:20,200 --> 04:09:22,800
was not needed before. 
And was almost impossible to 

4682
04:09:22,800 --> 04:09:26,900
imagine, it was necessary to 
shape each gear tooth in H4 to 

4683
04:09:26,900 --> 04:09:29,700
within a few millimeters. 
Every Spring had to have the 

4684
04:09:29,700 --> 04:09:32,600
right amount of tension. 
Each bearing needed to be the 

4685
04:09:32,600 --> 04:09:35,300
right size. 
This wasn't rough craftsmanship.

4686
04:09:35,300 --> 04:09:37,100
It was Precision Engineering 
before. 

4687
04:09:37,100 --> 04:09:40,300
That word, even existed. 
John had to come up with new 

4688
04:09:40,300 --> 04:09:43,200
ways and tools to get the 
accuracy his designs needed. 

4689
04:09:44,000 --> 04:09:47,900
This focus on accuracy bred from
clock-making to other areas, the

4690
04:09:47,900 --> 04:09:50,700
Industrial Revolution was based 
on machines that got better and 

4691
04:09:50,700 --> 04:09:53,300
better at making parts that fit 
together better and better. 

4692
04:09:54,200 --> 04:09:57,000
Tolerance, standards that modern
manufacturing takes for granted 

4693
04:09:57,000 --> 04:10:01,400
Parts machined, a thousandth of 
an inch components designed to 

4694
04:10:01,408 --> 04:10:05,300
fit together with minimal gaps. 
These ideas came about in part 

4695
04:10:05,300 --> 04:10:08,100
because of the Precision culture
that clockmakers like Harrison 

4696
04:10:08,100 --> 04:10:12,100
started, Harrison's life also 
shows how strong people can be, 

4697
04:10:12,100 --> 04:10:15,900
which is very moving. 
He started making sea clocks 

4698
04:10:15,900 --> 04:10:19,400
when he was in his 30s, but it 
wasn't until he was 80 that he 

4699
04:10:19,400 --> 04:10:23,400
got full credit for them. 
That's a lot of work on one 

4700
04:10:23,400 --> 04:10:27,800
problem over 50 years 50 years 
of math changes let downs and 

4701
04:10:27,808 --> 04:10:31,400
little wins believing that what 
he was doing mattered for 50 

4702
04:10:31,400 --> 04:10:33,600
years even when powerful people 
told him. 

4703
04:10:33,600 --> 04:10:36,000
It didn't. 
Think about how much you want to

4704
04:10:36,000 --> 04:10:39,400
achieve that goal, most of us 
have trouble staying focused on 

4705
04:10:39,400 --> 04:10:42,500
a project for a few months when 
results don't come quickly. 

4706
04:10:42,500 --> 04:10:45,800
When others don't immediately, 
notice our hard work, or when 

4707
04:10:45,800 --> 04:10:48,100
the way forward seems unclear, 
we get discouraged. 

4708
04:10:48,100 --> 04:10:51,100
John Harrison had to deal with 
all of these problems for 

4709
04:10:51,100 --> 04:10:54,700
decades, but he never gave up. 
There were a lot of things that 

4710
04:10:54,700 --> 04:10:58,000
made him keep going. 
There was Pride for sure the 

4711
04:10:58,000 --> 04:11:00,900
pride of the Craftsmen in making
something that works perfectly. 

4712
04:11:00,900 --> 04:11:04,500
There was ambition. 
The chance to win the longitude 

4713
04:11:04,500 --> 04:11:06,200
prize and get recognition for 
it. 

4714
04:11:06,900 --> 04:11:09,400
But there was all. 
So something deeper a belief 

4715
04:11:09,400 --> 04:11:12,700
that the problem could be fixed,
that it was possible to keep 

4716
04:11:12,700 --> 04:11:16,100
time accurately at Sea and that 
he was the one who could do it. 

4717
04:11:16,900 --> 04:11:19,600
It's not common to find someone 
who has this mix of technical 

4718
04:11:19,600 --> 04:11:22,900
skill stubbornness and 
unshakable self-confidence. 

4719
04:11:22,900 --> 04:11:26,500
A lot of people have one or two 
of these traits, but having all 

4720
04:11:26,500 --> 04:11:29,300
three for a long time, creates 
the kind of focused intensity 

4721
04:11:29,300 --> 04:11:32,400
that can solve problems, that 
others think are impossible as 

4722
04:11:32,400 --> 04:11:35,200
you're breathing, slows and your
mind starts to Drift Off to 

4723
04:11:35,200 --> 04:11:37,300
Sleep. 
Let's think about what we can 

4724
04:11:37,300 --> 04:11:41,100
learn from John Harrison's story
today in a world that seems very

4725
04:11:41,100 --> 04:11:44,300
different from 18th century 
England, but still has many of 

4726
04:11:44,300 --> 04:11:47,500
the same basic problems. 
The first lesson is about being 

4727
04:11:47,500 --> 04:11:49,000
an expert and having 
credibility. 

4728
04:11:49,000 --> 04:11:52,300
There were a lot of smart people
on the board of longitude like 

4729
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:55,300
Royal astronomers mathematicians
and naval officers. 

4730
04:11:55,300 --> 04:11:58,100
They really thought they knew 
the best way to solve the 

4731
04:11:58,100 --> 04:12:00,800
longitude problem, they were not
mean or dumb. 

4732
04:12:01,800 --> 04:12:04,400
But they were so sure that 
astronomy had to be the answer 

4733
04:12:04,400 --> 04:12:08,000
that they couldn't fully see the
value of mechanical answer. 

4734
04:12:08,900 --> 04:12:11,200
Specially one suggested by 
someone who wasn't in their 

4735
04:12:11,200 --> 04:12:13,200
field. 
We see this happen. 

4736
04:12:13,200 --> 04:12:16,900
A lot in history, experts in a 
field become so attached to 

4737
04:12:16,900 --> 04:12:19,600
certain methods that they 
refused to consider other 

4738
04:12:19,600 --> 04:12:23,200
options, especially those 
suggested by people who aren't 

4739
04:12:23,200 --> 04:12:25,900
experts. 
This is a reminder that having 

4740
04:12:25,900 --> 04:12:28,800
credentials and an education 
doesn't mean you're open to new 

4741
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:31,200
ideas. 
Sometimes the person who makes 

4742
04:12:31,208 --> 04:12:33,500
the Breakthrough, doesn't know 
that what they're trying to do 

4743
04:12:33,500 --> 04:12:36,300
is impossible. 
Second, there's the lesson about

4744
04:12:36,308 --> 04:12:37,700
how to be perfect and keep 
going. 

4745
04:12:38,500 --> 04:12:41,700
John Harrison could have stopped
after H1 show, that the basic 

4746
04:12:41,700 --> 04:12:44,200
idea worked. 
He could have taken his partial 

4747
04:12:44,200 --> 04:12:47,400
payment and fame and lived 
comfortably in his later years. 

4748
04:12:47,400 --> 04:12:51,300
Instead, he kept asking for 
better more polished and more 

4749
04:12:51,300 --> 04:12:55,500
perfect answers. 
H4 was his fifth, major Triad 

4750
04:12:55,500 --> 04:12:57,800
fixing a problem, that his first
try had mostly fixed. 

4751
04:12:58,700 --> 04:13:01,600
It's good that you're trying to 
be perfect, but it's also a 

4752
04:13:01,600 --> 04:13:03,700
little worrying. 
When does the search for 

4753
04:13:03,700 --> 04:13:05,300
improvement? 
Make it hard to put a good 

4754
04:13:05,300 --> 04:13:08,600
enough solution into action, 
Harrison worked on his designs 

4755
04:13:08,600 --> 04:13:11,500
for decades, but Sailors, kept 
dying because of navigation, 

4756
04:13:11,500 --> 04:13:13,300
mistakes that H1 could have 
fixed. 

4757
04:13:14,200 --> 04:13:16,500
People who work on hard 
problems, have to deal with the 

4758
04:13:16,500 --> 04:13:19,800
tension between wanting 
everything to be perfect and 

4759
04:13:19,800 --> 04:13:21,700
being practical. 
Third. 

4760
04:13:21,700 --> 04:13:25,500
There's the lesson about getting
credit and being recognized John

4761
04:13:25,500 --> 04:13:28,600
Harrison needed outside proof 
that he had sold the problem. 

4762
04:13:28,600 --> 04:13:31,600
Like the longitude Prize or 
official recognition from the 

4763
04:13:31,600 --> 04:13:33,900
board. 
He got most of what he wanted 

4764
04:13:33,900 --> 04:13:36,500
but not always in the way he 
wanted the board. 

4765
04:13:36,500 --> 04:13:39,600
Never said, he was the winner, 
in an official way instead of 

4766
04:13:39,600 --> 04:13:41,300
being recognized by the 
institution. 

4767
04:13:41,300 --> 04:13:43,500
The prize money came from the 
Royal Family. 

4768
04:13:44,400 --> 04:13:46,800
His Vindication was both 
complete and incomplete. 

4769
04:13:46,800 --> 04:13:50,200
Many of us spend our lives 
looking for recognition for our 

4770
04:13:50,200 --> 04:13:53,600
work, whether it's getting a 
promotion getting good reviews, 

4771
04:13:53,600 --> 04:13:56,400
making a lot of money or just 
getting praise from people. 

4772
04:13:56,400 --> 04:14:00,400
We look up to Harrison's Story 
shows that validation can come 

4773
04:14:00,400 --> 04:14:03,700
in surprising ways, and may not 
be as satisfying as we thought 

4774
04:14:03,700 --> 04:14:07,800
it would be the work itself, the
joy of solving the problem and 

4775
04:14:07,800 --> 04:14:11,000
making something that works. 
Well might have to be the reward

4776
04:14:11,000 --> 04:14:13,700
forth. 
There's the lesson about how 

4777
04:14:13,700 --> 04:14:16,700
things get better. 
There wasn't one brilliant idea 

4778
04:14:16,700 --> 04:14:20,000
or lucky find that solved the 
longitude problem it was fixed 

4779
04:14:20,000 --> 04:14:22,100
over the course of Decades of 
small changes. 

4780
04:14:22,100 --> 04:14:25,900
Each one building on the last 
Harrison's first clock, taught 

4781
04:14:25,900 --> 04:14:28,800
him things that he used to make 
his second clock, which taught 

4782
04:14:28,800 --> 04:14:30,800
him things that he used to make 
his third clock. 

4783
04:14:31,800 --> 04:14:34,200
Progress was made up of a lot of
small steps forward. 

4784
04:14:34,200 --> 04:14:38,100
Not one big jump, this pattern 
holds true for most major 

4785
04:14:38,100 --> 04:14:40,200
accomplishments. 
We like to think that 

4786
04:14:40,200 --> 04:14:43,400
breakthroughs happen in dramatic
Eureka moments but real 

4787
04:14:43,400 --> 04:14:45,200
progress. 
Usually looks more like John 

4788
04:14:45,200 --> 04:14:47,400
Harrison's. 
Workshop years of careful 

4789
04:14:47,400 --> 04:14:50,600
testing countless small changes 
and slowly building up knowledge

4790
04:14:50,600 --> 04:14:52,200
and skill. 
Fifth. 

4791
04:14:52,800 --> 04:14:54,800
There's the lesson about picking
your problems. 

4792
04:14:54,800 --> 04:14:58,000
John Harrison could have made a 
good living as a clockmaker by 

4793
04:14:58,000 --> 04:15:00,000
making regular clocks, for 
regular people. 

4794
04:15:00,000 --> 04:15:04,000
In Stead, he decided to take on 
one of the hardest, technical 

4795
04:15:04,000 --> 04:15:07,600
problems of his time. this 
decision shaped his whole life, 

4796
04:15:07,600 --> 04:15:10,600
leading him to Victory but also 
to years of anger and 

4797
04:15:10,600 --> 04:15:15,100
disappointment We all pick 
problems to work on even if we 

4798
04:15:15,100 --> 04:15:18,700
don't mean to some people, pick 
problems that are both solvable 

4799
04:15:18,700 --> 04:15:21,500
and rewarding. 
Some people choose problems that

4800
04:15:21,500 --> 04:15:25,600
are hard but important Some 
people like Harrison pick 

4801
04:15:25,600 --> 04:15:28,300
problems that seem almost 
impossible but a very important.

4802
04:15:29,300 --> 04:15:31,400
There isn't one right? 
Answer for what kind of problem 

4803
04:15:31,400 --> 04:15:34,300
to solve, but the choice, you 
make will affect the way you 

4804
04:15:34,300 --> 04:15:37,000
live. 
Last but not least, there's the 

4805
04:15:37,000 --> 04:15:40,900
lesson about time, John Harrison
devoted his life to accurately 

4806
04:15:40,900 --> 04:15:44,000
measuring time recording, its 
Passage through Springs, and 

4807
04:15:44,000 --> 04:15:46,600
gears and making its flow 
visible and measurable. 

4808
04:15:46,600 --> 04:15:50,200
But his own sense of time was 
shaped by Decades of hard work, 

4809
04:15:50,200 --> 04:15:53,800
the slow accumulation of skill 
and knowledge, and a level of 

4810
04:15:53,800 --> 04:15:55,900
patience that most of us can't 
even begin to. 

4811
04:15:55,900 --> 04:15:59,600
Imagine in this age of instant 
communication and quick change, 

4812
04:15:59,600 --> 04:16:02,600
it's hard to believe that 
Harrison would spend 50 years. 

4813
04:16:02,600 --> 04:16:06,600
On one problem, we used to get 
in quick results, quick feedback

4814
04:16:06,600 --> 04:16:10,800
and instant satisfaction. 
Harrison story reminds us that 

4815
04:16:10,800 --> 04:16:14,500
some goals, take a different 
kind of time instead of days or 

4816
04:16:14,500 --> 04:16:16,700
months. 
They take decades and progresses

4817
04:16:16,700 --> 04:16:19,200
slow. 
Recognition may not come until 

4818
04:16:19,200 --> 04:16:22,600
the end if at all. 
As you start to fall asleep, 

4819
04:16:22,600 --> 04:16:25,100
picture yourself visiting John 
Harrison's Workshop in the 

4820
04:16:25,100 --> 04:16:28,100
1750s. 
The room would smell like metal 

4821
04:16:28,100 --> 04:16:32,000
filings and oil wood shavings. 
And the smell of a place where 

4822
04:16:32,000 --> 04:16:35,300
people work hard candles. 
And the little bit of sunlight 

4823
04:16:35,300 --> 04:16:37,500
that came through the small 
Windows would give off light. 

4824
04:16:37,500 --> 04:16:41,000
It was so dim that it barely lit
up the incredibly fine work. 

4825
04:16:41,000 --> 04:16:43,500
John did. 
Squinting at tiny gears and 

4826
04:16:43,500 --> 04:16:46,200
Springs. 
You would hear the ticking of 

4827
04:16:46,200 --> 04:16:49,800
many clocks, not just one each 
clock marked time in a slightly 

4828
04:16:49,800 --> 04:16:52,900
different way, as John tested 
changed and improved his 

4829
04:16:52,900 --> 04:16:56,600
designs, The Sounds would mix 
and get in each other's way, 

4830
04:16:56,600 --> 04:17:00,600
making complicated rhythms, that
never quite fit together, tick, 

4831
04:17:00,600 --> 04:17:03,200
tock, tick tock a dozen 
different voices are measuring 

4832
04:17:03,200 --> 04:17:05,600
the same invisible river that 
flows by all the time. 

4833
04:17:05,600 --> 04:17:09,200
And there would be John himself,
probably in his 60s or 70s. 

4834
04:17:09,200 --> 04:17:12,600
By the time before was being 
built his eyesight, wasn't what 

4835
04:17:12,600 --> 04:17:15,000
it used to be but his hands were
still steady. 

4836
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:18,200
His mind was still sharp and his
determination was still strong. 

4837
04:17:18,200 --> 04:17:21,000
He would have tools, he made 
himself for jobs, that no one 

4838
04:17:21,000 --> 04:17:24,600
else had ever done before. 
Like specialized files custom 

4839
04:17:24,600 --> 04:17:27,700
made measuring tools Jigs, and 
fixtures to hold small parts 

4840
04:17:27,700 --> 04:17:30,600
while he worked on the if you 
asked him, why he kept going 

4841
04:17:30,600 --> 04:17:33,100
after 30 or 40 years without 
full recognition. 

4842
04:17:33,100 --> 04:17:35,600
He probably wouldn't have a 
dramatic answer. 

4843
04:17:35,600 --> 04:17:39,100
He might just say that. 
The problem could be fixed that 

4844
04:17:39,100 --> 04:17:42,900
he knew how to fix it and that 
the world needed The Fixx, it 

4845
04:17:42,900 --> 04:17:44,400
might have been that easy for 
John Harrison. 

4846
04:17:45,100 --> 04:17:48,300
Story is ultimately about what 
people can do, what can happen 

4847
04:17:48,300 --> 04:17:51,600
when intelligence skill and 
determination come together and 

4848
04:17:51,600 --> 04:17:54,600
stay together for a lifetime. 
It's about believing in your own

4849
04:17:54,600 --> 04:18:01,300
work. 
Your eyes open slowly. 

4850
04:18:01,300 --> 04:18:04,600
And the first thing you notice 
that is wrong, is the light. 

4851
04:18:05,500 --> 04:18:07,300
It's not the clean bright 
morning. 

4852
04:18:07,300 --> 04:18:11,800
You're used to instead a murky 
yellowish glow, filters through 

4853
04:18:11,800 --> 04:18:14,300
a window that seems smaller than
it should be. 

4854
04:18:15,200 --> 04:18:18,900
The glass is thick and slightly 
wavy and condensation as 

4855
04:18:18,900 --> 04:18:21,900
gathered in the corners like 
tiny pools waiting to spill. 

4856
04:18:22,800 --> 04:18:25,400
Your lying on something that 
feels like a mattress, but isn't

4857
04:18:25,400 --> 04:18:29,200
quite right. 
It's firmer than you expect and 

4858
04:18:29,200 --> 04:18:32,400
you can feel the individual 
ridges beneath the fabric, horse

4859
04:18:32,400 --> 04:18:35,000
hair stuffing though. 
You don't know that yet. 

4860
04:18:36,500 --> 04:18:39,500
The sheets are rough against 
your skin, not the smooth 

4861
04:18:39,500 --> 04:18:41,200
cotton. 
You remember going to sleep in 

4862
04:18:41,200 --> 04:18:44,000
the linen. 
And they've been washed so many 

4863
04:18:44,000 --> 04:18:47,300
times, they've achieved a text 
just somewhere between sandpaper

4864
04:18:47,300 --> 04:18:51,100
and burlap, though they're 
surprisingly warm the air taste 

4865
04:18:51,100 --> 04:18:53,500
different. 
That's the strangest part 

4866
04:18:53,500 --> 04:18:57,600
actually you can taste the air, 
it has a thickness to it like 

4867
04:18:57,600 --> 04:19:01,100
breathing and soup. 
There's cold smoke obviously but

4868
04:19:01,100 --> 04:19:03,800
also something organic and 
vaguely unpleasant that you'll 

4869
04:19:03,800 --> 04:19:05,800
later. 
Realize is the Thames at low 

4870
04:19:05,800 --> 04:19:08,800
tide mixed with a few 100,000 
coal fires burning 

4871
04:19:08,800 --> 04:19:12,700
simultaneously. 
Victorian London, doesn't just 

4872
04:19:12,700 --> 04:19:16,100
smell it. 
Announces itself with every 

4873
04:19:16,100 --> 04:19:19,200
breath. 
As you sit up, your body feels 

4874
04:19:19,200 --> 04:19:21,700
the same, but the room is 
entirely foreign. 

4875
04:19:21,700 --> 04:19:26,400
The ceiling is high much higher 
than modern rooms, but the space

4876
04:19:26,400 --> 04:19:31,500
somehow feels cramped anyway. 
Dark wallpaper with an intricate

4877
04:19:31,500 --> 04:19:35,500
pattern of flowers or Vines 
covers the walls and you realize

4878
04:19:35,500 --> 04:19:37,800
with a start that there's no 
light switch. 

4879
04:19:37,800 --> 04:19:41,400
In fact, there are no electrical
outlets at all. 

4880
04:19:42,400 --> 04:19:46,100
The room is lit by that strange 
window and by the remnant of 

4881
04:19:46,100 --> 04:19:49,200
whatever Coal fire burned in the
small fireplace last night. 

4882
04:19:49,200 --> 04:19:52,300
You're wearing a nightshirt. 
That feels like it's been cut 

4883
04:19:52,300 --> 04:19:55,800
from sale canvas. 
It's long reaching past your 

4884
04:19:55,800 --> 04:19:58,900
knees, and there's absolutely 
nothing underneath it. 

4885
04:19:59,800 --> 04:20:02,600
The victorians had very 
different ideas about sleepwear 

4886
04:20:02,600 --> 04:20:05,400
and comfort wasn't high on their
priority list. 

4887
04:20:06,300 --> 04:20:09,600
Modesty and practicality won 
that battle decisively. 

4888
04:20:10,500 --> 04:20:12,900
Standing up requires more effort
than you expect. 

4889
04:20:14,100 --> 04:20:17,900
Floor is cold, proper cold that 
seeps through your bare feet, 

4890
04:20:17,908 --> 04:20:19,700
like your standing on a block of
ice. 

4891
04:20:20,500 --> 04:20:24,100
The floorboards are bare wood 
and you can feel every Splinter 

4892
04:20:24,100 --> 04:20:28,200
and groove, there's a thin rug 
beside the bed but it does 

4893
04:20:28,200 --> 04:20:30,900
little to combat the chill. 
That seems to radiate from the 

4894
04:20:30,900 --> 04:20:35,300
very foundation of the building 
fog outside isn't like fog, 

4895
04:20:35,300 --> 04:20:39,800
you've experienced before This 
is the famous London, pea Super 

4896
04:20:39,800 --> 04:20:43,500
a combination of natural missed 
and cold smoke that creates 

4897
04:20:43,500 --> 04:20:48,000
something almost Supernatural. 
It presses against the Windows 

4898
04:20:48,000 --> 04:20:51,300
like something alive, turning 
the street below into a series 

4899
04:20:51,300 --> 04:20:54,500
of Shadows and suggestions 
rather than actual shapes. 

4900
04:20:55,300 --> 04:20:59,400
You can hear the city though. 
Nature of horses on cobblestones

4901
04:20:59,400 --> 04:21:02,900
the Cry of a street, vendor 
somewhere in the Merc and the 

4902
04:21:02,900 --> 04:21:06,000
Perpetual background hum of a 
million people going about their

4903
04:21:06,000 --> 04:21:09,300
morning routines. 
Your modern instincts kick in 

4904
04:21:09,300 --> 04:21:11,700
and you look for your phone. 
Of course. 

4905
04:21:11,700 --> 04:21:15,900
There isn't one. 
No phone, no laptop, no tablet. 

4906
04:21:15,900 --> 04:21:20,400
No screen of any kind. 
The silence in the room is 

4907
04:21:20,400 --> 04:21:23,500
complete, except for the sounds 
drifting up from the street in 

4908
04:21:23,500 --> 04:21:25,400
the occasional Creek of the 
building settling. 

4909
04:21:26,400 --> 04:21:28,800
It's the kind of quiet that 
makes you realize how much 

4910
04:21:28,800 --> 04:21:33,300
ambient noise you're used to 
know, refrigerator hum no hate 

4911
04:21:33,300 --> 04:21:37,600
fax system, no electronics of 
any kind emitting their barely 

4912
04:21:37,600 --> 04:21:41,000
perceptible frequency. 
There's a wash stand in the 

4913
04:21:41,000 --> 04:21:44,400
corner with a ceramic pitcher 
and base and the water in the 

4914
04:21:44,408 --> 04:21:46,300
picture has a thin skin of ice 
on it. 

4915
04:21:47,100 --> 04:21:50,100
This is how you'll wash your 
face this morning by breaking 

4916
04:21:50,100 --> 04:21:53,400
ice with your fingers and 
splashing freezing water on your

4917
04:21:53,400 --> 04:21:56,000
skin. 
The victorians were apparently, 

4918
04:21:56,000 --> 04:21:59,600
made of Sterner stuff than 
modern humans or perhaps they 

4919
04:21:59,600 --> 04:22:01,000
just didn't have a choice in the
matter. 

4920
04:22:02,300 --> 04:22:05,800
Are looking glass, hangs above 
the wash stand and when you peer

4921
04:22:05,800 --> 04:22:07,700
into it you see yourself but 
different. 

4922
04:22:07,700 --> 04:22:10,600
Your face is the same but 
there's something in your 

4923
04:22:10,600 --> 04:22:13,100
expression. 
Perhaps, it's the early morning 

4924
04:22:13,100 --> 04:22:16,600
confusion or maybe it's the 
dawning realization that you're 

4925
04:22:16,600 --> 04:22:19,500
about to spend an entire day. 
Without any of the convenience 

4926
04:22:19,500 --> 04:22:21,400
is you've taken for granted your
whole life. 

4927
04:22:22,400 --> 04:22:25,300
The room tells stories, if you 
know how to read them, there's a

4928
04:22:25,300 --> 04:22:28,500
chamber pot, tuck discreetly 
under the bed because bathrooms 

4929
04:22:28,500 --> 04:22:29,800
in the modern sense, don't 
exist. 

4930
04:22:29,800 --> 04:22:33,400
In most Victorian homes. 
There's a small coal scuttle by 

4931
04:22:33,400 --> 04:22:35,600
the fireplace with a few lumps 
of coal, still in it. 

4932
04:22:35,600 --> 04:22:38,800
Your clothes for the day are 
laid out on a wooden chair that 

4933
04:22:38,800 --> 04:22:42,200
looks hand carved and probably 
older than some Modern countries

4934
04:22:42,200 --> 04:22:45,500
getting dressed in Victorian 
clothing as going to be an 

4935
04:22:45,500 --> 04:22:49,900
adventure unto itself, But 
first, you need to face that icy

4936
04:22:49,900 --> 04:22:53,400
water and prepare yourself for a
day in a world where everything 

4937
04:22:53,400 --> 04:22:56,000
familiar has been replaced. 
With historical authenticity, 

4938
04:22:57,600 --> 04:23:00,700
The fog continues to press 
against the windows and 

4939
04:23:00,700 --> 04:23:03,600
somewhere in the distance. 
You hear a church bell, marking 

4940
04:23:03,600 --> 04:23:07,600
the hour, It's 7 in the morning 
and London is already awake. 

