Boring History | The Entire Life and Legacy of Julius Caesar and more

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Hello my friends tonight, we're 
traveling back over 2000 years 

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to meet a man whose name still 
Echoes through history. 

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A fellow who started as an 
ambitious young Roman and ended 

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up reshaping the world. 
This is the story of Julius 

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Caesar and like all the best 
bedtime stories. 

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It has Adventure romance Triumph
and yes, even a cautionary, tale

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or two. 
But before we ease in, if you 

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don't mind, take a moment to 
like the video and subscribe, if

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you are new here. 
Also, please drop a comment on 

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where you're tuning in from, and
what time it is for you now. 

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Turn off those lights, if you 
haven't already, and let's 

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stroll on through, shall we? 
Imagine Rome and 100 BC when the

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main concern was not your 
cholesterol or your mortgage but

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rather whether or not The 
Barbarians would storm your 

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city. 
Gates Gaius Julius, Caesar was 

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born into this world but 
everyone just called him Julius 

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because Romans loved their 
nicknames almost as much as they

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loved conquering things. 
Now, you may picture a golden 

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cradle with a baby Julius, born 
to be great. 

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The problem with the season 
family though is that they were 

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similar to that relative of 
yours who constantly talks about

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how great they were, but never 
quite lives up to their 

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expectations. 
When you consider that half of 

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Rome Divine ancestry, their 
claimed to be descended from. 

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Venus herself seems impressive. 
Everybody seemed to have a well 

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known ancestor listed on their 
LinkedIn profile. 

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Subura the neighborhood where 
Julius grew up was essentially 

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the archetypal equivalent of a 
rough area of town with its 

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winding streets, dubious odors. 
And the kind of nightlife your 

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parents warned you about. 
Imagine it as Rome's equivalent 

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of the wrong side of the tracks.
However, for a young man with 

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lofty aspirations it was the 
ideal setting for learning about

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real people and real issues. 
Skills that would come in handy 

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later when he had to interact 
with regular soldiers and 

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civilians when he was younger, 
Julius was what we might kindly 

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refer to as academically gifted.
But physically unimpressive 

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Other Roman boys were learning 
to wrestle and swing swords. 

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Julius was more interested in 
words and Concepts after too 

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much wine. 
He could debate philosophy like 

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a college professor and recite 
poetry like a medieval Bard. 

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His family likely questioned, 
whether they had 

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unintentionally, brought up a 
Greek scholar rather than a 

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legitimate Roman soldier. 
This is where the story becomes 

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intriguing, though. 
Think of Julia's Uncle Mario's, 

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as the family's first true 
success story, he passed away. 

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When Julius was only 16 and the 
political climate in Rome, 

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abruptly changed like a volatile
weather system. 

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Solar ROMs newer strongman had 
all the charm of attacks auditor

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and twice the ruthlessness of 
the young Caesar after observing

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this scrawny adolescent from a 
dubious family so look concluded

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that Julius might cause trouble 
in the future. 

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When Julius obediently refused 
solar placed him on what was 

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effectively Rome's first Wanted 
list, he had ordered the young 

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man to divorce his wife. 
Yes, Caesar was already married 

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at 16 because Romans didn't mess
around, Julius, Caesar, who was 

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18 at the time was hiding in the
Italian Countryside, like a 

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participant in an Antiquated 
Witness Protection Program. 

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The majority of teenagers would 
have called their parents in a 

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panic and pleaded for them to 
come home. 

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Julius though, he took advantage
of this time to reflect make 

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plans and come to the crucial 
realization that you must 

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outplay. 
Everyone else in the game. 

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If you want to survive in Rome 
after Saul's death, which the 

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Romans commemorated with nearly 
the same further as births. 

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Caesar came out of hiding with a
fresh perspective on power. 

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He had discovered that you are 
either prey or predator in Rome 

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and he had no desire to be 
anyone's dinner. 

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You've probably experienced the 
realization that office politics

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are more complex than 
International diplomacy. 

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When you start a new job for 
young Julius Caesar, that was 

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Rome. 
Except that Gladiators were used

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at office parties and the stakes
were life and death. 

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In ancient Rome, being a 
prosecutor was akin to being a 

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district attorney and a game 
show. 

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Host, this was Caesar's first, 
real job, Roman trial served as 

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public entertainment and a young
attorney could gain notoriety by

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putting on a strong front and 
damaging the reputation of his 

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rival, Caesar proved to have a 
natural talent for this. 

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He could transform across 
examination into a performance 

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piece and make arguing sound 
poetic Caesar, however, stood 

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out from other aspirational 
young Romans because he 

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genuinely cared about his 
abilities of studied retric like

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a doctoral student studying for 
finals. 

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While his peers were happy to 
rely on inherited wealth, and 

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Family Ties, even future 
dictators require a good 

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education, which is why he went 
to Rhodes to study under the 

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best instructors. 
Something happened during this 

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learning experience that 
exemplifies Caesar's 

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personality, his ship was taken 
by Pirates. 

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At the time Mediterranean 
Pirates were highly organized 

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Maritime criminal organization. 
Caesar chuckled when they asked 

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for 20 talents of silver to free
him. 

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He was offended, not because he 
founded amusing, he allegedly 

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asked 20 talents, I'm worth at 
least 50. 

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Don't you know who I am? 
The Pirates increased their 

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price likely believing. 
They had captured either a 

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Madman or a high-ranking 
official during his captivity 

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sees a treated, the Pirates, 
more like dim house guests than 

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captors. 
He worked out wrote poetry and 

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told them to quiet down if they 
were making too much noise for 

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his afternoon snooze, the 
Pirates, founded amusing that 

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even vowed to return and crucify
them all season. 

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Wasn't kidding though. 
After being set free, he 

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promptly gathered a fleet found 
the Pirates and had them 

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crucified though he was lenient 
and had them killed first. 

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It was a precursor to season 
unusual charm and ruthless 

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practicality, Caesar returned to
Rome and started moving up the 

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political office ladder or 
cursor. 

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Nora as the Roman's called it. 
Imagine it as a medieval video 

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game, where every level opens 
up, new tasks and opportunities 

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to either make friends or deadly
foes as he Advanced through the 

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ranks, Cuesta, edel and Prater. 
Caesar learn new things about 

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the inner workings of row. 
Caesar was essentially in charge

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of Rome's entertainment as 
needle, overseeing public games 

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and festivals. 
The majority of politicians are 

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tempted to cut costs because 
they believed that this was an 

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essential expense. 
Caesar believed it to be the 

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greatest marketing opportunity 
ever created. 

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He organized gladiatorial fights
that left people talking for 

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months hosted parties that made 
Super Bowl Halftime seem 

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insignificant and somehow 
managed to accrue enormous debt 

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while rising to the position of 
most popular politician. 

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In Rome. 
Season knew something is 

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creditors, did not in politics. 
Popularity is the most valuable 

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asset his creditors, were likely
having Collective heart attacks.

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If your loved, you can always 
find money, but if you're hated 

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no amount of money can help Rome
had a problem. 

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By the time Caesar was in his 
forties, the Republic was like 

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an old car held together with 
duct tape and Wishful Thinking, 

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which was actually the largest 
of Rome's problems. 

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Now, that Rome ruled over the 
majority of the Known World. 

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The system that had functioned, 
when it was a tiny city-state 

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was disintegrating. 
After realizing the situation 

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three men, made the decision to 
take action. 

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The most renowned General in 
Rome Pompey. 

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The great had conquered more 
land than most people could find

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on a map. 
Crassus was so wealthy, that he 

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gave the impression that 
contemporary billionaires were 

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barely scraping by a 
contemporary nation state would 

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have been impressed by Caesar's 
charm intelligence and debts. 

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Despite never using that term 
themselves, these three 

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comprised what historians refer 
to as the first triumvirate. 

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It was more akin to a casual 
gentleman's agreement to support

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one another in achieving their 
goals Pompey. 

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Wanted his conquests in the East
to be formally acknowledged and 

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his veterans to be fairly 
rewarded to go along with his 

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wealth. 
Crassus desired respect and 

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possibly a military position. 
Caesar desired a prominent 

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provincial position where he 
could gain notoriety and ideally

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enough cash to settle his 
massive debts. 

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You have to imagine that this 
partnership was similar to three

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CEOs from separate businesses 
coming together with the covert 

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intention of eventually 
acquiring the others 

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professionally respectful, but 
always waiting for someone to 

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show weakness, they were friends
in the same way that sharks of 

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friends with other sharks. 
By splitting up, Roman politics,

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like a pizza, the three managed 
to make their Arrangement work 

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in 59 BC was made a console, 
which was a one year term as 

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president with a few extra togas
often using tactics that made 

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his fellow Senators, clutch 
their pearls and mutter about 

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the good old days. 
He used this position to push 

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through legislation that gave 
his partner as what they wanted.

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Witnessing a master chess 
player, defeat a poems who were 

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still learning how to move. 
The pieces was like being 

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seizures. 
Consul Caesar had the other 

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console locked in his house and 
pelted with trash. 

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When he attempted to oppose him,
Caesar chiefly disregarded, 

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centuries of Preston. 
And declared that the gods were 

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clearly on his side. 
When Senators attempted to use 

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religious technicalities to 
block his legislation. the same 

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sense of horror you might have 
when you see someone reorganize 

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your meticulously arranged spice
cabinet, The traditional Roman 

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establishment. 
Observed all of this Caesar was 

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accomplishing his goals, but he 
was also violating numerous 

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unspoken laws, that had 
maintained Roman governance for 

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centuries. 
Caesar was dangerous though 

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because he wasn't merely 
breaking the law for fun. 

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He was resolving actual issues 
that the conventional system was

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unable to manage. 
The province is needed to be 

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properly administered, veterans 
needed land and roam needed 

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leaders who could make 
decisions, rather than arguing 

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over protocol. 
All the time, Caesar had a 

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ultimate goal by the end of his 
consulship, control of Gaul, the

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enormous region, north of Italy,
that was home to numerous tribes

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that the Romans regarded as only
marginally more civilized than 

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Untamed animals. 
It was an opportunity to achieve

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great, well, military, success, 
and enough, political standing 

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to be considered one of Rome's. 
Most powerful men when he 

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returned by sending him to 
battle Barbarians in the 

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wilderness is, most likely 
believed they were getting rid 

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of him. 
They were unaware that they were

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going to produce the most 
powerful military leader in 

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Roman history. 
Consider yourself a travel 

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writer tasked with covering what
the Romans referred to as Gaul 

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which includes parts of 
Switzerland Belgium and modern 

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de France. 
The following is likely what 

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your guidebook would say, bring 
sturdy boots and a good sword. 

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Seen it forests Rolling Hills 
and fascinating, local tribes 

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who enjoy painting themselves, 
blue. 

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And Marketing. 
Enemy heads as decorative items.

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Caesar's new task was likely to 
be to suppress small uprisings 

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for a few years. 
Perhaps extend the boundaries a 

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bit and then returned home with 
enough treasure to settle his 

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debts. 
Caesar, on the other hand was 

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going to spend eight years 
essentially, rewriting the 

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European map and establishing a 
military myth that would live on

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for generations to come Caesar 
found himself in a situation. 

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That was a combination of Crisis
opportunity and Adventure movie,

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waiting to happen when he 
arrived in. 

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Gaul in 58. 
BCE the Swiss tribe known as the

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helvete had decided that their 
Mountain Homes were too small 

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and were moving through Gaul 
with everything, they owned 

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resembling an Antiquated form of
a huge RV Convoy. 

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That also happened to be spear 
armed, seasoned, this migration 

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as the ideal pretext for 
entering garlic politics in the 

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battle that followed, he blocked
the hell, vet's, route, and 

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prove something that would later
become his signature. 

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He could Elevate military 
strategy to the level of Fine 

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Art, Caesar combined, technical 
skill with psychological 

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warfare, and a knack for 
appearing. 

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Precisely where his adversaries.
Expected him in contrast to 

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other Roman generals who relied 
on brute force and conventional 

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formations. 
The helvetii discovered, the 

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hard way that this middle-aged 
Roman politician had somehow 

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become one of the greatest 
military thinkers in history. 

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Caesar sent them home to rebuild
their former lands and reflect 

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on their life decisions rather 
than simply defeating them. 

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However, Gaul was similar to a 
huge puzzle with 10 new issues 

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revealed, when one piece was 
solved, other gallic, tribes, 

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00:11:41,700 --> 00:11:44,100
began, approaching Caesar For 
assistance with their neighbors.

231
00:11:44,100 --> 00:11:47,000
As soon as he had dealt with the
helvetii, usually, because 

232
00:11:47,000 --> 00:11:49,800
someone was doing something that
they didn't like, though the 

233
00:11:49,800 --> 00:11:52,200
couple's were entire tribes and 
the counseling sessions 

234
00:11:52,200 --> 00:11:54,500
involved. 
Cavalry Charges it was similar 

235
00:11:54,500 --> 00:11:57,100
to serving as a marriage 
counselor for warrior societies.

236
00:11:58,100 --> 00:12:01,100
Caesar had a talent for turning 
these tribal disputes to Rome's 

237
00:12:01,100 --> 00:12:04,100
Advantage, Caesar established 
himself as the protector of 

238
00:12:04,108 --> 00:12:07,100
gallic Independence, while 
extending Roman Authority. 

239
00:12:07,100 --> 00:12:10,600
When the Germanic King Ariel 
Vista began to establish himself

240
00:12:10,600 --> 00:12:14,000
in gallic territory, using your 
opponents strength against them 

241
00:12:14,000 --> 00:12:16,500
while appearing to be the 
reasonable party was the epitome

242
00:12:16,500 --> 00:12:20,900
of political jiu when Caesar 
insisted on a meeting the German

243
00:12:20,900 --> 00:12:22,600
King. 
Most likely assumed he was 

244
00:12:22,600 --> 00:12:24,700
merely interacting with another 
Roman official. 

245
00:12:24,700 --> 00:12:27,400
Instead he had to contend with a
person who was both 

246
00:12:27,400 --> 00:12:30,400
diplomatically charming and 
subtly threatening to use 

247
00:12:30,400 --> 00:12:33,700
extreme violence, when talks 
broke down area. 

248
00:12:33,700 --> 00:12:36,300
Vista learned from Caesar's 
Legions that professional Roman 

249
00:12:36,300 --> 00:12:39,000
military engineering differs, 
greatly from raiding parties, 

250
00:12:39,700 --> 00:12:42,200
Caesar's campaigns were 
consistent from year to year. 

251
00:12:42,200 --> 00:12:45,600
Caesar would March his Legions 
across impossible Terrain in 

252
00:12:45,600 --> 00:12:49,600
impossible time arrived when no 
one was expecting him and then 

253
00:12:49,600 --> 00:12:52,700
proceeded to show why Roman 
military Doctrine had conquered 

254
00:12:52,700 --> 00:12:55,200
most of the known world after 
some gallic tribe called 

255
00:12:55,208 --> 00:12:57,700
trouble, he played against 
opponents who were still 

256
00:12:57,700 --> 00:13:01,600
learning Checkers, much like a 
chess Grandmaster Caesar was 

257
00:13:01,600 --> 00:13:03,400
changing the way the Romans 
viewed War though. 

258
00:13:03,400 --> 00:13:07,000
In addition to winning battles, 
his Legions were able to march 

259
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:09,700
distances that left their 
enemies gasping in their wake 

260
00:13:09,700 --> 00:13:13,200
build Siege works. 
That resembled tiny cities and 

261
00:13:13,200 --> 00:13:15,800
build Bridges across Raging 
Rivers in a matter of days. 

262
00:13:15,800 --> 00:13:19,200
More significantly. 
Cesar was demonstrating that 

263
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:22,000
Roman engineering and discipline
could conquer any challenge 

264
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:25,200
human or natural. 
The gallic tribes started to 

265
00:13:25,200 --> 00:13:27,500
understand that they were up 
against more than just another 

266
00:13:27,500 --> 00:13:30,400
Roman politicians seeking a 
short-term military Victory. 

267
00:13:30,400 --> 00:13:33,600
They were up against a man who 
was a combination of logistical 

268
00:13:33,600 --> 00:13:38,000
genius, strategic genius, and a 
total refusal to concede defeat,

269
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:40,600
while teaching a whole 
generation of Roman soldiers. 

270
00:13:40,600 --> 00:13:42,900
That impossible was just another
word for Tuesday. 

271
00:13:42,900 --> 00:13:45,700
Caesar was also rewriting, the 
rules of warfare. 

272
00:13:45,700 --> 00:13:49,500
If This Were a film passenger 
Torx would be the charismatic 

273
00:13:49,500 --> 00:13:51,900
Rebel leader, who finally 
learned how to fight the Empire 

274
00:13:51,900 --> 00:13:54,900
and Caesar would be the 
intelligent but increasingly 

275
00:13:54,900 --> 00:13:58,100
dangerous, General, who success 
is beginning to worry his own 

276
00:13:58,100 --> 00:14:00,100
government. 
Every great story needs, a 

277
00:14:00,100 --> 00:14:03,000
worthy opponent. 
And Caesar found his in a young 

278
00:14:03,000 --> 00:14:05,800
gallic Chieftain named versing 
geter X whose name roughly 

279
00:14:05,800 --> 00:14:07,700
translates to Great king of 
warriors. 

280
00:14:08,500 --> 00:14:11,700
By 52 BCE. 
Caesar had systematically 

281
00:14:11,700 --> 00:14:14,800
conquered Gaul for six years, 
using the same level of 

282
00:14:14,800 --> 00:14:17,800
efficiency as someone setting up
a massive bloody filing system. 

283
00:14:17,800 --> 00:14:21,800
However, the gallic tribes had 
been observing learning and 

284
00:14:21,800 --> 00:14:23,100
gradually coming to the 
conclusion. 

285
00:14:23,100 --> 00:14:26,400
That Roman military Precision 
was outperforming their old 

286
00:14:26,400 --> 00:14:30,000
style of combat which involved 
numerous individual heroics and 

287
00:14:30,000 --> 00:14:33,300
dramatic charges the signature 
stood for something novel. 

288
00:14:33,300 --> 00:14:36,900
A gallic leader, who recognized 
the advantages of his own people

289
00:14:36,900 --> 00:14:39,100
as well as the shortcomings of 
the Romans. 

290
00:14:39,100 --> 00:14:41,400
He planned. 
What is now known as a guerrilla

291
00:14:41,400 --> 00:14:44,300
campaign rather than engaging 
Caesar's Legions in direct 

292
00:14:44,300 --> 00:14:48,000
combat, his soldiers would 
attack Roman supply routes, stay

293
00:14:48,000 --> 00:14:51,200
out of direct combat and 
withdraw to fortified areas that

294
00:14:51,200 --> 00:14:54,000
would be expensive for the 
Romans to attack for the first 

295
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:57,600
time in his gallic campaign. 
Season was truly challenged and 

296
00:14:57,600 --> 00:14:59,600
it was like witnessing a 
medieval Insurgency. 

297
00:14:59,600 --> 00:15:03,400
He was being forced by the sun, 
gets to fight the kind of war. 

298
00:15:03,400 --> 00:15:07,000
That the Romans detested one in 
which local expertise and 

299
00:15:07,000 --> 00:15:10,000
popular support were more. 
And Superior planning and 

300
00:15:10,000 --> 00:15:12,200
Equipment. 
The ensuing campaign, resembled 

301
00:15:12,200 --> 00:15:14,500
a lethal game of cat and mouse, 
that was played throughout 

302
00:15:14,500 --> 00:15:17,300
Gould's Countryside. 
First century X would show up 

303
00:15:17,300 --> 00:15:20,400
with his Warriors, Slaughter, 
Roman soldiers, and then 

304
00:15:20,400 --> 00:15:22,800
disappear into forests. 
That his people were familiar 

305
00:15:22,800 --> 00:15:26,000
with like their own backyards. 
Caesar was always on the 

306
00:15:26,000 --> 00:15:28,600
defensive as he pursued an 
adversary that would not remain 

307
00:15:28,600 --> 00:15:30,400
motionless. 
Long enough for a true Roman 

308
00:15:30,400 --> 00:15:34,400
style conflict Caesar's years of
military command had taught him 

309
00:15:34,400 --> 00:15:36,400
that every strategy had a 
counter strategy. 

310
00:15:36,400 --> 00:15:40,000
Caesar would put first and get 
in a situation that the gallic 

311
00:15:40,000 --> 00:15:42,800
leader couldn't ignore forcing 
him into a pitched battle. 

312
00:15:42,800 --> 00:15:46,800
If he wished to avoid one, 
Elisea, a Hilltop Fortress that 

313
00:15:46,800 --> 00:15:49,900
verse in selected, as his 
stronghold provided, the 

314
00:15:49,900 --> 00:15:53,400
opportunity with its high walls,
steep approaches and enough 

315
00:15:53,400 --> 00:15:56,300
Supply to last a long Siege. 
The position of appeared in 

316
00:15:56,300 --> 00:15:59,700
pregnant people. 
After seeing Alicia the majority

317
00:15:59,700 --> 00:16:02,400
of Roman generals would have 
chosen to pursue a simpler 

318
00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:05,400
Target, Caesar chose to try 
something that went against all 

319
00:16:05,400 --> 00:16:06,600
military. 
Common Sense. 

320
00:16:06,600 --> 00:16:11,100
After taking a look at alizea, 
he would construct, not one but 

321
00:16:11,100 --> 00:16:15,000
two full sets of fortifications 
to enclose the Fortress one 

322
00:16:15,000 --> 00:16:18,200
facing Alicia to keep the 
Defenders inside and another 

323
00:16:18,200 --> 00:16:20,700
facing outward to prevent The 
Siege from being broken by 

324
00:16:20,700 --> 00:16:24,300
gallic relief forces, the scale 
of the engineering made building

325
00:16:24,300 --> 00:16:26,800
Roman Bridges seem like a 
do-it-yourself weekend project 

326
00:16:26,800 --> 00:16:29,800
in addition to maintaining a 
Siege and preparing for a tax 

327
00:16:29,808 --> 00:16:33,400
from various angles Caesar's. 
Legions constructed miles of 

328
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:36,100
walls, ditches traps and 
defensive positions. 

329
00:16:36,100 --> 00:16:39,300
It was similar to attempting to 
construct a house while fending 

330
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:42,100
off Intruders and getting ready 
for a dinner party, but with 

331
00:16:42,100 --> 00:16:45,300
more stabbing Seasons, knowledge
of Roman military engineering 

332
00:16:45,300 --> 00:16:48,300
leadership and warfare was put 
to the ultimate test during the 

333
00:16:48,300 --> 00:16:51,900
Sea of Elysia verse in juts. 
And his soldiers were starving 

334
00:16:51,900 --> 00:16:54,700
inside the Fortress. 
As they observed Caesar's 

335
00:16:54,700 --> 00:16:57,600
impossibly strong defenses, 
gaining strength every day. 

336
00:16:57,700 --> 00:17:01,300
The kind of great battle that 
had made Roman Legions, famous 

337
00:17:01,300 --> 00:17:04,800
was created outside as gallic 
relief, armies assembled to 

338
00:17:04,800 --> 00:17:08,500
break the siege with desperate 
Defenders, overwhelming odds, 

339
00:17:08,500 --> 00:17:11,599
Cavalry Charges and the fate of 
Gaul hanging in the balance. 

340
00:17:12,400 --> 00:17:15,300
The final assault had all the 
makings of a Hollywood film 

341
00:17:15,300 --> 00:17:18,300
Caesar demonstrated that 
military Brilliance involves 

342
00:17:18,300 --> 00:17:21,599
more than just strategy. 
It also involves the capacity to

343
00:17:21,599 --> 00:17:24,700
control chaos. 
He was everywhere at once 

344
00:17:24,700 --> 00:17:28,000
organizing attacks on his inner 
walls and leading the defense of

345
00:17:28,008 --> 00:17:30,600
his outer ones. 
Thus injects walked out of 

346
00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:33,600
Elysia to throw his weapons at 
Caesar's feet in a gesture of 

347
00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:37,000
both, defeat and dignity. 
Thereby saving his people from 

348
00:17:37,000 --> 00:17:39,600
complete destruction and ending 
the battle. 

349
00:17:39,600 --> 00:17:42,600
It was the event that 
essentially put an end to gallic

350
00:17:42,600 --> 00:17:44,500
Independence. 
For the following five centuries

351
00:17:44,500 --> 00:17:47,500
and immortalized, Caesar's 
reputation Seasons 

352
00:17:47,500 --> 00:17:49,800
accomplishments and goal were 
causing the kind of political 

353
00:17:49,800 --> 00:17:52,500
issues that contemporary Spin 
Doctors dread back in Rome. 

354
00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:55,800
He had on the one hand, brought 
vast in to Rome's. 

355
00:17:55,800 --> 00:17:58,600
Treasury, conquered territory, 
roughly the size of modern 

356
00:17:58,600 --> 00:18:01,600
France and demonstrated that 
Roman arms could Prevail 

357
00:18:01,600 --> 00:18:04,600
anywhere. 
However, he had an army of 

358
00:18:04,600 --> 00:18:07,000
seasoned soldiers, who were 
personally, loyal to seize her 

359
00:18:07,000 --> 00:18:09,200
and didn't care much about what 
other people thought. 

360
00:18:09,200 --> 00:18:12,500
Consider this, suppose your 
colleague went on a brief 

361
00:18:12,500 --> 00:18:15,000
business trip and returned. 
Eight years later with a private

362
00:18:15,000 --> 00:18:18,300
Army, a multi-national 
corporation and enough cash to 

363
00:18:18,300 --> 00:18:21,800
purchase your entire business. 
Caesar had effectively done that

364
00:18:21,800 --> 00:18:24,500
and his fellow politicians. 
Were beginning to feel as though

365
00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:27,900
they had unintentionally created
a monster in particular. 

366
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:31,900
The Roman senate was concerned. 
Imagine a chamber full of men in

367
00:18:31,900 --> 00:18:34,100
togas who argued about precedent
and procedure. 

368
00:18:34,100 --> 00:18:37,600
Most of the time as Consul they 
had witnessed Caesar defied 

369
00:18:37,600 --> 00:18:40,300
political conventions. 
And now he had returned with a 

370
00:18:40,300 --> 00:18:43,000
military reputation that made 
Pompey, the great appear like a 

371
00:18:43,000 --> 00:18:46,100
weekend, warrior even worse. 
Caesar was still legally 

372
00:18:46,100 --> 00:18:49,100
protected from prosecution as 
long as he was in office because

373
00:18:49,100 --> 00:18:52,100
he was still a governor. 
Caesar's adversaries, recognized

374
00:18:52,100 --> 00:18:55,200
a chance they could prosecute 
him for all those constitutional

375
00:18:55,200 --> 00:18:56,900
irregularities from his 
consulship. 

376
00:18:56,900 --> 00:18:59,500
If they could make him return to
Rome as a private citizen. 

377
00:18:59,500 --> 00:19:03,000
It would be akin to compelling a
prosperous, but morally dubious 

378
00:19:03,000 --> 00:19:06,000
entrepreneur to Forfeit, his 
corporate safeguards and 

379
00:19:06,000 --> 00:19:08,500
confronted a group of 
prosecutors who had spent eight 

380
00:19:08,500 --> 00:19:12,200
years crafting their case The 
Trap was simple but elegant, 

381
00:19:12,200 --> 00:19:15,800
Caesar's political survival 
required him to either remain in

382
00:19:15,800 --> 00:19:18,500
Gaul or return to Rome with 
sufficient power to defend 

383
00:19:18,500 --> 00:19:22,500
himself while Roman law mandated
that he must disband his armies 

384
00:19:22,500 --> 00:19:25,300
before entering Italy. 
In essence, his adversaries were

385
00:19:25,300 --> 00:19:27,900
pressuring him to decide between
abiding by the law and 

386
00:19:27,900 --> 00:19:31,600
committing political suicide, 
negotiations, dragged on for 

387
00:19:31,600 --> 00:19:36,000
months, much like a high stakes 
divorce, mediation, Caesar's 

388
00:19:36,000 --> 00:19:38,200
opponents, and sister on a gap 
that would expose him. 

389
00:19:38,200 --> 00:19:41,200
While his supporters in Rome 
sought a compromise that would 

390
00:19:41,200 --> 00:19:44,200
allow him to go straight. 
From Governor to Consul Caesar, 

391
00:19:44,200 --> 00:19:47,900
and his Legions, sat in the 
meantime watching Roman politics

392
00:19:47,900 --> 00:19:50,900
Splinter over, how to handle him
being asked him to mediate 

393
00:19:50,900 --> 00:19:53,500
between two former friends who 
both believe you should take 

394
00:19:53,500 --> 00:19:56,300
sighs put pompy the great in the
middle of this mess. 

395
00:19:56,300 --> 00:19:59,700
Caesar had been partnered with 
Pompey in the triumvirate, but 

396
00:19:59,700 --> 00:20:01,800
Pompey was uncomfortably 
powerful after season. 

397
00:20:01,800 --> 00:20:04,900
Success in Gaul. 
In essence pompy was being asked

398
00:20:04,900 --> 00:20:07,900
to decide between his 
long-standing Alliance and their

399
00:20:07,900 --> 00:20:11,300
apprehension about Caesar's 
aspirations when the Senate 

400
00:20:11,300 --> 00:20:12,700
passed. 
What amounted to a martial law 

401
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:17,000
declaration in January of 49 BCE
the crisis reached a Breaking 

402
00:20:17,000 --> 00:20:20,700
Point and Pompey was granted 
emergency powers to protect the 

403
00:20:20,700 --> 00:20:23,508
Republic from Caesar everyone. 
In Rome knew that it was the 

404
00:20:23,516 --> 00:20:25,400
political equivalent of 
declaring war. 

405
00:20:25,400 --> 00:20:28,400
At the banks of the Rubicon 
River which has historically 

406
00:20:28,400 --> 00:20:30,700
served as the border between 
Gaul and Italy. 

407
00:20:30,700 --> 00:20:32,800
Caesar was informed of this 
development. 

408
00:20:32,800 --> 00:20:36,600
This River was the ultimate Red 
Line in Roman politics because 

409
00:20:36,600 --> 00:20:39,400
it was forbidden by Roman law 
for any general to cross it with

410
00:20:39,400 --> 00:20:42,100
troops standing there. 
With his seasoned Legions, 

411
00:20:42,100 --> 00:20:44,600
Caesar had to make a decision 
that would affect not only his 

412
00:20:44,600 --> 00:20:48,300
own destiny, but also the course
of the Roman Republic Caesar 

413
00:20:48,300 --> 00:20:50,700
reportedly stopped at the 
riverbank and uttered the words 

414
00:20:50,700 --> 00:20:53,900
that would reverberate 
throughout history Aaliyah actor

415
00:20:53,900 --> 00:20:58,300
SST, the die is cast. 
He then LED his army across the 

416
00:20:58,300 --> 00:21:01,100
Rubicon changing, from a Roman 
Governor, to a rebel against the

417
00:21:01,100 --> 00:21:03,200
state. 
He had spent his entire 

418
00:21:03,200 --> 00:21:06,300
professional life serving, it 
was a time when historical, 

419
00:21:06,300 --> 00:21:09,300
inevitability political 
necessity, and personal ambition

420
00:21:09,300 --> 00:21:11,300
came together to form a single 
decision. 

421
00:21:12,400 --> 00:21:14,100
Caesar was not merely crossing a
river. 

422
00:21:14,100 --> 00:21:17,000
He was also crossing the 
boundary between the Roman 

423
00:21:17,000 --> 00:21:20,500
Republic and the future Caesars 
crossing of the Rubicon sparked.

424
00:21:20,500 --> 00:21:22,600
A civil war that the most 
skilled military in the world 

425
00:21:22,600 --> 00:21:24,400
would be engaged in against 
itself. 

426
00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:27,000
Something the Romans had feared 
for Generations. 

427
00:21:27,000 --> 00:21:30,100
It was similar to witnessing a 
family business disintegrate. 

428
00:21:30,100 --> 00:21:33,200
Except that the family business,
controlled the majority of the 

429
00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:36,100
Mediterranean region and the 
disputes were resolved with 

430
00:21:36,108 --> 00:21:38,300
swords. 
The Romans had never witnessed 

431
00:21:38,300 --> 00:21:41,800
anything like Caesar's march 
across Italy Caesar launched, 

432
00:21:41,800 --> 00:21:44,100
what may have been the first 
charm offensive in history 

433
00:21:44,100 --> 00:21:46,200
rather than the ruthless 
Conquest. 

434
00:21:46,200 --> 00:21:49,800
They had anticipated he showed 
unusual clemency to the citizens

435
00:21:49,800 --> 00:21:51,200
of the cities that welcome to 
him. 

436
00:21:51,200 --> 00:21:54,400
He offered him positions in his 
army and pardon the enemy 

437
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:57,700
soldiers who turned themselves 
in he released Roman officials, 

438
00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:00,300
he had captured with courtesy 
notes implying. 

439
00:22:00,300 --> 00:22:03,900
They might want to reevaluate 
their political affiliation, it 

440
00:22:03,900 --> 00:22:05,800
was the best kind of cycle 
Warfare. 

441
00:22:05,800 --> 00:22:09,100
Caesar was proving that he was a
Roman statement attempting to 

442
00:22:09,100 --> 00:22:11,500
rescue the Republic from his own
political dysfunction. 

443
00:22:11,500 --> 00:22:15,100
Not just another ambitious 
General looking to plunder Rome,

444
00:22:15,100 --> 00:22:18,700
Caesar's policy of clemency was 
both genuine, Lee compassionate 

445
00:22:18,700 --> 00:22:23,100
and Incredibly well thought out.
Each enemy he pardoned served as

446
00:22:23,108 --> 00:22:24,900
a living example of his 
reasonableness. 

447
00:22:24,900 --> 00:22:28,000
Meanwhile Pompey in the Senate 
were learning that Civil War. 

448
00:22:28,000 --> 00:22:30,400
Preparation is far more 
difficult than Conquest 

449
00:22:30,400 --> 00:22:33,300
preparation abroad. 
Their plan was to leave Italy 

450
00:22:33,300 --> 00:22:36,800
assembled troops in the Eastern 
Mediterranean and then returned 

451
00:22:36,800 --> 00:22:39,500
with a massive Force, to put an 
end to Caesar's Uprising. 

452
00:22:39,500 --> 00:22:42,400
The political realities of the 
situation were totally 

453
00:22:42,400 --> 00:22:44,800
disregarded in favor of sound 
military reasoning. 

454
00:22:45,500 --> 00:22:48,300
Pompey gave Caesar the ultimate 
propaganda Triumph by leaving 

455
00:22:48,300 --> 00:22:52,100
Rome now that his enemies had 
fled like cowards Caesar could 

456
00:22:52,100 --> 00:22:54,600
say he was protecting the city. 
Even as he methodically 

457
00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:57,200
destroyed, the political 
structure that had stood in his 

458
00:22:57,200 --> 00:23:00,900
way, Caesar made a point to 
uphold Republican traditions and

459
00:23:00,900 --> 00:23:03,400
established institutions. 
When he arrived in Rome. 

460
00:23:03,400 --> 00:23:06,800
The ensuing Civil War, spread 
like a deadly reality show 

461
00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:09,800
throughout the Mediterranean 
region, the greatest armies in 

462
00:23:09,800 --> 00:23:12,900
history were commanded by Caesar
and Pompey and they were 

463
00:23:12,900 --> 00:23:15,400
commanded by officers who are 
dedicated their professional 

464
00:23:15,400 --> 00:23:17,200
lives to honing their military 
skills. 

465
00:23:17,200 --> 00:23:20,800
These kinds of colliding, forces
produced, amazing and 

466
00:23:20,800 --> 00:23:23,600
destructive results. 
Sees approved during his 

467
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:26,500
campaign in Spain that he could 
outmaneuver opponents without 

468
00:23:26,500 --> 00:23:30,000
necessarily destroying them sees
a gained control of the Iberian 

469
00:23:30,000 --> 00:23:33,100
Peninsula, through Superior 
Logistics rather than Superior 

470
00:23:33,100 --> 00:23:35,900
violence after he encircled 
pompey's allies. 

471
00:23:35,900 --> 00:23:38,400
So thoroughly that they 
surrendered without a 

472
00:23:38,400 --> 00:23:41,300
significant conflict military. 
Theorists were impressed by this

473
00:23:41,300 --> 00:23:44,200
type of victory, for centuries 
to come the real battle. 

474
00:23:44,200 --> 00:23:47,900
However took place at Dirham in 
present-day Albania, where 

475
00:23:47,900 --> 00:23:51,100
pompey's Army first outwitted, 
Caesar in what turned out to be 

476
00:23:51,100 --> 00:23:54,800
one of Caesar's few decisive 
losses for an instant pompy 

477
00:23:54,800 --> 00:23:57,100
appeared to have discovered the 
secret to defeating the most 

478
00:23:57,100 --> 00:24:00,500
successful General in Rome. 
Caesar's reaction to this 

479
00:24:00,500 --> 00:24:03,500
setback provided important 
insight into his personality 

480
00:24:03,500 --> 00:24:05,400
instead with the patience of 
one. 

481
00:24:05,400 --> 00:24:08,000
Who knew that individual battles
do not decide Wars. 

482
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:09,900
He examined. 
What had gone wrong. 

483
00:24:09,900 --> 00:24:13,200
Modified his strategy and 
readied himself for the next 

484
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:15,900
engagement. 
Caesar and pompey's larger Army 

485
00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:19,200
engaged in a fierce battle at 
fossilis Greece, which was the 

486
00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:22,200
pivotal moment for which Roman 
military Doctrine was created. 

487
00:24:22,200 --> 00:24:25,700
Pompey's Army was great, but 
predictable and Caesar had 

488
00:24:25,700 --> 00:24:27,300
learned to improvise during his 
eight years. 

489
00:24:27,300 --> 00:24:29,700
In Gaul, the actual battle was a
tactical. 

490
00:24:29,700 --> 00:24:33,300
Flexibility masterclass Caesar 
used his reserves in a 

491
00:24:33,300 --> 00:24:35,700
surprising formation. 
That turned the strength of the 

492
00:24:35,700 --> 00:24:38,500
enemy into weakness. 
When pompey's Cavalry threatened

493
00:24:38,500 --> 00:24:41,300
to outflank, season's forces, 
watching a chess, Grandmaster 

494
00:24:41,300 --> 00:24:44,700
sacrifice a piece to reach. 
Checkmate, three moves later was

495
00:24:44,700 --> 00:24:48,200
like that the Republic's ability
to oppose Caesar was essentially

496
00:24:48,200 --> 00:24:50,300
destroyed by pompy's defeat at 
fastest. 

497
00:24:50,300 --> 00:24:52,600
But it also signaled to seize 
that. 

498
00:24:52,600 --> 00:24:56,200
A military Triumph was just the 
start of his troubles overcoming

499
00:24:56,200 --> 00:24:57,800
adversaries is comparatively 
easy. 

500
00:24:58,700 --> 00:25:01,600
Managing an Empire Shattered by 
Civil War as a completely 

501
00:25:01,600 --> 00:25:03,900
different matter. 
Caesar was in the unique 

502
00:25:03,900 --> 00:25:07,200
position of winning a civil war 
after fossilis, but he wasn't 

503
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:10,300
entirely sure what to do next. 
In one of the biggest blunders 

504
00:25:10,300 --> 00:25:13,200
in history, the Egyptians chose 
to win, seas are over by killing

505
00:25:13,200 --> 00:25:15,500
Pompey and giving his head as a 
present. 

506
00:25:16,200 --> 00:25:19,100
Pompey, had fled to Egypt, 
seeking Refuge from Rome's 

507
00:25:19,100 --> 00:25:21,700
long-standing. 
Ally the Egyptians likely didn't

508
00:25:21,700 --> 00:25:24,400
anticipate, Caesar's response 
when he saw the severed head of 

509
00:25:24,408 --> 00:25:28,000
his former rival. 
Caesar reportedly wept whether 

510
00:25:28,000 --> 00:25:30,200
out of true grief or political 
calculation. 

511
00:25:30,200 --> 00:25:33,500
Instead of gratitude, the man 
whose opposition had given 

512
00:25:33,500 --> 00:25:36,000
Caesar's own position. 
A legitimacy was no longer his 

513
00:25:36,000 --> 00:25:39,200
most credible opponent, he was 
now merely a Roman general 

514
00:25:39,200 --> 00:25:42,300
occupying, a foreign land with 
no obvious adversary to engage 

515
00:25:42,300 --> 00:25:46,800
in combat with however, Egypt 
provided restitution chiefly in 

516
00:25:46,808 --> 00:25:49,500
the form of Cleopatra. 
The seventh Egypt's, final 

517
00:25:49,500 --> 00:25:52,700
pharaoh and perhaps, the most 
cultured woman sees ahead ever 

518
00:25:52,700 --> 00:25:56,000
met here was a person who ruled 
one of the richest kingdoms in 

519
00:25:56,000 --> 00:26:00,300
Antiquity spoke 9 languages and 
had received his education from 

520
00:26:00,300 --> 00:26:03,700
the finest alexandrian. 
Scholars, she resembled a cross 

521
00:26:03,700 --> 00:26:08,500
between a Fortune 500, CEO and a
Harvard MBA who happened to have

522
00:26:08,500 --> 00:26:11,500
ancestry dating back to 
Alexander the Great rather than 

523
00:26:11,500 --> 00:26:15,000
a Disney princess Caesar. 
And Cleopatra's relationship was

524
00:26:15,000 --> 00:26:18,300
a combination of mutual 
recognition, political Alliance 

525
00:26:18,300 --> 00:26:21,600
and personal attraction between 
two of the most Brilliant Minds 

526
00:26:21,600 --> 00:26:25,300
in Antiquity, the 52 year old 
Caesar had lived his entire life

527
00:26:25,300 --> 00:26:27,900
surrounded. 
By Roman politicians who believe

528
00:26:27,900 --> 00:26:30,600
that tactical maneuvering meant 
slightly, different forms of 

529
00:26:30,608 --> 00:26:33,600
bribery managing a kingdom. 
That was essentially a 

530
00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:37,600
multinational corporation with 
pyramids. 21 year old Cleopatra 

531
00:26:37,600 --> 00:26:39,700
had been dealing with court 
Intrigue since she was a young 

532
00:26:39,708 --> 00:26:43,200
girl Alexandria, the greatest 
center of learning and culture 

533
00:26:43,200 --> 00:26:46,100
and Antiquity, served as the 
backdrop for their romance. 

534
00:26:46,100 --> 00:26:49,100
Caesar found himself in a city 
with the largest library in the 

535
00:26:49,100 --> 00:26:50,500
world. 
The most sophisticated 

536
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:54,000
engineering and intellectual 
Traditions that made Rome appear

537
00:26:54,000 --> 00:26:57,300
like a promising startup while, 
Roman senators were debating 

538
00:26:57,300 --> 00:27:00,800
precedent, and procedure Caesar 
was captivated by Egyptian 

539
00:27:00,800 --> 00:27:03,300
governance, and partially 
enamored with Cleopatra, during 

540
00:27:03,300 --> 00:27:04,900
his month-long. 
Stay in Egypt. 

541
00:27:04,900 --> 00:27:07,900
While Rome was still learning 
how to rule over land outside of

542
00:27:07,900 --> 00:27:10,000
Italy. 
This Kingdom had been handling 

543
00:27:10,000 --> 00:27:12,400
intricate bureaucracy for 
thousands of years. 

544
00:27:13,400 --> 00:27:16,000
Caesar learned Imperial 
Administration lessons from the 

545
00:27:16,000 --> 00:27:18,400
experience that shape his 
subsequent reforms. 

546
00:27:18,400 --> 00:27:21,600
However, this ancient sabbatical
romance was eventually 

547
00:27:21,600 --> 00:27:24,800
overshadowed by political 
reality, Caesar couldn't afford 

548
00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:27,900
to ignore the opportunities for 
opposition that his extended 

549
00:27:27,900 --> 00:27:31,300
absence from Roman politics was 
creating and his enemies were 

550
00:27:31,300 --> 00:27:34,300
regrouping throughout the 
Mediterranean upon his return. 

551
00:27:34,300 --> 00:27:37,400
To Rome Caesar encountered the 
same problem as plague. 

552
00:27:37,400 --> 00:27:40,200
Successful revolutionaries for 
centuries, how to 

553
00:27:40,208 --> 00:27:43,500
institutionalize change, without
destroying the system, your 

554
00:27:43,500 --> 00:27:45,800
attempting to reform. 
Caesar's solution was 

555
00:27:45,800 --> 00:27:48,700
characteristically. 
Bold he would establish himself 

556
00:27:48,700 --> 00:27:51,600
as a dictator but one who would 
fought to fire rather than 

557
00:27:51,600 --> 00:27:55,800
undermine Roman institutions. 
The Romans had never known a 

558
00:27:55,800 --> 00:27:58,800
dictatorship like Caesars in the
past, dictators had been 

559
00:27:58,808 --> 00:28:02,100
appointed for particular crises 
and was supposed to step down 

560
00:28:02,100 --> 00:28:04,700
after the crisis was over. 
Caesar appeared to have a 

561
00:28:04,700 --> 00:28:08,000
longer-term vision of a reformed
Roman state, with himself as its

562
00:28:08,000 --> 00:28:11,700
permanent executive fusing, the 
effectiveness of monarchical 

563
00:28:11,700 --> 00:28:14,300
decision-making with the 
traditions of Republican 

564
00:28:14,300 --> 00:28:17,800
institutions, the breadth and 
usefulness of his reforms were 

565
00:28:17,800 --> 00:28:20,300
astounding. 
Caesar changed the Roman 

566
00:28:20,300 --> 00:28:23,200
Calendar, to the Julian 
calendar, which is still in use 

567
00:28:23,200 --> 00:28:26,200
today with a few tweaks, he 
started large-scale Public 

568
00:28:26,200 --> 00:28:28,500
Works. 
Projects changed the debt law 

569
00:28:28,500 --> 00:28:32,200
increased citizenship and 
started organizing colonies for 

570
00:28:32,200 --> 00:28:35,500
Rome's, expanding populace. 
It was similar to witnessing 

571
00:28:35,500 --> 00:28:38,200
someone manage a whole 
civilization and restructure it 

572
00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:41,200
Caesar's success. 
However, was setting the stage 

573
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,900
for his demise A Caesar 
accumulated powers that made him

574
00:28:44,908 --> 00:28:48,700
effectively a king in all but 
name, Roman Senators who had 

575
00:28:48,700 --> 00:28:51,200
dedicated their professional 
lives to the Republican system 

576
00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:53,600
of governance. 
Watched the man who had said he 

577
00:28:53,600 --> 00:28:56,200
was saving, the Republic was now
threatening to destroy it 

578
00:28:56,200 --> 00:28:58,300
completely. 
Both former foes and 

579
00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:00,800
disillusioned friends were part 
of the plot against Caesar 

580
00:29:00,800 --> 00:29:02,900
because Caesar had treated 
Brutus. 

581
00:29:02,900 --> 00:29:06,200
Almost like a son, men, like him
started to think that the only 

582
00:29:06,200 --> 00:29:08,700
way to preserve Roman Liberty 
was to kill Caesar. 

583
00:29:08,700 --> 00:29:11,900
This Choice was a combination of
personal animosity, true 

584
00:29:11,900 --> 00:29:15,100
patriotism and likely some 
concern about Caesar's next 

585
00:29:15,100 --> 00:29:17,200
move. 
Despite fortune, tellers 

586
00:29:17,200 --> 00:29:20,300
cautions his wife's dreams and 
most likely his own political 

587
00:29:20,300 --> 00:29:22,900
instincts. 
Caesar entered, the Roman senate

588
00:29:22,900 --> 00:29:27,400
building on March 1544. 
BC e also known as The Ides of 

589
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,000
March following that dozens of 
senators. 

590
00:29:30,000 --> 00:29:32,800
Alternated stabbing, the man who
had rebuilt, the Roman World 

591
00:29:32,800 --> 00:29:35,600
which was less like, an 
assassination than a group 

592
00:29:35,608 --> 00:29:38,900
therapy session with knives. 
Caesar's life and death were 

593
00:29:38,900 --> 00:29:42,700
equally, dramatic, his final 
words according to Legend, when 

594
00:29:42,700 --> 00:29:45,800
he saw Brutus among his 
murderers were two brute. 

595
00:29:45,800 --> 00:29:50,100
And You Brutus, it was the 
ultimate betrayal by someone. 

596
00:29:50,100 --> 00:29:53,400
He had trusted and it 
encapsulated the tragedy of a 

597
00:29:53,400 --> 00:29:55,700
man whose greatest 
accomplishments had set the 

598
00:29:55,700 --> 00:29:59,000
stage for his own downfall. 
Sometimes the Cure is worse than

599
00:29:59,000 --> 00:30:00,900
the illness. 
Don't, you know, that's 

600
00:30:00,900 --> 00:30:03,700
basically what happened when 
Caesar was assassinated by the 

601
00:30:03,700 --> 00:30:05,900
Roman Senators. 
They believed they were 

602
00:30:05,900 --> 00:30:09,600
preserving the Republic but in 
reality, the ensured its demise 

603
00:30:09,600 --> 00:30:12,300
and paved the way for a civil 
war that would make Caesar's 

604
00:30:12,300 --> 00:30:14,700
dispute with Pompey. 
Seem like a local quarrel 

605
00:30:14,700 --> 00:30:17,100
Caesar's death had been 
carefully planned by the 

606
00:30:17,100 --> 00:30:20,300
conspirators, but it seems, they
had neglected to plan for what 

607
00:30:20,300 --> 00:30:23,100
would happen next? 
It became evident within hours 

608
00:30:23,100 --> 00:30:25,400
of the assassination that they 
had killed Rome's. 

609
00:30:25,400 --> 00:30:27,800
Most well-liked, Man, without 
knowing how to handle the power 

610
00:30:27,800 --> 00:30:29,800
vacuum, they had caused the 
company. 

611
00:30:29,800 --> 00:30:32,500
In question happened to control 
the majority of the known world.

612
00:30:32,500 --> 00:30:35,500
So it was similar to 
successfully outstanding a CEO 

613
00:30:35,500 --> 00:30:39,000
with without a succession plan. 
When Mark Antony sees his 

614
00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:41,600
faithful left tenant, came out 
of hiding to give Caesar's 

615
00:30:41,600 --> 00:30:44,000
funeral oration. 
He quickly transformed it into 

616
00:30:44,000 --> 00:30:47,300
the most potent political 
theater in Antiquity by reading 

617
00:30:47,300 --> 00:30:50,700
Caesars will, which left money 
to all Roman citizens and 

618
00:30:50,700 --> 00:30:53,300
displaying his bloodied Togo? 
While explaining each wound 

619
00:30:53,300 --> 00:30:57,000
Antony turned Caesar's funeral 
into a masterclass in emotional,

620
00:30:57,000 --> 00:30:59,300
man. 
Rather than the straightforward 

621
00:30:59,300 --> 00:31:02,000
ceremony, the conspirators at 
anticipated. 

622
00:31:02,000 --> 00:31:05,200
The response from the crowd, was
exactly what Antony had hoped 

623
00:31:05,200 --> 00:31:08,700
for, and what the conspirators 
should have been afraid of in 

624
00:31:08,700 --> 00:31:12,500
search of anyone involved in the
assassination, Roman's rioted 

625
00:31:12,500 --> 00:31:15,200
throughout the city protected, 
by the very government 

626
00:31:15,200 --> 00:31:16,608
buildings. 
They had claimed to be 

627
00:31:16,616 --> 00:31:18,800
defending. 
The conspirators ended up 

628
00:31:18,800 --> 00:31:23,300
barricaded on capitaland Hill 
However, the true drama was only

629
00:31:23,300 --> 00:31:26,300
getting started. 
Caesar had adopted his 18 year 

630
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:29,600
old grand-nephew Octavius, as 
his son and Heir, the surprise 

631
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:31,300
that would change the course of 
Roman history. 

632
00:31:31,300 --> 00:31:34,600
According to his will suddenly 
this young man who would go on 

633
00:31:34,600 --> 00:31:38,100
to become, Augustus was the heir
to the most illustrious name in 

634
00:31:38,100 --> 00:31:42,000
Roman politics and the son of a 
god Caesar had been posthumously

635
00:31:42,000 --> 00:31:44,900
deified young. 
Octavius's transition into a 

636
00:31:44,900 --> 00:31:47,000
political figure was similar to 
witnessing someone. 

637
00:31:47,000 --> 00:31:49,100
Go from intern to CEO in a 
single day. 

638
00:31:49,100 --> 00:31:52,800
He was studying philosophy at a 
Greek College one day and then 

639
00:31:52,800 --> 00:31:55,200
he was heading back to Rome to 
claim an inheritance that 

640
00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:59,000
included immense wealth a well 
known name and the allegiance of

641
00:31:59,008 --> 00:32:02,400
Caesar seasoned Legions. 
Octavius was inheriting a 

642
00:32:02,400 --> 00:32:04,600
revolution, whereas most 
teenagers would have been 

643
00:32:04,608 --> 00:32:07,700
overwhelmed by inheriting a 
family business in the years 

644
00:32:07,700 --> 00:32:10,700
after season's death, Mark, 
Antony Octavius, and a 

645
00:32:10,700 --> 00:32:13,300
politician by the name of 
leopardus formed what historians

646
00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:14,900
refer to as the second 
triumphant. 

647
00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:19,400
This triumphant was formal 
lawful and specifically created 

648
00:32:19,400 --> 00:32:22,300
to find Caesar's Killers while. 
Lighting, the Roman World among 

649
00:32:22,300 --> 00:32:26,000
themselves in contrast to The 
Unofficial agreement Caesar had 

650
00:32:26,000 --> 00:32:29,300
made with Pompeii and Crassus. 
Caesar's policy of clemency, was

651
00:32:29,300 --> 00:32:31,100
rendered obsolete by the 
ensuing. 

652
00:32:31,100 --> 00:32:34,000
Systematic campaign of 
retaliation by publishing 

653
00:32:34,000 --> 00:32:36,600
proscription lists, which were 
essentially death warrants for 

654
00:32:36,600 --> 00:32:39,900
their political Rivals. 
The triumphs transformed Rome 

655
00:32:39,900 --> 00:32:42,700
into a place where slandering 
neighbors could bring in large 

656
00:32:42,700 --> 00:32:45,400
sums of money and where 
political connections were 

657
00:32:45,400 --> 00:32:49,000
essential to one survival, the 
conspirators who had killed 

658
00:32:49,000 --> 00:32:51,300
Caesar were now dispersed 
throughout the Mediterranean 

659
00:32:51,300 --> 00:32:54,700
frantically attempting to 
assemble armies, while being 

660
00:32:54,700 --> 00:32:57,900
methodically pursued by men who 
combined Caesar's military 

661
00:32:57,900 --> 00:33:01,600
prowess with none of his 
compassion at Philippi, where 

662
00:33:01,600 --> 00:33:03,700
Brutus and cashless LED 
Republican, forces against 

663
00:33:03,700 --> 00:33:07,000
Antony and Octavius. 
Armies, the final battle took 

664
00:33:07,000 --> 00:33:09,400
place. 
The Roman Republic came to an 

665
00:33:09,400 --> 00:33:12,400
end at the Battle of Philippi 
but it also served as a sneak 

666
00:33:12,400 --> 00:33:14,600
peek at the Imperial structure 
that would take its place. 

667
00:33:14,600 --> 00:33:18,200
The Roman world was split 
between Antony and Octavius like

668
00:33:18,200 --> 00:33:20,900
a particularly valuable piece of
real estate being split by 

669
00:33:21,300 --> 00:33:24,900
Partners who didn't fully trust 
each other, after Caesar's 

670
00:33:24,900 --> 00:33:27,800
assassins were killed. 
However, even this Arrangement 

671
00:33:27,800 --> 00:33:31,200
was not sustainable Octavius. 
Had the ideal opportunity to 

672
00:33:31,200 --> 00:33:34,500
portray himself as the protector
of Roman values against foreign 

673
00:33:34,500 --> 00:33:38,100
corruption because of Antony and
Cleopatra's relationship, which 

674
00:33:38,100 --> 00:33:41,000
started as a political Alliance 
and eventually turned into a 

675
00:33:41,008 --> 00:33:45,500
True Romance in the ensuing, 
propaganda War, Anthony a Roman 

676
00:33:45,500 --> 00:33:49,000
who had left his native land for
Egyptian luxury was transformed 

677
00:33:49,000 --> 00:33:51,500
from Caesar's. 
Avenger to Caesar's traitor. 

678
00:33:52,600 --> 00:33:55,900
The Roman Republic's last Civil 
War unfolded like a battleship 

679
00:33:55,900 --> 00:33:58,600
soap, opera Octavius. 
Stood for Republican 

680
00:33:58,600 --> 00:34:02,000
institutions, due to the state 
and traditional Roman values. 

681
00:34:02,000 --> 00:34:05,800
The threat of foreign dominance 
personal Indulgence, in eastern 

682
00:34:05,800 --> 00:34:10,699
luxury, were all symbolized by 
Antony and Cleopatra in 31, BCE 

683
00:34:10,699 --> 00:34:14,600
their fleets clashed attacked. 
Him deciding not only who would 

684
00:34:14,600 --> 00:34:16,900
govern Rome but also the nature 
of the city-state. 

685
00:34:17,800 --> 00:34:20,900
The Roman Republic came to an 
end with octavius's victory at 

686
00:34:20,900 --> 00:34:23,900
the Roman Empire. 
Began Rome was the only 

687
00:34:23,900 --> 00:34:26,900
superpower in the ancient 
Mediterranean after Antony and 

688
00:34:26,900 --> 00:34:29,500
Cleopatra. 
Committed suicide in Alexandria 

689
00:34:29,500 --> 00:34:33,199
ending the Hellenistic era that 
had lasted since Alexander the 

690
00:34:33,199 --> 00:34:34,699
Great. 
Let's talk about something 

691
00:34:34,699 --> 00:34:36,699
amazing. 
As you curl up with your blanket

692
00:34:36,699 --> 00:34:40,400
and maybe refill that teacup How
a man who passed away more than 

693
00:34:40,400 --> 00:34:44,000
2,000 years ago, continues to 
have an impact on your life. 

694
00:34:44,000 --> 00:34:47,900
In ways, you probably aren't 
even aware of Caesar's handiwork

695
00:34:47,900 --> 00:34:49,699
is visible. 
Every time you look at a 

696
00:34:49,699 --> 00:34:54,699
calendar that Julian calendar, 
he made in 46 BCE with leap 

697
00:34:54,699 --> 00:34:58,200
days, every four years and a 
year, with 365 days. 

698
00:34:59,000 --> 00:35:01,500
We still use a slightly altered 
version of it today because it 

699
00:35:01,500 --> 00:35:04,700
was so well designed Julius, 
Caesar decided that Roman 

700
00:35:04,700 --> 00:35:08,100
timekeeping needed to be better 
organized which is why December 

701
00:35:08,100 --> 00:35:11,200
31st exists. 
Today, you are adhering to a 

702
00:35:11,200 --> 00:35:14,000
System created by a man who has 
never seen a car or an airplane 

703
00:35:14,000 --> 00:35:16,200
when you schedule your birthday 
or some of vacation. 

704
00:35:16,200 --> 00:35:20,900
However, Seasons impact extends,
far beyond calendar reform 

705
00:35:20,900 --> 00:35:23,900
Seasons title. 
Imperata is where the word 

706
00:35:23,900 --> 00:35:27,200
Emperor, originated, German and 
Russian rulers, who wish to 

707
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:30,600
inherit season's name used the 
variations Kaiser and Kazar. 

708
00:35:31,300 --> 00:35:33,500
Ambitious leaders have been 
attempting to emulate. 

709
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:36,100
Julius Caesar with regional 
traits for more than two 

710
00:35:36,100 --> 00:35:39,200
Millennia, Caesar invented a 
number of political ideas that 

711
00:35:39,200 --> 00:35:41,900
have reverberated throughout 
history and both inspiring and 

712
00:35:41,900 --> 00:35:45,100
terrifying ways. 
These ideas include the notion 

713
00:35:45,100 --> 00:35:47,800
that popular support could 
legitimize radical change. 

714
00:35:47,800 --> 00:35:50,800
That military success could 
translate into civilian 

715
00:35:50,800 --> 00:35:53,300
Authority. 
And that charismatic leadership 

716
00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:57,200
could transcend traditional 
institutional limits, Caesar's 

717
00:35:57,200 --> 00:36:00,000
strategy is being used by every 
populist politician who says 

718
00:36:00,000 --> 00:36:02,400
they are speaking for the people
against the ruling class, 

719
00:36:02,400 --> 00:36:05,000
consider the expression Crossing
the Rubicon. 

720
00:36:05,000 --> 00:36:08,600
When someone says their crossing
their Rubicon, their referring 

721
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,800
to a decision that will alter 
everything forever sees to 

722
00:36:11,800 --> 00:36:15,600
decision-making moment on that. 
River Bank in 49, BC is the 

723
00:36:15,600 --> 00:36:18,100
direct source of that metaphor 
historians. 

724
00:36:18,100 --> 00:36:21,400
Use it to explain times when 
societies change couples. 

725
00:36:21,400 --> 00:36:24,800
Use it to talk about significant
life, Transitions and corporate 

726
00:36:24,800 --> 00:36:28,000
Executives, use it in board, 
meetings Seasons, military 

727
00:36:28,000 --> 00:36:30,900
advancements, impacted Warfare 
for centuries and persisted 

728
00:36:30,900 --> 00:36:32,000
through. 
The Roman Empire. 

729
00:36:32,800 --> 00:36:37,000
Roman Doctrine adopted his 
emphasis on agility speed and 

730
00:36:37,000 --> 00:36:40,200
Engineering solutions to 
Tactical issues in order to 

731
00:36:40,200 --> 00:36:41,700
move. 
Swiftly through Gaul, his 

732
00:36:41,700 --> 00:36:45,300
Legions constructed roads, which
later, served as the basis for 

733
00:36:45,300 --> 00:36:48,100
European transportation systems 
that persisted well into the 

734
00:36:48,100 --> 00:36:51,500
modern era, the roots that 
Caesar's Engineers surveyed more

735
00:36:51,500 --> 00:36:54,400
than 2000 years ago are still 
used by some European highways 

736
00:36:54,400 --> 00:36:57,500
Caesar's demonstration that the 
political structures of the 

737
00:36:57,500 --> 00:36:59,800
ancient world were not static or
unalterable. 

738
00:36:59,800 --> 00:37:02,700
However, may have been his most 
enduring contribution. 

739
00:37:03,600 --> 00:37:06,500
Before Caesar the majority of 
people believe that things had 

740
00:37:06,500 --> 00:37:09,600
to be the way they were Cesar 
proved that anyone with enough 

741
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:12,500
Vision talent and willpower 
could rebuild entire 

742
00:37:12,500 --> 00:37:14,900
civilizations institutions and 
Customs. 

743
00:37:14,900 --> 00:37:18,900
This was dangerous, as well as 
liberating season demonstrated 

744
00:37:18,900 --> 00:37:22,400
the ability of human societies 
to change and adapt and 

745
00:37:22,400 --> 00:37:25,300
advanced. 
From debt relief for struggling 

746
00:37:25,300 --> 00:37:28,000
Farmers to citizenship for 
formerly marginalized 

747
00:37:28,000 --> 00:37:30,700
communities. 
His reforms truly improve the 

748
00:37:30,700 --> 00:37:34,400
lives of millions of Romans. 
However, he also demonstrated, 

749
00:37:34,400 --> 00:37:37,300
how easily Democratic 
institutions could be overthrown

750
00:37:37,300 --> 00:37:39,700
by someone, who was more aware 
of their flaws than their 

751
00:37:39,700 --> 00:37:42,300
supporters. 
Caesar's Revolution, gave rise 

752
00:37:42,300 --> 00:37:45,300
to the centuries long, Roman 
Empire, which served as a model 

753
00:37:45,300 --> 00:37:48,600
for structuring and governing 
vast heterogeneous societies, 

754
00:37:48,600 --> 00:37:52,100
Caesar contributed to the 
development of Roman law which 

755
00:37:52,100 --> 00:37:55,100
served as the basis for legal 
systems across Europe and 

756
00:37:55,100 --> 00:37:57,800
ultimately impacted legal 
Traditions across the globe. 

757
00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:01,200
You benefit from ideas that 
developed from Roman presidents.

758
00:38:01,200 --> 00:38:04,200
When you have the presumption of
innocence, the right to a trial 

759
00:38:04,208 --> 00:38:07,300
and legal safeguards against 
capricious government, action 

760
00:38:07,300 --> 00:38:10,800
aspiring leaders have even 
attempted to emulate, Caesar's 

761
00:38:10,800 --> 00:38:13,800
Personal Style For thousands of 
years, people have been 

762
00:38:13,800 --> 00:38:17,200
captivated by his leadership 
style, which combines military 

763
00:38:17,200 --> 00:38:20,200
skill, intellectual 
sophistication, and public 

764
00:38:20,200 --> 00:38:23,300
appeal by bringing a biography 
of the Roman General on his 

765
00:38:23,300 --> 00:38:26,100
military Expeditions. 
Napoleon purposefully modeled 

766
00:38:26,100 --> 00:38:29,600
himself after Caesar, Caesar's 
speeches are still studied by 

767
00:38:29,600 --> 00:38:32,400
contemporary politicians as a 
source of rhetorical and 

768
00:38:32,400 --> 00:38:34,900
persuasive lessons. 
Caesar's memory has endured 

769
00:38:34,900 --> 00:38:38,100
through literature and drama in 
ways that were impossible for 

770
00:38:38,100 --> 00:38:41,500
purely historical, research 
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar 

771
00:38:41,500 --> 00:38:44,500
created dialogue that has become
ingrained in our common cultural

772
00:38:44,500 --> 00:38:47,400
vocabulary while making the 
story understandable to 

773
00:38:47,400 --> 00:38:49,500
audiences, who are ignorant of 
Roman politics. 

774
00:38:49,500 --> 00:38:53,000
The Phrase Friends Romans 
countrymen, lend me. 

775
00:38:53,000 --> 00:38:55,300
Your ears is likely more well 
known than anything that the 

776
00:38:55,300 --> 00:38:59,000
real Anthony said Caesars life. 
Poses issues that are just as 

777
00:38:59,000 --> 00:39:02,000
pertinent today, as they were 
two Millennia ago, including 

778
00:39:02,000 --> 00:39:05,700
ambition leadership, and the 
nature of political change was 

779
00:39:05,700 --> 00:39:08,400
Caesar and ambitious autocrat, 
who overthrew the Republican 

780
00:39:08,400 --> 00:39:11,900
government for his own benefit. 
Was he a Visionary reformer who 

781
00:39:11,900 --> 00:39:13,800
prevented political dysfunction 
in Rome. 

782
00:39:13,800 --> 00:39:16,900
His story will always be 
fascinating because the truthful

783
00:39:16,900 --> 00:39:20,400
response is most likely both. 
The same conflicts that 

784
00:39:20,400 --> 00:39:23,000
shattered, the Roman Republic, 
still played contemporary 

785
00:39:23,000 --> 00:39:26,500
democracies, how can Democratic 
accountability and effectively 

786
00:39:26,500 --> 00:39:30,000
to ship be balanced. 
How can outmoded institutions be

787
00:39:30,000 --> 00:39:32,200
reformed without jeopardizing? 
The stability? 

788
00:39:32,200 --> 00:39:35,600
They offer When leaders assert 
that they speak for the people's

789
00:39:35,600 --> 00:39:37,500
will against established 
institutions. 

790
00:39:37,500 --> 00:39:40,800
How do you react? 
These are issues that every 

791
00:39:40,800 --> 00:39:44,900
Democratic Society must deal 
with not just historical ones as

792
00:39:44,900 --> 00:39:47,700
we draw to a close, it's 
important to take a moment to 

793
00:39:47,700 --> 00:39:50,400
reflect on Caesar's character 
outside of his political 

794
00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:54,000
scheming and Military triumphs 
because despite his historical 

795
00:39:54,000 --> 00:39:56,800
significance. 
Julius Caesar was just a regular

796
00:39:56,800 --> 00:40:00,100
person with the same wants needs
and anxieties as everyone else. 

797
00:40:00,100 --> 00:40:03,700
According to reports, Caesar had
a great deal of personal charm 

798
00:40:03,700 --> 00:40:06,300
and could make anyone feel like 
the most important person in the

799
00:40:06,308 --> 00:40:09,100
room. 
He was tall and pale with dark 

800
00:40:09,100 --> 00:40:11,900
eyes, and a receding hairline 
that apparently bothered him so 

801
00:40:11,900 --> 00:40:13,900
much, that he frequently covered
it with Laurels. 

802
00:40:13,900 --> 00:40:17,600
According to Roman sources. 
The fact that even the most 

803
00:40:17,600 --> 00:40:20,400
influential people in history 
were self-conscious about their 

804
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,700
appearance and experimented with
unconventional, hair loss, 

805
00:40:23,700 --> 00:40:25,300
remedies is strangely 
reassuring. 

806
00:40:25,300 --> 00:40:28,500
His political Rivals, 
occasionally made fun of him for

807
00:40:28,500 --> 00:40:30,400
being a feminine because he was 
infamously. 

808
00:40:30,400 --> 00:40:33,900
Conceited about his appearance 
and lavished a lot of time and 

809
00:40:33,900 --> 00:40:37,200
money on personal grooming, 
Caesar's focus on style and 

810
00:40:37,208 --> 00:40:39,900
appearance was viewed as 
somewhat scandalous in a society

811
00:40:39,900 --> 00:40:42,000
that valued masculine military 
virtues. 

812
00:40:42,000 --> 00:40:45,600
However, this same extensively. 
Gentle politician was able to 

813
00:40:45,600 --> 00:40:49,000
personally lead, Cavalry Charges
against Germanic Warriors and 

814
00:40:49,000 --> 00:40:52,700
out, maneuver soldiers, half his
age, even by Roman standards 

815
00:40:52,700 --> 00:40:54,600
Seasons. 
Intellectual curiosity was 

816
00:40:54,600 --> 00:40:57,000
legendary during his gallic 
campaigns. 

817
00:40:57,000 --> 00:41:00,300
He wrote poetry studied 
philosophy and supposedly wrote 

818
00:41:00,300 --> 00:41:02,600
a treated on grammar while 
traveling across the Alps. 

819
00:41:03,300 --> 00:41:06,500
Imagine having such a Restless 
mind that you take advantage of 

820
00:41:06,500 --> 00:41:08,500
military marches to write 
academically. 

821
00:41:08,500 --> 00:41:12,000
In addition, he penned in-depth 
analysis of his own military 

822
00:41:12,000 --> 00:41:14,800
operations, which are still 
studied today as historical 

823
00:41:14,800 --> 00:41:17,300
documents. 
And as examples of persuasive 

824
00:41:17,300 --> 00:41:20,800
political propaganda, a more 
intimate aspect of Caesar's 

825
00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:23,200
personality is shown through his
relationship with his daughter, 

826
00:41:23,200 --> 00:41:27,200
Julia, he reportedly loved her 
and a union with Pompey, was one

827
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:29,400
of the few occasions. 
When Caesar appeared to put 

828
00:41:29,400 --> 00:41:31,700
political gain ahead of the 
happiness of his family. 

829
00:41:31,700 --> 00:41:34,800
Both Caesar and Pompey was said 
to have been devastated. 

830
00:41:34,800 --> 00:41:38,400
When Julia died in childbirth, 
and some historians contend that

831
00:41:38,400 --> 00:41:41,400
her passing aided in the 
dissolution of their political 

832
00:41:41,400 --> 00:41:45,000
partnership in the end, even the
most prosperous politicians are 

833
00:41:45,000 --> 00:41:48,400
just fathers who missed their 
kids sees as well known clemency

834
00:41:48,400 --> 00:41:51,600
toward vanquished adversaries. 
Appears to have been motivated 

835
00:41:51,600 --> 00:41:53,700
by more than just political 
expediency. 

836
00:41:53,700 --> 00:41:58,200
Rather it appears to have been a
sincere conviction that kindness

837
00:41:58,200 --> 00:42:02,000
worked better than brutality in 
a time when enslavement and mass

838
00:42:02,000 --> 00:42:04,700
execution were common, Following
military triumphs. 

839
00:42:04,700 --> 00:42:07,300
This was unusual, Caesar saw 
that. 

840
00:42:07,300 --> 00:42:09,800
How you handle defeated 
opponents often determines 

841
00:42:09,800 --> 00:42:12,300
whether they become future 
allies or lifelong enemies? 

842
00:42:12,300 --> 00:42:14,700
Something that many leaders fail
to recognize. 

843
00:42:14,700 --> 00:42:18,900
However, Caesar was also capable
of being brutal when he felt the

844
00:42:18,900 --> 00:42:20,700
need to do. 
So his willingness to use 

845
00:42:20,700 --> 00:42:23,500
political violence. 
When other options faild, his 

846
00:42:23,500 --> 00:42:27,300
systematic destruction of towns 
that resisted his forces and his

847
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:30,000
Massacre of German tribes, who 
broke their agreements with 

848
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:32,400
Rome. 
All demonstrate his ability to 

849
00:42:32,400 --> 00:42:35,600
put strategic necessity ahead of
personal preferences. 

850
00:42:35,600 --> 00:42:39,900
His relationships with women, 
also reflected his complexity In

851
00:42:39,900 --> 00:42:42,500
an era when such views were 
rare, Caesar appears to have 

852
00:42:42,508 --> 00:42:45,500
truly respected intelligent 
women, even Beyond his 

853
00:42:45,500 --> 00:42:47,800
well-known liaison's with 
Cleopatra and others. 

854
00:42:47,800 --> 00:42:50,900
According to his correspondence,
he regarded, women, as 

855
00:42:50,900 --> 00:42:54,300
intellectual allies, rather than
merely, as romantic conquests or

856
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:57,700
political instruments. 
In a culture that typically 

857
00:42:57,700 --> 00:43:01,700
treated women as property. 
This was Radical thinking Caesar

858
00:43:01,700 --> 00:43:03,800
was either psychologically 
incapable of accepting 

859
00:43:03,800 --> 00:43:07,100
limitations or extremely 
confident in his abilities as 

860
00:43:07,100 --> 00:43:08,600
evidence by his gambling 
addiction. 

861
00:43:08,600 --> 00:43:11,800
It is important to note that his
willingness to stake everything 

862
00:43:11,800 --> 00:43:14,500
on a single political or 
military move was essentially 

863
00:43:14,500 --> 00:43:17,800
high-stakes gambling. 
Most likely both throughout his 

864
00:43:17,800 --> 00:43:19,700
career. 
He took a number of calculated 

865
00:43:19,700 --> 00:43:22,700
risks that would have destroyed 
someone with less skill but they

866
00:43:22,708 --> 00:43:25,700
continue to pay off for him 
until they didn't historical 

867
00:43:25,700 --> 00:43:28,000
sources. 
Paint a picture of a person who 

868
00:43:28,000 --> 00:43:30,700
Blended intellectual 
sophistication with real world 

869
00:43:30,700 --> 00:43:35,000
application genuine, brilliant 
with great ambition and personal

870
00:43:35,000 --> 00:43:36,700
charm with occasional 
ruthlessness. 

871
00:43:36,700 --> 00:43:40,100
He was the type of person who 
had planned military campaigns 

872
00:43:40,100 --> 00:43:43,300
in the afternoon and engage in 
philosophical discussion with 

873
00:43:43,300 --> 00:43:45,500
academics in the morning. 
Then stay up. 

874
00:43:45,508 --> 00:43:49,200
Late writing poetry about both 
experiences, Caesar appears to 

875
00:43:49,200 --> 00:43:51,500
have fascinated and frustrated 
his contemporaries. 

876
00:43:51,500 --> 00:43:54,400
At the same time, even his 
adversaries lamented, his 

877
00:43:54,400 --> 00:43:58,000
aspirations, while recognizing 
his AB Politically opposed to 

878
00:43:58,000 --> 00:44:01,000
Caesar Cicero acknowledge that 
Caesar was likely the most 

879
00:44:01,008 --> 00:44:04,400
talented orator of their time, 
even as he sought to ruin 

880
00:44:04,400 --> 00:44:08,000
Caesar's career Cato who saw 
Caesar, as a danger to 

881
00:44:08,000 --> 00:44:11,300
Republican rule respected. 
His intelligence, most 

882
00:44:11,300 --> 00:44:14,000
astonishing of all Caesar 
appears to have kept his sense 

883
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:15,600
of humor. 
Throughout his Ascent, power 

884
00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:19,100
examples of his wit practical 
jokes and capacity for 

885
00:44:19,100 --> 00:44:20,900
self-loathing abound in Roman 
sources. 

886
00:44:20,900 --> 00:44:24,600
Roman custom dictated that a 
slave Whisperer reminders of 

887
00:44:24,600 --> 00:44:27,400
mortality in the Victor's ear 
during his Triumph celebrations.

888
00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:30,600
Caesar is said to have joked 
that he didn't really need the 

889
00:44:30,600 --> 00:44:33,300
reminder, because he had plenty 
from his political Rivals, 

890
00:44:33,300 --> 00:44:37,900
Brilliance ambition, charm, 
ruthlessness intellectual 

891
00:44:37,900 --> 00:44:40,900
curiosity, and humor were all 
combined to create a person who 

892
00:44:40,900 --> 00:44:43,400
is uniquely suited to deal with 
the challenges of late 

893
00:44:43,400 --> 00:44:46,600
Republican Rome. 
However, it also produced a 

894
00:44:46,600 --> 00:44:49,700
person who was ultimately too 
big for any system, including 

895
00:44:49,700 --> 00:44:52,900
the one, he attempted to design 
for himself as our time, with 

896
00:44:52,908 --> 00:44:55,900
Julius, Caesar comes to an end, 
it's important to consider what 

897
00:44:55,900 --> 00:44:59,700
we can learn from his remarkable
life, about ambition leadership,

898
00:44:59,700 --> 00:45:02,900
and the delicate balance that 
every society must maintain 

899
00:45:02,900 --> 00:45:06,600
between change and stability. 
Caesar's life provides a 

900
00:45:06,600 --> 00:45:09,000
brilliant example of how a 
single person's ability and 

901
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:11,200
drive can transform entire 
Society. 

902
00:45:11,200 --> 00:45:14,800
He demonstrated that even 
institutions that were supposed 

903
00:45:14,800 --> 00:45:18,500
to be permanent like the Roman 
Republic which had endured for 

904
00:45:18,500 --> 00:45:21,600
centuries could be changed by 
someone who knew their floors 

905
00:45:21,600 --> 00:45:23,200
better than their supporters 
did. 

906
00:45:23,200 --> 00:45:25,400
This is sobering as well as 
inspiring. 

907
00:45:25,400 --> 00:45:28,100
It is sobering because it 
demonstrates how easily. 

908
00:45:28,200 --> 00:45:31,100
Treasured Customs can vanish. 
When they become disconnected 

909
00:45:31,100 --> 00:45:34,500
from the realities of the modern
world and inspiring because it 

910
00:45:34,500 --> 00:45:37,100
implies that human societies can
change and grow. 

911
00:45:37,100 --> 00:45:40,000
There were real issues with the 
Roman Republic that Caesar 

912
00:45:40,000 --> 00:45:42,200
overthrew. 
It was a system of governance 

913
00:45:42,200 --> 00:45:45,600
created for a tiny city-state 
attempting to run an empire. 

914
00:45:45,600 --> 00:45:48,800
In the Mediterranean effective 
governance was hampered by its 

915
00:45:48,800 --> 00:45:51,600
institutions, growing inability 
to make critical decisions. 

916
00:45:51,600 --> 00:45:54,900
Its politicians preference for 
self-interest over public 

917
00:45:54,900 --> 00:45:58,800
service and its traditional 
checks and balances Caesar 

918
00:45:58,800 --> 00:46:00,300
dealt. 
The last blow to a dying system 

919
00:46:00,300 --> 00:46:03,800
rather than destroying a robust 
one, Caesar's solution, however,

920
00:46:03,800 --> 00:46:07,600
which concentrated power in the 
hands of a single extremely 

921
00:46:07,600 --> 00:46:11,200
competent person, brought about 
new issues, what occurs? 

922
00:46:11,200 --> 00:46:14,100
If the competent person passes 
away, what occurs if 

923
00:46:14,100 --> 00:46:17,700
concentrated power is inherited 
by a less competent person, even

924
00:46:17,700 --> 00:46:20,600
though personal rule may be 
effective at first, it can lead 

925
00:46:20,600 --> 00:46:23,900
to instability that lasts for 
Generations as the Civil Wars 

926
00:46:23,900 --> 00:46:27,000
that followed Cesar's 
assassination showed Throughout 

927
00:46:27,000 --> 00:46:30,400
history, this pattern has 
recurred, charismatic leaders 

928
00:46:30,400 --> 00:46:32,900
who promised to overcome 
bureaucratic inefficiencies and 

929
00:46:32,900 --> 00:46:35,300
accomplish goals are frequently 
sought. 

930
00:46:35,300 --> 00:46:38,500
After by societies, with 
dysfunctional institutions, as 

931
00:46:38,500 --> 00:46:41,400
Caesar did with his changes to 
Roman law government and 

932
00:46:41,400 --> 00:46:44,500
citizenship these leaders can 
occasionally actually make 

933
00:46:44,500 --> 00:46:46,900
things better. 
However, the concentration of 

934
00:46:46,900 --> 00:46:48,600
power that enables these 
advancements. 

935
00:46:48,600 --> 00:46:50,800
Also, makes power abuse 
inevitable. 

936
00:46:50,800 --> 00:46:54,600
Either by the original leader, 
or by their successes Caesars 

937
00:46:54,600 --> 00:46:56,200
relationship. 
With his soldiers provides 

938
00:46:56,200 --> 00:46:58,500
Leadership Lessons that are 
still applicable to today. 

939
00:46:58,500 --> 00:47:01,300
He was successful because he 
shared the struggles of his 

940
00:47:01,300 --> 00:47:04,400
followers, genuinely cared about
their well-being and 

941
00:47:04,400 --> 00:47:06,900
continuously. 
Valued hard work, over political

942
00:47:06,900 --> 00:47:10,800
Connections, In addition to his 
success is Legions followed him 

943
00:47:10,800 --> 00:47:13,000
because they believed he would 
protect their interests. 

944
00:47:13,700 --> 00:47:16,400
Caesar show that service is the 
ultimate goal of leadership. 

945
00:47:16,400 --> 00:47:20,100
Even if that service, furthers 
your personal goals Seasons 

946
00:47:20,100 --> 00:47:23,300
rapid transformation from Roman 
Patriot to destroyer of the 

947
00:47:23,300 --> 00:47:26,700
Republic, razors significant 
questions about the failure of 

948
00:47:26,708 --> 00:47:29,600
political systems, in addition 
to becoming an effectual 

949
00:47:29,600 --> 00:47:32,800
institutions that are unable to 
adjust to changing conditions 

950
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:34,800
Foster. 
An environment that rewards 

951
00:47:34,800 --> 00:47:38,600
people who are prepared to work 
against or outside of them sees 

952
00:47:38,600 --> 00:47:41,300
a first attempted to operate 
within the Republic structures 

953
00:47:41,300 --> 00:47:42,900
rather than trying to overthrow 
it. 

954
00:47:43,600 --> 00:47:46,400
He only made the decision to 
completely avoid those systems 

955
00:47:46,400 --> 00:47:49,600
when they continuously prevented
him from making the necessary 

956
00:47:49,600 --> 00:47:53,500
adjustments, this affects 
contemporary democracies, those 

957
00:47:53,500 --> 00:47:55,800
who are willing to employ. 
Illegal means have more 

958
00:47:55,800 --> 00:47:58,400
opportunities when legitimate 
institutions become. 

959
00:47:58,400 --> 00:48:01,600
So clogged up, that they are 
unable to solve actual issues, 

960
00:48:01,600 --> 00:48:05,000
making sure that Democratic 
institutions can continue to 

961
00:48:05,000 --> 00:48:08,600
develop and reform, is the 
answer not accepting deadlock as

962
00:48:08,600 --> 00:48:10,900
unavoidable Caesars clemency 
policy. 

963
00:48:10,900 --> 00:48:13,500
His practice of pardoning 
defeated enemies rather than 

964
00:48:13,500 --> 00:48:16,700
executing them represented. 
A revolutionary approach to 

965
00:48:16,700 --> 00:48:19,900
political conflict, Caesar 
approached Politics as a process

966
00:48:19,900 --> 00:48:22,200
in which to today's adversaries 
could turn into tomorrow's 

967
00:48:22,200 --> 00:48:25,700
allies rather than, as a 
zero-sum game in which Rivals 

968
00:48:25,700 --> 00:48:28,700
must be destroyed. 
This strategy, which proved 

969
00:48:28,700 --> 00:48:32,000
remarkably successful. 
During his lifetime implies that

970
00:48:32,000 --> 00:48:35,000
political reconciliation 
frequently yields greater 

971
00:48:35,000 --> 00:48:36,500
results than political 
retaliation. 

972
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:40,500
Caesar's murder serves as a 
reminder that clemency has its 

973
00:48:40,500 --> 00:48:42,500
bounds though. 
Some opponents? 

974
00:48:42,500 --> 00:48:44,400
Consider your powers very 
existence to be. 

975
00:48:44,400 --> 00:48:47,500
Illegitimate making it 
impossible to make amends 

976
00:48:47,500 --> 00:48:51,000
Caesar's killers were driven by 
constitutional ideals rather 

977
00:48:51,000 --> 00:48:54,200
than personal grievances, they 
killed him because they thought 

978
00:48:54,200 --> 00:48:56,600
his continued existence 
threatened, Roman Liberty. 

979
00:48:56,600 --> 00:49:00,100
Not because he had hurt them. 
This implies that, despite its 

980
00:49:00,100 --> 00:49:02,700
desire, political 
reconciliation, occasionally 

981
00:49:02,700 --> 00:49:05,000
necessitates, concessions, that 
core values. 

982
00:49:05,000 --> 00:49:07,300
Cannot support. 
An important Point regarding 

983
00:49:07,300 --> 00:49:10,200
political succession is 
illustrated by octavius's 

984
00:49:10,200 --> 00:49:12,200
transition. 
From teenager to Augustus, 

985
00:49:12,200 --> 00:49:15,300
although people can change 
institutions in ways that 

986
00:49:15,300 --> 00:49:18,500
Outlast their own lives 
institutions are more important 

987
00:49:18,500 --> 00:49:21,200
than in individuals. 
Sees a created the conditions 

988
00:49:21,200 --> 00:49:25,000
for Imperial rule, it'll gustus 
created the imperial system that

989
00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:28,500
would govern Rome for centuries,
institutional structure with out

990
00:49:28,500 --> 00:49:31,400
Vision, rarely inspires 
enduring, loyalty and vision 

991
00:49:31,400 --> 00:49:34,500
without institutional structure 
rarely survives its creator, 

992
00:49:34,500 --> 00:49:38,300
Caesars interest in everything 
from grammatical the To military

993
00:49:38,300 --> 00:49:41,900
engineering demonstrates his 
intellectual curiosity and 

994
00:49:41,900 --> 00:49:44,400
implies that effective 
leadership, calls for a wide 

995
00:49:44,400 --> 00:49:47,400
range of knowledge, rather than 
specialized knowledge. 

996
00:49:47,400 --> 00:49:50,100
Every society faces 
interconnected problems. 

997
00:49:50,100 --> 00:49:52,900
And solving one often 
necessitates knowledge of 

998
00:49:52,900 --> 00:49:56,300
seemingly unrelated Fields, 
Caesar was successful in part 

999
00:49:56,300 --> 00:49:59,700
because he took a multifaceted 
approach to issues fusing 

1000
00:49:59,700 --> 00:50:03,000
political, social military, and 
economic viewpoints in ways that

1001
00:50:03,000 --> 00:50:05,100
more specialized Specialists 
might Overlook. 

1002
00:50:05,100 --> 00:50:08,600
Lastly, Caesar's tale serves. 
As a reminder, that the 

1003
00:50:08,600 --> 00:50:10,700
interplay between structural 
forces and personal 

1004
00:50:10,700 --> 00:50:13,400
decision-making drives 
historical change. 

1005
00:50:13,400 --> 00:50:16,200
Although Caesar did not cause 
the issues that led to the fall 

1006
00:50:16,200 --> 00:50:18,300
of the Roman Republic, his 
solutions. 

1007
00:50:18,300 --> 00:50:20,700
To those issues influenced, the 
course of the Empire's 

1008
00:50:20,700 --> 00:50:22,700
transition. 
Perhaps a more violent 

1009
00:50:22,700 --> 00:50:25,500
transition in stead of the 
comparatively peaceful one that 

1010
00:50:25,500 --> 00:50:28,400
will gustus oversaw or perhaps a
reformed Republic. 

1011
00:50:28,400 --> 00:50:31,200
In stead of a new Empire could 
have resulted from different 

1012
00:50:31,200 --> 00:50:33,600
decisions. 
We can better navigate our own 

1013
00:50:33,600 --> 00:50:36,000
historical moment. 
If we comprehend this interplay 

1014
00:50:36,000 --> 00:50:40,100
between circumstance and Choice.
Although the structural forces 

1015
00:50:40,100 --> 00:50:43,600
forming our world beyond our 
control, we do have some control

1016
00:50:43,600 --> 00:50:46,700
over how we react to them, 
Caesar's life demonstrates, how 

1017
00:50:46,700 --> 00:50:50,600
one person's actions, even when 
limited by external factors have

1018
00:50:50,600 --> 00:50:53,200
the capacity to influence the 
course of history in ways that 

1019
00:50:53,208 --> 00:50:56,100
lasts for centuries, as you 
finish your tea and get ready 

1020
00:50:56,100 --> 00:50:59,000
for bed, think about this 
Caesar's commentaries on the 

1021
00:50:59,000 --> 00:51:02,500
gallic wars, which contain 
leadership and strategy lessons 

1022
00:51:02,500 --> 00:51:05,500
that are just as applicable 
today, as they were 2000 years 

1023
00:51:05,508 --> 00:51:09,500
ago are being read by someone 
somewhere tonight somewhere. 

