Every Irish Myth & Legend Explained (So Slowly You'll Fall Asleep) | Boring History

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Welcome in friends to an 
exhaustive examination of Irish 

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folklore mythology and Legend. 
Because tonight, we're traveling

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to an island where the boundary 
between the real. 

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And the Magical was always 
delightfully blurry. 

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Where every Hill might hide an 
ancient Fort and every Lake 

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might conceal an entire 
underwater Kingdom. 

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This is the world of Irish 
mythology and we're going to 

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explore it at exactly. 
The right pace for drifting off 

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to sleep. 
So, before we begin, take a 

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moment to like the video and 
subscribe, and let me know where

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you're tuning in from, and what 
time it is for you. 

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Now, dim your lights, get 
comfortable, and prepare to 

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relax as we begin. 
Ireland that Green Island City 

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in the Atlantic like a jewel 
that can't quite decide. 

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If it wants to be Emerald or 
Jade has been collecting 

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Stories, the way some people 
collect stamps or vintage 

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teacups, Except these stories 
are much more interesting than 

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stamps. 
And they involved considerably 

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more magic than teacups, though.
Irish teacups do have their own 

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quiet dignity. long before 
anyone was writing anything 

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down, Irish storytellers, were 
spinning tales about how Island 

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came to be populated and here's 
the thing about Irish origin, 

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myths, They're like layers of a 
very elaborate cake, each group 

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of settlers arriving and adding 
their own flavor to the mix. 

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First arrivals, according to the
myths were led by a woman named 

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cesare who was supposedly known 
as granddaughter. 

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Yes, that Noah the one with the 
ark. 

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Sir, showed up in Ireland, 50 
days before the biblical flood, 

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which seems like cutting it 
rather fine. 

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Timing wise. 
She brought three men and 50 

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women with her, which sounds 
like someone was either. 

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Very optimistic or very bad. 
At planning, gender ratios for 

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long term survival. 
The flood came as floods in the 

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stories tend to do and only one 
person survived a fellow named 

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fintan who dealt with this 
apocalyptic inconvenience by 

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transforming into a salmon. 
Because apparently in Irish 

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mythology, when things get 
difficult, the answer is often 

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to become a fish. 
Fintan would later. 

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Also become a hawk and an eagle 
living for thousands of years, 

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and witnessing, all of Ireland, 
subsequent history. 

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He was essentially Ireland's 
first historian, except with 

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more shapeshifting and fewer 
footnotes. 

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After the waters receded Island,
sat empty for a while probably 

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catching its breath and drying 
out its many many Hills. 

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Then came the path alone after 
their leader python. 

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These folks were proper 
settlers, who introduced things,

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like Brewing Agriculture. 
And the general concept of not 

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living like refugees from a 
flood. 

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They built houses, cleared 
planes and created the first 

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Lakes though, how one creates a 
lake through anything other than

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massive excavation projects is 
one of those mythological 

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details. 
That is best not questioned to 

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closely. 
The path alone's thrived for 

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about 300 years which is a good 
run by anyone's standards. 

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But then a play killed them all 
in one week. 

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Every single one of them died on
the same plane, which must have 

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made for a very awkward 
situation afterward. 

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You can imagine the first 
Travelers stumbling across this 

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scene and slowly backing away 
while making mental notes to 

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maybe settle somewhere else. 
Next came the mediums followers 

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of nemed who arrived with his 
Force. 

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Son's, the named Indians were 
basically The Unlucky middle 

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children of Irish mythological 
settlers. 

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They had to deal with the 
fomorians, think of them, as 

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Ireland's, original antagonists,
a race of monstrous beings, who 

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lived either under the sea, or 
on Islands, depending on which 

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version of the story you prefer.
The fomorians were like that 

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difficult neighbor who keeps 
complaining about your lawn 

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except they also demanded 
oppressive tributes and 

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generally made life miserable. 
Than a medians fought, the 

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fomorians for years once in 
battles, lost others and 

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eventually most of them died or 
left Island in despair. 

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A few survivors escaped and 
their descendants would return 

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later with new names and better 
planning. 

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It's like they went away for a 
few Generations regrouped and 

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came back with a revised 
business plan. 

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This pattern of arrivals battles
plagues and departures set the 

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tone for Irish mythology. 
Nothing ever stays simple or 

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peaceful for long but there's 
always someone new arriving with

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fresh ideas about how to make 
living on this rainy. 

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Beautiful island work. 
It's almost soothing in its 

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predictability except for all 
the plagues and monsters which 

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are less soothing and more. 
The sort of thing that makes you

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appreciate modern medicine and 
the absence of CD demons. 

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Now we're getting to the 
interesting part which is saying

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something because mythological 
plagues and shapeshifting 

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historians are already fairly 
interesting. 

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Tuatha de danaan whose name 
roughly translates to the people

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of the Goddess. 
Danu were basically, Ireland's. 

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Pantheon of gods though. 
The myths are sometimes Coy 

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about calling them Gods 
directly. 

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They prefer terms like the 
people of skill or the fairy 

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folk, which is very Irish. 
Why use one clear term when you 

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can use several poetic but 
slightly ambiguous ones. 

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The two are third day, danan 
arrived in Ireland, in dramatic 

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fashion, supposedly descending 
from the sky in a cloud. 

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Some versions say, they actually
just sailed in from the north on

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boats, then burn their boats and
created the cloud. 

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As either a dramatic effect, be 
military tactics or see an 

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elaborate insurance fraud 
scheme. 

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The myths are genuinely unclear 
on this point. 

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What made the two other day, 
Dad, and special was their 

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Mastery of magic and crafts. 
They brought four, magical 

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Treasures to Ireland each from a
different mythical city. 

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From Thalia came the stone of 
Destiny, which would cry out 

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when touched by the rightful 
king of Ireland. 

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Basically, ancient Celtic 
verification system, that was 

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significantly more reliable than
a driver's license. 

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From glorious came, the Spear of
Lou. 

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Which guaranteed Victory to 
whoever wielded it. 

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No battle could be won against 
it, which seems somewhat unfair,

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and definitely violated several 
conventions of sporting conduct.

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From India, came to others sword
from which no one could Escape 

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once it was drawn. 
And from Maria's came, the 

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daggers cauldron, which could 
feed any number of people 

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without ever emptying. 
Essentially, the world's first, 

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all you can eat buffet, but with
more mystical properties and 

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probably better food Th'other 
Daytona and found Island already

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occupied by the furball 
descendants of those in a 

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medians who had fled early. 
Furball would decent folks who 

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had been minding their own 
business farming, and fishing 

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and generally existing and 
peace. 

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Then these magical Sky people 
showed up with their Invincible 

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weapons and started making 
proprietary claims about the 

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island. 
The two groups met at the first 

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battle of Maguire, which sounds 
more dramatic in Irish but 

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basically means the plane of 
towers or possibly the plane of 

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pillars depending on Whose 
translating. 

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The battle was fierce and while 
the 12th day danan won a 

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significant casualty their King,
Noah lost his hand in combat. 

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Now, here's where Irish 
mythology gets interesting in 

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its approach to disability and 
Leadership. 

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The tuatha data Nan had a law 
stating that no one with a 

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physical blemish could be king. 
This seems harsh until you 

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remember that in these myths. 
Physical Perfection, often 

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symbolize spiritual, and 
political wholeness. 

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Noweda, despite being otherwise.
Excellent at his job had to step

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down because he was now missing 
a hand. 

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The 12th day danan. 
Replaced him with breasts. 

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Whose father was for Maureen and
whose mother was toothed in 

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land. 
As essentially a peace, treaty 

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marriage candidate meant to 
unite to people's breast, turned

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out, to be terrible at his job, 
he was stingy which in Irish 

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culture was possibly the worst 
floor. 

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A leader could have The good 
King was expected to be. 

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Generous hosting feasts and 
distributing wealth. 

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Brezz did none of this. 
He was basically the opposite of

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a good Irish host which made him
deeply unpopular. 

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Meanwhile, a physician named Ian
get and his son meac were 

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working on a solution to new as 
problem. 

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Dean gekt created a silver hand 
for Noah that worked perfectly a

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prosthetic. 
So Advanced it wouldn't be 

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matched in actual technology for
thousands of years. 

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This made New Order technically 
whole again. 

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But there was still the question
of whether a silver hand counted

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as a blemish. 
Then meac showing the kind of 

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overachieving ambition that 
causes problems and families 

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everywhere went one better. 
He grew a new hand of flesh and 

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blood for nuada. 
This was medically impressive 

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but politically problematic as 
it completely overshadowed his 

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father's work. 
Dion checked in a fit of 

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professional jealousy. 
That modern academic rivalries 

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can only aspire to kill his own 
son. 

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Mythology is full of family 
dysfunction, but this takes it 

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to another level. 
With his new hand, nuada was 

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restored to King ship and 
breasts was sent packing. 

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Breasts unsurprisingly bitter 
about losing his throne, went to

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his famore and relatives to 
raise an army. 

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This led to the Second Battle of
Mag 28, which was even more epic

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than the first and featured. 
One of Irish mythologies most 

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important Heroes enter lug whose
full title was local Lambada. 

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Lug of the long arm though. 
This referred to his reach in 

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battle rather than any actual 
anatomical peculiarity. 

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Lug was like the kid in school 
who was annoyingly. 

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Good at everything, Sports 
academics and arts and also 

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happened to be attractive and 
well. 

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Liked Except in just winning 
spelling bees. 

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Lou was a master of every skill.
The ancient Irish valued Warrior

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Craftsman poet, musician, 
Sorcerer And physician. 

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He was basically a walking 
Renaissance except several 

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thousand years before the actual
Renaissance, which shows 

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admirable initiative. 
Luz arrived at Tara, the seat of

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Irish King ship while Noah Was 
preparing for war with the 

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Ferrari. 
The gatekeeper asked what skilly

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possessed since Tara only 
admitted people who could 

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contribute, something unique lug
listed his abilities. 

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One by one, who was a carpenter,
A Smith, a warrior, a Harper, a 

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poet, a historian, a sorcerer, 
and so on. 

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To each skill, the gatekeeper 
responded that they already had 

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someone who did that. 
This went on for a while, 

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probably with increasing 
awkwardness until Luke asked the

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Practical question. 
Did they have anyone who could 

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do all of these things? 
The gatekeeper recognizing a 

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rhetorical Checkmate, when he 
heard one let him in. 

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The way it was so impressed with
Lou that he temporarily gave him

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command of the war against the 
femurs. 

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This was either a sign of great 
wisdom or a symptom of severe 

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imposter syndrome. 
But either way, it worked out 

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Luke led the tuatha de Nan in 
the Second Battle of Magda Reid,

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which was less a battle, and 
more, a mythological highlight 

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reel of Supernatural, combat, 
The battle featured, some truly 

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memorable moments. 
The dagda whose name, basically 

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means the good God in the sense 
of good at everything, rather 

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than morally upright met with 
the fomorin Sorceress Morrigan 

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before the battle their 
encounter resulted in an 

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alliance because apparently 
military strategy in Irish 

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mythology. 
Sometimes involves Supernatural 

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romance with goddesses. 
Who could shape-shift into 

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crows. 
The dagda visited, the enemy 

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camp before the battle, where 
the femoris decided to mock him 

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by serving him. 
A massive portion of porridge, 

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his favorite food, in a crater 
size in the ground. 

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The porridge contained whole 
sheep pigs and gallons of milk. 

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For more in expected, this 
humiliate the dagda but he 

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simply ate all of it using a 
ladle. 

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So large, it could hold two 
people lying down, then he took 

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a nap because that's what you do
after eating, several livestock 

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worth of porridge. during the 
actual battle, the faced his 

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grandfather Baylor of the evil 
eye, Balers. 

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I was so poisonous that it took 
several men to lift the eyelid 

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and anyone who looked at it 
would die. 

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This was simultaneously a 
formidable weapon and a 

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significant Vision impairment 
but Baylor had made it work for 

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him. 
Lug killed Baylor with a sling 

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stone. 
That drove the eye. 

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Through the back of his head, 
causing it to look upon 

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Baylor's. 
Own Army and Destroy them. 

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This was Poetic Justice with 
practical military applications.

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00:13:07,900 --> 00:13:11,700
The 12th did Annan won. 
The battle defeated, the ferror 

230
00:13:11,700 --> 00:13:15,200
definitively and established 
themselves as the Undisputed 

231
00:13:15,200 --> 00:13:18,200
rulers of Ireland. 
Luke became one of their 

232
00:13:18,200 --> 00:13:22,000
greatest Kings and his name echo
through Irish mythology for 

233
00:13:22,000 --> 00:13:25,000
centuries. 
He was the father of Couture in 

234
00:13:25,000 --> 00:13:29,000
Ireland's greatest hero, proving
that being good at everything as

235
00:13:29,000 --> 00:13:32,900
apparently, her red tree. the 
reign of the tuatha de danaan 

236
00:13:32,900 --> 00:13:36,500
represented, a golden age in 
Irish mythology, Time. 

237
00:13:36,500 --> 00:13:39,700
When the gods walked, the land 
magic was commonplace. 

238
00:13:39,700 --> 00:13:42,800
And every Feast was a 
celebration of impossible 

239
00:13:42,800 --> 00:13:45,800
abundance. 
But like all Golden Ages in 

240
00:13:45,800 --> 00:13:49,200
mythology, it couldn't last 
forever. someone new is coming 

241
00:13:49,200 --> 00:13:52,400
to Ireland and this time they'd 
be harder to defeat because they

242
00:13:52,400 --> 00:13:55,900
represented something the tuatha
de danaan had no defense against

243
00:13:55,900 --> 00:14:01,200
they represented us the 
Malaysians the sons of meal With

244
00:14:01,200 --> 00:14:03,100
the final wave of mythological 
Invaders. 

245
00:14:03,100 --> 00:14:05,700
And they were different from all
the previous groups. 

246
00:14:06,500 --> 00:14:10,700
They represented mortal humans. 
Our ancestors people without 

247
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:14,500
magical powers or Divine 
Heritage who nonetheless had the

248
00:14:14,500 --> 00:14:17,700
audacity to think they could 
take Ireland from gods. 

249
00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:22,200
The Malaysians came from Spain, 
supposedly though. 

250
00:14:22,200 --> 00:14:26,300
The Spain in Irish mythology is 
lesser geographic location and 

251
00:14:26,300 --> 00:14:30,700
more of vague concept of that 
warmer place to the South A sale

252
00:14:30,700 --> 00:14:33,200
to Ireland with the full 
intention of conquering, it, 

253
00:14:33,200 --> 00:14:36,700
which takes either impressive 
courage or significant ignorance

254
00:14:36,700 --> 00:14:40,500
of what they were up against. 
When the milesians landed in 

255
00:14:40,500 --> 00:14:43,600
Ireland, they encountered three 
goddesses, who embodied the land

256
00:14:43,600 --> 00:14:49,300
itself, Banbury, and Airy. 
You Each goddess asked the 

257
00:14:49,300 --> 00:14:52,300
island be named after her 
Malaysians, displaying The 

258
00:14:52,300 --> 00:14:55,200
Diplomatic skills, that would 
later make Irish politicians 

259
00:14:55,200 --> 00:14:58,600
famous promised each Goddess, 
that Ireland would bear her 

260
00:14:58,600 --> 00:15:01,100
name. 
All three names were used at 

261
00:15:01,100 --> 00:15:05,800
various times, but Harry's name 
of eventually stuck the air 

262
00:15:05,800 --> 00:15:08,500
which is still Islands official 
name in Irish. 

263
00:15:09,500 --> 00:15:12,300
The 12th day de Nan, tried 
everything to repel. 

264
00:15:12,300 --> 00:15:15,700
The Invaders, they used their 
magic to create storms. 

265
00:15:15,700 --> 00:15:18,100
That drove the Malaysian ships 
back from Shore. 

266
00:15:18,100 --> 00:15:22,000
They made the land appear in 
hospitable and cursed the 

267
00:15:22,000 --> 00:15:24,300
Invaders with various 
Supernatural obstacles. 

268
00:15:25,100 --> 00:15:28,200
But the Malaysians had something
the previous Invaders lacked 

269
00:15:28,200 --> 00:15:32,500
persistence and an apparent 
immunity to being discouraged by

270
00:15:32,500 --> 00:15:35,900
impossibility. 
The poet Emergen, one of the 

271
00:15:35,900 --> 00:15:39,400
Malaysians spoken incantation 
when they finally managed to 

272
00:15:39,400 --> 00:15:42,200
land. 
First recorded poem in Irish 

273
00:15:42,200 --> 00:15:45,100
mythology, and it still 
remarkable to today. 

274
00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,100
He declared himself to be the 
wind on the sea. 

275
00:15:48,100 --> 00:15:51,700
The ocean wave, the Roar of the 
tide and various other natural. 

276
00:15:51,700 --> 00:15:55,200
Phenomena essentially claiming 
Ireland through identification 

277
00:15:55,200 --> 00:15:58,700
with the land itself, it was 
like announcing at a party that 

278
00:15:58,700 --> 00:16:00,800
you're not. 
Just attending your actually the

279
00:16:00,800 --> 00:16:05,200
house bold strategy. 
But it worked The conflict 

280
00:16:05,200 --> 00:16:08,600
between the Malaysians and the 
12th and came to a head in 

281
00:16:08,600 --> 00:16:11,900
several battles, but the outcome
was never really endowed. 

282
00:16:12,700 --> 00:16:15,400
The Malaysians represented, the 
inevitable transition from 

283
00:16:15,400 --> 00:16:19,700
mythological to historical time 
from a world governed by Magic 

284
00:16:19,700 --> 00:16:22,100
to one governed by human 
concerns. 

285
00:16:23,100 --> 00:16:26,500
The tuatha de Damon could win 
every battle and still lose the 

286
00:16:26,500 --> 00:16:30,000
war because they were fighting 
against narrative inevitability.

287
00:16:30,900 --> 00:16:33,100
The resolution was ingeniously 
Irish. 

288
00:16:33,900 --> 00:16:35,600
Rather than a fight to the 
death. 

289
00:16:35,600 --> 00:16:38,900
The two sides. 
Negotiated the tuatha data Nan. 

290
00:16:38,900 --> 00:16:41,100
Agreed to retreat underground 
into the CID. 

291
00:16:41,900 --> 00:16:45,200
Fairy Mound and Hills that dot 
Islands landscape. 

292
00:16:46,000 --> 00:16:48,200
They would keep the spiritual 
sovereignty of Ireland. 

293
00:16:48,200 --> 00:16:50,300
While the Malaysians held the 
physical land. 

294
00:16:51,100 --> 00:16:55,200
Island was essentially divided. 
Horizontally with humans getting

295
00:16:55,200 --> 00:16:57,400
the surface and the gods. 
Getting everything beneath. 

296
00:16:57,400 --> 00:17:00,900
This Arrangement explains one of
the most distinctive features of

297
00:17:00,900 --> 00:17:04,700
Irish mythology and folklore. 
The gods never really left. 

298
00:17:05,599 --> 00:17:08,599
They just moved underground 
where they became the heir OC. 

299
00:17:09,500 --> 00:17:13,099
Fairy Folk. 
Every Hill might contain an 

300
00:17:13,099 --> 00:17:16,599
entrance to their world. 
Every body of water, might 

301
00:17:16,599 --> 00:17:19,700
connect to their realm. 
And at certain times of year, 

302
00:17:19,700 --> 00:17:23,300
particularly Sam in Halloween 
and Beltane mayday. 

303
00:17:24,000 --> 00:17:26,000
The boundaries between the world
grew thin. 

304
00:17:27,099 --> 00:17:30,800
This transition from God's to 
fairies is uniquely Irish in its

305
00:17:30,800 --> 00:17:33,600
practicality. 
Rather than killing off their 

306
00:17:33,600 --> 00:17:37,700
gods or declaring the false, the
Irish simply renegotiated their 

307
00:17:37,700 --> 00:17:41,700
living arrangements. 
Tua de danaan became the good 

308
00:17:41,700 --> 00:17:46,100
people, the fair folk being who 
demanded respect and offerings. 

309
00:17:46,100 --> 00:17:49,400
But who could also offer 
blessings and Aid to humans who 

310
00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:53,200
treated them properly. 
The relationship between humans 

311
00:17:53,200 --> 00:17:56,000
and the fairy folk became 
Central to Irish culture. 

312
00:17:56,700 --> 00:18:00,700
You didn't build on fairy paths.
You didn't cut down fairy thorns

313
00:18:00,700 --> 00:18:03,700
and you definitely didn't offend
them by calling them names. 

314
00:18:03,700 --> 00:18:06,700
They might interpreters 
insulting This wasn't 

315
00:18:06,700 --> 00:18:09,100
Superstition so much as an 
elaborate system of 

316
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:12,300
Environmental and Cultural 
preservation disguised as 

317
00:18:12,300 --> 00:18:15,200
mythology. 
So the Malaysians took 

318
00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:18,400
possession of Ireland, surface 
establishing, the ruling 

319
00:18:18,400 --> 00:18:20,200
families. 
That would later claim descent 

320
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:24,500
from these legendary ancestors. 
Every significant Irish Clan 

321
00:18:24,500 --> 00:18:27,900
traced, its lineage back to the 
Malaysians giving them both 

322
00:18:27,900 --> 00:18:31,100
legitimacy and a connection to 
that mythological past. 

323
00:18:31,100 --> 00:18:35,100
When God's walked openly on the 
land, Now that we've established

324
00:18:35,100 --> 00:18:38,700
how Ireland came to be populated
and how its gods and humans 

325
00:18:38,700 --> 00:18:42,900
learned to co-exist, let's talk 
about Ireland's greatest hero, 

326
00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:47,500
crucial in was born as Satanta, 
a fairly normal name. 

327
00:18:47,500 --> 00:18:50,100
That didn't hint at the 
absolutely abnormal life, he 

328
00:18:50,100 --> 00:18:52,900
would lead. 
His father was either the Mortal

329
00:18:52,900 --> 00:18:55,500
Warrior sueltan or the god, 
Luke. 

330
00:18:56,200 --> 00:18:59,900
The myth can't quite decide. 
But the general consensus is 

331
00:18:59,900 --> 00:19:03,500
that he was probably Locust son 
because otherwise his abilities 

332
00:19:03,500 --> 00:19:06,600
don't make sense. 
As a boy, Satanta was already 

333
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:08,600
showing signs of being 
extraordinary. 

334
00:19:09,200 --> 00:19:10,800
He asked his mother when he 
could join. 

335
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:14,000
The boy Trouper to main matcha. 
The seat of ulcers King 

336
00:19:14,000 --> 00:19:18,700
conchobar mekesa, His mother 
told him, he was too young, but 

337
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:20,800
Satanta displaying the 
impatience that would 

338
00:19:20,800 --> 00:19:24,500
characterize his entire short 
life decided to go anywhere. 

339
00:19:25,500 --> 00:19:28,200
He took his toy weapons and 
walked the considerable distance

340
00:19:28,200 --> 00:19:31,000
to a main matcha. 
And he arrived. 

341
00:19:31,000 --> 00:19:34,000
The boy warriors were playing 
hurling, an Irish sport that 

342
00:19:34,000 --> 00:19:37,100
resembles field hockey played by
people with a death wish. 

343
00:19:38,000 --> 00:19:41,100
Setanta, not waiting for 
introductions or permission. 

344
00:19:41,100 --> 00:19:44,000
Simply join the game and 
promptly defeated. 

345
00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:49,000
All 150, boys single-handedly. 
This was either impressive 

346
00:19:49,000 --> 00:19:53,100
athletic ability or a sign that 
ulster's boy Warrior's needed, 

347
00:19:53,100 --> 00:19:56,600
better training programs. 
The incident that gave him his 

348
00:19:56,608 --> 00:19:58,300
famous. 
Name happened, when King 

349
00:19:58,300 --> 00:20:02,600
conchobar invited Satanta to a 
feast at the house of Quran. 

350
00:20:02,600 --> 00:20:07,300
The Smith Satanta was delayed by
games and arrived late after, 

351
00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:09,100
culan had released his guard, 
dog. 

352
00:20:09,100 --> 00:20:12,700
A massive Hound trained to 
protect the property, and 

353
00:20:12,700 --> 00:20:15,600
generally be terrifying to 
uninvited guests. 

354
00:20:16,600 --> 00:20:19,500
The Hound attacked young Satanta
who was armed only with his 

355
00:20:19,500 --> 00:20:22,400
hurling stick and ball. 
In what must have been either, 

356
00:20:22,400 --> 00:20:24,500
exceptional, aim or Divine 
favor. 

357
00:20:24,500 --> 00:20:28,000
So Tanta, hit the ball, straight
into the hounds mouth and down 

358
00:20:28,000 --> 00:20:31,700
its throat, Then followed up by 
Smashing the dogs head against a

359
00:20:31,700 --> 00:20:34,400
stone. 
This was effective self-defense 

360
00:20:34,400 --> 00:20:37,400
but made him unpopular with 
coolant who just lost an 

361
00:20:37,400 --> 00:20:40,600
expensive and well, trained 
guard dog to an 8 year old with 

362
00:20:40,600 --> 00:20:45,300
sports equipment, setanta, 
feeling guilty offered to serve 

363
00:20:45,300 --> 00:20:48,800
as Q, lands guard, dog, until a 
replacement could be trained. 

364
00:20:49,600 --> 00:20:52,100
This is how he got the name cue 
children. 

365
00:20:53,000 --> 00:20:56,300
The Hound of culin. 
It's worth noting that he chose 

366
00:20:56,300 --> 00:20:58,000
to be named after a doggy 
killed. 

367
00:20:58,900 --> 00:21:02,100
Which is very Irish in its 
combination of guilt honor and 

368
00:21:02,100 --> 00:21:05,200
probably not thinking through 
the long-term implications of 

369
00:21:05,200 --> 00:21:09,000
your nickname. 
As kushal and grew, he trained 

370
00:21:09,000 --> 00:21:11,800
with the legendary Warrior woman
scatter in Scotland. 

371
00:21:12,800 --> 00:21:15,100
Catholic ran what was 
essentially a supernatural 

372
00:21:15,100 --> 00:21:18,200
Military Academy. 
Teaching Warriors technique that

373
00:21:18,200 --> 00:21:21,800
probably violated several 
conventions about ethical combat

374
00:21:22,800 --> 00:21:26,300
She taught, k'eyush the gay 
bulg, a barbed spear that 

375
00:21:26,300 --> 00:21:29,000
entered, the body as one point 
in exited as 30. 

376
00:21:29,800 --> 00:21:33,200
This was either highly Advanced 
weapons technology or simply 

377
00:21:33,200 --> 00:21:35,600
cruel and unusual depending on 
your perspective. 

378
00:21:36,600 --> 00:21:39,700
During his training cultural and
also somehow found time to 

379
00:21:39,700 --> 00:21:45,700
romance scath daughter Youth and
defeats rival Ife who may also 

380
00:21:45,708 --> 00:21:48,600
romance because apparently his 
training schedule wasn't full 

381
00:21:48,600 --> 00:21:51,000
enough. 
His relationship with Aether 

382
00:21:51,000 --> 00:21:55,000
produced a son, cobler 
historians tragically but that's

383
00:21:55,000 --> 00:21:59,700
Irish mythology for you. 
In most famous exploit was 

384
00:21:59,700 --> 00:22:03,100
single-handedly defending Ulster
during the time ball quiet. 

385
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:08,100
The cattle raid of Cooley. 
Queen Med above Connor, invaded 

386
00:22:08,100 --> 00:22:11,400
Ulster to steal a legendary 
bulle and she timed her Invasion

387
00:22:11,400 --> 00:22:14,300
for when the men of Ulster were 
affected by a curse that made 

388
00:22:14,300 --> 00:22:16,100
them as weak as women in 
childbirth. 

389
00:22:17,100 --> 00:22:20,100
This curse is one of Irish 
mythology is more creative 

390
00:22:20,100 --> 00:22:24,200
military disadvantages. 
Couture in either immune to the 

391
00:22:24,200 --> 00:22:27,300
curse or two young to be 
affected, stood alone at the 

392
00:22:27,300 --> 00:22:30,100
Ford and challenged Med ABS Army
to single combat. 

393
00:22:31,000 --> 00:22:34,900
For months, he fought champion 
after Champion holding the fort 

394
00:22:34,900 --> 00:22:38,600
through skill, determination and
occasional Berserker rages where

395
00:22:38,600 --> 00:22:42,300
he transformed into something. 
So, terrifying that the myths 

396
00:22:42,300 --> 00:22:43,900
struggled to describe it 
adequately. 

397
00:22:45,400 --> 00:22:48,100
These ranges called the 
reassured or warps. 

398
00:22:48,100 --> 00:22:51,700
Basm transformed Coachella into 
something, barely human. 

399
00:22:52,400 --> 00:22:56,000
His body contorted one. 
I receded into a skull while the

400
00:22:56,000 --> 00:22:59,800
other bulged out his hair stood 
on end with sparks, flying from 

401
00:22:59,800 --> 00:23:02,800
each Strand and a pillar of 
blood shot from his head. 

402
00:23:03,600 --> 00:23:06,600
Was like watching a superhero 
transformation sequence. 

403
00:23:06,600 --> 00:23:11,300
Directed by someone who took the
concept of Rage mode, very 

404
00:23:11,300 --> 00:23:14,300
literally. 
Despite being outnumbered 

405
00:23:14,300 --> 00:23:17,600
thousands to one. 
Two children held the Ford until

406
00:23:17,600 --> 00:23:19,600
the rest of Ulster recovered 
from their curse. 

407
00:23:20,300 --> 00:23:23,600
His Stan became legendary. 
The ultimate example of one 

408
00:23:23,600 --> 00:23:26,600
Warriors to termination 
defeating overwhelming odds. 

409
00:23:27,600 --> 00:23:30,600
He embodied every virtue of the 
ancient Irish admired. 

410
00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:34,500
Courage. 
Skill in battle loyalty to his 

411
00:23:34,500 --> 00:23:37,300
people and the kind of 
stubbornness that modern 

412
00:23:37,300 --> 00:23:41,300
psychologists would probably 
flag as concerning but ancient 

413
00:23:41,300 --> 00:23:45,500
warriors considered adorable 
couples death when it came was 

414
00:23:45,500 --> 00:23:46,600
appropriately. 
Dramatic. 

415
00:23:47,400 --> 00:23:49,600
Cursed and wounded, knowing he 
was dying. 

416
00:23:49,600 --> 00:23:51,900
He tied himself to a standing 
Stone. 

417
00:23:51,900 --> 00:23:54,400
So he could die on his feet, 
facing his enemies. 

418
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:58,500
The Morrigan, the war goddess 
landed on his shoulder in the 

419
00:23:58,500 --> 00:24:01,500
form of a crow and that's how 
his enemies knew. 

420
00:24:01,500 --> 00:24:04,800
He was finally dead. 
Because only then did he stop 

421
00:24:04,800 --> 00:24:08,900
being dangerous? 
After crucial and era came the 

422
00:24:08,900 --> 00:24:12,500
time of the Fianna Islands. 
Legendary Warrior band. 

423
00:24:13,200 --> 00:24:17,600
Think of them as a cross between
Special Forces Park Rangers and 

424
00:24:17,600 --> 00:24:22,100
wandering poets because in Irish
mythology, you could absolutely 

425
00:24:22,100 --> 00:24:26,300
be all three simultaneously. 
The Fianna served the hiking of 

426
00:24:26,308 --> 00:24:29,600
Ireland, but they operated with 
considerable Independence. 

427
00:24:30,600 --> 00:24:33,900
They lived outside normal 
society, camping an Islands, 

428
00:24:33,900 --> 00:24:37,900
wild places hunting training and
generally being available. 

429
00:24:37,900 --> 00:24:40,900
Whenever the kingdom needed to 
Defenders their membership 

430
00:24:40,900 --> 00:24:44,100
requirements were so demanding. 
They made Modern Special Forces 

431
00:24:44,100 --> 00:24:47,700
selection look relaxed. 
To join the Fianna a candidate 

432
00:24:47,700 --> 00:24:51,200
had to prove their abilities 
through a series of tests, they 

433
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:54,000
had to compose poetry. 
Because what good is a warrior 

434
00:24:54,000 --> 00:24:57,400
who can't describe their 
victories and proper verse The 

435
00:24:57,400 --> 00:25:00,200
added defend themselves while 
standing in a waist deep hole 

436
00:25:00,200 --> 00:25:03,200
armed, only with the shield and 
a Hazel stick while nine 

437
00:25:03,200 --> 00:25:05,900
Warriors through Spears at them.
They had to run through the 

438
00:25:05,900 --> 00:25:08,500
forest at full speed without 
breaking a twig. 

439
00:25:08,500 --> 00:25:12,800
Disturbing their braided hair, 
while having a weapon wave in 

440
00:25:12,800 --> 00:25:15,700
their hands. 
These requirements, effectively 

441
00:25:15,700 --> 00:25:19,500
filtered out everyone except 
Supernatural athletes with good 

442
00:25:19,500 --> 00:25:23,600
hair and literary Talent. 
The greatest leader of the 

443
00:25:23,600 --> 00:25:26,400
Fianna was fionn. 
Might come Hale, whose name 

444
00:25:26,400 --> 00:25:29,600
means Fair, son of kumhall 
fiance's. 

445
00:25:29,600 --> 00:25:30,900
Father was killed before he was 
born. 

446
00:25:30,900 --> 00:25:33,900
So his mother sent him away to 
be raised in secret because 

447
00:25:33,900 --> 00:25:37,000
apparently that's just what you 
did with Legendary Heroes in 

448
00:25:37,000 --> 00:25:40,500
Irish mythology. 
He was trained by two druidess 

449
00:25:40,500 --> 00:25:44,400
who taught him poetry, the Arts 
of war and presumably how to 

450
00:25:44,400 --> 00:25:47,800
cook for himself, though. 
The myths are oddly quiet about 

451
00:25:47,800 --> 00:25:51,100
domestic skills. 
The defining moment of fearon's 

452
00:25:51,100 --> 00:25:53,700
Youth came, when he was 
Apprentice to the poet Finnegan,

453
00:25:53,700 --> 00:25:57,000
who spent years trying to catch 
the salmon of knowledge? 

454
00:25:58,000 --> 00:26:01,300
This salmon had eaten hazelnuts 
from the Trees of wisdom That 

455
00:26:01,300 --> 00:26:04,900
Grew Around The, Well of cigars 
thereby becoming the most 

456
00:26:04,900 --> 00:26:07,000
educated fish in Irish 
mythology. 

457
00:26:08,600 --> 00:26:11,100
Vinegars believed that eating 
this salmon would Grant the 

458
00:26:11,100 --> 00:26:14,400
knowledge of the world which is 
either profound symbolism of 

459
00:26:14,400 --> 00:26:17,900
about educational proof that 
ancient Irish dietary advice was

460
00:26:17,900 --> 00:26:21,000
unusual. 
And Finnegan's, finally caught 

461
00:26:21,000 --> 00:26:23,600
the salmon. 
He instructed young fiancee to 

462
00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:26,000
cook, it wanted not to eat any 
of it. 

463
00:26:26,900 --> 00:26:28,600
Fiona obediently, cook the 
salmon. 

464
00:26:28,600 --> 00:26:32,800
But while turning it, he burned 
his thumb on the Hot Fish and 

465
00:26:32,800 --> 00:26:35,700
instinctively stuck his thumb in
his mouth to cool the burn. 

466
00:26:37,100 --> 00:26:39,300
That tiny taste was enough to 
transfer. 

467
00:26:39,300 --> 00:26:44,100
All the Salmons wisdom to fionn.
From that point on whenever 

468
00:26:44,100 --> 00:26:48,000
fionn needed knowledge, he would
suck his thumb which sounds 

469
00:26:48,000 --> 00:26:50,500
silly until you remember he 
gained access to all the world's

470
00:26:50,500 --> 00:26:54,600
wisdom through this gesture? 
It was like having Google search

471
00:26:54,600 --> 00:26:57,500
into your body, except more 
reliable, and with better 

472
00:26:57,500 --> 00:27:01,400
privacy protections. 
Beyond led the piano through 

473
00:27:01,400 --> 00:27:04,700
countless Adventures. 
They fought Giants, battled 

474
00:27:04,700 --> 00:27:09,600
Invaders, hunted magical bars. 
And generally kept Ireland safe 

475
00:27:09,600 --> 00:27:14,000
from various Supernatural 
threats But fiance story is also

476
00:27:14,000 --> 00:27:17,600
notable for its romantic 
complications because Irish 

477
00:27:17,600 --> 00:27:19,400
Heroes. 
Apparently couldn't just focus 

478
00:27:19,400 --> 00:27:23,000
on their work without creating 
elaborate relationship drama. 

479
00:27:24,400 --> 00:27:27,300
The most famous of these 
complications involved Grand 

480
00:27:27,300 --> 00:27:31,000
Theft daughter of the high King.
Fionn, now old enough that 

481
00:27:31,000 --> 00:27:34,600
people were politely referring 
to him as mature was betrothed 

482
00:27:34,600 --> 00:27:37,800
to Young Grande. 
At the wedding Feast Grand 

483
00:27:37,800 --> 00:27:41,100
looked at her much older, 
fiancee then looked at his young

484
00:27:41,100 --> 00:27:44,700
girl, more attractive, Warrior 
DM, weed, and decided she 

485
00:27:44,700 --> 00:27:48,600
preferred the latter. 
She placed dmu on a gase. 

486
00:27:48,600 --> 00:27:52,500
A magical obligation. 
Forcing him to elope with her. 

487
00:27:53,200 --> 00:27:55,200
Dmed was in an impossible 
situation. 

488
00:27:55,200 --> 00:28:00,000
He was bound by oath to serve 
fionn loyally, but he was also 

489
00:28:00,000 --> 00:28:02,000
Bound By The Gaze to protect 
green. 

490
00:28:02,900 --> 00:28:06,400
The resulting Pursuit lasted 
years with Fiona, and the 

491
00:28:06,400 --> 00:28:07,800
Fianna. 
Chasing the couple across 

492
00:28:07,800 --> 00:28:11,500
Ireland, while damned repeatedly
demonstrated that he could 

493
00:28:11,500 --> 00:28:15,700
Escape any trap, not because he 
was disloyal, but because he was

494
00:28:15,700 --> 00:28:20,600
obligated to survive eventually 
on accepted the situation and 

495
00:28:20,600 --> 00:28:24,400
yam weed and grain settled down 
to live peacefully, but fiance 

496
00:28:24,400 --> 00:28:27,600
forgiveness had limits. 
When dealing with later wounded 

497
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:33,000
by a magical, had the power to 
heal him, he needed only to give

498
00:28:33,000 --> 00:28:37,700
him water carry in his hands. 
Three times fionn went to fetch 

499
00:28:37,700 --> 00:28:40,800
water and three times. 
He let it trickle through his 

500
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:46,000
fingers before reaching diamond.
This was Revenge served, very 

501
00:28:46,000 --> 00:28:49,700
cold and it effectively ended 
DMV its life. 

502
00:28:50,700 --> 00:28:54,200
The story of Fiona and the Fiona
represents the last age of Irish

503
00:28:54,200 --> 00:28:58,300
Legendary Heroes, before history
began to be recorded with more 

504
00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:02,300
reliability. 
Existed in that Twilight space 

505
00:29:02,300 --> 00:29:04,700
between mythological and 
historical time. 

506
00:29:04,700 --> 00:29:08,200
Their Adventures becoming 
increasingly grounded in real 

507
00:29:08,200 --> 00:29:12,200
geography even as they retained 
elements of the Fantastic. 

508
00:29:13,300 --> 00:29:16,000
One of the most beautiful 
aspects of Irish mythology is 

509
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:17,700
how it's bound to the physical 
landscape. 

510
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:22,000
Unlike some mythologies that 
take place in vague distant 

511
00:29:22,000 --> 00:29:25,700
Realms, Irish myths, are 
grounded in specific locations. 

512
00:29:25,700 --> 00:29:30,300
You can actually visit Every 
Hill has a story, every ancient 

513
00:29:30,300 --> 00:29:33,600
stone might Mark, something 
significant and every body of 

514
00:29:33,600 --> 00:29:35,200
water. 
Potentially connects to the 

515
00:29:35,200 --> 00:29:38,600
other world. 
New grains that massive Passage 

516
00:29:38,600 --> 00:29:42,500
Tomb older than the pyramids was
set to be the home of Angus OG, 

517
00:29:42,500 --> 00:29:47,300
the god of love and poetry. 
The monument aligns perfectly 

518
00:29:47,300 --> 00:29:50,200
with the winter solstice 
Sunrise, which is either 

519
00:29:50,200 --> 00:29:54,200
sophisticated astronomical 
knowledge or proof that ancient 

520
00:29:54,200 --> 00:29:57,900
Irish people really cared about 
dramatic lighting for important 

521
00:29:57,900 --> 00:30:00,500
days. 
Anger supposedly won the house 

522
00:30:00,500 --> 00:30:04,400
from his father, the dagda 
through a clever word, trick, 

523
00:30:04,400 --> 00:30:07,500
because Irish Gods appreciated, 
word, play. 

524
00:30:07,500 --> 00:30:09,900
Almost as much as they 
appreciated Magic. 

525
00:30:11,100 --> 00:30:14,100
The hill of Tara in County 
meath, served as the seat of The

526
00:30:14,100 --> 00:30:17,600
High Kings of Ireland. 
Is really more of a gentle Hill 

527
00:30:17,600 --> 00:30:21,400
than an imposing Fortress. 
But in Irish mythology, it was 

528
00:30:21,400 --> 00:30:23,700
the political and spiritual 
center of the island. 

529
00:30:24,500 --> 00:30:28,300
Kings were inaugurated, their 
laws were proclaimed, their, and

530
00:30:28,300 --> 00:30:31,600
the stone of Destiny. 
Stood there, crying out, when 

531
00:30:31,600 --> 00:30:35,800
touched by the rightful King. 
The site contains multiple 

532
00:30:35,800 --> 00:30:38,600
Earthworks and monuments 
spanning thousands of years. 

533
00:30:38,600 --> 00:30:42,700
Each layer adding another 
chapter to Ireland Story, the 

534
00:30:42,700 --> 00:30:46,000
Giants Causeway with its 40,000 
interlocking. 

535
00:30:46,000 --> 00:30:51,600
Basalt columns was said to be 
built by the giant fiance Yes, 

536
00:30:51,600 --> 00:30:55,800
the same fiann from the Fianna 
the moonlighted as a giant in 

537
00:30:55,800 --> 00:30:58,700
some stories. 
According to Legend, he built 

538
00:30:58,700 --> 00:31:01,400
the causeway to reach Scotland 
so he could fight a Scottish 

539
00:31:01,400 --> 00:31:04,000
Giant. 
When he saw how large is 

540
00:31:04,000 --> 00:31:06,300
opponent. 
Was he disguised himself as a 

541
00:31:06,308 --> 00:31:09,700
baby and his wife told the 
Scottish giant that this infant 

542
00:31:09,700 --> 00:31:13,200
was their child. 
The Scottish giant reasoning 

543
00:31:13,200 --> 00:31:17,100
that if the baby was this big, 
the father must be enormous fled

544
00:31:17,100 --> 00:31:20,600
back to Scotland in Terror, 
destroying the causeway behind 

545
00:31:20,600 --> 00:31:23,600
him. 
Story that combines geology 

546
00:31:23,600 --> 00:31:27,100
mythology. 
And the Eternal theme of solving

547
00:31:27,100 --> 00:31:29,600
problems through deception 
rather than direct 

548
00:31:29,600 --> 00:31:33,200
confrontation. 
The cave of crew are Chan and 

549
00:31:33,200 --> 00:31:35,500
County, Roscommon was known as 
the entrance to the other world.

550
00:31:36,300 --> 00:31:39,400
It was from this cave that the 
destructive birds of Morrigan 

551
00:31:39,400 --> 00:31:43,300
emerged but Supernatural animals
escape to wreak havoc in the 

552
00:31:43,300 --> 00:31:46,300
mortal world and that the 
boundary between worlds group 

553
00:31:46,300 --> 00:31:50,500
particularly thin. 
Medieval Irish texts, describe 

554
00:31:50,500 --> 00:31:55,200
it as Ireland's gate to hell 
which seems harsh but certainly 

555
00:31:55,200 --> 00:31:56,900
increased the properties 
notoriety. 

556
00:31:58,300 --> 00:32:00,700
Loft in County. 
Limerick contains an island that

557
00:32:00,700 --> 00:32:04,300
appears and disappears, 
supposedly rising from the water

558
00:32:04,300 --> 00:32:07,600
every 7 years. 
The Lakers associated with the 

559
00:32:07,608 --> 00:32:11,600
goddess Ein, who represented 
sovereignty, fertility, and the 

560
00:32:11,600 --> 00:32:14,900
Sun. 
Once a year according to 

561
00:32:14,900 --> 00:32:18,500
tradition, you could see ancient
warriors riding around the lake 

562
00:32:18,500 --> 00:32:21,600
Shores, which would have been 
either a spectacular tourist, 

563
00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:26,300
attraction or deeply unsettling,
depending on your perspective on

564
00:32:26,300 --> 00:32:30,400
ghostly cavalry. 
The paps of annu to mountains in

565
00:32:30,408 --> 00:32:33,800
County Kerry were named for 
their resemblance to breasts and

566
00:32:33,800 --> 00:32:38,700
associated with Anu or danu, the
mother goddess of the 12th day. 

567
00:32:38,700 --> 00:32:42,800
Dana Ancient peoples didn't mess
around with subtle symbolism. 

568
00:32:43,600 --> 00:32:46,600
If they wanted to honor a mother
goddess, they pointed at breath 

569
00:32:46,600 --> 00:32:49,900
shaped mountains and said, those
are definitely hers. 

570
00:32:50,700 --> 00:32:53,300
These sacred sites weren't just 
backdrops for stories. 

571
00:32:53,300 --> 00:32:55,900
They were characters in The 
mythology themselves. 

572
00:32:56,800 --> 00:33:00,200
The land of Ireland was sentient
in these myths capable of 

573
00:33:00,200 --> 00:33:04,800
blessing or cursing accepting or
rejecting rulers and maintaining

574
00:33:04,800 --> 00:33:07,800
its own spiritual sovereignty, 
regardless of who, claimed 

575
00:33:07,800 --> 00:33:11,600
political control. this 
relationship between land and 

576
00:33:11,600 --> 00:33:15,500
mythology created a culture, 
where geography itself carried, 

577
00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:19,000
meaning, You couldn't just look 
at a hill in ancient Island. 

578
00:33:19,000 --> 00:33:23,500
You had to know its story 
understand which gods or Heroes 

579
00:33:23,500 --> 00:33:26,600
were associated with it. 
Remember what battles were 

580
00:33:26,600 --> 00:33:30,100
fought there and be aware of 
which fairy folk might call it 

581
00:33:30,100 --> 00:33:33,400
home. 
The landscape was a book written

582
00:33:33,400 --> 00:33:36,000
in Earth and stone. 
And the myths were the key to 

583
00:33:36,000 --> 00:33:38,900
reading it. 
This tradition continues to day 

584
00:33:38,900 --> 00:33:43,300
in Irish place names, nearly 
every town, river mountain and 

585
00:33:43,300 --> 00:33:45,700
field. 
Carries a name, that tells a 

586
00:33:45,700 --> 00:33:49,500
story. 
Duplin Blackpool became Dublin. 

587
00:33:49,500 --> 00:33:55,000
A gaple valley of the horses 
tells you what happened there. 

588
00:33:56,200 --> 00:34:00,200
The landscape itself is an 
archive of stories, each name a 

589
00:34:00,200 --> 00:34:02,100
bookmark in Ireland's long 
narrative. 

590
00:34:02,800 --> 00:34:06,100
As you drift deeper into sleep, 
imagine walking through this 

591
00:34:06,100 --> 00:34:10,199
mythological landscape, every 
step takes you through layers of

592
00:34:10,199 --> 00:34:13,000
Story. 
Each Stone marking, some ancient

593
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:16,900
event, each spring connected to 
some tale of transformational 

594
00:34:16,900 --> 00:34:19,000
healing. 
It's a world where paying 

595
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,900
attention to the land meant, 
understanding the stories that 

596
00:34:21,900 --> 00:34:26,300
shape your people's identity. 
Irish mythologies, Otherworld 

597
00:34:26,300 --> 00:34:30,600
wasn't Hell or Heaven? 
it was tear and nog, the land of

598
00:34:30,600 --> 00:34:35,300
Youth or magma Mel a pleasant 
plain or any of a dozen other 

599
00:34:35,300 --> 00:34:38,600
names for what was essentially a
parallel aisle and where 

600
00:34:38,600 --> 00:34:42,199
everything was just slightly 
better and nobody aged the other

601
00:34:42,199 --> 00:34:45,500
world could be reached in 
various ways, each more poetic 

602
00:34:45,500 --> 00:34:49,800
than the last Sometimes it was 
underwater, he could ride, your 

603
00:34:49,800 --> 00:34:53,000
horse into a lake and emerge in 
a crystal in Kingdom where 

604
00:34:53,000 --> 00:34:55,500
people held court and time move 
differently. 

605
00:34:56,699 --> 00:35:00,100
Sometimes it labor beneath the 
fairy Mound, accessed through 

606
00:35:00,100 --> 00:35:03,300
doors, that opened only on 
certain nights or to certain 

607
00:35:03,300 --> 00:35:06,400
people. 
Sometimes it existed Across the 

608
00:35:06,400 --> 00:35:09,700
Western sea on islands that 
appeared and disappeared 

609
00:35:09,700 --> 00:35:13,200
depending on whether season or 
The Observers worthiness. 

610
00:35:14,400 --> 00:35:17,700
What made the Irish Otherworld 
fascinating was its ambiguity. 

611
00:35:18,400 --> 00:35:21,400
It wasn't a punishment or 
reward, it was simply another 

612
00:35:21,400 --> 00:35:23,400
place running parallel to our 
own. 

613
00:35:24,100 --> 00:35:27,200
The beings there were good or 
evil in any absolute sense. 

614
00:35:27,200 --> 00:35:31,100
They were powerful capricious 
and bound by their own complex 

615
00:35:31,100 --> 00:35:33,800
rules that didn't always make 
sense to Mortal visitors. 

616
00:35:34,800 --> 00:35:37,700
Time worked differently in the 
other world following what 

617
00:35:37,700 --> 00:35:39,400
fantasy writers would later 
call. 

618
00:35:39,400 --> 00:35:43,200
Rip Van Winkle rules. 
You might spend what felt like a

619
00:35:43,208 --> 00:35:46,900
single Pleasant afternoon there 
only to return home and discover

620
00:35:46,900 --> 00:35:51,400
that 300 years had passed. 
OE, seen the son of Fiona Macomb

621
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:53,400
hail made. 
Exactly this mistake. 

622
00:35:54,300 --> 00:35:57,600
He fell in love with Neve of the
golden hair, who invited him to 

623
00:35:57,600 --> 00:36:00,300
tear and a nog. 
He went willingly planning to 

624
00:36:00,308 --> 00:36:04,000
visit briefly in Tiana nog. 
We seen lived in perfect 

625
00:36:04,000 --> 00:36:06,500
happiness with Neve. 
The land was beautiful. 

626
00:36:06,500 --> 00:36:10,300
The weather was always Pleasant 
and nobody grew old or sick. 

627
00:36:11,100 --> 00:36:13,900
It was like a permanent vacation
in the world's best resort 

628
00:36:13,900 --> 00:36:16,700
except the resort was an entire 
magical Realm. 

629
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:20,900
After what seemed like three 
years Boise, seen grew home sick

630
00:36:20,900 --> 00:36:23,800
and asked to visit Ireland. 
Just to see his old friends and 

631
00:36:23,800 --> 00:36:27,300
family. 
Neve agreed but warned him not 

632
00:36:27,300 --> 00:36:30,000
to Dismount from his horse or 
touch the ground of Ireland. 

633
00:36:30,800 --> 00:36:33,700
She gave him a white horse and 
Specific Instructions about 

634
00:36:33,700 --> 00:36:36,100
staying mounted which in Irish 
mythology. 

635
00:36:36,100 --> 00:36:39,400
Usually means the instructions 
are extremely important and will

636
00:36:39,400 --> 00:36:42,700
definitely be ignored. 
Or seen rode back to Ireland and

637
00:36:42,700 --> 00:36:47,000
found everything changed. 
His father was gone the Fianna 

638
00:36:47,000 --> 00:36:50,100
were gone and 300 years. 
Had passed in what felt like 

639
00:36:50,100 --> 00:36:53,000
three to him. 
He encountered, people who were 

640
00:36:53,000 --> 00:36:55,600
noticeably smaller and weaker 
than he remembered. 

641
00:36:56,400 --> 00:36:59,000
Which makes sense since he was 
still effectively a 

642
00:36:59,000 --> 00:37:01,800
mythological, hero visiting a 
more historical period. 

643
00:37:02,700 --> 00:37:04,700
While helping some Farmers, move
a stone. 

644
00:37:04,700 --> 00:37:09,000
Oi scenes, saddle girth, broke. 
He felt at the ground. 

645
00:37:09,900 --> 00:37:13,300
The moment he touched Irish 
soil, 300 years, caught up 

646
00:37:13,300 --> 00:37:16,900
within instantly. 
He aged rapidly becoming an 

647
00:37:16,900 --> 00:37:22,000
ancient blind man in seconds. 
In some versions, he survived 

648
00:37:22,000 --> 00:37:24,500
long enough to meet Saint 
Patrick and tell him stories of 

649
00:37:24,500 --> 00:37:27,900
the old days, creating a 
poignant conversation between 

650
00:37:27,900 --> 00:37:30,600
Ireland's Pagan passed and 
Christian present. 

651
00:37:31,600 --> 00:37:35,200
The other world's relationship 
with time, wasn't cruel, but 

652
00:37:35,200 --> 00:37:36,700
simply operated on different 
principles. 

653
00:37:37,700 --> 00:37:40,700
The day there might equally year
here or vice versa. 

654
00:37:41,900 --> 00:37:44,300
The exchange rate varied, 
depending on location 

655
00:37:44,300 --> 00:37:49,200
circumstance and possibly the 
whims of whatever Powers managed

656
00:37:49,200 --> 00:37:51,100
interdimensional Customs 
control. 

657
00:37:51,900 --> 00:37:54,600
Another route to the other world
involved, Fairy music. 

658
00:37:55,600 --> 00:37:58,500
Certain Melodies could transport
listeners across the boundary 

659
00:37:58,500 --> 00:38:02,200
between worlds which made being 
a musician in ancient Island. 

660
00:38:02,200 --> 00:38:07,000
Either a prestigious calling or 
a dangerous occupation depending

661
00:38:07,000 --> 00:38:09,300
on your ability to resist 
magical summons. 

662
00:38:10,700 --> 00:38:13,300
Musicians, who heard other 
worldly music, sometimes 

663
00:38:13,300 --> 00:38:16,600
followed it into the fairy 
mounds and never returned or 

664
00:38:16,600 --> 00:38:19,800
returned changed. 
Bearing knowledge of songs that 

665
00:38:19,800 --> 00:38:21,700
mortally is weren't quite meant 
to hear. 

666
00:38:22,500 --> 00:38:25,500
He inhabitants of the other 
world with the th'other dead and

667
00:38:25,500 --> 00:38:28,400
those former Gods who greet to 
move Underground. 

668
00:38:29,400 --> 00:38:33,100
They lived in splendor beneath 
the hills, hosting Eternal 

669
00:38:33,100 --> 00:38:36,000
feasts, where the food and never
ran out in the entertainment. 

670
00:38:36,000 --> 00:38:39,200
Never bored. 
They sometimes invited Mortals 

671
00:38:39,200 --> 00:38:41,700
to join them though. 
These invitations were less 

672
00:38:41,700 --> 00:38:45,300
requests and more tests of 
character courage or both. 

673
00:38:46,300 --> 00:38:48,600
Food in the other world was 
particularly hazardous for 

674
00:38:48,600 --> 00:38:52,600
visitors eating fairy food menu.
Be unable to return to the 

675
00:38:52,600 --> 00:38:55,200
mortal world trapped in the 
other world through some 

676
00:38:55,200 --> 00:38:57,600
mystical contract formed by 
digestion. 

677
00:38:58,400 --> 00:39:00,700
This was simultaneously, the 
world's most effective 

678
00:39:00,700 --> 00:39:04,300
immigration policy and a warning
about accepting dinner 

679
00:39:04,300 --> 00:39:06,400
invitations from people who live
under Hills. 

680
00:39:07,200 --> 00:39:10,100
The other world also served as a
source of gifts and curses. 

681
00:39:11,000 --> 00:39:14,700
Heroes were Journey there to 
retrieve magical items swords 

682
00:39:14,700 --> 00:39:18,900
that never missed Shields. 
That never failed and cauldrons 

683
00:39:18,900 --> 00:39:22,800
that never emptied. 
But these quests always came 

684
00:39:22,800 --> 00:39:24,300
with conditions and 
consequences. 

685
00:39:24,300 --> 00:39:29,600
Nothing was freely, given every 
magical object came with strings

686
00:39:29,600 --> 00:39:32,500
attached. 
Sometimes literally if it was a 

687
00:39:32,500 --> 00:39:36,700
magical heart. 
Spite, its dangers, the other 

688
00:39:36,700 --> 00:39:39,100
world represented. 
Something important in Irish 

689
00:39:39,100 --> 00:39:42,900
mythology, the idea that the 
mundane world wasn't all there 

690
00:39:42,908 --> 00:39:47,000
was beyond the everyday 
struggles of farming fishing and

691
00:39:47,000 --> 00:39:49,600
trying to stay warm in Ireland's
damp climate. 

692
00:39:50,400 --> 00:39:53,200
There. 
Existed Realms of beauty magic 

693
00:39:53,200 --> 00:39:56,900
and possibility. 
The other world was hope made 

694
00:39:56,900 --> 00:39:59,500
tangible. 
Proof, that one does still 

695
00:39:59,508 --> 00:40:04,000
existed if you were to look. 
Irish mythologies treatment of 

696
00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:07,200
female Divine figures as 
remarkably nuanced, French and 

697
00:40:07,200 --> 00:40:10,000
stories. 
These were passive princesses 

698
00:40:10,000 --> 00:40:12,800
waiting for rescue. 
They were active forces who 

699
00:40:12,800 --> 00:40:17,300
shaped events chose their own 
partners and wielded power that 

700
00:40:17,300 --> 00:40:19,400
made Mortal Heroes tread 
carefully. 

701
00:40:21,100 --> 00:40:23,800
The Morrigan was perhaps the 
most complex of these figures. 

702
00:40:23,800 --> 00:40:28,400
Her name means either Phantom 
queen or great Queen, depending 

703
00:40:28,400 --> 00:40:33,300
on translation, and she embodied
sovereignty prophecy and War But

704
00:40:33,300 --> 00:40:36,100
she wasn't just a war goddess in
the sense of enjoying battle. 

705
00:40:36,900 --> 00:40:40,200
She was wore itself. 
The force that drove Warriors to

706
00:40:40,200 --> 00:40:41,900
Madness. 
And determined, who would 

707
00:40:41,900 --> 00:40:45,400
survive combat? 
The Morrigan often appeared as 

708
00:40:45,400 --> 00:40:48,700
three sisters, or three aspects 
of the same goddess. 

709
00:40:48,700 --> 00:40:54,000
Bader and the main each 
representing different aspects 

710
00:40:54,000 --> 00:40:58,100
of battle and fate, That would 
be appeared as a crow or Raven 

711
00:40:58,100 --> 00:41:01,100
on battlefields. 
Presiding over Carnage with the 

712
00:41:01,108 --> 00:41:04,400
detached interest of someone of 
evaluating their handy work. 

713
00:41:05,400 --> 00:41:09,800
Masha, represented sovereignty 
and could curse entire armies. 

714
00:41:09,800 --> 00:41:14,500
As she did to the men of Ulster 
The mains name means Friendzy 

715
00:41:14,500 --> 00:41:18,200
and she induced panic and 
confusion in Warriors turning 

716
00:41:18,200 --> 00:41:20,200
organized. 
Armies into Panic mobs. 

717
00:41:21,400 --> 00:41:23,500
But the Morrigan wasn't simply 
destructive. 

718
00:41:24,400 --> 00:41:29,100
For the Second Battle of Maguire
add she met with the dagda and 

719
00:41:29,100 --> 00:41:32,100
their Union helped secure 
victory for the TWA data. 

720
00:41:32,100 --> 00:41:36,500
And She could prophesy the 
future sometimes in cryptic 

721
00:41:36,500 --> 00:41:39,300
poetry that made perfect sense 
only after the event. 

722
00:41:39,300 --> 00:41:42,500
She described it already 
happened which is very like 

723
00:41:42,500 --> 00:41:43,500
prophecy everywhere. 
Really? 

724
00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:46,600
Her interaction with Cochrane 
demonstrates. 

725
00:41:46,600 --> 00:41:48,600
The complex nature of divine 
attention. 

726
00:41:49,400 --> 00:41:52,800
She approached the hero in 
various guises offering help and

727
00:41:52,800 --> 00:41:57,100
affection when he rejected her 
not recognizing who she was. 

728
00:41:57,100 --> 00:42:00,800
She became his enemy. 
During the time she harassed him

729
00:42:00,800 --> 00:42:03,300
in the forms of an eel. 
A wolf and a cattle. 

730
00:42:03,300 --> 00:42:08,100
Stampede Each time Sue and 
injured her Niche injury. 

731
00:42:08,100 --> 00:42:12,700
Would later have consequences. 
After the fighting the Morrigan 

732
00:42:12,700 --> 00:42:15,700
appeared to cuchulain. 
As an old woman, milking a cow. 

733
00:42:15,700 --> 00:42:18,700
She had three wounds 
corresponding to the three 

734
00:42:18,700 --> 00:42:20,800
injuries, he'd inflicted on her 
animal forums. 

735
00:42:21,500 --> 00:42:23,400
Kushland. 
Not knowing who she was asked 

736
00:42:23,400 --> 00:42:25,700
for milk. 
She gave him three drinks. 

737
00:42:25,700 --> 00:42:27,700
And with each one, he blessed 
her. 

738
00:42:28,400 --> 00:42:31,200
These blessings healed her 
wounds because blessings from a 

739
00:42:31,200 --> 00:42:34,500
hero carried power. 
There was a moment of Grace 

740
00:42:34,500 --> 00:42:37,700
between enemies though. 
Khushi inlands, realization of, 

741
00:42:37,708 --> 00:42:40,300
whom he'd helped probably came 
to late to matter. 

742
00:42:41,600 --> 00:42:45,000
Other goddesses were associated 
with specific aspects of Irish 

743
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:49,400
life and Landscape. 
Heine represented, summer wealth

744
00:42:49,400 --> 00:42:52,200
and sovereignty, particularly in
Munster. 

745
00:42:52,900 --> 00:42:57,100
She could bless crops or destroy
them Grant love or withhold it 

746
00:42:57,100 --> 00:43:01,100
and once took revenge on a king 
who assaulted her by turning him

747
00:43:01,100 --> 00:43:04,600
into a goose, which seems 
lenient until you consider what 

748
00:43:04,600 --> 00:43:06,500
happens to geese at holiday 
meals. 

749
00:43:07,500 --> 00:43:10,100
Brigid was a goddess. 
So beloved that Christianity 

750
00:43:10,100 --> 00:43:13,200
couldn't eliminate her. 
So, she became Saint Brigid 

751
00:43:13,200 --> 00:43:15,700
instead. 
Maintaining much of her Divine 

752
00:43:15,700 --> 00:43:20,100
Authority, Under a new title. 
She represented poetry healing 

753
00:43:20,100 --> 00:43:23,300
and Smith craft. 
The three pillars of Irish 

754
00:43:23,300 --> 00:43:27,300
culture. 
Her Feast Day in bulk marked, 

755
00:43:27,300 --> 00:43:28,900
the beginning of Spring in the 
lambing, season. 

756
00:43:28,900 --> 00:43:32,700
That moment when Ireland started
transitioning from Winter's 

757
00:43:32,700 --> 00:43:37,200
harshness to the possibility of 
warmth, the goddess area you for

758
00:43:37,200 --> 00:43:40,200
whom Ireland, is named 
represented the land sovereignty

759
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:42,800
itself. 
King's weren't just political 

760
00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:46,500
leaders, they were symbolically 
married to the land and their 

761
00:43:46,500 --> 00:43:49,400
Fitness to rule was demonstrated
through the lands fertility. 

762
00:43:50,400 --> 00:43:53,000
Poor harvest suggested, the king
had lost the lands. 

763
00:43:53,000 --> 00:43:57,900
Favor, abundant Harvest, proved 
his legitimate sovereignty, this

764
00:43:57,900 --> 00:44:01,500
created a practical incentive 
for Kings to take agricultural 

765
00:44:01,500 --> 00:44:04,000
policy. 
Seriously, these goddesses 

766
00:44:04,000 --> 00:44:06,800
rarely appeared as simple 
figures with single persons, 

767
00:44:06,800 --> 00:44:10,700
they contained maltitude 
embodying contradictions that 

768
00:44:10,700 --> 00:44:13,800
made them feel more like real 
Powers than literary constructs.

769
00:44:14,600 --> 00:44:17,600
The Morrigan could be a generous
lover and a terrible enemy 

770
00:44:17,600 --> 00:44:21,700
sometimes, in the same story. 
Brigid represented, both the 

771
00:44:21,700 --> 00:44:25,300
creative spark of inspiration 
and the technical skill of 

772
00:44:25,300 --> 00:44:28,000
metalwork. 
They couldn't be reduced to 

773
00:44:28,008 --> 00:44:31,300
simple archetypes because they 
represented the complexity of 

774
00:44:31,300 --> 00:44:34,500
life itself. 
The respect shown to these 

775
00:44:34,500 --> 00:44:37,000
female Divine figures suggest 
that Iron Age. 

776
00:44:37,000 --> 00:44:40,600
Irish Society had different 
gender Dynamics than many 

777
00:44:40,600 --> 00:44:44,300
ancient cultures. 
Women could be Warriors, poets, 

778
00:44:44,300 --> 00:44:49,800
rulers and property owners. 
The myths, reflect this showing 

779
00:44:49,800 --> 00:44:52,600
goddesses and Mortal women 
making their own choices 

780
00:44:52,600 --> 00:44:56,400
pursuing their own goals, and 
being taken seriously, as 

781
00:44:56,400 --> 00:44:59,300
independent actors rather than 
prizes or victims. 

782
00:45:00,600 --> 00:45:03,400
When Christian arrived in 
Ireland, something unusual 

783
00:45:03,400 --> 00:45:07,400
happened, instead of completely 
destroying the Pagan mythology, 

784
00:45:07,400 --> 00:45:12,500
Christian monks, Incorporated, 
it recorded it, and sometimes 

785
00:45:12,500 --> 00:45:16,100
baptized it literally adding 
Christian elements, while 

786
00:45:16,100 --> 00:45:19,000
maintaining the Pagan structure.
Saint. 

787
00:45:19,000 --> 00:45:20,500
Patrick, Island's, patron, 
saint. 

788
00:45:20,500 --> 00:45:24,000
Supposedly drove the snakes from
Ireland, which is a lovely 

789
00:45:24,008 --> 00:45:26,100
story. 
Except Ireland, never had snakes

790
00:45:26,100 --> 00:45:30,200
the island isolation prevented 
snakes from colonizing after the

791
00:45:30,200 --> 00:45:33,800
last ice age, So, Patrick's 
victory over snakes was either 

792
00:45:33,800 --> 00:45:38,200
metaphorical representing 
paganism or the easiest Pest 

793
00:45:38,200 --> 00:45:39,600
Control job in religious 
history. 

794
00:45:41,000 --> 00:45:43,600
What Patrick and subsequent 
Christian missionaries, actually

795
00:45:43,600 --> 00:45:47,500
did was more subtle and more 
interesting than snake removal. 

796
00:45:48,700 --> 00:45:53,100
they learned the Irish language 
studied, Irish lore and worked 

797
00:45:53,100 --> 00:45:56,600
within Irish Cultural Frameworks
rather than trying to impose 

798
00:45:56,600 --> 00:46:00,400
Roman Christian Traditions 
wholesale, This created a 

799
00:46:00,400 --> 00:46:03,600
uniquely Irish Christianity, 
that maintained conversation 

800
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:07,300
with its pagan past. 
The monks who recorded Irish 

801
00:46:07,300 --> 00:46:10,500
mythology, centuries after 
christianization, could have 

802
00:46:10,500 --> 00:46:13,700
simply destroyed these Pagan 
stories, as the work of devils 

803
00:46:13,700 --> 00:46:18,100
instead, they wrote them down, 
sometimes adding explanatory 

804
00:46:18,100 --> 00:46:20,400
notes. 
Like this is what the ignorant 

805
00:46:20,400 --> 00:46:23,800
pagans believed for preserving 
the stories, nonetheless. 

806
00:46:25,200 --> 00:46:28,400
These Christians scribes gave us
the manuscripts that contain 

807
00:46:28,400 --> 00:46:32,500
Ireland's mythological Heritage 
even while disapproving of their

808
00:46:32,500 --> 00:46:35,500
content. 
Sometimes the synthesis between 

809
00:46:35,500 --> 00:46:37,800
Christian and Pagan produced 
beautiful results. 

810
00:46:37,800 --> 00:46:41,600
Voyage of Saint Brendan combined
traditional Irish, Tales of 

811
00:46:41,600 --> 00:46:45,000
other world Journeys with 
Christian themes of fate and 

812
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:48,900
Divine Providence. 
Brendan and his monks sailed 

813
00:46:48,900 --> 00:46:52,400
across the Atlantic encountering
Islands of various wonders. 

814
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:57,100
Some clearly mythological others
possibly based on real Atlantic 

815
00:46:57,100 --> 00:47:00,300
Islands. 
The Voyage kept the structure of

816
00:47:00,300 --> 00:47:03,100
pre-christian Adventure Tales 
While, redirecting their 

817
00:47:03,100 --> 00:47:06,800
spiritual meaning. 
The story of the children of lir

818
00:47:06,800 --> 00:47:10,900
shows this synthesis clearly. 
Four children of King Lear were 

819
00:47:10,900 --> 00:47:13,500
transformed into swans by their 
jealous stepmother. 

820
00:47:14,100 --> 00:47:17,600
Condemned to spend 900 years in 
bird form. 

821
00:47:18,500 --> 00:47:21,100
They endured centuries of 
suffering on various Irish 

822
00:47:21,100 --> 00:47:24,400
Lakes, but when they were 
finally transformed Back To 

823
00:47:24,400 --> 00:47:27,100
Human Form, they were ancient 
and dying. 

824
00:47:28,300 --> 00:47:31,100
A Christian monk, baptized them 
just before their deaths. 

825
00:47:31,100 --> 00:47:35,200
Providing salvation at the 
stories end, a pagan tragedy. 

826
00:47:35,200 --> 00:47:38,600
Given a Christian resolution. 
this interaction between 

827
00:47:38,600 --> 00:47:41,800
Christian and Pagan created a 
double vision in Irish culture 

828
00:47:41,800 --> 00:47:45,000
that persists today, People 
could believe in Christian 

829
00:47:45,000 --> 00:47:47,500
doctrine while still maintaining
respect for Fairy. 

830
00:47:47,500 --> 00:47:51,600
Forts still avoiding cutting 
down certain trees and still 

831
00:47:51,600 --> 00:47:55,600
recognizing that the land itself
held powers that transcended any

832
00:47:55,600 --> 00:48:00,200
single religious framework. 
Sent Brigid's day coincided with

833
00:48:00,200 --> 00:48:03,200
imbolc. 
Pagan Festival of the Goddess 

834
00:48:03,200 --> 00:48:05,500
Brigid. 
The saint inherited the 

835
00:48:05,500 --> 00:48:09,000
goddesses associations with 
spring fertility and renewal. 

836
00:48:10,100 --> 00:48:14,400
Brigid's crosses woven from 
Russia's decorated homes on her 

837
00:48:14,400 --> 00:48:17,000
Feast Day. 
Connecting Christian Devotion to

838
00:48:17,008 --> 00:48:19,600
much older traditions of 
seasonal, celebration and 

839
00:48:19,600 --> 00:48:22,800
protection. 
Many Irish Saints had Adventures

840
00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:25,300
that closely resembled those of 
pagan Heroes. 

841
00:48:26,100 --> 00:48:28,000
They battled demons that looked 
suspiciously. 

842
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:32,900
Like for more informed Miracles 
that resembled druidic magic and

843
00:48:32,900 --> 00:48:35,700
generally behaved more like 
mythological Heroes than the 

844
00:48:35,700 --> 00:48:38,100
ascetic monks of Continental 
Christianity. 

845
00:48:39,200 --> 00:48:42,600
This wasnt confusion, it was 
cultural translation. 

846
00:48:42,600 --> 00:48:45,900
Expressing Christian themes 
through Irish narrative 

847
00:48:45,900 --> 00:48:49,700
conventions, The holywells 
scattered across aisle and 

848
00:48:49,708 --> 00:48:51,700
illustrate the synthesis 
beautifully. 

849
00:48:52,500 --> 00:48:56,000
Many were originally associated 
with Pagan goddesses or local 

850
00:48:56,000 --> 00:48:59,100
spirits. 
Christianity reassigned them to 

851
00:48:59,100 --> 00:49:02,900
Saints but the practices 
remained similar, people still 

852
00:49:02,900 --> 00:49:06,700
visited them for healing still 
left offering and still walked 

853
00:49:06,700 --> 00:49:08,400
around them in prescribed 
patterns. 

854
00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:13,700
Form was Christian. 
The structure was much older. 

855
00:49:14,600 --> 00:49:17,300
This ability to hold both 
Christian and Pagan. 

856
00:49:17,300 --> 00:49:21,400
Tradition simultaneously isn't 
contradiction so much as Irish, 

857
00:49:21,400 --> 00:49:25,000
pragmatism. 
Why abandoned stories that 

858
00:49:25,000 --> 00:49:27,500
connected you to your landscape 
and ancestors. 

859
00:49:27,500 --> 00:49:30,500
Just because you'd accepted new 
religious beliefs. 

860
00:49:31,300 --> 00:49:33,100
The past didn't need to be 
destroyed. 

861
00:49:33,100 --> 00:49:36,500
It could be incorporated 
reinterpreted and allowed to 

862
00:49:36,500 --> 00:49:39,900
inform the present. 
We need to talk about the time 

863
00:49:39,900 --> 00:49:43,300
Ballinger. 
Cattle raid of Cooley because 

864
00:49:43,300 --> 00:49:47,000
it's the closest thing Ireland 
has to The Iliad accepting of 

865
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:50,000
Helen of Troy, the conflict 
centers on a bull. 

866
00:49:50,000 --> 00:49:54,800
This is very Irish The Story 
begins with pillow talk, which 

867
00:49:54,800 --> 00:49:58,800
is how many problems begin. 
Queen medb of Connaught and her 

868
00:49:58,800 --> 00:50:01,400
husband King Isle relying in 
bed. 

869
00:50:01,400 --> 00:50:04,300
Comparing their possessions, 
because apparently, that's what 

870
00:50:04,300 --> 00:50:06,500
royal couple's did for 
entertainment before television.

871
00:50:07,400 --> 00:50:09,100
They were evenly matched in 
wealth. 

872
00:50:09,100 --> 00:50:12,300
Until a little mentioned, his 
bull, Finn Bannock, the white 

873
00:50:12,300 --> 00:50:16,600
horned Med who had strong 
opinions about equality in 

874
00:50:16,600 --> 00:50:18,700
marriage? 
Wasn't about to let her husband 

875
00:50:18,708 --> 00:50:22,000
claim superiority through 
livestock remembered hearing 

876
00:50:22,000 --> 00:50:26,400
about an even better ball. 
Donkey, Brown bull of Cooley 

877
00:50:26,400 --> 00:50:28,600
which belonged to a chieftain in
Ulster. 

878
00:50:29,400 --> 00:50:33,400
She decided to borrow it when 
the owner refused she decided to

879
00:50:33,400 --> 00:50:36,600
take it by force. 
This was either a proportionate 

880
00:50:36,600 --> 00:50:39,800
response or a massive 
overreaction depending on how 

881
00:50:39,800 --> 00:50:42,600
seriously you take cattle based 
marital disputes. 

882
00:50:43,700 --> 00:50:47,700
Med, B raised an army from all 
of Ireland, except Ulster, and 

883
00:50:47,700 --> 00:50:49,200
invaded. 
During the one time when 

884
00:50:49,200 --> 00:50:51,400
ulster's warriors, were 
incapacitated by. 

885
00:50:51,400 --> 00:50:52,800
That curse, we mentioned 
earlier. 