4941
04:23:08,200 --> 04:23:11,100
Stepping out onto a Victorian. 
London Street is like walking 

4942
04:23:11,100 --> 04:23:13,700
onto a stage where every person 
is an actor. 

4943
04:23:13,700 --> 04:23:17,100
And the set design is both 
magnificent and slightly 

4944
04:23:17,100 --> 04:23:20,800
horrifying. 
Fog Has Lifted somewhat 

4945
04:23:20,800 --> 04:23:24,100
revealing a world that 
simultaneously more impressive 

4946
04:23:24,100 --> 04:23:26,200
and more disturbing than you 
imagined. 

4947
04:23:27,000 --> 04:23:30,100
The cobblestones been beneath 
your feet are uneven warns 

4948
04:23:30,100 --> 04:23:32,500
smooth in some places and Jagged
in others. 

4949
04:23:32,500 --> 04:23:36,200
You're wearing boots. 
Now proper Victorian boots that 

4950
04:23:36,200 --> 04:23:39,000
button up the side and take 
approximately 10 minutes to put 

4951
04:23:39,000 --> 04:23:42,500
on correctly, they're stiff, 
uncomfortable and will probably 

4952
04:23:42,500 --> 04:23:45,200
give you blisters by noon but 
they're better than the 

4953
04:23:45,200 --> 04:23:48,000
alternative. 
The streets here, collect 

4954
04:23:48,000 --> 04:23:49,500
things. 
You don't want touching your 

4955
04:23:49,500 --> 04:23:53,100
bare feet, The buildings of you 
in a way that modern 

4956
04:23:53,100 --> 04:23:56,700
architecture, rarely manages 
Victorian London was built 

4957
04:23:56,700 --> 04:24:00,200
upward out of necessity and the 
result is treats that feel like 

4958
04:24:00,200 --> 04:24:04,200
Canyon's with ornate facade's. 
Every building is different, 

4959
04:24:04,200 --> 04:24:07,600
each one competing to be more 
elaborate than its neighbors. 

4960
04:24:08,300 --> 04:24:11,900
There's carved stonework, 
decorative brickwork and 

4961
04:24:11,900 --> 04:24:15,200
Architectural flourishes that 
serve no practical purpose, 

4962
04:24:15,200 --> 04:24:18,400
except to demonstrate that. 
The owner had money to spend on 

4963
04:24:18,400 --> 04:24:21,700
looking prosperous. 
The real star of the show is the

4964
04:24:21,700 --> 04:24:24,400
sensory overload that hits you 
from every direction. 

4965
04:24:24,400 --> 04:24:28,800
Let's start with the horses 
because Victorian London ran on 

4966
04:24:28,800 --> 04:24:30,900
horsepower in the most literal 
sense possible. 

4967
04:24:31,700 --> 04:24:35,500
Everywhere you look there are 
horses pulling handsome cabs 

4968
04:24:35,500 --> 04:24:39,800
hauling delivery wagons carrying
individual Riders and standing 

4969
04:24:39,800 --> 04:24:43,100
patiently while their owners 
conduct business and horses. 

4970
04:24:43,100 --> 04:24:46,900
As your rapidly discovering 
produce waste at an impressive 

4971
04:24:46,900 --> 04:24:50,600
rate, the streets are covered in
it, not completely because 

4972
04:24:50,600 --> 04:24:53,400
there's an entire economy built 
around collecting Horseman year.

4973
04:24:53,400 --> 04:24:56,600
But in enough that watching your
step becomes second nature 

4974
04:24:56,600 --> 04:24:59,800
within minutes. 
Crossing sweepers usually 

4975
04:24:59,800 --> 04:25:04,100
children, waited intersections 
with their brooms ready to clear

4976
04:25:04,100 --> 04:25:05,800
a path through the muck for a 
penny. 

4977
04:25:05,800 --> 04:25:11,100
It's clever entrepreneurial and 
deeply depressing all at once. 

4978
04:25:11,900 --> 04:25:15,900
The smell is democratic. 
It affects everyone equally from

4979
04:25:15,900 --> 04:25:18,900
the finest gentlemen in his tail
coat to the poorest street. 

4980
04:25:18,900 --> 04:25:24,400
Vendor coal, smoke horse manure,
unwashed Humanity, rotting 

4981
04:25:24,400 --> 04:25:28,500
vegetables from the markets and 
the peculiar Tang of industrial 

4982
04:25:28,500 --> 04:25:31,900
chemicals, all combined into a 
scent that you'll eventually 

4983
04:25:31,900 --> 04:25:34,600
stopped noticing simply because 
your nose will give up in 

4984
04:25:34,600 --> 04:25:37,700
self-defense. 
The noise is extraordinary 

4985
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:41,300
without modern sound insulation 
or noise, pollution laws, 

4986
04:25:41,300 --> 04:25:45,000
Victorian London operates at a 
volume that would violate every 

4987
04:25:45,000 --> 04:25:46,800
noise ordinance in a 
contemporary City. 

4988
04:25:47,700 --> 04:25:51,800
Iron shot wheels on cobblestones
create a constant Rumble like 

4989
04:25:51,800 --> 04:25:54,600
Perpetual Thunder. 
Street vendors. 

4990
04:25:54,600 --> 04:25:56,300
Call out their Wares in 
practice. 

4991
04:25:56,300 --> 04:25:58,400
Rhythms that cut through the 
other noise. 

4992
04:25:59,200 --> 04:26:04,000
Horses whinny, dogs, bark 
children, shout and everywhere. 

4993
04:26:04,000 --> 04:26:06,400
There's the background 
percussion of a city made of 

4994
04:26:06,400 --> 04:26:08,600
metal and stone banging against 
itself. 

4995
04:26:09,500 --> 04:26:11,500
The people are the most 
fascinating part. 

4996
04:26:11,500 --> 04:26:14,800
Everyone is wearing layers upon 
layers of clothing because 

4997
04:26:14,800 --> 04:26:18,600
central heating doesn't exist 
and Victorian morality demands 

4998
04:26:18,600 --> 04:26:20,500
that every inch of skin be 
covered. 

4999
04:26:21,400 --> 04:26:23,600
The men are in suits or 
workloads. 

5000
04:26:23,600 --> 04:26:25,800
All of them wearing hats of some
description. 

5001
04:26:26,800 --> 04:26:30,900
Top hats for the wealthy cloth, 
caps for workers and Bowlers for

5002
04:26:30,900 --> 04:26:34,200
the middle class. 
Removing your hat indoors or 

5003
04:26:34,200 --> 04:26:35,800
when greeting a lady is 
mandatory. 

5004
04:26:36,600 --> 04:26:39,600
Social signaling was practically
an Olympic sport. 

5005
04:26:39,600 --> 04:26:43,100
In Victorian times, the women 
are engineering Marvels. 

5006
04:26:43,100 --> 04:26:46,300
Those dresses, you've seen in 
movies, there actually under 

5007
04:26:46,300 --> 04:26:50,700
stating the complexity Under 
those beautiful Fabrics is a 

5008
04:26:50,700 --> 04:26:55,400
construction project involving 
corsets petticoats bustles and 

5009
04:26:55,400 --> 04:26:57,800
enough fabric to upholster, a 
small sofa. 

5010
04:26:58,600 --> 04:27:02,300
Women's fashion in the 1880s was
designed to create a specific 

5011
04:27:02,300 --> 04:27:06,000
silhouette that required 
substantial architecture to 

5012
04:27:06,000 --> 04:27:08,600
achieve. 
The result is that women move 

5013
04:27:08,600 --> 04:27:11,000
differently? 
Smaller steps. 

5014
04:27:11,000 --> 04:27:14,700
Careful postures and an 
awareness of their clothing that

5015
04:27:14,700 --> 04:27:19,200
modern fashion rarely demands. 
Social class is visible at a 

5016
04:27:19,200 --> 04:27:23,500
glance a healthy Glide by and 
private carriages the clothing 

5017
04:27:23,500 --> 04:27:26,000
pristine. 
And elaborate the middle class 

5018
04:27:26,000 --> 04:27:29,400
walks or takes omnibuses their 
clothes respectable but 

5019
04:27:29,400 --> 04:27:32,700
practical. 
The Working Poor, where whatever

5020
04:27:32,700 --> 04:27:36,700
holds together often visibly 
patched and worn thin from years

5021
04:27:36,700 --> 04:27:40,700
of use. children from poor 
families, often go barefoot, 

5022
04:27:40,700 --> 04:27:43,700
even in cold weather, Their 
faces smudged with the 

5023
04:27:43,700 --> 04:27:46,000
ever-present cold, dust that 
settles on everything. 

5024
04:27:47,000 --> 04:27:49,700
The street vendors at a carnival
atmosphere to the urban 

5025
04:27:49,700 --> 04:27:52,800
landscape. 
Pie sellers carry their Wares in

5026
04:27:52,800 --> 04:27:58,100
wooden trays hung from their 
necks calling out hot, pies meet

5027
04:27:58,100 --> 04:28:01,800
pies invoices trained carry half
of block. 

5028
04:28:02,600 --> 04:28:05,500
Flower girls off of posies from 
baskets that look bigger than 

5029
04:28:05,508 --> 04:28:08,700
they are men. 
Sell everything from matches to 

5030
04:28:08,700 --> 04:28:11,900
boot laces, to mysterious items.
You can't quite identify. 

5031
04:28:11,900 --> 04:28:16,200
Each one has their own pitch, 
their own territory and their 

5032
04:28:16,200 --> 04:28:18,400
own regular customers who they 
know by sight. 

5033
04:28:19,200 --> 04:28:22,400
The Omnibus is horse-drawn 
precursors to public buses, 

5034
04:28:22,400 --> 04:28:25,000
Lumber through the streets, like
mobile chaos. 

5035
04:28:25,700 --> 04:28:28,200
They're painted in bright 
colors, advertising their roots 

5036
04:28:28,200 --> 04:28:33,600
and they're always full. 
The driver sits up top exposed 

5037
04:28:33,600 --> 04:28:37,200
to the weather while passengers 
cram inside, or climb the stairs

5038
04:28:37,200 --> 04:28:41,300
to the open air Upper Deck. 
It costs a few Pence to ride and

5039
04:28:41,300 --> 04:28:43,900
the conductor moves through the 
crowd collecting fairs with 

5040
04:28:43,900 --> 04:28:47,600
practice deficiency. 
Handsome cabs zip through the 

5041
04:28:47,600 --> 04:28:50,900
traffic with the agility of 
sports cars, their drivers 

5042
04:28:50,900 --> 04:28:54,000
shouting, warning to pedestrians
who don't move fast enough. 

5043
04:28:54,000 --> 04:28:58,300
These are the taxes of Victorian
London and their drivers are 

5044
04:28:58,300 --> 04:29:01,500
legendary for knowing every 
street and shortcut in the city.

5045
04:29:02,400 --> 04:29:04,800
There are so legendary for their
colorful language. 

5046
04:29:04,800 --> 04:29:08,000
When other traffic gets in their
way though, you're not supposed 

5047
04:29:08,000 --> 04:29:11,300
to acknowledge hearing it. 
The architecture tells you where

5048
04:29:11,300 --> 04:29:13,300
you are in London's complex, 
social geography. 

5049
04:29:14,400 --> 04:29:16,900
The grand buildings of 
Westminster and the West End 

5050
04:29:16,900 --> 04:29:19,200
advertised Imperial power and 
wealth. 

5051
04:29:20,000 --> 04:29:23,600
The commercial chaos of the city
London's, Financial District 

5052
04:29:23,600 --> 04:29:26,100
bustles with clerks and 
businessmen. 

5053
04:29:27,000 --> 04:29:30,200
The residential squares of 
Bloomsbury and Belgravia hide, 

5054
04:29:30,200 --> 04:29:33,700
elegant homes behind iron. 
Railings and private Gardens. 

5055
04:29:34,500 --> 04:29:36,500
And everywhere else is the vast 
middle. 

5056
04:29:36,500 --> 04:29:39,800
And working-class London. 
The house is the millions who 

5057
04:29:39,800 --> 04:29:43,100
make the city function. 
You notice the air quality 

5058
04:29:43,100 --> 04:29:47,400
improving as you walk? 
Well, improving is relative. 

5059
04:29:47,400 --> 04:29:49,800
It still terrible by modern 
standards. 

5060
04:29:50,800 --> 04:29:53,400
But you've moved away from a 
particularly Smoky area. 

5061
04:29:54,500 --> 04:29:58,300
Fog has reduced to a light Haze 
and you can actually see the sky

5062
04:29:58,300 --> 04:30:00,600
though. 
It's a grave that suggests the 

5063
04:30:00,600 --> 04:30:02,800
sun is more theoretical than 
actual today. 

5064
04:30:03,800 --> 04:30:06,100
Public buildings provide 
punctuation in the urban 

5065
04:30:06,100 --> 04:30:09,100
landscape. 
Churches Tower above surrounding

5066
04:30:09,100 --> 04:30:12,800
structures theirs, reaching 
toward heaven in defiance of the

5067
04:30:12,800 --> 04:30:15,900
Earthly muck below. 
The new post offices. 

5068
04:30:15,900 --> 04:30:19,200
Victorian Britain was 
modernizing its Communications 

5069
04:30:19,200 --> 04:30:22,000
infrastructure Stan. 
Proud with their official 

5070
04:30:22,000 --> 04:30:25,100
architecture and busy traffic of
people sending letters and 

5071
04:30:25,100 --> 04:30:29,400
telegrams. 
Banks look like temples, which 

5072
04:30:29,400 --> 04:30:32,500
is probably intentional given 
that money was its own kind of 

5073
04:30:32,500 --> 04:30:35,700
religion. 
In Victorian society, the parks 

5074
04:30:35,700 --> 04:30:39,000
are sanctuaries from the urban 
intensity, even small. 

5075
04:30:39,000 --> 04:30:42,300
Squares of Green Space offer 
relief from the stone and brick 

5076
04:30:42,300 --> 04:30:46,600
that dominates everywhere else. 
The grass is real, the trees are

5077
04:30:46,600 --> 04:30:48,500
mature. 
And for a few moments, you can 

5078
04:30:48,500 --> 04:30:51,400
breathe air that hasn't been 
processed through coal, fires 

5079
04:30:51,400 --> 04:30:54,900
and horse lungs. 
By mid-morning, Victorian, 

5080
04:30:54,900 --> 04:30:58,600
London has fully awakened, and 
the city operates with a 

5081
04:30:58,600 --> 04:31:01,500
complexity that Rivals any 
modern Metropolis. 

5082
04:31:02,500 --> 04:31:04,800
The difference is that 
everything requires doing by 

5083
04:31:04,800 --> 04:31:08,900
hand without animals, or through
mechanical Contraptions, that 

5084
04:31:08,900 --> 04:31:11,500
would look steampunk if they 
won't completely authentic. 

5085
04:31:13,000 --> 04:31:14,800
The shops are opening and 
shopping in. 

5086
04:31:14,800 --> 04:31:17,700
Victorian London is nothing like
pushing a cart through a 

5087
04:31:17,700 --> 04:31:21,600
supermarket. 
Most shops are small specialized

5088
04:31:21,600 --> 04:31:24,500
Affairs where the shopkeeper 
knows their infantry personally 

5089
04:31:24,500 --> 04:31:28,500
and keeps it behind the counter.
You don't browse you ask for 

5090
04:31:28,500 --> 04:31:32,700
what you want and they fetch it.
The relationship between 

5091
04:31:32,700 --> 04:31:36,300
customer and shopkeeper is 
formal and ritualized with 

5092
04:31:36,300 --> 04:31:38,000
proper. 
Greetings, and political 

5093
04:31:38,000 --> 04:31:40,300
quarries about health. 
And whether before anyone 

5094
04:31:40,300 --> 04:31:43,900
mentioned what your actually, 
there to purchase, The baker 

5095
04:31:43,900 --> 04:31:46,200
shop smells of yeast and cold 
smoke. 

5096
04:31:46,200 --> 04:31:49,800
The bread is baked and 
coal-fired ovens and the result 

5097
04:31:49,800 --> 04:31:52,900
is delicious but distinctly 
flavored by its cooking method. 

5098
04:31:52,900 --> 04:31:58,600
The loaves are crusty dense and 
absolutely nothing like modern 

5099
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:02,500
sliced bread. 
They're sold by weight and the 

5100
04:32:02,500 --> 04:32:04,300
baker's. 
Apprentice wraps your purchase 

5101
04:32:04,300 --> 04:32:06,600
in paper, that will disintegrate
if it gets damp. 

5102
04:32:07,400 --> 04:32:09,600
The Butcher Shop is an 
experience, that requires a 

5103
04:32:09,608 --> 04:32:13,200
strong stomach, whole animals, 
hang in the window and the 

5104
04:32:13,208 --> 04:32:16,200
butcher prepares your order 
while you wait cutting and 

5105
04:32:16,200 --> 04:32:18,000
wrapping with practice 
deficiency. 

5106
04:32:18,900 --> 04:32:23,200
Refrigeration doesn't exist. 
So meat is sold fresh and to be 

5107
04:32:23,208 --> 04:32:26,900
cooked soon. 
The smell is strong and you try 

5108
04:32:26,900 --> 04:32:30,200
not to think too hard about 
hygiene standards, that won't be

5109
04:32:30,200 --> 04:32:32,000
formalized for another several 
decades. 

5110
04:32:33,600 --> 04:32:36,200
The green grosser offers 
produced that seasonal, local 

5111
04:32:36,200 --> 04:32:38,400
and muddy. 
No plastic wrap, no 

5112
04:32:38,400 --> 04:32:41,300
Refrigeration know, produce, 
that's traveled, thousands of 

5113
04:32:41,300 --> 04:32:44,400
miles to reach London. 
What's available depends 

5114
04:32:44,400 --> 04:32:47,000
entirely on what growing in 
England right now or what's just

5115
04:32:47,000 --> 04:32:50,600
arrived from Europe. the variety
is limited compared to Modern 

5116
04:32:50,600 --> 04:32:54,900
supermarkets, but the flavor is 
often, stronger, vegetables, 

5117
04:32:54,900 --> 04:32:57,500
that haven't been bred for 
transported ability taste like 

5118
04:32:57,508 --> 04:33:01,700
themselves in ways that modern 
produce sometimes doesn't The 

5119
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:05,099
Working Day for most londoners 
started at dawn and will 

5120
04:33:05,099 --> 04:33:08,800
continue until dusk or later. 
Factory workers have been at 

5121
04:33:08,800 --> 04:33:11,500
their machines for hours already
operating equipment. 

5122
04:33:11,500 --> 04:33:14,200
That's dangerous, noisy and 
exhausting. 

5123
04:33:15,099 --> 04:33:17,800
Office workers are growing class
in Victorian. 

5124
04:33:17,800 --> 04:33:21,200
London, a bent over desks 
copying documents by hand or 

5125
04:33:21,200 --> 04:33:24,599
operating the new typewriters 
that are revolutionizing 

5126
04:33:24,599 --> 04:33:27,700
paperwork. 
Shop assistant stand behind 

5127
04:33:27,700 --> 04:33:31,000
their counters for 12 or 14-hour
stretches, because sitting down 

5128
04:33:31,000 --> 04:33:32,700
while working is considered 
lazy. 

5129
04:33:33,500 --> 04:33:36,300
The pace of life is 
simultaneously slower and more 

5130
04:33:36,300 --> 04:33:39,500
exhausting than modern work. 
Everything takes longer. 

5131
04:33:39,500 --> 04:33:43,500
There are no computers, no 
phones and no quick 

5132
04:33:43,500 --> 04:33:47,200
communication of any kind Beyond
sending a messenger boy, but the

5133
04:33:47,200 --> 04:33:51,500
physical demands are Relentless 
even supposedly Gentile office. 

5134
04:33:51,500 --> 04:33:54,900
Work involves writing by hand 
for hours, which is more tiring 

5135
04:33:54,900 --> 04:33:58,200
than it sounds. 
Street Life provides constant 

5136
04:33:58,200 --> 04:34:00,300
entertainment. 
If you're observing rather than 

5137
04:34:00,300 --> 04:34:04,300
participating, the urchins 
running, errands the ladies 

5138
04:34:04,300 --> 04:34:06,599
doing their morning shopping 
with servants carrying their 

5139
04:34:06,599 --> 04:34:10,200
purchases, the businessman 
Harrington appointments, the 

5140
04:34:10,200 --> 04:34:13,099
police constables walking their 
beats in their distinctive 

5141
04:34:13,099 --> 04:34:17,099
uniforms and Tall helmets. 
Everyone is part of an intricate

5142
04:34:17,099 --> 04:34:20,000
social choreography. 
The operates on rules. 

5143
04:34:20,000 --> 04:34:23,099
Your only beginning to 
understand the postal system is 

5144
04:34:23,099 --> 04:34:26,599
remarkably efficient. 
Let us posted in the morning 

5145
04:34:26,599 --> 04:34:30,500
will be delivered that same day 
in London, carried by postmen, 

5146
04:34:30,500 --> 04:34:33,099
who walked their Roots multiple 
times daily. 

5147
04:34:34,500 --> 04:34:37,599
The telegraph. 
Victorian London's fastest 

5148
04:34:37,599 --> 04:34:41,000
communication technology. 
Can send messages across the 

5149
04:34:41,000 --> 04:34:44,099
country and minutes though. 
It's expensive and used, 

5150
04:34:44,099 --> 04:34:46,300
primarily for important 
business, or emergencies. 

5151
04:34:47,400 --> 04:34:49,900
The class system is visible in 
every interaction. 

5152
04:34:49,900 --> 04:34:53,599
The wealthy don't acknowledge 
the poor, unless their servants 

5153
04:34:53,599 --> 04:34:55,400
or trades people providing 
services. 

5154
04:34:56,300 --> 04:34:59,599
The middle class imitates the 
wealthy while trying to distance

5155
04:34:59,599 --> 04:35:03,700
themselves from the workers. 
The poor Navigator world where 

5156
04:35:03,700 --> 04:35:07,500
their existence is often treated
as a necessary evil or an 

5157
04:35:07,500 --> 04:35:09,599
unfortunate reality to be 
ignored. 

5158
04:35:09,599 --> 04:35:13,599
It's uncomfortable to watch even
more uncomfortable to 

5159
04:35:13,599 --> 04:35:17,099
participate in, and completely 
normal to everyone around you 

5160
04:35:18,000 --> 04:35:20,700
The afternoon in Victorian, 
London operates on different 

5161
04:35:20,700 --> 04:35:23,400
rhythms and the morning. 
By two o'clock. 

5162
04:35:23,400 --> 04:35:27,900
The city is shifted gears. 
Frantic morning, energy has 

5163
04:35:27,900 --> 04:35:31,200
settled into something more 
sustained and purposeful though.

5164
04:35:31,200 --> 04:35:34,700
No, less busy. 
Lunch as a concept that Varys 

5165
04:35:34,700 --> 04:35:38,200
wildly by class. 
The wealthiest sitting down to 

5166
04:35:38,200 --> 04:35:41,900
elaborate multi-course Affairs, 
in their dining rooms, served by

5167
04:35:41,908 --> 04:35:44,200
staff who appear and disappear 
silently. 

5168
04:35:45,700 --> 04:35:48,400
The middle class might have a 
simple meal at home or in one of

5169
04:35:48,408 --> 04:35:50,099
the new restaurants that are 
becoming fashionable. 

5170
04:35:50,900 --> 04:35:54,800
Workers grab whatever, they can 
afford from Street vendors, a 

5171
04:35:54,800 --> 04:35:58,400
pie, some bread and cheese. 
Perhaps a cup of tea from a 

5172
04:35:58,400 --> 04:36:01,500
vendor with a portable urn. 
The tea itself, deserves 

5173
04:36:01,500 --> 04:36:04,700
attention, because Victorian 
Britain, ran on tea the way 

5174
04:36:04,707 --> 04:36:09,300
modern society runs on coffee. 
Strong black and sweetened with 

5175
04:36:09,300 --> 04:36:12,400
sugar that still enough of a 
luxury that people measure it 

5176
04:36:12,400 --> 04:36:15,800
carefully. 
Milk is added if you can afford 

5177
04:36:15,800 --> 04:36:19,500
it and the result is a drink 
that is more fortification than 

5178
04:36:19,500 --> 04:36:23,099
refreshment. 
Tea breaks punctuate the working

5179
04:36:23,099 --> 04:36:27,000
day, like, markers on a 
timeline, brief respite from 

5180
04:36:27,000 --> 04:36:31,099
labor, that's often monotonous 
and always demanding the streets

5181
04:36:31,099 --> 04:36:32,900
of changed characters since 
morning. 

5182
04:36:32,900 --> 04:36:36,400
The commercial deliveries that 
dominated early hours of given 

5183
04:36:36,400 --> 04:36:39,599
way to personal traffic. 
Ladies visiting for of afternoon

5184
04:36:39,599 --> 04:36:43,800
calls gentleman, conducting 
business and servants running 

5185
04:36:43,800 --> 04:36:47,800
errands for their employers. 
The traffic is still intense but

5186
04:36:47,800 --> 04:36:52,200
it's more varied, more social, 
and less about getting goods 

5187
04:36:52,200 --> 04:36:56,599
from one place to another. 
The public houses pubs are open 

5188
04:36:56,599 --> 04:36:59,700
and they serve as social centers
for working-class London. 

5189
04:36:59,700 --> 04:37:02,800
These aren't the Charming 
establishments you might imagine

5190
04:37:02,800 --> 04:37:05,500
from period. 
Dramas, they're often crowded, 

5191
04:37:05,500 --> 04:37:09,300
Smoky and filled with people 
seeking temporary escape from 

5192
04:37:09,300 --> 04:37:11,800
lives that are physically 
exhausting and financially 

5193
04:37:11,800 --> 04:37:15,599
precarious. 
The beer is warm flat by modern 

5194
04:37:15,599 --> 04:37:18,599
standards and considerably 
stronger than contemporary 

5195
04:37:18,599 --> 04:37:21,000
Brews. 
For the middle and upper 

5196
04:37:21,000 --> 04:37:23,400
classes, after noon, visiting a 
serious business. 

5197
04:37:24,200 --> 04:37:27,000
Ladies call on each other's 
homes, according to elaborate 

5198
04:37:27,000 --> 04:37:30,800
social, protocols, you leave 
cards and you sit in parlors 

5199
04:37:30,800 --> 04:37:34,700
drinking tea and engaging in 
conversation that simultaneously

5200
04:37:34,700 --> 04:37:36,400
gossip and intelligence 
gathering. 