1024
00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:12,200
A student is learning the 
funeral oration of Antony from 

1025
00:51:12,200 --> 00:51:15,700
Shakespeare's play by heart. 
They are absorbing concepts 

1026
00:51:15,700 --> 00:51:19,000
related to political 
manipulation and rhetoric that 

1027
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:22,300
will shape their future thoughts
on public speaking Caesars tail 

1028
00:51:22,300 --> 00:51:25,000
in dues because it is timeless 
rather than because it is 

1029
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:27,900
ancient. 
The same basic issues that the 

1030
00:51:27,900 --> 00:51:30,600
Roman's face in the first 
century, the year face, by all 

1031
00:51:30,600 --> 00:51:33,400
generations. 
How can one strike a balance 

1032
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:37,000
between freedom and security? 
How can outmoded institutions? 

1033
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:39,200
Be changed with, without 
jeopardizing social order? 

1034
00:51:39,200 --> 00:51:41,700
How can you tell the difference 
between leaders? 

1035
00:51:41,700 --> 00:51:43,300
Who truly work for the public 
good? 

1036
00:51:43,300 --> 00:51:46,300
And those who are just 
interested in the cells, the 

1037
00:51:46,300 --> 00:51:49,000
inability of the Roman Republic 
to adequately address these 

1038
00:51:49,000 --> 00:51:52,600
issues led to its downfall. 
Caesar Rose to power because he 

1039
00:51:52,600 --> 00:51:55,600
could offer Solutions. 
Even if those Solutions turned 

1040
00:51:55,600 --> 00:51:58,600
out to be untenable, his life 
serves as a reminder, that 

1041
00:51:58,600 --> 00:52:01,500
political structures are human 
inventions that need ongoing 

1042
00:52:01,500 --> 00:52:05,800
care, attention, and adaptation 
in order to thrive, even in the 

1043
00:52:05,800 --> 00:52:07,900
face of seemingly, 
insurmountable structural 

1044
00:52:07,900 --> 00:52:11,200
forces, individual people can 
still have an impact on the path

1045
00:52:11,200 --> 00:52:14,100
of History, which is perhaps the
most significant lesson to be 

1046
00:52:14,100 --> 00:52:17,200
learned from Caesar's life. 
The fall of the Roman Republic 

1047
00:52:17,200 --> 00:52:20,200
Caesar and the ensuing Empire 
was not inevitable. 

1048
00:52:20,200 --> 00:52:23,900
Numerous individual decisions 
made by people who like us 

1049
00:52:23,900 --> 00:52:28,000
today, had to deal with fear 
uncertainty and challenging, 

1050
00:52:28,000 --> 00:52:31,500
trade-offs of shaped history. 
Caesar had the option to choose 

1051
00:52:31,500 --> 00:52:34,600
not to cross the Rubicon. 
Although they had other options,

1052
00:52:34,600 --> 00:52:36,500
his adversaries decided to kill 
him. 

1053
00:52:37,300 --> 00:52:40,200
Other outcomes were possible, 
but Augustus decided to 

1054
00:52:40,200 --> 00:52:42,200
establish a stable imperial 
system. 

1055
00:52:42,200 --> 00:52:45,500
The world, we inherited was 
shaped by the decisions made by 

1056
00:52:45,500 --> 00:52:48,000
imperfect people in unfeasible 
situations. 

1057
00:52:48,000 --> 00:52:51,400
This implies that our decisions 
are all so important, although 

1058
00:52:51,400 --> 00:52:54,000
we cannot foresee their 
long-term effects season. 

1059
00:52:54,000 --> 00:52:56,400
For example, could not have 
predicted that, his invasion of 

1060
00:52:56,400 --> 00:52:58,900
Gaul would ultimately result in 
the fall of the Roman Republic. 

1061
00:52:59,700 --> 00:53:02,500
We can make them carefully, 
taking into account, both their 

1062
00:53:02,500 --> 00:53:05,100
possible effects. 
And their, moral implications, 

1063
00:53:05,100 --> 00:53:08,500
you may dream about senators in 
togas, discussing the future of 

1064
00:53:08,500 --> 00:53:11,000
their Republic. 
Roman Legions marching through 

1065
00:53:11,000 --> 00:53:14,900
gallic forests or an ambitious 
young man standing at the banks 

1066
00:53:14,900 --> 00:53:17,900
of a small River contemplating 
whether or not to alter the 

1067
00:53:17,900 --> 00:53:21,600
course of history, you are drawn
into an ongoing human narrative 

1068
00:53:21,600 --> 00:53:25,000
through these dreams, one that 
started long before Caesar and 

1069
00:53:25,000 --> 00:53:27,200
goes on long. 
After remember that you're 

1070
00:53:27,200 --> 00:53:29,800
taking part in that same 
Continuing Story, when you wake 

1071
00:53:29,800 --> 00:53:33,500
up tomorrow and look at your 
calendar, Sees his calendar to 

1072
00:53:33,500 --> 00:53:36,600
make plans for the day. 
Future Generations world is 

1073
00:53:36,600 --> 00:53:39,400
shaped by the decisions. 
You make the organization's you 

1074
00:53:39,400 --> 00:53:42,500
uphold or oppose and the way you
treat both allies and 

1075
00:53:42,500 --> 00:53:45,100
adversaries. 
Well though Julius Caesar live 

1076
00:53:45,100 --> 00:53:48,100
two Millennia ago, his tail 
ultimately speaks to Universal, 

1077
00:53:48,100 --> 00:53:52,500
human emotions aspiration, and 
accomplishment, love and loss, 

1078
00:53:52,500 --> 00:53:55,300
success and failure. 
And the nuanced interplay 

1079
00:53:55,300 --> 00:53:58,000
between personal preference and 
historical context. 

1080
00:53:58,000 --> 00:54:01,000
These encounters allow us to 
connect with individuals who 

1081
00:54:01,000 --> 00:54:04,200
face essentially similar 
difficulties, despite living in 

1082
00:54:04,200 --> 00:54:07,600
very different worlds, over the 
ages, rest easy, knowing that 

1083
00:54:07,600 --> 00:54:10,000
you are a part of a human story 
that is still being written. 

1084
00:54:10,000 --> 00:54:13,900
And that your chapter, no matter
how small adds to a story, that 

1085
00:54:13,900 --> 00:54:17,700
will be told long after we all 
just names in history books, we 

1086
00:54:17,700 --> 00:54:19,900
can affect what we leave behind 
but like, Caesar. 

1087
00:54:19,900 --> 00:54:23,200
We have no control over, how we 
will be remembered and maybe 

1088
00:54:23,200 --> 00:54:25,200
that's sufficient. 
That might be all. 

1089
00:54:32,400 --> 00:54:35,400
You're standing on a wooden 
platform somewhere in Ohio and 

1090
00:54:35,400 --> 00:54:39,100
its 1847. 
The morning air smells primarily

1091
00:54:39,100 --> 00:54:42,700
of cold smoke, with a hint of 
Adventure, your carpet bag, sits

1092
00:54:42,700 --> 00:54:44,800
Heavy in Your Hand stuffed with 
everything. 

1093
00:54:44,800 --> 00:54:47,800
You own that seemed important 
three days ago when you decided 

1094
00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:50,100
to Head West. 
Now, you're wondering why you 

1095
00:54:50,100 --> 00:54:52,900
packed two pairs of Sunday shoes
and only one spare shirt. 

1096
00:54:53,500 --> 00:54:57,000
The locomotive sits before you, 
hissing and clanking like some 

1097
00:54:57,000 --> 00:54:58,900
great Metal Beast with 
indigestion. 

1098
00:54:59,900 --> 00:55:02,700
Steam Puffs from various 
openings and you can't shake the

1099
00:55:02,700 --> 00:55:05,100
feeling that the whole 
Contraption might explode at any

1100
00:55:05,100 --> 00:55:08,000
moment. 
The engineer a grizzled man with

1101
00:55:08,000 --> 00:55:10,400
arms, like tree. 
Trunks seems remarkably 

1102
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:11,900
unconcerned about this 
possibility. 

1103
00:55:11,900 --> 00:55:14,200
He's probably seen enough 
boiler. 

1104
00:55:14,200 --> 00:55:16,500
Explosion to know what one looks
like before it happens? 

1105
00:55:16,500 --> 00:55:19,700
This thought doesn't come for 
you as much as you'd hoped. 

1106
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:23,600
You climb aboard, the passenger 
car which is essentially a 

1107
00:55:23,600 --> 00:55:25,200
wooden box on Wheels with 
Windows. 

1108
00:55:25,200 --> 00:55:28,800
The seats are arranged in rows 
facing forward though. 

1109
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:31,200
Seats is perhaps too generous a 
term. 

1110
00:55:31,200 --> 00:55:34,700
They're more like church pews 
with backs upholstered in 

1111
00:55:34,708 --> 00:55:36,700
horsehair that prickles through 
your clothes. 

1112
00:55:37,600 --> 00:55:40,000
The aisle between them is narrow
enough, that two people can't 

1113
00:55:40,000 --> 00:55:42,600
pass without one of them sucking
in their stomach and doing a 

1114
00:55:42,600 --> 00:55:45,400
little sideways Shuffle. 
Your fellow passengers are 

1115
00:55:45,400 --> 00:55:47,900
settling in around you. 
There's a woman in, a severe, 

1116
00:55:47,900 --> 00:55:50,300
black dress who's already 
claimed the window seat and 

1117
00:55:50,300 --> 00:55:52,100
looks like she defend it with 
her life. 

1118
00:55:53,000 --> 00:55:56,300
Behind her a traveling salesman,
arranges his sample cases with 

1119
00:55:56,300 --> 00:55:59,600
the Precision of a military 
operation across the aisle. 

1120
00:55:59,600 --> 00:56:02,600
A young mother tries to convince
her toddler that the train isn't

1121
00:56:02,600 --> 00:56:05,700
actually a monster though. 
The child seems skeptical and 

1122
00:56:05,700 --> 00:56:10,100
frankly, you don't blame him. 
The conductor appears a man 

1123
00:56:10,108 --> 00:56:12,000
whose mustache has its own 
postal code. 

1124
00:56:12,000 --> 00:56:14,800
He's wearing a uniform that 
seemed better decades and 

1125
00:56:14,808 --> 00:56:17,000
carries a pocket watch. 
He consults with religious 

1126
00:56:17,000 --> 00:56:20,600
devotion All Aboard. 
He calls though you're already 

1127
00:56:20,600 --> 00:56:22,000
aboard. 
So you're not sure if the 

1128
00:56:22,000 --> 00:56:24,700
request applies to you, or if 
you should get off and get back 

1129
00:56:24,700 --> 00:56:27,000
on, again, you choose to remain 
Where You Are. 

1130
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:30,600
With the tremendous jolt, that 
nearly sends you into the lap of

1131
00:56:30,600 --> 00:56:31,900
the stern. 
Woman by the window. 

1132
00:56:31,900 --> 00:56:34,700
The train begins to move the 
wheels. 

1133
00:56:34,700 --> 00:56:37,300
Make a rhythmic clacking sound 
that will haunt your dreams for 

1134
00:56:37,300 --> 00:56:39,600
the next three weeks, clackity 
clack. 

1135
00:56:40,400 --> 00:56:44,100
Clack clack. 
Almost musical if your taste in 

1136
00:56:44,108 --> 00:56:47,300
music runs to repetitive 
percussion performed by Iron 

1137
00:56:47,300 --> 00:56:50,900
wheels on iron rails. 
The scenery outside starts to 

1138
00:56:50,900 --> 00:56:54,800
crawl past this speed, you could
probably hop off pick some 

1139
00:56:54,800 --> 00:56:57,800
wildflowers and hop back on 
again, though the conductors 

1140
00:56:57,800 --> 00:57:00,100
mustache suggests, the idea 
wouldn't be appreciated. 

1141
00:57:01,100 --> 00:57:05,500
Fields role by dotted with cows,
who seemed mildly interested in 

1142
00:57:05,500 --> 00:57:07,800
this mechanical intrusion into 
their pastoral day. 

1143
00:57:08,700 --> 00:57:12,300
A farmer waves from his plow and
you wave back feeling very 

1144
00:57:12,300 --> 00:57:16,700
Cosmopolitan and modern, The car
rocks gently from side to side 

1145
00:57:16,700 --> 00:57:19,000
not entirely unlike being in a 
cradle. 

1146
00:57:19,000 --> 00:57:22,200
If cradles were made of wood and
iron and pulled by steam 

1147
00:57:22,200 --> 00:57:25,900
engines, the motion is soothing.
Once you get used to it though, 

1148
00:57:25,900 --> 00:57:28,400
it takes about the same amount 
of time as a mild case of 

1149
00:57:28,400 --> 00:57:32,300
seasickness you close your eyes 
and try to imagine your on a 

1150
00:57:32,300 --> 00:57:35,900
ship sailing across prayer is 
and of Ocean's your carpet bags,

1151
00:57:35,900 --> 00:57:38,300
slides around on the floor with 
each curve and bump. 

1152
00:57:38,300 --> 00:57:41,900
Everybody's luggage performs, a 
small dance, and every now, and 

1153
00:57:41,908 --> 00:57:45,000
then someone's hat box tries to 
escape only to have its 

1154
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:47,800
embarrassed owner. 
Restrain it, the woman next to 

1155
00:57:47,800 --> 00:57:50,300
you, as tied, her reticule to 
her wrist, with what appears to 

1156
00:57:50,308 --> 00:57:54,300
be a shoelace, clearly, she's 
traveled by train before outside

1157
00:57:54,300 --> 00:57:57,600
the world passes by at the 
breathtaking speed of about 15 

1158
00:57:57,600 --> 00:58:00,100
miles per hour. 
The present is the future. 

1159
00:58:00,100 --> 00:58:03,100
You think to yourself the 
present, is what progress looks 

1160
00:58:03,100 --> 00:58:07,400
like. people travel across vast 
distances on iron horses, 

1161
00:58:07,400 --> 00:58:10,300
reaching speeds, that would have
been Unthinkable for your 

1162
00:58:10,300 --> 00:58:13,900
grandparents However, at this 
moment, as I watch a 

1163
00:58:13,900 --> 00:58:16,700
particularly energetic squirrel,
keep Pace with the train for a 

1164
00:58:16,700 --> 00:58:19,900
solid 30 seconds. 
The entire experience feels less

1165
00:58:19,900 --> 00:58:23,600
revolutionary and more quaint. 
The whistle blows, a long 

1166
00:58:23,608 --> 00:58:26,900
mournful sound that somehow 
manages to be both exciting and 

1167
00:58:26,900 --> 00:58:29,400
lonely. 
At the same time, you're moving 

1168
00:58:29,400 --> 00:58:33,600
now carried forward by Steam and
steel into whatever Adventure, 

1169
00:58:33,600 --> 00:58:36,400
awaits down the line. 
After your first hour aboard, 

1170
00:58:36,400 --> 00:58:38,900
your beginning to understand 
that train travel comes with its

1171
00:58:38,900 --> 00:58:42,600
peculiar social rules, most of 
which nobody bothered to write 

1172
00:58:42,600 --> 00:58:45,100
down anywhere. 
It's like being invited to a 

1173
00:58:45,100 --> 00:58:48,100
party where everyone knows the 
secret handshake, except you 

1174
00:58:48,100 --> 00:58:51,900
take the window seats situation.
For instance, a woman beside 

1175
00:58:51,900 --> 00:58:54,800
users established squatters 
rights on the window view and 

1176
00:58:54,800 --> 00:58:59,000
she guards it jealously When you
lean slightly toward the glass 

1177
00:58:59,000 --> 00:59:01,600
to catch a glimpse of a 
particularly captivating cow, 

1178
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:04,400
she shifted to considerable bulk
to block your view in entirely. 

1179
00:59:05,200 --> 00:59:08,100
It seems like she's following 
proper train etiquette, but you 

1180
00:59:08,100 --> 00:59:09,900
suspect, she's making it up as 
she goes. 

1181
00:59:10,700 --> 00:59:13,100
The art of eating aboard, a 
moving train proves to be more 

1182
00:59:13,100 --> 00:59:14,800
challenging than you'd 
anticipated. 

1183
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:18,900
The railroad has thoughtfully 
provided a dining car though. 

1184
00:59:18,900 --> 00:59:21,700
Dining is perhaps too. 
Elegant to term for what 

1185
00:59:21,708 --> 00:59:24,200
transpires there. 
You make your way down the 

1186
00:59:24,208 --> 00:59:27,800
aisle, grabbing seat backs and 
fellow passengers for support as

1187
00:59:27,800 --> 00:59:30,500
the car sways, and lurches the 
dining car. 

1188
00:59:30,500 --> 00:59:33,400
Attendant a man who's clearly 
made peace with the chaos of his

1189
00:59:33,400 --> 00:59:36,500
profession, serves up plates of 
food that seemed determined to 

1190
00:59:36,500 --> 00:59:39,500
slide into your lap. 
Your beef stew sloshes from side

1191
00:59:39,500 --> 00:59:42,600
to side with each train, rock, 
you quickly, learn to time your 

1192
00:59:42,600 --> 00:59:46,000
spoonfuls, with the motion of 
the car, scooping up stew, when 

1193
00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:48,300
it slides toward you and waiting
patiently. 

1194
00:59:48,300 --> 00:59:51,700
When it migrates to the far side
of the bowl, it resembles a 

1195
00:59:51,700 --> 00:59:54,900
fishing experience, will be it 
with gravy and vegetables as the

1196
00:59:54,900 --> 00:59:57,100
catch and a constantly shifting 
pond. 

1197
00:59:58,100 --> 01:00:00,800
The other diners have developed 
various strategies for dealing 

1198
01:00:00,800 --> 01:00:03,800
with mobile meals. 
One gentleman has wedged, his 

1199
01:00:03,800 --> 01:00:06,500
plate between two coffee cups, 
creating a little edible 

1200
01:00:06,500 --> 01:00:10,000
Fortress, a lady at the next 
table as giving up entirely on 

1201
01:00:10,000 --> 01:00:12,900
utensils and his politely 
nibbling her dinner role while 

1202
01:00:12,900 --> 01:00:14,700
watching her suit performer, 
acrobatics. 

1203
01:00:15,700 --> 01:00:18,400
The traveling salesman from your
car somehow managed to balance 

1204
01:00:18,400 --> 01:00:21,700
his entire meal on his while, 
continuing to work on his 

1205
01:00:21,700 --> 01:00:24,500
correspondence. 
You expect his Parts circus 

1206
01:00:24,500 --> 01:00:27,500
performer? 
Coffee service presents its own 

1207
01:00:27,500 --> 01:00:30,500
unique challenges. 
The attendant approaches with a 

1208
01:00:30,500 --> 01:00:33,600
large pot and The Confident are 
of someone who's done the job a 

1209
01:00:33,600 --> 01:00:36,700
thousand times before. 
He paused the coffee in a smooth

1210
01:00:36,700 --> 01:00:39,800
Arc that somehow accounts for 
the Train's motion, the cups 

1211
01:00:39,800 --> 01:00:42,600
movement, and the likelihood 
that you'll jerk your hand at 

1212
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:45,200
The crucial moment. 
Most of the coffee actually 

1213
01:00:45,200 --> 01:00:48,300
makes it into the cup which 
Feels Like A Small Miracle 

1214
01:00:48,300 --> 01:00:51,700
between meals. 
You discover that privacy is a 

1215
01:00:51,700 --> 01:00:54,800
negotiable concept, aboard, a 
train, your fellow passengers 

1216
01:00:54,800 --> 01:00:57,100
seem to view your personal 
business as legitimate 

1217
01:00:57,100 --> 01:00:59,700
entertainment. 
The stern Woman by the window 

1218
01:00:59,700 --> 01:01:01,700
has taken to commenting on your 
reading material. 

1219
01:01:01,700 --> 01:01:04,500
Despite the fact that you 
haven't asked for her literary 

1220
01:01:04,500 --> 01:01:07,700
opinions, When you pull out a 
penny novel, she sniffs to 

1221
01:01:07,700 --> 01:01:10,300
approvingly and mutter something
about the decline of modern 

1222
01:01:10,300 --> 01:01:13,200
morals, you can consider 
pointing out that her own 

1223
01:01:13,200 --> 01:01:16,000
reading material appears to be a
Temperance tracked but decide 

1224
01:01:16,000 --> 01:01:18,400
that discretion is the better 
part of not getting into. 

1225
01:01:18,400 --> 01:01:20,900
An argument with someone you'll 
be sitting next to for the next 

1226
01:01:20,900 --> 01:01:23,600
two days. 
The traveling salesman has 

1227
01:01:23,600 --> 01:01:26,200
appointed himself, the cars 
unofficial social director. 

1228
01:01:26,200 --> 01:01:30,500
He knows everyone's destination 
occupation, and life story 

1229
01:01:30,500 --> 01:01:33,600
within the first 50 miles. 
By Miles 75. 

1230
01:01:33,600 --> 01:01:37,200
He's offering unsolicited advice
about everything from the best 

1231
01:01:37,200 --> 01:01:39,800
hotels in Chicago. 
To the proper treatment of 

1232
01:01:39,800 --> 01:01:42,600
bunions. 
You learn more about bunion care

1233
01:01:42,600 --> 01:01:45,500
than any reasonable person. 
Should know, however, you must 

1234
01:01:45,500 --> 01:01:47,600
admit that his enthusiasm is 
endearing. 

1235
01:01:48,400 --> 01:01:51,200
The bathroom facilities on the 
train deserve special mention, 

1236
01:01:51,200 --> 01:01:54,300
although they may not be ideal 
to use during dinner time. 

1237
01:01:55,100 --> 01:01:58,200
Embracing Nature's call, while 
traveling at 15 miles per hour. 

1238
01:01:58,200 --> 01:02:01,100
Over questionable, track 
Demands, a certain level of 

1239
01:02:01,108 --> 01:02:03,700
athletic ability and a 
willingness to embrace 

1240
01:02:03,700 --> 01:02:07,100
Adventure. 
The facilities themselves are 

1241
01:02:07,100 --> 01:02:10,300
about the size of a broom closet
furnished with the seat, that 

1242
01:02:10,300 --> 01:02:12,800
seems designed by someone. 
Who'd, never actually sat down 

1243
01:02:12,800 --> 01:02:16,200
before the whole experience 
teaches you new levels of 

1244
01:02:16,200 --> 01:02:17,900
appreciation for stationary 
Plumbing. 

1245
01:02:18,800 --> 01:02:22,300
Nightfall brings its set of 
Social Challenges, the seats, 

1246
01:02:22,300 --> 01:02:24,900
don't recline. 
Exactly, but you can achieve a 

1247
01:02:24,908 --> 01:02:28,100
sort of semi position that 
passes for Comfort. 

1248
01:02:28,100 --> 01:02:30,300
If you're not particular about 
your spine's alignment. 

1249
01:02:31,500 --> 01:02:34,800
The stern woman has produced a 
pillow from somewhere and his 

1250
01:02:34,800 --> 01:02:37,700
both armrests with the authority
of a territorial. 

1251
01:02:38,900 --> 01:02:41,800
You fold your coat in to a 
makeshift pillow and settle in 

1252
01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:45,200
for what promises to be a very 
educational night in the art of 

1253
01:02:45,200 --> 01:02:48,000
sleeping while sitting up. 
The sounds of the train. 

1254
01:02:48,000 --> 01:02:49,900
Take on a different quality in 
the Darkness. 

1255
01:02:50,700 --> 01:02:53,700
Clacking of Wheels becomes more 
pronounced, almost rhythmic. 

1256
01:02:54,600 --> 01:02:57,900
Someone several seats back has 
begun snoring in Counterpoint to

1257
01:02:57,900 --> 01:02:59,800
the Train's Rhythm, creating an 
odd. 

1258
01:02:59,800 --> 01:03:03,400
Sort of mobile lullaby morning 
arrives with a subtlety of a 

1259
01:03:03,400 --> 01:03:06,700
brass band announced by the 
conductor's voice calling out 

1260
01:03:06,700 --> 01:03:07,900
the next station. 
Stop. 

1261
01:03:07,900 --> 01:03:11,800
You've managed about three hours
of actual sleep scattered 

1262
01:03:11,800 --> 01:03:15,400
throughout the night in 2004 
between the trains, more 

1263
01:03:15,400 --> 01:03:19,100
enthusiastic lurches and the 
creative snoring Symphony that 

1264
01:03:19,100 --> 01:03:22,100
developed around midnight. 
Your fellow passengers are 

1265
01:03:22,100 --> 01:03:24,400
stirring with various degrees of
success. 

1266
01:03:25,600 --> 01:03:28,000
The traveling salesman appears 
to have slept like a baby. 

1267
01:03:28,000 --> 01:03:31,500
If babies typically woke up 
perfectly groomed and ready to 

1268
01:03:31,500 --> 01:03:34,100
discuss the virtues of their 
latest patent medicine. 

1269
01:03:35,200 --> 01:03:38,100
The stern woman looks exactly as
severe as she did yesterday. 

1270
01:03:38,100 --> 01:03:42,300
Leading you to suspect, she may 
not actually sleep, but simply 

1271
01:03:42,300 --> 01:03:46,100
Powers down like some sort of 
Victorian autumn A new passenger

1272
01:03:46,100 --> 01:03:48,800
boards at this stop and he's the
kind of character that makes 

1273
01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:51,900
train travel memorable. 
He's clearly a frontier type 

1274
01:03:51,900 --> 01:03:54,500
dressed in buckskins. 
That have seen more Adventure 

1275
01:03:54,500 --> 01:03:57,000
than a penny novel. 
His beard appears to have been 

1276
01:03:57,000 --> 01:04:00,000
styled by a windstorm, and he 
carries himself with the easy 

1277
01:04:00,000 --> 01:04:02,600
confidence of someone whose 
wrestled bears and lived to tell

1278
01:04:02,600 --> 01:04:06,800
about it probably over dinner. 
He settles into a seat, across 

1279
01:04:06,800 --> 01:04:08,900
the aisle. 
And immediately begins regaling.

1280
01:04:08,900 --> 01:04:11,500
Anyone within earshot with Tales
of his exploits. 

1281
01:04:12,400 --> 01:04:16,400
According to his stories, he's 
been a Trapper, a scout, a gold 

1282
01:04:16,400 --> 01:04:19,200
prospector and briefly, a circus
performer. 

1283
01:04:20,400 --> 01:04:23,900
You suspect some embellishment, 
particularly regarding the story

1284
01:04:23,900 --> 01:04:26,000
about training. 
A Wild Mustang to fetch his 

1285
01:04:26,008 --> 01:04:28,800
morning coffee but his 
enthusiasm is infectious. 

1286
01:04:29,500 --> 01:04:32,000
Even the stern woman. 
Seems grudgingly interested 

1287
01:04:32,000 --> 01:04:33,900
though. 
She maintains her disapproving 

1288
01:04:33,900 --> 01:04:36,400
expression. 
As a matter of principle, the 

1289
01:04:36,400 --> 01:04:38,800
young mother with the toddler 
has given up any pretense of 

1290
01:04:38,800 --> 01:04:41,600
controlling her child, who was 
discovered that the aisle makes 

1291
01:04:41,600 --> 01:04:45,300
an excellent race track. 
The boy kareen's from seat, to 

1292
01:04:45,300 --> 01:04:48,800
seat using passengers as turning
posts in his Grand Prix. 

1293
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:52,400
Most Travelers, accept this with
resigned Good Humor though the 

1294
01:04:52,400 --> 01:04:54,700
traveling salesman looks nervous
about his carefully. 

1295
01:04:54,700 --> 01:04:58,000
Arranged sample cases at the 
next stop, a preacher boards, 

1296
01:04:58,000 --> 01:05:01,400
recognizable by severe, black 
coat, and the way he surveys the

1297
01:05:01,408 --> 01:05:04,100
car as if calculating, 
everyone's likelihood of 

1298
01:05:04,108 --> 01:05:06,700
salvation. 
He takes a seat near the back 

1299
01:05:06,700 --> 01:05:09,500
and immediately begins reading 
from what you assume as a Bible 

1300
01:05:09,500 --> 01:05:11,400
though. 
At this distance, it could be a 

1301
01:05:11,400 --> 01:05:15,200
cookbook for all, you know. 
The frontier character catches 

1302
01:05:15,200 --> 01:05:18,000
sight of him and grins and you 
sense that philosophical 

1303
01:05:18,000 --> 01:05:19,700
discussions, may be in your 
future. 

1304
01:05:19,700 --> 01:05:22,300
A group of immigrants. 
Filled several seats near the 

1305
01:05:22,300 --> 01:05:24,700
front of the car they speak in a
language. 

1306
01:05:24,700 --> 01:05:28,100
You don't recognize gesturing 
animatedly and pointing out the 

1307
01:05:28,100 --> 01:05:29,700
windows at the passing 
landscape. 

1308
01:05:29,700 --> 01:05:33,500
Their excitement is palpable and
you realize your witnessing 

1309
01:05:33,500 --> 01:05:35,900
people seeing their new country 
for the first time. 

1310
01:05:35,900 --> 01:05:39,900
It provides perspective on your 
own Journey although you're 

1311
01:05:39,900 --> 01:05:43,900
still not entirely sure why you 
chose to Head West initially The

1312
01:05:43,900 --> 01:05:47,300
dining car attendant makes his 
rounds announcing breakfast with

1313
01:05:47,300 --> 01:05:50,000
the air of someone whose up, 
hoping anyone will be surprised 

1314
01:05:50,000 --> 01:05:53,300
by the menu. 
There's hardtack coffee is 

1315
01:05:53,300 --> 01:05:55,900
strong as a horse shoe and a 
dish that could easily pass for 

1316
01:05:55,900 --> 01:05:57,400
eggs. 
If you don't scrutinize it to 

1317
01:05:57,400 --> 01:06:00,200
closely. 
The frontier character claims 

1318
01:06:00,200 --> 01:06:03,000
that the food is the finest 
Cuisine, he has experienced 

1319
01:06:03,000 --> 01:06:06,500
since leaving civilization. 
However, considering his stories

1320
01:06:06,500 --> 01:06:09,800
about eating bark and Prairie 
Grass, this may not be a 

1321
01:06:09,800 --> 01:06:13,300
significant compliment, 
Conversation, flows, easily 

1322
01:06:13,300 --> 01:06:16,000
around the car, resembling the 
interactions of people who have 

1323
01:06:16,000 --> 01:06:17,400
been brought together by 
circumstance. 

1324
01:06:18,600 --> 01:06:21,100
The preacher and the 
frontiersmen have indeed. 

1325
01:06:21,100 --> 01:06:23,900
Struck up a debate about the 
nature of civilization versus 

1326
01:06:23,900 --> 01:06:26,300
the Wilderness. 
The preacher argues for the 

1327
01:06:26,300 --> 01:06:29,500
moral benefits of settled 
Society, while the frontiersmen 

1328
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:32,300
counters with stories, about the
corrupting influence of cities. 

1329
01:06:32,300 --> 01:06:36,300
You find yourself nodding along 
to both sides, which probably 

1330
01:06:36,300 --> 01:06:38,500
makes you either very wise or 
very confused. 

1331
01:06:39,400 --> 01:06:41,300
The stern woman has appointed 
herself. 

1332
01:06:41,300 --> 01:06:45,000
The moral guardian of the car 
offering unsolicited commentary 

1333
01:06:45,000 --> 01:06:48,800
on everyone's Behavior, reading 
material and general deportment.

1334
01:06:49,600 --> 01:06:52,800
When the traveling salesman 
produces deck of cards she 

1335
01:06:52,800 --> 01:06:55,600
launches into a lecture about 
the evils of gambling that would

1336
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:59,200
make the preacher proud. 
The salesman explains that he 

1337
01:06:59,200 --> 01:07:01,500
was merely planning to 
demonstrate a card trick for the

1338
01:07:01,500 --> 01:07:03,700
toddler, but she remains 
unconvinced. 

1339
01:07:04,700 --> 01:07:07,900
I often noon the various 
personalities of settled into a 

1340
01:07:07,900 --> 01:07:11,100
comfortable routine, the 
frontiersmen entertains the 

1341
01:07:11,100 --> 01:07:14,000
group with his stories, the 
preacher offers moral advice, 

1342
01:07:14,000 --> 01:07:17,300
the traveling salesman provides 
solutions to unidentified 

1343
01:07:17,300 --> 01:07:20,000
problems. 
And the stern will uphold order 

1344
01:07:20,000 --> 01:07:22,900
with her disapproval. 
The immigrants continued, their 

1345
01:07:22,900 --> 01:07:25,900
animated discussions 
occasionally breaking into what 

1346
01:07:25,900 --> 01:07:28,700
sounds like folk songs. 
You've become The Unofficial 

1347
01:07:28,700 --> 01:07:31,700
mediator, the neutral party, 
everyone feels comfortable 

1348
01:07:31,700 --> 01:07:35,600
talking to you may not have 
strong opinions or your carpet 

1349
01:07:35,600 --> 01:07:38,300
bag may contain the only good 
whiskey on the train hidden 

1350
01:07:38,300 --> 01:07:41,500
under your spare shirts. 
Either way your learning more 

1351
01:07:41,500 --> 01:07:43,700
about human nature than you ever
expected. 

1352
01:07:44,800 --> 01:07:47,600
The toddler has worn himself out
and finally fallen asleep in his

1353
01:07:47,608 --> 01:07:49,900
mother's arms. 
Providing the first Quiet 

1354
01:07:49,900 --> 01:07:53,100
Moments and Dawn. 
Even the train seems to be 

1355
01:07:53,100 --> 01:07:55,100
running more smoothly as if it 
too. 

1356
01:07:55,100 --> 01:07:58,400
Appreciates the brief respite 
from chaos, the dinner service 

1357
01:07:58,400 --> 01:08:01,300
that evening proves to be an 
adventure worthy of the frontier

1358
01:08:01,300 --> 01:08:03,500
itself. 
You've learned from your lunch 

1359
01:08:03,500 --> 01:08:06,500
experience and approach the 
dining car with a strategy 

1360
01:08:06,500 --> 01:08:11,300
secure, your food find something
to brace against and accept that

1361
01:08:11,300 --> 01:08:14,300
dignity is optional when 
traveling at 15 miles per hour 

1362
01:08:14,300 --> 01:08:17,100
over tracks laid by optimistic 
railroad workers. 

1363
01:08:18,000 --> 01:08:20,700
The menu hasn't changed since 
breakfast, which isn't 

1364
01:08:20,700 --> 01:08:24,000
particularly surprising, given 
that the dining cars pantry is 

1365
01:08:24,000 --> 01:08:27,200
roughly the size of your 
grandmother's pie, safe, the 

1366
01:08:27,200 --> 01:08:28,800
attendant whose name you've 
learned. 

1367
01:08:28,808 --> 01:08:31,899
Is Frank has developed a 
philosophical approach to his 

1368
01:08:31,899 --> 01:08:33,600
work. 
That involves accepting the 

1369
01:08:33,600 --> 01:08:37,399
limitations of cooking aboard. 
A moving train while maintaining

1370
01:08:37,399 --> 01:08:39,500
unreasonable optimism about the 
results. 

1371
01:08:39,500 --> 01:08:43,399
Tonight's mystery meat is 
chicken but it bounces around 

1372
01:08:43,399 --> 01:08:45,000
your plate. 
Like it never got used to being 

1373
01:08:45,000 --> 01:08:47,500
dead. 
The vegetables have achieved 

1374
01:08:47,500 --> 01:08:51,100
that perfect mushy consistency 
where you can't quite tell if 

1375
01:08:51,100 --> 01:08:52,600
you're eating carrots or 
turnips. 

1376
01:08:52,600 --> 01:08:55,500
And frankly, it doesn't matter 
because they both taste like the

1377
01:08:55,500 --> 01:08:58,600
inside of a coal bin. 
Your dining companions, the 

1378
01:08:58,600 --> 01:09:01,600
seasoning include a banker from 
Philadelphia who keeps checking 

1379
01:09:01,600 --> 01:09:04,300
his pocket watch, as if he can 
somehow make the train arrive 

1380
01:09:04,300 --> 01:09:06,100
faster. 
Through sheer temporal 

1381
01:09:06,100 --> 01:09:09,200
willpower. 
Across from him, sits a school, 

1382
01:09:09,200 --> 01:09:12,399
mum heading to a teaching 
position in Kansas armed with 

1383
01:09:12,399 --> 01:09:15,100
enough, moral fiber to build a 
small church and the kind of 

1384
01:09:15,108 --> 01:09:17,500
determined cheerfulness that 
suggests she's prepared to 

1385
01:09:17,508 --> 01:09:19,399
educate the frontier into 
submission. 

1386
01:09:20,700 --> 01:09:24,100
The frontiersmen has joined your
table bringing with him Tales of

1387
01:09:24,100 --> 01:09:27,300
dining on roasted prairie, dog. 
And something, he calls Mountain

1388
01:09:27,300 --> 01:09:30,100
Oysters which you suspect aren't
actually oysters. 

1389
01:09:30,100 --> 01:09:32,000
Definitely aren't from any 
mountain. 

1390
01:09:32,000 --> 01:09:35,399
You'd care to visit His stories,
make the mysterious train 

1391
01:09:35,399 --> 01:09:38,200
chickens seem downright, Gourmet
by comparison. 

1392
01:09:39,500 --> 01:09:42,200
Halfway through the meal, the 
train hits, a particularly 

1393
01:09:42,200 --> 01:09:46,200
ambitious, curve, and Chaos 
ensues your chicken breaks free 

1394
01:09:46,200 --> 01:09:49,600
sliding across the table towards
the banker who's reflexes 

1395
01:09:49,600 --> 01:09:52,399
suggest he a successfully 
avoided flying food in the past.

1396
01:09:54,000 --> 01:09:57,700
The school moms coffee creates a
small Title Wave that somehow 

1397
01:09:57,700 --> 01:10:00,900
manages to miss her entirely 
while thoroughly soaking her 

1398
01:10:00,900 --> 01:10:03,400
bread roll. 
Frankly, attendant doesn't even 

1399
01:10:03,400 --> 01:10:07,000
his serving having clearly 
witnessed the performance many 

1400
01:10:07,000 --> 01:10:10,800
times before the banker now 
wearing your dinner maintains 

1401
01:10:10,800 --> 01:10:12,600
his dignity with admirable, 
stoicism. 

1402
01:10:12,600 --> 01:10:15,700
He Dabs at the chicken grease on
his vest with the same 

1403
01:10:15,700 --> 01:10:18,600
methodical Precision, he 
probably applies to balancing 

1404
01:10:18,600 --> 01:10:21,900
Legends Occupational hazard of 
trained dining. 

1405
01:10:21,900 --> 01:10:25,000
He observes philosophically as 
if being assaulted by mobile 

1406
01:10:25,000 --> 01:10:27,200
pulcheri is a regular part of 
his financial career. 

1407
01:10:28,800 --> 01:10:31,400
With the efficient competence of
someone accustomed to managing 

1408
01:10:31,400 --> 01:10:34,400
classroom catastrophes, the 
schoolmarm produces a 

1409
01:10:34,400 --> 01:10:36,900
handkerchief and begins cleaning
up the coffee disaster. 

1410
01:10:37,700 --> 01:10:40,900
A cheerfulness remains undaunted
though, you suspect, she's 

1411
01:10:40,900 --> 01:10:44,300
mentally composing letters home 
about the Exotic dangers of 

1412
01:10:44,300 --> 01:10:47,600
Frontier dining. 
After dinner, you retire to your

1413
01:10:47,608 --> 01:10:50,600
seat to discover that motion 
sickness has finally caught up 

1414
01:10:50,600 --> 01:10:53,800
with you. 
It creeps in gradually starting 

1415
01:10:53,800 --> 01:10:56,300
with a vague uneasiness that you
initially attribute to the 

1416
01:10:56,300 --> 01:10:59,400
mysterious chicken. 
Constant swaying motion of the 

1417
01:10:59,408 --> 01:11:01,200
car which seemed Charming this 
morning. 

1418
01:11:01,200 --> 01:11:04,700
Now, feels less like a gentle 
cradle and more like being 

1419
01:11:04,700 --> 01:11:07,800
trapped inside, a powerful 
washing machine with the sharp 

1420
01:11:07,800 --> 01:11:10,500
eye of someone who has likely 
diagnosed, half the ailments in 

1421
01:11:10,508 --> 01:11:13,700
her hometown the stern woman, 
notices your distress. 

1422
01:11:14,500 --> 01:11:17,400
She produces a small bottle from
her reticule with the confidence

1423
01:11:17,400 --> 01:11:21,600
of a traveling Apothecary. 
She announces peppermint oil as 

1424
01:11:21,600 --> 01:11:23,200
if she is offering a miraculous 
remedy. 

1425
01:11:23,900 --> 01:11:27,300
Settles the stomach and clears, 
the head, you are no position to

1426
01:11:27,300 --> 01:11:30,600
refuse, help even from someone 
whose previous medical advice, 

1427
01:11:30,600 --> 01:11:34,400
consisted, mainly of moral 
lectures, the peppermint oil 

1428
01:11:34,400 --> 01:11:37,400
does help though, whether it's 
the actual medicine or just the 

1429
01:11:37,400 --> 01:11:40,100
relief of having someone show 
unexpected, kindness is hard to 

1430
01:11:40,108 --> 01:11:42,800
say the traveling salesman 
overhearing. 

1431
01:11:42,800 --> 01:11:46,000
Your plight launches into an 
enthusiastic pitch for his 

1432
01:11:46,000 --> 01:11:49,000
latest remedy, guaranteed to 
cure everything from motion, 

1433
01:11:49,000 --> 01:11:52,800
sickness to melancholy His 
sample case, reveals an 

1434
01:11:52,800 --> 01:11:56,400
impressive array of bottles tins
and mysterious packages each 

1435
01:11:56,400 --> 01:11:59,700
promising to solve problems. 
You didn't know you had, you 

1436
01:11:59,700 --> 01:12:02,900
politely decline, his offer, of 
doctor pemberton's, Miracle 

1437
01:12:02,900 --> 01:12:06,100
Elixir, partly because you're 
feeling better and partly. 

1438
01:12:06,100 --> 01:12:09,000
Because anything described as 
miraculous and sold from a 

1439
01:12:09,000 --> 01:12:12,400
suitcase, seem suspect the 
rocking motion of the train, 

1440
01:12:12,400 --> 01:12:13,900
which caused your stomach 
troubles. 

1441
01:12:13,900 --> 01:12:18,300
Ironically become soothing, once
the nausea passes, the rhythmic 

1442
01:12:18,300 --> 01:12:21,400
clacking of Wheels settles into 
a hypnotic pattern, that makes 

1443
01:12:21,400 --> 01:12:23,800
your eyelids heavy. 
Outside. 

1444
01:12:23,800 --> 01:12:25,600
The windows. 
Twilight is painting the 

1445
01:12:25,600 --> 01:12:27,700
landscape in soft, purple's and 
goals. 

1446
01:12:27,700 --> 01:12:29,800
Turning ordinary Farmland into 
something. 

1447
01:12:29,800 --> 01:12:32,700
Almost magical. 
Your fellow passengers are 

1448
01:12:32,700 --> 01:12:34,300
settling into their evening 
routines. 

1449
01:12:34,300 --> 01:12:37,900
The preachers switched from 
moral philosophy to what appears

1450
01:12:37,900 --> 01:12:41,700
to be letter writing his pain 
scratching across paper in time 

1451
01:12:41,700 --> 01:12:45,200
with the trains rhythm. 
The immigrants have grown quiet 

1452
01:12:45,200 --> 01:12:49,700
gazing out at their new country 
with expressions of Wonder and 

1453
01:12:49,700 --> 01:12:53,600
perhaps a little homesickness. 
The toddler has discovered that 

1454
01:12:53,600 --> 01:12:56,700
the space under the seats makes 
an excellent Fort and has begun 

1455
01:12:56,700 --> 01:13:00,300
a complex game involving his few
toys and a remarkable amount of 

1456
01:13:00,300 --> 01:13:03,100
imagination. 
His mother watches with the 

1457
01:13:03,100 --> 01:13:05,200
patient expression of someone 
who's learned to find 

1458
01:13:05,200 --> 01:13:07,100
entertainment in the smallest 
victories. 

1459
01:13:08,000 --> 01:13:11,000
Frank appears with evening 
coffee which you accept greatly 

1460
01:13:11,000 --> 01:13:15,200
despite its resemblance to coal 
tar because sometimes the ritual

1461
01:13:15,200 --> 01:13:18,100
of warmth and caffeine matters 
more than the actual quality of 

1462
01:13:18,100 --> 01:13:21,600
either Darkness settles over the
train like a familiar blanket, 

1463
01:13:21,600 --> 01:13:25,900
transforming the passenger car 
into a cozy if some what cramped

1464
01:13:25,900 --> 01:13:29,800
Cocoon of warm light and human 
companionship. 

1465
01:13:31,100 --> 01:13:34,600
The conductor makes his evening 
rounds, lighting, the oil lamps 

1466
01:13:34,600 --> 01:13:37,600
that cast Dancing Shadows on the
walls and create pools of gold 

1467
01:13:37,600 --> 01:13:41,700
and light throughout the car. 
The effect is intimate, turning 

1468
01:13:41,700 --> 01:13:44,000
your rolling wooden box into 
something approaching 

1469
01:13:44,000 --> 01:13:46,400
comfortable. 
Sleeping on a train, your 

1470
01:13:46,400 --> 01:13:49,300
discovering is less a single 
event, and more a series of 

1471
01:13:49,308 --> 01:13:52,700
negotiations between your body, 
the seat and the laws of 

1472
01:13:52,700 --> 01:13:55,400
physics. 
The seats weren't designed with 

1473
01:13:55,400 --> 01:13:58,500
overnight comfort in mind. 
Having been crafted by someone 

1474
01:13:58,500 --> 01:14:01,000
who apparently believed that 
humans were naturally shaped 

1475
01:14:01,000 --> 01:14:03,800
like church. 
Pews, you try various positions,

1476
01:14:03,800 --> 01:14:07,800
the classic slump the sideways 
lean and an ambitious attempt to

1477
01:14:07,800 --> 01:14:10,500
use your carpet bag as a 
footrest which ends with your 

1478
01:14:10,500 --> 01:14:13,700
luggage sliding three seats 
forward during a particularly 

1479
01:14:13,700 --> 01:14:17,100
spirited curve. 
The stern woman has transformed 

1480
01:14:17,100 --> 01:14:19,200
herself into a fortress of 
propriety. 

1481
01:14:19,800 --> 01:14:23,300
Somehow managing to arrange her 
shawls and skirts in a way that 

1482
01:14:23,300 --> 01:14:26,600
maintains perfect modesty. 
While achieving what appears to 

1483
01:14:26,600 --> 01:14:29,600
be actual comfort? 
You suspect, she's had training 

1484
01:14:29,600 --> 01:14:32,600
in this particular skill, 
possibly from a finishing school

1485
01:14:32,600 --> 01:14:35,100
that offered Advanced courses in
traveling with dignity. 

1486
01:14:35,100 --> 01:14:40,400
A gentle snoring suggests she's 
mastered the art completely The 

1487
01:14:40,400 --> 01:14:43,000
Frontiersman has claimed two 
seats by virtue of Simply being 

1488
01:14:43,000 --> 01:14:46,200
too large for one and he sleeps 
with the easy confidence of 

1489
01:14:46,200 --> 01:14:48,900
someone accustomed to bedding. 
Down Under The Open Sky. 

1490
01:14:50,100 --> 01:14:53,400
Occasionally, he mutters in his 
sleep fragments of Adventures 

1491
01:14:53,400 --> 01:14:55,200
that may or may not have 
actually happened. 

1492
01:14:55,200 --> 01:14:59,300
You catch references to ornery 
mules and the biggest catfish in

1493
01:14:59,308 --> 01:15:02,600
Missouri delivered with the same
conviction, he brings to his 

1494
01:15:02,600 --> 01:15:05,900
waking stories. 
The traveling salesman has 

1495
01:15:05,900 --> 01:15:08,600
somehow arranged his sample. 
Cases into a makeshift bed. 

1496
01:15:08,600 --> 01:15:10,900
That looks more comfortable than
your seat though. 

1497
01:15:10,900 --> 01:15:13,800
You suspect it violates several 
unspoken rules about train 

1498
01:15:13,800 --> 01:15:16,200
etiquette. 
He's covered himself with what 

1499
01:15:16,200 --> 01:15:17,800
appears to be a tarp 
advertising. 

1500
01:15:17,800 --> 01:15:21,100
His patent medicines, turning 
himself into a human billboard, 

1501
01:15:21,100 --> 01:15:24,800
even in sleep. 
At midnight, the train abruptly 

1502
01:15:24,800 --> 01:15:28,500
stops startling everyone awake 
Through the Windows, you can see

1503
01:15:28,500 --> 01:15:31,900
lanterns moving in the darkness 
and voices, carry the tone of 

1504
01:15:31,908 --> 01:15:34,200
men dealing with some sort of 
mechanical crisis. 

1505
01:15:35,100 --> 01:15:37,700
The conductor appears is 
mustache looking less 

1506
01:15:37,700 --> 01:15:40,500
authoritative than usual to 
explain that they're having a 

1507
01:15:40,500 --> 01:15:43,400
small difficulty with the 
locomotive's enthusiasm, which 

1508
01:15:43,400 --> 01:15:45,100
you take to mean the engine as 
broken down. 

1509
01:15:45,100 --> 01:15:48,000
Again, this sort of thing, 
you're learning is considered 

1510
01:15:48,000 --> 01:15:52,500
perfectly normal in 1847 trains.
Break down the way horses throw 

1511
01:15:52,500 --> 01:15:54,600
shoes or Wagon Wheels. 
Come loose. 

1512
01:15:54,600 --> 01:15:57,600
It's not a crisis. 
Merely an inconvenience that 

1513
01:15:57,600 --> 01:16:00,300
requires patience and possibly 
some creative engineering. 

1514
01:16:01,300 --> 01:16:04,700
Frank appears with more coffee 
as if caffeine is the universal 

1515
01:16:04,700 --> 01:16:08,700
solution to mechanical problems.
The delay gives everyone a 

1516
01:16:08,700 --> 01:16:12,200
chance to stretch walk around 
and engage in the kind of 

1517
01:16:12,200 --> 01:16:14,700
philosophical discussion. 
That only happen at midnight 

1518
01:16:14,700 --> 01:16:17,100
when you're stranded beside 
railroad tracks, in the middle 

1519
01:16:17,100 --> 01:16:20,400
of Ohio, The preacher in the 
frontiersmen resumed their 

1520
01:16:20,408 --> 01:16:23,800
debate about Civilization now 
expanded to include theories 

1521
01:16:23,800 --> 01:16:26,800
about mechanical progress and 
God's opinion of steam engines. 

1522
01:16:26,800 --> 01:16:30,700
The banker produces a flask from
his coat and offers it around 

1523
01:16:30,700 --> 01:16:33,200
with the generosity of someone 
who's giving up worrying about 

1524
01:16:33,200 --> 01:16:36,900
propriety at this hour. 
Even the schoolmarm accepts. 

1525
01:16:36,900 --> 01:16:39,900
A small sip though, she makes a 
face that suggests her 

1526
01:16:39,900 --> 01:16:41,900
Temperance. 
Principles are still intact, 

1527
01:16:41,900 --> 01:16:45,000
just temporarily suspended for 
medicinal purposes. 

1528
01:16:45,000 --> 01:16:48,300
The immigrants gather near their
seats, talking quietly among 

1529
01:16:48,300 --> 01:16:50,700
themselves while the children 
sleep against their parents 

1530
01:16:50,700 --> 01:16:53,700
shoulders their patients appears
boundless. 

1531
01:16:53,700 --> 01:16:57,100
As if they've grown accustomed 
to patiently awaiting the start 

1532
01:16:57,100 --> 01:16:59,900
of their lives. 
You wonder what they're leaving 

1533
01:16:59,908 --> 01:17:02,100
behind and what they hope to 
find at the end of their 

1534
01:17:02,100 --> 01:17:04,500
Journey. 
Outside the repair, work 

1535
01:17:04,500 --> 01:17:07,100
continues with the steady rhythm
of men who know their business 

1536
01:17:07,100 --> 01:17:11,400
hammering, the hiss of steam and
occasional cursing that carries 

1537
01:17:11,400 --> 01:17:15,100
clearly in the night air. 
The locomotive is clearly a 

1538
01:17:15,100 --> 01:17:17,200
temperamental creature. 
That requires both mechanical 

1539
01:17:17,200 --> 01:17:22,200
skill and diplomatic handling. 
Has produced needlework from 

1540
01:17:22,200 --> 01:17:25,400
somewhere in her seemingly, 
bottomless, reticule, and his 

1541
01:17:25,400 --> 01:17:28,000
teaching by Lamplight with the 
concentration of a surgeon. 

1542
01:17:28,800 --> 01:17:33,100
She notices your attention and 
explains without prompting that 

1543
01:17:33,100 --> 01:17:36,100
Idle Hands, even at midnight 
beside broken down. 

1544
01:17:36,100 --> 01:17:40,200
Trains are a dangerous place. 
Her moral principles, apparently

1545
01:17:40,200 --> 01:17:43,108
don't recognize standard 
sleeping hours by two in the 

1546
01:17:43,116 --> 01:17:44,600
morning. 
The repairs are complete 

1547
01:17:44,600 --> 01:17:47,800
announced by a triumphant 
whistle that probably wakes up 

1548
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:51,900
every cow within five miles. 
Everyone settles back into their

1549
01:17:51,900 --> 01:17:54,800
improvised sleeping arrangements
with the weary satisfaction of 

1550
01:17:54,800 --> 01:17:56,500
Travelers who've shared a small 
Adventure. 

1551
01:17:56,500 --> 01:18:00,600
The train begins moving again 
with its characteristic series 

1552
01:18:00,600 --> 01:18:04,400
of jerks and jolts like a giant 
waking up with arthritis. 

1553
01:18:04,400 --> 01:18:07,500
The rhythmic clacking returns, 
perhaps slightly, more 

1554
01:18:07,500 --> 01:18:10,900
enthusiastic than before, as if 
the locomotive is making up for 

1555
01:18:10,900 --> 01:18:15,400
lost time, outside the dark 
landscape slides passed dotted 

1556
01:18:15,400 --> 01:18:18,000
with occasional Farmhouse 
Windows glowing, warm and yellow

1557
01:18:18,000 --> 01:18:20,300
in the distance. 
Sleep comes easier. 

1558
01:18:20,300 --> 01:18:24,300
Now in induced by exhaustion and
the hypnotic motion of wheels on

1559
01:18:24,300 --> 01:18:28,100
Rails, even your uncomfortable 
seat, begins to feel almost cozy

1560
01:18:28,100 --> 01:18:31,900
and you drift off to the sound 
of gentle snoring creaking wood 

1561
01:18:31,900 --> 01:18:34,500
and the endless song of iron 
Wheels. 

1562
01:18:34,500 --> 01:18:37,000
Carrying you toward whatever 
Adventurer Waits of the end of 

1563
01:18:37,000 --> 01:18:40,300
the line morning arrives with 
The Reluctant gray light of 

1564
01:18:40,300 --> 01:18:43,700
dawn, filtering through the 
passenger car windows revealing 

1565
01:18:43,700 --> 01:18:46,000
a landscape that looks 
suspiciously similar to 

1566
01:18:46,000 --> 01:18:49,700
yesterday's scenery. you're 
beginning to suspect that Ohio 

1567
01:18:49,700 --> 01:18:53,200
is considerably larger than the 
map suggested or possibly that 

1568
01:18:53,200 --> 01:18:56,700
you've been traveling in circles
while you slept The latter seems

1569
01:18:56,700 --> 01:18:59,600
unlikely given the determined 
forward motion of the locomotive

1570
01:18:59,600 --> 01:19:03,600
but after 36 hours on Rails, 
your sense of geography has 

1571
01:19:03,600 --> 01:19:06,900
become somewhat negotiable. 
Your body has achieved a sort of

1572
01:19:06,900 --> 01:19:10,200
daunt with the train seat 
accepting discomfort as the 

1573
01:19:10,200 --> 01:19:14,000
natural state of existence while
maintaining hope that Sensation 

1574
01:19:14,000 --> 01:19:15,600
will eventually return to your 
legs. 

1575
01:19:16,300 --> 01:19:19,700
The stern woman is already awake
and somehow perfectly groomed 

1576
01:19:19,700 --> 01:19:23,400
leading you to wonder if she's 
actually human or perhaps some 

1577
01:19:23,400 --> 01:19:26,600
sort of traveling autonom 
designed to make the rest of 

1578
01:19:26,600 --> 01:19:31,400
humanity, feel inadequate. 
Frank begins his morning rounds 

1579
01:19:31,400 --> 01:19:33,900
with coffee that has the 
consistency of warm tar and 

1580
01:19:33,908 --> 01:19:36,800
twice the potency. 
The traveling salesman greets, 

1581
01:19:36,800 --> 01:19:39,900
the new day within enthusiasm, 
that would be admirable if it 

1582
01:19:39,900 --> 01:19:43,400
won't quite so early and Loud, 
he's already reorganized his 

1583
01:19:43,400 --> 01:19:46,100
sample cases and his preparing 
to demonstrate his patent 

1584
01:19:46,100 --> 01:19:49,400
medicine to anyone unfortunate 
enough to make eye contact. 

1585
01:19:50,300 --> 01:19:53,800
Frontier character awakens from 
his Slumber, akin to a bear 

1586
01:19:53,800 --> 01:19:57,100
emerging from hibernation, 
accompanied by sound effects 

1587
01:19:57,100 --> 01:20:00,000
capable of frightening, small 
children and possibly even 

1588
01:20:00,000 --> 01:20:02,600
larger ones. 
His morning routine, involves 

1589
01:20:02,600 --> 01:20:05,500
spectacular, stretching creative
cursing. 

1590
01:20:05,500 --> 01:20:08,100
And the production of what 
appears to be hardtack from his 

1591
01:20:08,100 --> 01:20:10,800
coat pocket. 
He knows on this breakfast with 

1592
01:20:10,800 --> 01:20:13,300
the satisfaction of a man 
accustomed to food that fights 

1593
01:20:13,300 --> 01:20:15,700
back. 
Outside the windows, the 

1594
01:20:15,700 --> 01:20:17,400
landscape has begun to change 
subtly. 

1595
01:20:17,400 --> 01:20:21,200
The neat farmsteads of settled 
Ohio are giving way to wider 

1596
01:20:21,200 --> 01:20:24,400
spaces, more scattered buildings
and longer stretches where 

1597
01:20:24,400 --> 01:20:26,600
civilization seems to have given
up entirely. 

1598
01:20:27,400 --> 01:20:30,500
Your approaching, the real 
Frontier now where the map gets 

1599
01:20:30,500 --> 01:20:32,800
vague and Adventure becomes less
theoretical. 

1600
01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:36,800
The banker consults his pocket 
watch with increasing frequency 

1601
01:20:36,800 --> 01:20:41,000
as if he can somehow accelerate 
the train through sheer temporal

1602
01:20:41,000 --> 01:20:44,800
anxiety. 
His destination is Chicago where

1603
01:20:44,800 --> 01:20:47,500
he has important business that 
apparently cannot wait for the 

1604
01:20:47,500 --> 01:20:50,800
normal pace of steam Locomotion.
He's began muttering 

1605
01:20:50,800 --> 01:20:54,300
calculations under his breath 
working out arrival times with 

1606
01:20:54,300 --> 01:20:56,500
the desperate, Precision of a 
man whose promised to be 

1607
01:20:56,500 --> 01:20:59,200
somewhere specific. 
At a time that's looking 

1608
01:20:59,200 --> 01:21:03,100
increasingly unlikely. 
Around mid-morning the train 

1609
01:21:03,100 --> 01:21:05,200
develops. 
What Frank diplomatically calls 

1610
01:21:05,200 --> 01:21:09,200
a case of the slos. 
The locomotive begins chugging 

1611
01:21:09,200 --> 01:21:12,700
with less enthusiasm like an 
aging horse, that's decided its 

1612
01:21:12,700 --> 01:21:14,200
covered enough ground for one 
day. 

1613
01:21:15,000 --> 01:21:17,600
Your 15 mile per hour. 
Pace drops to something close to

1614
01:21:17,608 --> 01:21:21,000
a brisk walk, which means the 
energetic squirrels are once 

1615
01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:22,600
again keeping Pace outside your 
window. 

1616
01:21:23,600 --> 01:21:26,100
This mechanical reluctance 
creates what the conductor 

1617
01:21:26,100 --> 01:21:29,700
announces as a brief delay for 
locomotive encouragement, which 

1618
01:21:29,700 --> 01:21:32,100
sounds much more dignified than 
the engine is having another 

1619
01:21:32,100 --> 01:21:34,600
breakdown. 
Your learning that railroad 

1620
01:21:34,600 --> 01:21:37,500
terminology exists primarily to 
make mechanical failures sound 

1621
01:21:37,500 --> 01:21:39,200
like deliberate scheduling 
decisions. 

1622
01:21:39,200 --> 01:21:41,800
The delay provides an 
opportunity for extended 

1623
01:21:41,800 --> 01:21:45,100
socializing which by now 
resembles a mobile town hall 

1624
01:21:45,100 --> 01:21:47,300
meeting. 
Preacher has begun holding 

1625
01:21:47,300 --> 01:21:50,300
informal services for anyone 
interested, although his 

1626
01:21:50,300 --> 01:21:53,000
congregation mainly consists of 
immigrants, who may not 

1627
01:21:53,000 --> 01:21:55,600
understand his words, but seem 
to appreciate the familiar 

1628
01:21:55,600 --> 01:21:59,600
rhythm of religious ceremonies. 
The school has started an 

1629
01:21:59,600 --> 01:22:02,700
impromptu geography lesson, 
using the passing landscape, to 

1630
01:22:02,700 --> 01:22:04,900
explain the settlement patterns 
of the American frontier. 

1631
01:22:06,000 --> 01:22:08,900
Her enthusiasm for Education, 
remains undaunted by her 

1632
01:22:08,900 --> 01:22:12,000
audience's mixed interest in 
learning about soil types and 

1633
01:22:12,000 --> 01:22:14,800
river systems. 
The toddler seems particularly 

1634
01:22:14,800 --> 01:22:18,100
fascinated by her chalk which 
she somehow produced from her 

1635
01:22:18,100 --> 01:22:21,400
seemingly magical carpet bag, 
your fellow passengers have 

1636
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:24,300
developed the easy, familiarity 
of people who've shared Close 

1637
01:22:24,300 --> 01:22:27,800
Quarters and minor Adventures. 
Personal space has become a 

1638
01:22:27,800 --> 01:22:30,600
quaint memory and everyone's 
life story is now common 

1639
01:22:30,600 --> 01:22:32,400
knowledge. 
You know, about the bankers 

1640
01:22:32,400 --> 01:22:35,300
three daughters the preachers 
mission to bring Salvation to 

1641
01:22:35,300 --> 01:22:38,400
Kansas the school moms 
correspondence with her sister 

1642
01:22:38,400 --> 01:22:41,600
in Boston and approximately 47 
of the Frontiers. 

1643
01:22:41,600 --> 01:22:45,700
Most unlikely Adventures, the 
stern woman has revealed herself

1644
01:22:45,700 --> 01:22:48,800
to be well-traveled offering, 
commentary on railroad system. 

1645
01:22:48,800 --> 01:22:50,900
She's experienced from Baltimore
to St. 

1646
01:22:50,900 --> 01:22:53,300
Louis. 
Her disapproval, you realize 

1647
01:22:53,300 --> 01:22:56,500
comes from extensive experience 
with the gap between what train 

1648
01:22:56,500 --> 01:22:58,800
travel promises and what it 
actually delivers. 

1649
01:22:58,800 --> 01:23:02,800
She's less morally outraged than
practically disappointed which 

1650
01:23:02,800 --> 01:23:05,000
somehow makes her criticism more
endearing. 

1651
01:23:05,800 --> 01:23:08,700
Lunch consists of the same 
mysterious substances as 

1652
01:23:08,700 --> 01:23:11,100
yesterday though. 
Frank has managed to arrange 

1653
01:23:11,100 --> 01:23:13,700
them differently on the plate. 
Creating the illusion of 

1654
01:23:13,700 --> 01:23:16,600
variety. 
The dining car conversation 

1655
01:23:16,600 --> 01:23:20,300
centers on destination fever 
that peculiar condition that 

1656
01:23:20,300 --> 01:23:23,100
affects long-distance Travelers 
as they approach their Journeys 

1657
01:23:23,100 --> 01:23:25,400
end. 
Everyone has begun talking 

1658
01:23:25,400 --> 01:23:28,700
faster planning more 
enthusiastically, and checking 

1659
01:23:28,700 --> 01:23:30,400
their belongings with increasing
frequency. 

1660
01:23:31,400 --> 01:23:34,200
This anticipation appears to 
have a particularly strong 

1661
01:23:34,200 --> 01:23:37,200
impact on immigrants. 
They're excitement is palpable 

1662
01:23:37,200 --> 01:23:40,400
as they recognize that the 
landscape outside is becoming 

1663
01:23:40,400 --> 01:23:43,400
their new home. 
They point at farms and towns 

1664
01:23:43,400 --> 01:23:46,000
with the intense of people 
claiming territory with their 

1665
01:23:46,000 --> 01:23:48,900
eyes already, beginning the 
psychological process of 

1666
01:23:48,900 --> 01:23:53,200
belonging somewhere new By 
afternoons, even the local 

1667
01:23:53,200 --> 01:23:55,200
motives to have caught 
destination fever. 

1668
01:23:56,000 --> 01:23:58,400
Picking up pace with renewed, 
mechanical enthusiasm. 

1669
01:23:59,200 --> 01:24:02,700
The clacking of Wheels takes on 
a more urgent as if the train 

1670
01:24:02,700 --> 01:24:04,800
itself, is eager to reach the 
end of the line. 

1671
01:24:04,800 --> 01:24:08,100
And rest its Iron Bones. 
The final hours of your train 

1672
01:24:08,100 --> 01:24:10,400
journey unfold with the 
Bittersweet quality of all 

1673
01:24:10,400 --> 01:24:13,600
ending's. 
Tinged with both relief and an 

1674
01:24:13,600 --> 01:24:16,600
unexpected Nostalgia for the 
role in community of temporarily

1675
01:24:16,600 --> 01:24:21,500
joined Your destination appears 
on the horizon as a smudge of 

1676
01:24:21,500 --> 01:24:24,600
smoke and Scattered buildings 
growing larger with each 

1677
01:24:24,600 --> 01:24:29,000
rhythmic of the wheels. 
After three days of wondering, 

1678
01:24:29,000 --> 01:24:32,300
if you'd ever arrive anywhere, 
the reality of actually, 

1679
01:24:32,300 --> 01:24:35,500
reaching the end of the line 
feels almost surreal, the 

1680
01:24:35,500 --> 01:24:38,700
locomotive seems to sense. 
Its approaching rest developing,

1681
01:24:38,700 --> 01:24:41,700
a more eager chuff that suggests
its as ready as you are to stop 

1682
01:24:41,700 --> 01:24:44,400
moving for a while. 
Your body has adapted to 

1683
01:24:44,400 --> 01:24:47,000
constant motion. 
So thoroughly that you suspect 

1684
01:24:47,000 --> 01:24:49,500
your spend the next week's 
swaying slightly while standing 

1685
01:24:49,500 --> 01:24:52,200
still like a sailor who's been 
too long at sea. 

1686
01:24:53,100 --> 01:24:55,300
The stern woman has begun. 
The complex process of 

1687
01:24:55,300 --> 01:24:58,700
reassembling herself into 
traveling order, folding, shawls

1688
01:24:58,700 --> 01:25:01,300
and securing belongings with the
Precision of a general preparing

1689
01:25:01,300 --> 01:25:04,100
for battle. 
A transformation from rumpled 

1690
01:25:04,100 --> 01:25:06,700
Passenger back in to the picture
of Victorian proprietary as 

1691
01:25:06,708 --> 01:25:10,700
fascinating to watch involving 
more pins and strategic tucking 

1692
01:25:10,700 --> 01:25:12,000
than you thought humanly 
possible. 

1693
01:25:12,700 --> 01:25:14,300
The traveling salesman is 
conducting. 

1694
01:25:14,300 --> 01:25:17,900
A final inventory of his sample 
cases probably calculating 

1695
01:25:17,900 --> 01:25:19,900
profits and losses from his 
mobile pharmacy. 

1696
01:25:19,900 --> 01:25:23,700
He sold several bottles of his 
mysterious Elixir to fellow 

1697
01:25:23,700 --> 01:25:26,000
passengers though. 
Whether from genuine belief in 

1698
01:25:26,000 --> 01:25:28,800
his products, or simply Cabin. 
Fever induced purchasing 

1699
01:25:28,800 --> 01:25:32,400
decisions remains on clear. 
The Frontiersman bought three 

1700
01:25:32,400 --> 01:25:35,500
bottles claiming they'd be 
perfect for trading with Indians

1701
01:25:35,500 --> 01:25:38,000
though you suspect. 
He plans to drink them himself. 

1702
01:25:38,000 --> 01:25:41,000
Your fellow Travelers. 
Begin the ritual of exchanging 

1703
01:25:41,000 --> 01:25:43,200
addresses and Promises to write,
though. 

1704
01:25:43,200 --> 01:25:45,200
You all know that. 
Once you step off this train, 

1705
01:25:45,200 --> 01:25:48,500
you'll scatter to your separate 
Destinies and probably never 

1706
01:25:48,500 --> 01:25:51,500
cross paths. 
Again, Still the ritual matters.

1707
01:25:51,500 --> 01:25:54,900
These people have become your 
temporary family bound together 

1708
01:25:54,900 --> 01:25:58,600
by shared discomfort and the 
peculiar intimacy that develops 

1709
01:25:58,600 --> 01:26:01,900
when strangers are trapped in 
close quarters for days at a 

1710
01:26:01,900 --> 01:26:04,100
time. 
The banker, finally, relaxes his

1711
01:26:04,100 --> 01:26:07,400
death grip on his pocket watch 
accepting that he'll arrive when

1712
01:26:07,400 --> 01:26:09,600
he arrives. 
And his Chicago business will 

1713
01:26:09,600 --> 01:26:13,200
have to adapt accordingly. 
His anxiety has transformed into

1714
01:26:13,200 --> 01:26:15,100
philosophical acceptance, 
though. 

1715
01:26:15,100 --> 01:26:17,200
He mentioned several times that 
he'll never again. 

1716
01:26:17,200 --> 01:26:21,600
Trust railroad schedule, one by 
people who clearly viewed time 

1717
01:26:21,600 --> 01:26:25,500
as a flexible concept. 
The preacher has been energized 

1718
01:26:25,500 --> 01:26:27,100
by approaching his mission 
field. 

1719
01:26:27,100 --> 01:26:30,700
Speaking with renewed further 
about bringing civilization and 

1720
01:26:30,700 --> 01:26:35,000
salvation to the frontier. 
With Amusement, the frontiersmen

1721
01:26:35,000 --> 01:26:38,700
listens occasionally commenting 
on the type of Salvation that 

1722
01:26:38,700 --> 01:26:41,900
truly comes in handy when 
confronted with hostile Wildlife

1723
01:26:41,900 --> 01:26:44,600
or severe weather. 
They're ongoing theological 

1724
01:26:44,600 --> 01:26:47,100
debate has become one of the 
journeys most entertaining 

1725
01:26:47,100 --> 01:26:49,600
features. 
The school mom has grown quiet 

1726
01:26:49,600 --> 01:26:52,700
as her destination approaches. 
Perhaps contemplating the 

1727
01:26:52,700 --> 01:26:55,200
reality of teaching Frontier 
children, who may view book 

1728
01:26:55,200 --> 01:26:58,100
learning as less immediately 
useful than tracking and 

1729
01:26:58,100 --> 01:27:00,800
shooting skills. 
Her determination remains 

1730
01:27:00,800 --> 01:27:03,500
unshakable, but it's now 
tempered with the Practical, 

1731
01:27:03,500 --> 01:27:06,000
understanding that education 
takes different forms in 

1732
01:27:06,000 --> 01:27:08,500
different places. 
The immigrants gather, their 

1733
01:27:08,500 --> 01:27:11,500
belongings with reverent care, 
handling their few possessions 

1734
01:27:11,500 --> 01:27:15,700
like sacred relics Everything 
they own in America fits into a 

1735
01:27:15,700 --> 01:27:19,400
handful of bags and bundles but 
their faces shine with the hope 

1736
01:27:19,400 --> 01:27:22,500
of people who have successfully 
crossed an ocean and a continent

1737
01:27:22,500 --> 01:27:25,800
to reach their dreams. 
Their excitement is infectious, 

1738
01:27:25,800 --> 01:27:28,800
reminding everyone else that 
arrival means possibility. 

1739
01:27:29,800 --> 01:27:33,100
The toddler has finally worn 
himself completely out and 

1740
01:27:33,100 --> 01:27:36,000
sleeps peacefully in his 
mother's arms, oblivious to the 

1741
01:27:36,000 --> 01:27:37,900
significance of reaching their 
new home. 

1742
01:27:38,600 --> 01:27:41,000
His mother looks out at the 
approaching town with the mixed 

1743
01:27:41,000 --> 01:27:43,700
expression of someone who's 
relieved the journey as ending 

1744
01:27:43,700 --> 01:27:46,400
but terrified about what comes 
next. 

1745
01:27:47,900 --> 01:27:50,000
As the train begins its Final 
Approach. 

1746
01:27:50,000 --> 01:27:53,700
Slowing with a series of gentle 
jerks and extended whistle 

1747
01:27:53,700 --> 01:27:56,000
blasts that announce your 
arrival to the waiting town. 

1748
01:27:56,000 --> 01:27:59,400
You realize that this journey 
has been about more than simply 

1749
01:27:59,400 --> 01:28:02,900
getting from one place to 
another, you've experienced a 

1750
01:28:02,900 --> 01:28:06,000
slice of America and transition 
a country building itself, one 

1751
01:28:06,000 --> 01:28:09,000
mile of track at a time. 
The station appears ahead. 

1752
01:28:09,000 --> 01:28:12,600
A simple, wooden building that 
nevertheless represents the end 

1753
01:28:12,600 --> 01:28:15,800
of one Adventure in the 
beginning of another People wait

1754
01:28:15,800 --> 01:28:18,500
on the platform. 
Some greeting expected arrivals 

1755
01:28:18,500 --> 01:28:21,800
other simply curious about who 
the iron horses delivered to 

1756
01:28:21,800 --> 01:28:25,500
their town today. 
The final stop arrives with a 

1757
01:28:25,508 --> 01:28:28,300
ceremony befitting the 
completion of an Epic Journey. 

1758
01:28:29,100 --> 01:28:33,300
A tremendous of steam, the 
squeal of breaks, and one last 

1759
01:28:33,300 --> 01:28:36,400
authoritative jolt that sent 
everyone reaching for something 

1760
01:28:36,400 --> 01:28:39,300
solid to grab. 
Frank appears in the doorway, 

1761
01:28:39,300 --> 01:28:42,600
announcing your arrival with the
satisfaction of a man who 

1762
01:28:42,600 --> 01:28:46,100
successfully delivered another 
load of hopeful Humanity to 

1763
01:28:46,100 --> 01:28:49,900
their chosen destination. 
You gather your carpet bag which

1764
01:28:49,900 --> 01:28:52,300
somehow feels heavy than when 
you started though. 

1765
01:28:52,300 --> 01:28:54,200
It contains exactly the same 
items. 

1766
01:28:55,700 --> 01:28:58,300
Perhaps it's weighted down with 
memories now or maybe you've 

1767
01:28:58,300 --> 01:29:00,500
just grown weaker from three 
days of train food and 

1768
01:29:00,500 --> 01:29:03,900
improvised sleeping. 
Either way, you're ready to feel

1769
01:29:03,900 --> 01:29:06,000
Solid Ground Beneath Your Feet 
Again? 

1770
01:29:07,600 --> 01:29:10,900
Down onto the platform, the 
absence of constant motion feels

1771
01:29:10,900 --> 01:29:14,100
strange and wonderful. 
The world has stopped rocking. 

1772
01:29:14,100 --> 01:29:17,800
Stopped to clacking and stopped,
hissing steam at irregular 

1773
01:29:17,800 --> 01:29:20,900
intervals. 
Silence is almost overwhelming 

1774
01:29:20,900 --> 01:29:22,900
after days of mechanical 
conversation. 

1775
01:29:23,600 --> 01:29:26,200
Your fellow passengers dispersed
with surprising speed 

1776
01:29:26,200 --> 01:29:29,200
reclaiming, their individual 
identities after days of 

1777
01:29:29,208 --> 01:29:31,600
communal existence. 
The Exchange. 

1778
01:29:31,600 --> 01:29:34,700
Final handshakes make last 
minute address exchanges. 

1779
01:29:34,700 --> 01:29:37,400
And make promises to write that 
they may or may not keep. 

1780
01:29:38,700 --> 01:29:40,800
If you've passed some sort of 
endurance test, she's been 

1781
01:29:40,800 --> 01:29:43,200
administering. 
The stern woman nods approvingly

1782
01:29:43,200 --> 01:29:47,000
at your survival of the journey.
The locomotive sits steaming 

1783
01:29:47,000 --> 01:29:50,200
quietly looking somehow smaller.
Now, that it's not in motion, 

1784
01:29:50,200 --> 01:29:53,400
the mighty Iron Horse, that's 
been your world for three days, 

1785
01:29:53,400 --> 01:29:56,700
is just a machine, again, 
waiting for its next load of 

1786
01:29:56,700 --> 01:29:59,700
passengers and their dreams, 
your shoulder, your carpet bag 

1787
01:29:59,700 --> 01:30:02,100
and walk toward the town. 
Your legs still slightly 

1788
01:30:02,100 --> 01:30:05,000
unsteady from Days of swaying, 
motion behind you. 

1789
01:30:05,000 --> 01:30:07,000
The train whistle blows. 
One last time. 

1790
01:30:07,000 --> 01:30:10,500
A farewell that somehow manages 
to sound both mournful and 

1791
01:30:10,500 --> 01:30:13,900
hopeful the frontier? 
Stretches ahead full of 

1792
01:30:13,908 --> 01:30:16,200
possibility and uncertainty in 
equal measure. 

1793
01:30:16,200 --> 01:30:21,300
You've arrived here by Steam and
steel and the peculiar magic of 

1794
01:30:21,300 --> 01:30:24,400
American optimism made manifest 
in iron rails. 

1795
01:30:24,400 --> 01:30:27,100
Whatever happens. 
Next, you'll always remember 

1796
01:30:27,100 --> 01:30:30,100
these three days when you travel
into the future at 15 miles per 

1797
01:30:30,100 --> 01:30:33,300
hour, accompanied by the most 
fascinating collection of 

1798
01:30:33,300 --> 01:30:37,300
humanity, you've ever had the 
pleasure to meet The adventure 

1799
01:30:37,300 --> 01:30:45,200
you realize is just beginning. 
Nikola Tesla's boyhood in the 

1800
01:30:45,200 --> 01:30:48,500
small village of smelly, an 
nestled in the rural reaches of 

1801
01:30:48,500 --> 01:30:51,600
the Austrian Empire. 
Now Croatia was as far removed 

1802
01:30:51,600 --> 01:30:53,800
from the noise of modern 
Contraptions as one might 

1803
01:30:53,800 --> 01:30:56,600
imagine. 
Yet even amid this pastoral 

1804
01:30:56,600 --> 01:30:59,300
backdrop test Tesla found ways 
to indulge his curiosity. 

1805
01:31:00,400 --> 01:31:04,300
His father milutin was an 
orthodox priest of an occupied 

1806
01:31:04,300 --> 01:31:07,700
by religious duties, but he also
possessed a serious Library 

1807
01:31:07,700 --> 01:31:10,000
where young Nicholas snuck away 
to read. 

1808
01:31:10,000 --> 01:31:13,600
In fact, Tesla frequently, 
credited, these secretive 

1809
01:31:13,600 --> 01:31:16,600
Explorations for sparking, his 
fascination with science. 

1810
01:31:16,600 --> 01:31:20,700
Meanwhile, his mother duka a 
resourceful and gifted woman 

1811
01:31:20,700 --> 01:31:24,100
crafted household tools, with 
her hands, granting Tesla 

1812
01:31:24,100 --> 01:31:25,900
first-hand. 
Look at the interplay between 

1813
01:31:25,900 --> 01:31:30,200
imagination and utility. 
One story that rarely gets 

1814
01:31:30,200 --> 01:31:34,800
retold overshadowed perhaps by 
Granda, anecdotes involved a 

1815
01:31:34,800 --> 01:31:38,400
small wooden water wheel. 
He built at age 9 determined to 

1816
01:31:38,400 --> 01:31:40,700
harness, the churning stream 
that ran behind his home. 

1817
01:31:41,500 --> 01:31:45,200
Tesla carved, rough paddles, 
from scavenge Driftwood, an 

1818
01:31:45,200 --> 01:31:47,500
improvised and axle from a 
broken carpart. 

1819
01:31:47,500 --> 01:31:52,800
While the contrivance was crude,
it worked sort of its spotted 

1820
01:31:52,800 --> 01:31:55,900
and jammed more often than its 
fun, but this half success 

1821
01:31:55,900 --> 01:31:59,700
taught him, the power of 
redirecting Natural Forces even 

1822
01:31:59,700 --> 01:32:02,800
as a child he recognized that 
nature has tremendous energy 

1823
01:32:02,800 --> 01:32:06,700
just waiting to be tapped. 
It was also during these early 

1824
01:32:06,700 --> 01:32:09,200
years, that Tesla started 
experiencing a cute 

1825
01:32:09,200 --> 01:32:12,600
visualizations later. 
He described how bright flashes 

1826
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:15,300
before his eyes would conjure 
Vivid images of objects. 

1827
01:32:15,300 --> 01:32:19,100
He hadn't even witnessed before 
this phenomenon, which he called

1828
01:32:19,100 --> 01:32:23,100
his mind's eye sometimes 
unsettled people around him, but

1829
01:32:23,100 --> 01:32:26,100
it had a silver lining. 
Whenever an idea flickered 

1830
01:32:26,100 --> 01:32:29,100
through his Consciousness. 
He could examine its details in 

1831
01:32:29,108 --> 01:32:32,700
these mental pictures rotating 
and refining them before he ever

1832
01:32:32,700 --> 01:32:36,200
set pen to paper. 
This unique ability often 

1833
01:32:36,200 --> 01:32:39,500
minimized in popular accounts 
shaped his inventive process. 

1834
01:32:40,400 --> 01:32:44,500
Of course, not all was idyllic 
as a Schoolboy, Tesla, nursed, a

1835
01:32:44,500 --> 01:32:46,600
rebellious streak and low 
throughout memorization. 

1836
01:32:47,500 --> 01:32:50,200
His teacher wants, scolded him 
for insisting that the Earth was

1837
01:32:50,200 --> 01:32:53,400
a giant magnet telling, the 
class that Tesla was letting his

1838
01:32:53,400 --> 01:32:56,900
imagination run wild. 
The teacher was unaware of how 

1839
01:32:56,900 --> 01:33:00,200
close Tesla was to the truth, 
nor how that minor humiliation 

1840
01:33:00,200 --> 01:33:02,400
inspired him to study, magnetism
more thoroughly. 

1841
01:33:03,300 --> 01:33:04,900
Some say the seeds of his 
future. 

1842
01:33:04,900 --> 01:33:09,700
AC motor began here in the 
tension between Authority and 

1843
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:13,700
Tesla's unwavering self-belief 
in spare moments. 

1844
01:33:13,700 --> 01:33:16,500
The young Tesla found 
camaraderie with friends who 

1845
01:33:16,500 --> 01:33:18,700
joined in his experiments like 
building. 

1846
01:33:18,700 --> 01:33:22,100
Hand cranked contractions were 
trying to talk through Tin Can 

1847
01:33:22,100 --> 01:33:26,300
telephone phones yet. 
If a Contraption fail Tesla 

1848
01:33:26,300 --> 01:33:30,300
vanished into introspection, 
Recalculating every step in his 

1849
01:33:30,300 --> 01:33:33,700
mind. 
In those hours, no one could pry

1850
01:33:33,700 --> 01:33:36,900
him away from his Reflections. 
It was as if he was lost in that

1851
01:33:36,900 --> 01:33:40,400
luminous in a workshop. 
Despite bouts of quiet 

1852
01:33:40,400 --> 01:33:43,100
withdrawal. 
Tesla still lived in a household

1853
01:33:43,100 --> 01:33:46,600
that valued performance for 
specially rhetorical Flair. 

1854
01:33:47,300 --> 01:33:50,000
His father believed in the power
of eloquence and would often 

1855
01:33:50,000 --> 01:33:53,600
deliver stirring orations. 
Perhaps this is how Tesla 

1856
01:33:53,600 --> 01:33:57,700
learned to present radical ideas
with poisons from his mother. 

1857
01:33:57,700 --> 01:34:01,400
The virtue of patient tinkering 
an aspect overshadowed by 

1858
01:34:01,400 --> 01:34:04,200
stories of His Brilliant. 
Flashes of insight though, 

1859
01:34:04,200 --> 01:34:07,500
untrained formerly Duke is 
improvisational skills. 

1860
01:34:07,500 --> 01:34:10,100
Showed him that great inventions
need not come from Grand 

1861
01:34:10,100 --> 01:34:12,500
laboratory trees. 
They could begin at a humble 

1862
01:34:12,500 --> 01:34:15,700
table or by the Riverside as 
long as one had the drive to see

1863
01:34:15,700 --> 01:34:17,700
them through. 
By the time he reached out 

1864
01:34:17,700 --> 01:34:20,700
lessons, Tesla had devoured 
nearly every science book in his

1865
01:34:20,700 --> 01:34:23,100
father's Library. 
He immersed himself in 

1866
01:34:23,100 --> 01:34:26,100
electricity magnetism and 
mechanical wonders. 

1867
01:34:26,100 --> 01:34:30,700
His Fascination growing with 
each page, later at night, when 

1868
01:34:30,700 --> 01:34:33,200
the household slept, and a 
single kerosene lamp. 

1869
01:34:33,200 --> 01:34:37,100
Flickered in the corridor Tesla 
mold over New Concepts, making 

1870
01:34:37,100 --> 01:34:38,700
mental notes on how to apply 
them. 

1871
01:34:39,400 --> 01:34:42,000
He never just read he scouted 
for Clues. 

1872
01:34:42,700 --> 01:34:46,500
Each bit of knowledge layering 
onto his mental designs, these 

1873
01:34:46,500 --> 01:34:49,800
experiences and smil Jan form, 
the Bedrock of a lifetime of 

1874
01:34:49,800 --> 01:34:53,300
invention while the world would 
one day witness testers, 

1875
01:34:53,300 --> 01:34:56,000
theatrical experiments and 
transformative discoveries. 

1876
01:34:56,000 --> 01:35:00,000
It All Began beside a murmuring 
Creek and within the hush of a 

1877
01:35:00,000 --> 01:35:04,400
modest Library there free from 
Urban clamor Tesla, learned the 

1878
01:35:04,400 --> 01:35:08,600
value of curiosity, observation 
and sustained, determination. 

1879
01:35:09,500 --> 01:35:12,500
It was in this unassuming 
domain, where wooden water 

1880
01:35:12,500 --> 01:35:16,000
wheels sputtered and a boy's 
imagination soared that the 

1881
01:35:16,000 --> 01:35:17,800
seeds of an extraordinary 
Destiny. 

1882
01:35:17,800 --> 01:35:21,400
First took Route. 
Perhaps most telling these 

1883
01:35:21,400 --> 01:35:24,200
formative years cemented in 
Tesla, a lifelong pattern of 

1884
01:35:24,200 --> 01:35:27,000
introspection and 
experimentation the young 

1885
01:35:27,000 --> 01:35:28,900
inventor not only absorbed 
knowledge. 

1886
01:35:28,900 --> 01:35:33,900
He reinvented it in his 
imagination for him smilin' not 

1887
01:35:33,900 --> 01:35:36,700
a Backwater. 
It was a secluded incubator for 

1888
01:35:36,700 --> 01:35:40,900
unexplored possibilities. 
Tesla's departure from home was 

1889
01:35:40,900 --> 01:35:43,500
spurred by academic Pursuits 
that beckoned him to larger 

1890
01:35:43,500 --> 01:35:47,400
Arenas, eventually Landing him 
at the Austrian Polytechnic in 

1891
01:35:47,400 --> 01:35:49,900
grounds. 
The environment there, demanded 

1892
01:35:49,900 --> 01:35:53,400
rigor, which suited Tesla's 
capacity for total immersion? 

1893
01:35:54,200 --> 01:35:57,000
He sank his teeth into 
mathematics physics and 

1894
01:35:57,000 --> 01:36:00,500
mechanics with a feverish 
intensity professors noted, his 

1895
01:36:00,500 --> 01:36:03,400
uncanny ability to answer 
complex theoretical questions 

1896
01:36:03,400 --> 01:36:06,600
without referencing textbooks. 
A result of his extraordinary 

1897
01:36:06,600 --> 01:36:11,400
mental visualization, However, 
the spark that truly lit. 

1898
01:36:11,400 --> 01:36:15,800
His imagination was the direct 
current DC electrical Machinery.

1899
01:36:15,800 --> 01:36:19,600
In the school's Labs 
conventional wisdom suggested DC

1900
01:36:19,600 --> 01:36:22,300
was the future of power. 
But Tesla found its 

1901
01:36:22,300 --> 01:36:25,700
inefficiencies. 
Maddening observing, how DC 

1902
01:36:25,700 --> 01:36:27,900
motors generated Sparks and 
wasted energy. 