886
00:50:53,900 --> 00:50:57,900
Only Couture in was unaffected. 
So he stood alone at the Ford 

887
00:50:57,900 --> 00:51:01,400
challenging, the Invaders to 
single combat, according to the 

888
00:51:01,400 --> 00:51:04,900
rules of war that made Irish 
Warfare more organized than 

889
00:51:04,900 --> 00:51:08,500
rugby, but less organized, the 
modern military operations. 

890
00:51:09,700 --> 00:51:14,700
For months, Quran for champion. 
After champion each morning, a 

891
00:51:14,700 --> 00:51:17,700
new Warrior would face him at 
the Ford each evening that 

892
00:51:17,700 --> 00:51:21,300
Warrior would be dead or 
defeated, the team describes. 

893
00:51:21,300 --> 00:51:26,000
These combats in loving detail, 
cataloging rooms tactics, and 

894
00:51:26,000 --> 00:51:28,800
the various ways creative 
violence could be applied using 

895
00:51:28,800 --> 00:51:33,700
Bronze Age weaponry between 
fights, cue inlands. 

896
00:51:33,700 --> 00:51:37,800
Divine father, Lou would appear 
to heal him because even 

897
00:51:37,800 --> 00:51:40,900
Legendary Heroes need medical 
support after months of 

898
00:51:40,900 --> 00:51:44,500
continuous combat. 
The downtime also allowed for 

899
00:51:44,500 --> 00:51:48,000
several subplots including 
kushland, accidentally killing 

900
00:51:48,000 --> 00:51:51,600
his foster brother ferdia and a 
heartbreaking duel that neither 

901
00:51:51,600 --> 00:51:54,400
wanted. 
But on a demanded. the death of 

902
00:51:54,400 --> 00:51:57,300
third year, represents one of 
Irish mythologies, most human 

903
00:51:57,300 --> 00:52:01,700
moments, The two men had trained
together fought together and 

904
00:52:01,700 --> 00:52:05,600
loved each other as brothers. 
But ferdia was sworn to Med 

905
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:10,100
service and quyen was defending 
Ulster so they met at the Ford 

906
00:52:10,100 --> 00:52:13,000
and fought for three days. 
Each evening. 

907
00:52:13,000 --> 00:52:16,600
They stopped fighting embraced 
as friends, shared food, and 

908
00:52:16,600 --> 00:52:19,300
medical supplies and slept near 
each other. 

909
00:52:20,100 --> 00:52:23,700
Each morning they resume trying 
to kill each other on the fourth

910
00:52:23,700 --> 00:52:26,600
day. 
Crucial in use the gay bowling 

911
00:52:26,600 --> 00:52:30,500
ferdia instantly and immediately
falling into grief over what 

912
00:52:30,500 --> 00:52:34,200
Duty had made him do. 
Eventually ulster's Warriors 

913
00:52:34,200 --> 00:52:36,200
recovered from their curse and 
joined the battle. 

914
00:52:37,100 --> 00:52:40,700
The conflict escalated from 
single combat to full Warfare 

915
00:52:40,700 --> 00:52:42,900
though. 
By this point may be his army 

916
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:45,700
was demoralized from watching 
their Champions die. 

917
00:52:45,700 --> 00:52:49,500
One at a time at the Ford 
Invasion became a fighting 

918
00:52:49,500 --> 00:52:52,800
retreat with medspeed forces. 
Trying to get the brown ball 

919
00:52:52,800 --> 00:52:56,000
back to Connaught. 
While Ulster pursued the climax 

920
00:52:56,000 --> 00:52:58,700
comes when the brown bull of 
Cooley and Finn banana, the 

921
00:52:58,700 --> 00:53:02,500
white horned finally meet. 
Remember this entire wall was 

922
00:53:02,500 --> 00:53:05,500
about bulls. 
The two animals fought across 

923
00:53:05,500 --> 00:53:07,400
Ireland. 
Their battle destroying 

924
00:53:07,400 --> 00:53:09,500
landscape features and creating 
new ones. 

925
00:53:09,500 --> 00:53:12,200
Then the brown bull finally 
killed Finn bennock. 

926
00:53:12,200 --> 00:53:16,000
It went mad with battle rage 
charging across Ireland with 

927
00:53:16,000 --> 00:53:19,100
parts of its dead, opponent 
still hanging from its horns 

928
00:53:19,100 --> 00:53:21,400
before finally dying of 
exhaustion. 

929
00:53:22,200 --> 00:53:25,900
So Med got her Ball but it 
immediately died making the 

930
00:53:25,900 --> 00:53:29,700
entire War pointless. 
Ulster defended its territory 

931
00:53:29,700 --> 00:53:33,400
but lost many warriors who 
shallan won every combat. 

932
00:53:33,400 --> 00:53:37,000
But lost his foster brother, 
everyone lost something and the 

933
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:39,300
only winners were the 
storytellers who got an epic 

934
00:53:39,300 --> 00:53:43,200
poem out of the disaster. 
The teen is strange by epic 

935
00:53:43,200 --> 00:53:45,900
standards. 
There's no clear moral Victor. 

936
00:53:45,900 --> 00:53:49,100
The central conflict is 
simultaneously trivial, and 

937
00:53:49,100 --> 00:53:52,600
deadly serious, and the heroes 
spend as much time honoring 

938
00:53:52,600 --> 00:53:55,600
their enemies as fighting them, 
but it captures something 

939
00:53:55,600 --> 00:53:59,500
essentially Irish the idea that 
honor and Duty can lead to 

940
00:53:59,500 --> 00:54:04,100
absurd situations that conflicts
escalate beyond their original 

941
00:54:04,100 --> 00:54:07,700
cause is, and that Warfare is 
simultaneously, glorious and 

942
00:54:07,700 --> 00:54:10,300
tragic. 
Sometimes in the same moment, 

943
00:54:11,400 --> 00:54:13,700
Irish Heroes didn't just carry 
ordinary weapons. 

944
00:54:13,700 --> 00:54:18,400
They bought objects with history
is personalities and often 

945
00:54:18,400 --> 00:54:22,600
unfortunate side effects. 
These magical items were 

946
00:54:22,600 --> 00:54:25,900
characters in their own right? 
And their stories reveal How the

947
00:54:25,900 --> 00:54:29,800
Irish thought about power 
responsibility and the cost of 

948
00:54:29,800 --> 00:54:34,100
possessing extraordinary things.
The lia fail, the stone of 

949
00:54:34,100 --> 00:54:36,400
Destiny. 
We mentioned earlier, would cry 

950
00:54:36,400 --> 00:54:39,900
out when touched by the rightful
king of Ireland. this was 

951
00:54:39,900 --> 00:54:44,000
convenient for royal succession,
but potentially awkward, if you 

952
00:54:44,000 --> 00:54:47,800
accidentally leaned against it, 
while picnicking on Tara, The 

953
00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:51,400
stone supposedly remains at Tara
though, Scottish tradition 

954
00:54:51,400 --> 00:54:54,800
claims an ancient Irish King, 
gave it to Scotland, where it 

955
00:54:54,800 --> 00:54:56,600
became part of the coronation 
throne. 

956
00:54:57,400 --> 00:55:00,300
This dispute over a rock's 
location has continued for 

957
00:55:00,300 --> 00:55:03,000
centuries. 
Proving that even magical 

958
00:55:03,000 --> 00:55:05,200
objects can cause political 
controversy. 

959
00:55:06,100 --> 00:55:10,300
The daggers cauldron choir and 
sick could feed any number of 

960
00:55:10,300 --> 00:55:13,600
people without emptying. 
It was essentially infinite 

961
00:55:13,600 --> 00:55:17,400
hospitality and cookware Forum, 
which perfectly embodied Irish 

962
00:55:17,400 --> 00:55:19,500
values about generality and 
community. 

963
00:55:20,500 --> 00:55:23,800
No one ever left the daggers 
feasts hungry, which must have 

964
00:55:23,800 --> 00:55:26,500
made him popular at parties and 
impossible to follow on the 

965
00:55:26,500 --> 00:55:30,400
hosting rotation. 
The sword of nuada from which no

966
00:55:30,400 --> 00:55:33,800
one could Escape once drawn 
sounds impressive, until you 

967
00:55:33,800 --> 00:55:37,400
consider the logistics. 
What if you drew it by accident,

968
00:55:37,400 --> 00:55:39,800
what if you wanted to Practice 
Sword? 

969
00:55:39,800 --> 00:55:43,400
Maintenance, the myths, don't 
address these practical concerns

970
00:55:43,400 --> 00:55:47,300
focusing instead on its combat 
Effectiveness and symbolic 

971
00:55:47,300 --> 00:55:50,100
importance as a marker of 
rightful sovereignty. 

972
00:55:50,900 --> 00:55:56,000
The gay bulguru lens Barbed 
spear was thrown with the foot. 

973
00:55:56,000 --> 00:56:00,500
Yes, the foot and entered the 
body as a single point before 

974
00:56:00,500 --> 00:56:05,200
expanding into 30 bars. 
Removing it was fatal leaving it

975
00:56:05,200 --> 00:56:09,600
in was fatal and encountering. 
It was generally fatal. the 

976
00:56:09,600 --> 00:56:13,100
weapons mechanics made no 
anatomical sense, but it was 

977
00:56:13,108 --> 00:56:16,700
terrifyingly effective in 
mythology which is What mattered

978
00:56:17,500 --> 00:56:21,900
Musical instruments held special
power in Irish myth, the dagda 

979
00:56:21,900 --> 00:56:25,300
possessed, a harp that could 
play three strains, the strain 

980
00:56:25,300 --> 00:56:27,000
of Sorrow that made listeners 
weak. 

981
00:56:27,800 --> 00:56:29,500
Strain of joy that made them 
laugh. 

982
00:56:30,400 --> 00:56:32,200
And strain of sleep that put 
them into Slumber. 

983
00:56:32,200 --> 00:56:36,500
This was either a remarkably 
versatile instrument or proof 

984
00:56:36,500 --> 00:56:40,000
that ancient Irish music had 
genuine psychological effects. 

985
00:56:41,100 --> 00:56:44,300
Cloaks of invisibility appeared 
frequently, usually it 

986
00:56:44,300 --> 00:56:47,200
convenient moments when Heroes 
needed to sneak somewhere. 

987
00:56:48,500 --> 00:56:51,500
These operated more reliably 
than modern streaming services 

988
00:56:51,500 --> 00:56:55,300
and had better coverage though 
presumably they required less 

989
00:56:55,300 --> 00:56:58,000
buffering. 
Magical animals, counted as 

990
00:56:58,000 --> 00:57:02,100
possessions too, the horses of 
the tuatha de danaan could 

991
00:57:02,100 --> 00:57:05,700
travel across the land which 
would have made Ferry Crossings 

992
00:57:05,700 --> 00:57:08,200
much simpler. 
The salmon of knowledge. 

993
00:57:08,200 --> 00:57:12,000
We met earlier counted as a 
magical object though, eating it

994
00:57:12,000 --> 00:57:15,300
was a one-time benefit that 
could not be renewed unlike 

995
00:57:15,300 --> 00:57:19,500
modern subscription services. 
Cauldron's of rebirth, could 

996
00:57:19,500 --> 00:57:21,800
restore dead Warriors to life, 
though. 

997
00:57:21,800 --> 00:57:25,000
The revived Warriors couldn't 
speak which seems like a 

998
00:57:25,000 --> 00:57:28,100
significant limitation, but was 
apparently acceptable. 

999
00:57:29,000 --> 00:57:31,900
These cauldrons made Warfare 
less permanent but didn't solve 

1000
00:57:31,900 --> 00:57:34,200
the fundamental problems causing
the conflicts. 

1001
00:57:34,200 --> 00:57:36,300
So armies kept killing each 
other. 

1002
00:57:36,300 --> 00:57:39,300
Knowing death might be 
temporary, this was either hope 

1003
00:57:39,300 --> 00:57:42,700
or horror, depending on your 
perspective, on his terminal 

1004
00:57:42,700 --> 00:57:46,100
return to the battlefield, what 
United, these magical objects 

1005
00:57:46,100 --> 00:57:49,600
was their double-edged nature? 
Power came with limitations 

1006
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:52,900
gifs, came with curses and 
possessing something 

1007
00:57:52,900 --> 00:57:56,800
extraordinary meant taking on 
responsibilities that Ordinary 

1008
00:57:56,800 --> 00:58:00,500
People didn't bear. 
The heroes who wielded these 

1009
00:58:00,500 --> 00:58:03,700
objects were changed by them 
shaped, by the weight of 

1010
00:58:03,708 --> 00:58:07,800
carrying items that normal rules
didn't apply to this theme. 

1011
00:58:07,800 --> 00:58:11,800
Resonates through Irish 
mythology that power where the 

1012
00:58:11,800 --> 00:58:15,100
political magical or military is
never simple or purely 

1013
00:58:15,100 --> 00:58:18,200
beneficial. 
Every Advantage creates new 

1014
00:58:18,200 --> 00:58:22,200
vulnerabilities every gift, 
imposes, new obligations, and 

1015
00:58:22,200 --> 00:58:25,600
every magical object. 
Eventually demands payment for 

1016
00:58:25,600 --> 00:58:29,500
its use. as you sink deeper into
sleep, with the weight of the 

1017
00:58:29,500 --> 00:58:33,100
blanket and the gentle rhythm of
your breathing, Consider why 

1018
00:58:33,100 --> 00:58:35,900
these ancient Irish stories, 
remain compelling enough? 

1019
00:58:36,600 --> 00:58:39,400
To keep people talking about 
them over a thousand years after

1020
00:58:39,400 --> 00:58:42,300
the society that created them 
transformed into something 

1021
00:58:42,300 --> 00:58:46,000
different. 
Irish mythology survives because

1022
00:58:46,000 --> 00:58:49,500
it addresses Eternal human 
concerns through specific 

1023
00:58:49,500 --> 00:58:53,300
cultural expressions. 
The story speak to Universal 

1024
00:58:53,300 --> 00:58:57,400
experiences, love and lost, and 
ambition and failure. 

1025
00:58:57,400 --> 00:59:01,500
The search for meaning, the 
acceptance of mortality. 

1026
00:59:01,500 --> 00:59:06,600
While remaining distinctively 
Irish in their telling These 

1027
00:59:06,600 --> 00:59:09,400
myths also, preserve something 
valuable through Ireland's, 

1028
00:59:09,400 --> 00:59:11,500
various conquests and 
colonization. 

1029
00:59:12,700 --> 00:59:16,100
When political sovereignty was 
lost cultural sovereignty, 

1030
00:59:16,100 --> 00:59:19,600
remained encoded in stories, 
passed down through generations.

1031
00:59:19,600 --> 00:59:23,300
The myths reminded Irish people 
who they were when external 

1032
00:59:23,300 --> 00:59:26,800
Powers tried to tell them 
otherwise Stories adapted, 

1033
00:59:26,800 --> 00:59:29,000
remarkably well to changing 
circumstances. 

1034
00:59:30,200 --> 00:59:34,000
When Christianity arrived, the 
myths acquired new meanings 

1035
00:59:34,000 --> 00:59:36,000
without losing their essential 
character. 

1036
00:59:36,700 --> 00:59:39,900
When English colonization 
threatened, Irish culture, the 

1037
00:59:39,900 --> 00:59:44,300
stories persisted in both Irish 
and English languages. when 

1038
00:59:44,300 --> 00:59:48,000
modernity suggested myths were 
irrelevant, Irish writers like 

1039
00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:51,600
Yeats and Joyce, demonstrated 
their continued artistic power, 

1040
00:59:52,600 --> 00:59:55,500
What makes Irish mythology 
unique among European 

1041
00:59:55,500 --> 00:59:58,200
Traditions? 
Is this adaptability combined 

1042
00:59:58,200 --> 01:00:01,600
with continuity? 
The stories changed enough to 

1043
01:00:01,600 --> 01:00:04,600
remain relevant without changing
so much, they lost connection to

1044
01:00:04,600 --> 01:00:08,600
their Origins. 
The 1230 transformed from Gods 

1045
01:00:08,600 --> 01:00:11,800
to fairies to literary symbols 
without disappearing entirely. 

1046
01:00:12,800 --> 01:00:15,600
The relationship between 
mythology and Landscape that we 

1047
01:00:15,600 --> 01:00:18,300
discussed earlier created Deep 
Roots. 

1048
01:00:19,300 --> 01:00:22,900
Stories attached to specific 
places became harder to erase 

1049
01:00:22,900 --> 01:00:26,000
than stories floating in 
abstract space. 

1050
01:00:26,800 --> 01:00:30,400
You could suppress the language 
but the hills remained and the 

1051
01:00:30,408 --> 01:00:34,500
hills remembered their names and
their stories Irish mythology. 

1052
01:00:34,500 --> 01:00:37,200
Also offered something that more
austere religious Traditions 

1053
01:00:37,200 --> 01:00:42,400
sometimes lacked A sense of play
of cosmic, humor of gods and 

1054
01:00:42,400 --> 01:00:44,900
heroes who made mistakes and 
learned from them. 

1055
01:00:45,900 --> 01:00:48,800
The sacred and profane mixed 
freely. 

1056
01:00:49,500 --> 01:00:53,400
The profound and ridiculous 
co-existed comfortably, and 

1057
01:00:53,400 --> 01:00:55,600
dignity could survive 
embarrassment. 

1058
01:00:56,700 --> 01:00:59,500
These were stories about 
perfection or absolute moral 

1059
01:00:59,500 --> 01:01:01,700
Clarity. 
They were stories about 

1060
01:01:01,700 --> 01:01:05,300
complicated people in 
complicated situations, making 

1061
01:01:05,300 --> 01:01:08,900
difficult choices with limited 
information and living with 

1062
01:01:08,900 --> 01:01:12,300
consequences. 
This complexity made the more 

1063
01:01:12,300 --> 01:01:16,200
relatable than many mythologies,
built around, clear distinctions

1064
01:01:16,200 --> 01:01:19,600
between Good and Evil. 
As you finally drifted into 

1065
01:01:19,600 --> 01:01:21,600
sleep, the stories continue, 
their work. 

1066
01:01:21,600 --> 01:01:26,200
They've survived Wars and 
famines colonization and 

1067
01:01:26,200 --> 01:01:29,300
modernization. 
The deaths of the language is 

1068
01:01:29,300 --> 01:01:32,400
they were first told in and 
their translation into languages

1069
01:01:32,400 --> 01:01:34,400
that didn't exist when they were
created. 

1070
01:01:34,400 --> 01:01:38,700
They found lasted King's and 
conquerors and outlive political

1071
01:01:38,700 --> 01:01:40,800
systems and religious 
Transformations. 

1072
01:01:40,800 --> 01:01:45,000
Tomorrow when you wake the world
will seem ordinary again. 

1073
01:01:46,000 --> 01:01:49,000
Somewhere in Ireland, a hill, 
still carries the name of a 

1074
01:01:49,000 --> 01:01:52,400
goddess, a lake still connects 
to the other world and the 

1075
01:01:52,408 --> 01:01:55,400
boundary between myth and 
reality remains pleasantly 

1076
01:01:55,400 --> 01:01:58,300
uncertain, the stories. 
Wait patiently. 

1077
01:01:58,300 --> 01:02:02,700
As they have for Millennia ready
to transport anyone who listens 

1078
01:02:02,700 --> 01:02:06,200
back to that time when God's 
walk the land and the impossible

1079
01:02:06,200 --> 01:02:08,500
happened with comfortable 
regularity. 

1080
01:02:09,500 --> 01:02:11,700
Sleep. 
Well, knowing that you're 

1081
01:02:11,700 --> 01:02:14,300
connected to a tradition of 
Storytelling that stretches back

1082
01:02:14,300 --> 01:02:17,500
into the Mists of time. 
When history and mythology were 

1083
01:02:17,500 --> 01:02:20,900
the same thing on the world was 
young enough to still believe in

1084
01:02:20,900 --> 01:02:27,900
magic. 
Before there were goddesses that

1085
01:02:27,900 --> 01:02:30,400
transformed people into spiders 
because they were better. 

1086
01:02:30,400 --> 01:02:32,800
Weavers, or gods that threw 
lightning bolts. 

1087
01:02:32,800 --> 01:02:36,400
There was just chaos. 
Not the kind of chaos you get 

1088
01:02:36,400 --> 01:02:38,500
when you're in your internet, 
goes down during a crucial video

1089
01:02:38,500 --> 01:02:42,000
called but real primordial 
emptiness, you can see why the 

1090
01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:44,500
ancient Greek simply Shrugged 
and referred to it as chaos. 

1091
01:02:44,500 --> 01:02:47,900
If you try to explain what 
existed before existence itself,

1092
01:02:47,900 --> 01:02:51,300
the first being appeared from 
this Cosmic of nothingness, 

1093
01:02:51,300 --> 01:02:55,000
Eros, the force of attraction, 
that would later cause more 

1094
01:02:55,000 --> 01:02:58,400
trouble than a dating algorithm 
on a rye Tartarus. 

1095
01:02:58,400 --> 01:03:02,100
The deepest darkest pit, you can
imagine think of your basement 

1096
01:03:02,100 --> 01:03:06,300
but infinitely worse, and with 
more screaming and Gaia who was 

1097
01:03:06,300 --> 01:03:08,800
essentially Mother Earth before 
environmental and was 

1098
01:03:08,800 --> 01:03:12,500
fashionable. 
Being the productive type Gaia 

1099
01:03:12,500 --> 01:03:14,900
decided that life was boring on 
its own and made the sky. 

1100
01:03:14,900 --> 01:03:19,000
Uranus in ancient Greece, 
family, trees, resembled family,

1101
01:03:19,000 --> 01:03:21,900
wreaths and everything was 
connected in awkward ways. 

1102
01:03:21,900 --> 01:03:24,700
You might think that having your
mother create your husband 

1103
01:03:24,700 --> 01:03:27,300
sounds like the start of serious
therapy session. 

1104
01:03:27,300 --> 01:03:31,300
The fact that Uranus and Gaia 
had children together should 

1105
01:03:31,300 --> 01:03:33,800
have been the first clue that 
something was amiss in the 

1106
01:03:33,808 --> 01:03:36,300
family. 
Dynamic among their descendants 

1107
01:03:36,300 --> 01:03:39,700
with the Titans giant creatures.
That were essentially the first 

1108
01:03:39,700 --> 01:03:43,400
draft of godhood strong, 
unkillable, and devoid of all 

1109
01:03:43,400 --> 01:03:47,100
sense of proportion or 
self-control consider them Gods,

1110
01:03:47,100 --> 01:03:50,500
who have never been trained in 
customer, service Cronus, who 

1111
01:03:50,500 --> 01:03:53,600
would have been a perfect fit in
any corporate takeover was one 

1112
01:03:53,600 --> 01:03:56,100
of these Titans after observing 
his father. 

1113
01:03:56,100 --> 01:04:00,200
Uranus concluded that committing
patricide, was a great way to 

1114
01:04:00,200 --> 01:04:03,200
advance his career. 
Kronos castrated his father and 

1115
01:04:03,200 --> 01:04:06,200
tossed the parts in to the Sea. 
Using a scythe that is 

1116
01:04:06,200 --> 01:04:07,600
supportive mother Gaia had given
him. 

1117
01:04:07,600 --> 01:04:10,600
The fact that this act gave 
birth to the Goddess of love, 

1118
01:04:10,600 --> 01:04:13,600
Aphrodite tells you all, you 
need to know about the Greeks 

1119
01:04:13,600 --> 01:04:17,200
perception of romance, lovely, 
but with a history, you probably

1120
01:04:17,200 --> 01:04:20,700
don't want to delve too deeply 
into since Uranus was no longer 

1121
01:04:20,700 --> 01:04:22,600
involved. 
Cronus assumed control of the 

1122
01:04:22,608 --> 01:04:26,200
universe, where his sister Rhea 
again, the dynamic of ancient 

1123
01:04:26,200 --> 01:04:28,300
Greek. 
Families were complex and began 

1124
01:04:28,300 --> 01:04:30,200
what ought to have been a 
peaceful rain. 

1125
01:04:30,200 --> 01:04:33,800
But Chronos had heard a prophecy
that like his father, he would 

1126
01:04:33,800 --> 01:04:35,400
be overthrown by one of his 
children. 

1127
01:04:36,600 --> 01:04:39,200
Being a pragmatic person. 
Cronus came up with a 

1128
01:04:39,200 --> 01:04:43,200
straightforward idea of eating 
each newborn right away at this 

1129
01:04:43,208 --> 01:04:45,600
point, the narrative takes a 
turn that makes even the most 

1130
01:04:45,600 --> 01:04:48,800
dysfunctional holiday. 
Dinners seem like fun as real. 

1131
01:04:48,800 --> 01:04:51,000
Watched Cronus gobble up. 
Their first five children like 

1132
01:04:51,000 --> 01:04:53,100
some kind of immortal baby 
eating monster. 

1133
01:04:53,100 --> 01:04:56,500
She was understandably upset 
about her husband's unusual 

1134
01:04:56,500 --> 01:04:59,700
approach to childcare Rhea had 
finally had enough of this 

1135
01:04:59,700 --> 01:05:02,600
particular parenting approach 
when Zeus their sixth child was 

1136
01:05:02,600 --> 01:05:06,100
born Rhea wrapped a stone in 
swaddling cloths and offered it 

1137
01:05:06,100 --> 01:05:09,800
to Cronus instead of baby Zeus 
who was presumably to e-girl 

1138
01:05:09,800 --> 01:05:12,600
too, naive to notice the 
difference rear spirited. 

1139
01:05:12,600 --> 01:05:15,900
The real use away to be raised 
in secret by goats and nymphs on

1140
01:05:15,908 --> 01:05:19,300
the island of Crete. 
Which explains much about Zeus's

1141
01:05:19,300 --> 01:05:22,700
later personality, while Cronus 
swallowed, the rock with his 

1142
01:05:22,700 --> 01:05:24,900
usual Zeal. 
Imagine Zeus. 

1143
01:05:24,900 --> 01:05:27,800
As a teenager growing up on a 
Mediterranean island surrounded 

1144
01:05:27,800 --> 01:05:30,300
by goats. 
Discovering that he was destined

1145
01:05:30,300 --> 01:05:33,700
to defeat his cannibalistic 
father and free his siblings 

1146
01:05:33,700 --> 01:05:36,800
from their unusual prison. 
This type of origin story would 

1147
01:05:36,800 --> 01:05:38,700
make superhero comics seem 
uninteresting. 

1148
01:05:38,700 --> 01:05:41,700
And it certainly clarified why? 
Zeus never acquired what one 

1149
01:05:41,700 --> 01:05:45,500
could refer to as typical social
skills with the help of metis. 

1150
01:05:45,500 --> 01:05:49,400
A titaness whose name means 
cunning intelligence and who 

1151
01:05:49,400 --> 01:05:52,800
would go on to become Zeus's 
first wife, Zeus returned to 

1152
01:05:52,808 --> 01:05:56,000
confront Cronus after. 
He'd reached adulthood Cronus 

1153
01:05:56,000 --> 01:05:58,800
became so sick from the emetic 
that metis made him throw up 

1154
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:01,100
Zeus's 5 siblings in the 
opposite order that they were 

1155
01:06:01,100 --> 01:06:03,600
consumed. 
Just think of how awkward it 

1156
01:06:03,600 --> 01:06:06,000
would be to be reintroduced to 
siblings who had lived their 

1157
01:06:06,000 --> 01:06:07,700
entire lives and their father's 
stomach. 

1158
01:06:08,400 --> 01:06:11,800
Beside him, the god of the seas,
who had apparently developed, a 

1159
01:06:11,800 --> 01:06:14,000
permanent case of motion, 
sickness from his time, in 

1160
01:06:14,000 --> 01:06:18,100
kronos's stomach. 
Hades, the underworld's destined

1161
01:06:18,100 --> 01:06:19,900
ruler. 
Who was already displaying signs

1162
01:06:19,900 --> 01:06:21,500
of preferring Solitude to 
family? 

1163
01:06:21,500 --> 01:06:25,200
Gatherings Hera who would become
Zeus's, wife and regret it for 

1164
01:06:25,200 --> 01:06:28,900
all eternity, Demeter, the 
future goddess of agriculture, 

1165
01:06:28,900 --> 01:06:31,700
and the only one who appeared to
have come out of the experience 

1166
01:06:31,700 --> 01:06:35,500
with any sense of nurturing and 
Hestia the goddess of the half, 

1167
01:06:35,500 --> 01:06:39,100
who looked at her family and 
decided that staying by the fire

1168
01:06:39,100 --> 01:06:41,700
was far more important than 
participating in their drama. 

1169
01:06:41,700 --> 01:06:45,300
The titanomachy a 10 year war 
between the Titans and the 

1170
01:06:45,300 --> 01:06:48,700
Olympians followed making 
contemporary conflicts seemed 

1171
01:06:48,700 --> 01:06:51,400
like parking lot. 
Corals Prometheus, who was 

1172
01:06:51,408 --> 01:06:54,400
reportedly the only Titan with 
anything approaching foresight, 

1173
01:06:54,400 --> 01:06:58,100
literally what his name meant 
and other Titans who were fed up

1174
01:06:58,100 --> 01:07:01,400
with chronosis management style 
formed an alliance with Zeus and

1175
01:07:01,400 --> 01:07:04,800
his siblings natural disaster. 
Would seem like minor annoyances

1176
01:07:04,800 --> 01:07:07,600
compared to the devastation 
caused by the war that raged 

1177
01:07:07,600 --> 01:07:11,400
across the Earth and Heavens 
Ocean's boiled mountains. 

1178
01:07:11,400 --> 01:07:14,800
Were flung like softballs and 
reality itself was strained to 

1179
01:07:14,808 --> 01:07:17,800
its limit Zeus learned that he 
had inherited the ability to 

1180
01:07:17,800 --> 01:07:20,700
control lightning and thunder 
which made him extremely 

1181
01:07:20,700 --> 01:07:23,600
effective in combat. 
But for the rest of Eternity, 

1182
01:07:23,600 --> 01:07:27,200
utterly awful at having 
conversations indoors, the 

1183
01:07:27,200 --> 01:07:30,700
Cyclops were eventually released
from Tartarus, where Cronus had 

1184
01:07:30,700 --> 01:07:34,300
imprisoned them due to their 
Zeus as a token of appreciation.

1185
01:07:34,300 --> 01:07:37,800
These one-eyed Smith's created 
Hades helmet of invisibility 

1186
01:07:37,800 --> 01:07:42,000
Poseidon's, trident and Zeus's. 
Well, known Thunderbolts. 

1187
01:07:42,000 --> 01:07:45,600
It was like getting the ultimate
package of divine weapons with 

1188
01:07:45,600 --> 01:07:54,000
eternal warranties Zeus release 
of the 100-point. 

1189
01:07:54,000 --> 01:07:57,000
The Titans were ultimately 
vanquished by the Olympians with

1190
01:07:57,000 --> 01:07:59,800
the help of these allies and 
they were banished to Tartarus 

1191
01:07:59,800 --> 01:08:02,500
where they would live forever 
thinking about the consequences 

1192
01:08:02,500 --> 01:08:06,100
of choosing the wrong side. 
In a family conflict, the three 

1193
01:08:06,100 --> 01:08:08,800
brother Gods, split the universe
like Partners dividing a 

1194
01:08:08,800 --> 01:08:10,200
business after winning the 
battle. 

1195
01:08:11,100 --> 01:08:13,500
With all the wisdom and 
self-control of a child who had 

1196
01:08:13,500 --> 01:08:17,300
never learned to share toys, 
Zeus took the sky and assumed 

1197
01:08:17,300 --> 01:08:20,500
the role of King of the Gods. 
Because the Seas were large 

1198
01:08:20,500 --> 01:08:23,700
strong and prone to abrupt 
violence, storms, deciding 

1199
01:08:23,700 --> 01:08:27,100
claimed that which was a perfect
fit for his temperament although

1200
01:08:27,100 --> 01:08:28,500
his brother's initially 
believed. 

1201
01:08:28,500 --> 01:08:31,300
They had gotten a better deal. 
Hades would demonstrate that he 

1202
01:08:31,300 --> 01:08:33,700
was arguably the most powerful 
of the three because he 

1203
01:08:33,700 --> 01:08:36,000
controlled both death and 
wealth. 

1204
01:08:36,700 --> 01:08:40,000
Hades drew the underworld, 
looseness siblings needed a 

1205
01:08:40,000 --> 01:08:42,600
headquarters worthy of their 
Newfound position as Universe 

1206
01:08:42,600 --> 01:08:45,600
rulers after they defeated their
father and won the cosmic 

1207
01:08:45,600 --> 01:08:47,700
Lottery. 
They picked Mount Olympus 

1208
01:08:47,700 --> 01:08:51,000
Greece's highest peak in part 
because of the breathtaking 

1209
01:08:51,000 --> 01:08:54,399
views and in part because it was
close enough to humans to meddle

1210
01:08:54,399 --> 01:08:56,399
in human Affairs, whenever they 
felt bored. 

1211
01:08:56,399 --> 01:08:59,800
But far enough away to preserve 
a sense of mystery with its 

1212
01:08:59,800 --> 01:09:02,899
Golden Palaces and brochure 
Gardens and overall sense of 

1213
01:09:02,899 --> 01:09:07,000
divine superiority Mount Olympus
developed into the first gated 

1214
01:09:07,000 --> 01:09:10,000
community in the ancient world. 
While the other gods set up 

1215
01:09:10,000 --> 01:09:12,200
their own Realms within this 
Celestial neighborhood. 

1216
01:09:12,200 --> 01:09:15,600
Zeus hired the cyclopes to 
construct him, a throne room 

1217
01:09:15,600 --> 01:09:18,399
that would make any Earthly 
Palace appear like a garden 

1218
01:09:18,399 --> 01:09:21,700
shed, a family tree that would 
make any genealogist question. 

1219
01:09:21,700 --> 01:09:25,200
Their sanity was represented by 
the 12th, Olympian gods who 

1220
01:09:25,200 --> 01:09:27,000
would govern from this mountain 
Paradise. 

1221
01:09:27,000 --> 01:09:29,300
Zeus had never met a Divine 
being. 

1222
01:09:29,300 --> 01:09:32,500
He didn't want to have children 
with regardless of whether he 

1223
01:09:32,500 --> 01:09:34,000
was married to someone else at 
the time. 

1224
01:09:34,000 --> 01:09:37,899
So the pantheon grew to include 
some of Children, in addition to

1225
01:09:37,899 --> 01:09:41,800
the original six siblings, Zeus,
and the tightness Leto, had twin

1226
01:09:41,800 --> 01:09:44,800
children Apollo and Artemis who 
introduced hunting. 

1227
01:09:44,800 --> 01:09:48,399
Archery, poetry and music to the
Divine family Apollo was the 

1228
01:09:48,408 --> 01:09:51,700
first Triple Threat performer in
the ancient world, becoming the 

1229
01:09:51,700 --> 01:09:55,000
god of the sun music and 
prophecy as the goddess of the 

1230
01:09:55,008 --> 01:09:56,800
hunt. 
And the moon Artemis made the 

1231
01:09:56,800 --> 01:09:58,600
decision to remain eternally 
virgin. 

1232
01:09:58,600 --> 01:10:01,900
So, she avoided her relatives 
Drama by spending most family, 

1233
01:10:01,900 --> 01:10:04,400
get togethers in the woods after
Zeus swallowed. 

1234
01:10:04,400 --> 01:10:07,600
Her pregnant mother metis to 
stop a prophecy that is 

1235
01:10:07,600 --> 01:10:10,700
children, would overthrow him 
Athena grew fully from his head 

1236
01:10:10,700 --> 01:10:14,300
armed and prepared for battle. 
Everyone seemed to be unaware of

1237
01:10:14,300 --> 01:10:17,000
the irony that Zeus was now 
adopting his father's child, 

1238
01:10:17,000 --> 01:10:19,400
eating tactic will be in a 
different way. 

1239
01:10:19,400 --> 01:10:21,700
Being born from your father's 
skull. 

1240
01:10:21,700 --> 01:10:24,300
After eight, your mother did not
prevent you from becoming one of

1241
01:10:24,300 --> 01:10:27,300
the most revered Gods as a 
thinner, went on to become a 

1242
01:10:27,300 --> 01:10:30,000
goddess of wisdom and war after 
Cronus castrated. 

1243
01:10:30,000 --> 01:10:33,900
Uranus Aphrodite emerged from 
the Sea Foam, bringing Beauty 

1244
01:10:33,900 --> 01:10:36,700
and love to Olympus more 
relationship drama. 

1245
01:10:36,700 --> 01:10:38,000
Than a soap opera during the 
day. 

1246
01:10:38,000 --> 01:10:41,000
She had a knack for making 
everyone fall in love with the 

1247
01:10:41,000 --> 01:10:42,300
wrong. 
People at the worst possible 

1248
01:10:42,300 --> 01:10:45,100
times. 
So her very presence ensured 

1249
01:10:45,100 --> 01:10:46,600
that. 
No, Divine Gathering would be 

1250
01:10:46,600 --> 01:10:51,500
peaceful Zeus's, son with Hera 
Ari's became a God of War, but 

1251
01:10:51,500 --> 01:10:54,100
not the kind of war that Athena 
stood for one, that was 

1252
01:10:54,100 --> 01:10:58,400
strategic and Noble Rees, who is
basically the Divine counterpart

1253
01:10:58,400 --> 01:11:01,400
of that relative who turns every
family Barbecue into a political

1254
01:11:01,400 --> 01:11:05,500
argument was more interested in 
the violent, bloody and chaotic 

1255
01:11:05,500 --> 01:11:08,000
aspects of combat. 
It says something about his 

1256
01:11:08,000 --> 01:11:10,200
character that even his own 
parents didn't like him. 

1257
01:11:10,200 --> 01:11:13,900
Depending on your preferred 
version of the story, The Feist 

1258
01:11:13,900 --> 01:11:16,800
us, the god of fire and 
metalworking was either Heroes 

1259
01:11:16,800 --> 01:11:20,200
Son by himself or another child 
of Zeus and Hera Hera through 

1260
01:11:20,200 --> 01:11:23,600
him off Mount Olympus and Shane 
because he was so ugly and had a

1261
01:11:23,600 --> 01:11:26,800
serious disability from birth 
after surviving the fall and 

1262
01:11:26,808 --> 01:11:28,700
learning from seen him, how to 
make things. 

1263
01:11:28,700 --> 01:11:31,700
The Feisty has returned to 
Olympus as the main maker of 

1264
01:11:31,708 --> 01:11:34,900
impossible things for the gods, 
his Forge evolved in to the 

1265
01:11:34,900 --> 01:11:36,600
Heavenly equivalent of a posh 
custom. 

1266
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:39,800
Shop crafting everything from 
Achilles armor to Zeus 

1267
01:11:39,800 --> 01:11:42,800
Thunderbolts anybody who had 
ever dealt with ancient Commerce

1268
01:11:42,800 --> 01:11:46,000
would understand why Hermes 
Zeus's son with the nymph Maya. 

1269
01:11:46,800 --> 01:11:49,600
Came the messenger, god, the 
underworld's guide, and the 

1270
01:11:49,600 --> 01:11:54,100
patron of Travelers, merchants 
and thieves, Hermes served, as 

1271
01:11:54,100 --> 01:11:57,400
the gods translator and Diplomat
as well, which was extremely 

1272
01:11:57,400 --> 01:12:00,300
helpful in a household where 
poor communication frequently 

1273
01:12:00,300 --> 01:12:04,600
resulted in plagues Wars and the
transformation of humans into 

1274
01:12:04,600 --> 01:12:07,600
different plants and animals 
because she was primarily 

1275
01:12:07,600 --> 01:12:10,800
concerned with providing food 
for Mortals rather than becoming

1276
01:12:10,800 --> 01:12:14,300
embroiled in the power struggles
and romantic entanglements, that

1277
01:12:14,300 --> 01:12:17,900
consumed, her siblings, Demeter 
the goddess of agriculture and 

1278
01:12:17,900 --> 01:12:21,000
the Harvest remained. 
One of the more stable figures 

1279
01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:24,200
in the pantheon later when her 
daughter Persephone became the 

1280
01:12:24,200 --> 01:12:27,300
focus of the first kidnapping 
scandal in the Underworld, her 

1281
01:12:27,300 --> 01:12:30,000
major drama would unfold. 
You would think that the 

1282
01:12:30,000 --> 01:12:33,400
Olympians would have spent their
time as Sage kind Lords of the 

1283
01:12:33,400 --> 01:12:36,400
universe after they had taken up
residence, in their new digs and

1284
01:12:36,400 --> 01:12:38,500
established their various Divine
portfolios. 

1285
01:12:38,500 --> 01:12:41,400
Rather they acted like a very 
strong hybrid of middle 

1286
01:12:41,400 --> 01:12:44,200
management. 
And reality TV stars, complete 

1287
01:12:44,200 --> 01:12:46,300
with the petty envious and bad 
decision-making. 

1288
01:12:46,700 --> 01:12:49,300
Rights that go along with that, 
with his views on marriage, 

1289
01:12:49,300 --> 01:12:53,500
loyalty and Leadership Zeus. 
The king of the Gods established

1290
01:12:53,500 --> 01:12:56,500
the standard for the entire 
Pantheon, Zeus, pursued, 

1291
01:12:56,500 --> 01:12:59,900
romantic relationships with 
Gods, nymphs, and Mortals with 

1292
01:12:59,900 --> 01:13:02,100
the Zeal of someone collecting 
rare stamps. 

1293
01:13:02,100 --> 01:13:05,200
Treating monogamy as more of a 
suggestion than a commitment, 

1294
01:13:05,200 --> 01:13:08,800
even though he was married to 
Hera his inventive methods of 

1295
01:13:08,800 --> 01:13:11,600
courtship involved changing into
different animals, natural 

1296
01:13:11,600 --> 01:13:15,500
phenomena, and inanimate objects
anything, it took to get past 

1297
01:13:15,500 --> 01:13:19,500
his targets common sense, or his
wife's prying eyes for her part,

1298
01:13:19,500 --> 01:13:22,200
Hera handled her husband's 
adultery with the forbearance of

1299
01:13:22,200 --> 01:13:25,600
someone who had long since given
up on a traditional marriage and

1300
01:13:25,600 --> 01:13:28,200
determined that retaliation was 
more fulfilling than 

1301
01:13:28,200 --> 01:13:30,700
forgiveness. 
Zeus did control lightning after

1302
01:13:30,700 --> 01:13:32,300
all. 
So, here are usually vented, her

1303
01:13:32,300 --> 01:13:34,400
resentment on Zeus's lovers and 
their offspring. 

1304
01:13:34,400 --> 01:13:38,400
Rather than directly facing Zeus
with its imaginative, tortures, 

1305
01:13:38,400 --> 01:13:40,600
impossible, tasks and 
Transformations. 

1306
01:13:40,600 --> 01:13:42,900
That would make contemporary 
horror films seem mild. 

1307
01:13:42,900 --> 01:13:46,600
The persecution of Zeus's 
Conquest became so methodical. 

1308
01:13:46,700 --> 01:13:49,700
That it resembled A Small 
industry, the marriage of the 

1309
01:13:49,700 --> 01:13:52,500
couple turned into an example of
how to fail at managing 

1310
01:13:52,500 --> 01:13:56,500
relationship issues. 
When Zeus had an affair here, I 

1311
01:13:56,500 --> 01:13:58,700
would discover it and punish 
everyone but Zeus. 

1312
01:13:58,700 --> 01:14:01,800
Zeus would then get upset about 
Harrah's meddling and the 

1313
01:14:01,800 --> 01:14:05,200
ensuing marital conflict would 
materialize as natural disasters

1314
01:14:05,200 --> 01:14:08,200
that would make life miserable 
for everyone on the planet 

1315
01:14:08,200 --> 01:14:13,600
frequently, earthquakes, floods,
droughts and plagues were merely

1316
01:14:13,600 --> 01:14:16,600
unintended consequences of the 
Divine couple resolving their 

1317
01:14:16,600 --> 01:14:19,400
problems. 
Meanwhile Poseidon, who 

1318
01:14:19,408 --> 01:14:21,800
governed, the Seas approached 
marriage with the same 

1319
01:14:21,800 --> 01:14:25,200
temperament that his brother did
because Poseidon was Notorious 

1320
01:14:25,200 --> 01:14:28,500
for taking personal offense, at 
small slights, and expressing 

1321
01:14:28,500 --> 01:14:31,200
his ref through storms. 
That could sink entire fleets, 

1322
01:14:31,200 --> 01:14:35,000
Sea Monster's and tsunamis 
Sailors learned to make 

1323
01:14:35,000 --> 01:14:38,400
offerings before every Voyage. 
Not because they were deeply 

1324
01:14:38,400 --> 01:14:41,800
religious, he was the type of 
God who would destroy your ship,

1325
01:14:41,800 --> 01:14:44,900
because he didn't, like the way 
you treated him and then accuse 

1326
01:14:44,900 --> 01:14:46,600
you of not treating him with the
respect. 

1327
01:14:46,600 --> 01:14:49,200
He deserved with less 
shapeshifting and more 

1328
01:14:49,200 --> 01:14:52,200
involuntary conversion of his 
romantic interest into various 

1329
01:14:52,200 --> 01:14:54,900
sea creatures. 
The Sea Gods love life, was 

1330
01:14:54,900 --> 01:14:58,700
nearly as complicated as uses 
beside and reportedly thought 

1331
01:14:58,700 --> 01:15:01,500
that the ideal way to remember A
Love Affair was to transform his

1332
01:15:01,500 --> 01:15:05,700
ex-lover in to a species of fish
or a coral reef resulting in a 

1333
01:15:05,700 --> 01:15:08,400
Mediterranean teeming with 
aquatic creatures, with deeply 

1334
01:15:08,400 --> 01:15:12,500
personal history, as the lord of
the underworld Hades gained a 

1335
01:15:12,500 --> 01:15:14,800
reputation for being the most 
practical of the Three Brothers.

1336
01:15:14,800 --> 01:15:18,700
Presumably due to the fact that 
handling the Dead Called for 

1337
01:15:18,700 --> 01:15:21,700
more administrative expertise 
than artistic Flair with 

1338
01:15:21,700 --> 01:15:24,400
appropriate admissions. 
Procedures classification, 

1339
01:15:24,400 --> 01:15:28,000
schemes for various Soul types 
and explicit protocols for 

1340
01:15:28,000 --> 01:15:31,100
exceptional situations. 
The underworld functioned like a

1341
01:15:31,108 --> 01:15:34,400
well-run bureaucracy, Hades, 
avoided most of his family's 

1342
01:15:34,400 --> 01:15:37,600
drama and concentrated on the 
pragmatics of divine rule 

1343
01:15:37,600 --> 01:15:39,100
because he seldom left his 
domain. 

1344
01:15:40,100 --> 01:15:43,100
Even though they were twins 
Apollo and Artemis had quite 

1345
01:15:43,100 --> 01:15:46,500
different approaches to their 
Divine duties with the Zeal of a

1346
01:15:46,500 --> 01:15:48,800
performer who never encountered 
an audience, he didn't wish to 

1347
01:15:48,800 --> 01:15:51,500
Dazzle. 
Apollo embraced his role as the 

1348
01:15:51,508 --> 01:15:56,300
god of poetry music and the son 
he inspired poets created Music.

1349
01:15:56,300 --> 01:15:59,700
Contests and moved the sun 
across the sky every day with 

1350
01:15:59,700 --> 01:16:02,300
the punctuality of someone who 
knew that crops and plants 

1351
01:16:02,300 --> 01:16:04,900
relied on him. 
On the other hand, Artemis 

1352
01:16:04,900 --> 01:16:07,300
approached her responsibilities,
as the moon and Hunt goddess 

1353
01:16:07,300 --> 01:16:10,200
with the gravity of a wildlife 
preserve manager. 

1354
01:16:10,200 --> 01:16:13,000
She kept a pack of hunting 
hounds that could follow anyone 

1355
01:16:13,000 --> 01:16:16,100
over any terrain, demanded 
complete Chastity from her 

1356
01:16:16,100 --> 01:16:19,300
followers and dealt swiftly, and
often fatally with those who 

1357
01:16:19,300 --> 01:16:22,500
disobeyed her a successful hunt 
followed by an evening with her 

1358
01:16:22,500 --> 01:16:25,600
nymphs away from the 
complexities of Olympic family 

1359
01:16:25,600 --> 01:16:29,300
Dynamics, was her idea of a good
time with the methodical 

1360
01:16:29,300 --> 01:16:31,000
accuracy of a military 
strategist. 

1361
01:16:31,000 --> 01:16:34,400
And the intellectual curiosity 
of a scholar Athena approached, 

1362
01:16:34,400 --> 01:16:37,500
her dual role as goddess of 
wisdom, and warfare after 

1363
01:16:37,500 --> 01:16:40,300
defeating Poseidon in a 
competition to determine who 

1364
01:16:40,300 --> 01:16:42,000
could give the city, the most 
useful gift. 

1365
01:16:42,000 --> 01:16:44,600
She was made the patron goddess 
of Athens. 

1366
01:16:44,600 --> 01:16:48,200
Athena offered an olive tree 
while preside in a saltwater, 

1367
01:16:48,200 --> 01:16:51,700
Spring by selecting the Tree the
Athenians showed that even in 

1368
01:16:51,700 --> 01:16:55,200
Antiquity people valued 
sustainable agriculture over 

1369
01:16:55,200 --> 01:16:58,200
ostentatious, but unworkable 
gestures examining. 

1370
01:16:58,200 --> 01:17:01,800
Aphrodite is distinct role in 
Divine chaos is essential to any

1371
01:17:01,800 --> 01:17:04,700
discussion of Olympic 
dysfunction, Aphrodite. 

1372
01:17:04,700 --> 01:17:08,200
The Goddess of beauty and love 
had the ability to make anyone 

1373
01:17:08,200 --> 01:17:11,300
fall in love with anyone else. 
Regardless of their existing 

1374
01:17:11,300 --> 01:17:15,000
relationships tastes or common 
sense, with all the Restraint of

1375
01:17:15,000 --> 01:17:18,000
someone who had been granted 
access to a nuclear reactor and 

1376
01:17:18,000 --> 01:17:21,000
told it was a new type of 
NightLight she used this 

1377
01:17:21,000 --> 01:17:24,500
ability. 
Aphrodite is own romantic life 

1378
01:17:24,500 --> 01:17:27,100
served as an example of the 
difficulties, her realm could 

1379
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:29,500
bring about. 
She had an egregious affair with

1380
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:32,100
Reese the God of War. 
Even though she was married to 

1381
01:17:32,100 --> 01:17:34,900
her fists, the most loving, and 
loyal of the Gods. 

1382
01:17:34,900 --> 01:17:37,600
The Greeks were fascinated by 
The Cosmic irony. 

1383
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:40,300
That resulted from the 
relationship between the God of 

1384
01:17:40,308 --> 01:17:43,500
War and the goddess of love. 
It seemed that the two were more

1385
01:17:43,500 --> 01:17:45,400
closely related than anyone 
wanted. 

1386
01:17:45,400 --> 01:17:47,600
To acknowledge. 
One of Olympus is biggest 

1387
01:17:47,600 --> 01:17:49,200
scandals arose from their 
Affair. 

1388
01:17:49,200 --> 01:17:52,700
When her fists believing, his 
wife was cheating, created an 

1389
01:17:52,700 --> 01:17:55,800
impenetrable invisible web. 
After putting it over his 

1390
01:17:55,800 --> 01:17:58,800
marital bed, he declared that he
would be gone for a few days 

1391
01:17:58,800 --> 01:18:01,600
believing. 
They had privacy for a deity in 

1392
01:18:01,600 --> 01:18:04,400
areas were caught in the act 
when the net and snare them in a

1393
01:18:04,400 --> 01:18:07,900
precarious situation. 
The other gods were then invited

1394
01:18:07,900 --> 01:18:10,400
by her Faustus to observe, his 
wife's disloyalty. 

1395
01:18:10,400 --> 01:18:12,900
The goddess is remained at home 
in embarrassment. 

1396
01:18:12,900 --> 01:18:17,200
While the male Gods came to gaze
and chuckle the entire incident 

1397
01:18:17,200 --> 01:18:19,800
showed that even Divine beings 
could suffer public humiliation 

1398
01:18:19,800 --> 01:18:22,700
comparable to that of 
contemporary social media 

1399
01:18:22,700 --> 01:18:24,700
scandals. 
Greek mythologies. 

1400
01:18:24,700 --> 01:18:27,600
Most well known Tales are the 
result of Aphrodite meddling in 

1401
01:18:27,600 --> 01:18:30,900
Mortal Affairs, Aphrodite 
bribed, Paris of Troy with the 

1402
01:18:30,900 --> 01:18:34,000
love of Helen who was already 
married to Menelaus of Sparta 

1403
01:18:34,000 --> 01:18:37,600
starting the Trojan War. 
Which claimed thousands of lives

1404
01:18:37,600 --> 01:18:39,400
and destroyed. 
One of the greatest cities in 

1405
01:18:39,400 --> 01:18:42,100
Antiquity. 
Paris's choice of Aphrodite is 

1406
01:18:42,108 --> 01:18:45,700
offer over here and Athena's 
Alternatives set off a series of

1407
01:18:45,700 --> 01:18:49,100
events that would change the 
ancient world and Inspire epic 

1408
01:18:49,100 --> 01:18:52,400
poetry for centuries to come. 
Additionally, the goddess was 

1409
01:18:52,400 --> 01:18:55,100
skilled at fabricating and 
probable romantic scenarios. 

1410
01:18:55,100 --> 01:18:58,700
She caused King Minos of Crete's
wife, passe to fall in love with

1411
01:18:58,708 --> 01:19:01,500
a ball, which resulted in the 
creation of the Minotaur. 

1412
01:19:01,500 --> 01:19:03,800
In the requirement, for a 
complex, Labyrinth to keep the 

1413
01:19:03,800 --> 01:19:05,900
beast in. 
Check, she made Mira fall in 

1414
01:19:05,908 --> 01:19:08,900
love, with her own father, which
led to a family Scandal that 

1415
01:19:08,900 --> 01:19:11,900
even the gods found awkward and 
the birth of Adonis, she 

1416
01:19:11,900 --> 01:19:14,600
inspired the sculpt to pick malm
to fall in love with his own 

1417
01:19:14,600 --> 01:19:17,000
statue. 
But in that instance, she felt 

1418
01:19:17,000 --> 01:19:20,100
sorry for him and made the 
Statue come to life as galatia. 

1419
01:19:20,100 --> 01:19:23,400
Aphrodite is approached to her 
Divine duties, was exemplified 

1420
01:19:23,400 --> 01:19:26,500
by these interventions. 
She felt that love was the most 

1421
01:19:26,500 --> 01:19:29,800
potent force in the universe and
that everyone should experience 

1422
01:19:29,800 --> 01:19:31,900
it. 
Regardless of whether they 

1423
01:19:31,900 --> 01:19:36,100
desired, it were prepared for it
or could bear its consequences. 

1424
01:19:36,100 --> 01:19:39,500
A gift of love was like getting 
a wild animal as a pet. 

1425
01:19:39,500 --> 01:19:43,700
Beautiful, thrilling and able to
ruin your entire life. 

1426
01:19:43,700 --> 01:19:47,500
If you don't treat it with the 
respect it deserves, Aphrodite 

1427
01:19:47,500 --> 01:19:49,700
is meddling in their Affairs 
taught the other gods to be 

1428
01:19:49,708 --> 01:19:52,300
cautious. 
She was not above using her to 

1429
01:19:52,300 --> 01:19:55,100
settle scores, or further her 
own agenda, and she could make 

1430
01:19:55,100 --> 01:19:58,600
them fall in love with Mortals 
with each other, or with totally

1431
01:19:58,600 --> 01:20:01,700
inappropriate targets. 
The last thing used needed was 

1432
01:20:01,700 --> 01:20:04,800
for hero to have Divine help. 
Complicate, his already complex,

1433
01:20:04,800 --> 01:20:07,400
love life. 
So even he was cautious, not to 

1434
01:20:07,400 --> 01:20:10,400
offend his daughter too much. 
Despite his own difficult 

1435
01:20:10,400 --> 01:20:13,600
relationship with Fidelity 
Hermes approached, godhood like 

1436
01:20:13,600 --> 01:20:17,000
someone attempting to construct 
the perfect resume or as his 

1437
01:20:17,000 --> 01:20:20,100
fellow Olympians focused on 
specific facets of divine 

1438
01:20:20,100 --> 01:20:23,500
responsibility, despite having 
more job titles than a 

1439
01:20:23,500 --> 01:20:26,900
contemporary startup CEO. 
Hermes was able to excel at all 

1440
01:20:26,900 --> 01:20:31,300
of them, messenger of the Gods 
Guide to the underworld, patron 

1441
01:20:31,300 --> 01:20:35,200
of merchants protector of 
Travelers, and divine sponsor of

1442
01:20:35,200 --> 01:20:39,200
Thieves Hermes, adaptability 
resulted from both necessity, 

1443
01:20:39,200 --> 01:20:43,100
and his personality being Zeus's
youngest son, he had to 

1444
01:20:43,100 --> 01:20:46,300
establish his own place in a 
Pantheon, or is older more. 

1445
01:20:46,700 --> 01:20:49,300
Published relatives had already 
claimed all the evident Divine 

1446
01:20:49,300 --> 01:20:52,200
portfolios, being the god. 
You called, when you needed 

1447
01:20:52,200 --> 01:20:55,700
something done, fast, quietly, 
or creatively was his answer to 

1448
01:20:55,700 --> 01:20:58,600
becoming indispensable to 
everyone, both Divine and 

1449
01:20:58,608 --> 01:21:02,300
Mortal, his position as a Divine
messenger, demanded diplomatic 

1450
01:21:02,300 --> 01:21:05,100
abilities that would stump 
experts and contemporary 

1451
01:21:05,100 --> 01:21:09,100
international relations, Hermes 
frequently, mediated truces in 

1452
01:21:09,100 --> 01:21:11,900
Wars where both sides viewed 
compromises, a sign of weakness 

1453
01:21:11,900 --> 01:21:15,200
delivered news that would have 
made recipients want to shoot 

1454
01:21:15,200 --> 01:21:18,700
the messenger, except that he 
was Immortal and Incredibly 

1455
01:21:18,700 --> 01:21:21,500
Swift. 
And carried messages, between 

1456
01:21:21,500 --> 01:21:25,000
Gods, who actively attempting to
kill one another, the scouting 

1457
01:21:25,000 --> 01:21:27,500
souls to the underworld was 
another of the messenger Gods 

1458
01:21:27,500 --> 01:21:30,600
responsibilities. 
This task called for a special 

1459
01:21:30,600 --> 01:21:34,100
blend of efficiency and empathy 
without becoming overly invested

1460
01:21:34,100 --> 01:21:37,600
in each person's unique story, 
Hermes had to assist recently 

1461
01:21:37,600 --> 01:21:40,000
deceased Mortals in 
comprehending, their predicament

1462
01:21:40,000 --> 01:21:43,800
navigating, the formalities of 
death, and transporting them to 

1463
01:21:43,800 --> 01:21:47,500
their ultimate destinations with
a path that Ended from Earth to 

1464
01:21:47,500 --> 01:21:50,600
the lowest reaches of Hades. 
It was similar to being a cosmic

1465
01:21:50,600 --> 01:21:54,300
social worker Hermes recognized 
that last knee and commerce were

1466
01:21:54,300 --> 01:21:57,200
frequently separated by little 
more than legal nuances, and 

1467
01:21:57,200 --> 01:21:59,800
clever marketing. 
Which is why he supported both 

1468
01:21:59,800 --> 01:22:02,300
thieves and Merchants the 
skills. 

1469
01:22:02,300 --> 01:22:05,200
Necessary for ancient trades 
such as the ability to quickly 

1470
01:22:05,200 --> 01:22:08,800
determine value, negotiate under
pressure and occasionally make 

1471
01:22:08,800 --> 01:22:11,200
quick exits. 
When deals went wrong were very 

1472
01:22:11,208 --> 01:22:13,600
similar to those needed for 
theft though. 

1473
01:22:13,600 --> 01:22:16,100
He favored his Protege to 
concentrate on the former 

1474
01:22:16,100 --> 01:22:19,100
whenever feasible Herm is 
recognized, the entrepreneurial 

1475
01:22:19,100 --> 01:22:22,100
Spirit inherent in both legal 
business and creative theft 

1476
01:22:22,100 --> 01:22:25,900
since Travelers, risky, 
uncertain, and necessary for 

1477
01:22:25,900 --> 01:22:28,200
survival. 
In those days, he was one of the

1478
01:22:28,200 --> 01:22:31,100
most widely worshiped gods in 
Antiquity for protecting 

1479
01:22:31,100 --> 01:22:33,400
Travelers prayers. 
To Hermes, could mean the 

1480
01:22:33,400 --> 01:22:36,500
difference between arriving at 
your destination and becoming a 

1481
01:22:36,500 --> 01:22:38,400
cautionary tale for future 
Travelers. 

1482
01:22:38,400 --> 01:22:42,500
His symbols, also indicated safe
lodging and trusted Merchants. 

1483
01:22:42,500 --> 01:22:46,900
Hermes is roadside shrines 
marked, safe, places to rest the

1484
01:22:46,900 --> 01:22:49,300
gods creativity. 
Went beyond his work obligations

1485
01:22:49,300 --> 01:22:52,400
to include his Hobbies after 
transforming a tortoise shell 

1486
01:22:52,400 --> 01:22:56,000
into a musical instrument 
Hermes, created the liar, and 

1487
01:22:56,000 --> 01:22:59,100
gave it to Apollo in return for 
being acknowledged as the Line 

1488
01:22:59,100 --> 01:23:02,200
patron of animal husbandry. 
In addition, to creating the 

1489
01:23:02,200 --> 01:23:03,800
first alphabet, and the 
panpipes. 

1490
01:23:03,800 --> 01:23:06,400
He also set the rules for 
athletic competitions. 

1491
01:23:06,400 --> 01:23:09,100
Like someone who viewed 
immortality as a chance to 

1492
01:23:09,100 --> 01:23:11,900
become an expert in every 
possible skill and Pastime. 

1493
01:23:11,900 --> 01:23:15,700
His Creative Energy seemed 
Limitless because of his many 

1494
01:23:15,700 --> 01:23:18,800
roles that kept him busy and on 
the road as well, as the fact 

1495
01:23:18,800 --> 01:23:21,500
that he had mastered, the art of
remaining impartial in family 

1496
01:23:21,500 --> 01:23:25,300
disputes hermes' relationship. 
With his family was notably more

1497
01:23:25,300 --> 01:23:28,900
harmonious than most Olympic 
relationships in general. 

1498
01:23:28,900 --> 01:23:31,600
He was the family member who 
could be relied upon, not to 

1499
01:23:31,600 --> 01:23:35,500
exacerbate already, existing 
issues mediated compromises that

1500
01:23:35,500 --> 01:23:38,900
allowed everyone to save face 
and conveyed messages between 

1501
01:23:38,900 --> 01:23:41,000
warring relatives without taking
sides. 

1502
01:23:41,000 --> 01:23:44,300
Perhaps because he was too busy 
to become deeply involved in the

1503
01:23:44,300 --> 01:23:46,800
kind of dramatic relationships 
that took up so much of his 

1504
01:23:46,800 --> 01:23:49,300
family's time. 
His romantic life was 

1505
01:23:49,300 --> 01:23:51,500
surprisingly simple. 
In comparison to theirs, 

1506
01:23:51,500 --> 01:23:54,400
although Hermes had 
relationships and Affairs, they 

1507
01:23:54,400 --> 01:23:57,500
were usually short-lived 
Pleasant and devoid of the 

1508
01:23:57,500 --> 01:24:00,200
curses. 
Metamorphoses and natural 

1509
01:24:00,200 --> 01:24:03,800
catastrophes, that marked other 
Divine romances, Demeter was 

1510
01:24:03,808 --> 01:24:06,400
arguably, the most useful and 
necessary of all the Olympic 

1511
01:24:06,400 --> 01:24:08,500
Gods. 
She governed whether people ate 

1512
01:24:08,500 --> 01:24:11,900
or starved where the crops 
thrived or failed, and whether 

1513
01:24:11,900 --> 01:24:14,900
civilization survived or fell 
apart due to famine as the 

1514
01:24:14,908 --> 01:24:18,400
goddess of agriculture, the 
Harvest and the fertility of the

1515
01:24:18,400 --> 01:24:20,300
earth. 
She was one of the more steady 

1516
01:24:20,300 --> 01:24:22,700
independable members of the 
pantheon because of her work, 

1517
01:24:22,700 --> 01:24:26,600
which required patience 
attention to detail and a 

1518
01:24:26,600 --> 01:24:29,500
thorough, understanding of 
natural cycles Demeter. 

1519
01:24:29,500 --> 01:24:33,000
Took her Heavenly responsibility
seriously, as if she knew that 

1520
01:24:33,000 --> 01:24:36,600
her actions had a direct impact 
on millions of lives with 

1521
01:24:36,800 --> 01:24:39,500
commitment of a sign to the 
power of someone who could 

1522
01:24:39,500 --> 01:24:42,800
personally modify these 
variables when needed She kept 

1523
01:24:42,800 --> 01:24:46,500
an eye on plant diseases, where 
the patterns and soil conditions

1524
01:24:46,500 --> 01:24:49,600
because Demeter's mood could 
affect whether their family 

1525
01:24:49,600 --> 01:24:52,800
survive, the winter Farmers, 
learned to keep an eye out for 

1526
01:24:52,800 --> 01:24:54,800
indications of her favor or 
disapproval. 

1527
01:24:54,800 --> 01:24:57,900
In contrast to some of her 
relatives who have appeared to 

1528
01:24:57,900 --> 01:25:01,500
see humans, mainly as Amusement.
She had a generally positive 

1529
01:25:01,500 --> 01:25:04,500
relationship with Mortals, 
Demeter established, the 

1530
01:25:04,500 --> 01:25:07,300
religious festivals that enabled
communities to commemorate 

1531
01:25:07,300 --> 01:25:10,500
Bountiful harvests while 
preparing for the upcoming lean 

1532
01:25:10,500 --> 01:25:14,600
months, taught agriculture to 
early civilizations and imparted

1533
01:25:14,600 --> 01:25:17,100
the knowledge of bread making 
and food preservation. 

1534
01:25:17,100 --> 01:25:20,200
She was the type of goddess who 
genuinely wished for her 

1535
01:25:20,200 --> 01:25:23,100
followers to succeed and was 
prepared to put in the effort 

1536
01:25:23,100 --> 01:25:26,900
necessary to achieve that goal. 
Trauma of losing her daughter, 

1537
01:25:26,900 --> 01:25:30,200
Persephone was exacerbated by 
this pragmatic caring approach. 

1538
01:25:30,200 --> 01:25:34,100
The story started, when Hades 
decided he needed a wife because

1539
01:25:34,100 --> 01:25:37,300
he was lonely in his underworld 
Kingdom and sick of ruling over 

1540
01:25:37,300 --> 01:25:39,800
the dead alone. 
Hades, simply abducted, 

1541
01:25:39,800 --> 01:25:42,700
Persephone as she was gathering 
flowers in a meadow and dragged 

1542
01:25:42,700 --> 01:25:44,500
her down to his realm through a 
fissure in the ground. 

1543
01:25:44,500 --> 01:25:47,400
By passing the intricate 
courtship rights. 

1544
01:25:47,400 --> 01:25:49,900
That other gods had to go 
through when her daughter 

1545
01:25:49,900 --> 01:25:51,800
vanished. 
Demeter's response was prompt 

1546
01:25:51,800 --> 01:25:54,700
and decisive. 
She neglected, the crops the 

1547
01:25:54,700 --> 01:25:57,500
seasons, and the whole natural 
cycle, that kept the world 

1548
01:25:57,500 --> 01:25:59,100
running. 
As she turned her back on her 

1549
01:25:59,100 --> 01:26:02,000
Divine duties, and started 
looking for Persephone on the 

1550
01:26:02,008 --> 01:26:05,800
earth fruit trees. 
With Fields went arid and the 

1551
01:26:05,800 --> 01:26:07,900
planet entered. 
What was effectively, the first 

1552
01:26:07,900 --> 01:26:11,600
nuclear winter. 
Only this time a grieving mother

1553
01:26:11,600 --> 01:26:14,200
with supernatural. 
Abilities was to blame rather 

1554
01:26:14,200 --> 01:26:17,300
than Atomic Fallout. 
The goddess, followed every room

1555
01:26:17,300 --> 01:26:21,000
and possibility as she searched 
the known world and Beyond while

1556
01:26:21,000 --> 01:26:23,600
living among Mortals, and 
disguising herself as an elderly

1557
01:26:23,600 --> 01:26:25,400
woman, she witnessed their 
cruel. 

1558
01:26:25,600 --> 01:26:28,500
And kindness first hand and 
never gave up on finding her 

1559
01:26:28,500 --> 01:26:30,900
daughter. 
Nothing could grow while Demeter

1560
01:26:30,900 --> 01:26:33,700
was in mourning because I grief 
was so deep that it impacted the

1561
01:26:33,700 --> 01:26:35,300
very nature of fertility and 
growth. 

1562
01:26:35,300 --> 01:26:37,900
The other gods realized they 
were facing a crisis. 

1563
01:26:37,900 --> 01:26:40,900
When famine swept the planet and
Mortal started to perish from 

1564
01:26:40,900 --> 01:26:44,900
starvation, empty temples do not
produce the ore and adoration 

1565
01:26:44,900 --> 01:26:48,100
that God's need for their mental
health and dead worshipers do 

1566
01:26:48,100 --> 01:26:50,900
not offer sacrifices. 
When it became evident that 

1567
01:26:50,900 --> 01:26:53,600
Demeter's, labor strike would 
bring civilization to an end. 

1568
01:26:53,600 --> 01:26:56,800
And unless something was done 
Zeus, who had previously ignored

1569
01:26:56,800 --> 01:26:59,300
the issue in the hopes that it 
would end on its own was 

1570
01:26:59,300 --> 01:27:02,200
compelled to step in a delicate 
diplomatic issue. 

1571
01:27:02,200 --> 01:27:05,300
Confronted the king of the Gods 
since the underworld was Hades 

1572
01:27:05,300 --> 01:27:08,500
Sovereign territory, and forcing
him to give up his bride would 

1573
01:27:08,500 --> 01:27:11,200
set a precedent that might 
restrict Zeus's own romantic 

1574
01:27:11,200 --> 01:27:13,900
Adventures. 
He couldn't just order Hades to 

1575
01:27:13,900 --> 01:27:17,900
return Persephone since Demeter 
had justifiable complaints and 

1576
01:27:17,900 --> 01:27:19,900
the other gods were beginning to
feel sorry for her. 

1577
01:27:19,900 --> 01:27:22,700
He was unable to order her to 
return to her duties. 

1578
01:27:22,700 --> 01:27:26,200
He required a solution that 
would save face for All parties 

1579
01:27:26,200 --> 01:27:29,400
while also satisfying, everyone 
Zeus despatched. 

1580
01:27:29,400 --> 01:27:32,400
Hermes to bargain, with Hades 
proposing to acknowledge the 

1581
01:27:32,408 --> 01:27:34,700
Union in return for 
Persephone's, Liberty to visit, 

1582
01:27:34,700 --> 01:27:38,200
her mother Hades consented, but 
only on the Proviso that anyone 

1583
01:27:38,200 --> 01:27:40,800
who ate in the realm of the 
Dead, would inevitably return 

1584
01:27:40,800 --> 01:27:43,400
there because Persephone had 
eaten pomegranate seeds while in

1585
01:27:43,400 --> 01:27:46,700
the Underworld, the compromise 
reached during the negotiations.

1586
01:27:46,700 --> 01:27:49,600
Gave everyone a sense of partial
success, but did not fully 

1587
01:27:49,600 --> 01:27:53,100
satisfy anyone every year. 
Persephone would spend some time

1588
01:27:53,100 --> 01:27:55,800
with her mother on Earth and 
sometime with her husband in the

1589
01:27:55,800 --> 01:27:58,500
Underworld only when her 
daughter was present with 

1590
01:27:58,500 --> 01:28:01,400
Demeter return to her duties. 
The arrangement established the 

1591
01:28:01,400 --> 01:28:05,000
seasons ottoman winter when 
passione returned to Hades and 

1592
01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:09,100
Demeter sorrow, put the world to
rest and spring and summer when 

1593
01:28:09,100 --> 01:28:12,200
Persephone returned to Earth and
Demeter's happiness, caused 

1594
01:28:12,200 --> 01:28:14,800
everything to blue because of 
her exceptional. 

1595
01:28:14,800 --> 01:28:18,000
Blend of military skill and 
intellectual prowess Athena 

1596
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:21,600
stood Out Among the 12 Olympians
as a goddess of war and wisdom. 

1597
01:28:21,600 --> 01:28:25,000
She stood for the deliberate 
calculated approach to fighting.

1598
01:28:25,600 --> 01:28:28,000
As a supposed to the violent 
Mayhem that defined her 

1599
01:28:28,000 --> 01:28:32,200
half-brother Ari's realm Athena 
stood for the strategy tactics 

1600
01:28:32,200 --> 01:28:35,300
and strategic application of 
force that could win conflicts 

1601
01:28:35,300 --> 01:28:38,300
with the fewest possible. 
Casualties, while Aries, 

1602
01:28:38,300 --> 01:28:41,100
symbolized, the heedless rage 
and bloodlust of combat. 

1603
01:28:41,100 --> 01:28:44,800
Her peculiar birth emerging 
fully developed an armed from 

1604
01:28:44,800 --> 01:28:48,500
Zeus's head off after ingested, 
her pregnant mother, Represented

1605
01:28:48,500 --> 01:28:51,700
the kind of instantaneous 
comprehensive knowledge that 

1606
01:28:51,700 --> 01:28:55,100
defined her method of problem 
solving in contrast to other 

1607
01:28:55,100 --> 01:28:57,800
gods who acquired knowledge 
through experience or gradually.

1608
01:28:57,800 --> 01:29:01,400
Improve their skills Athena came
into being fully in control of 

1609
01:29:01,400 --> 01:29:04,900
her Realms and aware of the ways
in which war and wisdom could 

1610
01:29:04,900 --> 01:29:07,700
work in tandem. 
Athena's, wisdom was useful 

1611
01:29:07,700 --> 01:29:10,600
actionable intelligence. 
That could be used to solve 

1612
01:29:10,600 --> 01:29:14,000
actual issues, not the abstract 
philosophical, kind that is 

1613
01:29:14,000 --> 01:29:17,500
discussed in academic settings, 
by teaching Mortals, how to make

1614
01:29:17,500 --> 01:29:20,600
better tools, stronger, 
buildings and innovations that 

1615
01:29:20,600 --> 01:29:24,100
enhance their daily lives. 
She Rose to become the patroness

1616
01:29:24,100 --> 01:29:26,900
of craftsmanship, architecture 
and Technology. 

1617
01:29:26,900 --> 01:29:30,200
Her contributions to humanity 
were practical abilities that 

1618
01:29:30,200 --> 01:29:32,900
enabled civilization, rather 
than impersonal ideas. 

1619
01:29:33,900 --> 01:29:36,600
This practical wisdom was 
reflected in her approach to 

1620
01:29:36,600 --> 01:29:40,000
Warfare Athena favorite tactics 
that won battles with few 

1621
01:29:40,000 --> 01:29:43,600
resources and casualties or as 
Aries favored direct conflict. 

1622
01:29:43,600 --> 01:29:47,100
And over Force, she was the 
goddess who prayed to when you 

1623
01:29:47,100 --> 01:29:50,200
had to defeat a stronger foe. 
Defend your city against 

1624
01:29:50,200 --> 01:29:54,100
insurmountable odds or win by 
cunning rather than Brute Force,

1625
01:29:54,100 --> 01:29:57,900
Athena strategic thinking was 
exemplified by her competition 

1626
01:29:57,900 --> 01:30:00,000
with Poseidon for the patronage 
of Athens. 

1627
01:30:00,800 --> 01:30:03,100
Both gods were asked to present 
gifts that would help the 

1628
01:30:03,100 --> 01:30:06,400
populace when the city needed, a
patron, deity, impressive, 

1629
01:30:06,400 --> 01:30:09,200
dramatic, and ultimately 
pointless for a city that 

1630
01:30:09,200 --> 01:30:12,700
already had access to the Sea 
Poseidon, struck the ground with

1631
01:30:12,700 --> 01:30:15,000
his Trident and created a spring
of saltwater. 