5201
04:37:37,200 --> 04:37:41,000
Whose engaged whose in financial
trouble, who has been seen with 

5202
04:37:41,000 --> 04:37:45,500
whom information flows through 
these afternoon calls, like data

5203
04:37:45,500 --> 04:37:49,200
through Modern social networks. 
The Victorian parlor is a stage 

5204
04:37:49,200 --> 04:37:51,500
set designed to display well and
good taste. 

5205
04:37:51,500 --> 04:37:53,900
Every surface is covered with 
something. 

5206
04:37:53,900 --> 04:37:58,900
Doilies, decorative objects 
photographs in elaborate frames 

5207
04:37:58,900 --> 04:38:02,700
and books carefully, chosen to 
suggest intellectual interests. 

5208
04:38:03,800 --> 04:38:07,900
Fern is heavy dark and arranged 
to encourage formal conversation

5209
04:38:07,900 --> 04:38:11,700
rather than relaxation. 
Comfort is less important than 

5210
04:38:11,700 --> 04:38:14,800
propriety. 
Children from wealthy families 

5211
04:38:14,800 --> 04:38:18,599
are supervised by nannies and 
governesses learning the skills 

5212
04:38:18,599 --> 04:38:20,500
and knowledge appropriate to 
their class. 

5213
04:38:21,400 --> 04:38:23,800
Boys will eventually go to 
schools that prepare them for 

5214
04:38:23,800 --> 04:38:27,900
universities or business girls. 
Learn accomplishments like music

5215
04:38:27,900 --> 04:38:31,500
drawing and languages that will 
make them attractive, marriage, 

5216
04:38:31,500 --> 04:38:34,700
prospects. 
Working-class children are often

5217
04:38:34,700 --> 04:38:39,000
working themselves in factories,
a servants, or helping their 

5218
04:38:39,000 --> 04:38:40,800
families with peace work done at
home. 

5219
04:38:40,800 --> 04:38:43,700
The afternoon, also brings 
educational and cultural 

5220
04:38:43,700 --> 04:38:45,599
opportunities for those with 
time and money. 

5221
04:38:46,500 --> 04:38:50,099
Museums are open though, many 
charge admission fees that limit

5222
04:38:50,099 --> 04:38:52,000
access to the middle and upper 
classes. 

5223
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:55,300
Libraries exist. 
But a primarily subscription 

5224
04:38:55,300 --> 04:38:58,800
Services, you pay an annual fee 
for borrowing privileges. 

5225
04:38:59,800 --> 04:39:03,800
Public education is expanding 
but still limited and literacy 

5226
04:39:03,800 --> 04:39:07,000
rates, reflect this reality, 
Hyde Park. 

5227
04:39:07,000 --> 04:39:09,700
And other Green Space is filled 
with our afternoon strollers, 

5228
04:39:09,700 --> 04:39:13,300
the wealthy parade in their 
Finest Clothing, seeing and 

5229
04:39:13,300 --> 04:39:16,300
being seen. 
The middle class takes more 

5230
04:39:16,300 --> 04:39:19,800
modest, walks enjoying fresh 
air, that's marginally less 

5231
04:39:19,800 --> 04:39:23,500
polluted than the streets. 
The very poor might pass through

5232
04:39:23,500 --> 04:39:26,599
on their way to other 
destinations because leisure 

5233
04:39:26,599 --> 04:39:28,400
time is a luxury, they can't 
afford. 

5234
04:39:29,700 --> 04:39:32,500
The light begins to change as 
afternoon progresses toward 

5235
04:39:32,500 --> 04:39:35,200
evening. 
Sun, which has been filtering 

5236
04:39:35,200 --> 04:39:39,200
weekly through cloud and smoke 
all day, starts, its decline. 

5237
04:39:40,100 --> 04:39:42,800
Shadows, lengthen. 
And there's a subtle shift in 

5238
04:39:42,800 --> 04:39:46,000
the city's energy. 
The afternoon's purposeful 

5239
04:39:46,000 --> 04:39:48,100
activity, begins. 
Transitioning toward the 

5240
04:39:48,100 --> 04:39:51,500
evenings, different rhythms. 
Street vendors, change their 

5241
04:39:51,500 --> 04:39:55,900
offerings, fewer vegetables, and
flowers, more hot food and small

5242
04:39:55,900 --> 04:39:57,800
Comforts for people heading home
from work. 

5243
04:39:58,900 --> 04:40:01,600
The pie sellers do brisk 
business as do. 

5244
04:40:01,600 --> 04:40:04,700
The chestnut Roasters who appear
with their portable braziers 

5245
04:40:04,700 --> 04:40:07,400
filling Corners with the smell 
of roasting nuts. 

5246
04:40:07,400 --> 04:40:10,700
That provides temporary relief 
from Less Pleasant odors. 

5247
04:40:11,900 --> 04:40:14,800
Traffic intensifies as 
businesses, begin, closing and 

5248
04:40:14,800 --> 04:40:17,800
work as head home. 
The Omnibus is become even more 

5249
04:40:17,800 --> 04:40:20,200
crowded with people who can 
afford the fare. 

5250
04:40:20,200 --> 04:40:24,800
Those who can't walk off often 
considerable distance is to 

5251
04:40:24,800 --> 04:40:27,200
reach home's in neighborhoods 
that are cheaper because their 

5252
04:40:27,200 --> 04:40:31,100
father from employment centers, 
The Thames, which has been a 

5253
04:40:31,100 --> 04:40:32,600
presence all day. 
You can smell it. 

5254
04:40:32,600 --> 04:40:35,900
Even when you can't see, it 
becomes more prominent As you 

5255
04:40:35,900 --> 04:40:39,100
move towards the river, The 
docks are busy with ships from 

5256
04:40:39,100 --> 04:40:42,500
around the world loading and 
unloading cargo that will be 

5257
04:40:42,508 --> 04:40:46,300
distributed throughout Britain. 
The river itself is working 

5258
04:40:46,300 --> 04:40:50,300
infrastructure crowded with 
boats of every size. 

5259
04:40:50,300 --> 04:40:54,000
All of them contributing to 
London's position as the world's

5260
04:40:54,000 --> 04:40:57,100
largest port. 
Watching the Thames. 

5261
04:40:57,100 --> 04:40:59,900
You reminded that Victorian. 
London was the center of a 

5262
04:40:59,900 --> 04:41:02,700
global Empire. 
The goods moving through those 

5263
04:41:02,700 --> 04:41:07,000
docks, come from India or 
Australia, Africa, and the 

5264
04:41:07,000 --> 04:41:10,200
Caribbean everywhere, that 
British power and trade of 

5265
04:41:10,200 --> 04:41:14,600
reached its impressive and 
troubling simultaneously, the 

5266
04:41:14,600 --> 04:41:18,200
foundation of prosperity on 
colonialism, that won't be 

5267
04:41:18,200 --> 04:41:21,700
questioned for decades yet. 
As Twilight approaches 

5268
04:41:21,700 --> 04:41:24,700
Victorian, London transforms 
into something that 

5269
04:41:24,700 --> 04:41:26,800
simultaneously magical and 
ominous. 

5270
04:41:27,800 --> 04:41:30,800
The lamplighters begin. 
Their rounds men with long 

5271
04:41:30,800 --> 04:41:33,800
poles, who walk through the 
streets, igniting the gas lamps,

5272
04:41:33,800 --> 04:41:35,100
that provide nighttime 
illumination. 

5273
04:41:36,400 --> 04:41:39,200
It's a job that exists only in 
the brief window between the 

5274
04:41:39,200 --> 04:41:43,100
introduction of gaslighting and 
the arrival of electricity and 

5275
04:41:43,100 --> 04:41:45,500
watching them work. 
Feels like observing a ritual 

5276
04:41:45,500 --> 04:41:48,800
from another world. 
The gas lamps, create pools of 

5277
04:41:48,800 --> 04:41:51,400
yellowish light, that push back.
The darkness with out quite 

5278
04:41:51,400 --> 04:41:54,700
conquering it. 
The spaces between lamps remain 

5279
04:41:54,700 --> 04:41:58,800
murky and the overall effect is 
less like illumination and more 

5280
04:41:58,800 --> 04:42:02,400
like punctuation marks of 
brightness in an otherwise, dark

5281
04:42:02,400 --> 04:42:05,300
text. 
The light itself is different 

5282
04:42:05,300 --> 04:42:09,800
from electric lighting, softer 
warmer and somehow less reliable

5283
04:42:09,800 --> 04:42:11,800
as if it might go out at any 
moment. 

5284
04:42:13,200 --> 04:42:15,500
Quality of the evening. 
Depends, entirely on where you 

5285
04:42:15,500 --> 04:42:17,500
are in London's complex, social 
geography. 

5286
04:42:18,600 --> 04:42:21,200
In the West End, Theatres are 
preparing for their evening 

5287
04:42:21,200 --> 04:42:23,900
performance is. 
The theaters themselves are 

5288
04:42:23,900 --> 04:42:27,100
architectural, gems built to 
impress audiences. 

5289
04:42:27,100 --> 04:42:31,300
Even before the curtain Rises 
gaslighting illuminates, 

5290
04:42:31,300 --> 04:42:35,800
elaborate Interiors decorated, 
with plush and guilt creating an

5291
04:42:35,800 --> 04:42:38,700
atmosphere of grandeur. 
That's designed to make 

5292
04:42:38,700 --> 04:42:41,700
attendees feel special, just for
being there. 

5293
04:42:42,500 --> 04:42:46,000
The shows of varied Shakespeare 
performed by celebrated actors 

5294
04:42:46,000 --> 04:42:49,900
musical entertainments, 
melodramas, that allow audiences

5295
04:42:49,900 --> 04:42:53,900
to boo villains and cheer Heroes
and pantomimes that combined 

5296
04:42:53,900 --> 04:42:56,200
fairy tales with contemporary 
satire. 

5297
04:42:57,100 --> 04:43:00,000
The theater's a social space is 
where different classes, mixed 

5298
04:43:00,000 --> 04:43:03,400
but remain separate the wealthy 
in their private boxes and 

5299
04:43:03,400 --> 04:43:06,400
premium seats. 
The middle class in the Stalls 

5300
04:43:06,400 --> 04:43:09,800
and the working class in the 
gallery where tickets are cheap 

5301
04:43:09,800 --> 04:43:13,100
and behavior as rowdy Music, 
Halls offer different 

5302
04:43:13,100 --> 04:43:16,200
entertainment. 
Variety shows, featuring singers

5303
04:43:16,200 --> 04:43:20,100
dancers, Comedians and Specialty
Acts. 

5304
04:43:20,800 --> 04:43:24,300
These are less respectable than 
theaters and more working-class 

5305
04:43:24,300 --> 04:43:27,900
In Their audience and content. 
The atmosphere is raucous, the 

5306
04:43:27,900 --> 04:43:32,500
humor is Broad and drinking is 
encouraged the Music Hall is 

5307
04:43:32,500 --> 04:43:35,300
where you go to forget, your 
troubles rather than be elevated

5308
04:43:35,300 --> 04:43:37,600
by Art. 
Though, the distinction between 

5309
04:43:37,600 --> 04:43:39,800
the two is often less clear than
Victorian. 

5310
04:43:39,800 --> 04:43:44,300
Moral Guardians would prefer. 
In residential areas evening, 

5311
04:43:44,300 --> 04:43:47,400
routines vary by class, but 
share common rhythms. 

5312
04:43:48,200 --> 04:43:50,400
Families. 
Gather for dinner, the main meal

5313
04:43:50,400 --> 04:43:52,100
of the day for those who can 
afford it. 

5314
04:43:53,000 --> 04:43:54,900
The wealthy eat elaborate 
Affairs. 

5315
04:43:54,900 --> 04:43:58,900
Served in formal dining rooms, 
the middle class, has simpler 

5316
04:43:58,900 --> 04:44:02,100
fare but still maintains, proper
table, manners and conversation.

5317
04:44:02,900 --> 04:44:06,500
The working class makes do with 
whatever they can afford to 

5318
04:44:06,500 --> 04:44:09,200
meeting in kitchens that all. 
So serve, as living rooms 

5319
04:44:09,200 --> 04:44:11,700
because their homes are too 
small for separate spaces. 

5320
04:44:12,600 --> 04:44:15,700
After dinner the evening 
stretches ahead with far fewer 

5321
04:44:15,700 --> 04:44:18,200
entertainment options than 
Modern Life provides. 

5322
04:44:18,900 --> 04:44:21,200
Without televisions computers or
phones. 

5323
04:44:21,200 --> 04:44:25,200
People read engage in Hobbies or
simply talk. 

5324
04:44:26,100 --> 04:44:29,400
Letter writing is a common 
evening, activity maintaining 

5325
04:44:29,400 --> 04:44:32,400
correspondence, with family, and
friends requires regular 

5326
04:44:32,400 --> 04:44:36,300
attention, and the well-educated
are expected to be articulate 

5327
04:44:36,300 --> 04:44:39,700
writers. 
For the working class evening, 

5328
04:44:39,700 --> 04:44:43,000
might mean a few hours at the 
pub before exhausted sleep or 

5329
04:44:43,000 --> 04:44:46,100
working on peace work projects 
at home to supplement inadequate

5330
04:44:46,100 --> 04:44:49,100
wages. 
Children have put to bed, early,

5331
04:44:49,100 --> 04:44:52,400
partly, because childhood is 
shorter in Practical terms. 

5332
04:44:52,400 --> 04:44:54,200
They'll be working, sooner 
enough. 

5333
04:44:54,200 --> 04:44:57,100
So rest now is pragmatic rather 
than coddling. 

5334
04:44:58,000 --> 04:44:59,800
The streets. 
Take on a different character 

5335
04:44:59,800 --> 04:45:03,500
after dark respectable. 
People don't linger outside once

5336
04:45:03,500 --> 04:45:06,900
night falls because Victorian 
London has a well-deserved 

5337
04:45:06,900 --> 04:45:09,800
reputation for Crime. 
That's not entirely exaggerated.

5338
04:45:11,000 --> 04:45:14,400
The police, a relatively new 
institution, still finding, its 

5339
04:45:14,400 --> 04:45:17,700
footing. 
Troll in pairs, their presence 

5340
04:45:17,700 --> 04:45:21,600
designed to reassure Laura 
Biden's and deter criminals. 

5341
04:45:22,400 --> 04:45:24,600
But the city doesn't sleep 
night. 

5342
04:45:24,600 --> 04:45:27,500
Workers are everywhere. 
Baker starting their work for 

5343
04:45:27,500 --> 04:45:29,300
tomorrow's. 
Bread like swirl. 

5344
04:45:29,300 --> 04:45:32,700
Men collecting waste from 
cesspits and privies and Market 

5345
04:45:32,700 --> 04:45:34,600
workers preparing for the next 
day's business. 

5346
04:45:35,700 --> 04:45:38,700
London operates on overlapping 
schedule's with some people 

5347
04:45:38,700 --> 04:45:40,600
ending their day as others. 
Begin theirs. 

5348
04:45:41,700 --> 04:45:45,500
Fog which cleared some during 
the day often returns at night, 

5349
04:45:45,500 --> 04:45:49,600
thicker and more oppressive. 
Combined with the darkness and 

5350
04:45:49,600 --> 04:45:52,800
The Limited lighting. 
Navigating, Victorian London 

5351
04:45:52,800 --> 04:45:55,600
after dark requires local 
knowledge or considerable 

5352
04:45:55,600 --> 04:45:58,300
courage. 
Streets that were merely crowded

5353
04:45:58,300 --> 04:46:01,300
during the day become maze-like 
and vaguely threatening. 

5354
04:46:02,100 --> 04:46:04,800
There's a romance to the evening
gas light, that photographers 

5355
04:46:04,800 --> 04:46:08,200
and artists of captured, but the
lived reality is less 

5356
04:46:08,200 --> 04:46:10,900
picturesque. 
The light is dim enough that 

5357
04:46:10,900 --> 04:46:13,100
reading strains your eyes and 
many. 

5358
04:46:13,100 --> 04:46:16,600
Victorian suffer from vision 
problems partly because they 

5359
04:46:16,600 --> 04:46:19,600
spend their lives squinting at 
things in inadequate 

5360
04:46:19,600 --> 04:46:23,000
illumination. 
The gas Flames, consume oxygen 

5361
04:46:23,000 --> 04:46:27,300
making rooms stuffy and they 
produce their own smell. 

5362
04:46:27,300 --> 04:46:30,900
That adds to the complex, 
olfactory Symphony of Victorian,

5363
04:46:30,900 --> 04:46:34,200
urban life. 
For those with evening, social 

5364
04:46:34,200 --> 04:46:37,600
engagements, dinner, parties 
Card Games, Social calls, 

5365
04:46:37,600 --> 04:46:41,600
elaborate preparations, are 
required evening dresses, 

5366
04:46:41,600 --> 04:46:45,400
formal, and highly specific, and
takes substantial time to put on

5367
04:46:45,400 --> 04:46:48,400
correctly. 
Women's evening gowns. 

5368
04:46:48,400 --> 04:46:52,100
Even more complex than they were
with lower necklines. 

5369
04:46:52,100 --> 04:46:55,600
That scandalize foreign visitors
but a perfectly acceptable 

5370
04:46:55,600 --> 04:46:58,000
within the confines of private 
entertainment. 

5371
04:46:59,200 --> 04:47:01,300
The dinner party is a 
performance where multiple 

5372
04:47:01,300 --> 04:47:05,500
courses are served conversation,
follows strict guidelines about 

5373
04:47:05,500 --> 04:47:09,300
appropriate, topics, and every 
gesture, and word is evaluated. 

5374
04:47:09,300 --> 04:47:11,800
According to social rules that 
have been refined over 

5375
04:47:11,800 --> 04:47:14,500
Generations. 
Getting through an evening 

5376
04:47:14,500 --> 04:47:18,300
without committing some faux par
requires constant attention to 

5377
04:47:18,300 --> 04:47:21,300
Etiquette, that modern people 
would find exhausting. 

5378
04:47:22,300 --> 04:47:26,400
Deep night in Victorian, London 
is when the city reveals its 

5379
04:47:26,400 --> 04:47:29,900
most honest face. 
The social pretenses of daylight

5380
04:47:29,900 --> 04:47:32,200
fade. 
And what remains is a complex 

5381
04:47:32,200 --> 04:47:37,500
ecosystem of people, surviving 
thriving working and sleeping in

5382
04:47:37,500 --> 04:47:39,600
a metropolis that never 
completely stops. 

5383
04:47:39,600 --> 04:47:43,000
Moving. 
The darkness is profound in ways

5384
04:47:43,000 --> 04:47:47,000
that Modern urban dwellers 
rarely experience, even with gas

5385
04:47:47,000 --> 04:47:50,400
lamps large portions of London 
remained pitch black after 

5386
04:47:50,400 --> 04:47:53,200
midnight. 
The moon and stars when visible 

5387
04:47:53,200 --> 04:47:56,300
through the Perpetual Haze of 
coal, smoke provides 

5388
04:47:56,300 --> 04:47:59,700
supplemental light but it's not 
enough to eliminate the Shadows 

5389
04:47:59,700 --> 04:48:02,700
that dominate the urban 
landscape in wealthier 

5390
04:48:02,700 --> 04:48:05,000
neighborhoods. 
The houses are mostly dark by 11

5391
04:48:05,000 --> 04:48:08,800
or midnight, their inhabitants 
are sleep behind heavy curtains 

5392
04:48:08,800 --> 04:48:13,100
that block, both light and cold 
The streets are quiet, except 

5393
04:48:13,100 --> 04:48:15,800
the occasional late cab 
returning, someone from an 

5394
04:48:15,800 --> 04:48:18,900
evening engagement, the horses, 
hooves, echoing off the 

5395
04:48:18,900 --> 04:48:20,900
buildings, like a heartbeat in 
the Darkness. 

5396
04:48:21,900 --> 04:48:25,300
But in working-class areas night
is when the city shows, its 

5397
04:48:25,300 --> 04:48:28,900
desperation homeless people and 
Victorian. 

5398
04:48:28,900 --> 04:48:33,200
London has thousands of them 
seek shelter in doorways under 

5399
04:48:33,200 --> 04:48:36,700
bridges and anywhere that 
provides minimal protection from

5400
04:48:36,700 --> 04:48:39,400
the elements. 
The workhouses offer beds for 

5401
04:48:39,408 --> 04:48:41,000
those desperate enough to accept
them. 

5402
04:48:41,000 --> 04:48:44,200
But they're so Grim that many 
prefer the streets. 

5403
04:48:45,000 --> 04:48:48,100
The night soil men, make their 
rounds collecting human waste 

5404
04:48:48,100 --> 04:48:49,700
from cesspits and outdoor 
privies. 

5405
04:48:50,400 --> 04:48:53,900
It's disgusting work, but it 
pays relatively well, because 

5406
04:48:53,900 --> 04:48:57,000
few people will do it. 
They work in the dark hours, 

5407
04:48:57,000 --> 04:49:00,800
partly for practical reasons. 
Waste is easier to transport 

5408
04:49:00,800 --> 04:49:03,400
when the streets are empty and 
partly to spare. 

5409
04:49:03,400 --> 04:49:06,600
Victorian sensibilities, from 
confronting two directly, where 

5410
04:49:06,600 --> 04:49:10,500
all that waste goes. 
The Thames at night is busy with

5411
04:49:10,500 --> 04:49:13,800
a different traffic cold, barges
move undercover of Darkness 

5412
04:49:13,800 --> 04:49:16,700
docking at industrial sites 
along the river. 

5413
04:49:17,700 --> 04:49:20,700
Messenger Ferry's continue 
operating until late caring 

5414
04:49:20,700 --> 04:49:23,100
people across and along the 
river because bridges are still 

5415
04:49:23,100 --> 04:49:27,200
limited and often congested. 
The water itself is largely 

5416
04:49:27,200 --> 04:49:31,200
invisible in the darkness marked
more by sound and smell and 

5417
04:49:31,200 --> 04:49:34,500
sight. 
Criminal activity, which existed

5418
04:49:34,500 --> 04:49:37,100
all hours becomes more Brazen 
after dark. 

5419
04:49:37,900 --> 04:49:40,700
Pickpockets work, the theater 
crowds and Pub districts. 

5420
04:49:41,400 --> 04:49:44,100
Burglars prefer homes where the 
inhabitants were asleep. 

5421
04:49:45,100 --> 04:49:48,000
The police patrol with increased
vigilance, but their vastly 

5422
04:49:48,000 --> 04:49:51,400
outnumbered and Victorian, 
London has plenty of dark 

5423
04:49:51,400 --> 04:49:54,000
Corners, where criminal 
Enterprise can operate 

5424
04:49:54,000 --> 04:49:57,800
relatively undisturbed. 
Sounds of night are different 

5425
04:49:57,800 --> 04:50:01,300
from day without the constant 
Rumble of commercial traffic. 

5426
04:50:01,300 --> 04:50:04,000
Individual sounds become more 
distinct. 

5427
04:50:04,000 --> 04:50:06,600
You can hear voices from open 
windows. 

5428
04:50:06,600 --> 04:50:10,700
The Cry of babies, the arguments
of couples who think the 

5429
04:50:10,700 --> 04:50:14,700
darkness provides privacy. 
The Barking of dogs, the yowling

5430
04:50:14,700 --> 04:50:18,200
of cats and the scarring of rats
that are as much a part of 

5431
04:50:18,200 --> 04:50:23,200
Victorian London as the human 
inhabitants, Of rats, Victorian 

5432
04:50:23,200 --> 04:50:26,900
London has millions of them. 
They live in the sewers in the 

5433
04:50:26,900 --> 04:50:31,000
walls of buildings and in 
warehouses and shops, feeding on

5434
04:50:31,000 --> 04:50:34,800
the endless supply of waste and 
garbage that a city of several 

5435
04:50:34,800 --> 04:50:39,100
million people producers at 
night, when humans are less 

5436
04:50:39,100 --> 04:50:43,000
active rats, become bold, 
venturing into streets and 

5437
04:50:43,008 --> 04:50:46,300
alleys in numbers that would 
horrify modern city dwellers. 

5438
04:50:47,000 --> 04:50:50,500
The night markets operate in 
certain areas selling Goods, 

5439
04:50:50,500 --> 04:50:52,800
that might not stand up to 
Daylight scrutiny. 

5440
04:50:53,600 --> 04:50:57,700
Used clothing, questionable food
items, that might have fallen 

5441
04:50:57,700 --> 04:51:01,900
off the back of a cart. 
The informal economy thrives in 

5442
04:51:01,900 --> 04:51:04,900
the hours, when official 
Commerce has closed, these 

5443
04:51:04,900 --> 04:51:08,700
markets, serve people who work 
odd hours or who can only afford

5444
04:51:08,700 --> 04:51:11,800
the cheapest possible Goods 
regardless of their origin, 

5445
04:51:12,800 --> 04:51:15,800
Factory workers on night, shifts
experience, a different London 

5446
04:51:15,800 --> 04:51:18,700
entirely. 
They enter their workplaces in 

5447
04:51:18,700 --> 04:51:23,100
darkness and emerge in darkness 
seeing their homes and families 

5448
04:51:23,100 --> 04:51:25,200
primarily on their one day off 
per week. 

5449
04:51:26,300 --> 04:51:29,300
The factories themselves a bit 
by gas lamps that create their 

5450
04:51:29,300 --> 04:51:32,500
own hazards. 
The combination of open flames, 

5451
04:51:32,500 --> 04:51:34,600
and Industrial. 
Machinery has predictable 

5452
04:51:34,600 --> 04:51:37,900
results and Factory fires are a 
regular occurrence. 

5453
04:51:38,900 --> 04:51:41,900
The baker start, their work 
around 3 in the morning, firing 

5454
04:51:41,900 --> 04:51:44,300
up ovens and beginning. 
The process of producing the 

5455
04:51:44,300 --> 04:51:46,300
bread that will be sold 
throughout the coming day. 