1903
01:36:27,900 --> 01:36:31,800
He questioned how nobody noticed
a better pathway when one 

1904
01:36:31,808 --> 01:36:34,200
Professor pronounced that 
harnessing alternating current 

1905
01:36:34,200 --> 01:36:37,100
AC at scale was an 
impossibility. 

1906
01:36:37,100 --> 01:36:41,100
Tesla resisted, the urge to 
argue instead, he spent late 

1907
01:36:41,100 --> 01:36:44,200
nights in his boarding room 
sketching out rotating magnetic 

1908
01:36:44,200 --> 01:36:47,300
fields in his head if he dozed 
off at all, it was with 

1909
01:36:47,300 --> 01:36:51,000
diagrams, dancing across his 
eyelids despite his academic 

1910
01:36:51,000 --> 01:36:55,600
prowess, Tesla stinting, grass 
did not end smoothly exhaustion 

1911
01:36:55,600 --> 01:36:59,000
and perhaps an underlying 
rebellious streak contributed to

1912
01:36:59,000 --> 01:37:00,800
friction with University 
administrators. 

1913
01:37:01,500 --> 01:37:04,100
He wants rigged. 
An experiment to demonstrate a 

1914
01:37:04,100 --> 01:37:06,200
refined method for measuring 
electric resistance. 

1915
01:37:07,000 --> 01:37:09,600
When the apparatus 
short-circuited Tesla found 

1916
01:37:09,600 --> 01:37:12,600
himself facing the wrath of a 
professor, outraged by 

1917
01:37:12,600 --> 01:37:17,300
unorthodox experimentation. 
Feeling unwelcome Tesla walked 

1918
01:37:17,300 --> 01:37:19,600
out leaving conventional 
Academia behind. 

1919
01:37:20,800 --> 01:37:24,700
From grads, Tesla move to other 
opportunities, including a brief

1920
01:37:24,700 --> 01:37:26,500
and often overlooked period in 
Marburg. 

1921
01:37:26,500 --> 01:37:30,200
Now, maribor Slovenia there, a 
shadow seemed to fall over him 

1922
01:37:30,200 --> 01:37:32,900
separated, from the camera of 
classmates. 

1923
01:37:32,900 --> 01:37:37,300
Grappled with bouts of anxiety, 
without structured lab access 

1924
01:37:37,300 --> 01:37:40,500
Tesla turned to solitary 
experiments tinkering with 

1925
01:37:40,500 --> 01:37:43,100
leftover scraps of metal and 
wire yet. 

1926
01:37:43,100 --> 01:37:46,100
The Gloom of isolation Nord at 
him and he eventually returned 

1927
01:37:46,100 --> 01:37:50,200
home for a spell, his confidence
rattled but not shattered. 

1928
01:37:50,200 --> 01:37:54,500
It was in Budapest or working at
The Budapest telephone exchange 

1929
01:37:54,500 --> 01:37:58,200
that Tesla began to regain his 
footing in that frenetic Works 

1930
01:37:58,200 --> 01:38:00,100
Space. 
He was tasked with improving the

1931
01:38:00,100 --> 01:38:01,600
nascent telephone systems 
design. 

1932
01:38:02,700 --> 01:38:06,100
One less circulated story 
details, how Tesla, once 

1933
01:38:06,100 --> 01:38:09,400
clambered onto a rooftop to 
adjust overhead lines, the 

1934
01:38:09,400 --> 01:38:12,200
lightning flashes, giving him 
new ideas about high frequency, 

1935
01:38:12,200 --> 01:38:15,700
current colleagues regarded him 
as eccentric, competent 

1936
01:38:15,700 --> 01:38:18,400
crucially. 
It was during a routine walk 

1937
01:38:18,400 --> 01:38:21,400
through Budapest city park that 
the notion of the rotating 

1938
01:38:21,400 --> 01:38:23,600
magnetic field crystallized in 
his mind. 

1939
01:38:24,400 --> 01:38:28,400
Inspired by a poem he recited 
aloud Tesla abruptly stopped 

1940
01:38:28,400 --> 01:38:32,400
drastic from the ground and 
began tracing swirling diagrams 

1941
01:38:32,400 --> 01:38:35,100
in the dirt. 
He explained to His companion. 

1942
01:38:35,100 --> 01:38:38,500
How two or more alternating 
currents out of phase, could 

1943
01:38:38,500 --> 01:38:42,500
induce a rotating field capable 
of spinning a motor that Eureka 

1944
01:38:42,500 --> 01:38:43,900
moment. 
Set the course for his next 

1945
01:38:43,900 --> 01:38:46,700
inventions. 
It was an unveiling of practical

1946
01:38:46,700 --> 01:38:50,400
AC Concepts in the most 
unassuming of settings, Far From

1947
01:38:50,400 --> 01:38:54,000
Any official laboratory shortly.
After Tesla found himself with 

1948
01:38:54,000 --> 01:38:56,800
an opportunity in Paris working 
for the Continental Edison 

1949
01:38:56,800 --> 01:38:59,000
Company. 
His tasks involved 

1950
01:38:59,000 --> 01:39:02,700
troubleshooting installations of
Edison's DC Systems, the very 

1951
01:39:02,700 --> 01:39:05,800
technology that had vexed him 
back at grads even. 

1952
01:39:05,800 --> 01:39:08,600
So the job introduced him to 
real world engineering 

1953
01:39:08,600 --> 01:39:12,900
challenges from power outages, 
to generate malfunctions like 

1954
01:39:12,900 --> 01:39:14,900
gay. 
Tesla, tackle these issues 

1955
01:39:14,900 --> 01:39:17,200
becoming something of a 
specialist in diagnosing. 

1956
01:39:17,200 --> 01:39:21,500
Electrical breakdowns by night. 
He refined sketches of his AC 

1957
01:39:21,500 --> 01:39:24,600
motor desperately, wishing for 
the chance to build a prototype.

1958
01:39:25,600 --> 01:39:27,900
The interplay between The Daily 
Grind of DC, Hardware 

1959
01:39:27,900 --> 01:39:31,700
maintenance, and the nightly 
pursuit of AC Innovation, lent, 

1960
01:39:31,700 --> 01:39:35,400
Tesla's life are peculiar 
Duality an unresolved tension 

1961
01:39:35,400 --> 01:39:37,400
between the present and what he 
believed. 

1962
01:39:37,400 --> 01:39:40,600
The future should be, although 
overshadowed by the high drama 

1963
01:39:40,600 --> 01:39:44,200
of Lady years, These formative 
experiences taught Tesla 

1964
01:39:44,200 --> 01:39:48,200
resilience, he learned how to 
negotiate limited resources, how

1965
01:39:48,200 --> 01:39:50,500
to observe the smallest 
anomalies and mechanical 

1966
01:39:50,500 --> 01:39:53,400
performance. 
And how to coax Visions from his

1967
01:39:53,400 --> 01:39:57,800
mind into workable sketches. 
More importantly, his confidence

1968
01:39:57,800 --> 01:40:00,200
in the feasibility of AC power 
solidified. 

1969
01:40:00,200 --> 01:40:04,400
Even as he undertook the tedium 
of dc-based assignments, the 

1970
01:40:04,400 --> 01:40:06,700
world around him might have 
regarded a sea as a flight of 

1971
01:40:06,700 --> 01:40:08,500
fancy. 
But in his eyes it was the 

1972
01:40:08,500 --> 01:40:11,500
rightful heir to the electrical 
Throne waiting for its moment to

1973
01:40:11,500 --> 01:40:14,600
shine. 
Tesla's fateful Journey to the 

1974
01:40:14,600 --> 01:40:18,200
United States in 1884 as often 
been romanticized. 

1975
01:40:18,200 --> 01:40:21,900
Yet a host of lesson known 
details in Rich that narrative. 

1976
01:40:21,900 --> 01:40:25,500
He arrived in New York with next
to nothing carrying a letter of 

1977
01:40:25,500 --> 01:40:28,000
introduction to Thomas, Edison 
from his former employer in 

1978
01:40:28,000 --> 01:40:30,600
Paris. 
The letter, supposedly claimed 

1979
01:40:30,600 --> 01:40:33,500
Tesla was an exceptional 
engineer who would produce 

1980
01:40:33,500 --> 01:40:38,100
wonders in popular Italians. 
This encounter frames Tesla and 

1981
01:40:38,100 --> 01:40:42,400
Edson as instant Rivals, but in 
truth, their relationship began 

1982
01:40:42,400 --> 01:40:46,400
with cautious respect Edison 
recognized Tesla's competence 

1983
01:40:46,400 --> 01:40:49,800
right away and put him to work 
on projects, deemed to intricate

1984
01:40:49,800 --> 01:40:53,000
or menial for others. 
There's a story one, not widely 

1985
01:40:53,000 --> 01:40:56,300
circulated, the Tesla fixed to 
defective shipboard lighting 

1986
01:40:56,300 --> 01:40:58,800
system. 
Saving Edison's company from 

1987
01:40:58,800 --> 01:41:01,000
contract penalties. 
Tesla. 

1988
01:41:01,000 --> 01:41:05,400
Never used it as Leverage. 
Still Edison noticed intrigued 

1989
01:41:05,400 --> 01:41:09,900
by Tesla's meticulous approach. 
He assigned him to redesign DC, 

1990
01:41:09,900 --> 01:41:13,700
generators Tesla toiled day. 
And night, confident, his 

1991
01:41:13,700 --> 01:41:16,200
improvements would prove their 
worth and they did. 

1992
01:41:16,200 --> 01:41:20,500
But when he sought remuneration 
misunderstandings piled up, it 

1993
01:41:20,500 --> 01:41:24,000
wasn't a single dispute. 
Over a massive bonus, more, a 

1994
01:41:24,000 --> 01:41:27,200
pattern of unkept promises and 
blurred expectations. 

1995
01:41:28,000 --> 01:41:32,500
By early 1885 the veneer of 
cordiality evaporated and Tesla 

1996
01:41:32,500 --> 01:41:36,200
left Edison's employee. 
That was the Genesis of a 

1997
01:41:36,200 --> 01:41:38,900
rivalry later. 
Amplified by newspapers driven 

1998
01:41:38,900 --> 01:41:43,100
more by conflicting Technologies
than personal hatred, Financial 

1999
01:41:43,100 --> 01:41:46,200
troubles Bessette Tesla almost 
immediately with few 

2000
01:41:46,200 --> 01:41:48,900
acquaintances in New York. 
He found himself digging ditches

2001
01:41:48,900 --> 01:41:51,900
for two dollars a day. 
It might have been that physical

2002
01:41:51,900 --> 01:41:55,700
labor under a harsh Sun, that 
sharpened his resolve. 

2003
01:41:55,700 --> 01:41:59,500
He told a friend that while his 
body dug ditches his mind was 

2004
01:41:59,500 --> 01:42:01,700
Far Away. 
Disrupt describing a elliptical 

2005
01:42:01,700 --> 01:42:04,600
arcs of thought. 
Where some might have fallen 

2006
01:42:04,600 --> 01:42:07,800
into despair. 
Tesla saw an interval to refine 

2007
01:42:07,800 --> 01:42:11,000
his intended path. 
That path led to the formation 

2008
01:42:11,000 --> 01:42:13,000
of Tesla electric light and 
Manufacturing. 

2009
01:42:13,000 --> 01:42:17,100
His first entrepreneurial 
venture in America, he secured 

2010
01:42:17,100 --> 01:42:20,300
backers, who at first promised 
to let him develop Arc Lighting 

2011
01:42:20,300 --> 01:42:22,600
systems and eventually his 
prized AC Motors. 

2012
01:42:22,600 --> 01:42:26,300
However, once Tesla delivered an
efficient Arc lighting solution,

2013
01:42:26,300 --> 01:42:30,300
those investors showed no 
interest in AC Capital wanted 

2014
01:42:30,300 --> 01:42:33,200
quick returns, not imaginative 
leaps. 

2015
01:42:33,200 --> 01:42:36,800
Frustrated, Tesla found himself 
pushed out of the very company 

2016
01:42:36,800 --> 01:42:40,200
bearing his name This episode 
left him, wary of business 

2017
01:42:40,200 --> 01:42:43,100
Partnerships and taught him. 
That investors valued immediate 

2018
01:42:43,100 --> 01:42:46,800
profit over long-term Vision. 
Undeterred, Tesla began to 

2019
01:42:46,800 --> 01:42:49,700
demonstrate his, a sea motor 
concept and small lecture halls 

2020
01:42:49,700 --> 01:42:51,700
around the city. 
One venue. 

2021
01:42:51,700 --> 01:42:54,500
The back room of a modest 
Manhattan building had an 

2022
01:42:54,500 --> 01:42:58,600
audience of barely 20 people. 
But among them was Alfred s 

2023
01:42:58,600 --> 01:43:02,000
Browne, a Western Union 
superintendent, who recognized 

2024
01:43:02,000 --> 01:43:04,200
Tesla's potential another 
backer. 

2025
01:43:04,200 --> 01:43:08,800
Charles Peck also attended, 
Together, they formed a 

2026
01:43:08,800 --> 01:43:11,900
partnership with Tesla pledging 
to support his AC technology. 

2027
01:43:12,800 --> 01:43:15,900
These unglamorous sessions laid 
vital groundwork for Tesla's 

2028
01:43:15,900 --> 01:43:18,900
next breakthrough. 
Soon with Newfound supporters, 

2029
01:43:18,900 --> 01:43:23,000
Tesla established a laboratory 
at 89 Liberty Street Manhattan. 

2030
01:43:23,000 --> 01:43:26,100
Amid coils of wire and 
improvised setups. 

2031
01:43:26,100 --> 01:43:29,900
He tinkered relentlessly. 
Space was cramped but offered 

2032
01:43:29,900 --> 01:43:32,400
freedom. 
He constructed prototypes of the

2033
01:43:32,400 --> 01:43:35,700
polyphase, AC motor 
painstakingly refining them 

2034
01:43:35,700 --> 01:43:37,700
until they could run smoothly 
under load. 

2035
01:43:38,400 --> 01:43:41,100
Maintaining a consistent 
rotating, magnetic field, was 

2036
01:43:41,100 --> 01:43:44,500
one challenge, ensuring it 
didn't damage the apparatus over

2037
01:43:44,500 --> 01:43:47,000
time. 
Was another Tesla, tackled each,

2038
01:43:47,000 --> 01:43:51,300
obstacle systematically relying 
on mental simulations before any

2039
01:43:51,300 --> 01:43:54,300
real world tests, one anecdote 
from this period. 

2040
01:43:54,300 --> 01:43:57,300
Recounts Tesla experimenting 
with high-speed turbines that 

2041
01:43:57,300 --> 01:44:02,000
let out unnerving wines. 
Passes by grew weary prompting 

2042
01:44:02,000 --> 01:44:05,000
multiple visits from the local 
fire brigade, after neighbors, 

2043
01:44:05,000 --> 01:44:08,800
complained of Sparks. 
Tesla oblivious to the fuss 

2044
01:44:08,800 --> 01:44:12,300
would apologize earnestly. 
Then resumed his adjustments. 

2045
01:44:12,300 --> 01:44:15,300
The moment they left. 
Such episodes highlight his 

2046
01:44:15,300 --> 01:44:18,900
tendency to live almost entirely
in his realm of ideas, paying 

2047
01:44:18,900 --> 01:44:22,500
little heed to outside alarm. 
While public fascination with 

2048
01:44:22,500 --> 01:44:25,500
the electricity, was on the rise
spurred by the novelty of 

2049
01:44:25,500 --> 01:44:27,800
electric lights. 
Most industrialists, still 

2050
01:44:27,800 --> 01:44:31,900
viewed a sea with caution. 
Tesla's goal was not simply to 

2051
01:44:31,900 --> 01:44:34,900
make a sea Motors feasible, but 
to persuade key players that 

2052
01:44:34,900 --> 01:44:37,800
this technology was reliable 
safe and profitable. 

2053
01:44:38,700 --> 01:44:40,800
Each small success in his lab 
bolstered. 

2054
01:44:40,800 --> 01:44:44,500
His resolve inching him closer 
to a grand future shaped by 

2055
01:44:44,508 --> 01:44:47,100
alternating current truly 
Unstoppable. 

2056
01:44:48,300 --> 01:44:52,400
By 1888 Tesla was ready to 
unveil his AC motor to the world

2057
01:44:52,400 --> 01:44:55,300
and the venue was the American 
Institute of electrical 

2058
01:44:55,300 --> 01:44:58,300
engineers. 
While typical accounts highlight

2059
01:44:58,300 --> 01:45:01,700
the significance of this event. 
If you explore the hushed. 

2060
01:45:01,700 --> 01:45:04,800
Excitement that filled that 
lecture hall attendees included,

2061
01:45:04,800 --> 01:45:08,800
professors journalists and 
Industrial Titans all abuzz with

2062
01:45:08,800 --> 01:45:11,200
talk of a new era in electrical 
distribution. 

2063
01:45:11,200 --> 01:45:14,700
Some were openly skeptical 
others arrived hoping to witness

2064
01:45:14,700 --> 01:45:17,400
the demise of what they 
considered an Impossible Dream. 

2065
01:45:18,400 --> 01:45:21,800
Tesla walked onto the stage with
a calm demeanor, unveiling, his 

2066
01:45:21,800 --> 01:45:24,400
motor and discussing its 
principles with methodical 

2067
01:45:24,400 --> 01:45:27,000
precision. 
Crucially in the audience, sat 

2068
01:45:27,000 --> 01:45:30,000
George Westinghouse who had 
embraced AC for power 

2069
01:45:30,000 --> 01:45:33,500
transmission. 
Impressed by Tesla's Clarity and

2070
01:45:33,500 --> 01:45:36,000
the elegance and play of his 
motor Westinghouse. 

2071
01:45:36,000 --> 01:45:38,400
Quickly reached out in 
negotiations. 

2072
01:45:38,400 --> 01:45:41,700
He purchased Tesla's patents for
a substantial sum and promised 

2073
01:45:41,700 --> 01:45:44,600
royalties for every horse power 
generated by his invention. 

2074
01:45:44,600 --> 01:45:47,500
While mainstream retellings 
mentioned, the deal. 

2075
01:45:47,500 --> 01:45:50,800
The Nuance of the discussion's 
shaped by Tesla's vision for 

2076
01:45:50,800 --> 01:45:54,800
future expansion of AC off often
remains overlooked With 

2077
01:45:54,800 --> 01:45:57,900
westinghouse's backing Tesla, 
moved into a well-resourced 

2078
01:45:57,900 --> 01:46:01,100
facility in Pittsburgh to refine
his designs for commercial 

2079
01:46:01,100 --> 01:46:03,800
production. 
The cultural shift from his 

2080
01:46:03,800 --> 01:46:06,600
Liberty Street lab to an 
industrial setting was Stark. 

2081
01:46:07,200 --> 01:46:10,600
Tesla sought perfect Synergy of 
frequency and voltage, while 

2082
01:46:10,600 --> 01:46:14,000
corporate Engineers focused on 
standardized Parts despite 

2083
01:46:14,000 --> 01:46:16,300
tension, seeing his Motors 
mass-produced. 

2084
01:46:16,300 --> 01:46:20,000
Thrilled him, he was elated when
AC systems lit, parts of the 

2085
01:46:20,000 --> 01:46:23,100
1893 World Columbian. 
Exposition in Chicago, 

2086
01:46:23,100 --> 01:46:26,700
showcasing a cityscape, a glow 
with alternating current 

2087
01:46:26,700 --> 01:46:28,900
courtesy of Westinghouse and 
Tesla. 

2088
01:46:29,800 --> 01:46:32,200
A lesser known interlude 
occurred or when Tesla visited 

2089
01:46:32,200 --> 01:46:36,500
Niagara Falls to her. 
The plan hydroelectric station 

2090
01:46:36,500 --> 01:46:39,500
standing at the brink of the 
Thundering Cascade. 

2091
01:46:39,500 --> 01:46:43,300
He reportedly Muse that 
harnessing, such power would 

2092
01:46:43,300 --> 01:46:45,500
reflect Humanity's harmony with 
nature. 

2093
01:46:46,400 --> 01:46:49,500
When it went on line, delivering
electricity as far as Buffalo, 

2094
01:46:49,500 --> 01:46:53,200
it proved Aces potency. 
Yet the war of the currents 

2095
01:46:53,200 --> 01:46:57,100
fueled by Edison's campaign 
labeling, AC, dangerous cast 

2096
01:46:57,100 --> 01:47:01,300
Shadows on these achievements. 
Edison's allies staged gruesome 

2097
01:47:01,300 --> 01:47:04,100
demonstrations. 
Electrocuting animals, to 

2098
01:47:04,100 --> 01:47:07,900
highlight AC's hazards Tesla 
though offended voided. 

2099
01:47:07,900 --> 01:47:11,500
Direct public attacks. 
Instead, he showcased Aces 

2100
01:47:11,500 --> 01:47:14,600
safety and flamboyant ways. 
Passing high frequency, currents

2101
01:47:14,600 --> 01:47:18,600
through himself to light lamps, 
Newspapers seized on these spec 

2102
01:47:18,600 --> 01:47:21,700
circles Tesla, disliked 
theatrics for mere hype. 

2103
01:47:21,700 --> 01:47:23,700
That saw them as necessary to 
shift perception. 

2104
01:47:23,700 --> 01:47:27,500
Tesla's Finance is briefly 
soared his arrangement with 

2105
01:47:27,500 --> 01:47:30,400
Westinghouse promise, 
substantial gains, as AC spread.

2106
01:47:30,400 --> 01:47:33,700
However, Westinghouse soon faced
Financial strain from the 

2107
01:47:33,700 --> 01:47:35,900
Niagara project and Market 
fluctuations. 

2108
01:47:35,900 --> 01:47:38,200
When Bankers threatened, the 
Westinghouse company. 

2109
01:47:38,200 --> 01:47:42,100
Tesla made a dramatic Choice. 
He released Westinghouse from 

2110
01:47:42,100 --> 01:47:46,500
the heavy royalty agreement. 
Some Caesars altruism others 

2111
01:47:46,500 --> 01:47:49,600
suspect, that he believed 
broader AC adoption would bring 

2112
01:47:49,600 --> 01:47:51,100
even greater, well, down the 
line. 

2113
01:47:51,100 --> 01:47:54,300
Either way, this decision cost 
him Millions. 

2114
01:47:55,200 --> 01:47:59,100
That shifted Tesla's partnership
with Westinghouse, meanwhile, 

2115
01:47:59,100 --> 01:48:03,000
his growing celebrity pushed him
to chase new ideas, fascinated 

2116
01:48:03,000 --> 01:48:05,100
by a high frequency, currents 
and wireless power. 

2117
01:48:05,100 --> 01:48:08,000
You've had debt that AC power 
distribution, was only a 

2118
01:48:08,000 --> 01:48:10,700
starting point. 
His pivot from danger to 

2119
01:48:10,700 --> 01:48:14,300
Visionary signal, the dawn of a 
new phase yet the transition was

2120
01:48:14,300 --> 01:48:18,600
uneasy industry leaders wanted 
market-ready products not Grand 

2121
01:48:18,600 --> 01:48:22,800
at Tesla. 
Ever the dreamer to break 

2122
01:48:22,800 --> 01:48:26,500
boundaries, this Clash set the 
stage for his most audacious 

2123
01:48:26,500 --> 01:48:30,000
projects, some of which risk 
isolating him from commercial 

2124
01:48:30,000 --> 01:48:34,000
backers, even so, as AC quietly 
became the worldwide, standard 

2125
01:48:34,000 --> 01:48:36,900
Tesla's decisive role could not 
be denied. 

2126
01:48:37,700 --> 01:48:40,800
He toppled, the seemingly 
immovable, diesel regime and 

2127
01:48:40,800 --> 01:48:43,400
paved the road for an era 
defined by alternating current. 

2128
01:48:44,200 --> 01:48:46,900
A feat that left him eager to 
explore even more Uncharted 

2129
01:48:46,900 --> 01:48:49,600
Terrain. 
These winds fueled Tesla's. 

2130
01:48:49,600 --> 01:48:53,400
Restless imagination propelling,
further innovation, By the 

2131
01:48:53,408 --> 01:48:57,500
mid-1890s Tesla had garnered a 
reputation as an inventor who 

2132
01:48:57,500 --> 01:49:01,000
might rewrite the laws of nature
with each new contrivance in 

2133
01:49:01,000 --> 01:49:03,800
truth. 
His methods combined meticulous 

2134
01:49:03,800 --> 01:49:06,600
trial and error with knights of 
solitary reflection. 

2135
01:49:06,600 --> 01:49:10,700
He fashioned Advanced coils to 
produce high-voltage high 

2136
01:49:10,700 --> 01:49:14,300
frequency, alternating currents,
creating dramatic arcs of 

2137
01:49:14,300 --> 01:49:17,200
artificial lightning. 
While crowds flocked to watch 

2138
01:49:17,200 --> 01:49:19,700
his public lectures in 
Manhattan, Tesla was growing 

2139
01:49:19,700 --> 01:49:22,900
Restless longing for a place 
where he could attempt even 

2140
01:49:22,900 --> 01:49:25,900
bigger experiments unencumbered 
by City constraints. 

2141
01:49:26,900 --> 01:49:31,100
That desire took him to Colorado
Springs in 1899 perched at a 

2142
01:49:31,100 --> 01:49:32,700
higher altitude. 
With thinner are helped 

2143
01:49:32,700 --> 01:49:34,800
facilitate certain high voltage 
tests. 

2144
01:49:34,800 --> 01:49:37,500
The remote location was an ideal
Laboratory. 

2145
01:49:38,500 --> 01:49:40,200
He set up shop at the edge of 
town building. 

2146
01:49:40,200 --> 01:49:43,500
A structure equipped with a tall
masking above the roofline. 

2147
01:49:44,200 --> 01:49:47,200
Local spoke in hushed tones 
about lightning machines and 

2148
01:49:47,200 --> 01:49:50,400
Eerie after dark glows, some 
worry about potential 

2149
01:49:50,400 --> 01:49:52,800
catastrophe. 
Well, others were simply curious

2150
01:49:52,800 --> 01:49:55,400
about the lanky figure who 
wandered fields at odd hours. 

2151
01:49:56,200 --> 01:49:59,700
Studying the interplay of 
natural lightning inside that 

2152
01:49:59,700 --> 01:50:04,000
Workshop Tesla, probed Frontiers
that mainstream scientists had 

2153
01:50:04,000 --> 01:50:07,300
scarcely imagined he fixated on 
the Resonance of Earth's 

2154
01:50:07,300 --> 01:50:09,900
ionosphere believing signals 
could be beamed wirelessly 

2155
01:50:09,900 --> 01:50:13,200
across vast distances if 
properly tuned according to 

2156
01:50:13,208 --> 01:50:16,600
diary entries he meticulously 
recorded Every Spark every 

2157
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:21,000
flash, every ear-splitting crack
of artificial Thunder on 

2158
01:50:21,000 --> 01:50:22,900
occasion. 
He produced such intense 

2159
01:50:22,900 --> 01:50:25,900
discharges that the crackle 
could be heard for miles. 

2160
01:50:26,700 --> 01:50:29,100
One account claims that he 
caused the local power stations 

2161
01:50:29,100 --> 01:50:33,400
generated to overheat prompting,
a short lived blackout ever the 

2162
01:50:33,408 --> 01:50:36,000
polite. 
Guest Tesla apologized, then 

2163
01:50:36,000 --> 01:50:40,100
resumed tinkering in Colorado, 
Tesla crystallized, his Grand 

2164
01:50:40,100 --> 01:50:44,000
Vision a system of Global 
Wireless communication and power

2165
01:50:44,000 --> 01:50:47,000
distribution. 
The townspeople hearing rumors 

2166
01:50:47,000 --> 01:50:50,700
of free electricity speculated, 
he might Supply Power at no 

2167
01:50:50,700 --> 01:50:52,500
cost. 
Test Tesla's goals. 

2168
01:50:52,500 --> 01:50:55,600
However, were subtler. 
He pictured networks of towers 

2169
01:50:55,600 --> 01:50:57,900
resonating with the Earth's 
natural electrical charge 

2170
01:50:57,900 --> 01:51:00,000
carrying Voice or energy 
anywhere. 

2171
01:51:00,600 --> 01:51:03,700
This concept was a precursor to 
technologies that would surface 

2172
01:51:03,700 --> 01:51:06,900
decades later from Radio 
Transmissions to radar and 

2173
01:51:06,900 --> 01:51:10,700
Beyond yet life in Colorado was 
more than just experiments and 

2174
01:51:10,700 --> 01:51:13,500
thunderous Arts. 
Tesla, occasionally, mingled 

2175
01:51:13,500 --> 01:51:16,400
with the locals regaling them 
with tails of Europe and his 

2176
01:51:16,400 --> 01:51:20,500
early exploits in New York. 
Despite his eccentric schedule 

2177
01:51:20,500 --> 01:51:24,500
he possessed impeccable manners,
one story recounts how he gave a

2178
01:51:24,500 --> 01:51:27,700
personal demo of Wireless lamps 
to a bewildered blacksmith who 

2179
01:51:27,700 --> 01:51:31,000
later insisted Tesla was pulling
electricity from thin air. 

2180
01:51:31,800 --> 01:51:35,200
Such encounters spurred Legends 
of Tesla as a wizard blending 

2181
01:51:35,200 --> 01:51:36,900
science with something like 
sorcery. 

2182
01:51:37,700 --> 01:51:41,300
Still financing these colossal 
tests drain Tesla's resources 

2183
01:51:41,300 --> 01:51:45,500
his main backer JP Morgan had 
initially supported the wireless

2184
01:51:45,500 --> 01:51:49,100
project likely anticipating a 
monopoly on Global Information. 

2185
01:51:50,000 --> 01:51:52,800
But once Morgan realized Tesla's
schemes, were far, more 

2186
01:51:52,800 --> 01:51:55,000
ambitious and riskier than mere 
Wireless. 

2187
01:51:55,000 --> 01:51:57,600
Telegraphy his enthusiasm 
cooled. 

2188
01:51:58,300 --> 01:52:01,700
Tesla pressed on convinced one 
decisive demonstration would 

2189
01:52:01,700 --> 01:52:04,400
open funding floodgates that 
breakthrough. 

2190
01:52:04,400 --> 01:52:07,800
However, remained elusive 
newspapers, Amplified rumors 

2191
01:52:07,800 --> 01:52:10,700
about Tesla's activities. 
Some claiming he was attempting 

2192
01:52:10,700 --> 01:52:12,900
to Signal distant planets 
though. 

2193
01:52:12,900 --> 01:52:15,700
Tesla did speculate about 
Extra-Terrestrial intelligence. 

2194
01:52:15,700 --> 01:52:19,800
His real focus on terrestrial 
Wireless the lurid headlines. 

2195
01:52:19,800 --> 01:52:22,900
While fueling his Legend did 
little to alleviate his 

2196
01:52:22,900 --> 01:52:27,300
financial pressures eventually. 
Funds ran low forcing Tesla to 

2197
01:52:27,300 --> 01:52:31,800
close the Colorado lab in 1900. 
He left with crates of notes and

2198
01:52:31,800 --> 01:52:34,800
under diminished Zeal convinced,
he could still bring Wireless 

2199
01:52:34,800 --> 01:52:38,800
power to the masses. 
For townspeople Left Behind the 

2200
01:52:38,800 --> 01:52:42,800
memory of glowing skies and 
roiling static lingered a 

2201
01:52:42,800 --> 01:52:45,500
testament to the spectacular 
possibilities that science could

2202
01:52:45,500 --> 01:52:48,800
conjure. 
For Tesla, her Colorado Springs 

2203
01:52:48,800 --> 01:52:52,100
became a pivotal chapter, a 
Proving Ground, that fortified 

2204
01:52:52,100 --> 01:52:54,500
his belief in the Limitless 
potential of electrical 

2205
01:52:54,500 --> 01:52:56,100
resonance. 
It was there. 

2206
01:52:56,100 --> 01:52:59,500
He most clearly foresaw, a 
connected World boundless by 

2207
01:52:59,500 --> 01:53:02,800
wires than by the atmospheric 
and Earth circling energies. 

2208
01:53:02,800 --> 01:53:06,400
He aimed to harness in hindsight
Colorado was the Overture to his

2209
01:53:06,400 --> 01:53:08,300
next attempt at Global 
electrification. 

2210
01:53:08,300 --> 01:53:11,500
An attempt that would manifest 
in the Towering outline of 

2211
01:53:11,508 --> 01:53:13,200
warden cliff on Long Island 
Shores. 

2212
01:53:14,200 --> 01:53:17,700
Upon returning to New York Tesla
Consolidated, his finding from 

2213
01:53:17,700 --> 01:53:21,000
Colorado Springs into an 
audacious new Venture, the 

2214
01:53:21,000 --> 01:53:24,800
warden Cliff Tower project With 
Finance in from JP Morgan 

2215
01:53:24,800 --> 01:53:26,500
initially obtained. 
Under the premise of 

2216
01:53:26,508 --> 01:53:29,500
groundbreaking Wireless 
telegraphy Tesla purchased land 

2217
01:53:29,500 --> 01:53:32,500
in Shoreham Long Island. 
Overlooking the Atlantic. 

2218
01:53:33,700 --> 01:53:37,000
Construction began in 1901, the 
looming structure. 

2219
01:53:37,000 --> 01:53:40,600
Stood nearly, Mandarin 87 ft. 
High topped by bulbous metal 

2220
01:53:40,600 --> 01:53:44,300
Dome an extended deep below 
ground through a network of iron

2221
01:53:44,300 --> 01:53:47,200
rods many. 
Observers had no idea what to 

2222
01:53:47,200 --> 01:53:51,100
make of it. 
Tesla ever enigmatic preferred 

2223
01:53:51,100 --> 01:53:53,800
sweeping claims about sending 
both signals and energy across 

2224
01:53:53,800 --> 01:53:56,200
continents. 
What often goes unappreciated 

2225
01:53:56,200 --> 01:53:58,900
is, How Deeply Tesla believed in
the underlying physics. 

2226
01:53:59,800 --> 01:54:02,700
His notes show that Warden Cliff
wasn't limited to broadcasting, 

2227
01:54:02,700 --> 01:54:05,100
Telegraph signals, he intended 
it. 

2228
01:54:05,100 --> 01:54:08,100
As the first of many 
transmitters, all resonating 

2229
01:54:08,100 --> 01:54:11,400
with Earth's natural, electrical
cavities to convey messages or 

2230
01:54:11,400 --> 01:54:15,000
even power to any matching 
receiver worldwide in his mind. 

2231
01:54:15,000 --> 01:54:18,600
It wasn't fantasy, it was a 
logical leap from the high 

2232
01:54:18,600 --> 01:54:20,700
voltage experiments. 
He had run in Colorado Springs. 

2233
01:54:21,500 --> 01:54:23,500
However, the timing was not in 
his favor. 

2234
01:54:23,500 --> 01:54:26,700
In the same year that Warden 
Cliffs skeletal form. 

2235
01:54:26,700 --> 01:54:30,200
Emerged from the Treetops. 
Guly Elmo, Marconi successfully 

2236
01:54:30,200 --> 01:54:32,400
conducted the first 
transatlantic, radio, 

2237
01:54:32,400 --> 01:54:36,400
transmission reporters, hailed, 
Marconi as a giant in wireless 

2238
01:54:36,400 --> 01:54:40,300
communication. 
Tesla outraged pointed out that 

2239
01:54:40,300 --> 01:54:42,500
his own patents on, alternating 
current and related 

2240
01:54:42,500 --> 01:54:44,500
Technologies. 
Predated Marconi's work. 

2241
01:54:45,300 --> 01:54:48,000
Nevertheless, the public and 
finance was smitten with 

2242
01:54:48,000 --> 01:54:51,100
Marconi's simpler, more 
immediately marketable setup. 

2243
01:54:52,000 --> 01:54:55,100
Morgan's patients were thin. 
Why bankroll testers? 

2244
01:54:55,100 --> 01:54:57,600
Massive Tower. 
If Marconi's apparatus suffice 

2245
01:54:57,600 --> 01:55:01,600
for long distance, signaling 
Warden, Cliff still incomplete 

2246
01:55:01,600 --> 01:55:04,400
hemorrhaged money. 
The crew building at dwindled. 

2247
01:55:04,400 --> 01:55:08,200
Salaries went on paid and Tesla 
found himself pleading for fresh

2248
01:55:08,200 --> 01:55:10,700
capital. 
Each conversation with Morgan 

2249
01:55:10,700 --> 01:55:14,100
ended in thirst demands for 
tangible proof which Tesla 

2250
01:55:14,100 --> 01:55:17,400
couldn't produce fast enough 
desperate for funds. 

2251
01:55:17,400 --> 01:55:21,900
Tesla tried licensing, auxiliary
inventions turbines pumps. 

2252
01:55:21,900 --> 01:55:25,600
And even a plan to harness 
geothermal heat But investors 

2253
01:55:25,600 --> 01:55:28,900
questioned his broader 
intentions where he might have 

2254
01:55:28,900 --> 01:55:32,000
pivot their money into the tower
as Financial constraints 

2255
01:55:32,000 --> 01:55:35,000
tightened Warden, Clefairy 
remained, a half realized 

2256
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:38,500
vision. 
By 1905, the site was 

2257
01:55:38,500 --> 01:55:42,700
effectively deserted the tower, 
a silent Monument to Tesla's 

2258
01:55:42,700 --> 01:55:46,200
Ambitions and the shifting tides
of investor faith during these 

2259
01:55:46,200 --> 01:55:49,300
Bleak years. 
Tesla's public Persona grew more

2260
01:55:49,300 --> 01:55:52,200
eccentric, journalists 
occasionally interviewed him 

2261
01:55:52,200 --> 01:55:56,600
only to hear about proposals for
death Rays or atmospheric power 

2262
01:55:56,600 --> 01:55:59,600
rumors circulated that he was 
becoming a recluse. 

2263
01:56:00,500 --> 01:56:04,100
Yet, his mind State agile. 
Continuing to churn out 

2264
01:56:04,100 --> 01:56:07,000
possibilities. 
He Force solar energy as a 

2265
01:56:07,008 --> 01:56:09,200
future Mainstay though. 
Few listened. 

2266
01:56:09,900 --> 01:56:12,700
The industrial World seemed 
enthralled by an oil and coal. 

2267
01:56:13,500 --> 01:56:16,500
While Tesla's musings about sun,
powered engines, Drew smirks 

2268
01:56:16,500 --> 01:56:20,200
Warden, Cliff was never fully 
operational and the newspapers. 

2269
01:56:20,200 --> 01:56:23,200
Offered little sympathy some 
newspapers, ridiculed him 

2270
01:56:23,200 --> 01:56:26,200
portraying him as an unrealistic
idea list others. 

2271
01:56:26,200 --> 01:56:29,800
Barely mentioned his name 
focusing instead on Marconi's 

2272
01:56:29,800 --> 01:56:34,300
ongoing successes Sting of being
overshadowed, was palpable. 

2273
01:56:35,000 --> 01:56:37,400
Tesla clung to the belief that 
one day the world would 

2274
01:56:37,400 --> 01:56:39,700
recognize the practicality of 
Wireless power. 

2275
01:56:40,300 --> 01:56:44,200
Indeed, later generations would 
adapt many of his principles for

2276
01:56:44,200 --> 01:56:47,300
radio and Beyond. 
But in his time, the towers 

2277
01:56:47,300 --> 01:56:50,200
failure, left him saddled with 
debt and weighed down by public 

2278
01:56:50,200 --> 01:56:53,300
skepticism even. 
So Tesla didn't abandon 

2279
01:56:53,300 --> 01:56:55,900
optimism. 
He often spoke as if Warden 

2280
01:56:55,900 --> 01:57:00,100
Cliff had simply been delayed, 
not canceled in private, he 

2281
01:57:00,100 --> 01:57:03,700
refined sketches of improved 
transmitters reimagine, the 

2282
01:57:03,700 --> 01:57:08,000
towers design and kept dreaming 
of a worldwide grid of resonance

2283
01:57:08,000 --> 01:57:10,200
stations. 
He believed that the planet 

2284
01:57:10,200 --> 01:57:13,300
itself with its vast. 
Electrical potential could be 

2285
01:57:13,308 --> 01:57:15,600
turned into a conduit of 
universal energy. 

2286
01:57:15,600 --> 01:57:19,200
The fact that Society was not 
ready, did little to dampen his 

2287
01:57:19,200 --> 01:57:23,100
conviction despite setbacks 
fragments of Tesla's Vision, 

2288
01:57:23,100 --> 01:57:26,400
crept into later technological. 
Revolution's Wireless 

2289
01:57:26,400 --> 01:57:28,900
communication would evolve in 
Leaps and Bounds though. 

2290
01:57:28,900 --> 01:57:32,700
Powered by the more conventional
means Concepts like Global 

2291
01:57:32,700 --> 01:57:35,700
connectivity and broadcast 
energy dismissed in Tesla's day,

2292
01:57:35,700 --> 01:57:38,400
surface decades, afterward in 
varying forms. 

2293
01:57:38,400 --> 01:57:42,000
Yet at the dawn of the 20th 
century Tesla faced only 

2294
01:57:42,000 --> 01:57:45,700
mounting bills evaporating 
capital and Tower rusting away 

2295
01:57:45,700 --> 01:57:49,100
on Long Island. 
The Heartbreak of wardenclyffe 

2296
01:57:49,100 --> 01:57:52,400
marked a turning point leaving 
Tesla to operate mostly on the 

2297
01:57:52,408 --> 01:57:56,100
margins of an industry. 
He had once revolutionized, As 

2298
01:57:56,100 --> 01:57:58,400
the 20th century marched on the 
world. 

2299
01:57:58,400 --> 01:58:00,300
Tesla had done so much to 
illuminate. 

2300
01:58:00,300 --> 01:58:04,500
Surged ahead, the AC systems, he
championed became the backbone 

2301
01:58:04,500 --> 01:58:08,400
of modern infrastructure yet, 
Tesla himself slipped from the 

2302
01:58:08,400 --> 01:58:11,300
spotlight, He moved between New 
York hotels. 

2303
01:58:11,300 --> 01:58:15,200
Sometimes leaving unpaid bills 
behind public interviews, grew 

2304
01:58:15,200 --> 01:58:18,900
sparse when he did speak. 
He mentioned theories of beam. 

2305
01:58:18,900 --> 01:58:22,700
Weapons weather manipulation and
advanced propulsion sowing 

2306
01:58:22,700 --> 01:58:25,300
intrigued, even some questioned 
his grasp on reality. 

2307
01:58:26,300 --> 01:58:29,700
But his notebooks to the extent,
they survive reveal how these 

2308
01:58:29,700 --> 01:58:32,800
ideas built on earlier 
experiments rather than me or 

2309
01:58:32,800 --> 01:58:35,800
Whimsy. 
A lesser known facet of Tesla's 

2310
01:58:35,800 --> 01:58:37,400
later. 
Life was his nightly ritual of 

2311
01:58:37,408 --> 01:58:41,600
feeding, pigeons in Bryant Park,
Observers saw a solitary figure 

2312
01:58:41,600 --> 01:58:45,800
scattering seeds by Lamplight 
but Tesla found solace and 

2313
01:58:45,800 --> 01:58:49,000
caring for those birds. 
Claiming a special bond with one

2314
01:58:49,000 --> 01:58:52,200
white pigeon in particular. 
It may have seemed an odd 

2315
01:58:52,200 --> 01:58:54,700
Pastime for a renowned inventor 
yet. 

2316
01:58:54,700 --> 01:58:57,600
It reflected a familiar pattern.
Tesla's. 

2317
01:58:57,600 --> 01:59:00,400
Deep empathy for natural, 
phenomena creatures included. 

2318
01:59:01,400 --> 01:59:04,500
Meanwhile, patent disputes raged
over the origins of radio. 

2319
01:59:04,500 --> 01:59:08,600
Tesla had filed patents before 
Marconi's breakthroughs yet. 

2320
01:59:08,600 --> 01:59:11,400
Marconi was lauded for bringing 
Wireless transmission into the 

2321
01:59:11,400 --> 01:59:14,600
mainstream. 
The legal entanglements dragged 

2322
01:59:14,600 --> 01:59:19,000
on for years. 
In 1943, the US Supreme Court 

2323
01:59:19,000 --> 01:59:21,700
finally recognized Tesla's 
priority for peace. 

2324
01:59:21,700 --> 01:59:24,400
Certain critical. 
Radio patents though, this 

2325
01:59:24,400 --> 01:59:27,300
Vindication arrived too late to 
alter his financial Straits. 

2326
01:59:28,100 --> 01:59:31,500
He was never able to capitalize 
on the official ruling nor did 

2327
01:59:31,500 --> 01:59:34,100
it quell, The public's 
Association of radio primarily 

2328
01:59:34,100 --> 01:59:37,300
with Marconi. 
Tesla spent his final stretch of

2329
01:59:37,308 --> 01:59:41,100
Life at the New Yorker Hotel. 
Though, short on funds, he still

2330
01:59:41,100 --> 01:59:45,400
scrolled ideas on scraps of 
paper proposing, cosmic ray 

2331
01:59:45,400 --> 01:59:48,700
engines and new power methods. 
Visitors, who managed to see 

2332
01:59:48,700 --> 01:59:50,200
him? 
Might find him animated and 

2333
01:59:50,200 --> 01:59:53,000
eloquent. 
Speaking in polished tones About

2334
01:59:53,000 --> 01:59:56,300
harnessing the energy of the Sun
or channeling power from the 

2335
01:59:56,300 --> 01:59:59,700
Earth's magnetic field. 
He believed that her telephone 

2336
01:59:59,700 --> 02:00:03,000
beam could end War by making 
National borders impenetrable. 

2337
02:00:03,700 --> 02:00:07,200
To many these Notions sounded 
impossible yet Tesla's. 

2338
02:00:07,200 --> 02:00:10,900
Track record left room to wonder
When he passed away on January 

2339
02:00:10,900 --> 02:00:16,200
7th of 1943 in room 3327, he 
left behind boxes of documents 

2340
02:00:16,200 --> 02:00:19,800
that soon became the subject of 
intense scrutiny authorities, 

2341
02:00:19,800 --> 02:00:22,500
seize, some of his papers 
fuelling Rumours of hidden 

2342
02:00:22,500 --> 02:00:24,900
Innovation, or weapons to 
dangerous for public 

2343
02:00:24,900 --> 02:00:27,200
consumption. 
Conspiracy theories. 

2344
02:00:27,200 --> 02:00:31,000
Flourished, while the reality 
likely involved routine, 

2345
02:00:31,000 --> 02:00:35,000
security concerns the secrecy 
lent, Mystique to Tesla's Legacy

2346
02:00:35,800 --> 02:00:39,200
It became hard to disentangle 
fact from folklore over the 

2347
02:00:39,200 --> 02:00:41,900
decades. 
Tesla standing in popular 

2348
02:00:41,900 --> 02:00:45,400
Consciousness swung wildly 
Edison's name overshadowed his 

2349
02:00:45,400 --> 02:00:50,000
for a time especially in school 
textbooks only later did your 

2350
02:00:50,000 --> 02:00:52,100
movements rise to credit Tesla 
for his revolutionary 

2351
02:00:52,100 --> 02:00:57,000
contributions, to AC power radio
technology and more modern 

2352
02:00:57,000 --> 02:00:59,600
Engineers scientists. 
And curious lay people 

2353
02:00:59,600 --> 02:01:03,100
uncovered, his patents and 
writings marveling at how he'd 

2354
02:01:03,100 --> 02:01:06,600
anticipated entire fields of 
inquiry from robotics to 

2355
02:01:06,600 --> 02:01:09,800
wireless communication. 
His pioneering theories on 

2356
02:01:09,800 --> 02:01:12,500
residents and frequency. 
All informed aspects of modern 

2357
02:01:12,500 --> 02:01:14,800
electronics, though. 
That debt was seldom 

2358
02:01:14,800 --> 02:01:17,500
acknowledged until much later in
daily life. 

2359
02:01:19,000 --> 02:01:20,800
Tesla's. 
True genius shines in the 

2360
02:01:20,800 --> 02:01:23,900
simplest of ways. 
Flicker, lights, switch, and you

2361
02:01:23,900 --> 02:01:25,300
reap. 
The benefits of alternating 

2362
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:29,800
current use wireless devices and
you operate on a principal Tesla

2363
02:01:29,800 --> 02:01:31,300
believed could reach across the 
planet. 

2364
02:01:32,100 --> 02:01:35,700
The Synergy envisioned between 
inventor nature and the 

2365
02:01:35,700 --> 02:01:38,100
Unstoppable. 
March of progress remains a 

2366
02:01:38,100 --> 02:01:41,200
potent, reminder of how one 
brilliant mind can shape hole 

2367
02:01:41,200 --> 02:01:45,200
errors. 
Tesla story is above all a study

2368
02:01:45,200 --> 02:01:48,600
and perseverance and Paradox. 
He shunned the pursuit of wealth

2369
02:01:48,600 --> 02:01:50,800
yet needed Capital to 
materialize his dreams. 

2370
02:01:51,500 --> 02:01:53,200
He relished public 
demonstrations yet. 

2371
02:01:53,200 --> 02:01:56,100
Often worked Alone lost in 
interior worlds. 

2372
02:01:56,700 --> 02:02:00,700
He was both lauded and dismissed
recognized as a key figure in an

2373
02:02:00,700 --> 02:02:02,500
electrifying, the modern world 
yet. 

2374
02:02:02,500 --> 02:02:05,200
Branded at times as an 
eccentric, on the fringes of 

2375
02:02:05,200 --> 02:02:08,700
acceptable science. 
Even so, he left an imprint 

2376
02:02:08,700 --> 02:02:11,500
rivaled by few long after his 
death. 

2377
02:02:11,500 --> 02:02:15,700
The hum of AC power lines, the 
glow of electric lamps and the 

2378
02:02:15,700 --> 02:02:18,600
chirp of Wireless signals Echo 
test Tesla's influence. 

2379
02:02:18,600 --> 02:02:22,300
He never saw the breadth of his 
Triumph in person, yet the 

2380
02:02:22,300 --> 02:02:24,600
future, he glimpsed was Not Mere
fantasy. 

2381
02:02:24,600 --> 02:02:28,200
It was an inevitable extension 
of the forces, he harnessed so 

2382
02:02:28,200 --> 02:02:30,700
elegantly. 
And though the man himself 

2383
02:02:30,700 --> 02:02:34,800
passed in relative, obscurity, 
his ideas still crack over the 

2384
02:02:34,800 --> 02:02:37,300
Vitality, that defies the 
boundaries of time and 

2385
02:02:37,300 --> 02:02:46,100
Imagination. 
Picture this, your city in 

2386
02:02:46,108 --> 02:02:50,500
ancient China around 220 BC, 
probably wondering what's for 

2387
02:02:50,500 --> 02:02:52,400
dinner and hoping the weather 
holds up for harvest season 

2388
02:02:52,400 --> 02:02:55,900
you've got your little plot of 
land, maybe some chickens 

2389
02:02:55,900 --> 02:02:58,300
pecking around and life is 
pretty predictable. 

2390
02:02:59,300 --> 02:03:02,200
Then Emperor chincha Huang shows
up with what might be history's.

2391
02:03:02,200 --> 02:03:03,800
Most ambitious Home Improvement 
project. 

2392
02:03:04,800 --> 02:03:06,600
We're going to build a wall, he 
announces. 

2393
02:03:06,600 --> 02:03:09,900
Not just any wall mind. 
You a wall that stretches across

2394
02:03:09,900 --> 02:03:13,900
mountains deserts and valleys 
for thousands of miles your 

2395
02:03:13,900 --> 02:03:16,000
neighbors probably thought he'd 
been sampling too much rice 

2396
02:03:16,000 --> 02:03:18,400
wine, but this Emperor was dead 
serious. 

2397
02:03:18,400 --> 02:03:21,900
He had already conquered six. 
Other kingdoms to unite China. 

2398
02:03:21,900 --> 02:03:25,500
So building an impossibly long 
wall seemed like a simple task. 

2399
02:03:26,600 --> 02:03:30,300
Tuesday, afternoons project. 
The thing is wolves already 

2400
02:03:30,308 --> 02:03:32,800
existed. 
Various kingdoms had been 

2401
02:03:32,800 --> 02:03:35,800
building defensive barriers for 
centuries, like having a really 

2402
02:03:35,800 --> 02:03:38,100
impressive fence to keep the 
neighbor's goats out of your 

2403
02:03:38,100 --> 02:03:41,100
garden. 
But chinchar, Huang looked at 

2404
02:03:41,100 --> 02:03:43,100
these scattered walls. 
The way you might look at 

2405
02:03:43,100 --> 02:03:46,100
mismatched Furniture in your 
living room functional, but 

2406
02:03:46,100 --> 02:03:49,500
lacking a unified Vision. 
His plan was brilliant in its 

2407
02:03:49,500 --> 02:03:53,900
audacity connect the existing 
walls, extend them and create 

2408
02:03:53,900 --> 02:03:56,600
one continuous barrier along, 
China's northern border. 

2409
02:03:57,300 --> 02:04:00,600
Imagine this as the world's 
first massive renovation project

2410
02:04:00,600 --> 02:04:03,800
where instead of demolishing 
walls they were constructing the

2411
02:04:03,800 --> 02:04:07,700
ultimate wall to end all walls. 
The emperor's motivation wasn't 

2412
02:04:07,700 --> 02:04:10,300
just showing off though. 
That was certainly part of it. 

2413
02:04:11,200 --> 02:04:14,000
The Mongols and other nomadic 
tribes from the north were 

2414
02:04:14,000 --> 02:04:17,500
habituated to dropping by 
Uninvited usually with swords 

2415
02:04:17,500 --> 02:04:20,600
and an attitude problem. 
These weren't friendly social 

2416
02:04:20,600 --> 02:04:22,600
calls. 
They were more like aggressive 

2417
02:04:22,600 --> 02:04:25,800
house parties, where the guests,
take everything and leave the 

2418
02:04:25,800 --> 02:04:28,600
place in shambles. 
So you can understand the 

2419
02:04:28,600 --> 02:04:31,100
emperor's thinking build a wall.
So impressive. 

2420
02:04:31,100 --> 02:04:34,200
So formidable that these 
Northern neighbors would take 

2421
02:04:34,200 --> 02:04:38,000
one look and decide maybe they'd
rather stay home and tend their 

2422
02:04:38,000 --> 02:04:40,500
horses instead. 
It was like, installing the 

2423
02:04:40,500 --> 02:04:44,200
world's most elaborate security 
system, except the cameras were 

2424
02:04:44,200 --> 02:04:46,500
guard towers, and the alarms of 
very loud horn. 

2425
02:04:47,300 --> 02:04:49,600
But here's where it gets 
intriguing for regular folks. 

2426
02:04:49,600 --> 02:04:53,400
Like you this project wasn't 
going to be by magic or imperial

2427
02:04:53,400 --> 02:04:55,900
decree alone. 
This undertaking was going to 

2428
02:04:55,900 --> 02:05:00,400
require hands, millions of them.
Suddenly your quiet, life of 

2429
02:05:00,400 --> 02:05:02,200
farming. 
And chicken tending was about to

2430
02:05:02,200 --> 02:05:05,300
get a lot more complicated. 
The recruitment process was 

2431
02:05:05,300 --> 02:05:09,000
about a subtle as an earthquake.
Local officials would show up in

2432
02:05:09,000 --> 02:05:11,200
villages with Scrolls and 
serious Expressions. 

2433
02:05:11,200 --> 02:05:14,300
Essentially conducting a very 
involuntary job fair. 

2434
02:05:15,200 --> 02:05:17,800
Congratulations. 
They say, you've been selected 

2435
02:05:17,800 --> 02:05:20,900
for a wonderful opportunity to 
serve your Emperor and build 

2436
02:05:20,900 --> 02:05:25,500
something truly historic. the 
fact that you hadn't applied for

2437
02:05:25,500 --> 02:05:29,300
this opportunity was considered 
irrelevant now before you start 

2438
02:05:29,300 --> 02:05:32,400
feeling too, sorry for yourself 
in this scenario consider the 

2439
02:05:32,400 --> 02:05:35,900
alternative The emperor just 
finished unifying China through 

2440
02:05:35,900 --> 02:05:38,700
a series of wars that made Game 
of Thrones look like a peaceful 

2441
02:05:38,700 --> 02:05:41,100
afternoon tea. 
Building a wall. 

2442
02:05:41,100 --> 02:05:44,400
Even an impossibly long one was 
actually the peaceful option. 

2443
02:05:45,200 --> 02:05:48,000
Still knowing your part of the 
karma solution doesn't make the 

2444
02:05:48,000 --> 02:05:50,400
prospect of hauling Stones 
across mountains, any more 

2445
02:05:50,400 --> 02:05:53,000
appealing. 
Scale of this project was 

2446
02:05:53,000 --> 02:05:54,900
something. 
No one had ever attempted. 

2447
02:05:55,800 --> 02:05:58,700
Imagine trying to coordinate a 
construction project that spans 

2448
02:05:58,700 --> 02:06:01,800
the distance from New York to 
Denver, except there are no 

2449
02:06:01,800 --> 02:06:04,500
trucks. 
No power tools and no Home 

2450
02:06:04,500 --> 02:06:06,800
Depot. 
Everything had to be done with 

2451
02:06:06,800 --> 02:06:10,600
human, muscle animal power, and 
whatever clever engineering 

2452
02:06:10,600 --> 02:06:12,300
Solutions. 
People could devise with the 

2453
02:06:12,300 --> 02:06:17,500
technology of 220 BC, and so 
began one of History's Greatest 

2454
02:06:17,500 --> 02:06:21,000
adventures in construction 
management Community cooperation

2455
02:06:21,000 --> 02:06:25,600
and sheer human stubbornness You
are about to become part of 

2456
02:06:25,600 --> 02:06:27,000
something that would still be 
visible. 

2457
02:06:27,000 --> 02:06:30,100
So here you are standing with 
your hastily packed belongings 

2458
02:06:30,100 --> 02:06:32,900
and wondering how your life took
such an unexpected term. 

2459
02:06:34,000 --> 02:06:35,600
The recruitment officer has 
assured you. 

2460
02:06:35,600 --> 02:06:38,300
That the job is a temporary 
assignment, just a few months, 

2461
02:06:38,300 --> 02:06:42,300
maybe a year at most you'll be 
back home before, you know it he

2462
02:06:42,300 --> 02:06:44,300
says with the confidence of 
someone who's never actually 

2463
02:06:44,300 --> 02:06:47,600
built a wall, First glimpse of 
the construction site is like 

2464
02:06:47,600 --> 02:06:50,700
nothing you've ever seen. 
Imagine an ant hill, the size of

2465
02:06:50,708 --> 02:06:54,100
a city, except the answer people
and they're all carrying rocks, 

2466
02:06:54,100 --> 02:06:57,600
thousands of workers, stretch 
across the landscape, creating a

2467
02:06:57,600 --> 02:07:01,200
human chain that disappears into
the distance, the noises 

2468
02:07:01,200 --> 02:07:05,500
incredible hammering shouting 
the scrape of stone against 

2469
02:07:05,500 --> 02:07:07,800
Stone and the occasional 
creative curse word that 

2470
02:07:07,800 --> 02:07:10,200
probably shouldn't be repeated 
in polite company. 

2471
02:07:11,300 --> 02:07:13,800
Your assigned to a work crew. 
That becomes your new family 

2472
02:07:13,800 --> 02:07:17,800
whether you like it or not. 
There's old Chen who claims he 

2473
02:07:17,808 --> 02:07:20,400
helped build the Emperor's 
Palace and has strong opinions 

2474
02:07:20,400 --> 02:07:24,300
about proper mortar mixing Ying 
Liu bounces around with the 

2475
02:07:24,300 --> 02:07:27,100
enthusiasm of someone who thinks
this whole wall business might 

2476
02:07:27,100 --> 02:07:30,700
actually be fun. 
Wang the quiet barely speaks but

2477
02:07:30,700 --> 02:07:34,300
can carry stones that would make
a donkey jealous and there's you

2478
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:36,100
trying to figure out which end 
of a hammer to hold. 

2479
02:07:37,100 --> 02:07:41,100
The living arrangements are 
shall we say cozy your new home 

2480
02:07:41,100 --> 02:07:44,600
is a tent shared with five other
men, which sounds awful and you 

2481
02:07:44,600 --> 02:07:46,800
realize some crews are sleeping 
12 to a shelter. 

2482
02:07:47,800 --> 02:07:51,400
Privacy becomes a fond memory 
like a favorite dish from home 

2483
02:07:51,400 --> 02:07:53,900
that you can almost taste. 
If you concentrate hard enough, 

2484
02:07:54,600 --> 02:07:56,700
The good news is that, everyone 
snores. 

2485
02:07:56,700 --> 02:07:59,400
So at least the noise is evenly 
distributed. 

2486
02:07:59,400 --> 02:08:03,400
Your daily routine starts Before
Dawn, because apparently, 

2487
02:08:03,400 --> 02:08:06,200
whoever designed this schedule, 
believe that sunlight was a 

2488
02:08:06,200 --> 02:08:10,000
luxury, rather than a necessity,
you stumble out of your shared 

2489
02:08:10,000 --> 02:08:12,800
tent, grab some rice and maybe a
pickled vegetable. 

2490
02:08:12,800 --> 02:08:16,600
If you're lucky and report to 
your section chief, this is a 

2491
02:08:16,600 --> 02:08:19,600
man who is elevated shouting 
into an art form and seems to 

2492
02:08:19,600 --> 02:08:22,700
believe that volume is directly 
proportional to work efficiency,

2493
02:08:22,700 --> 02:08:25,300
the work itself is simpler and 
concept. 

2494
02:08:25,300 --> 02:08:28,400
The next execution, your 
building a wall which sounds 

2495
02:08:28,400 --> 02:08:30,500
straightforward. 
Until you realize this war needs

2496
02:08:30,508 --> 02:08:32,400
to be tall enough to stop 
mounted Warriors. 

2497
02:08:32,400 --> 02:08:35,400
Strong enough to withstand CJ 
engines and long enough to 

2498
02:08:35,400 --> 02:08:39,000
protect an entire Frontier. 
It's like being asked to build a

2499
02:08:39,000 --> 02:08:41,900
fence around your property, 
except your property is the size

2500
02:08:41,900 --> 02:08:44,400
of several States, and the fence
needs to stop an army. 

2501
02:08:45,300 --> 02:08:47,800
The foundation work is 
backbreaking in the most literal

2502
02:08:47,800 --> 02:08:50,300
sense. 
You spend days moving Earth 

2503
02:08:50,300 --> 02:08:53,800
laying stones and creating the 
base that everything else will 

2504
02:08:53,800 --> 02:08:56,400
rest on each Stone needs to be 
placed. 

2505
02:08:56,400 --> 02:08:59,600
Just so because a wobbly 
Foundation today means a 

2506
02:08:59,608 --> 02:09:02,600
collapsed wall to tomorrow and 
nobody wants to explain to the 

2507
02:09:02,608 --> 02:09:04,200
emperor. 
Why his wall is developed to 

2508
02:09:04,208 --> 02:09:09,000
lean But here's the thing about 
shared misery, it has a way of 

2509
02:09:09,000 --> 02:09:12,500
bringing people together by the 
end of your first week, you and 

2510
02:09:12,500 --> 02:09:15,000
your tent mates have developed. 
An effortless Camry. 

2511
02:09:15,000 --> 02:09:18,800
Born of mutual exhaustion old 
Chen, shares techniques. 

2512
02:09:18,800 --> 02:09:20,900
He learned from previous 
construction projects. 

2513
02:09:21,600 --> 02:09:24,500
Ying Liu invents games to make 
the repetitive work more 

2514
02:09:24,500 --> 02:09:27,300
bearable, won the quiet. 
Turns out to be an excellent 

2515
02:09:27,300 --> 02:09:29,000
cook. 
Who can make rice taste almost 

2516
02:09:29,000 --> 02:09:31,300
intriguing? 
The engineers overseeing, the 

2517
02:09:31,300 --> 02:09:34,300
project or a fascinating Bunch, 
they've had to solve problems. 

2518
02:09:34,300 --> 02:09:37,400
No one has ever faced before 
like how to build a uniform wall

2519
02:09:37,400 --> 02:09:40,300
across terrain that varies from 
desert sand to Mountain Granite.

2520
02:09:40,900 --> 02:09:43,600
Watching them work is like 
seeing puzzle, Master's tackle, 

2521
02:09:43,600 --> 02:09:46,300
a jigsaw with a million pieces, 
none of which seem to fit 

2522
02:09:46,300 --> 02:09:49,000
together properly. 
Supply lines stretch back 

2523
02:09:49,000 --> 02:09:51,900
towards civilization like the 
world's longest grocery delivery

2524
02:09:51,900 --> 02:09:54,600
route. 
Wagons arrived with fresh Stone,

2525
02:09:54,600 --> 02:09:58,300
Timber rice and replacement 
tools, occasionally they bring 

2526
02:09:58,300 --> 02:10:01,000
news from home, which everyone 
gathers around to hear, like 

2527
02:10:01,000 --> 02:10:04,000
it's the evening entertainment. 
Occasionally, they bring new 

2528
02:10:04,000 --> 02:10:07,500
workers to replace those who've 
completed their service or more 

2529
02:10:07,500 --> 02:10:09,600
grimly. 
Those who won't be going home at

2530
02:10:09,600 --> 02:10:12,900
all. 
Despite the hardships, there's 

2531
02:10:12,900 --> 02:10:16,100
something, oddly satisfying 
about the work, each day you can

2532
02:10:16,108 --> 02:10:19,100
see progress, the wall, grows 
taller stronger and more 

2533
02:10:19,100 --> 02:10:21,500
impressive. 
You begin to take pride in your 

2534
02:10:21,508 --> 02:10:24,900
section competing informally 
with other Crews to see who can 

2535
02:10:24,900 --> 02:10:27,600
lay the straightest line or 
build the most solid foundation.

2536
02:10:27,600 --> 02:10:31,500
It's like the world's most 
exhausting team sport after a 

2537
02:10:31,500 --> 02:10:33,600
few weeks on the wall, you've 
developed what your grandmother 

2538
02:10:33,600 --> 02:10:37,900
might charitably call character 
your hands once soft from farm 

2539
02:10:37,900 --> 02:10:40,100
work. 
Now sport calluses in places. 

2540
02:10:40,100 --> 02:10:43,600
You didn't know, could grow 
calluses your back has adapted 

2541
02:10:43,600 --> 02:10:46,800
to a permanent slight hunch from
lifting stones, and you've 

2542
02:10:46,800 --> 02:10:49,500
learned to identify different 
types of rock by their weight 

2543
02:10:49,500 --> 02:10:52,600
and the specific way they make 
your shoulders ache. 

2544
02:10:53,500 --> 02:10:56,600
The workday starts with what the
section, chief, optimistically 

2545
02:10:56,600 --> 02:11:00,500
calls morning, coordination, 
which everyone else recognizes 

2546
02:11:00,500 --> 02:11:03,400
as the daily ritual of figuring 
out, who's going to do what and 

2547
02:11:03,400 --> 02:11:05,500
how badly it might go wrong 
today. 

2548
02:11:05,500 --> 02:11:09,400
Your crew is assigned to mortar 
mixing, which sounds easier 

2549
02:11:09,400 --> 02:11:11,600
Until you realize that getting 
the consistency, right? 

2550
02:11:11,600 --> 02:11:14,100
Is like trying to bake bread 
while blindfolded during an 

2551
02:11:14,100 --> 02:11:16,800
earthquake. 
Old Chen takes this opportunity 

2552
02:11:16,800 --> 02:11:20,100
to share his philosophy on 
mortar which apparently involves

2553
02:11:20,100 --> 02:11:22,500
the same level of precision that
other people reserved for 

2554
02:11:22,508 --> 02:11:25,500
poetry. 
If the mixture is too wet, it 

2555
02:11:25,500 --> 02:11:27,400
runs like water from a broken 
bucket. 

2556
02:11:27,400 --> 02:11:30,600
He explains while stirring the 
mixture with a wooden paddle 

2557
02:11:30,600 --> 02:11:34,100
that has seen better days, too 
dry and it crumbles like a 

2558
02:11:34,108 --> 02:11:37,400
promise from a politician. 
You're beginning to suspect that

2559
02:11:37,400 --> 02:11:40,100
old Chen, has strong opinions 
about everything, which makes 

2560
02:11:40,100 --> 02:11:43,600
him other very wise or very 
annoying depending on how early 

2561
02:11:43,600 --> 02:11:46,100
in the morning. 
It is the stones themselves come

2562
02:11:46,100 --> 02:11:48,300
from quarries. 
That seemed impossibly far away 

2563
02:11:48,300 --> 02:11:51,700
yet somehow keep producing an 
endless supply of building 

2564
02:11:51,700 --> 02:11:55,200
material. 
Watching the stonecutters work 

2565
02:11:55,200 --> 02:11:59,700
is mesmerizing they can look at 
a rough Boulder and somehow see 

2566
02:11:59,700 --> 02:12:02,600
the perfectly shaped block 
hiding inside like sculptors 

2567
02:12:02,600 --> 02:12:06,100
working in Reverse their hammers
ring against chisels with a 

2568
02:12:06,100 --> 02:12:07,600
rhythm. 
That becomes the sound track of 

2569
02:12:07,600 --> 02:12:10,600
construction, a percussion 
section for the Symphony of 

2570
02:12:10,600 --> 02:12:14,200
building Transportation of 
materials has evolved into a 

2571
02:12:14,200 --> 02:12:17,400
complex dance of human. 
Efficiency teams of workers 

2572
02:12:17,400 --> 02:12:19,400
form. 
Chains from the supply wagons to

2573
02:12:19,400 --> 02:12:23,400
the construction site passing 
Stones had to hand in a process 

2574
02:12:23,400 --> 02:12:26,900
that looks chaotic but actually 
moves materials faster than you 

2575
02:12:26,900 --> 02:12:29,200
think possible. 
It's like watching a very 

2576
02:12:29,200 --> 02:12:32,500
patient version of the world's 
heaviest relay race Ying. 

2577
02:12:32,500 --> 02:12:35,300
Liu has invented a game where 
you try to predict which Stone 

2578
02:12:35,300 --> 02:12:38,200
will be the most awkward to 
carry based on its shape. 

2579
02:12:38,200 --> 02:12:41,900
He surprisingly talented at 
this, having developed a knife 

2580
02:12:41,900 --> 02:12:44,700
for stones that look innocent, 
but turn out to be engineered by

2581
02:12:44,700 --> 02:12:47,800
Nature specifically, to be 
impossible to grip properly. 

2582
02:12:48,600 --> 02:12:51,800
His uncanny ability to spot. 
These troublemakers and save the

2583
02:12:51,800 --> 02:12:55,600
crew, numerous bruised toes and 
creative vocabulary lessons. 

2584
02:12:55,600 --> 02:12:59,100
The wall itself is taking shape 
with surprising speed 

2585
02:12:59,100 --> 02:13:01,700
considering, it's being built 
entirely by hand. 

2586
02:13:01,700 --> 02:13:05,500
Each section has its own 
personality reflecting, the crew

2587
02:13:05,500 --> 02:13:08,200
that built it. 
Some sections are precisely 

2588
02:13:08,200 --> 02:13:11,300
uniform built by teams that 
measure twice and cut once. 

2589
02:13:12,000 --> 02:13:15,600
Others show more character with 
small variations that somehow 

2590
02:13:15,600 --> 02:13:18,100
make them look more human. 
And less like something 

2591
02:13:18,100 --> 02:13:20,200
assembled by very patient 
machines. 

2592
02:13:20,200 --> 02:13:24,400
Whether at its complications to 
the work, rain turns the 

2593
02:13:24,400 --> 02:13:27,900
construction site into a muddy 
obstacle course where every step

2594
02:13:27,900 --> 02:13:30,800
requires careful consideration 
of physics and balance. 

2595
02:13:30,800 --> 02:13:34,300
Hot days, make the stones too 
hot to handle comfortably and 

2596
02:13:34,300 --> 02:13:36,500
cold mornings. 
Mean waiting for fingers to thaw

2597
02:13:36,500 --> 02:13:39,900
enough to grip tools properly. 
You begin to develop a farmers 

2598
02:13:39,900 --> 02:13:42,200
intuition for whether reading 
the sky. 

2599
02:13:42,200 --> 02:13:45,300
Like, a daily newspaper that 
specializes in inconvenient 

2600
02:13:45,300 --> 02:13:48,500
surprises. 
The guard towers spaced at 

2601
02:13:48,500 --> 02:13:51,100
regular intervals along the wall
present their engineering 

2602
02:13:51,100 --> 02:13:53,100
challenges. 
These aren't just tall 

2603
02:13:53,100 --> 02:13:56,300
platforms, their sophisticated 
observation and communication 

2604
02:13:56,300 --> 02:13:59,000
posts that need to be sturdy 
enough to withstand attacks 

2605
02:13:59,000 --> 02:14:02,300
while remaining tall enough to 
provide commanding views of the 

2606
02:14:02,300 --> 02:14:05,300
surrounding territory. 
Building them requires a 

2607
02:14:05,300 --> 02:14:07,500
combination of masonry 
carpentry. 

2608
02:14:07,500 --> 02:14:10,700
And what might generously be 
called optimistic physics. 

2609
02:14:11,500 --> 02:14:15,200
Food becomes both Fuel and 
entertainment, the camp Cooks of

2610
02:14:15,208 --> 02:14:17,800
mastered, the art of making 
large quantities, of rice, 

2611
02:14:17,800 --> 02:14:21,600
interesting through creative use
of whatever, vegetables, meat or

2612
02:14:21,600 --> 02:14:23,000
seasonings happen to be 
available. 

2613
02:14:23,900 --> 02:14:27,200
Sometimes you have lucky and 
there's pork other times, you 

2614
02:14:27,200 --> 02:14:30,000
learn to appreciate the subtle 
flavors of turnips and hope 

2615
02:14:30,000 --> 02:14:34,200
Cruise gather during mealtimes 
to share stories voice, 

2616
02:14:34,200 --> 02:14:37,100
complaints and occasionally 
speculate about the potential 

2617
02:14:37,100 --> 02:14:40,800
completion of this project. your
tent mates have developed 

2618
02:14:40,800 --> 02:14:43,400
distinct personalities, that 
make the cramped, living 

2619
02:14:43,400 --> 02:14:46,700
quarters more, bearable, Old 
Chen, tell stories from his 

2620
02:14:46,700 --> 02:14:49,500
construction days that may or 
may not be entirely true, but 

2621
02:14:49,500 --> 02:14:52,600
are always entertaining. 
Young Liu practices writing 

2622
02:14:52,600 --> 02:14:55,500
characters in the dirt 
determined to return home more 

2623
02:14:55,500 --> 02:14:59,200
educated than when he left. 
One, the quiet as revealed a 

2624
02:14:59,208 --> 02:15:02,600
talent for repairing tools and 
equipment, making him the most 

2625
02:15:02,600 --> 02:15:06,000
popular person in 100 yard 
radius by now you've realized 

2626
02:15:06,000 --> 02:15:07,500
that building. 
The Great Wall isn't just 

2627
02:15:07,500 --> 02:15:11,000
construction, its engineering on
a scale that makes regular 

2628
02:15:11,000 --> 02:15:12,800
building projects look like 
children's blocks. 

2629
02:15:13,700 --> 02:15:16,900
Every Day, brings new problems 
that require Solutions and no 

2630
02:15:16,900 --> 02:15:18,700
one has ever had to figure out 
before. 

2631
02:15:18,700 --> 02:15:21,500
And you're starting to 
appreciate the complexity of 

2632
02:15:21,500 --> 02:15:23,200
what seemed like a simple 
concept. 

2633
02:15:24,100 --> 02:15:26,500
Take, for instance, the 
challenge of building a wall, 

2634
02:15:26,500 --> 02:15:29,900
across a mountain ridge. 
You can't just pile stones in a 

2635
02:15:29,900 --> 02:15:30,800
straight line and hope for the 
best. 

2636
02:15:31,600 --> 02:15:33,800
The wall needs to follow the 
natural Contours of the land 

2637
02:15:33,800 --> 02:15:36,600
while maintaining its defensive 
capabilities which means 

2638
02:15:36,600 --> 02:15:39,600
constantly adjusting height 
thickness and angle. 

2639
02:15:39,600 --> 02:15:42,000
It's like trying to draw a 
straight line on a crumpled 

2640
02:15:42,000 --> 02:15:43,500
piece of paper while wearing 
mittens. 

2641
02:15:44,800 --> 02:15:47,100
The foundation work varies 
dramatically depending on 

2642
02:15:47,100 --> 02:15:50,500
Terrain in Rocky areas. 
Your essentially building on 

2643
02:15:50,500 --> 02:15:52,600
Nature's concrete, which sounds 
great. 

2644
02:15:52,600 --> 02:15:56,500
Until you realize that Rocky 
often means uneven unpredictable

2645
02:15:56,500 --> 02:15:58,200
and determined to make your life
difficult. 

2646
02:15:59,100 --> 02:16:02,900
In Sandy or soft, soil areas, 
the foundation needs to go much 

2647
02:16:02,900 --> 02:16:05,400
deeper, which means more digging
and more Stone. 

2648
02:16:05,400 --> 02:16:07,100
But at least the digging is 
easier. 

2649
02:16:08,300 --> 02:16:11,300
In Marshy areas. 
Well everyone tries to avoid 

2650
02:16:11,300 --> 02:16:14,700
thinking about marshy areas, 
your crew has been assigned to 

2651
02:16:14,700 --> 02:16:17,700
work on a section that crosses a
particularly steep Hillside 

2652
02:16:17,700 --> 02:16:21,400
which provides spectacular views
and spectacular challenges in 

2653
02:16:21,408 --> 02:16:24,900
equal measure. building on a 
slope means, every stone wants 

2654
02:16:24,900 --> 02:16:27,700
to roll down hill apparently, 
having missed the memo about 

2655
02:16:27,700 --> 02:16:31,200
staying put This has led to the 
development of increasingly 

2656
02:16:31,200 --> 02:16:34,200
creative techniques for 
convincing stones to remain 

2657
02:16:34,200 --> 02:16:37,400
where you place them. 
Old Chen has become something of

2658
02:16:37,400 --> 02:16:39,100
a master at reading Stone 
Behavior. 

2659
02:16:39,799 --> 02:16:41,900
He can look at a rock and 
predict whether it's going to be

2660
02:16:41,900 --> 02:16:44,700
cooperative or whether it's 
going to spend the day trying to

2661
02:16:44,700 --> 02:16:48,799
escape down the Mountainside. 
Stones have personalities, he 

2662
02:16:48,799 --> 02:16:51,200
explains while wedging a 
particularly rebellious Boulder 

2663
02:16:51,200 --> 02:16:54,100
into place. 
Some want to work some want to 

2664
02:16:54,108 --> 02:16:56,400
wander and some just want to 
cause trouble. 

2665
02:16:57,100 --> 02:16:59,000
You're starting to suspect, he 
might be right. 

2666
02:16:59,000 --> 02:17:01,900
The mortar mixing has evolved 
into something approaching 

2667
02:17:01,900 --> 02:17:04,100
science. 
Different weather conditions 

2668
02:17:04,100 --> 02:17:07,400
required different consistencies
and the local materials 

2669
02:17:07,400 --> 02:17:10,500
Limestone here. 
Clay there all react differently

2670
02:17:10,500 --> 02:17:14,100
to mixing and setting the Master
Masons of developed and almost 

2671
02:17:14,100 --> 02:17:17,100
mystical ability to produce 
exactly the right mixture for 

2672
02:17:17,108 --> 02:17:20,500
current conditions like chefs 
who can cook perfect meals 

2673
02:17:20,500 --> 02:17:23,400
without measuring ingredients. 
Tool maintenance has become a 

2674
02:17:23,400 --> 02:17:27,100
critical skill for survival, 
When your livelihood depends on 

2675
02:17:27,100 --> 02:17:30,600
hammers chisels and carrying 
baskets, keeping them in good 

2676
02:17:30,600 --> 02:17:34,100
repair isn't just Professional 
Pride, it's self-preservation. 

2677
02:17:35,500 --> 02:17:38,000
Won the quiet has set up an 
informal repair service. 

2678
02:17:38,000 --> 02:17:40,900
Trading tool, maintenance for 
extra rice, or help with heavy 

2679
02:17:40,900 --> 02:17:44,100
lifting, his ability to 
resurrect a broken handle or 

2680
02:17:44,100 --> 02:17:45,900
straighten a benches. 
All has made him. 

2681
02:17:45,900 --> 02:17:47,799
The most valued member of 
several Crews. 

2682
02:17:47,799 --> 02:17:50,900
The logistics of the project are
mind-boggling when you stop 

2683
02:17:50,900 --> 02:17:54,000
thinking about them. 
Someone somewhere is 

2684
02:17:54,000 --> 02:17:57,100
coordinating the delivery of 
materials food and equipment to 

2685
02:17:57,100 --> 02:18:00,900
dozens of construction sites, 
spread across hundreds of miles.

2686
02:18:00,900 --> 02:18:03,700
Supply wagons consistently 
arrive. 

2687
02:18:03,700 --> 02:18:07,299
Delivering not only Essentials 
but also occasional luxury items

2688
02:18:07,299 --> 02:18:10,700
such as tea or preserved. 
Fruit, adding a touch of joy to 

2689
02:18:10,700 --> 02:18:14,000
everyone's day. 
Communication along the wall 

2690
02:18:14,000 --> 02:18:15,600
happens through a system of 
signals. 

2691
02:18:15,600 --> 02:18:18,299
That's part practical necessity 
and part entertainment. 

2692
02:18:19,100 --> 02:18:23,000
Horn calls relay messages from 
section to section, creating a 

2693
02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:26,299
chain of communication that can 
carry news faster than a running

2694
02:18:26,308 --> 02:18:29,200
messenger. 
The horn operators of developed 

2695
02:18:29,200 --> 02:18:32,799
a surprise in sophisticated 
vocabulary of calls, different 

2696
02:18:32,799 --> 02:18:37,000
patterns for mealtime shift 
changes material deliveries and 

2697
02:18:37,000 --> 02:18:40,400
occasionally warnings about 
approaching inspectors The 

2698
02:18:40,400 --> 02:18:42,700
inspectors themselves are a 
source of both anxiety and 

2699
02:18:42,700 --> 02:18:44,900
amusement. 
These are officials who are 

2700
02:18:44,907 --> 02:18:48,700
periodically to check progress 
and quality armed with measuring

2701
02:18:48,700 --> 02:18:52,799
devices and serious expression. 
They examine wall sections with 

2702
02:18:52,799 --> 02:18:56,100
the intensity of art critics 
running their hands along Stone 

2703
02:18:56,100 --> 02:18:58,299
joints, and muttering about 
specifications. 

2704
02:18:59,100 --> 02:19:01,299
Smart Cruise learned to 
recognize the signs of an 

2705
02:19:01,299 --> 02:19:04,200
approaching inspection and spend
extra time making their 

2706
02:19:04,200 --> 02:19:05,700
sections. 
Look particularly impressive 

2707
02:19:05,700 --> 02:19:09,299
quality control has evolved 
organically among the work 

2708
02:19:09,299 --> 02:19:11,500
Crews. 
Nobody wants to be responsible 

2709
02:19:11,500 --> 02:19:15,000
for the section that falls down.
So there's intense peer pressure

2710
02:19:15,000 --> 02:19:18,700
to build well, Teams develop 
reputations for craftsmanship, 

2711
02:19:18,700 --> 02:19:21,400
and being assigned to work with 
a crew known for solid 

2712
02:19:21,400 --> 02:19:23,299
construction. 
Becomes a point of pride 

2713
02:19:24,100 --> 02:19:27,900
Competition between Crews drives
quality improvements that no 

2714
02:19:27,900 --> 02:19:31,100
amount of official supervision 
could achieve the walls 

2715
02:19:31,100 --> 02:19:33,200
defensive features. 
Require careful attention to 

2716
02:19:33,200 --> 02:19:35,200
detail that goes beyond simple 
Construction. 

2717
02:19:36,100 --> 02:19:38,400
Arrow slits. 
Need to be positioned at exactly

2718
02:19:38,400 --> 02:19:41,700
the right height and angle to 
provide maximum coverage while 

2719
02:19:41,700 --> 02:19:45,000
offering protection to 
Defenders, what ways must be 

2720
02:19:45,000 --> 02:19:48,000
wide enough for guards to patrol
but not so wide that they waste 

2721
02:19:48,000 --> 02:19:51,300
materials or provide too much, 
Target area for attackers winter

2722
02:19:51,300 --> 02:19:54,000
arrives, like an unwelcome 
relative who shows up without 

2723
02:19:54,000 --> 02:19:57,300
warning and refuses to leave One
day, you're working in 

2724
02:19:57,300 --> 02:19:59,900
comfortable, Autumn weather. 
And the next morning you wake up

2725
02:19:59,908 --> 02:20:03,200
to discover, Frost decorating 
your tent, like Nature's least, 

2726
02:20:03,200 --> 02:20:06,800
practical artwork, The section 
chief announces that work will 

2727
02:20:06,800 --> 02:20:09,700
continue regardless of whether 
because apparently walls don't 

2728
02:20:09,700 --> 02:20:12,100
build themselves and Emperors. 
Don't appreciate seasonal, 

2729
02:20:12,100 --> 02:20:14,400
delays. 
Building in cold weather 

2730
02:20:14,400 --> 02:20:17,100
presents, challenges that the 
project planners probably didn't

2731
02:20:17,100 --> 02:20:18,900
fully appreciate. 
When they scheduled this 

2732
02:20:18,900 --> 02:20:20,600
particular construction time 
line. 

2733
02:20:21,300 --> 02:20:24,200
Mortar doesn't set properly when
it's freezing, which means 

2734
02:20:24,200 --> 02:20:26,900
either waiting for warmer 
temperatures or developing 

2735
02:20:26,900 --> 02:20:30,000
Creative Solutions, that involve
keeping mixed mortar warm until 

2736
02:20:30,000 --> 02:20:33,500
it can be applied. 
This scenario leads to the 

2737
02:20:33,500 --> 02:20:36,600
amusing sight of grown men. 
Huddling around small fires with

2738
02:20:36,600 --> 02:20:40,100
buckets of mortar like their 
warming, their hands, your tent 

2739
02:20:40,100 --> 02:20:42,900
becomes both a sanctuary and an 
endurance test as temperatures 

2740
02:20:42,900 --> 02:20:45,900
drop. 
Five, men sharing a small space 

2741
02:20:45,900 --> 02:20:49,400
generates a surprising amount of
body heat which is beneficial 

2742
02:20:49,400 --> 02:20:52,200
for staying warm, but 
challenging for maintaining any 

2743
02:20:52,200 --> 02:20:54,300
sense of personal space or air 
quality. 

2744
02:20:55,100 --> 02:20:58,200
Everyone develops strategies for
staying comfortable, extra 

2745
02:20:58,200 --> 02:21:01,400
layers, creative, use of 
blankets and the unspoken 

2746
02:21:01,400 --> 02:21:04,600
agreement that nobody comments 
on anyone else's sleeping habits

2747
02:21:04,600 --> 02:21:08,400
or unusual nighttime noises. 
The supply lines face. 

2748
02:21:08,400 --> 02:21:11,600
Their own winter challenges 
wagons that moved easily over 

2749
02:21:11,600 --> 02:21:14,500
dry summer roads. 
Now, struggle through mud snow 

2750
02:21:14,500 --> 02:21:17,200
and ice. 
Food deliveries become less 

2751
02:21:17,200 --> 02:21:19,500
predictable. 
The leading to careful rationing

2752
02:21:19,500 --> 02:21:21,600
and creative cooking with 
whatever ingredients are 

2753
02:21:21,600 --> 02:21:24,000
available. 
Rice becomes even more pressure 

2754
02:21:24,000 --> 02:21:26,400
and everyone learns to 
appreciate the subtle 

2755
02:21:26,400 --> 02:21:30,000
differences between turnips 
radishes and other vegetables, 

2756
02:21:30,000 --> 02:21:32,800
that all tastes remarkably 
similar in your hungry enough. 

2757
02:21:33,500 --> 02:21:36,300
Spring brings relief and new 
complications in equal measure 

2758
02:21:36,300 --> 02:21:40,300
the ground thaws making easier 
but also creating mud that seems

2759
02:21:40,300 --> 02:21:43,500
specifically designed to make 
walking difficult and Tall 

2760
02:21:43,500 --> 02:21:46,600
handling treacherous fresh 
supplies arrive, more regularly,

2761
02:21:46,600 --> 02:21:49,800
but so do new workers who need 
to be trained and integrated 

2762
02:21:49,800 --> 02:21:53,200
into existing Cruise. 
You find yourself in the odd 

2763
02:21:53,200 --> 02:21:56,100
position of being a veteran 
after, just one winter offering 

2764
02:21:56,100 --> 02:21:59,800
advice to newcomers who look as 
bewildered as you once did the 

2765
02:21:59,800 --> 02:22:02,700
seasonal cycle creates a rhythm 
to the work that becomes oddly 

2766
02:22:02,700 --> 02:22:05,100
comforting. 
Summer brings long days and 

2767
02:22:05,100 --> 02:22:08,600
maximum productivity. 
However, it also brings heat 

2768
02:22:08,600 --> 02:22:11,700
that makes handling sun-baked 
stones and exercise in pain 

2769
02:22:11,700 --> 02:22:14,100
tolerance. 
Autumn brings perfect working 

2770
02:22:14,100 --> 02:22:17,200
weather and the Urgent push to 
complete sections before winter,

2771
02:22:17,200 --> 02:22:20,400
returns each season requires 
different strategies 

2772
02:22:20,400 --> 02:22:23,500
preparations and types of 
stubborn, determination. 

2773
02:22:24,900 --> 02:22:26,800
The rainy season deserves 
special mention. 

2774
02:22:26,800 --> 02:22:28,800
As a time when optimism goes to 
die. 