1632
01:30:15,000 --> 01:30:18,100
By planting an olive. 
Tree Athena gave the city access

1633
01:30:18,100 --> 01:30:21,500
to food, lamp oil, building 
materials, and a sustainable 

1634
01:30:21,500 --> 01:30:23,400
resource that would last for 
many generations. 

1635
01:30:23,400 --> 01:30:26,800
The Athenian selected Athena's 
gift because they understood 

1636
01:30:26,800 --> 01:30:28,800
that its usefulness. 
Outweighed ostentatious 

1637
01:30:28,800 --> 01:30:31,600
displays. 
This Choice made Athens, a hub 

1638
01:30:31,600 --> 01:30:34,400
of knowledge, wisdom and 
strategic thinking. 

1639
01:30:35,300 --> 01:30:37,600
Values that would go on to 
produce some of the greatest 

1640
01:30:37,600 --> 01:30:41,200
philosophers Architects and 
Military commanders in history. 

1641
01:30:41,200 --> 01:30:45,400
Long after faith in the ancient 
gods at waned, Athens in 

1642
01:30:45,408 --> 01:30:50,100
Florence continued to shape the 
city's personality Served as an 

1643
01:30:50,100 --> 01:30:52,900
example of how Divine wisdom 
could impact mortal conflicts 

1644
01:30:52,900 --> 01:30:56,100
during the Trojan War Athena 
sided with the Greeks because 

1645
01:30:56,108 --> 01:30:58,800
she thought they embodied the 
values of tactical Innovation 

1646
01:30:58,800 --> 01:31:02,600
and strategic thinking that she 
valued while other gods made 

1647
01:31:02,600 --> 01:31:05,400
their decisions based on 
personal preferences or familial

1648
01:31:05,400 --> 01:31:07,800
allegiances. 
She helped create the Trojan 

1649
01:31:07,800 --> 01:31:10,900
Horse strategy that ultimately 
put an end to the 10-year Siege 

1650
01:31:10,900 --> 01:31:14,200
and gave advice to Heroes, like 
Odysseus who approached 

1651
01:31:14,200 --> 01:31:17,500
obstacles with cunning rather 
than force compared to other 

1652
01:31:17,500 --> 01:31:19,200
gods. 
Athena had very different 

1653
01:31:19,200 --> 01:31:21,900
relationships. 
With Mortals, Athena established

1654
01:31:21,900 --> 01:31:25,300
mentoring relationships, based 
on respect for one another and a

1655
01:31:25,300 --> 01:31:28,000
common interest in ideas as 
opposed to the intense 

1656
01:31:28,000 --> 01:31:30,400
frequently destructive romantic 
entanglements. 

1657
01:31:30,400 --> 01:31:33,300
That defined her relatives 
interactions with humans. 

1658
01:31:33,300 --> 01:31:36,300
She inspired inventors to 
develop new technologies, 

1659
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:39,800
mentored artists to hone their 
craft and Council military 

1660
01:31:39,800 --> 01:31:42,200
leaders on tactics to safeguard 
their troops. 

1661
01:31:42,200 --> 01:31:44,900
She made a philosophical 
statement about the nature of 

1662
01:31:44,900 --> 01:31:48,600
wisdom by choosing to remain a 
virgin forever Athena was aware,

1663
01:31:48,600 --> 01:31:51,900
that ROM, Relationships 
frequently weakened judgment and

1664
01:31:51,900 --> 01:31:55,400
calls loyalties, to be split 
traits that were incompatible 

1665
01:31:55,400 --> 01:31:58,300
with the rational thought, 
necessary for both wisdom and 

1666
01:31:58,300 --> 01:32:01,100
successful combat. 
She was able to maintain the 

1667
01:32:01,100 --> 01:32:04,000
objectivity required to base 
decisions on Merit, rather than 

1668
01:32:04,000 --> 01:32:08,200
Emotion by staying unattached. 
When disputes arose between 

1669
01:32:08,200 --> 01:32:11,700
Mortals and other gods, the 
goddess also acted as a Divine 

1670
01:32:11,700 --> 01:32:15,200
mediator, she was uniquely 
suited to comprehend both sides 

1671
01:32:15,200 --> 01:32:17,200
of arguments and come up with 
solutions. 

1672
01:32:17,200 --> 01:32:20,700
That met everyone's justifiable 
interests while averting 

1673
01:32:20,700 --> 01:32:24,500
needless violence because of her
wisdom and fighting prowess. 

1674
01:32:24,500 --> 01:32:27,400
Not only could she help you win 
but she could do so without 

1675
01:32:27,400 --> 01:32:30,800
causing you any new issues which
made her the god you wanted on 

1676
01:32:30,800 --> 01:32:34,600
your side, Apollo exemplified 
Divine multitasking on a scale 

1677
01:32:34,600 --> 01:32:37,000
that would impress contemporary 
productivity experts. 

1678
01:32:37,000 --> 01:32:40,900
If Athena stood for focused 
expertise as the god of the son 

1679
01:32:40,900 --> 01:32:45,400
music, poetry prophecy healing 
and archery Apollo oversaw 

1680
01:32:45,400 --> 01:32:47,500
duties, that would have 
overwhelmed many other gods 

1681
01:32:47,500 --> 01:32:50,500
while upholding standards of 
excellence the established 

1682
01:32:50,500 --> 01:32:54,100
benchmarks from Mortals in each 
of these domains driving the sun

1683
01:32:54,100 --> 01:32:56,800
across the sky every day. 
Required a level of consistency 

1684
01:32:56,800 --> 01:32:59,800
and punctuality that would be 
difficult for anyone. 

1685
01:32:59,800 --> 01:33:03,300
Juggling a cosmic commute, he 
ensured that daylight reached 

1686
01:33:03,300 --> 01:33:06,700
every corner of the Earth at the
right time and intensity by. 

1687
01:33:06,900 --> 01:33:10,300
Tying his Chariot to four fire 
breathing horses and driving 

1688
01:33:10,300 --> 01:33:13,900
across the heavens every morning
because the entire natural world

1689
01:33:13,900 --> 01:33:17,400
relied on his dependability, it 
was a duty that did not permit 

1690
01:33:17,400 --> 01:33:20,500
sick days vacation time or the 
opportunity to sleep in. 

1691
01:33:21,400 --> 01:33:23,700
He became the first crossover 
artists in history. 

1692
01:33:23,700 --> 01:33:27,300
Thanks to his musical abilities.
Apollo was more than just a 

1693
01:33:27,300 --> 01:33:29,400
musician. 
He created musical, instruments 

1694
01:33:29,400 --> 01:33:32,800
established, the concepts of 
Rhythm and Harmony and served as

1695
01:33:32,808 --> 01:33:36,200
an inspiration to his fellow 
gods and Mortal musicians, his 

1696
01:33:36,200 --> 01:33:39,100
musical contest established, the
bar for artistic Brilliance, 

1697
01:33:39,100 --> 01:33:41,800
that mortal musicians would aim 
to reach for centuries. 

1698
01:33:41,800 --> 01:33:44,400
And his liar, became the 
standard in instrument for 

1699
01:33:44,400 --> 01:33:46,800
divine performances. 
Poetry, that was both 

1700
01:33:46,800 --> 01:33:48,700
entertaining. 
And prophetic was produced by 

1701
01:33:48,700 --> 01:33:51,400
the gods, through a combination 
of technical skill and divine 

1702
01:33:51,400 --> 01:33:53,900
inspiration. 
In addition to telling tales and

1703
01:33:53,900 --> 01:33:57,100
expressing feelings Apollo's, 
poetry also offered moral 

1704
01:33:57,100 --> 01:34:00,900
advice, disclosed future 
realities and preserved, the 

1705
01:34:00,900 --> 01:34:03,700
cultural knowledge that 
societies required to endure and

1706
01:34:03,700 --> 01:34:07,400
Thrive his impact on Mortal 
poets was so great that 

1707
01:34:07,400 --> 01:34:10,300
inspiration itself, came to be 
seen as a sign of divine 

1708
01:34:10,300 --> 01:34:12,600
possession by Apollo or his 
muses. 

1709
01:34:13,800 --> 01:34:16,100
The most significant source of 
prophetic guidance. 

1710
01:34:16,100 --> 01:34:20,100
In ancient Greece was Apollo's 
Oracle at Delphi Apollo's 

1711
01:34:20,100 --> 01:34:22,900
Priestess pythia, gave 
prophesies that affected Greek 

1712
01:34:22,900 --> 01:34:27,000
politics colonization war and 
Private Affairs city-state 

1713
01:34:27,000 --> 01:34:28,900
sought advice. 
Before founding new, colonies 

1714
01:34:28,900 --> 01:34:31,700
individuals, sorted advice on 
everything from Marriage 

1715
01:34:31,700 --> 01:34:35,200
prospects to career choices, and
King sought the Oracle before 

1716
01:34:35,200 --> 01:34:38,200
making important decisions, the 
oracles predictions were 

1717
01:34:38,200 --> 01:34:41,600
renowned for being cryptic, 
necessitating interpretation 

1718
01:34:41,600 --> 01:34:44,300
that frequently became clear 
only after the events had taken 

1719
01:34:44,300 --> 01:34:46,200
place. 
This ambiguity was a 

1720
01:34:46,208 --> 01:34:49,100
characteristic that represented 
Apollo's view of the proper 

1721
01:34:49,100 --> 01:34:51,900
operation of Prophecy, not a 
weakness in the system. 

1722
01:34:52,700 --> 01:34:55,900
Free Will and the lessons that 
Mortals needed to learn via 

1723
01:34:55,900 --> 01:34:58,700
experience would be eliminated 
by direct predictions. 

1724
01:34:58,700 --> 01:35:01,200
While maintaining the 
flexibility to make decisions 

1725
01:35:01,200 --> 01:35:03,700
and grow from them. 
Cryptic guidance offered 

1726
01:35:03,700 --> 01:35:07,400
guidance because of his 
expertise in medicine Apollo was

1727
01:35:07,400 --> 01:35:10,100
able to both cause and cure 
plagues making him. 

1728
01:35:10,100 --> 01:35:12,400
The Divine physician Apollo's 
arrows. 

1729
01:35:12,400 --> 01:35:14,600
Had the power to spread disease 
that wiped out entire 

1730
01:35:14,600 --> 01:35:16,600
populations. 
When Mortals offended him or 

1731
01:35:16,600 --> 01:35:20,500
other gods, he could heal wounds
Holt epidemics and impart 

1732
01:35:20,500 --> 01:35:22,500
medical knowledge to Mortals. 
So they could take care of 

1733
01:35:22,500 --> 01:35:24,200
themselves. 
If he was duly honored and 

1734
01:35:24,200 --> 01:35:26,800
placated, the Greek 
understanding that Health 

1735
01:35:26,800 --> 01:35:29,200
depended on upholding 
appropriate, relationships, with

1736
01:35:29,200 --> 01:35:33,400
Divine forces, was reflected in 
his dual role as both the cores 

1737
01:35:33,400 --> 01:35:35,900
and the Cure of illness. 
Even among the gods. 

1738
01:35:35,900 --> 01:35:39,000
His archery prowess was 
legendary fusing Supernatural 

1739
01:35:39,000 --> 01:35:40,700
accuracy with physical 
dexterity. 

1740
01:35:40,700 --> 01:35:44,300
Whether he was hunting, wild 
animals reprimanding Mortals who

1741
01:35:44,300 --> 01:35:47,300
had wronged him or engaging in 
competition with other archers 

1742
01:35:47,300 --> 01:35:50,000
Apollo's, arrows, never fail to 
hit their targets. 

1743
01:35:50,000 --> 01:35:52,400
He was the patron deity of 
athletes. 

1744
01:35:52,700 --> 01:35:55,300
And competitors, who aimed for 
flawless performance, because 

1745
01:35:55,300 --> 01:35:58,000
his skill with the bow 
represented, the accuracy and 

1746
01:35:58,000 --> 01:36:01,400
concentration needed for success
in any Endeavor, despite his 

1747
01:36:01,400 --> 01:36:05,000
Divine status and impressive 
array of talents Apollo's 

1748
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:07,400
romantic relationships were 
notably unsuccessful. 

1749
01:36:08,300 --> 01:36:10,800
When Daphne changed into a 
laurel tree to get away from 

1750
01:36:10,800 --> 01:36:14,500
him, he stopped pursuing her 
Apollo, cursed Cassandra because

1751
01:36:14,500 --> 01:36:17,100
she had promised to be his lover
in exchange for the gift of 

1752
01:36:17,100 --> 01:36:19,800
Prophecy. 
She had broken the agreement, 

1753
01:36:19,800 --> 01:36:22,200
making her predictions. 
Unbelievable. 

1754
01:36:22,200 --> 01:36:25,200
He became more understanding of 
Mortals going through similar 

1755
01:36:25,200 --> 01:36:27,100
struggles. 
After learning from these failed

1756
01:36:27,100 --> 01:36:30,400
relationships, that even Divine 
Perfection couldn't ensure love 

1757
01:36:30,400 --> 01:36:33,700
success, Artemis, chose a path 
that valued, Solitude 

1758
01:36:33,700 --> 01:36:36,800
Independence and the wild places
that existed outside of human 

1759
01:36:36,800 --> 01:36:40,000
civilization while her twin 
brother, Apollo embraced, the 

1760
01:36:40,000 --> 01:36:43,700
public aspects of godhood with 
its contests oracles and 

1761
01:36:43,700 --> 01:36:46,000
constant interaction with 
Mortals. 

1762
01:36:46,000 --> 01:36:49,300
Like a cosmic mashup of 
wilderness guide and emergency 

1763
01:36:49,300 --> 01:36:51,800
room directors. 
She carved out a Divine 

1764
01:36:51,800 --> 01:36:54,100
identity. 
As the goddess of the hunt, the 

1765
01:36:54,100 --> 01:36:58,300
moon and childbirth one, that 
was both nurturing and fiercely 

1766
01:36:58,300 --> 01:37:01,400
protective Artemis made of 
philosophical statement about 

1767
01:37:01,400 --> 01:37:04,400
autonomy in self-determination 
when she chose to remain 

1768
01:37:04,400 --> 01:37:08,400
eternally virgin in addition to 
it, being a personal choice, as 

1769
01:37:08,400 --> 01:37:11,100
a young girl, she begged, Zeus 
to give her Chastity for all the

1770
01:37:11,100 --> 01:37:14,800
eternity as well as a bow and 
arrows a pack of hunting hounds 

1771
01:37:14,800 --> 01:37:16,500
and a group of nymphs to be her 
friends. 

1772
01:37:16,500 --> 01:37:20,200
It was akin to requesting the 
Your feminist starter kit which 

1773
01:37:20,200 --> 01:37:23,400
included weapons devoted 
Companions and the absence of 

1774
01:37:23,400 --> 01:37:26,500
romantic complications her. 
Hunting Expeditions through the 

1775
01:37:26,508 --> 01:37:29,300
ancient world's mountains and 
forests, were renowned for their

1776
01:37:29,300 --> 01:37:32,300
accuracy and efficiency. 
Artemis hunted to keep the 

1777
01:37:32,300 --> 01:37:35,800
balance between civilization and
Wilderness and showing that wild

1778
01:37:35,800 --> 01:37:38,800
animals remained wild while 
safeguarding human settlements 

1779
01:37:38,800 --> 01:37:41,000
from creatures. 
That pose, real threats. 

1780
01:37:41,800 --> 01:37:44,400
She did not hunt for fun or to 
collect trophies. 

1781
01:37:44,400 --> 01:37:47,600
She was the patroness of moral 
Hunters because our arrows were 

1782
01:37:47,600 --> 01:37:51,000
quick, and kind made to kill 
cleanly and without needless 

1783
01:37:51,000 --> 01:37:53,900
suffering, one of the most 
effective instances of female, 

1784
01:37:53,900 --> 01:37:57,400
camaraderie, and supporting 
mythology was the goddesses bond

1785
01:37:57,400 --> 01:38:00,300
with her nymphs. 
These nature Spirits formed a 

1786
01:38:00,300 --> 01:38:02,900
community that functioned 
without the consent or authority

1787
01:38:02,900 --> 01:38:06,800
of men have taken the same vow 
of Chastity as their mistress 

1788
01:38:06,800 --> 01:38:09,800
with the effectiveness of an 
old-fashioned security detail. 

1789
01:38:09,800 --> 01:38:12,900
They hunted traveled and 
defended one another from 

1790
01:38:12,900 --> 01:38:16,700
unwelcomed romantic advances. 
This selected family was 

1791
01:38:16,700 --> 01:38:19,700
completely and frequently 
brutally protected by Artemis. 

1792
01:38:19,700 --> 01:38:23,300
Acton the hunter was killed by 
his own hunting dogs after she 

1793
01:38:23,300 --> 01:38:26,100
changed to him into a stag when 
he unintentionally witnessed her

1794
01:38:26,100 --> 01:38:30,400
bathing, This punishment made it
very evident that privacy and 

1795
01:38:30,400 --> 01:38:33,300
consent should be respected in 
order to prove that intelligence

1796
01:38:33,300 --> 01:38:34,700
could overcome physical 
strength. 

1797
01:38:34,700 --> 01:38:38,300
Artemis deceive the giant 
Hunters Otis and ify altice into

1798
01:38:38,300 --> 01:38:40,400
killing each other with their 
own Spears when they tried to 

1799
01:38:40,400 --> 01:38:43,700
take her and hear her as wives, 
her status, as a virgin was 

1800
01:38:43,700 --> 01:38:46,300
interestingly contrasted with 
her role as the goddess of 

1801
01:38:46,300 --> 01:38:48,900
childbirth. 
When their mother Leto was in 

1802
01:38:48,900 --> 01:38:50,000
labor. 
Artemis helped. 

1803
01:38:50,000 --> 01:38:52,900
Give birth to her own brother, 
which provided her with unique 

1804
01:38:52,900 --> 01:38:56,000
perspective on the difficulties 
and risks involved in bringing a

1805
01:38:56,000 --> 01:38:58,800
new life into the world. 
She evolved into the Divine 

1806
01:38:58,800 --> 01:39:02,000
Midwife called upon by goddesses
going through their own maternal

1807
01:39:02,000 --> 01:39:04,600
struggles, as well as mortal 
women having a difficult time. 

1808
01:39:04,600 --> 01:39:07,700
Giving birth. 
Because of this Duty Artemis 

1809
01:39:07,700 --> 01:39:10,800
became extremely protective of 
expectant, mothers and new 

1810
01:39:10,800 --> 01:39:13,200
mothers, extending her 
guardianship Beyond her 

1811
01:39:13,200 --> 01:39:16,600
immediate nymphal circle to 
Encompass any woman who was 

1812
01:39:16,600 --> 01:39:19,500
vulnerable during childbirth, 
regardless of their other 

1813
01:39:19,500 --> 01:39:21,800
religious preferences. 
She was one of the most 

1814
01:39:21,800 --> 01:39:25,300
practically significant deities 
for ancient families because her

1815
01:39:25,300 --> 01:39:27,600
interventions could mean the 
difference between life and 

1816
01:39:27,600 --> 01:39:30,700
death for both mother and child,
since Luna Cycles were 

1817
01:39:30,700 --> 01:39:33,800
traditionally linked to both 
female biology and the nocturnal

1818
01:39:33,800 --> 01:39:37,200
activities that defined much of 
ancient hunting artemisas 

1819
01:39:37,200 --> 01:39:40,300
association with the moon 
complimented her hunting and 

1820
01:39:40,300 --> 01:39:43,700
childbirth responsibilities with
the same dependability that 

1821
01:39:43,700 --> 01:39:46,800
Apollo's son Chariot. 
Exhibited during the day, her 

1822
01:39:46,800 --> 01:39:49,600
silver Chariot pulled by four 
golden horned deer. 

1823
01:39:49,600 --> 01:39:53,600
Followed the moon's course. 
Across the night sky, the 

1824
01:39:53,600 --> 01:39:56,700
goddess had high, but reasonable
expectations for her devotees. 

1825
01:39:56,700 --> 01:40:00,300
She required her nymphs to be 
completely chased, fully 

1826
01:40:00,300 --> 01:40:03,100
committed to the hunt and loyal 
to the group at all times. 

1827
01:40:03,100 --> 01:40:05,600
She offered them safety 
friendship. 

1828
01:40:06,100 --> 01:40:07,900
And the opportunity to live 
their lives. 

1829
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:11,600
As they saw fit independent of 
the expectations of their 

1830
01:40:11,600 --> 01:40:14,300
families, communities or future 
husbands. 

1831
01:40:14,300 --> 01:40:17,900
It was a social contract that 
provided alternatives to the few

1832
01:40:17,900 --> 01:40:20,600
choices that the majority of 
ancient women had because 

1833
01:40:20,600 --> 01:40:23,100
Artemis had chosen a lifestyle 
that was fundamentally 

1834
01:40:23,100 --> 01:40:26,500
incompatible with conventional 
relationships, her infrequent 

1835
01:40:26,500 --> 01:40:29,700
romantic relationships, 
typically ended tragically not, 

1836
01:40:29,700 --> 01:40:32,600
because she was naturally, 
unlucky in love her fleeting 

1837
01:40:32,600 --> 01:40:35,600
interest in the hunter, Orion 
ended when according to one 

1838
01:40:35,600 --> 01:40:38,200
version of events, he died and 
became a constellation. 

1839
01:40:38,200 --> 01:40:41,500
Her belief that Independence was
better than the hassles of 

1840
01:40:41,500 --> 01:40:44,200
romance was strengthened by 
these encounters, her 

1841
01:40:44,200 --> 01:40:47,000
relationship with her family was
significantly, more harmonious 

1842
01:40:47,000 --> 01:40:50,600
than most Olympic relationships 
in part because she avoided 

1843
01:40:50,600 --> 01:40:53,100
getting involved in their 
disputes due to her self-imposed

1844
01:40:53,100 --> 01:40:55,300
seclusion. 
And in part, because she was 

1845
01:40:55,300 --> 01:40:58,600
useful to everyone, due to a 
practical contribution, such as 

1846
01:40:58,608 --> 01:41:01,500
managing Wildlife, populations, 
and assisting with difficult 

1847
01:41:01,500 --> 01:41:03,700
births. 
She was the family member who 

1848
01:41:03,700 --> 01:41:06,200
didn't cause trouble during the 
quiet times but was There when 

1849
01:41:06,200 --> 01:41:09,700
needed the fights to stood out 
among the many lovely strong and

1850
01:41:09,700 --> 01:41:13,200
captivating gods in the pantheon
because he had overcome major 

1851
01:41:13,200 --> 01:41:16,600
personal obstacles to become 
indispensable through talent and

1852
01:41:16,600 --> 01:41:19,500
willpower alone. 
He turned his early experience 

1853
01:41:19,500 --> 01:41:22,600
as of rejection and disability 
into a special kind of strength 

1854
01:41:22,600 --> 01:41:24,700
that made him. 
Perhaps the most practically 

1855
01:41:24,700 --> 01:41:26,400
useful member of the Olympic 
family. 

1856
01:41:26,400 --> 01:41:30,100
He was the god of fire 
craftsmanship and Technology as 

1857
01:41:30,100 --> 01:41:34,400
well as the Divine blacksmith. 
The origin story of Hephaestus 

1858
01:41:34,400 --> 01:41:36,900
seems to be an old-fashioned 
tale of triumphing over hardship

1859
01:41:36,900 --> 01:41:38,400
by virtue of One's Own 
greatness. 

1860
01:41:38,400 --> 01:41:42,800
His mother Hera was ashamed of 
his appearance and threw him 

1861
01:41:42,800 --> 01:41:44,500
from Mount Olympus. 
Because he was born with 

1862
01:41:44,500 --> 01:41:47,800
physical limitations that made 
him ugly by Divine standards. 

1863
01:41:47,800 --> 01:41:51,100
He became even more crippled, as
a result of the fall, but it 

1864
01:41:51,100 --> 01:41:53,800
also brought him to the Sea 
nymphs theaters and your enemy 

1865
01:41:53,800 --> 01:41:57,000
who saved him and taught him. 
The skills of craftsmanship, and

1866
01:41:57,008 --> 01:41:59,200
metalworking growing up with the
scene. 

1867
01:41:59,200 --> 01:42:02,000
Nymphs, taught him how to turn 
disadvantages into strengths, 

1868
01:42:02,000 --> 01:42:06,200
her face to abilities that made 
him indispensable, because he 

1869
01:42:06,200 --> 01:42:09,000
was unable to match other gods 
in terms of physical Perfection 

1870
01:42:09,000 --> 01:42:12,200
or fighting skill, he gained 
skills and working with fire 

1871
01:42:12,200 --> 01:42:15,400
metal and precious stones, 
producing items that were so 

1872
01:42:15,400 --> 01:42:17,400
beautiful. 
And useful that they were 

1873
01:42:17,400 --> 01:42:20,500
considered legendary an 
Antiquity, his Forge evolved 

1874
01:42:20,500 --> 01:42:23,300
into the Heavenly counterpart of
an upscale custom Workshop, 

1875
01:42:23,300 --> 01:42:25,800
creating everything from 
Achilles armor. 

1876
01:42:26,600 --> 01:42:30,200
Thunderbolts as an adult have 
fastest returned to Olympus as a

1877
01:42:30,200 --> 01:42:33,200
master craftsmen who Services 
were much needed, rather than, 

1878
01:42:33,200 --> 01:42:35,100
as a supplicant looking for 
acceptance. 

1879
01:42:35,100 --> 01:42:38,100
The other God soon, realized 
that only her Feist us could 

1880
01:42:38,100 --> 01:42:40,500
make the tools weapons and 
ornaments needed for their 

1881
01:42:40,500 --> 01:42:43,700
Divine way of life. 
He was invaluable to a family 

1882
01:42:43,708 --> 01:42:46,800
that had previously rejected him
due to his appearance because of

1883
01:42:46,800 --> 01:42:50,100
his ability to create the 
impossible, his Workshop was the

1884
01:42:50,100 --> 01:42:52,700
Pinnacle of ancient technology 
her face. 

1885
01:42:52,700 --> 01:42:54,600
This made tools that could 
operate on their own with his 

1886
01:42:54,608 --> 01:42:57,800
guidance automated Bellows that 
kept the forge, at the ideal 

1887
01:42:57,800 --> 01:43:01,200
temperature and golden servants 
to help him because of his 

1888
01:43:01,200 --> 01:43:03,200
Superior knowledge of 
engineering design and 

1889
01:43:03,200 --> 01:43:05,700
Metallurgy. 
He was the patron deity of 

1890
01:43:05,700 --> 01:43:08,800
blacksmith's, Crafts People. 
And anyone else who used their 

1891
01:43:08,800 --> 01:43:12,500
hands to make practical things, 
the gods method of craftsmanship

1892
01:43:12,500 --> 01:43:15,000
Blended practical utility with 
Creative Vision. 

1893
01:43:15,600 --> 01:43:18,100
In addition, to being 
aesthetically pleasing, his 

1894
01:43:18,100 --> 01:43:21,300
Creations fulfilled functions 
and provided solutions that were

1895
01:43:21,300 --> 01:43:23,900
not possible. 
With just Divine, might have 

1896
01:43:23,900 --> 01:43:27,200
Feist us created chains that 
could contain a Titan when Zeus 

1897
01:43:27,200 --> 01:43:29,500
needed a means of tying 
Prometheus to a bond for 

1898
01:43:29,500 --> 01:43:32,300
stealing fire. 
Her Festus made a shield that 

1899
01:43:32,300 --> 01:43:35,500
represented the entire universe 
and offered Achilles the ideal 

1900
01:43:35,500 --> 01:43:38,400
defense, when he needed armor. 
That would keep him safe when 

1901
01:43:38,400 --> 01:43:41,400
fighting gods and heroes. 
One of the most intricate 

1902
01:43:41,400 --> 01:43:44,900
Partnerships in mythology, was 
his Union with Aphrodite, the 

1903
01:43:44,900 --> 01:43:47,700
combination of the physically 
impaired, God of craftsmanship 

1904
01:43:47,700 --> 01:43:50,100
and the goddess of beauty 
upended. 

1905
01:43:50,100 --> 01:43:53,400
Preconceived, notions about 
compatibility attraction. 

1906
01:43:53,400 --> 01:43:57,100
And the nature of love a feisty 
is response revealed his 

1907
01:43:57,100 --> 01:43:59,400
intelligence in his grass of 
divine politics. 

1908
01:43:59,400 --> 01:44:02,700
Even as Olympic rumors 
circulated about Aphrodite's 

1909
01:44:02,700 --> 01:44:06,000
adultery with Ari's and of 
facing his wife, and her lover 

1910
01:44:06,000 --> 01:44:09,500
head on her face to use his 
skill to reveal their Affair in 

1911
01:44:09,500 --> 01:44:12,300
a way that preserved his own 
honor while making them appear 

1912
01:44:12,300 --> 01:44:16,300
foolish and iconic illustration 
of how skill and in Overcome 

1913
01:44:16,300 --> 01:44:18,900
physical strength, and 
conventional Beauty was the 

1914
01:44:18,900 --> 01:44:21,100
invisible net. 
That held the Love's in bed. 

1915
01:44:21,100 --> 01:44:23,800
He was different from other 
wronged gods in that, his 

1916
01:44:23,808 --> 01:44:26,300
retaliation was both imaginative
and appropriate. 

1917
01:44:27,300 --> 01:44:30,600
Compared to most other gods, the
fastest had a noticeably more 

1918
01:44:30,600 --> 01:44:33,900
benevolent relationship with 
Mortals as a patron of Artisans 

1919
01:44:33,900 --> 01:44:36,300
and labourers. 
He recognized the importance of 

1920
01:44:36,308 --> 01:44:39,100
hard work and the difficulties 
faced by those who use their 

1921
01:44:39,100 --> 01:44:42,800
hands to create useful objects. 
His festivals honored the kind 

1922
01:44:42,800 --> 01:44:46,200
of fruitful labor that enabled 
civilization and his temples 

1923
01:44:46,200 --> 01:44:49,500
served as meeting spots for 
Artisan guilds his contribution 

1924
01:44:49,500 --> 01:44:51,400
to the creation of the first 
mortal woman. 

1925
01:44:51,400 --> 01:44:55,100
Pandora, revealed his technical 
prowess as well as his grasp of 

1926
01:44:55,100 --> 01:44:58,100
divine politics. 
Zeus ordered her Feist us to 

1927
01:44:58,100 --> 01:45:01,600
create a woman who would both 
bless and curse Humanity after 

1928
01:45:01,600 --> 01:45:04,000
he decided to punish Mortals for
prometheus's. 

1929
01:45:04,000 --> 01:45:06,900
Gift of fire though, he was 
aware that Zeus's gift had 

1930
01:45:06,900 --> 01:45:09,300
complications, that would impact
mortal life for Generations. 

1931
01:45:09,300 --> 01:45:13,200
A feisty skillfully, crafted 
Pandora to be indistinguishable 

1932
01:45:13,200 --> 01:45:16,700
from a goddess under Mount Etna 
and other active volcanoes. 

1933
01:45:16,700 --> 01:45:19,400
The gods volcanic forges 
developed into hubs of heavenly 

1934
01:45:19,400 --> 01:45:22,400
industrial production. 
These mountains rumbling in 

1935
01:45:22,400 --> 01:45:25,300
eruptions were interpreted as 
the sounds of her fist at work. 

1936
01:45:26,000 --> 01:45:29,300
Producing the tools and weapons,
the gods needed for their varied

1937
01:45:29,300 --> 01:45:32,500
escapades and duties. 
Even by Divine standards, his 

1938
01:45:32,500 --> 01:45:35,200
productivity was legendary 
indicating that he found 

1939
01:45:35,208 --> 01:45:37,600
fulfillment in his work that 
went beyond the need for 

1940
01:45:37,600 --> 01:45:40,300
approval from others. 
It's important to consider the 

1941
01:45:40,300 --> 01:45:44,600
Olympian gods, greatest triumphs
and most spectacular failures as

1942
01:45:44,600 --> 01:45:47,300
our exploration of their lives 
and times comes to an end, 

1943
01:45:47,300 --> 01:45:51,400
despite their immortality and 
Cosmic, might these Divine being

1944
01:45:51,400 --> 01:45:54,400
showed that wisdom, happiness, 
and healthy family. 

1945
01:45:54,400 --> 01:45:58,000
Relationships are not always the
results of having boundless 

1946
01:45:58,000 --> 01:46:00,800
resources and eternal life. 
Perhaps the creation of 

1947
01:46:00,808 --> 01:46:03,600
civilization itself was the 
greatest accomplishment of the 

1948
01:46:03,600 --> 01:46:06,400
Gods as a whole. 
They gave mankind the foundation

1949
01:46:06,400 --> 01:46:08,500
for everything that sets Human 
Society. 

1950
01:46:08,500 --> 01:46:12,400
Apart from the Animal Kingdom, 
fire from Prometheus agriculture

1951
01:46:12,400 --> 01:46:14,800
from Demeter. 
Craftsmanship from her face. 

1952
01:46:14,800 --> 01:46:19,100
Wisdom from Athena and medicine 
from Apollo their temples 

1953
01:46:19,100 --> 01:46:22,700
developed into educational hubs,
their festivals, offered chances

1954
01:46:22,700 --> 01:46:25,600
for cross-cultural interaction 
and their moral teachings. 

1955
01:46:26,400 --> 01:46:29,700
Despite the hypocrisy of their 
own actions provided ethical 

1956
01:46:29,700 --> 01:46:32,400
Frameworks that governed human 
conduct for Centuries. 

1957
01:46:32,400 --> 01:46:36,000
With each God in charge of 
particular, facets of human and 

1958
01:46:36,000 --> 01:46:39,100
natural activity and working 
with their peers to preserve 

1959
01:46:39,100 --> 01:46:41,500
Cosmic Harmony the Olympic 
system. 

1960
01:46:41,500 --> 01:46:44,100
Also produced the first 
multinational management 

1961
01:46:44,100 --> 01:46:47,400
structure in history, when it, 
functioned properly, this Divine

1962
01:46:47,400 --> 01:46:50,800
bureaucracy, made sure that 
crops grew as planned Seasons 

1963
01:46:50,800 --> 01:46:53,000
changed on time and natural 
disasters. 

1964
01:46:53,000 --> 01:46:55,600
Only happened when Mortals had 
Gravely offended. 

1965
01:46:55,600 --> 01:46:58,400
Someone important, the 
interpersonal relationships of 

1966
01:46:58,400 --> 01:47:00,300
the Gods. 
However, showed the same 

1967
01:47:00,300 --> 01:47:03,200
dysfunctional patterns, that 
afflict any family, business 

1968
01:47:03,200 --> 01:47:06,300
management by conceited, 
relatives with unrestricted, 

1969
01:47:06,300 --> 01:47:10,300
Authority and inadequate 
communication skills from mine 

1970
01:47:10,300 --> 01:47:13,400
and nymphs to Major heroes. 
Everyone was impacted by the 

1971
01:47:13,400 --> 01:47:16,100
collateral damage caused by 
Zeus's adultery and heroes 

1972
01:47:16,100 --> 01:47:19,100
retaliation. 
Aside and Outburst destroyed 

1973
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:23,000
coastal cities and sank ships 
Apollo's romantic rejections 

1974
01:47:23,000 --> 01:47:26,200
changed lovers and produced 
profits who accursed the 

1975
01:47:26,200 --> 01:47:28,000
political frequently, turned 
disastrous. 

1976
01:47:28,000 --> 01:47:31,000
And the personal had a nasty 
habit of turning political 

1977
01:47:31,000 --> 01:47:33,700
instead of using mediation, 
their method of resolving 

1978
01:47:33,700 --> 01:47:37,600
disputes, usually involved. 
Escalation the Trojan War, ten 

1979
01:47:37,600 --> 01:47:39,700
years of Bloodshed that 
destroyed both sides and 

1980
01:47:39,700 --> 01:47:43,600
provided fodder for epic poetry.
Was the outcome of paris's 

1981
01:47:43,600 --> 01:47:47,400
decision to accept Aphrodite's. 
Bribe over those offered by Hera

1982
01:47:47,400 --> 01:47:50,000
and Athena. 
It also showed that Divine Pride

1983
01:47:50,000 --> 01:47:51,800
was more significant than human 
life. 

1984
01:47:51,800 --> 01:47:55,700
Instead of seeking diplomatic 
Solutions, Demeter's response to

1985
01:47:55,700 --> 01:47:58,800
the kidnapping of her daughter, 
brought the world to the verge 

1986
01:47:58,800 --> 01:48:02,000
of agricultural collapse the way
the gods treated Mortals, 

1987
01:48:02,000 --> 01:48:05,700
demonstrated their incapacity to
uphold moral principles or grow 

1988
01:48:05,700 --> 01:48:08,700
from past errors. 
A penalized disrespect and 

1989
01:48:08,700 --> 01:48:11,300
rewarded devotion. 
But their definitions of these 

1990
01:48:11,300 --> 01:48:14,000
terms were arbitrary and could 
alter according to their 

1991
01:48:14,000 --> 01:48:16,400
emotions hobbies and family 
Dynamics. 

1992
01:48:16,400 --> 01:48:20,000
Mortals who appeared one God, 
might unintentionally offend, 

1993
01:48:20,000 --> 01:48:23,800
another leading to improbable 
circumstances in which virtue 

1994
01:48:23,800 --> 01:48:25,600
was largely dependent on Good 
Fortune. 

1995
01:48:25,600 --> 01:48:29,000
However, the Olympic Pantheon 
also produced some of the most 

1996
01:48:29,000 --> 01:48:32,900
inspirational Tales of moral 
courage, inventiveness and 

1997
01:48:32,900 --> 01:48:36,300
tenacity in history, by 
supporting Athens, Athena 

1998
01:48:36,300 --> 01:48:39,500
established a hub of scholarship
in democracy that shaped 

1999
01:48:39,500 --> 01:48:41,300
civilization for thousands of 
years. 

2000
01:48:42,200 --> 01:48:44,300
Communities. 
Use the advice from Apollo's 

2001
01:48:44,300 --> 01:48:47,600
Oracle at Delphi to make tough 
choices and steer, clear of 

2002
01:48:47,600 --> 01:48:50,800
needless confrontations. 
Her Feist just showed that a 

2003
01:48:50,800 --> 01:48:53,100
person's physical limitations 
need not stop them from 

2004
01:48:53,100 --> 01:48:55,300
contributing significantly to 
their Community. 

2005
01:48:55,300 --> 01:48:58,300
Ancient people use the stories 
of the Gods as a kind of 

2006
01:48:58,300 --> 01:49:01,200
psychology to help them 
comprehend and deal with the 

2007
01:49:01,200 --> 01:49:05,000
complexity of human nature here 
as jealousy and need for respect

2008
01:49:05,000 --> 01:49:09,400
Apollo's, quest for Perfection 
artemis's need for Independence,

2009
01:49:09,400 --> 01:49:12,600
and Zeus's battles with 
authority and responsibility, 

2010
01:49:12,600 --> 01:49:15,600
were all Divine figures. 
That represented common human 

2011
01:49:15,600 --> 01:49:19,300
experience is while also 
implying the Devon Immortal 

2012
01:49:19,300 --> 01:49:21,900
beings had difficulties most 
significantly. 

2013
01:49:21,900 --> 01:49:24,000
The Olympian showed the 
potential and Perils of 

2014
01:49:24,008 --> 01:49:26,800
unbridled power. 
They had the power to change 

2015
01:49:26,800 --> 01:49:29,100
reality. 
As they saw fit, perform 

2016
01:49:29,100 --> 01:49:32,100
Miracles and resolve impossibly 
challenging issues. 

2017
01:49:32,100 --> 01:49:35,300
They could also let personal 
grievances take precedents over 

2018
01:49:35,300 --> 01:49:39,200
their obligation to the world. 
They ruled Destroy civilizations

2019
01:49:39,200 --> 01:49:42,300
and torture innocent people 
their experiences served as 

2020
01:49:42,308 --> 01:49:44,800
warnings about the value of 
restraint discernment and 

2021
01:49:44,800 --> 01:49:48,900
responsibility lessons that hold
true in any time period where 

2022
01:49:48,900 --> 01:49:52,100
people, or organizations have 
substantial influence over 

2023
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:55,200
others, their cultural influence
was changed rather than 

2024
01:49:55,200 --> 01:49:57,500
eradicated. 
By the slower erosion of belief 

2025
01:49:57,500 --> 01:50:00,500
in the Olympic Gods. 
Their conflicts became metaphors

2026
01:50:00,500 --> 01:50:03,200
for the Timeless human conflicts
between Duty and desire, 

2027
01:50:03,200 --> 01:50:06,700
individual ambition, and 
Collective responsibility and 

2028
01:50:06,700 --> 01:50:10,400
reason and passion, and their 
stories became literature rather

2029
01:50:10,400 --> 01:50:13,000
than religion think about the 
amazing impact. 

2030
01:50:13,000 --> 01:50:15,800
These ancient Divine figures of 
had on our contemporary world, 

2031
01:50:15,800 --> 01:50:19,500
as you curl up deeper under your
blanket and feel the soft pull 

2032
01:50:19,500 --> 01:50:22,600
of sleep Drawing Near, even 
though they no longer Reign from

2033
01:50:22,600 --> 01:50:25,600
Mount Olympus, The Olympian gods
can continue to have an impact 

2034
01:50:25,600 --> 01:50:29,000
on our language literature 
psychology, and perception of 

2035
01:50:29,000 --> 01:50:32,300
human nature in ways that would 
have surprised their original 

2036
01:50:32,300 --> 01:50:34,600
devotees. 
When you say that, someone has 

2037
01:50:34,600 --> 01:50:37,400
not kill his heal, your bringing
up the tail of a hero. 

2038
01:50:37,400 --> 01:50:40,100
Who Is divine protection. 
Fail him at one crucial moment 

2039
01:50:40,100 --> 01:50:43,100
when you refer to a long 
challenging Voyage as an 

2040
01:50:43,100 --> 01:50:46,600
odyssey, your alluding to a 
decisions wandering which were 

2041
01:50:46,600 --> 01:50:49,100
both aided and hindered by 
different Olympian gods who 

2042
01:50:49,100 --> 01:50:51,300
couldn't agree on, whether he 
should be punished or assisted. 

2043
01:50:51,300 --> 01:50:54,600
The young man who fell in love 
with his own reflection, thanks 

2044
01:50:54,600 --> 01:50:57,800
to divine intervention. 
That punished his vanity comes 

2045
01:50:57,800 --> 01:50:59,900
to mind when you call someone 
narcissistic. 

2046
01:51:00,600 --> 01:51:03,100
The personalities of the gods 
have evolved into models for 

2047
01:51:03,100 --> 01:51:06,800
comprehending human psychology, 
Carl Jung realized that the 

2048
01:51:06,800 --> 01:51:10,100
Olympic Pantheon, reflected 
archetypal patterns that have 

2049
01:51:10,100 --> 01:51:13,000
existed throughout history and 
in many cultures aspects of 

2050
01:51:13,000 --> 01:51:15,500
human nature that we still 
recognize and grapple with. 

2051
01:51:15,508 --> 01:51:18,700
Today, are reflected in the 
Divine personalities of the 

2052
01:51:18,700 --> 01:51:23,300
rebellious trickster Hermes. 
The nurturing mother Demeter, 

2053
01:51:23,300 --> 01:51:28,900
the creative artist Apollo and 
the wise Mentor Athena, the 

2054
01:51:28,900 --> 01:51:31,700
stories of The Olympian gods are
still told and reimagined in 

2055
01:51:31,700 --> 01:51:35,600
contemporary literature film. 
And television, which find fresh

2056
01:51:35,600 --> 01:51:37,900
significance in their 
Antiquated, rivalries and 

2057
01:51:37,908 --> 01:51:40,700
relationships. 
Greek mythology is introduced to

2058
01:51:40,700 --> 01:51:43,200
new generations, through Percy 
Jackson's Adventures. 

2059
01:51:43,200 --> 01:51:46,400
Which also modernized Divine 
figures for audiences today, 

2060
01:51:46,400 --> 01:51:49,400
Wonder Woman, embodies, 
contemporary ideals of justice. 

2061
01:51:49,400 --> 01:51:52,500
And equality, while obtaining 
her abilities from the Olympic 

2062
01:51:52,500 --> 01:51:55,700
Pantheon, the Greek tradition of
powerful beings using their 

2063
01:51:55,700 --> 01:51:58,900
abilities to protect or torment.
Common Mortals, his even 

2064
01:51:58,900 --> 01:52:02,500
reflected in superhero. 
Our conceptions of leadership 

2065
01:52:02,500 --> 01:52:05,500
bureaucracy and power 
distribution have been shaped by

2066
01:52:05,508 --> 01:52:08,700
the gods approach to governance 
which combines specialized 

2067
01:52:08,700 --> 01:52:12,100
duties, familial relationships 
and Cosmic Authority. 

2068
01:52:12,100 --> 01:52:15,200
The Notions that leaders must 
strike a balance between their 

2069
01:52:15,200 --> 01:52:17,200
personal interests and their 
public duties. 

2070
01:52:17,200 --> 01:52:19,900
That different facets of Life, 
call for different kinds of 

2071
01:52:19,900 --> 01:52:23,200
expertise and that corruption 
results from Power without 

2072
01:52:23,200 --> 01:52:26,300
accountability, can all be 
linked to the myths surrounding,

2073
01:52:26,300 --> 01:52:29,900
his Divine kin, their romantic 
relationships and family 

2074
01:52:29,900 --> 01:52:33,200
disputes of given rise to. 
Surprisingly current models for 

2075
01:52:33,200 --> 01:52:36,900
comprehending, the intricacies 
of marriage parent hood and love

2076
01:52:36,900 --> 01:52:40,400
the dysfunctional marriage of 
Zeus and hero provides insight 

2077
01:52:40,400 --> 01:52:42,800
into the impact of power 
disparities on interpersonal, 

2078
01:52:42,800 --> 01:52:46,500
relationships, Demeter's. 
Ferocious defense of Persephone 

2079
01:52:46,500 --> 01:52:49,900
serves as an example of the 
difficulties parents and counter

2080
01:52:49,900 --> 01:52:52,000
when their kids grow up and are 
on their own. 

2081
01:52:52,900 --> 01:52:55,300
Even having the ideal 
credentials, doesn't ensure 

2082
01:52:55,300 --> 01:52:58,600
romantic success as Apollo's. 
Unfulfilled loves show. 

2083
01:52:58,600 --> 01:53:02,000
A sophisticated understanding of
human nature that predated 

2084
01:53:02,000 --> 01:53:05,800
modern Psychology by Millennia 
is reflected in the gods, moral 

2085
01:53:05,800 --> 01:53:09,300
ambiguity, their capacity for 
both great, kindness and 

2086
01:53:09,300 --> 01:53:12,300
terrible, cruelty the Olympic 
Gods, embodied the 

2087
01:53:12,300 --> 01:53:15,400
contradictions that Define real 
people in contrast to the 

2088
01:53:15,400 --> 01:53:18,500
purely, good or purely evil 
deities, found in some religious

2089
01:53:18,500 --> 01:53:20,900
Traditions. 
They were able to exhibit both 

2090
01:53:20,900 --> 01:53:24,400
wisdom and foolishness, 
generosity and selfishness, and 

2091
01:53:24,400 --> 01:53:28,300
love and hatred frequently 
within the same story, or even 

2092
01:53:28,300 --> 01:53:30,800
the same interaction, their 
stories were more 

2093
01:53:30,800 --> 01:53:34,300
psychologically, realistic. 
And as a result, more helpful 

2094
01:53:34,300 --> 01:53:36,700
for comprehending, human 
behavior because of their moral 

2095
01:53:36,700 --> 01:53:40,300
complexity stories about being 
who had unbounded power but 

2096
01:53:40,300 --> 01:53:43,700
still had very human limitations
help us understand situations 

2097
01:53:43,700 --> 01:53:48,200
where people act with unexpected
kindness or cruelty When leaders

2098
01:53:48,200 --> 01:53:51,000
make choices that seem to go 
against their professed values. 

2099
01:53:51,000 --> 01:53:54,500
And when families Go through 
both intense love and bitter 

2100
01:53:54,500 --> 01:53:56,800
conflict. 
The Olympic Pantheon also, 

2101
01:53:56,800 --> 01:54:00,700
created ways of thinking about 
cooperation, specialization and 

2102
01:54:00,700 --> 01:54:03,800
diversity, that still shape, the
way we set up complicated 

2103
01:54:03,800 --> 01:54:06,800
institutions, these 
organizational principles were 

2104
01:54:06,800 --> 01:54:09,800
ingrained in myths, about Gods 
who governed various facets of 

2105
01:54:09,808 --> 01:54:11,900
the universe. 
While upholding an overall 

2106
01:54:11,900 --> 01:54:14,700
Divine government. 
These included the notion that 

2107
01:54:14,700 --> 01:54:17,600
different talents required 
different approaches that 

2108
01:54:17,600 --> 01:54:20,300
effectively leadership, 
frequently, entails coordinating

2109
01:54:20,300 --> 01:54:22,500
Specialists, rather than 
micro-managing them. 

2110
01:54:22,500 --> 01:54:25,800
And that even the most capable 
individuals require colleague 

2111
01:54:25,800 --> 01:54:29,200
with complementary skills. 
The ancient Greek belief that 

2112
01:54:29,200 --> 01:54:32,300
the Universe was essentially 
understandable and that humans 

2113
01:54:32,300 --> 01:54:35,300
could comprehend their place 
within greater Cosmic, patterns 

2114
01:54:35,300 --> 01:54:38,800
was, perhaps most persistently, 
embodied by the Olympian gods 

2115
01:54:38,800 --> 01:54:42,200
despite their strengths and 
immortality the gods were 

2116
01:54:42,200 --> 01:54:44,700
subject to laws. 
Had repercussions for their 

2117
01:54:44,700 --> 01:54:47,100
deeds and lived by moral 
standards. 

2118
01:54:47,100 --> 01:54:49,700
That Mortals could adopt and use
in their own lives. 

2119
01:54:49,700 --> 01:54:53,000
One of the pillars of Western 
civilization was this Optimistic

2120
01:54:53,000 --> 01:54:56,800
Outlook, which held that life 
had purpose, but knowledge was 

2121
01:54:56,800 --> 01:54:59,800
achievable and that people could
shape their own Destinies with 

2122
01:54:59,800 --> 01:55:02,900
hard work and wisdom, the 
stories of the Gods taught that.

2123
01:55:02,900 --> 01:55:05,800
Even the most powerful beings 
were subject to moral laws that 

2124
01:55:05,800 --> 01:55:09,300
went beyond their own desires. 
Creativity could overcome 

2125
01:55:09,300 --> 01:55:12,300
constraints and that 
intelligence could triumph over 

2126
01:55:12,300 --> 01:55:15,300
Brute Force. 
Dreams of marble temples shining

2127
01:55:15,300 --> 01:55:18,900
and Mediterranean sunlight of 
divine voices resonating across 

2128
01:55:18,900 --> 01:55:22,400
ancient valleys, or of immortal 
families, assembling on a 

2129
01:55:22,400 --> 01:55:25,400
mountain peak to discuss the 
fate of both gods and Mortals 

2130
01:55:25,400 --> 01:55:29,000
may cross your mind. 
As you drift toward sleep, these

2131
01:55:29,000 --> 01:55:31,700
dreams transport you back. 
Thousands of years of human 

2132
01:55:31,700 --> 01:55:35,000
storytelling to innumerable 
Generations who drew inspiration

2133
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:37,800
and meaning from stories about 
creatures who are both 

2134
01:55:37,800 --> 01:55:41,300
remarkably similar to us and 
completely different from us, 

2135
01:55:41,300 --> 01:55:44,800
the Olympian gods endure because
they represent Universal truths 

2136
01:55:44,800 --> 01:55:48,200
about relationships human nature
and The NeverEnding difficulties

2137
01:55:48,200 --> 01:55:51,600
of living in a complex world. 
Not because we believe in their 

2138
01:55:51,600 --> 01:55:54,700
literal existence. 
Their Tales servers are a 

2139
01:55:54,700 --> 01:55:57,300
reminder that even Immortal 
beings must learn to strike a 

2140
01:55:57,300 --> 01:55:59,600
balance between their 
obligations to others and their 

2141
01:55:59,600 --> 01:56:04,200
own desires, that stupidity and 
wisdom frequently coexist and 

2142
01:56:04,200 --> 01:56:06,600
that power entails, both 
opportunities and 

2143
01:56:06,600 --> 01:56:09,800
responsibility. 
You will be using insights, that

2144
01:56:09,800 --> 01:56:12,600
were initially, conveyed entails
of Zeus's lightning bolts, 

2145
01:56:12,600 --> 01:56:15,700
Athena strategic Acumen 
Aphrodite's. 

2146
01:56:15,700 --> 01:56:18,800
Intricate gifts and her fascism 
inventive tenacity. 

2147
01:56:18,800 --> 01:56:21,000
When you awaken tomorrow and 
confront the difficulties of 

2148
01:56:21,008 --> 01:56:24,800
your own mortal existence, even 
though the gods are old, their 

2149
01:56:24,800 --> 01:56:27,100
teachings are still as current 
as the news of the day. 

2150
01:56:27,100 --> 01:56:30,300
And as fresh as your morning, 
Joe rest easy. 

2151
01:56:30,300 --> 01:56:32,900
Knowing that you are a part of 
an ongoing, human tradition of 

2152
01:56:32,900 --> 01:56:34,700
using storytelling to find 
meaning. 

2153
01:56:34,700 --> 01:56:38,300
And that the questions you are 
faced with about power and love 

2154
01:56:38,300 --> 01:56:41,200
Justice and wisdom personal 
ambition and group 

2155
01:56:41,200 --> 01:56:44,200
responsibility. 
Other same ones that have 

2156
01:56:44,200 --> 01:56:47,300
inspired and challenged people 
ever since they first gazed up 

2157
01:56:47,300 --> 01:56:50,000
at the stars and wondered what 
immortal beings might think of 

2158
01:56:50,000 --> 01:56:58,000
our short complex lives. 
Picture yourself stepping off a 

2159
01:56:58,000 --> 01:57:01,100
time machine in to ancient Rome 
Circa 100 AD. 

2160
01:57:02,600 --> 01:57:05,800
First thing that hits, you isn't
the Grandeur of the Coliseum or 

2161
01:57:05,800 --> 01:57:08,700
the marble Majesty of the Forum.
Smell. 

2162
01:57:09,500 --> 01:57:13,000
That peculiar cocktail of 
unwashed body's fermented fish 

2163
01:57:13,000 --> 01:57:15,500
sauce and something. 
You can't quite identify, but 

2164
01:57:15,500 --> 01:57:19,100
suspect involves bodily 
functions mingles with incense 

2165
01:57:19,100 --> 01:57:21,900
and olive oil in ways that would
make a modern nose surrender. 

2166
01:57:21,900 --> 01:57:24,800
Immediately You'd think a 
civilization that built 

2167
01:57:24,800 --> 01:57:28,800
aqueducts spanning hundreds of 
miles and invented concrete that

2168
01:57:28,800 --> 01:57:31,400
still puzzles Engineers today 
would have figured out basic 

2169
01:57:31,400 --> 01:57:35,000
hygiene. 
Well, they did sort of the 

2170
01:57:35,000 --> 01:57:38,100
Romans had their own ideas about
cleanliness and some of them 

2171
01:57:38,100 --> 01:57:40,700
would make you grateful for 
antibacterial soap and indoor 

2172
01:57:40,700 --> 01:57:42,900
plumbing. 
Take their approach to bathing 

2173
01:57:42,900 --> 01:57:46,400
for instance, the Romans, not 
only bathed but also transformed

2174
01:57:46,400 --> 01:57:48,700
it into a social Gathering that 
could rival. 

2175
01:57:48,700 --> 01:57:52,200
Any local book club. 
A public baths or thermi. 

2176
01:57:52,200 --> 01:57:53,800
Weren't just places to get 
clean. 

2177
01:57:53,800 --> 01:57:57,400
They were community centers 
gossip hubs business meeting 

2178
01:57:57,400 --> 01:58:00,100
spots and occasionally places 
where you might actually 

2179
01:58:00,100 --> 01:58:03,200
encounter water and soap. 
Think of them as ancient 

2180
01:58:03,200 --> 01:58:06,900
shopping malls except instead of
orange julius, he had pools of 

2181
01:58:06,900 --> 01:58:10,100
varying temperatures and in 
stead of Spencer's, you had 

2182
01:58:10,100 --> 01:58:13,000
rooms where people scraped oil 
and dirt off each other with 

2183
01:58:13,000 --> 01:58:15,500
metal tools. 
But here's where it becomes 

2184
01:58:15,500 --> 01:58:19,000
interesting, Romans believed 
that hot water opened your pause

2185
01:58:19,000 --> 01:58:21,400
to let the bad spirits out while
cold water. 

2186
01:58:21,400 --> 01:58:25,100
Snapped them shut to keep the 
good spirits in This wasnt just 

2187
01:58:25,100 --> 01:58:28,600
folklore, it was medical Theory 
endorsed by their most respected

2188
01:58:28,600 --> 01:58:31,100
Physicians. 
So your typical Roman bath 

2189
01:58:31,100 --> 01:58:34,600
experience involved a carefully.
Choreographed dance between the 

2190
01:58:34,600 --> 01:58:39,900
caldarium hot room, tepidarium 
warm room and Frigidaire of cold

2191
01:58:39,900 --> 01:58:43,600
room, like some ancient version 
of a Swedish sonar routine 

2192
01:58:43,600 --> 01:58:46,600
designed by committee. 
The wealthy Romans had their 

2193
01:58:46,600 --> 01:58:49,900
private baths at home, complete 
with hypocrisy heating systems, 

2194
01:58:49,900 --> 01:58:52,200
that channeled hot air through 
the walls and Floors. 

2195
01:58:52,900 --> 01:58:56,400
Imagine having heated floors in 
100 AD While most of the world 

2196
01:58:56,400 --> 01:58:58,700
was still figuring out how to 
make fire reliably. 

2197
01:58:58,700 --> 01:59:02,200
Yet these same Innovative people
thought that sharing bath water 

2198
01:59:02,200 --> 01:59:04,700
with dozens of strangers was 
perfectly hygienic. 

2199
01:59:05,600 --> 01:59:07,900
The water in public baths was 
changed in frequently. 

2200
01:59:07,900 --> 01:59:10,700
Sometimes only once a day 
sometimes less. 

2201
01:59:11,600 --> 01:59:15,100
By afternoon, you weren't so 
much bathing as marinating in a 

2202
01:59:15,100 --> 01:59:17,700
human soup that would horrify 
any modern health inspector. 

2203
01:59:17,700 --> 01:59:20,500
And then there were the slaves, 
whose job it was to help with 

2204
01:59:20,500 --> 01:59:23,400
the bathing process. 
These were not just attendance 

2205
01:59:23,400 --> 01:59:26,400
handing out towels, they were 
skilled Crafts, People of 

2206
01:59:26,408 --> 01:59:30,700
cleanliness wielding, stroger's 
curved metal scrapers that 

2207
01:59:30,700 --> 01:59:34,300
removed the oil, dirt and dead 
skin that accumulated on Roman 

2208
01:59:34,300 --> 01:59:36,300
bodies. 
The wealthy would coach 

2209
01:59:36,300 --> 01:59:38,700
themselves in olive oil then 
have slaves. 

2210
01:59:38,700 --> 01:59:40,900
Scraped it all off, taking the 
grime with it. 

2211
01:59:40,900 --> 01:59:42,800
It was effective. 
Sure. 

2212
01:59:42,800 --> 01:59:46,000
But imagine explaining to your 
modern dermatologist that your 

2213
01:59:46,000 --> 01:59:48,700
skin care routine involves 
having, someone scraped you down

2214
01:59:48,700 --> 01:59:50,800
with what amounts to a medieval 
backscratcher. 

2215
01:59:51,700 --> 01:59:54,300
The Roman's also had some 
fascinating ideas about dental 

2216
01:59:54,300 --> 01:59:57,100
hygiene, they brushed their 
teeth with Twix. 

2217
01:59:58,000 --> 02:00:00,900
Specifically, they chewed on 
aromatic Twigs until one end 

2218
02:00:00,900 --> 02:00:03,800
frayed into a brush like 
texture, then use that to clean 

2219
02:00:03,800 --> 02:00:06,100
their teeth. 
The good news is that the 

2220
02:00:06,100 --> 02:00:09,300
technique actually worked 
reasonably well, the troubling 

2221
02:00:09,300 --> 02:00:11,600
news is that their favorite 
toothpaste was made from 

2222
02:00:11,600 --> 02:00:15,900
powdered Mouse brains crushed 
bones and sometimes human urine.

2223
02:00:16,600 --> 02:00:19,700
Portuguese urine was considered 
particularly effective, which 

2224
02:00:19,700 --> 02:00:22,400
raises all sorts of questions 
about ancient trade routes and 

2225
02:00:22,400 --> 02:00:26,100
quality control standards. 
Most puzzling of all was their 

2226
02:00:26,100 --> 02:00:29,500
relationship with perfume. 
Romans douse themselves and 

2227
02:00:29,500 --> 02:00:33,100
centered oils and perfumes with 
the enthusiasm of teenagers 

2228
02:00:33,100 --> 02:00:34,900
discovering body spray for the 
first time. 

2229
02:00:35,800 --> 02:00:38,500
They had different scents for 
their hair arms and feet. 

2230
02:00:38,500 --> 02:00:42,100
Walking through ancient Rome 
must have been like navigating a

2231
02:00:42,100 --> 02:00:46,000
cosmetic section in a department
store except with more togas and

2232
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:48,400
considerably more creative 
interpretations of what 

2233
02:00:48,400 --> 02:00:51,500
constituted Pleasant fragrance. 
Now let's talk about something 

2234
02:00:51,500 --> 02:00:54,000
that every Roman had to deal 
with, but no one, particularly 

2235
02:00:54,000 --> 02:00:56,900
wanted to discuss at dinner 
parties using the bathroom. 

2236
02:00:57,900 --> 02:01:01,100
If you found Roman bathing 
habits to be communal, you might

2237
02:01:01,108 --> 02:01:04,400
be interested in learning about 
their approach, to toilets Roman

2238
02:01:04,400 --> 02:01:07,400
public latrines, combined 
engineering Marvels, with social

2239
02:01:07,400 --> 02:01:10,700
awkwardness picture, along, 
marble, bench with round holes, 

2240
02:01:10,700 --> 02:01:13,700
cut in to it positioned, 
overflowing water, that carried 

2241
02:01:13,700 --> 02:01:18,800
waste away, so far so good. 
It's basically ancient sewage 

2242
02:01:18,800 --> 02:01:22,200
system. 
But here's the catch, there were

2243
02:01:22,200 --> 02:01:25,200
no dividers no doors and no 
privacy screens. 

2244
02:01:25,200 --> 02:01:28,700
There was just a row of holes 
where Romans would sit side by 

2245
02:01:28,700 --> 02:01:32,300
side, conducting business. 
And presumably discussing the 

2246
02:01:32,308 --> 02:01:34,100
weather or the latest Gladiator 
match. 

2247
02:01:34,900 --> 02:01:36,800
The arrangement wasn't 
considered strange or 

2248
02:01:36,800 --> 02:01:39,700
embarrassing. 
In fact, it was another social 

2249
02:01:39,700 --> 02:01:42,400
activity. 
Romans would chat conduct 

2250
02:01:42,400 --> 02:01:45,500
business deals, and catch up on 
Gossip while attending to their 

2251
02:01:45,500 --> 02:01:48,700
bodily needs. 
Imagine trying to negotiate a 

2252
02:01:48,700 --> 02:01:51,300
grain shipment contract, while 
sitting on a communal toilet 

2253
02:01:51,300 --> 02:01:54,100
with your neighbor. 
Who puts a whole new spin on the

2254
02:01:54,100 --> 02:01:55,800
phrase, getting down to 
business. 

2255
02:01:57,200 --> 02:01:59,500
The most interesting part is 
that they use something other 

2256
02:01:59,500 --> 02:02:02,500
than toilet paper which was 
invented a millennium later. 

2257
02:02:03,300 --> 02:02:06,300
Romans used to communal spun on 
a stick called xylophone. 

2258
02:02:07,300 --> 02:02:10,200
Yes, you read that correctly. 
A shared spunge. 

2259
02:02:11,000 --> 02:02:14,300
After use it was rinsed in the 
flowing water channel that ran 

2260
02:02:14,300 --> 02:02:16,900
in front of the toilets then 
left for the next person. 

2261
02:02:18,000 --> 02:02:21,000
This system worked well enough 
from a hygiene standpoint, since

2262
02:02:21,000 --> 02:02:23,000
the flowing water, kept things 
relatively clean. 

2263
02:02:23,000 --> 02:02:26,800
But the social implications are 
staggering yet to time your 

2264
02:02:26,800 --> 02:02:29,900
bathroom visits, not just based 
on your needs, but on when you 

2265
02:02:29,900 --> 02:02:32,800
could cycle logically handle 
using the community spunge, 

2266
02:02:33,500 --> 02:02:36,300
Wealthy Romans had their own 
private toilets often 

2267
02:02:36,300 --> 02:02:39,500
beautifully decorated affairs 
with mosaics and frescoes. 

2268
02:02:40,200 --> 02:02:43,100
Some featured images of 
Fortuner, the goddess of luck, 

2269
02:02:43,100 --> 02:02:45,800
because apparently even bathroom
humor was a thing in ancient 

2270
02:02:45,800 --> 02:02:48,200
Rome. 
These private facilities usually

2271
02:02:48,200 --> 02:02:50,900
emptied into the same sewer 
system as the public ones, 

2272
02:02:50,900 --> 02:02:53,200
flowing eventually into the 
cloaca. 

2273
02:02:53,200 --> 02:02:56,600
Maxima the great sewer, which 
was one of Rome's, genuine 

2274
02:02:56,600 --> 02:02:58,700
engineering Marvels, and still 
functions today. 

2275
02:02:59,800 --> 02:03:02,800
But Romans had some peculiar 
superstitions about bathroom 

2276
02:03:02,800 --> 02:03:05,500
activities. 
They believed that evil spirits 

2277
02:03:05,500 --> 02:03:08,400
lurked in sewers and might 
emerge through toilet holes to 

2278
02:03:08,400 --> 02:03:10,700
cause mischief. 
Toward the moth. 

2279
02:03:10,700 --> 02:03:14,000
Many Romans were amulets or 
muttered protective charms 

2280
02:03:14,000 --> 02:03:16,700
before sitting down. 
There's something endearing 

2281
02:03:16,700 --> 02:03:19,000
about a civilization that 
conquered most of the known 

2282
02:03:19,000 --> 02:03:22,400
world but still worried about 
sewer demons sneaking up on them

2283
02:03:22,400 --> 02:03:26,000
during vulnerable moments. 
The really wealthy took bathroom

2284
02:03:26,000 --> 02:03:29,600
security, seriously some 
installed elaborate wind chimes 

2285
02:03:29,600 --> 02:03:32,700
and Bells near their toilets but
leaving the noise would frighten

2286
02:03:32,700 --> 02:03:36,400
away any Supernatural toilet. 
Lurkers others hired slaves 

2287
02:03:36,400 --> 02:03:38,900
whose job was essentially to be 
professional bathroom 

2288
02:03:38,900 --> 02:03:40,900
attendance. 
Not just for cleanliness. 

2289
02:03:40,900 --> 02:03:44,200
But for Spiritual protection, 
imagine having toilet. 

2290
02:03:44,200 --> 02:03:46,200
Bodyguard on your ancient, Roman
resume. 

2291
02:03:46,900 --> 02:03:50,100
Personal hygiene after using the
facilities was handled with 

2292
02:03:50,100 --> 02:03:53,800
scented oils and perfumes Romans
would clean themselves and then 

2293
02:03:53,808 --> 02:03:56,400
apply various aromatic 
substances to mask, any 

2294
02:03:56,400 --> 02:03:59,100
lingering. 
Odors These practices led to 

2295
02:03:59,100 --> 02:04:02,100
some interesting combinations. 
You might encounter someone who 

2296
02:04:02,100 --> 02:04:05,400
smelled like a mixture of rose 
oil, myrrh and whatever had 

2297
02:04:05,400 --> 02:04:07,100
happened in the latrine 20 
minutes earlier. 

2298
02:04:08,200 --> 02:04:12,000
Ancient Rome captivated the 
census often in unexpected ways.

2299
02:04:13,100 --> 02:04:16,600
The Romans also had public 
urinals called forky, positioned

2300
02:04:16,600 --> 02:04:19,300
throughout the city. 
These were simple stone or 

2301
02:04:19,300 --> 02:04:21,400
ceramic vessels where men could 
relieve themselves. 

2302
02:04:21,400 --> 02:04:25,500
The urine wasn't wasted, it was 
collected and sold to Fullers. 

2303
02:04:25,500 --> 02:04:28,400
Drying ancient cleaners. 
He used it to clean, clothing, 

2304
02:04:28,400 --> 02:04:31,300
and whitened. 
Togas urine contains ammonia, 

2305
02:04:31,300 --> 02:04:33,500
which is actually quite 
effective for cleaning. 

2306
02:04:33,500 --> 02:04:35,900
So the collection wasn't just 
gross recycling. 

2307
02:04:35,900 --> 02:04:40,400
It was practical chemistry. 
Still, imagine the job interview

2308
02:04:40,400 --> 02:04:43,000
process for becoming a 
professional urine collector. 

2309
02:04:43,700 --> 02:04:46,400
Women had their own challenges 
with Roman bath and culture. 

2310
02:04:47,300 --> 02:04:50,400
They were generally excluded 
from public toilets and had to 

2311
02:04:50,400 --> 02:04:53,000
rely on private facilities or 
chamber pots at home. 

2312
02:04:53,000 --> 02:04:56,500
This meant that Roman women 
rarely ventured far from home 

2313
02:04:56,500 --> 02:04:58,000
without carefully. 
Planning. 

2314
02:04:58,000 --> 02:05:00,100
Their Roots around available 
bathroom facilities. 

2315
02:05:00,100 --> 02:05:03,400
It was an early form of urban 
planning that took biological 

2316
02:05:03,400 --> 02:05:06,400
needs into account, though, not 
equally, for all citizens. 

2317
02:05:06,400 --> 02:05:11,200
Romans Society was on Rigid 
class distinctions and nowhere 

2318
02:05:11,200 --> 02:05:14,800
was this more apparent than, in 
their hygiene practices, Your 

2319
02:05:14,800 --> 02:05:16,900
cleanliness level wasn't just 
about personal preference. 

2320
02:05:16,900 --> 02:05:20,700
It was an advertisement of your 
Social Status broadcast through 

2321
02:05:20,700 --> 02:05:24,400
scent, skin condition and the 
quality of oil glistening on 

2322
02:05:24,400 --> 02:05:28,000
your freshly scraped body. 
At the top of the hygiene 

2323
02:05:28,000 --> 02:05:30,500
pyramid, set, the wealthy 
patricians who treated 

2324
02:05:30,500 --> 02:05:32,500
cleanliness like a competitive 
sport. 

2325
02:05:33,200 --> 02:05:36,300
These folks didn't just bathe 
they orchestrated elaborate 

2326
02:05:36,300 --> 02:05:37,800
cleansing. 
Rituals that would make modern 

2327
02:05:37,800 --> 02:05:39,700
spa treatments. 
Look like a quick rinse in the 

2328
02:05:39,700 --> 02:05:40,600
garden. 
Springer. 

2329
02:05:41,600 --> 02:05:44,600
A wealthy Romans day might begin
with slaves applying various 

2330
02:05:44,600 --> 02:05:48,000
oils and unwinds followed by a 
leisurely trip to their private 

2331
02:05:48,000 --> 02:05:50,900
bars. 
Then more oils, a visit to the 

2332
02:05:50,900 --> 02:05:54,400
public bars for socializing, 
then even more oils and perfumes

2333
02:05:54,400 --> 02:05:57,900
for the evening's entertainment.
The oils themselves were a 

2334
02:05:57,900 --> 02:06:01,600
higher of Their Own. cheapest 
bath oil was made from Olive's 

2335
02:06:01,600 --> 02:06:05,800
functional but hardly luxurious 
Moving up the social ladder, 

2336
02:06:05,800 --> 02:06:09,800
you'd find oils infused with 
roses violets or other flowers 

2337
02:06:09,800 --> 02:06:13,600
at the very top were exotic. 
Imported oils from India and the

2338
02:06:13,600 --> 02:06:17,100
Far East centered with spices 
that cost more than most Romans 

2339
02:06:17,100 --> 02:06:20,200
earned in a year. 
These premium oils were just 

2340
02:06:20,200 --> 02:06:24,800
applied randomly wealthy, Romans
had personalized slaves, who 

2341
02:06:24,800 --> 02:06:27,600
specialized in the application 
of cosmetics and centered oils 

2342
02:06:27,600 --> 02:06:29,400
with the Precision of ancient 
perfumers. 

2343
02:06:30,500 --> 02:06:32,600
Here's where Roman hygiene 
becomes really interesting. 

2344
02:06:32,600 --> 02:06:35,400
They believe that different 
sense could affect your 

2345
02:06:35,400 --> 02:06:38,700
personality and health lavender 
oil was thought to promote 

2346
02:06:38,700 --> 02:06:42,000
wisdom while rose oil enhanced 
Beauty and charm. 

2347
02:06:42,800 --> 02:06:45,300
Mere was considered, especially 
powerful for warding off 

2348
02:06:45,308 --> 02:06:48,400
diseases, which led to some 
Romans smelling like they'd been

2349
02:06:48,408 --> 02:06:52,000
in bombed. the really paranoid 
wealthy would lay a multiple 

2350
02:06:52,000 --> 02:06:55,400
protective sense, creating 
personal aromatic signatures 

2351
02:06:55,400 --> 02:06:59,100
that you could smell coming from
three blocks away, middle class.

2352
02:06:59,100 --> 02:07:03,100
Romans the plebeians with decent
jobs had their hygiene 

2353
02:07:03,100 --> 02:07:05,500
strategies. 
They couldn't afford the Exotic 

2354
02:07:05,500 --> 02:07:07,600
oils. 
But they may do with olive oil 

2355
02:07:07,600 --> 02:07:10,300
and local herbs. 
Many grew, their own aromatic 

2356
02:07:10,300 --> 02:07:14,200
plants, specifically for bathing
mint, Rosemary, and Thyme were 

2357
02:07:14,200 --> 02:07:18,400
popular choices. these Romans 
typically visited public baths 

2358
02:07:18,400 --> 02:07:21,500
several times a week timing, 
their visits for the hours when 

2359
02:07:21,500 --> 02:07:24,700
the water was freshest and the 
crowds were thinnest They 

2360
02:07:24,700 --> 02:07:28,200
developed their own social codes
around bath etiquette, including

2361
02:07:28,200 --> 02:07:31,200
elaborate systems for sharing 
the limited supply of struggles 

2362
02:07:31,200 --> 02:07:33,800
and determining who got to use 
the best spots in each room. 

2363
02:07:34,900 --> 02:07:37,800
The Working Poor have the most 
creative approaches to hygiene. 

2364
02:07:38,500 --> 02:07:41,800
many couldn't afford regular 
trips to the public bars so they

2365
02:07:41,800 --> 02:07:44,500
developed Alternatives that 
range from clever to desperate, 

2366
02:07:44,500 --> 02:07:48,300
some would collect rainwater for
washing heating it over, small 

2367
02:07:48,300 --> 02:07:51,500
fires in their cramped 
Apartments, Others would visit 

2368
02:07:51,500 --> 02:07:53,200
the baths during the cheapest 
hours. 

2369
02:07:53,200 --> 02:07:56,500
Usually late in the day when the
water was questionable, but the 

2370
02:07:56,500 --> 02:07:59,800
prices were reduced. 
Many simply may do with quick 

2371
02:07:59,800 --> 02:08:03,400
washes at public fountains, 
using whatever, soap, they could

2372
02:08:03,400 --> 02:08:07,500
afford or make themselves from 
animal fat and Ash, Slaves 

2373
02:08:07,500 --> 02:08:10,300
occupied, the most complex 
position in the Roman hygiene 

2374
02:08:10,300 --> 02:08:12,700
hierarchy. 
The house slaves of wealthy 

2375
02:08:12,700 --> 02:08:14,300
families. 
Often had better access to 

2376
02:08:14,300 --> 02:08:18,000
bathing facilities than free 
Romans of lower classes, but 

2377
02:08:18,000 --> 02:08:20,700
only because cleanliness was 
part of their job requirements. 

2378
02:08:21,300 --> 02:08:24,100
Nobody wanted a smelly slave 
serving dinner or handling 

2379
02:08:24,100 --> 02:08:27,200
expensive clothing. 
These slaves, often knew more 

2380
02:08:27,200 --> 02:08:29,800
about cosmetics and techniques 
than their Master's. 