5456
04:51:47,300 --> 04:51:49,600
Walking past a bakery. 
In the early morning, Darkness 

5457
04:51:49,600 --> 04:51:53,000
the smell of baking bread. 
Provides a moment of pure 

5458
04:51:53,000 --> 04:51:56,600
sensory, pleasure that cuts 
through the usual Urban, odors 

5459
04:51:57,700 --> 04:52:00,700
The new technology of the 
telegraph operates, 24 hours, 

5460
04:52:00,700 --> 04:52:03,800
with operators, sitting in 
offices, sending and receiving 

5461
04:52:03,800 --> 04:52:07,000
messages through the night. 
It's the beginning of the modern

5462
04:52:07,000 --> 04:52:10,100
expectation, that information 
should be available instantly 

5463
04:52:10,100 --> 04:52:12,800
rather than waiting for the next
day's mail delivery. 

5464
04:52:13,600 --> 04:52:17,400
Some public houses, stay open 
late operating in a gray area of

5465
04:52:17,400 --> 04:52:20,600
legal and illegal, depending on 
their location and their 

5466
04:52:20,600 --> 04:52:23,700
relationship with local police. 
These late night, 

5467
04:52:23,700 --> 04:52:26,700
establishments, serve people who
work on hours people with 

5468
04:52:26,700 --> 04:52:29,900
nowhere else to go and people 
who prefer the company of the 

5469
04:52:29,900 --> 04:52:33,800
pub to their own logging. 
The atmosphere is different from

5470
04:52:33,800 --> 04:52:38,000
daytime drinking quieter or 
desperate less social and more 

5471
04:52:38,000 --> 04:52:40,100
about numbing whatever makes 
sleep difficult. 

5472
04:52:41,100 --> 04:52:44,900
Hospital Wards operate through 
the night staffed by overworked 

5473
04:52:44,900 --> 04:52:48,500
nurses who care for patients and
conditions that are gradually 

5474
04:52:48,500 --> 04:52:51,800
improving but still shockingly 
inadequate by modern standards. 

5475
04:52:53,000 --> 04:52:55,900
Medical understanding is 
advancing rapidly in Victorian 

5476
04:52:55,900 --> 04:52:58,500
England. 
The practical application lags 

5477
04:52:58,500 --> 04:53:02,200
behind theoretical knowledge and
hospitals remain places where 

5478
04:53:02,200 --> 04:53:04,200
the poor go because they have no
other option. 

5479
04:53:05,100 --> 04:53:08,700
The churches stand dark and 
locked except for the very 

5480
04:53:08,700 --> 04:53:12,100
largest which maintain small 
chapels open for prayer. 

5481
04:53:13,000 --> 04:53:16,700
Victorian religion is both 
intensely private and intensely 

5482
04:53:16,700 --> 04:53:19,200
public. 
And the after-hours availability

5483
04:53:19,200 --> 04:53:21,800
of religious spaces, reflects 
this complexity. 

5484
04:53:22,700 --> 04:53:26,000
Around 4:00 in the morning. 
London begins its transition 

5485
04:53:26,000 --> 04:53:29,300
back toward day. 
The earliest workers start 

5486
04:53:29,300 --> 04:53:31,700
appearing on the streets 
servants beginning. 

5487
04:53:31,700 --> 04:53:35,600
Their Ali routines delivery 
drivers preparing their wagons 

5488
04:53:35,600 --> 04:53:39,100
and Market vendors heading to 
wholesale markets to purchase 

5489
04:53:39,100 --> 04:53:42,400
their stock for the day. 
The darkness starts to feel 

5490
04:53:42,400 --> 04:53:45,900
temporary rather than permanent 
and the city prepares for 

5491
04:53:45,900 --> 04:53:48,100
another cycle of its endless 
routine. 

5492
04:53:49,200 --> 04:53:52,500
As Dawn approaches and the sky 
begins, its slow transition from

5493
04:53:52,500 --> 04:53:55,600
black to Gray. 
You find yourself in a quiet 

5494
04:53:55,600 --> 04:53:58,900
Square sitting. 
On a damp bench watching. 

5495
04:53:58,900 --> 04:54:01,200
Victorian London, wake up for 
another day. 

5496
04:54:02,800 --> 04:54:05,900
The experience of the past 24 
hours has been overwhelming, 

5497
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:10,300
exhausting, fascinating, and 
occasionally disturbing. 

5498
04:54:10,300 --> 04:54:13,900
Everything that reality should 
be when you strip away the 

5499
04:54:13,900 --> 04:54:18,200
comfortable filtering that 
historical distance provides Fog

5500
04:54:18,200 --> 04:54:20,700
is returning or perhaps it never
really left. 

5501
04:54:21,800 --> 04:54:24,100
Coal fires are being lit in 
thousands of homes. 

5502
04:54:24,100 --> 04:54:27,100
And the smoke is already 
beginning to accumulate in the 

5503
04:54:27,100 --> 04:54:30,500
morning are Soon, the streets 
will fill again with horses 

5504
04:54:30,500 --> 04:54:34,300
people and the complex Machinery
of urban life that somehow 

5505
04:54:34,300 --> 04:54:36,900
functions. 
Despite operating on principles 

5506
04:54:36,900 --> 04:54:39,900
that seem impossibly Antiquated 
from a modern perspective, 

5507
04:54:41,300 --> 04:54:43,900
You've learned Things That No 
book or documentary could have 

5508
04:54:43,908 --> 04:54:46,500
taught you. 
You now know what coal smoke 

5509
04:54:46,508 --> 04:54:50,000
tastes like when it's everywhere
or Genuine cold feels like 

5510
04:54:50,000 --> 04:54:53,500
without central heating and what
Urban noise sounds like without 

5511
04:54:53,500 --> 04:54:57,500
sound insulation. 
You understand in your body, not

5512
04:54:57,500 --> 04:55:00,300
just your mind. 
What it means to live without 

5513
04:55:00,300 --> 04:55:03,200
electricity without instant 
communication. 

5514
04:55:03,200 --> 04:55:06,700
Without any of the technologies 
that Define modern existence, 

5515
04:55:06,700 --> 04:55:09,800
the social observations have 
been equally educational. 

5516
04:55:09,800 --> 04:55:13,000
You've seen how visible 
inequality is when everyone 

5517
04:55:13,000 --> 04:55:16,300
shares the same public spaces. 
But clearly belongs to different

5518
04:55:16,300 --> 04:55:20,900
worlds, you've noticed how much 
energy Victorian society spent 

5519
04:55:20,900 --> 04:55:24,100
on maintaining social 
distinctions on performing class

5520
04:55:24,100 --> 04:55:28,400
identity and on signaling status
through clothes, speak and 

5521
04:55:28,400 --> 04:55:31,100
behavior. 
You've been struck by the 

5522
04:55:31,100 --> 04:55:35,100
physicality of Victorian life. 
Everything requires more effort 

5523
04:55:35,100 --> 04:55:38,500
getting dressed. 
Staying warm getting from place 

5524
04:55:38,500 --> 04:55:41,800
to place, obtaining food and 
staying clean. 

5525
04:55:43,300 --> 04:55:46,600
The simple Act of daily 
existence that modern people 

5526
04:55:46,600 --> 04:55:50,600
accomplish with out, thought, 
required sustained, attention 

5527
04:55:50,600 --> 04:55:53,500
and considerable labor in the 
Victorian era. 

5528
04:55:54,700 --> 04:55:57,300
But you've also noticed things 
that Modern Life has lost. 

5529
04:55:58,200 --> 04:56:01,500
The bread tastes better because 
it's made daily from flower that

5530
04:56:01,500 --> 04:56:03,900
hasn't been processed into 
nutritional emptiness. 

5531
04:56:04,800 --> 04:56:07,600
Clothes, despite being 
uncomfortable are made to last 

5532
04:56:07,600 --> 04:56:10,300
and often contain better 
craftsmanship than anything you 

5533
04:56:10,300 --> 04:56:13,000
own. 
The social interactions while 

5534
04:56:13,000 --> 04:56:16,200
formal involve actually looking 
at people and talking to them 

5535
04:56:16,200 --> 04:56:20,500
rather than staring at screens. 
The pace of life is paradoxical.

5536
04:56:20,500 --> 04:56:24,100
Everything takes longer yet 
people seem to accomplish 

5537
04:56:24,100 --> 04:56:28,200
enormous amounts, The Victorian 
era was one of incredible 

5538
04:56:28,200 --> 04:56:33,200
productivity Innovation and 
expansion all achieved without 

5539
04:56:33,200 --> 04:56:36,600
computers without modern 
transportation and without 

5540
04:56:36,600 --> 04:56:40,300
instant communication. 
It's suggests that maybe modern 

5541
04:56:40,300 --> 04:56:43,300
efficiency isn't quite as 
efficient as we like to think. 

5542
04:56:44,200 --> 04:56:47,500
Or perhaps that efficiency isn't
the only measure of a society 

5543
04:56:47,500 --> 04:56:51,600
success, the dangers of 
Victorian, London have been real

5544
04:56:51,600 --> 04:56:53,100
and present throughout your 
journey. 

5545
04:56:53,800 --> 04:56:57,500
Disease, accident, crime and 
poverty. 

5546
04:56:57,500 --> 04:57:01,400
All of them are closer to the 
surface than in modern developed

5547
04:57:01,400 --> 04:57:04,200
societies. 
The social safety net. 

5548
04:57:04,200 --> 04:57:08,200
That modern people take for 
granted doesn't exist. if you're

5549
04:57:08,200 --> 04:57:11,800
poor sick or unlucky your 
options range from limited to 

5550
04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:15,800
non-existent, The environmental 
conditions have been a 

5551
04:57:15,800 --> 04:57:19,100
revelation, modern people think 
they understand, historical 

5552
04:57:19,100 --> 04:57:22,700
pollution, because they've seen 
photographs of smoggy cities. 

5553
04:57:23,600 --> 04:57:26,900
But photographs, don't convey 
the taste of the are the way 

5554
04:57:26,900 --> 04:57:30,500
smoke, irritates your throat, 
the omnipresent cold dust that 

5555
04:57:30,500 --> 04:57:34,200
settles on everything. 
The smell of the temps or the 

5556
04:57:34,200 --> 04:57:37,900
sound of thousands of horses 
producing waste faster than it 

5557
04:57:37,900 --> 04:57:40,900
can be collected. 
Yet, there's Beauty here too. 

5558
04:57:40,900 --> 04:57:45,200
The architecture is genuinely 
impressive built by craftsmen 

5559
04:57:45,200 --> 04:57:48,300
who took pride in their work. 
The gaslighting, however, 

5560
04:57:48,300 --> 04:57:52,800
inadequate atmospheric effects, 
that electric light can't match.

5561
04:57:53,900 --> 04:57:56,500
The sense of community and 
working class neighborhoods, 

5562
04:57:56,500 --> 04:58:00,900
born of shared hardship and 
mutual dependence represents 

5563
04:58:00,900 --> 04:58:04,100
something that modern Suburban 
isolation often Lacks. 

5564
04:58:05,200 --> 04:58:07,900
The people you've observed have 
been the most interesting part. 

5565
04:58:07,900 --> 04:58:10,900
They're not the simplified 
historical figures from 

5566
04:58:10,900 --> 04:58:14,700
textbooks or the Romantic 
characters from period dramas 

5567
04:58:15,400 --> 04:58:18,300
Their complex human beings 
dealing with the specific 

5568
04:58:18,300 --> 04:58:21,400
challenges of their time, while 
experiencing the universal 

5569
04:58:21,400 --> 04:58:27,400
aspects of human existence. 
Love ambition, fear, hope 

5570
04:58:27,400 --> 04:58:31,900
boredom and joy. 
The children you've seen will 

5571
04:58:31,900 --> 04:58:35,300
grow up to be edwardians to 
experience the first world war 

5572
04:58:35,300 --> 04:58:39,800
and perhaps to live into the 
1950s and wonder at television 

5573
04:58:39,800 --> 04:58:43,100
and Jet's. 
The young adults, you've watched

5574
04:58:43,100 --> 04:58:46,400
rushing to work, will be the 
elderly of the 1920s and 30s 

5575
04:58:46,400 --> 04:58:50,100
Living Bridges between the 
Victorian world and modernity 

5576
04:58:50,100 --> 04:58:55,400
history, isn't separate errors. 
It's continuous Human Experience

5577
04:58:55,400 --> 04:58:58,200
flowing from one generation to 
the next. 

5578
04:58:59,100 --> 04:59:02,900
You realize that Victorian 
London isn't passed its the 

5579
04:59:02,900 --> 04:59:05,800
foundation. 
The sewers being built right now

5580
04:59:05,800 --> 04:59:07,900
will still be functioning in the
21st century. 

5581
04:59:07,900 --> 04:59:11,600
The buildings, you've walked 
past Will Survive Wars and urban

5582
04:59:11,600 --> 04:59:15,600
renewal the institutions being 
established public libraries 

5583
04:59:15,600 --> 04:59:20,200
Museum, schools, hospitals will 
evolve but persist You're not 

5584
04:59:20,208 --> 04:59:23,300
visiting a dead world, you're 
observing the roots of the 

5585
04:59:23,300 --> 04:59:26,300
world, you know. 
The experience has given you a 

5586
04:59:26,300 --> 04:59:27,800
different perspective on 
progress. 

5587
04:59:28,700 --> 04:59:31,200
Yes. 
Modern Life is more comfortable,

5588
04:59:31,200 --> 04:59:35,800
safer and healthier and offers 
opportunities that victorians 

5589
04:59:35,800 --> 04:59:38,800
couldn't imagine. 
But progress isn't linear 

5590
04:59:38,800 --> 04:59:42,700
Improvement in every aspect. 
The victorians built things to 

5591
04:59:42,700 --> 04:59:47,800
last invested in Beauty, even in
utilitarian projects, and 

5592
04:59:47,800 --> 04:59:50,800
maintained social connections 
that modern efficiency has 

5593
04:59:50,800 --> 04:59:54,000
sometimes eroded. 
The moral complexity is 

5594
04:59:54,000 --> 04:59:57,600
impossible to ignore Victorian, 
Britain, ruled an Empire that 

5595
04:59:57,600 --> 05:00:01,100
brought prosperity to some and 
exploitation to many. 

5596
05:00:02,100 --> 05:00:05,100
The wealth visible in London's 
Grand, building's came partly 

5597
05:00:05,100 --> 05:00:09,600
from Colonial extraction. 
Cheap Goods in London shops were

5598
05:00:09,600 --> 05:00:13,400
often produced by Colonial labor
under conditions that would be 

5599
05:00:13,400 --> 05:00:16,900
recognized as exploitative even 
by Victorian standards. 

5600
05:00:17,900 --> 05:00:20,600
There's no way to separate. 
Victorian achievement from 

5601
05:00:20,600 --> 05:00:24,700
Victorian imperialism. 
Similarly, the period social 

5602
05:00:24,700 --> 05:00:27,400
progress co-existed with 
shocking and equality. 

5603
05:00:28,800 --> 05:00:32,800
Same society that was expanding,
education and improving Public 

5604
05:00:32,800 --> 05:00:35,400
Health. 
Also allowed children to work in

5605
05:00:35,400 --> 05:00:39,000
factories and mines. 
The era that produced great 

5606
05:00:39,000 --> 05:00:42,500
literature and scientific 
advances also maintained rigid 

5607
05:00:42,500 --> 05:00:46,100
class barriers, and severely, 
limited women's opportunities. 

5608
05:00:46,900 --> 05:00:49,300
These contradictions don't 
resolve neatly. 

5609
05:00:49,900 --> 05:00:53,500
The victorians were not villains
or Heroes, they were people 

5610
05:00:53,500 --> 05:00:56,600
working within their societies, 
assumptions, while gradually 

5611
05:00:56,600 --> 05:01:01,600
questioning and changing those 
assumptions. progress happened 

5612
05:01:01,600 --> 05:01:04,400
because some victorians 
recognize problems and work to 

5613
05:01:04,400 --> 05:01:07,700
address them not because history
automatically moves toward 

5614
05:01:07,700 --> 05:01:11,500
Justice, The gender dynamics of 
being particularly striking 

5615
05:01:11,500 --> 05:01:14,800
throughout your day, women are 
everywhere, but their 

5616
05:01:14,800 --> 05:01:17,500
possibilities are constrained in
ways that would be intolerable 

5617
05:01:17,500 --> 05:01:20,600
to Modern women. 
Working class women labor in 

5618
05:01:20,600 --> 05:01:24,500
factories, shops, and homes, 
middle class women manage 

5619
05:01:24,500 --> 05:01:27,800
households and raise children 
within narrow, social confines 

5620
05:01:27,800 --> 05:01:31,400
upper class women. 
Perform elaborate social rituals

5621
05:01:31,400 --> 05:01:35,500
that constitute their primary 
occupation The legal status of 

5622
05:01:35,500 --> 05:01:38,500
women is somewhere between 
persons and property depending 

5623
05:01:38,500 --> 05:01:42,300
on their marital status. 
Victorian women are all so 

5624
05:01:42,300 --> 05:01:45,800
pushing boundaries women writers
are achieving success. 

5625
05:01:45,800 --> 05:01:50,300
Women activists are campaigning 
for education and suffrage and 

5626
05:01:50,300 --> 05:01:53,000
women workers are organizing for
better conditions. 

5627
05:01:53,700 --> 05:01:56,500
The changes that will transform 
women's lives in the 20th. 

5628
05:01:56,500 --> 05:02:00,600
Century are beginning here. 
In small acts of resistance and 

5629
05:02:00,600 --> 05:02:03,600
assertion that will eventually 
remake Society. 

5630
05:02:04,600 --> 05:02:07,600
The religious atmosphere has 
permeated everything you've 

5631
05:02:07,600 --> 05:02:10,900
experienced. 
Victorian Christianity isn't 

5632
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:14,400
just Sunday worship, it's a 
framework that shapes social 

5633
05:02:14,400 --> 05:02:17,600
policy, personal behavior and 
public discourse. 

5634
05:02:18,500 --> 05:02:21,900
Churches are everywhere, 
religious language, infuses 

5635
05:02:21,900 --> 05:02:24,600
ordinary conversation and 
Christian morality. 

5636
05:02:24,600 --> 05:02:28,600
At least its public performance 
is expected of everyone. 

5637
05:02:28,600 --> 05:02:33,000
Regardless of actual belief, but
religious doubt was present 

5638
05:02:33,000 --> 05:02:35,900
growing among intellectuals and 
workers alike. 

5639
05:02:36,800 --> 05:02:39,000
Darwin's theories are being 
discussed and debated. 

5640
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:42,400
Scientific thinking is 
challenging traditional 

5641
05:02:42,400 --> 05:02:45,800
religious explanations. 
The attention between faith. 

5642
05:02:45,800 --> 05:02:48,400
And reason that characterizes, 
Victorian culture isn't 

5643
05:02:48,400 --> 05:02:51,900
resolved, it actively being 
worked through by thoughtful 

5644
05:02:51,900 --> 05:02:55,600
people on all sides. 
As you sit in the gradually 

5645
05:02:55,600 --> 05:02:58,900
brightening Square, the full 
cycle of the Victorian day, 

5646
05:02:58,900 --> 05:03:01,700
becomes clear. 
It's not so different in 

5647
05:03:01,700 --> 05:03:06,700
structure from Modern days. 
People wake work, eat rest and 

5648
05:03:06,700 --> 05:03:09,700
sleep. 
The surface details of changed 

5649
05:03:09,700 --> 05:03:13,600
dramatically but the underlying 
human rhythms remain constant. 

5650
05:03:14,400 --> 05:03:17,600
People in 1880 had the same 
basic knees and desires as 

5651
05:03:17,600 --> 05:03:21,000
people in the 21st century. 
They just fulfilled them with 

5652
05:03:21,000 --> 05:03:23,400
different Technologies and 
within different social 

5653
05:03:23,400 --> 05:03:26,000
structures. 
The experience is also 

5654
05:03:26,008 --> 05:03:30,000
highlighted how recent modernity
really is electric lights, 

5655
05:03:30,000 --> 05:03:33,500
automobiles, phones, computers 
the Internet. 

5656
05:03:34,300 --> 05:03:38,200
All of these arrived within 
roughly a century, a tiny sliver

5657
05:03:38,200 --> 05:03:42,200
of human history. 
The Victorian world of gas 

5658
05:03:42,200 --> 05:03:44,400
lamps. 
And Horse Transport is separated

5659
05:03:44,400 --> 05:03:47,300
from the digital age by just 
three or four generations. 

5660
05:03:48,200 --> 05:03:50,800
Your own grandparents or 
great-grandparents might have 

5661
05:03:50,800 --> 05:03:54,000
been born into a world that more
closely resembled Victorian 

5662
05:03:54,000 --> 05:03:57,700
London than contemporary life. 
This proximity Is both 

5663
05:03:57,700 --> 05:04:01,500
comforting and unsettling. 
Comforting because it suggests 

5664
05:04:01,500 --> 05:04:05,500
humans are remarkably adaptable.
Victorians coped with their 

5665
05:04:05,500 --> 05:04:08,300
challenges as effectively as 
moderns cope with theirs. 

5666
05:04:09,200 --> 05:04:12,800
Unsettling because it raises 
questions about what aspects of 

5667
05:04:12,800 --> 05:04:15,400
modern life will seem as 
Antiquated to Future 

5668
05:04:15,400 --> 05:04:18,000
Generations. 
As gaslighting seems to you. 

5669
05:04:19,000 --> 05:04:21,600
The technological changes are 
the most visible differences, 

5670
05:04:21,600 --> 05:04:24,500
but the social changes might be 
more profound. 

5671
05:04:25,300 --> 05:04:28,400
The rigid Victorian class system
has softened in developed 

5672
05:04:28,400 --> 05:04:30,500
countries though, it has not 
disappeared. 

5673
05:04:31,300 --> 05:04:34,100
Gender roles have been 
dramatically reimagined. 

5674
05:04:34,100 --> 05:04:38,000
Racial attitudes have evolved 
though imperfectly. 

5675
05:04:38,800 --> 05:04:43,500
Democratic participation has 
expanded individual Freedom, has

5676
05:04:43,500 --> 05:04:46,900
increased in most areas, though,
surveillance capabilities of 

5677
05:04:46,900 --> 05:04:50,000
all. 
So grown The Victorian World 

5678
05:04:50,000 --> 05:04:53,200
believed in hierarchy and 
tradition the modern world 

5679
05:04:53,200 --> 05:04:56,000
celebrates a quality and 
Innovation though. 

5680
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:59,400
Both theories often fail to live
up to their stated values. 

5681
05:05:00,300 --> 05:05:03,600
As the morning strengthens and 
the city fully awakened around 

5682
05:05:03,600 --> 05:05:07,100
you, you find yourself thinking 
about what this imaginary 

5683
05:05:07,100 --> 05:05:10,300
Journey has offered Beyond mere 
historical curiosity. 

5684
05:05:11,300 --> 05:05:13,400
What gifts does Victorian 
London? 

5685
05:05:13,400 --> 05:05:17,300
Give to a modern person willing 
to spend a day in its crowded. 

5686
05:05:17,300 --> 05:05:21,700
Smoky uncomfortable reality. 
First, there's the gift of 

5687
05:05:21,700 --> 05:05:24,600
proportion. 
Your own daily complaints. 

5688
05:05:24,600 --> 05:05:27,600
The wife is slow, the coffee 
isn't quite right. 

5689
05:05:27,600 --> 05:05:31,800
The commute to an extra 10 
minutes shrink when compared to 

5690
05:05:31,800 --> 05:05:35,500
Victorian challenges. 
This isn't to say, Modern 

5691
05:05:35,500 --> 05:05:38,500
Problems aren't real. 
But perspective is valuable. 

5692
05:05:39,300 --> 05:05:42,300
The victorians dealt with 
genuine hardship and found 

5693
05:05:42,300 --> 05:05:46,800
reasons to Laugh, Love create 
and persevere. 

5694
05:05:47,500 --> 05:05:50,100
Your own resilient is probably 
greater than you think. 

5695
05:05:51,000 --> 05:05:55,500
Second, there's appreciation for
invisible infrastructure, you'll

5696
05:05:55,500 --> 05:05:59,400
never take clean water 
effective, sewage reliable 

5697
05:05:59,400 --> 05:06:03,000
electricity, or modern medicine 
for granted again after 

5698
05:06:03,000 --> 05:06:07,200
experiencing their absence. 
A complex systems that support 

5699
05:06:07,200 --> 05:06:10,200
Modern Life are easy to ignore 
until you imagine life without 

5700
05:06:10,200 --> 05:06:12,800
them. 
Thousands of people work to 

5701
05:06:12,800 --> 05:06:16,600
build these systems often in 
difficult conditions and their 

5702
05:06:16,600 --> 05:06:19,000
legacy is the comfort. 
You experience daily. 

5703
05:06:19,000 --> 05:06:22,900
Third is understanding of 
historical change. 

5704
05:06:22,900 --> 05:06:27,300
Victorian London, seemed 
permanent to its inhabitants the

5705
05:06:27,300 --> 05:06:29,100
way things. 
Were seemed like the way things 

5706
05:06:29,100 --> 05:06:33,300
would always be yet within 
decades, much of that world had 

5707
05:06:33,300 --> 05:06:37,200
transformed This suggests that 
your own world which seems 

5708
05:06:37,200 --> 05:06:40,500
stable and permanent is actually
in constant flux. 

5709
05:06:41,500 --> 05:06:44,000
The changes might be gradual 
enough that you don't notice 

5710
05:06:44,000 --> 05:06:47,700
them day-to-day, but the 
cumulative effect over time can 

5711
05:06:47,700 --> 05:06:50,100
be revolutionary. 
Forth. 

5712
05:06:50,100 --> 05:06:52,400
There's recognition of human 
constants. 

5713
05:06:53,400 --> 05:06:56,500
Spite all the differences 
victorians worried about their 

5714
05:06:56,500 --> 05:06:59,000
children's Futures. 
Work to improve their 

5715
05:06:59,000 --> 05:07:03,000
circumstances. 
Fell in love experienced loss. 

5716
05:07:03,000 --> 05:07:07,500
Found joy in small things and 
struggled with meaning and 

5717
05:07:07,500 --> 05:07:10,900
purpose. 
The external circumstances 

5718
05:07:10,900 --> 05:07:14,900
change the internal human 
experience remains, remarkably 

5719
05:07:14,900 --> 05:07:16,800
consistent, to cross time and 
place. 

5720
05:07:17,700 --> 05:07:20,300
The Victorian emphasis on 
craftsmanship, offers another 

5721
05:07:20,300 --> 05:07:23,900
lesson in a world of 
mass-produced disposable Goods. 