2775
02:22:29,400 --> 02:22:33,000
Working in Rain means dealing 
with slippery, Stones mud, that 

2776
02:22:33,000 --> 02:22:35,500
clings to everything. 
And the constant challenge of 

2777
02:22:35,500 --> 02:22:38,900
keeping tools, dry and enough to
use, effectively the wall itself

2778
02:22:38,900 --> 02:22:42,700
becomes treacherous to work, on 
requiring extra caution and 

2779
02:22:42,700 --> 02:22:44,400
significantly reduced 
productivity. 

2780
02:22:45,300 --> 02:22:48,300
Everyone, develops strong 
opinions about rain gear and the

2781
02:22:48,308 --> 02:22:51,300
inadequacy of most attempts to 
stay dry, while doing heavy 

2782
02:22:51,300 --> 02:22:53,900
construction, work the changing 
seasons all. 

2783
02:22:53,900 --> 02:22:57,200
So bring changes in local 
Wildlife which adds an element 

2784
02:22:57,200 --> 02:23:01,000
of unpredictability to daily 
work, Spring brings curious 

2785
02:23:01,000 --> 02:23:02,500
dear. 
That seemed fascinated by 

2786
02:23:02,500 --> 02:23:06,100
construction activity. 
Summer attracts various insects 

2787
02:23:06,100 --> 02:23:08,600
that are currently view human 
workers as either entertainment 

2788
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:12,200
or potentials. 
Autumn brings migrating birds 

2789
02:23:12,200 --> 02:23:15,300
that sometimes interfere with 
construction work and winter 

2790
02:23:15,300 --> 02:23:17,800
brings various creatures, 
searching for warm places to 

2791
02:23:17,800 --> 02:23:20,800
shelter occasionally choosing 
tool storage areas. 

2792
02:23:21,500 --> 02:23:24,400
Old Chen reveals that he's 
worked, construction jobs in all

2793
02:23:24,400 --> 02:23:26,900
kinds of weather and has 
developed philosophical 

2794
02:23:26,900 --> 02:23:31,000
approaches to each season. 
Some are teachers patients, he 

2795
02:23:31,000 --> 02:23:33,500
explains while taking a break in
whatever shade he can find 

2796
02:23:34,300 --> 02:23:38,600
Winter teaches persistence, 
spring teachers hope and Autumn 

2797
02:23:38,600 --> 02:23:41,500
teaches urgency. 
Young, Lucy suggests that all 

2798
02:23:41,500 --> 02:23:44,700
seasons, teach you to appreciate
being indoors, which seems like 

2799
02:23:44,700 --> 02:23:47,700
the most practical wisdom. 
Anyone has offered food 

2800
02:23:47,700 --> 02:23:49,400
preservation becomes a crucial 
skill. 

2801
02:23:49,400 --> 02:23:52,000
As whether affect both supplied 
deliveries and storage 

2802
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:55,000
capabilities, it becomes 
essential to learn which 

2803
02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:58,100
vegetables store well and which 
require a media consumption 

2804
02:23:58,100 --> 02:24:01,300
based on available ingredients 
and safe storage methods. 

2805
02:24:01,300 --> 02:24:04,200
The camp Cooks creates seasonal 
menus that result in 

2806
02:24:04,200 --> 02:24:07,600
surprisingly diverse, meals, 
tool performance, varies 

2807
02:24:07,600 --> 02:24:08,900
significantly with weather 
conditions. 

2808
02:24:08,900 --> 02:24:13,300
Wooden handles shrink and expand
metal parts, rust or become 

2809
02:24:13,300 --> 02:24:16,600
brittle and carrying baskets, 
develop holes or weak spots. 

2810
02:24:16,600 --> 02:24:20,700
That seem to appear overnight 
Maintenance becomes an ongoing 

2811
02:24:20,700 --> 02:24:24,200
project rather than an 
occasional necessity and 

2812
02:24:24,200 --> 02:24:26,200
everyone. 
Learns basic repair skills, that

2813
02:24:26,200 --> 02:24:28,200
weren't part of the original job
description. 

2814
02:24:28,900 --> 02:24:31,800
Whether prediction becomes a 
valuable skill set that everyone

2815
02:24:31,800 --> 02:24:35,100
develops to some degree. 
Cloud reading when pattern 

2816
02:24:35,100 --> 02:24:38,100
recognition and understanding 
seasonal patterns, all 

2817
02:24:38,100 --> 02:24:40,100
contribute to better planning 
and preparation. 

2818
02:24:40,800 --> 02:24:43,900
The ability to predict whether 
changes helps Cruise plan, work 

2819
02:24:43,900 --> 02:24:47,500
schedules, prepare for Supply 
delays and generally make life 

2820
02:24:47,500 --> 02:24:49,700
more manageable in an 
environment where Comfort is 

2821
02:24:49,700 --> 02:24:52,200
largely dependent on being 
ready, for whatever nature 

2822
02:24:52,200 --> 02:24:55,400
decides to provide living and 
working Close Quarters with 

2823
02:24:55,400 --> 02:24:58,200
hundreds of other people creates
a unique social environment. 

2824
02:24:58,200 --> 02:25:02,200
That's part construction, site 
part, small town, and part 

2825
02:25:02,200 --> 02:25:05,100
extended, family reunion, where 
nobody can leave early. 

2826
02:25:05,900 --> 02:25:08,100
The wall project has brought 
together people from different 

2827
02:25:08,100 --> 02:25:11,400
regions, social classes and 
backgrounds, creating a 

2828
02:25:11,400 --> 02:25:14,400
temporary community, that 
develops its own Customs, jokes 

2829
02:25:14,400 --> 02:25:17,500
and social structure. 
Your tent has evolved in to 

2830
02:25:17,500 --> 02:25:20,700
something resembling a household
with everyone settling into 

2831
02:25:20,700 --> 02:25:23,100
informal roles that make shared 
living more manageable. 

2832
02:25:23,900 --> 02:25:26,700
Old Chen has become The 
Unofficial leader settling 

2833
02:25:26,700 --> 02:25:29,300
disputes and offering advice 
based on his extensive 

2834
02:25:29,300 --> 02:25:31,400
experience. 
With group, living situations, 

2835
02:25:31,400 --> 02:25:34,000
young lose serves as 
entertainment coordinator, 

2836
02:25:34,000 --> 02:25:37,200
inventing games, and keeping 
spirits up during difficult 

2837
02:25:37,200 --> 02:25:41,100
days. among the quiet handles 
practical matters like tool 

2838
02:25:41,100 --> 02:25:44,400
maintenance and small repairs 
that keep daily life functioning

2839
02:25:44,400 --> 02:25:47,900
smoothly The evening routine 
after work has become a social 

2840
02:25:47,908 --> 02:25:51,300
ritual that everyone looks 
forward to Crews gather around 

2841
02:25:51,300 --> 02:25:54,500
small fires to share meals 
stories and complaints about the

2842
02:25:54,500 --> 02:25:57,800
day's challenges. these 
conversations range from 

2843
02:25:57,800 --> 02:26:00,800
practical discussions about 
construction techniques to 

2844
02:26:00,800 --> 02:26:03,600
elaborate storytelling sessions,
where facts and entertainment 

2845
02:26:03,600 --> 02:26:06,200
blend together in ways that 
probably wouldn't pass, strict 

2846
02:26:06,200 --> 02:26:10,600
historical scrutiny, but make 
for engaging listening Regional 

2847
02:26:10,600 --> 02:26:13,600
differences create intriguing, 
cultural exchanges as workers 

2848
02:26:13,600 --> 02:26:16,900
from different areas. 
Share their local Customs foods 

2849
02:26:16,900 --> 02:26:18,700
and approaches to problem 
solving. 

2850
02:26:19,500 --> 02:26:21,600
Someone from the northern 
province is might introduce 

2851
02:26:21,600 --> 02:26:24,300
techniques for working in cold 
weather, while workers from 

2852
02:26:24,300 --> 02:26:27,000
Southern regions, contribute 
knowledge, about building and 

2853
02:26:27,000 --> 02:26:29,700
wet conditions. 
It's like a practical education 

2854
02:26:29,700 --> 02:26:32,400
program where everyone is both 
teacher and student. 

2855
02:26:33,200 --> 02:26:36,200
Games and entertainment, develop
organically to fill the hours 

2856
02:26:36,200 --> 02:26:39,500
between work and sleep. 
Simple gambling games, using 

2857
02:26:39,500 --> 02:26:42,000
stones or sticks, provide 
excitement, and social 

2858
02:26:42,000 --> 02:26:44,700
interaction. 
Storytelling competitions, 

2859
02:26:44,700 --> 02:26:48,300
emerge with workers sharing 
Tales from home or inventing, 

2860
02:26:48,300 --> 02:26:52,100
elaborate fictional Adventures. 
Physical competitions, who can 

2861
02:26:52,108 --> 02:26:56,500
carry the heavier Stone, who can
work longest without rest, add 

2862
02:26:56,500 --> 02:26:59,800
elements of friendly rivalry. 
That make work more engaging, 

2863
02:27:01,200 --> 02:27:03,800
The development of informal 
leadership structures within 

2864
02:27:03,800 --> 02:27:06,400
work Crews demonstrates. 
How people naturally organize 

2865
02:27:06,400 --> 02:27:09,900
themselves when faced with 
shared challenges, Some workers 

2866
02:27:09,900 --> 02:27:14,000
emerge As Natural organizers. 
Others as technical experts and 

2867
02:27:14,000 --> 02:27:17,100
still others as mediators who 
helped resolve conflicts before 

2868
02:27:17,100 --> 02:27:20,600
they become serious problems. 
These unofficial roles often 

2869
02:27:20,600 --> 02:27:22,800
proved more important than 
formal hierarchy. 

2870
02:27:22,800 --> 02:27:26,600
In determining, how well Crews 
function trade and barter 

2871
02:27:26,600 --> 02:27:29,600
systems developed to supplement 
official Supply distributions. 

2872
02:27:30,400 --> 02:27:33,600
Workers with particular skills, 
cooking tool, repair, 

2873
02:27:33,600 --> 02:27:37,500
storytelling letter writing, 
find themselves, able to trade 

2874
02:27:37,500 --> 02:27:41,100
services for extra food. 
Better, sleeping arrangements or

2875
02:27:41,100 --> 02:27:43,200
other small luxuries, that make 
life more bearable. 

2876
02:27:43,200 --> 02:27:46,800
These informal economies create 
networks of mutual support that 

2877
02:27:46,800 --> 02:27:50,400
extend beyond individual work 
Crews, The challenge of 

2878
02:27:50,400 --> 02:27:53,100
maintaining morale during 
difficult periods, brings out 

2879
02:27:53,100 --> 02:27:55,000
Creative Solutions from the 
worker community. 

2880
02:27:56,000 --> 02:27:58,700
During particularly tough 
stretches bad, weather 

2881
02:27:58,700 --> 02:28:02,500
equipment, shortages, especially
demanding work, assignments 

2882
02:28:02,500 --> 02:28:05,100
Cruise developed strategies for 
supporting each other 

2883
02:28:05,100 --> 02:28:08,200
emotionally, as well as 
practically shared hardship 

2884
02:28:08,200 --> 02:28:10,500
creates bonds, that probably 
wouldn't form under normal 

2885
02:28:10,500 --> 02:28:14,000
circumstances, communication 
with families back home becomes 

2886
02:28:14,000 --> 02:28:16,200
a valued service, that brings 
the community together. 

2887
02:28:17,200 --> 02:28:19,800
Workers who can write often 
compose letters for those who 

2888
02:28:19,800 --> 02:28:23,100
can't creating connections 
between the wall project and the

2889
02:28:23,100 --> 02:28:26,200
outside world, these letters. 
Serve multiple purposes 

2890
02:28:26,200 --> 02:28:29,500
maintaining family 
relationships, sharing news from

2891
02:28:29,500 --> 02:28:32,500
the construction site and 
providing an emotional outlet 

2892
02:28:32,500 --> 02:28:34,700
for home sickness and anxiety 
about the future. 

2893
02:28:35,500 --> 02:28:38,100
Religious and cultural 
observances continue, despite 

2894
02:28:38,100 --> 02:28:41,300
the challenging work environment
adapted to fit the constraints 

2895
02:28:41,300 --> 02:28:44,700
of construction life. 
Festival celebrations happen on 

2896
02:28:44,700 --> 02:28:48,200
a smaller scale, but with no 
less enthusiasm, creating 

2897
02:28:48,200 --> 02:28:50,800
opportunities for workers to 
maintain connections to their 

2898
02:28:50,800 --> 02:28:53,400
cultural Traditions while 
building new shared experience 

2899
02:28:53,400 --> 02:28:56,700
with their fellow workers. 
The gradual development of 

2900
02:28:56,700 --> 02:28:59,800
construction site Traditions 
creates a sense of continuity 

2901
02:28:59,800 --> 02:29:03,100
and belonging that helps workers
feel part of something larger 

2902
02:29:03,100 --> 02:29:04,700
than their individual daily 
struggles. 

2903
02:29:04,700 --> 02:29:08,000
These might include Ceremonies 
for completing wall sections 

2904
02:29:08,000 --> 02:29:11,200
rituals for welcoming new 
workers or informal 

2905
02:29:11,200 --> 02:29:13,600
celebrations. 
When Supply wagons arrived with 

2906
02:29:13,600 --> 02:29:17,000
particularly, welcome to 
deliveries Conflicts, when they 

2907
02:29:17,000 --> 02:29:19,500
arise tend to be resolved 
through Community pressure, 

2908
02:29:19,500 --> 02:29:23,600
rather than formal Authority as 
everyone recognizes that 

2909
02:29:23,600 --> 02:29:27,200
cooperation is sentential for 
both work efficiency and 

2910
02:29:27,200 --> 02:29:30,400
personal survival. 
The shared experience of 

2911
02:29:30,400 --> 02:29:33,400
difficult working conditions, 
create strong incentives for 

2912
02:29:33,400 --> 02:29:36,300
people to work out their 
differences, rather than let 

2913
02:29:36,300 --> 02:29:38,300
dispute escalate into serious 
problems. 

2914
02:29:38,300 --> 02:29:41,800
That could affect entire Crews. 
The knowledge that this 

2915
02:29:41,800 --> 02:29:44,600
assignment is temporary gives 
the community a unique 

2916
02:29:44,600 --> 02:29:47,000
character. 
Everyone knows they're here for 

2917
02:29:47,000 --> 02:29:50,100
a limited time which creates 
both a sense of urgency about 

2918
02:29:50,100 --> 02:29:53,500
forming relationships and a 
practical focus on making the 

2919
02:29:53,500 --> 02:29:56,300
best of the current situation 
rather than building permanent 

2920
02:29:56,300 --> 02:29:58,400
social structures months have 
passed. 

2921
02:29:58,400 --> 02:30:01,100
Since you first arrived at the 
wall site, and the changes are 

2922
02:30:01,100 --> 02:30:04,100
remarkable both in the wall 
itself and in your self. 

2923
02:30:05,100 --> 02:30:08,000
What started, as scattered 
construction site has grown into

2924
02:30:08,000 --> 02:30:10,500
a continuous barrier that 
stretches beyond what you can 

2925
02:30:10,500 --> 02:30:12,300
see from any single vantage 
point. 

2926
02:30:13,100 --> 02:30:16,300
Standing on a completed section 
and looking along the walls 

2927
02:30:16,300 --> 02:30:20,000
path, you can hardly believe 
that human hands and stopped and

2928
02:30:20,000 --> 02:30:24,700
determination created something.
So massive and permanent The 

2929
02:30:24,700 --> 02:30:26,400
wall sections, your crew is 
build bear. 

2930
02:30:26,400 --> 02:30:29,400
The subtle marks of their 
creators slightly different. 

2931
02:30:29,400 --> 02:30:32,700
Stone patterns variations in 
Mortar joints and the 

2932
02:30:32,708 --> 02:30:35,700
accumulated character that comes
from being constructed by real 

2933
02:30:35,700 --> 02:30:38,100
people rather than perfect 
machines. 

2934
02:30:38,800 --> 02:30:42,100
You can identify your work from 
a distance, recognizing the 

2935
02:30:42,100 --> 02:30:45,000
particular Rhythm and style, 
your crew developed over months 

2936
02:30:45,000 --> 02:30:47,400
of working together. 
It's like being able to 

2937
02:30:47,400 --> 02:30:49,900
recognize your own handwriting 
on a massive scale. 

2938
02:30:50,900 --> 02:30:53,800
Completion of individual. 
Sections brings mixed emotions. 

2939
02:30:53,800 --> 02:30:56,900
There's pride in the 
craftsmanship and satisfaction 

2940
02:30:56,900 --> 02:30:59,700
in seeing a job, well done. 
But also awareness that 

2941
02:30:59,700 --> 02:31:02,600
completion means eventual 
departure from this temporary 

2942
02:31:02,600 --> 02:31:04,400
community. 
That has become unexpectedly 

2943
02:31:04,400 --> 02:31:07,400
important. 
The relationships forged through

2944
02:31:07,400 --> 02:31:10,400
shared hardship and common 
purpose, don't necessarily 

2945
02:31:10,400 --> 02:31:14,200
translate easily back to normal 
life, creating a bitter sweet 

2946
02:31:14,200 --> 02:31:18,300
quality to finishing the work. 
Old Chen who has worked on 

2947
02:31:18,300 --> 02:31:21,100
various Imperial projects 
throughout his career offers 

2948
02:31:21,100 --> 02:31:24,000
perspective on the historical 
significance of what you've all 

2949
02:31:24,000 --> 02:31:27,200
accomplished. 
Most things people build get 

2950
02:31:27,200 --> 02:31:30,500
torn down of eventually he 
observes while surveying a newly

2951
02:31:30,500 --> 02:31:33,600
completed Tower. 
Walls like this become part of 

2952
02:31:33,600 --> 02:31:36,000
the landscape. 
Your grandchildren's 

2953
02:31:36,000 --> 02:31:37,700
grandchildren will walk along 
sections. 

2954
02:31:37,700 --> 02:31:41,000
You built with your hands it's 
an oddly comforting, thought 

2955
02:31:41,000 --> 02:31:43,600
that adds meaning to all those 
days of carrying stones and 

2956
02:31:43,600 --> 02:31:47,000
mixing mortar The skills you've 
developed during wall 

2957
02:31:47,000 --> 02:31:50,000
construction turnout to be 
transferable to civilian life. 

2958
02:31:50,700 --> 02:31:54,300
Understanding stone and mortar 
reading terrain coordinating 

2959
02:31:54,300 --> 02:31:56,600
group work, and managing 
projects under difficult 

2960
02:31:56,600 --> 02:31:58,600
conditions of valuable 
abilities. 

2961
02:31:58,600 --> 02:31:59,900
That will serve you well back 
home. 

2962
02:31:59,900 --> 02:32:03,600
You've also developed physical 
strength and endurance that 

2963
02:32:03,600 --> 02:32:06,500
makes farm work seemed almost 
effortless by comparison. 

2964
02:32:07,600 --> 02:32:09,200
Ying. 
Liu has indeed become more 

2965
02:32:09,200 --> 02:32:12,000
literate during his time, on the
wall, practicing writing, 

2966
02:32:12,000 --> 02:32:15,200
characters, and spare moments, 
and learning from other workers 

2967
02:32:15,200 --> 02:32:18,800
who shared their education. 
He plans to use these skills to 

2968
02:32:18,800 --> 02:32:22,000
improve his family's business. 
Dealings demonstrating how the 

2969
02:32:22,000 --> 02:32:24,800
wall project has created 
unexpected opportunities for 

2970
02:32:24,800 --> 02:32:28,400
personal development, alongside 
its primary construction goals. 

2971
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:31,100
One. 
The quiet is saved enough money 

2972
02:32:31,100 --> 02:32:33,800
from his tool repair business, 
to make significant improvements

2973
02:32:33,800 --> 02:32:37,200
to his family's farm when he 
returns home His mechanical 

2974
02:32:37,200 --> 02:32:40,700
skills, sharpened by months of 
keeping construction equipment, 

2975
02:32:40,700 --> 02:32:44,100
functioning will make him 
valuable in any rural community,

2976
02:32:44,100 --> 02:32:46,900
where practical problem solving 
abilities are always in demand. 

2977
02:32:46,900 --> 02:32:50,200
A completion ceremony for your 
section, is simpler than you 

2978
02:32:50,200 --> 02:32:52,300
might expect. 
But deeply, meaningful to 

2979
02:32:52,300 --> 02:32:54,300
everyone who participated in the
construction. 

2980
02:32:55,200 --> 02:32:58,400
Local officials make speeches 
about Imperial Glory and defense

2981
02:32:58,400 --> 02:33:01,300
of necessity. 
But the real significance is in 

2982
02:33:01,300 --> 02:33:04,300
the quiet satisfaction shared 
among the workers who know 

2983
02:33:04,300 --> 02:33:08,100
exactly how much effort went 
into every stone, every joint 

2984
02:33:08,100 --> 02:33:12,700
and every decision that shape 
the final result News arrives 

2985
02:33:12,700 --> 02:33:14,600
that other sections of the wall 
are nearing completion. 

2986
02:33:14,600 --> 02:33:17,900
Creating a sense of being part 
of a larger coordinated 

2987
02:33:17,900 --> 02:33:20,900
achievement that extends far 
beyond your direct experience. 

2988
02:33:21,900 --> 02:33:23,900
The project that seemed 
impossibly large. 

2989
02:33:23,900 --> 02:33:26,600
When you first arrived has been 
broken down into manageable 

2990
02:33:26,600 --> 02:33:30,100
Pieces by thousands of work 
Crews, like yours demonstrating.

2991
02:33:30,100 --> 02:33:32,900
How even the most ambitious 
goals can be achieved through 

2992
02:33:32,900 --> 02:33:37,200
patient persistent effort. 
Preparations for departure, 

2993
02:33:37,200 --> 02:33:40,800
begin with mixed feelings. 
There's eagerness to return home

2994
02:33:40,800 --> 02:33:44,600
to family familiar surroundings 
and the comfortable routines of 

2995
02:33:44,600 --> 02:33:47,600
normal life. 
But there's also reluctance to 

2996
02:33:47,600 --> 02:33:51,200
leave the friendships and sense 
of shared purpose that made the 

2997
02:33:51,200 --> 02:33:54,200
hardships bearable and gave 
meaning to the difficult work. 

2998
02:33:55,100 --> 02:33:58,100
The journey home provides time 
to reflect on the experience and

2999
02:33:58,100 --> 02:33:59,400
process. 
What you've learned about 

3000
02:33:59,400 --> 02:34:03,300
yourself about cooperation and 
about what people can accomplish

3001
02:34:03,300 --> 02:34:05,300
when they work together toward 
common goals. 

3002
02:34:06,400 --> 02:34:09,000
The wall represents more than 
just a defensive barrier. 

3003
02:34:09,000 --> 02:34:12,500
It's proof that Ordinary People 
can create extraordinary things 

3004
02:34:12,500 --> 02:34:15,200
when they combine their 
individual efforts with shared 

3005
02:34:15,200 --> 02:34:17,200
determination. 
Returning. 

3006
02:34:17,200 --> 02:34:20,100
Home means re-adjusting to 
civilian life after months of 

3007
02:34:20,100 --> 02:34:23,700
structured work routines and 
Community Living, Family and 

3008
02:34:23,700 --> 02:34:27,000
friends are curious about your 
experience is but explaining the

3009
02:34:27,000 --> 02:34:28,700
daily reality of wall 
construction. 

3010
02:34:28,700 --> 02:34:32,100
Proves challenging how do you 
describe the satisfaction of 

3011
02:34:32,100 --> 02:34:33,900
building? 
Something permanent the 

3012
02:34:33,900 --> 02:34:37,500
comradery of shared hardship or 
the pride and craftsmanship that

3013
02:34:37,500 --> 02:34:39,300
developed over months of patient
work. 

3014
02:34:40,400 --> 02:34:43,000
The wall continues without you 
as other Crews. 

3015
02:34:43,000 --> 02:34:46,100
Take over maintenance and 
improvements ensuring that your 

3016
02:34:46,100 --> 02:34:48,000
temporary contribution. 
Becomes part of a permanent 

3017
02:34:48,000 --> 02:34:51,600
Legacy knowing that your work 
will endure lends a sense of 

3018
02:34:51,600 --> 02:34:54,300
permanence to what felt like 
just a temporary assignment. 

3019
02:34:54,300 --> 02:34:57,400
Connecting your individual 
effort to something that will 

3020
02:34:57,400 --> 02:35:00,100
Outlast. 
Your lifetime years later, you 

3021
02:35:00,100 --> 02:35:03,200
might travel past sections of 
the wall and feel a particular 

3022
02:35:03,208 --> 02:35:07,500
satisfaction and seeing your 
work, still standing still 

3023
02:35:07,500 --> 02:35:09,700
serving its purpose, still 
bearing. 

3024
02:35:09,700 --> 02:35:12,300
The subtle marks of the 
craftsmanship, you and your crew

3025
02:35:12,300 --> 02:35:15,400
brought to an impossible project
that somehow got finished. 

3026
02:35:15,400 --> 02:35:23,100
Anyway, one stone time. 
When you're sleeping on what 

3027
02:35:23,100 --> 02:35:26,700
passes for a Celtic mattress. 
Basically a pile of sheep's wool

3028
02:35:26,700 --> 02:35:30,300
packed into a leather sack that 
has seen better decades waking 

3029
02:35:30,300 --> 02:35:33,200
up before the sun does isn't 
exactly a hardship. 

3030
02:35:34,400 --> 02:35:37,100
In ancient Britain where central
heating won't be developed for 

3031
02:35:37,108 --> 02:35:40,200
another 1,000 years or so the 
morning are has that special 

3032
02:35:40,200 --> 02:35:42,300
bite that comes only from 
sleeping outside. 

3033
02:35:42,300 --> 02:35:45,500
You roll out of your makeshift 
shelter and walk their foot 

3034
02:35:45,508 --> 02:35:48,900
cross grass that has been soaked
with due in the direction of the

3035
02:35:48,900 --> 02:35:51,600
Holy Grove. 
After years of this routine, 

3036
02:35:51,600 --> 02:35:54,500
your feet have long since 
hardened to leather, but you 

3037
02:35:54,500 --> 02:35:58,600
still Flinch when you step on a 
sharp Stone, like a curious cat,

3038
02:35:58,600 --> 02:36:01,800
the Mist clings to everything 
encircling, the old Oaks and 

3039
02:36:01,800 --> 02:36:04,000
giving the impression that the 
world is smaller and more 

3040
02:36:04,000 --> 02:36:07,700
personal as a druid, your day, 
starts with what you could call 

3041
02:36:07,700 --> 02:36:11,000
meditation, but it's more about 
standing among trees that were 

3042
02:36:11,000 --> 02:36:12,400
old. 
When your great-grandfather was 

3043
02:36:12,400 --> 02:36:15,100
young and listening, then it is 
about sitting cross-legged and 

3044
02:36:15,100 --> 02:36:18,600
humming ohm paying attention, 
you're drawn to your own 

3045
02:36:18,600 --> 02:36:21,500
breathing in the silence to the 
distant call of a curly. 

3046
02:36:21,500 --> 02:36:25,300
And to the rustle of leaves that
resembles whispered Secrets, the

3047
02:36:25,300 --> 02:36:28,000
Oak Grove house is your outdoor 
office library and Temple. 

3048
02:36:28,000 --> 02:36:32,000
There are no walls, no roof 
apart, from the canopy above and

3049
02:36:32,000 --> 02:36:36,100
no expensive Furnishings. 
Just you the trees and whatever 

3050
02:36:36,100 --> 02:36:37,600
knowledge you can extract from 
them. 

3051
02:36:38,400 --> 02:36:40,300
Feeling the Deep grooves and 
recalling. 

3052
02:36:40,300 --> 02:36:43,100
The innumerable Dawns. 
You have welcomed here, you run 

3053
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:45,100
your hand along the bark of your
favorite Oak. 

3054
02:36:46,000 --> 02:36:48,800
Over the years, this tree has 
taken on the role of a kind of 

3055
02:36:48,800 --> 02:36:51,700
co-worker. 
Silent Observer of your thoughts

3056
02:36:51,700 --> 02:36:54,600
and prayers checking on the 
different plants and herbs. 

3057
02:36:54,600 --> 02:36:56,800
You've been growing nearby as 
part of your morning routine. 

3058
02:36:56,800 --> 02:36:59,500
Will it may not resemble a 
modern Garden. 

3059
02:36:59,500 --> 02:37:02,600
There are carefully arranged 
planting in small clearings and 

3060
02:37:02,600 --> 02:37:05,700
Among The Roots. 
You must be patient sometimes 

3061
02:37:05,700 --> 02:37:08,900
waiting years for mistletoe to 
appear because it doesn't grow 

3062
02:37:08,900 --> 02:37:11,800
on every Oak. 
When it happens, it's similar to

3063
02:37:11,808 --> 02:37:15,400
discovering a 20 pound note in 
your coat pocket but this note 

3064
02:37:15,400 --> 02:37:18,300
has the power to heal the sick 
and establish a connection with 

3065
02:37:18,300 --> 02:37:20,800
the Divine. 
Even the most pragmatic person 

3066
02:37:20,800 --> 02:37:24,000
gets a little mystical from the 
golden way, the early morning, 

3067
02:37:24,000 --> 02:37:26,800
light filters through the 
leaves, you collect a few 

3068
02:37:26,808 --> 02:37:29,900
special herbs such as Meadow 
Suite for its sweet Aroma and 

3069
02:37:29,900 --> 02:37:32,300
therapeutic. 
Qualities for vain for 

3070
02:37:32,300 --> 02:37:35,100
purification and some Hawthorne 
bark for later use. 

3071
02:37:35,800 --> 02:37:38,600
These Treasures are stored in 
your Leather Pouch which has 

3072
02:37:38,600 --> 02:37:41,000
been softened by years of use 
and resembles. 

3073
02:37:41,000 --> 02:37:44,000
Ancient Pharmacy, you hear the 
sounds of the settlement 

3074
02:37:44,000 --> 02:37:46,400
starting to awaken as the sun 
rises higher. 

3075
02:37:47,300 --> 02:37:49,800
The Familiar sounds of everyday 
life such as children. 

3076
02:37:49,800 --> 02:37:53,200
Laughing cattle lowering and 
someone presumably arguing over 

3077
02:37:53,200 --> 02:37:56,800
who gets to milk the goats drift
through the trees as smoke rises

3078
02:37:56,800 --> 02:37:59,700
from cooking fires. 
But for now, you are caught 

3079
02:37:59,700 --> 02:38:02,100
between the Eternal and the 
Earthly in these final moments 

3080
02:38:02,100 --> 02:38:05,400
of dawn silents, When You Close 
Your Eyes, you can feel the 

3081
02:38:05,400 --> 02:38:09,500
Earth, slow steady heartbeat. 
The pulse of the land beneath 

3082
02:38:09,500 --> 02:38:12,200
your feet. 
The ability to perceive the 

3083
02:38:12,200 --> 02:38:15,000
deeper rhythms of the natural 
world, is a sensation that 

3084
02:38:15,000 --> 02:38:18,800
developed over years, you know, 
better than to call it fanciful.

3085
02:38:18,800 --> 02:38:21,900
You've discovered that the world
speaks to those who can listen. 

3086
02:38:21,900 --> 02:38:25,600
After 20 years, of training 
memorizing, thousands of lines, 

3087
02:38:25,600 --> 02:38:28,200
of poetry, and law, and 
researching, the Motions of 

3088
02:38:28,200 --> 02:38:31,700
stars and the characteristics of
plants a simple acknowledgment, 

3089
02:38:31,700 --> 02:38:34,500
which is in between a prayer and
a greeting marks, the end of the

3090
02:38:34,500 --> 02:38:37,700
morning ritual. 
One last time, you press your 

3091
02:38:37,700 --> 02:38:40,600
palm against the Oaks trunk and 
mutter something in the ancient 

3092
02:38:40,600 --> 02:38:43,000
tongue, that your teacher taught
you when you were just a young 

3093
02:38:43,000 --> 02:38:46,400
child naturally, the tree never 
responds, but you always feel 

3094
02:38:46,400 --> 02:38:48,700
heard. 
It's time to confront the day 

3095
02:38:48,700 --> 02:38:51,200
and all of its human related 
issues and complications. 

3096
02:38:51,200 --> 02:38:53,700
You must eat something first 
though. 

3097
02:38:53,700 --> 02:38:57,400
When their blood sugar Falls 
even Druids, become irritable, 

3098
02:38:57,400 --> 02:38:59,600
you practice. 
What may be the most spectacular

3099
02:38:59,600 --> 02:39:01,400
party trick in all of ancient 
Europe. 

3100
02:39:01,400 --> 02:39:04,300
As you make your way back toward
the settlement, Was deadly 

3101
02:39:04,300 --> 02:39:06,400
serious. 
And there are no parties 

3102
02:39:06,400 --> 02:39:11,000
genealogies Court rulings and 
religious tales that need to be 

3103
02:39:11,000 --> 02:39:12,800
memorized of a beta of being 
recited. 

3104
02:39:13,600 --> 02:39:16,700
There were no crypto notes, no, 
written books, and no, let me 

3105
02:39:16,708 --> 02:39:19,300
Google. 
That choice is just your brain, 

3106
02:39:19,300 --> 02:39:22,300
which has been conditioned to 
function as a living Library. 

3107
02:39:22,300 --> 02:39:25,400
Since childhood, the intricate 
inheritance laws governing 

3108
02:39:25,400 --> 02:39:27,900
cattle disputes of the subject 
of this morning's mental 

3109
02:39:27,900 --> 02:39:30,800
exercise. 
The content is truly exciting. 

3110
02:39:31,700 --> 02:39:34,700
He silently discuss the 
appropriate course of action in 

3111
02:39:34,700 --> 02:39:36,800
the event. 
That a neighbors grainfield is 

3112
02:39:36,800 --> 02:39:40,200
damaged by someone's prize ball 
going over different scenarios 

3113
02:39:40,200 --> 02:39:43,300
and the solutions that are 
suggested it's similar to being 

3114
02:39:43,300 --> 02:39:46,600
a walking Wikipedia except that 
you can't use culture left to 

3115
02:39:46,600 --> 02:39:48,700
find what you're looking for. 
And real people. 

3116
02:39:48,700 --> 02:39:52,300
Suffer real consequences, if you
forget something crucial, a 

3117
02:39:52,300 --> 02:39:55,300
growl from your stomach, likely 
audible in the valley Beyond 

3118
02:39:55,300 --> 02:39:58,600
interrupt, this legal 
recitation, In Iron Age, 

3119
02:39:58,600 --> 02:40:00,500
Britain, breakfast is defined as
anything. 

3120
02:40:00,500 --> 02:40:03,100
That didn't go bad overnight and
won't kill you right away. 

3121
02:40:04,400 --> 02:40:07,100
You walk over to the communal 
kitchen where a number of big 

3122
02:40:07,100 --> 02:40:10,800
pots bubble over well maintained
fires porridge not the simple 

3123
02:40:10,800 --> 02:40:14,000
instant variety you can 
microwave but real porridge made

3124
02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:17,700
from barley oats or whatever 
grains of the weather the birds 

3125
02:40:17,700 --> 02:40:21,500
and the general unpredictability
of prehistoric agriculture is 

3126
02:40:21,500 --> 02:40:24,700
the breakfast food. 
Its flavored with whatever herbs

3127
02:40:24,700 --> 02:40:28,100
or dried fruits happen to be on 
hand and stirred with Wooden 

3128
02:40:28,100 --> 02:40:31,200
Spoons that have been worn 
Smooth by numerable hands. 

3129
02:40:32,100 --> 02:40:34,800
Occasionally honey is used when 
the Bears aren't feeling hungry 

3130
02:40:34,800 --> 02:40:38,000
and the bees are feeling 
generous with your hands warmed 

3131
02:40:38,000 --> 02:40:41,000
by the cool morning air you take
a seat on a wooden stump that 

3132
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:44,200
doubles as your breakfast chair.
What does the porridge taste 

3133
02:40:44,200 --> 02:40:46,300
like? 
I like porridge actually. 

3134
02:40:47,100 --> 02:40:50,200
But by ancient standards, it's a
huge success because it's hot 

3135
02:40:50,200 --> 02:40:52,600
filling and doesn't cause food 
poisoning. 

3136
02:40:52,600 --> 02:40:55,800
You enjoy the crunch of the 
hazelnuts against the smooth 

3137
02:40:55,800 --> 02:40:57,900
grain as you add a handful that 
you've been saving. 

3138
02:40:57,900 --> 02:41:00,800
You go over your mental notes 
from yesterday's consultation, 

3139
02:41:00,800 --> 02:41:03,200
with a farmer who she had been 
acting strangely while you're 

3140
02:41:03,200 --> 02:41:07,100
eating Even though it was the 
right season, two Rams, had 

3141
02:41:07,100 --> 02:41:10,100
refused to mate, and three use 
had been moving in circles. 

3142
02:41:10,100 --> 02:41:13,100
It was most likely ergot 
poisoning from contaminated 

3143
02:41:13,100 --> 02:41:14,900
grass. 
You decided after looking at the

3144
02:41:14,908 --> 02:41:18,700
animals and weighing the many 
possibilities disease, poisoning

3145
02:41:18,700 --> 02:41:22,100
Supernatural interference, or 
just plain, sheep stubbornness 

3146
02:41:22,100 --> 02:41:25,600
your advice had been sensible 
relocate, the flock to New 

3147
02:41:25,600 --> 02:41:27,900
Pasture. 
Provide them with lots of clean 

3148
02:41:27,900 --> 02:41:30,700
water, and make sacrifices to 
make sure there were no, 

3149
02:41:30,700 --> 02:41:34,600
residual spiritual issues. 
It's the type of diagnosis that 

3150
02:41:34,600 --> 02:41:38,600
neatly Blends Agricultural, 
Science, veterinary medicine and

3151
02:41:38,600 --> 02:41:41,800
religious practice. 
Your success rate keeps people 

3152
02:41:41,800 --> 02:41:44,800
coming back but modern doctors 
would likely question your 

3153
02:41:44,800 --> 02:41:46,900
methods. 
The toddler is clinging to the 

3154
02:41:46,900 --> 02:41:49,400
young mother's leg like a 
Resolute Barnacle of she 

3155
02:41:49,400 --> 02:41:51,800
approaches. 
She explains that the child has 

3156
02:41:51,800 --> 02:41:54,800
been experiencing night terrors 
and is unable to sleep through 

3157
02:41:54,800 --> 02:41:57,600
the night. 
After you finish your porridge, 

3158
02:41:57,600 --> 02:42:01,200
you think about the issue 
sometimes the remedy is herbal 

3159
02:42:01,200 --> 02:42:03,600
such as a gentle chamomile or 
lavender tea. 

3160
02:42:04,300 --> 02:42:07,200
Checking for drafts in their 
sleeping area or implying. 

3161
02:42:07,200 --> 02:42:09,500
That the child may be old enough
to have a separate sleeping 

3162
02:42:09,500 --> 02:42:11,800
area. 
From his parents are examples of

3163
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:15,100
practical applications. 
Sometimes though, you suspect, 

3164
02:42:15,100 --> 02:42:18,000
it's simply the fact that 2 year
olds are inherently scary beings

3165
02:42:18,000 --> 02:42:20,500
who don't receive enough, sleep,
until there are around 30 

3166
02:42:20,500 --> 02:42:22,800
naturally. 
You don't say this to the 

3167
02:42:22,800 --> 02:42:25,300
mother. 
Instead you propose creating a 

3168
02:42:25,300 --> 02:42:29,000
mild herbal remedy and suggest a
simple bedtime routine that may 

3169
02:42:29,000 --> 02:42:32,200
help the child feel more secure,
your work revolves around these 

3170
02:42:32,200 --> 02:42:35,500
consultations which are the 
everyday reality that differs 

3171
02:42:35,500 --> 02:42:38,700
greatly from the enigmatic 
unearthly perception, that 

3172
02:42:38,700 --> 02:42:42,000
people frequently, hold of 
Druids you have elements of a 

3173
02:42:42,000 --> 02:42:45,800
lawyer, a doctor, a therapist, 
and an agricultural consultant. 

3174
02:42:46,600 --> 02:42:49,600
The mystical elements though, 
woven through pragmatic concerns

3175
02:42:49,600 --> 02:42:52,800
like a golden thread, through 
rough wool, a sufficiently real.

3176
02:42:52,800 --> 02:42:55,700
Your day has officially begun 
when you finish your breakfast 

3177
02:42:55,700 --> 02:42:58,700
and notice that the sun has 
risen, well above the tree line.

3178
02:42:58,700 --> 02:43:02,100
It's time to review your many 
ongoing projects and determine 

3179
02:43:02,100 --> 02:43:04,800
who else might benefit from your
unique combination of Common 

3180
02:43:04,800 --> 02:43:08,000
Sense and age old wisdom, it's a
three-walled building with a 

3181
02:43:08,000 --> 02:43:10,000
thatched roof. 
That only leaks when it rains a 

3182
02:43:10,000 --> 02:43:13,500
lot, which is usually the case. 
Your makeshift to Spencer is 

3183
02:43:13,500 --> 02:43:16,500
located in a corner of what 
could be kindly referred to as a

3184
02:43:16,500 --> 02:43:19,700
workshop to receive any sunlight
that Britain's consistently 

3185
02:43:19,700 --> 02:43:22,000
overcast. 
Skies May provide the open side 

3186
02:43:22,000 --> 02:43:25,300
faces, South Clay pots line. 
Wooden shelves that have been 

3187
02:43:25,308 --> 02:43:28,700
smooth by years of use and 
bundles of dried herbs. 

3188
02:43:28,700 --> 02:43:32,000
Hang from the rafters, like an 
aromatic chandelier checking on 

3189
02:43:32,000 --> 02:43:34,200
a batch of willow bark. 
Tea that has been steeping. 

3190
02:43:34,200 --> 02:43:37,100
Overnight is the first task for 
today's pharmaceutical work. 

3191
02:43:37,900 --> 02:43:40,600
Kind words, and gentle 
stretching are insufficient for 

3192
02:43:40,600 --> 02:43:43,900
the middle aged blacksmith, 
patient, whose joints are so 

3193
02:43:43,900 --> 02:43:45,400
stiff that he can hardly lift 
his hammer. 

3194
02:43:46,200 --> 02:43:48,900
He tests the strength of the 
dark liquid with a cautious sip 

3195
02:43:48,900 --> 02:43:51,700
after straining. 
It through a piece of linen is 

3196
02:43:51,700 --> 02:43:53,800
probably about, right? 
Because I'm as bitter as a 

3197
02:43:53,800 --> 02:43:56,400
disgruntled tax collector, your 
medicine cabinet. 

3198
02:43:56,400 --> 02:44:00,000
Would confuse a modern Pharmacy,
but any respectable herbalist 

3199
02:44:00,000 --> 02:44:02,700
would be impressed. 
The headaches fever few as 

3200
02:44:02,700 --> 02:44:05,400
collected at dawn when its 
potency as its highest. 

3201
02:44:06,200 --> 02:44:08,900
The country people refer to 
country as knitbone, for good 

3202
02:44:08,900 --> 02:44:11,400
reason, it helps with wounds and
broken bones. 

3203
02:44:11,400 --> 02:44:14,900
Saint John's Wort is used to 
treat depression but you may 

3204
02:44:14,900 --> 02:44:17,700
also think of it as a way to 
drive out evil spirits that to 

3205
02:44:17,700 --> 02:44:20,800
send on the heart, like Mist in 
a valley, a woman shows up 

3206
02:44:20,800 --> 02:44:23,600
looking ashamed, a company named
by her teenage son. 

3207
02:44:24,400 --> 02:44:27,400
The boys face resembles a 
battlefield of red pimples and 

3208
02:44:27,400 --> 02:44:30,700
angry spots commonly referred to
as acne. 

3209
02:44:30,700 --> 02:44:33,900
But you recognize it as the 
unfortunate consequence of 

3210
02:44:33,900 --> 02:44:37,100
maturing into manhood in a world
lacking face, wash or 

3211
02:44:37,100 --> 02:44:39,800
dermatologists. 
It's not incorrect for his 

3212
02:44:39,800 --> 02:44:41,900
mother to worry that the 
condition could hinder his 

3213
02:44:41,900 --> 02:44:44,900
ability to locate and wife. 
But you don't bring up the 

3214
02:44:44,900 --> 02:44:47,900
possibility that his personality
could be a greater barrier. 

3215
02:44:47,900 --> 02:44:50,700
Herbal Remedies and practical 
advice are part of your 

3216
02:44:50,700 --> 02:44:53,200
treatment. 
Applications of honey and 

3217
02:44:53,200 --> 02:44:55,000
crushed. 
Mint leaves on the outside for 

3218
02:44:55,000 --> 02:44:58,600
their antibacterial qualities. 
This tea blend which contains 

3219
02:44:58,600 --> 02:45:00,800
burdock root nettle and a little
yellow. 

3220
02:45:00,800 --> 02:45:03,800
Dock is meant to balance what 
you think of as internal heat. 

3221
02:45:04,600 --> 02:45:07,000
Above all, there are strong 
warnings not to pick at the 

3222
02:45:07,000 --> 02:45:10,100
spots but you know that teens 
will disregard These Warnings 

3223
02:45:10,100 --> 02:45:13,000
with the same tenacity that has 
been displayed throughout 

3224
02:45:13,000 --> 02:45:16,200
history, mental and emotional 
disorders present the true 

3225
02:45:16,200 --> 02:45:18,600
obstacle after losing her baby 
daughter. 

3226
02:45:18,600 --> 02:45:21,800
Six months ago, a Merchant's 
wife has been describing what 

3227
02:45:21,800 --> 02:45:23,900
she calls Melancholy of the 
spirit. 

3228
02:45:23,900 --> 02:45:27,500
Like Lee, what we would 
recognize as depression, you 

3229
02:45:27,500 --> 02:45:30,200
have plants that can help with 
the physical pain and somnia 

3230
02:45:30,200 --> 02:45:33,000
that come with deep sadness, but
no herb can cure it. 

3231
02:45:33,000 --> 02:45:36,600
You make a mild, concoction, 
passion flower to promote 

3232
02:45:36,600 --> 02:45:41,000
relaxation, lemon balm, for its 
energizing qualities, and a tiny

3233
02:45:41,000 --> 02:45:42,800
bit of lavender for its soothing
aroma. 

3234
02:45:43,600 --> 02:45:46,400
More significantly though. 
You allow her space to talk 

3235
02:45:46,400 --> 02:45:48,900
about her daughter and 
acknowledge the truth of her 

3236
02:45:48,900 --> 02:45:52,600
loss without downplaying it or 
pressuring her to accept it a 

3237
02:45:52,600 --> 02:45:54,700
significant portion of your 
practice consists of this 

3238
02:45:54,700 --> 02:45:57,600
emotional labor. 
People seek you out not only for

3239
02:45:57,600 --> 02:46:00,600
physical cures, but also for 
someone who will listen to them 

3240
02:46:00,600 --> 02:46:03,600
without passing judgment and who
could help them understand why 

3241
02:46:03,600 --> 02:46:06,900
they are suffering, you're a 
priest, a counselor and a friend

3242
02:46:06,900 --> 02:46:10,000
all at once you've learned to 
keep your distance so that you 

3243
02:46:10,000 --> 02:46:12,500
don't get caught up in other 
people's suffering, a more 

3244
02:46:12,508 --> 02:46:15,700
unusual, case arrives in your 
afternoon, a farmer who believes

3245
02:46:15,700 --> 02:46:19,000
arrival has cursed, his prize 
bull, the animal no longer 

3246
02:46:19,000 --> 02:46:20,800
serves. 
The cows and has turned violent 

3247
02:46:20,800 --> 02:46:25,000
and erratic charging at Shadows.
Examining the beast from a safe 

3248
02:46:25,000 --> 02:46:27,200
distance. 
You observe its irregular 

3249
02:46:27,200 --> 02:46:31,500
behavior and dilated pupils. 
After careful integration, you 

3250
02:46:31,500 --> 02:46:33,100
learn that. 
The bull has been grazing in a 

3251
02:46:33,108 --> 02:46:36,800
field where ergot infected grain
grows wild, the cursed treatment

3252
02:46:36,800 --> 02:46:40,100
includes moving the ball to a 
clean pasture, providing him 

3253
02:46:40,100 --> 02:46:43,000
with plenty of fresh water and 
performing a ceremonial 

3254
02:46:43,000 --> 02:46:45,700
cleansing to help him feel that 
the spiritual threat has been 

3255
02:46:45,700 --> 02:46:48,200
removed. 
All due to the farmers strong 

3256
02:46:48,200 --> 02:46:51,600
and genuine belief in curses As 
you think about your evening 

3257
02:46:51,600 --> 02:46:53,400
meal? 
You must utter impressive 

3258
02:46:53,400 --> 02:46:57,700
sounding incantations, burn some
purifying herbs and sprinkled 

3259
02:46:57,700 --> 02:46:59,400
blessed water around the Bulls 
pair. 

3260
02:46:59,400 --> 02:47:03,300
This is not exactly a deception 
instead of making the farmer 

3261
02:47:03,300 --> 02:47:06,600
feel helpless and Afraid the 
ritual actually helps them feel 

3262
02:47:06,600 --> 02:47:10,600
empowered and hopeful The Bulls 
recuperation will be impacted by

3263
02:47:10,600 --> 02:47:13,500
his mental state, which will 
also affect how he treats the 

3264
02:47:13,500 --> 02:47:16,400
animal medicine that treats both
the patient and their human 

3265
02:47:16,400 --> 02:47:18,500
caregivers can. 
Sometimes be the best. 

3266
02:47:18,500 --> 02:47:21,600
You tidy up your equipment and 
arrange your supplies for the 

3267
02:47:21,600 --> 02:47:24,000
next day. 
As night falls, the work for the

3268
02:47:24,008 --> 02:47:26,700
day has been successful. 
The number of people are feeling

3269
02:47:26,708 --> 02:47:29,800
better and your treatments, 
haven't killed anyone, which is 

3270
02:47:29,800 --> 02:47:31,600
always a win in. 
Prehistoric medicine, 

3271
02:47:31,600 --> 02:47:34,000
approximately two miles from the
settlement. 

3272
02:47:34,000 --> 02:47:38,400
The stone circle is situated on 
a rise where Generations before 

3273
02:47:38,400 --> 02:47:41,200
your grandfather's grandfather 
was born, your ancestors 

3274
02:47:41,200 --> 02:47:44,100
dragged, enormous blocks of 
local Granite into a perfect 

3275
02:47:44,100 --> 02:47:46,800
ring. 
You follow a path that has been 

3276
02:47:46,800 --> 02:47:50,800
smoothed by innumerable feet. 
Drew its petitioners and 

3277
02:47:50,800 --> 02:47:53,300
inquisitive kids who have been 
told not to play Among The 

3278
02:47:53,300 --> 02:47:56,600
Sacred Stones, but still do. 
So as you stroll there in the 

3279
02:47:56,600 --> 02:47:59,400
late afternoon, light each Stone
roughly twice. 

3280
02:47:59,400 --> 02:48:02,600
Your height is a weather gray 
Monument that has endured for 

3281
02:48:02,600 --> 02:48:05,000
centuries. 
They aren't the enormous 

3282
02:48:05,000 --> 02:48:06,500
trilithons. 
You might picture from 

3283
02:48:06,500 --> 02:48:09,000
Stonehenge. 
Those megaliths are from a more 

3284
02:48:09,000 --> 02:48:12,400
ambitious earlier era. 
Despite being smaller and more 

3285
02:48:12,400 --> 02:48:14,600
personal, these stones are just 
as potent. 

3286
02:48:15,600 --> 02:48:18,200
Small offerings left by guests 
clumped together around their 

3287
02:48:18,200 --> 02:48:20,200
bases. 
Like vibrant prayers, May 

3288
02:48:20,200 --> 02:48:23,000
tangible and leek and paints 
them in patches of green and 

3289
02:48:23,000 --> 02:48:26,100
silver in your world 
spirituality and astronomy are 

3290
02:48:26,100 --> 02:48:29,100
never completely distinct. 
But today's purpose is more 

3291
02:48:29,100 --> 02:48:32,400
astronomical for months, you've 
been monitoring the moon's 

3292
02:48:32,400 --> 02:48:35,800
movement in its position in 
relation to the background stars

3293
02:48:35,800 --> 02:48:38,800
in anticipation of a specific 
alignment that happens once 

3294
02:48:38,800 --> 02:48:41,800
every 19 years. 
If your calculations are 

3295
02:48:41,800 --> 02:48:44,800
accurate, the moon will rise 
through the space between two 

3296
02:48:44,800 --> 02:48:48,000
particular Stones tonight, 
signaling a significant event in

3297
02:48:48,000 --> 02:48:51,300
the astronomical calendar years 
of stargazing were part of your 

3298
02:48:51,300 --> 02:48:55,100
training which taught you to 
read the sky, like a huge slowly

3299
02:48:55,100 --> 02:48:58,200
turning book. 
Understanding Celestial Cycles. 

3300
02:48:58,200 --> 02:49:01,100
Helps you time everything from 
planting to religious festivals 

3301
02:49:01,100 --> 02:49:03,700
to court cases. 
Not because you think the Stars 

3302
02:49:03,700 --> 02:49:06,400
dictate human fate, that's more 
of a Roman notion. 

3303
02:49:07,500 --> 02:49:09,900
The phases of the moon dictate 
when it is best to gather 

3304
02:49:09,900 --> 02:49:13,300
specific herbs, when rituals are
most effective and when it is 

3305
02:49:13,308 --> 02:49:16,700
fortunate to start significant 
projects, you set up a basic 

3306
02:49:16,700 --> 02:49:19,100
meal, consisting of bread cheese
and dried apples. 

3307
02:49:19,100 --> 02:49:22,400
As your observation Point. 
Patience is necessary for 

3308
02:49:22,400 --> 02:49:25,500
astronomical work and patience, 
necessitate nourishment. 

3309
02:49:26,500 --> 02:49:29,500
The grain used to make the dense
dark bread was ground between 

3310
02:49:29,500 --> 02:49:32,800
two stones that morning because 
it was aged in clay pots. 

3311
02:49:32,800 --> 02:49:35,400
Buried in cool Earth. 
The cheese has a sharp Tang. 

3312
02:49:36,200 --> 02:49:38,900
simple food tastes better when 
enjoyed in the company of old 

3313
02:49:38,900 --> 02:49:42,200
stones and under the Open Sky, 
you start the evenings actual 

3314
02:49:42,200 --> 02:49:46,200
task as dusk Falls teaching your
Apprentice, the intricate craft 

3315
02:49:46,200 --> 02:49:49,600
of memory As you recite the 
family tree of the local 

3316
02:49:49,600 --> 02:49:51,900
Chieftain. 
Young Calum sits cross-legged 

3317
02:49:51,900 --> 02:49:56,100
next to you his expression, 
Solomon focused, the 

3318
02:49:56,100 --> 02:49:59,400
meticulously structured verse 
Chronicles 15 Generations, worth

3319
02:49:59,400 --> 02:50:03,600
of marriages feuds births and 
deaths which helps readers 

3320
02:50:03,600 --> 02:50:05,900
retain. 
The information, the genealogy 

3321
02:50:05,900 --> 02:50:08,700
serves as legal, documentation. 
In addition to family, history, 

3322
02:50:08,700 --> 02:50:12,600
who is entitled to inherit 
property due to long-standing 

3323
02:50:12,600 --> 02:50:15,800
blood feuds, which families are 
prohibited from getting married 

3324
02:50:15,800 --> 02:50:19,100
to one another, In tribal 
councils, who is empowered to 

3325
02:50:19,100 --> 02:50:21,700
speak? 
Your mind contains all of this 

3326
02:50:21,700 --> 02:50:24,300
knowledge, which you need to 
impart flawlessly to the 

3327
02:50:24,300 --> 02:50:27,700
following generation. 
Single error could render a 

3328
02:50:27,700 --> 02:50:30,700
property claim void or 
unintentionally approve, a union

3329
02:50:30,700 --> 02:50:33,300
that would spark a new conflict 
Calum repeats. 

3330
02:50:33,300 --> 02:50:36,100
The verses back to you, 
occasionally stumbling over, the

3331
02:50:36,100 --> 02:50:39,500
more complex relationships. 
Although he is intelligent 

3332
02:50:39,500 --> 02:50:43,100
enough memory work, necessitates
constant practice and perfect 

3333
02:50:43,100 --> 02:50:45,800
accuracy. 
You recall, the frustration of 

3334
02:50:45,800 --> 02:50:48,200
knowing that a single incorrect 
word could have major 

3335
02:50:48,200 --> 02:50:51,400
repercussions for actual people 
in the real world, as well as 

3336
02:50:51,400 --> 02:50:54,500
your struggles with the same 
material at his age, he point 

3337
02:50:54,500 --> 02:50:57,300
out constellations rising in the
darkening sky in between 

3338
02:50:57,300 --> 02:51:00,800
genealogical lessons. 
The Great Bear is circling the 

3339
02:51:00,800 --> 02:51:04,100
North Star indefinitely. 
With his belt of three, 

3340
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:07,400
brilliant Stars, Orion the 
hunter Strode across the winter 

3341
02:51:07,400 --> 02:51:10,200
sky. 
There are Tales associated with 

3342
02:51:10,200 --> 02:51:13,900
each constellation, not merely 
lovely myths, but useful 

3343
02:51:13,900 --> 02:51:16,000
knowledge contained in enduring 
tales. 

3344
02:51:16,000 --> 02:51:19,500
For example, the Seven Sisters 
story tells you when to plant 

3345
02:51:19,500 --> 02:51:22,900
barley The story of the swans 
flight across the Summer Sky 

3346
02:51:22,900 --> 02:51:25,100
marks the time to gather some 
medicinal plants. 

3347
02:51:25,900 --> 02:51:28,800
These aren't just Tales, your 
people share over fire on Chile 

3348
02:51:28,800 --> 02:51:32,100
evening's there, an intricate 
system of oral tradition that 

3349
02:51:32,100 --> 02:51:35,400
preserves and passes along in 
Portland seasonal knowledge you 

3350
02:51:35,400 --> 02:51:39,500
see the Moon fat and almost full
rise in precisely where your 

3351
02:51:39,500 --> 02:51:43,400
calculations indicated it would 
as complete darkness descends. 

3352
02:51:44,100 --> 02:51:47,200
It first manifests as a globe 
behind the stones, then as a 

3353
02:51:47,200 --> 02:51:51,200
curved Edge and lastly, as a 
full silver disc, that is 

3354
02:51:51,200 --> 02:51:54,400
precisely framed in the space 
between two Granite monoliths. 

3355
02:51:55,200 --> 02:51:58,300
You're always moved by this site
which demonstrates that the 

3356
02:51:58,308 --> 02:52:01,800
age-old wisdom preserved in 
stone and tail is still true 

3357
02:52:01,800 --> 02:52:05,800
accurate and trustworthy Calum. 
Lets out a quiet gasp. 

3358
02:52:05,800 --> 02:52:08,700
But what he sees and you recall,
the first time you saw such 

3359
02:52:08,700 --> 02:52:12,000
accuracy learning about 
astronomical alignments, in 

3360
02:52:12,000 --> 02:52:15,000
theory is one thing, but 
witnessing them in action with 

3361
02:52:15,000 --> 02:52:18,400
perfect Precision. 
Is quite another The stones 

3362
02:52:18,400 --> 02:52:20,300
appear to be a sophisticated 
instrument. 

3363
02:52:21,100 --> 02:52:24,500
A calendar written in Granite 
and starlight, rather than just 

3364
02:52:24,500 --> 02:52:28,100
random rocks for the next hour. 
You teach, Calum how to use the 

3365
02:52:28,100 --> 02:52:30,400
Stone Circle as a giant clock 
and calendar. 

3366
02:52:31,200 --> 02:52:34,700
Demonstrating to him how various
rising's and settings in 

3367
02:52:34,700 --> 02:52:37,700
indicate the changing of the 
seasons when festivals should be

3368
02:52:37,700 --> 02:52:39,500
held. 
And when the boundaries between 

3369
02:52:39,500 --> 02:52:43,100
worlds, becoming increasingly 
blurred, the special energy that

3370
02:52:43,100 --> 02:52:45,800
precedes any meeting where 
significant decisions will be 

3371
02:52:45,808 --> 02:52:49,700
made fills the Great Hall of the
settlement, a boundary dispute 

3372
02:52:49,700 --> 02:52:52,900
between nearby Farms, the 
conditions for throwing a 

3373
02:52:52,900 --> 02:52:55,200
wedding Feast that will bring 
together two powerful families 

3374
02:52:55,200 --> 02:52:58,300
and the delicate case of a young
man accused of stealing cattle 

3375
02:52:58,300 --> 02:53:01,400
from his cousin, a just a few of
the Urgent issues that will be 

3376
02:53:01,400 --> 02:53:04,600
discussed at tonight's council 
meeting as the sun rises. 

3377
02:53:04,600 --> 02:53:07,700
You arrive wearing formal robes 
that symbolize your position as 

3378
02:53:07,700 --> 02:53:10,000
an Arbiter, an upholder of 
traditional law. 

3379
02:53:10,800 --> 02:53:14,300
Nobody's impressed by the hall 
itself, it's just a big wooden 

3380
02:53:14,300 --> 02:53:16,800
barn with more smoke holes and 
better decorations. 

3381
02:53:16,800 --> 02:53:21,300
The air is filled with the mixed
smells of leather wet wool would

3382
02:53:21,300 --> 02:53:23,400
smoke and too many people in one
location. 

3383
02:53:23,400 --> 02:53:25,800
While Rush lights flicker in the
background. 

3384
02:53:25,800 --> 02:53:29,200
Your seat is in a prominent 
location, close to the main fire

3385
02:53:29,200 --> 02:53:32,800
close enough to the clan Chief 
to offer advice, but far enough 

3386
02:53:32,800 --> 02:53:35,900
away to speak to the group, as a
whole, the arrangement takes 

3387
02:53:35,900 --> 02:53:38,300
into account your dual 
responsibilities as an 

3388
02:53:38,300 --> 02:53:40,900
independent Authority and 
counselor since that would 

3389
02:53:40,900 --> 02:53:43,500
require a formal court system 
that does not yet exist. 

3390
02:53:44,400 --> 02:53:46,700
You are not quite a judge in the
Contemporary sense. 

3391
02:53:46,700 --> 02:53:51,300
Rather your ass of legal 
scholar, mediator and precedent 

3392
02:53:51,300 --> 02:53:53,500
repository. 
In the first instance, two 

3393
02:53:53,500 --> 02:53:56,400
brothers quarrel about where 
their property line is, although

3394
02:53:56,400 --> 02:53:59,700
they both inherited parts of 
their father's land spring 

3395
02:53:59,700 --> 02:54:02,500
plowing and winter floods of 
shifted, the original boundary 

3396
02:54:02,500 --> 02:54:06,200
markers which were a line of 
Standing Stones, every brother 

3397
02:54:06,200 --> 02:54:08,300
maintains that his version of 
events is accurate. 

3398
02:54:08,300 --> 02:54:11,600
And each has witnesses to back 
up, his claims asking thoughtful

3399
02:54:11,600 --> 02:54:13,100
questions. 
Concerning the original 

3400
02:54:13,100 --> 02:54:16,100
positioning of the stones, he 
intention stated in their 

3401
02:54:16,100 --> 02:54:18,600
fathers will, and the 
testimonies of neighbors who 

3402
02:54:18,608 --> 02:54:21,600
recall the land prior to the 
boundary being disturbed, you 

3403
02:54:21,600 --> 02:54:25,000
listened to both sides. 
In order to piece together 

3404
02:54:25,000 --> 02:54:27,700
physical evidence and human 
memory and reconstruct the 

3405
02:54:27,700 --> 02:54:31,000
truth, the solution calls for 
more detective work than legal 

3406
02:54:31,000 --> 02:54:33,200
scholarship. 
Following much deliberation. 

3407
02:54:33,200 --> 02:54:35,700
You suggest a compromise that 
gives each brother, 

3408
02:54:35,700 --> 02:54:39,100
approximately equal acreage 
while drawing a new border that 

3409
02:54:39,100 --> 02:54:43,000
traces natural features, a line 
of oak trees and a stream bed, 

3410
02:54:43,000 --> 02:54:45,400
that will be more difficult to 
contest later. 

3411
02:54:46,500 --> 02:54:49,400
The fact that neither Brother is
completely satisfied with the 

3412
02:54:49,400 --> 02:54:52,800
solutions suggests that it is 
likely Fair the charge of cattle

3413
02:54:52,800 --> 02:54:54,600
theft turns out to be more 
complicated. 

3414
02:54:54,600 --> 02:54:58,000
Dira a cousin. 
Accuses young Brannock of 

3415
02:54:58,008 --> 02:55:00,900
stealing two Priceless. 
Heifers the evidence is 

3416
02:55:00,900 --> 02:55:04,500
circumstantial but concerning 
Dearer recently, purchased 

3417
02:55:04,500 --> 02:55:07,500
cattle, that looks strikingly 
similar to bramec who was 

3418
02:55:07,500 --> 02:55:09,700
spotted close to his herd the 
night before the animals 

3419
02:55:09,700 --> 02:55:12,100
vanished. 
Although he is unable to provide

3420
02:55:12,100 --> 02:55:15,900
the merchant or any witnesses to
the transaction serves that he 

3421
02:55:15,900 --> 02:55:18,600
bought the animals from a 
traveling Merchant claims of 

3422
02:55:18,600 --> 02:55:21,400
theft must be supported by 
either unambiguous evidence or 

3423
02:55:21,400 --> 02:55:23,400
an ordeal trial under your legal
system. 

3424
02:55:24,200 --> 02:55:27,300
Since no one witnessed Brannock 
actually taking the cattle, the 

3425
02:55:27,300 --> 02:55:30,600
first option is not feasible, 
the second option, entails 

3426
02:55:30,600 --> 02:55:33,600
making unpleasant decisions such
as fighting a duel. 

3427
02:55:33,600 --> 02:55:36,900
Submerging an arm in boiling 
water or holding a red hot iron 

3428
02:55:36,900 --> 02:55:39,600
bar. 
Although you've noticed that 

3429
02:55:39,600 --> 02:55:42,600
Divine Justice occasionally has 
a peculiar sense of humor. 

3430
02:55:42,600 --> 02:55:45,800
The theory holds that it will 
protect the innocent and punish 

3431
02:55:45,800 --> 02:55:49,200
the guilty. 
You suggest a third option a 

3432
02:55:49,200 --> 02:55:52,000
formal oath taking ceremony in 
which Brannock is required to 

3433
02:55:52,000 --> 02:55:55,500
publicly declare his innocence 
while touching a holy object and

3434
02:55:55,500 --> 02:55:58,600
pleading with the gods to hear 
him, The oath will ultimately 

3435
02:55:58,600 --> 02:56:02,100
result in divine retribution. 
If he is lying, his public 

3436
02:56:02,100 --> 02:56:04,100
statement should clear his name 
and put an end to the 

3437
02:56:04,108 --> 02:56:05,800
accusation. 
If he is speaking the truth, 

3438
02:56:05,800 --> 02:56:07,900
although it's not perfect 
Justice. 

3439
02:56:07,900 --> 02:56:11,000
It avoids the possibility of 
injuring an innocent person 

3440
02:56:11,000 --> 02:56:13,000
while still formally resolving 
the conflict. 

3441
02:56:13,800 --> 02:56:16,900
Granite readily agrees 
indicating either his innocent 

3442
02:56:16,900 --> 02:56:19,700
or his extraordinary faith, in 
his ability, to deceive the 

3443
02:56:19,700 --> 02:56:22,300
Gods. 
Even though you've been mistaken

3444
02:56:22,300 --> 02:56:26,300
before you suspect, the former 
the last issue planing the 

3445
02:56:26,300 --> 02:56:28,900
wedding Feast calls for 
completely different abilities. 

3446
02:56:28,900 --> 02:56:31,700
You have to make sure that the 
seating arrangements, don't 

3447
02:56:31,700 --> 02:56:35,000
unintentionally offend anyone 
that the appropriate Customs are

3448
02:56:35,000 --> 02:56:37,900
followed and that the two 
families contractual Duties are 

3449
02:56:37,900 --> 02:56:40,700
understood and observed. 
It's similar to juggling the 

3450
02:56:40,700 --> 02:56:42,700
roles of lawyer, Diplomat and 
wedding. 

3451
02:56:42,700 --> 02:56:46,900
Planner the groom's family must 
provide certain items such as a 

3452
02:56:46,900 --> 02:56:50,300
certain number of cattle, 
multiple bronze ornaments and 

3453
02:56:50,300 --> 02:56:53,800
enough grain to brewery for the 
celebration while the bride's 

3454
02:56:53,800 --> 02:56:57,300
family will provide the main 
feast Using your understanding 

3455
02:56:57,300 --> 02:57:00,000
of comparable arrangements and 
what each family can afford. 

3456
02:57:00,000 --> 02:57:04,100
You assist in negotiating, these
specifics as the evening goes on

3457
02:57:04,100 --> 02:57:05,400
and the different issues are 
settled. 

3458
02:57:05,408 --> 02:57:08,900
You experience the well-known 
Joy of witnessing, your training

3459
02:57:08,900 --> 02:57:12,000
in action in these situations. 
The laws you've learned by 

3460
02:57:12,000 --> 02:57:15,400
heart, the Precedence, you've 
researched, and the Diplomatic 

3461
02:57:15,400 --> 02:57:17,200
abilities. 
You've honed all come together 

3462
02:57:17,200 --> 02:57:21,100
to make your community run more 
smoothly, however, warn out, 

3463
02:57:21,100 --> 02:57:24,300
even when things go, well, 
navigating complex social 

3464
02:57:24,300 --> 02:57:26,900
dynamics, mediating, conflicts, 
and speaking. 

3465
02:57:26,900 --> 02:57:29,800
Authoritatively for hours on end
is exhausting work. 

3466
02:57:30,500 --> 02:57:32,800
You look forward to the quieter 
parts of your evening routine, 

3467
02:57:32,800 --> 02:57:35,900
but your back hurts from sitting
up straight and attentive. 

3468
02:57:35,900 --> 02:57:39,900
Your throat is dry from talking 
with that special relief that 

3469
02:57:39,900 --> 02:57:42,400
comes from settling disputes 
without anyone brandishing a 

3470
02:57:42,400 --> 02:57:46,000
sword or hurling a punch, the 
council scattered into the cool 

3471
02:57:46,000 --> 02:57:48,800
night air after spending hours 
in the Smoky Hall. 

3472
02:57:48,800 --> 02:57:51,500
You wrap your formal robes 
around yourself and go outside 

3473
02:57:51,500 --> 02:57:55,700
thankful for the fresh air. 
Above each point of light stands

3474
02:57:55,700 --> 02:57:58,000
out against the black sky with a
brilliant Clarity. 

3475
02:57:58,000 --> 02:58:00,700
That can only be achieved in a 
world, free from light 

3476
02:58:00,700 --> 02:58:03,000
pollution, you're not quite done
with your evening. 

3477
02:58:04,100 --> 02:58:06,900
In addition to the quiet 
personal practices that keep you

3478
02:58:06,900 --> 02:58:09,700
going through the rigors of 
public life, there are rituals 

3479
02:58:09,700 --> 02:58:11,600
to perform an observations to 
document. 

3480
02:58:12,400 --> 02:58:14,600
You make your way slowly to your
private space. 

3481
02:58:14,600 --> 02:58:19,100
A simple roundhouse that doubles
as a home study and Haven years 

3482
02:58:19,100 --> 02:58:21,700
of meticulous, Arrangement are 
evident in the interior. 

3483
02:58:22,500 --> 02:58:26,100
Warm consistent light is 
produced by Clay, lamps one 

3484
02:58:26,100 --> 02:58:30,000
section serves as your sleeping 
space, it is basic, but cozy 

3485
02:58:30,000 --> 02:58:33,400
with Furs and thick wool 
blankets for the coldest nights.

3486
02:58:34,300 --> 02:58:37,900
Your most valuable belongings 
are kept on shelves, not gold or

3487
02:58:37,900 --> 02:58:41,800
Jewels but ceramic jars filled 
with exotic herbs engraved. 

3488
02:58:41,800 --> 02:58:44,900
Wooden tablets bearing, 
astronomical formulas and Tiny 

3489
02:58:44,900 --> 02:58:46,900
bronze clocks and Celestial 
angle gauges. 

3490
02:58:46,900 --> 02:58:50,600
The first task for tonight is to
update your lunar, calendar by 

3491
02:58:50,600 --> 02:58:52,800
recording the precise location 
of the Moon. 

3492
02:58:52,800 --> 02:58:56,800
And when it rises through the 
stone circle, you track patterns

3493
02:58:56,800 --> 02:58:59,800
over several years using a 
system of marks and symbols, 

3494
02:58:59,800 --> 02:59:03,600
that anyone else would find 
confusing future, ceremonies 

3495
02:59:03,600 --> 02:59:07,200
tied predictions for Coastal 
communities, and the upkeep of 

3496
02:59:07,200 --> 02:59:10,100
the intricate festival calendar 
that organizes your people's 

3497
02:59:10,100 --> 02:59:12,900
religious and agricultural, year
will all benefit from the 

3498
02:59:12,900 --> 02:59:15,800
knowledge charcoal for drawing 
on specialty prepared. 

3499
02:59:15,800 --> 02:59:19,300
Clay surfaces, sharp Flint 
blades for carving marks into 

3500
02:59:19,300 --> 02:59:21,400
wood and a clever counting 
device, made. 

3501
02:59:21,400 --> 02:59:23,800
From knotted strings to, keep 
track of longer Cycles. 

3502
02:59:23,800 --> 02:59:26,900
Are your basic Yeti fishing at 
record keeping tools. 

3503
02:59:27,700 --> 02:59:30,400
Since written language exists, 
but isn't used for long-term 

3504
02:59:30,400 --> 02:59:32,900
information storage. 
Everything must be done from 

3505
02:59:32,900 --> 02:59:35,000
memory. 
Writing something down. 

3506
02:59:35,000 --> 02:59:38,100
Weakens the mental muscles that 
Druids rely on because it makes 

3507
02:59:38,100 --> 02:59:41,200
for getting easier, you update 
your records and get ready for 

3508
02:59:41,200 --> 02:59:43,600
the spiritual observances, that 
will take place that evening. 

3509
02:59:43,600 --> 02:59:46,900
These are private quiet. 
Rituals that help you stay 

3510
02:59:46,900 --> 02:59:50,500
connected to the forces, you 
serve rather than large public 

3511
02:59:50,500 --> 02:59:53,600
ceremonies using particular 
Woods selected for their 

3512
02:59:53,600 --> 02:59:56,500
symbolic qualities, Oak for 
strength and endurance. 

3513
02:59:56,500 --> 02:59:59,800
Ash for protection and Hawthorne
for purification. 

3514
02:59:59,800 --> 03:00:02,500
You'd like a small fire in a 
bronze Bowl. 

3515
03:00:02,500 --> 03:00:05,600
You'll silent prayers for the 
days accomplishments and request

3516
03:00:05,600 --> 03:00:07,500
for direction. 
In the challengers of Tomorrow 

3517
03:00:07,500 --> 03:00:10,600
are married by the smoke as it 
rises in a thin column. 

3518
03:00:11,300 --> 03:00:14,200
After the days of events you sit
quietly and allow your thoughts 

3519
03:00:14,200 --> 03:00:17,400
to calm down, you feel the 
tension, leave your shoulders 

3520
03:00:17,400 --> 03:00:19,300
and the stress that has built up
from mediating. 

3521
03:00:19,300 --> 03:00:22,800
Conflicts evaporate like water, 
the structured mindfulness 

3522
03:00:22,800 --> 03:00:26,200
practice that modern people may 
be familiar with is not what 

3523
03:00:26,200 --> 03:00:30,000
this meditation is. 
Rather it's a slow Awakening to 

3524
03:00:30,000 --> 03:00:33,100
the subtle currents that run 
beneath the surface of ordinary 

3525
03:00:33,100 --> 03:00:35,600
reality. 
You hear the sounds of the 

3526
03:00:35,600 --> 03:00:39,300
night, The Whisper Of The Wind 
Through thatch, the distant 

3527
03:00:39,300 --> 03:00:41,200
lowing of cattle settling for 
sleep. 

3528
03:00:41,200 --> 03:00:44,700
And the owls called from the Oak
Grove, you gradually start to 

3529
03:00:44,700 --> 03:00:48,000
notice less evidence and 
Sensations the Earth itself 

3530
03:00:48,000 --> 03:00:50,000
seems to be pulsing slowly with 
energy. 

3531
03:00:50,000 --> 03:00:54,300
These subtle grain of the 
landscape like wood that makes 

3532
03:00:54,300 --> 03:00:56,200
some directions feel different 
from others. 

3533
03:00:57,000 --> 03:01:00,200
Feeling that every prayer that 
has been said and every fire 

3534
03:01:00,200 --> 03:01:02,400
that has burned, there are 
preserved in the stones of your 

3535
03:01:02,400 --> 03:01:05,100
half to a modern year. 
These perceptions may seem 

3536
03:01:05,100 --> 03:01:07,400
mystical. 
But to you, they are as natural 

3537
03:01:07,400 --> 03:01:09,700
as checking the weather or 
listening for approaching 

3538
03:01:09,700 --> 03:01:12,100
footsteps. 
Your senses have been trained 

3539
03:01:12,100 --> 03:01:14,700
for decades to pick up on 
rhythms and patterns that most 

3540
03:01:14,700 --> 03:01:17,100
people miss. 
The fact that these perceptions 

3541
03:01:17,100 --> 03:01:19,400
enable you to better. 
Serve your community is more 

3542
03:01:19,400 --> 03:01:22,400
important than whether they are 
the result of true Supernatural 

3543
03:01:22,400 --> 03:01:26,100
awareness or simply highly 
developed intuition reviewing 

3544
03:01:26,100 --> 03:01:28,500
the days of events and thinking 
about what they reveal about 

3545
03:01:28,500 --> 03:01:32,600
broader patterns and Trends is 
your final ritual as the fire 

3546
03:01:32,600 --> 03:01:36,700
burns down to glowing coals. 
The boundary dispute implies 

3547
03:01:36,700 --> 03:01:39,300
that the amount of available 
land is being strained by 

3548
03:01:39,300 --> 03:01:42,500
population, growth. 
The charge of cattle theft may 

3549
03:01:42,500 --> 03:01:44,600
be a reflection of larger 
economic tensions. 

3550
03:01:44,600 --> 03:01:47,300
As young men, find it difficult 
to make a name for themselves. 

3551
03:01:47,300 --> 03:01:50,600
The intricate network of 
alliances that binds your 

3552
03:01:50,600 --> 03:01:54,100
Society together is exposed 
during the wedding negotiations.

3553
03:01:54,100 --> 03:01:57,400
These observations will help you
foresee future issues before 

3554
03:01:57,400 --> 03:02:00,700
they become crises, and will 
guide your advice to the clan 

3555
03:02:00,700 --> 03:02:03,200
leadership. 
It is a type of strategic 

3556
03:02:03,200 --> 03:02:07,000
thinking that uses both logical 
analysis and the deeper wisdom 

3557
03:02:07,000 --> 03:02:09,700
that comes from years of reading
human Nature's currents. 

3558
03:02:09,700 --> 03:02:13,100
It also Blends practical 
analysis with intuitive 

3559
03:02:13,100 --> 03:02:15,500
insights. 
You finally Bank, the fire and 

3560
03:02:15,500 --> 03:02:18,100
get ready for sleep as genuine 
exhaustion descend. 

3561
03:02:18,100 --> 03:02:20,100
Upon you. 
There will likely be at least 

3562
03:02:20,100 --> 03:02:22,900
one emergency that calls for all
of your abilities and knowledge 

3563
03:02:22,900 --> 03:02:25,700
to Morrow along with new 
difficulties and conflicts to 

3564
03:02:25,700 --> 03:02:27,500
resolve. 
But That's a problem for 

3565
03:02:27,500 --> 03:02:29,600
tomorrow. 
You can sleep easy tonight 

3566
03:02:29,600 --> 03:02:32,000
knowing that you have done a 
good job of serving your people 

3567
03:02:32,000 --> 03:02:35,400
and upholding the long-standing 
Customs that give their lives 

3568
03:02:35,400 --> 03:02:37,700
purpose and order after such a 
long day. 

3569
03:02:37,700 --> 03:02:41,000
You can easily fall asleep as 
your body settles into the wool 

3570
03:02:41,000 --> 03:02:43,700
stuffed mattress and you feel 
the satisfaction of a job. 

3571
03:02:43,708 --> 03:02:46,400
Well done. 
However, your mind is still 

3572
03:02:46,400 --> 03:02:49,100
partially awake while you sleep,
because it has been trained over

3573
03:02:49,100 --> 03:02:53,000
decades to pick up on odd, 
sounds or shifts in the subtle 

3574
03:02:53,000 --> 03:02:55,000
energies that surround sacred 
locations. 

3575
03:02:55,000 --> 03:02:57,000
But only dreams of peace 
tonight. 

3576
03:02:57,000 --> 03:03:00,100
The trees are bigger and older 
than any that grow in the real 

3577
03:03:00,100 --> 03:03:02,100
world. 
And you find yourself strolling 

3578
03:03:02,100 --> 03:03:04,800
through a forest, that appears 
familiar, but is incredibly 

3579
03:03:04,800 --> 03:03:08,100
large. 
Beside you are ancient Druids 

3580
03:03:08,100 --> 03:03:11,100
teachers from earlier 
Generations, whose knowledge has

3581
03:03:11,100 --> 03:03:14,500
been transmitted orally, they 
communicate without using words.

3582
03:03:14,500 --> 03:03:17,700
Exchanging information that 
moves straight from one to 

3583
03:03:17,700 --> 03:03:20,500
another like water. 
Leveling out secrets that are 

3584
03:03:20,500 --> 03:03:23,100
hidden from everyday view are 
revealed by The Dream Forest. 

3585
03:03:23,900 --> 03:03:26,500
You can see how all of the trees
are connected by a network of 

3586
03:03:26,500 --> 03:03:30,100
routes that exchange information
and nutrients over great 

3587
03:03:30,100 --> 03:03:33,000
distances. 
You see how the forest functions

3588
03:03:33,000 --> 03:03:37,200
as a single enormous organism. 
Thanks to the micrel fungi's 

3589
03:03:37,200 --> 03:03:40,700
underground network of chemical 
signals in the dream state, 

3590
03:03:40,700 --> 03:03:43,500
these connections appear as 
clear as sunlight, but it will 

3591
03:03:43,508 --> 03:03:45,900
take centuries for modern 
science to uncover them. 

3592
03:03:45,900 --> 03:03:48,900
The events of the day are 
processed by your sleeping mind 

3593
03:03:48,900 --> 03:03:51,000
and woven into. 
The broader patterns that guide 

3594
03:03:51,000 --> 03:03:54,600
your work humanity is never 
ending quest to impose order on 

3595
03:03:54,600 --> 03:03:57,300
the natural world is reflected 
in the boundary dispute. 

3596
03:03:58,000 --> 03:03:59,800
The charge of cattle theft 
highlights. 

3597
03:03:59,800 --> 03:04:02,500
The conflicts that emerge when 
traditional communities start to

3598
03:04:02,500 --> 03:04:06,200
expand past the point at, which 
everyone is well acquainted with

3599
03:04:06,200 --> 03:04:09,500
one another, The negotiations 
surrounding the wedding show, 

3600
03:04:09,500 --> 03:04:12,600
how societies change and grow 
while retaining their 

3601
03:04:12,600 --> 03:04:15,800
fundamental characteristics. 
These realizations feel more 

3602
03:04:15,800 --> 03:04:17,500
like true truths that have 
always been there. 

3603
03:04:18,200 --> 03:04:21,600
Just waiting for the right time 
to come to light and they do 

3604
03:04:21,600 --> 03:04:26,200
like conclusions, you've drawn 
Truitt wisdom frequently 

3605
03:04:26,200 --> 03:04:29,700
operates in this way. 
It reorganizes everything you 

3606
03:04:29,700 --> 03:04:32,400
believe to be true rather than 
using linear reasoning. 

3607
03:04:32,400 --> 03:04:34,900
Your dreams become more intimate
as the night. 

3608
03:04:34,900 --> 03:04:37,600
Grows darker. 
As a Young Apprentice you find 

3609
03:04:37,600 --> 03:04:40,000
it, difficult to commit, the 
extensive body of legal 

3610
03:04:40,000 --> 03:04:42,700
historical and religious 
knowledge to memory. 

3611
03:04:43,200 --> 03:04:45,700
You recall the aggravation of 
forgetting crucial information, 

3612
03:04:45,700 --> 03:04:49,500
the anxiety of failing, your 
teachers and the slow Delight of

3613
03:04:49,508 --> 03:04:53,200
realizing that the disparate 
facts were in fact, pieces of a 

3614
03:04:53,200 --> 03:04:56,200
cohesive whole through Decades 
of sometimes unappreciated 

3615
03:04:56,200 --> 03:04:59,400
service, the memory dreams 
servers are a reminder of why 

3616
03:04:59,400 --> 03:05:02,000
you chose this path and why you 
have stayed dedicated to it. 

3617
03:05:02,700 --> 03:05:05,500
Your people are able to preserve
their identity and values for 

3618
03:05:05,500 --> 03:05:08,400
generations to come because of 
the living wisdom you possess 

3619
03:05:08,400 --> 03:05:10,800
which goes beyond merely 
akademik knowledge. 

3620
03:05:10,800 --> 03:05:13,900
Communities would lose their 
ties to the past and their 

3621
03:05:13,900 --> 03:05:16,900
direction for the future. 
If Druids were there to maintain

3622
03:05:16,900 --> 03:05:20,100
and pass along this cultural 
heritage, you dream about the 

3623
03:05:20,100 --> 03:05:22,900
vast cycle that can control 
everything as the first gray 

3624
03:05:22,900 --> 03:05:25,700
light Peaks through the Smoke 
Hole in your roof, Just Before 

3625
03:05:25,700 --> 03:05:29,700
Dawn, the daily cycle of Dawn, 
and dusk the moon's monthly 

3626
03:05:29,700 --> 03:05:34,000
cycle of phases, the changing of
the seasons every year each with

3627
03:05:34,000 --> 03:05:37,800
a unique challenges and gifts. 
The longer multi-generational 

3628
03:05:37,800 --> 03:05:39,800
cycles. 
That signify the emergence and 

3629
03:05:39,800 --> 03:05:43,200
decline of dynasties, the 
movement of peoples and the 

3630
03:05:43,200 --> 03:05:45,100
gradual advancement of human 
knowledge. 

3631
03:05:45,100 --> 03:05:48,600
You see yourself in the dream as
a component of these enormous 

3632
03:05:48,600 --> 03:05:51,500
Cycles no more or less 
significant than any other 

3633
03:05:51,500 --> 03:05:54,700
component of the pattern. 
Even though your life is short, 

3634
03:05:54,700 --> 03:05:57,500
in comparison to the stone 
circles age or the Great Oaks 

3635
03:05:57,500 --> 03:06:01,100
lifespan, your contribution to 
preserving wisdoms continuity, 

3636
03:06:01,100 --> 03:06:04,600
makes you a part of something, 
greater and more durable than 

3637
03:06:04,600 --> 03:06:07,900
any one person's life. 
Despite the complicated dreams. 

3638
03:06:07,900 --> 03:06:10,300
You awaken organically as the 
first bird. 

3639
03:06:10,300 --> 03:06:13,400
Starts singing in the morning, 
feeling refreshed, and composed.

3640
03:06:14,300 --> 03:06:17,100
Without the startling confusion 
that frequently accompanies 

3641
03:06:17,100 --> 03:06:20,100
contemporary alarm clocks, the 
shift from sleep to wakefulness,

3642
03:06:20,100 --> 03:06:23,400
feels seamless and natural 
instead of waking. 

3643
03:06:23,400 --> 03:06:26,600
When the time is right, your 
body has learned to synchronize 

3644
03:06:26,600 --> 03:06:29,900
itself with its own natural 
rhythms, you get out of bed and 

3645
03:06:29,900 --> 03:06:32,300
do the easy stretching 
exercises, that maintain the 

3646
03:06:32,300 --> 03:06:34,400
strength and flexibility of your
aging body. 

3647
03:06:35,200 --> 03:06:37,800
Give them that healthy body is 
necessary to support a healthy 

3648
03:06:37,800 --> 03:06:40,100
mind, drew medical training, 
places. 

3649
03:06:40,100 --> 03:06:42,700
A strong emphasis on the 
relationship between mental and 

3650
03:06:42,700 --> 03:06:46,000
physical health. 
The mild yet effective exercises

3651
03:06:46,000 --> 03:06:48,600
are made to keep your 
circulation flexibility. 

3652
03:06:48,600 --> 03:06:51,900
And the kind of focused 
awareness that your job requires

3653
03:06:51,900 --> 03:06:55,900
the world is waking up to a new 
day outside as families. 

3654
03:06:55,900 --> 03:06:58,900
Prepare their morning meals. 
Smoke rises from cooking fires. 

3655
03:06:58,900 --> 03:07:02,300
The cool air is filled with the 
sounds of children starting 

3656
03:07:02,300 --> 03:07:05,200
their daily tasks. 
You hear the steady sound of 

3657
03:07:05,200 --> 03:07:08,500
grain being ground between 
stones in the distance and you 

3658
03:07:08,500 --> 03:07:11,400
hear cattle sighing softly as 
they are led to New Pasture. 

3659
03:07:11,400 --> 03:07:14,100
Even though your daily robes 
aren't as fancy as the ones you 

3660
03:07:14,100 --> 03:07:17,200
order the council last night you
still make a statement about 

3661
03:07:17,200 --> 03:07:19,200
your position and status in the 
community. 

3662
03:07:19,200 --> 03:07:21,800
From local plants is used to 
Die. 