2381
02:08:29,800 --> 02:08:33,500
Having learned through daily 
practice, Some of their freedom 

2382
02:08:33,500 --> 02:08:37,100
by becoming professional Barth 
attendance or cosmetic. 

2383
02:08:37,100 --> 02:08:39,700
Their enforced expertise in to 
Economic Opportunity. 

2384
02:08:39,700 --> 02:08:43,700
The military had its own 
culture, Roman soldiers were 

2385
02:08:43,700 --> 02:08:46,400
required to maintain certain 
cleanliness standards not just 

2386
02:08:46,400 --> 02:08:50,500
for health but for discipline 
military camps, included bathing

2387
02:08:50,500 --> 02:08:53,800
facilities and latrine systems 
that were often more advanced 

2388
02:08:53,800 --> 02:08:55,600
than those found in civilian 
settlements. 

2389
02:08:56,400 --> 02:08:59,200
Soldiers developed efficient 
group, bathing techniques, and 

2390
02:08:59,200 --> 02:09:00,800
shared resources, for soap and 
oil. 

2391
02:09:01,600 --> 02:09:04,800
But they also had to adapt 
campaign conditions where Proper

2392
02:09:04,800 --> 02:09:06,700
bathing might be impossible for 
weeks at a time. 

2393
02:09:07,500 --> 02:09:10,200
Military hygiene was about 
functionality over luxury 

2394
02:09:10,200 --> 02:09:12,100
though. 
Successful generals often 

2395
02:09:12,100 --> 02:09:14,500
celebrated victories. 
With elaborate communal baths 

2396
02:09:14,500 --> 02:09:17,800
for their troops. 
Even Gladiators had their place 

2397
02:09:17,800 --> 02:09:20,800
in the hygiene hierarchy. 
These professional fighters were

2398
02:09:20,800 --> 02:09:23,500
valuable property. 
So their owners invested in 

2399
02:09:23,500 --> 02:09:25,900
keeping them clean and healthy 
Gladiator. 

2400
02:09:25,900 --> 02:09:28,900
Schools included, sophisticated,
bathing facilities, and 

2401
02:09:28,900 --> 02:09:31,700
Gladiators often had access to 
Medical Care, and specialized 

2402
02:09:31,700 --> 02:09:33,500
oils for treating training 
injuries. 

2403
02:09:34,600 --> 02:09:37,700
But the irony wasn't lost on. 
Romans, here were slaves, and 

2404
02:09:37,700 --> 02:09:40,100
criminals, who had better 
hygiene facilities than many 

2405
02:09:40,100 --> 02:09:42,100
freezers. 
And simply, because they were 

2406
02:09:42,100 --> 02:09:45,700
profitable entertainment, Roman 
medical Theory regarding hygiene

2407
02:09:45,700 --> 02:09:48,100
was a fascinating blend of 
practical, observation 

2408
02:09:48,100 --> 02:09:52,000
philosophical speculation and 
what can only be described as 

2409
02:09:52,000 --> 02:09:55,800
enthusiastic guest work. 
Roman Physicians trained in 

2410
02:09:55,808 --> 02:09:57,800
Greek Traditions but adding 
their own cultural 

2411
02:09:57,800 --> 02:10:00,300
interpretations developed 
hygiene practices, that were 

2412
02:10:00,300 --> 02:10:04,900
simultaneously Advanced and 
utterly baffling The foundation 

2413
02:10:04,900 --> 02:10:08,000
of a Roman medical hygiene 
rested on the theory of humors. 

2414
02:10:08,000 --> 02:10:11,300
The belief that human health 
depended on balancing four 

2415
02:10:11,300 --> 02:10:15,800
bodily, fluids blood, phlegm 
yellow, bile and black bile. 

2416
02:10:16,500 --> 02:10:18,900
According to this system 
different types of dirt and 

2417
02:10:18,900 --> 02:10:20,700
contamination. 
Could upset your humoral, 

2418
02:10:20,700 --> 02:10:24,000
balance leading to illness 
Madness or worse. 

2419
02:10:24,600 --> 02:10:27,000
This meant that how you cleaned 
yourself wasn't just about 

2420
02:10:27,000 --> 02:10:29,900
removing Grime. 
It was about maintaining Cosmic 

2421
02:10:29,900 --> 02:10:33,200
Harmony within your body. 
Roman doctors, prescribed 

2422
02:10:33,200 --> 02:10:35,800
specific bathing temperatures 
for different ailments and 

2423
02:10:35,800 --> 02:10:38,800
personality types. 
If you were naturally tolerate 

2424
02:10:38,800 --> 02:10:42,200
hot tempered you needed, cool 
bars to balance your excess, 

2425
02:10:42,200 --> 02:10:45,400
yellow bile melancholic, people 
required hot baths to 

2426
02:10:45,400 --> 02:10:47,500
counteract, their cold dry 
nature. 

2427
02:10:48,300 --> 02:10:49,700
But here's where it gets 
complicated. 

2428
02:10:50,600 --> 02:10:53,100
The same doctor might prescribe 
hot baths in the morning and 

2429
02:10:53,100 --> 02:10:55,800
cold bars, in the evening, 
depending on the phase of the 

2430
02:10:55,800 --> 02:10:58,500
moon, the season, and what you 
for lunch. 

2431
02:10:59,500 --> 02:11:02,400
Roman bath prescriptions could 
be more complex than modern 

2432
02:11:02,400 --> 02:11:05,900
chemotherapy protocols, the 
medical establishment also had 

2433
02:11:05,900 --> 02:11:09,400
strong opinions about sweating. 
Roman Physicians believed that 

2434
02:11:09,400 --> 02:11:12,300
sweat carried away. 
Harmful Vapors, and corrupted. 

2435
02:11:12,300 --> 02:11:14,600
Humors. 
Making it essential for health. 

2436
02:11:15,400 --> 02:11:18,700
This perspective, led to some 
interesting treatments patients 

2437
02:11:18,700 --> 02:11:21,500
with certain conditions were 
prescribed sessions in the 

2438
02:11:21,500 --> 02:11:24,700
hottest rooms of the baths. 
Sometimes for hours, at a time 

2439
02:11:24,708 --> 02:11:28,100
sweating out their illness. 
Others were given exercises 

2440
02:11:28,100 --> 02:11:31,700
designed to produce specific 
types of sweat gentle 

2441
02:11:31,700 --> 02:11:34,000
perspiration for delicate 
Constitution's. 

2442
02:11:34,000 --> 02:11:36,500
Vigorous sweating for robust. 
Patients. 

2443
02:11:37,600 --> 02:11:39,300
That were even Specialists, who 
claimed? 

2444
02:11:39,300 --> 02:11:42,100
They could diagnose diseases by 
examining and smelling a patient

2445
02:11:42,100 --> 02:11:45,400
sweat patterns. 
Oil played a central role in 

2446
02:11:45,400 --> 02:11:48,800
Roman medical, hygiene theory, 
different oils were thought to 

2447
02:11:48,800 --> 02:11:51,900
have specific therapeutic 
properties that went beyond mere

2448
02:11:51,900 --> 02:11:54,500
cleanliness. 
Olive oil was considered warming

2449
02:11:54,500 --> 02:11:57,800
and moistening beneficial for 
dry skin conditions and cold 

2450
02:11:57,800 --> 02:12:00,100
humors. 
Rose oil was Cooling and 

2451
02:12:00,100 --> 02:12:03,100
beautifying, prescribed for hot 
natured individuals and skin 

2452
02:12:03,100 --> 02:12:06,600
inflammations but the real 
medical stars were the Exotic 

2453
02:12:06,600 --> 02:12:09,900
imported oils. 
And from Judea was believed to 

2454
02:12:09,908 --> 02:12:11,600
cure headaches and promote 
wisdom. 

2455
02:12:12,300 --> 02:12:14,900
Nard from India was prescribed 
for depression and anxiety. 

2456
02:12:14,900 --> 02:12:17,300
These were not just Pleasant 
scents. 

2457
02:12:17,300 --> 02:12:21,200
They were considered legitimate 
medicine's Roman doctors had 

2458
02:12:21,200 --> 02:12:23,700
elaborate theories about when 
and how to bathe for Optimal 

2459
02:12:23,700 --> 02:12:25,800
Health. 
Most believed that bathing 

2460
02:12:25,800 --> 02:12:28,700
immediately after eating was 
dangerous as it could disrupt 

2461
02:12:28,700 --> 02:12:31,700
digestion and caused the food to
corrupt in your stomach. 

2462
02:12:31,700 --> 02:12:35,300
The recommended waiting period 
varied from two to four hours 

2463
02:12:35,300 --> 02:12:38,300
depending on what you didn't and
your constitutional type. 

2464
02:12:38,300 --> 02:12:42,500
Some Physicians prescribe 
pre-exists to open the pause 

2465
02:12:42,500 --> 02:12:45,500
properly While others 
recommended specific breathing 

2466
02:12:45,500 --> 02:12:48,200
techniques, during bathing to 
ensure proper circulation of 

2467
02:12:48,200 --> 02:12:51,200
vital spirits. 
The relationship between diet 

2468
02:12:51,200 --> 02:12:54,800
and hygiene was considered. 
Crucial Roman medical texts are 

2469
02:12:54,800 --> 02:12:57,200
full of warnings about foods 
that could make your sweat smell

2470
02:12:57,200 --> 02:12:59,400
foul or cause your skin to break
out. 

2471
02:13:00,500 --> 02:13:03,200
Garlic and onions were thought 
to produce corrupt humor, that 

2472
02:13:03,200 --> 02:13:07,100
emerged through the skin fish 
sauce, beloved by Romans, but 

2473
02:13:07,100 --> 02:13:10,700
notorious for its pungent, smell
was believed to cause Marine 

2474
02:13:10,700 --> 02:13:12,800
humors. 
That required special cleansing 

2475
02:13:12,800 --> 02:13:16,000
techniques involving sea salt 
and specific aromatic herbs. 

2476
02:13:16,800 --> 02:13:19,500
Women's hygiene was subject to a
specialty complex, medical 

2477
02:13:19,500 --> 02:13:22,800
theories, Roman Physicians 
believed that women's monthly 

2478
02:13:22,800 --> 02:13:25,300
Cycles created special cleansing
needs and opportunities. 

2479
02:13:26,600 --> 02:13:29,100
Certain herbs and oils. 
Were prescribed specifically for

2480
02:13:29,100 --> 02:13:32,400
female patients often with the 
goal of regulating their 

2481
02:13:32,400 --> 02:13:36,700
supposedly unstable humeral 
balance, Pregnancy brought its 

2482
02:13:36,700 --> 02:13:39,900
own set of hygiene rules with 
details prescriptions, for 

2483
02:13:39,900 --> 02:13:42,700
bathing temperatures, oil 
applications and cleansing. 

2484
02:13:42,700 --> 02:13:45,400
Schedule's designed to ensure 
healthy babies and safe, 

2485
02:13:45,400 --> 02:13:48,600
deliveries. 
That most fascinating with a 

2486
02:13:48,600 --> 02:13:51,100
Roman medical beliefs about 
mental illness and hygiene. 

2487
02:13:51,900 --> 02:13:54,800
Doctors genuinely believe that 
certain types of Madness were 

2488
02:13:54,800 --> 02:13:58,300
caused by corrupted Vapors, 
rising from unclean, bodies to 

2489
02:13:58,300 --> 02:14:01,100
affect the brain. 
This led to hygiene base 

2490
02:14:01,100 --> 02:14:04,400
treatments for depression, 
anxiety, and what we might now 

2491
02:14:04,400 --> 02:14:06,500
recognized as psychological 
conditions. 

2492
02:14:07,200 --> 02:14:09,600
Patients were prescribed 
elaborate bathing regiments 

2493
02:14:09,600 --> 02:14:13,100
specific oil treatments and 
sometimes even therapeutic 

2494
02:14:13,100 --> 02:14:16,100
massages with aromatic 
substances designed to restore 

2495
02:14:16,100 --> 02:14:18,800
mental balance. 
The wealthy could afford 

2496
02:14:18,800 --> 02:14:21,500
personal Physicians who would 
create customized hygiene 

2497
02:14:21,500 --> 02:14:24,900
protocols, based on detailed 
examination of their patients, 

2498
02:14:24,900 --> 02:14:28,000
constitutions, Lifestyles and 
health histories. 

2499
02:14:28,800 --> 02:14:32,500
These medical hygiene plans were
very detailed specifying when 

2500
02:14:32,500 --> 02:14:36,500
and how to bathe what to think 
about what prayers to recite and

2501
02:14:36,500 --> 02:14:39,700
how to breathe during cleansing.
Rituals money talks in any 

2502
02:14:39,700 --> 02:14:44,200
civilization and in ancient Rome
it spoke with a distinctly soapy

2503
02:14:44,200 --> 02:14:48,500
acts and The hygiene industry, 
employing, thousands of people 

2504
02:14:48,500 --> 02:14:51,200
in jobs ranging from 
respectable, to eyebrow raising 

2505
02:14:51,200 --> 02:14:54,700
created economic opportunities. 
That would not resurface until 

2506
02:14:54,700 --> 02:14:56,700
the emergence of the modern 
beauty industry. 

2507
02:14:58,000 --> 02:15:00,700
Let's start with the public 
baths themselves, which were 

2508
02:15:00,700 --> 02:15:04,300
massive commercial Enterprises. 
Tip, typical Roman Bath House, 

2509
02:15:04,300 --> 02:15:07,700
employed, dozens of workers, 
furnace operators, who kept the 

2510
02:15:07,708 --> 02:15:09,200
hypocrisy heating systems 
running. 

2511
02:15:10,000 --> 02:15:13,400
Water managers, who maintain the
complex, Plumbing attendance, 

2512
02:15:13,400 --> 02:15:16,700
who helped customers navigate 
the facilities Mercers who 

2513
02:15:16,708 --> 02:15:20,100
worked out the Kinks in Roman 
muscles and security Personnel 

2514
02:15:20,100 --> 02:15:22,000
who kept order among naked 
relaxed. 

2515
02:15:22,000 --> 02:15:26,000
And sometimes in toxicated 
Patron's The larger thermi were 

2516
02:15:26,000 --> 02:15:28,800
like ancient shopping malls, 
with vendors, selling everything

2517
02:15:28,800 --> 02:15:32,000
from snacks to jewelry, to good 
luck charms. 

2518
02:15:32,000 --> 02:15:33,800
Designed to protect you from 
Seward. 

2519
02:15:33,800 --> 02:15:36,700
Demons the oil, trade was 
particularly lucrative. 

2520
02:15:36,700 --> 02:15:40,600
Olive oil was the foundation of 
the Roman hygiene industry and 

2521
02:15:40,600 --> 02:15:43,000
controlling Olive Groves could 
make you wealthy Beyond 

2522
02:15:43,000 --> 02:15:45,700
imagination. 
But the real money was in 

2523
02:15:45,700 --> 02:15:50,000
specialty oils and perfumes. 
A single and four of 

2524
02:15:50,000 --> 02:15:53,300
high-quality rose oil from Egypt
could cost more than a skilled 

2525
02:15:53,300 --> 02:15:57,200
Craftsman earned in six months. 
The perfume Merchants, who dealt

2526
02:15:57,200 --> 02:16:00,000
in these luxury goods often 
became powerful political 

2527
02:16:00,000 --> 02:16:03,000
figures using their wealth to 
buy influence and status. 

2528
02:16:04,300 --> 02:16:08,100
Report businesses thrived on 
Roman hygiene Obsession exotic 

2529
02:16:08,100 --> 02:16:09,900
in Greedy. 
Came from a cross, the Empire 

2530
02:16:09,900 --> 02:16:14,700
and Beyond frankincense from 
Arabia Cinema, from India, Amber

2531
02:16:14,700 --> 02:16:18,000
from the Baltic regions, and 
silke for the finest bathing, 

2532
02:16:18,000 --> 02:16:21,100
towels from China. 
The logistics of getting these 

2533
02:16:21,100 --> 02:16:24,800
materials to Roman consumers 
created entire industries of 

2534
02:16:24,800 --> 02:16:28,900
Traders shippers and middlemen. 
Some Merchants specialized in 

2535
02:16:28,900 --> 02:16:32,299
nothing but hygiene related 
Imports building fortunes on 

2536
02:16:32,299 --> 02:16:35,600
Roman desires to smell better 
than their neighbor's the soap 

2537
02:16:35,608 --> 02:16:37,000
making industry was 
sophisticated. 

2538
02:16:37,000 --> 02:16:40,600
While Romans didn't use soap, 
the way we do, they did 

2539
02:16:40,600 --> 02:16:43,500
manufacture various cleansing 
compounds from animal fats, 

2540
02:16:43,500 --> 02:16:47,900
plant, ashes, and mineral salts.
The best soap makers were 

2541
02:16:47,900 --> 02:16:51,700
closely guarded Trade, Secrets 
passed down through generations 

2542
02:16:51,700 --> 02:16:54,500
of Craftsmen. 
Some soap making families became

2543
02:16:54,500 --> 02:16:57,900
wealthy enough to own their own 
bathhouses, creating vertically,

2544
02:16:57,900 --> 02:17:00,200
integrated hygiene Empires, that
controlled everything. 

2545
02:17:00,200 --> 02:17:03,299
From soap production to the 
final bathing experience. 

2546
02:17:03,299 --> 02:17:07,100
Slavery was unfortunately 
Central to the Roman hygiene 

2547
02:17:07,100 --> 02:17:09,500
economy. 
Thousands of slaves, worked in 

2548
02:17:09,500 --> 02:17:12,900
bathhouses, oil production, and 
personal hygiene Services. 

2549
02:17:12,900 --> 02:17:17,100
Some specialized in specific 
skills, there were slaves, who 

2550
02:17:17,100 --> 02:17:19,299
could identify the best oils by 
smell alone. 

2551
02:17:19,299 --> 02:17:23,000
Others who were experts at using
struggles without causing injury

2552
02:17:23,000 --> 02:17:26,000
and still others who memorized 
complex recipes for custom, 

2553
02:17:26,000 --> 02:17:29,299
perfume blends. 
The most skilled hygiene slaves 

2554
02:17:29,299 --> 02:17:31,700
could earn enough money through 
tips and side businesses to 

2555
02:17:31,700 --> 02:17:34,799
eventually buy their freedom 
though this path to manual 

2556
02:17:34,799 --> 02:17:36,700
Mission. 
Required years of scraping other

2557
02:17:36,700 --> 02:17:39,200
people's backs and memorizing, 
their scent preferences. 

2558
02:17:39,200 --> 02:17:42,600
The construction industry 
benefited from Roman hygiene 

2559
02:17:42,600 --> 02:17:45,200
culture. 
Building a proper Roman bath 

2560
02:17:45,200 --> 02:17:48,600
required Specialists, and hypoth
heating systems waterproof 

2561
02:17:48,600 --> 02:17:51,799
concrete decorative mosaic's and
complex Plumbing. 

2562
02:17:52,600 --> 02:17:55,799
The technique of Bath House. 
Construction were later applied 

2563
02:17:55,799 --> 02:17:59,299
to other buildings, making Roman
hygiene culture, a driver of 

2564
02:17:59,299 --> 02:18:03,200
architectural, innovation, Some 
construction families became 

2565
02:18:03,200 --> 02:18:06,799
wealthy by specializing in bath 
related, projects traveling 

2566
02:18:06,799 --> 02:18:09,700
throughout the Empire to build 
facilities for wealthy Romans in

2567
02:18:09,700 --> 02:18:12,200
distant provinces. 
Then there were the support 

2568
02:18:12,200 --> 02:18:15,200
industries that emerged around 
hygiene culture, laundry 

2569
02:18:15,200 --> 02:18:18,799
services, clean, the towels and 
clothing used in baths Pottery 

2570
02:18:18,799 --> 02:18:21,500
makers, produced the countless 
vessels needed for oils, 

2571
02:18:21,500 --> 02:18:22,799
perfumes and bathing 
accessories. 

2572
02:18:22,799 --> 02:18:27,200
Metal workers crafted strigil 
mirrors and bathing jewelry. 

2573
02:18:28,200 --> 02:18:29,799
Even the food industry got 
involved. 

2574
02:18:29,799 --> 02:18:33,299
As many, Romans liked to eat and
drink while bathing creating 

2575
02:18:33,299 --> 02:18:36,100
demand for waterproof serving 
vessels and special bath 

2576
02:18:36,100 --> 02:18:39,799
appropriate snacks. 
The medical side of hygiene 

2577
02:18:39,799 --> 02:18:43,000
created its own economic 
opportunities, Physicians who 

2578
02:18:43,008 --> 02:18:46,400
specialized in hygiene-related 
treatments, could charge premium

2579
02:18:46,400 --> 02:18:49,700
fees, especially if they claimed
expertise and exotic foreign 

2580
02:18:49,700 --> 02:18:53,700
bathing techniques. 
Massage therapists aromatherapy 

2581
02:18:53,700 --> 02:18:56,700
Specialists, and even 
professional bath consultants in

2582
02:18:56,700 --> 02:18:58,400
merged as profitable 
professionals. 

2583
02:18:58,400 --> 02:19:02,600
Some enterprising Romans make 
careers out of advising clients 

2584
02:19:02,600 --> 02:19:06,299
on optimal bathing schedules and
customized oil, blends Regional 

2585
02:19:06,299 --> 02:19:08,900
variations in high Jean 
preferences, created Niche 

2586
02:19:08,900 --> 02:19:12,299
markets, throughout the Empire 
Roman's in Britain of cold 

2587
02:19:12,299 --> 02:19:14,700
weather, bathing techniques, 
that required different oils and

2588
02:19:14,700 --> 02:19:17,700
heating systems, Romans and 
North Africa adapted. 

2589
02:19:17,700 --> 02:19:21,100
Their High Jean practices to 
Desert conditions, creating 

2590
02:19:21,100 --> 02:19:23,799
demand for specialized sun, 
protection, oils, and sand, 

2591
02:19:23,799 --> 02:19:27,000
resistant clothing. 
These Regional specializations 

2592
02:19:27,000 --> 02:19:30,400
often became export Industries 
with local, hygiene Innovation, 

2593
02:19:30,400 --> 02:19:33,600
spreading throughout the empire.
The government also profited 

2594
02:19:33,600 --> 02:19:36,000
from Roman cleanliness, 
obsessions through taxes and 

2595
02:19:36,000 --> 02:19:39,900
regulations, bathhouses paid 
licensing, fees imported, 

2596
02:19:39,900 --> 02:19:42,500
hygiene products, face, tariffs 
and Luxury. 

2597
02:19:42,500 --> 02:19:44,700
Perfumes were subject to special
taxes. 

2598
02:19:44,700 --> 02:19:47,000
That helped fund Public Works 
projects. 

2599
02:19:48,299 --> 02:19:51,500
Some historians argue that Roman
expansion was partly motivated 

2600
02:19:51,500 --> 02:19:55,100
by the desire to secure reliable
sources of hygiene related, raw 

2601
02:19:55,100 --> 02:19:58,500
materials, making cleanliness a 
factor in Imperial policy. 

2602
02:19:58,500 --> 02:20:01,100
Roman hygiene wasn't just about 
getting clean. 

2603
02:20:01,100 --> 02:20:04,100
It was about navigating a 
complex spiritual landscape 

2604
02:20:04,100 --> 02:20:08,200
where Supernatural forces lurked
in every bathing facility in 

2605
02:20:08,200 --> 02:20:10,400
evil spirits. 
Had strong opinions about your 

2606
02:20:10,400 --> 02:20:14,300
personal grooming choices. 
The Romans had managed to turn 

2607
02:20:14,300 --> 02:20:17,500
basic human cleanliness in to a 
mystical Adventure, that 

2608
02:20:17,500 --> 02:20:20,700
required careful planning, 
protective charms, and 

2609
02:20:20,700 --> 02:20:25,100
occasionally, professional 
Supernatural consultation Timing

2610
02:20:25,100 --> 02:20:27,600
of your bath wasn't just, a 
matter of personal convenience. 

2611
02:20:27,600 --> 02:20:31,300
It was a cosmic decision that 
could affect your luck health 

2612
02:20:31,300 --> 02:20:35,500
and spiritual well-being. 
Romans consulted calendars that 

2613
02:20:35,500 --> 02:20:38,400
indicated favorable and 
unfavorable bathing days. 

2614
02:20:38,400 --> 02:20:42,500
Based on lunar phases, religious
Fest of alls, and the movements 

2615
02:20:42,500 --> 02:20:44,700
of various Gods through the 
celestial sphere. 

2616
02:20:45,700 --> 02:20:48,800
Some wealthy Romans employed 
personal astrologers whose job 

2617
02:20:48,808 --> 02:20:51,500
included calculating, optimal 
bathing schedules. 

2618
02:20:51,500 --> 02:20:55,000
Imagine having to verify your 
horoscope before deciding 

2619
02:20:55,000 --> 02:20:58,500
whether to take a shower. 
Water itself was considered to 

2620
02:20:58,500 --> 02:21:01,900
have spiritual properties, that 
varied depending on its source 

2621
02:21:01,900 --> 02:21:04,600
and treatment. 
Spring water was thought to 

2622
02:21:04,600 --> 02:21:07,800
carry the blessings of water 
nymphs while rainwater collected

2623
02:21:07,800 --> 02:21:10,100
during thunderstorms was 
believed to have purifying 

2624
02:21:10,100 --> 02:21:12,800
powers that could wash away 
curses and negative luck. 

2625
02:21:13,600 --> 02:21:16,600
The Romans went to extraordinary
lengths to obtain water with the

2626
02:21:16,600 --> 02:21:18,800
right spiritual qualities for 
important. 

2627
02:21:18,800 --> 02:21:22,200
Bathing rituals, some wealthy 
families, maintain private 

2628
02:21:22,200 --> 02:21:25,400
Springs, specifically for 
ceremonial baying, hiring priest

2629
02:21:25,400 --> 02:21:28,500
to bless the water sources 
regularly, the direction you 

2630
02:21:28,500 --> 02:21:30,300
face while bathing was 
considered crucial. 

2631
02:21:31,100 --> 02:21:33,600
Most Romans believed you should 
face East while entering the 

2632
02:21:33,600 --> 02:21:36,600
bath to welcome the blessings of
the Rising Sun, then turned to 

2633
02:21:36,600 --> 02:21:39,600
face West while leaving to 
ensure that any evil influences 

2634
02:21:39,600 --> 02:21:40,900
washed away with the Setting 
Sun? 

2635
02:21:42,100 --> 02:21:45,200
More superstitious Bayers would 
rotate through all four cardinal

2636
02:21:45,200 --> 02:21:48,300
directions, during their bathing
session creating a kind of 

2637
02:21:48,300 --> 02:21:51,400
mystical water dance, that must 
have been entertaining to watch.

2638
02:21:52,300 --> 02:21:55,000
Protective amulets for bathing 
were big business in ancient 

2639
02:21:55,000 --> 02:21:56,900
Rome. 
These were just decorative 

2640
02:21:56,900 --> 02:21:58,900
jewelry. 
They were considered essential 

2641
02:21:58,900 --> 02:22:01,600
safety equipment, for anyone 
venturing into the spiritually, 

2642
02:22:01,600 --> 02:22:03,600
dangerous environment of a 
public bath. 

2643
02:22:04,400 --> 02:22:07,700
Popular designs included images 
of Hercules, for strength, 

2644
02:22:07,700 --> 02:22:11,100
Mercury, for protection during 
travel, including spiritual 

2645
02:22:11,100 --> 02:22:14,200
Journeys, undertaken, while 
bathing, and various household 

2646
02:22:14,200 --> 02:22:16,800
Gods, who specialized in 
bathroom related protection. 

2647
02:22:18,000 --> 02:22:21,500
Some amulets were designed to be
worn while wet using special 

2648
02:22:21,500 --> 02:22:24,300
materials and construction 
techniques that modern Jewelers 

2649
02:22:24,300 --> 02:22:28,000
would find fascinating. 
The Romans had elaborate rituals

2650
02:22:28,000 --> 02:22:30,700
for entering and leaving baths. 
That would make modern Spa 

2651
02:22:30,700 --> 02:22:33,600
protocols. 
Look casual many would pause at 

2652
02:22:33,600 --> 02:22:36,500
the threshold to recite 
protective prayers, asking the 

2653
02:22:36,500 --> 02:22:40,100
gods, to guard, them from evil 
spirits, prevent accidents and 

2654
02:22:40,100 --> 02:22:42,400
ensure that their bathing 
experience would be beneficial 

2655
02:22:42,400 --> 02:22:46,600
rather than harmful Some would 
leave small offerings coins 

2656
02:22:46,600 --> 02:22:50,400
flowers or drops of expensive 
oil, a shrine dishes into 

2657
02:22:50,400 --> 02:22:53,800
bathhouse walls specifically. 
For this purpose, shared bathing

2658
02:22:53,800 --> 02:22:58,000
created its own set of spiritual
concerns, Roman's about picking 

2659
02:22:58,000 --> 02:23:01,000
up, not just physical dirt from 
other Bays, but spiritual 

2660
02:23:01,000 --> 02:23:05,200
contamination from people with 
bad luck evil intentions or 

2661
02:23:05,200 --> 02:23:08,600
Supernatural enemies. 
This led to complex etiquette 

2662
02:23:08,600 --> 02:23:11,500
systems designed to minimize 
spiritual risk while maintaining

2663
02:23:11,500 --> 02:23:14,400
social politeness. 
You could not just ignore 

2664
02:23:14,400 --> 02:23:17,500
someone in the bars that might 
offend them and invite 

2665
02:23:17,500 --> 02:23:19,300
retaliation from their personal 
gods. 

2666
02:23:20,100 --> 02:23:22,800
But you also couldn't become too
friendly with strangers whose 

2667
02:23:22,800 --> 02:23:26,300
spiritual status was unknown. 
The oil and perfume application 

2668
02:23:26,300 --> 02:23:29,000
process was ritualized to an 
almost ceremonial degree. 

2669
02:23:29,900 --> 02:23:33,200
Wealthy Romans would recite 
specific prayers while different

2670
02:23:33,200 --> 02:23:35,500
oils were applied to different 
parts of their bodies. 

2671
02:23:36,300 --> 02:23:39,200
Rose oil might be blessed to 
Venus while being applied to the

2672
02:23:39,200 --> 02:23:43,100
face while olive oil could be 
dedicated to Minerva while being

2673
02:23:43,100 --> 02:23:46,500
used on arms and legs. 
The goal was to invoke Divine 

2674
02:23:46,500 --> 02:23:49,100
protection for each body part. 
While also ensuring that the 

2675
02:23:49,100 --> 02:23:52,500
gods approved of your grooming 
choices dreams about bathing 

2676
02:23:52,500 --> 02:23:54,600
were considered prophetic and 
required, professional 

2677
02:23:54,600 --> 02:23:57,800
interpretation Romans who 
dreamed about dirty bathwater 

2678
02:23:57,800 --> 02:24:00,500
might consult priests about 
impending spiritual danger, 

2679
02:24:00,500 --> 02:24:03,300
while dreams of Crystal. 
Clear, Pools were considered 

2680
02:24:03,300 --> 02:24:07,100
signs of divine favor. 
Some Romans kept dream journals 

2681
02:24:07,100 --> 02:24:09,500
specifically to track bathing 
related dreams and their 

2682
02:24:09,500 --> 02:24:13,100
outcomes creating a kind of 
ancient database of Supernatural

2683
02:24:13,100 --> 02:24:15,700
bath predictions. 
The Romans even had 

2684
02:24:15,700 --> 02:24:17,800
superstitions about soap and 
cleansing materials. 

2685
02:24:17,800 --> 02:24:21,300
Some believe that using soap 
made from animals that had died 

2686
02:24:21,300 --> 02:24:24,200
violently could transfer 
aggressive spirits to the user. 

2687
02:24:25,000 --> 02:24:27,700
Others thought that cleaning 
tools used by people who later 

2688
02:24:27,700 --> 02:24:32,300
suffered Misfortune accursed and
should be avoided. such beliefs 

2689
02:24:32,300 --> 02:24:34,800
led to complex systems for 
tracking the history and 

2690
02:24:34,800 --> 02:24:38,100
spiritual pedigree of bathing 
accessories, with some wealthy 

2691
02:24:38,100 --> 02:24:40,500
Romans, employing servants, 
whose job was to maintain 

2692
02:24:40,500 --> 02:24:44,000
detailed records of where their 
strigil sponges and oils had 

2693
02:24:44,000 --> 02:24:47,300
come from Seasonal bathing 
rituals aligned with the Roman 

2694
02:24:47,300 --> 02:24:50,300
religious calendar created 
additional layers of complexity.

2695
02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:53,500
During certain festivals bathing
was considered, either a 

2696
02:24:53,500 --> 02:24:57,100
specially beneficial or 
particularly dangerous depending

2697
02:24:57,100 --> 02:24:58,500
on which gods were being 
honored. 

2698
02:24:59,200 --> 02:25:02,100
The Spring Festival of Anna, 
Perez included ritual bathing 

2699
02:25:02,100 --> 02:25:04,700
That was supposed to ensure 
health for the coming year while

2700
02:25:04,700 --> 02:25:07,700
bathing during the lemuria. 
When Restless Spirits roamed, 

2701
02:25:07,700 --> 02:25:10,900
the Earth, required special 
protective measures as you 

2702
02:25:10,900 --> 02:25:12,400
settle back into your modern 
bathroom. 

2703
02:25:12,400 --> 02:25:15,400
Surrounded by anti-bacterial 
soap, dispensers and privacy 

2704
02:25:15,400 --> 02:25:17,800
walls. 
It's worth reflecting on what 

2705
02:25:17,800 --> 02:25:19,400
the Romans actually got. 
Right. 

2706
02:25:19,400 --> 02:25:21,900
About hygiene. 
And what we might have learned 

2707
02:25:21,900 --> 02:25:23,500
from their more, colorful 
mistakes. 

2708
02:25:24,300 --> 02:25:25,700
There are poached to 
cleanliness. 

2709
02:25:25,700 --> 02:25:29,300
Reveal something profound about 
human nature, our eternal 

2710
02:25:29,300 --> 02:25:32,200
struggle to balance individual 
needs with social expectations, 

2711
02:25:32,200 --> 02:25:36,700
practical Health concerned, with
cultural beliefs, and the desire

2712
02:25:36,700 --> 02:25:40,000
to be clean, with the reality of
what that actually means, the 

2713
02:25:40,000 --> 02:25:42,700
Roman's, understood something 
that we sometimes forget in our 

2714
02:25:42,700 --> 02:25:45,100
modern individualistic, bathing 
culture. 

2715
02:25:45,900 --> 02:25:47,800
Cleanliness was inherently 
social. 

2716
02:25:48,700 --> 02:25:51,100
A communal baths weren't just 
about getting clean. 

2717
02:25:51,100 --> 02:25:54,500
They were about maintaining the 
social fabric that held their 

2718
02:25:54,500 --> 02:25:58,300
civilization together. 
In an age before television, the

2719
02:25:58,300 --> 02:26:01,900
internet, or even widespread 
literacy, the bath served as 

2720
02:26:01,908 --> 02:26:05,500
information networks business 
centers and Community gathering 

2721
02:26:05,500 --> 02:26:07,900
places. 
Romans didn't just wash their 

2722
02:26:07,900 --> 02:26:10,200
bodies. 
They washed themselves back into

2723
02:26:10,200 --> 02:26:13,500
society each day. 
Modern hygiene science has 

2724
02:26:13,500 --> 02:26:17,400
validated many Roman practices 
While debunking others their 

2725
02:26:17,400 --> 02:26:20,600
emphasis on regular bathing. 
The use of oils to protect skin 

2726
02:26:20,600 --> 02:26:23,300
and even their practice of 
scraping away dead skin. 

2727
02:26:23,300 --> 02:26:25,800
Cells were, remarkably sound 
from a Dermatological 

2728
02:26:25,800 --> 02:26:28,600
standpoint. 
The Romans understood that 

2729
02:26:28,600 --> 02:26:31,100
healthy skin required, both 
cleansing and moisturizing 

2730
02:26:31,100 --> 02:26:33,300
though. 
They achieved it through all of 

2731
02:26:33,300 --> 02:26:36,300
oil and metal scrapers rather 
than lotion and exfoliating 

2732
02:26:36,300 --> 02:26:39,100
scrubs. 
Their recognition, that mental 

2733
02:26:39,100 --> 02:26:41,300
health and physical. 
Cleanliness were connected was 

2734
02:26:41,300 --> 02:26:43,700
not wrong. 
It was just expressed through 

2735
02:26:43,700 --> 02:26:46,700
theories about humors and evil 
spirits rather than modern 

2736
02:26:46,700 --> 02:26:49,900
psychology. 
The Roman approached to dental 

2737
02:26:49,900 --> 02:26:53,400
hygiene while involving some 
questionable ingredients was 

2738
02:26:53,400 --> 02:26:56,300
actually more advanced than what
most European would practice for

2739
02:26:56,300 --> 02:26:59,500
the next 1000 Years. 
Chewing, on aromatic Twigs. 

2740
02:26:59,500 --> 02:27:03,000
Did clean teeth affectively and 
some of their herbal mouthpieces

2741
02:27:03,000 --> 02:27:06,000
contained ingredients that 
Modern Dentistry recognizes as 

2742
02:27:06,000 --> 02:27:08,500
beneficial. 
The fact that they cared about 

2743
02:27:08,500 --> 02:27:11,100
dental hygiene at all, put them 
ahead of many later 

2744
02:27:11,100 --> 02:27:14,600
civilizations that considered 
tooth care vanity rather than 

2745
02:27:14,600 --> 02:27:17,400
health maintenance. 
Perhaps most importantly, the 

2746
02:27:17,400 --> 02:27:19,900
Romans demonstrated that public 
health infrastructure could 

2747
02:27:19,900 --> 02:27:23,400
transform civilization, their 
aqueducts sewers and public 

2748
02:27:23,400 --> 02:27:25,200
baths. 
Created living conditions. 

2749
02:27:25,200 --> 02:27:28,000
That wouldn't be matched in 
European cities until the 19th 

2750
02:27:28,000 --> 02:27:30,600
century. 
The decline of Roman bathing 

2751
02:27:30,600 --> 02:27:33,500
culture after the fall of the 
Empire coincided with, centuries

2752
02:27:33,500 --> 02:27:37,500
of reduced, lifespans increased 
disease, and general, scuffin 

2753
02:27:37,500 --> 02:27:40,700
that historians now recognize as
preventable consequences of 

2754
02:27:40,700 --> 02:27:42,700
abandoning public, hygiene 
infrastructure. 

2755
02:27:42,700 --> 02:27:46,300
The economic lessons of Roman 
hygiene culture equally relevant

2756
02:27:46,300 --> 02:27:48,300
today. 
The understood the cleanliness 

2757
02:27:48,300 --> 02:27:51,500
could be an industry, creating 
jobs and driving innovation. 

2758
02:27:51,500 --> 02:27:54,500
In ways that benefited. 
Entire Society is their 

2759
02:27:54,500 --> 02:27:56,700
willingness to invest public 
money and bathing, for 

2760
02:27:56,700 --> 02:27:58,200
facilities and sanitation 
systems. 

2761
02:27:58,200 --> 02:28:02,300
Paid dividends in Public Health,
and Social stability that lasted

2762
02:28:02,300 --> 02:28:06,100
for centuries. 
Modern cities still struggle 

2763
02:28:06,100 --> 02:28:09,500
with the same basic challenge. 
How to balance individual 

2764
02:28:09,500 --> 02:28:12,900
desires. 
The cleanliness and privacy with

2765
02:28:12,900 --> 02:28:15,900
the collective benefits of 
shared infrastructure and social

2766
02:28:15,900 --> 02:28:19,800
bathing spaces. 
The Roman mistake of mixing with

2767
02:28:19,800 --> 02:28:23,800
Superstition offers, its lessons
when cleanliness becomes too 

2768
02:28:23,800 --> 02:28:26,500
ritualized or culturally loaded.
It can become a source of 

2769
02:28:26,500 --> 02:28:30,000
anxiety, rather than health. 
Modern Western culture, 

2770
02:28:30,000 --> 02:28:31,300
occasionally succumbs to 
similar. 

2771
02:28:31,300 --> 02:28:34,700
Pitfalls transforming personal 
hygiene into competitive 

2772
02:28:34,700 --> 02:28:38,600
displays of status or moral 
superiority rather than a means 

2773
02:28:38,600 --> 02:28:42,100
of maintaining practical health 
The Romans remind us that it's 

2774
02:28:42,100 --> 02:28:45,500
possible to take cleanliness to 
seriously investing it with 

2775
02:28:45,500 --> 02:28:48,600
meanings and expectations that 
have nothing to do with actually

2776
02:28:48,600 --> 02:28:51,700
being clean. 
As you drift off to sleep 

2777
02:28:51,700 --> 02:28:54,800
tonight, clean and comfortable, 
in ways that would Amaze any 

2778
02:28:54,800 --> 02:28:57,800
ancient Roman. 
Remember that hygiene is always 

2779
02:28:57,800 --> 02:29:00,500
a work in progress. 
The Romans thought they had 

2780
02:29:00,500 --> 02:29:04,200
figured it out just as we think 
we have figured it out just as 

2781
02:29:04,200 --> 02:29:06,900
people a thousand years from now
will probably shake their heads 

2782
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:09,400
at our primitive understanding 
of cleanliness and health. 

2783
02:29:10,000 --> 02:29:13,400
The pursuit of perfect hygiene 
is like the pursuit of perfect 

2784
02:29:13,400 --> 02:29:15,900
happiness. 
Admirable goal. 

2785
02:29:15,900 --> 02:29:18,900
That reveals more about human 
nature than it does about soap 

2786
02:29:18,900 --> 02:29:20,900
and water. 
The Romans gave us the 

2787
02:29:20,900 --> 02:29:24,100
foundation for contemplating 
cleanliness as both a personal 

2788
02:29:24,100 --> 02:29:26,500
responsibility and a social 
virtue. 

2789
02:29:26,500 --> 02:29:30,300
They showed us that being clean,
could be pleasant social, and 

2790
02:29:30,300 --> 02:29:32,800
even luxurious, rather than just
Grim necessity. 

2791
02:29:32,800 --> 02:29:35,700
Most importantly, they 
demonstrated that a 

2792
02:29:35,700 --> 02:29:38,800
civilizations approach to 
hygiene reflects its values 

2793
02:29:38,800 --> 02:29:42,200
priorities and understanding of 
what it means to live well 

2794
02:29:42,200 --> 02:29:44,500
together. 
So the next time you step into 

2795
02:29:44,500 --> 02:29:47,500
your private shower with your 
individually chosen soap and 

2796
02:29:47,500 --> 02:29:50,300
your perfectly heated water 
spare a thought for those long 

2797
02:29:50,300 --> 02:29:52,300
dead, Roman sitting naked on 
their communal. 

2798
02:29:52,300 --> 02:29:56,000
Toilets, sharing their communal 
sponges and somehow managing to 

2799
02:29:56,000 --> 02:29:57,800
build an Empire that lasted 1000
years. 

2800
02:29:59,100 --> 02:30:02,200
They may not have understood 
germs or bacteria but they 

2801
02:30:02,200 --> 02:30:05,200
understood something equally 
important that taking care of 

2802
02:30:05,200 --> 02:30:07,800
your body and sharing that 
experience with your community, 

2803
02:30:07,800 --> 02:30:09,700
was one of the things that made 
life worth living. 

2804
02:30:10,600 --> 02:30:13,400
Despite the fact that it 
necessitated more public nudity 

2805
02:30:13,400 --> 02:30:16,700
and dubious medical theories and
the majority of us would favor. 

2806
02:30:24,300 --> 02:30:27,400
Imagine being in a very old 
Japanese Forest the kind that 

2807
02:30:27,400 --> 02:30:30,000
used to cover these islands long
before anyone thought to build 

2808
02:30:30,000 --> 02:30:32,200
anything. 
These trees are different from 

2809
02:30:32,200 --> 02:30:33,700
the ones. 
You might see in your area. 

2810
02:30:33,700 --> 02:30:36,900
These trees are cryptomeria and 
hinoki Cypress. 

2811
02:30:36,900 --> 02:30:39,700
They can live for a thousand 
years and grow straight and 

2812
02:30:39,700 --> 02:30:41,500
tall. 
Their wood smells a little like 

2813
02:30:41,500 --> 02:30:45,000
lemon and is resistant to rot 
like Nature's Own preservative. 

2814
02:30:45,000 --> 02:30:48,400
Japanese architecture doesn't 
start in quarries or brick 

2815
02:30:48,400 --> 02:30:50,900
Kilns. 
It starts in these old forests 

2816
02:30:50,900 --> 02:30:53,300
where there was a lot of wood 
that was easy to work with and 

2817
02:30:53,300 --> 02:30:56,900
seemed to last forever. 
Building with stone makes things

2818
02:30:56,900 --> 02:30:58,700
last, whether you want them to 
or not. 

2819
02:30:59,400 --> 02:31:04,200
Stone says, I will be here long 
after your gone unchanged and 

2820
02:31:04,200 --> 02:31:05,900
unmoved. 
Wood. 

2821
02:31:05,900 --> 02:31:10,000
On the other hand, says, 
something else would says, I 

2822
02:31:10,000 --> 02:31:12,800
used to be alive and in a way I 
still am. 

2823
02:31:14,200 --> 02:31:16,600
The first people who lived in 
Japan, knew that the islands 

2824
02:31:16,600 --> 02:31:17,900
they lived on were always 
moving. 

2825
02:31:17,900 --> 02:31:20,800
And this would affect how they 
built things for thousands of 

2826
02:31:20,800 --> 02:31:25,000
years, earthquake, shook the 
ground to often making buildings

2827
02:31:25,000 --> 02:31:26,900
made of solid Stone into death 
traps. 

2828
02:31:26,900 --> 02:31:30,600
It seemed like the Earth itself,
like movement over Stillness and

2829
02:31:30,600 --> 02:31:34,200
flexibility over rigidity. 
So, the Japanese learned how to 

2830
02:31:34,200 --> 02:31:36,700
build buildings that could Sway 
With the Earth and stead of 

2831
02:31:36,700 --> 02:31:39,100
fighting it. 
These buildings danced with 

2832
02:31:39,100 --> 02:31:41,200
disaster and standing against 
it. 

2833
02:31:41,200 --> 02:31:44,200
But before we talk about real 
buildings, we should talk about 

2834
02:31:44,200 --> 02:31:46,600
Shinto. 
The native religion of Japan 

2835
02:31:46,600 --> 02:31:48,400
that sees divine presence in 
nature. 

2836
02:31:48,400 --> 02:31:52,700
Shinto says that commie or 
Spirits or gods live in 

2837
02:31:52,700 --> 02:31:56,900
everything from huge mountains 
to Tiny streams from old trees 

2838
02:31:56,900 --> 02:31:59,700
to interesting rocks. 
This wasn't just a religious 

2839
02:31:59,700 --> 02:32:01,800
belief. 
It was a basic way to think 

2840
02:32:01,800 --> 02:32:03,200
about how you fit into the 
landscape. 

2841
02:32:04,300 --> 02:32:06,400
Your approach to building 
changes completely. 

2842
02:32:06,400 --> 02:32:09,700
When you think that nature is 
sacred, you don't take over the 

2843
02:32:09,700 --> 02:32:13,200
land, you work with it, you 
don't cut down all the trees in 

2844
02:32:13,200 --> 02:32:17,000
a forest and stead you cut down 
certain trees with thanks and 

2845
02:32:17,000 --> 02:32:19,600
ceremony. 
The first Shinto shrines were 

2846
02:32:19,600 --> 02:32:22,100
really building's. 
They were just areas that were 

2847
02:32:22,100 --> 02:32:25,600
set aside as sacred maybe with a
special tree or rock in them. 

2848
02:32:25,600 --> 02:32:28,700
And simple fence is made of 
branches and Roper around the 

2849
02:32:29,500 --> 02:32:32,400
Grand shrine at ease is one of 
Japan's most sacred places. 

2850
02:32:32,400 --> 02:32:35,600
It shows how people in Japan 
interact with nature in a way 

2851
02:32:35,608 --> 02:32:38,900
that might seem strange to 
people from the West every 20 

2852
02:32:38,900 --> 02:32:40,900
years. 
The whole Shrine complex is 

2853
02:32:40,900 --> 02:32:43,700
rebuilt from the ground up with 
new Cyprus would and traditional

2854
02:32:43,700 --> 02:32:46,000
methods. 
The old buildings are carefully 

2855
02:32:46,000 --> 02:32:48,700
taken apart and new ones that 
look just like the old ones. 

2856
02:32:48,700 --> 02:32:51,800
Go up in their place. 
This has been going on for more 

2857
02:32:51,800 --> 02:32:55,600
than 1,000 years which makes 
East both old and always knew. 

2858
02:32:56,300 --> 02:33:00,900
Consider this for a second, a 
building that is both 1,300 

2859
02:33:00,900 --> 02:33:04,600
years old and only 20 years old.
It's like the ship of Theseus 

2860
02:33:04,600 --> 02:33:08,400
Paradox in architecture. 
This is a philosophical question

2861
02:33:08,400 --> 02:33:10,000
about whether something stays 
the same. 

2862
02:33:10,008 --> 02:33:12,000
After all of its parts have been
replaced. 

2863
02:33:12,000 --> 02:33:15,500
The Japanese knew right away 
that the shrines Essence wasn't 

2864
02:33:15,500 --> 02:33:19,300
in the materials it was made of 
but in its shape, its traditions

2865
02:33:19,300 --> 02:33:22,900
and its spiritual continuity 
because of this tradition of 

2866
02:33:22,900 --> 02:33:26,300
rebuilding people, had to learn 
about architecture by teaching 

2867
02:33:26,300 --> 02:33:29,300
each other instead of just 
looking at Old buildings. 

2868
02:33:30,100 --> 02:33:33,600
For decades Master Carpenters, 
taught apprentices everything 

2869
02:33:33,600 --> 02:33:36,300
they needed to know about how 
buildings, worked, how they 

2870
02:33:36,300 --> 02:33:39,300
breathed and how they stood up 
to win an earthquake's. 

2871
02:33:39,300 --> 02:33:42,400
They didn't just teach them how 
to cut joints or chose would 

2872
02:33:43,200 --> 02:33:45,400
Japanese people used to treat 
wood with a lot of respect. 

2873
02:33:45,400 --> 02:33:48,100
Carpenters, learn to read the 
grain of wood. 

2874
02:33:48,100 --> 02:33:50,900
Like you would read someone's 
face getting to know its 

2875
02:33:50,900 --> 02:33:52,800
personality strengths and 
Auditors. 

2876
02:33:52,800 --> 02:33:55,900
They knew that would from the 
north side of a tree was thicker

2877
02:33:55,900 --> 02:33:57,900
and should be used in a 
different way than would from 

2878
02:33:57,900 --> 02:34:00,500
the South Side. 
They knew that the way a tree 

2879
02:34:00,500 --> 02:34:03,200
grew determined how to cut and 
put its wood in a building. 

2880
02:34:04,000 --> 02:34:06,300
People cared for the tools and 
treated them with respect. 

2881
02:34:06,300 --> 02:34:09,800
It was important to take care of
and eventually pass down a 

2882
02:34:09,800 --> 02:34:12,800
master Carpenters. 
Saw Japanese saws cut on the 

2883
02:34:12,808 --> 02:34:15,200
pull stroke instead of the push 
stroke, which gives the 

2884
02:34:15,200 --> 02:34:17,400
carpenter more control and makes
cleaner Cuts. 

2885
02:34:17,400 --> 02:34:20,400
It's one of those little things 
that shows a whole new way of 

2886
02:34:20,400 --> 02:34:24,200
doing things working with the 
tools nature in it, to do what 

2887
02:34:24,200 --> 02:34:27,800
you want the joinery techniques 
that developed in Japan are 

2888
02:34:27,800 --> 02:34:30,200
still amazing and how clever 
they are Master. 

2889
02:34:30,200 --> 02:34:32,900
Carpenters, made connections 
between wooden parts that were 

2890
02:34:32,900 --> 02:34:36,100
stronger than the wood itself. 
Like, interlocking joints that 

2891
02:34:36,100 --> 02:34:39,100
got tighter when they were 
loaded Corners, that could Bend 

2892
02:34:39,100 --> 02:34:42,400
without breaking and connections
that let buildings absorb 

2893
02:34:42,400 --> 02:34:45,100
seismic energy instead of 
breaking under it. 

2894
02:34:46,400 --> 02:34:48,600
Imagine a master Carpenter in 
ancient Japan. 

2895
02:34:48,600 --> 02:34:51,100
Picking a tree to cut down. 
As you drift off to sleep. 

2896
02:34:51,100 --> 02:34:54,700
He puts his hand on the bark and
maybe says a short prayer to the

2897
02:34:54,700 --> 02:34:57,400
calming of the forest thanking 
them for the life. 

2898
02:34:57,400 --> 02:34:59,400
He's about to take and the 
purpose, it will serve. 

2899
02:35:00,200 --> 02:35:02,100
A tree will fall but it will 
also rise. 

2900
02:35:02,100 --> 02:35:05,400
Again it will become pillars and
beams and it will continue to 

2901
02:35:05,400 --> 02:35:08,800
exist in a new form protecting 
people as it wants protected, 

2902
02:35:08,800 --> 02:35:11,500
birds and insects. 
The basis of Japanese 

2903
02:35:11,500 --> 02:35:13,900
architecture is a deep respect 
for materials. 

2904
02:35:13,900 --> 02:35:17,000
The idea that building's are not
separate from nature, but part 

2905
02:35:17,000 --> 02:35:20,200
of its ongoing cycle and the 
willingness to accept change 

2906
02:35:20,200 --> 02:35:24,400
instead of fighting it. 
The Palaces temples castles and 

2907
02:35:24,400 --> 02:35:26,800
teahouses that come. 
After this all come from these 

2908
02:35:26,800 --> 02:35:29,600
roots just like the cypress 
trees grow from the ground. 

2909
02:35:30,700 --> 02:35:33,500
Companies architecture changed 
in a big way around the sixth 

2910
02:35:33,500 --> 02:35:36,900
Century CE Buddhism came from 
China and Korea and it brought 

2911
02:35:36,900 --> 02:35:40,300
with it, not only new spiritual 
ideas, but also a whole new way 

2912
02:35:40,300 --> 02:35:42,600
of building. 
It was like someone suddenly 

2913
02:35:42,600 --> 02:35:45,000
giving you a whole new way to 
say things you only sort of 

2914
02:35:45,008 --> 02:35:47,900
understood before. 
In many ways, Chinese 

2915
02:35:47,900 --> 02:35:51,300
architecture was the opposite of
what Japan had made Japanese 

2916
02:35:51,300 --> 02:35:54,900
buildings were low to the ground
while Chinese buildings had many

2917
02:35:54,900 --> 02:35:57,000
stories and fancy rooflights 
that went up. 

2918
02:35:57,000 --> 02:36:00,600
Japanese design used natural 
materials in their raw form. 

2919
02:36:00,600 --> 02:36:04,300
While Chinese architecture used 
bright colors, intricate 

2920
02:36:04,300 --> 02:36:06,300
decorations, and complicated 
symbols. 

2921
02:36:07,200 --> 02:36:10,000
Japanese architecture was about 
blending in with the landscape. 

2922
02:36:10,000 --> 02:36:13,400
While Chinese architecture was 
about imposing geometric order 

2923
02:36:13,400 --> 02:36:16,600
and Cosmic meaning. 
The Japanese reaction to this 

2924
02:36:16,600 --> 02:36:19,200
cultural exchange show, 
something important about their 

2925
02:36:19,200 --> 02:36:21,600
character. 
They didn't just copy Chinese 

2926
02:36:21,600 --> 02:36:24,100
models. 
They didn't completely reject 

2927
02:36:24,100 --> 02:36:26,500
them either. 
Instead they did what you could 

2928
02:36:26,500 --> 02:36:30,500
call architectural translation 
which means taking Chinese ideas

2929
02:36:30,500 --> 02:36:32,400
and slowly and carefully 
adapting them. 

2930
02:36:32,400 --> 02:36:36,300
To Japanese tastes and needs. 
Japanese architecture, didn't 

2931
02:36:36,300 --> 02:36:39,000
really need large interior 
spaces for congregational 

2932
02:36:39,000 --> 02:36:41,500
worship before. 
Buddhist temples did. 

2933
02:36:42,200 --> 02:36:45,200
Shinto ceremonies took place 
outside or in small private 

2934
02:36:45,200 --> 02:36:48,500
places but Buddhism needed. 
Big rooms where monks could meet

2935
02:36:48,500 --> 02:36:50,900
chance sutras and do complicated
rituals. 

2936
02:36:51,700 --> 02:36:54,000
This meant learning how to build
on a scale that Japanese 

2937
02:36:54,000 --> 02:36:57,300
architecture hadn't done before 
the Pagoda, which is unique 

2938
02:36:57,300 --> 02:37:00,100
multi-tiered Tower. 
Found in Buddhist temples is 

2939
02:37:00,100 --> 02:37:03,000
actually a brilliant piece of 
earthquake engineering that the 

2940
02:37:03,000 --> 02:37:05,900
Japanese perfected through trial
and error and careful 

2941
02:37:05,900 --> 02:37:09,100
observation. 
Bashiri a huge Central. 

2942
02:37:09,100 --> 02:37:11,500
Pillar runs through the middle 
of a traditional Japanese 

2943
02:37:11,500 --> 02:37:14,300
pagoda. 
It is held up from the top and 

2944
02:37:14,300 --> 02:37:17,400
barely touches the ground. 
The building shakes when an 

2945
02:37:17,400 --> 02:37:20,300
earthquake hits but the central 
pillar keeps the whole thing 

2946
02:37:20,300 --> 02:37:22,600
stable by acting as a 
counterweight and dampener 

2947
02:37:22,600 --> 02:37:25,900
modernized monologist who 
studied ancient pagodas found 

2948
02:37:25,900 --> 02:37:28,900
something amazing. 
This design, which was developed

2949
02:37:28,900 --> 02:37:31,800
through years of observation, 
predicts principles that 

2950
02:37:31,800 --> 02:37:34,600
Structural Engineers didn't 
understand mathematically until 

2951
02:37:34,600 --> 02:37:38,100
the 20th century Some pagodas 
have been around for more than 

2952
02:37:38,100 --> 02:37:41,900
1,400 years and have withstood 
many earthquakes that have 

2953
02:37:41,900 --> 02:37:43,400
destroyed newer buildings 
nearby. 

2954
02:37:44,500 --> 02:37:47,600
Olde Tyme, Carpenters didn't 
need computer models, they had 

2955
02:37:47,600 --> 02:37:51,800
patients, careful, observation 
years of experience, the horror 

2956
02:37:51,800 --> 02:37:54,600
ji Temple, which was built in 
the early 7th Century, as the 

2957
02:37:54,600 --> 02:37:56,900
oldest wooden buildings in the 
world that are still standing. 

2958
02:37:57,800 --> 02:38:00,300
It's like stepping into a time 
machine when you walk around its

2959
02:38:00,300 --> 02:38:01,700
grounds but you're not really 
there. 

2960
02:38:01,700 --> 02:38:06,000
You're in bed, imagining what it
would be like the wood is dark 

2961
02:38:06,000 --> 02:38:08,600
and over time to a deep Brown 
that looks like it. 

2962
02:38:08,600 --> 02:38:11,500
Absorbs light. 
The pillars have a slight curve 

2963
02:38:11,500 --> 02:38:14,100
called enters, that comes from 
Greek architecture through 

2964
02:38:14,100 --> 02:38:16,800
Chinese middlemen. 
This makes them look more like 

2965
02:38:16,800 --> 02:38:20,400
living things than rigid shapes.
It's interesting how quickly 

2966
02:38:20,400 --> 02:38:23,100
these early Buddhist temples 
began to look more Japanese than

2967
02:38:23,100 --> 02:38:25,800
Chinese. 
The roof lines, got less fancy 

2968
02:38:25,800 --> 02:38:28,800
but more elegant. 
Colors changed from the bright, 

2969
02:38:28,800 --> 02:38:32,000
Reds, and greens of Chinese 
temples to softer more natural 

2970
02:38:32,000 --> 02:38:34,400
tones. 
The connection with the garden 

2971
02:38:34,400 --> 02:38:37,500
around, it became more 
integrated, less about symbols 

2972
02:38:37,500 --> 02:38:40,500
and more about real sensory, 
experience Buddhist 

2973
02:38:40,500 --> 02:38:42,600
architectural. 
So brought new skilled workers 

2974
02:38:42,600 --> 02:38:45,100
to Japan. 
Tilemakers who could make the 

2975
02:38:45,100 --> 02:38:49,000
unique curved roof tiles. 
That directed Rainwater Metal 

2976
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:52,100
workers who could make the 
beautiful bronze decoration that

2977
02:38:52,100 --> 02:38:56,200
went on doorways and roofs. 
And Painters who made statues of

2978
02:38:56,200 --> 02:38:59,500
Buddhas and bodhisattvas, that 
filled temples, there were 

2979
02:38:59,500 --> 02:39:01,600
different traditions and 
techniques for each craft. 

2980
02:39:01,600 --> 02:39:04,400
That had to be changed to work 
with Japanese materials and 

2981
02:39:04,400 --> 02:39:06,400
weather. 
The changes in Temple 

2982
02:39:06,400 --> 02:39:09,100
architecture over the next few 
hundred years show, a slow 

2983
02:39:09,100 --> 02:39:12,800
process of creative digestion. 
Each generation of Builders 

2984
02:39:12,800 --> 02:39:15,700
learned from the ones before 
them, but they all tried new 

2985
02:39:15,700 --> 02:39:19,300
things changed things and 
sometimes came up with new ideas

2986
02:39:19,300 --> 02:39:20,800
that were less like Chinese 
models. 

2987
02:39:22,100 --> 02:39:25,200
By the hand period which lasted 
from the 9th to the 12th 

2988
02:39:25,200 --> 02:39:27,800
centuries. 
Japanese Buddhist architecture 

2989
02:39:27,800 --> 02:39:30,800
had developed its own unique 
style, it was clearly based on 

2990
02:39:30,808 --> 02:39:33,800
Chinese models but it was 
clearly Japanese and how it was 

2991
02:39:33,808 --> 02:39:37,300
built. 
The covered Corridor or Roca is 

2992
02:39:37,300 --> 02:39:41,000
one new idea that stands out. 
In Japan where it rains a lot, 

2993
02:39:41,008 --> 02:39:44,100
these wooden walkways connected 
different buildings in a temple 

2994
02:39:44,100 --> 02:39:46,900
or Palace complex. 
They made sure that people could

2995
02:39:46,900 --> 02:39:50,300
move between buildings without 
getting wet, the corridors were 

2996
02:39:50,300 --> 02:39:52,600
just useful. 
It made a rhythm of walking 

2997
02:39:52,600 --> 02:39:55,700
through covered and Open Spaces,
switching between light and 

2998
02:39:55,700 --> 02:39:57,900
shade. 
The sound of rain on wooden 

2999
02:39:57,900 --> 02:40:01,000
roofs and the sight of Garden's 
glistening with water. 

3000
02:40:01,000 --> 02:40:04,800
As you get more comfortable in 
your blankets, picture yourself,

3001
02:40:04,800 --> 02:40:07,200
walking down, one of these 
hallways on a rainy day. 

3002
02:40:07,200 --> 02:40:11,100
The wooden floor is smooth under
your feet because it has been 

3003
02:40:11,100 --> 02:40:14,900
used for hundreds of years. 
Rain is falling in sheets, 

3004
02:40:14,900 --> 02:40:17,300
outside, making a curtain 
between you and the garden. 

3005
02:40:17,300 --> 02:40:22,100
The sound is everywhere. 
Rain on the roof tiles, rain on 

3006
02:40:22,100 --> 02:40:26,500
the stone paths and Reign 
filling the stone baseman's your

3007
02:40:26,500 --> 02:40:29,300
dry and moving through this 
protected space that connects 

3008
02:40:29,300 --> 02:40:31,700
you to the life of the 
building's while keeping you 

3009
02:40:31,700 --> 02:40:34,400
safe from the weather. 
The hallway is not completely 

3010
02:40:34,400 --> 02:40:37,600
inside or outside. 
It's a space in between a 

3011
02:40:37,600 --> 02:40:40,500
threshold and Japanese 
architecture would come to love 

3012
02:40:40,500 --> 02:40:44,200
these unclear areas very much. 
The aristocratic architecture of

3013
02:40:44,208 --> 02:40:47,100
the heian period. 
Japan from the 9th to the 12th. 

3014
02:40:47,100 --> 02:40:50,600
Centuries is one of the most 
refined domestic traditions in 

3015
02:40:50,600 --> 02:40:53,700
human history. 
This was the time of the tale of

3016
02:40:53,700 --> 02:40:55,900
Genji. 
A great work of the world 

3017
02:40:55,900 --> 02:40:58,900
literature, that shows us how 
the nobility lived loved. 

3018
02:40:58,900 --> 02:41:00,800
And thought about the places 
where they lived. 

3019
02:41:01,500 --> 02:41:04,400
The shinden security style that 
was popular in aristocratic 

3020
02:41:04,400 --> 02:41:07,000
Homes at the time, was based on 
a simple idea. 

3021
02:41:07,000 --> 02:41:10,100
Build rectangular buildings 
around a central Courtyard 

3022
02:41:10,100 --> 02:41:12,900
garden. 
Connect them with hallways and 

3023
02:41:12,900 --> 02:41:15,900
let the space is flow into each 
other with his few barriers as 

3024
02:41:15,908 --> 02:41:18,100
possible. 
Sound simple. 

3025
02:41:18,100 --> 02:41:20,500
But when you compare it to 
European or middle eastern 

3026
02:41:20,500 --> 02:41:24,600
palaces from the same time, you 
can see how radical this idea 

3027
02:41:24,600 --> 02:41:27,900
was Picture a mansion for a 
nobleman from above. 

3028
02:41:28,700 --> 02:41:31,900
The main hall or Chinden always 
faces South because of Chinese 

3029
02:41:31,900 --> 02:41:35,500
geomantic ideas about good 
direction's to the Eastern, West

3030
02:41:35,500 --> 02:41:38,200
smaller buildings, hold family 
members servants, and other 

3031
02:41:38,200 --> 02:41:41,300
household tasks, covered 
hallways, connect everything, 

3032
02:41:41,300 --> 02:41:45,400
making a safe way for people to 
get around and in the middle the

3033
02:41:45,400 --> 02:41:48,100
courtyard Garden which is more 
than just a decoration. 

3034
02:41:48,100 --> 02:41:49,900
It's the heart of the whole 
thing. 

3035
02:41:49,900 --> 02:41:53,300
There are almost no walls inside
which is what makes this so 

3036
02:41:53,300 --> 02:41:56,300
different from say a medieval 
European Manor. 

3037
02:41:57,100 --> 02:42:00,300
The buildings are roofed 
platforms with screens and 

3038
02:42:00,300 --> 02:42:04,000
curtains that can be moved 
around, not solid walls but how 

3039
02:42:04,000 --> 02:42:06,600
you arrange your furniture and 
fabric gives you privacy? 

3040
02:42:06,600 --> 02:42:09,100
You don't define space by 
closing it off. 

3041
02:42:09,100 --> 02:42:13,100
Instead you do it by carefully. 
Placing screens, blinds and 

3042
02:42:13,100 --> 02:42:16,900
hanging textiles to suggest 
boundaries this meant that homes

3043
02:42:16,900 --> 02:42:20,200
of the rich were very adaptable.
During the day, the rooms could 

3044
02:42:20,200 --> 02:42:23,700
be open and bright screens and 
curtains made private rooms at 

3045
02:42:23,700 --> 02:42:26,700
night. 
When you had guests over rooms, 

3046
02:42:26,700 --> 02:42:28,400
could easily become bigger 
spaces. 

3047
02:42:28,400 --> 02:42:32,400
How could change completely with
the seasons in the summer? 

3048
02:42:32,400 --> 02:42:36,000
It was very open to letting 
breezes and in the winter it had

3049
02:42:36,000 --> 02:42:38,800
screens placed just right to 
keep warmth through braziers. 

3050
02:42:38,800 --> 02:42:42,000
The floors of these buildings 
were made of famous hinoki. 

3051
02:42:42,000 --> 02:42:45,300
Cypress Wood platforms that were
about two feet off the ground. 

3052
02:42:45,300 --> 02:42:48,900
It wasn't just about height. 
It was all a about making a 

3053
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:50,400
separate space from the ground 
below. 

3054
02:42:50,400 --> 02:42:53,100
You took off your shoes before 
stepping up onto these 

3055
02:42:53,100 --> 02:42:55,800
platforms. 
This was a sign that you are 

3056
02:42:55,800 --> 02:42:58,300
moving from the outside world to
the more refined space of the 

3057
02:42:58,300 --> 02:43:00,800
home. 
The space under the floor, also 

3058
02:43:00,800 --> 02:43:04,300
let air flow which is important 
in Japan's humid climate and 

3059
02:43:04,300 --> 02:43:06,100
kept moisture from the ground 
from rotting. 

3060
02:43:06,100 --> 02:43:09,600
Wooden building's During the 
hayn period to Tommy mats, which

3061
02:43:09,600 --> 02:43:12,300
are rectangular floor. 
Mats covered in rushes, were not

3062
02:43:12,300 --> 02:43:14,800
yet common. 
They were expensive things that 

3063
02:43:14,800 --> 02:43:18,400
were only put where people sat, 
eventually they grew so big that

3064
02:43:18,400 --> 02:43:21,700
they covered whole floors and 
their standard size became a way

3065
02:43:21,700 --> 02:43:25,000
to measure things rooms were 
described by how many tatami 

3066
02:43:25,000 --> 02:43:27,900
they had. 
People still use the terms 6, 

3067
02:43:27,900 --> 02:43:31,900
matte rooms and eight matte 
rooms to describe Japanese 

3068
02:43:31,900 --> 02:43:34,400
Apartments today. 
This is a tradition that goes 

3069
02:43:34,400 --> 02:43:37,500
back, hundreds of years. 
If you're used to walls being 

3070
02:43:37,500 --> 02:43:41,200
walls and doors staying closed. 
The way the inside and outside 

3071
02:43:41,200 --> 02:43:45,200
of these palaces work together 
might make you feel uneasy on 

3072
02:43:45,200 --> 02:43:48,300
nice days, the wooden shutters 
that surrounded, the buildings 

3073
02:43:48,300 --> 02:43:51,200
could be lifted and stored, 
which meant that an entire wall 

3074
02:43:51,200 --> 02:43:53,700
could be taken down, and the 
rooms could be opened directly 

3075
02:43:53,700 --> 02:43:56,700
to the garden. 
The aristocrats didn't just look

3076
02:43:56,700 --> 02:43:59,400
at their Gardens. 
They were always able to see and

3077
02:43:59,400 --> 02:44:01,200
hear them. 
You might not expect this 

3078
02:44:01,200 --> 02:44:03,700
openness to mean, a different 
way of thinking about privacy, 

3079
02:44:03,700 --> 02:44:07,500
because anyone could see into 
rooms privacy was kept by using 

3080
02:44:07,500 --> 02:44:09,500
layers of semi-transparent 
fabrics. 

3081
02:44:09,500 --> 02:44:13,100
Cultural rules about where you 
could look and the careful 

3082
02:44:13,100 --> 02:44:14,900
placement of screens and 
Furniture. 

3083
02:44:14,900 --> 02:44:18,500
The privacy of the architecture 
was not physical, but social, 

3084
02:44:18,500 --> 02:44:21,200
and it was enforced by manners 
and stead of locks. 

3085
02:44:21,900 --> 02:44:23,500
You should meditate on the 
gardens. 

3086
02:44:23,500 --> 02:44:26,400
You can see from these palaces, 
they weren't Botanical 

3087
02:44:26,400 --> 02:44:28,100
collections or vegetable 
gardens. 

3088
02:44:28,100 --> 02:44:31,000
They were carefully planned 
Landscapes that brought Nature 

3089
02:44:31,000 --> 02:44:33,800
close to people. 
You could change the course of a

3090
02:44:33,800 --> 02:44:36,600
stream so that it flows through 
the garden with carefully. 

3091
02:44:36,600 --> 02:44:40,600
Chosen Stones lining the way. 
People picked trees based on how

3092
02:44:40,600 --> 02:44:43,400
they looked in different 
seasons, like cherry blossoms in

3093
02:44:43,400 --> 02:44:45,600
the spring and Maples in the 
fall. 

3094
02:44:46,200 --> 02:44:49,800
Island and fake ponds stood for 
Cosmic ideas, or famous places 

3095
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:52,500
from Chinese. 
Poetry walking through these 

3096
02:44:52,500 --> 02:44:55,400
Gardens meant reading between 
the lines and finding hidden 

3097
02:44:55,400 --> 02:44:57,600
meanings that arrangement of 
rocks. 

3098
02:44:57,600 --> 02:45:01,100
Could be a reference to a famous
Chinese landscape that tree 

3099
02:45:01,100 --> 02:45:03,000
might remind people of a poem, 
they all knew. 

3100
02:45:03,700 --> 02:45:05,800
The gardens were like, 
three-dimensional books that 

3101
02:45:05,800 --> 02:45:07,800
only educated people could fully
enjoy. 

3102
02:45:07,800 --> 02:45:11,800
You could enjoy them centrally, 
which you could do, but you are 

3103
02:45:11,800 --> 02:45:14,000
also supposed to understand 
their cultural and philosophical

3104
02:45:14,000 --> 02:45:17,000
meanings. 
The idea of March which is often

3105
02:45:17,000 --> 02:45:21,300
translated as negative space or 
interval was very important to 

3106
02:45:21,300 --> 02:45:23,100
how these buildings and Garden's
worked. 

3107
02:45:23,900 --> 02:45:27,200
Mario isn't just empty space, 
it's space, that gets meaning 

3108
02:45:27,200 --> 02:45:30,400
from the things around it. 
The empty space between the 

3109
02:45:30,400 --> 02:45:33,800
buildings wasn't wasted space. 
It was the organizing principle 

3110
02:45:33,800 --> 02:45:35,100
that made the buildings work 
together. 

3111
02:45:36,000 --> 02:45:38,300
The space between stones on a 
Garden Path. 

3112
02:45:38,300 --> 02:45:41,800
Wasn't empty. 
It was full of Hope as you drift

3113
02:45:41,800 --> 02:45:43,800
off to sleep. 
Imagine yourself as a hair 

3114
02:45:43,800 --> 02:45:46,900
nobleman or woman relaxing on 
the raised wooden floor of your 

3115
02:45:46,908 --> 02:45:49,200
home. 
The wooden shutters are gone now

3116
02:45:49,200 --> 02:45:51,900
that it's spring and your room 
is completely open to the 

3117
02:45:51,900 --> 02:45:54,600
garden. 
Cherry blossoms are falling like

3118
02:45:54,600 --> 02:45:57,900
snow in the light Breeze like 
high and Nobles did all the 

3119
02:45:57,908 --> 02:46:00,100
time. 
You're writing poetry to try to 

3120
02:46:00,100 --> 02:46:03,500
capture The Bitter, Sweet beauty
of these flowers that blue and 

3121
02:46:03,500 --> 02:46:07,000
die in just a few days. 
The architecture around, you 

3122
02:46:07,000 --> 02:46:08,500
isn't separate from the natural 
world. 

3123
02:46:08,500 --> 02:46:11,800
It's a carefully framed stage 
for seeing how nature changes 

3124
02:46:11,800 --> 02:46:14,800
all the time. 
Japanese history, took a violent

3125
02:46:14,800 --> 02:46:17,500
turn off after 100s of years of 
living in elegant palaces. 

3126
02:46:18,400 --> 02:46:21,600
Feudal Lords fought all the time
in the Middle Ages and suddenly 

3127
02:46:21,600 --> 02:46:24,400
architecture had to deal with a 
problem and never had to deal 

3128
02:46:24,400 --> 02:46:26,800
with before. 
How to build beautiful 

3129
02:46:26,800 --> 02:46:29,200
buildings, that could also 
survive a military attack. 

3130
02:46:30,100 --> 02:46:32,700
The Japanese Castle is an 
interesting, mix of useful 

3131
02:46:32,700 --> 02:46:34,700
military, engineering and 
artistic ambition. 

3132
02:46:35,600 --> 02:46:37,700
These were not just rough 
fortifications meant to keep 

3133
02:46:37,700 --> 02:46:40,100
people out. 
There were also signs of power 

3134
02:46:40,100 --> 02:46:43,400
displays of wealth and 
Architectural Feats that just 

3135
02:46:43,400 --> 02:46:45,000
happened to be good places to 
defend. 