5722
05:07:23,900 --> 05:07:27,000
There's something appealing 
about objects made by skilled 

5723
05:07:27,000 --> 05:07:30,100
hands to last. 
Generation's The Victorian 

5724
05:07:30,100 --> 05:07:33,100
building you've been observing 
with its careful, stonework and 

5725
05:07:33,100 --> 05:07:37,000
decorative details represents an
investment of time and skill 

5726
05:07:37,000 --> 05:07:39,400
that modern construction often 
skips. 

5727
05:07:40,300 --> 05:07:43,200
Perhaps there's value in slowing
down and doing some things well,

5728
05:07:43,200 --> 05:07:44,900
rather than doing everything 
quickly. 

5729
05:07:45,800 --> 05:07:47,600
The social interactions you've 
observed. 

5730
05:07:47,600 --> 05:07:51,900
While often rigid and formal 
involve genuine attention to the

5731
05:07:51,900 --> 05:07:55,400
people physically present. 
No one is checking their phone 

5732
05:07:55,400 --> 05:07:57,800
during conversation because 
phones, don't exist. 

5733
05:07:57,800 --> 05:08:00,300
People. 
Look at each other listen to 

5734
05:08:00,300 --> 05:08:05,300
each other and engage directly. 
the Victorian social world for 

5735
05:08:05,300 --> 05:08:08,700
all its flaws required presence 
in ways that Modern Life 

5736
05:08:08,700 --> 05:08:12,600
sometimes doesn't the experience
is also highlighted, the value 

5737
05:08:12,600 --> 05:08:15,100
of struggle in ways, that 
comfortable Modern Life, 

5738
05:08:15,100 --> 05:08:18,700
sometimes obscures The 
victorians Who improve their 

5739
05:08:18,700 --> 05:08:22,600
circumstances, learned new 
skills or contributed to social 

5740
05:08:22,600 --> 05:08:25,700
progress, often did so against 
significant obstacles. 

5741
05:08:26,400 --> 05:08:28,700
There are achievements. 
Meant something partly because 

5742
05:08:28,700 --> 05:08:31,900
they were difficult. 
Modern life's conveniences, 

5743
05:08:31,900 --> 05:08:35,700
wonderful, but perhaps something
is lost when everything becomes 

5744
05:08:35,700 --> 05:08:38,200
easy. 
There's all a lesson in 

5745
05:08:38,200 --> 05:08:41,100
Victorian London's combination 
of grandeur and squalor. 

5746
05:08:42,000 --> 05:08:45,300
Same society that built 
magnificent, public buildings 

5747
05:08:45,300 --> 05:08:49,300
and expanded museums, and 
libraries, all tolerated, 

5748
05:08:49,300 --> 05:08:54,900
horrific slums, and child labor,
This suggests that material 

5749
05:08:54,900 --> 05:08:58,600
progress doesn't automatically 
produce moral progress. 

5750
05:08:59,600 --> 05:09:03,200
Society must consciously choose 
to extend opportunities and 

5751
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:06,900
protections broadly, not just a 
privileged groups. 

5752
05:09:07,800 --> 05:09:11,200
The Victorian relationship with 
nature, which you've observed in

5753
05:09:11,200 --> 05:09:14,500
the carefully, maintained parks 
and the disregard for air and 

5754
05:09:14,500 --> 05:09:18,500
water quality reveals a society,
still figuring out how to 

5755
05:09:18,500 --> 05:09:21,200
balance industrial progress with
environmental health. 

5756
05:09:22,100 --> 05:09:25,100
They hadn't yet recognized that 
natural systems have limits, 

5757
05:09:25,100 --> 05:09:28,800
modern society knows this, but 
struggles to act on that 

5758
05:09:28,800 --> 05:09:31,500
knowledge. 
The Victorian mistakes off a 

5759
05:09:31,500 --> 05:09:35,000
warnings, but modern people 
can't claim moral superiority 

5760
05:09:35,000 --> 05:09:37,400
while making similar mistakes 
with greater knowledge. 

5761
05:09:38,900 --> 05:09:41,800
The diversity of Victorian 
London immigrants from across 

5762
05:09:41,800 --> 05:09:46,000
the Empire, visitors from around
the world and people from every 

5763
05:09:46,000 --> 05:09:49,700
British region, reminds you that
cities of always been meeting 

5764
05:09:49,700 --> 05:09:53,600
places of different cultures. 
The Victorian response was often

5765
05:09:53,600 --> 05:09:57,000
to maintain strict, social 
hierarchies, but the mere 

5766
05:09:57,000 --> 05:09:59,600
presence of diversity was slowly
undermining. 

5767
05:09:59,600 --> 05:10:03,900
Those higher Keys cities, change
people by exposing them to 

5768
05:10:03,900 --> 05:10:07,400
different and Victorian London 
was doing this work, even when 

5769
05:10:07,400 --> 05:10:11,600
Victorian ideology resisted it. 
evening, entertainment options, 

5770
05:10:11,600 --> 05:10:15,300
you observed, theaters, music 
Halls, pubs social visits, 

5771
05:10:15,300 --> 05:10:19,700
suggests that humans need more 
than work and survival, even in 

5772
05:10:19,700 --> 05:10:22,900
difficult circumstances, people 
sought Beauty, laughter 

5773
05:10:22,900 --> 05:10:27,000
connection, and meaning The 
Victorian investment in public 

5774
05:10:27,000 --> 05:10:32,300
culture, museums libraries Parks
performance spaces, reflected a 

5775
05:10:32,300 --> 05:10:36,100
belief that culture matters that
people deserve access to beauty 

5776
05:10:36,100 --> 05:10:40,300
and knowledge, regardless of 
their economic status, Victorian

5777
05:10:40,300 --> 05:10:42,500
earnestness, which modern people
often mock. 

5778
05:10:43,400 --> 05:10:46,900
Actually, reflects an admirable 
quality. the belief that 

5779
05:10:46,900 --> 05:10:50,500
individual actions matter that 
moral Behavior makes a 

5780
05:10:50,500 --> 05:10:54,700
difference and that trying to be
better is worthwhile The 

5781
05:10:54,700 --> 05:10:58,200
specific moral codes were flawed
but the underlying commitment to

5782
05:10:58,200 --> 05:11:01,500
ethical, living and social 
responsibility offers something 

5783
05:11:01,500 --> 05:11:04,400
valuable the square where you've
been sitting is. 

5784
05:11:04,400 --> 05:11:08,200
Now fully awake, the vendors of 
set up, the traffic is building 

5785
05:11:08,200 --> 05:11:11,000
and the working day has begun 
and somewhere. 

5786
05:11:11,000 --> 05:11:14,800
In this moment you feel the 
gentle pulled backward toward 

5787
05:11:14,800 --> 05:11:18,500
your own time, your own world 
and your own comfortable bed 

5788
05:11:18,500 --> 05:11:20,800
with its modern mattress and 
Central Heating. 

5789
05:11:22,400 --> 05:11:26,200
The transition happens gradually
like waking from a particularly 

5790
05:11:26,200 --> 05:11:29,300
Vivid dream. 
Sounds of Victorian London. 

5791
05:11:29,300 --> 05:11:34,300
The horses the street vendors, 
The Peculiar accent of Victorian

5792
05:11:34,300 --> 05:11:39,900
speech, begin to fade, the 
smells diminish, Taste of coal, 

5793
05:11:39,900 --> 05:11:44,200
smoke leaves your mouth. 
Physical sensations of Victorian

5794
05:11:44,200 --> 05:11:49,100
clothing, Victorian cold and 
diminish and Victorian Stone 

5795
05:11:49,100 --> 05:11:52,200
beneath your feet. 
All gently received. 

5796
05:11:53,200 --> 05:11:56,200
You're aware of your body in 
your own bed, in your own time. 

5797
05:11:56,200 --> 05:11:59,500
The sheets are soft. 
The temperature is comfortable, 

5798
05:11:59,500 --> 05:12:03,200
and the air is clean. 
You can hear modern sounds, 

5799
05:12:03,200 --> 05:12:06,100
perhaps, traffic, that's 
motorized, rather than 

5800
05:12:06,100 --> 05:12:08,800
horse-drawn the hum of 
electronics sounds, that 

5801
05:12:08,800 --> 05:12:10,300
wouldn't make sense to a 
Victorian. 

5802
05:12:11,000 --> 05:12:13,400
But you bring something back 
with you from your Victorian 

5803
05:12:13,400 --> 05:12:15,600
day. 
Not physical objects. 

5804
05:12:15,600 --> 05:12:18,600
You can't bring Victorian coins 
or newspapers into your modern 

5805
05:12:18,600 --> 05:12:21,500
world. 
What you bring is understanding.

5806
05:12:22,300 --> 05:12:25,900
The only comes from imagined 
experience rather than abstract 

5807
05:12:25,900 --> 05:12:27,700
knowledge. 
You understand. 

5808
05:12:27,700 --> 05:12:30,000
Now while your great 
grandparents or great great 

5809
05:12:30,000 --> 05:12:33,300
grandparents might have had 
certain habits that seemed odd 

5810
05:12:33,300 --> 05:12:36,800
to their grandchildren, why they
saved string and wash plastic 

5811
05:12:36,800 --> 05:12:39,000
bags and treated bread with 
reverends. 

5812
05:12:39,800 --> 05:12:42,800
They grew up in or closer to a 
world where such things had real

5813
05:12:42,800 --> 05:12:47,000
value, where wastefulness wasn't
just inefficient, but genuinely 

5814
05:12:47,000 --> 05:12:51,200
harmful to survival. 
You understand why Victorian 

5815
05:12:51,200 --> 05:12:54,300
literature often focuses on 
social class and reputation. 

5816
05:12:55,200 --> 05:12:57,600
When your social position 
determines your opportunities. 

5817
05:12:57,600 --> 05:13:01,100
So completely, and when 
reputation was the primary form 

5818
05:13:01,100 --> 05:13:04,200
of social capital, of course 
people, obsessed over these 

5819
05:13:04,200 --> 05:13:06,700
things. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

5820
05:13:06,700 --> 05:13:08,600
propriety wasn't just 
prudishness. 

5821
05:13:08,600 --> 05:13:12,600
It was a survival strategy. 
You understand why the 

5822
05:13:12,600 --> 05:13:15,400
transition to Modern Life was 
both eagerly embraced and 

5823
05:13:15,400 --> 05:13:18,600
sometimes mourned. 
The victorians who lived into 

5824
05:13:18,600 --> 05:13:21,600
the 20th century experience 
changes that must have felt like

5825
05:13:21,600 --> 05:13:25,400
moving to another planet. 
Indoor, plumbing, electricity, 

5826
05:13:25,400 --> 05:13:30,000
automobiles, movies, and radio. 
Each one represented a 

5827
05:13:30,000 --> 05:13:31,900
fundamental shift in how daily 
life. 

5828
05:13:31,900 --> 05:13:35,600
Functioned, the experience has 
made history, feel more real 

5829
05:13:35,600 --> 05:13:40,200
less like a series of dates and 
events and more like the lived 

5830
05:13:40,200 --> 05:13:43,000
experience of actual humans 
dealing with their specific 

5831
05:13:43,000 --> 05:13:46,800
challenges. 
The Victorian era, wasn't a 

5832
05:13:46,800 --> 05:13:49,800
unified period, moving an 
extremely toward modernity. 

5833
05:13:51,000 --> 05:13:54,300
It was thousands of days like 
the one you just experienced 

5834
05:13:54,300 --> 05:13:58,100
filled with ordinary people 
making ordinary decisions that 

5835
05:13:58,100 --> 05:14:02,300
cumulatively created change. 
You also understand better, why 

5836
05:14:02,300 --> 05:14:06,500
certain problems persist 
inequality environmental damage,

5837
05:14:06,500 --> 05:14:11,200
exploitation and discrimination,
these existed in Victorian 

5838
05:14:11,200 --> 05:14:15,400
London in exist. 
Now, The specific manifestations

5839
05:14:15,400 --> 05:14:19,600
change the underlying human 
Tendencies towards selfishness, 

5840
05:14:19,600 --> 05:14:22,600
short, sightedness and tribalism
and remained constant. 

5841
05:14:23,500 --> 05:14:27,300
Progress requires conscious 
effort, not just the passage of 

5842
05:14:27,308 --> 05:14:30,000
time, the technological 
optimism. 

5843
05:14:30,000 --> 05:14:32,600
You might have felt before this 
journey is now tempered by 

5844
05:14:32,600 --> 05:14:35,900
recognition that technology 
solves some problems while 

5845
05:14:35,900 --> 05:14:39,600
creating others. 
The victorians thought Railways 

5846
05:14:39,600 --> 05:14:42,400
and telegraphs would 
revolutionize society and bring 

5847
05:14:42,400 --> 05:14:45,100
Universal peace. 
They were partly right about the

5848
05:14:45,100 --> 05:14:48,000
revolution, but completely wrong
about the peace. 

5849
05:14:48,800 --> 05:14:52,000
Modern faith in technological 
solutions might be similarly 

5850
05:14:52,000 --> 05:14:53,600
naive. 
Yet. 

5851
05:14:53,600 --> 05:14:55,700
There's also hope in the 
Victorian example. 

5852
05:14:55,700 --> 05:14:59,300
They may genuine progress on 
many fronts, public health 

5853
05:14:59,300 --> 05:15:03,500
education, scientific 
understanding and social reform.

5854
05:15:04,700 --> 05:15:06,800
The changes were often gradual 
and incomplete. 

5855
05:15:07,500 --> 05:15:10,400
But they were real. 
If victorians could improve 

5856
05:15:10,400 --> 05:15:14,100
their society despite greater 
obstacles, perhaps, modern 

5857
05:15:14,100 --> 05:15:16,100
people can address their 
challenges, too. 

5858
05:15:17,000 --> 05:15:20,200
As you line, your comfortable 
bed, fully return to your own 

5859
05:15:20,200 --> 05:15:23,900
time, the contrast between 
Victorian London and Modern Life

5860
05:15:23,900 --> 05:15:27,400
feels almost absurd. 
You can reach over and turn on a

5861
05:15:27,408 --> 05:15:30,600
light without leaving bed, you 
can adjust the temperature with 

5862
05:15:30,600 --> 05:15:34,600
a thermostat, you can check the 
weather, the news and messages 

5863
05:15:34,600 --> 05:15:37,000
from friends, using a device 
that would have seemed like 

5864
05:15:37,000 --> 05:15:40,400
magic to victorians. 
The bathroom attached to your 

5865
05:15:40,400 --> 05:15:42,200
bedroom. 
Would have been a luxury Beyond 

5866
05:15:42,200 --> 05:15:46,900
imagining for most victorians, 
hot water, from a tap, a flush 

5867
05:15:46,900 --> 05:15:50,900
toilet, a shower, towels that 
you don't have to wash by hand. 

5868
05:15:50,900 --> 05:15:55,000
Each element represents Decades 
of engineering Innovation and 

5869
05:15:55,000 --> 05:15:58,600
infrastructure investment. 
The simple Act of taking a 

5870
05:15:58,600 --> 05:16:01,200
morning shower involved systems 
that victorians would have 

5871
05:16:01,200 --> 05:16:05,000
considered science fiction. 
Your breakfast options would 

5872
05:16:05,000 --> 05:16:08,300
Amaze a Victorian Fresh fruit 
from other hemispheres. 

5873
05:16:08,300 --> 05:16:12,700
Coffee from distant continents 
bread that stays fresh for days,

5874
05:16:12,700 --> 05:16:16,900
refrigerated dairy, products, 
and cereals invented, after the 

5875
05:16:16,900 --> 05:16:20,800
Victorian era ended, the 
Victorian breakfast was porridge

5876
05:16:20,800 --> 05:16:24,800
bread, perhaps eggs, if you 
could afford them, Foods that 

5877
05:16:24,800 --> 05:16:27,600
were locally produced, because 
long distance, food transport 

5878
05:16:27,600 --> 05:16:31,200
was limited. 
It in dressed takes minutes in 

5879
05:16:31,200 --> 05:16:34,500
stead of the extended process. 
Victorian clothing, required. 

5880
05:16:34,500 --> 05:16:40,000
No corsets, no button hooks, no 
layers of undergarments, modern 

5881
05:16:40,000 --> 05:16:43,700
clothing, prioritizes comfort 
and convenience over the 

5882
05:16:43,700 --> 05:16:47,000
elaborate social signaling that 
Victorian fashion performed. 

5883
05:16:47,800 --> 05:16:51,000
You can dress yourself without 
assistance, which was a 

5884
05:16:51,000 --> 05:16:53,700
privilege reserved for lower 
classes in Victorian times. 

5885
05:16:53,700 --> 05:16:57,900
The wealthy needed servants to 
manage their complex wardrobes 

5886
05:16:57,900 --> 05:17:01,600
your commute, however 
frustrating it might sometimes 

5887
05:17:01,600 --> 05:17:06,000
feel would seem miraculous to 
victorians Whether you drive 

5888
05:17:06,000 --> 05:17:10,400
take public transit or work from
home, your covering distance is 

5889
05:17:10,400 --> 05:17:13,300
that would have required hours 
of travel in Victorian times. 

5890
05:17:14,100 --> 05:17:17,300
the modern city is physically 
larger than Victorian London, 

5891
05:17:17,300 --> 05:17:20,600
because transportation 
technology allows people to live

5892
05:17:20,600 --> 05:17:24,600
farther from their workplaces, 
Your workplace itself, reflects 

5893
05:17:24,600 --> 05:17:27,700
changes the victorians initiated
but couldn't complete. 

5894
05:17:28,500 --> 05:17:30,500
The office workers. 
You observed in Victorian. 

5895
05:17:30,500 --> 05:17:32,700
London were pioneering a new 
kind of work. 

5896
05:17:33,400 --> 05:17:36,700
Clerical, labor, that required 
literacy and numeracy but not 

5897
05:17:36,700 --> 05:17:39,900
physical strength. 
Modern knowledge work. 

5898
05:17:39,900 --> 05:17:42,500
Extends that Victorian 
Innovation though. 

5899
05:17:42,500 --> 05:17:45,300
It's now mediated through 
computers rather than paper 

5900
05:17:45,300 --> 05:17:49,200
ledgers the safety standards you
take for granted would astounded

5901
05:17:49,200 --> 05:17:53,100
victorians. 
Workplace, regulations food 

5902
05:17:53,100 --> 05:17:56,600
safety, building codes, traffic 
laws. 

5903
05:17:56,600 --> 05:18:00,200
All of these represent hard won 
victories by reformers who 

5904
05:18:00,200 --> 05:18:04,100
recognize that industrialization
without regulation was killing 

5905
05:18:04,100 --> 05:18:08,100
people. every modern safety 
feature exists, because someone 

5906
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:11,700
suffered its absence Your access
to information would seem 

5907
05:18:11,700 --> 05:18:15,200
Godlike to victorians. 
The accumulated knowledge of 

5908
05:18:15,200 --> 05:18:18,100
humanity is available instantly 
through your devices. 

5909
05:18:18,900 --> 05:18:22,000
The Victorian scholar who spent 
hours in library's researching, 

5910
05:18:22,000 --> 05:18:25,100
basic facts would be astonished 
that you can access the same 

5911
05:18:25,100 --> 05:18:27,400
information in seconds while 
lying in bed. 

5912
05:18:28,200 --> 05:18:30,900
Your medical care represents 
advances, that would seem 

5913
05:18:30,900 --> 05:18:35,100
miraculous in Victorian times. 
Antibiotics alone have saved 

5914
05:18:35,100 --> 05:18:37,200
more lives than any other single
invention. 

5915
05:18:38,200 --> 05:18:43,800
Add modern surgery, Diagnostic 
Imaging, vaccines, dental care 

5916
05:18:43,800 --> 05:18:47,300
and treatments for conditions 
that were death sentences in 

5917
05:18:47,300 --> 05:18:50,100
Victorian times. 
And the Improvement is 

5918
05:18:50,100 --> 05:18:54,000
staggering. 
The Victorian infant mortality 

5919
05:18:54,000 --> 05:18:57,700
rate was roughly 150 per 1,000 
births. 

5920
05:18:58,500 --> 05:19:01,700
In developed countries, today is
under 5 per 1,000. 

5921
05:19:02,700 --> 05:19:05,400
Your life expectancy is 
dramatically longer than the 

5922
05:19:05,400 --> 05:19:08,600
Victorian average. 
A baby born in Victorian 

5923
05:19:08,600 --> 05:19:11,100
Britain, could expect to live 
about 45 years. 

5924
05:19:11,100 --> 05:19:13,700
A baby born in a developed 
country. 

5925
05:19:13,700 --> 05:19:17,800
Today can expect to live past 80
those additional decades 

5926
05:19:17,800 --> 05:19:20,600
represent millions of person 
years of additional Human 

5927
05:19:20,600 --> 05:19:25,100
Experience of knowledge, gained 
of relationships developed and 

5928
05:19:25,100 --> 05:19:28,700
of contributions made. 
Yet, with all these advantages, 

5929
05:19:28,700 --> 05:19:32,600
modern life, brings challenges 
that victorians never faced. 

5930
05:19:33,500 --> 05:19:35,900
Constant connectivity. 
That puts the world at your 

5931
05:19:35,908 --> 05:19:38,700
fingertips. 
Also means you're never truly 

5932
05:19:38,700 --> 05:19:41,900
unreachable. 
The abundance of choices can 

5933
05:19:41,900 --> 05:19:44,100
become overwhelming rather than 
liberating. 

5934
05:19:44,900 --> 05:19:48,300
The rapid pace of change can 
create anxiety about keeping up.

5935
05:19:49,000 --> 05:19:51,400
The decline of traditional 
communities can lead to 

5936
05:19:51,408 --> 05:19:56,200
isolation despite unprecedented 
communication capabilities, the 

5937
05:19:56,200 --> 05:19:58,900
environmental costs of Modern 
Life for all so becoming 

5938
05:19:58,900 --> 05:20:01,600
unavoidable. 
The victorians damage their 

5939
05:20:01,600 --> 05:20:04,500
local environments. 
The Thames was essentially a 

5940
05:20:04,500 --> 05:20:08,500
toxic waste dump but modern 
industrial society are scaled up

5941
05:20:08,508 --> 05:20:12,300
those impacts to a global level.
Climate change, biodiversity 

5942
05:20:12,300 --> 05:20:17,300
loss and ocean acidification. 
These problems didn't exist in 

5943
05:20:17,300 --> 05:20:20,600
Victorian times, because human 
industrial capacity was more 

5944
05:20:20,600 --> 05:20:24,200
limited. 
Progress in material Comfort has

5945
05:20:24,200 --> 05:20:27,100
come with ecological costs. 
That future Generations will 

5946
05:20:27,100 --> 05:20:30,300
bear. 
The social fragmentation that 

5947
05:20:30,300 --> 05:20:33,100
characterizes Modern Life Would 
puzzle victorians. 

5948
05:20:33,800 --> 05:20:37,000
Their society was rigid and 
often cruel but it was also 

5949
05:20:37,000 --> 05:20:40,800
coherent in ways. 
Modern society isn't Most 

5950
05:20:40,800 --> 05:20:43,700
Victorian shared basic 
assumptions about religion, 

5951
05:20:43,700 --> 05:20:46,500
morality and social 
organization. 

5952
05:20:47,500 --> 05:20:50,900
Modern pluralism, brings 
freedom, but also uncertainty 

5953
05:20:50,900 --> 05:20:53,000
about shared values and common 
purpose. 

5954
05:20:54,000 --> 05:20:56,700
The comparison isn't meant to 
suggest Victorian life was 

5955
05:20:56,700 --> 05:20:59,900
better. 
It clearly wasn't by almost any 

5956
05:20:59,900 --> 05:21:03,300
measure. 
Rather it's to recognize that 

5957
05:21:03,300 --> 05:21:06,800
progress in one dimension, 
doesn't automatically mean 

5958
05:21:06,800 --> 05:21:11,200
progress in all Dimensions. 
Modern Life is more comfortable,

5959
05:21:11,200 --> 05:21:15,200
safer, healthier and offers more
individual freedom than 

5960
05:21:15,200 --> 05:21:19,300
Victorian life. 
But is also more complex, more 

5961
05:21:19,300 --> 05:21:22,500
fast-paced and in some ways more
isolating. 

5962
05:21:23,300 --> 05:21:26,300
As you start your modern day 
going about routines, that would

5963
05:21:26,300 --> 05:21:29,900
seem fantastic to victorians. 
You carry something valuable 

5964
05:21:29,900 --> 05:21:33,700
from your imaginary Journey. 
It's not Nostalgia for a past 

5965
05:21:33,700 --> 05:21:35,900
that was genuinely harder and 
often cruel. 

5966
05:21:35,900 --> 05:21:39,500
It's perspective. 
The ability to see your own life

5967
05:21:39,500 --> 05:21:42,300
with fresh Eyes. 
By comparing it to a different 

5968
05:21:42,300 --> 05:21:45,300
way of living. 
The Victorian emphasis on 

5969
05:21:45,300 --> 05:21:48,100
craftsmanship might inspire you 
to Value quality over 

5970
05:21:48,100 --> 05:21:51,200
convenience sometimes. 
Their investment in public 

5971
05:21:51,200 --> 05:21:55,100
institutions, might encourage 
you to support libraries museums

5972
05:21:55,100 --> 05:21:57,400
and Parks their social 
connections. 

5973
05:21:57,400 --> 05:22:01,000
However, formal might remind you
to occasionally, put down your 

5974
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:04,200
device's and actually talk to 
the people physically present. 

5975
05:22:04,200 --> 05:22:07,800
The Victorian struggles for 
reform better working 

5976
05:22:07,800 --> 05:22:12,400
conditions, expanded education, 
improve Public Health, remind 

5977
05:22:12,400 --> 05:22:14,300
you, that progress requires 
effort. 

5978
05:22:15,200 --> 05:22:17,600
The improvements you enjoy 
weren't inevitable. 

5979
05:22:17,600 --> 05:22:21,800
They were achieved by people who
recognize problems and work to 

5980
05:22:21,800 --> 05:22:24,700
solve them. 
Your generation faces different 

5981
05:22:24,700 --> 05:22:28,900
challenges, but the principle 
Remains the Same change requires

5982
05:22:28,900 --> 05:22:32,200
intentional effort, not just 
complaints about current 

5983
05:22:32,200 --> 05:22:36,200
conditions, the Victorian 
mistakes, their environmental 

5984
05:22:36,200 --> 05:22:41,200
damage their imperialism, their 
rigid social hierarchies, their 

5985
05:22:41,200 --> 05:22:44,700
limited opportunities for women 
and minorities serve as 

5986
05:22:44,700 --> 05:22:47,300
warnings. 
Having more knowledge than the 

5987
05:22:47,300 --> 05:22:51,000
victorians, doesn't make modern 
people morally Superior unless 

5988
05:22:51,000 --> 05:22:53,100
that knowledge produces better 
actions. 