3663
03:07:21,800 --> 03:07:26,200
The fabric Rich greens from 
nettle soft Browns from Walnut 

3664
03:07:26,200 --> 03:07:29,700
hulls and a hint of Blue from 
WOD which was expensive and 

3665
03:07:29,700 --> 03:07:33,000
time-consuming to obtain. 
As you step out into the 

3666
03:07:33,000 --> 03:07:36,300
morning, are you experience the 
same sense of excitement that 

3667
03:07:36,300 --> 03:07:38,600
comes with the possibilities of 
every new day? 

3668
03:07:39,300 --> 03:07:42,000
People will need to be healed, 
conflicts will need to be 

3669
03:07:42,000 --> 03:07:44,000
resolved. 
Knowledge will need to be 

3670
03:07:44,000 --> 03:07:46,800
preserved and passed on and 
Mysteries will need to be 

3671
03:07:46,800 --> 03:07:49,100
considered. 
It is challenging, but 

3672
03:07:49,100 --> 03:07:52,100
incredibly fulfilling work. 
That connects you to the Eternal

3673
03:07:52,100 --> 03:07:54,300
questions that have perplexed 
Humanity. 

3674
03:07:54,300 --> 03:07:57,800
Since the dawn of Consciousness,
as well as the Practical needs 

3675
03:07:57,800 --> 03:08:00,800
of your community, you can 
consider the peculiar privilege 

3676
03:08:00,800 --> 03:08:02,600
of your position. 
As you make your way to the 

3677
03:08:02,600 --> 03:08:06,300
sacred grove, to start another 
day's routine, you act as a link

3678
03:08:06,308 --> 03:08:09,700
between worlds between the 
Gathering wisdom of the past. 

3679
03:08:09,700 --> 03:08:12,600
And the emerging possibilities 
of the Future Between the 

3680
03:08:12,600 --> 03:08:15,900
Practical demands of everyday 
life and the spiritual aspects 

3681
03:08:15,900 --> 03:08:19,400
that give life purpose and 
between the human community and 

3682
03:08:19,400 --> 03:08:22,800
the natural forces that support 
it, the Morning Mist is burned 

3683
03:08:22,800 --> 03:08:26,100
away as the sun rises higher, 
showcasing, the beauty of the 

3684
03:08:26,108 --> 03:08:29,200
familiar landscape. 
With the calm Assurance of 

3685
03:08:29,200 --> 03:08:32,200
someone who understands their 
role in the vast scheme of 

3686
03:08:32,200 --> 03:08:35,900
things, you face the new day as 
it Dawns in The NeverEnding 

3687
03:08:35,900 --> 03:08:44,400
cycle of days. picture yourself 
stepping off a Dusty Stagecoach,

3688
03:08:44,400 --> 03:08:48,400
in 1882 somewhere, in the 
Arizona territory, Your back 

3689
03:08:48,400 --> 03:08:49,900
aches. 
As if you've been sitting on a 

3690
03:08:49,908 --> 03:08:54,100
concrete park bench for 12 
hours, a situation that give 

3691
03:08:54,100 --> 03:08:57,400
them the suspension system of 
Frontier Transportation isn't 

3692
03:08:57,400 --> 03:09:01,000
too far from reality. 
The Sun is setting behind the 

3693
03:09:01,008 --> 03:09:02,800
mountains. 
Painting everything in that 

3694
03:09:02,800 --> 03:09:05,000
golden hour. 
Light that would make a modern 

3695
03:09:05,000 --> 03:09:09,200
Instagram influencer, weep With 
Envy, You're searching for a 

3696
03:09:09,200 --> 03:09:11,600
place to eat drink and maybe 
wash off three days worth of 

3697
03:09:11,600 --> 03:09:14,500
trail dust. 
And there it is right across the

3698
03:09:14,500 --> 03:09:18,200
street. 
The Silver Dollar Saloon Its 

3699
03:09:18,200 --> 03:09:21,300
painted sign creeks in the 
evening Breeze and those iconic 

3700
03:09:21,300 --> 03:09:24,300
batwing doors. 
You know, the ones that swing 

3701
03:09:24,300 --> 03:09:27,500
both ways and come up to about 
chest height, a practically 

3702
03:09:27,500 --> 03:09:30,100
calling your name. 
Now before you push through 

3703
03:09:30,100 --> 03:09:33,200
those doors, let's pause for a 
moment you're about to enter 

3704
03:09:33,200 --> 03:09:36,500
what was essentially the social 
media platform of its day and 

3705
03:09:36,500 --> 03:09:39,400
imagine a wild west Saloon as a 
fusion of Facebook Twitter and 

3706
03:09:39,400 --> 03:09:42,900
your local Starbuck's all housed
within a single wooden structure

3707
03:09:42,900 --> 03:09:47,100
that exudes a scent of tobacco 
whiskey and surreal dreams. 

3708
03:09:48,200 --> 03:09:51,100
The Batwing doors were just for 
show, by the way, they were 

3709
03:09:51,100 --> 03:09:54,100
brilliantly practical, like 
cargo shorts, but actually 

3710
03:09:54,100 --> 03:09:57,600
useful, they kept out dust and 
tumbleweeds while letting in 

3711
03:09:57,600 --> 03:10:00,700
fresh air and allowing people to
see who was coming and going. 

3712
03:10:01,800 --> 03:10:04,500
In a place where your reputation
literally, determined, whether 

3713
03:10:04,500 --> 03:10:07,500
you lived or died knowing who 
just walked in, was rather 

3714
03:10:07,500 --> 03:10:11,100
important information. as you 
approached the entrance, you 

3715
03:10:11,100 --> 03:10:14,300
notice the doors are worn Smooth
by thousands of hands pushing 

3716
03:10:14,300 --> 03:10:17,400
through the The wood has that 
patina that only comes from 

3717
03:10:17,400 --> 03:10:21,200
Decades of use, like, the handle
of a well-loved baseball bat or 

3718
03:10:21,208 --> 03:10:23,900
your grandmother's rolling pin. 
Inside. 

3719
03:10:23,900 --> 03:10:27,500
You can hear the sounds of 
laughter glasses, clinking, a 

3720
03:10:27,500 --> 03:10:30,400
slightly off-tune piano and the 
occasional third of boots on 

3721
03:10:30,400 --> 03:10:33,500
wooden floors. 
You take a deep breath catching 

3722
03:10:33,500 --> 03:10:37,300
sense of wood, smoke roasted 
meat and something that might be

3723
03:10:37,300 --> 03:10:40,900
coffee, but could just as easily
be paint thinner, your stomach 

3724
03:10:40,900 --> 03:10:44,200
rumbles, reminding you that hard
tack and jerky, don't constitute

3725
03:10:44,200 --> 03:10:48,200
fine, dining, no matter how you.
Look at it, here's where your 

3726
03:10:48,200 --> 03:10:49,700
modern sensibility start to kick
in. 

3727
03:10:49,700 --> 03:10:52,800
You're accustomed to perusing on
online restaurant reviews and 

3728
03:10:52,800 --> 03:10:55,400
perhaps observing the Health 
Department's rating prominently 

3729
03:10:55,400 --> 03:10:59,100
displayed in the window. 
But this isn't that world, the 

3730
03:10:59,100 --> 03:11:01,400
only review system here is, 
whether people are still alive 

3731
03:11:01,400 --> 03:11:04,300
after eating the food, and even,
that's not always a reliable 

3732
03:11:04,300 --> 03:11:05,700
indicator. 
Give them the general life 

3733
03:11:05,700 --> 03:11:09,800
expectancy of the frontier, You 
adjust your hat because everyone

3734
03:11:09,800 --> 03:11:11,900
walks. 
Then it wasn't optional, like, 

3735
03:11:11,900 --> 03:11:14,700
wearing pants to Walmart, and 
push through those Swinging 

3736
03:11:14,700 --> 03:11:18,300
Doors, they spring back behind 
you with a satisfying whoosh. 

3737
03:11:18,300 --> 03:11:21,800
And suddenly, you're inside and 
oh, my, it's quite a scene. 

3738
03:11:21,800 --> 03:11:24,500
The first thing that hits you 
isn't the site. 

3739
03:11:24,500 --> 03:11:28,800
It's the sound, it's loud. 
It's not as loud as a rock 

3740
03:11:28,808 --> 03:11:32,100
concert, but rather as loud as a
busy restaurant on a Friday 

3741
03:11:32,100 --> 03:11:36,500
night, Conversations overlap 
like competing radio stations 

3742
03:11:36,500 --> 03:11:40,400
punctuated by the occasional 
burst of laughter, the scrape of

3743
03:11:40,408 --> 03:11:43,400
chairs on wooden floors and the 
rhythmic thunk. 

3744
03:11:43,400 --> 03:11:45,900
Thunk of someone dealing cards 
at a table near the back. 

3745
03:11:46,800 --> 03:11:48,700
The second thing that hits you 
is the smell. 

3746
03:11:48,700 --> 03:11:52,000
It's a complex bouquet that. 
No, modern nose is quite 

3747
03:11:52,000 --> 03:11:54,600
prepared for. 
There's the obvious whiskey in 

3748
03:11:54,600 --> 03:11:57,600
tobacco but underneath that is 
the earthy Center of wool and 

3749
03:11:57,600 --> 03:12:00,900
leather metallic Tang of Gun oil
and something that might 

3750
03:12:00,900 --> 03:12:04,300
charitably be called Frontier 
cologne, but more accurately 

3751
03:12:04,300 --> 03:12:06,900
described as three weeks without
a proper bath. 

3752
03:12:07,700 --> 03:12:11,300
The lighting is dim, not 
romantic restaurant dim, but we 

3753
03:12:11,300 --> 03:12:14,000
only have oil lamps and candles.
Dim your eyes. 

3754
03:12:14,000 --> 03:12:16,700
Take a moment to adjust. 
Like, when you walk into a movie

3755
03:12:16,700 --> 03:12:19,400
theater, except the movie 
theater, doesn't have armed 

3756
03:12:19,400 --> 03:12:21,600
Patron's and questionable 
hygiene standards. 

3757
03:12:21,600 --> 03:12:24,800
And there you stand, just inside
those famous Swinging Doors 

3758
03:12:24,800 --> 03:12:27,700
taking in your first real wild 
west Saloon. 

3759
03:12:28,700 --> 03:12:31,500
The adventure is about to begin 
and honestly, you're not 

3760
03:12:31,508 --> 03:12:34,800
entirely sure whether to be 
excited or concerned may be 

3761
03:12:34,800 --> 03:12:38,600
both, probably both you can. 
Now see the face is around you 

3762
03:12:38,600 --> 03:12:42,200
as your eyes have adjusted to 
the oil lamps Amber glow and 

3763
03:12:42,200 --> 03:12:46,200
what face is they are it's as if
you've stepped into a dynamic to

3764
03:12:46,200 --> 03:12:49,700
Guerra type only with everyone 
in motion and some armed The 

3765
03:12:49,700 --> 03:12:52,500
first rule of saloon etiquette 
which nobody bothered to mention

3766
03:12:52,500 --> 03:12:55,100
in your guidebook is this. 
Don't just stand there. 

3767
03:12:55,100 --> 03:12:58,500
Gawking like a tourist at Times 
Square, you need to move with 

3768
03:12:58,500 --> 03:13:00,500
purpose. 
Even if that purpose is simply 

3769
03:13:00,500 --> 03:13:03,200
find a place to sit without 
getting shot. 

3770
03:13:04,300 --> 03:13:06,300
The bartender, catches your eye 
and nods. 

3771
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:09,600
The universal gesture that 
transcends time, and roughly 

3772
03:13:09,600 --> 03:13:11,800
translates to buy something or 
get out. 

3773
03:13:12,900 --> 03:13:15,400
He's a large man with sleeves, 
rolled up past his elbows. 

3774
03:13:15,400 --> 03:13:18,700
Sporting the kind of mustache 
that required, serious daily 

3775
03:13:18,700 --> 03:13:21,900
maintenance think, Tom Selleck 
but with more experience, 

3776
03:13:21,900 --> 03:13:24,600
breaking up fights and less 
experience solving crimes in 

3777
03:13:24,600 --> 03:13:27,000
Hawaii. 
You scan the room for seating 

3778
03:13:27,000 --> 03:13:29,500
options. 
There's the bar itself naturally

3779
03:13:29,500 --> 03:13:31,900
with a few empty stools that 
look about as comfortable as 

3780
03:13:31,900 --> 03:13:34,300
sitting on a fence post. 
The bar is actually quite 

3781
03:13:34,300 --> 03:13:36,600
impressive a long stretch of 
polished wood. 

3782
03:13:36,600 --> 03:13:39,700
That seemed more drama than a 
soap opera Behind the bar 

3783
03:13:39,700 --> 03:13:41,900
bottles line, the shelves, like 
glass soldiers. 

3784
03:13:41,900 --> 03:13:44,700
However, several of them have 
handwritten labels that raise 

3785
03:13:44,700 --> 03:13:46,300
questions about quality control 
standards. 

3786
03:13:46,300 --> 03:13:49,500
Then there are the tables 
scattered around the room. 

3787
03:13:49,500 --> 03:13:52,600
This is where the study of 
social anthropology becomes 

3788
03:13:52,600 --> 03:13:55,100
fascinating. 
Each table seems to have its 

3789
03:13:55,100 --> 03:13:59,400
ecosystem, its own unspoken 
rules, and its potential for 

3790
03:13:59,400 --> 03:14:04,000
southern violence. 
A table of real cowboys, not the

3791
03:14:04,000 --> 03:14:05,800
Hollywood version sits near the 
front window. 

3792
03:14:05,800 --> 03:14:09,600
They're Dusty Sun weathered and 
looked like they haven't seen a 

3793
03:14:09,600 --> 03:14:12,300
barber in months. 
Their hats are sweat-stained and

3794
03:14:12,300 --> 03:14:14,200
practical. 
Their boots are scuffed from 

3795
03:14:14,208 --> 03:14:17,300
actual work and they're their 
clothes have that lived in 

3796
03:14:17,300 --> 03:14:19,300
quality that comes from spending
weeks on the trail. 

3797
03:14:20,200 --> 03:14:22,300
Their nursing beers and 
discussing something that 

3798
03:14:22,300 --> 03:14:25,600
involves a lot of gesturing 
toward the door. you decide to 

3799
03:14:25,608 --> 03:14:29,400
file these observations under 
information to remember and keep

3800
03:14:29,408 --> 03:14:32,800
looking in the corner, there's a
poker game happening at around 

3801
03:14:32,800 --> 03:14:35,500
table. 
The players are a mixed bunch a 

3802
03:14:35,500 --> 03:14:37,000
man in a slightly too fancy 
vest. 

3803
03:14:37,000 --> 03:14:38,200
Who might be a traveling 
salesman. 

3804
03:14:38,200 --> 03:14:41,900
The grizzled prospector, whose 
beard could hide a small animal.

3805
03:14:41,900 --> 03:14:44,900
And two other gentlemen, whose 
occupations are harder to 

3806
03:14:44,900 --> 03:14:47,000
determine. 
But whose serious expression 

3807
03:14:47,000 --> 03:14:51,200
suggests the stakes are real The
fourth rule of saloon survival 

3808
03:14:51,200 --> 03:14:53,300
which follows the first three 
rules of. 

3809
03:14:53,300 --> 03:14:56,600
Don't stare. 
Don't touch anyone's hat and 

3810
03:14:56,600 --> 03:15:00,900
don't ask about anyone's past, 
is this never cited a poker 

3811
03:15:00,900 --> 03:15:03,400
table unless you're invited and 
prepared to lose your shirt, 

3812
03:15:03,400 --> 03:15:06,800
literally. 
Here's a piano in one corner. 

3813
03:15:06,800 --> 03:15:10,700
An upright that seemed better 
decades where a woman in a blue 

3814
03:15:10,700 --> 03:15:13,800
dress is playing something that 
might be, Oh, Susanna if you 

3815
03:15:13,800 --> 03:15:16,900
squint your ears, just right, 
she's what they called a saloon 

3816
03:15:16,900 --> 03:15:19,400
girl and her job description, 
included entertainment, 

3817
03:15:19,400 --> 03:15:23,500
conversation and selling drinks,
despite what Hollywood might 

3818
03:15:23,500 --> 03:15:26,700
have suggested, most saloon 
girls were essentially, the 

3819
03:15:26,700 --> 03:15:29,400
taverns customer service 
Representatives, not anything 

3820
03:15:29,400 --> 03:15:32,500
more scandalous. 
The characters continue to 

3821
03:15:32,500 --> 03:15:36,100
unfold before you like the pages
in a very dusty book. 

3822
03:15:36,800 --> 03:15:40,100
The gentleman at the bar dressed
in Immaculate in a black suit, a

3823
03:15:40,100 --> 03:15:42,800
clean hat and Shining boots is a
sight to behold. 

3824
03:15:43,600 --> 03:15:46,200
He could be a banker a preacher,
or someone you really don't want

3825
03:15:46,200 --> 03:15:48,800
to accidentally bump into his 
coat hangs. 

3826
03:15:48,800 --> 03:15:51,600
Just so, he can't tell if that's
because he's very particular 

3827
03:15:51,600 --> 03:15:54,400
about his appearance or because 
he's carrying something under 

3828
03:15:54,400 --> 03:15:58,500
there, that requires easy access
to a small table near the back. 

3829
03:15:58,500 --> 03:16:00,800
A couple of older men are 
engaged in what appears to be 

3830
03:16:00,800 --> 03:16:03,600
either a heated philosophical 
debate, or an argument about 

3831
03:16:03,600 --> 03:16:05,200
whose turn. 
It is to buy the next round. 

3832
03:16:06,000 --> 03:16:09,300
Their voices, rise and fall like
a verbal tide and occasionally, 

3833
03:16:09,300 --> 03:16:12,300
one of them pounds, the table 
for emphasis making the glasses 

3834
03:16:12,300 --> 03:16:14,400
jump. 
You realize, you're still 

3835
03:16:14,408 --> 03:16:16,800
standing there like a 
decoration, so you make your 

3836
03:16:16,800 --> 03:16:19,700
move toward the bar. 
The bartender watches your 

3837
03:16:19,700 --> 03:16:22,400
approach with the expression of 
someone who seen everything at 

3838
03:16:22,400 --> 03:16:24,100
least twice and isn't easily 
impressed. 

3839
03:16:25,000 --> 03:16:26,400
As you climb onto one of those 
fence. 

3840
03:16:26,400 --> 03:16:28,400
Post stools. 
You notice the bars surface 

3841
03:16:28,400 --> 03:16:32,600
tells its stories ring stains 
from countless glasses, small 

3842
03:16:32,600 --> 03:16:35,300
Nicks from knives. 
And what might be initials 

3843
03:16:35,300 --> 03:16:37,700
carved by patrons with too much 
time and whiskey. 

3844
03:16:38,400 --> 03:16:42,400
The stool creaks ominously under
your weight, not because you're 

3845
03:16:42,400 --> 03:16:45,700
heavy, but because it's held 
together with hope nails and 

3846
03:16:45,700 --> 03:16:47,600
possibly some very determined 
termites. 

3847
03:16:47,600 --> 03:16:51,300
You settle in trying to look 
like you belong or fighting the 

3848
03:16:51,300 --> 03:16:52,900
urge to ask if they have a wine 
list. 

3849
03:16:54,300 --> 03:16:56,600
The bartender approaches wiping 
his hands. 

3850
03:16:56,600 --> 03:16:58,400
On a towel that has witnessed 
better days. 

3851
03:16:58,400 --> 03:17:02,800
What it be he asks, you realize 
you're about to make your first 

3852
03:17:02,800 --> 03:17:08,000
real decision in the Wild West. 
Choose wiseley your stomach and 

3853
03:17:08,000 --> 03:17:09,400
your reputation may depend on 
it. 

3854
03:17:09,400 --> 03:17:13,800
What it be the bartender asks, 
again, you realize that this 

3855
03:17:13,800 --> 03:17:16,700
isn't like browsing through a 20
Page menu at the Cheesecake 

3856
03:17:16,700 --> 03:17:19,800
Factory. 
Your options are limited and 

3857
03:17:19,800 --> 03:17:21,600
some of them might be 
questionable for your long-term 

3858
03:17:21,600 --> 03:17:24,300
Health prospects. 
Let's start with the drinks, 

3859
03:17:24,300 --> 03:17:27,200
shall we? 
The house specialty is whiskey 

3860
03:17:27,200 --> 03:17:30,000
and buy specialty. 
I mean, it's basically the only 

3861
03:17:30,000 --> 03:17:32,100
option that won't require you to
lie down afterward. 

3862
03:17:32,100 --> 03:17:36,000
However, it's important to note 
that the master distiller did 

3863
03:17:36,000 --> 03:17:37,800
not age Frontier whiskey and 
Charming. 

3864
03:17:37,800 --> 03:17:41,800
Oak barrels for 12 years. 
Oh no, this whiskey was aged for

3865
03:17:41,800 --> 03:17:44,200
about as long as it took to make
it, which was roughly the same 

3866
03:17:44,200 --> 03:17:46,400
amount of time. 
It takes to microwave a burrito,

3867
03:17:46,400 --> 03:17:49,700
the bartender holds up a bottle 
with a handwritten label. 

3868
03:17:49,700 --> 03:17:52,800
That simply says whiskey in 
letters that suggest the writers

3869
03:17:52,800 --> 03:17:54,600
hand was entirely steady at the 
time. 

3870
03:17:55,400 --> 03:17:58,600
The liquid inside has an amber 
color that could generously be 

3871
03:17:58,600 --> 03:18:03,600
called rustic or more accurately
described as concerning. but you

3872
03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:06,300
know what, when you've been 
eating Trail Dust for three 

3873
03:18:06,300 --> 03:18:09,800
days, your standards become 
remarkably flexible, Whiskey 

3874
03:18:09,800 --> 03:18:13,200
sounds, perfect. 
You say, because when in row, or

3875
03:18:13,200 --> 03:18:15,900
in this case, when in a place 
where Rome seems like a distant 

3876
03:18:15,900 --> 03:18:19,500
fever dream, you do as the 
locals, do the bartender pause? 

3877
03:18:19,500 --> 03:18:21,300
You a shot in a glass, that's 
clean enough. 

3878
03:18:21,300 --> 03:18:23,400
Assuming you don't look too 
closely at The Rim. 

3879
03:18:23,400 --> 03:18:27,000
The whiskey boasts, a color 
reminiscent of weak tea and an 

3880
03:18:27,000 --> 03:18:29,500
aroma reminiscent of what could 
want to have been corn. 

3881
03:18:29,500 --> 03:18:34,000
You take a sip and wow, it's 
like liquid campfire with hints 

3882
03:18:34,000 --> 03:18:35,600
of regret and finish that 
suggests. 

3883
03:18:35,600 --> 03:18:37,700
You should probably eat 
something soon. 

3884
03:18:39,100 --> 03:18:43,100
Speaking of food, let's talk 
about your dining options, the 

3885
03:18:43,100 --> 03:18:46,900
menu such as it exists is posted
on a chalkboard behind the bar 

3886
03:18:46,900 --> 03:18:50,000
written in the same shaky 
handwriting as the whiskey label

3887
03:18:50,000 --> 03:18:53,800
your choices are beef. 
Stew beans and bacon, cornbread 

3888
03:18:53,800 --> 03:18:55,800
and something. 
Optimistically labeled fresh 

3889
03:18:55,800 --> 03:18:58,300
fish. 
Now you're in the middle of the 

3890
03:18:58,300 --> 03:19:01,100
desert. 
So the fresh fish raises, some 

3891
03:19:01,100 --> 03:19:04,900
immediate questions fresh from 
where exactly, how can the fish 

3892
03:19:04,900 --> 03:19:07,300
be considered fresh, when the 
nearest substantial body of 

3893
03:19:07,300 --> 03:19:10,900
water is a three-day ride away. 
The bartender notices, your 

3894
03:19:10,900 --> 03:19:13,800
expression and Chuckles, don't 
worry about the fish. 

3895
03:19:13,800 --> 03:19:17,100
He says be on the menu for two 
years, nobody's ever ordered it.

3896
03:19:18,000 --> 03:19:20,800
You decide beef stew? 
Sounds like the safest bet. 

3897
03:19:20,800 --> 03:19:24,400
It's a decision that shows 
wisdom beyond your years or at 

3898
03:19:24,400 --> 03:19:26,400
least beyond your experience 
with Frontier cuisine. 

3899
03:19:27,400 --> 03:19:30,300
The bartender calls your order 
back to the kitchen which is a 

3900
03:19:30,300 --> 03:19:33,900
curtain doorway, where you can 
hear the sound of serious 

3901
03:19:33,900 --> 03:19:36,700
cooking happening, lots of 
clanging, some creative 

3902
03:19:36,700 --> 03:19:39,700
vocabulary, and what might be 
prayer while you, wait, you 

3903
03:19:39,700 --> 03:19:42,700
notice the other patreons dining
choices, the Cowboys at the 

3904
03:19:42,700 --> 03:19:45,300
front table are sharing a plate 
of beans and bacon, that could 

3905
03:19:45,300 --> 03:19:48,600
probably feed a small army or at
least three famished Cowboys. 

3906
03:19:48,600 --> 03:19:51,400
They're eating with the 
efficiency of people who view 

3907
03:19:51,400 --> 03:19:55,000
food as fuel rather than an 
experience, which is probably 

3908
03:19:55,000 --> 03:19:57,600
the right attitude when you're 
dining options are limited to 

3909
03:19:57,600 --> 03:19:59,500
brown stuff and other brown 
stuff. 

3910
03:20:00,500 --> 03:20:02,500
The poker players have ordered 
rounds of everything, 

3911
03:20:02,500 --> 03:20:05,600
apparently, because their table 
looks like a frontier Buffet. 

3912
03:20:06,300 --> 03:20:10,100
There are plates of cornbread 
bowls of Sears to Stew strip of 

3913
03:20:10,100 --> 03:20:12,500
bacon and enough whiskey to fill
a small boat. 

3914
03:20:13,300 --> 03:20:14,600
Of course, they're playing for 
money. 

3915
03:20:14,600 --> 03:20:17,200
So they might be trying to 
fortify themselves for a long 

3916
03:20:17,208 --> 03:20:20,200
night of cards and potentially 
life-changing losses. 

3917
03:20:21,100 --> 03:20:23,400
The well-dressed gentleman at 
the bar is nursing a single 

3918
03:20:23,400 --> 03:20:26,800
glass of whiskey and a plate of 
cornbread eating. 

3919
03:20:26,800 --> 03:20:29,300
With the careful, Precision of 
someone, who's either very 

3920
03:20:29,300 --> 03:20:32,200
refined or very suspicious of 
the food quality. 

3921
03:20:33,300 --> 03:20:36,000
Cuts his cornbread into perfect 
Square's, and chews 

3922
03:20:36,000 --> 03:20:37,900
thoughtfully. 
Like he's conducting a 

3923
03:20:37,900 --> 03:20:39,700
scientific analysis of its 
ingredients. 

3924
03:20:40,800 --> 03:20:44,600
Your stew arrives carried by a 
woman who emerges from behind 

3925
03:20:44,600 --> 03:20:47,600
the kitchen curtain like she's 
stepping onto a stage. 

3926
03:20:48,500 --> 03:20:51,500
She is the cook clearly and she 
sets the Bold down with the 

3927
03:20:51,508 --> 03:20:53,200
pride of someone who knows her 
craft. 

3928
03:20:54,100 --> 03:20:58,400
A tin ball hot enough to Brand 
cattle, holds the stew and its 

3929
03:20:58,400 --> 03:21:01,300
contents appear. 
Substantial, the stew contains 

3930
03:21:01,300 --> 03:21:03,700
chunks of beef that were once 
tough, but have now become 

3931
03:21:03,700 --> 03:21:06,300
tender vegetables. 
That could be charitably 

3932
03:21:06,300 --> 03:21:09,500
described as rustic and a gravy.
Thick enough to serve as a 

3933
03:21:09,500 --> 03:21:11,800
mortar. 
It smells fantastic actually, 

3934
03:21:11,800 --> 03:21:14,800
like, comfort food made by 
someone who understands that 

3935
03:21:14,800 --> 03:21:16,600
Comfort. 
Sometimes comes in the form of 

3936
03:21:16,600 --> 03:21:19,200
calories and warmth, rather than
presentation and Molecular 

3937
03:21:19,200 --> 03:21:22,200
Gastronomy. 
You take a spoonful and it's 

3938
03:21:22,200 --> 03:21:25,300
delicious, really good. 
The kind of good that makes you 

3939
03:21:25,300 --> 03:21:27,500
understand why people wrote 
songs about home cooking. 

3940
03:21:28,300 --> 03:21:31,400
The cornbread that comes with it
is dense and filling with a 

3941
03:21:31,400 --> 03:21:34,100
slightly sweet taste that 
balances the hearty stew 

3942
03:21:34,100 --> 03:21:36,800
perfectly. 
There's nothing like the fluffy 

3943
03:21:36,800 --> 03:21:38,900
cake like cornbread. 
You might know from Modern 

3944
03:21:38,900 --> 03:21:41,800
restaurants. 
This bread symbolizes business 

3945
03:21:41,800 --> 03:21:44,600
and can sustain you throughout a
long day of your planned 

3946
03:21:44,600 --> 03:21:48,100
Frontier activities. 
As you eat, you start to relax a

3947
03:21:48,100 --> 03:21:50,900
little, the whiskey has smooth, 
some of your rough edges. 

3948
03:21:50,900 --> 03:21:54,400
The food is warming, you from 
the inside out and the general 

3949
03:21:54,400 --> 03:21:57,700
atmosphere is starting to feel 
less like a movie set and more 

3950
03:21:57,700 --> 03:22:01,600
like a place where people come 
to eat and drink and escape from

3951
03:22:01,600 --> 03:22:03,600
their day. 
But then you notice something 

3952
03:22:03,600 --> 03:22:06,200
that makes your spoon pores, 
halfway to your mouth. 

3953
03:22:07,100 --> 03:22:10,100
The conversation at the Cowboys 
table has gotten quieter more 

3954
03:22:10,100 --> 03:22:12,200
intense. 
They keep glancing toward the 

3955
03:22:12,208 --> 03:22:14,100
door and one of them has shifted
his chair. 

3956
03:22:14,100 --> 03:22:15,500
So he has a better view of the 
entrance. 

3957
03:22:16,500 --> 03:22:19,000
The world dress gentleman has 
also noticed the changes and has

3958
03:22:19,000 --> 03:22:20,500
angled himself slightly on his 
stool. 

3959
03:22:20,500 --> 03:22:23,900
Oh, you get the feeling that 
your peaceful dinner is about to

3960
03:22:23,900 --> 03:22:25,400
become significantly. 
More interesting. 

3961
03:22:25,400 --> 03:22:27,800
You're just starting to feel 
settled. 

3962
03:22:27,800 --> 03:22:31,300
The stew is warming, your belly.
The whiskey is taken the edge 

3963
03:22:31,300 --> 03:22:34,200
off, three days of Stagecoach 
travel, and you'll begin to 

3964
03:22:34,200 --> 03:22:36,400
think those whole Wild West 
experience. 

3965
03:22:36,400 --> 03:22:39,000
Might be more civilized than the
stories suggested. 

3966
03:22:39,900 --> 03:22:43,500
At that moment, the Batwing 
doors opened forcefully causing 

3967
03:22:43,500 --> 03:22:47,400
the room's temperature to drop 
by approximately 10 degrees. 3 

3968
03:22:47,400 --> 03:22:50,600
men walk in and they walk like 
they own the place they appear 

3969
03:22:50,600 --> 03:22:53,000
as though their contemplating 
acquiring it without the need 

3970
03:22:53,000 --> 03:22:55,000
for paperwork. 
They're different from the other

3971
03:22:55,000 --> 03:22:59,100
patrons cleaner better dressed. 
But with an edge that makes 

3972
03:22:59,100 --> 03:23:01,900
everyone else look like Sunday 
school teachers by comparison. 

3973
03:23:02,800 --> 03:23:05,900
The leader is tall and lean 
wearing a black coat that seen 

3974
03:23:05,900 --> 03:23:09,800
some use, but not much abuse. 
His hat is perfectly positioned 

3975
03:23:09,800 --> 03:23:12,200
and his boots exuded a shine 
that suggests. 

3976
03:23:12,200 --> 03:23:15,400
He either meticulously 
maintained his belongings or 

3977
03:23:15,400 --> 03:23:17,400
hasn't been traversing the 
desert dust for days. 

3978
03:23:18,400 --> 03:23:21,300
His eyes scan the room with the 
methodical, Precision of someone

3979
03:23:21,300 --> 03:23:23,800
conducting an inventory, his 
companions. 

3980
03:23:23,800 --> 03:23:26,700
Flank him like bookends one 
shorter and stockier. 

3981
03:23:26,700 --> 03:23:30,400
Bill, like a man who settles 
disagreements with his fists and

3982
03:23:30,400 --> 03:23:32,900
another whose trying a little 
too difficult to look casual 

3983
03:23:32,900 --> 03:23:37,200
while obviously being anything 
but They moved to the bar but 

3984
03:23:37,200 --> 03:23:40,000
not before the tall one makes 
eye contact with several patrons

3985
03:23:40,000 --> 03:23:43,700
including you? 
Now you've never been in a 

3986
03:23:43,700 --> 03:23:47,000
situation quite like this, but 
some instincts are Universal, 

3987
03:23:47,000 --> 03:23:49,400
it's akin to being an a 
restaurant. 

3988
03:23:49,400 --> 03:23:52,200
When a group enters that exudes 
an unsettling presence, 

3989
03:23:52,200 --> 03:23:56,100
excessively loud overly 
aggressive and behaving, as 

3990
03:23:56,100 --> 03:23:59,300
though they are seeking 
confrontation, Except in this 

3991
03:23:59,300 --> 03:24:02,500
case, the people who might find 
trouble or armed and there's no 

3992
03:24:02,500 --> 03:24:06,000
manager to complain to the 
bartenders demeanor changes. 

3993
03:24:06,000 --> 03:24:09,100
Subtly, he's still approaches 
them and asks what they want but

3994
03:24:09,100 --> 03:24:11,800
now there's tension in his 
shoulders the Cowboys at the 

3995
03:24:11,808 --> 03:24:14,900
front table have gone completely
quiet which is probably the 

3996
03:24:14,900 --> 03:24:17,500
frontier equivalent of turning 
off your phone when you sense 

3997
03:24:17,500 --> 03:24:20,100
drama Brewing. 
Whiskey says the tall. 

3998
03:24:20,100 --> 03:24:22,800
Stranger the good stuff. 
Not what you've been serving and

3999
03:24:22,800 --> 03:24:25,200
everyone else this story is 
interesting. 

4000
03:24:25,200 --> 03:24:28,300
Apparently, there's a two-tier 
beverage system in operation 

4001
03:24:28,300 --> 03:24:32,200
here and you've been drinking 
from the economy section The 

4002
03:24:32,200 --> 03:24:35,000
bartender reaches under the bar 
and produces a different bottle.

4003
03:24:35,000 --> 03:24:38,300
This one with an actual printed 
label and liquid, that doesn't 

4004
03:24:38,300 --> 03:24:41,400
look like it could strip paint. 
As the strangers get their 

4005
03:24:41,400 --> 03:24:44,600
drinks, you notice, the poker 
game has paused, the players are

4006
03:24:44,600 --> 03:24:47,100
still holding their cards. 
But nobody's looking at the many

4007
03:24:47,100 --> 03:24:50,700
more, the saloon girl has 
stopped playing piano mid-song, 

4008
03:24:50,700 --> 03:24:54,400
which creates an awkward sound 
that everyone pretends not to 

4009
03:24:54,400 --> 03:24:58,000
notice you can continue eating 
your stew, trying to channel the

4010
03:24:58,000 --> 03:25:00,400
energy of someone whose totally 
absorbed in their meal and 

4011
03:25:00,400 --> 03:25:03,100
definitely, not eavesdropping on
potentially dangerous 

4012
03:25:03,100 --> 03:25:05,700
conversations. 
Your task is harder than it. 

4013
03:25:05,700 --> 03:25:08,500
Sounds when every instinct is 
telling you to pay attention to 

4014
03:25:08,500 --> 03:25:11,800
the new arrivals The tool 
stranger turns from the bar, 

4015
03:25:11,800 --> 03:25:15,100
whiskey and hand and addresses 
the room in general evening, 

4016
03:25:15,100 --> 03:25:17,000
folks. 
Beautiful night, isn't it? 

4017
03:25:17,008 --> 03:25:20,400
His voice is Pleasant enough, 
but there's something underneath

4018
03:25:20,400 --> 03:25:24,000
it like a velvet glove with 
brass knuckles inside. 

4019
03:25:25,000 --> 03:25:28,500
A few people Mumble responses, 
someone asks a question, but 

4020
03:25:28,500 --> 03:25:30,100
you're uncertain. 
If the right answer could lead 

4021
03:25:30,100 --> 03:25:33,200
to your death. 
We're looking for someone, The 

4022
03:25:33,200 --> 03:25:36,100
Stranger continues, taking a 
casual sip of his whiskey. 

4023
03:25:36,100 --> 03:25:38,900
We're searching for a friend by 
the name of Thompson. 

4024
03:25:39,700 --> 03:25:42,100
Bill Thompson heard. 
He might be in these parts. 

4025
03:25:42,100 --> 03:25:44,700
Now, you don't know anyone named
Bill Thompson. 

4026
03:25:44,700 --> 03:25:48,200
You can feel the collective 
tension in the room ratchet up 

4027
03:25:48,200 --> 03:25:51,100
another notch. 
It's like when someone asks who 

4028
03:25:51,100 --> 03:25:54,000
broke this and even though 
you're innocent, you still feel 

4029
03:25:54,000 --> 03:25:57,000
guilty. 
One of the Cowboys clears his 

4030
03:25:57,000 --> 03:26:00,400
throat. 
Atoms and these parts he says 

4031
03:26:00,400 --> 03:26:02,700
carefully. 
Might help if you could be more 

4032
03:26:02,700 --> 03:26:06,100
specific. 
The Stranger smiles and it's not

4033
03:26:06,100 --> 03:26:09,900
entirely a pleasant expression. 
Oh, you'd know this Thompson. 

4034
03:26:09,900 --> 03:26:14,600
If you saw him about 40 brown 
hair scar on his left cheek from

4035
03:26:14,600 --> 03:26:17,900
a disagreement about cattle 
ownership 10's to be memorable. 

4036
03:26:19,000 --> 03:26:22,300
The description hangs in the air
like smoke from a bad cigar. 

4037
03:26:22,900 --> 03:26:25,400
You notice the well-dressed 
gentleman at the bar has become 

4038
03:26:25,400 --> 03:26:27,600
very interested in the bottom of
his whiskey glass. 

4039
03:26:27,600 --> 03:26:30,800
The poker players have the 
Frozen Look of people trying to 

4040
03:26:30,800 --> 03:26:33,100
become invisible through sheer 
force of will. 

4041
03:26:33,900 --> 03:26:35,200
Can't say the name rings, a 
bell. 

4042
03:26:35,208 --> 03:26:38,100
The cowboy says, which is 
probably true, but also probably

4043
03:26:38,100 --> 03:26:41,000
not the whole truth. 
The Stranger nods like he 

4044
03:26:41,000 --> 03:26:44,000
expected this answer. 
Well, that's disappointing. 

4045
03:26:44,000 --> 03:26:47,300
But understandable. 
Sometimes people's memories need

4046
03:26:47,300 --> 03:26:51,100
a little encouragement. 
And that's when you realize your

4047
03:26:51,100 --> 03:26:53,900
peaceful evening, has officially
taken a turn toward the kind of 

4048
03:26:53,900 --> 03:26:55,900
excitement. 
You read about in dime novels, 

4049
03:26:55,900 --> 03:26:59,500
but, never actually wanted to 
experience first hand The stew 

4050
03:26:59,500 --> 03:27:03,100
suddenly tastes like cardboard 
and the whiskey isn't warming. 

4051
03:27:03,100 --> 03:27:04,600
Your stomach so much as 
churning. 

4052
03:27:04,600 --> 03:27:07,800
It you keep eating trying to 
look like someone who's 

4053
03:27:07,800 --> 03:27:11,400
completely oblivious to the 
growing tension, while your mind

4054
03:27:11,400 --> 03:27:14,900
races through your options. 
You could finish quickly and 

4055
03:27:14,900 --> 03:27:16,900
leave, but that might draw 
attention. 

4056
03:27:16,900 --> 03:27:20,300
You could stay and hope things 
settle down, but that could mean

4057
03:27:20,300 --> 03:27:21,900
getting caught in whatever's 
about to happen. 

4058
03:27:21,900 --> 03:27:24,400
Well, you could just keep eating
stew and pretend you're anywhere

4059
03:27:24,400 --> 03:27:27,100
else which is your current 
strategy, but probably not a 

4060
03:27:27,100 --> 03:27:30,300
long-term solution. 
The Stranger takes another sip 

4061
03:27:30,300 --> 03:27:33,500
of his whiskey and smiles. 
That unsettling smile again. 

4062
03:27:33,500 --> 03:27:35,600
Well no hurry, we've got all 
night. 

4063
03:27:36,600 --> 03:27:40,000
Oh good, they're staying, this 
should be interesting in a 

4064
03:27:40,000 --> 03:27:43,000
situation like this. 
It can be quite challenging to 

4065
03:27:43,000 --> 03:27:45,700
focus on your own Affairs. 
When everyone else is 

4066
03:27:45,700 --> 03:27:47,500
activities, are taking place 
right next to you. 

4067
03:27:48,200 --> 03:27:51,300
It's like trying to ignore a 
fire alarm technically possible,

4068
03:27:51,300 --> 03:27:54,500
but probably not advisable for 
your continued well-being. 

4069
03:27:55,500 --> 03:27:58,200
You've developed a sudden, 
intense fascination with your 

4070
03:27:58,200 --> 03:28:00,200
stew examining each piece of 
beef. 

4071
03:28:00,200 --> 03:28:02,600
Like you're conducting a 
scientific study on Frontier, 

4072
03:28:02,600 --> 03:28:05,600
cooking techniques. 
Meanwhile the three strangers 

4073
03:28:05,600 --> 03:28:08,400
have settled in at a table near 
the center of the room close 

4074
03:28:08,400 --> 03:28:11,200
enough to watch everyone far 
enough from the door to make 

4075
03:28:11,200 --> 03:28:13,100
leaving quickly a challenge for 
anyone else. 

4076
03:28:14,000 --> 03:28:16,800
The tall one seemingly 
representing the group has 

4077
03:28:16,800 --> 03:28:19,400
initiated a conversation with a 
variety of Patron's. 

4078
03:28:19,400 --> 03:28:22,100
Is the kind of conversation 
where one person asked questions

4079
03:28:22,100 --> 03:28:24,600
and everyone else provides 
answers that are technically 

4080
03:28:24,600 --> 03:28:26,100
truthful, but carefully and 
complete. 

4081
03:28:26,900 --> 03:28:29,400
Nice Town, you've got here. 
He says to the Roman, general 

4082
03:28:29,400 --> 03:28:33,000
quiet peaceful. 
The kind of place, where a man 

4083
03:28:33,008 --> 03:28:37,700
could disappear if he wanted to.
the Cowboys nod politely similar

4084
03:28:37,700 --> 03:28:40,100
to how one might nod when 
someone makes a comment about 

4085
03:28:40,100 --> 03:28:43,300
the weather, that could be 
interpreted as a threat The 

4086
03:28:43,300 --> 03:28:46,100
poker players have resumed their
game but you notice their 

4087
03:28:46,100 --> 03:28:48,400
bettering much more 
conservatively than before. 

4088
03:28:49,200 --> 03:28:52,100
Nothing dampens, the spirit of 
gambling, more than the threat 

4089
03:28:52,100 --> 03:28:55,600
of unexpected violence. 
The bartender continues wiping 

4090
03:28:55,600 --> 03:28:59,000
glasses with that towel. 
Which by now must be either 

4091
03:28:59,000 --> 03:29:01,400
perfectly clean or completely 
contaminated. 

4092
03:29:02,100 --> 03:29:04,900
He's developed the expression of
someone who's seen this movie 

4093
03:29:04,900 --> 03:29:07,900
before and knows, it doesn't end
with everyone shaking hands and 

4094
03:29:07,900 --> 03:29:10,900
sharing recipes. 
You're making excellent progress

4095
03:29:10,900 --> 03:29:13,100
on your stew. 
When the shorter of the three 

4096
03:29:13,100 --> 03:29:15,100
strangers. 
The one built like a human, 

4097
03:29:15,100 --> 03:29:16,700
Cannonball, stands up and 
stretches. 

4098
03:29:16,700 --> 03:29:20,900
It's an innocent enough gesture.
Except for the way, his coat 

4099
03:29:20,900 --> 03:29:22,400
Falls open just enough to 
reveal. 

4100
03:29:22,400 --> 03:29:24,700
What's definitely not a pocket 
watch on his hip. 

4101
03:29:25,400 --> 03:29:27,200
Think I'll take a look around in
ounces. 

4102
03:29:27,200 --> 03:29:29,600
Get familiar with the local 
geography. 

4103
03:29:29,600 --> 03:29:32,600
He starts wandering between the 
tables, not bothering anyone. 

4104
03:29:32,600 --> 03:29:34,600
Exactly. 
But making his presence felt 

4105
03:29:35,400 --> 03:29:37,700
It's like having a tiger 
casually stroll through your 

4106
03:29:37,700 --> 03:29:40,500
living room. 
It might not eat you, but you're

4107
03:29:40,500 --> 03:29:41,900
definitely going to keep track 
of where it is. 

4108
03:29:43,600 --> 03:29:46,100
When he gets to the poker table,
he pauses to watch the game. 

4109
03:29:46,100 --> 03:29:48,500
Interesting. 
He says, looking at the cards, 

4110
03:29:48,500 --> 03:29:52,200
that's almost a winning hand. 
You've got their friend Specter 

4111
03:29:52,200 --> 03:29:55,200
with the impressive beard looks 
up nervously just having a 

4112
03:29:55,200 --> 03:29:57,000
friendly game Mr. Nothing 
serious. 

4113
03:29:58,000 --> 03:30:00,700
Oh, I'm sure the stranger 
applies, though. 

4114
03:30:00,700 --> 03:30:02,800
I noticed you've got quite a 
pile of coins there. 

4115
03:30:02,800 --> 03:30:06,100
Lucky night. 
Some nights are better than 

4116
03:30:06,100 --> 03:30:07,900
others. 
The prospector, says carefully. 

4117
03:30:07,900 --> 03:30:11,000
The Stranger nods thoughtfully. 
That's true. 

4118
03:30:11,000 --> 03:30:13,600
Some nights. 
A man's luck can change. 

4119
03:30:13,600 --> 03:30:17,000
Very suddenly, it's not exactly 
a threat but it's not exactly 

4120
03:30:17,000 --> 03:30:19,700
not a threat either. 
It's that special, kind of 

4121
03:30:19,708 --> 03:30:22,400
Frontier Communication. 
That says everything while 

4122
03:30:22,400 --> 03:30:25,300
saying nothing like a passive 
aggressive email written with 

4123
03:30:25,300 --> 03:30:28,400
six shooters. 
The wandering stranger continues

4124
03:30:28,400 --> 03:30:30,600
his tour. 
Eventually making his way toward

4125
03:30:30,600 --> 03:30:35,200
the bar toward you you become 
intensely interested in the last

4126
03:30:35,200 --> 03:30:38,200
few spoonfuls of your stew, 
hoping to project the aura of 

4127
03:30:38,208 --> 03:30:40,900
someone completely absorbed in 
their dinner and definitely not 

4128
03:30:40,900 --> 03:30:44,800
worth talking to Evening, he 
says settling onto the stool 

4129
03:30:44,800 --> 03:30:48,200
next to you evening, he reply. 
Because ignoring him would be 

4130
03:30:48,200 --> 03:30:50,600
rude and rudeness in this 
situation, could have 

4131
03:30:50,600 --> 03:30:52,800
consequences that extend beyond 
hurt feelings. 

4132
03:30:53,900 --> 03:30:56,000
Good stew. 
He asks, looking at your bowl. 

4133
03:30:56,000 --> 03:30:57,500
Yes. 
Quite good. 

4134
03:30:57,500 --> 03:30:59,900
You answer on Lee. 
No point in lying about 

4135
03:30:59,900 --> 03:31:03,300
something so easily. 
Verified, You're not from around

4136
03:31:03,300 --> 03:31:04,700
here. 
He observes. 

4137
03:31:04,700 --> 03:31:08,000
It's not a question. 
Just passing through you say 

4138
03:31:08,000 --> 03:31:10,200
which is true and hopefully 
boring enough to end the 

4139
03:31:10,200 --> 03:31:13,500
conversation, he nods and orders
a whiskey from the bartender. 

4140
03:31:14,400 --> 03:31:16,900
Not the good stuff, you know, 
notice which suggests either 

4141
03:31:16,900 --> 03:31:19,600
budget constraints or that he is
not as important as his tall 

4142
03:31:19,600 --> 03:31:22,400
friend. 
While he waits for his drink, he

4143
03:31:22,400 --> 03:31:25,400
studies you with the Casual 
interest of someone examining a 

4144
03:31:25,400 --> 03:31:29,500
potentially interesting bug. 
Passing through to where he asks

4145
03:31:29,500 --> 03:31:32,800
now, you're in slightly trickier
territory too much detail. 

4146
03:31:32,800 --> 03:31:34,100
Might make you memorable in 
ways. 

4147
03:31:34,100 --> 03:31:37,300
You don't want to be too little 
might make you seem suspicious. 

4148
03:31:37,300 --> 03:31:40,400
You go with vague but plausible.
West. 

4149
03:31:40,400 --> 03:31:42,600
You say, looking for 
opportunities. 

4150
03:31:42,600 --> 03:31:44,800
He Chuckles. 
Aren't we all friend? 

4151
03:31:44,800 --> 03:31:49,300
Aren't we all? 
his whiskey arrives, and Takes a

4152
03:31:49,300 --> 03:31:52,400
sip then he leans slightly 
closer and you catch a whiff of 

4153
03:31:52,400 --> 03:31:54,900
tobacco leather. 
And something that might be made

4154
03:31:54,900 --> 03:31:58,100
or might be bare Greece. 
But of advice, he says quietly 

4155
03:31:58,100 --> 03:32:01,300
sometimes the best opportunity 
is knowing when to keep moving. 

4156
03:32:01,300 --> 03:32:05,400
No I mean you nod because you do
know what he means and because 

4157
03:32:05,400 --> 03:32:07,100
agreeing seems like the safest 
option. 

4158
03:32:07,100 --> 03:32:10,500
He's telling you in the polite 
as possible terms that this 

4159
03:32:10,500 --> 03:32:12,800
might be a good night to finish 
your dinner and find somewhere 

4160
03:32:12,800 --> 03:32:17,300
else to be. appreciate the 
advice you say, He nods and 

4161
03:32:17,300 --> 03:32:19,600
returns to his whiskey 
apparently, satisfied. 

4162
03:32:19,600 --> 03:32:21,700
That his message has been 
delivered and understood. 

4163
03:32:22,500 --> 03:32:25,400
He finished the last of your 
student cornbread trying to eat 

4164
03:32:25,400 --> 03:32:28,100
at a pace that suggests your not
hurrying, but not lingering 

4165
03:32:28,100 --> 03:32:30,500
either. 
That's when the Batwing doors 

4166
03:32:30,500 --> 03:32:34,000
swing, open again and this time 
you know, before you even look 

4167
03:32:34,000 --> 03:32:36,400
that whoever's coming in is 
going to make the evening 

4168
03:32:36,400 --> 03:32:39,900
significantly more complicated. 
Because that's how these things 

4169
03:32:39,900 --> 03:32:43,000
work in the wild west. 
Just when you think you've got a

4170
03:32:43,000 --> 03:32:46,300
handle on the situation, the 
situation decides to handle you 

4171
03:32:46,300 --> 03:32:49,300
instead the man who walks 
through those batwing doors is 

4172
03:32:49,300 --> 03:32:53,300
about 40 years old has brown 
hair and sports a scar on his 

4173
03:32:53,308 --> 03:32:55,200
left cheek. 
That looks like it came from a 

4174
03:32:55,200 --> 03:32:56,700
disagreement about cattle 
ownership. 

4175
03:32:56,700 --> 03:33:00,500
In other words, he matches the 
description of Bill Thompson 

4176
03:33:00,500 --> 03:33:02,800
perfectly, which means your 
peacefully. 

4177
03:33:02,800 --> 03:33:05,700
Evening has just transformed 
into front row seats for 

4178
03:33:05,700 --> 03:33:09,300
whatever's about to unfold. but 
here's the thing that makes this

4179
03:33:09,300 --> 03:33:12,700
intriguing from a social 
dynamics perspective, Bill 

4180
03:33:12,700 --> 03:33:15,000
Thompson doesn't look surprised 
to see the three strangers. 

4181
03:33:15,000 --> 03:33:17,800
He doesn't pause. 
He doesn't scan the room, 

4182
03:33:17,800 --> 03:33:20,100
nervously and doesn't show any 
of the signs. 

4183
03:33:20,100 --> 03:33:23,900
You'd expect from someone who is
being hunted, instead, he walks 

4184
03:33:23,900 --> 03:33:26,500
to the bar with the Casual 
confidence of a man whose 

4185
03:33:26,500 --> 03:33:29,500
precisely where he wants to be 
evening Jake. 

4186
03:33:29,500 --> 03:33:32,400
He says, to the bartender who 
suddenly looks like he'd rather 

4187
03:33:32,400 --> 03:33:35,500
be anywhere else. 
Somewhere peaceful like the 

4188
03:33:35,500 --> 03:33:39,200
middle of a buffalo, stampede. 
The tall stranger at the center 

4189
03:33:39,200 --> 03:33:40,900
table doesn't say anything 
immediately. 

4190
03:33:40,900 --> 03:33:45,000
He just watches Thomson order a 
whiskey and settle against the 

4191
03:33:45,000 --> 03:33:49,400
bar, like, he owns it. 
The silence stretches out like 

4192
03:33:49,400 --> 03:33:53,000
taffy and you can practically 
hear everyone in the room. 

4193
03:33:53,000 --> 03:33:55,000
Not breathing. 
Finally, the tall. 

4194
03:33:55,000 --> 03:33:58,400
Stranger speaks, Bill Thompson. 
That's right. 

4195
03:33:58,400 --> 03:34:02,000
Thompson replies without turning
around and you'd be Carson 

4196
03:34:02,000 --> 03:34:04,800
unless I miss my guess. 
Carson. 

4197
03:34:05,500 --> 03:34:08,300
Now, the tall stranger has a 
name, which somehow makes the 

4198
03:34:08,300 --> 03:34:10,900
whole situation feel more real 
and more dangerous at the same 

4199
03:34:10,900 --> 03:34:14,100
time. 
Carson stands up slowly the kind

4200
03:34:14,100 --> 03:34:16,500
of deliberate movement that 
suggests, he's very comfortable 

4201
03:34:16,500 --> 03:34:18,500
with everyone's attention, 
focused on him. 

4202
03:34:19,400 --> 03:34:22,300
Being looking for you, Bill. 
I figured that was the case 

4203
03:34:22,300 --> 03:34:24,400
Thompson says taking a sip of 
his whiskey. 

4204
03:34:25,000 --> 03:34:26,200
Heard you boys were asking 
around. 

4205
03:34:26,200 --> 03:34:29,100
Thought I'd save you the trouble
of hunting all over creation. 

4206
03:34:30,000 --> 03:34:32,500
Now, this is intriguing. 
Instead of a Manhunt your 

4207
03:34:32,500 --> 03:34:34,000
witnessing. 
What appears to be a plan 

4208
03:34:34,000 --> 03:34:36,200
meeting? 
The question is whether it's 

4209
03:34:36,200 --> 03:34:38,600
going to be a civilized 
conversation or something that 

4210
03:34:38,600 --> 03:34:40,200
requires you to duck under 
tables. 

4211
03:34:41,800 --> 03:34:44,800
The cowboy at the front table, 
shifts slightly in his chair and

4212
03:34:44,800 --> 03:34:47,400
you notice his hand resting 
casually near his side. 

4213
03:34:48,300 --> 03:34:51,100
The poker players of give up all
pretense of playing cards and 

4214
03:34:51,100 --> 03:34:54,600
openly watching the proceedings,
even the saloon girl is 

4215
03:34:54,600 --> 03:34:56,800
positioned herself near. 
What you hope is a back exit. 

4216
03:34:57,600 --> 03:35:00,300
Carson moves away from his table
but not quickly, not 

4217
03:35:00,300 --> 03:35:03,400
aggressively, it's more like a 
dance where both Partners know 

4218
03:35:03,400 --> 03:35:05,700
the steps. 
You've got something that 

4219
03:35:05,700 --> 03:35:09,200
belongs to my employer bill. 
That's so Thompson says what 

4220
03:35:09,200 --> 03:35:11,100
might that be? 
Don't play games. 

4221
03:35:11,100 --> 03:35:14,500
The money from the Tucson job 
Thompson Chuckles, but it's not 

4222
03:35:14,500 --> 03:35:16,800
a particularly amused. 
Sound money. 

4223
03:35:16,800 --> 03:35:18,800
What makes you think? 
I've got any money? 

4224
03:35:18,800 --> 03:35:20,100
Look at me. 
Carson. 

4225
03:35:20,100 --> 03:35:22,800
Do I look like a man who's 
recently come into wealth and 

4226
03:35:22,800 --> 03:35:26,000
he's got a point, Thompson's 
clothes are worn, but clean, his

4227
03:35:26,000 --> 03:35:28,700
boots are scuffed and his hat 
has seen better years. 

4228
03:35:29,500 --> 03:35:31,800
If he's sitting on a pile of 
stolen money, he's either 

4229
03:35:31,800 --> 03:35:34,100
excellent at hiding it or 
terrible at spending it. 

4230
03:35:35,000 --> 03:35:38,300
My employer seems to think 
otherwise Carson says your 

4231
03:35:38,300 --> 03:35:41,000
employer thinks many things 
doesn't make them true. 

4232
03:35:41,000 --> 03:35:43,500
The conversation is polite, 
almost casual. 

4233
03:35:43,500 --> 03:35:46,200
But you can feel the 
undercurrent of violence running

4234
03:35:46,200 --> 03:35:48,000
beneath it like a stream under 
ice. 

4235
03:35:48,800 --> 03:35:51,200
Both men are armed. 
You can tell by the way, they 

4236
03:35:51,200 --> 03:35:54,300
carry themselves, the way their 
coats, hang and the way they 

4237
03:35:54,300 --> 03:35:57,400
position their hands. 
The question is whether they are

4238
03:35:57,400 --> 03:36:00,200
going to keep talking or start 
shooting your beginning to 

4239
03:36:00,200 --> 03:36:02,800
understand why the bartender was
nervous about the fish on the 

4240
03:36:02,800 --> 03:36:04,800
menu. 
In a place where business 

4241
03:36:04,800 --> 03:36:07,400
disputes are settled with 
gunpowder for freshness 

4242
03:36:07,400 --> 03:36:10,100
standards are probably flexible.
Shorter. 

4243
03:36:10,100 --> 03:36:12,600
Stranger the one who gave you 
the friendly advice about 

4244
03:36:12,600 --> 03:36:15,500
knowing when to keep moving. 
Has positioned himself near the 

4245
03:36:15,508 --> 03:36:17,300
door? 
Not blocking it. 

4246
03:36:17,300 --> 03:36:19,200
Exactly. 
But making it clear that anyone 

4247
03:36:19,200 --> 03:36:21,000
wanting to leave would need to 
get past him. 

4248
03:36:22,500 --> 03:36:25,000
The third member of their group 
has moved to cover the back of 

4249
03:36:25,000 --> 03:36:27,300
the room. 
Thompson seems to notice these 

4250
03:36:27,300 --> 03:36:29,000
movements without looking 
directly at them. 

4251
03:36:29,900 --> 03:36:32,800
Brought the whole crew did you? 
That's flattering though. 

4252
03:36:32,800 --> 03:36:35,200
I have to say for a friendly 
conversation about money. 

4253
03:36:35,200 --> 03:36:38,700
I don't have you boys seem a 
little prepared. 

4254
03:36:39,600 --> 03:36:44,200
Just being careful, Carson says 
nothing personal. oh, I'm sure 

4255
03:36:44,200 --> 03:36:47,700
Thompson replies just like what 
happened in Prescott was nothing

4256
03:36:47,700 --> 03:36:51,100
personal Carson's expression 
changes slightly At The Mention 

4257
03:36:51,100 --> 03:36:53,700
Of Prescott and you get the 
feeling that there's a whole 

4258
03:36:53,700 --> 03:36:56,100
other story. 
There probably involving more 

4259
03:36:56,100 --> 03:36:59,800
cattle, more disagreements, and 
definitely more scars. 

4260
03:37:00,900 --> 03:37:04,500
That was business cast and says,
so is this Thompson replies? 

4261
03:37:04,500 --> 03:37:07,500
And that's when you realize that
you're not just witnessing a 

4262
03:37:07,500 --> 03:37:10,000
confrontation between men with 
the disagreement about money. 

4263
03:37:11,000 --> 03:37:13,400
You're watching the continuation
of something that started 

4264
03:37:13,400 --> 03:37:16,600
somewhere else, probably 
involving cattle because 

4265
03:37:16,600 --> 03:37:19,500
everything in the west, seems to
involve cattle and definitely 

4266
03:37:19,500 --> 03:37:22,000
involving the kind of business 
that leaves scars on people's 

4267
03:37:22,000 --> 03:37:24,300
faces. 
The room has gone completely 

4268
03:37:24,300 --> 03:37:27,500
quiet except for the sound of 
your own heartbeat which seems 

4269
03:37:27,500 --> 03:37:29,800
unreasonably loud. 
Give them the circumstances. 

4270
03:37:30,700 --> 03:37:33,200
You're trying to decide whether 
finishing your whiskey would be 

4271
03:37:33,208 --> 03:37:38,000
a good idea, liquid courage, or 
a terrible idea in judgment when

4272
03:37:38,000 --> 03:37:40,000
Thompson turned slightly in 
catches your eye. 

4273
03:37:41,000 --> 03:37:43,000
You might want to step outside 
for some are friend. 

4274
03:37:43,000 --> 03:37:45,300
He says quietly. 
Sometimes these business 

4275
03:37:45,300 --> 03:37:48,300
discussions, get a little 
heated, which is probably the 

4276
03:37:48,300 --> 03:37:51,000
polite way anyone has ever 
suggested that you evacuate 

4277
03:37:51,000 --> 03:37:53,900
before the shooting starts. 
Here's the thing, about the wild

4278
03:37:53,900 --> 03:37:56,400
west, that all those Hollywood 
movies, got wrong, most 

4279
03:37:56,400 --> 03:37:59,400
confrontations didn't end in 
gunfights the ended in 

4280
03:37:59,400 --> 03:38:02,800
negotiations, compromises, and 
people finding ways to settle 

4281
03:38:02,800 --> 03:38:04,800
their differences without 
ventilating each other. 

4282
03:38:04,800 --> 03:38:08,000
Because, despite what the dime 
novel suggested most folks 

4283
03:38:08,000 --> 03:38:11,300
preferred being alive to being 
legendary your contemplating 

4284
03:38:11,300 --> 03:38:14,400
Thompson suggestion about 
stepping outside when something 

4285
03:38:14,400 --> 03:38:17,200
unexpected happens. 
Carson. 

4286
03:38:17,200 --> 03:38:21,200
Laughs Carson, laughs not with a
menacing or bitter laugh but 

4287
03:38:21,200 --> 03:38:24,200
with an actual genuine laugh 
that changes his entire face. 

4288
03:38:24,200 --> 03:38:27,500
You know what? 
Bill You're absolutely right. 

4289
03:38:27,500 --> 03:38:31,600
This idea is ridiculous. 
He sits back down at his table 

4290
03:38:31,600 --> 03:38:35,000
and the tension in the room 
doesn't exactly disappear, but 

4291
03:38:35,000 --> 03:38:36,600
it shifts into something more 
manageable. 

4292
03:38:36,600 --> 03:38:40,400
Removing the time at cutting 
wires is akin to diffusing a 

4293
03:38:40,400 --> 03:38:42,700
bomb. 
Were both getting too old for 

4294
03:38:42,700 --> 03:38:45,800
this Carson continues. 
And honestly, my employer is an 

4295
03:38:45,800 --> 03:38:48,400
idiot. 
Thompson turns around still 

4296
03:38:48,400 --> 03:38:50,100
holding his whiskey eyebrows 
raised. 

4297
03:38:50,100 --> 03:38:52,500
That's quite an admission coming
from you. 

4298
03:38:52,500 --> 03:38:55,500
Well, it's true. 
Sending me and the boys all the 

4299
03:38:55,508 --> 03:38:58,500
way out here to collect money. 
That probably doesn't exist from

4300
03:38:58,500 --> 03:39:00,100
a job. 
That went sideways six months 

4301
03:39:00,100 --> 03:39:02,800
ago from a man who has been 
trying to go straight to ever 

4302
03:39:02,800 --> 03:39:04,400
since. 
Carson shakes. 

4303
03:39:04,400 --> 03:39:07,300
His head some days. 
I wonder why I don't just buy a 

4304
03:39:07,300 --> 03:39:10,700
farm and raise chickens. 
The shortest Ranger looks 

4305
03:39:10,700 --> 03:39:13,200
confused by this turn of events 
boss. 

4306
03:39:13,200 --> 03:39:16,500
We came all this way. 
I know what we came here for. 

4307
03:39:16,508 --> 03:39:19,500
Mike, Carson says, but 
occasionally, you get somewhere 

4308
03:39:19,500 --> 03:39:21,100
and realize the trip wasn't 
worth taking. 

4309
03:39:21,900 --> 03:39:24,400
Thompson moves away from the bar
but toward Carson's table, not 

4310
03:39:24,400 --> 03:39:27,000
toward the door. 
He pulls out a chair and sits 

4311
03:39:27,000 --> 03:39:29,800
down still cautious but no 
longer looking like he's 

4312
03:39:29,800 --> 03:39:32,400
expecting to dodge bullets. 
So what happens? 

4313
03:39:32,400 --> 03:39:36,100
Now. 
Thompson asks now, Now we finish

4314
03:39:36,100 --> 03:39:38,800
our drinks, you tell me what 
really happened in Tucson, and 

4315
03:39:38,800 --> 03:39:40,900
maybe we figure out how to 
explain to my employer, that his

4316
03:39:40,900 --> 03:39:43,600
money disappeared Into Thin Air 
without anyone getting shot over

4317
03:39:43,600 --> 03:39:46,000
it. 
And just like that, the standoff

4318
03:39:46,000 --> 03:39:49,600
becomes a conversation The 
Cowboys at the front table, 

4319
03:39:49,600 --> 03:39:51,800
start breathing again. 
The poker players. 

4320
03:39:51,800 --> 03:39:53,200
Remember they have cards to 
play? 

4321
03:39:54,000 --> 03:39:57,000
The saloon girl begins playing 
the piano again but this time 

4322
03:39:57,000 --> 03:39:59,400
she selects a more cheerful tune
than the one she played 

4323
03:39:59,400 --> 03:40:02,600
previously, you decide to stay 
put and order another whiskey 

4324
03:40:02,600 --> 03:40:05,400
because the scene is turning 
into exactly the kind of 

4325
03:40:05,400 --> 03:40:09,300
Frontier drama, you came West to
experience it except without the

4326
03:40:09,300 --> 03:40:11,300
Mortal Peril you hadn't really 
plan on. 

4327
03:40:12,800 --> 03:40:15,300
Thompson signals Jake for 
another drink and settles into 

4328
03:40:15,300 --> 03:40:18,100
his chair. 
Tucson was a disaster from the 

4329
03:40:18,100 --> 03:40:19,100
start. 
He begins. 

4330
03:40:19,100 --> 03:40:22,500
Your employer had a bank that 
turned out to be expecting us. 

4331
03:40:23,800 --> 03:40:27,700
Side information had to be. 
We walked into that bank and 

4332
03:40:27,700 --> 03:40:30,000
found half the territorial 
militia waiting for us. 

4333
03:40:30,000 --> 03:40:34,300
Lost two, good men, barely got 
out alive and came away with 

4334
03:40:34,300 --> 03:40:36,500
exactly nothing except a 
newfound. 

4335
03:40:36,500 --> 03:40:39,700
Appreciation for honest. 
Work, Carson nods thoughtfully. 

4336
03:40:39,700 --> 03:40:43,400
That explains some things. 
My employer has been mighty 

4337
03:40:43,400 --> 03:40:46,900
closed, mouth about the details,
probably because he set us up. 

4338
03:40:46,900 --> 03:40:50,400
Thompson says my guess. 
He made a deal with the law 

4339
03:40:50,400 --> 03:40:53,700
decided We Were Expendable and 
figured he'd collect the reward 

4340
03:40:53,700 --> 03:40:58,200
money instead of paying us. 
The shortest Ranger Mike looks 

4341
03:40:58,200 --> 03:41:01,100
between his boss and Thompson, 
like he's watching a tennis 

4342
03:41:01,100 --> 03:41:03,100
match played with words and of 
balls. 

4343
03:41:03,800 --> 03:41:05,500
So there never was any money to 
recover. 

4344
03:41:06,300 --> 03:41:09,300
Oh there was money. 
Thompson says just not wear my 

4345
03:41:09,300 --> 03:41:12,700
employer thinks it ended up He 
reaches into his coat and for a 

4346
03:41:12,708 --> 03:41:15,600
moment, everyone tenses again. 
But what he pulls out is a 

4347
03:41:15,608 --> 03:41:18,800
folded piece of paper, not a 
weapon Bankrupt. 

4348
03:41:18,800 --> 03:41:20,300
He explained showing it to 
Carson. 

4349
03:41:20,300 --> 03:41:22,700
It was intended for the Tucson 
orphanage. 

4350
03:41:22,700 --> 03:41:25,600
Figured if I was going to steal 
money, I might as well, steal it

4351
03:41:25,600 --> 03:41:28,700
for someone who needed it, more 
than your employer did Carson 

4352
03:41:28,700 --> 03:41:31,200
examines the paper and his 
expression shifts to one that 

4353
03:41:31,200 --> 03:41:35,500
could be interpreted as respect 
You donated stolen money to an 

4354
03:41:35,500 --> 03:41:37,400
orphanage. 
Seemed like the right thing to 

4355
03:41:37,408 --> 03:41:39,000
do. 
At the time, Thompson says, with

4356
03:41:39,000 --> 03:41:43,300
a shrug still does actually Mike
looks completely baffled by this

4357
03:41:43,300 --> 03:41:46,100
turn of events boss. 
What do we tell him back in 

4358
03:41:46,108 --> 03:41:48,500
Phoenix? 
Carson folds, the bank draft, 

4359
03:41:48,500 --> 03:41:51,500
and hands, it back to Thompson. 
We tell him that Bill Thompson 

4360
03:41:51,500 --> 03:41:53,400
is dead. 
What? 

4361
03:41:53,400 --> 03:41:56,900
Mike's voice goes up. 
An octave died in a gunfight 

4362
03:41:56,900 --> 03:41:59,800
tragic, really? 
We buried him outside of town 

4363
03:41:59,800 --> 03:42:03,400
and said some words a very 
touching ceremony Carson's 

4364
03:42:03,400 --> 03:42:05,400
deadpan, delivery would make a 
professional poker player. 

4365
03:42:05,400 --> 03:42:09,900
Proud money was never recovered.
He probably spent all the money 

4366
03:42:09,900 --> 03:42:13,300
on Whiskey and loose women 
before he died Thompson grins. 

4367
03:42:13,300 --> 03:42:16,500
I like it, though. 
I prefer to think I spent it on 

4368
03:42:16,500 --> 03:42:20,100
Whiskey and tight women. 
Details Castle waves. 

4369
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:23,500
Dismissively point is as far as 
Phoenix as concerned, this case 

4370
03:42:23,500 --> 03:42:26,300
is closed and that's when you 
realize you've just witnessed 

4371
03:42:26,300 --> 03:42:29,000
something remarkable. 
A problem solved not with 

4372
03:42:29,000 --> 03:42:33,000
violence but with creativity 
pragmatism and a healthy dose of

4373
03:42:33,000 --> 03:42:36,100
Frontier Justice. 
This solution ensures that 

4374
03:42:36,100 --> 03:42:38,800
everyone leaves with their lives
and dignity intact. 

4375
03:42:38,800 --> 03:42:41,600
The saloon has returned to 
something approaching normal. 

4376
03:42:41,600 --> 03:42:44,200
The poker game has resumed with 
renewed, enthusiasm. 

4377
03:42:44,200 --> 03:42:47,600
Apparently nothing makes cards 
more captivating than the 

4378
03:42:47,600 --> 03:42:50,000
possibility that you might not 
live to play another hand. 

4379
03:42:50,900 --> 03:42:53,500
Cowboys have ordered another 
round and a back to discussing 

4380
03:42:53,500 --> 03:42:55,800
whatever, important Cowboy 
business they were discussing 

4381
03:42:55,800 --> 03:42:59,800
before the excitement started. 
Carson stands up and extends his

4382
03:42:59,800 --> 03:43:02,300
hand to Thompson. 
It's been a pleasure doing 

4383
03:43:02,300 --> 03:43:05,200
business with you Bill, or 
should I say, it's been a 

4384
03:43:05,200 --> 03:43:06,400
pleasure, not doing business 
with you. 

4385
03:43:07,100 --> 03:43:11,200
Thompson shakes, his hand. 
Likewise give my regards to 

4386
03:43:11,200 --> 03:43:13,400
Phoenix. 
Tell them I died bravely. 

4387
03:43:14,400 --> 03:43:17,500
Oh, I will, I will probably 
include some details about how 

4388
03:43:17,500 --> 03:43:19,900
you took three of us with you 
just to make the story more 

4389
03:43:19,900 --> 03:43:23,700
interesting. 
Mike still looks confused, but 

4390
03:43:23,700 --> 03:43:26,700
the third member of Carson's 
group who's been silent through 

4391
03:43:26,700 --> 03:43:30,900
most of this, finally speaks up.
Does your statement mean we can 

4392
03:43:30,900 --> 03:43:33,100
go home now? 
And tired of sleeping on the 

4393
03:43:33,100 --> 03:43:36,100
ground. 
Yes, Eddie we can go home and 

4394
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:39,100
says patiently and we can stop 
at that hotel in Flagstaff on 

4395
03:43:39,100 --> 03:43:41,800
the way back. 
The one with the actual beds, 

4396
03:43:41,800 --> 03:43:45,700
the one with the actual beds. 
Eddie brightens considerably at 

4397
03:43:45,708 --> 03:43:48,000
this news. 
Apparently even in the wild 

4398
03:43:48,000 --> 03:43:50,500
west, a good night's sleep was 
worth more than a questionable, 

4399
03:43:50,500 --> 03:43:55,500
gunfight As Carson's group 
prepares to leave The Tall Man, 

4400
03:43:55,500 --> 03:43:58,100
pauses at your table. 
Thanks for the entertainment. 

4401
03:43:58,100 --> 03:44:01,100
He says not often do we get to 
watch a business meeting that 

4402
03:44:01,100 --> 03:44:02,600
ends with everyone still 
breathing? 

4403
03:44:03,500 --> 03:44:06,500
My pleasure, you reply, raising 
your glass in a small salute, 

4404
03:44:06,500 --> 03:44:08,500
here's to create a problem 
solving. 

4405
03:44:09,500 --> 03:44:12,000
I'll drink to that. 
Carson says, and surprisingly, 

4406
03:44:12,000 --> 03:44:15,700
he does finishing his whiskey in
one, smooth, motion before 

4407
03:44:15,700 --> 03:44:17,400
tipping, his hat and heading for
the door. 

4408
03:44:18,900 --> 03:44:21,400
The saloon settles into a 
comfortable evening Rhythm. 

4409
03:44:21,400 --> 03:44:23,800
As the three strangers 
disappear, through the Batwing. 

4410
03:44:23,800 --> 03:44:26,700
Doors, Thompson moves to the bar
orders. 

4411
03:44:26,700 --> 03:44:29,600
Another whiskey and Strikes up a
conversation with Jake about the

4412
03:44:29,600 --> 03:44:32,600
weather and the price of cattle.
You sit back in your chair, 

4413
03:44:32,600 --> 03:44:35,700
nursing your second whiskey and 
marveling at what you've just 

4414
03:44:35,700 --> 03:44:38,400
experienced in the span of two 
hours. 

4415
03:44:38,400 --> 03:44:42,100
You've witnessed a Manhunt a 
standoff and negotiation and a 

4416
03:44:42,100 --> 03:44:44,000
resolution that would have made 
Solomon proud. 

4417
03:44:44,000 --> 03:44:46,900
You've seen grown men solve 
their problems with words 

4418
03:44:46,900 --> 03:44:49,600
instead of weapons and 
creativity, instead of violence,

4419
03:44:50,400 --> 03:44:53,600
The saloon girl starts playing 
Red River Valley and this time 

4420
03:44:53,600 --> 03:44:56,800
she gets all the notes, right? 
The poker players are laughing 

4421
03:44:56,800 --> 03:44:59,400
at something. 
The prospector said, the Cowboys

4422
03:44:59,400 --> 03:45:02,300
are planning their next cattle 
drive and you're sitting in a 

4423
03:45:02,300 --> 03:45:04,500
wild West Haven drinking 
whiskey. 

4424
03:45:04,500 --> 03:45:07,600
That tastes like liquid. 
Campfire, eating stew, that 

4425
03:45:07,600 --> 03:45:11,000
could keep you going for a week 
and thinking that maybe just 

4426
03:45:11,000 --> 03:45:14,200
maybe the real wild west was 
more intriguing than any 

4427
03:45:14,200 --> 03:45:18,200
Hollywood movie ever suggested. 
Because the truth is most 

4428
03:45:18,200 --> 03:45:19,800
people, then just like, most 
people. 

4429
03:45:19,800 --> 03:45:22,700
Now, we're just trying to get 
through their day without too 

4430
03:45:22,700 --> 03:45:24,600
much trouble. 
They wanted to reach a decent 

4431
03:45:24,608 --> 03:45:28,200
meal, have a drink with friends,
maybe play some cards and go 

4432
03:45:28,208 --> 03:45:31,000
home to their families. 
The fact that they sometimes 

4433
03:45:31,000 --> 03:45:34,200
carried guns and settled 
disputes with jewels doesn't 

4434
03:45:34,200 --> 03:45:37,300
mean they preferred violence. 
It just means they lived in a 

4435
03:45:37,300 --> 03:45:39,900
time and place where being 
prepared for trouble was a 

4436
03:45:39,900 --> 03:45:43,200
practical necessity. 
As the evening winds down and 

4437
03:45:43,200 --> 03:45:46,200
you consider heading to whatever
passes for lodging in this 

4438
03:45:46,200 --> 03:45:49,200
Frontier Town, you reflect on 
the lesson you've learned 

4439
03:45:49,200 --> 03:45:51,700
tonight. 
Sometimes the most dangerous 

4440
03:45:51,700 --> 03:45:55,200
situations are resolved, not by 
the fastest gun or the strongest

4441
03:45:55,200 --> 03:45:57,800
fighter. 
But by the person clever enough 

4442
03:45:57,800 --> 03:46:00,400
to find a solution that lets 
everyone walk away with their 

4443
03:46:00,400 --> 03:46:04,100
pride intact. 
Thompson glances at you from the

4444
03:46:04,100 --> 03:46:07,500
bar, raising his glass and a 
small salute to orphanages. 

4445
03:46:07,500 --> 03:46:10,400
He says, quietly to offer, 
ninjas you reply. 

4446
03:46:10,400 --> 03:46:12,700
And you both drink to the kind 
of justice that doesn't make 

4447
03:46:12,700 --> 03:46:14,500
headlines, but makes the world a
little bit better. 

4448
03:46:14,500 --> 03:46:17,400
One, small Act of decent time, 
outside. 

4449
03:46:17,400 --> 03:46:20,900
The desert Knight is clear and 
cold full of stars that seem 

4450
03:46:20,900 --> 03:46:23,900
close enough to touch inside the
Silver Dollar. 

4451
03:46:23,900 --> 03:46:27,900
Saloon the oil lamps burn warm 
and steady the piano plays soft 

4452
03:46:27,900 --> 03:46:31,000
Melodies and people who've never
met before tomorrow will be 

4453
03:46:31,000 --> 03:46:34,200
strangers again, sharing stories
and whiskey and the kind of 

4454
03:46:34,208 --> 03:46:36,800
companionship that Travelers 
have always found in places like

4455
03:46:36,800 --> 03:46:40,000
this. 
And that more than any gunfight,

4456
03:46:40,000 --> 03:46:43,200
or cattle, rustling, or Gold 
Rush drama, is what the wild 

4457
03:46:43,200 --> 03:46:47,300
west was really about people 
finding ways to connect to solve

4458
03:46:47,300 --> 03:46:50,400
problems and to help each other 
through the challenges of living

4459
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:52,100
in a hard place during a hard 
time. 

4460
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:56,500
Your stew is long, finished. 
Your whiskey glass is empty and 

4461
03:46:56,500 --> 03:46:57,900
your adventure. 
In Frontier. 

4462
03:46:57,900 --> 03:47:01,000
Dining is complete. 
Tomorrow, you'll climb back on 

4463
03:47:01,000 --> 03:47:04,600
that Stagecoach and continue 
West carrying with you, the 

4464
03:47:04,600 --> 03:47:07,400
memory of an evening, when the 
wild west revealed itself to be 

4465
03:47:07,400 --> 03:47:11,100
not quite as wild as advertised,
but infinitely more fascinating 

4466
03:47:11,100 --> 03:47:14,300
than you'd expected. 
Sometimes the best stories 

4467
03:47:14,300 --> 03:47:16,800
aren't about the fastest, guns, 
or the biggest fights. 

4468
03:47:16,800 --> 03:47:19,800
Sometimes there are about the 
moments when Ordinary People 

4469
03:47:19,800 --> 03:47:22,300
find extraordinary ways to be 
decent to each other? 

4470
03:47:22,300 --> 03:47:27,200
Even when a specially when it 
would be easier, not to be And 

4471
03:47:27,200 --> 03:47:30,100
with that thought you finish 
your whiskey tip your hat to 

4472
03:47:30,100 --> 03:47:33,100
Jake the bartender nod, farewell
to Thompson and the other 

4473
03:47:33,100 --> 03:47:36,800
patrons and push through those 
famous batwing doors into the 

4474
03:47:36,800 --> 03:47:40,200
Starfield desert night, carrying
with you, a story worth telling 

4475
03:47:40,200 --> 03:47:43,100
and the kind of satisfied 
tiredness that comes from a day.

4476
03:47:43,100 --> 03:47:46,900
Well, lived and an evening. 
Well, spent The Silver Dollar 

4477
03:47:46,900 --> 03:47:49,300
Saloon settles in to its 
nighttime Rhythm behind. 

4478
03:47:49,300 --> 03:47:51,600
You ready to welcome the next 
traveler. 

4479
03:47:51,600 --> 03:47:55,200
The next Story, the next small 
drama of frontier life. 

4480
03:47:56,100 --> 03:47:57,600
Because that's what places like 
this. 

4481
03:47:57,600 --> 03:48:00,800
Do they provide a stage where 
ordinary people can have 

4482
03:48:00,800 --> 03:48:03,900
extraordinary moments where 
strangers can become friends 

4483
03:48:03,900 --> 03:48:06,400
over a shared meal and a glass 
of something that might 

4484
03:48:06,400 --> 03:48:09,900
charitably be called whiskey? 
And in the morning, the 

4485
03:48:09,900 --> 03:48:13,100
stagecoach will come and you'll 
climb aboard for the next leg of

4486
03:48:13,108 --> 03:48:15,000
your journey. 
But you'll always remember the 

4487
03:48:15,000 --> 03:48:17,700
night, you learned that the real
wild west wasn't one with guns. 

4488
03:48:17,700 --> 03:48:22,000
It was one with conversation 
creativity and the kind of human

4489
03:48:22,000 --> 03:48:26,300
decency that transcends time and
place sweet dreams traveler the 

4490
03:48:26,300 --> 03:48:28,800
frontier awaits. 
And now you know, it's not quite

4491
03:48:28,800 --> 03:48:31,800
as dangerous as the story 
suggests, just infinitely more 

4492
03:48:31,800 --> 03:48:33,200
interesting than you ever 
imagined. 

4493
03:48:38,300 --> 03:48:41,600
Imagine this, it's 1890 and 
you're walking through a 

4494
03:48:41,600 --> 03:48:44,700
sicilian Village. 
First thing that hits, you isn't

4495
03:48:44,700 --> 03:48:47,300
the Mediterranean Breeze or the 
smell of wild herbs. 

4496
03:48:47,300 --> 03:48:50,800
It's the fact that everyone 
within three miles knows exactly

4497
03:48:50,800 --> 03:48:54,100
who you are, where you're going 
and probably what you had for 

4498
03:48:54,100 --> 03:48:56,000
breakfast. 
An old Sicily. 

4499
03:48:56,000 --> 03:48:59,700
Privacy was as rare as snow in 
August, you'd wake up in your 

4500
03:48:59,700 --> 03:49:02,900
Stone House. 
When I say Stone I mean real 

4501
03:49:02,900 --> 03:49:05,100
rocks that the Mason put 
together with anything. 

4502
03:49:05,100 --> 03:49:08,500
He could find like his 
grandmother's secret recipe that

4503
03:49:08,500 --> 03:49:10,200
may or may not have had goat 
cheese in it. 

4504
03:49:10,200 --> 03:49:13,400
The walls were thick enough to 
stop a cannonball, which was 

4505
03:49:13,400 --> 03:49:15,900
good, because your neighbor's 
rooster sounded like an opera 

4506
03:49:15,900 --> 03:49:19,900
singer, having a terrible day, 
Today your bed wasn't really 

4507
03:49:19,900 --> 03:49:23,200
what we'd call comfortable. 
Imagine sleeping on a mound of 

4508
03:49:23,208 --> 03:49:26,900
grain sacks filled with things 
like corn husks wool that still 

4509
03:49:26,900 --> 03:49:29,700
smelled like a sheep and 
sometimes even a few surprises 

4510
03:49:29,700 --> 03:49:31,700
that made you think the previous
owner had been keeping his 

4511
03:49:31,700 --> 03:49:34,100
winter vegetables under there? 
But you know what? 

4512
03:49:34,100 --> 03:49:37,600
You could have slept standing up
against a cactus after working 

4513
03:49:37,600 --> 03:49:40,900
for 14 hours straight. 
The morning ritual was simple 

4514
03:49:40,900 --> 03:49:43,100
and gorgeous. 
You would wander into the 

4515
03:49:43,100 --> 03:49:46,100
kitchen, which was also the 
living room dining area and barn

4516
03:49:46,100 --> 03:49:47,700
for the family goat on Chile 
nights. 

4517
03:49:47,700 --> 03:49:50,800
Your wife would have already 
started the fire as people in 

4518
03:49:50,800 --> 03:49:53,400
the town believed that if you 
weren't married by the age of 25

4519
03:49:53,400 --> 03:49:54,800
at meant, something was wrong 
with you. 

4520
03:49:54,800 --> 03:49:58,200
And by fire, I mean, a real wood
burning stove that needed the 

4521
03:49:58,200 --> 03:50:01,200
talents of a NASA engineer and 
the patience of a saint to work,

4522
03:50:01,200 --> 03:50:03,300
right? 
There was bread for breakfast, 

4523
03:50:03,300 --> 03:50:07,300
always bread if the Harvest was 
good and the Saints were smiling

4524
03:50:07,300 --> 03:50:09,300
a tomato or cheese might be 
undiscovered. 

4525
03:50:10,200 --> 03:50:13,200
The bread was a Wonder of 
medieval science, it was so 

4526
03:50:13,200 --> 03:50:15,200
dense that he could use it as a 
foundation stone. 

4527
03:50:15,200 --> 03:50:17,400
It was also the best thing you'd
ever tasted. 

4528
03:50:18,400 --> 03:50:20,700
Your local Baker, who 
undoubtedly learned his 

4529
03:50:20,700 --> 03:50:23,300
profession from someone who 
might have known, Julius Caesar 

4530
03:50:23,300 --> 03:50:25,900
had hands that could make bread 
and water do magic. 

4531
03:50:25,900 --> 03:50:28,900
You'd go outside after breakfast
and breathe in air. 

4532
03:50:28,900 --> 03:50:31,100
That was so clean. 
It almost washed your lungs, 

4533
03:50:31,100 --> 03:50:34,400
women beat laundry against rocks
to the rhythm of ancient 

4534
03:50:34,400 --> 03:50:36,800
percussion. 
Children played games, that 

4535
03:50:36,800 --> 03:50:40,300
always seem to involve running 
at full volume and somewhere. 

4536
03:50:40,300 --> 03:50:43,400
In the distance, two men were 
having a philosophical argument 

4537
03:50:43,400 --> 03:50:46,400
about whether their 
grandfather's donkey was faster 

4538
03:50:46,400 --> 03:50:48,200
than their neighbors. 
Grandfather's donkey. 

4539
03:50:49,300 --> 03:50:51,800
This argument had been going on 
for about 30 years. 