3136
02:46:45,000 --> 02:46:49,300
Let's begin with the most 
important rule, hike, Japanese 

3137
02:46:49,300 --> 02:46:52,200
castles made good, use of the 
land by building them on Hills 

3138
02:46:52,200 --> 02:46:53,400
or mountains whenever they 
could. 

3139
02:46:54,500 --> 02:46:57,800
The main tower or Tenchu would 
rise from the highest point, 

3140
02:46:57,800 --> 02:47:00,700
making a layered defense, that 
attackers would have to fight 

3141
02:47:00,700 --> 02:47:02,500
through multiple fortified 
zones. 

3142
02:47:02,500 --> 02:47:06,200
Going up before they could reach
the keep It's like playing chess

3143
02:47:06,200 --> 02:47:08,700
in three dimensions. 
But the board is tilted, to The 

3144
02:47:08,700 --> 02:47:12,200
Defenders Advantage, the stone 
bases of these castles are 

3145
02:47:12,200 --> 02:47:14,700
examples of engineering that 
still impress people today. 

3146
02:47:15,500 --> 02:47:20,100
Without mortar huge Stones, Some
of which weighed tons were put 

3147
02:47:20,100 --> 02:47:23,900
together to make walls that were
30 to 40 feet high and curved 

3148
02:47:23,900 --> 02:47:26,000
slightly outward so that they 
couldn't be climbed. 

3149
02:47:26,800 --> 02:47:28,900
These walls were not only strong
but they were all. 

3150
02:47:28,900 --> 02:47:31,100
So beautiful. 
The different colors and 

3151
02:47:31,100 --> 02:47:34,400
textures of the stone made 
abstract patterns, that changed 

3152
02:47:34,400 --> 02:47:38,500
with the weather and light when 
using rough natural Stone's the 

3153
02:47:38,500 --> 02:47:41,600
method for making these Stone 
bases, is called nasura tzumi. 

3154
02:47:41,600 --> 02:47:45,800
When using more process Stones, 
it is called uchikomi Hagee. 

3155
02:47:46,500 --> 02:47:49,000
The best castles used a method 
in which each Stone was 

3156
02:47:49,000 --> 02:47:52,100
carefully chose and shaped to 
fit perfectly with the ones next

3157
02:47:52,100 --> 02:47:54,500
to it. 
The walls were so well-fitted 

3158
02:47:54,500 --> 02:47:56,700
that you couldn't slip a knife 
blade between the stones. 

3159
02:47:56,700 --> 02:47:59,700
It was like high level 
craftsmanship in architecture 

3160
02:47:59,700 --> 02:48:03,000
where practical needs turned 
into chances for virtuoso 

3161
02:48:03,000 --> 02:48:05,600
display. 
The wooden Castle buildings 

3162
02:48:05,600 --> 02:48:09,200
themselves like Towers Gates, 
living quarters, and storehouses

3163
02:48:09,200 --> 02:48:11,600
Rose above the stone 
foundations. 

3164
02:48:11,600 --> 02:48:15,100
This is where the unique style 
of Japanese Castle architecture.

3165
02:48:15,100 --> 02:48:18,500
Really Shone through Japanese 
castles were mostly wooden 

3166
02:48:18,500 --> 02:48:21,500
buildings with stone pedestals, 
underneath while European 

3167
02:48:21,500 --> 02:48:23,500
castles were made of solid Stone
throughout. 

3168
02:48:24,400 --> 02:48:29,300
The towers could be four five or
even seven stories tall with 

3169
02:48:29,300 --> 02:48:31,500
each story being a little 
smaller than the one below it. 

3170
02:48:32,200 --> 02:48:34,800
This made The Towers look like 
wedding cakes with a tapered 

3171
02:48:34,800 --> 02:48:36,800
profile. 
But here's where it gets 

3172
02:48:36,800 --> 02:48:39,000
interesting. 
The floors inside. 

3173
02:48:39,000 --> 02:48:42,000
Don't match the stories. 
You see from the outside a 

3174
02:48:42,000 --> 02:48:45,700
five-story tower might really 
have seven floors inside or a 

3175
02:48:45,700 --> 02:48:47,600
three-story building. 
Might look like it has five 

3176
02:48:47,600 --> 02:48:50,300
floors inside. 
This wasn't just to confuse 

3177
02:48:50,300 --> 02:48:52,500
enemies. 
It was smart engineering that 

3178
02:48:52,500 --> 02:48:55,300
led the defense of floors have 
lower ceilings while still 

3179
02:48:55,300 --> 02:48:58,800
looking great from the outside. 
The beautiful white plastered 

3180
02:48:58,800 --> 02:49:02,000
walls of him Agy Castle. 
Also known as the white Heron 

3181
02:49:02,000 --> 02:49:05,400
Castle, make it the best example
of Japanese Castle architecture.

3182
02:49:06,400 --> 02:49:08,500
It feels like you're in a 
three-dimensional maze with 

3183
02:49:08,508 --> 02:49:10,900
defensive passages that were 
made by someone who really 

3184
02:49:10,900 --> 02:49:13,600
didn't want you to get to the 
center paths. 

3185
02:49:13,600 --> 02:49:16,500
Make turns at strange angles, 
doorways are set up. 

3186
02:49:16,500 --> 02:49:18,700
So that attackers have to put 
themselves in dangerous 

3187
02:49:18,700 --> 02:49:21,300
situations, there are traps on 
the floors. 

3188
02:49:21,300 --> 02:49:24,300
Every choice made in 
architecture, has two purposes 

3189
02:49:24,300 --> 02:49:28,900
to look good and to kill. 
Defensive features of castles 

3190
02:49:28,900 --> 02:49:32,600
are very clever. 
Sama or small windows were put 

3191
02:49:32,608 --> 02:49:35,300
in place so that Defenders could
shoot arrows or guns without 

3192
02:49:35,300 --> 02:49:38,000
being shot back. 
Defenders on the upper floors 

3193
02:49:38,000 --> 02:49:40,800
could attack anyone who got past
the lower defenses through 

3194
02:49:40,800 --> 02:49:42,400
drop-down hatches in the 
ceilings. 

3195
02:49:43,200 --> 02:49:45,800
People could pour boiling oil or
water, on attackers, through 

3196
02:49:45,808 --> 02:49:48,600
holes in the walls. 
The decorative curved roof 

3197
02:49:48,600 --> 02:49:49,700
lines. 
Also had a purpose. 

3198
02:49:49,700 --> 02:49:52,800
They made it harder to judge 
distances and aim accurately 

3199
02:49:52,800 --> 02:49:56,500
Japanese castles always looked 
good even though they were very 

3200
02:49:56,500 --> 02:50:00,100
useful for military purposes. 
The white plaster walls did more

3201
02:50:00,100 --> 02:50:02,400
than just reflect heat and keep 
fire from spreading. 

3202
02:50:03,400 --> 02:50:06,100
They also made a striking 
contrast with the dark wood and 

3203
02:50:06,100 --> 02:50:08,700
Grace Stone. 
Making Castle's visible from 

3204
02:50:08,700 --> 02:50:12,200
miles away and turning them into
landmarks that stood out in the 

3205
02:50:12,200 --> 02:50:14,900
landscape. 
The ornate roof decorations, 

3206
02:50:14,900 --> 02:50:18,600
which usually had Fierce animal 
designs protected, the building 

3207
02:50:18,600 --> 02:50:20,500
from lightning and showed the 
Lord's power. 

3208
02:50:21,500 --> 02:50:24,100
The inside of the Castle's. 
Living quarters showed that even

3209
02:50:24,100 --> 02:50:27,500
Warlords cared about how things 
looked There were painted 

3210
02:50:27,500 --> 02:50:31,500
screens by famous artists in the
rooms alcoves for displaying 

3211
02:50:31,500 --> 02:50:35,700
valuable items and windows that 
looked out on Gardens, the 

3212
02:50:35,700 --> 02:50:39,300
strongest Lords hired, the best 
painters, carpenters, and 

3213
02:50:39,300 --> 02:50:42,300
gardeners to make places that 
were good for both Siege Warfare

3214
02:50:42,300 --> 02:50:45,600
and poetry parties. 
During the time of castles, 

3215
02:50:45,600 --> 02:50:49,600
there was one new thing hidden 
rooms and passages there were 

3216
02:50:49,600 --> 02:50:52,000
often rooms and castles that 
could only be reached through 

3217
02:50:52,000 --> 02:50:54,700
hidden doors. 
These rooms were used to store 

3218
02:50:54,700 --> 02:50:57,700
Treasures or for guards to hide 
in to keep the Lord safe. 

3219
02:50:58,400 --> 02:51:01,100
Some castles had whole networks 
of hidden corridors in their 

3220
02:51:01,100 --> 02:51:03,200
walls. 
That led Defenders move between 

3221
02:51:03,200 --> 02:51:06,600
floors without being seen. 
Sometimes during restoration 

3222
02:51:06,600 --> 02:51:10,000
work hundreds of years later, 
people found these hidden spaces

3223
02:51:10,000 --> 02:51:12,900
which still had old equipment or
forgotten supplies in them. 

3224
02:51:13,700 --> 02:51:16,200
During the Edo period, the shift
from water piece, turned 

3225
02:51:16,200 --> 02:51:19,400
Castle's from military bases in 
to government buildings and 

3226
02:51:19,400 --> 02:51:22,800
symbols of power. 
Lord still owned them but they 

3227
02:51:22,800 --> 02:51:24,800
were more like government 
buildings than fortresses. 

3228
02:51:24,800 --> 02:51:28,600
They added more details. 
The reception rooms got bigger, 

3229
02:51:28,600 --> 02:51:31,900
the Marshall Parts stayed, but 
they became more decorative than

3230
02:51:31,900 --> 02:51:36,300
useful. as you sink deeper into 
your pillow, picture yourself, 

3231
02:51:36,300 --> 02:51:40,100
standing on the top floor of a 
castle tower at dusk, you can 

3232
02:51:40,100 --> 02:51:42,500
see the countryside around the 
castle through the small 

3233
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:44,900
Windows. 
The town is built around the 

3234
02:51:44,900 --> 02:51:48,000
base of the castle. 
The fields are beyond that and 

3235
02:51:48,000 --> 02:51:49,300
the mountains are in the 
distance. 

3236
02:51:50,400 --> 02:51:53,800
Castle's many defensive Rings go
down in layers of stone and wood

3237
02:51:53,800 --> 02:51:57,000
below you. the wind Whispers 
through the intricate wooden 

3238
02:51:57,000 --> 02:52:00,900
structure, giving the whole 
building a life of its own The 

3239
02:52:00,900 --> 02:52:03,900
castle is calm and watchful 
tonight, a mountain of human 

3240
02:52:03,900 --> 02:52:06,100
intention rising from the 
natural landscape. 

3241
02:52:06,800 --> 02:52:09,700
Tomorrow may bring battle Japan 
entered. 

3242
02:52:09,700 --> 02:52:12,700
The Edo period in the early, 
1600s under the Tokugawa, 

3243
02:52:12,700 --> 02:52:16,600
shogunate After centuries of 
War, all that military 

3244
02:52:16,600 --> 02:52:18,300
architecture became mostly 
useless. 

3245
02:52:18,300 --> 02:52:21,600
Japan didn't need castles or 
fortifications right now. 

3246
02:52:21,600 --> 02:52:25,400
It needed cities neighborhoods 
and daily life. 

3247
02:52:26,400 --> 02:52:29,600
And out of this long piece, came
City buildings that changed the 

3248
02:52:29,600 --> 02:52:34,400
way millions of people lived. 
In just a few decades Edo, which

3249
02:52:34,400 --> 02:52:38,000
would later become Tokyo Grew 
From A Small Castle town to one 

3250
02:52:38,000 --> 02:52:39,200
of the biggest cities in the 
world. 

3251
02:52:40,100 --> 02:52:43,500
By the early 1700s, it was home 
to more than a million people 

3252
02:52:43,500 --> 02:52:45,800
making it bigger than London or 
Paris. 

3253
02:52:46,800 --> 02:52:50,300
Rethinking everything about how 
cities are built and planned was

3254
02:52:50,300 --> 02:52:53,000
necessary to handle that many 
people living in wooden 

3255
02:52:53,000 --> 02:52:55,800
buildings in a city that caught 
fire off him. 

3256
02:52:56,800 --> 02:53:00,500
The typical townhouse or macchia
from the Edo period, had ideas 

3257
02:53:00,500 --> 02:53:02,900
about how to live in a city that
still affect Japanese 

3258
02:53:02,900 --> 02:53:06,100
architecture today. 
These buildings were long and 

3259
02:53:06,100 --> 02:53:08,900
narrow. 
Usually only 15 to 20 feet wide 

3260
02:53:08,900 --> 02:53:11,200
and going back from the street 
for 60 feet or more. 

3261
02:53:12,000 --> 02:53:14,600
Property taxes were based on how
much of the street front there 

3262
02:53:14,600 --> 02:53:17,100
was. 
So, people built deep and narrow

3263
02:53:17,100 --> 02:53:19,900
to save money. 
The buildings that came out were

3264
02:53:19,900 --> 02:53:23,200
like caves in the city with dark
areas in the middle and light 

3265
02:53:23,200 --> 02:53:25,100
coming in, through the front 
door and back Garden. 

3266
02:53:25,900 --> 02:53:29,100
The front of a matcha was a shop
or Workshop, a semi-public 

3267
02:53:29,100 --> 02:53:31,700
space, where the households 
business and Street Life came 

3268
02:53:31,700 --> 02:53:34,100
together. 
A few steps up from the street 

3269
02:53:34,100 --> 02:53:37,300
level marked, the start of the 
buildings inside, you could do 

3270
02:53:37,300 --> 02:53:39,800
business in this threshold Zone 
without actually entering the 

3271
02:53:39,800 --> 02:53:42,100
house. 
As with many other parts of 

3272
02:53:42,100 --> 02:53:45,200
Japanese architecture, the line 
between public and private, 

3273
02:53:45,200 --> 02:53:47,600
wasn't a straight line, but a 
gradual change. 

3274
02:53:47,600 --> 02:53:50,600
The building stretched toward 
the back behind the shop area. 

3275
02:53:50,600 --> 02:53:54,100
It was divided into rooms by 
sliding through summer panels 

3276
02:53:54,100 --> 02:53:56,300
that were covered in thick paper
or fabric. 

3277
02:53:57,100 --> 02:54:00,800
These rooms had many uses during
the day, they were living spaces

3278
02:54:00,800 --> 02:54:03,400
and at night futons were put out
for sleeping. 

3279
02:54:04,300 --> 02:54:08,000
There wasn't much furniture and 
it was often easy to move a low 

3280
02:54:08,000 --> 02:54:09,700
table for eating. 
That could be moved out of the 

3281
02:54:09,700 --> 02:54:11,500
way. 
Chess for storage. 

3282
02:54:11,500 --> 02:54:14,900
That could be stacked or moved 
around the space itself could be

3283
02:54:14,908 --> 02:54:18,900
changed in any way, depending, 
on the time of day or year, a 

3284
02:54:18,900 --> 02:54:21,800
small courtyard Garden at the 
very back of the macchia letting

3285
02:54:21,800 --> 02:54:25,700
air to the building's deepest 
parts. these Gardens were very 

3286
02:54:25,700 --> 02:54:29,400
small, sometimes only 8 or 10 
feet square but they were very 

3287
02:54:29,400 --> 02:54:32,700
important for making the long 
narrow buildings livable that 

3288
02:54:32,700 --> 02:54:36,800
little bit of sky that one tree 
and those few carefully placed 

3289
02:54:36,800 --> 02:54:40,200
Stones changed the whole 
character of the space making it

3290
02:54:40,200 --> 02:54:43,000
feel like it was connected to 
Nature even though it was in a 

3291
02:54:43,000 --> 02:54:45,700
busy city, the whole 
neighborhood of macchia gave the

3292
02:54:45,700 --> 02:54:49,000
city, a texture that Western 
cities don't have because the 

3293
02:54:49,000 --> 02:54:51,600
houses were so narrow. 
The streets were lined with 

3294
02:54:51,600 --> 02:54:54,500
different versions of the same 
thing which made the streets, 

3295
02:54:54,500 --> 02:54:56,300
look more interesting and stead 
of boring. 

3296
02:54:56,900 --> 02:54:59,300
Because it was so small, 
everything was easy to get to on

3297
02:54:59,300 --> 02:55:01,500
foot. 
The fact that there were shops 

3298
02:55:01,500 --> 02:55:03,200
on the ground floors and homes 
above them. 

3299
02:55:03,200 --> 02:55:05,800
Meant that, neighborhoods were 
busy all day and night. 

3300
02:55:06,500 --> 02:55:08,300
Fire was always a threat to 
Edo's. 

3301
02:55:08,300 --> 02:55:12,300
Wooden building's, the city was 
hit by big fires all the time 

3302
02:55:12,300 --> 02:55:15,800
and sometimes they destroyed 
tens of thousands of buildings 

3303
02:55:15,800 --> 02:55:19,200
in just one day. 
The Japanese didn't build in 

3304
02:55:19,200 --> 02:55:21,500
stone because it was more 
expensive and less comfortable. 

3305
02:55:21,500 --> 02:55:25,000
Instead, they came up with a 
complicated system for 

3306
02:55:25,000 --> 02:55:26,700
preventing and responding to 
fires. 

3307
02:55:27,500 --> 02:55:29,700
There were volunteer fire 
brigades in neighborhoods, 

3308
02:55:29,700 --> 02:55:33,000
building's had thick walled, 
storehouses called Kura that 

3309
02:55:33,000 --> 02:55:34,600
were fireproof and had heavy 
doors. 

3310
02:55:35,400 --> 02:55:37,100
Fire breaks were built into the 
streets. 

3311
02:55:37,100 --> 02:55:39,100
You always knew that fire would 
happen. 

3312
02:55:39,100 --> 02:55:41,900
So you built quickly and cheaply
enough that it wouldn't be a 

3313
02:55:41,900 --> 02:55:45,100
disaster to rebuild. 
The cura is worth paying special

3314
02:55:45,100 --> 02:55:47,800
attention to because it shows a 
completely different way of 

3315
02:55:47,800 --> 02:55:49,400
building in the larger wooden 
City. 

3316
02:55:50,000 --> 02:55:53,700
These storehouses were basically
boxes with thick Earthen walls 

3317
02:55:53,700 --> 02:55:57,000
that were covered in plaster and
had small windows that were 

3318
02:55:57,000 --> 02:56:00,200
sealed with heavy shutters. 
Families kept their most 

3319
02:56:00,200 --> 02:56:03,500
valuable things inside like 
documents, heirlooms and 

3320
02:56:03,500 --> 02:56:06,900
expensive Fabrics. 
The Curious thick walls might 

3321
02:56:06,900 --> 02:56:10,100
keep their content safe even 
when the main house burned down 

3322
02:56:10,100 --> 02:56:12,400
around them. 
Families would come back after 

3323
02:56:12,400 --> 02:56:15,000
the fire to find this Storehouse
houses standing like white 

3324
02:56:15,000 --> 02:56:18,800
Islands in a sea of Ash. 
But the pleasure quarters and 

3325
02:56:18,800 --> 02:56:21,800
teahouses, that thrive, during 
the long piece might be Edo's. 

3326
02:56:21,800 --> 02:56:24,900
Most unique architectural 
contribution. these 

3327
02:56:24,900 --> 02:56:27,900
entertainment districts created 
their own style of architecture 

3328
02:56:27,900 --> 02:56:32,000
with buildings, that had more 
details for SARS bigger, windows

3329
02:56:32,000 --> 02:56:35,100
and rooms that were meant for 
Gathering and Performing instead

3330
02:56:35,100 --> 02:56:38,700
of just living Yukio, which was 
captured in Prince and 

3331
02:56:38,700 --> 02:56:41,400
literature was a famous floating
World in Edo. 

3332
02:56:41,900 --> 02:56:44,400
It had its own unique 
architecture and spaces made 

3333
02:56:44,400 --> 02:56:46,300
just for a culture of high-class
entertainment. 

3334
02:56:47,400 --> 02:56:50,100
During the Edo period, the 
Teahouse itself which we'll talk

3335
02:56:50,108 --> 02:56:52,600
about in more detail soon became
very popular. 

3336
02:56:53,600 --> 02:56:56,400
But the tea house is in cities 
were not the same as the ones 

3337
02:56:56,400 --> 02:56:59,100
for tea ceremonies. 
These were places where people 

3338
02:56:59,100 --> 02:57:01,800
could meet and talk about 
business where artists could 

3339
02:57:01,800 --> 02:57:04,900
gather and where Samurai could 
forget about their status for a 

3340
02:57:04,900 --> 02:57:07,000
night. 
The architecture showed this 

3341
02:57:07,000 --> 02:57:10,300
flexibility by having rooms that
could be opened or closed and 

3342
02:57:10,300 --> 02:57:12,900
spaces that could go from 
private to public, depending on 

3343
02:57:12,900 --> 02:57:15,200
what was needed. 
During the Edo period 

3344
02:57:15,200 --> 02:57:17,600
townhouses. 
Also saw the full development of

3345
02:57:17,600 --> 02:57:20,800
the Takoma an Alcove that may 
have become the most important 

3346
02:57:20,800 --> 02:57:24,600
part of the Japanese home. 
The tokonoma was a small raised 

3347
02:57:24,600 --> 02:57:27,600
area with slightly different 
floor, level and a decorative 

3348
02:57:27,600 --> 02:57:30,000
backing. 
The family would put a scroll 

3349
02:57:30,000 --> 02:57:32,500
and maybe a flower arrangement 
or a treasured object there. 

3350
02:57:33,200 --> 02:57:36,100
The Toca no more wasn't for 
sitting or storing things, it 

3351
02:57:36,100 --> 02:57:39,300
was just for showing off a sign 
of the family's taste and 

3352
02:57:39,300 --> 02:57:42,200
refinement. 
What you put in your Toca Noma 

3353
02:57:42,200 --> 02:57:44,400
said a lot about who you were 
and what you cared about. 

3354
02:57:45,300 --> 02:57:48,200
During this time to Tommy 
changed in a way that made floor

3355
02:57:48,200 --> 02:57:51,000
plans, the same all over Japan 
to Tommy. 

3356
02:57:51,000 --> 02:57:54,100
Mats came in standard sizes, 
which made it easy to get, how 

3357
02:57:54,100 --> 02:57:57,300
big a room would be a room. 
With six Maps was a room with 

3358
02:57:57,300 --> 02:58:00,800
six maths, whether it was in 
their door or Kyoto, the size of

3359
02:58:00,800 --> 02:58:03,100
the mats did differ slightly by 
region, of course. 

3360
02:58:04,100 --> 02:58:06,900
Because of this standardization 
it was possible to make a lot of

3361
02:58:06,908 --> 02:58:10,200
architectural Parts like screens
doors and Alcove pieces that 

3362
02:58:10,208 --> 02:58:12,300
could fit in any building that 
followed the rules. 

3363
02:58:13,200 --> 02:58:16,500
As you move around in bed to 
find the perfect spot, picture 

3364
02:58:16,500 --> 02:58:19,300
yourself in a townhouse from the
Edo period on a summer night. 

3365
02:58:19,900 --> 02:58:22,300
The shutters in the front are 
open to let in any Breeze from 

3366
02:58:22,308 --> 02:58:25,700
the street, people who live 
nearby walk by and talk to each 

3367
02:58:25,700 --> 02:58:27,900
other. 
The small garden at the back of 

3368
02:58:27,900 --> 02:58:31,200
the house is in the shade, and 
the single maple tree is a dark 

3369
02:58:31,200 --> 02:58:34,500
shape against the deep blue sky.
You're sitting close to the 

3370
02:58:34,500 --> 02:58:38,000
tokonoma, where a scroll shows a
mountain landscape and a simple 

3371
02:58:38,000 --> 02:58:40,700
flower arrangement that together
make a small world of meaning. 

3372
02:58:41,600 --> 02:58:44,900
The city with a million people 
is outside inside. 

3373
02:58:44,900 --> 02:58:48,300
Is this carefully planned space?
That isn't too big but has 

3374
02:58:48,300 --> 02:58:50,500
everything you need to live a 
civilized life. 

3375
02:58:50,500 --> 02:58:53,100
To really get to know. 
Japanese architecture, you have 

3376
02:58:53,100 --> 02:58:57,400
to go into a tea room or shashu 
these small buildings, which 

3377
02:58:57,400 --> 02:59:00,200
usually have only four and a 
half to Tammy mats of floor. 

3378
02:59:00,200 --> 02:59:03,800
Space are the best example of 
how Japanese design ideas can be

3379
02:59:03,800 --> 02:59:06,800
turned into buildings before we 
talk about the building's 

3380
02:59:06,800 --> 02:59:08,700
architecture. 
We should learn about the Tea 

3381
02:59:08,700 --> 02:59:11,500
Ceremony which is what these 
buildings are for you. 

3382
02:59:11,500 --> 02:59:13,400
Do drink tea but that's not 
really the point. 

3383
02:59:13,400 --> 02:59:16,700
It's about making a temporary 
world of refined interaction 

3384
02:59:16,700 --> 02:59:19,400
where the usual rules and 
worries of daily life don't 

3385
02:59:19,400 --> 02:59:22,700
matter anymore. 
In Stead there is only the pure 

3386
02:59:22,700 --> 02:59:25,100
present moment that the hosts 
and guests share. 

3387
02:59:25,100 --> 02:59:28,700
The architectures job is to set 
the stage for this experience 

3388
02:59:28,700 --> 02:59:32,400
and make it easier to have send 
a Ricky you A Team master from 

3389
02:59:32,400 --> 02:59:35,100
the 16th century, who wrote down
many of the rules for tea 

3390
02:59:35,100 --> 02:59:37,900
ceremonies changed TI 
architecture by moving it away 

3391
02:59:37,900 --> 02:59:41,100
from fancy buildings that were 
influenced by Chinese style. 

3392
02:59:41,100 --> 02:59:44,100
And Toured buildings, that were 
almost radically, simple and 

3393
02:59:44,100 --> 02:59:46,700
focused on natural materials and
rough textures. 

3394
02:59:47,600 --> 02:59:49,600
Ricky's ideas about Japanese 
taste. 

3395
02:59:49,600 --> 02:59:53,900
Go far beyond tea, almost every 
modern idea of Japanese taste 

3396
02:59:53,900 --> 02:59:57,900
can be traced back to what he 
said before you even walk in a 

3397
02:59:57,900 --> 03:00:00,600
tea room, starts to work, you 
walk through a garden path, 

3398
03:00:00,600 --> 03:00:04,000
called a roji, which is meant to
help you switch your mind from 

3399
03:00:04,000 --> 03:00:05,500
the outside world to the Tea 
Room. 

3400
03:00:05,508 --> 03:00:09,200
You might walk through a garden 
gate, overstepping Stones past a

3401
03:00:09,200 --> 03:00:12,100
bench where someone is waiting 
and then to a stone Basin where 

3402
03:00:12,100 --> 03:00:15,400
you can wash your hands and 
mouth, each part has both 

3403
03:00:15,400 --> 03:00:17,200
practical and psychological 
uses. 

3404
03:00:17,200 --> 03:00:20,800
You're not just walking to a 
building your slowly breaking 

3405
03:00:20,800 --> 03:00:24,300
your ties to the outside world. 
The entrance to the Tea Room is 

3406
03:00:24,308 --> 03:00:28,200
meant to make you feel small, 
the nature or crawling in 

3407
03:00:28,200 --> 03:00:30,500
entrance is only about two feet 
square. 

3408
03:00:30,500 --> 03:00:33,600
So even the most important 
guests have to Bow Low and cruel

3409
03:00:33,600 --> 03:00:36,900
through the samurai had to leave
their swords out side because 

3410
03:00:36,900 --> 03:00:39,000
the opening was too small for 
them to go in with them. 

3411
03:00:39,000 --> 03:00:42,600
This forced humility set, the 
mood for the rest of the events.

3412
03:00:42,600 --> 03:00:45,300
There were no social hierarchies
in the Tea Room that were 

3413
03:00:45,300 --> 03:00:47,500
outside of it. 
There were only the host of the 

3414
03:00:47,500 --> 03:00:50,800
guests drinking tea at first 
glance the inside of a tea room.

3415
03:00:50,800 --> 03:00:54,200
Looks almost like a cave, the 
walls of rough clay mixed with 

3416
03:00:54,200 --> 03:00:57,500
straw show their texture. 
Well, wooden post keep their 

3417
03:00:57,500 --> 03:00:59,900
bark or have irregularities that
are meant to be there. 

3418
03:00:59,900 --> 03:01:03,600
The ceiling might be made of a 
mix of materials like bamboo 

3419
03:01:03,600 --> 03:01:07,100
reeds and wood to make a 
patchwork that looks random. 

3420
03:01:07,100 --> 03:01:10,400
But is actually carefully 
planned small windows with 

3421
03:01:10,400 --> 03:01:13,200
translucent paper on them, 
letting natural light, which 

3422
03:01:13,200 --> 03:01:15,300
makes the room Lit from the 
side. 

3423
03:01:15,300 --> 03:01:18,900
But this look of being rustic is
actually very sophisticated. 

3424
03:01:18,900 --> 03:01:21,900
Every part has been chosen with 
great care. 

3425
03:01:21,900 --> 03:01:25,400
There were hundreds of pieces to
choose from and that one with 

3426
03:01:25,400 --> 03:01:27,000
the bark still on. 
It was chosen. 

3427
03:01:27,800 --> 03:01:31,300
We looked at its slight curve, 
its unique texture and how light

3428
03:01:31,300 --> 03:01:34,200
hits its surface. 
And we decided that all of these

3429
03:01:34,200 --> 03:01:35,700
things were just right for this 
spot. 

3430
03:01:36,400 --> 03:01:39,500
The rough texture of the walls, 
may look random, but it creates 

3431
03:01:39,500 --> 03:01:42,700
a specific visual effect that 
Master plasterers spend Years 

3432
03:01:42,700 --> 03:01:45,600
Learning to make. 
The tokonoma is the main 

3433
03:01:45,600 --> 03:01:48,600
organizing principle of the tea 
room and it is even more 

3434
03:01:48,600 --> 03:01:51,000
important here than in 
residential architecture. 

3435
03:01:52,200 --> 03:01:55,100
There is a scroll in the Alcove 
that was chosen just for this 

3436
03:01:55,100 --> 03:01:56,800
Gathering. 
It could be a piece of 

3437
03:01:56,800 --> 03:01:58,200
calligraphy or a landscape 
painting. 

3438
03:01:58,200 --> 03:02:01,000
The Scroll is more than just a 
decoration. 

3439
03:02:01,000 --> 03:02:05,100
It sets the spiritual tone for 
the whole tea party when guests 

3440
03:02:05,100 --> 03:02:07,000
come in. 
They look at the tokonoma right 

3441
03:02:07,000 --> 03:02:09,600
away and read the scroll to find
out what this Gathering is all 

3442
03:02:09,608 --> 03:02:12,700
about everything in a tea room, 
is there to help with tea? 

3443
03:02:12,700 --> 03:02:15,900
The half that is sunk into the 
ground is where the water is 

3444
03:02:15,900 --> 03:02:18,900
heated, and it is set up so that
the host can perform the 

3445
03:02:18,900 --> 03:02:22,800
ceremony while City down. 
The door that the host uses to 

3446
03:02:22,800 --> 03:02:25,500
get in is separate from the door
that the guests used to get in. 

3447
03:02:25,500 --> 03:02:28,700
So the host can bring in tea 
supplies without bothering the 

3448
03:02:28,700 --> 03:02:31,100
guests. 
The windows are placed just 

3449
03:02:31,100 --> 03:02:33,900
right so that the t-ball gets 
the right amount of light at the

3450
03:02:33,908 --> 03:02:37,300
most important times during the 
ceremony. nothing is random 

3451
03:02:37,300 --> 03:02:41,500
every size material and surface 
has been thought about Tea, 

3452
03:02:41,500 --> 03:02:44,100
rooms aesthetic ideas slowly, 
spread to all of Japanese 

3453
03:02:44,100 --> 03:02:47,300
architecture. 
The idea of Warby which means 

3454
03:02:47,300 --> 03:02:50,300
finding Beauty and simple things
and materials changed. 

3455
03:02:50,300 --> 03:02:52,200
How people thought about 
designing homes. 

3456
03:02:52,900 --> 03:02:55,300
People like to warn word and 
weathered Stone because of the 

3457
03:02:55,300 --> 03:02:58,700
idea of Sabi, which means, 
appreciating the patina of age 

3458
03:02:58,700 --> 03:03:01,600
and the marks of use. 
Japanese architecture, became 

3459
03:03:01,600 --> 03:03:04,200
known for using natural 
materials in their natural state

3460
03:03:04,200 --> 03:03:06,900
without paint or other 
decorations tea rooms. 

3461
03:03:06,900 --> 03:03:10,800
Also perfected the idea of shaky
or borrowed scenery which is 

3462
03:03:10,800 --> 03:03:13,100
when a building is designed to 
include views of the landscape 

3463
03:03:13,100 --> 03:03:17,300
around it as part of its 
interior space, a window that is

3464
03:03:17,300 --> 03:03:19,100
carefully. 
Placed might frame a certain 

3465
03:03:19,100 --> 03:03:22,300
tree in the garden making that 
tree a part of the rooms design,

3466
03:03:22,300 --> 03:03:26,100
the rooms character changes when
the tree blooms or changes color

3467
03:03:26,100 --> 03:03:29,000
with the seasons. 
The line between architecture 

3468
03:03:29,000 --> 03:03:31,900
and Landscape becomes less clear
and more temporary the famous 

3469
03:03:31,900 --> 03:03:34,600
tyion T room, which was designed
by Ricky himself. 

3470
03:03:34,600 --> 03:03:38,900
And his Still Standing is only 9
ft by 9 ft in this. 

3471
03:03:38,900 --> 03:03:41,900
Small space all of Japanese 
aesthetic philosophy is shown 

3472
03:03:41,900 --> 03:03:45,000
the rough clay walls, the 
carefully uneven posts. 

3473
03:03:45,000 --> 03:03:47,500
The small window that looks out 
onto a perfectly. 

3474
03:03:47,500 --> 03:03:51,100
Framed Garden View, and the Toca
know with its subtle proportions

3475
03:03:51,100 --> 03:03:52,700
all work together to make a 
space. 

3476
03:03:52,700 --> 03:03:57,400
That feels both humble and deep 
rustic and refined and temporary

3477
03:03:57,400 --> 03:04:00,200
and eternal. 
Later Team Masters built on 

3478
03:04:00,208 --> 03:04:03,700
recuse work and made different 
styles of tea rooms that looked 

3479
03:04:03,700 --> 03:04:05,300
at different parts of tea room 
design. 

3480
03:04:06,100 --> 03:04:08,200
Some added more windows to let 
in more light. 

3481
03:04:08,200 --> 03:04:11,800
Some people tried out different 
materials or proportions, but 

3482
03:04:11,800 --> 03:04:15,000
they all stuck to the main idea.
ah, Tea Room should be its own 

3483
03:04:15,000 --> 03:04:17,900
world, a place where Beauty 
becomes a way to connect with 

3484
03:04:17,900 --> 03:04:21,700
the divine The way tea rooms 
were designed had an effect on 

3485
03:04:21,700 --> 03:04:23,500
the way other types of buildings
were built. 

3486
03:04:24,300 --> 03:04:27,300
The sukiya style that came from 
tear architecture, used its 

3487
03:04:27,300 --> 03:04:31,100
ideas in house design, such as 
using natural materials making 

3488
03:04:31,100 --> 03:04:33,700
rooms that are the right size 
for people in stead of grand 

3489
03:04:33,700 --> 03:04:36,800
displays and paying close 
attention to texture and Light. 

3490
03:04:37,700 --> 03:04:41,900
Exposed wooden ceilings alcoves 
for display and sliding paper 

3491
03:04:41,900 --> 03:04:44,400
screens are all things that are 
now thought of as typically 

3492
03:04:44,400 --> 03:04:47,100
Japanese, they all come from Tea
Room architecture. 

3493
03:04:47,100 --> 03:04:50,100
As you get ready to sleep, 
picture yourself in a tea room 

3494
03:04:50,100 --> 03:04:52,600
at dusk. 
The rain is falling out side, 

3495
03:04:52,600 --> 03:04:56,000
making a soft sound on the roof.
You can barely see the garden 

3496
03:04:56,000 --> 03:04:58,700
through the small window. 
The stones and Moss are getting 

3497
03:04:58,708 --> 03:05:01,600
darker because of the moisture, 
the host just made tea with 

3498
03:05:01,600 --> 03:05:05,200
careful practice movements. 
The Tebow is in front of you and

3499
03:05:05,200 --> 03:05:06,900
it's rough. 
Surface feels warm in your 

3500
03:05:06,908 --> 03:05:10,100
hands. 
In this small space, the whole 

3501
03:05:10,100 --> 03:05:11,900
universe has shrunk to this 
moment. 

3502
03:05:11,900 --> 03:05:16,800
The taste of tea, the sound of 
rain, and the way the light is 

3503
03:05:16,800 --> 03:05:19,700
fading. 
The room has everything it needs

3504
03:05:19,700 --> 03:05:23,400
and nothing. 
It doesn't in its own quiet way,

3505
03:05:23,400 --> 03:05:27,400
it's perfect. 
Japan had been closed off from 

3506
03:05:27,400 --> 03:05:30,300
the rest of the world for over 
200 years, but in the middle of 

3507
03:05:30,300 --> 03:05:34,200
the 19th century, it opened up 
The meeting changed Japanese 

3508
03:05:34,200 --> 03:05:37,100
architecture in ways that were 
both exciting and confusing, 

3509
03:05:37,100 --> 03:05:41,300
suddenly a building style that 
had over 100 of years to reflect

3510
03:05:41,300 --> 03:05:44,800
certain cultural values and deal
with certain problems, had to 

3511
03:05:44,808 --> 03:05:47,200
learn how to use completely 
different architectural 

3512
03:05:47,200 --> 03:05:50,300
languages from Europe and 
America people who are used to 

3513
03:05:50,300 --> 03:05:53,400
wooden buildings with paper 
screens and sliding doors must 

3514
03:05:53,400 --> 03:05:56,200
have thought that the first 
western style building in Japan 

3515
03:05:56,200 --> 03:05:59,200
were very strange. 
Building's Made of Stone or 

3516
03:05:59,200 --> 03:06:02,500
brick with glass windows, 
multiple stories with stairs 

3517
03:06:02,500 --> 03:06:06,200
inside rooms, that were only for
one thing and furniture that 

3518
03:06:06,200 --> 03:06:09,600
could not be moved or changed. 
All showed a very different idea

3519
03:06:09,600 --> 03:06:11,800
of what buildings were and how 
people should live in them. 

3520
03:06:12,900 --> 03:06:15,400
The major government wanted 
Japan to become a modern nation 

3521
03:06:15,400 --> 03:06:19,000
state, so they actively promoted
Western architecture as part of 

3522
03:06:19,000 --> 03:06:21,900
that process. 
They hired Architects from other

3523
03:06:21,900 --> 03:06:26,100
countries to design government 
buildings, Banks, train stations

3524
03:06:26,100 --> 03:06:28,400
and other buildings that needed 
to look modern and strong. 

3525
03:06:29,200 --> 03:06:31,800
These buildings intentionally 
copied Western Styles. 

3526
03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:35,600
Like Victorian, Gothic 
Renaissance, Revival and French 

3527
03:06:35,600 --> 03:06:38,100
baroque. 
Sometimes they did this in a 

3528
03:06:38,100 --> 03:06:39,100
way. 
That was so mixed up. 

3529
03:06:39,100 --> 03:06:41,700
That it was hard to tell where 
one style ended and another 

3530
03:06:41,700 --> 03:06:44,000
began. 
It must have been strange to 

3531
03:06:44,000 --> 03:06:46,300
walk through Central Tokyo 
during the Meiji period. 

3532
03:06:47,200 --> 03:06:50,000
There were brick banking houses 
with Corinthian columns next to 

3533
03:06:50,000 --> 03:06:53,500
traditional wooden temples. 
And matcha Buddhist temples had 

3534
03:06:53,500 --> 03:06:56,200
rules that curved while 
government buildings had roofs 

3535
03:06:56,200 --> 03:06:58,200
that sloped down like European 
roofs. 

3536
03:06:58,900 --> 03:07:02,400
There was an architectural Clash
without synthesis the different 

3537
03:07:02,400 --> 03:07:05,500
building styles living in the 
same city, but not yet, learning

3538
03:07:05,500 --> 03:07:08,500
how to talk to each other. 
Japanese architects who had 

3539
03:07:08,500 --> 03:07:11,200
studied in Europe and America 
had an interesting problem to 

3540
03:07:11,200 --> 03:07:14,000
solve how to make modern 
Japanese architecture. 

3541
03:07:14,000 --> 03:07:17,100
That used Western Building 
Technology, but still stay true 

3542
03:07:17,100 --> 03:07:20,800
to traditional aesthetic values.
Architects would spend the next 

3543
03:07:20,800 --> 03:07:24,200
hundred years, thinking about 
this question and it may still 

3544
03:07:24,200 --> 03:07:26,200
have an effect on Japanese 
architecture today. 

3545
03:07:27,400 --> 03:07:30,200
One of the first things people 
did was add Japanese decorative 

3546
03:07:30,200 --> 03:07:31,800
elements to Western building 
styles. 

3547
03:07:31,800 --> 03:07:35,500
You could have a brick building 
with European proportions and a 

3548
03:07:35,500 --> 03:07:38,900
Japanese style tiled roof or a 
stone building with towers that 

3549
03:07:38,900 --> 03:07:42,100
look like pagodas. 
These hybrids often looked 

3550
03:07:42,100 --> 03:07:44,700
strange like someone wearing a 
business suit with traditional 

3551
03:07:44,700 --> 03:07:47,600
sandals. 
Each part was fine on its own 

3552
03:07:47,600 --> 03:07:50,700
but together, they were 
uncomfortable, Tokyo Station, 

3553
03:07:50,700 --> 03:07:54,000
which was finished in 1914, is a
good example of the 

3554
03:07:54,000 --> 03:07:55,700
architectural goals of this 
time. 

3555
03:07:55,700 --> 03:07:58,100
The station was a huge red 
brick. 

3556
03:07:58,100 --> 03:08:00,800
Building with European 
Renaissance style, including 

3557
03:08:00,800 --> 03:08:03,600
domes archers and detailed 
brickwork. 

3558
03:08:04,400 --> 03:08:06,100
It was designed by tatsuno 
Kingo. 

3559
03:08:06,100 --> 03:08:09,300
Who had studied in London. 
It was supposed to show that 

3560
03:08:09,300 --> 03:08:12,100
Japan had become a modern 
country with infrastructure. 

3561
03:08:12,100 --> 03:08:14,800
That could compete with any 
Western power that you could 

3562
03:08:14,800 --> 03:08:16,500
see. 
That Japanese sensibilities were

3563
03:08:16,500 --> 03:08:18,600
at work in the way it was and 
the way it looked. 

3564
03:08:19,300 --> 03:08:21,300
But the changes that were 
happening in residential 

3565
03:08:21,300 --> 03:08:23,500
architecture were more 
interesting than the big public 

3566
03:08:23,500 --> 03:08:26,200
buildings. 
Middle class Japanese homes 

3567
03:08:26,200 --> 03:08:29,700
started to mix Western and 
Japanese Stylez, making hybrid 

3568
03:08:29,700 --> 03:08:32,100
spaces that showed how 
Lifestyles were changing while 

3569
03:08:32,100 --> 03:08:33,800
still keeping traditional 
comforts. 

3570
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:38,100
A house might have one western 
style room with chairs, tables 

3571
03:08:38,100 --> 03:08:41,200
and hardwood floors. 
This room was usually used for 

3572
03:08:41,200 --> 03:08:44,500
business or to welcome guests. 
The rest of the house would be 

3573
03:08:44,500 --> 03:08:47,500
traditional Japanese with tatami
mats and sliding screens. 

3574
03:08:47,500 --> 03:08:50,500
This wasn't just about how 
things looked or how they were 

3575
03:08:50,500 --> 03:08:52,900
worn different. 
Kinds of activities, really 

3576
03:08:52,900 --> 03:08:54,900
worked better in different kinds
of buildings. 

3577
03:08:54,900 --> 03:08:59,000
If you wore western clothes, you
want to chairs and tables that 

3578
03:08:59,000 --> 03:09:01,900
were Western Heights. 
But when they were at home, a 

3579
03:09:01,900 --> 03:09:04,500
lot of Japanese people like to 
take off their tight Weston 

3580
03:09:04,500 --> 03:09:08,500
clothes, put on a Yukata or 
kimono and sit on tatami the 

3581
03:09:08,500 --> 03:09:12,000
old-fashioned way. 
You could live in both modes 

3582
03:09:12,000 --> 03:09:14,700
because you had both kinds of 
spaces, you could choose the 

3583
03:09:14,700 --> 03:09:18,400
right one for each activity. 
The engawa, a space between the 

3584
03:09:18,400 --> 03:09:21,700
inside and outside that looked 
like a porch was a big part of 

3585
03:09:21,700 --> 03:09:25,100
traditional Japanese 
architecture in May G period 

3586
03:09:25,100 --> 03:09:27,900
homes. 
It took on a new form sometimes 

3587
03:09:27,900 --> 03:09:31,500
it had glass windows around it, 
making it look like a sunroom 

3588
03:09:31,500 --> 03:09:33,800
that kept the weather out but 
still, let you see the gardens 

3589
03:09:33,800 --> 03:09:36,600
this change. 
Showed how traditional building 

3590
03:09:36,600 --> 03:09:40,100
Parts could change to use new 
materials and Technologies while

3591
03:09:40,100 --> 03:09:43,300
still doing their main job, 
Japanese architects, who are 

3592
03:09:43,300 --> 03:09:45,000
studying abroad started to 
notice something. 

3593
03:09:45,000 --> 03:09:47,300
Interesting. 
While they were learning how to 

3594
03:09:47,300 --> 03:09:50,000
build in the west where Western 
Architects were becoming 

3595
03:09:50,000 --> 03:09:53,700
interested in Japanese design. 
People were Amazed by the 

3596
03:09:53,700 --> 03:09:56,100
Japanese Pavilions at 
International exhibitions, 

3597
03:09:56,100 --> 03:09:59,100
Western Architects. 
And designers started to collect

3598
03:09:59,100 --> 03:10:03,300
Japanese prints study, Japanese 
garden and used Japanese design 

3599
03:10:03,300 --> 03:10:06,700
ideas in their own work. 
Japan wasn't just getting 

3600
03:10:06,700 --> 03:10:09,500
architectural ideas. 
It was also giving them this 

3601
03:10:09,500 --> 03:10:11,800
back and forth would have 
eventually lead to more complex 

3602
03:10:11,800 --> 03:10:15,200
syntheses Frank Lloyd Wright's 
Imperial Hotel in Tokyo. 

3603
03:10:15,200 --> 03:10:20,000
Built in the 1920s tried to mix 
Western ideas about space with 

3604
03:10:20,000 --> 03:10:22,800
Japanese ideas, about beauty and
attention to materials. 

3605
03:10:23,700 --> 03:10:25,600
Right. 
Wasn't Japanese, but his ideas 

3606
03:10:25,600 --> 03:10:28,300
for architecture showed how to 
honor both Traditions without 

3607
03:10:28,300 --> 03:10:32,200
having to choose between them. 
the terrible great Kanto 

3608
03:10:32,200 --> 03:10:36,300
earthquake of 1923 destroyed 
much of Tokyo and Yokohama but 

3609
03:10:36,300 --> 03:10:39,600
it also opened up new 
opportunities rebuilding the 

3610
03:10:39,600 --> 03:10:42,400
city made it possible to use, 
modern building methods on a 

3611
03:10:42,400 --> 03:10:46,000
larger scale such as reinforced,
concrete steel framing, and 

3612
03:10:46,000 --> 03:10:49,600
modern utilities, But it also 
made people think about what 

3613
03:10:49,600 --> 03:10:52,600
traditional architecture had 
lost and what should be kept 

3614
03:10:52,600 --> 03:10:55,900
some Architects started to talk 
about a more careful way to 

3615
03:10:55,900 --> 03:10:58,000
modernize. 
They didn't want to just copy 

3616
03:10:58,000 --> 03:11:00,500
western style or keep 
traditional architecture the 

3617
03:11:00,500 --> 03:11:03,600
same to protect it. 
Instead they wanted an 

3618
03:11:03,600 --> 03:11:06,400
architecture that used modern 
materials and building methods 

3619
03:11:06,400 --> 03:11:09,400
but still understood and 
respected, traditional Japanese 

3620
03:11:09,400 --> 03:11:12,700
ideas about space. 
This wasn't just about making 

3621
03:11:12,700 --> 03:11:16,400
things look nice on the outside.
It was about deeper ideas, like 

3622
03:11:16,400 --> 03:11:19,600
how buildings fit into the 
landscape, how space is could be

3623
03:11:19,608 --> 03:11:22,900
flexible and changeable and how 
to use natural materials and 

3624
03:11:22,900 --> 03:11:27,800
lighting creative ways. 
In the early 1900s, modernist 

3625
03:11:27,800 --> 03:11:29,400
architecture, spread around the 
world. 

3626
03:11:29,400 --> 03:11:33,100
It focused on clean lines. 
Honest, use of materials, and 

3627
03:11:33,100 --> 03:11:35,000
combining indoor and outdoor 
spaces. 

3628
03:11:35,900 --> 03:11:39,000
Surprisingly, this style of 
architecture, had a lot in 

3629
03:11:39,000 --> 03:11:41,400
common with traditional Japanese
architectural values. 

3630
03:11:42,200 --> 03:11:44,900
Both Traditions valued 
Simplicity, over decoration, 

3631
03:11:44,900 --> 03:11:48,200
honest materials, over surface 
decoration, and fluid 

3632
03:11:48,200 --> 03:11:51,600
connections between buildings, 
and their surroundings, Japanese

3633
03:11:51,600 --> 03:11:54,200
Architects, started to see that 
some of the ideas behind 

3634
03:11:54,200 --> 03:11:56,600
modernism weren't completely new
to them. 

3635
03:11:56,600 --> 03:11:59,500
In some ways they were similar 
to ideas that their own 

3636
03:11:59,500 --> 03:12:01,500
tradition had been working with 
400 of years. 

3637
03:12:02,600 --> 03:12:04,800
Steel and glass building with 
clean lines, and little 

3638
03:12:04,800 --> 03:12:06,500
decoration. 
Wasn't that different from a 

3639
03:12:06,500 --> 03:12:09,900
traditional tea room, which used
natural materials and didn't add

3640
03:12:09,900 --> 03:12:13,200
extra decoration. 
Both were examples of aesthetic 

3641
03:12:13,200 --> 03:12:16,400
philosophies that put value on 
Essence over decoration and 

3642
03:12:16,400 --> 03:12:19,500
Clarity over confusion. 
This understanding would 

3643
03:12:19,500 --> 03:12:22,600
ultimately result in some of the
most groundbreaking architecture

3644
03:12:22,600 --> 03:12:25,800
of the 20th century as Japanese 
Architects employed, 

3645
03:12:25,800 --> 03:12:28,900
contemporary materials, and 
methods to convey, traditional 

3646
03:12:28,900 --> 03:12:32,400
spatial ideas, in novel manners.
But that's a story for the next 

3647
03:12:32,400 --> 03:12:34,900
chapter. 
When we get to the present, As 

3648
03:12:34,900 --> 03:12:39,300
you settle deeper into sleep 
picture Tokyo in the 1920s, it 

3649
03:12:39,300 --> 03:12:41,500
was a city that was rebuilding 
itself and full of 

3650
03:12:41,500 --> 03:12:43,200
contradictions and 
possibilities. 

3651
03:12:43,200 --> 03:12:46,200
This is a traditional wooden 
house with one room. 

3652
03:12:46,200 --> 03:12:47,600
That looks like it belongs in 
the West. 

3653
03:12:48,600 --> 03:12:50,900
Concrete office building is 
trying to look like a French 

3654
03:12:50,900 --> 03:12:53,200
Palace. 
You can still see the roofs of 

3655
03:12:53,208 --> 03:12:56,100
the temples in the distance but 
they are now surrounded by 

3656
03:12:56,100 --> 03:12:57,200
buildings. 
That would have been 

3657
03:12:57,200 --> 03:13:00,300
Unthinkable. 
Just a few decades ago, it's a 

3658
03:13:00,300 --> 03:13:04,500
mess but it's also exciting and 
comfortable and full of promise.

3659
03:13:05,400 --> 03:13:08,700
A civilization is going through 
a huge change and trying to 

3660
03:13:08,708 --> 03:13:11,400
figure out how to stay the same 
while becoming something else. 

3661
03:13:11,400 --> 03:13:15,400
Japan's cities were ruined by 
World War Two, bombing had 

3662
03:13:15,400 --> 03:13:20,100
mostly destroyed Tokyo of Sokka 
and Nagoya, In the immediate 

3663
03:13:20,100 --> 03:13:22,900
aftermath of the war. 
All that was needed, was to put 

3664
03:13:22,900 --> 03:13:26,100
roofs over people's heads with 
whatever materials were on hand.

3665
03:13:26,108 --> 03:13:29,100
When people were living in 
temporary shacks and old 

3666
03:13:29,100 --> 03:13:30,900
military buildings 
architectural. 

3667
03:13:30,900 --> 03:13:34,300
Philosophy, seemed like a 
luxury, but even in this dire 

3668
03:13:34,300 --> 03:13:37,200
situation, some architectural 
elements remained the same. 

3669
03:13:37,900 --> 03:13:40,600
People still took off their 
shoes before going into homes. 

3670
03:13:40,600 --> 03:13:44,200
They still like to sit on the 
floor when they could the basic 

3671
03:13:44,200 --> 03:13:47,300
ideas about space in Japanese 
architecture, flexibility 

3672
03:13:47,300 --> 03:13:50,700
connection to Nature and the 
importance of threshold spaces 

3673
03:13:50,700 --> 03:13:54,300
stayed the same even though the 
buildings themselves were rough 

3674
03:13:54,300 --> 03:13:57,100
and temporary as Japan's 
economy, got better and then 

3675
03:13:57,100 --> 03:14:01,800
exploded in the 1950s and 1960s,
a group of amazing Architects, 

3676
03:14:01,800 --> 03:14:04,500
came along, who would change how
people thought about modern 

3677
03:14:04,500 --> 03:14:07,100
architecture. 
These Architects had grown up 

3678
03:14:07,100 --> 03:14:09,300
with traditional Japanese 
buildings, and learned about 

3679
03:14:09,300 --> 03:14:10,900
Western architectural 
principles. 

3680
03:14:10,900 --> 03:14:14,200
Now, they had to make buildings 
that were right for modern 

3681
03:14:14,200 --> 03:14:16,400
Japan. 
There are ideas, would change 

3682
03:14:16,400 --> 03:14:18,900
architecture all over the world 
Kenzo. 

3683
03:14:18,900 --> 03:14:21,200
Tange could be the most well 
known person from this 

3684
03:14:21,200 --> 03:14:23,900
generation. 
His buildings were a mix of the 

3685
03:14:23,900 --> 03:14:27,500
brutal honesty of modernist 
Concrete Construction and ideas.

3686
03:14:27,500 --> 03:14:29,800
About space that came from 
traditional Japanese 

3687
03:14:29,800 --> 03:14:32,400
architecture. 
The Hiroshima, Peace Memorial 

3688
03:14:32,400 --> 03:14:36,900
Museum finished in 1955 raised 
its main structure on pillars, 

3689
03:14:36,900 --> 03:14:39,000
which made Covered space 
underneath. 

3690
03:14:39,000 --> 03:14:41,100
That was like the open ground 
floors of traditional 

3691
03:14:41,100 --> 03:14:44,000
storehouses and let light and 
air flow through the building. 

3692
03:14:44,000 --> 03:14:47,200
Tang's work showed that modern 
materials like reinforced 

3693
03:14:47,200 --> 03:14:50,500
concrete could show traditional 
Japanese ideas about space. 

3694
03:14:50,500 --> 03:14:54,400
Like the mixing of inside and 
outside the use of modulus 

3695
03:14:54,400 --> 03:14:57,300
structural grids and the focus 
on horizontal rather than 

3696
03:14:57,300 --> 03:15:01,300
vertical lines, his buildings 
looked very modern, but their 

3697
03:15:01,300 --> 03:15:03,900
layout and relationship to the 
site and Landscape, made them 

3698
03:15:03,900 --> 03:15:07,600
feel Japanese in some way. 
The metabolist movement, which 

3699
03:15:07,600 --> 03:15:11,000
started in the 1960s had an even
more radical idea. 

3700
03:15:11,900 --> 03:15:14,700
These Architects saw cities as 
living things that could grow 

3701
03:15:14,700 --> 03:15:18,000
and change with residential 
units, that could be added to 

3702
03:15:18,000 --> 03:15:21,000
permanent infrastructure. 
Most of their biggest dreams, 

3703
03:15:21,000 --> 03:15:23,400
never came true. 
But there are ideas about 

3704
03:15:23,400 --> 03:15:27,300
flexibility and adaptability 
took traditional Japanese ideas 

3705
03:15:27,300 --> 03:15:30,800
about reconfigurable space and 
applied them to cities and 

3706
03:15:30,800 --> 03:15:33,500
Technology. 
The neck again capsule Tower by 

3707
03:15:33,500 --> 03:15:35,400
kisho kurokawa, which was 
finished. 

3708
03:15:35,400 --> 03:15:39,100
In 1972, was an example of 
metabolist ideas in 

3709
03:15:39,100 --> 03:15:41,800
architecture. 
The building was made up of 

3710
03:15:41,800 --> 03:15:44,600
prefabricated modules, which 
were basically smaller 

3711
03:15:44,600 --> 03:15:46,800
apartments that were attached to
concrete cores. 

3712
03:15:47,600 --> 03:15:50,200
This was done so that capsules 
could be moved around or 

3713
03:15:50,200 --> 03:15:53,000
replaced as needed. 
It looked like science fiction, 

3714
03:15:53,000 --> 03:15:56,100
but it was based on the 
traditional Japanese idea that 

3715
03:15:56,100 --> 03:15:59,200
buildings are made up of parts 
that can be rearranged and stead

3716
03:15:59,200 --> 03:16:03,000
of being permanent monuments. 
At the same time residential 

3717
03:16:03,000 --> 03:16:05,100
architecture was changing in 
less obvious ways. 

3718
03:16:06,000 --> 03:16:08,900
After the war Japanese home 
started to have more Western 

3719
03:16:08,900 --> 03:16:12,600
features, like, real kitchens 
with running, water bathrooms 

3720
03:16:12,600 --> 03:16:15,000
with tubs, and showers and 
Central Heating. 

3721
03:16:16,100 --> 03:16:18,900
But the way things were arranged
in space often stayed very 

3722
03:16:18,900 --> 03:16:22,500
Japanese, a lot, of homes, still
had at least one traditional 

3723
03:16:22,500 --> 03:16:26,800
tatami room with sliding fusuma 
panels, a tokonoma Alcove and a 

3724
03:16:26,800 --> 03:16:30,700
door that led to a small garden.
This wasn't just Nostalgia or 

3725
03:16:30,700 --> 03:16:32,900
conservatism. 
It was a real preference for 

3726
03:16:32,900 --> 03:16:35,800
being able to move around and 
connect with traditional styles.

3727
03:16:36,600 --> 03:16:40,200
At night at tatami room could be
a bedroom during the day, it 

3728
03:16:40,200 --> 03:16:42,300
could be a living room for 
special meals. 

3729
03:16:42,300 --> 03:16:45,000
It could be a dining room and 
for guests it could be a space. 

3730
03:16:45,900 --> 03:16:47,400
The Westin style rooms with 
furniture. 

3731
03:16:47,400 --> 03:16:50,300
That couldn't be moved around, 
couldn't do this, some 

3732
03:16:50,300 --> 03:16:52,700
Architects started to look into 
how they could use modern 

3733
03:16:52,700 --> 03:16:56,400
materials and building methods 
to express traditional ideas to 

3734
03:17:05,700 --> 03:17:10,600
closed Courtyards carefully, 
framed natural light, and a 

3735
03:17:10,600 --> 03:17:13,900
peaceful quality that reminds 
one of Temple and tea remarker 

3736
03:17:14,700 --> 03:17:18,700
And those Church of the light 
which was finished in 1989 is a 

3737
03:17:18,700 --> 03:17:20,200
great example of this 
combination. 

3738
03:17:21,100 --> 03:17:24,900
Small concrete Chapel with a 
cross that shines, the cross was

3739
03:17:24,900 --> 03:17:28,800
made by taking away things not 
adding them, the wall has a 

3740
03:17:28,800 --> 03:17:31,800
cross-shaped opening that lets 
light in the room is very simple

3741
03:17:31,800 --> 03:17:34,900
and serious but it also has a 
lot of spiritual energy. 

3742
03:17:34,900 --> 03:17:38,300
It looks modern, but it also 
feels like it comes from the 

3743
03:17:38,300 --> 03:17:41,200
same design tradition that made 
tea rooms hundreds of years ago.

3744
03:17:41,200 --> 03:17:44,600
The idea of mar which we talked 
about earlier, as charged empty 

3745
03:17:44,600 --> 03:17:47,800
space was used in a new way in 
modern Japanese architecture. 

3746
03:17:47,800 --> 03:17:51,500
Architects designed buildings 
with holes and gaps that work. 

3747
03:17:51,500 --> 03:17:54,300
Just empty space. 
They were important parts of the

3748
03:17:54,300 --> 03:17:56,500
design. 
These empty spaces made the 

3749
03:17:56,500 --> 03:17:59,900
rhythm of the buildings let 
light in and gave people a place

3750
03:17:59,900 --> 03:18:03,600
to rest their eyes and think the
connection between architecture 

3751
03:18:03,600 --> 03:18:06,000
and nature, which is so 
important to Japanese culture 

3752
03:18:06,000 --> 03:18:09,700
continued in new ways 
Architects, could not always 

3753
03:18:09,700 --> 03:18:12,900
make traditional Garden Gardens,
especially in cities with a lot 

3754
03:18:12,908 --> 03:18:16,300
of people, but they found ways 
to add natural elements like a 

3755
03:18:16,300 --> 03:18:18,900
single tree. 
In a courtyard, a water feature 

3756
03:18:18,900 --> 03:18:23,300
or even just views of the sky, 
that were carefully framed These

3757
03:18:23,300 --> 03:18:26,300
gestures recognized, the human 
necessity for a connection with 

3758
03:18:26,300 --> 03:18:29,200
nature even within entirely 
Urban environments. 

3759
03:18:29,900 --> 03:18:32,200
Small urban homes became a very 
interesting type of 

3760
03:18:32,200 --> 03:18:35,100
architecture. 
Because land was so expensive in

3761
03:18:35,100 --> 03:18:38,200
Japanese cities, many 
residential lots were very small

3762
03:18:38,200 --> 03:18:43,100
less than 50 square meters. 
In some cases architects who had

3763
03:18:43,100 --> 03:18:45,100
to work with these limits. 
Came up with new ways to make 

3764
03:18:45,100 --> 03:18:48,700
spaces more livable by adding 
light are, and sometimes 

3765
03:18:48,700 --> 03:18:52,600
surprising spatial experiences. 
These small homes often had 

3766
03:18:52,600 --> 03:18:56,200
Courtyards inside skylights 
spaces on more than one level 

3767
03:18:56,200 --> 03:19:00,300
and smart ways to store things. 
These small houses kept the 

3768
03:19:00,300 --> 03:19:03,300
traditional Japanese way of 
building homes, which was to 

3769
03:19:03,300 --> 03:19:06,400
make Rich spatial experiences 
within small physical limits. 

3770
03:19:07,200 --> 03:19:09,600
A traditional tea room showed 
that you don't need a lot of 

3771
03:19:09,600 --> 03:19:12,900
room to make a whole world. 
Modern tiny houses took this 

3772
03:19:12,900 --> 03:19:16,100
idea further by showing that 
careful design could make even 

3773
03:19:16,100 --> 03:19:20,400
the smallest spaces feel full 
and welcoming Modern 

3774
03:19:20,400 --> 03:19:22,200
engineering's, earthquake, 
resistant. 

3775
03:19:22,200 --> 03:19:25,000
Building methods were added to 
Japan's traditional knowledge of

3776
03:19:25,000 --> 03:19:28,300
how to make structures. 
That can bend modern buildings 

3777
03:19:28,300 --> 03:19:31,500
in Japan, often have advanced 
dampening systems flexible 

3778
03:19:31,500 --> 03:19:34,000
joints, an extra structural 
support that. 

3779
03:19:34,000 --> 03:19:36,900
Let them Sway With seismic 
forces and stead of fighting 

3780
03:19:36,900 --> 03:19:39,400
them. 
This high-tech method is similar

3781
03:19:39,400 --> 03:19:41,700
to the old idea of building 
wooden structures that could 

3782
03:19:41,700 --> 03:19:44,600
move with the Earth. 
As you start to feel sleepy 

3783
03:19:44,600 --> 03:19:47,300
picture yourself walking through
Modern Tokyo. 

3784
03:19:47,300 --> 03:19:50,200
This is an old temple with 
wooden buildings that have been 

3785
03:19:50,200 --> 03:19:54,100
well cared for next to. 
It is a modern building made of 

3786
03:19:54,100 --> 03:19:58,000
glass and steel its ground floor
opens completely to the street 

3787
03:19:58,000 --> 03:20:01,300
making the line between inside 
and outside, less clear. 

3788
03:20:02,100 --> 03:20:05,900
This is a very modern take on a 
traditional idea, a small house 

3789
03:20:05,900 --> 03:20:09,500
across the street, has a tree 
growing through the middle of it

3790
03:20:09,500 --> 03:20:11,800
bringing nature into the middle 
of a busy city. 

3791
03:20:11,800 --> 03:20:16,000
The city is like a palette fest 
with layers of history and new 

3792
03:20:16,000 --> 03:20:18,200
ideas. 
All in the same place the 

3793
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:20,100
buildings. 
From each time, period seem to 

3794
03:20:20,100 --> 03:20:22,900
talk to each other. 
By the end of the 20th century. 

3795
03:20:22,900 --> 03:20:26,900
Something amazing had happened. 
Japanese architecture had become

3796
03:20:26,900 --> 03:20:30,600
influential all over the world 
in ways that went far beyond 

3797
03:20:30,600 --> 03:20:34,800
just unique details or Surface 
Beauty Architects, all over the 

3798
03:20:34,800 --> 03:20:38,200
world were looking at Japanese 
buildings, spatial ideas, and 

3799
03:20:38,200 --> 03:20:41,900
design philosophies to find ways
to solve modern, architectural 

3800
03:20:41,900 --> 03:20:44,100
problems. 
That Western Traditions, hadn't 

3801
03:20:44,100 --> 03:20:47,600
fully dealt with Japanese 
Aesthetics had a big impact on 

3802
03:20:47,600 --> 03:20:50,300
the minimalism that became so 
popular in architecture around 

3803
03:20:50,300 --> 03:20:52,100
the world. 
Starting in the 1990s. 

3804
03:20:53,000 --> 03:20:55,900
The Japanese had been refining, 
the ideas behind clean lines, 

3805
03:20:55,900 --> 03:20:59,700
limited color, palettes 
carefully, chosen materials, and

3806
03:20:59,700 --> 03:21:02,700
empty space as a positive design
element for hundreds of years. 

3807
03:21:03,900 --> 03:21:06,700
Japan had been doing what the 
West thought was a radical new 

3808
03:21:06,700 --> 03:21:10,000
style, since the 16th century, 
when T Master started doing it, 

3809
03:21:10,000 --> 03:21:13,400
the open floor plans that now 
popular in western homes. 

3810
03:21:13,400 --> 03:21:16,500
A similar to the ideas that 
Japanese homes have had for 

3811
03:21:16,500 --> 03:21:19,900
hundreds of years. 
Japanese architecture had these 

3812
03:21:19,900 --> 03:21:22,700
ideas long before they became 
popular in other parts of the 

3813
03:21:22,700 --> 03:21:25,400
world. 
That space could be flexible and

3814
03:21:25,400 --> 03:21:28,600
serve more than one purpose, 
that rooms could flow into each 

3815
03:21:28,600 --> 03:21:31,900
other, instead of being 
separated by walls and that a 

3816
03:21:31,900 --> 03:21:33,800
home should adapt to the needs 
of its occupants. 

3817
03:21:33,800 --> 03:21:36,100
Instead of forcing them to adapt
to fixed rooms. 

3818
03:21:36,100 --> 03:21:40,100
The focus on natural materials. 
That honestly, displayed, rather

3819
03:21:40,100 --> 03:21:42,500
than painted over or hidden 
behind decorations. 

3820
03:21:42,500 --> 03:21:46,100
Became a defining feature of 
modern high-end architecture 

3821
03:21:46,100 --> 03:21:49,100
around the world. 
Architect started leaving 

3822
03:21:49,100 --> 03:21:51,700
concrete unpainted, so that the 
wood structure showed through, 

3823
03:21:51,700 --> 03:21:54,900
and they used Stone in ways that
showed off its natural beauty. 

3824
03:21:54,900 --> 03:21:58,600
This method wasn't taken 
directly from Japan, but the 

3825
03:21:58,600 --> 03:22:01,100
Japanese architectural tradition
of honest material. 

3826
03:22:01,100 --> 03:22:04,000
Expression did have an effect on
how architects around the world 

3827
03:22:04,000 --> 03:22:08,300
thought about materials and 
surfaces The relationship 

3828
03:22:08,300 --> 03:22:11,700
between the inside and outside 
that Japanese architecture, had 

3829
03:22:11,700 --> 03:22:14,000
always stressed became more and 
more important in modern 

3830
03:22:14,000 --> 03:22:18,200
architecture around the world. 
In modern design, people wanted 

3831
03:22:18,200 --> 03:22:20,400
buildings with walls. 
That could open all the way 

3832
03:22:20,400 --> 03:22:24,000
rooms that led into Gardens and 
threshold spaces that were 

3833
03:22:24,000 --> 03:22:27,700
neither fully inside or outside.
The traditional ngawa had 

3834
03:22:27,700 --> 03:22:31,200
changed into modern Terraces 
balconies and transitional 

3835
03:22:31,200 --> 03:22:33,500
spaces that made buildings more 
interesting for people to 

3836
03:22:33,500 --> 03:22:36,400
experience. 
Japanese Architects had an 

3837
03:22:36,400 --> 03:22:40,300
impact on the world as well. 
In 1995 to Dao. 

3838
03:22:40,300 --> 03:22:43,600
Ando won the pritzker prize. 
First of many Japanese 

3839
03:22:43,600 --> 03:22:46,100
Architects to win the most 
prestigious award in the field. 

3840
03:22:46,100 --> 03:22:51,600
Kazuyo sejima and Yuen, she's 
ours company, essay, NAA built 

3841
03:22:51,600 --> 03:22:54,600
buildings that were incredibly 
delicate and spatially complex 

3842
03:22:54,600 --> 03:22:57,900
and their work had an impact on 
Architects all over the world. 

3843
03:22:58,800 --> 03:23:01,900
Shigeru ban was the first to use
paper tubes and other unusual 

3844
03:23:01,900 --> 03:23:04,700
materials in buildings that were
both structurally Innovative and

3845
03:23:04,700 --> 03:23:07,700
socially responsible. 
It wasn't obvious that these 

3846
03:23:07,700 --> 03:23:10,000
Architects built buildings. 
That looked like traditional 

3847
03:23:10,000 --> 03:23:12,300
Japanese. 
Once their work didn't have 

3848
03:23:12,300 --> 03:23:16,100
Pagoda Roos or Tori Gates. 
But their building's had spatial

3849
03:23:16,100 --> 03:23:20,300
ideas, material sensibilities 
and connections to sight and 

3850
03:23:20,300 --> 03:23:22,400
light that were more connected 
to traditional Japanese 

3851
03:23:22,400 --> 03:23:25,500
architecture. 
He showed that tradition isn't 

3852
03:23:25,500 --> 03:23:28,800
just about copying old Styles. 
It's also about understanding 

3853
03:23:28,800 --> 03:23:33,200
and building on basic ideas, the
idea of wahbi-sabi which means 

3854
03:23:33,200 --> 03:23:36,800
finding Beauty and things that 
aren't perfect don't last or 

3855
03:23:36,800 --> 03:23:39,800
aren't finished became part of 
the global design vocabulary. 

3856
03:23:39,800 --> 03:23:43,600
It may have been overused in 
Western design circles, where it

3857
03:23:43,600 --> 03:23:46,400
was sometimes seen as just a 
style, instead of a complicated 

3858
03:23:46,400 --> 03:23:50,200
philosophical stance. 
But at its best, the world's 

3859
03:23:50,200 --> 03:23:53,100
love of wabi-sabi showed a real 
appreciation for Japanese 

3860
03:23:53,100 --> 03:23:56,000
aesthetic values that were 
different from the Western focus

3861
03:23:56,000 --> 03:23:58,700
on permanents Perfection and 
completion. 

3862
03:23:59,700 --> 03:24:02,500
The design of Japanese Gardens, 
have a bigger and bigger effect 

3863
03:24:02,500 --> 03:24:05,700
on Garden around the world from 
California to England. 

3864
03:24:05,700 --> 03:24:08,100
Modern showed how to use natural
materials. 

3865
03:24:08,100 --> 03:24:12,200
How to make spaces for thinking 
and how to make small versions 

3866
03:24:12,200 --> 03:24:15,400
of larger landscapes. 
The notion that landscape design

3867
03:24:15,400 --> 03:24:19,400
could be an art form, a 
sophisticated as architecture, a

3868
03:24:19,400 --> 03:24:22,200
belief rooted in Japanese, 
traditional garnered broader 

3869
03:24:22,200 --> 03:24:25,600
acceptance. 
A Japanese architecture was very

3870
03:24:25,600 --> 03:24:28,500
aware of the environment. 
It paid attention to Natural 

3871
03:24:28,500 --> 03:24:32,500
ventilation used local materials
and was carefully oriented to 

3872
03:24:32,500 --> 03:24:36,200
the Sun and wind These were all 
things that became important in 

3873
03:24:36,200 --> 03:24:37,300
architecture. 
Around the world. 

3874
03:24:37,300 --> 03:24:41,000
Japanese architecture has always
been sustainable because it had 

3875
03:24:41,000 --> 03:24:44,400
to be Contemporary Architects, 
learned from these Traditions. 

3876
03:24:44,400 --> 03:24:46,300
How to build buildings that are 
better for the environment. 

3877
03:24:46,300 --> 03:24:49,800
The Japanese idea that 
architecture is not a permanent 

3878
03:24:49,800 --> 03:24:52,800
Monument, but something that can
be changed and rebuilt. 

3879
03:24:52,800 --> 03:24:56,100
Challenged Western ideas about 
architecture and interesting 

3880
03:24:56,100 --> 03:24:58,800
ways. 
The 20 year, rebuilding cycle of

3881
03:24:58,800 --> 03:25:02,100
the Israel, which we talked 
about a long time ago, was a 

3882
03:25:02,100 --> 03:25:05,600
whole new way of thinking, about
preserving architecture instead 

3883
03:25:05,600 --> 03:25:08,200
of trying to keep buildings the 
same, it meant keeping 

3884
03:25:08,200 --> 03:25:11,700
tradition, alive through 
constant renewal This idea 

3885
03:25:11,700 --> 03:25:14,500
changed how people thought about
cultural continuity and 

3886
03:25:14,500 --> 03:25:18,000
Architectural sustainability. 
Japanese culture had a big 

3887
03:25:18,000 --> 03:25:21,700
impact on the way people saw 
small-scale carefully details, 

3888
03:25:21,700 --> 03:25:25,400
architecture not every building 
had to be a big deal or a big 

3889
03:25:25,408 --> 03:25:30,100
statement and small Urban houses
or t rooms, where every detail 

3890
03:25:30,100 --> 03:25:32,700
had been carefully. 
Thought out the most beautiful 

3891
03:25:32,700 --> 03:25:36,600
architecture could happen. 
This recognition of small-scale 

3892
03:25:36,600 --> 03:25:39,100
Excellence changed how 
architects around the world 

3893
03:25:39,100 --> 03:25:41,100
thought about residential and 
small scale. 

3894
03:25:41,100 --> 03:25:44,400
Projects, Japanese Architects, 
combine traditional building 

3895
03:25:44,400 --> 03:25:46,500
techniques with modern materials
and methods. 