5989
05:22:54,000 --> 05:22:57,000
Test isn't what you know. 
But what you do with that 

5990
05:22:57,000 --> 05:22:59,600
knowledge Share human 
resilience. 

5991
05:22:59,600 --> 05:23:01,900
You observe throughout your 
Victorian Day offers 

5992
05:23:01,900 --> 05:23:04,800
encouragement for handling 
modern challenges. 

5993
05:23:05,800 --> 05:23:10,500
People could maintain hope find 
Joy, create Beauty and work for 

5994
05:23:10,500 --> 05:23:12,900
better Futures while dealing 
with Victorian hardships. 

5995
05:23:12,900 --> 05:23:16,200
Perhaps modern problems are all 
so manageable despite their 

5996
05:23:16,200 --> 05:23:19,200
complexity. 
The Victorian day, you've 

5997
05:23:19,200 --> 05:23:21,900
imagined to give you a gift that
history always offers when 

5998
05:23:21,900 --> 05:23:24,400
approached with openness 
context. 

5999
05:23:25,500 --> 05:23:28,700
Your own life exists within a 
specific historical moment 

6000
05:23:28,700 --> 05:23:32,800
shaped by decisions made by 
previous generations and shaping

6001
05:23:32,800 --> 05:23:34,800
the options available to Future 
Generations. 

6002
05:23:36,100 --> 05:23:39,200
Understanding this continuity 
can be both humbling and 

6003
05:23:39,200 --> 05:23:42,800
empowering. 
As you move through your modern 

6004
05:23:42,800 --> 05:23:45,600
day, driving cars that 
victorians couldn't imagine 

6005
05:23:45,600 --> 05:23:49,900
using technology, that would 
seem like magic solving problems

6006
05:23:49,900 --> 05:23:51,900
that didn't exist. 
In Victorian times. 

6007
05:23:51,900 --> 05:23:55,200
You might occasionally think 
about the Victorian day you 

6008
05:23:55,200 --> 05:23:58,700
experience. 
Not to wish you were there, but 

6009
05:23:58,700 --> 05:24:03,700
to appreciate where you are and 
maybe, just maybe you'll wonder 

6010
05:24:03,700 --> 05:24:06,700
what someone from 2150 would 
think about your life in the 

6011
05:24:06,700 --> 05:24:10,400
early 21st century. 
What aspects of your daily 

6012
05:24:10,400 --> 05:24:12,500
routine would seem charmingly 
Antiquated? 

6013
05:24:12,500 --> 05:24:15,300
What problems would they be 
amazed you? 

6014
05:24:15,300 --> 05:24:17,900
Tolerated? 
What technologies would they 

6015
05:24:17,900 --> 05:24:21,400
find amusingly primitive? 
What aspects of your life? 

6016
05:24:21,400 --> 05:24:23,000
Would they Envy or want to 
preserve? 

6017
05:24:23,900 --> 05:24:27,500
History isn't just about the 
past is about understanding that

6018
05:24:27,500 --> 05:24:31,700
the present is temporary, that 
changes constant, and that every

6019
05:24:31,700 --> 05:24:34,000
generation faces its own 
challenges. 

6020
05:24:34,000 --> 05:24:36,900
While benefiting from dealing 
with the consequences of 

6021
05:24:36,900 --> 05:24:41,300
previous generations choices. 
Victorian London is gone. 

6022
05:24:42,000 --> 05:24:44,900
Transformed by More Than A 
Century of change. 

6023
05:24:45,500 --> 05:24:48,500
But it's not lost. 
It lives in the infrastructure, 

6024
05:24:48,500 --> 05:24:52,700
it built in the institutions. 
It established in the ideas. 

6025
05:24:52,700 --> 05:24:57,100
It developed in the problems, it
created, and in the solutions at

6026
05:24:57,100 --> 05:25:01,500
pioneered, you walk on Victorian
foundations every day whether 

6027
05:25:01,500 --> 05:25:04,400
you realize it or not. 
And perhaps that's the most 

6028
05:25:04,400 --> 05:25:07,400
important lesson from your 
imaginary Victorian day. 

6029
05:25:08,100 --> 05:25:11,500
U2 are building foundations for 
futures, you'll never see. 

6030
05:25:12,400 --> 05:25:15,900
Your choices, your actions and 
your societies decisions. 

6031
05:25:15,900 --> 05:25:19,400
All of these will influence the 
world that people experienced 

6032
05:25:19,400 --> 05:25:23,100
Generations from now. 
The victorians couldn't have 

6033
05:25:23,100 --> 05:25:26,000
imagined your life but they 
shape it nonetheless. 

6034
05:25:27,100 --> 05:25:31,400
You can't imagine the world of 
2,150, but your helping to 

6035
05:25:31,400 --> 05:25:33,400
create it with every choice you 
make. 

6036
05:25:34,500 --> 05:25:35,500
Sleep. 
Well, tonight in your 

6037
05:25:35,508 --> 05:25:38,800
comfortable bed with its modern 
mattress and climate control. 

6038
05:25:39,600 --> 05:25:42,700
Dream, perhaps of gas-lit 
streets, and horse drawn, 

6039
05:25:42,700 --> 05:25:46,100
carriages of a world that 
managed to function with out. 

6040
05:25:46,100 --> 05:25:49,600
Any of the Technologies, you can
consider a central and wake 

6041
05:25:49,600 --> 05:25:51,200
tomorrow with fresh 
appreciation. 

6042
05:25:51,200 --> 05:25:55,200
For the complex imperfect 
remarkable world you inhabit. 

6043
05:25:55,900 --> 05:25:57,900
A world. 
That's different from Victorian 

6044
05:25:57,900 --> 05:26:01,600
London, but connected to it, by 
The Continuous thread of Human 

6045
05:26:01,600 --> 05:26:04,100
Experience. 
Reaching back through centuries,

6046
05:26:04,100 --> 05:26:06,600
and forward, into Futures Yet, 
To Be Imagined. 

6047
05:26:12,600 --> 05:26:15,100
Now you may believe that you are
familiar with Alexander Hamilton

6048
05:26:15,100 --> 05:26:17,800
from the popular Broadway 
production but for the time 

6049
05:26:17,800 --> 05:26:20,800
being let's put the hip hop 
music and dramatic performance 

6050
05:26:20,800 --> 05:26:23,800
as aside instead. 
Think of him as your 

6051
05:26:23,800 --> 05:26:26,000
exceptionally intelligent 
neighbor, who always has 

6052
05:26:26,000 --> 05:26:28,200
something interesting to say 
over the garden fence. 

6053
05:26:28,900 --> 05:26:31,700
He's the type of person who sees
opportunities where others see 

6054
05:26:31,700 --> 05:26:35,400
problems and who with time and 
careful consideration has never 

6055
05:26:35,400 --> 05:26:38,400
encountered a difficult problem 
that he couldn't solve our 

6056
05:26:38,400 --> 05:26:40,400
story. 
Starts on the tiny Caribbean 

6057
05:26:40,400 --> 05:26:44,000
island of Nevis where the sound 
of waves lapping against Coral 

6058
05:26:44,000 --> 05:26:45,800
Shores and the aroma of 
sugarcane. 

6059
05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:51,200
A carried by the Tradewinds in 
1755, a child is born who will 

6060
05:26:51,200 --> 05:26:53,700
grow up to have thoughts the 
size of an entire continent. 

6061
05:26:54,500 --> 05:26:57,000
The problem with Alexander 
though is that he didn't begin 

6062
05:26:57,000 --> 05:26:59,600
life with any advantages that 
would indicate greatness was on 

6063
05:26:59,600 --> 05:27:02,400
the horizon, you know, how some 
people seem to have it all from 

6064
05:27:02,400 --> 05:27:05,800
birth. 
Alexander became more akin to a 

6065
05:27:05,800 --> 05:27:08,300
wooden spoon that had previously
been used to stir up, something 

6066
05:27:08,300 --> 05:27:12,400
dubious, James, Hamilton, his 
father had a knack for making 

6067
05:27:12,400 --> 05:27:15,200
bad business choices, that would
make a contemporary businessman 

6068
05:27:15,200 --> 05:27:17,500
shudder. 
Imagine a man who had the 

6069
05:27:17,508 --> 05:27:21,000
ability to take something that 
was certain and somehow make it 

6070
05:27:21,008 --> 05:27:25,600
a spectacular failure for you. 
That's James Hamilton, when 

6071
05:27:25,600 --> 05:27:29,000
Alexander was 10 years old, his 
father did what struggling men 

6072
05:27:29,000 --> 05:27:30,600
do. 
When life becomes too difficult,

6073
05:27:30,600 --> 05:27:35,200
he just left He was there one 
morning discussing his most 

6074
05:27:35,200 --> 05:27:38,100
recent business Endeavor that 
would undoubtedly bring wealth 

6075
05:27:38,100 --> 05:27:41,008
to the family and the following 
morning, his seat at The 

6076
05:27:41,016 --> 05:27:42,300
Breakfast. 
Table was vacant. 

6077
05:27:42,300 --> 05:27:45,800
Alexander seemed to brush it off
as just, another mystery to be 

6078
05:27:45,800 --> 05:27:49,500
sold at later time, even though 
its the kind of Abandonment that

6079
05:27:49,500 --> 05:27:51,800
could shatter a child Spirit 
Rachel. 

6080
05:27:51,800 --> 05:27:55,500
His mother was left to handle 
things alone and she did so with

6081
05:27:55,500 --> 05:27:57,900
the Quiet resolve that would 
later manifest in her son's 

6082
05:27:57,900 --> 05:28:01,200
personality She didn't have a 
lot of money or ties to 

6083
05:28:01,200 --> 05:28:04,100
influential families, she had 
something more valuable. 

6084
05:28:04,100 --> 05:28:07,300
She was a reader and she made 
her Alexander was as well. 

6085
05:28:08,200 --> 05:28:10,900
This was like giving him 
superpowers at a time, when many

6086
05:28:10,900 --> 05:28:14,100
people sign their names with an 
ex, imagine young Alexander 

6087
05:28:14,100 --> 05:28:17,100
reading by candlelight in their 
tiny home as the Caribbean 

6088
05:28:17,100 --> 05:28:18,900
night. 
Humed with insects and sea 

6089
05:28:18,900 --> 05:28:22,600
breezes, he devoured, books with
the same further and seemingly 

6090
05:28:22,600 --> 05:28:26,500
insatiable appetite, as some 
children consume can be It made 

6091
05:28:26,500 --> 05:28:28,800
no difference whether it was 
history, books, philosophy, 

6092
05:28:28,800 --> 05:28:32,400
poetry or mathematics. 
Alexander wanted to understand 

6093
05:28:32,400 --> 05:28:34,200
anything that had words on a 
page. 

6094
05:28:34,200 --> 05:28:38,300
However, harsh lessons come with
living on a small island and 

6095
05:28:38,300 --> 05:28:40,100
Alexander's. 
Mother passed away when he was 

6096
05:28:40,108 --> 05:28:43,400
13. 
With no family wealth to rely on

6097
05:28:43,400 --> 05:28:44,700
and no clear. 
Way forward. 

6098
05:28:44,700 --> 05:28:48,300
This intelligent boy suddenly 
found himself practically alone 

6099
05:28:48,300 --> 05:28:51,400
in the world. 
This type of circumstance, could

6100
05:28:51,400 --> 05:28:54,000
teach someone to be cautious to 
keep their head down. 

6101
05:28:54,000 --> 05:28:56,700
And to seize any little 
opportunities that present 

6102
05:28:56,700 --> 05:29:00,300
themselves rather Alexander 
surveyed his situation and 

6103
05:29:00,300 --> 05:29:03,500
concluded that it was 
unacceptable, not in a furious 

6104
05:29:03,500 --> 05:29:06,300
manner, but with the cool 
resolve of someone, who just 

6105
05:29:06,300 --> 05:29:10,000
doesn't think that where you 
begin is, where you end up, he 

6106
05:29:10,000 --> 05:29:13,400
secured a position in a trading 
company as a Clarke managing the

6107
05:29:13,408 --> 05:29:16,100
bookkeeping and correspondence 
for Traders who transported 

6108
05:29:16,100 --> 05:29:18,800
goods between islands. 
This may seem like a rather 

6109
05:29:18,800 --> 05:29:21,300
ordinary way for a future 
founding father to spend his 

6110
05:29:21,300 --> 05:29:24,400
adolescents. 
This is where Alexander's unique

6111
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:28,200
Brilliance began to emerge. 
Alexander started to comprehend 

6112
05:29:28,200 --> 05:29:31,600
how the entire system operated 
whereas other Clarks might have 

6113
05:29:31,600 --> 05:29:33,900
just copied letters and added up
Columns of numbers. 

6114
05:29:33,900 --> 05:29:38,200
He observed how ships traveling 
between islands, how money move 

6115
05:29:38,200 --> 05:29:41,600
between locations and how a 
sugar shortage in one area could

6116
05:29:41,600 --> 05:29:43,800
lead to opportunities in another
today. 

6117
05:29:43,800 --> 05:29:46,800
He was like a teenager who 
Begins by assisting with the 

6118
05:29:46,800 --> 05:29:49,800
social media account for a 
family business and ends up 

6119
05:29:49,808 --> 05:29:52,200
knowing more about digital 
marketing than those who have 

6120
05:29:52,200 --> 05:29:56,000
degrees in the field. 
Alexander, not only carried out 

6121
05:29:56,000 --> 05:29:59,300
his duties, but also a 
simulated, the fundamental ideas

6122
05:29:59,300 --> 05:30:02,500
that underpinned successful, 
Commerce, at the age of 17, 

6123
05:30:02,500 --> 05:30:06,200
Alexander experienced a 
life-altering event in 1772. 

6124
05:30:06,200 --> 05:30:09,100
The Caribbean was hit by a huge 
hurricane. 

6125
05:30:09,100 --> 05:30:12,300
The kind of storm that prompts 
modern weather forecasters to 

6126
05:30:12,300 --> 05:30:16,000
use adjectives, like 
catastrophic and unprecedented. 

6127
05:30:16,900 --> 05:30:19,500
Buildings that had withstood 
years of tropical storms were 

6128
05:30:19,500 --> 05:30:23,000
reduced to splinters trees. 
That had stood for decades, were

6129
05:30:23,000 --> 05:30:26,200
uprooted like weeds and the 
meticulous order of everyday 

6130
05:30:26,200 --> 05:30:29,600
life was completely upended. 
The majority of people would 

6131
05:30:29,600 --> 05:30:32,300
have written home about the 
devastation and perhaps even 

6132
05:30:32,300 --> 05:30:35,200
shared some dramatic Tales of 
how they managed to survive the 

6133
05:30:35,200 --> 05:30:38,900
storm. 
However, Alexander sat down and 

6134
05:30:38,900 --> 05:30:41,000
wrote something completely 
different because he was 

6135
05:30:41,000 --> 05:30:44,400
Alexander. 
In his letter, he characterized 

6136
05:30:44,400 --> 05:30:47,700
the hurricane as a window into 
the great power of nature and 

6137
05:30:47,700 --> 05:30:50,900
the Frailty of human ambition. 
In addition to being a 

6138
05:30:50,900 --> 05:30:53,400
destructive force. 
Everyone who read the letter was

6139
05:30:53,400 --> 05:30:56,800
taken aback by its beauty. 
It wasn't overdone or flowery 

6140
05:30:56,800 --> 05:31:00,400
Alexander never liked 
Superfluous ornamentation but it

6141
05:31:00,400 --> 05:31:03,200
encapsulated a fundamental 
aspect of what it was like to 

6142
05:31:03,200 --> 05:31:07,000
live through such a moment. 
It revealed a young man capable 

6143
05:31:07,000 --> 05:31:09,600
of finding meaning in 
Devastation and patterns and 

6144
05:31:09,600 --> 05:31:11,000
Chaos. 
It was like watching someone 

6145
05:31:11,000 --> 05:31:13,300
realize they have a lovely 
singing voice when his letter 

6146
05:31:13,300 --> 05:31:16,800
appeared in the local newspaper.
Alexander was suddenly 

6147
05:31:16,800 --> 05:31:20,100
recognized as someone special by
those who had previously thought

6148
05:31:20,100 --> 05:31:21,900
of him. 
As just another clock's 

6149
05:31:21,900 --> 05:31:25,100
assistant, local businessmen, 
and clergyman were drawn to the 

6150
05:31:25,100 --> 05:31:27,800
letter and concluded that the 
young man's abilities were too 

6151
05:31:27,800 --> 05:31:29,700
valuable to be wasted on a small
island. 

6152
05:31:29,700 --> 05:31:33,600
They started a collection which 
is similar to passing a hat 

6153
05:31:33,600 --> 05:31:35,700
around your neighborhood. 
Except that instead of 

6154
05:31:35,700 --> 05:31:38,800
collecting money for someone's 
medical bills, your collecting 

6155
05:31:38,800 --> 05:31:41,400
money to send a teenager to 
college in the United States, 

6156
05:31:41,400 --> 05:31:45,000
the kind of investment in human 
potential, that transforms. 

6157
05:31:45,000 --> 05:31:48,600
Everything was demonstrated by 
this extraordinary Act of Faith 

6158
05:31:48,600 --> 05:31:51,900
in Alexander's potential with 
only a few books, some clothing 

6159
05:31:51,900 --> 05:31:54,700
and some ideas that would 
eventually help reshape a 

6160
05:31:54,700 --> 05:31:58,200
continent 18 year. 
Old Alexander Hamilton sets sail

6161
05:31:58,200 --> 05:32:02,300
for New York in 1773. 
He was leaving behind, not just 

6162
05:32:02,300 --> 05:32:05,400
a location but a whole way of 
thinking about what was possible

6163
05:32:05,400 --> 05:32:07,600
as his Island Home vanished 
behind him. 

6164
05:32:07,600 --> 05:32:10,800
Alexander must have felt like 
Dorothy leaving her Farmhouse. 

6165
05:32:10,800 --> 05:32:13,700
An entering the Land of Oz. 
When he first arrived in New 

6166
05:32:13,700 --> 05:32:16,900
York only in stead of Yellow 
Brick Road Brick Road. 

6167
05:32:16,900 --> 05:32:20,000
He discovered cobblestone 
streets that were busier than 

6168
05:32:20,000 --> 05:32:23,600
his entire Island had been With 
the kind of energy that comes 

6169
05:32:23,600 --> 05:32:25,700
from living in a place where 
anything seems possible. 

6170
05:32:25,700 --> 05:32:29,500
The city was a Whirlpool of 
intellectuals, merchants Sailors

6171
05:32:29,500 --> 05:32:33,300
and Craftsmen all pursuing their
different dreams, King's 

6172
05:32:33,300 --> 05:32:36,100
College, now, known as Columbia 
University was where he 

6173
05:32:36,100 --> 05:32:38,800
enrolled. 
Imagine a young man from a small

6174
05:32:38,800 --> 05:32:41,400
Caribbean island, entering those
Halls for the first time. 

6175
05:32:41,400 --> 05:32:43,500
Surrounded by the sons of 
wealthy. 

6176
05:32:43,500 --> 05:32:46,200
New York families who had been 
raised to take their privileges 

6177
05:32:46,200 --> 05:32:48,600
for granted. 
It might have been frightening 

6178
05:32:48,600 --> 05:32:52,200
but Alexander had something. 
They didn't a veracious appetite

6179
05:32:52,200 --> 05:32:54,500
for information that only comes 
from having earned. 

6180
05:32:54,500 --> 05:32:58,200
Every chance Alexander threw 
himself into his studies like a 

6181
05:32:58,200 --> 05:33:01,200
man who realized that education 
was his only way to influence 

6182
05:33:01,200 --> 05:33:03,800
others. 
Whereas his classmates may have 

6183
05:33:03,800 --> 05:33:06,500
approached their studies with 
the casual attitude of people 

6184
05:33:06,500 --> 05:33:09,200
who knew they would inherit 
their father's businesses, 

6185
05:33:09,200 --> 05:33:12,900
regardless of their grades. 
He studied history, economics, 

6186
05:33:12,900 --> 05:33:17,100
philosophy and law with further 
of someone who understood that, 

6187
05:33:17,100 --> 05:33:19,000
these subjects were more than 
merely academic. 

6188
05:33:19,000 --> 05:33:21,500
Pursuits. 
They were instruments, he would 

6189
05:33:21,500 --> 05:33:24,100
need to construct the life. 
He desired what set? 

6190
05:33:24,100 --> 05:33:26,600
Alexander apart from even the 
most committed Learners, 

6191
05:33:26,600 --> 05:33:30,000
however, was that he synthesized
knowledge rather than merely 

6192
05:33:30,000 --> 05:33:32,600
absorbing it. 
He was already considering how 

6193
05:33:32,600 --> 05:33:34,600
the lessons he was reading about
ancient, Greek. 

6194
05:33:34,600 --> 05:33:37,800
Democracy might be applied to 
the political unrest, that was 

6195
05:33:37,800 --> 05:33:41,000
developing colonial America. 
He was thinking about how 

6196
05:33:41,000 --> 05:33:43,900
British economic theory, might 
apply to a nation that did not 

6197
05:33:43,908 --> 05:33:47,100
yet exist, but that he was 
already starting to Envision 

6198
05:33:47,100 --> 05:33:49,800
when he studied it. 
For young people interested in 

6199
05:33:49,800 --> 05:33:52,100
concepts related to society and 
governance. 

6200
05:33:52,100 --> 05:33:57,500
The 1770s were a unique period 
taxes representation and the 

6201
05:33:57,500 --> 05:34:00,200
basic issue of who had the 
authority to decide on other 

6202
05:34:00,200 --> 05:34:03,600
people's lives with the subjects
of escalating disputes between 

6203
05:34:03,600 --> 05:34:05,100
the American colonies and 
Britain. 

6204
05:34:05,800 --> 05:34:08,500
These were pressing real world 
issues that had an impact on 

6205
05:34:08,500 --> 05:34:12,100
everyone's day-to-day existence 
not theoretical philosophical 

6206
05:34:12,100 --> 05:34:15,500
arguments taking place in some 
far off Capital, the political 

6207
05:34:15,500 --> 05:34:18,500
conversations that seemed to 
emerge everywhere whether in 

6208
05:34:18,500 --> 05:34:21,800
coffee shops, on street corners,
or in college dorms later at 

6209
05:34:21,800 --> 05:34:23,900
night. 
When young men with more further

6210
05:34:23,900 --> 05:34:26,200
than experience would solve The 
World's problems over 

6211
05:34:26,200 --> 05:34:29,200
Candlelight and whatever, 
alcohol, they could afford Drew 

6212
05:34:29,200 --> 05:34:32,200
Alexander in. 
Alexander however, approached 

6213
05:34:32,200 --> 05:34:34,900
these arguments with the gravity
of someone who thought ideas had

6214
05:34:34,900 --> 05:34:38,900
consequences in contrast to many
of his contemporaries who saw 

6215
05:34:38,900 --> 05:34:42,600
them as intellectual Amusement, 
he started pinning pamphlets, 

6216
05:34:42,600 --> 05:34:44,600
which were the blog posts of the
18th century. 

6217
05:34:44,600 --> 05:34:47,200
But they were more difficult to 
create and disseminate. 

6218
05:34:47,200 --> 05:34:51,100
His earliest Works revealed a 
mind already pondering difficult

6219
05:34:51,100 --> 05:34:52,800
issues. 
Regarding the interplay between 

6220
05:34:52,800 --> 05:34:55,800
local autonomy and National 
Unity, as well as between 

6221
05:34:55,800 --> 05:34:57,800
individual, liberty and 
collective security. 

6222
05:34:59,200 --> 05:35:01,800
Alexander was developing 
Concepts that he believed would 

6223
05:35:01,800 --> 05:35:05,000
soon become crucial. 
So these weren't merely smart, 

6224
05:35:05,000 --> 05:35:08,300
academic exercises, Alexander 
was 20 years old. 

6225
05:35:08,300 --> 05:35:12,400
When the Revolutionary War 
finally broke out in 1775 and he

6226
05:35:12,400 --> 05:35:15,600
had to make the same decision 
that all Young Americans had to 

6227
05:35:15,600 --> 05:35:18,400
make. 
Would he try to avoid danger and

6228
05:35:18,400 --> 05:35:19,900
wait to see how things worked 
out? 

6229
05:35:19,900 --> 05:35:22,400
Or would he take up arms for the
cause of Independence? 

6230
05:35:22,400 --> 05:35:25,700
There was really no other option
for someone who had studied 

6231
05:35:25,700 --> 05:35:28,000
political Theory and depth 
during his college Years. 

6232
05:35:29,000 --> 05:35:32,700
Alexander was not an idealistic 
idea list who viewed War as a 

6233
05:35:32,708 --> 05:35:35,200
glorious adventure and he 
enlisted in the Continental 

6234
05:35:35,200 --> 05:35:37,800
Army. 
He realized that winning battles

6235
05:35:37,800 --> 05:35:40,900
would only be the first step in 
a long costly and challenging 

6236
05:35:40,900 --> 05:35:43,100
conflict. 
He immediately made a name for 

6237
05:35:43,100 --> 05:35:45,700
himself as someone who could 
solve the kinds of real world 

6238
05:35:45,700 --> 05:35:48,900
issues that armies and counter 
when attempting to wage war 

6239
05:35:48,900 --> 05:35:52,000
without sufficient supplies 
rather than, as a warrior in the

6240
05:35:52,008 --> 05:35:54,900
conventional sense. 
When you don't have enough money

6241
05:35:54,900 --> 05:35:57,100
to buy food. 
How do you feed soldiers? 

6242
05:35:57,100 --> 05:36:00,500
When there are not enough wagons
or horses, how do you transport 

6243
05:36:00,500 --> 05:36:03,200
supplies? 
When everyone is aware that the 

6244
05:36:03,200 --> 05:36:05,700
enemy has Superior gear and more
consistent funding. 