4540
03:50:51,800 --> 03:50:55,300
The roadways, if you could call 
them, that were more like 

4541
03:50:55,300 --> 03:50:59,200
suggestions, scratched into rock
by feet, Hooves, and the odd 

4542
03:50:59,200 --> 03:51:02,300
cartwheel over the years. 
They walked around Hill's and 

4543
03:51:02,300 --> 03:51:05,200
olive trees, like water flows 
downhill, which means they had 

4544
03:51:05,200 --> 03:51:07,500
no logic at all. 
But they always took you where 

4545
03:51:07,500 --> 03:51:10,000
you want to go. 
It was like trying to solve a 

4546
03:51:10,000 --> 03:51:13,300
three-dimensional puzzle made by
someone with a sixth sense of 

4547
03:51:13,300 --> 03:51:16,300
humor and a clear dislike for 
straight lines to go around the 

4548
03:51:16,300 --> 03:51:18,300
village. 
Your house was surrounded by 

4549
03:51:18,300 --> 03:51:20,900
other houses that appeared like 
they had sprouted out of the 

4550
03:51:20,900 --> 03:51:24,100
hillside itself. 
These winding paths made sure 

4551
03:51:24,100 --> 03:51:26,600
you would run into at least 
seven individuals. 

4552
03:51:26,600 --> 03:51:30,700
Before you could buy a loaf of 
bread, this was on purpose in 

4553
03:51:30,700 --> 03:51:34,200
Sicily, Community wasn't simply 
a pleasant thought it was a way 

4554
03:51:34,208 --> 03:51:37,700
to stay alive. 
When the next drought Invasion 

4555
03:51:37,700 --> 03:51:40,600
or Locust plague struck you and 
your neighbors would need each 

4556
03:51:40,600 --> 03:51:42,600
other. 
Now let's speak about your 

4557
03:51:42,600 --> 03:51:45,800
employment. 
In the past working, Sicily, 

4558
03:51:45,800 --> 03:51:47,800
wasn't so much about getting 
ahead in your profession. 

4559
03:51:47,800 --> 03:51:50,900
As it was about getting mother 
nature to cooperate for one more

4560
03:51:50,900 --> 03:51:55,100
season if you were lucky enough 
to own property by land, I mean 

4561
03:51:55,108 --> 03:51:57,500
a plot about the size of a 
modern parking space that was 

4562
03:51:57,508 --> 03:52:00,800
supposed to support a family of 
eight, you were basically a 

4563
03:52:00,800 --> 03:52:04,000
professional Gambler playing 
against the weather bugs and the

4564
03:52:04,000 --> 03:52:07,200
strange changes in soil. 
Chemistry, a modern Gardener 

4565
03:52:07,200 --> 03:52:09,000
would cry for you. 
If they saw your farming 

4566
03:52:09,000 --> 03:52:12,600
implements, imagine a plow that 
looked like it had been made by 

4567
03:52:12,600 --> 03:52:15,200
someone who had only heard about
plows, and had never seen one in

4568
03:52:15,200 --> 03:52:18,600
person. 
A donkey pulled it and the only 

4569
03:52:18,600 --> 03:52:21,700
thing that seemed to qualify for
the task was his amazing ability

4570
03:52:21,700 --> 03:52:24,600
to show existential misery 
through are positioning. 

4571
03:52:25,700 --> 03:52:28,700
This donkey, let's call him 
Giuseppe, because they were all 

4572
03:52:28,700 --> 03:52:31,900
named Giuseppe had something to 
say about every Furrow, and 

4573
03:52:31,900 --> 03:52:35,000
wasn't afraid to say it. 
People who understood that flat 

4574
03:52:35,000 --> 03:52:36,800
ground was meant for others in 
different regions. 

4575
03:52:36,800 --> 03:52:40,400
Transformed, the fields into 
Hillside you'd work on these 

4576
03:52:40,400 --> 03:52:43,900
terrorist plots that stuck to 
the side of Hills like a stone 

4577
03:52:43,900 --> 03:52:47,100
masons fever dream. 
There were paths between each 

4578
03:52:47,100 --> 03:52:49,400
level, that would make your calf
muscle, strong enough to break 

4579
03:52:49,400 --> 03:52:52,300
walnuts. 
Every morning you would climb up

4580
03:52:52,300 --> 03:52:55,800
and down these old steps with 
tools seeds, hope and 

4581
03:52:55,800 --> 03:52:58,500
occasionally Giuseppe's angry 
feelings when he thought the 

4582
03:52:58,500 --> 03:53:01,100
labor was too easy for him. 
But here's where it gets 

4583
03:53:01,100 --> 03:53:03,600
intriguing. 
Sicilians have turned making 

4584
03:53:03,600 --> 03:53:05,600
dough into an art form. 
That would make modern 

4585
03:53:05,600 --> 03:53:07,700
recyclers. 
Look like amateurs, who waste 

4586
03:53:07,700 --> 03:53:09,000
things? 
Nothing. 

4587
03:53:09,000 --> 03:53:12,600
Absolutely nothing was ever 
thrown away. 

4588
03:53:12,600 --> 03:53:15,200
Did the broken pottery? 
Catch your eye? 

4589
03:53:15,200 --> 03:53:19,100
It was perfect for storing. 
Olive oil is that old shirts. 

4590
03:53:19,100 --> 03:53:21,300
Still in use. 
It can be used for cleaning 

4591
03:53:21,300 --> 03:53:24,800
purposes as patches for a 
friend's old clothing or even as

4592
03:53:24,800 --> 03:53:28,300
a source of fire fuel. 
Giuseppe meticulously collected,

4593
03:53:28,300 --> 03:53:30,200
the items he added the landscape
every day. 

4594
03:53:30,200 --> 03:53:32,600
Transforming them into Treasures
for the garden. 

4595
03:53:33,500 --> 03:53:35,900
Your wife, on the other hand ran
a household that worked like a 

4596
03:53:35,908 --> 03:53:38,600
small Factory. 
She would get up before, Dawn to

4597
03:53:38,600 --> 03:53:41,700
Milk, The Goat, Who had her own 
ideas about how to start the day

4598
03:53:41,700 --> 03:53:46,100
and made them known by moving 
her Hooves in certain ways. then

4599
03:53:46,100 --> 03:53:49,300
came the bread making which was 
more like conducting a symphony 

4600
03:53:49,300 --> 03:53:53,400
of yeast timing and prayer than 
cooking, The dough would rise in

4601
03:53:53,400 --> 03:53:56,200
wooden bowls that had been in 
the family for so long that they

4602
03:53:56,200 --> 03:54:00,000
almost had family names. 
Was a time when Sicilians showed

4603
03:54:00,000 --> 03:54:02,800
that, they knew something deep 
about life, you can't work well 

4604
03:54:02,800 --> 03:54:05,400
on an empty stomach. 
You can't appreciate food. 

4605
03:54:05,400 --> 03:54:08,300
Well, if you're in a hurry, 
Everyone in the Hamlet would 

4606
03:54:08,300 --> 03:54:10,700
stop what they were doing for 
two hours and congregate around 

4607
03:54:10,700 --> 03:54:15,000
tables rocks or any other flat 
surface they could find the food

4608
03:54:15,000 --> 03:54:18,200
could have been modest like 
bread olives and whatever 

4609
03:54:18,200 --> 03:54:21,400
veggies that the local animals 
hadn't devoured yet, but people 

4610
03:54:21,400 --> 03:54:24,200
ate it with such care and 
enjoyment, that it became a 

4611
03:54:24,200 --> 03:54:26,600
celebration. 
The afternoon, brought new 

4612
03:54:26,600 --> 03:54:28,700
problems. 
If you weren't tending to the 

4613
03:54:28,700 --> 03:54:30,300
crops, you might have been 
repairing. 

4614
03:54:30,300 --> 03:54:34,000
Something that was broken in a 
world composed of stone wood and

4615
03:54:34,000 --> 03:54:36,400
hope this happened about every 
15 minutes. 

4616
03:54:37,400 --> 03:54:39,100
Your concept on repairs was 
simple. 

4617
03:54:39,100 --> 03:54:43,500
If something is broken, use 
everything you have to fix it if

4618
03:54:43,500 --> 03:54:47,100
it breaks a game fixes again, 
but this time with more 

4619
03:54:47,100 --> 03:54:50,600
determination, if it breaks 
again, make it part of the 

4620
03:54:50,600 --> 03:54:53,100
design and act like it was 
always meant to work that way. 

4621
03:54:54,000 --> 03:54:56,400
The white people lived in your 
community was more complicated 

4622
03:54:56,400 --> 03:54:59,200
than a spider web made by an 
architect, who couldn't make up 

4623
03:54:59,200 --> 03:55:02,200
his mind every one, you everyone
else, but more significantly. 

4624
03:55:02,200 --> 03:55:05,100
Everyone knew everything about 
everyone else. 

4625
03:55:05,100 --> 03:55:08,400
Even things that hadn't happened
yet, but surely would because, 

4626
03:55:08,400 --> 03:55:11,800
as your neighbor would remark it
runs in the family. 

4627
03:55:13,500 --> 03:55:15,200
The Village. 
Well, was the core of this 

4628
03:55:15,200 --> 03:55:18,000
communication Network? 
It was the source of water. 

4629
03:55:18,000 --> 03:55:21,500
The News headquarters and an 
unofficial courtroom where 

4630
03:55:21,500 --> 03:55:24,600
people could settle conflicts 
from severe property problems to

4631
03:55:24,600 --> 03:55:27,000
heated arguments about whose 
grandmother cooked better, 

4632
03:55:27,000 --> 03:55:30,300
tomato sauce you'd come with 
your water jug and leave with it

4633
03:55:30,300 --> 03:55:34,300
along with full reports on three
pregnancies, two family fights, 

4634
03:55:34,300 --> 03:55:37,700
one iffy romance and 
comprehensive weather forecast 

4635
03:55:37,700 --> 03:55:40,000
from someone who's great uncle 
was said to have been able to 

4636
03:55:40,000 --> 03:55:42,400
tell when it was going to rain 
by watching how his chickens 

4637
03:55:42,400 --> 03:55:44,700
walked. 
In this social order, the 

4638
03:55:44,700 --> 03:55:46,700
priests of the community had a 
special role. 

4639
03:55:46,700 --> 03:55:50,500
He was a spiritual guide, a 
mediator and amateur, 

4640
03:55:50,500 --> 03:55:53,600
meteorologist and a Secret 
Keeper, who would have made a 

4641
03:55:53,600 --> 03:55:56,800
government spy envious. 
He had somehow learned the Fine 

4642
03:55:56,800 --> 03:55:59,000
Art of knowing everything while 
seeming to know nothing. 

4643
03:55:59,000 --> 03:56:02,000
He could give a sermon that 
spoke directly to the moral 

4644
03:56:02,000 --> 03:56:03,800
shortcomings. 
You had been struggling with all

4645
03:56:03,800 --> 03:56:05,900
week without ever looking you in
the eye. 

4646
03:56:06,800 --> 03:56:08,000
Then there were the village 
Elders. 

4647
03:56:08,000 --> 03:56:10,400
They were old enough to 
remember, when things were 

4648
03:56:10,400 --> 03:56:13,100
different, but not so ancient. 
That people could comfortably 

4649
03:56:13,100 --> 03:56:15,400
dismiss what they thought, they 
would sit outside. 

4650
03:56:15,400 --> 03:56:18,400
Their house is like, living 
libraries giving Council 

4651
03:56:18,400 --> 03:56:21,100
criticism and sometimes deep 
knowledge. 

4652
03:56:22,100 --> 03:56:24,300
But you had to be careful to 
tell the difference between the 

4653
03:56:24,300 --> 03:56:27,500
wisdom and the stories that had 
become better with each telling 

4654
03:56:27,500 --> 03:56:30,800
over the preceding 40 years. 
While everything was going on, 

4655
03:56:30,800 --> 03:56:33,600
your kids were getting an 
education that no school could 

4656
03:56:33,600 --> 03:56:36,600
equal, they'd learn useful. 
Things like how to get a chicken

4657
03:56:36,600 --> 03:56:39,000
to lay eggs, where you want 
them, how to read the weather 

4658
03:56:39,000 --> 03:56:42,300
and clouds and how to cope with 
a complicated social dynamics of

4659
03:56:42,308 --> 03:56:44,900
a place where your third 
cousin's choice to plant beans 

4660
03:56:44,900 --> 03:56:47,700
instead of wheat could change 
your family's winter food 

4661
03:56:47,700 --> 03:56:51,300
supply, but maybe most 
significantly kids would learn 

4662
03:56:51,300 --> 03:56:55,600
how to tell stories. 
As the sun sank behind Hills 

4663
03:56:55,600 --> 03:56:57,800
that had seen, many families, 
struggle, and succeed. 

4664
03:56:57,800 --> 03:57:00,300
Someone would start a story 
every night. 

4665
03:57:01,100 --> 03:57:03,600
It could have been the time 
great-grandfather outsmarted, 

4666
03:57:03,600 --> 03:57:06,700
the tax collector, the winter 
when the whole village lived on 

4667
03:57:06,708 --> 03:57:10,000
nothing but olives and sheer 
stubbornness or the strange 

4668
03:57:10,000 --> 03:57:13,000
Merchants, who came one day with
spices that made everyone's food

4669
03:57:13,000 --> 03:57:15,300
tastes like it had been blessed 
by Angels. 

4670
03:57:15,300 --> 03:57:17,400
These stories were more than 
just fun. 

4671
03:57:17,400 --> 03:57:21,100
They were guides for how to live
every story had a lesson about 

4672
03:57:21,108 --> 03:57:25,300
bravery intelligence, the value 
of community and the fact that 

4673
03:57:25,300 --> 03:57:27,800
you should never ever trust 
someone who says they can make 

4674
03:57:27,800 --> 03:57:30,500
you rich quickly. 
The story showed you that life 

4675
03:57:30,500 --> 03:57:33,500
would be hard but also beautiful
and that the hard and the 

4676
03:57:33,508 --> 03:57:35,700
Beautiful were often. 
The same thing seemed from 

4677
03:57:35,700 --> 03:57:38,900
various points of view in your 
community, marriage was 

4678
03:57:38,900 --> 03:57:42,100
primarily focused on creating a 
partnership capable of handling.

4679
03:57:42,100 --> 03:57:45,500
Any challenges life presented, 
rather than being centered 

4680
03:57:45,500 --> 03:57:48,800
around love which was scarce 
involved. 

4681
03:57:48,800 --> 03:57:50,700
Long negotiations, between 
families. 

4682
03:57:50,700 --> 03:57:53,500
There are background checks that
would make modern security 

4683
03:57:53,500 --> 03:57:56,000
agencies. 
Look, undesirable and careful 

4684
03:57:56,000 --> 03:57:59,200
thought about practical matters.
Like whose land bordered whose 

4685
03:57:59,200 --> 03:58:02,100
who had the healthier goats. 
And whether the potential 

4686
03:58:02,100 --> 03:58:04,600
bride's mother knew any 
advantageous ways to treat 

4687
03:58:04,600 --> 03:58:07,900
common illnesses people today 
have a hard time understanding, 

4688
03:58:07,900 --> 03:58:10,100
how complicated your 
relationship with food. 

4689
03:58:10,100 --> 03:58:13,500
Was you lived in a place where 
wealth and scarcity will like 

4690
03:58:13,500 --> 03:58:16,600
elderly lovers who have been 
battling for ages but couldn't 

4691
03:58:16,600 --> 03:58:20,200
bear to be a part. 
One season might yield crops so 

4692
03:58:20,200 --> 03:58:22,200
large, you'd think you were in 
an agricultural Paradise. 

4693
03:58:22,200 --> 03:58:26,200
While the next might be so lean.
You'd enjoy the subtle taste in 

4694
03:58:26,200 --> 03:58:28,100
bread made of Hope and ground 
acorns. 

4695
03:58:28,900 --> 03:58:32,000
But what was wonderful was that 
Sicilians had come up with a way

4696
03:58:32,000 --> 03:58:33,600
to convert any meal into a 
party? 

4697
03:58:34,300 --> 03:58:37,800
With just three ingredients. 
Wild Greens a little olive oil 

4698
03:58:37,800 --> 03:58:41,100
and some garlic, your wife could
create a dish that would Delight

4699
03:58:41,100 --> 03:58:43,700
your palate. 
It wasn't about using strange 

4700
03:58:43,700 --> 03:58:47,000
spices or complicated methods. 
It was about giving each 

4701
03:58:47,000 --> 03:58:51,000
ingredient the care and respect 
it needed for example, look at 

4702
03:58:51,008 --> 03:58:53,700
your olive trees, these weren't 
simply plants. 

4703
03:58:53,700 --> 03:58:56,500
They were family members with 
their personalities, history, 

4704
03:58:56,500 --> 03:58:59,700
and even mood disorders, from 
time to time your great 

4705
03:58:59,700 --> 03:59:02,100
grandfather, learned to walk, 
when certain trees were making 

4706
03:59:02,100 --> 03:59:05,700
oil, Those trees would keep 
making oil long after your great

4707
03:59:05,700 --> 03:59:08,100
grandchildren were old enough to
Grumble about the Harvest. 

4708
03:59:09,200 --> 03:59:11,800
Trees were all different. 
This one made oil early. 

4709
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:15,300
That one was stubborn but made 
the sweetest oil and the old 

4710
03:59:15,300 --> 03:59:18,000
Behemoth on the hill had 
weather, three droughts and the 

4711
03:59:18,000 --> 03:59:20,100
landslide. 
But still made enough olives to 

4712
03:59:20,100 --> 03:59:21,400
feed the family through the 
winter. 

4713
03:59:22,500 --> 03:59:23,900
During the harvest season, the 
Hamlet. 

4714
03:59:23,900 --> 03:59:26,800
Transformed into a scene, 
resembling ordered, pandemonium 

4715
03:59:26,800 --> 03:59:29,900
everyone assisted each other 
since olives, don't wait for the

4716
03:59:29,908 --> 03:59:32,700
right time and a family that 
tried to pick them alone would 

4717
03:59:32,700 --> 03:59:36,200
still be picking when the next 
season's flowers came out You'd 

4718
03:59:36,200 --> 03:59:39,000
work from dawn until your hands 
were purple from Olive stains 

4719
03:59:39,000 --> 03:59:41,400
and your back hurt. 
Like, it had been redesigned by 

4720
03:59:41,400 --> 03:59:45,800
someone who hated how people 
stand But the work paid off in 

4721
03:59:45,800 --> 03:59:47,700
ways that went beyond the oils 
usefulness. 

4722
03:59:47,700 --> 03:59:51,400
The rhythm of the Harvest was 
quite fulfilling, it was like 

4723
03:59:51,400 --> 03:59:54,900
reaching picking and tossing the
fruit into baskets that seemed 

4724
03:59:54,900 --> 03:59:57,900
to fill up with magic. 
The talks that took place 

4725
03:59:57,900 --> 04:00:00,200
throughout these lengthy days, 
formed friendships that would 

4726
04:00:00,200 --> 04:00:02,700
last a lifetime. 
People worked out their 

4727
04:00:02,700 --> 04:00:06,100
problems, fell in love and 
either settled old arguments or 

4728
04:00:06,100 --> 04:00:08,800
turn them into legendary feuds. 
That would Fascinate future 

4729
04:00:08,800 --> 04:00:12,000
Generations, you produced wine 
using a similar method. 

4730
04:00:12,000 --> 04:00:16,200
The great screw on vines that 
ran down slopes in designs that 

4731
04:00:16,200 --> 04:00:18,000
made it look like the person who
planted them. 

4732
04:00:18,000 --> 04:00:21,500
Either knew a lot about the land
or had been sipping their wine 

4733
04:00:21,500 --> 04:00:24,800
while planning, each family 
developed their unique methods, 

4734
04:00:24,800 --> 04:00:27,700
learning from both their 
mistakes and successes over the 

4735
04:00:27,700 --> 04:00:30,400
years. 
Some batches got so famous that 

4736
04:00:30,400 --> 04:00:34,500
they became local Legends making
wine was a mix of chemistry art 

4737
04:00:34,500 --> 04:00:37,900
and religion, you would crush 
the greats, sometimes with your 

4738
04:00:37,900 --> 04:00:41,500
foot and sometimes with a wooden
press you that the wine would 

4739
04:00:41,500 --> 04:00:44,400
taste like the fruit, the 
weather that year the mood of 

4740
04:00:44,400 --> 04:00:47,300
the soil and your hopes for the 
months ahead when this purple 

4741
04:00:47,300 --> 04:00:50,300
liquid would warm winter 
evenings and make ordinary meals

4742
04:00:50,300 --> 04:00:54,500
feel like celebration Another 
kind of art was preservation. 

4743
04:00:55,500 --> 04:00:58,100
Your lady knew how to preserve 
food in a way, that would 

4744
04:00:58,100 --> 04:01:00,200
impress even the smartest food 
experts today. 

4745
04:01:01,000 --> 04:01:04,700
She dried pickled salted and 
stored vegetables with the 

4746
04:01:04,700 --> 04:01:07,400
meticulous, care of someone who 
understood that the difference 

4747
04:01:07,400 --> 04:01:10,600
between having enough food and 
being hungry could hinge on 

4748
04:01:10,600 --> 04:01:13,700
accurately estimating, how many 
tomatoes, the family would need 

4749
04:01:13,700 --> 04:01:17,300
to last until spring. 
Pantry, which was really just a 

4750
04:01:17,300 --> 04:01:21,100
cool dark part of your Stone 
House was set up like a military

4751
04:01:21,100 --> 04:01:24,000
supply Depot. 
Peppers dangled from the rafters

4752
04:01:24,000 --> 04:01:25,600
like decorations that you could 
eat. 

4753
04:01:26,400 --> 04:01:29,800
There were clay containers with 
olive oil, preserved, lemons and

4754
04:01:29,800 --> 04:01:33,100
strange mixtures that your wife 
swore could treat anything from 

4755
04:01:33,100 --> 04:01:36,700
a headache to a broken heart. 
They carefully stored sacks of 

4756
04:01:36,708 --> 04:01:40,600
grain paying close attention to 
the moisture temperature and the

4757
04:01:40,600 --> 04:01:43,600
continuing fight against rodents
that thought your food storage 

4758
04:01:43,600 --> 04:01:46,400
was their Buffet. 
Your daily life was shaped by 

4759
04:01:46,400 --> 04:01:48,100
rhythms that were older than 
written history. 

4760
04:01:48,100 --> 04:01:52,100
Rhythms that linked you to every
generation that had ever worked 

4761
04:01:52,100 --> 04:01:55,800
in this tough magnificent. 
Country you wouldn't wake up to 

4762
04:01:55,800 --> 04:01:59,400
alarms, instead, you'd wake up 
to the sky getting lighter above

4763
04:01:59,400 --> 04:02:02,600
mountains, that had seen Empires
rise and fall conquerors. 

4764
04:02:02,600 --> 04:02:05,500
Come and go, and people who just
wanted to produce their food and

4765
04:02:05,500 --> 04:02:09,100
raise their kids in peace. 
Weather wasn't simply something 

4766
04:02:09,100 --> 04:02:11,600
that occurred to you. 
It was your business partner, 

4767
04:02:11,600 --> 04:02:14,300
your enemy and your 
unpredictable companion, who 

4768
04:02:14,300 --> 04:02:16,800
might make or ruin your year, 
depending on how it felt. 

4769
04:02:16,800 --> 04:02:20,300
You could discern signs that 
meteorologists would be jealous 

4770
04:02:20,300 --> 04:02:24,100
of how the Morning Light, hit 
the hills, how the wind changed 

4771
04:02:24,100 --> 04:02:27,800
between valleys and how insects 
and birds acted as if they knew 

4772
04:02:27,800 --> 04:02:30,000
things that humans wouldn't 
understand for another 100 

4773
04:02:30,000 --> 04:02:33,300
years, your neighbor, the one 
with the philosophical donkey 

4774
04:02:33,300 --> 04:02:35,500
possessed, meteorological 
knowledge. 

4775
04:02:35,500 --> 04:02:38,600
That was almost other worldly. 
He could tell it would rain 

4776
04:02:38,600 --> 04:02:41,200
three days ahead of time by how 
his chickens organized 

4777
04:02:41,200 --> 04:02:44,100
themselves in the yard. 
He'd tell you when to plant by 

4778
04:02:44,100 --> 04:02:47,700
watching which wildflowers 
flowered first, His Four cast 

4779
04:02:47,700 --> 04:02:50,600
was so good that people from 
nearby towns would come to him 

4780
04:02:50,600 --> 04:02:54,700
only to obtain His Four cast But
knowing how the Earth operated 

4781
04:02:54,700 --> 04:02:56,900
meant more than just being able 
to anticipate the weather. 

4782
04:02:57,600 --> 04:03:01,000
You lived in a place where cores
and consequence were clear in 

4783
04:03:01,000 --> 04:03:04,200
ways that people who lived in 
cities would never see if you 

4784
04:03:04,200 --> 04:03:07,000
plant at the wrong moment. 
Your family will go hungry. 

4785
04:03:07,000 --> 04:03:10,400
If you don't pay attention to 
the indicators of plant disease,

4786
04:03:10,400 --> 04:03:12,600
your neighbor's crops will 
suffer too. 

4787
04:03:12,600 --> 04:03:17,800
When you waste water during dry 
spells, everyone suffers this 

4788
04:03:17,800 --> 04:03:20,300
person wasn't being politically 
aware of the environment. 

4789
04:03:20,300 --> 04:03:25,100
It was just a matter of life and
death local Craftsmen made your 

4790
04:03:25,108 --> 04:03:27,500
tools so that they fit your 
hands as well as your skin. 

4791
04:03:27,500 --> 04:03:32,100
For example, a man's plow or a 
woman's Loom had to suit their 

4792
04:03:32,100 --> 04:03:35,500
hands properly. 
The blacksmith in the hamlet, 

4793
04:03:35,500 --> 04:03:37,300
wasn't just a person who fixed 
things. 

4794
04:03:37,300 --> 04:03:40,900
He was an artist who could look 
at a piece of Twisted Metal and 

4795
04:03:40,900 --> 04:03:42,600
see what kind of tool it wanted 
to be. 

4796
04:03:42,600 --> 04:03:46,300
He would heat iron in forges 
that gleamed, like parts of the 

4797
04:03:46,300 --> 04:03:49,300
Sun that had been caught. 
And then he would shape the 

4798
04:03:49,300 --> 04:03:51,400
metal with hammers that made 
sounds that could be heard 

4799
04:03:51,400 --> 04:03:54,400
throughout the valley. 
The rhythm of seasonal work 

4800
04:03:54,400 --> 04:03:57,100
generated a calendar that was 
more reliable than anything 

4801
04:03:57,100 --> 04:03:59,700
written down. 
In the spring, it was time to 

4802
04:03:59,700 --> 04:04:03,400
prune plant and carefully. 
Encourage New Growth while 

4803
04:04:03,400 --> 04:04:06,200
keeping it safe from late frosts
that could ruin months of 

4804
04:04:06,200 --> 04:04:09,800
planning in a single night. 
During the summer farmers were 

4805
04:04:09,800 --> 04:04:13,000
responsible for monitoring their
crops managing their water, 

4806
04:04:13,000 --> 04:04:17,000
resources and preparing for 
Harvest harvesting and storing 

4807
04:04:17,000 --> 04:04:19,800
food and celebrating the years 
success in the sellers and 

4808
04:04:19,800 --> 04:04:23,700
pantries took place in the fall.
During winter, you had the 

4809
04:04:23,700 --> 04:04:27,700
opportunity to make repairs 
strategize and spend extended 

4810
04:04:27,700 --> 04:04:30,000
evening, sharing stories and 
transferring skills. 

4811
04:04:30,000 --> 04:04:32,300
The way you lived, your holy 
life fit. 

4812
04:04:32,300 --> 04:04:35,300
Well with the way you farmed you
would pray for rain when your 

4813
04:04:35,300 --> 04:04:37,800
crops needed it. 
Praise God for excellent 

4814
04:04:37,800 --> 04:04:41,200
harvests and ask for protection 
when things were perilous and 

4815
04:04:41,200 --> 04:04:43,000
everything. 
You had worked for was at stake.

4816
04:04:44,200 --> 04:04:46,900
The Village feast days were on 
important days for farming. 

4817
04:04:46,900 --> 04:04:50,500
Thus the celebrations honored, 
both spiritual and practical 

4818
04:04:50,500 --> 04:04:52,900
Customs. 
The church was The Villages, 

4819
04:04:52,900 --> 04:04:55,900
most beautiful building. 
It was made of the same local 

4820
04:04:55,900 --> 04:04:59,400
Stone as your house, but 
centuries of Craftsmen turned it

4821
04:04:59,400 --> 04:05:01,200
into something that made you 
feel good. 

4822
04:05:01,200 --> 04:05:04,900
Every time you saw it. 
Saints peered down from 

4823
04:05:04,900 --> 04:05:07,508
paintings made by painters who 
knew that the faces of the 

4824
04:05:07,516 --> 04:05:11,100
Saints needed to show the hopes 
and struggles of the people who 

4825
04:05:11,100 --> 04:05:13,800
would pray to them through years
of Joy and Pain. 

4826
04:05:14,900 --> 04:05:17,300
Your priest, had the hard job of
finding a balance between 

4827
04:05:17,300 --> 04:05:20,700
long-term and short-term needs. 
He would deliver sermons on 

4828
04:05:20,700 --> 04:05:23,600
spiritual salvation. 
While simultaneously monitoring 

4829
04:05:23,600 --> 04:05:26,600
families struggling to provide 
for their children and require 

4830
04:05:26,600 --> 04:05:28,300
the silence support of the 
community. 

4831
04:05:28,300 --> 04:05:32,400
He would marry people baptize 
them and bury them, marking the 

4832
04:05:32,400 --> 04:05:35,100
end of their lives in the 
Embrace of community tradition 

4833
04:05:35,100 --> 04:05:37,800
and the harsh beauty of the 
Sicilian environment. 

4834
04:05:37,800 --> 04:05:41,700
In your Universe, family wasn't 
just a group of people who lived

4835
04:05:41,700 --> 04:05:44,500
together. 
It was a business, a support 

4836
04:05:44,500 --> 04:05:48,200
network, an entertainment 
committee, and a quality control

4837
04:05:48,200 --> 04:05:51,800
Department, all rolled into one 
complicated careering and often 

4838
04:05:51,800 --> 04:05:55,500
frustrating organization that 
ran every area of Every Day. 

4839
04:05:55,500 --> 04:05:58,500
Life, Your kids weren't just the
Next Generation. 

4840
04:05:58,500 --> 04:06:02,700
They were your retirement plan, 
your insurance policy, and your 

4841
04:06:02,700 --> 04:06:06,300
way of living on in a world that
judge performance in decades and

4842
04:06:06,300 --> 04:06:08,500
centuries. 
Instead of quarterly reports 

4843
04:06:08,500 --> 04:06:11,500
your family's house. 
Undoubtedly sheltered three or 

4844
04:06:11,500 --> 04:06:13,600
four generations. 
Each of whom made their own 

4845
04:06:13,600 --> 04:06:18,400
changes repairs and upgrades 
Over time, the house became a 

4846
04:06:18,400 --> 04:06:21,200
physical record of your family's
history that corner where the 

4847
04:06:21,200 --> 04:06:24,300
wall was a different color. 
Great, grandfather added onto 

4848
04:06:24,300 --> 04:06:26,100
the kitchen there. 
Because great grandmothers 

4849
04:06:26,100 --> 04:06:29,600
cooking was so outstanding that 
neighbor started coming over for

4850
04:06:29,600 --> 04:06:32,600
supper without being invited. 
The floor in the main room isn't

4851
04:06:32,600 --> 04:06:35,700
even that was in the winter. 
When Uncle Antonio put his wine 

4852
04:06:35,700 --> 04:06:38,500
barrels inside and forgot that 
would expand when it gets wet. 

4853
04:06:39,600 --> 04:06:41,800
Your kids acquired 
responsibility, not through 

4854
04:06:41,800 --> 04:06:44,400
instruction, but through 
practical experience. 

4855
04:06:45,600 --> 04:06:48,300
By the time they were seven, 
they would be in charge of 

4856
04:06:48,300 --> 04:06:52,300
critical tasks like feeding, the
chickens retrieving eggs and 

4857
04:06:52,300 --> 04:06:54,800
maintaining the fragile 
diplomatic ties that were needed

4858
04:06:54,800 --> 04:06:56,500
to keep the family goats giving 
milk. 

4859
04:06:57,300 --> 04:07:00,300
By the time they were 10, they 
would know enough about farming 

4860
04:07:00,300 --> 04:07:02,400
to tell when plants were sick, 
guess what? 

4861
04:07:02,400 --> 04:07:04,900
The weather would be like and 
figure out exactly how much 

4862
04:07:04,900 --> 04:07:07,500
grain the family would need to 
get through to the next Harvest.

4863
04:07:08,600 --> 04:07:10,900
But being a kid, wasn't all 
about work and duty. 

4864
04:07:10,900 --> 04:07:13,400
Kids in Sicily were great at 
finding fun. 

4865
04:07:13,400 --> 04:07:17,300
Things to do with items that 
adults left lying around, they 

4866
04:07:17,300 --> 04:07:20,400
would use Stones sticks and 
their imaginations to play 

4867
04:07:20,400 --> 04:07:22,700
complicated games. 
That might turn a hill into a 

4868
04:07:22,708 --> 04:07:25,500
war, a kingdom or an ocean, full
of pirates. 

4869
04:07:26,200 --> 04:07:29,300
They would make toys out of 
scraps of fabric, build tiny 

4870
04:07:29,300 --> 04:07:32,400
communities out of Pebbles and 
clay and learn how to tell 

4871
04:07:32,400 --> 04:07:34,500
stories that would help them 
when they grew up and had to 

4872
04:07:34,508 --> 04:07:36,300
pass on Traditions to the Next 
Generation. 

4873
04:07:37,300 --> 04:07:40,300
Unwritten rules, which were 
stronger than any written laws, 

4874
04:07:40,300 --> 04:07:43,800
dictated how neighbor's treated 
one another, you would help with

4875
04:07:43,800 --> 04:07:47,400
the Harvest lent tools be there 
for people when they were sick 

4876
04:07:47,400 --> 04:07:50,500
or going through a hard time and
take part in the complicated, 

4877
04:07:50,500 --> 04:07:53,000
social discussions that keep a 
small community running. 

4878
04:07:53,000 --> 04:07:57,400
However, rivalry is competitions
and fights could last for 

4879
04:07:57,400 --> 04:08:00,200
decades and be enjoyable for 
everyone else who was not 

4880
04:08:00,200 --> 04:08:03,100
directly involved. 
Your town had its own court 

4881
04:08:03,100 --> 04:08:05,100
system. 
That worked on its own, no 

4882
04:08:05,100 --> 04:08:07,200
matter who was in charge of the 
government at the time. 

4883
04:08:07,200 --> 04:08:09,500
Village Elders settled. 
Disagreements. 

4884
04:08:09,500 --> 04:08:11,800
Because they knew that the 
purpose was not to figure out 

4885
04:08:11,800 --> 04:08:15,200
who was right and who was wrong.
But to find solutions that let 

4886
04:08:15,200 --> 04:08:17,000
everyone keep living and working
together. 

4887
04:08:17,800 --> 04:08:19,900
Most of the time punishments 
were useful. 

4888
04:08:19,900 --> 04:08:24,000
For example, if you broke 
something, you would fix it and 

4889
04:08:24,000 --> 04:08:25,900
then some to make up for the 
trouble you caused. 

4890
04:08:25,900 --> 04:08:29,400
If one were to disseminate 
harmful rumors, it may be 

4891
04:08:29,400 --> 04:08:31,800
necessary to engage in 
activities, that would occupy 

4892
04:08:31,800 --> 04:08:35,700
one's time and prevent further 
gossip, The town also had its 

4893
04:08:35,700 --> 04:08:39,200
own economy centered on trade 
Mutual Duty and the idea that 

4894
04:08:39,200 --> 04:08:42,000
what goes around comes around, 
sometimes literally. 

4895
04:08:42,700 --> 04:08:45,700
You could swap olive oil for 
wheat, Ada neighbor with their 

4896
04:08:45,700 --> 04:08:48,200
harvest, in exchange, for help 
with your own building project, 

4897
04:08:48,200 --> 04:08:50,300
or give wine for a wedding 
celebration. 

4898
04:08:50,300 --> 04:08:53,700
Knowing that when your daughter 
got married, the community would

4899
04:08:53,700 --> 04:08:55,300
give generously to her 
celebration. 

4900
04:08:56,500 --> 04:08:58,500
Marriage wasn't just the joining
of two people. 

4901
04:08:58,500 --> 04:09:02,100
It was the joining of two 
family, businesses complete with

4902
04:09:02,100 --> 04:09:03,800
negotiations. 
That would make current 

4903
04:09:03,800 --> 04:09:07,800
corporate lawyers, proud people 
discussed, dowries changed 

4904
04:09:07,800 --> 04:09:10,400
property lines and planned for 
future Generations. 

4905
04:09:10,400 --> 04:09:14,700
Like military leaders might But 
beyond all the Practical reasons

4906
04:09:14,700 --> 04:09:17,700
was, the understanding that 
successful marriages, made 

4907
04:09:17,700 --> 04:09:20,700
Partnerships strong enough to 
get through any problems that 

4908
04:09:20,700 --> 04:09:23,800
might come up in Sicily. 
Women in your village, had a 

4909
04:09:23,800 --> 04:09:26,000
real, but often hidden influence
on the community. 

4910
04:09:26,000 --> 04:09:29,500
They oversaw the household, 
budgets made medical choices, 

4911
04:09:29,500 --> 04:09:33,300
set up marriages and kept the 
social networks going that let 

4912
04:09:33,300 --> 04:09:35,400
people share information and 
solve problems. 

4913
04:09:35,400 --> 04:09:39,000
A woman who was known for being 
wise and making beneficial 

4914
04:09:39,000 --> 04:09:41,400
decisions. 
Might sway Village decisions. 

4915
04:09:41,400 --> 04:09:45,300
Just as much as a male did. 
However, she might accomplish it

4916
04:09:45,300 --> 04:09:47,700
by talking to people at the, 
well, in stead of artificial 

4917
04:09:47,700 --> 04:09:51,100
gathering in the Town Square. 
As night falls, over your 

4918
04:09:51,100 --> 04:09:54,200
village, the old Stones turn 
gold, as they have seen many 

4919
04:09:54,200 --> 04:09:57,500
sunsets just like this one. 
You feel like you are part of 

4920
04:09:57,508 --> 04:10:01,200
something bigger than anyone 
life or generation the fire in 

4921
04:10:01,200 --> 04:10:03,600
your heart, burns wood from 
trees, your grandfather planted,

4922
04:10:03,600 --> 04:10:07,200
it warms a house that was built 
by hands that learned how to do 

4923
04:10:07,200 --> 04:10:10,200
things from Craftsman, whose 
names are no longer known, but 

4924
04:10:10,200 --> 04:10:11,900
whose work is still strong and 
true. 

4925
04:10:12,800 --> 04:10:16,400
As the day comes to an end, your
kids come together, their faces 

4926
04:10:16,400 --> 04:10:20,000
lit by the firelight that ties 
them to every child who has ever

4927
04:10:20,000 --> 04:10:21,200
listened to stories in this 
room. 

4928
04:10:21,900 --> 04:10:23,900
The stories, you tell them 
aren't just for fun. 

4929
04:10:23,900 --> 04:10:26,600
There are Legacy that passes on 
knowledge, gain through 

4930
04:10:26,600 --> 04:10:30,500
generations of success and 
failure, happiness, and sadness,

4931
04:10:30,500 --> 04:10:33,800
and plenty. 
And want each story teaches, 

4932
04:10:33,800 --> 04:10:37,500
bravery intelligence 
determination and Community 

4933
04:10:37,500 --> 04:10:41,500
better than any school. 
The community, relaxes into its 

4934
04:10:41,500 --> 04:10:44,900
nightly routines, which have 
been the same for hundreds of 

4935
04:10:44,900 --> 04:10:47,100
years? 
Outside your massive stone 

4936
04:10:47,100 --> 04:10:50,300
walls, a woman sings while she 
spins wool. 

4937
04:10:50,300 --> 04:10:53,700
Her voice can be heard in the 
tiny alleys which are full of 

4938
04:10:53,708 --> 04:10:57,400
children, going home for dinner.
The fragrance of bread making in

4939
04:10:57,400 --> 04:10:59,300
communal. 
Ovens mixes with the smell of 

4940
04:10:59,308 --> 04:11:03,100
wood smoke and plants growing 
wild on slopes that seemed to 

4941
04:11:03,100 --> 04:11:06,700
glow from inside. 
Your neighbors are doing their 

4942
04:11:06,700 --> 04:11:10,400
own nightly routines like taking
care of animals, fixing tools 

4943
04:11:10,400 --> 04:11:14,000
making plans for the next day's 
labor, and sharing meals that 

4944
04:11:14,000 --> 04:11:16,700
turn simple Foods into 
celebrations of survival and 

4945
04:11:16,700 --> 04:11:19,300
community. 
The two old men are still 

4946
04:11:19,300 --> 04:11:22,000
arguing about their 
grandfather's donkeys and their 

4947
04:11:22,000 --> 04:11:24,900
dispute has gotten more 
complicated to include extensive

4948
04:11:24,900 --> 04:11:29,200
comparisons of the donkey's, 
intelligence endurance and moral

4949
04:11:29,200 --> 04:11:31,500
character, that will make future
Generations. 

4950
04:11:31,500 --> 04:11:35,300
Laugh for decades The priests of
the Hamlet, makes his rounds at 

4951
04:11:35,300 --> 04:11:39,000
night, not as an official duty. 
But as a friend and neighbor, 

4952
04:11:39,000 --> 04:11:41,800
who knows that spiritual care 
frequently means helping out in 

4953
04:11:41,800 --> 04:11:44,300
other ways. 
He might help someone make a 

4954
04:11:44,300 --> 04:11:47,700
tough choice, settle a small 
argument or just have a glass of

4955
04:11:47,700 --> 04:11:49,300
wine with someone who needs 
companionship. 

4956
04:11:49,300 --> 04:11:53,500
His presence is like, thread 
through fabric weaving through 

4957
04:11:53,500 --> 04:11:56,400
the community and making links 
that hold everyone together. 

4958
04:11:56,400 --> 04:11:59,900
When their strength isn't 
enough, the stars shine about 

4959
04:11:59,900 --> 04:12:02,700
mountains that have protected 
your people from invasions 

4960
04:12:02,700 --> 04:12:06,800
plagues famines and all the 
other things that test human 

4961
04:12:06,800 --> 04:12:09,200
strength. 
You remember that, you are part 

4962
04:12:09,200 --> 04:12:11,900
of a chain, that goes back to 
ancestors whose names, you will 

4963
04:12:11,908 --> 04:12:14,700
never know but whose blood runs 
through your veins. 

4964
04:12:15,500 --> 04:12:18,400
The hardships made your life 
possible, just like your 

4965
04:12:18,400 --> 04:12:20,500
struggles are making life 
possible for kids. 

4966
04:12:20,500 --> 04:12:23,400
Who haven't been born yet? 
The knowledge of Your World 

4967
04:12:23,400 --> 04:12:25,600
Isn't in books. 
It's in how you read the 

4968
04:12:25,600 --> 04:12:29,400
weather, how you keep food 
fresh, the stories, you tell the

4969
04:12:29,400 --> 04:12:31,000
songs you sing and the people 
you meet. 

4970
04:12:31,800 --> 04:12:35,700
Its wisdom that comes from 
experience is tested by need and

4971
04:12:35,700 --> 04:12:39,200
is confirmed by the fact that 
you're here doing well in a 

4972
04:12:39,200 --> 04:12:40,900
location. 
That asks a lot of its people 

4973
04:12:40,900 --> 04:12:45,000
and provides them Beauty 
community and a deep sense of 

4974
04:12:45,008 --> 04:12:48,100
belonging. 
Your Sicily isn't just a place 

4975
04:12:48,100 --> 04:12:50,000
on a map. 
It's a way of living. 

4976
04:12:50,000 --> 04:12:52,300
That knows how seasons and souls
are connected. 

4977
04:12:52,300 --> 04:12:56,600
How individual effort can help a
community survive and how daily 

4978
04:12:56,600 --> 04:12:58,800
work is necessary. 
But all so spiritual. 

4979
04:12:58,800 --> 04:13:02,100
When it's shared with others 
through meals stories and 

4980
04:13:02,100 --> 04:13:05,600
struggles, that become Victory 
is As you go off to sleep, in 

4981
04:13:05,600 --> 04:13:08,100
your old house, surrounded by 
the Tranquil sound of a 

4982
04:13:08,108 --> 04:13:11,400
community at rest, you feel 
positive about the work, you've 

4983
04:13:11,400 --> 04:13:14,600
done the connections, you've 
taken care of and the 

4984
04:13:14,600 --> 04:13:15,900
Traditions. 
You've kept alive. 

4985
04:13:15,900 --> 04:13:19,200
Tomorrow will bring new 
problems, new chances and new 

4986
04:13:19,200 --> 04:13:20,900
stories to contribute to the 
collection. 

4987
04:13:20,900 --> 04:13:25,100
That makes up your people. 
But tonight, you are surrounded 

4988
04:13:25,100 --> 04:13:29,300
by Community tradition and the 
lasting beauty of a life lived 

4989
04:13:29,300 --> 04:13:32,400
in accordance with the rhythms 
of the soil, the seasons, and 

4990
04:13:32,400 --> 04:13:35,000
the human heart that Finds Its 
home in the endless dance 

4991
04:13:35,000 --> 04:13:36,500
between struggle and 
celebration. 

4992
04:13:36,500 --> 04:13:39,000
That is the heart of the 
Sicilian character. 

4993
04:13:40,400 --> 04:13:42,100
The fire turns into brilliant 
Embers. 

4994
04:13:42,100 --> 04:13:45,800
Your kids breathing slows as 
they fall asleep and the old 

4995
04:13:45,800 --> 04:13:49,200
Hills outside your window. 
Stand guard over dreams. 

4996
04:13:49,200 --> 04:13:53,100
That tie you to every generation
that has ever lived on this wild

4997
04:13:53,100 --> 04:14:00,500
beautiful Island. 
Your earliest ancestors were 

4998
04:14:00,500 --> 04:14:04,300
performing before Netflix before
Broadway and before anyone even 

4999
04:14:04,300 --> 04:14:05,900
considered charging for 
entertainment. 

5000
04:14:05,900 --> 04:14:10,800
Imagine a cave from 40,000 years
ago, the fire is crackling. 

5001
04:14:10,800 --> 04:14:14,000
Someone begins to tell a story 
about the day's, Mammoth hunt 

5002
04:14:14,000 --> 04:14:17,600
and the dishes are finished. 
Well, there were dishes but you 

5003
04:14:17,600 --> 04:14:21,000
get the idea. 
The interesting part though, is 

5004
04:14:21,000 --> 04:14:23,100
that they did more than merely 
recount the tale. 

5005
04:14:23,100 --> 04:14:27,000
Oh no, that would be too easy. 
Someone took a mammoth hide and 

5006
04:14:27,000 --> 04:14:29,800
began to play the role of the 
mammoth someone else posed as 

5007
04:14:29,800 --> 04:14:32,400
the courageous Hunter. 
To symbolize the shaman, who 

5008
04:14:32,408 --> 04:14:34,800
blessed the hunt. 
A third person, picked up some 

5009
04:14:34,800 --> 04:14:37,400
berries and painted stripes on 
their face before. 

5010
04:14:37,400 --> 04:14:40,500
You know it, you have the first 
dinner theater in human history.

5011
04:14:40,500 --> 04:14:44,100
Complete with method acting 
reel, costumes, and a small 

5012
04:14:44,100 --> 04:14:47,300
intimate setting. 
Remember these weren't just any 

5013
04:14:47,300 --> 04:14:50,400
old Shenanigans directors of 
contemporary Community. 

5014
04:14:50,400 --> 04:14:53,400
Theater would be envious of the 
practical uses of these early 

5015
04:14:53,400 --> 04:14:55,800
Productions, importance of 
survival knowledge. 

5016
04:14:55,800 --> 04:14:58,800
Such as which berries won't kill
you and how to avoid becoming 

5017
04:14:58,800 --> 04:15:00,900
something else is dinner was 
passed down. 

5018
04:15:00,900 --> 04:15:03,500
Thanks to them. 
They strengthen ties within the 

5019
04:15:03,508 --> 04:15:06,600
community because nothing unites
people like seeing Uncle grok 

5020
04:15:06,600 --> 04:15:10,200
perform his encounter with a 
saber tooth tiger for the 15th 

5021
04:15:10,200 --> 04:15:13,600
time, complete with homemade 
sound effects and increasingly 

5022
04:15:13,600 --> 04:15:16,300
complex mind work. 
The irony is that we were 

5023
04:15:16,300 --> 04:15:17,700
already. 
Formulating, what would 

5024
04:15:17,700 --> 04:15:20,000
eventually become the 
fundamental principle of all 

5025
04:15:20,000 --> 04:15:22,100
performance? 
Is the audience must 

5026
04:15:22,100 --> 04:15:24,900
voluntarily? 
Suspend their disbelief everyone

5027
04:15:24,900 --> 04:15:27,200
gathered around that fire was 
well aware that it wasn't 

5028
04:15:27,200 --> 04:15:29,900
actually a mammoth, but rather 
Bob in a first suit. 

5029
04:15:29,900 --> 04:15:32,700
His hands. 
Up around his mouth making 

5030
04:15:32,700 --> 04:15:37,000
trumpet like noises however they
consented to comply allowing 

5031
04:15:37,000 --> 04:15:39,900
themselves to be drawn into the 
narrative, even though the 

5032
04:15:39,900 --> 04:15:42,500
costumes have become much more 
elaborate and the venues are 

5033
04:15:42,500 --> 04:15:45,300
much less likely to be overrun 
by real wild animals. 

5034
04:15:45,300 --> 04:15:48,800
That is the magic contract 
between the performer and the 

5035
04:15:48,808 --> 04:15:50,600
audience that still exists 
today. 

5036
04:15:50,600 --> 04:15:53,500
These early performance is also 
appear to have been more than 

5037
04:15:53,500 --> 04:15:55,700
casual Affairs. 
According to archaeological 

5038
04:15:55,700 --> 04:15:58,400
evidence figures wearing or 
Nate, headdresses, and 

5039
04:15:58,400 --> 04:16:01,600
participating in ritualistic 
activities, are depicted in 

5040
04:16:01,600 --> 04:16:04,300
cave, paintings from lascaux, 
and other locations. 

5041
04:16:04,300 --> 04:16:07,900
In what seemed to be ceremonial.
Poses, certain cave, formations,

5042
04:16:07,900 --> 04:16:11,200
According to some researchers 
were picked a for their acoustic

5043
04:16:11,200 --> 04:16:14,000
qualities. 
Natural amphitheaters were 

5044
04:16:14,000 --> 04:16:16,900
Tales, could be told and retold 
with the most dramatic effect. 

5045
04:16:16,900 --> 04:16:20,100
These early societies 
performance, Traditions, evolved

5046
04:16:20,100 --> 04:16:23,300
along with them coming of age, 
rituals successful hunts, 

5047
04:16:23,300 --> 04:16:26,400
territorial agreements and 
seasonal celebrations of the 

5048
04:16:26,400 --> 04:16:29,300
solstice's all became occasions 
for Evermore. 

5049
04:16:29,300 --> 04:16:32,600
Complicated theatrical 
performance is The shaman or 

5050
04:16:32,600 --> 04:16:35,200
tribal Storyteller developed 
into something like a director 

5051
04:16:35,200 --> 04:16:38,200
directing group activities and 
maintaining the customs of 

5052
04:16:38,208 --> 04:16:41,900
telling some stories, a few 
thousand years later you're in 

5053
04:16:41,900 --> 04:16:44,500
ancient Egypt, where someone had
the brilliant notion that if 

5054
04:16:44,508 --> 04:16:47,900
ordinary stories were good, then
stories about pharaohs and gods 

5055
04:16:47,900 --> 04:16:51,700
must be fantastic with intricate
costumes makeup techniques that 

5056
04:16:51,700 --> 04:16:54,700
would make a contemporary drag 
queen, weep with admiration and 

5057
04:16:54,700 --> 04:17:00,000
scripts, hieroglyphic ones, of 
course, the Egyptians transform,

5058
04:17:00,000 --> 04:17:03,000
the Primal human urge to perform
into something that approached 

5059
04:17:03,000 --> 04:17:06,100
professional theater. 
In essence Egyptian, religious 

5060
04:17:06,100 --> 04:17:08,600
ceremonies were high stakes 
theatrical Productions. 

5061
04:17:08,600 --> 04:17:12,200
If you fumbled your lines, you 
risked up setting, a god, which 

5062
04:17:12,200 --> 04:17:14,600
was far worse than receiving a 
poor review in the local 

5063
04:17:14,600 --> 04:17:17,400
papyrus. 
Nor were these solemn quiet 

5064
04:17:17,400 --> 04:17:20,900
Services, they were Grand events
with hundreds of participants, 

5065
04:17:20,900 --> 04:17:24,200
intricate processions and 
special effects that must have 

5066
04:17:24,200 --> 04:17:27,000
appeared completely magical to 
viewers who are unaware of their

5067
04:17:27,000 --> 04:17:29,400
workings, the story of the Gods 
death. 

5068
04:17:29,400 --> 04:17:32,900
And Resurrection, was narrated 
over several days of performance

5069
04:17:32,900 --> 04:17:36,600
that swept across entire cities 
during the yearly Osiris 

5070
04:17:36,600 --> 04:17:39,500
festivals which were especially 
theatrical parts. 

5071
04:17:39,500 --> 04:17:41,600
Of the story would be assigned 
to different neighborhoods. 

5072
04:17:41,600 --> 04:17:45,100
Resulting in a theatrical 
experience that stretched 

5073
04:17:45,100 --> 04:17:48,500
throughout the entire city and 
made contemporary sites, 

5074
04:17:48,500 --> 04:17:51,000
specific theater appear, 
positively modest. 

5075
04:17:51,000 --> 04:17:54,000
The fact that Egyptian 
performance created numerous 

5076
04:17:54,000 --> 04:17:56,400
Customs. 
That still existed today is what

5077
04:17:56,400 --> 04:18:00,000
makes it so fascinating. 
They created complex methods for

5078
04:18:00,000 --> 04:18:02,200
implying Supernatural happenings
on stage. 

5079
04:18:02,200 --> 04:18:06,200
Such as trapdoors for Gods to 
come and go or Nate masks and 

5080
04:18:06,200 --> 04:18:09,800
costumes to turn human actors 
into gods and meticulously 

5081
04:18:09,800 --> 04:18:11,700
planned movements. 
That gave the appearance of 

5082
04:18:11,700 --> 04:18:15,900
Supernatural strength, the idea 
of a theatrical season linked to

5083
04:18:15,900 --> 04:18:18,100
Agricultural. 
And religious calendars was 

5084
04:18:18,100 --> 04:18:21,900
invented by the Egyptians, a 
year-round cycle of theatrical 

5085
04:18:21,900 --> 04:18:23,900
activity that kept audiences 
interested. 

5086
04:18:23,900 --> 04:18:27,500
And performers employed was 
created by the various festivals

5087
04:18:27,500 --> 04:18:30,000
that held various kinds of 
performance is throughout the 

5088
04:18:30,000 --> 04:18:31,900
year. 
They realized something that 

5089
04:18:31,900 --> 04:18:35,000
contemporary theater producers 
are still discovering audience. 

5090
04:18:35,000 --> 04:18:37,300
Loyalty is increased by 
consistent programming. 

5091
04:18:38,100 --> 04:18:41,100
Papyri and Egyptian tomb 
paintings also, demonstrate that

5092
04:18:41,100 --> 04:18:43,700
these performances weren't 
stuffy or overly solemn. 

5093
04:18:43,700 --> 04:18:47,300
There was a place for comedy 
frequently in the form of minor 

5094
04:18:47,300 --> 04:18:49,700
characters and servants who 
offered lighthearted relief from

5095
04:18:49,700 --> 04:18:53,000
the more somber Divine drama, 
the Egyptians recognized that 

5096
04:18:53,000 --> 04:18:56,000
audiences needed a few laughs to
keep things from becoming too 

5097
04:18:56,000 --> 04:18:58,600
serious. 
Even entails about life, death, 

5098
04:18:58,600 --> 04:19:02,000
and eternal judgment. 
We now travel to ancient Greece,

5099
04:19:02,000 --> 04:19:05,300
where someone had the brilliant 
idea to elevate, storytelling to

5100
04:19:05,300 --> 04:19:09,800
a formal activity, complete with
regulations contests, and the 

5101
04:19:09,800 --> 04:19:12,100
kind of critical thinking that 
would make graduates students. 

5102
04:19:12,100 --> 04:19:15,200
Today, feel completely at home, 
it was impossible for the 

5103
04:19:15,200 --> 04:19:19,100
Greeks, blessed them to Simply 
appreciate a good story, they 

5104
04:19:19,100 --> 04:19:22,800
had to classify it evaluate it 
and then most likely compose a 

5105
04:19:22,800 --> 04:19:25,200
philosophical Treatise on 
whether or not it effectively 

5106
04:19:25,200 --> 04:19:29,000
elicited catharsis through fear 
and pity the Greeks created what

5107
04:19:29,000 --> 04:19:31,900
is now known as formal drama 
during religious festivals? 

5108
04:19:31,900 --> 04:19:35,000
Celebrating Dionysus? 
The god of wine, which explains 

5109
04:19:35,000 --> 04:19:37,600
a lot about theater's 
relationship with altered state 

5110
04:19:37,600 --> 04:19:42,800
of In the 6th Century BCE 
picture the scene throngs of 

5111
04:19:42,808 --> 04:19:45,700
people gathered in massive 
outdoor amphitheaters carved. 

5112
04:19:45,700 --> 04:19:48,800
Into the sides of Hills 
listening to actors and flowing,

5113
04:19:48,800 --> 04:19:52,000
robes and ornate masks narrate, 
Tales of Heroes gods. 

5114
04:19:52,000 --> 04:19:55,100
And the occasional dysfunctional
family that would make 

5115
04:19:55,100 --> 04:19:57,700
contemporary soap operas appear,
positively, restrained. 

5116
04:19:57,700 --> 04:20:01,000
Let's take a moment to discuss 
those amphitheaters though, as 

5117
04:20:01,000 --> 04:20:03,600
they were engineering Wonders, 
that contemporary Architects, 

5118
04:20:03,600 --> 04:20:07,700
continue to admire about 17,000,
people could fit in Athens 

5119
04:20:07,700 --> 04:20:10,900
theater of Dionysus and the 
Acoustics was so well designed 

5120
04:20:10,900 --> 04:20:13,400
that a whisper from the stage 
could be heard in the back row. 

5121
04:20:13,400 --> 04:20:16,600
Excellent knowledge of sound and
space without the use of 

5122
04:20:16,600 --> 04:20:20,200
microphones or amplification, 
every audience member had an 

5123
04:20:20,200 --> 04:20:22,400
unhindered view of the action, 
thanks to the seating 

5124
04:20:22,400 --> 04:20:25,100
arrangement, which was set up in
a perfect semicircle. 

5125
04:20:25,100 --> 04:20:28,700
By the way, the masks weren't 
merely decorative, the person in

5126
04:20:28,708 --> 04:20:31,100
the back row, who is likely 
squinting in questioning? 

5127
04:20:31,100 --> 04:20:33,500
Whether they should have brought
their Antiquated equivalent of 

5128
04:20:33,500 --> 04:20:37,000
opera glasses, needed something 
to help project emotion in those

5129
04:20:37,000 --> 04:20:40,000
enormous amphitheaters. 
These masks were artistic 

5130
04:20:40,000 --> 04:20:43,600
Creations carved to symbolize 
various character types and 

5131
04:20:43,600 --> 04:20:49,100
emotions, happy sad, angry 
confused, all the emotions you 

5132
04:20:49,100 --> 04:20:51,800
go through on a normal Monday 
morning, but artistically 

5133
04:20:51,800 --> 04:20:53,900
captured in plaster wood and 
linen. 

5134
04:20:53,900 --> 04:20:56,200
That would make contemporary 
designers cry. 

5135
04:20:56,200 --> 04:20:59,200
The Greeks are credited with 
creating the idea of the tragic 

5136
04:20:59,200 --> 04:21:02,200
hero, but they also 
unintentionally created stage 

5137
04:21:02,200 --> 04:21:04,400
fright. 
His name lives on in the word 

5138
04:21:04,400 --> 04:21:06,500
thespian, though. 
I'm sure he never imagined 

5139
04:21:06,500 --> 04:21:09,200
future actors would use it to 
sound more important at dinner 

5140
04:21:09,200 --> 04:21:11,800
parties. 
Imagine poor thespis, who is 

5141
04:21:11,800 --> 04:21:15,500
frequently regarded as the first
actor standing alone on stage 

5142
04:21:15,500 --> 04:21:18,400
for the first time and likely 
thinking, what have I gotten 

5143
04:21:18,400 --> 04:21:22,300
myself in to yesterday? 
I participated in a chorus and 

5144
04:21:22,300 --> 04:21:24,100
now suddenly everyone is staring
at me. 

5145
04:21:24,100 --> 04:21:28,000
Expecting me to be engaging on 
my own Greek tragedy, dealt with

5146
04:21:28,000 --> 04:21:31,700
serious issues, such as Justice 
fate, family, honor, and whether

5147
04:21:31,700 --> 04:21:33,800
or not the gods were amused at 
human expense. 

5148
04:21:33,800 --> 04:21:37,300
Spoiler alert, they usually were
escaloes created, what were 

5149
04:21:37,300 --> 04:21:40,300
effectively ancient Miniseries 
with greater production values 

5150
04:21:40,300 --> 04:21:42,500
and more divine intervention 
through his trilogies. 

5151
04:21:43,300 --> 04:21:46,900
Examine a single theme across 
several plays in order to create

5152
04:21:46,900 --> 04:21:49,800
that delicious tension that 
keeps you wriggling in your seat

5153
04:21:49,800 --> 04:21:54,000
Sophocles perfected. 
The art of dramatic irony in 

5154
04:21:54,000 --> 04:21:56,000
which the audience knows 
something that the characters do

5155
04:21:56,000 --> 04:21:58,400
not. 
However, the Greeks also 

5156
04:21:58,400 --> 04:22:01,400
provided us with comedy and it 
was Politically Incorrect and 

5157
04:22:01,400 --> 04:22:04,500
delightfully crude in ways that 
would make audiences today. 

5158
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:07,900
Gasp and then giggle in private 
because Aristophanes plays were 

5159
04:22:07,900 --> 04:22:11,100
full of political satire, 
bathroom humor and the kind of 

5160
04:22:11,100 --> 04:22:13,900
jokes that made respectable 
citizens, clutch, their togas 

5161
04:22:13,900 --> 04:22:16,500
and pretend to be scandalized 
while actually enjoying every 

5162
04:22:16,500 --> 04:22:18,900
minute. 
He would have thrived on social 

5163
04:22:18,900 --> 04:22:21,400
media. 
It is impossible to exaggerate 

5164
04:22:21,400 --> 04:22:25,700
how competitive Greek Theater is
playwrights actors and choruses,

5165
04:22:25,700 --> 04:22:28,600
competed for prizes and public 
recognition during the dramatic 

5166
04:22:28,600 --> 04:22:32,100
festivals, which were more than 
just parties think of the 

5167
04:22:32,100 --> 04:22:34,800
Olympics for the theater 
complete, with all the political

5168
04:22:34,800 --> 04:22:38,300
scheming, artistic competitions 
and heated public arguments over

5169
04:22:38,300 --> 04:22:40,600
the judges. 
While losers, likely went home 

5170
04:22:40,600 --> 04:22:43,200
and grumbled about the judges, 
not appreciating their artistic 

5171
04:22:43,300 --> 04:22:46,500
Vision winners Rose to fame 
throughout the Greek world. 

5172
04:22:46,500 --> 04:22:50,100
The chorus was the center of 
these Productions, despite being

5173
04:22:50,100 --> 04:22:52,800
frequently disregarded in 
contemporary discussions of 

5174
04:22:52,800 --> 04:22:55,200
Greek Theater. 
They were talented performers 

5175
04:22:55,200 --> 04:22:57,600
who represented the voice of the
community in the play, by 

5176
04:22:57,608 --> 04:23:01,100
dancing, singing and commenting 
on the action, they weren't 

5177
04:23:01,100 --> 04:23:04,600
merely background singers. 
A production success or failure 

5178
04:23:04,600 --> 04:23:07,600
depended on its chorus and 
training, one required months of

5179
04:23:07,600 --> 04:23:10,000
rigorous rehearsal. 
When the Roman saw Greek 

5180
04:23:10,000 --> 04:23:13,500
Theater, they thought this is 
nice but what if we made it 

5181
04:23:13,500 --> 04:23:17,600
bigger more spectacular and 
threw in some Gladiators because

5182
04:23:17,600 --> 04:23:20,300
if the Romans were good at 
anything, it was taking someone 

5183
04:23:20,300 --> 04:23:24,000
else's brilliant idea and making
it much better with more marble,

5184
04:23:24,000 --> 04:23:25,900
more violence and much better. 
Engineering. 

5185
04:23:25,900 --> 04:23:29,000
Roman Theater was entertainment.
On a scale that would make 

5186
04:23:29,000 --> 04:23:32,400
contemporary production company 
shiver with fear and jealousy. 

5187
04:23:32,400 --> 04:23:36,100
They constructed massive 
theater's some of which could 

5188
04:23:36,100 --> 04:23:39,900
accommodate up to 40,000 people.
Can you imagine packing a 

5189
04:23:39,900 --> 04:23:42,100
theater that big today for a 
single dramatic performance 

5190
04:23:42,100 --> 04:23:46,800
rather than A sporting event or 
Rock concert Rome's. 20,000 seat

5191
04:23:46,800 --> 04:23:49,800
theater of Marcellus was so 
exquisitely, designed that 

5192
04:23:49,800 --> 04:23:53,100
portions of it still standing 
today and are used as the base 

5193
04:23:53,100 --> 04:23:56,500
for Renaissance palaces that 
were erected on its Remains, the

5194
04:23:56,500 --> 04:23:59,000
Romans changed theatrical 
technology in ways that would 

5195
04:23:59,000 --> 04:24:01,600
not be matched until the modern 
era but they didn't stop at 

5196
04:24:01,600 --> 04:24:04,100
size. 
They featured, elaborate set 

5197
04:24:04,100 --> 04:24:06,800
pieces, that could be changed 
between acts using sophisticated

5198
04:24:06,800 --> 04:24:08,900
Machinery. 
Hidden beneath the stage floor. 

5199
04:24:09,700 --> 04:24:12,700
Hoists that could lift actors 
into the air to represent God's 

5200
04:24:12,700 --> 04:24:15,800
or flying creatures and 
trapdoors that were controlled 

5201
04:24:15,800 --> 04:24:19,500
by intricate mechanical systems,
special effects that wouldn't 

5202
04:24:19,500 --> 04:24:22,200
look out of place in a 
contemporary theme park, Romans 

5203
04:24:22,200 --> 04:24:25,100
theater, engineering produced, 
the first retractable awnings to

5204
04:24:25,100 --> 04:24:28,900
Shield Spectators from the Sun 
and Rain intricate Subterranean 

5205
04:24:28,900 --> 04:24:32,000
spaces beneath the stage for the
storage of equipment and sets 

5206
04:24:32,000 --> 04:24:34,300
and even crude air conditioners 
that cool. 

5207
04:24:34,300 --> 04:24:37,800
The air on hot days using 
Aqueduct water instead of 

5208
04:24:37,800 --> 04:24:41,300
relying on ideal whether they 
may go into the theater cozy 

5209
04:24:41,300 --> 04:24:44,200
year-round activity. 
From a social point of view. 

5210
04:24:44,200 --> 04:24:47,200
This is where Roman Theater 
becomes truly fascinating. 

5211
04:24:47,200 --> 04:24:50,300
The Romans viewed theater more 
like we do television today. 

5212
04:24:50,300 --> 04:24:53,800
Popular entertainment for the 
masses supported by the 

5213
04:24:53,800 --> 04:24:56,700
government or wealthy sponsors. 
And intended to keep the 

5214
04:24:56,700 --> 04:25:00,100
populace content and distracted.
This is in contrast to the 

5215
04:25:00,100 --> 04:25:03,500
Greeks who saw theater as both 
entertainment and a spiritual 

5216
04:25:03,500 --> 04:25:05,800
experience connected to 
religious festivals. 

5217
04:25:06,500 --> 04:25:09,300
Free admission was provided by 
wealthy individuals, seeking 

5218
04:25:09,300 --> 04:25:12,700
social status or politicians. 
Hoping to win over voters. 

5219
04:25:12,700 --> 04:25:16,700
The shows had to be suitable for
everyone from Senators to Dock 

5220
04:25:16,700 --> 04:25:19,700
Workers, in order to appeal, to 
the widest possible audience. 

5221
04:25:19,700 --> 04:25:22,800
This Democratic approach to 
entertainment, gave rise to 

5222
04:25:22,808 --> 04:25:25,900
storytelling innovation's that 
put Mass Appeal ahead of 

5223
04:25:25,900 --> 04:25:28,200
creative. 
Experimentation the clever 

5224
04:25:28,200 --> 04:25:30,100
servant who was always smarter 
than his master. 

5225
04:25:30,100 --> 04:25:32,700
The young lover who was 
attractive but not very 

5226
04:25:32,700 --> 04:25:35,300
intelligent. 
The irascible old man who 

5227
04:25:35,300 --> 04:25:38,600
stinginess caused most of the 
plot complications and the 

5228
04:25:38,600 --> 04:25:42,400
cunning parasite who flattered 
wealthy patrons in exchange for 

5229
04:25:42,400 --> 04:25:45,100
food and favors were all 
examples of stock characters 

5230
04:25:45,100 --> 04:25:48,200
that audiences would instantly 
recognize in Roman comedies. 

5231
04:25:48,200 --> 04:25:51,600
Does that sound familiar? 
Even today, these character 

5232
04:25:51,600 --> 04:25:54,100
types can be found in sitcoms 
and romantic comedies. 

5233
04:25:54,100 --> 04:25:58,100
The Ensemble comedy model that 
we still use today, 2000 years 

5234
04:25:58,100 --> 04:26:00,700
later was essentially 
established by the Romans. 

5235
04:26:00,700 --> 04:26:04,100
It is impossible to overestimate
the impact of Roman comedy on 

5236
04:26:04,100 --> 04:26:06,800
subsequent theatrical 
Traditions, throughout the 

5237
04:26:06,800 --> 04:26:09,600
Middle Ages and into the 
Renaissance plays by plautus and

5238
04:26:09,600 --> 04:26:12,500
Terence was studied and copied 
Shakespeare directly, 

5239
04:26:12,500 --> 04:26:15,200
appropriated Roman story lines 
and character types. 

5240
04:26:15,200 --> 04:26:18,000
Roman Theater is the source of 
the fundamental framework of 

5241
04:26:18,000 --> 04:26:21,400
romantic comedy, which consists 
of young lovers, kept apart by 

5242
04:26:21,400 --> 04:26:24,300
obstacles, complications 
involving the steak and 

5243
04:26:24,300 --> 04:26:27,300
identities in a resolution in 
which everyone gets married. 

5244
04:26:27,300 --> 04:26:30,600
However, the idea of theater as 
a spectacle for public, 

5245
04:26:30,600 --> 04:26:34,400
Amusement was also invented by 
the Romans Their successful 

5246
04:26:34,400 --> 04:26:37,100
Productions traveled from City 
to city across the Empire 

5247
04:26:37,100 --> 04:26:40,800
establishing the first 
theatrical touring, circuit to 

5248
04:26:40,800 --> 04:26:43,200
bring professional entertainment
to provincial towns. 

5249
04:26:43,200 --> 04:26:45,800
That might never otherwise, see 
anything more sophisticated than

5250
04:26:45,800 --> 04:26:49,200
local festivals picture. 
The logistics of transporting, 

5251
04:26:49,200 --> 04:26:52,900
entire acting companies, 
elaborate sets and costumes, 

5252
04:26:52,900 --> 04:26:55,700
across hundreds of miles of 
Roman roads. 

5253
04:26:55,700 --> 04:26:59,000
Roman audiences were infamously 
picky and outspoken about what 

5254
04:26:59,000 --> 04:27:01,900
they liked. 
They had no qualms about vocally

5255
04:27:01,900 --> 04:27:03,800
and instantly expressing their 
disapproval. 

5256
04:27:03,800 --> 04:27:06,500
If they didn't enjoy a 
performance, both positive and 

5257
04:27:06,500 --> 04:27:09,100
negative effects on the 
development of theater resulted 

5258
04:27:09,100 --> 04:27:12,800
from this as it established a 
culture in, which popularity and

5259
04:27:12,800 --> 04:27:14,900
entertainment. 
Value were valued more highly 

5260
04:27:14,900 --> 04:27:17,900
than artistic ambition the first
celebrity culture. 

5261
04:27:17,900 --> 04:27:21,900
Centered on performers was also 
created by the Romans actors, 

5262
04:27:21,900 --> 04:27:25,200
who achieve success became well 
known throughout the Empire and 

5263
04:27:25,200 --> 04:27:27,900
rumors and conjecture. 
Surrounded their private lives. 

5264
04:27:27,900 --> 04:27:31,300
Does that sound familiar? 
They invented the idea of a 

5265
04:27:31,300 --> 04:27:34,200
touring star, who could attract 
audiences just by virtue of 

5266
04:27:34,200 --> 04:27:37,400
their reputation, going from 
City to City, to play their 

5267
04:27:37,400 --> 04:27:38,700
most. 
Well, liked Partners. 

5268
04:27:38,700 --> 04:27:42,000
You might assume that theater 
simply put on its masks and went

5269
04:27:42,000 --> 04:27:44,900
home for a few centuries. 
After the fall of Rome, it had 

5270
04:27:44,900 --> 04:27:47,400
to be extremely inventive about 
where it lived and how it 

5271
04:27:47,400 --> 04:27:49,900
survived. 
But not quite the early 

5272
04:27:49,900 --> 04:27:52,600
Christian church had conflicting
opinions about theatrical 

5273
04:27:52,600 --> 04:27:55,000
performance. 
Is on the one hand, they 

5274
04:27:55,000 --> 04:27:58,400
disapproved of Roman Theatres 
connection to violence Pagan 

5275
04:27:58,400 --> 04:28:02,400
festivals and general IMM, 
However they soon discovered 

5276
04:28:02,400 --> 04:28:04,800
that religious stories could be 
effectively taught through 

5277
04:28:04,800 --> 04:28:07,300
performance to those who are 
illiterate which was the 

5278
04:28:07,300 --> 04:28:09,700
majority of the population as a 
result. 

5279
04:28:09,700 --> 04:28:12,400
Theater found a new home in 
churches, beginning with 

5280
04:28:12,400 --> 04:28:15,300
straightforward Bible story 
reenactments during Services. 

5281
04:28:15,300 --> 04:28:18,300
Imagine that during Easter 
morning Services, members of the

5282
04:28:18,300 --> 04:28:19,900
congregation would pretend that 
Christ. 

5283
04:28:19,900 --> 04:28:22,800
Empty tomb had been discovered, 
this would likely involve 

5284
04:28:22,800 --> 04:28:25,000
improvised costumes and a good 
deal of nervous. 

5285
04:28:25,000 --> 04:28:28,000
Laughter from amateur actors who
had never performed on stage 

5286
04:28:28,000 --> 04:28:31,600
before, since Latin the church's
official language was typically 

5287
04:28:31,600 --> 04:28:34,900
used for these early liturgical.
Dramas, the majority of the 

5288
04:28:34,900 --> 04:28:37,800
audience was more interested in 
the spectacle than in fully 

5289
04:28:37,800 --> 04:28:40,900
comprehending, every word, this 
resulted in increasingly 

5290
04:28:40,900 --> 04:28:44,700
complex, visual presentations, 
that you staging costume and 

5291
04:28:44,700 --> 04:28:46,800
action. 
Rather than speaking to convey 

5292
04:28:46,800 --> 04:28:50,300
narrative in Emotion, the Easter
story was briefly dramatized in 

5293
04:28:50,300 --> 04:28:53,300
the chemical retest Trope, which
is frequently cited as the 

5294
04:28:53,300 --> 04:28:57,100
origin of all medieval, drama it
began as a straightforward call 

5295
04:28:57,100 --> 04:29:00,000
and response between a clergyman
who represented the angel at the

5296
04:29:00,000 --> 04:29:01,900
tomb. 
And another clergyman who 

5297
04:29:01,900 --> 04:29:04,600
represented the three mayores 
searching for Christ's body. 

5298
04:29:04,600 --> 04:29:07,100
Jesus of Nazareth. 
He is not. 

5299
04:29:07,100 --> 04:29:09,700
Here he is risen. 
Whom do you seek? 

5300
04:29:10,800 --> 04:29:13,700
This is where medieval theater, 
becomes wonderfully, human and 

5301
04:29:13,700 --> 04:29:16,600
charmingly chaotic. 
These religious performances 

5302
04:29:16,600 --> 04:29:19,400
outgrew, the churches as they 
became more elaborate and well 

5303
04:29:19,400 --> 04:29:22,600
liked entire communities 
participated in large-scale 

5304
04:29:22,600 --> 04:29:25,800
Productions known as morality 
plays which were essentially 

5305
04:29:25,800 --> 04:29:29,200
medieval after school specials 
with titles like every man and 

5306
04:29:29,200 --> 04:29:32,000
the castle of perseverance or 
mystery plays. 

5307
04:29:32,000 --> 04:29:35,200
Which told biblical stories, 
these local Productions were 

5308
04:29:35,200 --> 04:29:38,400
pulled by wagons known as 
pageant wagons, which would move

5309
04:29:38,400 --> 04:29:40,700
around a town, stopping at 
various stations. 

5310
04:29:40,700 --> 04:29:44,100
During the day, the Carpenters 
would be in charge of Noah's Ark

5311
04:29:44,100 --> 04:29:46,300
naturally. 
The Bakers would be in charge of

5312
04:29:46,308 --> 04:29:48,000
the miracle of the Loaves and 
Fishes. 

5313
04:29:48,000 --> 04:29:50,900
The metal workers would likely 
be stuck with any scenes that 

5314
04:29:50,900 --> 04:29:54,300
required armor or weapons and 
the goldsmiths guild would 

5315
04:29:54,300 --> 04:29:57,100
usually be in charge of the 
scene involving the three wise 

5316
04:29:57,100 --> 04:30:00,200
men and their pricey gifts part 
of what made medieval theater. 

5317
04:30:00,200 --> 04:30:02,400
So Charming, was that the 
outcomes were frequently 

5318
04:30:02,400 --> 04:30:05,800
hilariously uneven imagined 
going to a play where Noah's Ark

5319
04:30:05,800 --> 04:30:09,000
was constructed by real 
carpenters and looked amazing. 

5320
04:30:09,000 --> 04:30:12,300
And then right after Out, 
there's a scene where the angels

5321
04:30:12,300 --> 04:30:15,100
are, obviously, just the 
apprentices of the baker dressed

5322
04:30:15,100 --> 04:30:18,000
in bed sheets. 
And they're desperately, trying 

5323
04:30:18,000 --> 04:30:19,800
not to trip over their makeshift
wings. 

5324
04:30:19,800 --> 04:30:22,800
For one day's performance, The 
Guild of shipwrights would make 

5325
04:30:22,800 --> 04:30:24,400
an ark that could actually 
float. 

5326
04:30:24,400 --> 04:30:27,700
The Guild of Weavers might make 
costumes that were works of art 

5327
04:30:27,700 --> 04:30:30,800
and the Guild of blacksmiths 
would Forge armor. 

5328
04:30:30,800 --> 04:30:34,000
That was entirely authentic the 
way that medieval performance 

5329
04:30:34,000 --> 04:30:35,700
combined the sacred and the 
ridiculous. 

5330
04:30:35,700 --> 04:30:39,000
Without seeming to care about 
tonal consistency was one of its

5331
04:30:39,000 --> 04:30:42,500
most delightful features comic 
relief, characters would appear 

5332
04:30:42,500 --> 04:30:46,100
everywhere even in the most 
religious Productions in 

5333
04:30:46,100 --> 04:30:48,300
Nativity plays. 
The Shepherds were frequently. 

5334
04:30:48,300 --> 04:30:51,400
Portrayed as foolish country, 
people offered Amusement in 

5335
04:30:51,400 --> 04:30:54,600
between the more somber scenes 
in the midst of a tale about 

5336
04:30:54,600 --> 04:30:58,000
Divine judgment and salvation. 
There is slapstick humor because

5337
04:30:58,000 --> 04:31:01,500
Noah's wife was traditionally, a
shrewish character, who refused 

5338
04:31:01,500 --> 04:31:03,000
to board the ark without a 
fight. 

5339
04:31:03,000 --> 04:31:05,900
One of the most well known 
medieval drama's, the second 

5340
04:31:05,900 --> 04:31:09,000
Shepherds play as a subplot 
about a sheep Thief who attempts

5341
04:31:09,000 --> 04:31:11,600
to conceal his stolen and sheep 
by pausing it to his newborn 

5342
04:31:11,600 --> 04:31:14,200
child. 
With his wife, cradling it, and 

5343
04:31:14,200 --> 04:31:17,000
saying, it only has a peculiar 
complexion. 

5344
04:31:17,000 --> 04:31:20,700
This fast parallels, the 
Nativity Story resulting in a 

5345
04:31:20,708 --> 04:31:23,600
play that serves as both popular
entertainment and religious 

5346
04:31:23,600 --> 04:31:26,900
instruction, we sometimes forget
that medieval audiences 

5347
04:31:26,900 --> 04:31:29,900
recognized that a little humor 
helped, make difficult spiritual

5348
04:31:29,900 --> 04:31:32,300
subjects easier to understand 
and more memorable. 

5349
04:31:33,100 --> 04:31:35,600
They were being pragmatic, not 
disrespectful. 

5350
04:31:35,600 --> 04:31:38,400
You need to give them something 
to laugh at and something to 

5351
04:31:38,400 --> 04:31:40,700
think about, if you want them to
remember the lessons in your 

5352
04:31:40,708 --> 04:31:44,000
play. 
Medieval drama was staged in a 

5353
04:31:44,000 --> 04:31:45,800
way that was both inventive and 
useful. 

5354
04:31:45,800 --> 04:31:48,600
The majority of performance is 
were held outside in 

5355
04:31:48,600 --> 04:31:52,000
marketplaces or town squares. 
So portable and weatherproof 

5356
04:31:52,000 --> 04:31:53,500
staged. 
Designs were required. 

5357
04:31:53,500 --> 04:31:56,700
The pageant wagon system, made 
it possible for several plays to

5358
04:31:56,700 --> 04:32:00,200
be presented at various venues 
at the same time resulting in a 

5359
04:32:00,200 --> 04:32:02,800
festival like atmosphere that 
persisted for days. 

5360
04:32:03,700 --> 04:32:06,600
Some communities created staging
systems that were even more 

5361
04:32:06,600 --> 04:32:10,000
complex in order to follow the 
entire biblical story from 

5362
04:32:10,000 --> 04:32:13,200
creation to Judgment Day. 
Ordinances moved between the 

5363
04:32:13,200 --> 04:32:16,200
Chester mystery plays, which 
were presented on a number of 

5364
04:32:16,200 --> 04:32:19,400
fixed stages spread out across 
the city in order to create 

5365
04:32:19,400 --> 04:32:22,700
enormous outdoor festivals that 
attracted people from hundreds 

5366
04:32:22,700 --> 04:32:25,400
of miles away. 
Other communities, constructed 

5367
04:32:25,400 --> 04:32:28,100
makeshift amphitheaters in 
fields outside of town, 

5368
04:32:28,100 --> 04:32:31,600
theatrical aspirations, grew in 
tandem with the prosperity of 

5369
04:32:31,600 --> 04:32:35,900
medieval society and the size of
urban centers Productions. 

5370
04:32:35,900 --> 04:32:39,700
Became more complex in the 14th 
and 15th, centuries, pushing the

5371
04:32:39,700 --> 04:32:43,100
limits of what was possible with
medieval technology, hundreds of

5372
04:32:43,108 --> 04:32:45,800
actors and crew members 
participated in these enormous 

5373
04:32:45,800 --> 04:32:49,100
multi-day, passion plays. 
During this time, period, We can

5374
04:32:49,108 --> 04:32:51,500
get a sense of the scale. 
These Productions could reach 

5375
04:32:51,500 --> 04:32:55,000
from the 1634 started 
oberammergau Passion. 

5376
04:32:55,000 --> 04:32:58,600
Play medieval adaptations were 
frequently even more ornate. 

5377
04:32:59,100 --> 04:33:03,400
With casts, that included entire
communities numerous stages and 

5378
04:33:03,400 --> 04:33:05,400
sophisticated special effects 
equipment. 

5379
04:33:06,400 --> 04:33:10,000
The technology used for staging 
Advanced biblical Miracles were 

5380
04:33:10,000 --> 04:33:11,900
cleverly addressed by medieval 
stage. 

5381
04:33:11,900 --> 04:33:15,599
Managers who created intricate 
mechanisms for parting Seas or 

5382
04:33:15,599 --> 04:33:19,599
simulating Divine fire flying 
rigs for Angelica appearances 

5383
04:33:19,599 --> 04:33:23,700
and trapdoors for Resurrection 
scenes and evil stage designers 

5384
04:33:23,700 --> 04:33:25,400
developed a specialty for 
depicting. 

5385
04:33:25,400 --> 04:33:28,800
The mouth of Hell which is 
frequently a massive dragon head

5386
04:33:28,800 --> 04:33:31,599
with a movable jaw that can 
swallow the Damned while 

5387
04:33:31,599 --> 04:33:34,700
belching smoke and Flames. 
Medieval theater, had a 

5388
04:33:34,700 --> 04:33:38,700
significant economic component, 
investing heavily in costumes 

5389
04:33:38,700 --> 04:33:41,900
materials and specialized craft 
work was necessary for large 

5390
04:33:41,900 --> 04:33:44,200
Productions. 
Gilts would train for their 

5391
04:33:44,200 --> 04:33:47,700
designated seen for months and 
the Rivalry between them to 

5392
04:33:47,700 --> 04:33:50,700
produce the best show became a 
source of artistic Innovation 

5393
04:33:50,700 --> 04:33:54,300
and civic pride. 
According to records from York 

5394
04:33:54,300 --> 04:33:57,700
England, the mystery Place cycle
in the city involved, 48, 

5395
04:33:57,700 --> 04:34:01,200
different wagons and most of the
adult population as organizers 

5396
04:34:01,200 --> 04:34:04,000
crafts. 
People or performers the plays 

5397
04:34:04,000 --> 04:34:07,200
economic impact was so great 
that they In popular tourist, 

5398
04:34:07,200 --> 04:34:10,200
destinations bringing in large 
sums of money for nearby, 

5399
04:34:10,200 --> 04:34:13,900
merchants and innkeepers, 
humanism literacy and the 

5400
04:34:13,900 --> 04:34:17,400
radical notion that perhaps just
possibly, the average person 

5401
04:34:17,400 --> 04:34:18,700
should have access to 
entertainment. 

5402
04:34:18,700 --> 04:34:21,900
That wasn't solely concerned 
with their Eternal souls and 

5403
04:34:21,900 --> 04:34:24,000
moral advancement were all 
introduced during the 

5404
04:34:24,000 --> 04:34:26,800
Renaissance professional 
Theater, As We Know It began. 

5405
04:34:26,800 --> 04:34:30,400
During this time, with permanent
companies, specially constructed

5406
04:34:30,400 --> 04:34:33,900
theaters, and the groundbreaking
idea that actors could earn a 

5407
04:34:33,900 --> 04:34:35,900
living doing what they did 
without having to become 

5408
04:34:35,900 --> 04:34:39,099
Carpenters or Farmers with stock
characters that wore 

5409
04:34:39,099 --> 04:34:42,800
recognizable masks and costumes 
that have become so iconic that 

5410
04:34:42,800 --> 04:34:44,500
they are still instantly 
recognizable. 

5411
04:34:44,500 --> 04:34:47,700
Today, the comedian Deli in 
Italy was perfecting 

5412
04:34:47,700 --> 04:34:51,000
improvisational comedy with 
exaggerated features that 

5413
04:34:51,000 --> 04:34:52,700
allowed actors to project 
personality. 

5414
04:34:52,700 --> 04:34:55,800
Even to audience's seated, close
enough to see their eyes through

5415
04:34:55,800 --> 04:34:58,900
the masks eye-holes. 
These were not your somber Greek

5416
04:34:58,900 --> 04:35:02,200
masks made to project emotion of
cross enormous amphitheaters 

5417
04:35:02,200 --> 04:35:04,599
instead, they were made for 
intimate comedy. 

5418
04:35:04,599 --> 04:35:08,700
The fundamental character Type's
pantalone, the wealthy old 

5419
04:35:08,700 --> 04:35:11,300
Merchant who was constantly 
being conned out of his money. 

5420
04:35:11,900 --> 04:35:15,099
He'll Capitano the Blustery 
soldier who talked endlessly 

5421
04:35:15,099 --> 04:35:18,500
about his military exploits, but
turned out to be a coward when 

5422
04:35:18,500 --> 04:35:22,400
faced with real danger. 
Al Aquino, the cunning servant 

5423
04:35:22,400 --> 04:35:25,500
who was always smarter than his 
supposed betters and the young 

5424
04:35:25,500 --> 04:35:28,000
lovers who were typically 
beautiful, but not particularly 

5425
04:35:28,000 --> 04:35:31,200
blessed with common sense, 
became so popular that they 

5426
04:35:31,200 --> 04:35:34,599
spread throughout Europe more 
quickly than Renaissance pasta 

5427
04:35:34,599 --> 04:35:37,000
recipes. 
Commedia Dell is a special 

5428
04:35:37,000 --> 04:35:40,000
endearing because, although the 
fundamental story lines, and 

5429
04:35:40,000 --> 04:35:42,400
character types were the same 
for all acting companies. 