3896
03:25:46,500 --> 03:25:49,800
This gave other countries ideas 
for how to keep traditional 

3897
03:25:49,800 --> 03:25:53,000
building crafts alive while also
making modern buildings. 

3898
03:25:53,800 --> 03:25:56,900
Japanese architectural craft was
known for its careful, joinery 

3899
03:25:56,900 --> 03:26:00,400
attention to surface qualities 
and respect for materials. 

3900
03:26:01,300 --> 03:26:04,000
These things still affect how 
buildings are detailed and 

3901
03:26:04,000 --> 03:26:06,200
build. 
As we near the end of our 

3902
03:26:06,200 --> 03:26:08,900
journey, through Japanese 
architectural history, we come 

3903
03:26:08,900 --> 03:26:11,800
to the present. 
What we see is not a complete 

3904
03:26:11,800 --> 03:26:15,300
preservation of tradition or a 
complete break from the past, 

3905
03:26:15,300 --> 03:26:18,500
but rather a creative 
conversation between historical 

3906
03:26:18,500 --> 03:26:21,000
principles and modern needs that
is still going on. 

3907
03:26:21,700 --> 03:26:24,700
There is a fascinating tension 
in modern Japanese architecture.

3908
03:26:24,700 --> 03:26:28,200
Japan is still one of the most 
architecturally Innovative 

3909
03:26:28,200 --> 03:26:31,900
countries in the world 
Architects, their buildings that

3910
03:26:31,900 --> 03:26:34,600
are very creative and 
technically Advanced on the 

3911
03:26:34,608 --> 03:26:37,900
other hand, traditional building
types like temples shrines tea 

3912
03:26:37,900 --> 03:26:41,600
rooms and even some types of 
homes are still used today, not 

3913
03:26:41,600 --> 03:26:45,600
just as Museum pieces in Kyoto, 
you'll see Master Carpenters, 

3914
03:26:45,600 --> 03:26:48,800
still teaching apprentices how 
to do traditional joinery, that 

3915
03:26:48,800 --> 03:26:51,900
doesn't use any nails. 
These Craftsmen aren't putting 

3916
03:26:51,900 --> 03:26:55,300
on historical re-enactments, 
they keeping temples and shrines

3917
03:26:55,300 --> 03:26:57,600
that are still used for 
religious purposes up to date 

3918
03:26:57,600 --> 03:27:00,800
using the same methods that 
their ancestors used 100s of 

3919
03:27:00,808 --> 03:27:03,200
years ago. 
The knowledge is passed down 

3920
03:27:03,200 --> 03:27:05,700
from Master to Apprentice in an 
unbroken chain. 

3921
03:27:06,600 --> 03:27:08,200
Generation learns, not from 
books. 

3922
03:27:08,200 --> 03:27:11,700
But by working with tools and 
materials, there are definitely 

3923
03:27:11,700 --> 03:27:15,000
problems with these old crafts. 
Fewer young, people want to 

3924
03:27:15,000 --> 03:27:18,600
spend years learning how to do 
Temple, carpentry, or thatched 

3925
03:27:18,600 --> 03:27:21,300
Roofing. 
The economic problems are real. 

3926
03:27:21,900 --> 03:27:24,800
But the tradition lives on. 
Thanks in part to cultural 

3927
03:27:24,800 --> 03:27:28,300
Pride, religious necessity, and 
a growing understanding that 

3928
03:27:28,300 --> 03:27:30,800
these skills are irreplaceable. 
Knowledge about materials and 

3929
03:27:30,800 --> 03:27:33,700
construction. 
At the same time, modern 

3930
03:27:33,700 --> 03:27:35,900
Japanese Architects. 
Are still pushing the limits. 

3931
03:27:36,600 --> 03:27:39,900
They build buildings that are 
incredibly delicate with walls 

3932
03:27:39,900 --> 03:27:43,000
that seemed to dissolve and 
spaces that flow into each other

3933
03:27:43,000 --> 03:27:45,800
like water. 
They try out new materials and 

3934
03:27:45,800 --> 03:27:48,500
Technologies while still keeping
in touch with old ideas about 

3935
03:27:48,500 --> 03:27:52,000
space, Sue Fujimoto is one of 
the young Architects. 

3936
03:27:52,000 --> 03:27:55,600
He makes buildings that blur the
lines between architecture and 

3937
03:27:55,608 --> 03:27:59,500
nature inside and outside and 
building and Landscape. 

3938
03:27:59,500 --> 03:28:03,100
Sometimes his buildings look 
more like abstract sculptures or

3939
03:28:03,100 --> 03:28:06,500
natural formations than regular 
buildings but they are perfectly

3940
03:28:06,500 --> 03:28:09,400
livable spaces. 
There are modern evolution of 

3941
03:28:09,400 --> 03:28:12,200
traditional Japanese ideas about
how buildings and nature 

3942
03:28:12,200 --> 03:28:15,400
interact. 
Kingo kumas work is very modern 

3943
03:28:15,400 --> 03:28:18,300
but it also clearly draws on 
traditional Japanese 

3944
03:28:18,300 --> 03:28:21,000
architecture. 
He wants to know how modern 

3945
03:28:21,000 --> 03:28:23,900
methods can be used with 
traditional materials like wood 

3946
03:28:23,900 --> 03:28:26,900
Stone and paper to make 
buildings. 

3947
03:28:26,900 --> 03:28:29,200
That feel like they come from 
the past without copying old 

3948
03:28:29,200 --> 03:28:32,200
styles. 
Is buildings, often have fancy 

3949
03:28:32,200 --> 03:28:34,600
wooden screening systems that 
are modern versions of 

3950
03:28:34,608 --> 03:28:37,300
traditional features that 
control light, give people 

3951
03:28:37,300 --> 03:28:39,900
privacy and make Rich visual 
textures. 

3952
03:28:39,900 --> 03:28:43,400
There is an endless stream of 
new houses being built in Japan 

3953
03:28:43,400 --> 03:28:46,100
because people there are still 
interested in small 

3954
03:28:46,100 --> 03:28:49,600
well-designed. 
Homes Tokyo's full of tiny Lots 

3955
03:28:49,600 --> 03:28:52,300
where Architects have to work 
within very strict limits to 

3956
03:28:52,300 --> 03:28:54,200
make amazing spatial 
experiences. 

3957
03:28:54,200 --> 03:28:57,500
These houses are in line with 
the Japanese tradition of making

3958
03:28:57,500 --> 03:29:00,100
a lot out of a little. 
I carefully designing them 

3959
03:29:00,100 --> 03:29:03,900
instead of just making them big.
The small modern homes often 

3960
03:29:03,900 --> 03:29:06,100
have features that are similar 
to traditional homes. 

3961
03:29:06,100 --> 03:29:09,300
Like an internal Courtyard, that
lets light, and air into the 

3962
03:29:09,300 --> 03:29:12,000
middle of the building a 
threshold space, that separates 

3963
03:29:12,000 --> 03:29:15,100
the street from the home and a 
special room or alco for 

3964
03:29:15,100 --> 03:29:18,600
thinking and showing off. 
But they use modern materials 

3965
03:29:18,600 --> 03:29:21,300
and building methods, which 
makes the buildings feel both 

3966
03:29:21,300 --> 03:29:24,500
new and traditional. 
Japan has a unique way of 

3967
03:29:24,500 --> 03:29:27,700
keeping its old buildings in 
good shape preservation doesn't 

3968
03:29:27,700 --> 03:29:30,800
mean trying to keep building's 
the same over time instead. 

3969
03:29:30,800 --> 03:29:32,900
It usually means rebuilding them
every. 

3970
03:29:32,900 --> 03:29:36,000
So often using traditional 
methods and materials, this 

3971
03:29:36,000 --> 03:29:38,400
keeps not only the buildings 
themselves, but also the 

3972
03:29:38,400 --> 03:29:40,400
knowledge and skills needed to 
build them. 

3973
03:29:41,200 --> 03:29:45,400
Preservation through practice, 
not through museums, the 

3974
03:29:45,400 --> 03:29:47,900
Japanese people as a whole stay 
connected to traditional 

3975
03:29:47,900 --> 03:29:51,100
architectural Spaces, by 
practicing tea, ceremonies going

3976
03:29:51,100 --> 03:29:54,100
to temples and shrines and 
sometimes even in their own 

3977
03:29:54,100 --> 03:29:57,700
homes, a lot of modern Japanese 
Homes and Apartments, still have

3978
03:29:57,700 --> 03:30:01,200
at least one to Tammy room. 
This is a place where people can

3979
03:30:01,200 --> 03:30:04,200
connect with traditional 
Aesthetics and practices even 

3980
03:30:04,200 --> 03:30:05,600
when they are in a modern 
setting. 

3981
03:30:06,400 --> 03:30:09,000
More and more Japanese 
architecture is being shaped by 

3982
03:30:09,000 --> 03:30:12,200
environmental concerns. 
Building practices that are 

3983
03:30:12,200 --> 03:30:15,300
strong and long-lasting are 
important because the country is

3984
03:30:15,300 --> 03:30:18,500
prone to earthquake's typhoon's 
and other natural disasters. 

3985
03:30:19,800 --> 03:30:22,900
Modern Japanese architecture. 
Often uses both high-tech and 

3986
03:30:22,900 --> 03:30:26,000
traditional methods. 
For example, it might use 

3987
03:30:26,000 --> 03:30:28,400
Advanced size, seismic, 
dampening systems, an 

3988
03:30:28,400 --> 03:30:31,400
energy-efficient mechanical 
systems, as well as natural 

3989
03:30:31,400 --> 03:30:33,600
ventilation. 
Careful solar orientation and 

3990
03:30:33,600 --> 03:30:36,600
local materials. 
Japanese architecture is always 

3991
03:30:36,600 --> 03:30:39,900
trying to find a balance between
old and new other cultures can 

3992
03:30:39,900 --> 03:30:42,600
learn from this as they try to 
find ways to honor the past 

3993
03:30:42,600 --> 03:30:47,000
while also meeting modern needs.
Japan's example, shows that 

3994
03:30:47,000 --> 03:30:50,100
tradition isn't just keeping 
things the same, it's a living 

3995
03:30:50,108 --> 03:30:53,000
practice that changes while 
still being true to its core 

3996
03:30:53,000 --> 03:30:56,000
values. 
As you drift off to sleep, think

3997
03:30:56,000 --> 03:30:57,500
about all the Japanese 
architecture. 

3998
03:30:57,500 --> 03:31:01,400
We've seen tonight, the ancient 
forests, where it all began the 

3999
03:31:01,400 --> 03:31:04,900
Shinto shrines, that Mark sacred
places, the Buddhist temples 

4000
03:31:04,900 --> 03:31:07,900
that reach for enlightenment, 
the Palaces that open up to 

4001
03:31:07,900 --> 03:31:11,100
Gardens the castles that rise 
from Stone foundations. 

4002
03:31:11,100 --> 03:31:13,600
The Edo townhouses that make 
city life. 

4003
03:31:13,600 --> 03:31:17,300
Possible, the tea rooms that 
find Infinity and small spaces, 

4004
03:31:17,300 --> 03:31:21,000
the Meiji experiments with new 
forms the post-war Innovations 

4005
03:31:21,000 --> 03:31:24,500
and the modern Explorations that
are still going on today, every 

4006
03:31:24,500 --> 03:31:27,900
time period on what came before 
it and adapted to the needs of 

4007
03:31:27,900 --> 03:31:29,900
the time. 
There was no time that was 

4008
03:31:29,900 --> 03:31:33,300
frozen, but there was no time 
that was completely lost the 

4009
03:31:33,300 --> 03:31:36,200
tradition lived on, because it 
kept changing and adapting while

4010
03:31:36,200 --> 03:31:38,800
still holding on to threads of 
continuity, that go back, 

4011
03:31:38,800 --> 03:31:43,700
hundreds of years, the house you
build in dreams and epilogue As 

4012
03:31:43,700 --> 03:31:46,700
you finally fall asleep, your 
mind might build fake building's

4013
03:31:46,700 --> 03:31:48,100
out of all the architectural 
Parts. 

4014
03:31:48,100 --> 03:31:51,000
We've looked at tonight. 
Maybe you're walking through a 

4015
03:31:51,000 --> 03:31:52,600
house that has parts from 
different times. 

4016
03:31:52,600 --> 03:31:56,500
Like a tea room that opens up to
a garden from the Edo period or 

4017
03:31:56,500 --> 03:31:58,900
a high-end palace with flowing 
spaces made from Modern 

4018
03:31:58,900 --> 03:32:02,200
materials, or a castle that 
looks strong, but is softened by

4019
03:32:02,200 --> 03:32:05,900
modern transparency. 
This dream architecture doesn't 

4020
03:32:05,900 --> 03:32:07,600
mix things up or contradict 
itself. 

4021
03:32:08,500 --> 03:32:10,900
Is completely fine. 
Because Japanese architecture 

4022
03:32:10,900 --> 03:32:12,400
has always been about bringing 
together. 

4023
03:32:12,400 --> 03:32:16,300
Different influences, needs into
a cohesive whole that serves 

4024
03:32:16,300 --> 03:32:19,100
human life while respecting 
deeper aesthetic and 

4025
03:32:19,100 --> 03:32:22,800
philosophical ideas. 
The lessons from the history of 

4026
03:32:22,800 --> 03:32:25,600
Japanese architecture, apply to 
more than just Japan. 

4027
03:32:25,600 --> 03:32:28,700
They remind us that buildings 
are more than just places to 

4028
03:32:28,700 --> 03:32:30,700
live. 
There are also ways for us to 

4029
03:32:30,700 --> 03:32:34,700
show how we want to live what we
value and how we see our place 

4030
03:32:34,700 --> 03:32:37,500
in the natural world. 
They show that tradition and 

4031
03:32:37,500 --> 03:32:40,600
Innovation are not opposites, 
but Partners in a creative 

4032
03:32:40,600 --> 03:32:44,400
conversation that never ends. 
Japanese architecture, teaches 

4033
03:32:44,400 --> 03:32:48,300
you to be patient to think 
carefully about every detail to 

4034
03:32:48,300 --> 03:32:51,800
choose materials carefully and 
to let designs grow through 

4035
03:32:51,800 --> 03:32:55,900
repeated refinement, it values 
restraint, which means that 

4036
03:32:55,900 --> 03:32:58,300
knowing what to leave out is 
often more important than 

4037
03:32:58,300 --> 03:33:01,400
knowing what to put in it. 
Accepts that everything is 

4038
03:33:01,400 --> 03:33:03,800
temporary. 
Just like all buildings and 

4039
03:33:03,800 --> 03:33:07,100
other things made by people are 
temporary parts of Nature's 

4040
03:33:07,100 --> 03:33:10,400
longer story. 
Japanese architecture teaches us

4041
03:33:10,400 --> 03:33:13,200
that the waist spaces are set up
can change how we feel. 

4042
03:33:14,000 --> 03:33:17,100
The light in a room, the feel of
a wall, the connection between 

4043
03:33:17,100 --> 03:33:20,600
the inside and the garden, and 
the size of a space, all affect 

4044
03:33:20,600 --> 03:33:24,400
how we feel think and interact 
with other people architecture 

4045
03:33:24,400 --> 03:33:26,600
isn't just about building places
for people to live. 

4046
03:33:26,600 --> 03:33:30,700
It's also about making places 
where people can Thrive when you

4047
03:33:30,708 --> 03:33:33,508
wake up tomorrow you might see 
your own living space in a new 

4048
03:33:33,516 --> 03:33:36,400
way that Windows connection to 
the light in the morning. 

4049
03:33:36,400 --> 03:33:40,400
The line that separates rooms 
the things and textures that are

4050
03:33:40,400 --> 03:33:42,800
around you. 
The existence or non-existence 

4051
03:33:42,800 --> 03:33:45,800
of natural components. 
These aren't just things that 

4052
03:33:45,800 --> 03:33:47,900
are useful. 
There are also chances to make 

4053
03:33:47,900 --> 03:33:51,100
daily life more, beautiful, 
thoughtful and connected. 

4054
03:33:51,100 --> 03:33:54,200
You don't have to live in a 
traditional Japanese house to 

4055
03:33:54,200 --> 03:33:55,700
learn from Japanese 
architecture. 

4056
03:33:55,700 --> 03:34:00,500
The rules can be used anywhere, 
less is more quality over 

4057
03:34:00,500 --> 03:34:04,900
quantity, connecting with nature
spaces that change to fit your 

4058
03:34:04,908 --> 03:34:08,500
needs, honest materials that get
better with age, paying 

4059
03:34:08,500 --> 03:34:11,900
attention to light and Shadow 
and the power of empty space. 

4060
03:34:11,900 --> 03:34:15,700
You might put one flower. 
In a special place, making your 

4061
03:34:15,700 --> 03:34:19,300
own small version of a ticker. 
You might move things around in 

4062
03:34:19,300 --> 03:34:21,200
a room to let in more natural 
light. 

4063
03:34:21,200 --> 03:34:24,400
You might just stop and take in 
the architectural, details of 

4064
03:34:24,400 --> 03:34:25,600
the places you live in every 
day. 

4065
03:34:25,600 --> 03:34:29,000
These little things, keep the 
tradition alive in your own way.

4066
03:34:29,000 --> 03:34:32,000
It's not just about building 
buildings in far-off places or 

4067
03:34:32,000 --> 03:34:34,300
things that happened in the past
that make up the history of 

4068
03:34:34,300 --> 03:34:37,200
Japanese architecture. 
It's a living tradition that 

4069
03:34:37,200 --> 03:34:39,300
keeps changing. 
And you take part in it. 

4070
03:34:39,300 --> 03:34:42,200
Every time you think carefully 
about the places you make and 

4071
03:34:42,200 --> 03:34:46,400
live in the master Carpenters of
ancient Japan, the teamsters 

4072
03:34:46,400 --> 03:34:49,600
refining, aesthetic principles, 
and the modern Architects. 

4073
03:34:49,600 --> 03:34:52,900
Looking for new ways to build 
all contribute to an ongoing 

4074
03:34:52,900 --> 03:34:55,100
discussion about how people 
should live on the planet. 

4075
03:34:56,200 --> 03:34:59,200
A sleep takes over, let your 
last conscious thoughts. 

4076
03:34:59,200 --> 03:35:00,800
Rest in a place of perfect 
peace. 

4077
03:35:00,800 --> 03:35:05,900
It can be a tea room at dusk, a 
temple Garden in light rain or a

4078
03:35:05,900 --> 03:35:07,800
modern house. 
Where Glass Walls, blur the 

4079
03:35:07,800 --> 03:35:09,500
lines between inside and 
outside. 

4080
03:35:10,400 --> 03:35:13,000
Let the buildings we've seen 
tonight, give your dreaming mine

4081
03:35:13,000 --> 03:35:16,200
to place to stay a place where 
anything is possible and 

4082
03:35:16,200 --> 03:35:17,700
everything is perfectly at 
peace. 

4083
03:35:18,600 --> 03:35:21,100
The Cypress smell is still 
faintly present in the wood. 

4084
03:35:21,100 --> 03:35:23,900
Post the tatami mats give way to
you. 

4085
03:35:23,900 --> 03:35:26,200
You can see the dark shapes of 
the garden. 

4086
03:35:26,200 --> 03:35:30,400
Through the paper screen, a 
stone a tree and a path that 

4087
03:35:30,400 --> 03:35:32,600
leads to a place. 
You'll explore in your dreams, 

4088
03:35:32,600 --> 03:35:34,900
the area around you is just 
right. 

4089
03:35:34,900 --> 03:35:38,300
Not too big or too small. 
There is nothing missing. 

4090
03:35:38,300 --> 03:35:42,100
There is no excess, you're at 
home in the architecture of 

4091
03:35:42,100 --> 03:35:45,400
sleep, which is where all 
buildings, end up travel through

4092
03:35:45,400 --> 03:35:55,900
time and space have sweet 
dreams. you know, that feeling 

4093
03:35:55,900 --> 03:35:58,200
when you're making dinner and 
you realize you've gotten to 

4094
03:35:58,200 --> 03:36:01,400
defrost the chicken, Well, 
imagine if I told you that back 

4095
03:36:01,400 --> 03:36:04,800
in 1851, someone invented a 
machine that could have solved 

4096
03:36:04,800 --> 03:36:06,900
that problem and about 50 
others. 

4097
03:36:06,900 --> 03:36:09,600
You didn't even know you had 
pull up your favorite chair. 

4098
03:36:09,600 --> 03:36:12,300
Let me tell you about some 
inventions that were so close to

4099
03:36:12,300 --> 03:36:14,800
changing everything. 
They practically had their bags 

4100
03:36:14,800 --> 03:36:17,900
packed for fame. 
Doctor, John Gorey was sweating 

4101
03:36:17,900 --> 03:36:19,500
bullets and Florida. 
Literally. 

4102
03:36:20,400 --> 03:36:23,900
Not because he was nervous but 
because it was 1842 and air 

4103
03:36:23,900 --> 03:36:25,200
conditioning was still a pipe 
dream. 

4104
03:36:26,600 --> 03:36:28,500
This person was watching, 
yellow, fever. 

4105
03:36:28,500 --> 03:36:32,200
Patients suffer in the humid 
heat and he thought there's got 

4106
03:36:32,200 --> 03:36:35,200
to be a better way. 
So he built the first ice making

4107
03:36:35,200 --> 03:36:37,300
machine. 
This was not the type of 

4108
03:36:37,300 --> 03:36:40,200
machine, that simply drops ice 
cubes into your glass with a 

4109
03:36:40,200 --> 03:36:43,400
satisfying plunk. 
Instead, it was an actual Ice 

4110
03:36:43,400 --> 03:36:46,500
Factory capable of cooling. 
Entire buildings picture. 

4111
03:36:46,500 --> 03:36:49,800
This gory's contraption looked 
like someone had crossed a steam

4112
03:36:49,800 --> 03:36:52,100
engine with a grandfather clock 
and fed it too much coffee. 

4113
03:36:52,900 --> 03:36:56,700
It compressed air that it expand
and voila, I appeared like 

4114
03:36:56,700 --> 03:36:59,100
magic. 
He was basically performing 

4115
03:36:59,100 --> 03:37:02,300
Miracles with thermodynamics yet
somehow nobody cared. 

4116
03:37:03,100 --> 03:37:06,100
Timing was all wrong. 
People thought I was supposed to

4117
03:37:06,100 --> 03:37:09,000
come from Frozen ponds in 
Winter, not from some mechanical

4118
03:37:09,000 --> 03:37:12,200
beasts that made suspicious 
noises the really heartbreaking 

4119
03:37:12,200 --> 03:37:14,500
part. 
Gory died. 

4120
03:37:14,500 --> 03:37:18,400
Broken forgotten In 1855, just 
as the world was starting to 

4121
03:37:18,400 --> 03:37:22,500
figure out that may be just, 
maybe, controlling temperature 

4122
03:37:22,500 --> 03:37:26,300
might be useful. 
If he'd invented his machine 50 

4123
03:37:26,300 --> 03:37:28,900
years later, he'd have been 
richer than a chocolate fountain

4124
03:37:28,900 --> 03:37:32,400
at a weight loss convention. 
Instead we had to wait until 

4125
03:37:32,400 --> 03:37:35,700
1902 for Willis carrier to 
essentially reinvent. 

4126
03:37:35,700 --> 03:37:38,500
The same thing and become the 
father of modern air 

4127
03:37:38,500 --> 03:37:40,200
conditioning. 
But here's where it gets 

4128
03:37:40,200 --> 03:37:42,700
interesting. 
Gorys ice machine could have 

4129
03:37:42,700 --> 03:37:45,700
changed everything about where 
people lived how cities 

4130
03:37:45,700 --> 03:37:49,000
developed. 
And even what we ate, Imagine 

4131
03:37:49,000 --> 03:37:51,700
the American South becoming a 
population Center decades 

4132
03:37:51,700 --> 03:37:55,400
earlier or fresh food being 
available year-round everywhere.

4133
03:37:56,200 --> 03:37:59,500
Instead of the Great Migration 
North, maybe we'd have seen the 

4134
03:37:59,500 --> 03:38:02,400
Great Migration to Florida and 
not just for retirement. 

4135
03:38:03,400 --> 03:38:06,800
The patent office didn't help 
matters back then getting a 

4136
03:38:06,800 --> 03:38:09,300
patent was like trying to 
convince your teenager to clean 

4137
03:38:09,300 --> 03:38:13,300
their room technically possible 
but requiring supernatural 

4138
03:38:13,300 --> 03:38:17,400
patience. 
Gorey got his patent in 1851 but

4139
03:38:17,400 --> 03:38:20,300
by then he was too exhausted and
too poor to manufacturers 

4140
03:38:20,300 --> 03:38:23,200
machines. 
It is akin to finally obtaining.

4141
03:38:23,200 --> 03:38:26,300
The recipe for the ideal 
chocolate chip cookie only to 

4142
03:38:26,300 --> 03:38:28,700
discover that you lack, the 
means to purchase the necessary 

4143
03:38:28,700 --> 03:38:31,400
ingredients. 
What makes this scenario 

4144
03:38:31,400 --> 03:38:33,700
scenario? 
Even more frustrating is that 

4145
03:38:33,700 --> 03:38:36,700
ice was already a big business. 
Frederic Tudor. 

4146
03:38:36,700 --> 03:38:39,500
The Ice King was shipping ice 
from Massachusetts to the 

4147
03:38:39,500 --> 03:38:43,400
Caribbean and making a fortune. 
People knew ice was valuable, 

4148
03:38:43,400 --> 03:38:45,400
they just couldn't imagine 
making it themselves. 

4149
03:38:45,400 --> 03:38:49,000
It was like having a money tree 
in your backyard but insisting 

4150
03:38:49,000 --> 03:38:52,100
on walking to the bank. 
Instead, the Ripple effects of 

4151
03:38:52,100 --> 03:38:54,400
gorys failure. 
Touch everything around us 

4152
03:38:54,400 --> 03:38:57,500
today. 
Hospital design food storage, 

4153
03:38:57,500 --> 03:39:01,500
urban planning, all of it had to
wait another half century to 

4154
03:39:01,500 --> 03:39:05,000
evolve Did the scorching 
Southern Summers force people to

4155
03:39:05,000 --> 03:39:07,700
migrate North? 
They could have been sold before

4156
03:39:07,700 --> 03:39:10,800
the Civil War. 
Did the seasonal food, shortages

4157
03:39:10,800 --> 03:39:14,300
that plagued Humanity for 
Millennia ever get resolved gory

4158
03:39:14,300 --> 03:39:17,200
had the key, but the world 
wasn't ready to turn the lock. 

4159
03:39:17,900 --> 03:39:20,800
Sometimes the best inventions 
arrived like party guests. 

4160
03:39:20,800 --> 03:39:24,400
Either too early, when you're 
still in your pajamas or too 

4161
03:39:24,400 --> 03:39:26,600
late, when you've already eaten,
all the delicious snacks. 

4162
03:39:27,500 --> 03:39:30,200
Gauri's ice machine was 
definitely the pajamas scenario.

4163
03:39:30,200 --> 03:39:34,500
It was brilliant practical and 
absolutely ahead of its time 

4164
03:39:34,500 --> 03:39:36,900
which in the world of invention 
is sometimes. 

4165
03:39:36,900 --> 03:39:40,100
The cruel is fate of all. 
Speaking of timing, let's drift 

4166
03:39:40,100 --> 03:39:43,200
over to 18308 when Samuel Morse 
was tapping out. 

4167
03:39:43,200 --> 03:39:45,300
His famous water, God, wrought 
message. 

4168
03:39:46,100 --> 03:39:47,700
But here's something that will 
keep you up at night. 

4169
03:39:47,700 --> 03:39:51,500
Another Telegraph system was 
already working perfectly and it

4170
03:39:51,500 --> 03:39:54,100
might have prevented some of the
bloodiest conflicts in human 

4171
03:39:54,100 --> 03:39:56,900
history. 
Claude chappe had built 

4172
03:39:56,900 --> 03:39:59,900
something called the optical 
Telegraph across France in the 

4173
03:39:59,900 --> 03:40:03,100
1790s. 
Pitcher a network of towers 

4174
03:40:03,100 --> 03:40:04,600
stretching across the 
countryside. 

4175
03:40:04,600 --> 03:40:08,100
Each one topped with mechanical 
arms that moved like a person 

4176
03:40:08,100 --> 03:40:11,300
doing semaphore. 
These work just quaint windmill 

4177
03:40:11,300 --> 03:40:13,600
decorations. 
They could send a message from 

4178
03:40:13,600 --> 03:40:16,600
Paris to the Mediterranean 
faster than a horse could Gallop

4179
03:40:16,600 --> 03:40:19,500
to the next Village. 
The entire system, functioned 

4180
03:40:19,500 --> 03:40:21,500
akin to a highly Advanced 
version of the childhood 

4181
03:40:21,500 --> 03:40:24,100
telephone game. 
But instead of mutilating 

4182
03:40:24,100 --> 03:40:27,800
whispered words these Tower 
operators utilize telescopes to 

4183
03:40:27,800 --> 03:40:31,600
interpret arm positions and 
transmit coded messages, a 

4184
03:40:31,600 --> 03:40:33,500
communication that would take 
weeks on Horseback. 

4185
03:40:33,500 --> 03:40:35,300
Could travel the length of 
France in hours. 

4186
03:40:35,300 --> 03:40:39,500
It was like having the internet,
except it ran on human eyeballs 

4187
03:40:39,500 --> 03:40:43,000
and mechanical precision. 
Now here's where your heart 

4188
03:40:43,000 --> 03:40:45,800
might break a little, the 
chappie telegraph was so 

4189
03:40:45,800 --> 03:40:48,500
effective that Napoleon used it 
to coordinate his military 

4190
03:40:48,500 --> 03:40:51,300
campaigns. 
However, the French government 

4191
03:40:51,300 --> 03:40:54,000
kept the telegraph technology 
secret from other countries 

4192
03:40:54,000 --> 03:40:55,900
because they believed it 
provided them with two 

4193
03:40:55,900 --> 03:40:59,000
significant and Advantage. 
Imagine if they shared the 

4194
03:40:59,000 --> 03:41:02,500
technology instead, the Crimean 
War might have been settled over

4195
03:41:02,500 --> 03:41:04,600
a cup of tea rather than Fortune
trenches. 

4196
03:41:04,600 --> 03:41:07,500
The American Civil War could 
have been a series of strongly 

4197
03:41:07,500 --> 03:41:11,400
worded telegrams, and stead of a
four-year Bloodbath The optical 

4198
03:41:11,400 --> 03:41:15,300
telegraphed a minor issue that 
ultimately led to its demise, it

4199
03:41:15,300 --> 03:41:18,000
required, favorable weather 
conditions and daylight hours to

4200
03:41:18,000 --> 03:41:21,700
function. 
Fog rain or nighttime turned the

4201
03:41:21,700 --> 03:41:25,100
most sophisticated communication
Network in the world into an 

4202
03:41:25,108 --> 03:41:26,900
expensive collection of wooden 
Towers. 

4203
03:41:26,900 --> 03:41:30,300
It was like having a sports car 
that only worked on Tuesdays 

4204
03:41:30,300 --> 03:41:33,100
when it wasn't cloudy. 
When morse's electrical 

4205
03:41:33,100 --> 03:41:37,500
Telegraph came along, it worked 
in any weather day or night, the

4206
03:41:37,500 --> 03:41:40,100
optical system became as 
obsolete as a sundial in a 

4207
03:41:40,108 --> 03:41:43,200
smartphone world. 
But here's the thing that should

4208
03:41:43,200 --> 03:41:45,600
make. 
You sit up in bed if someone had

4209
03:41:45,600 --> 03:41:48,000
figured out how to make the 
optical system work in the dark,

4210
03:41:48,000 --> 03:41:51,400
we might have had instant Global
Communication decades earlier. 

4211
03:41:52,500 --> 03:41:55,300
The French had over 5,000 
kilometers of optical Telegraph 

4212
03:41:55,300 --> 03:41:57,600
Lines. 
By the 1840s they could have 

4213
03:41:57,600 --> 03:41:59,400
connected every major city in 
Europe. 

4214
03:41:59,400 --> 03:42:02,500
If other countries had adopted 
the system, instead of treating 

4215
03:42:02,500 --> 03:42:05,900
it like a military secret. 
Imagine the Congress of Vienna 

4216
03:42:05,900 --> 03:42:09,600
in 1815 with delegates actually 
able to communicate with their 

4217
03:42:09,600 --> 03:42:13,400
home countries in real time. 
Diplomatic crisis that escalated

4218
03:42:13,400 --> 03:42:16,400
due to slow instructions. 
For ambassadors might have been 

4219
03:42:16,400 --> 03:42:20,100
resolved over lunch. 
But the real tragedy is what 

4220
03:42:20,100 --> 03:42:21,500
happened to Claude? 
Chappe himself. 

4221
03:42:22,400 --> 03:42:25,400
He watched his life's work at 
overtaken by electrical systems 

4222
03:42:25,400 --> 03:42:28,800
and fell into such despair that 
he took his life in 1805. 

4223
03:42:28,800 --> 03:42:32,400
He never got to see how his 
optical Network inspired the 

4224
03:42:32,400 --> 03:42:34,400
development of modern 
telecommunications. 

4225
03:42:34,400 --> 03:42:38,200
His Towers were the direct 
ancestors of every cell phone 

4226
03:42:38,200 --> 03:42:41,000
tower. 
Every fiber optic cable, and 

4227
03:42:41,000 --> 03:42:44,000
every satellite dish that keeps 
our world connected to day. 

4228
03:42:45,200 --> 03:42:48,300
The optical telegraph was like a
bridge between the ancient world

4229
03:42:48,300 --> 03:42:51,900
of signal fires and smoke 
signals and our modern world of 

4230
03:42:51,900 --> 03:42:55,700
instant Global Communication. 
It proved that with enough 

4231
03:42:55,700 --> 03:42:59,100
clever engineering and human 
cooperation, you could shrink 

4232
03:42:59,100 --> 03:43:03,000
the world down to a manageable 
size, it took a century for that

4233
03:43:03,000 --> 03:43:06,300
lesson to sink in and by then 
we'd fought Wars that better 

4234
03:43:06,300 --> 03:43:09,300
communication might have 
prevented now recline into your 

4235
03:43:09,300 --> 03:43:11,700
pillows. 
As the upcoming story, May 

4236
03:43:11,700 --> 03:43:13,100
inspire you to rewrite history, 
books. 

4237
03:43:13,100 --> 03:43:15,900
Everyone knows the Wright 
brothers flew first at Kitty 

4238
03:43:15,900 --> 03:43:19,500
Hawk in 1903, right? 
Well, grab your favorite warm 

4239
03:43:19,500 --> 03:43:22,800
drink because I'm about to tell 
you about Gustav Whitehead, a 

4240
03:43:22,800 --> 03:43:25,700
guy who might have been soaring 
through the Connecticut Sky two 

4241
03:43:25,700 --> 03:43:28,500
years before all and will, but 
even got their Famous 12 seconds

4242
03:43:28,500 --> 03:43:31,000
off the ground. 
Whitehead was one of those 

4243
03:43:31,000 --> 03:43:33,800
inventors who looked like he 
escaped from a steampunk novel. 

4244
03:43:34,700 --> 03:43:38,200
Born in Bavaria, he immigrated 
To America with nothing but Big 

4245
03:43:38,200 --> 03:43:41,000
Dreams and an obsession with 
anything that could fly. 

4246
03:43:42,100 --> 03:43:44,600
While the Wright brothers, were 
methodically testing gliders, 

4247
03:43:44,600 --> 03:43:47,600
and keeping detailed notes. 
Whitehead was building flying 

4248
03:43:47,600 --> 03:43:50,400
machines in his backyard, like 
he was assembling furniture from

4249
03:43:50,400 --> 03:43:55,600
a very complicated catalog on 
August 14th, 1901 Witnesses 

4250
03:43:55,600 --> 03:43:56,300
claim. 
They saw. 

4251
03:43:56,300 --> 03:44:00,000
Whiteheads number 21, aircraft 
fly for about half a mile at 50 

4252
03:44:00,000 --> 03:44:01,400
feet of the ground near 
Bridgeport. 

4253
03:44:02,300 --> 03:44:05,000
The local newspaper, reported it
the next day with the kind of 

4254
03:44:05,008 --> 03:44:08,000
casual enthusiasm, you might use
to describe a particularly 

4255
03:44:08,000 --> 03:44:12,000
excellent barbecue. 
Gustav, Whitehead flew 

4256
03:44:12,000 --> 03:44:14,900
yesterday, they essentially said
as if people took to the air 

4257
03:44:14,900 --> 03:44:18,000
every Tuesday, here's where it 
gets frustrating enough to make 

4258
03:44:18,000 --> 03:44:21,400
you kick your blankets. 
Unlike the Wright brothers, who 

4259
03:44:21,400 --> 03:44:23,900
documented everything? 
Like, they were preparing for a 

4260
03:44:23,900 --> 03:44:26,600
patent lawsuit. 
Whitehead was more of a, let's 

4261
03:44:26,600 --> 03:44:29,700
see what happens if I attach 
this engine to These Wings kind 

4262
03:44:29,700 --> 03:44:33,600
of guy, no, photographs, no 
official records, just 

4263
03:44:33,600 --> 03:44:37,400
eyewitness accounts and one very
enthusiastic newspaper article. 

4264
03:44:38,200 --> 03:44:41,100
the aircraft itself was a Marvel
of early 20th century, 

4265
03:44:41,100 --> 03:44:44,800
engineering optimism, It had a 
lightweight motor that Whitehead

4266
03:44:44,800 --> 03:44:48,700
built himself silkwings and a 
control system that required, 

4267
03:44:48,700 --> 03:44:52,000
the pilot to basically become 
one with the machine flying. 

4268
03:44:52,000 --> 03:44:54,700
It was less like drive, driving 
a car and more like riding a 

4269
03:44:54,700 --> 03:44:57,800
very Cooperative dragon. 
The whole Contraption weighed 

4270
03:44:57,800 --> 03:45:01,100
about 800 pounds and looked 
like, it had been designed by 

4271
03:45:01,100 --> 03:45:04,100
someone who'd seen birds flying,
but had never actually met one 

4272
03:45:04,100 --> 03:45:07,400
personally. 
What makes this story even more 

4273
03:45:07,400 --> 03:45:09,400
intriguing? 
Is that several Aviation 

4274
03:45:09,400 --> 03:45:13,400
Pioneers visited Whitehead and 
came away convinced he'd 

4275
03:45:13,400 --> 03:45:17,100
achieved powered flight. 
These individuals were Not Mere 

4276
03:45:17,100 --> 03:45:20,200
passes by, but rather serious 
engineers, and Aviation 

4277
03:45:20,200 --> 03:45:23,400
enthusiasts who understood the 
distinction between mere flight 

4278
03:45:23,400 --> 03:45:26,300
and True Flight. 
However, the Wright brothers, 

4279
03:45:26,300 --> 03:45:29,500
publicity overshadowed, their 
testimonies, the problem was 

4280
03:45:29,500 --> 03:45:31,100
that Whitehead couldn't repeat. 
His success. 

4281
03:45:31,100 --> 03:45:34,700
Consistently Whitehead's 
engines, exhibited temperamental

4282
03:45:34,700 --> 03:45:37,200
Behavior. 
His aircraft designs, underwent 

4283
03:45:37,200 --> 03:45:40,300
constant changes. 
And his business Acumen was akin

4284
03:45:40,300 --> 03:45:43,600
to that of a golden retriever. 
While the Wright brothers were 

4285
03:45:43,600 --> 03:45:45,400
building a sustainable flying 
program. 

4286
03:45:45,400 --> 03:45:48,000
Whitehead was having what you 
might charitably? 

4287
03:45:48,000 --> 03:45:50,800
Call Adventure flights 
impressive. 

4288
03:45:50,800 --> 03:45:54,500
When they worked spectacular 
when they didn't imagine if 

4289
03:45:54,500 --> 03:45:57,100
Whitehead had been a better 
record keeper, or if someone 

4290
03:45:57,100 --> 03:45:58,900
with a camera had been there, 
that August morning. 

4291
03:45:59,700 --> 03:46:01,900
We might be talking about 
Whitehead field in stead of 

4292
03:46:01,900 --> 03:46:04,900
Wright, Patterson Air Force 
Base, the whole mythology of 

4293
03:46:04,900 --> 03:46:07,400
American Aviation might have 
started in Connecticut rather 

4294
03:46:07,400 --> 03:46:10,000
than North Carolina. 
Beach tourism might have 

4295
03:46:10,008 --> 03:46:13,400
developed very differently. 
But here's the thing that might 

4296
03:46:13,400 --> 03:46:17,200
keep you staring at the ceiling.
Even if Whitehead did fly Furst,

4297
03:46:17,200 --> 03:46:19,600
the Wright Brothers, still 
deserve their Fame. 

4298
03:46:19,600 --> 03:46:23,000
They didn't just achieve flight,
they made it reproducible 

4299
03:46:23,000 --> 03:46:27,200
improvable and eventually 
practical Whitehead was like the

4300
03:46:27,200 --> 03:46:29,800
person who accidentally 
discovers a great recipe but 

4301
03:46:29,800 --> 03:46:32,600
forgets to write it down. 
The Wright brothers were the 

4302
03:46:32,608 --> 03:46:35,300
ones who turned flying into 
something more than a 

4303
03:46:35,300 --> 03:46:38,700
spectacular accident, the 
aviation World probably needed. 

4304
03:46:38,700 --> 03:46:42,200
Both approaches whiteheads, 
Fearless experimentation. 

4305
03:46:42,200 --> 03:46:44,500
And the Wright brothers 
methodical development. 

4306
03:46:45,400 --> 03:46:47,000
One, pushed the limits of what 
was possible. 

4307
03:46:47,000 --> 03:46:50,800
The other made sure those 
boundaries stayed pushed It's 

4308
03:46:50,800 --> 03:46:53,400
just a shame that history tends 
to remember the finishes better 

4309
03:46:53,400 --> 03:46:55,100
than the Pioneers, who cleared 
the path. 

4310
03:46:55,100 --> 03:46:57,900
Let's pull the covers up a bit 
higher and discuss something 

4311
03:46:57,900 --> 03:47:00,600
that might change how you think 
about World War Two entirely. 

4312
03:47:01,500 --> 03:47:04,700
While everyone was focused on 
radar and Rockets a brilliant. 

4313
03:47:04,700 --> 03:47:08,100
German engineer named Konrad 
zuse was quietly building the 

4314
03:47:08,100 --> 03:47:11,000
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

4315
03:47:11,000 --> 03:47:13,200
room. 
Indeed, he was building the 

4316
03:47:13,200 --> 03:47:15,900
world's first programmable 
computer in his parents living 

4317
03:47:15,900 --> 03:47:18,300
room. 
Imagine trying to explain that 

4318
03:47:18,300 --> 03:47:23,600
to your homeowners insurance. 
The Z3 completed in 1941 was 

4319
03:47:23,600 --> 03:47:26,600
like someone had taken a pocket 
calculator and fed it steroids 

4320
03:47:26,600 --> 03:47:29,900
for two years it could perform 
floating-point arithmetic. 

4321
03:47:29,900 --> 03:47:33,800
Handle conditional operations, 
and even run programs stored on 

4322
03:47:33,800 --> 03:47:36,500
punched film. 
This will wasn't some glorified 

4323
03:47:36,500 --> 03:47:39,100
adding machine. 
This was a genuine computer 

4324
03:47:39,100 --> 03:47:42,700
complete with memory processing 
power and the ability to solve 

4325
03:47:42,700 --> 03:47:45,700
complex, mathematical problems, 
that would have taken human 

4326
03:47:45,700 --> 03:47:49,400
calculators weeks to figure out 
Zeus built this Marvel using 

4327
03:47:49,400 --> 03:47:51,800
telephone. 
Relays the kind of switches that

4328
03:47:51,800 --> 03:47:53,700
connected your long-distance 
calls back. 

4329
03:47:53,700 --> 03:47:59,800
When operators asked number 
please, The Z3 had about 2,600, 

4330
03:47:59,800 --> 03:48:03,000
relays clicking away like a 
mechanical Orchestra each one 

4331
03:48:03,000 --> 03:48:06,200
making tiny decisions that added
up to genuine computational 

4332
03:48:06,200 --> 03:48:09,200
power. 
The sound it made while working 

4333
03:48:09,200 --> 03:48:12,600
was probably like being inside a
huge, very busy typewriter. 

4334
03:48:12,600 --> 03:48:14,700
Here's where your mind might 
start racing. 

4335
03:48:15,500 --> 03:48:18,000
If the German military had 
recognized, what zucchi had 

4336
03:48:18,000 --> 03:48:20,500
created and funded it properly. 
They could have had 

4337
03:48:20,500 --> 03:48:23,200
computational advantages that 
might have changed the entire 

4338
03:48:23,200 --> 03:48:27,300
War, codebreaking ballistics 
calculations Logistics, 

4339
03:48:27,300 --> 03:48:30,600
optimization all the number 
crunching nightmares that bogged

4340
03:48:30,600 --> 03:48:32,800
down military operations. 
Could have been sold by 

4341
03:48:32,800 --> 03:48:36,300
machines, instead of rooms full 
of mathematicians with slide 

4342
03:48:36,300 --> 03:48:38,600
rules. 
But the German authorities 

4343
03:48:38,600 --> 03:48:41,300
looked at Zeus's, computer and 
Shrugged. 

4344
03:48:41,300 --> 03:48:44,100
They were more interested in 
bigger tanks and faster. 

4345
03:48:44,100 --> 03:48:47,200
Planes than in some clicking 
Contraption, solved math 

4346
03:48:47,200 --> 03:48:49,600
problems. 
It was like being offered a 

4347
03:48:49,600 --> 03:48:52,900
magic wand and asking if it came
in a different color, the 

4348
03:48:52,900 --> 03:48:55,300
military applications were so 
obvious, they were invisible. 

4349
03:48:55,300 --> 03:48:58,600
Meanwhile, on the other side of 
the Atlantic similar 

4350
03:48:58,600 --> 03:49:01,200
computational needs were driving
the development of machines, 

4351
03:49:01,200 --> 03:49:04,800
like any act and Colossus The 
difference was that the Allies 

4352
03:49:04,800 --> 03:49:07,300
understood, they were fighting a
war that would be won by whoever

4353
03:49:07,300 --> 03:49:10,900
could process information, 
faster and more accurately. 

4354
03:49:11,800 --> 03:49:15,000
The Germans had the technology 
first and couldn't see past 

4355
03:49:15,000 --> 03:49:16,300
their traditional military 
thinking. 

4356
03:49:17,200 --> 03:49:20,200
Zeus's Workshop was eventually 
destroyed in an Allied bombing 

4357
03:49:20,200 --> 03:49:23,500
raid in 1943 taking the Z3 with 
it. 

4358
03:49:23,500 --> 03:49:27,500
I then, he'd already started 
work on the Z4, which was even 

4359
03:49:27,500 --> 03:49:30,700
more advanced, but imagine if 
that bombing raid had never 

4360
03:49:30,700 --> 03:49:33,600
happened or if Zeus had been 
working in a properly funded 

4361
03:49:33,600 --> 03:49:36,300
well protected government 
facility instead of his parents 

4362
03:49:36,300 --> 03:49:39,000
living room. 
The computational revolution 

4363
03:49:39,000 --> 03:49:41,800
might have started in the 1940s 
Germany. 

4364
03:49:41,800 --> 03:49:46,000
In stead of the 1950s America. 
The real tragedy is that Zeus 

4365
03:49:46,000 --> 03:49:49,500
understood exactly what he did. 
He wrote the first algorithmic 

4366
03:49:49,500 --> 03:49:53,100
programming language developed 
floating Point arithmetic, and 

4367
03:49:53,100 --> 03:49:56,000
even theorized about artificial 
intelligence decades before 

4368
03:49:56,000 --> 03:49:58,300
anyone else was thinking 
seriously about machine 

4369
03:49:58,300 --> 03:50:02,000
thinking, He was like a time 
traveler who brought back 

4370
03:50:02,000 --> 03:50:04,900
blueprints from the future 
except nobody believed. 

4371
03:50:04,900 --> 03:50:08,700
The future was worth visiting. 
After the war, when the world 

4372
03:50:08,700 --> 03:50:11,800
finally caught up to what Zeus 
had been doing the computer 

4373
03:50:11,800 --> 03:50:15,400
Revolution exploded. 
But those crucial years, from 

4374
03:50:15,400 --> 03:50:20,500
1941 to 1945 represented, a lost
opportunity that might have 

4375
03:50:20,500 --> 03:50:23,200
reshaped everything, not just 
the war, but the entire 

4376
03:50:23,200 --> 03:50:26,000
development of computational 
Technology could have been 

4377
03:50:26,000 --> 03:50:30,000
accelerated by a decade or more.
This is one of those historical 

4378
03:50:30,000 --> 03:50:32,100
scenarios that can keep you 
awake at night. 

4379
03:50:33,000 --> 03:50:35,800
What if the side with the moral 
High Ground also had the best 

4380
03:50:35,800 --> 03:50:38,100
tech? 
What if the computational 

4381
03:50:38,100 --> 03:50:40,500
revolution had started earlier 
and developed differently? 

4382
03:50:41,200 --> 03:50:43,800
The most important battles in 
history are sometimes fought 

4383
03:50:43,800 --> 03:50:46,000
with ideas that don't get the 
attention they deserve. 

4384
03:50:46,000 --> 03:50:48,700
Now, let's talk about something 
that might make you grateful for

4385
03:50:48,700 --> 03:50:51,400
modern medicine, in a whole new 
way picture. 

4386
03:50:51,400 --> 03:50:55,500
This its 1847 and women are 
dying in childbirth at 

4387
03:50:55,500 --> 03:50:58,700
horrifying rates, not from 
complications during delivery 

4388
03:50:58,700 --> 03:51:01,600
but from something called 
childbed fever that strikes 

4389
03:51:01,600 --> 03:51:03,800
afterward in Vienna's General 
Hospital. 

4390
03:51:03,800 --> 03:51:06,400
One maternity ward has a death 
rate of 18%. 

4391
03:51:06,400 --> 03:51:09,400
While another Ward right down 
the hall, has a death rate of 

4392
03:51:09,408 --> 03:51:14,800
only 2%, same Hospital, same 
city same year but somehow one 

4393
03:51:14,800 --> 03:51:17,300
hallway is a death trap while 
the other is relatively safe. 

4394
03:51:18,500 --> 03:51:21,700
Enter Ignat Samuel, Vice a 
Hungarian Doctor, Who looked at 

4395
03:51:21,700 --> 03:51:24,900
the situation and thought 
something is very wrong here. 

4396
03:51:24,900 --> 03:51:28,200
He was like a medical detective 
in an era when most doctors 

4397
03:51:28,200 --> 03:51:30,700
thought disease was caused by 
bad air or moral failing. 

4398
03:51:31,700 --> 03:51:33,900
Seminole wise notice something 
that should have been obvious, 

4399
03:51:33,900 --> 03:51:37,700
but somehow wasn't the deadly. 
Ward was staffed by doctors and 

4400
03:51:37,700 --> 03:51:40,300
medical students. 
While the safe Ward was run by 

4401
03:51:40,300 --> 03:51:43,000
midwives. 
Here's where it gets intriguing 

4402
03:51:43,000 --> 03:51:44,400
enough to make you sit up in 
bed. 

4403
03:51:45,500 --> 03:51:47,800
The doctors and medical 
students, spent their mornings 

4404
03:51:47,800 --> 03:51:51,200
performing autopsies on women 
who had died from childbed fever

4405
03:51:51,200 --> 03:51:54,700
then walked directly to the 
Maternity Ward to deliver babies

4406
03:51:54,700 --> 03:51:58,200
without washing their hands. 
The Midwives, on the other hand 

4407
03:51:58,200 --> 03:52:03,400
didn't do autopsies Samurais put
two and two together and got an 

4408
03:52:03,400 --> 03:52:04,800
answer that nobody wanted to 
hear. 

4409
03:52:06,000 --> 03:52:09,600
He instituted a simple policy. 
Everyone had to wash their hands

4410
03:52:09,600 --> 03:52:13,100
with chlorinated lime solution 
before examining patients. 

4411
03:52:14,100 --> 03:52:16,500
The death rate in the doctor's 
Ward immediately dropped from 

4412
03:52:16,500 --> 03:52:20,400
18% to less than 2%. 
You'd think the change would 

4413
03:52:20,400 --> 03:52:22,800
have made seminal Vice the hero 
of Vienna General Hospital. 

4414
03:52:22,800 --> 03:52:25,400
Maybe even got him a statue in 
the courtyard. 

4415
03:52:25,400 --> 03:52:29,200
Instead it made him the most 
hated man in the medical 

4416
03:52:29,200 --> 03:52:32,100
establishment. 
The other doctors were Furious. 

4417
03:52:32,100 --> 03:52:35,500
The idea that gentleman's hands 
could be unclean was insulting 

4418
03:52:35,500 --> 03:52:38,500
to their social status. 
Doctors were supposed to be 

4419
03:52:38,500 --> 03:52:41,700
learning men of science, not 
common workers, who needed to 

4420
03:52:41,700 --> 03:52:44,700
scrub up like servants. 
The concept that invisible 

4421
03:52:44,700 --> 03:52:48,000
particles on their hands could 
cause disease was so absurd. 

4422
03:52:48,000 --> 03:52:51,800
It was practically offensive. 
They essentially told semmelweis

4423
03:52:51,800 --> 03:52:53,900
that his germ theory was crazy 
talk. 

4424
03:52:53,900 --> 03:52:56,200
What makes this even more 
heartbreaking? 

4425
03:52:56,200 --> 03:52:58,000
Is that Sam? 
Aways could prove his point with

4426
03:52:58,000 --> 03:53:00,700
numbers. 
Every month that hand washing 

4427
03:53:00,700 --> 03:53:04,200
was enforced, fewer women died. 
Every time the policy was 

4428
03:53:04,200 --> 03:53:07,400
relaxed, the death rate shot 
back up, it was caused an 

4429
03:53:07,400 --> 03:53:09,100
effect. 
So clear you could teach it to a

4430
03:53:09,100 --> 03:53:11,500
child yet the medical 
establishment treated it like 

4431
03:53:11,500 --> 03:53:14,900
dangerous nonsense. 
The pushback against Samurai was

4432
03:53:14,900 --> 03:53:17,800
so intense that he eventually 
suffered what we'd now probably 

4433
03:53:17,800 --> 03:53:20,900
call a nervous breakdown. 
He became increasingly 

4434
03:53:20,900 --> 03:53:24,500
frustrated, and confrontational 
writing bitter letters to 

4435
03:53:24,500 --> 03:53:26,300
prominent, doctors calling the 
murderers. 

4436
03:53:27,300 --> 03:53:30,400
Technically, he was correct. 
They were killing patients due 

4437
03:53:30,400 --> 03:53:33,300
to ignorance. 
But he never excelled intact. 

4438
03:53:34,300 --> 03:53:37,400
In 1865, he was committed to an 
asylum where he died. 

4439
03:53:37,400 --> 03:53:40,800
Just two weeks later, possibly 
from the same kind of infection.

4440
03:53:40,800 --> 03:53:44,600
He'd spent his career fighting. 
Here's the part that might keep 

4441
03:53:44,600 --> 03:53:47,700
you staring at the ceiling. 
If the medical world had 

4442
03:53:47,700 --> 03:53:50,900
accepted semmelweiss 
hand-washing protocol in 1847, 

4443
03:53:50,900 --> 03:53:53,300
millions of lives, could have 
been saved. 

4444
03:53:54,100 --> 03:53:56,400
The concept of antiseptic 
surgery wouldn't have had to 

4445
03:53:56,408 --> 03:54:00,300
wait for Joseph, Lister in the 
1860s, germ Theory wouldn't have

4446
03:54:00,300 --> 03:54:03,300
needed Louis Pasteur to make it 
respectable the entire 

4447
03:54:03,300 --> 03:54:05,800
development of modern medicine 
could have accelerated by 

4448
03:54:05,800 --> 03:54:09,800
decades. imagine Civil War 
Field, hospitals were doctors 

4449
03:54:09,800 --> 03:54:13,400
wash their hands between 
patients Imagine surgery 

4450
03:54:13,400 --> 03:54:16,300
becoming safer 20 years earlier 
than it actually did. 

4451
03:54:16,300 --> 03:54:19,600
Imagine all the mothers and 
babies who could have lived if 

4452
03:54:19,600 --> 03:54:22,000
the medical establishment had 
been willing to consider that. 

4453
03:54:22,000 --> 03:54:26,200
Maybe just maybe a Hungarian 
doctored figured out something 

4454
03:54:26,200 --> 03:54:28,100
important about invisible 
killers. 

4455
03:54:28,800 --> 03:54:33,300
Instead, similaris became a 
tragic footnote Vindicated only 

4456
03:54:33,300 --> 03:54:36,100
after his death when pastor and 
Lister made germ Theory 

4457
03:54:36,100 --> 03:54:38,600
fashionable. 
Occasionally the most important 

4458
03:54:38,600 --> 03:54:41,500
discoveries aren't rejected 
because they're wrong but 

4459
03:54:41,500 --> 03:54:44,000
because they're so right. 
They threaten everything. 

4460
03:54:44,000 --> 03:54:46,400
People think they know about how
the world Works. 

4461
03:54:46,400 --> 03:54:49,400
Let's shift gears again and talk
about something that could have 

4462
03:54:49,408 --> 03:54:52,700
made your daily commute. 
Look very different While 

4463
03:54:52,700 --> 03:54:55,000
everyone was getting excited 
about cars and airplanes. 

4464
03:54:55,000 --> 03:54:58,200
In the early 1900s, there was 
another Transportation 

4465
03:54:58,200 --> 03:55:01,800
Revolution Brewing that most 
people have never heard of It 

4466
03:55:01,800 --> 03:55:05,100
involved pneumatic tubes. 
Basically shooting capsules 

4467
03:55:05,100 --> 03:55:07,400
through pressurized air systems.
Like you are emailing yourself 

4468
03:55:07,400 --> 03:55:10,900
across the city. 
The beach pneumatic transit 

4469
03:55:10,900 --> 03:55:13,700
system in New York was like 
something out of a Jules, Verne 

4470
03:55:13,700 --> 03:55:15,900
novel, except it actually 
worked. 

4471
03:55:16,600 --> 03:55:21,300
In 1870 Alfred Ely Beach built a
300 to 12 foot demonstration 

4472
03:55:21,300 --> 03:55:25,200
tunnel under Broadway and shot a
cylindrical carrying passengers 

4473
03:55:25,200 --> 03:55:27,100
through it. 
Using nothing but air pressure. 

4474
03:55:27,800 --> 03:55:30,700
The car was plushie appointed 
with upholstered seats and 

4475
03:55:30,700 --> 03:55:34,500
Elegant Lighting, making it feel
more like riding in a Victorian 

4476
03:55:34,500 --> 03:55:36,900
parlor than being shot through 
an underground tube. 

4477
03:55:38,400 --> 03:55:40,600
Passengers described the 
experience as surprisingly 

4478
03:55:40,600 --> 03:55:43,700
smooth and quiet. 
The car would whoosh through the

4479
03:55:43,700 --> 03:55:47,000
tunnel carried Along by a giant 
fan, that created air pressure 

4480
03:55:47,000 --> 03:55:51,300
behind it and suction in front. 
At the end of the line, the 

4481
03:55:51,300 --> 03:55:54,300
process reversed and the car 
would slide gently back to the 

4482
03:55:54,300 --> 03:55:57,300
starting point. 
It was like being inside a huge,

4483
03:55:57,300 --> 03:55:59,100
very comfortable pneumatic 
message system. 

4484
03:55:59,100 --> 03:56:02,700
Beach envisioned a network of 
these pneumatic Railways, Chris 

4485
03:56:02,700 --> 03:56:05,700
Crossing Manhattan, transporting
passengers at speeds. 

4486
03:56:05,700 --> 03:56:08,100
That would rival. 
Those of modern Subway systems. 

4487
03:56:08,100 --> 03:56:12,500
No noise, no smoke, no horses, 
dropping inconvenient packages 

4488
03:56:12,500 --> 03:56:14,800
on the street. 
Just clean quiet. 

4489
03:56:14,800 --> 03:56:18,700
Efficient Transportation powered
by compressed air, the whole 

4490
03:56:18,700 --> 03:56:21,200
system could have been running 
on renewable energy, if they'd 

4491
03:56:21,200 --> 03:56:23,200
connected, the fans to win Mills
or water wheels. 

4492
03:56:24,300 --> 03:56:26,600
Here's where the story takes a 
turn that might make you want to

4493
03:56:26,600 --> 03:56:27,900
throw your pillow across the 
room. 

4494
03:56:28,900 --> 03:56:32,200
Boss Tweed and Tammany Hall. 
New York's notoriously corrupt 

4495
03:56:32,200 --> 03:56:35,000
political machine were heavily 
invested in street-level 

4496
03:56:35,000 --> 03:56:38,900
transportation systems. 
Horse-drawn omnibuses elevated 

4497
03:56:38,900 --> 03:56:43,100
Railways and eventually street 
cars, the pneumatic system that 

4498
03:56:43,100 --> 03:56:46,700
bypass street level corruption 
and kick back opportunities was 

4499
03:56:46,700 --> 03:56:50,300
about as well as a tax audit. 
The political opposition to 

4500
03:56:50,300 --> 03:56:53,300
beaches system was so intense 
that he had to build his 

4501
03:56:53,300 --> 03:56:57,000
demonstration tunnel in secret 
working at night and disposing 

4502
03:56:57,000 --> 03:56:59,800
of excavated dirt through a 
basement in a nearby building. 

4503
03:57:00,500 --> 03:57:03,100
He was literally conducting an 
underground Transportation 

4504
03:57:03,100 --> 03:57:06,200
Revolution underground in both 
the physical and political 

4505
03:57:06,200 --> 03:57:09,600
sense. 
When Beach Finally Revealed his 

4506
03:57:09,600 --> 03:57:14,400
system to the public, it was an 
instant sensation over. 400,000 

4507
03:57:14,400 --> 03:57:17,100
people paid to ride the 
demonstration line in its first 

4508
03:57:17,100 --> 03:57:20,100
year of operation. 
The public loved it, the Press 

4509
03:57:20,100 --> 03:57:23,100
praised, it an engineering 
experts confirmed, it was 

4510
03:57:23,100 --> 03:57:26,400
completely feasible. 
Everything was perfect, except 

4511
03:57:26,400 --> 03:57:28,400
for the small matter of 
political approval for 

4512
03:57:28,400 --> 03:57:31,500
expansion. 
Tweed and his cronies made sure 

4513
03:57:31,500 --> 03:57:34,800
that beaches request for permits
and funding got buried deeper 

4514
03:57:34,800 --> 03:57:37,300
than his tunnel. 
They want to Transportation 

4515
03:57:37,300 --> 03:57:39,700
Systems. 
They could control profit from 

4516
03:57:39,700 --> 03:57:42,100
and use a sources of political 
patronage. 

4517
03:57:43,000 --> 03:57:46,500
A pneumatic system that could be
built quickly and operated 

4518
03:57:46,500 --> 03:57:48,600
efficiently. 
Offered too few opportunities 

4519
03:57:48,600 --> 03:57:51,200
for the kind of Creative 
Accounting that kept political 

4520
03:57:51,200 --> 03:57:53,900
machines running. 
The beach tunnel eventually 

4521
03:57:53,900 --> 03:57:57,000
closed, not because the 
technology didn't work but 

4522
03:57:57,000 --> 03:58:00,200
because the politics didn't 
work, the demonstration tunnel 

4523
03:58:00,200 --> 03:58:02,400
was sealed up and forgotten 
until it was accidentally 

4524
03:58:02,400 --> 03:58:05,100
rediscovered during Subway 
Construction in 1912. 

4525
03:58:05,900 --> 03:58:08,000
By then the window for pneumatic
Transit. 

4526
03:58:08,000 --> 03:58:10,800
Had closed a New York was 
committed to the electric subway

4527
03:58:10,800 --> 03:58:13,200
system. 
We know today, imagine if 

4528
03:58:13,200 --> 03:58:16,500
beached succeeded Manhattan, 
might have had a transportation 

4529
03:58:16,500 --> 03:58:20,200
Network that was fast faster, 
quieter and cleaner than what we

4530
03:58:20,200 --> 03:58:23,000
ended up with. 
The whole development of urban 

4531
03:58:23,000 --> 03:58:25,900
Transportation could have taken 
an entirely different path. 

4532
03:58:26,500 --> 03:58:29,000
Instead of noisy elevated trains
and crowded. 

4533
03:58:29,000 --> 03:58:32,100
Subways cities might have 
developed silent smooth, 

4534
03:58:32,100 --> 03:58:34,400
pneumatic networks. 
That shot people around like 

4535
03:58:34,400 --> 03:58:37,700
packages in a delivery system. 
The technology wasn't the 

4536
03:58:37,700 --> 03:58:39,700
problem. 
Pneumatic tube systems were 

4537
03:58:39,700 --> 03:58:42,300
already being used successfully 
for male delivery in major 

4538
03:58:42,300 --> 03:58:44,800
cities. 
The problem was that beneficial 

4539
03:58:44,800 --> 03:58:48,300
technology isn't enough if the 
political and economic systems 

4540
03:58:48,300 --> 03:58:51,600
aren't ready to support it 
sometimes the best invention, 

4541
03:58:51,600 --> 03:58:53,900
fail. 
Not because they don't work, but

4542
03:58:53,900 --> 03:58:55,900
because they work too well for 
the wrong people. 

4543
03:58:55,900 --> 03:58:59,100
Now as we settle in for the 
final part of our journey 

4544
03:58:59,100 --> 03:59:02,100
through forgotten inventions, 
let's talk about something that 

4545
03:59:02,100 --> 03:59:04,800
could have changed the entire 
course of the 20th century. 

4546
03:59:06,000 --> 03:59:08,600
While Thomas Edison and Nikola 
Tesla were having their famous 

4547
03:59:08,600 --> 03:59:11,200
war of currents. 
Another inventor was quietly 

4548
03:59:11,200 --> 03:59:13,300
working on something that could 
have made both of their 

4549
03:59:13,300 --> 03:59:15,500
electrical systems look like 
child's toys. 

4550
03:59:16,500 --> 03:59:19,200
Nikola Tesla. 
Yes, the same Tesla who won the 

4551
03:59:19,208 --> 03:59:22,700
ACDC battle hadn't. 
Even bigger idea brewing in His 

4552
03:59:22,700 --> 03:59:24,900
Brilliant. 
Slightly obsessive mind. 

4553
03:59:25,700 --> 03:59:27,800
He believed he could transmit 
electrical power. 

4554
03:59:27,800 --> 03:59:29,900
Wirelessly through the Earth 
itself. 

4555
03:59:29,900 --> 03:59:33,300
Making power lines as obsolete 
as carrier pigeons. 

4556
03:59:34,100 --> 03:59:36,700
His Warden Cliff tower on Long 
Island, wasn't just an 

4557
03:59:36,700 --> 03:59:39,500
experimental radio station. 
It was supposed to be the 

4558
03:59:39,500 --> 03:59:42,000
prototype for a Global Wireless 
power system. 

4559
03:59:42,900 --> 03:59:46,600
Picture this instead of cities 
crisscrossed with power lines, 

4560
03:59:46,600 --> 03:59:50,400
you'd have Elegant Towers space 
to cross the landscape beaming 

4561
03:59:50,400 --> 03:59:53,100
electricity, through the ground 
to receive his anywhere in the 

4562
03:59:53,108 --> 03:59:55,700
world. 
No more power, outages from 

4563
03:59:55,700 --> 03:59:59,700
Fallen Lines, no more unsightly,
electrical infrastructure, and 

4564
03:59:59,700 --> 04:00:01,900
no more limitations on where you
could build things. 

4565
04:00:01,900 --> 04:00:04,000
Based on how close they were to 
power sources. 

4566
04:00:04,000 --> 04:00:08,300
The whole planet would become 
one giant electrical grid test 

4567
04:00:08,300 --> 04:00:11,100
Tesla system worked on the 
principle that the Earth itself 

4568
04:00:11,100 --> 04:00:14,800
could act as a conductor. 
By pumping electrical energy 

4569
04:00:14,800 --> 04:00:16,600
into the ground at specific 
frequencies. 

4570
04:00:16,600 --> 04:00:19,400
He believed he could create 
standing waves. 

4571
04:00:19,400 --> 04:00:21,800
That would allow power to be 
extracted anywhere on the 

4572
04:00:21,800 --> 04:00:24,400
planet. 
Sounds like science fiction. 

4573
04:00:25,200 --> 04:00:28,000
A Tesla had already demonstrated
Wireless power transmission. 

4574
04:00:28,000 --> 04:00:31,300
On a smaller scale, lighting, 
bulbs from miles away without 

4575
04:00:31,300 --> 04:00:35,300
any connecting wires. 
The financial backing for Warden

4576
04:00:35,300 --> 04:00:38,600
Cliff came from JP Morgan who 
initially thought he was funding

4577
04:00:38,600 --> 04:00:40,500
and improved Wireless 
communication system. 

4578
04:00:41,400 --> 04:00:44,900
When Tesla revealed his true 
intention free wireless power 

4579
04:00:44,900 --> 04:00:48,900
for everyone Morgan's enthusiasm
called faster than coffee left 

4580
04:00:48,900 --> 04:00:51,500
on a porch in January. 
Free Power meant. 

4581
04:00:51,500 --> 04:00:55,300
No metered usage, which meant no
way to charge customers, which 

4582
04:00:55,300 --> 04:00:58,000
meant no profit. 
Morgan pulled his funding in 

4583
04:00:58,000 --> 04:01:01,500
1906 and Tesla's Wireless power 
dreams died with it. 

4584
04:01:02,400 --> 04:01:04,400
Here's where you might want to 
pull the blankets, over your 

4585
04:01:04,400 --> 04:01:06,700
head and contemplated 
alternative timeline. 

4586
04:01:08,300 --> 04:01:12,000
Wireless power system had worked
as intended, the entire 20th 

4587
04:01:12,000 --> 04:01:13,600
century could have unfolded 
differently. 

4588
04:01:14,600 --> 04:01:17,000
There would have been known 
assess for large-scale power 

4589
04:01:17,000 --> 04:01:19,500
plants in each region. 
The system would have been 

4590
04:01:19,500 --> 04:01:22,100
immune to attacks on 
infrastructure during wartime. 

4591
04:01:22,100 --> 04:01:25,500
There would be no environmental 
issues associated with power 

4592
04:01:25,500 --> 04:01:28,100
transmission lines passing 
through Wilderness areas. 

4593
04:01:28,900 --> 04:01:32,200
Rural electrification, which 
didn't reach many parts of 

4594
04:01:32,200 --> 04:01:35,500
America until the 1930s and 
1940s could have happened in 

4595
04:01:35,500 --> 04:01:38,300
immediately. 
Developing countries wouldn't 

4596
04:01:38,300 --> 04:01:40,800
have needed to build expensive 
power infrastructure to 

4597
04:01:40,800 --> 04:01:43,900
modernize electric vehicles. 
Might have become practical 

4598
04:01:43,900 --> 04:01:47,000
decades earlier since you could 
power them anywhere without 

4599
04:01:47,000 --> 04:01:50,500
needing charging stations. 
But Tesla's Wireless power 

4600
04:01:50,500 --> 04:01:53,800
system, had one crucial flaw, 
that probably doomed it from the

4601
04:01:53,800 --> 04:01:55,700
start. 
It would have been almost 

4602
04:01:55,700 --> 04:01:59,100
impossible to control who used 
the power and like electrical 

4603
04:01:59,100 --> 04:02:00,400
lines. 
That could be metered and 

4604
04:02:00,408 --> 04:02:02,800
disconnected. 
While this power beam through 

4605
04:02:02,800 --> 04:02:04,800
the Earth would have been 
available to anyone with the 

4606
04:02:04,800 --> 04:02:08,200
right receiving equipment. 
It was socialism through physics

4607
04:02:08,200 --> 04:02:10,900
which was never going to fly 
with the business Community. 

4608
04:02:10,900 --> 04:02:14,100
The irony is that Tesla's 
Wireless power transmission. 

4609
04:02:14,100 --> 04:02:18,600
Actually worked on a small 
scale, his Colorado Springs 

4610
04:02:18,600 --> 04:02:22,100
laboratory successfully 
transmitted power wirelessly 

4611
04:02:22,100 --> 04:02:24,900
across significant distances. 
The problem wasn't the 

4612
04:02:24,900 --> 04:02:26,900
technology. 
It was the economics and 

4613
04:02:26,900 --> 04:02:29,300
politics of giving away 
something that people were used 

4614
04:02:29,300 --> 04:02:33,600
to paying for After Warden. 
Cliff failed, Tesla spent the 

4615
04:02:33,600 --> 04:02:36,200
rest of his life as a brilliant,
but increasingly eccentric, 

4616
04:02:36,200 --> 04:02:39,400
figure living in hotel rooms and
feeding pigeons. 

4617
04:02:39,400 --> 04:02:42,600
While the world moved on to more
conventional electrical systems.

4618
04:02:43,300 --> 04:02:47,300
He died in 1943 just as the 
world was discovering that many 

4619
04:02:47,300 --> 04:02:50,300
of his seemingly. 
Impossible ideas like radar and 

4620
04:02:50,300 --> 04:02:55,000
Robotics were not only possible 
but a central As you drift off 

4621
04:02:55,000 --> 04:02:58,500
to sleep tonight, think about 
all these inventors who are so 

4622
04:02:58,500 --> 04:03:01,500
close to changing everything. 
They remind us that history 

4623
04:03:01,500 --> 04:03:04,000
isn't just about what happened 
but about all the fascinating 

4624
04:03:04,000 --> 04:03:07,300
things that almost happened. 
Sometimes the most important 

4625
04:03:07,300 --> 04:03:10,700
stories are the ones about the 
roads not taken the inventions 

4626
04:03:10,700 --> 04:03:13,700
that were too early, too radical
or too threatening. 

4627
04:03:13,700 --> 04:03:16,900
To the way things were, these 
forgotten Pioneers prove that 

4628
04:03:16,900 --> 04:03:20,600
the future is always closer than
we think it's just waiting for 

4629
04:03:20,600 --> 04:03:23,600
the right combination of 
Technology timing and the 

4630
04:03:23,600 --> 04:03:26,600
courage to believe that 
impossible things might not be 

4631
04:03:26,600 --> 04:03:29,200
impossible after all sweet 
dreams. 

4632
04:03:29,200 --> 04:03:32,300
And remember, tomorrow's 
impossibility might just be 

4633
04:03:32,300 --> 04:03:35,000
tonight's bedtime story waiting 
to come true. 

4634
04:03:40,900 --> 04:03:43,300
Now you may believe that you are
familiar with Alexander Hamilton

4635
04:03:43,300 --> 04:03:46,200
from the popular Broadway 
production but for the time 

4636
04:03:46,200 --> 04:03:49,100
being let's put the hip hop 
music and dramatic performance 

4637
04:03:49,100 --> 04:03:52,100
as aside instead. 
Think of him as your 

4638
04:03:52,100 --> 04:03:54,300
exceptionally intelligent 
neighbor, who always has 

4639
04:03:54,300 --> 04:03:56,400
something interesting to say 
over the garden fence. 

4640
04:03:57,200 --> 04:04:00,000
He's the type of person who sees
opportunities where others see 

4641
04:04:00,000 --> 04:04:03,800
problems and who with time and 
careful consideration has never 

4642
04:04:03,800 --> 04:04:06,700
encountered a difficult problem 
that he couldn't solve our 

4643
04:04:06,700 --> 04:04:08,700
story. 
Starts on the tiny Caribbean 

4644
04:04:08,700 --> 04:04:12,300
island of Nevis where the sound 
of waves lapping against Coral 

4645
04:04:12,300 --> 04:04:15,300
Shores and the aroma of 
sugarcane, a carried by the 

4646
04:04:15,300 --> 04:04:20,100
Tradewinds, In 1755, a child is 
born who will grow up to have 

4647
04:04:20,100 --> 04:04:22,100
thoughts the size of an entire 
continent. 