6245
05:36:05,700 --> 05:36:09,200
How do you keep morale High? 
These may seem like trivial 

6246
05:36:09,200 --> 05:36:12,700
issues but Alexander knew that 
strategy is just as important in

6247
05:36:12,700 --> 05:36:16,200
winning a war as bravery His 
teenage years in the Caribbean 

6248
05:36:16,200 --> 05:36:18,900
trading office had taught him 
that intricate systems 

6249
05:36:18,900 --> 05:36:21,900
necessitate. 
Meticulous attention to details.

6250
05:36:21,900 --> 05:36:24,500
That may appear uninteresting 
but are actually very important.

6251
05:36:25,500 --> 05:36:28,300
No matter how Valiant it 
soldiers are an army that is 

6252
05:36:28,300 --> 05:36:31,100
unable to effectively move its 
supplies or feed itself will 

6253
05:36:31,100 --> 05:36:34,500
lose General George Washington, 
who is facing difficulties that 

6254
05:36:34,500 --> 05:36:37,100
would have overwhelmed, most 
leaders was drawn to his 

6255
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:40,100
abilities in order to 
effectively manage a 

6256
05:36:40,100 --> 05:36:42,400
revolutionary war Washington 
needed, someone who could 

6257
05:36:42,400 --> 05:36:45,600
coordinate with other officers, 
draft orders, handle 

6258
05:36:45,600 --> 05:36:48,800
correspondence, and solve the 
intricate administrative issues 

6259
05:36:48,800 --> 05:36:51,200
that arise. 
He discovered someone in 

6260
05:36:51,200 --> 05:36:55,000
Alexander, who was capable of 
all of that, and who also had a 

6261
05:36:55,000 --> 05:36:58,500
broad understanding of their 
goals, Alexander developed into 

6262
05:36:58,500 --> 05:37:01,500
one of Washington's, most 
trusted aides working closely 

6263
05:37:01,500 --> 05:37:05,000
with him for years, allowing him
to see directly how decisions 

6264
05:37:05,000 --> 05:37:08,800
are made in emergency situation.
He observed how Washington 

6265
05:37:08,800 --> 05:37:11,900
handle conflicting, demands 
controlled, challenging 

6266
05:37:11,900 --> 05:37:15,100
individuals, and remained 
focused on long-term objectives.

6267
05:37:15,100 --> 05:37:18,200
Even when immediate pressures 
became too much to handle most 

6268
05:37:18,200 --> 05:37:20,600
significantly though. 
Alexander spent those years of 

6269
05:37:20,600 --> 05:37:24,000
war, contemplating the future. 
He was already thinking about 

6270
05:37:24,000 --> 05:37:27,300
the more difficult question. 
How would they actually govern 

6271
05:37:27,300 --> 05:37:29,400
themselves once they had gained 
the right to do? 

6272
05:37:29,400 --> 05:37:32,700
So While others, concentrated on
the pressing issue of gaining 

6273
05:37:32,700 --> 05:37:36,600
independence, after the war 
ended in 1783, Americans had to 

6274
05:37:36,608 --> 05:37:39,100
figure out what it meant to be a
nation a problem. 

6275
05:37:39,100 --> 05:37:41,400
No previous generation had ever 
faced. 

6276
05:37:41,400 --> 05:37:43,600
When you put it that way, it 
sounds easy. 

6277
05:37:43,600 --> 05:37:48,300
But the reality was far more 
intricate 13 distinct colonies 

6278
05:37:48,300 --> 05:37:51,500
each with its own Customs 
passions and views on how things

6279
05:37:51,500 --> 05:37:54,100
ought to be run. 
Had to somehow manage to operate

6280
05:37:54,100 --> 05:37:57,500
as a single country, the 
Articles of Confederation, which

6281
05:37:57,500 --> 05:38:00,300
were essentially a treaty 
between 13, independent states, 

6282
05:38:00,300 --> 05:38:02,200
rather than a blueprint for a 
single government. 

6283
05:38:02,200 --> 05:38:05,800
Were the first attempt to solve 
this conundrum, a group of 

6284
05:38:05,800 --> 05:38:08,300
Roommates agreeing to split the 
rent but not granting. 

6285
05:38:08,300 --> 05:38:11,700
Anyone, the power to ensure that
each person pays their share was

6286
05:38:11,700 --> 05:38:14,300
the political equivalent of 
that, Alexander became 

6287
05:38:14,300 --> 05:38:17,400
increasingly convinced that this
system was not going to work as 

6288
05:38:17,400 --> 05:38:19,500
he watched it falter from crisis
to crisis. 

6289
05:38:20,400 --> 05:38:23,900
Because each state produces its 
own currency trade between them 

6290
05:38:23,900 --> 05:38:27,500
became needlessly complicated. 
They treated neighboring states 

6291
05:38:27,500 --> 05:38:30,000
more like foreign Nations than 
as parts of the same country 

6292
05:38:30,000 --> 05:38:32,400
imposing tariffs on each other's
Goods. 

6293
05:38:33,100 --> 05:38:35,800
There was no efficient system in
place to settle disagreements 

6294
05:38:35,800 --> 05:38:38,300
when they occurred. 
Most annoying of all, there was 

6295
05:38:38,308 --> 05:38:40,700
no Dependable method for the 
national government to raise 

6296
05:38:40,700 --> 05:38:43,100
funds. 
It could request funding from 

6297
05:38:43,100 --> 05:38:46,700
the states but not mandate it. 
This meant that soldiers who had

6298
05:38:46,700 --> 05:38:49,300
fought for independence. 
Could not receive their back pay

6299
05:38:49,300 --> 05:38:52,900
debts from the Revolutionary War
remained unpaid and the new 

6300
05:38:52,900 --> 05:38:55,700
nations credit was so bad. 
That foreign governments started

6301
05:38:55,700 --> 05:38:58,800
to question, whether America 
would be able to remain an 

6302
05:38:58,800 --> 05:39:01,200
independent nation. 
This was similar to witnessing a

6303
05:39:01,200 --> 05:39:04,300
business owner, who refused to 
record their revenue or expenses

6304
05:39:04,300 --> 05:39:07,400
and then question, why they were
unable to pay their bills for 

6305
05:39:07,400 --> 05:39:09,900
someone with Alexander's 
background in finance and 

6306
05:39:09,900 --> 05:39:12,600
commerce. 
The issues weren't enigmatic 

6307
05:39:12,600 --> 05:39:15,300
rather. 
They were the inevitable outcome

6308
05:39:15,300 --> 05:39:18,500
of attempting to manage a 
complicated organization without

6309
05:39:18,500 --> 05:39:22,400
delegating decision-making. 
Authority to anyone, Alexa was 

6310
05:39:22,400 --> 05:39:24,800
developing his legal career in 
New York during this time. 

6311
05:39:24,800 --> 05:39:28,200
Taking on cases, that allowed 
him to gain first-hand knowledge

6312
05:39:28,200 --> 05:39:31,100
of the day-to-day operations of 
the nation's legal and economics

6313
05:39:31,100 --> 05:39:33,600
systems. 
He witnessed the needless 

6314
05:39:33,600 --> 05:39:36,900
complexity of business caused by
the absence of a unified set of 

6315
05:39:36,908 --> 05:39:41,400
commercial laws, the confusion 
and inefficiency caused by the 

6316
05:39:41,400 --> 05:39:44,500
lack of a stable, National 
currency and the difficulty in 

6317
05:39:44,500 --> 05:39:47,600
resolving disputes that crossed 
state lines due to the lack of 

6318
05:39:47,600 --> 05:39:50,300
federal Authority. 
Alexander however started 

6319
05:39:50,300 --> 05:39:53,000
formulating solutions to these 
issues rather than merely 

6320
05:39:53,000 --> 05:39:55,600
lamenting them. 
He looked for ideas that might 

6321
05:39:55,600 --> 05:39:59,100
apply to the American economy by
researching the economic systems

6322
05:39:59,100 --> 05:40:02,300
of other nations, especially 
Britain, he read. 

6323
05:40:02,300 --> 05:40:04,800
Widely about various 
governmental structures in an 

6324
05:40:04,800 --> 05:40:07,600
effort to comprehend what caused
some countries to be stable and 

6325
05:40:07,600 --> 05:40:10,500
prosperous, While others 
suffered from ongoing, political

6326
05:40:10,500 --> 05:40:14,600
unrest, by 1787 enough, 
Americans had agreed with 

6327
05:40:14,600 --> 05:40:17,600
Alexander that something needed 
to change, because the Articles 

6328
05:40:17,600 --> 05:40:21,300
of Confederation were failing in
order to determine whether a 

6329
05:40:21,300 --> 05:40:23,300
more efficient system of 
national government, could be 

6330
05:40:23,300 --> 05:40:25,400
established to convention was 
called in Philadelphia, 

6331
05:40:25,400 --> 05:40:29,300
supposedly to amend the Articles
despite being in the awkward 

6332
05:40:29,300 --> 05:40:31,800
position of being the only 
member of his State's delegation

6333
05:40:31,800 --> 05:40:34,600
who genuinely wished to 
establish a powerful federal 

6334
05:40:34,600 --> 05:40:37,200
government. 
Alexander was chosen as one of 

6335
05:40:37,200 --> 05:40:40,000
New York's delegates. 
Because his two colleagues 

6336
05:40:40,000 --> 05:40:43,400
favored, the state of quote, New
York's official stance at the 

6337
05:40:43,400 --> 05:40:46,400
convention was typically against
the kinds of reforms Alexander 

6338
05:40:46,400 --> 05:40:48,800
believed were required. 
Some of America's most 

6339
05:40:48,800 --> 05:40:52,500
intelligent political thinkers, 
men who had pondered, societal 

6340
05:40:52,500 --> 05:40:55,200
and governmental issues for 
years, came together for the 

6341
05:40:55,200 --> 05:40:58,900
convention. 
Even so Alexander, stood out 

6342
05:40:58,900 --> 05:41:01,700
among this esteemed group for 
his willingness to think outside

6343
05:41:01,700 --> 05:41:05,300
the box and for the breadth of 
his vision Alexander argued for 

6344
05:41:05,300 --> 05:41:08,600
something more fundamental. 
They needed to establish a 

6345
05:41:08,600 --> 05:41:10,500
national government. 
That was actually capable of 

6346
05:41:10,500 --> 05:41:13,300
governing, whereas many 
delegates saw the conventions 

6347
05:41:13,300 --> 05:41:15,900
work, as a matter of making 
small changes to the current 

6348
05:41:15,900 --> 05:41:20,800
system, Instead of depending on 
state cooperation, this meant 

6349
05:41:20,800 --> 05:41:23,700
granting the federal government 
the authority to impose taxes 

6350
05:41:23,700 --> 05:41:27,500
control interstate commerce and 
directly enforce its laws 

6351
05:41:27,500 --> 05:41:29,200
though. 
These might appear to be 

6352
05:41:29,208 --> 05:41:32,800
technical details, Alexander 
realized that they served as the

6353
05:41:32,800 --> 05:41:35,800
Cornerstone for all other goals.
The new country, wish to achieve

6354
05:41:36,600 --> 05:41:39,400
The government could not 
maintain an army pay off debts 

6355
05:41:39,400 --> 05:41:41,900
or fund the kinds of 
infrastructure projects, that 

6356
05:41:41,900 --> 05:41:44,100
would support the nation's 
development and prosperity. 

6357
05:41:44,100 --> 05:41:48,200
If it couldn't consistently 
generate income, The United 

6358
05:41:48,200 --> 05:41:50,500
States would not be a true 
National Market. 

6359
05:41:50,500 --> 05:41:53,900
If it did not have the power to 
control interstate commerce, 

6360
05:41:53,900 --> 05:41:59,300
Alexander speech on June 18th, 
1787 outlining his vision for a 

6361
05:41:59,300 --> 05:42:02,400
powerful federal government is 
his most well known contribution

6362
05:42:02,400 --> 05:42:05,200
to the convention. 
Even though the presentation 

6363
05:42:05,200 --> 05:42:08,600
lasted six hours, imagine 
spending that much time watching

6364
05:42:08,600 --> 05:42:11,500
a PowerPoint, it wasn't dark 
academic Theory. 

6365
05:42:12,700 --> 05:42:14,800
Alexander was outlining a 
workable plan. 

6366
05:42:14,800 --> 05:42:16,300
For handling the intricate 
problems. 

6367
05:42:16,300 --> 05:42:19,300
That a big diverse country 
faces, although his fellow 

6368
05:42:19,300 --> 05:42:22,000
delegates listened to politely 
many of them thought his ideas 

6369
05:42:22,000 --> 05:42:25,500
were too radical Alexander was 
advocating for a degree of 

6370
05:42:25,508 --> 05:42:28,400
federal power that was higher 
than what the majority of 

6371
05:42:28,400 --> 05:42:30,200
Americans at the time felt was 
appropriate. 

6372
05:42:30,200 --> 05:42:33,700
Many of them weren't prepared to
establish, a new government that

6373
05:42:33,700 --> 05:42:36,900
might turn out to be just as 
repressive because they had just

6374
05:42:36,900 --> 05:42:39,600
fought a war to rid themselves 
of what they perceived to be. 

6375
05:42:39,600 --> 05:42:43,200
Excessive government power. 
Alexander had a big impact on 

6376
05:42:43,200 --> 05:42:46,500
the final Constitution, despite 
the fact that his specific 

6377
05:42:46,500 --> 05:42:50,000
suggestions were not accepted 
the powers, give to Congress, 

6378
05:42:50,000 --> 05:42:53,000
reflected his views, on the 
necessity of federal control, 

6379
05:42:53,000 --> 05:42:57,100
over Taxation and commerce. 
His focus on establishing a 

6380
05:42:57,100 --> 05:43:00,000
government that could take 
decisive action had an impact on

6381
05:43:00,000 --> 05:43:03,400
the executive branches layout. 
Convincing, the American people 

6382
05:43:03,400 --> 05:43:06,000
to ratify the. 
New constitution was the true 

6383
05:43:06,000 --> 05:43:08,700
challenge that arose after the 
Constitutional Convention 

6384
05:43:08,700 --> 05:43:11,800
concluded, its work in September
1787. 

6385
05:43:12,600 --> 05:43:14,800
It took more than just 
persuading politicians to 

6386
05:43:14,800 --> 05:43:17,800
support this. 
It also required a shift in the 

6387
05:43:17,800 --> 05:43:20,100
way, the general public 
perceived the connection between

6388
05:43:20,100 --> 05:43:21,900
individual liberty and group 
government. 

6389
05:43:21,900 --> 05:43:25,400
Alexander recognized that this 
was essentially an ideological 

6390
05:43:25,400 --> 05:43:28,700
conflict and he threw himself 
into it with the ferocity of 

6391
05:43:28,700 --> 05:43:31,100
someone who thought the nation's
future depended on it. 

6392
05:43:32,100 --> 05:43:35,000
He started writing a collection 
of essays with John Jay and 

6393
05:43:35,000 --> 05:43:38,000
James Madison that became known 
as The Federalist Papers. 

6394
05:43:38,000 --> 05:43:40,900
They were all published under 
the same pseudonym Publius. 

6395
05:43:40,900 --> 05:43:45,200
These essays provided thoughtful
in-depth justifications for why 

6396
05:43:45,200 --> 05:43:48,300
the proposed Constitution would 
be superior to the current one, 

6397
05:43:48,300 --> 05:43:52,900
not just catchphrases or 
sentimental please Of the 85 

6398
05:43:52,900 --> 05:43:56,400
essays, Alexander authored 51 
that addressed some of the most 

6399
05:43:56,400 --> 05:43:59,400
intricate and contentious facets
of the new system of government.

6400
05:43:59,400 --> 05:44:02,700
Imagine him working late Into 
the Night by candlelight. 

6401
05:44:02,700 --> 05:44:05,900
In his New York, lore office 
developing arguments, that were 

6402
05:44:05,900 --> 05:44:08,900
both rigorously intellectual and
understandable to the average 

6403
05:44:08,900 --> 05:44:11,900
reader in essence. 
He was creating the instruction 

6404
05:44:11,900 --> 05:44:15,300
manual for American democracy 
outlining, not only the 

6405
05:44:15,300 --> 05:44:18,400
functions of the new government,
but also the rationale behind 

6406
05:44:18,400 --> 05:44:20,600
its structure Alexander 
carefully. 

6407
05:44:20,600 --> 05:44:23,100
Outlined the reasons why the 
Articles of Confederation were 

6408
05:44:23,100 --> 05:44:27,700
failing in Federalist number. 21
using relatable examples. 

6409
05:44:27,700 --> 05:44:30,700
It was similar to trying to 
manage a household without a 

6410
05:44:30,700 --> 05:44:33,300
steady source of income when the
national government was unable 

6411
05:44:33,300 --> 05:44:36,200
to collect taxes. 
You might manage for a while but

6412
05:44:36,200 --> 05:44:38,400
eventually the bills would 
arrive and you would be unable 

6413
05:44:38,400 --> 05:44:40,900
to pay them. 
He made the case in Federalist 

6414
05:44:40,900 --> 05:44:44,600
number 23 that if a federal 
government was to exist at all, 

6415
05:44:44,600 --> 05:44:47,300
it must be powerful enough to 
carry out its mandate. 

6416
05:44:48,100 --> 05:44:50,200
Establishing a National 
Authority that was meant to 

6417
05:44:50,200 --> 05:44:53,800
oversee Commerce and provide for
defense, but lack the authority 

6418
05:44:53,800 --> 05:44:55,700
to do. 
So successfully was pointless 

6419
05:44:55,700 --> 05:44:58,100
his most significant 
contribution. 

6420
05:44:58,100 --> 05:45:02,600
However, was Federalist number 
78 where he introduced the idea 

6421
05:45:02,600 --> 05:45:06,000
of judicial review, the notion 
that courts ought to have the 

6422
05:45:06,000 --> 05:45:09,400
power to judge whether the laws 
are constitutional and describe 

6423
05:45:09,400 --> 05:45:11,100
the function of the federal 
judiciary. 

6424
05:45:12,100 --> 05:45:15,100
Alexander was considering how to
keep the new government from 

6425
05:45:15,100 --> 05:45:16,700
going too far while still 
granting. 

6426
05:45:16,700 --> 05:45:19,000
Its sufficient power to carry 
out its duties. 

6427
05:45:19,000 --> 05:45:21,700
So this wasn't just a 
theoretical legal Theory 

6428
05:45:21,700 --> 05:45:24,900
newspapers Across the Nation, 
carried The Federalist Papers, 

6429
05:45:24,900 --> 05:45:28,400
which sparked discussions in 
town squares, taverns and family

6430
05:45:28,400 --> 05:45:31,100
dinner tables. 
Although many Americans were 

6431
05:45:31,100 --> 05:45:34,900
still wary of strong Federal 
Authority, Alexander's arguments

6432
05:45:34,900 --> 05:45:37,500
would generally unpopular but 
eventually gained support 

6433
05:45:37,500 --> 05:45:39,500
because they were both 
practically sound and 

6434
05:45:39,500 --> 05:45:43,200
intellectually, sailed the task 
of transforming abstract plans, 

6435
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:45,500
into functional government 
operations, fail to George 

6436
05:45:45,500 --> 05:45:48,500
Washington, the first president 
to pointed under the new 

6437
05:45:48,500 --> 05:45:52,108
constitution, Selecting 
Alexander Hamilton to be the 

6438
05:45:52,116 --> 05:45:55,400
first Secretary of the Treasury.
A role that would allow Hamilton

6439
05:45:55,400 --> 05:45:57,900
to put many of the ideas. 
He had been working on for years

6440
05:45:57,900 --> 05:46:01,100
and to practice was one of his 
most significant choices. 

6441
05:46:01,100 --> 05:46:06,200
Alexander at 34 was younger than
most cabinet members, but his 

6442
05:46:06,200 --> 05:46:09,400
theoretical background and Real 
World Experience, made him an 

6443
05:46:09,400 --> 05:46:11,500
ideal fit for the new country's 
problems. 

6444
05:46:12,300 --> 05:46:15,200
Due to the millions of dollars, 
it owed to both domestic and 

6445
05:46:15,200 --> 05:46:16,800
foreign investors. 
Who had contributed to the 

6446
05:46:16,808 --> 05:46:19,600
Revolutionary Wars funding, the 
federal government was 

6447
05:46:19,600 --> 05:46:22,700
effectively bankrupt. 
Some European observers 

6448
05:46:22,700 --> 05:46:25,400
questioned whether the United 
States would remain an 

6449
05:46:25,400 --> 05:46:28,500
independent nation because of 
the country's extremely low 

6450
05:46:28,500 --> 05:46:31,500
credit rating, Alexander's 
methodical approach to these 

6451
05:46:31,500 --> 05:46:34,500
issues was a reflection of the 
years of study, he had put into 

6452
05:46:34,500 --> 05:46:36,500
his understanding of finance and
economics. 

6453
05:46:37,400 --> 05:46:41,300
Instead of tackling each crisis,
one at a time, he developed a 

6454
05:46:41,300 --> 05:46:44,000
comprehensive plan, that would 
build a stable Financial system,

6455
05:46:44,000 --> 05:46:47,900
restore the nation's credit and 
lay the groundwork for sustained

6456
05:46:47,900 --> 05:46:50,000
economic growth in on Public 
Credit. 

6457
05:46:50,000 --> 05:46:53,300
His first significant report. 
He suggested that the federal 

6458
05:46:53,300 --> 05:46:56,200
government take full 
responsibility for all debts, 

6459
05:46:56,200 --> 05:46:59,900
accrued during the Revolutionary
War, including debts, accrued by

6460
05:46:59,900 --> 05:47:03,200
individual states. 
This was more than simply paying

6461
05:47:03,200 --> 05:47:06,600
back debts. 
Alexander recognized that a 

6462
05:47:06,600 --> 05:47:08,600
country's debt management. 
Reveals a lot about its 

6463
05:47:08,600 --> 05:47:11,800
dependability and character 
States that had already paid off

6464
05:47:11,800 --> 05:47:13,400
their War. 
Debts would ultimately be 

6465
05:47:13,400 --> 05:47:16,300
assisting in the repayment of 
states that hadn't been as 

6466
05:47:16,300 --> 05:47:19,300
fiscally responsible, which made
the proposal contentious. 

6467
05:47:19,300 --> 05:47:23,600
However, Alexander contended 
that this was the cost of moving

6468
05:47:23,600 --> 05:47:26,500
from a loose Confederation of 
independent states to a truly 

6469
05:47:26,500 --> 05:47:29,200
unified Nation. 
Imagine a family that despite 

6470
05:47:29,200 --> 05:47:31,400
some members having been more 
frugal with their money than 

6471
05:47:31,400 --> 05:47:34,500
others, decides to combine their
resources to pay off. 

6472
05:47:34,500 --> 05:47:38,300
Everyone's college loans in the 
short run, it might not seem 

6473
05:47:38,300 --> 05:47:42,100
fair, but it builds a foundation
of mutual commitment and shared 

6474
05:47:42,100 --> 05:47:44,700
responsibility. 
That makes the group stronger in

6475
05:47:44,700 --> 05:47:47,400
order to manage government 
finances, maintain a stable 

6476
05:47:47,400 --> 05:47:50,500
currently and provide credit to 
promote economic growth. 

6477
05:47:50,500 --> 05:47:54,000
Alexander also suggested 
establishing a National Bank. 

6478
05:47:54,900 --> 05:47:57,700
While the concept of a central 
bank was widely accepted in 

6479
05:47:57,700 --> 05:48:00,800
Europe, it was revolutionary in 
America where many people 

6480
05:48:00,800 --> 05:48:03,900
equated banks with the type of 
concentrated Financial power 

6481
05:48:03,900 --> 05:48:06,200
from which they had fled the 
National Bank. 

6482
05:48:06,200 --> 05:48:09,300
According to its detractors, 
would favor affluent investors 

6483
05:48:09,300 --> 05:48:12,900
at the expense of common farmers
and artists in response. 

6484
05:48:12,900 --> 05:48:16,300
Alexander said that a well-run 
financial system would help 

6485
05:48:16,300 --> 05:48:19,400
everyone by increasing the 
availability of credit for 

6486
05:48:19,400 --> 05:48:22,600
profitable Investments. 
Stabilizing currency and 

6487
05:48:22,600 --> 05:48:25,300
improving trade efficiency. 
His goal was to build the 

6488
05:48:25,300 --> 05:48:28,800
financial infrastructure that a 
contemporary economy needs not 

6489
05:48:28,800 --> 05:48:33,000
to enrich bankers. 
Reliable financial institutions 

6490
05:48:33,000 --> 05:48:35,600
are necessary to control the 
flow of credit and money. 

6491
05:48:35,600 --> 05:48:37,700
That enables Commerce just as 
good. 

6492
05:48:37,700 --> 05:48:40,200
Roads are necessary for the 
efficient transportation of 

6493
05:48:40,200 --> 05:48:45,100
goods Alexander's report on 
manufactures, which he presented

6494
05:48:45,100 --> 05:48:49,000
to Congress in 1791 was arguably
his most forward-thinking 

6495
05:48:49,000 --> 05:48:51,900
contribution as treasury 
secretary, Alexander, 

6496
05:48:51,900 --> 05:48:53,400
envisioned, something more 
ambitious. 

6497
05:48:53,400 --> 05:48:57,000
A country that could produce its
own goods and compete with 

6498
05:48:57,008 --> 05:49:00,900
established industrial powers. 
This was in contrast to the 

6499
05:49:00,900 --> 05:49:03,900
majority of Americans of his era
who believed that the United 

6500
05:49:03,900 --> 05:49:06,500
States would continue to be 
primarily an agricultural 

6501
05:49:06,500 --> 05:49:09,800
country that imported 
manufactured goods from Europe 

6502
05:49:09,800 --> 05:49:13,100
in exchange for raw materials, 
Alexander recognized that 

6503
05:49:13,100 --> 05:49:15,600
political Independence was 
useless without economic 

6504
05:49:15,600 --> 05:49:18,000
independence. 
So this was more than just 

6505
05:49:18,000 --> 05:49:21,700
economic nationalism, a nation 
that relied on other countries 

6506
05:49:21,700 --> 05:49:24,300
for basic. 
Manufactured goods would always 

6507
05:49:24,300 --> 05:49:27,500
be at risk from political and 
economic pressure, his defense 

6508
05:49:27,500 --> 05:49:30,300
of American manufacturing. 
However, went beyond mere 

6509
05:49:30,300 --> 05:49:33,200
self-sufficiently. 
Alexander thought that his 

6510
05:49:33,200 --> 05:49:36,400
industry grew more varied, 
economic opportunities would be 

6511
05:49:36,400 --> 05:49:39,800
created, enabling American's to 
pursue a greater variety of 

6512
05:49:39,808 --> 05:49:42,000
careers and raise their standard
of living. 