5430
04:35:42,400 --> 04:35:46,200
A large portion of the dialogue 
was improvised over the course 

5431
04:35:46,200 --> 04:35:49,099
of years, or even decades, 
actors would hone their 

5432
04:35:49,099 --> 04:35:51,300
characters. 
Coming up with unique, vocal 

5433
04:35:51,300 --> 04:35:54,900
patterns, physical gestures and 
running jokes, that viewers 

5434
04:35:54,900 --> 04:35:57,800
would find entertaining. 
The audience expected, the same 

5435
04:35:57,800 --> 04:35:59,500
character to appear in each 
performance. 

5436
04:35:59,500 --> 04:36:03,099
Albeit with slightly different 
circumstances and complications.

5437
04:36:03,099 --> 04:36:05,500
So it was similar to watching a 
Renaissance. 

5438
04:36:05,500 --> 04:36:09,099
Take on improvisational comedy. 
The basic plot outlines or 

5439
04:36:09,099 --> 04:36:11,500
scenarios were handed down from 
one company to another. 

5440
04:36:12,000 --> 04:36:14,700
And grew more complex mistaken, 
identities. 

5441
04:36:14,700 --> 04:36:17,599
Young lovers attempting to 
outsmart, their parents 

5442
04:36:17,599 --> 04:36:20,700
servants, who are 
simultaneously, assisting and 

5443
04:36:20,700 --> 04:36:23,400
impeding their masters and 
enough physical humor to keep 

5444
04:36:23,400 --> 04:36:26,099
audiences laughing, even when 
they couldn't fully follow. 

5445
04:36:26,099 --> 04:36:29,300
The plot complications are all 
common elements of comedian 

5446
04:36:29,300 --> 04:36:33,000
delatte performances with their 
own costumes props, musical, 

5447
04:36:33,000 --> 04:36:35,500
instruments, and specialized 
equipment for outdoor 

5448
04:36:35,500 --> 04:36:38,099
performances. 
These traveling companies were 

5449
04:36:38,099 --> 04:36:41,300
effectively small businesses. 
They kept their main character 

5450
04:36:41,300 --> 04:36:43,900
types and scenarios while 
traveling from town to town 

5451
04:36:43,900 --> 04:36:46,000
throughout Italy and eventually 
throughout Europe. 

5452
04:36:46,700 --> 04:36:50,599
Tailoring their performance to 
local languages and tastes at 

5453
04:36:50,599 --> 04:36:52,400
the same time. 
Something remarkable was taking 

5454
04:36:52,400 --> 04:36:54,800
place in England that would 
forever alter the field of 

5455
04:36:54,800 --> 04:36:57,400
theatrical literature. 
However, let's face it, 

5456
04:36:57,400 --> 04:37:01,000
Elizabethan theater was not the 
reverent hushed experience, you 

5457
04:37:01,000 --> 04:37:03,700
might expect from something. 
We now study with such academic 

5458
04:37:03,700 --> 04:37:07,300
seriousness, the Elizabethan era
produced, what many consider the

5459
04:37:07,308 --> 04:37:09,700
greatest flowering of dramatic 
literature in the English 

5460
04:37:09,700 --> 04:37:12,400
language, unlike the calm 
reflective settings. 

5461
04:37:12,400 --> 04:37:16,099
We now associate with serious 
drama Elizabethan Theatres were 

5462
04:37:16,099 --> 04:37:19,500
noisy, boisterous spaces that 
functioned more like a hybrid of

5463
04:37:19,500 --> 04:37:22,200
a social club and a sporting 
event because they were on 

5464
04:37:22,200 --> 04:37:24,300
ground level. 
The audience known as grounding 

5465
04:37:24,300 --> 04:37:27,099
stood in the pit and felt 
completely free to applaud 

5466
04:37:27,099 --> 04:37:30,099
Heroes. 
His villains and her objects at 

5467
04:37:30,099 --> 04:37:32,099
performers. 
They didn't like in general, 

5468
04:37:32,099 --> 04:37:35,300
they treated the performance as 
an interactive experience, they 

5469
04:37:35,300 --> 04:37:38,300
consumed food, while the show 
was going on vendors, offered 

5470
04:37:38,300 --> 04:37:41,500
beer, Apple's and nuts. 
They went to the theater to see 

5471
04:37:41,500 --> 04:37:45,200
and be seen in London, Society 
made business deals and flirted 

5472
04:37:45,200 --> 04:37:48,400
with possible, love interests, 
They told the actors bluntly for

5473
04:37:48,400 --> 04:37:51,400
play was dull sometimes to the 
extent that actors would act out

5474
04:37:51,400 --> 04:37:55,000
of character to argue with loud 
audience members within the 

5475
04:37:55,000 --> 04:37:57,300
limitations of Elizabethan 
economics and Technology. 

5476
04:37:57,300 --> 04:38:02,200
The theater's themselves were 
marvels of practical design They

5477
04:38:02,200 --> 04:38:03,200
were open to the sky in the 
middle. 

5478
04:38:03,200 --> 04:38:06,500
So performance is relied on 
favorable weather and natural 

5479
04:38:06,500 --> 04:38:08,500
light. 
They were mostly made of wood 

5480
04:38:08,500 --> 04:38:12,400
and had thatched, roofs fire was
a constant worry the Globe 

5481
04:38:12,400 --> 04:38:15,400
Theater burned down in 1613. 
When a Canon affect went wrong 

5482
04:38:15,400 --> 04:38:18,500
during a performance of Henry, 
the 8th, the weather and 

5483
04:38:18,500 --> 04:38:21,700
daylight hours dictated the 
performance schedules winter 

5484
04:38:21,700 --> 04:38:23,900
meant earlier. 
Start times or shorter plays, 

5485
04:38:23,900 --> 04:38:26,599
even though some theaters had 
enough covered seating to 

5486
04:38:26,599 --> 04:38:28,700
continue with smaller audiences 
during light. 

5487
04:38:28,700 --> 04:38:32,300
Precipitation, rain could 
completely cancel performance is

5488
04:38:32,300 --> 04:38:36,400
a straightforward. 
Yet elegant stage design, an 

5489
04:38:36,400 --> 04:38:39,099
intimacy that is hard to attain 
in contemporary proscenium 

5490
04:38:39,099 --> 04:38:41,000
Theatres where the audience is 
Seated. 

5491
04:38:41,000 --> 04:38:44,300
On one side of the action was 
created by the main platform 

5492
04:38:44,300 --> 04:38:46,599
protruding into the audience 
Hamlet. 

5493
04:38:46,599 --> 04:38:49,200
Stood a few feet away from some 
audience members during a 

5494
04:38:49,200 --> 04:38:52,099
soliloquies allowing him to 
observe their distinct phases, 

5495
04:38:52,099 --> 04:38:54,400
and determine how they responded
to his remarks. 

5496
04:38:54,400 --> 04:38:57,700
Depending on the needs of the 
play, The Gallery above the main

5497
04:38:57,700 --> 04:39:00,800
stage could symbolize Heaven 
castle, walls, or balconies. 

5498
04:39:01,800 --> 04:39:04,900
Trapdoors allowed Supernatural 
characters to emerge from Hell. 

5499
04:39:04,900 --> 04:39:08,599
A space beneath the stage. 
There was a curtain Space by the

5500
04:39:08,599 --> 04:39:11,800
stage that could be used as a 
cave and in a room or anything 

5501
04:39:11,800 --> 04:39:13,599
else. 
The script called for these 

5502
04:39:13,599 --> 04:39:16,000
theater's relied on the 
imagination of the audience and 

5503
04:39:16,000 --> 04:39:19,200
the playwrights words to create 
atmosphere and location because 

5504
04:39:19,200 --> 04:39:22,000
they had little scenery and no 
lighting effects. 

5505
04:39:22,800 --> 04:39:26,000
You are aware that we would 
eventually arrive 400 years 

5506
04:39:26,000 --> 04:39:29,000
later, high school students. 
Still complain about having to 

5507
04:39:29,000 --> 04:39:32,099
read William Shakespeare and 
theater professionals are still 

5508
04:39:32,099 --> 04:39:34,800
trying to understand how he was 
able to be so consistently 

5509
04:39:34,800 --> 04:39:38,500
brilliant, while managing a 
theater company and likely 

5510
04:39:38,500 --> 04:39:41,700
worrying about paying the rent. 
Shakespeare was writing popular 

5511
04:39:41,700 --> 04:39:44,900
entertainment for a wide range 
of readers, not literature for 

5512
04:39:44,900 --> 04:39:48,100
future English classes. 
This is the aspect of 

5513
04:39:48,100 --> 04:39:50,900
Shakespeare, that is frequently 
overlooked in all the, scholarly

5514
04:39:50,900 --> 04:39:54,000
analysis and reverent treatment.
He worked as a playwright. 

5515
04:39:54,000 --> 04:39:56,500
In a fiercely, competitive 
commercial theater, setting 

5516
04:39:56,500 --> 04:39:59,900
producing plays on short notice 
for audiences who could not 

5517
04:39:59,900 --> 04:40:03,000
stand pretense and who had 
plenty of other things to do. 

5518
04:40:03,000 --> 04:40:04,800
If his Productions didn't hold 
their attention. 

5519
04:40:04,800 --> 04:40:08,300
Shakespeare's genius, lay in his
ability to work on several 

5520
04:40:08,300 --> 04:40:11,500
levels at once without making 
anyone feel condescending or 

5521
04:40:11,500 --> 04:40:14,700
excluded, sword fights puns and 
obscene jokes. 

5522
04:40:14,700 --> 04:40:17,000
That would make a contemporary 
rating committee blush. 

5523
04:40:17,000 --> 04:40:18,500
We're all part of the 
experience. 

5524
04:40:18,500 --> 04:40:20,900
For the Groundlings who paid a 
penny to stand in the pit 

5525
04:40:20,900 --> 04:40:24,700
sophisticated. 
Word play classical references 

5526
04:40:24,700 --> 04:40:27,300
and intricate psychological 
insights. 

5527
04:40:27,300 --> 04:40:30,200
That unveiled new layers upon. 
Repeated viewing were provided 

5528
04:40:30,200 --> 04:40:33,200
to the educated nobility who 
paid more for seats in the 

5529
04:40:33,200 --> 04:40:35,600
galleries. 
Everyone heard gripping, Tales 

5530
04:40:35,600 --> 04:40:39,100
of betrayal, power struggles, 
love dysfunctional families. 

5531
04:40:39,100 --> 04:40:42,100
And the sporadic appearance of 
ghosts, to add even more 

5532
04:40:42,100 --> 04:40:45,200
difficulty to an already 
challenging circumstance, his 

5533
04:40:45,200 --> 04:40:48,600
comedies, which were full of 
Identifications cross-dressing 

5534
04:40:48,600 --> 04:40:52,100
characters romantic confusion 
that degenerates into delightful

5535
04:40:52,100 --> 04:40:55,600
chaos, and the kind of wordplay 
that makes you laugh and moan at

5536
04:40:55,600 --> 04:40:58,900
the same time, we're truly funny
in ways that are still relevant 

5537
04:40:58,900 --> 04:41:00,800
today. 
With a villain plot that 

5538
04:41:00,800 --> 04:41:03,000
primarily provides the other 
characters with interesting 

5539
04:41:03,000 --> 04:41:06,700
things to react to and enough 
clever dialogue to fuel several 

5540
04:41:06,700 --> 04:41:10,800
contemporary sitcoms Much Ado 
About Nothing is essentially a 

5541
04:41:10,800 --> 04:41:13,800
romantic comedy about two 
couples who approached love from

5542
04:41:13,800 --> 04:41:17,300
entirely different perspectives.
His history is transformed dull 

5543
04:41:17,300 --> 04:41:20,300
political events which the 
majority of his audience only 

5544
04:41:20,300 --> 04:41:22,900
knew in passing into exciting 
Adventures. 

5545
04:41:22,900 --> 04:41:26,100
Full of endearing characters who
seemed more real than the 

5546
04:41:26,100 --> 04:41:28,400
historical figures. 
They purportedly represented 

5547
04:41:28,400 --> 04:41:31,000
through stirring, battle 
speeches and character 

5548
04:41:31,000 --> 04:41:33,800
interactions. 
Henry the 5th turns a medieval 

5549
04:41:33,800 --> 04:41:36,200
military campaign in to a 
reflection on leadership 

5550
04:41:36,200 --> 04:41:40,400
accountability and the price of 
political ambition, this keeps 

5551
04:41:40,400 --> 04:41:42,700
audience is interested. 
Even if they are not very 

5552
04:41:42,700 --> 04:41:46,000
interested in English, foreign 
policy in the 14th century and 

5553
04:41:46,000 --> 04:41:50,300
his misfortune Yes, they are 
tragic but in the most 

5554
04:41:50,300 --> 04:41:53,700
fulfilling sense of the word, 
they deal with major themes, 

5555
04:41:53,700 --> 04:41:57,200
like fate ambition, love and 
retribution. 

5556
04:41:58,100 --> 04:42:01,700
But they do so by showing flawed
complex characters, making 

5557
04:42:01,700 --> 04:42:05,400
decisions that have terrible 
outcomes in addition to being a 

5558
04:42:05,400 --> 04:42:07,800
play about a prince who must 
exact revenge on his father. 

5559
04:42:07,800 --> 04:42:11,800
Hamlet is also about a person 
attempting to live honorably in 

5560
04:42:11,800 --> 04:42:15,200
a corrupt society and how the 
Quest for perfect Justice can 

5561
04:42:15,200 --> 04:42:17,300
destroy everything, your 
attempting to defend 

5562
04:42:17,300 --> 04:42:20,100
Shakespeare's comprehension of 
human psychology. 

5563
04:42:20,100 --> 04:42:23,200
And all its contradictory 
complexity was what truly made 

5564
04:42:23,200 --> 04:42:26,700
him unique because his 
characters like real people have

5565
04:42:26,700 --> 04:42:30,300
internal contradictions. 
They seem authentic frequently 

5566
04:42:30,300 --> 04:42:33,400
in the same scene, Hamlet, 
exhibits, both decisiveness and 

5567
04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:36,700
indecision, bravery and 
cowardice and cruelty. 

5568
04:42:36,700 --> 04:42:40,600
And love Lady, Macbeth is a 
fiercely ambitious and extremely

5569
04:42:40,600 --> 04:42:44,100
vulnerable person who can both 
plan murder and be destroyed by 

5570
04:42:44,100 --> 04:42:48,300
guilt yogos, incredibly cunning,
and strangely Petty driven by 

5571
04:42:48,300 --> 04:42:49,600
resentments. 
That don't fully. 

5572
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:53,300
Excuse the complex retaliation. 
He plans Shakespeare was also 

5573
04:42:53,300 --> 04:42:55,800
more aware of the desire of 
audience's for variety. 

5574
04:42:55,800 --> 04:42:58,600
In a single evening's 
entertainment than most Rights 

5575
04:42:58,600 --> 04:43:02,300
before, or since his plays 
combine caught scenes and Tavern

5576
04:43:02,300 --> 04:43:06,200
scenes hypo poetry and everyday 
pros, and comedy and tragedy. 

5577
04:43:06,200 --> 04:43:09,500
All within single stories that 
managed to remain cohesive. 

5578
04:43:09,500 --> 04:43:14,600
Despite their complex, tones, 
drama comedy action, philosophy,

5579
04:43:14,600 --> 04:43:17,500
and poetry are all combined into
one experience that somehow 

5580
04:43:17,500 --> 04:43:20,600
feels cohesive. 
Rather than dispersed making it 

5581
04:43:20,600 --> 04:43:23,800
similar to receiving a full 
entertainment package Hamlet 

5582
04:43:23,800 --> 04:43:26,300
contains a variety of content, 
including a ghost story. 

5583
04:43:26,300 --> 04:43:29,900
A political thriller, a family 
drama, a romantic tragedy, a 

5584
04:43:29,900 --> 04:43:33,000
Revenge plot a play within a 
play sword fights. 

5585
04:43:33,000 --> 04:43:36,100
Philosophical soliloquies Court 
Intrigue. 

5586
04:43:36,100 --> 04:43:39,500
And some of the most hilarious 
Grave Digger scene and dramatic 

5587
04:43:39,500 --> 04:43:41,700
literature. 
Shakespeare managed to make that

5588
04:43:41,700 --> 04:43:44,400
list function as a single 
seamless experience. 

5589
04:43:44,400 --> 04:43:47,600
But any contemporary 
entertainment executive would 

5590
04:43:47,600 --> 04:43:50,700
insist on dividing it into at 
least three distinct products. 

5591
04:43:50,700 --> 04:43:53,800
Shakespeare was essentially 
creating Modern English as he 

5592
04:43:53,800 --> 04:43:56,000
wrote. 
So the language Merit special 

5593
04:43:56,000 --> 04:43:59,900
attention, Shakespeare, Weighted
or first used many of the words 

5594
04:43:59,900 --> 04:44:02,700
and expressions we use on a 
daily basis in his plays. 

5595
04:44:02,700 --> 04:44:05,900
He intuitively saw that language
could be both poetic and 

5596
04:44:05,900 --> 04:44:09,500
conversational elegant and 
approachable and beautiful and 

5597
04:44:09,500 --> 04:44:11,900
useful. 
His characters speech sounds 

5598
04:44:11,900 --> 04:44:14,800
both heightened and natural 
poetic and realistic. 

5599
04:44:14,800 --> 04:44:18,300
Dramatic development was as much
influenced by the actual theater

5600
04:44:18,300 --> 04:44:21,000
locations, as it was by the 
playwrights and performers who 

5601
04:44:21,000 --> 04:44:24,800
performed there, a microcosm of 
Elizabethan society and a device

5602
04:44:24,800 --> 04:44:27,500
built to produce particular 
types of theatrical experiences,

5603
04:44:27,500 --> 04:44:30,800
the Globe Theater was more than 
just a place where many of 

5604
04:44:30,800 --> 04:44:32,900
Shakespeare's plays had their 
world premieres. 

5605
04:44:32,900 --> 04:44:35,800
The globe, social geography 
provides us with a wealth of 

5606
04:44:35,808 --> 04:44:38,800
information about Elizabethan 
views on community entertainment

5607
04:44:38,800 --> 04:44:42,500
and class the Groundlings stood 
in the pit for a penny, which 

5608
04:44:42,500 --> 04:44:45,600
was less expensive than a loaf 
of bread and the least expensive

5609
04:44:45,600 --> 04:44:48,500
form of entertainment. 
In London, a seat in the gallery

5610
04:44:48,500 --> 04:44:50,700
is where you would be shielded 
from the elements and have a 

5611
04:44:50,708 --> 04:44:53,600
better view of the action would 
cost an additional Penny. 

5612
04:44:53,600 --> 04:44:56,500
Although they most likely 
couldn't hear much conversation 

5613
04:44:56,500 --> 04:44:59,700
and undoubtedly disrupted. 
Staging, the most expensive 

5614
04:44:59,700 --> 04:45:03,200
seats were actually on the stage
itself where affluent patrons 

5615
04:45:03,200 --> 04:45:05,500
could see and be seen by the 
rest of the audience. 

5616
04:45:05,500 --> 04:45:08,500
It was revolutionary to bring 
together people from different 

5617
04:45:08,500 --> 04:45:11,600
social classes. 
In one place, where else could a

5618
04:45:11,600 --> 04:45:13,200
pickpocket? 
A nobleman, and a shopkeeper, 

5619
04:45:13,200 --> 04:45:16,000
all enjoy the same entertainment
in the same place at the same 

5620
04:45:16,000 --> 04:45:20,600
time, in the strict hierarchical
Elizabethan Society in London 

5621
04:45:20,600 --> 04:45:23,500
theater, emerged as one of the 
few genuinely Democratic 

5622
04:45:23,500 --> 04:45:26,900
establishments where individuals
from wildly disparate 

5623
04:45:26,900 --> 04:45:29,500
backgrounds could share similar 
experiences and responses. 

5624
04:45:29,500 --> 04:45:32,600
It's easy to ignore the ways in 
which the architecture of these 

5625
04:45:32,600 --> 04:45:35,400
theaters. 
Impacted dramatic writing plays 

5626
04:45:35,400 --> 04:45:37,500
had to be performed during the 
day because there was no 

5627
04:45:37,500 --> 04:45:40,200
artificial lighting. 
So night scenes had to be 

5628
04:45:40,200 --> 04:45:43,500
completely set up through 
staging and dialogue, the actors

5629
04:45:43,500 --> 04:45:46,400
must use their words and deeds 
alone to persuade a daytime 

5630
04:45:46,400 --> 04:45:49,600
audience that it is night time 
when Romeo sends to Juliet's, 

5631
04:45:49,600 --> 04:45:52,800
balcony as playwrights learn to 
use words, to create Vivid 

5632
04:45:52,800 --> 04:45:54,600
images, rather than lighting 
effects. 

5633
04:45:54,600 --> 04:45:58,400
This limitation produced some of
the most exquisite Script of 

5634
04:45:58,400 --> 04:46:00,700
language in English. 
Literature with the platform 

5635
04:46:00,700 --> 04:46:02,700
extending far into the audience 
area. 

5636
04:46:02,700 --> 04:46:05,500
The thrust stage Arrangement 
produced an intimacy. 

5637
04:46:05,500 --> 04:46:07,600
That is difficult for 
contemporary theaters to 

5638
04:46:07,600 --> 04:46:10,800
replicate every performance felt
immediate and intimate because 

5639
04:46:10,800 --> 04:46:13,200
the actors were literally 
surrounded by audience members 

5640
04:46:13,200 --> 04:46:15,800
on three sides. 
Instead of being performed to 

5641
04:46:15,800 --> 04:46:19,600
the back wall of the theater, or
to empty are soliloquies were 

5642
04:46:19,600 --> 04:46:21,900
shared directly with audience 
members, who could touch them, 

5643
04:46:21,900 --> 04:46:25,200
fostering a sense of mutual 
confidence and conspiracy 

5644
04:46:25,200 --> 04:46:27,400
between the performer and the 
audience. 

5645
04:46:27,400 --> 04:46:29,700
Shakespeare, and his 
contemporaries had to use 

5646
04:46:29,700 --> 04:46:32,500
dialogue, costumes, and small 
props to create setting and 

5647
04:46:32,500 --> 04:46:36,200
atmosphere, because there was a 
dearth of all, Nate scenery a 

5648
04:46:36,200 --> 04:46:39,200
bed could turn the stage into a 
bedroom, a throne signified, a 

5649
04:46:39,200 --> 04:46:42,800
palace, and a few branches 
suggested a forest instead of 

5650
04:46:42,800 --> 04:46:44,500
just showing viewers preset 
images. 

5651
04:46:44,500 --> 04:46:47,400
This economy of means, 
compelled, playwrights to be 

5652
04:46:47,400 --> 04:46:51,500
resourceful, and audiences to be
creative resulting in a 

5653
04:46:51,500 --> 04:46:53,600
collaborative. 
Theatrical experience that 

5654
04:46:53,600 --> 04:46:56,100
stimulated viewers creativity 
actors. 

5655
04:46:56,100 --> 04:46:59,000
Had to be incredibly adaptable. 
Because Elizabethan theater 

5656
04:46:59,000 --> 04:47:02,100
companies used a Repertory 
system in a weak. 

5657
04:47:02,100 --> 04:47:05,600
A single company may present six
different plays, requiring 

5658
04:47:05,600 --> 04:47:09,200
actors to learn and play dozens 
of roles at once with little 

5659
04:47:09,200 --> 04:47:12,400
rehearsal time, the top actor in
a company such as Shakespeare's 

5660
04:47:12,400 --> 04:47:15,000
company. 
The Lord Chamberlain's men would

5661
04:47:15,000 --> 04:47:17,700
have to be ready to play a 
variety of characters and styles

5662
04:47:17,700 --> 04:47:21,600
such as king, leeron Wednesday, 
Benedict in Much Ado, About 

5663
04:47:21,600 --> 04:47:23,800
Nothing on Tuesday and Hamlet on
Monday. 

5664
04:47:23,800 --> 04:47:26,700
Additionally, because of this 
system plays were written with 

5665
04:47:26,700 --> 04:47:29,400
particular. 
Actors in mind, Shakespeare 

5666
04:47:29,400 --> 04:47:32,300
customized roles for each member
of his company based on their 

5667
04:47:32,300 --> 04:47:37,300
individual strengths weaknesses 
and peculiarities will kempe and

5668
04:47:37,300 --> 04:47:40,300
Robert Armin, both of whom had 
distinct comedic philosophers 

5669
04:47:40,300 --> 04:47:43,000
and Specialties with the 
intended, recipients of the 

5670
04:47:43,000 --> 04:47:45,900
clown Parts, the tragic parts 
were written for Richard. 

5671
04:47:45,900 --> 04:47:49,000
Burbage who apparently had a 
regular ability to bring people 

5672
04:47:49,000 --> 04:47:52,000
to tears. 
English theater started undergo 

5673
04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:56,000
minor, but important changes in 
1603 when James, the first came 

5674
04:47:56,000 --> 04:47:59,100
to power the emergence of 
Private indoor theaters that 

5675
04:47:59,100 --> 04:48:02,400
cater to more affluent audiences
coincided with the reign of the 

5676
04:48:02,408 --> 04:48:05,400
new king, who was more 
interested in lavish Court 

5677
04:48:05,400 --> 04:48:08,300
entertainments than in public 
theater Shakespeare's company 

5678
04:48:08,300 --> 04:48:10,100
started. 
Its winter performances at the 

5679
04:48:10,100 --> 04:48:12,900
Blackfriars Theater which was a 
far cry from the public 

5680
04:48:12,900 --> 04:48:15,500
amphitheaters. 
It was more intimate smaller 

5681
04:48:15,500 --> 04:48:18,800
artificially candlelit and 
admission was much pricier. 

5682
04:48:18,800 --> 04:48:21,300
Playwrights were inspired to 
experiment with more 

5683
04:48:21,300 --> 04:48:24,800
psychologically, complex 
material and advanced theatrical

5684
04:48:24,800 --> 04:48:27,400
techniques as a result of the 
more affluent and educated 

5685
04:48:27,400 --> 04:48:29,500
audience. 
This attracted themes of 

5686
04:48:29,500 --> 04:48:32,700
corruption, insanity and moral 
ambiguity were explored in 

5687
04:48:32,708 --> 04:48:35,900
Darker, more psychologically, 
complex plays written by 

5688
04:48:35,900 --> 04:48:39,100
playwrights such as John 
Webster, Thomas Middleton and 

5689
04:48:39,100 --> 04:48:42,600
John Ford with their graphic 
violence, sexual transgression. 

5690
04:48:42,600 --> 04:48:46,200
And moral complexity, The 
Duchess of malfi, the white 

5691
04:48:46,200 --> 04:48:49,700
devil and his pity, she's a 
whore challenge. 

5692
04:48:49,700 --> 04:48:52,200
The conventions of what was 
appropriate for staging in 

5693
04:48:52,208 --> 04:48:54,900
outdoor amphitheaters. 
During the day, more advanced 

5694
04:48:54,900 --> 04:48:57,600
staging methods were all made 
possible by the indoor theater. 

5695
04:48:58,200 --> 04:49:01,900
Opportunities for atmospheric 
effects, abrupt illuminations, 

5696
04:49:01,900 --> 04:49:04,900
and the type of chiaroscuro 
lighting that painters of the 

5697
04:49:04,900 --> 04:49:08,300
era were employing to produce 
striking visual effects were 

5698
04:49:08,300 --> 04:49:11,300
made possible by candlelight. 
When audiences were unable to 

5699
04:49:11,300 --> 04:49:14,400
see all of the mechanical 
operations, clearly trap doors 

5700
04:49:14,400 --> 04:49:16,900
and flying Machinery. 
Could be used more successfully 

5701
04:49:16,900 --> 04:49:19,500
in indoor. 
Theaters music has grown in 

5702
04:49:19,500 --> 04:49:21,800
significance, as a means of 
providing entertainment in 

5703
04:49:21,800 --> 04:49:24,800
between acts as well as an 
accompaniment to the action. 

5704
04:49:24,800 --> 04:49:27,700
The development of what would 
eventually become theatrical 

5705
04:49:27,700 --> 04:49:30,800
orchestration as an artistic 
discipline and more subdued 

5706
04:49:30,800 --> 04:49:33,300
musical effects was made 
possible by the Acoustics of 

5707
04:49:33,300 --> 04:49:37,300
enclosed spaces, English theater
achieved unprecedented levels of

5708
04:49:37,300 --> 04:49:39,900
sophistication and artistic 
achievement during Charles the 

5709
04:49:39,900 --> 04:49:43,900
first Reign, but it also began 
to temporarily decline Court 

5710
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:47,200
masses evolved into increasingly
complex, spectacles that fuse, 

5711
04:49:47,200 --> 04:49:51,800
dance music theater and visual 
arts in Productions that were 

5712
04:49:51,800 --> 04:49:54,900
expensive and primarily used to 
showcase the wealth and power of

5713
04:49:54,900 --> 04:49:57,400
the monarchy playwrights such as
John Ford. 

5714
04:49:58,100 --> 04:50:01,800
Messenger and James Shirley 
produced works of significant 

5715
04:50:01,800 --> 04:50:04,400
artistic value and public 
theater flourished. 

5716
04:50:04,400 --> 04:50:08,200
However, the confrontation that 
would temporarily put an end 

5717
04:50:08,200 --> 04:50:10,300
professional theater in. 
England was being sparked by the

5718
04:50:10,300 --> 04:50:13,600
growing Puritan opposition to 
theater as politically dangerous

5719
04:50:13,600 --> 04:50:17,100
and morally, corrupting one of 
the greatest eras in English. 

5720
04:50:17,100 --> 04:50:20,800
Dramatic literature came to an 
end in 1642 when parliament 

5721
04:50:20,800 --> 04:50:24,200
passed, an ordinance banning. 
All public, theaters actors and 

5722
04:50:24,208 --> 04:50:26,700
playwrights were forced 
underground or into Exile. 

5723
04:50:26,700 --> 04:50:30,100
During England's, 18 year, ban 
on professional theater, the 

5724
04:50:30,100 --> 04:50:31,900
theatrical impulse and human 
nature. 

5725
04:50:31,900 --> 04:50:35,000
However, have a wonderful 
quality that makes it impossible

5726
04:50:35,000 --> 04:50:37,200
to eradicate theater through 
legislation. 

5727
04:50:38,300 --> 04:50:41,600
Theatrical activity, persisted 
in disguised, forms throughout 

5728
04:50:41,600 --> 04:50:44,300
the Commonwealth era, the 
theatrical tradition was 

5729
04:50:44,300 --> 04:50:47,000
maintained through private 
performances in aristocratic 

5730
04:50:47,000 --> 04:50:49,000
homes. 
Traveling entertainers, who were

5731
04:50:49,000 --> 04:50:50,900
careful not to identify as 
actors. 

5732
04:50:50,900 --> 04:50:53,400
And even some public 
performances that were passed 

5733
04:50:53,400 --> 04:50:57,200
off as musical concerts or 
instructional demonstrations at 

5734
04:50:57,200 --> 04:51:00,300
fairs and markets, drill 
performances brief, comedic, 

5735
04:51:00,300 --> 04:51:04,100
excerpts taken from longer plays
were presented frequently with 

5736
04:51:04,100 --> 04:51:07,200
actors prepared to disperse. 
If officials showed up by 

5737
04:51:07,200 --> 04:51:09,900
offering moral instruction that 
coincidentally involved 

5738
04:51:09,900 --> 04:51:12,000
costumed. 
Actors in acting better stories.

5739
04:51:12,000 --> 04:51:15,200
Some theatrical entrepreneurs 
came up with inventive ways to 

5740
04:51:15,200 --> 04:51:18,000
get around the bands. 
When the monarchy was reinstated

5741
04:51:18,000 --> 04:51:22,300
in 1660 theater made a comeback 
to England, but with some 

5742
04:51:22,300 --> 04:51:24,900
notable modifications, that 
would permanently all to the art

5743
04:51:24,900 --> 04:51:27,200
form. 
For the first time women were 

5744
04:51:27,200 --> 04:51:30,100
allowed to act on professional 
stages, which seems like such an

5745
04:51:30,100 --> 04:51:32,700
obvious Innovation that you 
wonder why it took so long to 

5746
04:51:32,700 --> 04:51:35,600
occur to anyone. 
In the past young men were cast 

5747
04:51:35,600 --> 04:51:38,800
in all female roles, which 
created some Intriguing 

5748
04:51:38,800 --> 04:51:41,300
theatrical complications when 
characters and stories, 

5749
04:51:41,300 --> 04:51:42,800
pretended to be the opposite 
gender. 

5750
04:51:42,800 --> 04:51:46,500
The ability to see real women 
portraying women opened up new 

5751
04:51:46,500 --> 04:51:49,400
avenues for dramatic 
characterization, and romantic 

5752
04:51:49,400 --> 04:51:51,900
comedy. 
Additionally, male audience 

5753
04:51:51,900 --> 04:51:53,900
members occasionally showed 
greater interest in the 

5754
04:51:53,908 --> 04:51:56,900
actresses than in the plays. 
They were performing which led 

5755
04:51:56,900 --> 04:52:00,200
to new issues the most well, 
known restoration actress Nell. 

5756
04:52:00,200 --> 04:52:03,000
Gwynn is a prime example of this
shifted advantages and 

5757
04:52:03,000 --> 04:52:06,400
disadvantages this conflict 
between artistic success. 

5758
04:52:06,400 --> 04:52:09,900
And personal Fame would haunt 
actresses for centuries, as they

5759
04:52:09,900 --> 04:52:12,000
benefitted from professional 
opportunities. 

5760
04:52:12,000 --> 04:52:15,700
While confronting social stigmas
that did not apply to their male

5761
04:52:15,700 --> 04:52:18,400
counterparts. 
She was a truly gifted performer

5762
04:52:18,400 --> 04:52:20,800
who could handle comedy and 
tragedy with the equal skill, 

5763
04:52:20,800 --> 04:52:23,300
but she is more famous today, 
for being King. 

5764
04:52:23,300 --> 04:52:26,300
Charles, the second's mistress 
comedy of manners and other 

5765
04:52:26,300 --> 04:52:29,000
sophisticated plays about the 
social intrigues of the upper 

5766
04:52:29,000 --> 04:52:31,500
classes. 
Also gained popularity during 

5767
04:52:31,500 --> 04:52:34,800
the restoration hero in stead of
being broad physical comedies. 

5768
04:52:34,800 --> 04:52:37,700
These were clever verbal 
entertainments that definitely 

5769
04:52:37,700 --> 04:52:39,800
parodied. 
Romantic pretenses and social 

5770
04:52:39,800 --> 04:52:42,800
norms, consider them the 
forerunners of contemporary 

5771
04:52:42,800 --> 04:52:46,500
romantic comedies, albeit with 
tighter corsets, more complex 

5772
04:52:46,500 --> 04:52:49,900
language and a markedly more 
pessimistic outlook on marriage 

5773
04:52:49,900 --> 04:52:52,500
and faithfulness. 
Perhaps the best example of 

5774
04:52:52,500 --> 04:52:55,300
restoration comedy is William 
Congress, The Way of the World. 

5775
04:52:56,100 --> 04:52:58,800
Features characters who navigate
romantic and financial 

5776
04:52:58,800 --> 04:53:01,700
complexities with well-crafted 
epigrams. 

5777
04:53:01,700 --> 04:53:05,400
That only true intelligence can 
understand there is a lot of wit

5778
04:53:05,400 --> 04:53:08,300
in the conversation but it is 
used as a weapon in complex 

5779
04:53:08,300 --> 04:53:11,800
social Warfare where reputation 
and wealth are at stake compared

5780
04:53:11,800 --> 04:53:14,300
to their Elizabethan forebears 
restoration. 

5781
04:53:14,300 --> 04:53:17,300
Theaters evolved into more 
elegant spaces that increasingly

5782
04:53:17,300 --> 04:53:20,700
catered to affluent, patrons 
prepare to Shell out more cash 

5783
04:53:20,700 --> 04:53:23,000
for Cozier. 
Surroundings imported from 

5784
04:53:23,000 --> 04:53:25,600
Italian architecture the 
proscenium arch theater. 

5785
04:53:25,600 --> 04:53:28,400
Improved the audience performer 
relationship by separating, the 

5786
04:53:28,400 --> 04:53:32,100
two in subtle, yet significant 
ways, with painted, backdrops 

5787
04:53:32,100 --> 04:53:33,800
and Wing flats. 
That could be switched between 

5788
04:53:33,800 --> 04:53:35,600
acts to imply different 
locations. 

5789
04:53:35,600 --> 04:53:39,200
The scenery grew increasingly 
ornate, although, it also meant 

5790
04:53:39,200 --> 04:53:42,300
that plays relied Less on the 
imagination of the audience and 

5791
04:53:42,300 --> 04:53:45,800
more on visual spectacle. 
This marked a shift towards 

5792
04:53:45,800 --> 04:53:49,200
theatrical illusionism that 
would rule stage design for the 

5793
04:53:49,200 --> 04:53:51,600
next two centuries 
sentimentalism. 

5794
04:53:51,600 --> 04:53:54,500
The groundbreaking notion that 
viewers should be emotionally 

5795
04:53:54,500 --> 04:53:57,300
affected by what they saw, 
rather than merely amused or 

5796
04:53:57,300 --> 04:54:00,000
intellectually. 
Stimulated was introduced to 

5797
04:54:00,008 --> 04:54:04,200
theater in the 1700s, domestic 
tragedy and plays about common 

5798
04:54:04,200 --> 04:54:07,200
middle-class, people dealing 
with moral quandaries, as a 

5799
04:54:07,200 --> 04:54:09,800
supposed to Kings and Nobles 
handling state affairs, and 

5800
04:54:09,800 --> 04:54:13,500
divine intervention became more 
popular during this time with 

5801
04:54:13,500 --> 04:54:16,200
its emphasis on a Young 
Apprentice, whose moral decline 

5802
04:54:16,200 --> 04:54:19,700
is caused by common human 
frailties, rather than Fatale 

5803
04:54:19,700 --> 04:54:22,000
Character defects or 
Supernatural intervention. 

5804
04:54:22,000 --> 04:54:26,500
George lillo's, the London 
Merchant was revolutionary by 

5805
04:54:26,500 --> 04:54:28,800
establishing the idea that 
theater could and should 

5806
04:54:28,800 --> 04:54:32,100
represent the experience of its 
audience rather than merely 

5807
04:54:32,100 --> 04:54:35,300
offering Escapist entertainment 
about exotic people in 

5808
04:54:35,300 --> 04:54:38,600
extraordinary circumstances, 
this move toward emotional 

5809
04:54:38,600 --> 04:54:42,200
realism and relatable characters
set the foundation for modern 

5810
04:54:42,200 --> 04:54:45,600
drama emotional responsive. 
This and moral sensitivity. 

5811
04:54:45,600 --> 04:54:49,000
New significance by The Cult of 
sensibility. 

5812
04:54:49,000 --> 04:54:52,300
That ruled 18th century Society 
touching scenes were supposed to

5813
04:54:52,308 --> 04:54:55,300
make audiences cry. 
The number of handkerchiefs 

5814
04:54:55,300 --> 04:54:57,800
needed in the theater on any 
given night was frequently used 

5815
04:54:57,800 --> 04:55:00,900
to gauge a place success. 
Although, this may seem too 

5816
04:55:00,900 --> 04:55:03,600
sentimental by today's 
standards, it was a significant 

5817
04:55:03,600 --> 04:55:06,000
acknowledgment that theater 
could be used to explore 

5818
04:55:06,000 --> 04:55:10,100
emotional and moral complexity, 
in addition, to offering obscene

5819
04:55:10,100 --> 04:55:12,000
entertainment. 
Like creating a more 

5820
04:55:12,000 --> 04:55:14,700
naturalistic performance style 
that prioritized psychological 

5821
04:55:14,700 --> 04:55:17,100
realism over exclamatory 
technique. 

5822
04:55:17,100 --> 04:55:21,000
David Garrett, transformed 
acting during this time garlic 

5823
04:55:21,000 --> 04:55:23,900
researched human behavior and 
attempted to replicated 

5824
04:55:23,900 --> 04:55:26,000
authentically on stage rather 
than posing. 

5825
04:55:26,000 --> 04:55:29,500
In giving speeches. 
In a formal oratorical way, his 

5826
04:55:29,500 --> 04:55:32,000
portrayal of Hamlet received 
accolades from not looking like 

5827
04:55:32,000 --> 04:55:35,300
an actor, giving well known 
speeches, but rather like a real

5828
04:55:35,300 --> 04:55:37,800
person dealing with real 
psychological issues. 

5829
04:55:37,800 --> 04:55:41,300
In addition Garrick invented a 
number of theatrical techniques 

5830
04:55:41,300 --> 04:55:44,700
that are now commonplace. 
He was one of the first A demand

5831
04:55:44,700 --> 04:55:48,000
that hole Productions, not just 
individual scenes, undergo 

5832
04:55:48,000 --> 04:55:51,900
lengthy, rehearsals he created, 
cohesive artistic Visions for 

5833
04:55:51,900 --> 04:55:55,800
his Productions by coordinating 
staging costumes and scenery in 

5834
04:55:55,800 --> 04:55:58,400
order to create atmospheric 
illumination that increase the 

5835
04:55:58,408 --> 04:56:02,300
emotional impact of scenes. 
He even experimented with stage 

5836
04:56:02,300 --> 04:56:05,400
lighting effects, using 
reflective surfaces and hidden 

5837
04:56:05,400 --> 04:56:08,700
lamps with periodicals like The 
Spectator and the Tattler 

5838
04:56:08,700 --> 04:56:12,500
reviewing plays And discussing 
Aesthetics the 18th century also

5839
04:56:12,500 --> 04:56:14,200
witnessed. 
The emergence of what is now 

5840
04:56:14,200 --> 04:56:16,800
known as theater criticism. 
This led to a more 

5841
04:56:16,800 --> 04:56:19,700
self-conscious theatrical 
culture where a more 

5842
04:56:19,700 --> 04:56:22,200
sophisticated audience examined 
and discussed artistic 

5843
04:56:22,200 --> 04:56:24,900
decisions. 
The development of theatrical 

5844
04:56:24,900 --> 04:56:28,000
celebrity culture as we know it 
today began in the late 18th 

5845
04:56:28,000 --> 04:56:31,100
century performers. 
Such as Sarah, siddens Rose to 

5846
04:56:31,100 --> 04:56:33,800
Fame in Britain and Europe. 
Their private lives, the focus 

5847
04:56:33,800 --> 04:56:36,900
of public interest and their 
creative interpretations of 

5848
04:56:36,900 --> 04:56:40,000
important roles discussed with 
the same further that 

5849
04:56:40,000 --> 04:56:43,500
contemporary audiences reserved 
for athletes people, traveled 

5850
04:56:43,500 --> 04:56:46,200
hundreds of miles to see siddens
Lady Macbeth perform. 

5851
04:56:46,200 --> 04:56:49,200
The sleepwalking scene because 
she was so well, known her 

5852
04:56:49,200 --> 04:56:51,800
departure from the stage was 
viewed as a loss to the nation's

5853
04:56:51,800 --> 04:56:54,800
culture and her performance of 
the part, became the Benchmark 

5854
04:56:54,800 --> 04:56:57,100
by which all other actresses 
were judged. 

5855
04:56:57,100 --> 04:56:59,800
She was the first actress to 
receive a statue. 

5856
04:56:59,800 --> 04:57:02,000
In Westminster Abbey, something 
that would have been 

5857
04:57:02,000 --> 04:57:05,800
unimaginable for a performer, 
only a century before the 

5858
04:57:05,800 --> 04:57:08,300
development of the theater was 
impacted by this celebrity 

5859
04:57:08,300 --> 04:57:11,800
culture in both positive and 
negative ways on the plus side. 

5860
04:57:11,800 --> 04:57:14,600
Well, known actors could ensure 
that shows have audiences and 

5861
04:57:14,600 --> 04:57:16,200
draw funding to theater 
businesses. 

5862
04:57:16,200 --> 04:57:19,700
Their notoriety contributed to 
the development of theater as a 

5863
04:57:19,700 --> 04:57:22,400
legitimate art form. 
Deserving of significant 

5864
04:57:22,400 --> 04:57:25,600
cultural consider On the 
downside, the star system 

5865
04:57:25,600 --> 04:57:28,900
started to skew theatrical 
production, with plays selected 

5866
04:57:28,900 --> 04:57:31,900
more for their ability to 
Showcase specific actors than 

5867
04:57:31,900 --> 04:57:33,600
for their inherent artistic 
value. 

5868
04:57:33,600 --> 04:57:37,300
This resulted in a custom of 
star vehicles that prioritized 

5869
04:57:37,300 --> 04:57:40,700
individual skills over balanced,
dramatic construction and 

5870
04:57:40,700 --> 04:57:45,300
Ensemble acting everything 
including theater was altered by

5871
04:57:45,300 --> 04:57:48,700
the Industrial Revolution. 
In ways that continue to shape 

5872
04:57:48,700 --> 04:57:50,600
our perceptions of live 
performances. 

5873
04:57:50,600 --> 04:57:54,100
Theater was transformed from an 
afternoon Amusement to an 

5874
04:57:54,100 --> 04:57:56,800
evening event that could rival 
other nightlife activities. 

5875
04:57:56,800 --> 04:58:00,000
Thanks to advancements in 
lighting, technology that 

5876
04:58:00,000 --> 04:58:03,100
allowed indoor performance is to
last well, into the evening. 

5877
04:58:03,100 --> 04:58:06,800
When gaslighting was first used 
in the early 1800s, it 

5878
04:58:06,800 --> 04:58:09,000
completely changed the 
possibility for theater. 

5879
04:58:09,900 --> 04:58:13,300
The first time stage lighting 
could be precisely adjusted to 

5880
04:58:13,300 --> 04:58:16,500
be brightened for dramatic 
climaxes, and dimmed for 

5881
04:58:16,500 --> 04:58:19,300
intimate scenes. 
More complex atmospheric effects

5882
04:58:19,300 --> 04:58:21,900
were made possible, and 
filmmakers were equipped with 

5883
04:58:21,900 --> 04:58:25,300
new means of, directing viewers,
attention and evoking strong 

5884
04:58:25,300 --> 04:58:29,300
feelings by putting performers 
in the Limelight, and enabling 

5885
04:58:29,300 --> 04:58:31,800
the type of dramatic 
illumination that could isolate 

5886
04:58:31,800 --> 04:58:35,300
individual characters or produce
amazing visual effects 

5887
04:58:35,300 --> 04:58:39,300
Limelight, which is made by 
heating lime with oxygen and 

5888
04:58:39,308 --> 04:58:43,900
hydrogen Flames was introduced. 
Resulting in the first powerful 

5889
04:58:43,900 --> 04:58:46,200
Spotlight. 
Effects actors would literally 

5890
04:58:46,200 --> 04:58:49,100
position themselves to catch the
most flattering light during 

5891
04:58:49,100 --> 04:58:52,700
this time, which is where the 
well-known expression stealing 

5892
04:58:52,700 --> 04:58:56,100
the spotlight originated. 
As urban populations increased. 

5893
04:58:56,100 --> 04:58:58,900
In the middle class grew 
theaters, had to expand to 

5894
04:58:58,900 --> 04:59:01,200
accommodate their Leisure Time 
and entertainment budget. 

5895
04:59:01,200 --> 04:59:04,200
Several thousand people could 
fit in some of the theater's 

5896
04:59:04,200 --> 04:59:07,600
constructed during this time, 
necessitating Innovative staging

5897
04:59:07,600 --> 04:59:09,500
and performance techniques that 
could successfully. 

5898
04:59:09,800 --> 04:59:13,900
Project to such sizable crowds 
melodrama, a theatrical genre 

5899
04:59:13,900 --> 04:59:17,600
that focused on Stark moral 
contrasts breathtaking, special 

5900
04:59:17,600 --> 04:59:21,000
effects and poignant scenarios 
that were understandable and 

5901
04:59:21,000 --> 04:59:23,800
enjoyable, even in large 
theaters was born as a result. 

5902
04:59:23,800 --> 04:59:27,300
The plots of melodramas included
enough, physical action and 

5903
04:59:27,300 --> 04:59:30,500
visual spectacle to keep 
audiences interested, even when 

5904
04:59:30,500 --> 04:59:33,600
they couldn't hear every word of
dialogue, while the heroes were 

5905
04:59:33,600 --> 04:59:36,200
entirely good and the villains 
were completely evil 

5906
04:59:36,200 --> 04:59:39,300
melodramatic plots with 
thrilling, for audiences of the 

5907
04:59:39,300 --> 04:59:42,800
time, but delightfully absurd, 
by today's standards and Family 

5908
04:59:42,800 --> 04:59:46,500
Farms villains, threatened for 
closure Heroes, swung on ropes, 

5909
04:59:46,500 --> 04:59:49,400
across burning buildings, 
heroines were tied to railroad 

5910
04:59:49,400 --> 04:59:51,900
tracks and evil was always 
severely. 

5911
04:59:51,900 --> 04:59:54,500
Punished, usually in a 
spectacular way. 

5912
04:59:54,500 --> 04:59:56,700
While virtue was always 
rewarded. 

5913
04:59:56,700 --> 05:00:00,500
However, melodrama fulfilled 
significant social roles that 

5914
05:00:00,500 --> 05:00:03,300
went beyond simple Amusement, in
order to help viewers 

5915
05:00:03,300 --> 05:00:06,900
comprehend, the Swift changes, 
taking place in their society, a

5916
05:00:06,900 --> 05:00:09,200
number of melodramas addressed 
modern social issues. 

5917
05:00:09,900 --> 05:00:14,300
Is urbanization, class, conflict
industrialization and shifting 

5918
05:00:14,300 --> 05:00:16,900
family structures. 
The most well known American 

5919
05:00:16,900 --> 05:00:20,700
play of the 19th century. 
Uncle Tom's Cabin employed 

5920
05:00:20,700 --> 05:00:23,500
melodramatic devices to make 
anti-slavery points to 

5921
05:00:23,500 --> 05:00:25,300
audiences. 
That political speeches and 

5922
05:00:25,300 --> 05:00:27,800
newspaper. 
Editorials might not have been 

5923
05:00:27,800 --> 05:00:30,800
able to reach, additionally, 
touring Productions, that could 

5924
05:00:30,800 --> 05:00:33,600
reach audiences in smaller 
cities and towns gained 

5925
05:00:33,600 --> 05:00:37,300
popularity in the 19th century. 
As railroad networks expanded, 

5926
05:00:37,300 --> 05:00:40,500
it became financially viable to 
transport, entire Productions, 

5927
05:00:40,500 --> 05:00:44,100
complete with sets costumes, and
entire acting companies to 

5928
05:00:44,100 --> 05:00:47,000
locations across the nation. 
This made it possible for 

5929
05:00:47,000 --> 05:00:49,300
audiences. 
In far-flung, places to see the 

5930
05:00:49,300 --> 05:00:51,400
same place that were performed 
in large cities. 

5931
05:00:51,400 --> 05:00:56,100
Establishing the first genuinely
National theatrical culture with

5932
05:00:56,100 --> 05:00:59,500
theatrical syndicates planning. 
Tours, reserving venues and 

5933
05:00:59,500 --> 05:01:03,300
standardizing production values 
across several locations theater

5934
05:01:03,300 --> 05:01:05,200
emerged as a significant 
industry. 

5935
05:01:05,200 --> 05:01:08,400
During this time, the majority 
of America's major theater as 

5936
05:01:08,400 --> 05:01:11,200
were under the control of the 
theatrical Syndicate, which was 

5937
05:01:11,200 --> 05:01:15,500
established in 1896. 
That booking choices had the 

5938
05:01:15,500 --> 05:01:18,900
power to make or ruin careers a 
parallel movement that would 

5939
05:01:18,900 --> 05:01:22,300
transform dramatic literature 
and lay the foundation for many 

5940
05:01:22,300 --> 05:01:24,700
of the tenets that still govern 
serious theater. 

5941
05:01:24,700 --> 05:01:28,100
Today was emerging at the same 
time that popular theater was 

5942
05:01:28,100 --> 05:01:31,200
embracing spectacle and wide 
emotional appeal. 

5943
05:01:31,200 --> 05:01:35,400
Henry Gibson, August strindberg 
and Anton Chekhov were among the

5944
05:01:35,408 --> 05:01:38,000
first playwrights to tackle 
contemporary social issues 

5945
05:01:38,000 --> 05:01:41,100
through the experiences of 
likable characters and familiar 

5946
05:01:41,100 --> 05:01:44,000
settings because it addressed 
marriage and women's rights 

5947
05:01:44,000 --> 05:01:45,600
honestly. 
And in ways that went against 

5948
05:01:45,600 --> 05:01:49,700
ingrained social norms, IBS 
adults, house sparked scandals 

5949
05:01:49,700 --> 05:01:52,100
across Europe. 
Some theater's refused to 

5950
05:01:52,100 --> 05:01:55,700
present the plays contentious 
ending in which Nora abandoned 

5951
05:01:55,700 --> 05:01:58,700
her husband, and kids to find 
her own identity without, 

5952
05:01:58,700 --> 05:02:01,900
including a more traditional 
conclusion in which she resumes 

5953
05:02:01,900 --> 05:02:05,000
her responsibilities to her 
family, but the controversy was 

5954
05:02:05,000 --> 05:02:08,300
precisely the point. 
Ibsen and his peers felt that 

5955
05:02:08,300 --> 05:02:10,900
theater should provoke viewers 
to reflect deeply on moral 

5956
05:02:10,900 --> 05:02:13,900
issues and societal issues. 
In addition, to providing 

5957
05:02:13,900 --> 05:02:17,400
Amusement, this marked a return 
to theaters long-standing role 

5958
05:02:17,400 --> 05:02:19,700
as a platform for discussing 
significant topics. 

5959
05:02:20,400 --> 05:02:22,800
But with a particularly 
contemporary emphasis on 

5960
05:02:22,800 --> 05:02:26,600
psychological realism and 
current social issues, check off

5961
05:02:26,600 --> 05:02:29,900
Master, the art of naturalistic 
drama by crafting plays in which

5962
05:02:29,900 --> 05:02:33,200
characters discuss significant 
topics without directly 

5963
05:02:33,200 --> 05:02:36,200
addressing them in which the 
most poignant emotional moments 

5964
05:02:36,200 --> 05:02:39,700
frequently occur in silence. 
And in which the overall impact 

5965
05:02:39,700 --> 05:02:43,500
relies on minute details rather 
than dramatic climaxes, although

5966
05:02:43,500 --> 05:02:46,400
the Cherry Orchard is supposedly
about an aristocratic family 

5967
05:02:46,400 --> 05:02:49,700
losing their estate. 
It's really about how hard it is

5968
05:02:49,700 --> 05:02:53,300
to adjust to social change and 
how impossible it is to cling to

5969
05:02:53,300 --> 05:02:56,200
the past, these playwrights 
developed new techniques for 

5970
05:02:56,200 --> 05:02:59,800
creating psychological depth and
emotional authenticity, that 

5971
05:02:59,800 --> 05:03:02,400
would influence theatrical 
writing for the next century and

5972
05:03:02,400 --> 05:03:05,700
beyond their plot centered on 
internal conflicts and slow 

5973
05:03:05,700 --> 05:03:08,900
Revelations, rather than 
external action and dramatic 

5974
05:03:08,900 --> 05:03:12,800
confrontations, and their 
characters spoke and acted more 

5975
05:03:12,800 --> 05:03:16,600
like real people. 
Theatrical archetypes more 

5976
05:03:16,600 --> 05:03:19,300
changes to theater occurred in 
the 20th century than in any 

5977
05:03:19,300 --> 05:03:22,500
other because of two World Wars,
the emergence of television and 

5978
05:03:22,500 --> 05:03:26,000
film shifting, social mores, and
new technological advancements. 

5979
05:03:26,000 --> 05:03:29,200
As naturalistic acting 
techniques gained popularity in 

5980
05:03:29,200 --> 05:03:32,100
the early part of the century 
actors attempted to act as 

5981
05:03:32,100 --> 05:03:35,000
naturally as possible on stage. 
The more clamorous 

5982
05:03:35,000 --> 05:03:37,900
presentational style that are 
dominated theater for centuries 

5983
05:03:37,900 --> 05:03:40,900
was drastically different from 
this, by using their own 

5984
05:03:40,900 --> 05:03:43,800
emotional experiences and 
creating intricate psychological

5985
05:03:43,800 --> 05:03:45,200
backstories for their 
characters. 

5986
05:03:45,200 --> 05:03:49,400
Konstantin stanislavski created 
methodical techniques to assist 

5987
05:03:49,400 --> 05:03:51,400
actors in creating believable 
characters. 

5988
05:03:51,400 --> 05:03:54,400
Modern actor training was built 
on the interpretation and 

5989
05:03:54,400 --> 05:03:58,000
modification of the stanislavski
method by American instructors. 

5990
05:03:58,000 --> 05:04:02,200
Such as Lee Strasberg, Stella 
Adler and Sanford, Meisner the 

5991
05:04:02,200 --> 05:04:05,000
notion that actors should live. 
Truthfully under imaginary 

5992
05:04:05,000 --> 05:04:08,800
circumstances, transformed 
performance and created guide 

5993
05:04:08,800 --> 05:04:11,600
lines that are still studied and
used by the majority of actors 

5994
05:04:11,600 --> 05:04:14,200
today. 
Meanwhile, experimental theater.

5995
05:04:14,600 --> 05:04:16,800
Yes we're pushing in completely 
different directions. 

5996
05:04:16,800 --> 05:04:20,300
Rejecting naturalistic 
representation entirely in favor

5997
05:04:20,300 --> 05:04:23,900
of more abstract symbolic or 
ritualistic forms of performance

5998
05:04:23,900 --> 05:04:27,000
in Russia. 
Several odd, meyerhold created 

5999
05:04:27,000 --> 05:04:29,900
biomechanical acting methods 
that prioritize stylized 

6000
05:04:29,900 --> 05:04:33,600
movement and physical accuracy 
over psychological realism the 

6001
05:04:33,600 --> 05:04:36,100
theater of Cruelty. 
That Antonin our tour envisioned

6002
05:04:36,100 --> 05:04:39,000
would directly affect audiences,
emotions and spirituality. 

6003
05:04:39,000 --> 05:04:41,600
While challenging their 
rationale defenses through 

6004
05:04:41,600 --> 05:04:45,300
powerful sensory experiences, 
despite his own Productions 

6005
05:04:45,300 --> 05:04:48,900
frequent failures with modern 
audiences his theories shaped 

6006
05:04:48,900 --> 05:04:52,200
experimental theater for decades
in order to keep audiences from 

6007
05:04:52,200 --> 05:04:54,400
getting emotionally engrossed in
Theatrical illusion. 

6008
05:04:54,400 --> 05:04:57,200
Bertolt. 
Brecht created Epic Theater 

6009
05:04:57,200 --> 05:05:00,300
techniques in order for the 
audience to critically, consider

6010
05:05:00,300 --> 05:05:02,800
the social and political issues 
his plays addressed. 

6011
05:05:02,800 --> 05:05:05,500
He wanted them to keep a 
critical distance from the 

6012
05:05:05,500 --> 05:05:08,400
action political theater. 
All across the world was 

6013
05:05:08,400 --> 05:05:12,000
impacted by Brett alienation 
effects, which included direct 

6014
05:05:12,000 --> 05:05:14,200
address to the audience, Songz 
that made. 

6015
05:05:14,600 --> 05:05:17,100
Commentary on the action and 
staging that purposefully 

6016
05:05:17,100 --> 05:05:20,500
exposed theatrical artifice. 
American Theater was creating 

6017
05:05:20,500 --> 05:05:23,200
its own unique traits and 
contributions to the art form 

6018
05:05:23,200 --> 05:05:26,700
while European theater was 
battling, modernist invasions 

6019
05:05:26,700 --> 05:05:30,000
and political upheavals. 
The rise of uniquely American 

6020
05:05:30,000 --> 05:05:33,200
dramatic voices that wrote about
uniquely American issues and 

6021
05:05:33,200 --> 05:05:35,800
experiences occurred in the 
early 20th century. 

6022
05:05:36,900 --> 05:05:40,100
The first American playwright to
receive widespread Acclaim for 

6023
05:05:40,100 --> 05:05:42,700
his serious, dramatic Works. 
Was Eugene O'Neill. 

6024
05:05:42,700 --> 05:05:45,400
His early plays featured 
working-class characters, and 

6025
05:05:45,400 --> 05:05:47,600
Industrial settings that in 
ways. 

6026
05:05:47,600 --> 05:05:50,100
Never before. 
Seen on stage, reflected the 

6027
05:05:50,100 --> 05:05:53,800
realities of American Life later
pieces, like the Iceman, Cometh,

6028
05:05:53,800 --> 05:05:56,800
and Long days journey into night
examined. 

6029
05:05:56,800 --> 05:06:00,100
Personal failure, and family 
dysfunction with a psychological

6030
05:06:00,100 --> 05:06:02,500
depth that was comparable to 
anything being written in 

6031
05:06:02,500 --> 05:06:04,500
Europe. 
Only experimented, with 

6032
05:06:04,500 --> 05:06:06,800
theatrical methods, that went 
beyond what was typically 

6033
05:06:06,800 --> 05:06:09,100
expected of theatrical 
entertainment in the United 

6034
05:06:09,100 --> 05:06:11,500
States. 
And strange interlude. 

6035
05:06:11,500 --> 05:06:13,900
There were lengthy aside 
passages where characters 

6036
05:06:13,900 --> 05:06:17,000
Express their thoughts out. 
Loud masks were employed by the 

6037
05:06:17,000 --> 05:06:20,800
great God, Brown to symbolize 
various facets of his Persona by

6038
05:06:20,800 --> 05:06:23,700
adapting, Greek tragedy to an 
American setting during the 

6039
05:06:23,700 --> 05:06:26,900
Civil War mourning becomes 
Electra produced a Trilogy that 

6040
05:06:26,900 --> 05:06:29,600
used classical dramatic 
structures to analyze American 

6041
05:06:29,600 --> 05:06:31,700
history. 
The only time in American 

6042
05:06:31,700 --> 05:06:34,400
history that the federal 
government directly subsidized 

6043
05:06:34,400 --> 05:06:37,400
theatrical production was during
the federal theater project, 

6044
05:06:37,400 --> 05:06:40,000
which was a component of the New
Deal initiatives. 

6045
05:06:40,000 --> 05:06:43,000
During the Great Depression, 
thousands of theater 

6046
05:06:43,000 --> 05:06:46,100
professionals were employed by 
the project between 1935 and 

6047
05:06:46,100 --> 05:06:51,200
1939 and 100 of Productions were
produced Nationwide, including 

6048
05:06:51,200 --> 05:06:53,900
the groundbreaking living 
newspaper Productions, that 

6049
05:06:53,900 --> 05:06:57,800
dramatized current events and 
social concerns, even though the

6050
05:06:57,800 --> 05:07:00,300
federal theater project was 
eventually shut down because of 

6051
05:07:00,300 --> 05:07:02,600
political concerns about its 
left-leaning content. 

6052
05:07:02,600 --> 05:07:05,800
It showed that serious socially 
engaged. 

6053
05:07:05,800 --> 05:07:09,500
Theater was in high demand 
Across the Nation, not just in 

6054
05:07:09,500 --> 05:07:12,000
large cities. 
The creation of the integrated 

6055
05:07:12,000 --> 05:07:15,700
musical, which fused songs 
dances and dramatic scenes into 

6056
05:07:15,700 --> 05:07:19,200
cohesive artistic experiences, 
rather than merely entertainment

6057
05:07:19,200 --> 05:07:21,800
reviews with well. 
Known performers was perhaps 

6058
05:07:21,800 --> 05:07:25,400
American theaters, most notable 
contribution to World drama. 

6059
05:07:25,400 --> 05:07:28,300
With songs that developed 
organically from the character 

6060
05:07:28,300 --> 05:07:30,400
and Circumstance. 
Rather than being added as 

6061
05:07:30,400 --> 05:07:35,400
specialty, numbers Showboat, 
1927 is frequently regarded as 

6062
05:07:35,400 --> 05:07:37,600
the first fully integrated 
American Musical. 

6063
05:07:37,600 --> 05:07:41,000
The production addressed weighty
topics like racial Prejudice and

6064
05:07:41,000 --> 05:07:43,800
the passing of time 
demonstrating that musical 

6065
05:07:43,800 --> 05:07:46,200
theater, could tackle important 
issues while still offering 

6066
05:07:46,200 --> 05:07:50,600
mainstream entertainment. 
Alright, 1943 transformed 

6067
05:07:50,600 --> 05:07:53,700
musical theater by introducing 
dance sequences that progressed 

6068
05:07:53,700 --> 05:07:56,700
the plot and revealed character 
rather than merely offering 

6069
05:07:56,700 --> 05:07:58,700
spectacle. 
And by starting with a single 

6070
05:07:58,700 --> 05:08:01,300
character singing alone on 
stage, instead of a large 

6071
05:08:01,300 --> 05:08:04,400
chorus, Number Richard Rodgers 
and Oscar Hammerstein, the 

6072
05:08:04,400 --> 05:08:07,800
second partnership, created a 
model for musical theater design

6073
05:08:07,800 --> 05:08:10,400
that shape the genre for many 
years through. 

6074
05:08:10,700 --> 05:08:13,400
Complex, music and choreography.
That produced theatrical 

6075
05:08:13,400 --> 05:08:15,700
experience is unmatched in any 
other medium. 

6076
05:08:15,700 --> 05:08:20,800
Westside Story. 1957 showed that
musical theater could address 

6077
05:08:20,800 --> 05:08:25,300
modern social issues, like gang 
violence racial tension and 

6078
05:08:25,300 --> 05:08:28,600
urban poverty, classical jazz 
and popular music were all 

6079
05:08:28,608 --> 05:08:31,900
incorporated into Leonard 
Bernstein's score and Jerome 

6080
05:08:31,900 --> 05:08:34,800
Robbins choreography turned 
dance from a decorative elements

6081
05:08:34,800 --> 05:08:37,500
to a crucial part of the 
narrative Broadway musicals 

6082
05:08:37,500 --> 05:08:41,200
Heyday, which spanned roughly 
the 1940s to the 1960s. 

6083
05:08:41,200 --> 05:08:44,700
Produced works that shaped 
American culture songs from 

6084
05:08:44,700 --> 05:08:47,600
these shows entered, the popular
repertoire and the shows 

6085
05:08:47,600 --> 05:08:50,700
themselves established Broadway,
as a major cultural export that 

6086
05:08:50,700 --> 05:08:53,000
influenced musical, theater 
development, worldwide 

6087
05:08:53,000 --> 05:08:56,400
alternative, theater's arose to 
accommodate more experimental, 

6088
05:08:56,400 --> 05:08:58,000
work, and give up and coming 
artists. 

6089
05:08:58,000 --> 05:09:01,200
A platform as Broadway. 
Grew more commercial and costly 

6090
05:09:01,200 --> 05:09:04,500
originally characterized by 
their smaller size and cheaper 

6091
05:09:04,500 --> 05:09:07,200
ticket costs. 
Off-Broadway Theatres evolved 

6092
05:09:07,200 --> 05:09:10,300
into hubs for theatrical 
Innovation and platforms for 

6093
05:09:10,300 --> 05:09:12,100
work. 
That were unable to find a home 

6094
05:09:12,100 --> 05:09:15,900
in commercial settings, Julian 
Beck and Judith Molina founded, 

6095
05:09:15,900 --> 05:09:19,000
the living Theater, which 
pioneered confrontational and 

6096
05:09:19,000 --> 05:09:21,400
interactive theater. 
That dismantled the conventional

6097
05:09:21,400 --> 05:09:23,500
divided between audiences and 
performers. 

6098
05:09:23,500 --> 05:09:26,300
In addition to challenging 
preconceived, notions about 

6099
05:09:26,300 --> 05:09:29,400
social norms and Theatrical 
Behavior, their production of 

6100
05:09:29,400 --> 05:09:31,500
paradise. 
Now, invited audience members to

6101
05:09:31,508 --> 05:09:34,300
participate in the performance 
instead of adhering to 

6102
05:09:34,300 --> 05:09:36,300
Conventional hierarchical 
structures. 

6103
05:09:36,300 --> 05:09:39,700
The open Theater Under the 
direction of Joseph Chaikin 

6104
05:09:39,700 --> 05:09:42,700
developed on sambal based 
creation techniques in which 

6105
05:09:42,700 --> 05:09:46,300
actors directors and writers 
work together throughout the 

6106
05:09:46,300 --> 05:09:50,300
creative process, their work 
which placed a strong emphasis 

6107
05:09:50,300 --> 05:09:53,100
on vocal and physical 
experimentation produced 

6108
05:09:53,100 --> 05:09:55,700
performance styles that had an 
international impact on 

6109
05:09:55,700 --> 05:09:59,100
experimental theater and actor 
training as a separate field. 

6110
05:09:59,100 --> 05:10:02,500
Performance art rejected many of
the conventions of theater while

6111
05:10:02,500 --> 05:10:05,500
drawing inspiration from. 
It solo performance is by 

6112
05:10:05,500 --> 05:10:08,700
artists like Laurie Anderson, 
Spalding Gray and Karen Finley 

6113
05:10:08,700 --> 05:10:12,700
Blended storytelling. 
Visual art music and theater in 

6114
05:10:12,700 --> 05:10:15,200
ways that defied, easy, 
classification, as art. 

6115
05:10:15,200 --> 05:10:18,000
A decentralized theatrical 
culture was produced by the 

6116
05:10:18,000 --> 05:10:20,500
founding of regional theater 
companies across the United 

6117
05:10:20,500 --> 05:10:25,200
States in the 1960s and 1970s 
which lessened New York to 

6118
05:10:25,200 --> 05:10:27,600
Germany and offered chances for 
theatrical growth. 

6119
05:10:27,600 --> 05:10:31,600
Outside of conventional, hubs 
organizations. 

6120
05:10:31,600 --> 05:10:33,800
Such as the Arena Stage in 
Washington, DC. 

6121
05:10:33,800 --> 05:10:37,300
The American Conservatory 
theater in San Francisco and the

6122
05:10:37,308 --> 05:10:40,000
Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis 
formed unique creative 

6123
05:10:40,000 --> 05:10:43,600
personalities while giving back 
to their communities Regional 

6124
05:10:43,600 --> 05:10:46,400
Theaters emerged as crucial, 
venues for creating original 

6125
05:10:46,400 --> 05:10:49,400
works and bringing classic plays
back to life for modern 

6126
05:10:49,400 --> 05:10:51,500
audiences. 
In addition to creating 

6127
05:10:51,500 --> 05:10:54,400
audiences for serious theater in
communities Across the Nation, 

6128
05:10:54,400 --> 05:10:57,500
they offered jobs to theater 
professionals, who wish to work 

6129
05:10:57,500 --> 05:11:00,500
regularly without vying for the 
few Broadway, openings. 

6130
05:11:00,500 --> 05:11:03,400
The growth of playwright 
development programs, which 

6131
05:11:03,400 --> 05:11:07,300
supported up and coming authors 
through workshops readings and 

6132
05:11:07,300 --> 05:11:11,200
developmental Productions was 
also encouraged by the Theater 

6133
05:11:11,200 --> 05:11:13,100
movement. 
The Works of many of the most 

6134
05:11:13,100 --> 05:11:16,600
significant American playwrights
of the late 20th century such as

6135
05:11:16,608 --> 05:11:20,300
David Mamet, Sam, Shepard and 
Lanford Wilson were developed in

6136
05:11:20,300 --> 05:11:23,000
Regional Theaters. 
The theater of today is part of 

6137
05:11:23,008 --> 05:11:27,200
a complex ecosystem, that also 
includes social media video 

6138
05:11:27,200 --> 05:11:30,800
games, streaming services, 
television and movies. 

6139
05:11:30,800 --> 05:11:34,000
Instead of being supplanted by 
these more recent entertainment,

6140
05:11:34,000 --> 05:11:37,200
media has managed to integrate 
their Innovations while 

6141
05:11:37,200 --> 05:11:40,400
preserving its fundamental 
qualities as a live social 

6142
05:11:40,400 --> 05:11:42,800
event. 
Diversity is embraced by modern 

6143
05:11:42,800 --> 05:11:46,000
theater in ways that were 
Unthinkable in early at times on

6144
05:11:46,000 --> 05:11:48,600
contemporary stages stories from
various cultures. 

6145
05:11:48,600 --> 05:11:52,000
Previously, marginalized 
viewpoints and experimental, 

6146
05:11:52,000 --> 05:11:55,100
forms that defy conventional. 
Notions of what theater can be 

6147
05:11:55,108 --> 05:11:59,200
coexist, playwrights such as 
Tony Kushner lin-manuel, Miranda

6148
05:11:59,200 --> 05:12:02,400
and Susan, Laurie Parks have 
produced that broaden the 

6149
05:12:02,400 --> 05:12:04,900
theatrical Canon while appealing
to new audiences. 

6150
05:12:04,900 --> 05:12:08,400
The fundamental components of 
theatrical performance have been

6151
05:12:08,400 --> 05:12:11,100
improved by technology, rather 
than Replaced. 

6152
05:12:11,800 --> 05:12:14,800
Nowadays sound design is a 
highly developed art form that 

6153
05:12:14,808 --> 05:12:18,200
produces oral Landscapes that 
were not possible in the past. 

6154
05:12:18,200 --> 05:12:21,400
Computer-controlled systems are 
used in lighting design to 

6155
05:12:21,400 --> 05:12:24,200
produce effects that are only 
constrained by the designers 

6156
05:12:24,200 --> 05:12:28,000
creativity real-time visual 
environments that adapt to live.

6157
05:12:28,000 --> 05:12:30,700
Performances are made possible 
by digital effects and video 

6158
05:12:30,700 --> 05:12:33,500
projection. 
However, these technological 

6159
05:12:33,500 --> 05:12:35,600
advancements support, 
conventional theatrical 

6160
05:12:35,600 --> 05:12:39,600
functions, such as narrating, 
stories setting the mood and 

6161
05:12:39,600 --> 05:12:42,700
drawing in viewers, realizing 
that theaters power is in the 

6162
05:12:42,700 --> 05:12:44,900
direct interaction between 
actors and audiences. 

6163
05:12:44,900 --> 05:12:48,600
The most successful, modern 
Productions used technology to 

6164
05:12:48,600 --> 05:12:52,300
complement live performance, 
rather, than to replace it, some

6165
05:12:52,300 --> 05:12:55,000
elements of theater of stayed. 
Remarkably consistent over 

6166
05:12:55,000 --> 05:12:58,500
thousands of years, despite all 
these changes, the fundamental 

6167
05:12:58,500 --> 05:13:01,800
bond between an Entertainer and 
Their audience, the Enchantment 

6168
05:13:01,800 --> 05:13:05,200
of Life performance is and the 
potency of group storytelling, 

6169
05:13:05,200 --> 05:13:07,800
have withstood all social 
changes and technological, 

6170
05:13:07,800 --> 05:13:11,200
advancements, being in the same 
room as live performers. 

6171
05:13:11,800 --> 05:13:15,000
Experience in the energy of the 
crowd and realizing that, this 

6172
05:13:15,000 --> 05:13:17,200
specific performance will never 
be precisely. 

6173
05:13:17,200 --> 05:13:21,200
Duplicated are still in 
comparable live performance is 

6174
05:13:21,200 --> 05:13:24,100
on predictable and crucial in 
ways that recorded entertainment

6175
05:13:24,100 --> 05:13:27,700
can never match with subtle 
variations brought about, by the

6176
05:13:27,700 --> 05:13:31,000
audience's mood, the performers 
energy, the weather and 

6177
05:13:31,000 --> 05:13:34,400
countless other small factors 
arcade dwelling ancestors, 

6178
05:13:34,400 --> 05:13:37,200
gathered around their Fires. 
For many of the same purposes 

6179
05:13:37,200 --> 05:13:38,700
that theater still fulfills 
today. 

6180
05:13:39,600 --> 05:13:42,600
It gives difficult feelings and 
complicated concepts are 

6181
05:13:42,600 --> 05:13:45,600
tangible form. 
And a common context which AIDS 

6182
05:13:45,600 --> 05:13:48,000
in their processing. 
I offering experiences that 

6183
05:13:48,000 --> 05:13:52,400
people can talk about debate and
remember together, it Fosters a 

6184
05:13:52,400 --> 05:13:55,500
sense of community. 
It allows each generation to 

6185
05:13:55,500 --> 05:13:58,100
reinterpret stories and cultural
values for their current 

6186
05:13:58,100 --> 05:14:00,300
relevance. 
While preserving them theater, 

6187
05:14:00,300 --> 05:14:03,100
gives us the opportunity to 
investigate various viewpoints 

6188
05:14:03,100 --> 05:14:06,200
and options in a secure setting 
where we can experience 

6189
05:14:06,200 --> 05:14:09,500
repercussions without, actually 
going through them, observe 

6190
05:14:09,500 --> 05:14:12,500
other people's decisions and 
consider, how we might act in 

6191
05:14:12,500 --> 05:14:16,300
comparable situations through 
the experience of characters who

6192
05:14:16,300 --> 05:14:18,300
represent various facets of 
human nature. 

6193
05:14:18,300 --> 05:14:22,500
It offers a forum for discussing
ethical issues, societal issues 

6194
05:14:22,500 --> 05:14:25,300
and interpersonal conflicts in 
deed theater. 

6195
05:14:25,300 --> 05:14:28,700
Serves many important, artistic 
and social purposes, but it's 

6196
05:14:28,700 --> 05:14:31,900
also important to remember that.
It's just for fun, the small 

6197
05:14:31,900 --> 05:14:35,900
Pleasures, the shared gasp of 
surprise, and unexpected plot 

6198
05:14:35,900 --> 05:14:39,200
twists, the laughter that breaks
out during a well-timed, comedy 

6199
05:14:39,200 --> 05:14:41,400
sequence, the shared intake of 
breath. 

6200
05:14:41,400 --> 05:14:45,900
During a moment of transcendent 
Beauty directly connect to every

6201
05:14:45,900 --> 05:14:49,700
audience, as ever assembled to 
witness other people posing, as 

6202
05:14:49,700 --> 05:14:52,900
someone else, theaters humanity 
is what makes it so appealing. 

6203
05:14:53,700 --> 05:14:56,300
In contrast to television or 
movies which show are still 

6204
05:14:56,300 --> 05:14:58,900
photos of actors who played 
their parts weeks or months ago,

6205
05:14:58,900 --> 05:15:03,008
theater shows us real people 
performing live right in front 

6206
05:15:03,016 --> 05:15:05,600
of us, the tear shed by a 
theater performer. 

6207
05:15:05,600 --> 05:15:09,900
Are genuine when they laugh, 
it's real laughter, they must 

6208
05:15:09,900 --> 05:15:10,900
immediately. 
Correct? 

6209
05:15:10,900 --> 05:15:14,200
Their mistakes in front of the 
audience, no other art form can 

6210
05:15:14,200 --> 05:15:18,000
compare to the sense of danger 
and urgency this evokes during a

6211
05:15:18,000 --> 05:15:21,000
live performance. 
Anything Can Happen an actor may

6212
05:15:21,000 --> 05:15:25,100
forget their lines, a set piece 
may break or a costume May tear 

6213
05:15:25,100 --> 05:15:28,200
at a pivotal point. 
How the actors respond to these 

6214
05:15:28,200 --> 05:15:29,700
situations. 
Becomes part of the 

6215
05:15:29,700 --> 05:15:32,800
entertainment for the evening by
agreeing to overlook small 

6216
05:15:32,800 --> 05:15:35,100
errors. 
Recognizing the skill needed to 

6217
05:15:35,100 --> 05:15:38,400
produce convinced in characters 
and gripping, narratives under 

6218
05:15:38,400 --> 05:15:41,900
such immediate pressure, the 
audience completely maintains 

6219
05:15:41,900 --> 05:15:45,300
the theatrical illusion 
theatrical Traditions from all 

6220
05:15:45,300 --> 05:15:47,700
over the world influencing one. 
Another in ways that were not 

6221
05:15:47,700 --> 05:15:51,300
feasible in the past, modern 
theater has a genuinely Global 

6222
05:15:51,300 --> 05:15:54,100
reach. 
Western experimental theaters 

6223
05:15:54,100 --> 05:15:56,700
influenced by Japanese Noh and 
Kabuki techniques. 

6224
05:15:56,700 --> 05:15:59,500
Modern American playwriting is 
influenced by African 

6225
05:15:59,500 --> 05:16:03,300
storytelling Traditions, Asian 
Productions of Western Classics.

6226
05:16:03,300 --> 05:16:06,200
Adopt European directing 
techniques by broadening the 

6227
05:16:06,208 --> 05:16:09,100
scope of methods themes and 
approaches accessible to Modern 

6228
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:11,200
artists. 
This cross-pollination has 

6229
05:16:11,200 --> 05:16:13,900
enhanced theater. 
As artists strive to respect 

6230
05:16:13,900 --> 05:16:16,800
traditional forms while bringing
them up to date for contemporary

6231
05:16:16,800 --> 05:16:20,200
audiences, as well as negotiate 
issues of cultural appropriation

6232
05:16:20,200 --> 05:16:24,200
and genuine representation, it 
is also brought forth. 

6233
05:16:24,200 --> 05:16:27,100
New difficulties, theater 
Innovations, are now widely 

6234
05:16:27,100 --> 05:16:29,900
disseminated across National and
cultural borders through the 

6235
05:16:29,900 --> 05:16:33,600
Festival circuit festivals in 
Adelaide Edinburgh Avenue and 

6236
05:16:33,600 --> 05:16:36,700
numerous other cities offer 
venues for artists from various 

6237
05:16:36,700 --> 05:16:39,500
Traditions to exchange their 
work and have an impact on one 

6238
05:16:39,500 --> 05:16:42,200
another's growth. 
This International Exchange has 

6239
05:16:42,200 --> 05:16:45,300
been sped up by digital 
communication, which has made it

6240
05:16:45,300 --> 05:16:47,600
possible for theater 
professionals to collaborate on 

6241
05:16:47,600 --> 05:16:51,400
projects, share techniques and 
reach audiences around the world

6242
05:16:51,400 --> 05:16:54,100
in ways that were Thinkable for 
earlier Generations. 

6243
05:16:54,100 --> 05:16:57,600
All though live streaming of 
theatrical performances has 

6244
05:16:57,600 --> 05:16:59,300
grown in sophistication and 
popularity. 

6245
05:16:59,300 --> 05:17:03,000
It still serves as an addition 
to live theater experiences, 

6246
05:17:03,000 --> 05:17:06,200
rather than as a substitute for 
them, theater keeps changing 

6247
05:17:06,200 --> 05:17:08,200
while retaining its fundamental 
qualities. 

6248
05:17:08,200 --> 05:17:10,800
As we look to the Future, 
although they haven't yet 

6249
05:17:10,800 --> 05:17:13,000
completely altered. 
The fundamental theatrical 

6250
05:17:13,000 --> 05:17:15,800
experience of live performers, 
working with live audiences 

6251
05:17:15,800 --> 05:17:19,200
virtual and augmented reality 
Technologies. 

6252
05:17:19,200 --> 05:17:21,900
Present new opportunities for 
staging and audience. 

6253
05:17:21,900 --> 05:17:24,600
Interaction theater operations 
are being impacted by 

6254
05:17:24,600 --> 05:17:27,200
environmental concerns. 
As many businesses are 

6255
05:17:27,200 --> 05:17:30,700
implementing sustainable, set 
construction, energy, use and 

6256
05:17:30,700 --> 05:17:34,600
touring Logistics practices as 
audience's funding sources and 

6257
05:17:34,600 --> 05:17:36,800
distribution. 
Strategies shift, in response to

6258
05:17:36,800 --> 05:17:39,100
more General, Social and 
technological advancements. 

6259
05:17:39,100 --> 05:17:43,500
Theaters economics, continue to 
change the same urgent subject 

6260
05:17:43,500 --> 05:17:46,200
matter that has always inspired 
the most compelling. 

6261
05:17:46,200 --> 05:17:49,100
Dramatic work is available to 
theater today in the form of 

6262
05:17:49,100 --> 05:17:52,400
climate change, political 
polarization e. 

6263
05:17:52,500 --> 05:17:56,400
Inequality and technological 
disruption emerging playwrights 

6264
05:17:56,400 --> 05:17:58,200
of today. 
A figuring out how to deal with 

6265
05:17:58,200 --> 05:18:01,100
these issues while respecting 
theater's historical advantages 

6266
05:18:01,100 --> 05:18:05,400
and investigating fresh avenues 
for artistic expression tens of 

6267
05:18:05,400 --> 05:18:07,900
thousands of years ago. 
The first storytellers gathered 

6268
05:18:07,900 --> 05:18:10,800
around their fires and began a 
tradition that today's Young 

6269
05:18:10,800 --> 05:18:13,800
performers are carrying on their
learning from teachers who 

6270
05:18:13,800 --> 05:18:16,200
learned from teachers who can 
trace their ancestry back 

6271
05:18:16,200 --> 05:18:18,000
through centuries of theatrical 
tradition. 

6272
05:18:18,800 --> 05:18:21,900
An unbroken line of knowledge 
and technique that links actors 

6273
05:18:21,900 --> 05:18:25,300
of today to actors of the past. 
However, they are also 

6274
05:18:25,300 --> 05:18:27,900
developing new formats and 
inventive storytelling 

6275
05:18:27,900 --> 05:18:31,200
techniques that appeal to 
audiences in the modern era who 

6276
05:18:31,200 --> 05:18:33,900
are confronted with previously 
unheard of possibilities and 

6277
05:18:33,900 --> 05:18:35,800
challenges. 
They are performing for 

6278
05:18:35,800 --> 05:18:39,100
audiences that include people 
from all over the world working 

6279
05:18:39,100 --> 05:18:42,300
in theaters that are equipped 
with new technology and tackling

6280
05:18:42,300 --> 05:18:45,300
artistic and social issues that 
were Unthinkable for earlier 

6281
05:18:45,300 --> 05:18:47,900
Generations. 
Theater adapts with out losing 

6282
05:18:47,900 --> 05:18:50,600
its core, which is why in Jews 
and flourishes. 

6283
05:18:50,600 --> 05:18:54,000
While embracing new 
technologies, it keeps its 

6284
05:18:54,000 --> 05:18:56,500
emphasis on interpersonal 
connections and in-person 

6285
05:18:56,500 --> 05:18:59,200
communication. 
It explores the Timeless, the 

6286
05:18:59,200 --> 05:19:01,400
themes that have always fueled 
dramatic literature, while 

6287
05:19:01,400 --> 05:19:04,900
incorporating shifting social 
perspectives, In addition to 

6288
05:19:04,900 --> 05:19:07,800
developing new narratives that 
represent modern experience. 

6289
05:19:07,800 --> 05:19:12,000
It discovers novel ways to tell 
old Tales the value of theaters 

6290
05:19:12,000 --> 05:19:16,200
emphasis on community presence 
and shared experience increases 

6291
05:19:16,200 --> 05:19:18,800
rather than decreases. 
In our increasingly digital 

6292
05:19:18,800 --> 05:19:22,600
remote and fast-paced world. 
The experience of sitting in a 

6293
05:19:22,600 --> 05:19:25,100
theater with hundreds of other 
people, all of whom are focused 

6294
05:19:25,100 --> 05:19:28,300
on the same life, performance 
feels more valuable and unique 

6295
05:19:28,300 --> 05:19:30,900
as more of our entertainment 
becomes personalized and 

6296
05:19:30,900 --> 05:19:33,500
customizable. 
Theater serves as a reminder, 

6297
05:19:33,500 --> 05:19:36,700
that humans are social beings 
who require opportunities to 

6298
05:19:36,708 --> 05:19:40,400
come together in physical 
settings, where we can laugh cry

6299
05:19:40,400 --> 05:19:42,600
and discuss what it means to be 
human. 

6300
05:19:42,600 --> 05:19:45,500
It offers a break from the 
never-ending stimulation of 

6301
05:19:45,500 --> 05:19:49,400
digital media in favor of the 
more profound rewards of focused

6302
05:19:49,400 --> 05:19:52,000
attention, emotional, 
involvement, and group 

6303
05:19:52,000 --> 05:19:54,200
contemplation for the next few 
hours. 

6304
05:19:54,200 --> 05:19:57,300
You become a part of something 
bigger than yourself, part of 

6305
05:19:57,300 --> 05:20:00,700
the ongoing dialogue between the
past and present between artists

6306
05:20:00,700 --> 05:20:03,600
and audiences and between 
personal experience and 

6307
05:20:03,600 --> 05:20:05,200
Collective. 
Understanding that has been 

6308
05:20:05,208 --> 05:20:08,000
going on for as long as people 
have been Gathering to tell 

6309
05:20:08,000 --> 05:20:11,200
stories, this begins when the 
curtain Rises and the first 

6310
05:20:11,200 --> 05:20:14,700
actor enters the spotlight, you 
take part in one of the oldest 

6311
05:20:14,700 --> 05:20:17,900
and most enduring traditions in 
human history and that dimly lit

6312
05:20:17,900 --> 05:20:20,800
theater with strangers who 
momentarily become your 

6313
05:20:20,800 --> 05:20:23,200
companions. 
As you watch a story unfold 

6314
05:20:23,200 --> 05:20:26,500
together with everyone else 
present, you can sent to believe

6315
05:20:26,500 --> 05:20:29,900
the story being told and allow 
yourself to be moved by the 

6316
05:20:29,900 --> 05:20:33,000
experiences of fictional 
characters who are portrayed by 

6317
05:20:33,000 --> 05:20:36,000
actual people. 
Just a few feet away from you 

6318
05:20:36,000 --> 05:20:39,400
and when the lights come up and 
the Applause subsides you take a

6319
05:20:39,408 --> 05:20:42,000
little bit of that experience 
back into your everyday life, 

6320
05:20:42,000 --> 05:20:45,900
memory of things that shocked 
touched or challenged. 

6321
05:20:45,900 --> 05:20:48,300
You questions prompted by the 
story. 