4648
04:04:22,100 --> 04:04:25,400
The problem with Alexander 
though is that he didn't begin 

4649
04:04:25,400 --> 04:04:28,000
life with any advantages that 
would indicate greatness was on 

4650
04:04:28,000 --> 04:04:30,800
the horizon, you know, how some 
people seem to have it all from 

4651
04:04:30,800 --> 04:04:34,100
birth. 
Alexander became more akin to a 

4652
04:04:34,100 --> 04:04:36,600
wooden spoon that had previously
been used to stir up, something 

4653
04:04:36,600 --> 04:04:40,700
dubious, James, Hamilton, his 
father had a knack for making 

4654
04:04:40,700 --> 04:04:43,500
bad business choices, that would
make a contemporary businessman 

4655
04:04:43,500 --> 04:04:45,800
shudder. 
Imagine a man who had the 

4656
04:04:45,800 --> 04:04:49,300
ability to take something that 
was certain and somehow make it 

4657
04:04:49,300 --> 04:04:53,900
a spectacular failure for you. 
That's James Hamilton when 

4658
04:04:53,900 --> 04:04:57,300
Alexander was ten years old, his
father did what struggling men 

4659
04:04:57,300 --> 04:04:58,900
do. 
When life becomes too difficult,

4660
04:04:58,900 --> 04:05:03,500
he just left He was there one 
morning discussing his most 

4661
04:05:03,500 --> 04:05:06,500
recent business Endeavor, that 
would undoubtedly bring well to 

4662
04:05:06,500 --> 04:05:09,400
the family and the following 
morning, his seat at The 

4663
04:05:09,400 --> 04:05:10,500
Breakfast. 
Table was vacant. 

4664
04:05:10,500 --> 04:05:14,100
Alexander seemed to brush it off
as just, another mystery to be 

4665
04:05:14,100 --> 04:05:17,400
solved at later time, even 
though it's the kind of a band 

4666
04:05:17,400 --> 04:05:19,200
and that could shatter a child's
spirit. 

4667
04:05:19,200 --> 04:05:23,500
Rachel, his mother was left to 
handle things alone and she did 

4668
04:05:23,500 --> 04:05:25,900
so with the Quiet resolve that 
would later manifest in her 

4669
04:05:25,900 --> 04:05:29,500
son's personality She didn't 
have a lot of money or ties to 

4670
04:05:29,500 --> 04:05:32,400
influential families but she had
something more valuable. 

4671
04:05:32,400 --> 04:05:35,700
She was a reader and she made 
sure Alexander was as well. 

4672
04:05:36,500 --> 04:05:39,200
This was like giving him 
superpowers at a time, when many

4673
04:05:39,200 --> 04:05:42,500
people signed their names with 
an ex, imagine young Alexander 

4674
04:05:42,500 --> 04:05:45,500
reading by candlelight in their 
tiny home as the Caribbean 

4675
04:05:45,500 --> 04:05:47,300
night. 
Hummed with insects and sea 

4676
04:05:47,300 --> 04:05:50,900
breezes, he devoured, books with
the same further and seemingly 

4677
04:05:50,900 --> 04:05:54,600
insatiable appetite, as some 
children, consume can be It made

4678
04:05:54,600 --> 04:05:57,000
no difference whether it was 
history, books, philosophy, 

4679
04:05:57,000 --> 04:06:00,700
poetry or mathematics. 
Alexander wanted to understand 

4680
04:06:00,700 --> 04:06:02,500
anything that had words on a 
page. 

4681
04:06:02,500 --> 04:06:06,700
However, harsh lessons come with
living on a small island and 

4682
04:06:06,700 --> 04:06:08,500
Alexander's. 
Mother passed away when he was 

4683
04:06:08,500 --> 04:06:11,700
13. 
With no family wealth to rely on

4684
04:06:11,700 --> 04:06:13,000
and no clear. 
Way forward. 

4685
04:06:13,000 --> 04:06:16,600
This intelligent boy suddenly 
found himself practically alone 

4686
04:06:16,600 --> 04:06:19,700
in the world. 
This type of circumstance, could

4687
04:06:19,700 --> 04:06:22,300
teach someone to be cautious to 
keep their head down. 

4688
04:06:22,300 --> 04:06:25,000
And to seize any little 
opportunities that present 

4689
04:06:25,000 --> 04:06:28,700
themselves rather Alexander 
surveyed his situation and 

4690
04:06:28,700 --> 04:06:31,800
concluded that it was 
unacceptable, not in a furious 

4691
04:06:31,800 --> 04:06:34,600
manner, but with the cool 
resolve of someone, who just 

4692
04:06:34,600 --> 04:06:38,600
doesn't think that where you 
begin is, where you end up, He 

4693
04:06:38,600 --> 04:06:41,800
secured a position in a trading 
company as a clerk managing the 

4694
04:06:41,800 --> 04:06:44,400
bookkeeping and correspondence 
for Traders who transported 

4695
04:06:44,400 --> 04:06:47,200
goods between islands. 
This may seem like a rather 

4696
04:06:47,200 --> 04:06:49,700
ordinary way for a future 
founding father to spend his. 

4697
04:06:49,700 --> 04:06:53,100
Adolescence, this is where 
Alexander's unique Brilliance 

4698
04:06:53,100 --> 04:06:56,800
began to emerge, Alexander 
started to comprehend how the 

4699
04:06:56,800 --> 04:07:00,200
entire system operated whereas 
other clerks might have just 

4700
04:07:00,200 --> 04:07:02,300
copied letters and added up 
Columns of numbers. 

4701
04:07:02,300 --> 04:07:06,600
He observed how ships traveled 
between islands, how many moved 

4702
04:07:06,600 --> 04:07:09,900
between locations and how a 
sugar shortage in one area could

4703
04:07:09,900 --> 04:07:12,100
lead to opportunities in another
today. 

4704
04:07:12,100 --> 04:07:15,100
He was like a teenager who 
Begins by assisting with the 

4705
04:07:15,100 --> 04:07:18,100
social media account for a 
family business, an end up 

4706
04:07:18,108 --> 04:07:20,500
knowing more about digital 
marketing than those who have 

4707
04:07:20,500 --> 04:07:24,200
degrees in the field. 
Alexander not only carried out 

4708
04:07:24,200 --> 04:07:27,500
his duties, but also a 
simulated, the fundamental ideas

4709
04:07:27,500 --> 04:07:30,700
that underpinned successful 
Commerce at the age of 17, 

4710
04:07:30,700 --> 04:07:33,200
Alexander experience to life 
altering event. 

4711
04:07:33,200 --> 04:07:37,200
In 1772, the Caribbean was hit 
by a huge hurricane. 

4712
04:07:37,200 --> 04:07:40,600
The kind of store that prompts 
modern weather forecasters to 

4713
04:07:40,600 --> 04:07:44,100
use adjectives. 
Like Catastrophic and unpressed 

4714
04:07:44,100 --> 04:07:46,400
dented. 
Buildings that had withstood 

4715
04:07:46,400 --> 04:07:49,800
years of tropical storms were 
reduced to splinters trees. 

4716
04:07:49,800 --> 04:07:53,100
That had stood for decades, were
uprooted like weeds and the 

4717
04:07:53,100 --> 04:07:56,300
meticulous order of everyday 
life was completely upended. 

4718
04:07:56,300 --> 04:07:58,900
The majority of people would 
have written home about the 

4719
04:07:58,900 --> 04:08:02,200
devastation and perhaps even 
shared some dramatic Tales of 

4720
04:08:02,200 --> 04:08:03,900
how they managed to survive the 
storm. 

4721
04:08:03,900 --> 04:08:08,400
However, Alexander sat down and 
wrote something completely 

4722
04:08:08,400 --> 04:08:10,100
different because he was 
Alexander. 

4723
04:08:11,300 --> 04:08:14,200
In his letter, he characterized 
the hurricane as a window into 

4724
04:08:14,200 --> 04:08:17,300
the great power of nature and 
the Frailty of human ambition. 

4725
04:08:17,300 --> 04:08:19,900
In addition to being a 
destructive force. 

4726
04:08:19,900 --> 04:08:23,000
Everyone who read the letter was
taken aback by its beauty. 

4727
04:08:23,000 --> 04:08:26,600
It wasn't overdone or flowery 
Alexander never liked 

4728
04:08:26,600 --> 04:08:30,200
Superfluous ornamentation but it
encapsulated a fundamental 

4729
04:08:30,200 --> 04:08:32,600
aspect of what it was like to 
live through such a moment. 

4730
04:08:33,800 --> 04:08:36,200
It revealed a young man capable 
of finding meaning in 

4731
04:08:36,200 --> 04:08:38,000
Devastation and patterns in 
chaos. 

4732
04:08:38,000 --> 04:08:40,300
It was like watching someone 
realized they have a lovely 

4733
04:08:40,300 --> 04:08:42,900
singing voice when his letter 
appeared in the local newspaper.

4734
04:08:43,800 --> 04:08:47,200
Alexander was suddenly 
recognized as someone special by

4735
04:08:47,200 --> 04:08:49,900
those who had previously thought
of him as just another clocks 

4736
04:08:49,900 --> 04:08:53,400
assistant, local businessmen and
clergyman would drawn to the 

4737
04:08:53,400 --> 04:08:56,100
letter and concluded that the 
young man's abilities were too 

4738
04:08:56,100 --> 04:08:57,900
valuable to be wasted on a small
island. 

4739
04:08:57,900 --> 04:09:01,900
They started a collection which 
is similar to passing a hat 

4740
04:09:01,900 --> 04:09:05,000
around your neighborhood, 
accepted of collecting money for

4741
04:09:05,000 --> 04:09:08,100
someone's medical bills. 
Your collecting money to send a 

4742
04:09:08,100 --> 04:09:09,800
teenager to college in the 
United States. 

4743
04:09:10,800 --> 04:09:12,600
Kind of investment in human 
potential. 

4744
04:09:12,600 --> 04:09:15,000
That transforms. 
Everything was demonstrated by 

4745
04:09:15,000 --> 04:09:18,800
this extraordinary Act of Faith 
in Alexander's potential with 

4746
04:09:18,800 --> 04:09:21,800
only a few books, some clothing 
and some ideas that would 

4747
04:09:21,800 --> 04:09:25,300
eventually help reshape a 
continent 18 year old Alexander 

4748
04:09:25,300 --> 04:09:29,300
Hamilton set. 
Sail for New York in 1773, he 

4749
04:09:29,300 --> 04:09:32,400
was leaving behind, not just a 
location but a whole way of 

4750
04:09:32,408 --> 04:09:35,400
thinking about what was possible
as his Island Home vanished 

4751
04:09:35,400 --> 04:09:37,700
behind him. 
Alexander must have felt like 

4752
04:09:37,700 --> 04:09:40,800
Dorothy leaving her Farmhouse. 
An entering the Land of Oz. 

4753
04:09:40,800 --> 04:09:44,000
When he first arrived in New 
York only in state of a Yellow 

4754
04:09:44,000 --> 04:09:47,500
Brick, Road Brick Road, he 
discovered cobblestone streets 

4755
04:09:47,500 --> 04:09:51,100
that were busier than his entire
Island had been With the kind of

4756
04:09:51,100 --> 04:09:53,700
energy that comes from living in
a place where anything seems 

4757
04:09:53,700 --> 04:09:55,900
possible. 
The city was a world pool of 

4758
04:09:55,900 --> 04:09:59,800
intellectuals merchants Sailors 
and Craftsmen all pursuing their

4759
04:09:59,800 --> 04:10:03,100
different dreams, King's 
College, now, known as Columbia 

4760
04:10:03,100 --> 04:10:04,700
University was where he 
enrolled. 

4761
04:10:04,700 --> 04:10:08,500
Imagine a young man from a small
Caribbean island, entering those

4762
04:10:08,500 --> 04:10:11,500
Halls for the first time. 
Surrounded by the sons of 

4763
04:10:11,500 --> 04:10:13,100
wealthy. 
New York families who had been 

4764
04:10:13,100 --> 04:10:15,000
raised to take their privileges 
for granted. 

4765
04:10:15,000 --> 04:10:18,300
It might have been frightening 
but Alexander had something. 

4766
04:10:18,300 --> 04:10:21,100
They didn't a voracious appetite
for information. 

4767
04:10:21,100 --> 04:10:22,900
That only comes from having 
earned. 

4768
04:10:22,900 --> 04:10:26,500
Every chance Alexander threw 
himself into his studies like a 

4769
04:10:26,500 --> 04:10:29,500
man who realized that education 
was his only way in Florence 

4770
04:10:29,500 --> 04:10:32,100
others. 
Whereas his classmates may have 

4771
04:10:32,108 --> 04:10:34,800
approached their studies with 
the casual attitude of people 

4772
04:10:34,800 --> 04:10:37,500
who knew they would inherit 
their father's businesses, 

4773
04:10:37,500 --> 04:10:41,200
regardless of their grades. 
He studied history, economics, 

4774
04:10:41,200 --> 04:10:45,400
philosophy and law with the fur 
of someone who understood that 

4775
04:10:45,400 --> 04:10:47,300
these subjects were more than 
merely academic. 

4776
04:10:47,300 --> 04:10:49,800
Pursuits. 
They were instruments, he would 

4777
04:10:49,800 --> 04:10:52,500
need to construct the life. 
He desired what set? 

4778
04:10:52,500 --> 04:10:54,900
Alexander apart from even the 
most committed Learners, 

4779
04:10:54,900 --> 04:10:58,300
however, was that he synthesized
knowledge rather than merely 

4780
04:10:58,300 --> 04:11:00,900
absorbing it. 
He was already considering how 

4781
04:11:00,900 --> 04:11:03,000
the lessons he was reading about
ancient, Greek. 

4782
04:11:03,000 --> 04:11:06,100
Democracy might be applied to 
the political unrest, that was 

4783
04:11:06,100 --> 04:11:09,300
developing colonial America. 
He was thinking about how 

4784
04:11:09,300 --> 04:11:12,200
British economic theory, might 
apply to a nation that did not 

4785
04:11:12,200 --> 04:11:15,400
yet exist, but that he was 
already starting to Envision 

4786
04:11:15,400 --> 04:11:18,100
when he studied it. 
For young people interested in 

4787
04:11:18,100 --> 04:11:20,300
concepts related to society and 
governance. 

4788
04:11:20,300 --> 04:11:25,800
The 1770s were a unique period 
taxes representation and the 

4789
04:11:25,800 --> 04:11:28,500
basic issue of who had the 
authority to decide on other 

4790
04:11:28,500 --> 04:11:31,900
people's lives with the subjects
of escalating disputes between 

4791
04:11:31,900 --> 04:11:33,400
the American colonies and 
Britain. 

4792
04:11:34,100 --> 04:11:36,700
These were pressing real world 
issues that had an impact on 

4793
04:11:36,700 --> 04:11:40,500
everyone's day-to-day existence 
not theoretical philosophical 

4794
04:11:40,500 --> 04:11:43,800
arguments taking place in some 
far off Capital, the political 

4795
04:11:43,800 --> 04:11:46,800
conversations that seemed to 
emerge everywhere whether in 

4796
04:11:46,800 --> 04:11:50,100
coffee shops, on street corners 
or in college dorms later at 

4797
04:11:50,108 --> 04:11:52,300
night. 
When young men with more further

4798
04:11:52,300 --> 04:11:54,500
than experience would solve The 
World's problems over 

4799
04:11:54,500 --> 04:11:57,100
Candlelight and what whatever 
alcohol they could afford 

4800
04:11:57,100 --> 04:12:00,700
through Alexander in Alexander 
however, approached these 

4801
04:12:00,700 --> 04:12:03,300
arguments with the gravity of 
someone who thought ideas had 

4802
04:12:03,300 --> 04:12:07,300
consequences in contrast to many
of his contemporaries who saw 

4803
04:12:07,300 --> 04:12:09,500
them. 
As intellectual Amusement, he 

4804
04:12:09,500 --> 04:12:12,600
started pending pamphlets which 
were the blog post of the 18th 

4805
04:12:12,600 --> 04:12:15,200
century, but they were more 
difficult to create and 

4806
04:12:15,200 --> 04:12:18,000
disseminate. 
His earliest Works revealed a 

4807
04:12:18,000 --> 04:12:19,900
mind already pondering difficult
issues. 

4808
04:12:19,900 --> 04:12:22,400
Regarding the interplay between 
local autonomy and National 

4809
04:12:22,400 --> 04:12:25,300
Unity, as well as between 
individual, liberty and 

4810
04:12:25,308 --> 04:12:28,700
collective security. 
Alexander was developing 

4811
04:12:28,700 --> 04:12:31,300
Concepts that he believed would 
soon become crucial. 

4812
04:12:31,300 --> 04:12:35,600
So, these were not merely smart 
academic exercises, Alexander 

4813
04:12:35,600 --> 04:12:37,800
was 20 years old. 
When the Revolutionary War 

4814
04:12:37,800 --> 04:12:42,000
finally broke out in 1775 and he
had to make the same decision 

4815
04:12:42,000 --> 04:12:44,100
that all Young Americans had to 
make. 

4816
04:12:44,100 --> 04:12:48,100
Would he try to avoid danger and
wait to see how things worked 

4817
04:12:48,100 --> 04:12:50,000
out? 
Or would he take up arms for the

4818
04:12:50,000 --> 04:12:52,900
cause of Independence? 
There was really no other option

4819
04:12:52,900 --> 04:12:55,300
for someone who had studied 
political Theory and depth 

4820
04:12:55,300 --> 04:12:59,100
during his college Years. 
Alexander was not an idealistic 

4821
04:12:59,100 --> 04:13:02,400
idealist who viewed War as a 
glorious adventure and he 

4822
04:13:02,400 --> 04:13:04,000
enlisted in the Continental 
Army. 

4823
04:13:04,000 --> 04:13:07,800
He realized that winning battles
would only be the first step in 

4824
04:13:07,800 --> 04:13:09,800
a long costly and challenging 
conflict. 

4825
04:13:09,800 --> 04:13:12,600
He immediately made a name for 
himself as someone who could 

4826
04:13:12,600 --> 04:13:15,400
solve the kinds of real world 
issues that armies and counter. 

4827
04:13:15,400 --> 04:13:18,400
When a tempting to wage war 
without sufficient supplies 

4828
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:21,300
rather than as a warrior in the 
conventional sense. 

4829
04:13:22,100 --> 04:13:23,900
When you don't have enough money
to buy food. 

4830
04:13:23,900 --> 04:13:27,200
How do you feed soldiers when 
there aren't enough wagons or 

4831
04:13:27,200 --> 04:13:29,400
horses? 
How do you transport supplies? 

4832
04:13:30,300 --> 04:13:33,200
When everyone is aware that the 
enemy has Superior gear and more

4833
04:13:33,200 --> 04:13:36,000
consistent funding. 
How do you keep morale High? 

4834
04:13:36,000 --> 04:13:39,400
These may seem like trivial 
issues but Alexander knew that 

4835
04:13:39,400 --> 04:13:41,700
strategy is just as important in
winning a war. 

4836
04:13:41,700 --> 04:13:45,800
As bravery his teenage years, in
the Caribbean trading office, a 

4837
04:13:45,800 --> 04:13:48,000
taught him that intricate 
systems necessitate. 

4838
04:13:48,000 --> 04:13:51,500
Meticulous attention to details.
That may appear uninteresting 

4839
04:13:51,500 --> 04:13:55,200
but are actually very important.
No matter how Valiant it 

4840
04:13:55,200 --> 04:13:58,400
soldiers are an army that is 
unable to effectively move its 

4841
04:13:58,400 --> 04:14:01,300
supplies or feed itself will 
lose General George Washington, 

4842
04:14:01,300 --> 04:14:03,900
who is facing difficulties that 
would have overwhelmed, most 

4843
04:14:03,900 --> 04:14:07,200
leaders was drawn to his 
abilities in order to 

4844
04:14:07,200 --> 04:14:09,700
effectively manage a 
revolutionary war Washington 

4845
04:14:09,700 --> 04:14:12,000
needed, someone who could 
coordinate with other officers, 

4846
04:14:12,000 --> 04:14:15,600
draft orders, handle 
correspondence, and solve the 

4847
04:14:15,608 --> 04:14:17,800
intricate administrative issues 
that arise. 

4848
04:14:17,800 --> 04:14:21,000
He discovered someone in 
Alexander, who was capable of 

4849
04:14:21,000 --> 04:14:24,600
all of that, and who also had a 
broad understanding of their 

4850
04:14:24,600 --> 04:14:27,800
goals, Alexander developed into 
one of Washington's, most 

4851
04:14:27,800 --> 04:14:31,700
trusted aides working closely 
with him for years, allowing him

4852
04:14:31,700 --> 04:14:34,200
to see directly how decisions 
are made in emergency 

4853
04:14:34,200 --> 04:14:38,200
situations, he observed how 
Washington handled conflicting. 

4854
04:14:38,200 --> 04:14:41,700
Demands control challenging 
individuals, and remained 

4855
04:14:41,700 --> 04:14:44,700
focused on long-term objectives.
Even when immediate pressures 

4856
04:14:44,700 --> 04:14:47,400
became too much to handle most 
significantly though. 

4857
04:14:47,400 --> 04:14:50,400
Alexander spent those years of 
war, contemplating the future. 

4858
04:14:50,400 --> 04:14:53,500
He was already thinking about 
the more difficult question. 

4859
04:14:53,900 --> 04:14:56,600
How would they actually govern 
the themselves once they had 

4860
04:14:56,600 --> 04:14:59,700
gained the right to do? 
So, While others, concentrated 

4861
04:14:59,700 --> 04:15:02,800
on the pressing issue of gaining
independence, after the war 

4862
04:15:02,800 --> 04:15:06,200
ended in 1783, American had to 
figure out what it meant to be a

4863
04:15:06,200 --> 04:15:09,100
nation, a problem. 
No previous generation had ever 

4864
04:15:09,100 --> 04:15:11,600
faced. 
When you put it that way, it 

4865
04:15:11,600 --> 04:15:13,900
sounds easy. 
But the reality was far more 

4866
04:15:13,900 --> 04:15:17,500
intricate 13. 
Distinct colonies each with its 

4867
04:15:17,500 --> 04:15:20,500
own Customs passions and views 
on how things ought to be run. 

4868
04:15:20,500 --> 04:15:24,100
Had to somehow manage to operate
as a single country, the 

4869
04:15:24,100 --> 04:15:27,100
Articles of Confederation, which
were essentially a treaty 

4870
04:15:27,100 --> 04:15:30,200
between 13, independent states, 
rather than a blueprint for a 

4871
04:15:30,200 --> 04:15:32,500
single government. 
The first attempt to solve this 

4872
04:15:32,500 --> 04:15:36,100
conundrum, a group of Roommates 
agreeing to split the rent but 

4873
04:15:36,100 --> 04:15:38,200
not granting. 
Anyone, the power to ensure that

4874
04:15:38,200 --> 04:15:41,100
each person pays their share was
the political equivalent of 

4875
04:15:41,100 --> 04:15:44,100
that, Alexander became 
increasingly convinced that this

4876
04:15:44,100 --> 04:15:47,300
system was not going to work as 
he watched it falter from crisis

4877
04:15:47,300 --> 04:15:50,100
to crisis. 
Because each state produced its 

4878
04:15:50,100 --> 04:15:53,600
own currency trade between them 
became needlessly complicated. 

4879
04:15:53,600 --> 04:15:57,200
They treated neighboring states 
more like foreign Nations than 

4880
04:15:57,200 --> 04:16:00,300
as parts of the same country 
imposing tariffs on each other's

4881
04:16:00,300 --> 04:16:02,800
Goods. 
There was no efficient system in

4882
04:16:02,800 --> 04:16:04,900
place to settle disagreements 
when they occurred. 

4883
04:16:04,900 --> 04:16:08,000
Most annoying of all, there was 
no Dependable method for the 

4884
04:16:08,000 --> 04:16:09,500
national government to raise 
funds. 

4885
04:16:09,500 --> 04:16:12,900
It could request funding from 
the states, but not mandated 

4886
04:16:12,900 --> 04:16:16,300
this meant that soldiers who had
fought for Independents, could 

4887
04:16:16,300 --> 04:16:19,600
not receive their back pay debts
from the Revolutionary War 

4888
04:16:19,600 --> 04:16:22,700
remained unpaid, and the new 
nation's credit was so bad. 

4889
04:16:22,700 --> 04:16:25,800
That foreign governments started
to question, whether America 

4890
04:16:25,800 --> 04:16:27,700
will be able to remain an 
independent nation. 

4891
04:16:27,700 --> 04:16:30,900
This was similar to witnessing a
business owner, who refused to 

4892
04:16:30,900 --> 04:16:34,400
record their revenue or expenses
and then question, why they were

4893
04:16:34,400 --> 04:16:36,900
unable to pay their bills for 
someone without Alexander's 

4894
04:16:36,900 --> 04:16:38,500
background in finance and 
commerce. 

4895
04:16:39,400 --> 04:16:41,700
The issues weren't enigmatic 
rather. 

4896
04:16:41,700 --> 04:16:45,200
They were the inevitable outcome
of attempting to manage a 

4897
04:16:45,200 --> 04:16:47,900
complicated organization without
delegating decision-making. 

4898
04:16:47,900 --> 04:16:51,400
Authority to anyone. 
Alexander was developing his 

4899
04:16:51,400 --> 04:16:53,200
legal career in New York during 
this time. 

4900
04:16:53,200 --> 04:16:56,500
Taking on cases, that allowed 
him to gain first-hand knowledge

4901
04:16:56,500 --> 04:16:59,400
of the day-to-day operations of 
the nation's legal and economic 

4902
04:16:59,400 --> 04:17:01,900
systems. 
He witnessed the needless 

4903
04:17:01,900 --> 04:17:05,200
complexity of business caused by
the absence of a unified set of 

4904
04:17:05,208 --> 04:17:09,900
commercial laws, a confusion and
inefficiency caused by the lack 

4905
04:17:09,900 --> 04:17:13,300
of a stable National currency 
and the difficulty in resolving 

4906
04:17:13,300 --> 04:17:16,100
disputes that crossed state 
lines due to the lack of federal

4907
04:17:16,100 --> 04:17:18,600
Authority. 
Alexander however started 

4908
04:17:18,600 --> 04:17:21,200
formulating solutions to these 
issues rather than merely 

4909
04:17:21,200 --> 04:17:23,900
lamenting them. 
He looked for ideas that might 

4910
04:17:23,900 --> 04:17:27,400
apply to the American economy by
researching the economic systems

4911
04:17:27,400 --> 04:17:29,500
of other nations, especially 
Britain. 

4912
04:17:30,400 --> 04:17:33,100
He readily about various 
governmental structures in an 

4913
04:17:33,100 --> 04:17:35,300
effort to comprehend. 
What caused some countries to be

4914
04:17:35,308 --> 04:17:38,400
stable and prosperous, While 
others suffered from ongoing, 

4915
04:17:38,400 --> 04:17:42,900
political unrest, by 1787 
enough, Americans had agreed 

4916
04:17:42,900 --> 04:17:45,500
with Alexander that something 
needed to change, because the 

4917
04:17:45,500 --> 04:17:49,000
Articles of Confederation were 
failing in order to determine 

4918
04:17:49,000 --> 04:17:51,600
whether a more efficient system 
of national government, could be

4919
04:17:51,600 --> 04:17:53,700
established to convention was 
called in Philadelphia, 

4920
04:17:53,700 --> 04:17:57,600
supposedly to amend the Articles
despite being in the awkward 

4921
04:17:57,600 --> 04:18:00,100
position of being the only 
member of his State's delegation

4922
04:18:00,100 --> 04:18:02,900
who genuinely wished to 
establish a powerful federal 

4923
04:18:02,900 --> 04:18:05,500
government. 
Alexander was chosen as one of 

4924
04:18:05,508 --> 04:18:08,500
New York's delegates. 
Because it's too colleagues, 

4925
04:18:08,500 --> 04:18:10,900
favored. 
The status quo, New York's 

4926
04:18:10,900 --> 04:18:13,100
official stance at the 
convention was typically against

4927
04:18:13,100 --> 04:18:15,700
the kinds of reforms Alexander 
believed were required. 

4928
04:18:15,700 --> 04:18:18,700
Some of America's most 
intelligent political thinkers, 

4929
04:18:18,700 --> 04:18:21,900
men who had pondered, societal 
and governmental issues for 

4930
04:18:21,900 --> 04:18:24,100
years, came together for the 
convention. 

4931
04:18:24,800 --> 04:18:28,700
Even so Alexander stood Out 
Among the esteemed group for his

4932
04:18:28,700 --> 04:18:31,800
willingness to think outside the
box and for the breadth of his 

4933
04:18:31,800 --> 04:18:34,800
vision Alexander argued for 
something more fundamental. 

4934
04:18:35,500 --> 04:18:37,400
They needed to establish a 
national government. 

4935
04:18:37,400 --> 04:18:40,600
That was actually capable of 
governing, or as many delegates,

4936
04:18:40,600 --> 04:18:43,600
saw the conventions work as a 
matter of making small changes 

4937
04:18:43,600 --> 04:18:47,600
to the current system, Instead 
of depending on state 

4938
04:18:47,600 --> 04:18:50,500
cooperation, this meant granting
the federal government the 

4939
04:18:50,500 --> 04:18:54,300
authority to impose taxes, 
control interstate commerce and 

4940
04:18:54,300 --> 04:18:57,500
directly enforce its laws. 
Although these might appear to 

4941
04:18:57,500 --> 04:19:01,100
be technical details, Alexander 
realized that they served as the

4942
04:19:01,100 --> 04:19:04,100
Cornerstone for all other goals.
The new country, wish to achieve

4943
04:19:05,000 --> 04:19:07,800
The government could not 
maintain an army pay off debts 

4944
04:19:07,800 --> 04:19:10,200
or fund the kinds of 
infrastructure projects, that 

4945
04:19:10,200 --> 04:19:12,500
would support the nation's 
development and prosperity. 

4946
04:19:12,500 --> 04:19:16,500
If it couldn't consistently 
generate income, The United 

4947
04:19:16,500 --> 04:19:18,800
States would not be a true 
National Market. 

4948
04:19:18,800 --> 04:19:22,200
If it did not have the power to 
control interstate commerce, 

4949
04:19:22,200 --> 04:19:27,600
Alexander speech on June 18th, 
1787 outlining his vision for a 

4950
04:19:27,600 --> 04:19:30,700
powerful federal government is 
his most well known contribution

4951
04:19:30,700 --> 04:19:33,600
to the convention. 
Even though the presentation 

4952
04:19:33,600 --> 04:19:37,000
lasted six hours, imagine 
spending that much time watching

4953
04:19:37,000 --> 04:19:39,900
a PowerPoint, it wasn't dull 
academic Theory. 

4954
04:19:41,100 --> 04:19:43,200
Alexander was outlining a 
workable plan. 

4955
04:19:43,200 --> 04:19:44,600
For handling the intricate 
problems. 

4956
04:19:44,600 --> 04:19:47,900
That a big diverse country faces
although his fellow delegates 

4957
04:19:47,900 --> 04:19:49,800
listened. 
Politely, many of them thought, 

4958
04:19:49,800 --> 04:19:53,600
his ideas were too radical 
Alexander was advocating for a 

4959
04:19:53,600 --> 04:19:56,700
degree of federal power that was
higher than what the majority of

4960
04:19:56,700 --> 04:19:58,100
Americans. 
At the time felt was 

4961
04:19:58,100 --> 04:20:00,700
appropriate. 
Many of them weren't prepared to

4962
04:20:00,700 --> 04:20:03,300
establish, a new government that
might turn out to be just as 

4963
04:20:03,300 --> 04:20:06,500
repressive because they had just
fought a war to rid themselves 

4964
04:20:06,500 --> 04:20:09,400
of what they perceived to be. 
Excessive government power. 

4965
04:20:09,400 --> 04:20:13,600
Alexander had a big impact on 
the final Constitution despite 

4966
04:20:13,600 --> 04:20:16,300
the fact that his specific 
suggestions were not accepted. 

4967
04:20:17,300 --> 04:20:19,700
Powers give him to Congress, 
reflected his views, on the 

4968
04:20:19,700 --> 04:20:23,100
necessity of federal control, 
over taxation of Commerce. 

4969
04:20:23,100 --> 04:20:26,100
His focus on establishing a 
government that could take 

4970
04:20:26,100 --> 04:20:29,800
decisive action had an impact on
the executive branches layout. 

4971
04:20:29,800 --> 04:20:32,400
Convincing, the American people 
to ratify the. 

4972
04:20:32,400 --> 04:20:35,900
New constitution was the true 
challenge that arose after the 

4973
04:20:35,900 --> 04:20:38,900
Constitutional Convention 
concluded, its work in September

4974
04:20:38,900 --> 04:20:41,900
1787. 
It took more than just 

4975
04:20:41,900 --> 04:20:45,600
persuading politicians to 
support this It also required a 

4976
04:20:45,600 --> 04:20:48,100
shift in the way, the general 
public perceived the connection 

4977
04:20:48,100 --> 04:20:50,300
between individual liberty and 
group government. 

4978
04:20:50,300 --> 04:20:53,800
Alexander recognized that this 
was essentially an ideological 

4979
04:20:53,800 --> 04:20:57,000
conflict and he threw himself 
into it with the ferocity of 

4980
04:20:57,000 --> 04:20:59,400
someone who thought the nation's
future depended on it. 

4981
04:21:00,400 --> 04:21:03,300
He started writing a collection 
of essays with John Jay and 

4982
04:21:03,300 --> 04:21:07,000
James Madison that became known 
as The Federalist Papers there 

4983
04:21:07,000 --> 04:21:09,300
were all published under the 
same pseudonym Publius. 

4984
04:21:09,300 --> 04:21:13,500
These essays provided thoughtful
in-depth justifications for why 

4985
04:21:13,500 --> 04:21:16,600
the proposed Constitution would 
be superior to the current one, 

4986
04:21:16,600 --> 04:21:21,100
not just catchphrases or 
sentimental please Of the 85 

4987
04:21:21,100 --> 04:21:24,700
essays, Alexander authored 51 
that addressed some of the most 

4988
04:21:24,700 --> 04:21:27,800
intricate and contentious facets
of the new system of government.

4989
04:21:27,800 --> 04:21:30,800
Imagine him working late Into 
the Night by candlelight. 

4990
04:21:30,800 --> 04:21:34,200
In his New York, lore office 
developing arguments, that were 

4991
04:21:34,200 --> 04:21:37,200
both rigorously intellectual and
understandable to the average 

4992
04:21:37,200 --> 04:21:39,800
reader. 
In essence, he was creating the 

4993
04:21:39,800 --> 04:21:43,000
instruction manual for American 
democracy outlining. 

4994
04:21:43,000 --> 04:21:45,800
Not only the functions of the 
new government, but also the 

4995
04:21:45,800 --> 04:21:48,900
rationale behind its structure 
Alexander carefully. 

4996
04:21:48,900 --> 04:21:51,500
Outline the reasons why the 
Articles of Confederation were 

4997
04:21:51,500 --> 04:21:56,000
failing and Federalist number 21
using relatable examples. 

4998
04:21:56,000 --> 04:21:59,300
It was similar to trying to 
manage a household without a 

4999
04:21:59,300 --> 04:22:01,700
steady source of income when the
national government was unable 

5000
04:22:01,700 --> 04:22:04,500
to collect taxes. 
You might manage for a while but

5001
04:22:04,500 --> 04:22:06,800
eventually the bills would 
arrive and you would be unable 

5002
04:22:06,800 --> 04:22:09,400
to pay them. 
He made the case in Federalist 

5003
04:22:09,400 --> 04:22:13,000
number 23 that if a federal 
government was to exist at all, 

5004
04:22:13,000 --> 04:22:15,700
it must be powerful enough to 
carry out its mandate. 

5005
04:22:16,500 --> 04:22:18,500
Establishing a National 
Authority that was meant to 

5006
04:22:18,500 --> 04:22:22,100
oversee Commerce and provide for
defense, but lack the authority 

5007
04:22:22,100 --> 04:22:24,000
to do. 
So successfully was pointless 

5008
04:22:24,000 --> 04:22:26,300
his most significant 
contribution. 

5009
04:22:26,300 --> 04:22:30,800
However, was Federalist number 
78, where he introduced the idea

5010
04:22:30,800 --> 04:22:34,700
of judicial review, the notion 
that caught to have the power to

5011
04:22:34,700 --> 04:22:37,700
judge whether the laws are 
constitutional and describe the 

5012
04:22:37,708 --> 04:22:39,300
function of the federal 
judiciary. 

5013
04:22:40,600 --> 04:22:43,400
Alexander was considering how to
keep the new government from 

5014
04:22:43,400 --> 04:22:45,000
going too far while still 
granting. 

5015
04:22:45,000 --> 04:22:47,200
Its sufficient power to carry 
out its duties. 

5016
04:22:47,200 --> 04:22:50,100
So this wasn't just a 
theoretical legal Theory 

5017
04:22:50,100 --> 04:22:53,300
newspapers Across the Nation, 
carried The Federalist Papers 

5018
04:22:53,300 --> 04:22:56,800
which sparked discussion in town
squares taverns and family 

5019
04:22:56,800 --> 04:22:59,400
dinner tables. 
Although many Americans were 

5020
04:22:59,400 --> 04:23:03,200
still wary of strong Federal 
Authority, Alexander's arguments

5021
04:23:03,200 --> 04:23:05,900
would generally unpopular but 
eventually gained support 

5022
04:23:05,900 --> 04:23:07,800
because they were both 
practically sound and 

5023
04:23:07,800 --> 04:23:11,700
intellectually sound the task of
transforming abstract plans into

5024
04:23:11,700 --> 04:23:13,800
functional government 
operations, felt a George 

5025
04:23:13,800 --> 04:23:16,800
Washington, the first president 
appointed under the new 

5026
04:23:16,800 --> 04:23:20,408
constitution, Selecting 
Alexander Hamilton to be the 

5027
04:23:20,416 --> 04:23:23,800
first Secretary of the Treasury.
A role that would allow Hamilton

5028
04:23:23,800 --> 04:23:26,200
to put many of the ideas. 
He had been working on for years

5029
04:23:26,200 --> 04:23:29,500
and to practice was one of his 
most significant choices. 

5030
04:23:29,500 --> 04:23:34,800
Alexander at 34 was younger than
most cabinet members, but his 

5031
04:23:34,800 --> 04:23:37,600
theoretical background and 
real-world experience, made him 

5032
04:23:37,600 --> 04:23:39,900
an ideal fit for the new 
country's problems. 

5033
04:23:40,700 --> 04:23:43,400
Due to the millions of dollars, 
it owed to both domestic and 

5034
04:23:43,400 --> 04:23:45,200
foreign investors. 
Who had contributed to the 

5035
04:23:45,208 --> 04:23:47,900
Revolutionary, War's funding, 
the federal government was 

5036
04:23:47,900 --> 04:23:51,000
effectively bankrupt. 
Some European observers 

5037
04:23:51,000 --> 04:23:53,700
questioned whether the United 
States would remain an 

5038
04:23:53,700 --> 04:23:55,800
independent nation because of 
the countries. 

5039
04:23:55,800 --> 04:23:59,400
Extremely low, credit rating, 
Alexander's methodical approach 

5040
04:23:59,400 --> 04:24:02,400
to these issues was a reflection
of the years of study, he had 

5041
04:24:02,400 --> 04:24:04,700
put into his understanding of 
finance and economics. 

5042
04:24:05,700 --> 04:24:09,600
Instead of tackling each crisis,
one at a time, he developed a 

5043
04:24:09,600 --> 04:24:12,400
comprehensive plan, that would 
build a stable Financial system,

5044
04:24:12,400 --> 04:24:16,300
restore the nation's credit and 
lay the groundwork for sustained

5045
04:24:16,300 --> 04:24:18,300
economic growth in on Public 
Credit. 

5046
04:24:18,300 --> 04:24:21,600
His first significant report. 
He suggested that the federal 

5047
04:24:21,600 --> 04:24:24,400
government take full 
responsibility for all debts, 

5048
04:24:24,400 --> 04:24:28,200
accrued during the Revolutionary
War, including debts, accrued by

5049
04:24:28,200 --> 04:24:31,600
individual states. 
This was more than simply paying

5050
04:24:31,600 --> 04:24:35,000
back debts. 
Alexander recognized that a 

5051
04:24:35,000 --> 04:24:37,000
country's debt management. 
Reveals a lot about its 

5052
04:24:37,000 --> 04:24:40,200
dependability and character 
States that had already paid off

5053
04:24:40,200 --> 04:24:41,700
their War. 
Debts would ultimately be 

5054
04:24:41,700 --> 04:24:44,300
assisting in the repayment of 
states that hadn't been as 

5055
04:24:44,300 --> 04:24:47,600
fiscally responsible, which made
the proposal contentious. 

5056
04:24:47,600 --> 04:24:51,900
However, Alexander contended 
that this was the cost of moving

5057
04:24:51,900 --> 04:24:54,800
from a loose Confederation of 
independent states to a truly 

5058
04:24:54,800 --> 04:24:57,500
unified Nation. 
Imagine a family that despite 

5059
04:24:57,500 --> 04:24:59,800
some members have been more 
frugal with their money than 

5060
04:24:59,800 --> 04:25:02,800
others, decides to combine their
resources to pay off. 

5061
04:25:02,800 --> 04:25:06,700
Everyone's college loans in the 
short run, it might not seem 

5062
04:25:06,700 --> 04:25:10,100
fair, but it builds a 
foundational commitment and 

5063
04:25:10,100 --> 04:25:13,000
shared responsibility. 
That makes the group stronger in

5064
04:25:13,000 --> 04:25:15,700
order to manage government 
finance's maintain a stable 

5065
04:25:15,700 --> 04:25:18,900
currently and provide credit 
promote economic growth. 

5066
04:25:18,900 --> 04:25:22,300
Alexander also suggested 
establishing a National Bank. 

5067
04:25:23,200 --> 04:25:26,100
While the concept of a central 
bank was widely accepted in 

5068
04:25:26,100 --> 04:25:29,200
Europe, it was revolutionary in 
America where many people 

5069
04:25:29,200 --> 04:25:32,200
equated banks with the type of 
concentrated Financial power 

5070
04:25:32,200 --> 04:25:34,500
from which they had fled a 
National Bank. 

5071
04:25:34,500 --> 04:25:37,700
According to its detractors, 
would favor affluent investors 

5072
04:25:37,700 --> 04:25:41,300
at the expense of common farmers
and artists in response. 

5073
04:25:41,300 --> 04:25:44,700
Alexander said that a well-run 
financial system would help 

5074
04:25:44,700 --> 04:25:47,700
everyone by increasing the 
availability of credit for 

5075
04:25:47,700 --> 04:25:50,900
profitable Investments. 
Stabilizing currency and 

5076
04:25:50,900 --> 04:25:53,600
improving trade efficiency. 
His goal was to build the 

5077
04:25:53,600 --> 04:25:57,100
financial infrastructure that a 
contemporary economy needs not 

5078
04:25:57,100 --> 04:26:01,300
to enrich bankers. 
Reliable financial institutions 

5079
04:26:01,300 --> 04:26:03,900
are necessary to control the 
flow of credit and money. 

5080
04:26:03,900 --> 04:26:06,000
That enables Commerce just as 
good. 

5081
04:26:06,000 --> 04:26:08,500
Roads are necessary for the 
efficient transportation of 

5082
04:26:08,500 --> 04:26:13,300
goods Alexander's report on 
manufactures, which he presented

5083
04:26:13,300 --> 04:26:17,300
to Congress in 1791 was arguably
his most forward-thinking 

5084
04:26:17,300 --> 04:26:20,200
contribution as treasury 
secretary, Alexander, 

5085
04:26:20,200 --> 04:26:21,700
envisioned, something more 
ambitious. 

5086
04:26:21,700 --> 04:26:25,300
A country that could produce its
own goods and compete with 

5087
04:26:25,300 --> 04:26:27,100
established in industrial 
powers. 

5088
04:26:28,000 --> 04:26:30,800
This was in contrast to the 
majority of Americans of his era

5089
04:26:30,800 --> 04:26:33,600
who believed that the United 
States would continue to be 

5090
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:36,400
primarily an agricultural 
country that imported 

5091
04:26:36,400 --> 04:26:39,400
manufactured goods from Europe 
in exchange for raw materials, 

5092
04:26:39,400 --> 04:26:42,700
Alexander recognized that 
political Independence was 

5093
04:26:42,700 --> 04:26:44,500
useless without economic 
independence. 

5094
04:26:44,500 --> 04:26:48,700
So this was more than just 
economic nationalism, a nation 

5095
04:26:48,700 --> 04:26:50,600
that relied on other countries 
for basic. 

5096
04:26:50,600 --> 04:26:54,100
Manufactured goods would always 
be at risk from political and 

5097
04:26:54,100 --> 04:26:56,900
economic pressure, his defense 
of American manufacturing. 

5098
04:26:56,900 --> 04:26:59,600
However, went beyond mere 
self-sufficiently. 

5099
04:26:59,600 --> 04:27:03,400
Alexander thought that his 
industry grew more varied, 

5100
04:27:03,400 --> 04:27:06,800
economic opportunities, would be
created enabling Americans to 

5101
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:09,900
pursue a greater variety of 
careers and raise their standard

5102
04:27:09,900 --> 04:27:12,700
of living. 
Compared to a farmer who solely 

5103
04:27:12,700 --> 04:27:16,000
relied on agricultural Revenue, 
a farmer who was able to work 

5104
04:27:16,000 --> 04:27:19,300
part-time in a nearby textile 
mill had greater Financial 

5105
04:27:19,300 --> 04:27:21,900
Security. 
Additionally he contended that 

5106
04:27:21,900 --> 04:27:24,000
manufacturing would more 
effectively utilize what 

5107
04:27:24,000 --> 04:27:27,600
economists refer to as human 
capital, the abilities and 

5108
04:27:27,600 --> 04:27:30,400
skills of individuals who might 
not be able to fully engage in 

5109
04:27:30,400 --> 04:27:33,900
an agricultural economy. 
Women could be paid in textile 

5110
04:27:33,900 --> 04:27:36,300
mills children could work in 
factories. 

5111
04:27:36,300 --> 04:27:39,200
This was before the issues 
surrounding child, labor were 

5112
04:27:39,200 --> 04:27:42,100
recognized an immigrant with 
industrial skills. 

5113
04:27:42,100 --> 04:27:45,300
Could immediately contribute to 
economic growth, instead of 

5114
04:27:45,308 --> 04:27:49,000
needing to learn how to farm for
its time Alexander's. 

5115
04:27:49,000 --> 04:27:52,500
Manufacturing Vision was 
extraordinarily Advanced, he 

5116
04:27:52,500 --> 04:27:55,300
realized that building factories
was not enough for successful 

5117
04:27:55,300 --> 04:27:58,400
Industrial Development. 
It also required access to 

5118
04:27:58,400 --> 04:28:02,100
Capital, skilled labor, 
supportive infrastructure, and 

5119
04:28:02,100 --> 04:28:04,200
Mark, its big enough to turn a 
profit. 

5120
04:28:05,000 --> 04:28:08,100
Protective tariffs to help 
American manufacturers compete 

5121
04:28:08,100 --> 04:28:11,200
with well-established European 
producers are among the 

5122
04:28:11,200 --> 04:28:12,900
policies. 
He suggested the government 

5123
04:28:12,900 --> 04:28:15,200
Implement to promote these 
favorable conditions, 

5124
04:28:15,200 --> 04:28:18,200
Alexander's, understanding of 
what is now known as economic 

5125
04:28:18,200 --> 04:28:20,900
diversification. 
Was also demonstrated in the 

5126
04:28:20,900 --> 04:28:24,300
report, He maintained that a 
country with a diverse economy, 

5127
04:28:24,300 --> 04:28:27,600
one that includes Manufacturing 
Services, Agriculture and 

5128
04:28:27,600 --> 04:28:31,200
commerce would be more resilient
than one that relies too much on

5129
04:28:31,200 --> 04:28:34,500
any one of these industries 
manufacturing could remain 

5130
04:28:34,500 --> 04:28:36,600
profitable. 
Even if agricultural prices 

5131
04:28:36,600 --> 04:28:40,100
declined, even if one area 
experienced economic challenges 

5132
04:28:40,100 --> 04:28:43,400
other areas with distinct 
economic foundations could still

5133
04:28:43,400 --> 04:28:46,200
Thrive Alexander's, 
manufacturing Vision was 

5134
04:28:46,200 --> 04:28:48,300
rejected by critics as 
unrealistic. 

5135
04:28:48,300 --> 04:28:52,900
Fantasy claiming that Americans 
lacked the markets capital and 

5136
04:28:52,900 --> 04:28:55,700
skills required for Effective 
Industrial Development. 

5137
04:28:56,700 --> 04:28:59,800
However, Alexander knew that 
these capabilities could be 

5138
04:28:59,800 --> 04:29:02,400
developed over time with the 
right Investments and policies 

5139
04:29:02,400 --> 04:29:05,300
because he had studied the 
economic development of other 

5140
04:29:05,300 --> 04:29:07,600
countries. 
Alexander was at the center of 

5141
04:29:07,600 --> 04:29:10,300
increasingly contentious 
political discussion as he 

5142
04:29:10,300 --> 04:29:13,500
carried out his economic and 
financial policies, which 

5143
04:29:13,500 --> 04:29:15,900
ultimately resulted in the 
establishment of the first 

5144
04:29:15,900 --> 04:29:19,500
political parties in America. 
when people, with essentially 

5145
04:29:19,500 --> 04:29:22,100
different ideas, about the 
country, attempted to cooperate 

5146
04:29:22,100 --> 04:29:26,000
partisan divisions emerged, 
which was not something, anyone 

5147
04:29:26,000 --> 04:29:30,000
had anticipated or desired, The 
founders had hoped to avoid the 

5148
04:29:30,000 --> 04:29:32,800
kind of partisan divisions. 
They associated with European 

5149
04:29:32,800 --> 04:29:36,700
politics, Thomas Jefferson and 
James Madison, who favored a 

5150
04:29:36,700 --> 04:29:38,600
more. 
Constrained Federal role, an 

5151
04:29:38,600 --> 04:29:42,600
agricultural economy, and closer
ties with France disagreed, with

5152
04:29:42,600 --> 04:29:45,800
Alexander's vision of a strong 
federal government, a 

5153
04:29:45,800 --> 04:29:48,300
diversified economy and close 
ties with Britain. 

5154
04:29:49,000 --> 04:29:51,300
These disagreements were not 
merely about policy. 

5155
04:29:51,300 --> 04:29:54,600
They also represented Divergent 
views on the ideal form of the 

5156
04:29:54,600 --> 04:29:57,900
United States of America. 
Alexander's plan for a National 

5157
04:29:57,900 --> 04:30:01,600
Bank, which Jefferson claimed 
was unconstitutional because the

5158
04:30:01,600 --> 04:30:04,300
Constitution didn't specifically
give the federal government. 

5159
04:30:04,300 --> 04:30:07,700
The authority to Charter Banks 
was the final straw in the 

5160
04:30:07,708 --> 04:30:11,600
dispute in response. 
Alexander presented a thorough 

5161
04:30:11,600 --> 04:30:14,400
legal defense of implied powers 
which hold that. 

5162
04:30:14,400 --> 04:30:16,800
The constitution gave the 
federal government, the right to

5163
04:30:16,800 --> 04:30:20,300
do what ever it takes to 
effectively exercise the powers 

5164
04:30:20,300 --> 04:30:23,600
its specified, in addition to 
the specific Powers it listed. 

5165
04:30:23,600 --> 04:30:27,300
This debate was about how to 
interpret the Constitution and 

5166
04:30:27,300 --> 04:30:29,900
what kind of federal government.
The American people are truly 

5167
04:30:29,900 --> 04:30:32,300
agree to establish, not just 
about banking. 

5168
04:30:33,900 --> 04:30:37,300
While Jefferson supported strict
construction, which restricted 

5169
04:30:37,300 --> 04:30:39,900
Federal authority to power 
specifically stated in the 

5170
04:30:39,900 --> 04:30:42,800
Constitution. 
Alexander argued for what became

5171
04:30:42,800 --> 04:30:46,200
known as a broad construction of
the document both of his most 

5172
04:30:46,200 --> 04:30:49,300
trusted advisors made strong 
cases for their positions. 

5173
04:30:50,000 --> 04:30:52,300
A President Washington was 
forced to make the difficult 

5174
04:30:52,300 --> 04:30:57,000
decision. on the bank issue, he 
finally took Alexander's side 

5175
04:30:57,000 --> 04:31:00,300
but the political Rifts that 
resulted from these discussions 

5176
04:31:00,300 --> 04:31:03,000
would influence American 
politics for many years to come,

5177
04:31:03,000 --> 04:31:06,100
Alexander Rose to prominence as 
the intellectual head of the 

5178
04:31:06,100 --> 04:31:09,300
Federalist Party, which promoted
pro-business policies, 

5179
04:31:09,300 --> 04:31:13,600
industrial growth and a powerful
federal government The 

5180
04:31:13,600 --> 04:31:16,600
Democratic Republican Party, 
founded by Jefferson and Madison

5181
04:31:16,600 --> 04:31:19,600
promoted, stringent 
constitutional, interpretation 

5182
04:31:19,600 --> 04:31:22,600
agricultural interests, and 
limited Federal power. 

5183
04:31:22,600 --> 04:31:24,800
Although, these party 
differences may appear 

5184
04:31:24,800 --> 04:31:28,000
regrettable Alexander recognized
that, they were a positive 

5185
04:31:28,000 --> 04:31:29,900
indication of a robust 
democracy. 

5186
04:31:30,700 --> 04:31:34,000
People with differing opinions 
about politics and policy should

5187
04:31:34,000 --> 04:31:37,700
be able to ban together, promote
their positions and run for 

5188
04:31:37,700 --> 04:31:41,300
office in a free Society. 
Either dictatorship or political

5189
04:31:41,300 --> 04:31:43,700
Anarchy was the alternative not 
peaceful. 

5190
04:31:43,700 --> 04:31:46,400
Unity Alexander's. 
Personal life was characterized 

5191
04:31:46,400 --> 04:31:50,200
by both great success and 
heartbreaking setbacks even as 

5192
04:31:50,200 --> 04:31:52,700
he was establishing himself as 
one of America's most 

5193
04:31:52,700 --> 04:31:55,800
significant public figures. 
He had eight children with 

5194
04:31:55,800 --> 04:31:58,600
Elizabeth Schuyler, a member of 
one of the most well known 

5195
04:31:58,600 --> 04:32:01,900
families, in New York. 
According to all accounts, it 

5196
04:32:01,900 --> 04:32:04,600
was a devoted Union founded on 
respect for one another and 

5197
04:32:04,600 --> 04:32:07,900
similar ideals. 
However, Alexander paid a 

5198
04:32:07,900 --> 04:32:10,200
personal price for his 
unwavering commitment to public 

5199
04:32:10,200 --> 04:32:12,500
service. 
In order to achieve his 

5200
04:32:12,500 --> 04:32:15,500
political and financial 
objectives, he frequently, put 

5201
04:32:15,500 --> 04:32:18,800
his family and his own health 
last while working incredibly 

5202
04:32:18,800 --> 04:32:22,900
long hours, When he committed to
a project, he threw himself into

5203
04:32:22,900 --> 04:32:26,500
it, wholeheartedly sometimes to 
the detriment of everything else

5204
04:32:26,500 --> 04:32:29,000
in his life. 
He was the type of person who 

5205
04:32:29,000 --> 04:32:33,200
couldn't do anything halfway. 
Alexander made a choice in 1797 

5206
04:32:33,200 --> 04:32:35,100
that would follow him for the 
rest of his life. 

5207
04:32:35,800 --> 04:32:38,800
In an attempt to dispel Rumours,
that he had exploited his role 

5208
04:32:38,800 --> 04:32:41,300
as treasury secretary for 
personal financial gain. 

5209
04:32:41,300 --> 04:32:44,100
He released a pamphlet 
confessing to an affair. 

5210
04:32:44,100 --> 04:32:47,100
The Reynolds pamphlet as it was 
called demonstrated that 

5211
04:32:47,100 --> 04:32:50,200
Alexander was innocent of 
financial corruption, but guilty

5212
04:32:50,200 --> 04:32:53,500
of adultery both Alexander's 
complex personality and his 

5213
04:32:53,500 --> 04:32:56,200
dedication to public Integrity 
were evident in this choice. 

5214
04:32:57,100 --> 04:32:59,800
Instead of letting people think 
he had violated The public's 

5215
04:32:59,800 --> 04:33:02,600
confidence, he decided to ruin 
his own reputation. 

5216
04:33:03,700 --> 04:33:06,599
This was basically political 
suicide in a time when political

5217
04:33:06,599 --> 04:33:08,700
and personal reputations were 
intertwined. 

5218
04:33:08,700 --> 04:33:11,599
All the Alexander's aspirations 
for higher office were 

5219
04:33:11,599 --> 04:33:13,200
essentially dashed by the 
Scandal. 

5220
04:33:13,200 --> 04:33:16,400
His impact on American political
and economic advancement 

5221
04:33:16,400 --> 04:33:20,099
remained unabated, he still 
advised other political leaders 

5222
04:33:20,099 --> 04:33:24,900
wrote about public policy and 
practice law. his theories of 

5223
04:33:24,900 --> 04:33:28,000
influence discussions of 
Economic Policy, constitutional,

5224
04:33:28,000 --> 04:33:31,599
interpretation, and federal 
power most significantly, the 

5225
04:33:31,599 --> 04:33:34,200
Reynolds pamphlet exposed a 
fundamental aspect of 

5226
04:33:34,200 --> 04:33:38,000
Alexander's personality, He was 
prepared to incur significant 

5227
04:33:38,000 --> 04:33:41,099
personal expenses in order to 
uphold his honor as a public 

5228
04:33:41,099 --> 04:33:43,599
official. 
He was aware that democracy 

5229
04:33:43,599 --> 04:33:46,500
relies on people having faith in
their leaders and he was 

5230
04:33:46,500 --> 04:33:49,599
unwilling to let that Faith be 
undermined, even if it meant 

5231
04:33:49,599 --> 04:33:52,900
ruining, his own reputation in a
duel with Aaron Burr, on the 

5232
04:33:52,900 --> 04:33:57,500
Weehawken, New Jersey Cliffs on 
July 11th, 1804 Alexander 

5233
04:33:57,500 --> 04:34:00,700
Hamilton, lost his life. 
The Dual symbolized something 

5234
04:34:00,700 --> 04:34:03,200
greater about the nature of 
honor and public service in 

5235
04:34:03,200 --> 04:34:05,800
early America. 
But it was also the result of 

5236
04:34:05,800 --> 04:34:07,599
years of political and personal 
hostility. 

5237
04:34:07,599 --> 04:34:11,500
A newspaper article that quoted 
Alexander criticizing Burr's 

5238
04:34:11,500 --> 04:34:13,800
character was the direct cause 
of the duel. 

5239
04:34:13,800 --> 04:34:17,900
Alexander refused to offer an 
apology that would have appeased

5240
04:34:17,900 --> 04:34:21,000
burst of Honor. 
They were forced to meet on the 

5241
04:34:21,000 --> 04:34:24,400
field of Honor due to the social
norms of the time, Alexander 

5242
04:34:24,400 --> 04:34:26,900
wrote letters to his wife and 
friends the night before the 

5243
04:34:26,900 --> 04:34:30,300
duel outlining his reasoning and
offering insights into his life 

5244
04:34:30,300 --> 04:34:33,099
and work. 
These letters show a man who 

5245
04:34:33,099 --> 04:34:36,099
felt constrained by the social 
mores of his class and time. 

5246
04:34:36,099 --> 04:34:38,800
But who was also deeply 
conflicted about the duel. 

5247
04:34:38,800 --> 04:34:41,599
He felt that he would lose his 
ability to influence public 

5248
04:34:41,599 --> 04:34:44,599
affairs, and become ineffective 
as an advocate for the causes. 

5249
04:34:44,599 --> 04:34:47,300
He supported if he gave in to 
Burr's challenge. 

5250
04:34:47,300 --> 04:34:52,500
The actual duel was short and 
tragic both men fired burst shot

5251
04:34:52,500 --> 04:34:56,700
found its Mark while Alexander's
perhaps on purpose went wide. 

5252
04:34:58,200 --> 04:35:00,400
The following day, Alexander 
passed away. 

5253
04:35:00,400 --> 04:35:03,000
Surrounded by loved ones who 
understood that. 

5254
04:35:03,000 --> 04:35:05,800
One of the most extraordinary 
careers in American politics was

5255
04:35:05,800 --> 04:35:08,800
coming to an end. 
Alex Sanders life, which had 

5256
04:35:08,800 --> 04:35:11,200
already made a significant 
contribution to American 

5257
04:35:11,200 --> 04:35:14,300
development and appeared to hold
even more promise for future 

5258
04:35:14,300 --> 04:35:17,300
accomplishments was cut short at
the age of 49. 

5259
04:35:17,300 --> 04:35:21,500
In addition to establishing the 
nation's Financial system and 

5260
04:35:21,500 --> 04:35:24,000
many of the presidents that 
would shape future Economic 

5261
04:35:24,000 --> 04:35:26,099
Policy. 
He had contributed to the 

5262
04:35:26,108 --> 04:35:29,599
creation of the Constitution and
expressed of vision of American 

5263
04:35:29,599 --> 04:35:32,599
potential, that still shapes our
perception of what the nation 

5264
04:35:32,599 --> 04:35:35,900
could achieve, however his 
intellectual rather than 

5265
04:35:35,900 --> 04:35:38,300
practical Legacy may have been 
his most significant 

5266
04:35:38,300 --> 04:35:41,599
contribution. 
Alexander proved that Concepts 

5267
04:35:41,599 --> 04:35:44,599
have repercussions, that 
thoughtful consideration of 

5268
04:35:44,608 --> 04:35:48,099
difficult issues, can result in 
workable answers and that new 

5269
04:35:48,099 --> 04:35:50,900
institutions can be created that
better meet the needs of people 

5270
04:35:50,900 --> 04:35:54,200
than the ones they replace. 
It's worth wild to reflect on 

5271
04:35:54,200 --> 04:35:56,900
how Alexander Hamilton's 
theories, still influence, our 

5272
04:35:56,900 --> 04:36:00,700
modern world as you sink further
into your cozy chair and maybe 

5273
04:36:00,700 --> 04:36:04,099
finish that cup of tea. 
His financial system, laid the 

5274
04:36:04,108 --> 04:36:07,300
groundwork for the next two 
centuries of economic expansion 

5275
04:36:07,300 --> 04:36:10,700
in the United States. 
Debates concerning individual 

5276
04:36:10,700 --> 04:36:13,400
rights and federal Authority are
still governed by the 

5277
04:36:13,400 --> 04:36:15,300
constitutional principles he 
outlined. 

5278
04:36:16,200 --> 04:36:19,599
His vision of America as a 
modern diverse and economically 

5279
04:36:19,599 --> 04:36:23,900
vibrant country came to pass. 
However Alexander's, most 

5280
04:36:23,900 --> 04:36:27,099
lasting contribution may be his 
example of how intelligents 

5281
04:36:27,099 --> 04:36:30,800
perseverance and a dedication to
a cause greater than one self 

5282
04:36:30,800 --> 04:36:34,000
can help one overcome the 
circumstances of one's birth. 

5283
04:36:34,800 --> 04:36:38,099
He demonstrated that concepts 
are important that thorough 

5284
04:36:38,099 --> 04:36:41,099
examination of difficulty issues
can result in workable answers 

5285
04:36:41,099 --> 04:36:44,400
and that wisely and 
strategically plan institutions,

5286
04:36:44,400 --> 04:36:46,700
can meet the needs of people for
many generations. 

5287
04:36:46,700 --> 04:36:49,599
Alexander Hamilton's story 
provides an alternative 

5288
04:36:49,599 --> 04:36:52,800
Viewpoint in our own era. 
When we confront problems that 

5289
04:36:52,800 --> 04:36:55,500
seem into mountable and 
solutions, that seem 

5290
04:36:55,500 --> 04:36:59,200
unattainable Fundamental 
societal structures were being 

5291
04:36:59,200 --> 04:37:03,000
reconstructed and questioned 
during the time, he lived which 

5292
04:37:03,000 --> 04:37:05,400
was a time of great uncertainty 
and change. 

5293
04:37:05,400 --> 04:37:09,099
He had to come up with novel 
solutions, to problems that had 

5294
04:37:09,099 --> 04:37:12,099
never been solved before. 
However, he approached these 

5295
04:37:12,099 --> 04:37:15,400
difficulties with methodical 
thought, meticulous analysis, 

5296
04:37:15,400 --> 04:37:18,800
and an unwavering faith that 
people could come up with better

5297
04:37:18,800 --> 04:37:22,200
ways to arrange their shared 
lives, rather than with fear or 

5298
04:37:22,200 --> 04:37:24,800
despair. 
He realized that creating a 

5299
04:37:24,800 --> 04:37:28,099
successful society called for 
both bold leadership and patient

5300
04:37:28,099 --> 04:37:31,200
compromised, as well as 
Visionary thinking and attention

5301
04:37:31,200 --> 04:37:33,300
to detail. 
The America that Alexander 

5302
04:37:33,300 --> 04:37:37,000
Hamilton helped build, never 
reached its full potential, He 

5303
04:37:37,000 --> 04:37:39,900
passed away before the nation 
had expanded farifield of the 

5304
04:37:39,900 --> 04:37:42,500
Atlantic coast before the 
Industrial Revolution. 

5305
04:37:42,500 --> 04:37:46,200
He had predicted had truly begun
and before the Diversified 

5306
04:37:46,200 --> 04:37:49,200
wealthy and internationally 
significant country, he had 

5307
04:37:49,200 --> 04:37:52,599
imagined had come to pass. 
However he had sown the seeds 

5308
04:37:52,599 --> 04:37:54,800
that would eventually bear fruit
that he could hardly have 

5309
04:37:54,800 --> 04:37:58,300
dreamed of the most significant 
lesson from Alexander Hamilton's

5310
04:37:58,300 --> 04:38:00,000
life. 
May be that the task of creating

5311
04:38:00,000 --> 04:38:03,400
a better world is never fully 
completed that every generation 

5312
04:38:03,400 --> 04:38:06,200
inherits the successes and 
unsolved issues of its 

5313
04:38:06,200 --> 04:38:09,800
predecessors and that our own 
contributions will be evaluated 

5314
04:38:09,800 --> 04:38:12,900
based on how well, we further 
The Continuous Endeavor of human

5315
04:38:12,900 --> 04:38:16,599
progress rather than how well we
sold every issue as you get 

5316
04:38:16,599 --> 04:38:19,599
ready for bed tonight, you may 
make the amazing fact that our 

5317
04:38:19,599 --> 04:38:23,500
thoughts on politics economics 
and Society are still shaped by 

5318
04:38:23,500 --> 04:38:26,800
the ideas of a young man from a 
small Caribbean island who 

5319
04:38:26,800 --> 04:38:28,700
passed away more than 200 years 
ago. 

5320
04:38:29,700 --> 04:38:32,000
Serves as a reminder, that 
people's lives can have 

5321
04:38:32,000 --> 04:38:34,300
far-reaching effects that are 
beyond their wildest 

5322
04:38:34,300 --> 04:38:37,700
expectations and that it is 
never a waste of time to 

5323
04:38:37,700 --> 04:38:39,200
carefully. 
Consider how to improve the 

5324
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:41,700
world. 
Alexander Hamilton was a strong 

5325
04:38:41,700 --> 04:38:44,500
believer in the ability of human
reason to resolve difficult 

5326
04:38:44,500 --> 04:38:47,900
issues, the potential for 
establishing institutions that 

5327
04:38:47,900 --> 04:38:50,800
promote the common good. 
And the capacity of regular 

5328
04:38:50,800 --> 04:38:52,700
people to achieve extraordinary 
Feats. 

5329
04:38:52,700 --> 04:38:56,099
When given the chance, these 
were hard one lessons from a 

5330
04:38:56,099 --> 04:38:57,500
life spent battling real 
problems. 

5331
04:38:57,500 --> 04:39:00,099
And real responsibilities not 
naive. 

5332
04:39:00,099 --> 04:39:02,400
Optimism. 
His narrative implies that 

5333
04:39:02,400 --> 04:39:05,000
overcoming obstacles with 
consideration and perseverance 

5334
04:39:05,000 --> 04:39:08,599
rather than avoiding them is the
way to meaningful success. 

5335
04:39:09,900 --> 04:39:12,900
Patient analysis and Innovative 
thinking frequently yield 

5336
04:39:12,900 --> 04:39:15,400
solutions to seemingly 
intractable problems. 

5337
04:39:15,400 --> 04:39:18,599
When enough people are dedicated
to the cause of change 

5338
04:39:18,599 --> 04:39:21,500
institutions, that seem 
permanent and unalterable, can 

5339
04:39:21,500 --> 04:39:24,500
be changed or replaced. 
Most significantly Alexander 

5340
04:39:24,500 --> 04:39:27,099
Hamilton's life shows that 
despite uncertainty and 

5341
04:39:27,099 --> 04:39:30,000
disappointment, it is possible 
to hold on to hope and purpose. 

5342
04:39:30,000 --> 04:39:35,400
He endured personal Scandal War 
economic crisis political unrest

5343
04:39:35,400 --> 04:39:38,800
and innumerable other setbacks 
but he never lost hope that with

5344
04:39:38,800 --> 04:39:41,400
clear thinking and hard work 
people could make tomorrow 

5345
04:39:41,400 --> 04:39:44,100
better than today. 
That seems like a nice thing to 

5346
04:39:44,100 --> 04:39:47,100
think as you go to sleep. 
That the future is still up in 

5347
04:39:47,108 --> 04:39:50,800
the air that people are still 
intelligent and kind and that 

5348
04:39:50,800 --> 04:39:53,600
everyone has the chance to add 
something worthwhile to the 

5349
04:39:53,600 --> 04:39:55,900
continuing Narrative of our 
shared existence. 

5350
04:39:56,900 --> 04:39:59,400
After beginning his life, as an 
orphan teenager on a small 

5351
04:39:59,408 --> 04:40:03,200
island, Alexander Hamilton went 
on to contribute to the founding

5352
04:40:03,200 --> 04:40:05,600
of a Nation. 
What else could we do? 

5353
04:40:05,600 --> 04:40:09,400
Sweet dreams and may your 
awakened tomorrow with semblance

5354
04:40:09,400 --> 04:40:12,900
of Alexander Hamilton's quiet 
Faith, the difficult issues can 

5355
04:40:12,900 --> 04:40:15,900
be resolved, that brilliant 
ideas have the power to 

5356
04:40:15,900 --> 04:40:19,300
transform the world and that 
there is always more significant

5357
04:40:19,300 --> 04:40:27,300
work to be done. 
Friends. 

5358
04:40:27,300 --> 04:40:30,600
We're going back more than 400 
years to meet a young girl who 

5359
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:32,900
would have a profound impact on 
American history. 

5360
04:40:32,900 --> 04:40:36,700
The interesting part of our 
story is that almost everything 

5361
04:40:36,700 --> 04:40:39,900
you believe, you know about her 
is likely incorrect. 

5362
04:40:40,800 --> 04:40:43,600
Of course, you've heard of 
Pocahontas, everybody has. 

5363
04:40:43,600 --> 04:40:48,300
However, her name wasn't really 
that Hammer Newt which 

5364
04:40:48,300 --> 04:40:51,300
translates to little Mischief in
her native power tan language, 

5365
04:40:51,300 --> 04:40:55,000
was her true name and believe me
when I say that she immediately 

5366
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:57,900
lived up to that moniker. 
She was born in, what is now 

5367
04:40:57,900 --> 04:41:02,000
Virginia in 1596? 
Her father was Chief wounds and 

5368
04:41:02,008 --> 04:41:05,200
a cow but everyone called him 
Chief power tan because to be 

5369
04:41:05,200 --> 04:41:08,300
honest is real, name was too 
long even for his own people. 

5370
04:41:09,100 --> 04:41:12,200
Now picture yourself as the 
daughter of a chief in a world 

5371
04:41:12,208 --> 04:41:16,300
where your father ruled over, 30
tribes and about 15,000 people. 

5372
04:41:16,300 --> 04:41:20,200
It's like being the child of the
president, the governor and the 

5373
04:41:20,200 --> 04:41:24,700
mayor combined Amin however, was
no ordinary spoiled princess. 

5374
04:41:24,700 --> 04:41:26,300
Who sat around munching on 
grapes. 

5375
04:41:26,300 --> 04:41:29,500
Oh, no, she was actually getting
her hands dirty out there. 

5376
04:41:29,500 --> 04:41:32,800
The Tidy Suburban communities, 
you may imagine, when you think 

5377
04:41:32,800 --> 04:41:35,700
of home when nothing, like the 
Paul Hayden world through 

5378
04:41:35,700 --> 04:41:38,500
forests, so dense that sunlight 
hardly reached the ground. 

5379
04:41:38,500 --> 04:41:41,300
These vast Villages were 
connected by well-traveled 

5380
04:41:41,300 --> 04:41:44,000
paths. 
Imagine a forest where you would

5381
04:41:44,000 --> 04:41:46,900
get lost, trying to find your 
car keys, but these people knew 

5382
04:41:46,900 --> 04:41:49,600
every tree stream and hiding 
place as well as you do the 

5383
04:41:49,600 --> 04:41:52,800
rooms in your home. 
Amanita to this world like a 

5384
04:41:52,800 --> 04:41:55,100
sponge. 
She already showed signs of 

5385
04:41:55,100 --> 04:41:58,600
being what we might politely 
call spirited the type of child 

5386
04:41:58,600 --> 04:42:01,800
who would sneak out of the long 
house to go exploring when she 

5387
04:42:01,800 --> 04:42:04,400
was supposed to be helping with 
dinner preparations or climb the

5388
04:42:04,408 --> 04:42:06,900
tallest tree, just to see what 
was on the other side of the 

5389
04:42:06,900 --> 04:42:09,100
Hill. 
While other kids, her age were 

5390
04:42:09,100 --> 04:42:12,300
learning to weave baskets and 
ten crops you would find the way

5391
04:42:12,300 --> 04:42:15,300
of life of her father's people 
to be both remarkably alien and 

5392
04:42:15,300 --> 04:42:18,500
oddly familiar. 
They had politics a lot of them.

5393
04:42:19,400 --> 04:42:21,800
The Powhatan Confederacy, 
resembled a sophisticated 

5394
04:42:21,800 --> 04:42:24,700
neighborhood association. 
But instead of fighting over 

5395
04:42:24,700 --> 04:42:27,700
lawn care, they were settling 
territorial disputes and 

5396
04:42:27,700 --> 04:42:31,400
negotiating trade agreements. 
Chief perhaps effectively in 

5397
04:42:31,400 --> 04:42:34,000
charge of a small country. 
Complete with all the hassles 

5398
04:42:34,000 --> 04:42:36,000
that came with juggling, 
conflicting, interests, 

5399
04:42:36,000 --> 04:42:39,000
personalities and the occasional
neighboring tribe, that felt 

5400
04:42:39,000 --> 04:42:40,700
they could just walk in and take
over. 

5401
04:42:40,700 --> 04:42:44,600
Little ammun was in the midst of
all of this, keeping a close eye

5402
04:42:44,600 --> 04:42:46,000
on everything and not missing 
anything. 

5403
04:42:46,900 --> 04:42:49,600
Before she could pronounce the 
word correctly, she was studying

5404
04:42:49,600 --> 04:42:53,600
statecraft. you know, how some 
children, even when adults, 

5405
04:42:53,600 --> 04:42:56,700
believe they are being subtle, 
have an amazing ability to pick 

5406
04:42:56,700 --> 04:43:00,300
up on every new Nuance of adult 
conversations, how many was 

5407
04:43:00,300 --> 04:43:03,400
doing just that she was also 
learning to read the political 

5408
04:43:03,400 --> 04:43:06,800
Winds of a whole Confederation 
of tribes being the daughter of 

5409
04:43:06,800 --> 04:43:09,400
the chief meant that everyone 
expected you to do great things.

5410
04:43:09,400 --> 04:43:12,500
But no one knew exactly what 
those great things should 

5411
04:43:12,500 --> 04:43:14,900
entail. 
Boys had clear careers. 

5412
04:43:14,900 --> 04:43:18,600
They would either be Hunters 
Warriors or if they were 

5413
04:43:18,600 --> 04:43:22,300
fortunate and intelligent 
political leaders But girls were

5414
04:43:22,300 --> 04:43:25,300
making their own rules, 
especially girls, like ammonite,

5415
04:43:25,300 --> 04:43:29,200
who had a special combination of
intelligence curiosity and a 

5416
04:43:29,200 --> 04:43:31,000
total disregard for staying out 
of trouble. 

5417
04:43:31,000 --> 04:43:34,300
How many was known for her 
ability to charm her way out of 

5418
04:43:34,300 --> 04:43:37,300
nearly any predicament by the 
time she was 10 or 11 years old.