6513
05:49:42,900 --> 05:49:46,000
Compared to a farmer who solely 
relied on agricultural Revenue, 

6514
05:49:46,000 --> 05:49:49,500
a farmer who was able to work 
part-time in a nearby textile 

6515
05:49:49,500 --> 05:49:51,600
mill had greater Financial 
Security. 

6516
05:49:51,600 --> 05:49:54,500
Additionally he contended that 
manufacturing would more 

6517
05:49:54,500 --> 05:49:57,400
effectively utilize what 
economists refer to as human 

6518
05:49:57,400 --> 05:50:00,700
capital, the abilities and 
skills of individuals who might 

6519
05:50:00,700 --> 05:50:03,200
not be able to fully engage in 
an agricultural economy. 

6520
05:50:03,900 --> 05:50:07,400
Women could be paid in textile 
mills children could work in 

6521
05:50:07,400 --> 05:50:09,600
factories. 
This was before the issue 

6522
05:50:09,600 --> 05:50:12,800
surrounding child, labor were 
recognized an immigrant with 

6523
05:50:12,800 --> 05:50:15,300
industrial skills. 
Could immediately contribute to 

6524
05:50:15,300 --> 05:50:19,100
economic growth instead of 
needing to learn how to farm for

6525
05:50:19,100 --> 05:50:21,800
its time Alexander's. 
Manufacturing Vision was 

6526
05:50:21,800 --> 05:50:25,400
extraordinarily Advanced, he 
realized that building factories

6527
05:50:25,400 --> 05:50:28,000
was not enough for successful 
Industrial Development. 

6528
05:50:28,000 --> 05:50:31,500
It also required access to 
Capital, skilled labor, 

6529
05:50:31,500 --> 05:50:35,800
supportive, infrastructure and 
markets, big enough to turn a 

6530
05:50:35,800 --> 05:50:38,000
profit. 
Protective tariffs to help 

6531
05:50:38,000 --> 05:50:41,100
American manufacturers compete 
with well-established European 

6532
05:50:41,100 --> 05:50:43,300
producers are among the 
policies. 

6533
05:50:43,300 --> 05:50:45,900
He suggested the government 
Implement to promote these 

6534
05:50:45,900 --> 05:50:48,700
favorable conditions, 
Alexander's, understanding of 

6535
05:50:48,700 --> 05:50:50,500
what is now known as economic 
diversification. 

6536
05:50:50,500 --> 05:50:54,900
Was also demonstrated in the 
report, He maintained that a 

6537
05:50:54,900 --> 05:50:57,900
country with a diverse economy, 
one that includes Manufacturing 

6538
05:50:57,900 --> 05:51:01,300
Services, Agriculture and 
commerce would be more resilient

6539
05:51:01,300 --> 05:51:04,000
than one that relies too much on
any one of these industries 

6540
05:51:04,000 --> 05:51:06,600
manufacturing could remain 
profitable. 

6541
05:51:06,600 --> 05:51:10,400
Even if agricultural prices 
declined, even if one area 

6542
05:51:10,400 --> 05:51:13,600
experienced economic challenges 
other areas with distinct 

6543
05:51:13,600 --> 05:51:16,900
economic foundations could still
Thrive Alexander's, 

6544
05:51:16,900 --> 05:51:19,200
manufacturing Vision was 
rejected by critics as 

6545
05:51:19,200 --> 05:51:22,200
unrealistic. 
Fantasy claiming that Americans 

6546
05:51:22,200 --> 05:51:26,400
lacked the markets capital and 
skills required for Effective 

6547
05:51:26,400 --> 05:51:30,300
Industrial Development. 
However, Alexander knew that 

6548
05:51:30,300 --> 05:51:32,700
these capabilities could be 
developed over time with the 

6549
05:51:32,700 --> 05:51:35,600
right Investments and policies 
because he had studied the 

6550
05:51:35,600 --> 05:51:37,500
economic development of other 
countries. 

6551
05:51:37,500 --> 05:51:40,600
Alexander was at the center of 
increasingly contentious 

6552
05:51:40,600 --> 05:51:43,300
political discussion as he 
carried out his economic and 

6553
05:51:43,308 --> 05:51:46,300
financial policies, which 
ultimately resulted in the 

6554
05:51:46,308 --> 05:51:49,000
establishment of the first 
political parties in America. 

6555
05:51:49,900 --> 05:51:52,300
When people, with essentially 
different ideas, about the 

6556
05:51:52,300 --> 05:51:55,900
country, attempted to cooperate 
partisan divisions emerged, 

6557
05:51:55,900 --> 05:51:58,900
which was not something. 
Anyone had anticipated or 

6558
05:51:58,900 --> 05:52:01,600
desired. 
The founders had hoped to avoid 

6559
05:52:01,600 --> 05:52:04,300
the kind of partisan divisions. 
They associated with European 

6560
05:52:04,300 --> 05:52:06,600
politics. 
Thomas Jefferson and James 

6561
05:52:06,600 --> 05:52:10,100
Madison, who favored a more, 
constrained Federal role and 

6562
05:52:10,100 --> 05:52:14,200
agricultural economy and closer 
ties with France disagreed with 

6563
05:52:14,208 --> 05:52:17,500
Alex's vision of a strong 
federal government, a 

6564
05:52:17,500 --> 05:52:20,000
diversified economy and close 
ties with Britain. 

6565
05:52:20,700 --> 05:52:22,900
These disagreements were not 
merely about policy. 

6566
05:52:22,900 --> 05:52:26,300
They also represented Divergent 
views on the ideal form of the 

6567
05:52:26,300 --> 05:52:29,600
United States of America. 
Alexander's plan for a National 

6568
05:52:29,600 --> 05:52:33,300
Bank, which Jefferson claimed 
was unconstitutional because the

6569
05:52:33,300 --> 05:52:36,000
Constitution didn't specifically
give the federal government. 

6570
05:52:36,000 --> 05:52:39,400
The authority to Charter Banks 
was the final straw in the 

6571
05:52:39,400 --> 05:52:43,500
dispute in response. 
Alexander presented a thorough 

6572
05:52:43,500 --> 05:52:46,100
legal defense of implied powers 
which hold that. 

6573
05:52:46,100 --> 05:52:48,500
The constitution gave the 
federal government, the right to

6574
05:52:48,500 --> 05:52:51,900
do what ever it takes to 
effectively exercise, the powers

6575
05:52:51,900 --> 05:52:54,400
it specified. 
In addition to the specific 

6576
05:52:54,400 --> 05:52:57,600
Powers it listed, this debate 
was about how to interpret the 

6577
05:52:57,608 --> 05:53:00,000
Constitution and what kind of 
federal government. 

6578
05:53:00,000 --> 05:53:03,300
The American people are truly 
agreed to establish, not just 

6579
05:53:03,300 --> 05:53:07,100
about banking. 
While Jefferson supported strict

6580
05:53:07,100 --> 05:53:10,300
construction, which restricted 
Federal authority to power 

6581
05:53:10,300 --> 05:53:12,000
specifically stated in the 
Constitution. 

6582
05:53:12,000 --> 05:53:16,200
Alexander argued for what became
known as a broad construction of

6583
05:53:16,200 --> 05:53:19,600
the document both of his most 
trusted advisors made strong 

6584
05:53:19,600 --> 05:53:22,800
cases for their positions. 
A President Washington was 

6585
05:53:22,800 --> 05:53:24,500
forced to make the difficult 
decision. 

6586
05:53:25,800 --> 05:53:29,400
On the bank issue, he finally 
took Alexander's side but the 

6587
05:53:29,408 --> 05:53:32,200
political Rifts that resulted 
from these discussions would 

6588
05:53:32,200 --> 05:53:35,700
influence American politics for 
many years to come, Alexander 

6589
05:53:35,700 --> 05:53:37,800
Rose to prominence as the 
intellectual head of the 

6590
05:53:37,800 --> 05:53:41,500
Federalist Party, which promoted
Pro business policies in 

6591
05:53:41,500 --> 05:53:44,300
industrial growth and a powerful
federal government. 

6592
05:53:45,200 --> 05:53:48,300
The Democratic Republican Party,
founded by Jefferson and Madison

6593
05:53:48,300 --> 05:53:51,300
promoted, stringent 
constitutional, interpretation 

6594
05:53:51,300 --> 05:53:54,300
agricultural interests, and 
limited Federal power. 

6595
05:53:54,300 --> 05:53:56,500
Although, these party 
differences may appear 

6596
05:53:56,500 --> 05:53:59,700
regrettable Alexander recognized
that, they were a positive 

6597
05:53:59,700 --> 05:54:01,500
indication of a robust 
democracy. 

6598
05:54:02,400 --> 05:54:05,700
People with differing opinions 
about politics and policy should

6599
05:54:05,700 --> 05:54:09,400
be able to ban together, promote
their positions and run for 

6600
05:54:09,400 --> 05:54:13,000
office in a free Society. 
Either dictatorship or political

6601
05:54:13,000 --> 05:54:15,300
Anarchy was the alternative not 
peaceful. 

6602
05:54:15,300 --> 05:54:18,100
Unity Alexander's. 
Personal life was characterized 

6603
05:54:18,100 --> 05:54:21,900
by both great success and 
heartbreaking setbacks even as 

6604
05:54:21,900 --> 05:54:24,300
he was establishing himself as 
one of America's most 

6605
05:54:24,300 --> 05:54:27,500
significant public figures. 
He had eight children with 

6606
05:54:27,500 --> 05:54:30,200
Elizabeth Schuyler, a member of 
one of the most well known 

6607
05:54:30,200 --> 05:54:33,500
families, in New York. 
According to all accounts, it 

6608
05:54:33,500 --> 05:54:36,200
was a devoted Union founded on 
respect for one another and 

6609
05:54:36,200 --> 05:54:39,600
similar ideals. 
However, Alexander paid a 

6610
05:54:39,600 --> 05:54:41,900
personal price for his 
unwavering commitment to public 

6611
05:54:41,900 --> 05:54:44,100
service. 
In order to achieve his 

6612
05:54:44,100 --> 05:54:47,200
political and financial 
objectives, he frequently, put 

6613
05:54:47,200 --> 05:54:50,400
his family and his own health 
last while working incredibly 

6614
05:54:50,400 --> 05:54:54,600
long hours, When he committed to
a project, he threw himself into

6615
05:54:54,600 --> 05:54:58,100
it, wholeheartedly sometimes to 
the detriment of everything else

6616
05:54:58,100 --> 05:55:00,600
in his life. 
He was the type of person who 

6617
05:55:00,600 --> 05:55:05,100
couldn't do anything halfway. 
Helen made a choice in 1797 that

6618
05:55:05,100 --> 05:55:06,700
would follow him for the rest of
his life. 

6619
05:55:07,500 --> 05:55:10,600
In an attempt to dispel Rumours 
that he had exploited his role 

6620
05:55:10,600 --> 05:55:13,000
as treasury secretary for 
personal financial gain. 

6621
05:55:13,000 --> 05:55:15,800
He released a pamphlet 
confessing to an affair. 

6622
05:55:15,800 --> 05:55:18,700
The Reynolds pamphlet as it was 
called demonstrated that 

6623
05:55:18,700 --> 05:55:21,900
Alexander was innocent of 
financial corruption, but guilty

6624
05:55:21,900 --> 05:55:25,200
of adultery, both Alexanders 
complex personality and his 

6625
05:55:25,200 --> 05:55:28,000
dedication to public Integrity 
were evident in this choice. 

6626
05:55:28,800 --> 05:55:31,600
Instead of letting people think 
he had violated The public's 

6627
05:55:31,600 --> 05:55:34,200
confidence, he decided to ruin 
his own reputation. 

6628
05:55:34,200 --> 05:55:38,400
This was basically political 
suicide in a time when political

6629
05:55:38,400 --> 05:55:40,400
and personal reputations were 
intertwined. 

6630
05:55:40,400 --> 05:55:43,300
Although Alexander's aspirations
for higher office were 

6631
05:55:43,300 --> 05:55:44,900
essentially dashed by the 
Scandal. 

6632
05:55:44,900 --> 05:55:48,100
His impact on American political
and economic advancement 

6633
05:55:48,100 --> 05:55:51,700
remained unabated, he still 
advised other political leaders,

6634
05:55:51,700 --> 05:55:54,800
wrote about public policy and 
practiced law. 

6635
05:55:55,600 --> 05:55:58,500
His theories of influence 
discussions of Economic Policy, 

6636
05:55:58,500 --> 05:56:02,400
constitutional, interpretation, 
and federal power most 

6637
05:56:02,400 --> 05:56:04,900
significantly. 
The Reynolds pamphlet exposed a 

6638
05:56:04,900 --> 05:56:08,000
fundamental aspect of 
Alexander's personality, He was 

6639
05:56:08,000 --> 05:56:11,300
prepared to incur significant 
personal expenses in order to 

6640
05:56:11,300 --> 05:56:13,100
uphold his honor as a public 
official. 

6641
05:56:13,900 --> 05:56:16,800
He was aware that democracy 
relies on people having faith in

6642
05:56:16,808 --> 05:56:19,600
their leaders, and he was on 
willing to let that be 

6643
05:56:19,600 --> 05:56:23,300
undermined, even if it meant 
ruining, his own reputation in a

6644
05:56:23,300 --> 05:56:26,400
duel with Aaron Burr, on the 
Weehawken, New Jersey Cliffs on 

6645
05:56:26,408 --> 05:56:30,300
July 11th, 1804 Alexander 
Hamilton, lost his life. 

6646
05:56:31,100 --> 05:56:33,600
The Dual symbolize something 
greater about the nature of 

6647
05:56:33,600 --> 05:56:36,900
honor and public service in 
early America, but it was also 

6648
05:56:36,900 --> 05:56:39,400
the result of years of political
and personal hostility. 

6649
05:56:39,400 --> 05:56:43,300
A newspaper article that quoted 
Alexander criticizing Burr's 

6650
05:56:43,300 --> 05:56:45,600
character was the direct cause 
of the duel. 

6651
05:56:45,600 --> 05:56:49,600
Alexander refused to offer and 
apology that would have appeased

6652
05:56:49,600 --> 05:56:52,700
by a sense of Honor. 
They were forced to meet on the 

6653
05:56:52,700 --> 05:56:56,200
field of Honor due to the social
norms of the time, Alexander 

6654
05:56:56,200 --> 05:56:58,500
wrote letters to his wife and 
friends the night before the 

6655
05:56:58,500 --> 05:57:02,000
duel outlining his reasoning and
offering insights into his life 

6656
05:57:02,000 --> 05:57:04,800
and work. 
These letters show a man who 

6657
05:57:04,800 --> 05:57:07,700
felt constrained by the social 
Morris of his class and time. 

6658
05:57:07,700 --> 05:57:10,300
But who was also deeply 
conflicted about the duel. 

6659
05:57:10,300 --> 05:57:13,300
He felt that he would lose his 
ability to influence public 

6660
05:57:13,300 --> 05:57:16,200
affairs, and become ineffective 
as an advocate for the causes, 

6661
05:57:16,200 --> 05:57:18,500
he supported. 
If he gave him to burst 

6662
05:57:18,500 --> 05:57:22,800
challenge, the actual duel was 
short and tragic both men. 

6663
05:57:22,800 --> 05:57:27,300
Fired burst shot found its Mark 
while Alexander's perhaps on 

6664
05:57:27,300 --> 05:57:31,500
purpose went wide. 
The following day, Alexander 

6665
05:57:31,500 --> 05:57:34,100
passed away. 
Surrounded by loved ones who 

6666
05:57:34,100 --> 05:57:35,800
understood that. 
One of the most extraordinary 

6667
05:57:35,800 --> 05:57:39,700
careers in American politics was
coming to an end Alexander's 

6668
05:57:39,700 --> 05:57:42,400
life, which had already made a 
significant contribution to 

6669
05:57:42,400 --> 05:57:45,100
American development and 
appeared to hold even more 

6670
05:57:45,100 --> 05:57:48,200
promise for future 
accomplishments was cut short at

6671
05:57:48,200 --> 05:57:51,300
the age of 49. 
In addition to establishing the 

6672
05:57:51,300 --> 05:57:54,500
nation's Financial system and 
many of the precedents that 

6673
05:57:54,500 --> 05:57:56,100
would shape future Economic 
Policy. 

6674
05:57:56,100 --> 05:57:59,700
He had contributed to the 
creation of the Constitution and

6675
05:57:59,700 --> 05:58:03,100
expressed a vision of American 
potential, that still shapes our

6676
05:58:03,100 --> 05:58:06,500
perception of what the nation 
could achieve, however his 

6677
05:58:06,500 --> 05:58:09,100
intellectual rather than 
practical Legacy may have been 

6678
05:58:09,100 --> 05:58:10,500
his most significant 
contribution. 

6679
05:58:11,500 --> 05:58:15,000
Alexander proved that Concepts 
have repercussions, that 

6680
05:58:15,000 --> 05:58:17,800
thoughtful consideration of 
difficulty issues, can result in

6681
05:58:17,800 --> 05:58:21,300
workable answers and that new 
institutions can be created that

6682
05:58:21,300 --> 05:58:22,900
better meet. 
The needs of people than the 

6683
05:58:22,900 --> 05:58:25,900
ones they replace. 
It's worthwhile to reflect on 

6684
05:58:25,900 --> 05:58:28,300
how Alexander Hamilton's 
theories, still influence. 

6685
05:58:28,300 --> 05:58:31,400
Our modern world as you sink 
further into your cozy chair, 

6686
05:58:31,400 --> 05:58:33,500
and maybe finish that cup of 
tea. 

6687
05:58:34,400 --> 05:58:37,100
His financial system, laid the 
groundwork for the next two 

6688
05:58:37,100 --> 05:58:40,000
centuries of economic expansion 
in the United States. 

6689
05:58:40,800 --> 05:58:44,400
Debates concerning individual 
rights and federal Authority are

6690
05:58:44,400 --> 05:58:46,500
still governed by the 
constitutional principles he 

6691
05:58:46,500 --> 05:58:49,400
outlined. 
His vision of America as a 

6692
05:58:49,400 --> 05:58:53,200
modern diverse and economically 
vibrant country came to pass. 

6693
05:58:53,200 --> 05:58:57,200
However Alexander's, most 
lasting contribution may be his 

6694
05:58:57,200 --> 05:59:00,900
example of how intelligence 
perseverance and a dedication to

6695
05:59:00,900 --> 05:59:03,300
a cause greater than oneself can
help. 

6696
05:59:03,300 --> 05:59:05,700
One overcome the circumstances 
of one's birth. 

6697
05:59:06,400 --> 05:59:10,000
He demonstrated that concepts 
are important but thorough 

6698
05:59:10,000 --> 05:59:12,700
examination of difficult issues 
can result in worker balances 

6699
05:59:12,700 --> 05:59:15,300
and that wisely and 
strategically planned 

6700
05:59:15,300 --> 05:59:18,300
institutions can meet the needs 
of people for many generations. 

6701
05:59:18,300 --> 05:59:21,500
Alexander Hamilton's story 
provides an alternative 

6702
05:59:21,500 --> 05:59:24,900
Viewpoint in our own era where 
we confront problems that seem 

6703
05:59:24,900 --> 05:59:27,600
into mountable and solutions 
that seem unattainable 

6704
05:59:28,700 --> 05:59:31,900
Fundamental societal structures 
were being reconstructed and 

6705
05:59:31,900 --> 05:59:35,700
questioned during the time, he 
lived which was a time of great 

6706
05:59:35,700 --> 05:59:38,900
uncertainty and change. 
He had to come up with novel 

6707
05:59:38,900 --> 05:59:41,700
solutions, to problems that had 
never been sold before. 

6708
05:59:41,700 --> 05:59:45,100
However, he approached these 
difficulties with methodical 

6709
05:59:45,100 --> 05:59:49,300
thought, meticulous analysis, 
and an unwavering faith that 

6710
05:59:49,300 --> 05:59:51,800
people could come up with better
ways to arrange their shared 

6711
05:59:51,800 --> 05:59:54,400
lives, rather than with fear or 
despair. 

6712
05:59:55,200 --> 05:59:58,200
He realized that creating a 
successful society called for 

6713
05:59:58,200 --> 06:00:01,400
both bold leadership and patient
compromised, as well as 

6714
06:00:01,400 --> 06:00:03,400
Visionary thinking and attention
to detail. 

6715
06:00:03,400 --> 06:00:06,400
The America that Alexander 
Hamilton helped build, never 

6716
06:00:06,400 --> 06:00:09,900
reached its full potential, He 
passed away before the nation 

6717
06:00:09,900 --> 06:00:13,300
had expanded farifield of the 
Atlantic coast before the 

6718
06:00:13,300 --> 06:00:16,000
Industrial Revolution. 
He had predicted had truly begun

6719
06:00:16,000 --> 06:00:19,300
and before the Diversified 
wealthy and internationally 

6720
06:00:19,300 --> 06:00:22,000
significant country, he had 
imagined had come to pass. 

6721
06:00:22,000 --> 06:00:25,600
However he had sown the seeds 
that would eventually bear fruit

6722
06:00:25,600 --> 06:00:28,300
that he could hardly have 
dreamed of the most significant 

6723
06:00:28,300 --> 06:00:30,100
lesson from Alexander Hamilton's
life. 

6724
06:00:30,100 --> 06:00:33,100
May be that the task of creating
a better world is never fully 

6725
06:00:33,100 --> 06:00:36,700
completed that every generation 
inherits the successes and 

6726
06:00:36,700 --> 06:00:39,700
unsolved issues of its 
predecessors and that our own 

6727
06:00:39,700 --> 06:00:43,100
contributions will be evaluated 
based on how well, we further 

6728
06:00:43,100 --> 06:00:46,600
The Continuous Endeavor of human
progress rather than how well we

6729
06:00:46,600 --> 06:00:48,900
sold every issue. 
As you get ready for bed 

6730
06:00:48,900 --> 06:00:51,600
tonight, you make consider the 
amazing fact that our thoughts 

6731
06:00:51,600 --> 06:00:55,300
on politics economics and 
Society are still shaped by the 

6732
06:00:55,300 --> 06:00:58,500
ideas of a young man from a 
small Caribbean island who 

6733
06:00:58,500 --> 06:01:00,400
passed away more than 200 years 
ago. 

6734
06:01:01,200 --> 06:01:03,600
It serves as a reminder, that 
people's lives can have 

6735
06:01:03,608 --> 06:01:05,900
far-reaching effects that are 
beyond their, wildest 

6736
06:01:05,900 --> 06:01:09,400
expectations and that it is 
never a waste of time to 

6737
06:01:09,400 --> 06:01:10,900
carefully. 
Consider how to improve the 

6738
06:01:10,900 --> 06:01:13,400
world. 
Alexander Hamilton was a strong 

6739
06:01:13,400 --> 06:01:16,200
believer in the ability of human
reason, to resolve difficult 

6740
06:01:16,200 --> 06:01:19,700
issues, the potential for 
establishing institutions that 

6741
06:01:19,700 --> 06:01:22,500
promote the common good. 
And the capacity of regular 

6742
06:01:22,500 --> 06:01:24,500
people to achieve extraordinary 
Feats. 

6743
06:01:24,500 --> 06:01:27,800
When given the chance, these 
were hard one lessons from a 

6744
06:01:27,800 --> 06:01:29,200
life spent battling real 
problems. 

6745
06:01:29,200 --> 06:01:31,700
And real responsibilities not 
naive. 

6746
06:01:31,700 --> 06:01:34,100
Optimism. 
His narrative implies that 

6747
06:01:34,100 --> 06:01:36,700
overcoming obstacles with 
consideration and perseverance 

6748
06:01:36,700 --> 06:01:40,200
rather than avoiding them is the
way to meaningful success. 

6749
06:01:41,600 --> 06:01:44,600
Patient analysis and Innovative 
thinking frequently yield 

6750
06:01:44,600 --> 06:01:47,100
solutions to seemingly 
intractable problems. 

6751
06:01:47,100 --> 06:01:50,200
When enough people are dedicated
to the cause of change 

6752
06:01:50,200 --> 06:01:53,100
institutions, that seem 
permanent and unalterable, can 

6753
06:01:53,100 --> 06:01:56,100
be changed or replaced. 
Most significantly Alexander 

6754
06:01:56,100 --> 06:01:58,800
Hamilton's life shows that 
despite uncertainty and 

6755
06:01:58,800 --> 06:02:01,700
disappointment, it is possible 
to hold on to hope and purpose. 

6756
06:02:01,700 --> 06:02:07,000
He endured personal Scandal War 
economic crisis political unrest

6757
06:02:07,000 --> 06:02:10,500
and innumerable other setbacks 
but he never lost hope that with

6758
06:02:10,500 --> 06:02:13,000
clear thinking and hard work 
people could make tomorrow 

6759
06:02:13,000 --> 06:02:15,800
better than today. 
That seems like a nice thing to 

6760
06:02:15,800 --> 06:02:18,800
think as you go to sleep, that 
the future is still up in the 

6761
06:02:18,808 --> 06:02:22,400
air that people are still 
intelligent and kind and that 

6762
06:02:22,400 --> 06:02:25,200
everyone has the chance to add 
something worthwhile to the 

6763
06:02:25,200 --> 06:02:27,500
continuing Narrative of our 
shared existence. 

6764
06:02:28,500 --> 06:02:31,100
After beginning his life, as an 
orphan teenager on a small 

6765
06:02:31,108 --> 06:02:34,900
island, Alexander Hamilton went 
on to contribute to the founding

6766
06:02:34,900 --> 06:02:37,300
of a Nation. 
What else could we do? 

6767
06:02:37,300 --> 06:02:41,100
Sweet dreams and may you awaken 
tomorrow with assemblance of 

6768
06:02:41,100 --> 06:02:43,100
Alexander Hamilton's quiet 
Faith. 

6769
06:02:43,100 --> 06:02:46,900
The difficult issues can be 
resolved, that brilliant ideas 

6770
06:02:46,900 --> 06:02:50,100
have the power to transform the 
world and that there is always 

6771
06:02:50,100 --> 06:02:51,800
more significant work to be 
done.