6322
05:20:48,300 --> 05:20:52,100
You've seen connections drawn 
between the experience of the 

6323
05:20:52,100 --> 05:20:55,600
characters and your own life and
the pure joy of spending time 

6324
05:20:55,600 --> 05:20:58,600
with people who have chosen to 
congregate in that specific 

6325
05:20:58,600 --> 05:21:02,500
location at that specific moment
to partake in the age-old 

6326
05:21:02,500 --> 05:21:06,000
Enchantment of Life performance.
Because it fulfills needs that 

6327
05:21:06,000 --> 05:21:08,800
technology cannot and offers 
experiences that no, other art 

6328
05:21:08,800 --> 05:21:10,700
form can match. 
Theater has endured. 

6329
05:21:10,700 --> 05:21:13,600
There, will always be theaters 
where actors and audiences 

6330
05:21:13,600 --> 05:21:16,600
gathered to discuss what it 
means to be alive in any given 

6331
05:21:16,600 --> 05:21:19,000
time. 
And location as long as people 

6332
05:21:19,000 --> 05:21:22,600
have a need for stories, a 
desire for connection, and a 

6333
05:21:22,600 --> 05:21:24,200
search for meaning and shared 
experiences. 

6334
05:21:24,200 --> 05:21:28,800
So let's celebrate theater, it's
absurd aspirations and deep 

6335
05:21:28,800 --> 05:21:32,800
fulfillments, its age-old wisdom
and modern inventions and its 

6336
05:21:32,800 --> 05:21:37,600
capacity to make us laugh cry. 
And think often all in one 

6337
05:21:37,600 --> 05:21:40,500
evening, cheers to the actors 
who dedicate their lives to 

6338
05:21:40,508 --> 05:21:43,100
playing different roles. 
The directors who transformed 

6339
05:21:43,100 --> 05:21:46,300
unfinished material into 
meaningful experience, is the 

6340
05:21:46,300 --> 05:21:50,200
designers who build worlds out 
of plywood and Imagination and 

6341
05:21:50,200 --> 05:21:53,500
the audience is who consistently
turn up night after night 

6342
05:21:53,500 --> 05:21:57,100
willing to believe whatever 
Stories being told the customer 

6343
05:21:57,100 --> 05:21:59,700
is upheld. 
The curtain is raised and The 

6344
05:21:59,700 --> 05:22:02,700
NeverEnding dialogue between the
performer and the audience, the 

6345
05:22:02,700 --> 05:22:05,200
story and The Listener and the 
Imagination. 

6346
05:22:05,200 --> 05:22:08,400
And the real world continues. 
May your own performance is 

6347
05:22:08,400 --> 05:22:11,500
whether on stage or in the 
everyday theater of Life, the 

6348
05:22:11,500 --> 05:22:15,500
full of the ideal ratio of humor
and drama knowledge, and, or an 

6349
05:22:15,500 --> 05:22:19,400
individual expression and group 
Harmony sweet dreams. 

6350
05:22:25,400 --> 05:22:28,900
The spring of 1642 arrived with 
deceptive gentleness to the 

6351
05:22:28,900 --> 05:22:32,700
cargo domain Nakamura. 
Yoshitaka third, son of a 

6352
05:22:32,700 --> 05:22:35,700
middle-ranking samurai. 
Watched as his father's funeral 

6353
05:22:35,700 --> 05:22:39,900
pyre sent gray white smoke 
curling Towards the Sky. at 18 

6354
05:22:39,900 --> 05:22:43,700
yoshitaka now, inherited not 
wealth or power, but obligation 

6355
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:47,700
Suffocating weight of family 
debt and service to Lord Maeda. 

6356
05:22:48,300 --> 05:22:50,900
His father sudden death from a 
wasting illness had left, the 

6357
05:22:50,908 --> 05:22:54,000
family and precarious 
circumstances their stipend of 

6358
05:22:54,000 --> 05:22:56,500
150 koku, barely sufficient for 
their station. 

6359
05:22:57,400 --> 05:22:59,500
Yoshi's. 
Fingers trace the edge of his 

6360
05:22:59,500 --> 05:23:02,700
guitars lacquered sire, the 
sword represented both his 

6361
05:23:02,700 --> 05:23:05,700
Heritage and his burden a 
physical embodiment of the 

6362
05:23:05,708 --> 05:23:08,100
contradictions that Define 
Samurai existence. 

6363
05:23:09,300 --> 05:23:12,100
While poets and foreign 
observers were romanticized, the

6364
05:23:12,100 --> 05:23:14,500
warrior class yoshitaka 
understood. 

6365
05:23:14,500 --> 05:23:18,600
A more complex reality, the age 
of Battlefield Glory, had faded 

6366
05:23:18,600 --> 05:23:22,100
into peace time Administration. 
Yet the demands of Bushido 

6367
05:23:22,100 --> 05:23:25,300
remained relentless The accounts
must be settled. 

6368
05:23:25,300 --> 05:23:28,500
His mother mermaid that evening 
laying out Scrolls. 

6369
05:23:28,500 --> 05:23:32,200
Detailing loans from local 
Merchants a once elegant, kimono

6370
05:23:32,200 --> 05:23:35,800
had been mended multiple times. 
Another quiet Testament to their

6371
05:23:35,808 --> 05:23:39,600
declining fortunes. the daimyos 
tax collectors will not wait 

6372
05:23:39,600 --> 05:23:44,300
because we grieve This was the 
first harsh truth of Samurai 

6373
05:23:44,300 --> 05:23:47,400
life in the Edo period. 
Appearances demanded Financial 

6374
05:23:47,400 --> 05:23:50,000
sacrifice. 
Despite their, declining 

6375
05:23:50,000 --> 05:23:53,600
fortunes, the Nakamura family 
was expected to maintain an 

6376
05:23:53,600 --> 05:23:57,700
image of dignified Prosperity. 
Their residents are modest 

6377
05:23:57,700 --> 05:23:59,600
Compound on the periphery of 
kanazawa City. 

6378
05:23:59,600 --> 05:24:03,300
Required constant maintenance. 
Their clothing while 

6379
05:24:03,300 --> 05:24:06,200
increasingly threadbare needed 
to reflect their status. 

6380
05:24:06,200 --> 05:24:09,700
Any public display of financial 
hardship, would bring shame not 

6381
05:24:09,700 --> 05:24:11,900
just on their household, but on 
their lord. 

6382
05:24:12,600 --> 05:24:15,500
Two days after the funeral 
yoshitaka presented himself. 

6383
05:24:15,500 --> 05:24:17,400
At the domains administrative 
officers. 

6384
05:24:17,400 --> 05:24:21,200
The magistrate a heavy set 
Samurai named hoshino, barely 

6385
05:24:21,200 --> 05:24:23,400
acknowledged him before signing 
his new duties. 

6386
05:24:24,200 --> 05:24:26,200
You will supervise tax 
collection in the southern 

6387
05:24:26,200 --> 05:24:31,200
Villages hoshino stated flatly. 
Your father's inadequacies in 

6388
05:24:31,200 --> 05:24:34,200
this area have been noted, the 
Lord expects Improvement. 

6389
05:24:35,300 --> 05:24:39,000
Yoshida's chest tightened his 
father had often spoken of the 

6390
05:24:39,000 --> 05:24:41,900
impossible balance between 
extracting sufficient rice tax 

6391
05:24:41,900 --> 05:24:45,100
from Farmers, and ensuring, they
had enough to survive until the 

6392
05:24:45,100 --> 05:24:48,800
next Harvest too harsh. 
And The Villages would collapse 

6393
05:24:48,800 --> 05:24:52,600
from starvation two lenient and 
a samurai would face censure 

6394
05:24:52,600 --> 05:24:55,400
from his superiors. 
The following week found 

6395
05:24:55,400 --> 05:24:58,100
yoshitaka riding through, muddy 
Fields, toward the village of 

6396
05:24:58,108 --> 05:25:00,900
ushikata. 
The planting of rice had 

6397
05:25:00,900 --> 05:25:03,500
commenced with peasants bending 
double in the paddies 

6398
05:25:03,500 --> 05:25:06,700
methodically pressing seedlings 
into the flooded fields. 

6399
05:25:07,600 --> 05:25:10,000
Their labor would eventually 
produce the rice that formed the

6400
05:25:10,000 --> 05:25:11,600
foundation of the Samurai 
economy. 

6401
05:25:11,600 --> 05:25:15,100
Each koku, theoretically enough 
to feed one person for a year 

6402
05:25:16,000 --> 05:25:18,700
Unlike the Romantic tales that 
would later capture foreign 

6403
05:25:18,700 --> 05:25:21,800
imagination, Yoshi Tucker's 
daily life involved endless 

6404
05:25:21,800 --> 05:25:25,400
administrative tasks in rice 
fields, reviewing Village 

6405
05:25:25,400 --> 05:25:27,900
headman's records and resolving 
minor disputes. 

6406
05:25:28,600 --> 05:25:30,400
The weight of his swords at his 
hips. 

6407
05:25:30,400 --> 05:25:32,500
Served more as status symbols 
than weapons. 

6408
05:25:32,500 --> 05:25:35,600
In these peaceful times, though.
He maintained rigorous training 

6409
05:25:35,600 --> 05:25:39,500
each morning, The Village. 
Headman can sukhe greeted 

6410
05:25:39,500 --> 05:25:41,300
yoshitaka with practice 
deference. 

6411
05:25:41,300 --> 05:25:44,900
Bowing low yet with a certain 
weary in his eyes. 

6412
05:25:44,900 --> 05:25:48,600
Honorable samurai Sama. 
We welcome you to our humble 

6413
05:25:48,600 --> 05:25:53,700
Village over bowls of simple tea
gensouki carefully, explain the 

6414
05:25:53,700 --> 05:25:57,300
villages circumstances a late 
Frost to damaged early. 

6415
05:25:57,300 --> 05:26:00,700
Crops and several families were 
already supplementing their diet

6416
05:26:00,700 --> 05:26:05,300
with foraged mountain plants. 
The tax quota remains unchanged,

6417
05:26:05,300 --> 05:26:08,100
yoshitaka stated reciting the 
official position. 

6418
05:26:09,000 --> 05:26:12,100
The Daimos responsibilities to 
the Shogun cannot be neglected. 

6419
05:26:13,400 --> 05:26:17,100
Kensuke's weathered face 
remained in passive, but Yoshida

6420
05:26:17,100 --> 05:26:18,900
can noted the slight Tremor in 
his hands. 

6421
05:26:18,900 --> 05:26:23,300
Of course, Samurai Sama. 
We understand our duty to the 

6422
05:26:23,308 --> 05:26:27,600
Lord Later that night in the 
village headman spare room, 

6423
05:26:27,608 --> 05:26:30,000
yoshitaka found himself unable 
to sleep. 

6424
05:26:30,000 --> 05:26:33,300
The contrast between his 
family's Financial struggles and

6425
05:26:33,300 --> 05:26:35,900
the even greater Poverty of the 
farmers created. 

6426
05:26:35,900 --> 05:26:39,300
An uncomfortable dissonance both
were trapped in a system of 

6427
05:26:39,308 --> 05:26:42,800
obligations, the farmers to the 
samurai, the samurai, to their 

6428
05:26:42,800 --> 05:26:47,100
Lords, the Lords to the Shogun, 
and ultimately all to a rigid 

6429
05:26:47,100 --> 05:26:50,400
social order that demanded 
perfected here in to one's 

6430
05:26:50,400 --> 05:26:53,000
assigned role. 
This was perhaps the greatest 

6431
05:26:53,000 --> 05:26:56,500
harshness of Samurai, existence,
the psychological weight of 

6432
05:26:56,500 --> 05:27:00,000
Perpetual obligation. 
Unlike the peasants who could 

6433
05:27:00,000 --> 05:27:02,600
occasionally find Simple 
Pleasures and seasonal festivals

6434
05:27:02,600 --> 05:27:05,000
or family. 
Gatherings Samurai lived under 

6435
05:27:05,000 --> 05:27:08,100
constant scrutiny. 
Every action reflected not just 

6436
05:27:08,100 --> 05:27:11,700
on themselves, but on their 
lord, even in private moments, 

6437
05:27:11,700 --> 05:27:15,200
yoshitaka felt the invisible 
pressure of expected perfection.

6438
05:27:16,200 --> 05:27:19,800
A spring, gave way to Summer 
yoshitaka established a rhythm 

6439
05:27:19,800 --> 05:27:22,800
to his duties mornings began 
with sword practice. 

6440
05:27:22,800 --> 05:27:26,300
The ritualized forms that 
connected him to Kit generations

6441
05:27:26,300 --> 05:27:29,500
of Warriors, paths, then came 
the administrative work 

6442
05:27:29,500 --> 05:27:33,400
inspections and the delicate 
balance of enforcing Authority 

6443
05:27:33,400 --> 05:27:36,700
while avoiding cruelty. 
He spent his evening studying 

6444
05:27:36,700 --> 05:27:40,600
Chinese Classics and calligraphy
skills expected of an educated 

6445
05:27:40,600 --> 05:27:43,400
Samurai but increasingly 
disconnected from his daily 

6446
05:27:43,400 --> 05:27:46,600
responsibilities. 
What historical accounts often 

6447
05:27:46,600 --> 05:27:48,200
overlooked was the profound 
isolation. 

6448
05:27:48,200 --> 05:27:51,700
Many Samurai experienced 
Friendship across class lines 

6449
05:27:51,700 --> 05:27:54,900
was impossible relationships 
with fellow Samurai, were 

6450
05:27:54,900 --> 05:27:57,600
infused with competition and 
even family, connections, 

6451
05:27:57,600 --> 05:28:01,300
remained formal, and reserved. 
When yoshitaka younger brother 

6452
05:28:01,300 --> 05:28:04,300
fell ill that summer their 
conversations remained stiffly, 

6453
05:28:04,300 --> 05:28:07,500
proper emotional restraint and 
another requirement of their 

6454
05:28:07,500 --> 05:28:11,900
station, The Village headman Jen
suitcase, greeted, yoshitaka 

6455
05:28:11,900 --> 05:28:15,700
with practice, deference bowing 
low, yet with a certain 

6456
05:28:15,700 --> 05:28:18,900
weariness in his eyes honorable 
samurai Sama. 

6457
05:28:18,900 --> 05:28:23,900
We welcome you to our humble 
Village Over bowls of simple tea

6458
05:28:23,900 --> 05:28:28,000
gensouki carefully, explain the 
villages circumstances a late 

6459
05:28:28,008 --> 05:28:31,100
Frost to damaged early. 
Crops and several families were 

6460
05:28:31,100 --> 05:28:34,100
already supplementing their diet
with foraged mountain plants. 

6461
05:28:34,900 --> 05:28:37,300
The tax quoter remains 
unchanged. 

6462
05:28:37,300 --> 05:28:39,900
Yoshida stated reciting the 
official position. 

6463
05:28:41,000 --> 05:28:44,000
The diamonds responsibilities to
the Shogun can not be neglected.

6464
05:28:45,300 --> 05:28:49,600
Genesis remained in passive, but
yoshitaka noted, the slight 

6465
05:28:49,600 --> 05:28:53,100
Tremor in his hands, of course, 
Samurai Sama. 

6466
05:28:53,100 --> 05:28:58,200
We understand our duty to the 
Lord Later that night in the 

6467
05:28:58,200 --> 05:29:01,500
village headman spare room, 
yoshitaka found himself unable 

6468
05:29:01,500 --> 05:29:03,600
to sleep. 
The contrast between his 

6469
05:29:03,600 --> 05:29:06,900
family's Financial struggles and
the even greater Poverty of the 

6470
05:29:06,908 --> 05:29:10,000
farmers created. 
An uncomfortable dissonance both

6471
05:29:10,000 --> 05:29:12,900
were trapped in a system of 
obligations, the farmers to the 

6472
05:29:12,900 --> 05:29:16,900
samurai, the samurai, to their 
Lords, the Lords to the Shogun, 

6473
05:29:16,900 --> 05:29:20,500
and ultimately all to a rigid 
social order that demanded 

6474
05:29:20,500 --> 05:29:24,300
perfect adherence to one's 
assigned role, This was perhaps 

6475
05:29:24,300 --> 05:29:27,300
the greatest harshness of 
Samurai, existence, the 

6476
05:29:27,300 --> 05:29:29,400
psychological weight of 
Perpetual obligation. 

6477
05:29:30,300 --> 05:29:33,000
Unlike the peasants who could 
occasionally find Simple 

6478
05:29:33,000 --> 05:29:34,900
Pleasures and seasonal festivals
or family. 

6479
05:29:34,900 --> 05:29:37,700
Gatherings Samurai lived under 
constant scrutiny. 

6480
05:29:38,500 --> 05:29:41,300
Every action reflected not just 
on themselves, but on their 

6481
05:29:41,300 --> 05:29:45,400
lord, even in private moments, 
yoshitaka felt the invisible 

6482
05:29:45,400 --> 05:29:49,400
pressure of expected perfection.
A spring, gave way to Summer 

6483
05:29:49,400 --> 05:29:53,700
yoshitaka established a rhythm 
to his duties mornings began 

6484
05:29:53,700 --> 05:29:56,200
with sword practice. 
The ritualized forms that 

6485
05:29:56,200 --> 05:29:58,700
connected him to Kit. 
Generations of Warriors. 

6486
05:29:58,700 --> 05:30:02,800
Passed then came the 
administrative work inspections 

6487
05:30:02,800 --> 05:30:05,500
and the delicate balance of 
enforcing Authority while 

6488
05:30:05,500 --> 05:30:08,600
avoiding cruelty. 
He spent his evening studying 

6489
05:30:08,600 --> 05:30:12,500
Chinese Classics and calligraphy
skills expected of an educated 

6490
05:30:12,500 --> 05:30:15,300
Samurai but increasingly 
disconnected from his daily 

6491
05:30:15,300 --> 05:30:18,500
responsibilities. 
What historical accounts often 

6492
05:30:18,500 --> 05:30:20,100
overlooked was the profound 
isolation. 

6493
05:30:20,100 --> 05:30:23,600
Many Samurai experienced. 
Friendship across class lines 

6494
05:30:23,600 --> 05:30:26,900
was impossible relationships 
with fellow Samurai, were 

6495
05:30:26,900 --> 05:30:29,500
infused with competition and 
even family, connections, 

6496
05:30:29,500 --> 05:30:33,100
remained formal, and reserved. 
When yoshitaka younger brother 

6497
05:30:33,100 --> 05:30:36,200
fell ill that summer their 
conversations remained stiffly, 

6498
05:30:36,200 --> 05:30:39,400
proper emotional restraint and 
other requirement of their 

6499
05:30:39,400 --> 05:30:42,300
station. 
My family will go hungry because

6500
05:30:42,300 --> 05:30:45,900
your kind delays payment, the 
merchant hissed quite enough. 

6501
05:30:45,900 --> 05:30:49,200
That only yoshitaka could hear 
your precious honor does not 

6502
05:30:49,200 --> 05:30:53,500
feed children that night 
yoshitaka wrote in his journal. 

6503
05:30:53,500 --> 05:30:56,200
About the incident questioning, 
the real meaning of Samurai 

6504
05:30:56,200 --> 05:30:59,600
honor Historical accounts often 
presented Bushido as a 

6505
05:30:59,600 --> 05:31:02,900
monolithic code when in practice
interpretations of varied 

6506
05:31:02,900 --> 05:31:05,500
widely. 
Some Samurai emphasized, loyalty

6507
05:31:05,500 --> 05:31:08,400
above all others. 
Prioritize righteousness or 

6508
05:31:08,400 --> 05:31:12,100
personal integrity. 
The ideal and reality seldom 

6509
05:31:12,100 --> 05:31:15,300
aligned neatly. 
The Edo Soldier exposed 

6510
05:31:15,300 --> 05:31:18,400
yoshitaka to the concept of 
performance that dominated 

6511
05:31:18,400 --> 05:31:20,800
Samurai. 
Existence in public, they 

6512
05:31:20,800 --> 05:31:24,600
displayed unwavering stoicism 
and formality behind closed. 

6513
05:31:24,600 --> 05:31:26,500
Doors. 
Many individuals sought released

6514
05:31:26,500 --> 05:31:29,900
through drinking sake, engaging 
in Forbidden relationships with 

6515
05:31:29,900 --> 05:31:32,800
quarters arms or visiting 
licensed, pleasure districts. 

6516
05:31:33,500 --> 05:31:35,900
This Duality rigidly controlled 
public. 

6517
05:31:35,900 --> 05:31:40,100
Personas vs private desires 
created psychological burdens 

6518
05:31:40,100 --> 05:31:44,600
rarely acknowledged in official 
histories One evening assigned 

6519
05:31:44,600 --> 05:31:46,600
to a company, senior officials 
to Joshua. 

6520
05:31:46,600 --> 05:31:50,100
The famed, pleasure District, 
yoshitaka witnessed respected 

6521
05:31:50,100 --> 05:31:53,700
Samurai engaging in behavior. 
That contradicted, their daytime

6522
05:31:53,700 --> 05:31:56,100
dignity. 
The costs were exorbitant, 

6523
05:31:56,100 --> 05:31:58,900
driving many deeper into debt. 
Yes. 

6524
05:31:58,900 --> 05:32:01,600
Social expectations made 
participation difficult to 

6525
05:32:01,600 --> 05:32:04,900
refuse. 
This is all so Duty slurred a 

6526
05:32:04,900 --> 05:32:07,800
senior retainer gesturing, 
broadly at the ornate tea house,

6527
05:32:07,800 --> 05:32:11,500
we demonstrate our Lord's 
prosperity and power even here. 

6528
05:32:13,200 --> 05:32:16,300
As Autumn deepened into winter 
tension, within the Entourage 

6529
05:32:16,300 --> 05:32:20,900
grew factual, rivalries surface,
yoshitaka grew, increasingly 

6530
05:32:20,900 --> 05:32:24,900
conscious that connections 
rather than competence determine

6531
05:32:24,900 --> 05:32:27,200
the allocation of administrative
positions. 

6532
05:32:27,200 --> 05:32:31,000
And the stipends, they commanded
his family lacked the necessary 

6533
05:32:31,000 --> 05:32:33,100
political influence to secure 
advantageous. 

6534
05:32:33,100 --> 05:32:38,200
Appointments spring 1643 brought
yoshida's return to kanazawa. 

6535
05:32:38,200 --> 05:32:41,500
The seat of the target domain, 
where the imposing Castle 

6536
05:32:41,500 --> 05:32:45,300
dominated, both the landscape 
and the samurai psyche, unlike 

6537
05:32:45,300 --> 05:32:48,700
romanticized depiction in later 
art Castle life for Middle 

6538
05:32:48,700 --> 05:32:51,600
ranking Samurai like yoshitaka 
meant, cramped, quarters, 

6539
05:32:51,600 --> 05:32:56,600
constant scrutiny, and endemic 
political intrigue. the maida 

6540
05:32:56,600 --> 05:32:58,800
Clan's administrative 
headquarters occupied the middle

6541
05:32:58,800 --> 05:33:02,200
Bailey's of the castle, where 
hundreds of Samurai managed, the

6542
05:33:02,200 --> 05:33:05,700
domains Affairs yoshitaka had 
been reassigned to the finance 

6543
05:33:05,700 --> 05:33:08,500
office, a position that revealed
the precarious economic 

6544
05:33:08,500 --> 05:33:12,600
foundations of Samurai life in 
Stark detail, These Ledges tell 

6545
05:33:12,608 --> 05:33:16,400
the true story of our class 
explained Maury semen, yoshitaka

6546
05:33:16,400 --> 05:33:19,000
Superior. 
The illusion of Samurai 

6547
05:33:19,000 --> 05:33:21,200
Prosperity requires, 
increasingly Creative 

6548
05:33:21,200 --> 05:33:24,200
Accounting. 
The documents revealed systemic 

6549
05:33:24,200 --> 05:33:27,200
challenges. 
While Samurai stipends remained 

6550
05:33:27,200 --> 05:33:30,600
fixed in quantities of rice, the
cost of maintaining expected 

6551
05:33:30,600 --> 05:33:34,200
standards of living steadily 
increased compounding the 

6552
05:33:34,200 --> 05:33:36,300
problem. 
Many Samurai lacked practical 

6553
05:33:36,300 --> 05:33:39,300
skills for the supplementary 
income as trade and manual. 

6554
05:33:39,300 --> 05:33:41,100
Labor were considered beneath 
their dignity. 

6555
05:33:42,000 --> 05:33:45,800
My father died with 17 
outstanding loans, yoshitaka 

6556
05:33:45,800 --> 05:33:47,700
confessed, one evening as they 
worked late. 

6557
05:33:48,500 --> 05:33:50,500
I've managed to settle only 
three in the past year. 

6558
05:33:51,500 --> 05:33:54,900
Semen, nodded grimly. 
My situation differs only in the

6559
05:33:54,900 --> 05:33:58,400
number 22 loans spread across 
eight money lenders. 

6560
05:33:58,400 --> 05:34:01,500
The interest alone. 
Consumes a third of my stipend. 

6561
05:34:03,300 --> 05:34:06,000
This financial precariousness 
represented, one of the most 

6562
05:34:06,000 --> 05:34:09,200
persistent hardships of Samurai 
existence during the Airedale 

6563
05:34:09,200 --> 05:34:11,800
period. 
Historical records show that by 

6564
05:34:11,800 --> 05:34:15,700
the mid-17th century. 
Many Samurai household spent 80 

6565
05:34:15,700 --> 05:34:20,400
to 90% of their income servicing
debt the situation created a 

6566
05:34:20,400 --> 05:34:23,900
paradoxical reality, legally 
privileged Warrior's, who were 

6567
05:34:23,900 --> 05:34:27,600
effectively indentured, to 
townspeople Merchants a dynamic 

6568
05:34:27,600 --> 05:34:31,600
that generated simmering 
resentment Yoshitaka daily 

6569
05:34:31,600 --> 05:34:33,300
routine. 
Reflected this contradiction. 

6570
05:34:34,100 --> 05:34:37,300
Mornings began with martial 
training, maintaining skills for

6571
05:34:37,300 --> 05:34:39,700
Wars that never came. 
Followed by hours of 

6572
05:34:39,700 --> 05:34:42,200
administrative work, that 
determine the actual value of 

6573
05:34:42,200 --> 05:34:44,800
his service. 
His education had emphasized 

6574
05:34:44,800 --> 05:34:48,100
classical Chinese, texts and 
swordsmanship, yet his duties 

6575
05:34:48,100 --> 05:34:50,200
required accounting, knowledge 
and diplomatic skills. 

6576
05:34:50,200 --> 05:34:52,900
When interacting with wealthy 
merchants who financed the main 

6577
05:34:52,900 --> 05:34:56,400
projects Living quarters in the 
castle District, reinforced the 

6578
05:34:56,400 --> 05:34:59,400
rigid hierarchy. 
High-ranking officials occupied,

6579
05:34:59,400 --> 05:35:02,000
spacious, compounds with Gardens
and multiple buildings. 

6580
05:35:02,000 --> 05:35:05,000
Middle ranking Samurai like 
yoshitaka as family. 

6581
05:35:05,000 --> 05:35:09,100
Inhabited modest structures with
thin walls and minimal privacy 

6582
05:35:10,100 --> 05:35:12,900
Despite these material 
differences or were Bound by the

6583
05:35:12,900 --> 05:35:16,300
same behavioral expectations, 
summer brought a personal 

6584
05:35:16,300 --> 05:35:18,400
challenge. 
That illuminated, another aspect

6585
05:35:18,400 --> 05:35:21,300
of Samurai hardship, the 
subordination of individual 

6586
05:35:21,300 --> 05:35:26,000
desire to family obligation. 
Yoshitaka had developed an 

6587
05:35:26,000 --> 05:35:29,300
attachment to a Sanu Yuki 
daughter of a fellow bureaucrat.

6588
05:35:29,300 --> 05:35:32,900
Their interactions limited to 
formal occasions and chanting 

6589
05:35:32,900 --> 05:35:36,200
counters had revealed shared 
interests in poetry and similar 

6590
05:35:36,200 --> 05:35:39,400
perspectives on duty. 
A marriage Alliance has been 

6591
05:35:39,400 --> 05:35:42,600
arranged, his mother announced 
without Preamble on evening. 

6592
05:35:43,300 --> 05:35:46,600
The hoshino family has a 
daughter of suitable age, their 

6593
05:35:46,600 --> 05:35:48,800
connection to the castle, 
magistrate will benefit our 

6594
05:35:48,800 --> 05:35:51,400
position. 
Personal preference held no 

6595
05:35:51,400 --> 05:35:53,300
weight against strategic family 
advancement. 

6596
05:35:53,300 --> 05:35:56,300
The emotional constraint 
required to accept such 

6597
05:35:56,300 --> 05:35:59,900
Arrangements represented another
form of discipline expected of 

6598
05:35:59,900 --> 05:36:03,300
the Samurai class. 
Historical records rarely 

6599
05:36:03,300 --> 05:36:06,600
captured these private 
sacrifices focusing instead on 

6600
05:36:06,600 --> 05:36:10,000
the more visible demonstrations 
of Samurai stoicism the 

6601
05:36:10,000 --> 05:36:11,800
marriage. 
Negotiations proceeded through 

6602
05:36:11,800 --> 05:36:15,200
formal intermediaries with 
yoshitaka and his intended 

6603
05:36:15,200 --> 05:36:18,200
hoshino. 
Masako meeting only once in a 

6604
05:36:18,200 --> 05:36:21,400
ritualized gathering before the 
agreement was finalized The 

6605
05:36:21,408 --> 05:36:24,300
financial Arrangements nearly 
depleted the family's resources 

6606
05:36:24,300 --> 05:36:27,500
as an appropriate true. 
So and ceremonial exchanges were

6607
05:36:27,500 --> 05:36:29,800
non-negotiable, social 
requirements, regardless of 

6608
05:36:29,800 --> 05:36:34,000
actual affordability He seems 
kind of offered your shot as 

6609
05:36:34,000 --> 05:36:38,000
brother Ichiro tempting comfort.
And the hoshino connection May 

6610
05:36:38,000 --> 05:36:40,600
secure your position. 
When administrative poster 

6611
05:36:40,600 --> 05:36:44,200
reassigned next year, The 
wedding itself held in late 

6612
05:36:44,200 --> 05:36:46,700
Autumn embodied. 
The understated aesthetic 

6613
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:50,800
expected of Samurai ceremonies 
Unlike Merchant celebrations 

6614
05:36:50,800 --> 05:36:54,500
with their conspicuous, display 
Samurai, rituals emphasized, 

6615
05:36:54,500 --> 05:36:57,700
restraint and tradition, the 
site sharing ritual, and 

6616
05:36:57,700 --> 05:37:01,100
exchange of vows lasted, less 
than an hour with the bride and 

6617
05:37:01,100 --> 05:37:05,100
groom exchanging few words. 
Married life introduced 

6618
05:37:05,100 --> 05:37:07,600
yoshitaka to another dimension 
of Samurai hardship. 

6619
05:37:07,600 --> 05:37:11,500
The emotional austerity of 
family relationships, public 

6620
05:37:11,500 --> 05:37:14,400
displays of affection were 
considered inappropriate with 

6621
05:37:14,400 --> 05:37:17,500
interactions governed by strict 
Protocols of respect and 

6622
05:37:17,500 --> 05:37:21,000
obligation. masako, proved 
diligent in household management

6623
05:37:21,000 --> 05:37:24,000
and properly deferential in 
company, but the emotional 

6624
05:37:24,000 --> 05:37:28,000
distance between them remains 
substantial my mother served my 

6625
05:37:28,000 --> 05:37:31,800
father for 30 years ago 
explained, when yoshitaka 

6626
05:37:31,800 --> 05:37:35,500
awkwardly attempted more 
personal conversation They 

6627
05:37:35,500 --> 05:37:38,700
exchanged perhaps 50 private 
conversations in all that time. 

6628
05:37:38,700 --> 05:37:43,000
This is our way. 
Winter brought another layer of 

6629
05:37:43,000 --> 05:37:44,900
challenge as illness. 
Swept through the castle. 

6630
05:37:44,900 --> 05:37:48,900
District the samurai emphasis on
stoicism often extended to 

6631
05:37:48,900 --> 05:37:52,500
physical discomfort with many 
delaying medical attention to 

6632
05:37:52,500 --> 05:37:55,900
avoid appearing weak. 
When yoshitaka developed a 

6633
05:37:55,900 --> 05:37:59,100
persistent coffin fever. 
He continued his duties until 

6634
05:37:59,100 --> 05:38:02,800
physically unable to stand The 
domain physician offered little 

6635
05:38:02,800 --> 05:38:05,800
effective treatment having been 
trained in traditional Chinese 

6636
05:38:05,800 --> 05:38:09,000
medicine and supplemented by 
limited Dutch medical knowledge 

6637
05:38:09,000 --> 05:38:12,700
obtained through Nagasaki. 
Balance must be restored between

6638
05:38:12,700 --> 05:38:14,500
your internal elements. 
He pronounced. 

6639
05:38:14,500 --> 05:38:18,200
Prescribing bitter herbal 
concoctions and Moxie busty and 

6640
05:38:18,200 --> 05:38:21,000
treatments that left circular 
scars on your shoulders back. 

6641
05:38:22,300 --> 05:38:25,900
Recovery took weeks during which
yoshitaka observed. 

6642
05:38:25,900 --> 05:38:28,200
Another harsh reality. 
Illness. 

6643
05:38:28,200 --> 05:38:30,600
Brought neither reduced 
obligations nor Financial 

6644
05:38:30,600 --> 05:38:34,500
relief. 
The family's expenses continued 

6645
05:38:34,500 --> 05:38:37,800
unabated while his ability to 
perform his duties was 

6646
05:38:37,800 --> 05:38:40,900
compromised. 
Only the intervention of his new

6647
05:38:40,900 --> 05:38:43,800
father-in-law prevented a 
reduction in his stipend during 

6648
05:38:43,800 --> 05:38:47,000
this period of reduced service. 
Summer brought a personal 

6649
05:38:47,000 --> 05:38:49,900
challenge, that illuminated, 
another aspect of Samurai 

6650
05:38:49,900 --> 05:38:53,100
hardship, the subordination of 
individual desire to family 

6651
05:38:53,100 --> 05:38:56,600
obligation. 
Yoshitaka had developed an 

6652
05:38:56,600 --> 05:39:00,000
attachment to asano Miyuki. 
Daughter of a fellow bureaucrat.

6653
05:39:00,000 --> 05:39:03,400
Their interactions limited to 
formal occasions and chance. 

6654
05:39:03,400 --> 05:39:06,900
Encounters had revealed shared 
interests in poetry and similar 

6655
05:39:06,900 --> 05:39:10,000
perspectives on duty. 
A marriage Alliance has been 

6656
05:39:10,000 --> 05:39:13,200
arranged, his mother announced 
without Preamble on evening. 

6657
05:39:13,900 --> 05:39:16,900
The hoshino family has a 
daughter of suitable age, their 

6658
05:39:16,900 --> 05:39:19,300
connection to the castle, 
magistrate will benefit our 

6659
05:39:19,300 --> 05:39:22,000
position. 
Personal preference held, no, 

6660
05:39:22,000 --> 05:39:23,900
wait against strategic family. 
Advancement. 

6661
05:39:23,900 --> 05:39:27,100
The emotional constraint 
required to accept such a 

6662
05:39:27,100 --> 05:39:30,500
rangements represented another 
form of discipline expected of 

6663
05:39:30,500 --> 05:39:34,100
the Samurai class. 
Historical records rarely 

6664
05:39:34,100 --> 05:39:37,300
captured these private 
sacrifices focusing instead on 

6665
05:39:37,300 --> 05:39:40,600
the more visible demonstrations 
of Samurai stoicism the 

6666
05:39:40,600 --> 05:39:42,500
marriage. 
Negotiations proceeded through 

6667
05:39:42,500 --> 05:39:45,900
formal intermediaries with 
yoshitaka and his intended 

6668
05:39:45,900 --> 05:39:49,000
hoshino. 
Masako meeting only once in a 

6669
05:39:49,000 --> 05:39:52,200
ritualized gathering before the 
agreement was finalized The 

6670
05:39:52,200 --> 05:39:55,000
financial Arrangements nearly 
depleted the family's resources 

6671
05:39:55,000 --> 05:39:58,300
as an appropriate trouser and 
ceremonial exchanges, were 

6672
05:39:58,300 --> 05:40:00,500
non-negotiable social 
requirements, regardless of 

6673
05:40:00,500 --> 05:40:04,700
actual affordability. 
She seems kind offered yoshitaka

6674
05:40:04,700 --> 05:40:08,700
brother Ichiro tempting comfort.
And the hoshino connection May 

6675
05:40:08,700 --> 05:40:11,400
secure your position. 
When administrative poster 

6676
05:40:11,400 --> 05:40:14,900
reassigned next year, The 
wedding itself held in late 

6677
05:40:14,900 --> 05:40:17,400
Autumn embodied. 
The understated aesthetic 

6678
05:40:17,400 --> 05:40:21,500
expected of Samurai ceremonies 
unlike Merchants celebrations 

6679
05:40:21,500 --> 05:40:25,100
with their conspicuous display 
Samurai, rituals emphasize 

6680
05:40:25,100 --> 05:40:28,300
restraint and tradition. 
The site, sharing ritual, and 

6681
05:40:28,300 --> 05:40:31,800
exchange of vowels, lasted, less
than an hour with the bride and 

6682
05:40:31,800 --> 05:40:35,700
groom exchanging few words. 
Married life introduced 

6683
05:40:35,700 --> 05:40:38,200
yoshitaka to another dimension 
of Samurai hardship. 

6684
05:40:38,200 --> 05:40:42,700
The emotionality of family 
relationships, public displays 

6685
05:40:42,700 --> 05:40:45,800
of affection were considered 
inappropriate with interactions 

6686
05:40:45,800 --> 05:40:50,200
governed by strict Protocols of 
respect and obligation. masako, 

6687
05:40:50,200 --> 05:40:52,600
proved diligent in household 
management and properly 

6688
05:40:52,600 --> 05:40:55,700
deferential in company, but the 
emotional distance between them 

6689
05:40:55,700 --> 05:41:00,000
remains substantial my mother 
served my father for 30 years, 

6690
05:41:00,000 --> 05:41:03,800
maseko explained, when yoshitaka
awkwardly attempted more 

6691
05:41:03,800 --> 05:41:07,800
personal conversation They 
exchanged perhaps 50 private 

6692
05:41:07,800 --> 05:41:10,700
conversations in all that time. 
This is our way. 

6693
05:41:12,500 --> 05:41:15,200
Winter brought another layer of 
challenges illness swept through

6694
05:41:15,200 --> 05:41:18,000
the castle. 
District the samurai emphasis on

6695
05:41:18,000 --> 05:41:21,800
stoicism, often extended to 
physical discomfort With many 

6696
05:41:21,800 --> 05:41:24,200
delaying medical attention to 
avoid appearing weak. 

6697
05:41:25,100 --> 05:41:27,800
When yoshitaka developed a 
persistent coffin fever. 

6698
05:41:27,800 --> 05:41:32,200
He continued his duties until 
physically unable to stand The 

6699
05:41:32,200 --> 05:41:35,200
domain physician offered little 
effective treatment having been 

6700
05:41:35,200 --> 05:41:38,200
trained in traditional Chinese 
medicine and supplemented by 

6701
05:41:38,200 --> 05:41:40,900
limited Dutch medical knowledge 
obtained through Nagasaki. 

6702
05:41:41,900 --> 05:41:44,500
Balance must be restored between
your internal elements. 

6703
05:41:44,500 --> 05:41:47,100
He pronounced. 
Prescribing bitter, herbal 

6704
05:41:47,100 --> 05:41:50,300
concoctions and Moxie and 
treatments that left circular 

6705
05:41:50,300 --> 05:41:55,400
scars on your shoulder's back. 
Recovery took weeks during which

6706
05:41:55,400 --> 05:41:57,500
yoshitaka observed. 
Another harsh reality. 

6707
05:41:58,400 --> 05:41:59,800
Illness. 
Brought neither reduced 

6708
05:41:59,800 --> 05:42:01,600
obligations nor Financial 
relief. 

6709
05:42:03,300 --> 05:42:06,800
The family's expenses. 
Continue unabated while his 

6710
05:42:06,800 --> 05:42:09,200
ability to perform, his duties 
was compromised. 

6711
05:42:10,100 --> 05:42:13,300
Only the intervention of his new
father-in-law prevented a 

6712
05:42:13,300 --> 05:42:16,000
reduction in his stipend during 
this period of reduced service. 

6713
05:42:16,800 --> 05:42:18,900
Proceed carefully warned his 
father-in-law. 

6714
05:42:18,900 --> 05:42:22,000
These men have connections 
reaching to the dimeo's, inner 

6715
05:42:22,000 --> 05:42:25,200
Chambers truth. 
And Justice may not protect you 

6716
05:42:25,200 --> 05:42:27,700
this represented. 
One of the most Insidious 

6717
05:42:27,700 --> 05:42:30,800
hardships of Samurai, existence,
the contradiction between 

6718
05:42:30,800 --> 05:42:35,300
idolized Bushido values, and 
institutional realities, The 

6719
05:42:35,300 --> 05:42:37,900
virtues of honesty, 
righteousness, and loyalty were 

6720
05:42:37,900 --> 05:42:40,900
extended official Doctrine yet 
frequently compromised in 

6721
05:42:40,900 --> 05:42:43,700
practice. 
Those who adhere to rigidly to 

6722
05:42:43,700 --> 05:42:46,900
printful often found their 
careers and sometimes lives cut 

6723
05:42:46,900 --> 05:42:50,200
short. 
As investigation, confirmed, 

6724
05:42:50,200 --> 05:42:54,000
systematic, fraud, rice, 
stipends, allocated to, Samurai 

6725
05:42:54,000 --> 05:42:57,200
were being under-reported with 
the different sold at market 

6726
05:42:57,200 --> 05:43:00,400
prices and profits distributed 
among senior officials. 

6727
05:43:01,100 --> 05:43:04,400
The scheme had operated for 
years generating, substantial 

6728
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:07,500
income for its participants 
while effectively reducing the 

6729
05:43:07,500 --> 05:43:09,900
real value of stipends for 
retainers. 

6730
05:43:11,000 --> 05:43:13,600
The evidence presented a moral 
dilemma that exemplified the 

6731
05:43:13,600 --> 05:43:17,400
complex, ethical landscape, 
Samurai navigated confrontation 

6732
05:43:17,400 --> 05:43:20,400
would likely end Yoshi's career 
and potentially harm his 

6733
05:43:20,400 --> 05:43:23,700
extended family. 
Complicity would violate his 

6734
05:43:23,700 --> 05:43:26,300
principles, but might position 
him to implement gradual 

6735
05:43:26,300 --> 05:43:28,900
reforms. 
There are many forms of Courage,

6736
05:43:28,900 --> 05:43:31,900
same, and advised when consulted
Battlefield. 

6737
05:43:31,900 --> 05:43:34,300
Valor requires only momentary 
resolve. 

6738
05:43:35,000 --> 05:43:37,300
Systemic reform demands 
patience, and strategic 

6739
05:43:37,300 --> 05:43:40,700
compromise. 
Yoshitaka chose a middle path, 

6740
05:43:40,700 --> 05:43:44,100
presenting his findings as 
administrative, inefficiencies 

6741
05:43:44,100 --> 05:43:47,700
rather than deliberate fraud. 
His recommendations included 

6742
05:43:47,700 --> 05:43:50,300
procedural changes that would 
make continued abuse more 

6743
05:43:50,300 --> 05:43:52,300
difficult without directly 
accusing. 

6744
05:43:52,300 --> 05:43:56,000
The perpetrators This approach 
reflected the reality that 

6745
05:43:56,000 --> 05:43:59,200
Samurai Justice operated through
indirect methods as often as 

6746
05:43:59,200 --> 05:44:02,000
confrontation. 
The resolution brought limited 

6747
05:44:02,000 --> 05:44:04,700
reforms, but positioned 
yoshitaka as pragmatically, 

6748
05:44:04,700 --> 05:44:08,300
trustworthy rather than 
Dangerously principled. 

6749
05:44:09,000 --> 05:44:11,400
By late Autumn, he had been 
reassigned to the Castle's 

6750
05:44:11,400 --> 05:44:14,500
administrative officers, a 
lateral, move that removed him 

6751
05:44:14,500 --> 05:44:17,600
from direct oversight of the 
rice exchange, but maintained 

6752
05:44:17,600 --> 05:44:21,500
his status and stipend. 
This period brought personal 

6753
05:44:21,500 --> 05:44:24,600
challenges that highlighted the 
emotional austerity of Samurai 

6754
05:44:24,600 --> 05:44:27,700
life. 
His wife, masako suffered a 

6755
05:44:27,700 --> 05:44:29,100
miscarriage during her first 
pregnancy. 

6756
05:44:29,100 --> 05:44:32,000
A loss compounded by the 
cultural importance placed on 

6757
05:44:32,000 --> 05:44:35,500
producing male heirs The 
couple's grief remained largely 

6758
05:44:35,500 --> 05:44:39,300
unexpressed confined by 
expectations of stoicism and 

6759
05:44:39,300 --> 05:44:43,000
emotional restraint, the winter 
of 1646 brought political 

6760
05:44:43,000 --> 05:44:45,400
turmoil, to the car gets domain.
Lord. 

6761
05:44:45,400 --> 05:44:48,500
Myers Health was failing and 
factions formed around potential

6762
05:44:48,500 --> 05:44:52,500
successors for Middle ranking 
Samurai like yoshitaka such 

6763
05:44:52,500 --> 05:44:54,500
transitions represented periods 
of acute. 

6764
05:44:54,500 --> 05:44:58,100
Vulnerability as established 
patrons, might fall from favor 

6765
05:44:58,100 --> 05:45:00,800
and administrative positions be 
reassigned. 

6766
05:45:01,500 --> 05:45:04,500
Every succession is a quiet. 
Battlefield, observed. 

6767
05:45:04,500 --> 05:45:07,500
An elderly archivist as they 
reviewed historical records 

6768
05:45:07,500 --> 05:45:10,300
together. 
Lives and livelihoods are won or

6769
05:45:10,300 --> 05:45:12,300
lost without a single sword 
drawn. 

6770
05:45:13,400 --> 05:45:17,000
This reality contradicted 
romantic notion of Samurai as 

6771
05:45:17,000 --> 05:45:19,200
Warriors, defined by martial 
prowess. 

6772
05:45:20,000 --> 05:45:23,200
During the Edo period, political
Acumen and network cultivation, 

6773
05:45:23,200 --> 05:45:25,800
determined advancement, far more
than combat skill. 

6774
05:45:26,600 --> 05:45:28,700
The truly harsh. 
Battles occurred in council 

6775
05:45:28,700 --> 05:45:31,800
chambers and Castle, corridors 
fort with carefully worded 

6776
05:45:31,800 --> 05:45:34,600
memorandum and strategic 
alliances Yoshi. 

6777
05:45:34,600 --> 05:45:37,100
Takas position, grew 
increasingly precarious as his 

6778
05:45:37,100 --> 05:45:39,300
father. 
In law fell ill removing a key 

6779
05:45:39,300 --> 05:45:42,000
source of protection. 
The faction associated with 

6780
05:45:42,000 --> 05:45:44,500
high. 
She nobuyuki gained influence in

6781
05:45:44,500 --> 05:45:47,000
yoshitaka, found himself. 
Assigned to increase in the 

6782
05:45:47,008 --> 05:45:50,700
marginal duties, a common tactic
to isolator officials without 

6783
05:45:50,700 --> 05:45:52,400
cut the political Capital to 
resist. 

6784
05:45:53,200 --> 05:45:56,300
You investigate reports of 
unlicensed sake brewing in the 

6785
05:45:56,308 --> 05:45:59,700
Eastern Villages announced the 
magistrate, an assignment 

6786
05:45:59,700 --> 05:46:02,000
clearly beneath Yoshi, Tucker's 
Rank and experience. 

6787
05:46:02,700 --> 05:46:04,500
The matter requires immediate 
attention. 

6788
05:46:05,600 --> 05:46:09,000
The deliberate slight required. 
Careful navigation, refusing. 

6789
05:46:09,000 --> 05:46:12,100
The assignment would provide 
justification for formal censure

6790
05:46:12,100 --> 05:46:15,100
accepting it. 
Passively would signal weakness 

6791
05:46:15,100 --> 05:46:18,900
and invite further. 
Marginalization Yoshitaka 

6792
05:46:18,900 --> 05:46:21,600
response, demonstrated the 
subtle resistance techniques 

6793
05:46:21,600 --> 05:46:25,600
Samurai employed within rigid. 
Hierarchical constraints. 

6794
05:46:25,600 --> 05:46:29,000
I'm honored by your confidence 
in assigning me this matter of 

6795
05:46:29,000 --> 05:46:32,200
domain Revenue. 
He replied riparo framing the 

6796
05:46:32,200 --> 05:46:34,900
punitive assignment as a 
financial tasks where the worthy

6797
05:46:34,900 --> 05:46:38,100
of serious attention. 
I shall provide a comprehensive 

6798
05:46:38,100 --> 05:46:41,300
analysis of sake, taxation 
opportunities in my report. 

6799
05:46:42,500 --> 05:46:45,800
This method taking on the task 
while changing its importance. 

6800
05:46:45,800 --> 05:46:49,000
Showed a clever way of working 
within the bureaucracy that is 

6801
05:46:49,000 --> 05:46:51,900
often overlooked in history 
which usually highlights more 

6802
05:46:51,900 --> 05:46:55,000
intense struggles. 
Similar techniques allowed 

6803
05:46:55,000 --> 05:46:57,900
Samurai to maintain dignity and 
agency within a pressive power 

6804
05:46:57,900 --> 05:47:01,000
structures. 
The assignment took yoshitaka to

6805
05:47:01,000 --> 05:47:03,200
remote Villages during the 
harshest winter months. 

6806
05:47:04,200 --> 05:47:06,900
Travel conditions exposed 
another physical hardship of 

6807
05:47:06,908 --> 05:47:10,500
Samurai Duty, the requirement to
maintain dignity and Authority 

6808
05:47:10,500 --> 05:47:13,900
despite extreme discomfort. 
Proper appearance, remain 

6809
05:47:13,900 --> 05:47:17,500
non-negotiable, regardless of 
circumstances with full formal 

6810
05:47:17,500 --> 05:47:20,300
attire, required for the 
official functions even in 

6811
05:47:20,300 --> 05:47:24,200
bitter cold, or sweltering Heat.
in the village of miyagawa 

6812
05:47:24,200 --> 05:47:27,500
yoshitaka encountered a 
situation that exemplified the 

6813
05:47:27,500 --> 05:47:31,400
moral complexities of Samurai 
governance Unlicensed sake 

6814
05:47:31,400 --> 05:47:34,600
production indeed flourished but
investigation revealed, it had 

6815
05:47:34,600 --> 05:47:36,900
become a central survival 
strategy. 

6816
05:47:36,900 --> 05:47:40,800
Villagers exchanged homemade SAR
for vegetables and fish protein 

6817
05:47:40,800 --> 05:47:44,200
with nearby communities, After 
official rice wreck positions, 

6818
05:47:44,200 --> 05:47:46,300
left them with inadequate Food 
Supplies. 

6819
05:47:47,000 --> 05:47:49,300
Without this exchange children 
would not survive, winter 

6820
05:47:49,300 --> 05:47:52,500
explained the village headmen 
kneeling formerly despite his 

6821
05:47:52,500 --> 05:47:54,100
obvious Terror at being 
discovered. 

6822
05:47:54,900 --> 05:47:56,700
We preserved in enough rice for 
taxation. 

6823
05:47:56,700 --> 05:47:59,300
The rice is made from 
military's. 

6824
05:47:59,300 --> 05:48:01,800
The legal obligation was clear 
report. 

6825
05:48:01,800 --> 05:48:04,600
The violation confiscated 
equipment, and punished the head

6826
05:48:04,600 --> 05:48:06,100
man for failing to prevent the 
activity. 

6827
05:48:07,000 --> 05:48:09,200
Yet doing so would likely 
condemned families to 

6828
05:48:09,200 --> 05:48:13,600
malnutrition or worse? 
This tension between legal Duty 

6829
05:48:13,600 --> 05:48:16,200
and humanitarian concerns 
represented a recurring. 

6830
05:48:16,200 --> 05:48:19,600
Dilemma for conscientious 
officials, yoshitaka solution, 

6831
05:48:19,600 --> 05:48:21,800
demonstrated the creative 
interpretation sometimes 

6832
05:48:21,800 --> 05:48:25,200
employed within rigid systems. 
He documented the sack of 

6833
05:48:25,200 --> 05:48:28,600
production, but classified it as
a medicinal preparation, rather 

6834
05:48:28,600 --> 05:48:31,900
than an alcoholic beverage, a 
technical distinction that 

6835
05:48:31,900 --> 05:48:33,900
placed it under different 
regulatory Frameworks. 

6836
05:48:33,900 --> 05:48:36,800
He then established a nominal 
licensing fee. 

6837
05:48:36,800 --> 05:48:40,100
That legitimized the practice 
while generating token revenue 

6838
05:48:40,100 --> 05:48:43,700
for the domain, You've neither 
violated the Lord's law, nor 

6839
05:48:43,700 --> 05:48:45,700
condemned these people 
commented. 

6840
05:48:45,700 --> 05:48:48,600
His assistant impressed by the 
elegant compromise. 

6841
05:48:49,400 --> 05:48:52,600
But such Solutions make powerful
enemies when they circumvent 

6842
05:48:52,600 --> 05:48:56,400
expected Revenue. 
Indeed Upon returning to Canada 

6843
05:48:56,400 --> 05:48:59,100
in early spring. 
Yoshitaka found his position 

6844
05:48:59,100 --> 05:49:02,000
further, undermined. 
The documentation of his 

6845
05:49:02,000 --> 05:49:04,500
approach should be presented to 
senior officials as evidence of 

6846
05:49:04,508 --> 05:49:06,700
leniency incompatible with 
proper governance. 

6847
05:49:07,700 --> 05:49:10,900
Without formal accusation, which
would require specific evidence 

6848
05:49:10,900 --> 05:49:13,400
of wrongdoing. 
He was instead reassigned to the

6849
05:49:13,400 --> 05:49:16,900
Castle's Armory a position that 
effectively removed him from 

6850
05:49:16,900 --> 05:49:19,900
administrative influence, the 
Armory assignment revealed, 

6851
05:49:19,900 --> 05:49:22,300
another dimension of Samurai 
life, often overlooked in 

6852
05:49:22,300 --> 05:49:24,900
dramatic accounts, the 
incredible tedium. 

6853
05:49:24,900 --> 05:49:28,800
That characterized much of their
daily existence Yoshitaka 

6854
05:49:28,800 --> 05:49:30,300
duties. 
Now involved, Inventory 

6855
05:49:30,300 --> 05:49:33,200
management of weapons, largely 
unused for Generations. 

6856
05:49:33,200 --> 05:49:36,600
Maintaining meticulous records 
of items that would likely never

6857
05:49:36,600 --> 05:49:39,500
leave storage. 
We prepare for battles that will

6858
05:49:39,500 --> 05:49:42,400
never come noted, the elderly 
Samurai who supervised the 

6859
05:49:42,408 --> 05:49:43,800
armory. 
Yet. 

6860
05:49:43,800 --> 05:49:46,500
Neglecting Readiness would 
violate our fundamental purpose.

6861
05:49:46,500 --> 05:49:51,600
This is our peculiar burden. 
This observation captured a 

6862
05:49:51,600 --> 05:49:55,400
central paradoxes of Edo period.
Samurai identity, their 

6863
05:49:55,400 --> 05:49:57,600
theoretical function as 
Warriors, remained Central to 

6864
05:49:57,600 --> 05:50:00,800
their social position and 
self-conception yet. 

6865
05:50:00,800 --> 05:50:04,100
Practical circumstances rarely 
called for martial application. 

6866
05:50:04,100 --> 05:50:08,100
The cyclical toll of this 
disconnect maintaining combat 

6867
05:50:08,100 --> 05:50:10,700
Readiness for conflicts that 
peaceful governance, actively 

6868
05:50:10,700 --> 05:50:14,200
sought to prevent created a 
unique form of existential 

6869
05:50:14,200 --> 05:50:16,900
strain. 
The positional, so placed your 

6870
05:50:16,900 --> 05:50:19,600
yoshitaka near Lower ranking, 
Samurai and foot soldiers. 

6871
05:50:19,600 --> 05:50:22,600
Whose economic circumstances 
were even more precarious than 

6872
05:50:22,600 --> 05:50:25,200
his own. 
These ashigaru might have had 

6873
05:50:25,200 --> 05:50:27,300
Samurai status but lived in 
conditions. 

6874
05:50:27,300 --> 05:50:30,300
Barely distinguishable from 
peasants with stipends 

6875
05:50:30,300 --> 05:50:31,900
insufficient for basic 
necessities. 

6876
05:50:31,900 --> 05:50:35,500
My grandfather fought at second 
gahara with distinction, 

6877
05:50:35,500 --> 05:50:38,600
confided one such Soldier during
inventory work. 

6878
05:50:39,400 --> 05:50:42,200
Three generations later my 
children, go hungry, while I 

6879
05:50:42,200 --> 05:50:45,500
can't Spears and polish armored 
that will never see combat. 

6880
05:50:46,900 --> 05:50:49,600
Summer, brought further, 
personal challenges, when masako

6881
05:50:49,600 --> 05:50:52,900
finally conceived, again, after 
several years of marriage, the 

6882
05:50:52,900 --> 05:50:56,800
joy was tempered by anxiety. 
The samurai, wives faced 

6883
05:50:56,800 --> 05:51:00,000
significant pressure to produce 
male heirs, Medical Care, 

6884
05:51:00,000 --> 05:51:02,500
remained primitive with high 
maternal and infant. 

6885
05:51:02,500 --> 05:51:06,000
Mortality rates even among 
privileged classes, yoshitaka 

6886
05:51:06,000 --> 05:51:09,000
circumstances changed 
dramatically in the Autumn of 

6887
05:51:09,000 --> 05:51:14,400
1647 his son takahiro was born 
healthy, an event that 

6888
05:51:14,400 --> 05:51:16,800
stabilized his family position, 
despite his political 

6889
05:51:16,800 --> 05:51:20,300
marginalization, Lineage 
continuation represented, a 

6890
05:51:20,300 --> 05:51:23,700
fundamental obligation for 
filled with private family, 

6891
05:51:23,700 --> 05:51:26,400
records showing increased 
ceremonial expenditures 

6892
05:51:26,400 --> 05:51:29,900
celebrating the birth, despite 
their financial constraints. 

6893
05:51:30,600 --> 05:51:33,400
The name connection to our 
seventh, generation ancestor, 

6894
05:51:33,400 --> 05:51:35,500
your shot as mother noted 
approvingly. 

6895
05:51:35,500 --> 05:51:38,600
When the naming ceremony was 
planned, this maintains proper 

6896
05:51:38,600 --> 05:51:40,900
respect while acknowledging our 
current circumstances. 

6897
05:51:42,100 --> 05:51:45,100
The birth coincided with a major
political shift in the domain 

6898
05:51:45,100 --> 05:51:47,400
Lord. 
My dad died after a prolonged 

6899
05:51:47,408 --> 05:51:50,400
illness and his son assumed 
leadership amid factional 

6900
05:51:50,400 --> 05:51:53,000
maneuvering. 
Such transitions, typically, 

6901
05:51:53,000 --> 05:51:56,000
resulted in administrative, 
restructuring creating 

6902
05:51:56,000 --> 05:51:58,400
opportunities and dangers for 
officials throughout the 

6903
05:51:58,400 --> 05:52:01,300
hierarchy. 
What happened next Illustrated? 

6904
05:52:01,300 --> 05:52:04,300
The opaque mechanics of Samurai 
advancement that formal 

6905
05:52:04,300 --> 05:52:06,800
history's. 
Often sanitized Hayashi 

6906
05:52:06,800 --> 05:52:09,700
nobuyuki, who had previously, 
marginalized yoshitaka? 

6907
05:52:09,700 --> 05:52:13,400
Found himself overextended 
infection politics, having 

6908
05:52:13,400 --> 05:52:16,900
Allied to openly with a losing 
faction Hayashi faced potential 

6909
05:52:16,900 --> 05:52:18,900
disgrace. 
But retained enough influence to

6910
05:52:18,900 --> 05:52:21,400
require, careful handling rather
than outright dismissal. 

6911
05:52:22,500 --> 05:52:25,500
You will be reinstated to 
administrative service the 

6912
05:52:25,500 --> 05:52:28,600
castle magistrate informed 
yoshitaka without explanation. 

6913
05:52:28,600 --> 05:52:32,200
The Northern District requires 
immediate attention, following 

6914
05:52:32,200 --> 05:52:33,900
irregularities, and tax 
collection. 

6915
05:52:35,300 --> 05:52:37,700
Only later did yoshitaka learn 
the full context. 

6916
05:52:37,700 --> 05:52:40,500
He had been selected 
specifically, because of his 

6917
05:52:40,500 --> 05:52:43,800
previous conflict with high 
Oishi, his assignment involved 

6918
05:52:43,800 --> 05:52:46,800
investigating administrative 
regions previously, under high 

6919
05:52:46,800 --> 05:52:50,200
sheep's, patronage with the 
unstated expectation that he 

6920
05:52:50,200 --> 05:52:53,200
would document in proprieties, 
that could justify further 

6921
05:52:53,200 --> 05:52:54,900
action against the decline 
official. 

6922
05:52:56,200 --> 05:53:00,000
This place yoshitaka in a common
Samurai dilemma and advancement 

6923
05:53:00,000 --> 05:53:02,900
opportunities frequently arose. 
Through morally, ambiguous 

6924
05:53:02,900 --> 05:53:05,300
circumstances. 
Conducting a genuine 

6925
05:53:05,300 --> 05:53:07,700
investigation would likely 
uncover actual misconduct. 

6926
05:53:07,700 --> 05:53:10,500
Yet the motivation behind his 
appointment was political 

6927
05:53:10,500 --> 05:53:13,300
Revenge rather than 
administrative integrity. 

6928
05:53:14,000 --> 05:53:15,700
Proceed with methodical 
correctness. 

6929
05:53:15,700 --> 05:53:18,800
Advised, his father-in-law now 
recovered and cautiously 

6930
05:53:18,800 --> 05:53:20,400
supportive. 
Document. 

6931
05:53:20,400 --> 05:53:23,700
What exists without excessive 
enthusiasm or reluctance? 

6932
05:53:23,700 --> 05:53:26,900
The facts will serve their 
purpose without your emotional 

6933
05:53:26,900 --> 05:53:29,400
involvement. 
The Northern District inspection

6934
05:53:29,400 --> 05:53:31,600
revealed, systematic abuses 
Village. 

6935
05:53:31,600 --> 05:53:34,000
Headmen had been pressured to 
report higher crop yields than 

6936
05:53:34,000 --> 05:53:37,300
actually harvested creating tax 
obligations that forced 

6937
05:53:37,300 --> 05:53:40,000
communities into debt with 
domain connected money lenders, 

6938
05:53:40,000 --> 05:53:43,900
the scheme generated substantial
revenue for its organizers while

6939
05:53:43,900 --> 05:53:46,000
technically maintaining official
tax rates. 

6940
05:53:46,800 --> 05:53:48,700
Yoshitaka is written report 
presented. 

6941
05:53:48,700 --> 05:53:52,500
These findings with deliberate 
neutrality, documenting patterns

6942
05:53:52,500 --> 05:53:55,300
without speculating on 
authorization or beneficiaries. 

6943
05:53:56,100 --> 05:53:58,900
This approach comprehensive in 
detail but a restraining 

6944
05:53:58,900 --> 05:54:01,500
conclusion, exemplified the 
careful documentation 

6945
05:54:01,500 --> 05:54:04,400
techniques, Samurai officials 
developed to navigate 

6946
05:54:04,400 --> 05:54:08,000
politically Hazard assignments. 
The reports consequences 

6947
05:54:08,000 --> 05:54:10,700
Illustrated the often indirect 
nature of Samurai Power 

6948
05:54:10,700 --> 05:54:13,400
struggles. 
No direct accusations were made 

6949
05:54:13,400 --> 05:54:16,400
against Hayashi, but three of 
his principal Associates were 

6950
05:54:16,400 --> 05:54:20,900
reassigned to remote outposts. 
Ayushi himself received health 

6951
05:54:20,900 --> 05:54:23,700
retirement that maintain his 
stripe end and status. 

6952
05:54:23,700 --> 05:54:26,800
While removing him from 
influence a face-saving, 

6953
05:54:26,800 --> 05:54:29,400
Arrangement typical of how 
samurai governance managed 

6954
05:54:29,400 --> 05:54:32,300
problematic officials to 
prominent for Public Disgrace. 

6955
05:54:33,300 --> 05:54:36,200
Yoshitaka has handling of the 
investigation earned qualified 

6956
05:54:36,200 --> 05:54:37,600
approval from the new 
Administration. 

6957
05:54:39,000 --> 05:54:41,800
By early 1648, he had been 
appointed to a mid-level 

6958
05:54:41,800 --> 05:54:44,700
position in the Castle's 
Revenue, Office restored to 

6959
05:54:44,700 --> 05:54:47,500
administrative significance. 
But placed where his activities 

6960
05:54:47,500 --> 05:54:50,800
could be easily, monitored this 
period, coincided with 

6961
05:54:50,800 --> 05:54:54,000
domain-wide economic reforms 
that revealed broader structural

6962
05:54:54,000 --> 05:54:55,900
challenges, facing the samurai 
class. 

6963
05:54:56,700 --> 05:54:59,500
Increased agricultural 
productivity had paradoxically 

6964
05:54:59,500 --> 05:55:03,400
reduced rice prices, decreasing 
the real value of fixed, right? 

6965
05:55:03,400 --> 05:55:07,000
Stipends, Simultaneously. 
The importation of luxury goods 

6966
05:55:07,000 --> 05:55:10,400
through Nagasaki increased 
living expenses for status. 

6967
05:55:10,400 --> 05:55:14,200
Conscious Samurai households, We
Face the contradiction of our 

6968
05:55:14,200 --> 05:55:16,900
position observed, a senior 
treasury official, during a 

6969
05:55:16,900 --> 05:55:20,200
private discussion. 
We require Merchant wealth to 

6970
05:55:20,200 --> 05:55:23,700
finance domain operations, yet, 
consider commercial activity 

6971
05:55:23,700 --> 05:55:26,300
beneath our dignity. 
We cannot sustain this 

6972
05:55:26,300 --> 05:55:30,400
separation in definitely. 
Some domains had begun allowing 

6973
05:55:30,400 --> 05:55:34,000
Samurai to engage in limited 
side occupations, paper making 

6974
05:55:34,000 --> 05:55:37,100
umbrella construction. 
Scholarly tutoring that preserve

6975
05:55:37,100 --> 05:55:38,500
dignity while supplementing 
income. 

6976
05:55:39,400 --> 05:55:42,900
Cargo remained conservative in 
this regard maintaining strict 

6977
05:55:42,900 --> 05:55:45,700
class separation that 
exacerbated Financial pressures 

6978
05:55:45,700 --> 05:55:49,000
on middle and lower ranking 
Samurai Yoshi's. 

6979
05:55:49,000 --> 05:55:51,800
Family adapted through careful 
economies that historical 

6980
05:55:51,800 --> 05:55:55,600
accounts rarely emphasized 
Massacre personally prepared, 

6981
05:55:55,600 --> 05:55:58,900
simple meals, rather than 
employing additional servants. 

6982
05:55:59,600 --> 05:56:02,400
Traditional gift exchanges were 
fulfilled with elegant but 

6983
05:56:02,400 --> 05:56:04,900
inexpensive items. 
That prioritize tasteful 

6984
05:56:04,900 --> 05:56:06,700
presentation over intrinsic 
value. 

6985
05:56:07,400 --> 05:56:09,700
Family heirlooms were 
strategically pawns during 

6986
05:56:09,700 --> 05:56:13,300
Financial emergencies then 
redeemed when stipend payments 

6987
05:56:13,300 --> 05:56:16,100
arrived. 
The true skill of a samurai wife

6988
05:56:16,100 --> 05:56:18,500
is invisible accounting. 
Masako explained to a new 

6989
05:56:18,508 --> 05:56:20,300
daughter-in-law. 
Joining a neighboring household.

6990
05:56:21,200 --> 05:56:23,700
Maintaining appearance with 
minimal resources is our 

6991
05:56:23,700 --> 05:56:26,600
Battlefield. 
Summer, brought a crisis that 

6992
05:56:26,600 --> 05:56:30,300
tested, yoshitaka understanding 
of Bushido, principles, his 

6993
05:56:30,300 --> 05:56:32,800
younger brother Ichiro, who had 
taken a position with a 

6994
05:56:32,800 --> 05:56:35,800
different branch of the maida 
clan became implicated in the 

6995
05:56:35,800 --> 05:56:39,100
gambling scandal. 
While technically legal in 

6996
05:56:39,108 --> 05:56:42,800
certain licensed venues gambling
represented a serious, breach of

6997
05:56:42,800 --> 05:56:45,700
Samurai dignity. 
Particularly when it led to debt

6998
05:56:45,700 --> 05:56:48,000
or association with questionable
characters. 

6999
05:56:49,000 --> 05:56:51,100
The family ramifications were 
potentially severe. 

7000
05:56:51,800 --> 05:56:53,800
Samurai households were 
considered, collectively 

7001
05:56:53,800 --> 05:56:56,900
responsible for members 
behavior, and disgrace could 

7002
05:56:56,900 --> 05:57:00,800
affect advancement prospects for
multiple Generations, historical

7003
05:57:00,800 --> 05:57:03,900
records, show numerous cases 
where entire branches of Samurai

7004
05:57:03,900 --> 05:57:06,500
families were downgraded in 
status due to individual 

7005
05:57:06,500 --> 05:57:09,400
misconduct. 
He claims innocence, but admits 

7006
05:57:09,400 --> 05:57:12,900
presence of the gambling house. 
Yoshi's mother reported after 

7007
05:57:12,900 --> 05:57:15,900
meeting privately, with each 
hero, The Establishment is known

7008
05:57:15,900 --> 05:57:18,800
to serve both Samurai and 
wealthy merchants another 

7009
05:57:18,800 --> 05:57:23,100
complication Investigating 
discreetly yoshitaka discovered,

7010
05:57:23,100 --> 05:57:26,800
a more complex situation. 
Ichiro had, indeed, visited the 

7011
05:57:26,800 --> 05:57:28,900
establishment. 
But primarily to monitor the 

7012
05:57:28,900 --> 05:57:32,000
activities of a senior official 
suspected of sharing sensitive 

7013
05:57:32,000 --> 05:57:35,500
domain information, with 
Merchant financiers, the 

7014
05:57:35,500 --> 05:57:38,100
gambling participation had been 
a cover for this unauthorized 

7015
05:57:38,100 --> 05:57:41,100
surveillance. 
I sought to protect our Lord's 

7016
05:57:41,100 --> 05:57:43,900
interests at your own sister, 
during a tense private meeting. 

7017
05:57:43,900 --> 05:57:46,300
If the information flow is 
confirmed. 

7018
05:57:46,300 --> 05:57:49,800
It constitutes a serious breach 
of loyalty, deserving official 

7019
05:57:49,800 --> 05:57:52,800
attention. 
The Dilemma exemplified the 

7020
05:57:52,800 --> 05:57:55,800
competing obligations that 
created moral complexity in 

7021
05:57:55,800 --> 05:57:58,400
Samurai life. 
Family loyalty demanded 

7022
05:57:58,400 --> 05:58:00,100
protecting each Euro from 
disgrace. 

7023
05:58:01,000 --> 05:58:03,900
Domain loyalty requires 
reporting potential trees in his

7024
05:58:03,900 --> 05:58:07,400
information sharing. 
Personal Integrity necessitated 

7025
05:58:07,400 --> 05:58:10,000
on his assessment of a churros. 
Actual involvement. 

7026
05:58:10,000 --> 05:58:12,600
No single principal provided 
clear. 

7027
05:58:12,600 --> 05:58:16,500
Guidance, Yoshi's family adapted
through careful economies that 

7028
05:58:16,500 --> 05:58:20,400
historical accounts rarely 
emphasized, masako, personally 

7029
05:58:20,400 --> 05:58:23,500
prepared simple meals, rather 
than employing additional 

7030
05:58:23,500 --> 05:58:26,300
servants. 
Traditional gift exchanges were 

7031
05:58:26,300 --> 05:58:28,600
fulfilled with elegant, but 
inexpensive items. 

7032
05:58:28,600 --> 05:58:31,500
That prioritize tasteful 
presentation over intrinsic 

7033
05:58:31,500 --> 05:58:33,800
value. 
Family heirlooms were 

7034
05:58:33,800 --> 05:58:36,800
strategically pawned during 
Financial emergencies then 

7035
05:58:36,800 --> 05:58:39,200
redeemed when stipend payments 
arrived. 

7036
05:58:39,200 --> 05:58:42,500
The true skill of a samurai wife
is invisible accounting. 

7037
05:58:42,500 --> 05:58:44,300
Masako explained to a new 
daughter-in-law. 

7038
05:58:44,300 --> 05:58:47,600
Joining a neighboring household.
Maintaining appearance with 

7039
05:58:47,600 --> 05:58:49,500
minimal resources is our 
Battlefield. 

7040
05:58:50,500 --> 05:58:53,600
Summer, brought a crisis that 
tested yoshida's, understanding 

7041
05:58:53,600 --> 05:58:57,300
of Bushido, principles, his 
younger brother Ichiro, who had 

7042
05:58:57,300 --> 05:58:59,400
taken a position with a 
different branch of the Maeda 

7043
05:58:59,400 --> 05:59:02,000
Clan became implicated in a 
gambling scandal. 

7044
05:59:03,300 --> 05:59:06,500
While technically legal in 
certain licensed venues gambling

7045
05:59:06,500 --> 05:59:08,900
represented a serious, breach of
Samurai dignity. 

7046
05:59:08,900 --> 05:59:12,700
Particularly when it led to debt
or association with questionable

7047
05:59:12,700 --> 05:59:15,500
characters. 
The family ramifications were 

7048
05:59:15,500 --> 05:59:18,200
potentially severe. 
Samurai households were 

7049
05:59:18,200 --> 05:59:20,400
considered, collectively 
responsible for members 

7050
05:59:20,400 --> 05:59:23,700
behavior, and disgrace could 
affect advancement prospects for

7051
05:59:23,700 --> 05:59:26,500
multiple Generations. 
Historical records. 

7052
05:59:26,500 --> 05:59:29,600
Show numerous cases where entire
branches of Samurai families 

7053
05:59:29,600 --> 05:59:32,400
were downgraded in status due to
individual misconduct. 

7054
05:59:33,400 --> 05:59:35,800
He claims innocence, but admits 
Presence at the gambling house. 

7055
05:59:35,800 --> 05:59:39,200
Yoshi's mother reported after 
meeting privately, with each 

7056
05:59:39,200 --> 05:59:42,400
hero, The Establishment is known
to serve both Samurai and 

7057
05:59:42,400 --> 05:59:46,600
wealthy merchants another 
complication Investigating 

7058
05:59:46,600 --> 05:59:49,500
discreetly yoshitaka discovered,
a more complex situation. 

7059
05:59:49,500 --> 05:59:52,600
Ichiro had, indeed, visited the 
establishment. 

7060
05:59:52,600 --> 05:59:55,600
But primarily to monitor the 
activities of a senior official 

7061
05:59:55,600 --> 05:59:58,600
suspected of sharing sensitive 
domain information, with 

7062
05:59:58,600 --> 06:00:02,200
Merchant financiers, the 
gambling participation had been 

7063
06:00:02,200 --> 06:00:03,900
a cover for this unauthorized 
surveillance. 

7064
06:00:05,000 --> 06:00:07,900
I sought to protect our Lord's 
interests at your own sister, 

7065
06:00:07,900 --> 06:00:11,000
during a tense private meeting. 
If the information flow is 

7066
06:00:11,000 --> 06:00:13,600
confirmed. 
It constitutes a serious breach 

7067
06:00:13,600 --> 06:00:15,500
of loyalty, deserving official 
attention. 

7068
06:00:16,600 --> 06:00:19,500
The Dilemma exemplified the 
competing obligations that 

7069
06:00:19,500 --> 06:00:21,900
created moral complexity and 
Samurai life. 

7070
06:00:22,500 --> 06:00:24,800
Family loyalty demanded 
protecting each Euro from 

7071
06:00:24,800 --> 06:00:27,400
disgrace. 
Domain loyalty requires 

7072
06:00:27,400 --> 06:00:29,800
reporting potential trees in his
information sharing. 

7073
06:00:30,700 --> 06:00:34,300
Personal Integrity, necessitated
honest assessment of a churros. 

7074
06:00:34,300 --> 06:00:36,200
Actual involvement. 
No. 

7075
06:00:36,200 --> 06:00:38,200
Single. 
Principal provided clear guide 

7076
06:00:38,200 --> 06:00:40,600
mints. 
This approach absorbing 

7077
06:00:40,600 --> 06:00:43,100
institutional failure. 
Personally while addressing the 

7078
06:00:43,100 --> 06:00:46,600
specific problem, discreetly 
exemplified the Practical 

7079
06:00:46,600 --> 06:00:49,700
compromises that characterized 
effective Samurai Administration

7080
06:00:50,700 --> 06:00:53,100
Historical accounts, often 
emphasized, the dramatic 

7081
06:00:53,100 --> 06:00:56,100
examples of officials committing
seppuku over matters of 

7082
06:00:56,100 --> 06:00:59,300
principle but daily governance 
more frequently involved. 

7083
06:00:59,300 --> 06:01:01,400
These nuanced, ethical 
calculations. 

7084
06:01:01,400 --> 06:01:04,400
The consequences were 
significant that measured 

7085
06:01:04,400 --> 06:01:08,200
yoshitaka received a formal 
reprimand and temporary stipend 

7086
06:01:08,200 --> 06:01:11,900
reduction, a substantial 
financial hardship but not a 

7087
06:01:11,900 --> 06:01:14,700
career ending disgrace. 
The guilty official was 

7088
06:01:14,700 --> 06:01:18,600
reassigned to a remote post 
without explicit accusation a 

7089
06:01:18,600 --> 06:01:21,100
face-saving Arrangement, that 
preserved family honor. 

7090
06:01:21,100 --> 06:01:22,800
While removing him from treasury
access. 

7091
06:01:23,600 --> 06:01:25,300
You've gained and lost in equal 
measure. 

7092
06:01:25,300 --> 06:01:28,700
Observed OTA. 
Your reputation for solving 

7093
06:01:28,700 --> 06:01:30,300
problems without creating 
unnecessary. 

7094
06:01:30,300 --> 06:01:34,000
Disruption grows, while your 
reputation for strict protocol 

7095
06:01:34,000 --> 06:01:37,000
enforcement diminishes, both 
have value in different 

7096
06:01:37,000 --> 06:01:41,800
circumstances. 
By Spring of 1650, the immediate

7097
06:01:41,800 --> 06:01:44,600
crisis had passed but the 
experience are deepened 

7098
06:01:44,600 --> 06:02:15,900
yoshitusugu 
Mother passed away following a 

7099
06:02:15,900 --> 06:02:18,200
brief illness triggering 
elaborate morning. 

7100
06:02:18,200 --> 06:02:21,500
Protocols that strained Family 
Resources despite their 

7101
06:02:21,500 --> 06:02:25,200
emotionally necessary function. 
The funeral and Memorial 

7102
06:02:25,200 --> 06:02:28,700
observances must reflect her 
station and lineage insisted 

7103
06:02:28,700 --> 06:02:31,700
elderly relatives regardless of 
what Current financial 

7104
06:02:31,700 --> 06:02:34,900
circumstances. 
The death rituals revealed, 

7105
06:02:34,900 --> 06:02:36,800
another dimension of Samurai 
hardship. 

7106
06:02:36,800 --> 06:02:40,500
The requirement to maintain 
ceremonial propriety even during

7107
06:02:40,500 --> 06:02:44,100
periods of genuine grief. 
Yoshitaka organized, the 

7108
06:02:44,100 --> 06:02:47,100
appropriate Buddhist ceremonies 
and maintained ritualized 

7109
06:02:47,100 --> 06:02:50,000
mourning behaviors while 
continuing his administrative 

7110
06:02:50,000 --> 06:02:53,700
duties without interruption. 
Public displays of emotional 

7111
06:02:53,700 --> 06:02:57,300
distress would have violated 
class expectations of stoicism. 

7112
06:02:58,000 --> 06:03:01,200
By summer a significant 
political reorganization created

7113
06:03:01,200 --> 06:03:05,600
unexpected opportunity, the new 
dymo had observed administrative

7114
06:03:05,600 --> 06:03:08,300
inefficiency in ordered 
restructuring of several key 

7115
06:03:08,300 --> 06:03:11,200
departments. 
Yoshida's reputation for 

7116
06:03:11,200 --> 06:03:13,300
effectively managing complex 
situations. 

7117
06:03:13,300 --> 06:03:16,100
Led to his appointment over 
seeing agricultural development 

7118
06:03:16,100 --> 06:03:19,300
for the north-western region a 
substantial promotion. 

7119
06:03:19,300 --> 06:03:22,000
That reflected the sometimes 
counterintuitive advancement 

7120
06:03:22,000 --> 06:03:25,900
patterns in Samurai bureaucracy.
Those who navigate difficulty 

7121
06:03:25,900 --> 06:03:29,200
intelligently become valuable 
during uncertainty explained 

7122
06:03:29,200 --> 06:03:30,700
OTA. 
When delivering news of the 

7123
06:03:30,700 --> 06:03:33,700
appointment, Your recent 
challenges demonstrated 

7124
06:03:33,700 --> 06:03:37,000
pragmatic judgment. 
This quality has been noted. 

7125
06:03:38,400 --> 06:03:40,900
The new position returned 
yoshitaka to rural 

7126
06:03:40,900 --> 06:03:43,800
Administration, but with greater
Authority and at a specific 

7127
06:03:43,800 --> 06:03:45,700
mandate to increase. 
Agricultural productivity 

7128
06:03:45,700 --> 06:03:47,700
through infrastructure 
Improvement. 

7129
06:03:47,700 --> 06:03:51,100
This assignment reflected the 
evolving nature of Samurai 

7130
06:03:51,100 --> 06:03:54,100
governance, during the mid Edo 
period, when technical knowledge

7131
06:03:54,100 --> 06:03:56,600
and development expertise, 
increasingly complimented, 

7132
06:03:56,600 --> 06:03:58,200
traditional administrative 
roles. 

7133
06:03:59,300 --> 06:04:02,600
Traveling through the region 
with agricultural Specialists 

7134
06:04:02,600 --> 06:04:05,600
yoshitaka encountered. 
Both the harsh realities of 

7135
06:04:05,608 --> 06:04:08,800
rural poverty, and surprising 
Innovations developed by 

7136
06:04:08,800 --> 06:04:09,700
farming. 
Communities. 

7137
06:04:09,700 --> 06:04:13,300
Traditional historical accounts,
often portrayed peasants as 

7138
06:04:13,300 --> 06:04:16,100
simple and unchanging. 
But yoshitaka discovered 

7139
06:04:16,100 --> 06:04:19,200
sophisticated Water Management 
technique and crop rotation 

7140
06:04:19,200 --> 06:04:22,200
strategies developed through 
generations of practical. 

7141
06:04:22,200 --> 06:04:25,400
Experimentation Our 
grandfather's discovered that 

7142
06:04:25,400 --> 06:04:28,400
alternating these fields between
rice and soybeans increases 

7143
06:04:28,400 --> 06:04:32,000
yields for both explained and 
elderly farmer pointing to 

7144
06:04:32,000 --> 06:04:35,300
carefully maintained paddies. 
The land tells us what it needs 

7145
06:04:35,300 --> 06:04:38,600
if we observe carefully. 
Incorporating this local 

7146
06:04:38,600 --> 06:04:41,100
knowledge into domain 
development plans, represented a

7147
06:04:41,100 --> 06:04:43,100
progressive approach that 
balanced, traditional 

7148
06:04:43,100 --> 06:04:45,700
hierarchical Authority with 
practical effectiveness. 

7149
06:04:46,700 --> 06:04:49,500
Yoshi's reports emphasize 
collaboration with Village 

7150
06:04:49,500 --> 06:04:52,900
leadership, rather than, imposed
directives a methodology that 

7151
06:04:52,900 --> 06:04:56,100
generated resistance from 
traditional bound officials but 

7152
06:04:56,100 --> 06:04:59,700
support from the diamonds 
Progressive, advisors Autumn 

7153
06:04:59,700 --> 06:05:01,900
brought the construction of 
three new irrigation channels 

7154
06:05:01,900 --> 06:05:05,200
that dramatically improved water
distribution to previously 

7155
06:05:05,200 --> 06:05:08,200
marginal farmland. 
The Project's success 

7156
06:05:08,200 --> 06:05:10,800
established yoshida's 
reputation, as an effective 

7157
06:05:10,800 --> 06:05:13,400
administrator capable of 
achieving measurable results. 

7158
06:05:14,100 --> 06:05:17,000
Secure enough in his authority 
to incorporate commoner 

7159
06:05:17,000 --> 06:05:19,600
knowledge without compromising 
Samurai dignity. 

7160
06:05:19,600 --> 06:05:22,900
This period also brought 
resolution to the long simmering

7161
06:05:22,900 --> 06:05:26,400
issue with his brother Ichiro. 
The senior official Ichiro had 

7162
06:05:26,408 --> 06:05:28,700
been monitoring was eventually, 
discovered selling information 

7163
06:05:28,700 --> 06:05:32,100
to Merchants interests. rather 
than pursue personal 

7164
06:05:32,100 --> 06:05:35,100
recognition, Cairo arranged for 
his information to reach 

7165
06:05:35,100 --> 06:05:38,400
appropriate authorities through 
indirect channels protecting 

7166
06:05:38,400 --> 06:05:42,300
both family reputation and his 
position the essence of 

7167
06:05:42,300 --> 06:05:45,700
effective service, sometimes 
requires remaining unseen it 

7168
06:05:45,700 --> 06:05:48,400
sure, explained during a rare 
private conversation between the

7169
06:05:48,400 --> 06:05:51,800
brothers Her name's matter. 
Less than the domain stability 

7170
06:05:51,800 --> 06:05:55,500
and prosperity. 
This philosophy prioritizing 

7171
06:05:55,500 --> 06:05:57,600
effective, outcome of the 
personal recognition, 

7172
06:05:57,600 --> 06:06:01,100
represented a mature, 
understanding of Samurai service

7173
06:06:01,100 --> 06:06:04,500
that transcended simplistic 
notion of Glory or individual 

7174
06:06:04,500 --> 06:06:06,500
honor. 
The brothers had arrived at 

7175
06:06:06,508 --> 06:06:09,600
similar conclusions through 
different paths, finding meaning

7176
06:06:09,600 --> 06:06:12,500
in contributing to societal 
function rather than personal 

7177
06:06:12,500 --> 06:06:16,300
advancement. 
As winter approached in 1650, 

7178
06:06:16,300 --> 06:06:19,500
yoshitaka reflected on his 
journey during a rare moment of 

7179
06:06:19,500 --> 06:06:22,500
leisure watching his son, 
practice calligraphy with 

7180
06:06:22,500 --> 06:06:24,400
increasingly confident brush 
Strokes. 

7181
06:06:25,100 --> 06:06:28,600
The harsh realities of Samurai, 
existence Financial, 

7182
06:06:28,600 --> 06:06:31,600
precariousness, political 
vulnerability, emotional 

7183
06:06:31,600 --> 06:06:34,900
constraint, and administrative 
complexity remained ever 

7184
06:06:34,900 --> 06:06:37,200
present. 
Yet, Within These constraints, 

7185
06:06:37,200 --> 06:06:40,200
he had found purpose in 
navigating complexity with 

7186
06:06:40,200 --> 06:06:43,700
integrity and contributing to 
genuine Improvement within an 

7187
06:06:43,700 --> 06:06:47,000
imperfect system. 
The Way of the Samurai has found

7188
06:06:47,000 --> 06:06:50,100
in death, stated the famous 
opening line of hagari. 

7189
06:06:50,100 --> 06:06:53,100
The influential Samurai techs 
that would be written decades 

7190
06:06:53,100 --> 06:06:56,100
later. 
Yet Yoshi's experience suggested

7191
06:06:56,100 --> 06:07:00,300
a more nuanced truth that the 
essence of Samurai identity lay 

7192
06:07:00,300 --> 06:07:02,200
not in dramatic moments of 
sacrifice. 

7193
06:07:02,200 --> 06:07:04,900
But in the sustained discipline 
of balancing competing 

7194
06:07:04,900 --> 06:07:09,000
obligations maintaining dignity 
amid limitation and finding 

7195
06:07:09,000 --> 06:07:11,300
meaning in service that 
transcended personal 

7196
06:07:11,300 --> 06:07:14,300
circumstance. 
The plum trees in the garden had

7197
06:07:14,300 --> 06:07:17,300
survived another year their 
nulled branches preparing. 

7198
06:07:17,300 --> 06:07:19,900
For spring blossoms, that 
yoshitaka might or might not 

7199
06:07:19,900 --> 06:07:22,800
Witness. 
Like countless Samurai before 

7200
06:07:22,800 --> 06:07:26,200
and after him, he had found his 
path, not in Battlefield Glory, 

7201
06:07:26,200 --> 06:07:30,200
but in the quieter courage of 
everyday Duty, the unvarnished 

7202
06:07:30,200 --> 06:07:33,200
reality, behind the Romantic 
myths, that would eventually 

7203
06:07:33,200 --> 06:07:37,300
surround His Vanishing classes. 
We will never know the Horizon 

7204
06:07:37,300 --> 06:07:40,400
of what is life continued to be 
but it was already a harsh 

7205
06:07:40,400 --> 06:07:40,900
timeline.