5419
04:43:38,200 --> 04:43:41,300
Imagine the type of child, who 
when caught exploring the 

5420
04:43:41,300 --> 04:43:44,000
basement during lunch could 
persuade the principal of the 

5421
04:43:44,008 --> 04:43:47,800
school that she was in fact, 
conducting educational research.

5422
04:43:48,600 --> 04:43:51,600
That was. 
She was interacting with tribal 

5423
04:43:51,600 --> 04:43:55,000
Elders who had been around long 
enough to recognize most ploys 

5424
04:43:55,000 --> 04:43:57,700
rather than a principal. 
What set her apart? 

5425
04:43:57,700 --> 04:44:00,600
Though was more than just her 
charm or intelligence. 

5426
04:44:00,600 --> 04:44:03,900
She was innately able to see 
connections that others fail to 

5427
04:44:03,900 --> 04:44:07,800
notice Amin could see complex 
situations and find Solutions. 

5428
04:44:07,800 --> 04:44:11,100
No one else had considered much 
like a person who can quickly 

5429
04:44:11,100 --> 04:44:13,900
identify, where the odd shaped 
piece goes in, a jigsaw puzzle. 

5430
04:44:13,900 --> 04:44:17,200
Nobody could have predicted how 
crucial, this specific set of 

5431
04:44:17,200 --> 04:44:20,500
skills would become You know how
it feels to be going about your 

5432
04:44:20,500 --> 04:44:23,000
day as usual. 
Perhaps reading a book or doing 

5433
04:44:23,000 --> 04:44:26,100
some yard work and something 
totally out of the blue occurs 

5434
04:44:26,100 --> 04:44:29,000
and altars everything. 
Perhaps you run into someone, 

5435
04:44:29,000 --> 04:44:32,300
you haven't seen in 20 years or 
the phone rings with news, that 

5436
04:44:32,300 --> 04:44:36,000
could change your life that 
time, however, came for ammonium

5437
04:44:36,000 --> 04:44:40,100
and her people in the spring of 
1607 and it showed up as three 

5438
04:44:40,100 --> 04:44:42,700
ships that appeared on the 
horizon, like something from a 

5439
04:44:42,700 --> 04:44:45,600
fever dream. 
Imagine waking up one morning at

5440
04:44:45,600 --> 04:44:48,100
the age of 11 to find that 
aliens have landed in your 

5441
04:44:48,100 --> 04:44:53,200
backyard. not the spooky aliens 
from movies, but the ungainly of

5442
04:44:53,200 --> 04:44:57,300
the Lost most likely harmless 
kind, that's about what 

5443
04:44:57,300 --> 04:44:59,600
happened. 
When 104 English colonists 

5444
04:44:59,600 --> 04:45:02,600
survived on the shores of the 
Chesapeake Bay surveyed. 

5445
04:45:02,600 --> 04:45:05,800
The mosquito infested swamp land
and concluded that the area 

5446
04:45:05,800 --> 04:45:07,800
would be ideal for establishing 
a settlement. 

5447
04:45:09,300 --> 04:45:11,800
Powhatan people likely had a few
other names for their new home. 

5448
04:45:11,800 --> 04:45:14,600
Most of which would not be 
suitable for bedtime reading, 

5449
04:45:14,600 --> 04:45:17,800
but the English named it James 
town after King James. 

5450
04:45:17,800 --> 04:45:22,100
The first, because let's face 
it, would you really pick a 

5451
04:45:22,100 --> 04:45:26,500
swampy island with dirty water 
hostile mosquitoes and soil that

5452
04:45:26,500 --> 04:45:28,900
appeared to have lost all life 
as a place to establish a new 

5453
04:45:28,908 --> 04:45:32,200
town. 
However there they were pale 

5454
04:45:32,200 --> 04:45:36,000
strangely dressed strangers, 
unpacking their things as if 

5455
04:45:36,000 --> 04:45:37,500
they had recently moved into the
area. 

5456
04:45:38,300 --> 04:45:41,500
Chief Paula and was no idiot. 
Now, having been in charge of 

5457
04:45:41,508 --> 04:45:44,700
his Confederacy for decades, he 
had witnessed his fair share of 

5458
04:45:44,700 --> 04:45:48,400
strange situations 
unanticipated, guests, an 

5459
04:45:48,400 --> 04:45:50,300
individuals who are obviously 
inexperienced. 

5460
04:45:51,100 --> 04:45:53,900
His attitude toward the English 
was similar to that of a patient

5461
04:45:53,900 --> 04:45:56,900
neighbor observing someone 
attempt to put together Ikea 

5462
04:45:56,900 --> 04:45:59,500
furniture without first reading 
the instructions. 

5463
04:45:59,500 --> 04:46:03,200
Curious. 
A little amused little wandering

5464
04:46:03,200 --> 04:46:04,800
when they would have eventually 
ask for assistance. 

5465
04:46:05,600 --> 04:46:08,600
How many whose 11 years old and 
inherently interested in 

5466
04:46:08,600 --> 04:46:12,100
anything novel and possibly 
thrilling found these odd 

5467
04:46:12,100 --> 04:46:15,500
newcomers to be fascinating. 
They wore more layers of clothes

5468
04:46:15,500 --> 04:46:17,800
than seemed practically 
necessary for the Virginia 

5469
04:46:17,800 --> 04:46:21,200
weather had hair in colors. 
She'd never seen and had pale 

5470
04:46:21,200 --> 04:46:25,100
skin that burned in the Sun. 
She loved puzzles, and they were

5471
04:46:25,100 --> 04:46:27,900
like walking puzzles. 
However, what was most 

5472
04:46:27,900 --> 04:46:30,400
fascinating about these? 
English colonists was not how 

5473
04:46:30,400 --> 04:46:33,800
they looked, but rather, how 
utterly unprepared they were for

5474
04:46:33,800 --> 04:46:37,800
well, everything These were 
individuals who somehow 

5475
04:46:37,800 --> 04:46:40,200
persuaded themselves that they 
could arrive in a foreign 

5476
04:46:40,200 --> 04:46:43,900
country and start discovering 
gold strewn about like spare 

5477
04:46:43,900 --> 04:46:45,900
change. 
It seems that no one had 

5478
04:46:45,900 --> 04:46:49,400
considered bringing anyone who 
truly knew how to grow food or 

5479
04:46:49,400 --> 04:46:51,300
construct houses that were not 
collapse. 

5480
04:46:51,300 --> 04:46:54,700
In the first strong wind wind, 
despite the fact that they had 

5481
04:46:54,700 --> 04:46:56,600
packed a ton of expensive 
clothing and weapons. 

5482
04:46:57,600 --> 04:47:00,400
It was similar to watching your 
city cousins, attempt camping, 

5483
04:47:00,400 --> 04:47:03,500
but instead of spending a 
weekend in the woods, they were 

5484
04:47:03,500 --> 04:47:05,800
planning to stay forever and 
they had forgotten how to 

5485
04:47:05,808 --> 04:47:08,900
survive, rather than where the 
can opener was one. 

5486
04:47:08,900 --> 04:47:11,800
Of the colonists leaders was a 
man by the name of John Smith. 

5487
04:47:11,800 --> 04:47:15,200
Historians, take some of Smith's
stories with a grain of salt, 

5488
04:47:15,200 --> 04:47:17,700
the size of a dinner roll 
because Smith was the type of 

5489
04:47:17,700 --> 04:47:20,900
person who would later write 
extremely detailed accounts of 

5490
04:47:20,900 --> 04:47:23,400
his adventures. 
If you've ever known someone who

5491
04:47:23,400 --> 04:47:26,000
tells really great stories that 
get a little better every time 

5492
04:47:26,000 --> 04:47:29,700
they tell them you'll understand
why Smith's later writings 

5493
04:47:29,700 --> 04:47:32,200
claimed that he met a new when 
he was taking prisoner on one of

5494
04:47:32,208 --> 04:47:36,400
his exploration trips back in 
England, he told a very dramatic

5495
04:47:36,400 --> 04:47:38,300
story about how young polka 
Hunters. 

5496
04:47:38,300 --> 04:47:41,700
He used her nickname through 
herself across his body to save 

5497
04:47:41,700 --> 04:47:43,800
his life just as he was about to
be executed. 

5498
04:47:45,100 --> 04:47:48,100
Although it is a romantic story 
that has served as the basis for

5499
04:47:48,100 --> 04:47:51,500
innumerable novels and films. 
The real world was likely far 

5500
04:47:51,500 --> 04:47:55,300
more ordinary and fascinating, 
most likely Smith interpreted 

5501
04:47:55,300 --> 04:47:58,200
presence during a formal 
ceremony which could have been 

5502
04:47:58,200 --> 04:48:01,300
adoption ritual. 
Imagine assuming the bride and 

5503
04:48:01,300 --> 04:48:03,800
groomer in trouble because 
everyone appears so serious 

5504
04:48:03,800 --> 04:48:06,400
during a wedding ceremony from a
different culture without 

5505
04:48:06,400 --> 04:48:09,200
knowing what's happening. 
That was most likely Smith 

5506
04:48:09,200 --> 04:48:12,300
standing there feeling as though
he was going to die while being 

5507
04:48:12,300 --> 04:48:16,300
accepted into the community. 
How many most likely found the 

5508
04:48:16,300 --> 04:48:19,600
entire scene to be both amusing 
and fascinating at the same 

5509
04:48:19,600 --> 04:48:22,200
time? 
This adult man was obviously 

5510
04:48:22,200 --> 04:48:25,100
afraid of a ceremony That was 
supposed to be helpful to him 

5511
04:48:25,100 --> 04:48:28,300
and he was totally unaware of 
the significance of everything 

5512
04:48:28,300 --> 04:48:31,300
that was going on around him. 
She was already learning that 

5513
04:48:31,300 --> 04:48:33,500
the ability to translate not 
just words. 

5514
04:48:33,500 --> 04:48:37,800
But entire world views is 
sometimes the most crucial 

5515
04:48:37,800 --> 04:48:41,300
competency when interacting with
people from diverse cultural 

5516
04:48:41,300 --> 04:48:44,000
backgrounds. 
And the most significant event 

5517
04:48:44,000 --> 04:48:47,100
in her early life was going to 
be that ability that innate 

5518
04:48:47,100 --> 04:48:50,000
talent for recognizing 
connections and creating Bridges

5519
04:48:50,000 --> 04:48:53,400
between other worlds. 
You may be wondering how an 11 

5520
04:48:53,400 --> 04:48:56,200
year old girl became one of the 
most significant diplomats in 

5521
04:48:56,200 --> 04:48:59,400
history as you settle into your 
cozy, spot for tonight's 

5522
04:48:59,400 --> 04:49:02,100
chapter. 
So grab that hot beverage and 

5523
04:49:02,100 --> 04:49:05,000
prepare yourself for a tale of a
person who learned to speak two 

5524
04:49:05,000 --> 04:49:08,200
languages that were not simply 
Powhatan and English but rather 

5525
04:49:08,200 --> 04:49:10,300
the languages of two completely 
different worldviews. 

5526
04:49:10,300 --> 04:49:13,900
Anyone who has ever been the 
only person in a room who can 

5527
04:49:13,900 --> 04:49:17,100
understand both sides of an 
argument will recognize Avenue 

5528
04:49:17,100 --> 04:49:19,800
situation after her initial 
meeting with John Smith. 

5529
04:49:19,800 --> 04:49:23,300
You know how it feels when your 
friend is upset with your other 

5530
04:49:23,300 --> 04:49:26,700
friend and you hear both of 
their points of view, only to 

5531
04:49:26,700 --> 04:49:29,400
discover that their anger is 
about entirely different things.

5532
04:49:30,900 --> 04:49:34,700
That was our newts life except 
that two civilizations survival 

5533
04:49:34,700 --> 04:49:36,900
was at stake, rather than a 
friend's drama. 

5534
04:49:37,700 --> 04:49:40,200
If they weren't so, desperate, 
the English colonists struggles 

5535
04:49:40,200 --> 04:49:43,200
would almost be humorous. 
Imagine attempting to cultivate 

5536
04:49:43,200 --> 04:49:46,000
a garden without ever seeing a 
seed Sprout or building a house 

5537
04:49:46,000 --> 04:49:49,700
without ever holding a hammer. 
Like people who arrive at a 

5538
04:49:49,700 --> 04:49:51,200
beach expecting to find a 
shopping mall. 

5539
04:49:51,200 --> 04:49:54,400
These individuals had traveled 
to Virginia, expecting to find 

5540
04:49:54,400 --> 04:49:57,700
cities teeming with gold. 
They were put in the awkward 

5541
04:49:57,700 --> 04:50:00,100
situation of needing assistance 
from the very people. 

5542
04:50:00,100 --> 04:50:02,300
They had thought would be 
impressed by their Superior 

5543
04:50:02,300 --> 04:50:06,200
European ways when reality set 
in How many started going to 

5544
04:50:06,200 --> 04:50:09,400
Jamestown on a regular basis and
her presence, there was like 

5545
04:50:09,400 --> 04:50:11,600
having a professional 
interpreter at a multi-lingual 

5546
04:50:11,600 --> 04:50:15,200
meeting, she did a lot of 
literal translation that she 

5547
04:50:15,200 --> 04:50:18,400
also translated expectations 
traditions and entire ways of 

5548
04:50:18,400 --> 04:50:20,600
thinking. 
She could explain that the 

5549
04:50:20,600 --> 04:50:23,500
English probably didn't mean to 
come across as rude or menacing 

5550
04:50:23,500 --> 04:50:25,800
to her people. 
She could explain the rationale 

5551
04:50:25,800 --> 04:50:28,600
behind her people's actions to 
the English when they did 

5552
04:50:28,600 --> 04:50:30,400
something that scared or 
perplexed them. 

5553
04:50:31,100 --> 04:50:33,600
She was developing into what we 
might refer to as a cultural 

5554
04:50:33,600 --> 04:50:36,500
interpreter, but she was doing 
it naturally much. 

5555
04:50:36,500 --> 04:50:38,700
Like some people are born 
musicians or athletes. 

5556
04:50:39,600 --> 04:50:42,300
She understood the reasons 
behind each side's reactions and

5557
04:50:42,300 --> 04:50:45,600
more crucially how to facilitate
Mutual understanding. 

5558
04:50:46,500 --> 04:50:49,200
This work wasn't simple. 
Consider yourself. 

5559
04:50:49,200 --> 04:50:52,100
Constantly caught between two, 
groups of people who both 

5560
04:50:52,100 --> 04:50:54,400
believe they are. 
Correct about everything and who

5561
04:50:54,400 --> 04:50:57,300
continue to turn to you for 
solutions to issues that seem to

5562
04:50:57,308 --> 04:50:58,900
be growing more complex by the 
day. 

5563
04:50:59,700 --> 04:51:02,500
Because they continue to try to 
grow crops that weren't suitable

5564
04:51:02,500 --> 04:51:05,400
for Virginia soil, and because 
they had brought along more 

5565
04:51:05,400 --> 04:51:08,000
gentleman than Farmers, the 
English were always running out 

5566
04:51:08,000 --> 04:51:10,700
of food. 
The Powhatan people were growing

5567
04:51:10,700 --> 04:51:13,400
more and more irritated with 
their neighbors, who seem to 

5568
04:51:13,400 --> 04:51:15,500
believe that borrowing, food and
supplies. 

5569
04:51:15,500 --> 04:51:20,200
Without asking was, okay, 
however, many that most 

5570
04:51:20,200 --> 04:51:22,100
diplomats learn over the course 
of years. 

5571
04:51:22,100 --> 04:51:26,500
She truly liked people even when
they were acting absurdly. 

5572
04:51:27,300 --> 04:51:30,000
She admired, the English 
colonists unyielding resolve, 

5573
04:51:30,000 --> 04:51:32,700
even when it took them in 
completely different directions 

5574
04:51:32,700 --> 04:51:35,600
and found their errors, more 
humorous than dangerous. 

5575
04:51:36,400 --> 04:51:38,800
However, she could also 
understand why her people were 

5576
04:51:38,800 --> 04:51:41,500
annoyed by these old neighbors, 
who didn't seem to understand 

5577
04:51:41,500 --> 04:51:45,000
common sense, or basic courtesy 
She took a refreshingly 

5578
04:51:45,000 --> 04:51:48,700
realistic approach to diplomacy,
she would bring food to James 

5579
04:51:48,700 --> 04:51:51,800
Town when people were hungry 
were set up on official meetings

5580
04:51:51,800 --> 04:51:54,000
where both parties could 
actually speak to one another 

5581
04:51:54,000 --> 04:51:57,500
rather than assuming things. 
And place a formal negotiation 

5582
04:51:57,500 --> 04:52:00,800
and drawn out speeches. 
She was skilled at finding 

5583
04:52:00,800 --> 04:52:04,600
common ground in unexpected 
places and using humor to defuse

5584
04:52:04,600 --> 04:52:07,200
tension. 
She observed, for example, that 

5585
04:52:07,200 --> 04:52:09,800
both the Powhatan and the 
English enjoyed storytelling 

5586
04:52:09,800 --> 04:52:13,300
games, and showcasing their 
abilities, she would therefore 

5587
04:52:13,300 --> 04:52:16,400
plan storytelling sessions, or 
contests in place of official, 

5588
04:52:16,400 --> 04:52:18,900
diplomatic Gathering so that 
people could get to know one 

5589
04:52:18,900 --> 04:52:21,800
another as Unique Individuals 
rather than, as representatives 

5590
04:52:21,800 --> 04:52:24,600
of intimidating, foreign 
cultures, once you've witnessed 

5591
04:52:24,600 --> 04:52:27,300
someone laughed at a funny joke,
or face the same common issues 

5592
04:52:27,300 --> 04:52:28,500
you do, it's difficult to 
remain. 

5593
04:52:28,500 --> 04:52:32,300
Afraid of them Pocahontas, which
translates to playful one in 

5594
04:52:32,300 --> 04:52:35,400
Partners was the name. 
The English adopted for her, it 

5595
04:52:35,400 --> 04:52:37,700
was a loving moniker that 
reflected both her gift for 

5596
04:52:37,700 --> 04:52:41,000
finding novel solutions to 
issues and her ability to inject

5597
04:52:41,000 --> 04:52:45,200
humor into serious situations. 
Could find ways to remind people

5598
04:52:45,200 --> 04:52:48,700
that they had more in common 
than they realized much like a 

5599
04:52:48,700 --> 04:52:51,800
person who can make a group of 
quarreling relatives laugh 

5600
04:52:51,800 --> 04:52:53,400
together by telling the perfect 
story. 

5601
04:52:53,400 --> 04:52:57,000
At the right time, she was vital
to both communities Survival by 

5602
04:52:57,000 --> 04:53:00,500
the time she was 13. 
The poppet people needed her to 

5603
04:53:00,500 --> 04:53:02,700
help them deal with these 
unfamiliar, but seemingly 

5604
04:53:02,700 --> 04:53:05,900
permanent new neighbors and the 
English needed her to help them 

5605
04:53:05,900 --> 04:53:07,100
understand how to live in 
Virginia. 

5606
04:53:07,100 --> 04:53:10,500
Imagine what it would be like to
spend your adolescents literally

5607
04:53:10,500 --> 04:53:13,800
Torn Between Two Worlds each 
with its own set of rules, 

5608
04:53:13,800 --> 04:53:18,000
expectations and ideals for you 
as you become more comfortable 

5609
04:53:18,000 --> 04:53:21,400
in your evening attire. 
Growing up for Avenue meant 

5610
04:53:21,400 --> 04:53:22,700
negotiating. 
The more complicated 

5611
04:53:22,700 --> 04:53:26,400
relationship between her people 
and the English colonists in 

5612
04:53:26,400 --> 04:53:28,800
addition to the typical 
difficulties of puberty. 

5613
04:53:30,000 --> 04:53:32,800
The situation at Jamestown had 
changed from being awkwardly. 

5614
04:53:32,800 --> 04:53:37,200
Funny to actually dangerous by 
1609 when she was around 13. 

5615
04:53:38,400 --> 04:53:40,100
The colonists had to endure, 
what they dubbed. 

5616
04:53:40,100 --> 04:53:43,500
The starving time a severe 
winter in which they had to eat 

5617
04:53:43,500 --> 04:53:45,400
tree bark, and shoe leather in 
order to survive. 

5618
04:53:46,200 --> 04:53:48,500
It was similar to witnessing 
your neighbor's, go through the 

5619
04:53:48,500 --> 04:53:50,700
most Dreadful camping, trip, 
imaginable. 

5620
04:53:50,700 --> 04:53:53,900
Only in stead of being able to 
Simply leave when things became 

5621
04:53:53,900 --> 04:53:56,400
too tough. 
A Manute was in the unique 

5622
04:53:56,400 --> 04:53:59,500
position of being a teenager and
a prominent figure in two 

5623
04:53:59,500 --> 04:54:03,200
distinct societies. 
Imagine being in high school and

5624
04:54:03,200 --> 04:54:05,900
being asked for your opinion on 
important political issues by 

5625
04:54:05,900 --> 04:54:07,600
adults from two different 
communities. 

5626
04:54:08,600 --> 04:54:11,500
Most adults would be overwhelmed
by this kind of responsibility, 

5627
04:54:11,500 --> 04:54:15,100
but she managed it with a sense 
of humor and wisdom that seemed 

5628
04:54:15,100 --> 04:54:18,200
well beyond her years. 
Her father's relationship with 

5629
04:54:18,200 --> 04:54:21,600
the English had grown more 
tents, Chief Powhatan, faced a 

5630
04:54:21,600 --> 04:54:23,600
problem that would be difficult 
for any leader to handle. 

5631
04:54:24,500 --> 04:54:27,200
How do you deal with neighbors? 
Who consistently take more than 

5632
04:54:27,200 --> 04:54:29,300
they give? 
We don't seem to understand the 

5633
04:54:29,300 --> 04:54:32,600
fundamentals of reciprocity and 
who keep making promises. 

5634
04:54:32,600 --> 04:54:36,200
They can't or won't keep. 
It was similar to having house 

5635
04:54:36,200 --> 04:54:39,000
guests who had stayed for years 
and had no intention of going 

5636
04:54:39,000 --> 04:54:41,500
though, not in the way, the 
Disney films would have, you 

5637
04:54:41,500 --> 04:54:44,300
believe something happened 
during this trying time? 

5638
04:54:44,300 --> 04:54:47,600
That would forever alter 
ammonites life She was taken 

5639
04:54:47,600 --> 04:54:52,600
prisoner by English colonists in
1613 when she was around 17 with

5640
04:54:52,600 --> 04:54:55,200
the intention of using her as a 
bargaining chip with her father.

5641
04:54:56,300 --> 04:54:59,700
Although the term captured 
conjures up images for dramatic 

5642
04:54:59,700 --> 04:55:03,100
chase scene, the truth was 
likely more akin to being duped 

5643
04:55:03,100 --> 04:55:06,000
by people, she trusted a 
betrayal that must have been 

5644
04:55:06,000 --> 04:55:09,200
like learning that friends you'd
supported during adversity, had 

5645
04:55:09,200 --> 04:55:11,300
been plotting to take advantage 
of you all along. 

5646
04:55:11,300 --> 04:55:14,300
She was brought by the English 
to a community known as 

5647
04:55:14,300 --> 04:55:18,100
henricus, where they intended to
detain her until Chief her 

5648
04:55:18,100 --> 04:55:19,600
Hatter and accepted their 
demands. 

5649
04:55:20,600 --> 04:55:21,900
Amen. 
Ute, didn't spend her time in 

5650
04:55:21,900 --> 04:55:25,000
captivity planning, retaliation 
or longing, for her Freedom. 

5651
04:55:25,000 --> 04:55:27,500
Which is where the story takes 
an interesting turn. 

5652
04:55:28,200 --> 04:55:31,900
Rather, she began constructing 
Bridges as she had always done. 

5653
04:55:32,700 --> 04:55:34,900
Aleksander Whittaker an English 
Minister. 

5654
04:55:34,900 --> 04:55:38,200
She met at Henry kiss was tasked
with converting her to 

5655
04:55:38,200 --> 04:55:41,900
Christianity. 
In reality, it was more akin to 

5656
04:55:41,900 --> 04:55:43,900
a lengthy philosophical debate 
between two. 

5657
04:55:43,900 --> 04:55:47,600
Highly intelligent individuals 
with diametrically opposed World

5658
04:55:47,600 --> 04:55:50,300
Views. 
Whittaker was confronted by a 

5659
04:55:50,300 --> 04:55:53,900
young woman who questioned 
preconceptions asked insightful 

5660
04:55:53,900 --> 04:55:56,200
questions and approached 
Christianity. 

5661
04:55:56,200 --> 04:55:58,900
With the same curiosity, she had
always shown in learning about 

5662
04:55:58,900 --> 04:56:02,300
other cultures. 
At this point, Our Story begins 

5663
04:56:02,300 --> 04:56:06,000
to resemble a romantic comedy. 
Albeit one with far greater 

5664
04:56:06,000 --> 04:56:08,000
stakes and a lot more cultural 
Nuance. 

5665
04:56:08,000 --> 04:56:12,800
She also met a tobacco farmer 
named John Rolfe was a widower a

5666
04:56:12,800 --> 04:56:15,600
businessman and a man who 
devoted most of his time to 

5667
04:56:15,600 --> 04:56:19,100
contemplating tobacco plants. 
He was not the handsome hero of 

5668
04:56:19,100 --> 04:56:22,400
movie fantasies. 
In addition, he had a sincere 

5669
04:56:22,400 --> 04:56:25,300
desire to comprehend a new to 
the human being rather than just

5670
04:56:25,300 --> 04:56:29,200
as a political figure or symbol,
their bond grew gradually much 

5671
04:56:29,200 --> 04:56:31,600
like a friendship that 
progressively transforms into 

5672
04:56:31,600 --> 04:56:35,000
something more Rolfe was one of 
the few English colonists who 

5673
04:56:35,000 --> 04:56:37,500
treated, amen. 
As an equal rather than an 

5674
04:56:37,500 --> 04:56:41,500
exotic curiosity who genuinely 
listened, when she spoke and who

5675
04:56:41,500 --> 04:56:43,500
inquired about her culture with 
without passing judgment. 

5676
04:56:44,700 --> 04:56:47,800
Finding someone who was prepared
to meet her halfway must have 

5677
04:56:47,800 --> 04:56:51,600
been, like, finding a cozy chair
after years of standing as the 

5678
04:56:51,600 --> 04:56:54,900
link between two worlds. 
However, the romance was more 

5679
04:56:54,900 --> 04:56:58,600
than a straightforward tale of 
love, how many was faced with a 

5680
04:56:58,600 --> 04:57:00,200
decision that would shape the 
rest of her life. 

5681
04:57:00,200 --> 04:57:03,000
She could attempt to return to 
her father's World. 

5682
04:57:03,000 --> 04:57:06,100
Given the growing hostility 
between the power turn and the 

5683
04:57:06,100 --> 04:57:09,200
English, or she could dedicate 
herself to creating something 

5684
04:57:09,200 --> 04:57:10,800
new. 
That incorporated, the best 

5685
04:57:10,800 --> 04:57:14,400
aspects of Both Worlds, she'd 
learned to appreciate She made 

5686
04:57:14,400 --> 04:57:18,400
her choice in 1614. 
She became a Christian changed 

5687
04:57:18,400 --> 04:57:22,300
her name to Rebecca and wedged, 
John Rolfe in the first known 

5688
04:57:22,300 --> 04:57:24,100
interracial Union in American 
history. 

5689
04:57:25,000 --> 04:57:28,200
Politically speaking, the 
marriage established, a formal 

5690
04:57:28,200 --> 04:57:31,200
alliance between the English and
the power town, which resulted 

5691
04:57:31,200 --> 04:57:34,100
in years of Peace in the area. 
More than that, though. 

5692
04:57:34,100 --> 04:57:38,100
It was a decision that reflected
who she had grown into someone 

5693
04:57:38,100 --> 04:57:40,500
who thought that Intercultural 
understanding was not only 

5694
04:57:40,500 --> 04:57:45,200
feasible, but also necessary. 
Imagine an 18 year old woman who

5695
04:57:45,200 --> 04:57:47,600
just made one of the most 
important choices in early 

5696
04:57:47,600 --> 04:57:51,200
American history as you delve 
deeper into this evening story. 

5697
04:57:51,200 --> 04:57:55,200
Although the term American 
wouldn't be coined for another. 

5698
04:57:55,200 --> 04:57:59,300
150 years was essentially 
creating a new way of being 

5699
04:57:59,300 --> 04:58:03,000
American when she changed her 
name to Rebecca Rolfe in 1614. 

5700
04:58:04,000 --> 04:58:06,800
A union with John Rolfe, brought
about what historians refer to 

5701
04:58:06,808 --> 04:58:10,700
as the piece of Pocahontas. 
A period of time during which 

5702
04:58:10,700 --> 04:58:13,800
the Powhatan Confederacy, and 
the English colonists were able 

5703
04:58:13,800 --> 04:58:17,100
to live side by side without 
Perpetual hostilities, the 

5704
04:58:17,100 --> 04:58:20,300
stakes were the survival of 
entire communities, so it was 

5705
04:58:20,300 --> 04:58:22,800
similar to finally bringing 
rival neighbors together on 

5706
04:58:22,800 --> 04:58:26,000
property lines and noise levels.
Both sides were able to 

5707
04:58:26,000 --> 04:58:28,700
concentrate on building rather 
than defending for the first 

5708
04:58:28,700 --> 04:58:30,200
time since the arrival of the 
English. 

5709
04:58:30,200 --> 04:58:34,000
Rebecca threw herself into this 
new life with the same Vigor. 

5710
04:58:34,000 --> 04:58:36,200
She had always used to tackle 
challenging issues. 

5711
04:58:36,200 --> 04:58:39,300
It was probably like learning to
play a completely different 

5712
04:58:39,300 --> 04:58:42,400
sport with completely different 
rules when she learned how to 

5713
04:58:42,408 --> 04:58:44,000
manage a household in the 
English way. 

5714
04:58:44,800 --> 04:58:47,300
She was now running a colonial 
farmhouse in place of the 

5715
04:58:47,300 --> 04:58:49,400
communal long House's where she 
had been raised. 

5716
04:58:49,400 --> 04:58:52,700
She was dealing with the very 
English idea, of a nuclear 

5717
04:58:52,700 --> 04:58:56,000
family rather than shared 
responsibilities dispersed 

5718
04:58:56,000 --> 04:58:57,700
throughout an extended family 
Network. 

5719
04:58:58,700 --> 04:59:00,500
She contributed to the creation 
of something. 

5720
04:59:00,500 --> 04:59:04,100
Completely new though, rather 
than merely a simulating into 

5721
04:59:04,100 --> 04:59:07,300
English culture. 
Powhatan and English Traditions 

5722
04:59:07,300 --> 04:59:10,500
merged in her home in ways. 
That benefited everyone. 

5723
04:59:11,400 --> 04:59:15,600
She raised her son, Thomas born 
in 1615 to be at home in both 

5724
04:59:15,600 --> 04:59:18,000
worlds. 
Served corn alongside English 

5725
04:59:18,000 --> 04:59:21,500
bred and used indigenous plants 
for medicine while also learning

5726
04:59:21,500 --> 04:59:24,200
European cures. 
Being one of the first 

5727
04:59:24,200 --> 04:59:27,900
individuals to be born into a 
truly bicultural, family, Thomas

5728
04:59:27,900 --> 04:59:30,800
Roth, exemplifies something 
extraordinary in American 

5729
04:59:30,800 --> 04:59:33,300
history. 
He would grow up understanding 

5730
04:59:33,300 --> 04:59:36,600
that having multiple identities 
was a strength to be celebrated 

5731
04:59:36,600 --> 04:59:38,200
rather than a problem to be 
solved. 

5732
04:59:39,000 --> 04:59:41,400
He came to view. 
Cultural differences as chances 

5733
04:59:41,400 --> 04:59:44,100
for growth, rather than causes 
for contention. 

5734
04:59:44,100 --> 04:59:46,300
As a result of Rebecca's 
influence. 

5735
04:59:46,300 --> 04:59:49,700
In the meantime, John Rolfe, 
tobacco experiments were 

5736
04:59:49,700 --> 04:59:54,100
yielding impressive results. 
By 1617 tobacco was starting to 

5737
04:59:54,100 --> 04:59:56,200
become the colonies. 
First significant source of 

5738
04:59:56,208 --> 04:59:59,200
income, he had been working to 
create tobacco strains. 

5739
04:59:59,200 --> 05:00:02,300
That would thrive in Virginia 
soil and satisfy European 

5740
05:00:02,300 --> 05:00:05,300
pallets. 
The establishment of long-term 

5741
05:00:05,300 --> 05:00:08,400
economic ties between her people
and the English may have seen 

5742
05:00:08,400 --> 05:00:11,400
like a side note to Rebecca 
story, but it was actually 

5743
05:00:11,400 --> 05:00:13,600
essential to everything. 
She had been striving for 

5744
05:00:13,600 --> 05:00:16,000
Rebecca. 
Saw what many others did not 

5745
05:00:16,000 --> 05:00:20,000
mutual benefit not just 
tolerance is typically necessary

5746
05:00:20,000 --> 05:00:21,800
for enduring peace between 
communities. 

5747
05:00:22,900 --> 05:00:25,500
The tobacco industry produced 
Financial incentives for 

5748
05:00:25,500 --> 05:00:28,400
collaboration providing both 
parties with realistic 

5749
05:00:28,400 --> 05:00:30,900
justifications to uphold 
mutually beneficial 

5750
05:00:30,900 --> 05:00:33,700
Partnerships. 
It was similar to discovering a 

5751
05:00:33,700 --> 05:00:36,900
profitable business venture that
simultaneously resolved a 

5752
05:00:36,900 --> 05:00:40,200
political issue in colonial 
circles Rebecca had gained some 

5753
05:00:40,200 --> 05:00:44,300
notoriety by 1616. 
Both sides of the Atlantic were 

5754
05:00:44,300 --> 05:00:47,300
captivated by tales of the 
Indian, princess who despite 

5755
05:00:47,300 --> 05:00:50,900
their exaggerated nature and 
saved John Smith. and 

5756
05:00:50,908 --> 05:00:54,100
subsequently weden, Englishmen 
She was viewed by the Virginia 

5757
05:00:54,100 --> 05:00:57,500
Company which was constantly 
searching for methods to draw in

5758
05:00:57,500 --> 05:01:01,100
more colonists and investors as 
the ideal spokesperson for the 

5759
05:01:01,100 --> 05:01:03,600
success of their colonial 
Endeavor in part as 

5760
05:01:03,600 --> 05:01:06,400
distinguished visitors. 
And in part as tangible evidence

5761
05:01:06,400 --> 05:01:08,500
that the colonial experiment was
successful. 

5762
05:01:08,500 --> 05:01:11,700
They invited Rebecca, and John 
to come to England. 

5763
05:01:12,700 --> 05:01:15,900
Rebecca saw this invitation as 
an amazing opportunity to visit 

5764
05:01:15,900 --> 05:01:18,200
the country of the people. 
She'd been working with for 

5765
05:01:18,200 --> 05:01:21,400
almost 10 years and perhaps to 
speak directly to English 

5766
05:01:21,400 --> 05:01:24,800
authorities about treating. 
Her father's people fairly She 

5767
05:01:24,800 --> 05:01:28,000
had no idea what the trip to 
England would be like one of the

5768
05:01:28,000 --> 05:01:30,100
biggest cities in the world in 
1616. 

5769
05:01:30,100 --> 05:01:34,300
London was a place of both 
extreme wealth and debilitating,

5770
05:01:34,300 --> 05:01:37,200
poverty, Grand architecture and 
foul. 

5771
05:01:37,200 --> 05:01:40,500
Odors sophisticated culture and 
cruel entertainment. 

5772
05:01:40,500 --> 05:01:44,100
Walking through, London must 
have felt like visiting an alien

5773
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:46,700
planet to someone who had grown 
up in Virginia's forests. 

5774
05:01:47,600 --> 05:01:50,400
However, Rebecca adjusted to 
London Society with the same 

5775
05:01:50,400 --> 05:01:53,400
Poise that she had displayed in 
each of her previous difficult 

5776
05:01:53,400 --> 05:01:56,600
circumstances. 
She attended Court of events met

5777
05:01:56,600 --> 05:01:59,700
with Nobles and Enchanted 
everyone with her intelligence 

5778
05:01:59,700 --> 05:02:02,000
dignity and innate ability to 
negotiate. 

5779
05:02:02,000 --> 05:02:05,500
She became the first Native 
American to be welcomed as a 

5780
05:02:05,500 --> 05:02:08,600
guest of honor by English 
royalty when she was introduced 

5781
05:02:08,600 --> 05:02:10,300
to King James, the first and 
Queen Anne. 

5782
05:02:11,000 --> 05:02:13,100
More significantly. 
She made use of her time in 

5783
05:02:13,108 --> 05:02:14,800
England, to tell her people's 
story. 

5784
05:02:14,800 --> 05:02:18,100
Not the idealized one that 
English audiences desire to 

5785
05:02:18,100 --> 05:02:20,600
hear. 
But the truth about a civilized 

5786
05:02:20,600 --> 05:02:23,800
society, deserving of dignity 
and Justice, she discussed the 

5787
05:02:23,800 --> 05:02:27,000
agricultural Innovations, the 
intricate political structure of

5788
05:02:27,008 --> 05:02:30,400
the Powhatan Confederacy, and 
their aspiration for peaceful, 

5789
05:02:30,400 --> 05:02:32,300
coexistence, with their English 
Neighbors. 

5790
05:02:33,300 --> 05:02:36,100
The establishment of true 
understanding between people's 

5791
05:02:36,100 --> 05:02:39,000
who had initially viewed. 
One another as incomprehensibly 

5792
05:02:39,000 --> 05:02:42,800
foreign was in a sense, the 
result of everything Rebecca had

5793
05:02:42,800 --> 05:02:44,900
been striving for since she was 
11 years old. 

5794
05:02:45,800 --> 05:02:48,000
She had turned into a living 
example of how such 

5795
05:02:48,000 --> 05:02:50,900
comprehension was not only 
feasible, but also had the 

5796
05:02:50,900 --> 05:02:53,700
potential to serve as the 
Cornerstone of enduring Harmony 

5797
05:02:53,700 --> 05:02:57,500
and shared prosperity. 
Pour yourself another cup of tea

5798
05:02:57,500 --> 05:02:59,800
and settle in for what may be 
the most moving part of 

5799
05:02:59,808 --> 05:03:03,000
Rebecca's story as we draw to a 
close, our evening journey 

5800
05:03:03,000 --> 05:03:06,100
together. 
Because sometimes rather than on

5801
05:03:06,100 --> 05:03:08,800
either side, those who dedicate 
their lives to constructing 

5802
05:03:08,800 --> 05:03:11,900
Bridges Between Worlds, find 
that they are most at home in 

5803
05:03:11,900 --> 05:03:15,400
the crossing itself. 
Anyone who has ever felt torn 

5804
05:03:15,400 --> 05:03:17,100
between two different versions 
of themselves. 

5805
05:03:17,100 --> 05:03:21,000
Will recognize Rebecca's time in
London as both triumphant and 

5806
05:03:21,000 --> 05:03:23,900
difficult. 
She was held as evidence of the 

5807
05:03:23,900 --> 05:03:28,100
success of English colonialism, 
hailed as an exotic princess and

5808
05:03:28,100 --> 05:03:32,400
admired as a Christian convert. 
However, she was also exhausted 

5809
05:03:32,400 --> 05:03:35,600
homesick and becoming more. 
Conscious of how little the 

5810
05:03:35,600 --> 05:03:38,300
England she was seeing resembled
the impoverished town. 

5811
05:03:38,300 --> 05:03:41,900
She had left behind in Virginia.
During her months in London, she

5812
05:03:41,900 --> 05:03:45,900
ran into John Smith once more. 
Same John Smith who had made her

5813
05:03:45,900 --> 05:03:48,000
famous with his dramatic rescue 
story. 

5814
05:03:48,900 --> 05:03:51,800
Their encounter was likely 
awkward as reunions with old 

5815
05:03:51,800 --> 05:03:53,600
friends can be. 
When both of you have undergone 

5816
05:03:53,600 --> 05:03:57,100
difficult to explain changes 
Smith was now earning a living 

5817
05:03:57,100 --> 05:04:00,300
as a writer and professional 
Explorer, sharing his tales of 

5818
05:04:00,308 --> 05:04:03,800
the new world. 
As a mother wife and unofficial 

5819
05:04:03,800 --> 05:04:06,600
Ambassador Rebecca had to 
negotiate the complicated 

5820
05:04:06,600 --> 05:04:09,900
politics of two continents. 
The thing that most impressed 

5821
05:04:09,900 --> 05:04:12,900
about Smith was how his account 
of their early interactions had 

5822
05:04:12,900 --> 05:04:16,500
developed over time in his 
stories, the ceremony she 

5823
05:04:16,500 --> 05:04:19,100
recalled had evolved into a 
last-minute escape from certain 

5824
05:04:19,100 --> 05:04:22,300
death, probably a formal 
adoption ritual that he had 

5825
05:04:22,300 --> 05:04:25,200
misinterpreted hearing. 
Someone characterized your 

5826
05:04:25,200 --> 05:04:28,500
childhood neighborhood as a 
perilous Wilderness and you 

5827
05:04:28,500 --> 05:04:30,700
remember it as just home was 
like that. 

5828
05:04:31,800 --> 05:04:34,900
However, Rebecca refrained from 
publicly correcting his stories.

5829
05:04:34,900 --> 05:04:37,800
She had discovered that. 
Sometimes the understanding that

5830
05:04:37,800 --> 05:04:41,700
develops from shared narratives,
even if they are flawed is more 

5831
05:04:41,700 --> 05:04:45,400
significant than the truth. 
Despite their embellishment, 

5832
05:04:45,400 --> 05:04:48,600
Smith's stories had influenced 
English audiences to feel pity 

5833
05:04:48,600 --> 05:04:51,100
for her people. 
Perhaps the larger truth that 

5834
05:04:51,100 --> 05:04:53,700
these stories conveyed was more 
significant than the literal 

5835
05:04:53,700 --> 05:04:56,000
truth. 
If dramatic Tales of romance and

5836
05:04:56,000 --> 05:04:59,000
rescue helped English, people 
see that Native Americans were 

5837
05:04:59,000 --> 05:05:01,800
deserving of respect. 
In addition to being a 

5838
05:05:01,800 --> 05:05:04,700
well-known visitor, Rebecca 
actively supported her people 

5839
05:05:04,700 --> 05:05:08,100
during her stay in England. 
She consistently argued that the

5840
05:05:08,100 --> 05:05:11,700
Powhatan Confederacy should be 
regarded as a valid political 

5841
05:05:11,700 --> 05:05:15,100
entity, deserving of respect and
Equitable treatment, when she 

5842
05:05:15,100 --> 05:05:18,200
met with representatives of the 
Virginia Company, religious 

5843
05:05:18,200 --> 05:05:22,300
leaders, and political figures. 
She was effectively acting as an

5844
05:05:22,300 --> 05:05:25,500
unofficial Ambassador attempting
to influence English. 

5845
05:05:25,500 --> 05:05:29,100
Colonial policy from within by 
utilizing her special position. 

5846
05:05:30,900 --> 05:05:33,300
The physical strain of London 
life was wearing thin. 

5847
05:05:34,100 --> 05:05:35,900
For lungs used to Virginia 
forests. 

5848
05:05:35,900 --> 05:05:39,100
The cities are heavy with smoke 
from innumerable. 

5849
05:05:39,100 --> 05:05:43,300
Coal fires was harsh. for 
someone accustomed to a more 

5850
05:05:43,308 --> 05:05:47,000
active outdoor Lifestyle, the 
rich foods formal attire and 

5851
05:05:47,000 --> 05:05:51,700
ongoing, social obligations 
would draining The cycle of all 

5852
05:05:51,700 --> 05:05:55,000
always being on always standing 
in for something greater than 

5853
05:05:55,000 --> 05:05:58,300
herself, always conscious that 
her actions would be taken as 

5854
05:05:58,300 --> 05:06:00,700
proof of her. 
Entire people was the most 

5855
05:06:00,700 --> 05:06:04,200
difficult of all. 
Rebecca John and infant Thomas. 

5856
05:06:04,200 --> 05:06:08,100
Got ready to leave for Virginia 
at the beginning of 1617. 

5857
05:06:08,900 --> 05:06:12,000
She couldn't wait to return 
home, see her family and get 

5858
05:06:12,000 --> 05:06:14,000
back to work. 
Fostering useful collaboration 

5859
05:06:14,000 --> 05:06:16,300
between the Powhatan and English
communities. 

5860
05:06:17,100 --> 05:06:19,800
Rebecca became Gravely ill with 
what was likely other 

5861
05:06:19,800 --> 05:06:23,400
tuberculosis or pneumonia, which
were common diseases that killed

5862
05:06:23,400 --> 05:06:26,500
people in the 17th century. 
London just after the ship had 

5863
05:06:26,500 --> 05:06:30,000
left, the Thames River. 
At around age 21, she passed 

5864
05:06:30,000 --> 05:06:33,400
away in Gravesend England in 
march 1617. 

5865
05:06:34,400 --> 05:06:37,200
According to John Rolfe, she 
expressed her faith, and hope 

5866
05:06:37,200 --> 05:06:39,500
that her work would continue in 
her, final remarks. 

5867
05:06:40,300 --> 05:06:42,900
Although, the precise location 
of her grave has been lost to 

5868
05:06:42,900 --> 05:06:45,000
time. 
It was instant George's Church 

5869
05:06:45,000 --> 05:06:48,800
in Gravesend Although Rebecca's 
remarkable life came to an end 

5870
05:06:48,800 --> 05:06:51,000
with her passing her influence. 
Persisted. 

5871
05:06:51,000 --> 05:06:54,200
She'd contributed to the peace 
between the Powhatan and 

5872
05:06:54,200 --> 05:06:57,100
English, which persisted for a 
number of additional years, 

5873
05:06:57,100 --> 05:06:59,400
allowing both groups to build 
stronger bonds. 

5874
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:03,200
Her son Thomas became a 
prosperous planter who remained 

5875
05:07:03,200 --> 05:07:06,400
connected to his Powhatan and 
English Roots, eventually, 

5876
05:07:06,400 --> 05:07:08,900
visiting his mother's family in 
Virginia as an adult. 

5877
05:07:09,900 --> 05:07:13,200
Most significantly Rebecca had 
shown that people from vastly 

5878
05:07:13,200 --> 05:07:16,500
different cultures, could not 
only understand one another but 

5879
05:07:16,500 --> 05:07:19,700
also develop completely new 
lifestyle that respected the 

5880
05:07:19,700 --> 05:07:23,300
best aspects of both Traditions.
Something that many people in 

5881
05:07:23,300 --> 05:07:24,700
her rear believed was 
impossible. 

5882
05:07:25,500 --> 05:07:28,500
She demonstrated that being Torn
Between Two Worlds, could mean 

5883
05:07:28,500 --> 05:07:30,600
belonging everywhere rather than
nowhere. 

5884
05:07:31,500 --> 05:07:35,000
As our time with Rebecca draws 
to a close, remember this, you 

5885
05:07:35,000 --> 05:07:38,300
just spent time with someone who
more than 400 years ago. 

5886
05:07:38,300 --> 05:07:41,900
Figured out how to do something.
We're still learning how to 

5887
05:07:41,900 --> 05:07:44,300
create true understanding 
between people who are very 

5888
05:07:44,300 --> 05:07:45,700
different perspectives on the 
world. 

5889
05:07:47,000 --> 05:07:49,600
Rebecca's death in England was 
not the end of her story. 

5890
05:07:49,600 --> 05:07:53,400
It was only the beginning in 
many respects, Thomas Roth, her 

5891
05:07:53,400 --> 05:07:55,700
son, became the embodiment of 
all she had strive for. 

5892
05:07:55,700 --> 05:07:59,100
He was equally comfortable in 
power tan Council meetings in 

5893
05:07:59,100 --> 05:08:01,600
English drawing rooms equally 
proficient. 

5894
05:08:01,600 --> 05:08:04,700
In both indigenous ecological 
knowledge and European 

5895
05:08:04,700 --> 05:08:07,900
agricultural methods. 
He took his mother's genetic 

5896
05:08:07,900 --> 05:08:11,000
Heritage and her talent for 
seeing connections where others 

5897
05:08:11,000 --> 05:08:14,000
saw only different cities with 
him when he eventually visited 

5898
05:08:14,000 --> 05:08:16,500
Virginia, as an adult to meet 
his grandfather, Chief Powhatan 

5899
05:08:16,500 --> 05:08:19,700
people. 
Rebecca's lineage persisted in 

5900
05:08:19,700 --> 05:08:22,900
Virginia, through Thomas and His
descendants eventually extending

5901
05:08:22,900 --> 05:08:24,700
throughout the American South 
and Beyond. 

5902
05:08:25,500 --> 05:08:27,900
She's one of the most common 
ancestors of old, Virginia 

5903
05:08:27,900 --> 05:08:31,000
families, with thousands of 
Americans to date in their 

5904
05:08:31,000 --> 05:08:33,000
lineage back to Rebecca and John
Rolfe. 

5905
05:08:33,800 --> 05:08:36,800
More than genetic inheritance. 
However, these descendants 

5906
05:08:36,800 --> 05:08:38,600
continued. 
Her method of negotiating. 

5907
05:08:38,600 --> 05:08:40,100
Difficult cultural 
circumstances. 

5908
05:08:40,100 --> 05:08:43,700
The capacity to stay loyal to 
oneself while remaining 

5909
05:08:43,700 --> 05:08:47,700
receptive to new information. 
Rebecca may not have realized it

5910
05:08:47,700 --> 05:08:50,500
but her life story. 
Also evolved Beyond historical 

5911
05:08:50,500 --> 05:08:52,800
fact to become a fundamental 
American Myth. 

5912
05:08:53,600 --> 05:08:56,600
Despite the fact that the 
reality was far more complicated

5913
05:08:56,600 --> 05:09:00,200
and the conclusion far more 
tragic than the myth implied, 

5914
05:09:00,200 --> 05:09:03,200
the story of Pocahontas. 
Saving John Smith came to 

5915
05:09:03,200 --> 05:09:05,600
represent the potential for 
collaboration between Native 

5916
05:09:05,600 --> 05:09:09,800
Americans and European settlers.
Every American generation has 

5917
05:09:09,800 --> 05:09:12,700
retold, and reimagined her 
story, which is fascinating. 

5918
05:09:13,200 --> 05:09:16,000
Because it frequently reveals 
more about the storytellers than

5919
05:09:16,000 --> 05:09:19,400
it does about Rebecca. 
She's occasionally portrayed as 

5920
05:09:19,400 --> 05:09:22,200
The Honorable Savage who assumed
barbarism for civilization. 

5921
05:09:23,500 --> 05:09:27,400
She is the unfortunate victim of
colonialism at times at times. 

5922
05:09:27,400 --> 05:09:30,600
She's the courageous heroine who
used love and compassion to 

5923
05:09:30,600 --> 05:09:33,700
unite Two Worlds. 
Although there are truthful 

5924
05:09:33,700 --> 05:09:36,500
aspects in each of these 
versions, none fully conveys. 

5925
05:09:36,500 --> 05:09:39,600
The complexity of her true self 
because she was more human. 

5926
05:09:39,600 --> 05:09:42,600
The real Rebecca was more 
fascinating than any of these 

5927
05:09:42,600 --> 05:09:46,000
mythological representations. 
She was a person who found 

5928
05:09:46,000 --> 05:09:49,500
herself in an unprecedented 
circumstance and responded with 

5929
05:09:49,500 --> 05:09:52,400
intelligence flexibility and 
extraordinary emotional 

5930
05:09:52,400 --> 05:09:55,700
maturity. 
She was neither a cymbal nor a 

5931
05:09:55,700 --> 05:09:58,300
stereotype. 
She made errors had to make 

5932
05:09:58,300 --> 05:10:01,300
difficult decisions, and 
occasionally had to put workable

5933
05:10:01,300 --> 05:10:02,900
Solutions ahead of Ideal 
results. 

5934
05:10:03,800 --> 05:10:05,900
To put it another way. 
She was just the kind of person 

5935
05:10:05,900 --> 05:10:09,400
that we need more of in every 
age, her method of diplomacy, 

5936
05:10:09,400 --> 05:10:11,600
which is founded on 
interpersonal, connections 

5937
05:10:11,600 --> 05:10:15,200
realistic problem-solving and 
sincere interest in the opinions

5938
05:10:15,200 --> 05:10:18,400
of others provides lessons that 
are still applicable today. 

5939
05:10:19,300 --> 05:10:22,900
Rebecca's example serves as a 
reminder that in a society where

5940
05:10:22,900 --> 05:10:25,700
people frequently appear more 
concerned with winning arguments

5941
05:10:25,700 --> 05:10:28,800
than with understanding one 
another listening to others with

5942
05:10:28,800 --> 05:10:31,900
genuine interest and respect is 
frequently the most effective 

5943
05:10:31,900 --> 05:10:34,600
way to influence them. 
She also Illustrated something 

5944
05:10:34,600 --> 05:10:37,900
that is worth reiterating in the
present that learning from 

5945
05:10:37,900 --> 05:10:39,600
others. 
Does not necessitate 

5946
05:10:39,600 --> 05:10:42,400
sacrificing. 
Your own values nor does 

5947
05:10:42,400 --> 05:10:44,200
preserving, your own cultural 
identity. 

5948
05:10:44,200 --> 05:10:48,400
Require rejecting everything 
about other cultures, Rebecca 

5949
05:10:48,400 --> 05:10:51,400
converted to Christianity while 
maintaining her palate and 

5950
05:10:51,400 --> 05:10:54,000
identity. 
She was able to navigate English

5951
05:10:54,000 --> 05:10:57,100
society while maintaining her 
understanding of her father's, 

5952
05:10:57,100 --> 05:11:00,600
political concerns, She 
instilled in her son, a sense of

5953
05:11:00,608 --> 05:11:04,100
pride in his entire Heritage, 
not just the aspects that were 

5954
05:11:04,100 --> 05:11:08,300
deemed acceptable by Society. 
Most significantly Rebecca 

5955
05:11:08,300 --> 05:11:11,400
demonstrated to us that serving 
as a bridge between other worlds

5956
05:11:11,400 --> 05:11:14,300
is not only feasible, but also 
necessary. 

5957
05:11:14,300 --> 05:11:17,800
There are people who fulfill 
this role in every community and

5958
05:11:17,800 --> 05:11:20,200
time period. 
Assisting various groups in 

5959
05:11:20,200 --> 05:11:22,300
understanding one. 
Another by translating, not just

5960
05:11:22,300 --> 05:11:26,600
words, but entire world views. 
Though, they rarely receive the 

5961
05:11:26,600 --> 05:11:30,200
credit, they Merit these Bridge 
Builders enabled civilization. 

5962
05:11:31,500 --> 05:11:34,500
Think about this, as you get 
ready for bed tonight, although 

5963
05:11:34,500 --> 05:11:37,000
Rebecca's life was short, just 
21 years. 

5964
05:11:37,000 --> 05:11:40,300
She was able to stop Wars. 
Bring about enduring peace, 

5965
05:11:40,300 --> 05:11:43,300
Forge, new kinds of 
collaboration and show that 

5966
05:11:43,300 --> 05:11:45,100
individuals from very different 
backgrounds. 

5967
05:11:45,100 --> 05:11:47,900
Could not only live together but
also produce something 

5968
05:11:47,900 --> 05:11:50,300
beautiful. 
She demonstrated that one 

5969
05:11:50,300 --> 05:11:52,800
individual could alter history 
if they worked with tolerance 

5970
05:11:52,800 --> 05:11:55,600
humor and sincere concern. 
For other people. 

5971
05:11:55,600 --> 05:11:58,900
Remember, Rebecca, the next time
you're in a situation where 

5972
05:11:58,900 --> 05:12:02,200
people seem to be talking over 
one another, and various groups 

5973
05:12:02,200 --> 05:12:05,100
are assuming things rather than 
asking questions, or when 

5974
05:12:05,100 --> 05:12:07,300
conflict seems unavoidable, 
because no one is paying 

5975
05:12:07,300 --> 05:12:10,600
attention, remember that 
understanding can develop even 

5976
05:12:10,600 --> 05:12:14,200
in the most unlikely situations 
that bridge building is feasible

5977
05:12:14,200 --> 05:12:17,500
and that sometimes the most 
significant thing you can do, is

5978
05:12:17,500 --> 05:12:20,800
just assist people in seeing one
another, as fellow human beings,

5979
05:12:20,800 --> 05:12:24,900
rather than a symbols of 
terrifying, alien ideas, I hope 

5980
05:12:24,908 --> 05:12:26,800
you have a little more of. 
Rebecca's ability to see 

5981
05:12:26,800 --> 05:12:29,200
connections where others only 
see different cities when you 

5982
05:12:29,200 --> 05:12:40,900
wake up tomorrow Sweet dreams. 
You know, how some kids collect 

5983
05:12:40,900 --> 05:12:43,400
baseball cards or spend hours 
perfecting their video game 

5984
05:12:43,400 --> 05:12:46,300
scores. 
Well, young Musashi collected 

5985
05:12:46,300 --> 05:12:48,700
bruises and spent his time, 
perfecting the art of hitting 

5986
05:12:48,700 --> 05:12:52,800
things with sticks. 
Born around 1584 in a small 

5987
05:12:52,800 --> 05:12:55,200
village that probably had more 
rice paddies Than People 

5988
05:12:55,200 --> 05:12:57,900
Musashi. 
Didn't exactly have what you'd 

5989
05:12:57,900 --> 05:12:59,900
call a traditional childhood 
picture. 

5990
05:12:59,900 --> 05:13:02,800
This while other seven year olds
were learning their letters. 

5991
05:13:02,800 --> 05:13:06,300
Musashi was already convinced 
that wooden swords were far more

5992
05:13:06,300 --> 05:13:10,000
captivating than books. 
His father munisai was a 

5993
05:13:10,000 --> 05:13:12,600
respected martial artist, which 
meant their household 

5994
05:13:12,600 --> 05:13:14,400
conversations. 
Probably went something like 

5995
05:13:14,400 --> 05:13:17,700
passed the ice and, oh, remember
to keep your guard up during 

5996
05:13:17,700 --> 05:13:19,700
dinner. 
The funny thing about massage. 

5997
05:13:19,700 --> 05:13:22,100
She's early years is that he 
wasn't born some sort of Sword 

5998
05:13:22,100 --> 05:13:24,600
swinging Prodigy. 
He was more like that kid in 

5999
05:13:24,600 --> 05:13:26,800
your neighborhood, who practiced
basketball shots in their 

6000
05:13:26,800 --> 05:13:29,700
driveway, until their parents 
had to drag them inside for 

6001
05:13:29,700 --> 05:13:32,000
dinner, except instead of 
basketball. 

6002
05:13:32,000 --> 05:13:35,200
It was swordplay and instead of 
a driveway, it was anywhere, he 

6003
05:13:35,200 --> 05:13:37,500
could find Space to swing a 
piece of wood without breaking 

6004
05:13:37,500 --> 05:13:38,400
something. 
Valuable. 

6005
05:13:38,400 --> 05:13:42,100
When Musashi turned 30, 
something shifted in his world 

6006
05:13:42,100 --> 05:13:45,100
like a puzzle piece. 
Finally, clicking into place, he

6007
05:13:45,100 --> 05:13:47,200
decided he was ready for his 
first real duel. 

6008
05:13:47,200 --> 05:13:49,800
It was not a practice session 
with wooden swords. 

6009
05:13:50,300 --> 05:13:53,900
Nor a friendly sparring match 
but an actual honest to goodness

6010
05:13:53,900 --> 05:13:56,300
duel, with a grown man named 
arima Kihei. 

6011
05:13:57,100 --> 05:14:00,700
Now, you might be thinking, this
sounds like a terrible idea and 

6012
05:14:00,700 --> 05:14:04,500
you'd be absolutely right. 
But Musashi had that particular 

6013
05:14:04,500 --> 05:14:07,200
brand of teenage confidence, 
that makes you believe. 

6014
05:14:07,200 --> 05:14:10,500
You can conquer the world armed 
with nothing but determination 

6015
05:14:10,500 --> 05:14:13,500
and a powerful stick. 
The Duel took place in front of 

6016
05:14:13,500 --> 05:14:15,800
what was probably the entire 
Village population. 

6017
05:14:15,800 --> 05:14:21,400
All 47 people including Mrs, 
Tanaka's chickens aramaki. 

6018
05:14:21,400 --> 05:14:25,000
Hey being a reasonable adult. 
Likely expected this to be over 

6019
05:14:25,000 --> 05:14:28,600
quickly after all. 
What could a 13 year old boy 

6020
05:14:28,600 --> 05:14:32,200
possibly do against someone with
years of experience has a turns 

6021
05:14:32,200 --> 05:14:35,700
out quite a lot? 
Musashi won that Duel, not 

6022
05:14:35,700 --> 05:14:39,300
through some mystical Samurai 
magic, but through pure stubborn

6023
05:14:39,300 --> 05:14:42,300
determination and what was 
probably the first glimpse of 

6024
05:14:42,300 --> 05:14:46,000
his unconventional thinking. 
While Kihei, followed all the 

6025
05:14:46,000 --> 05:14:47,900
traditional forms and expected 
moves. 

6026
05:14:47,900 --> 05:14:51,100
Young Shashi fought like someone
who hadn't read the rule book, 

6027
05:14:51,100 --> 05:14:54,600
mainly because he hadn't this 
Victory did something important.

6028
05:14:54,600 --> 05:14:58,300
It taught massage that sometimes
the best way to win isn't to do 

6029
05:14:58,300 --> 05:15:02,000
what everyone expects you to do.
It's a lesson that would follow 

6030
05:15:02,000 --> 05:15:05,000
him like a faithful dog for the 
rest of his life though. 

6031
05:15:05,000 --> 05:15:07,700
It would take him decades to 
fully understand what it meant 

6032
05:15:07,700 --> 05:15:11,200
after this first taste of 
success Musashi developed. 

6033
05:15:11,200 --> 05:15:13,700
What you might call an addiction
to proving himself. 

6034
05:15:13,700 --> 05:15:17,200
He began seeking out opponents. 
The way some people seek out, 

6035
05:15:17,200 --> 05:15:20,400
good restaurants with enthusiasm
and a willingness to travel 

6036
05:15:20,400 --> 05:15:24,100
considerable distances, his 
teenage years became a series of

6037
05:15:24,100 --> 05:15:27,400
challenges, duals and victories 
that built his reputation one 

6038
05:15:27,400 --> 05:15:30,500
wooden sword Striker at a time 
but here's where the story gets 

6039
05:15:30,500 --> 05:15:32,400
interesting in that quiet human 
way. 

6040
05:15:32,400 --> 05:15:34,000
That makes Legends more 
relatable. 

6041
05:15:34,700 --> 05:15:38,200
Despite his growing reputation 
massage, she was still just a 

6042
05:15:38,200 --> 05:15:41,000
kid trying to figure out his 
place in the world, he'd win 

6043
05:15:41,000 --> 05:15:43,800
these jewels and then probably 
wonder what to do next like 

6044
05:15:43,800 --> 05:15:45,500
finishing. 
A really challenging puzzle and 

6045
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:48,500
realizing you still have to find
somewhere to put it by the time 

6046
05:15:48,500 --> 05:15:51,500
was she reached his late teens, 
he had developed, what modern 

6047
05:15:51,500 --> 05:15:54,600
people might call Wanda Lust, 
though, his version involves 

6048
05:15:54,600 --> 05:15:57,100
significantly, more sword 
fighting than your typical Gap 

6049
05:15:57,100 --> 05:15:59,700
year. 
He decided to embark on what he 

6050
05:15:59,700 --> 05:16:01,900
called. 
His Warrior pilgrimage. 

6051
05:16:01,900 --> 05:16:05,000
Basically, a cross-country tour 
of Japan where the main 

6052
05:16:05,000 --> 05:16:06,900
attractions were people who 
wanted to fight him. 

6053
05:16:06,900 --> 05:16:10,100
Imagine being 20 years old and 
deciding your career path 

6054
05:16:10,100 --> 05:16:12,700
involves walking from town to 
town asking. 

6055
05:16:12,700 --> 05:16:16,300
If anyone wants to have a sword 
fight, it sounds ridiculous when

6056
05:16:16,300 --> 05:16:19,000
you put it that way, but for 
Musashi, this made perfect 

6057
05:16:19,000 --> 05:16:21,500
sense. 
He was like a traveling salesman

6058
05:16:21,500 --> 05:16:23,800
accepting of selling vacuum 
cleaners. 

6059
05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:26,500
He was selling the opportunity 
to test your sword skills 

6060
05:16:26,500 --> 05:16:29,600
against someone who had never 
lost a duel during these travels

6061
05:16:29,600 --> 05:16:32,800
Musashi began developing his 
famous two sword technique. 

6062
05:16:32,800 --> 05:16:36,300
Most Samurai used one sword, 
following centuries of tradition

6063
05:16:36,300 --> 05:16:38,700
and training. 
But Musashi looked at this 

6064
05:16:38,700 --> 05:16:41,800
situation and thought, you know,
what might be better than one 

6065
05:16:41,800 --> 05:16:45,100
sword. 
Two swords was the kind of logic

6066
05:16:45,100 --> 05:16:47,700
that probably made traditional 
swordmasters shake their heads. 

6067
05:16:47,700 --> 05:16:51,700
But it worked the thing about 
fighting with two swords is that

6068
05:16:51,700 --> 05:16:54,900
it's incredibly difficult. 
It's like trying to write your 

6069
05:16:54,908 --> 05:16:58,000
name with both hands 
simultaneously while riding a 

6070
05:16:58,000 --> 05:17:00,700
bicycle. 
Most people who attempted it 

6071
05:17:00,700 --> 05:17:02,800
ended up looking like they were 
conducting. 

6072
05:17:02,800 --> 05:17:05,500
A very violent Orchestra, where 
all the musicians were playing 

6073
05:17:05,500 --> 05:17:08,200
different songs. 
But massage, she had that rare 

6074
05:17:08,200 --> 05:17:11,600
combination of natural 
ambidexterity and stubborn 

6075
05:17:11,600 --> 05:17:15,100
refusal to accept that something
was impossible just because it 

6076
05:17:15,100 --> 05:17:17,900
was really difficult. 
His two sword style wasn't just 

6077
05:17:17,900 --> 05:17:20,700
about having more weapons. 
It was about confusing his 

6078
05:17:20,700 --> 05:17:23,300
opponents. 
When you've trained your entire 

6079
05:17:23,300 --> 05:17:26,400
life to fighting against someone
with one sword, suddenly facing,

6080
05:17:26,400 --> 05:17:29,200
someone with two is like, 
showing up to a chess match and 

6081
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:31,800
discovering your opponent is 
playing three-dimensional chess 

6082
05:17:31,800 --> 05:17:34,700
while juggling. 
Your brain takes a moment to 

6083
05:17:34,700 --> 05:17:38,700
recalibrate and in sword 
fighting a moment, is often all 

6084
05:17:38,700 --> 05:17:41,900
your opponent needs, but 
Musashi's travels weren't all 

6085
05:17:41,900 --> 05:17:43,700
successful duels and growing 
Fame. 

6086
05:17:43,700 --> 05:17:47,400
There were plenty of nights when
he slept under bridges mornings.

6087
05:17:47,400 --> 05:17:50,600
When he woke up hungry and days 
when he walked for hours without

6088
05:17:50,600 --> 05:17:54,200
finding anyone interested in 
testing their skills against a 

6089
05:17:54,200 --> 05:17:58,300
Wandering Swordsman Fame doesn't
pay for in rooms or meals and 

6090
05:17:58,300 --> 05:18:00,100
Musashi learned. 
That being legendary doesn't 

6091
05:18:00,100 --> 05:18:03,300
automatically make you wealthy. 
These lean times taught him 

6092
05:18:03,300 --> 05:18:04,800
resourcefulness that would serve
him. 

6093
05:18:04,800 --> 05:18:08,100
Well later, he learned to find 
food in places where others 

6094
05:18:08,100 --> 05:18:11,400
might starve to create shelter 
from materials that others would

6095
05:18:11,400 --> 05:18:13,400
Overlook and to entertain 
himself. 

6096
05:18:13,400 --> 05:18:16,200
During long solitary, walks 
across the Japanese Countryside.

6097
05:18:16,200 --> 05:18:20,200
He became someone who could be 
content with very little, as 

6098
05:18:20,200 --> 05:18:23,200
long as that little included the
opportunity to perfect his craft

6099
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:25,100
during one, particularly 
memorable. 

6100
05:18:25,100 --> 05:18:28,500
Period was she spent several 
months in the mountains? 

6101
05:18:28,500 --> 05:18:32,100
Not because he was on some 
spiritual Quest, but because 

6102
05:18:32,100 --> 05:18:35,300
he'd gotten thoroughly lost 
after a duel and was too proud 

6103
05:18:35,300 --> 05:18:38,400
to ask for directions. 
He later claimed this time of 

6104
05:18:38,400 --> 05:18:41,400
solitude was crucial to his 
development as a warrior which 

6105
05:18:41,400 --> 05:18:44,400
is probably true though. 
It started as a simple case of 

6106
05:18:44,400 --> 05:18:47,400
poor navigation skills, the 
mountain experience taught him 

6107
05:18:47,400 --> 05:18:50,900
patience in a way that formal 
training never could. when 

6108
05:18:50,900 --> 05:18:53,600
you're alone with your thoughts 
for months, carrying only your 

6109
05:18:53,600 --> 05:18:57,200
swords and whatever food you can
find or catch, you learn to slow

6110
05:18:57,200 --> 05:19:00,700
down, You start noticing things,
like, the way morning, light 

6111
05:19:00,700 --> 05:19:03,900
moves across Valley floors, or 
how the sound of your footsteps 

6112
05:19:03,900 --> 05:19:06,800
changes depending on whether 
you're walking on rocks or pine 

6113
05:19:06,800 --> 05:19:09,600
needles. 
When Musashi was around 21, he 

6114
05:19:09,600 --> 05:19:12,900
heard about someone named Sasaki
kojiro who was considered one of

6115
05:19:12,908 --> 05:19:16,700
the finest swordsman in Japan. 
Kajira was famous for his 

6116
05:19:16,700 --> 05:19:20,400
technique called super magashi 
or swallow cut, which could 

6117
05:19:20,400 --> 05:19:22,300
supposedly cut down swallow in 
flight. 

6118
05:19:23,200 --> 05:19:24,500
Whether or not he actually 
performed. 

6119
05:19:24,500 --> 05:19:27,500
This feat is debatable, but it 
made for excellent Marketing in 

6120
05:19:27,500 --> 05:19:30,600
the world of professional sword.
Fighting cojiro was everything 

6121
05:19:30,600 --> 05:19:33,700
mustache. 
Wasnt refined traditionally 

6122
05:19:33,700 --> 05:19:36,300
trained and employed by a 
powerful Clan with steady 

6123
05:19:36,300 --> 05:19:38,200
income. 
He was like the difference 

6124
05:19:38,200 --> 05:19:41,200
between a classically trained 
pianist performing at Carnegie 

6125
05:19:41,200 --> 05:19:44,100
Hall, and a street musician who 
learned to play by ear. 

6126
05:19:44,100 --> 05:19:47,000
Both might be incredibly 
talented but they represent 

6127
05:19:47,000 --> 05:19:49,300
completely different approaches 
to their craft. 

6128
05:19:49,300 --> 05:19:53,200
The challenge was a range to 
take place on Gunnery Island a 

6129
05:19:53,200 --> 05:19:55,300
small piece of land in the 
straight between Honshu and 

6130
05:19:55,300 --> 05:19:57,800
Kyushu. 
The choice of location was 

6131
05:19:57,800 --> 05:20:00,800
significant Islands. 
Have a way of making everything 

6132
05:20:00,800 --> 05:20:03,300
feel more final. 
There's something about being 

6133
05:20:03,300 --> 05:20:05,100
surrounded by water that 
suggests. 

6134
05:20:05,100 --> 05:20:06,400
This isn't the kind of 
appointment. 

6135
05:20:06,400 --> 05:20:09,500
You can simply walk away from. 
If you change your mind on the 

6136
05:20:09,508 --> 05:20:13,600
morning of the duel, kajira 
arrived precisely on time as any

6137
05:20:13,600 --> 05:20:16,700
properly trained Samurai would 
he was a immaculately dressed, 

6138
05:20:16,700 --> 05:20:20,100
his sword was perfectly 
maintained and he probably had 

6139
05:20:20,100 --> 05:20:22,800
the kind of confidence that 
comes from years of structured 

6140
05:20:22,800 --> 05:20:24,400
training and consistent 
victories. 

6141
05:20:24,400 --> 05:20:27,300
He was ready for what he 
undoubtedly expected to be 

6142
05:20:27,300 --> 05:20:29,500
another successful defense of 
his reputation. 

6143
05:20:29,500 --> 05:20:33,400
Musashi on the other hand was 
late, not fashionably late, not 

6144
05:20:33,400 --> 05:20:36,300
strategically late, but 
genuinely problematically late. 

6145
05:20:36,300 --> 05:20:39,200
He had overslept. 
Here was one of the most 

6146
05:20:39,208 --> 05:20:42,200
important jewels of his career 
against one of Japan's. 

6147
05:20:42,200 --> 05:20:45,400
Most skilled swordsman, a 
mustache had somehow managed to 

6148
05:20:45,400 --> 05:20:47,600
sleep through what was 
essentially his job interview. 

6149
05:20:47,600 --> 05:20:50,800
When he finally arrived, rowing,
a small boat to the island. 

6150
05:20:50,800 --> 05:20:52,600
Cojiro had been waiting for 
hours. 

6151
05:20:52,600 --> 05:20:56,000
If you've ever been stood up for
an important meeting, you can 

6152
05:20:56,000 --> 05:21:00,200
imagine cojiro State of Mind, 
accepted of rescheduling, a 

6153
05:21:00,200 --> 05:21:03,200
business lunch, he was waiting 
to fight for his reputation and 

6154
05:21:03,200 --> 05:21:05,800
possibly his life. 
But here's where she is 

6155
05:21:05,800 --> 05:21:09,400
unconventional thinking showed 
itself again during his boat 

6156
05:21:09,400 --> 05:21:11,900
ride to the island. 
Instead of panicking about being

6157
05:21:11,900 --> 05:21:13,700
late or worrying about the jewel
ahead. 

6158
05:21:13,700 --> 05:21:16,900
He had used the time to Cover 
wooden sword from one of the 

6159
05:21:16,900 --> 05:21:20,300
boats, oars not because his 
regular swords were inadequate 

6160
05:21:20,300 --> 05:21:24,100
but because he had realized 
something cojiro sword was 

6161
05:21:24,100 --> 05:21:27,900
longer than his own, which gave 
kajira a reach Advantage, the 

6162
05:21:27,900 --> 05:21:31,200
wooden sword, Musashi carved was
longer than kojiro steel blade 

6163
05:21:31,200 --> 05:21:35,200
neutralizing that Advantage, it 
was practical problem-solving 

6164
05:21:35,200 --> 05:21:38,600
disguised as either confidence 
or disrespect, depending on your

6165
05:21:38,600 --> 05:21:42,700
perspective, cojiro probably saw
it as an insult, showing up 

6166
05:21:42,700 --> 05:21:44,000
late. 
And then fighting with a piece 

6167
05:21:44,000 --> 05:21:46,600
of boats, seemed like the 
ultimate dismissal of his skills

6168
05:21:46,600 --> 05:21:49,500
and Status. 
The jewel itself was briefed as 

6169
05:21:49,500 --> 05:21:53,000
most real sword fights were 
Despite what movies suggest 

6170
05:21:53,000 --> 05:21:56,300
skilled swordsman, don't engage 
in Lincoln the choreographed 

6171
05:21:56,300 --> 05:21:59,300
battles, they Circle each other 
looking for an opening. 

6172
05:21:59,300 --> 05:22:02,500
And when that opening appears 
the contest is usually decided 

6173
05:22:02,500 --> 05:22:06,200
in Moments Massage she won. 
But the victory came at a cost 

6174
05:22:06,200 --> 05:22:09,300
that would follow him for years.
Could gyro was not just 

6175
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:13,100
defeated, he died on that island
for all of massage. 

6176
05:22:13,100 --> 05:22:16,500
His previous Jewels death had 
been a possibility but this was 

6177
05:22:16,500 --> 05:22:19,300
the first time that possibility 
became reality in such a 

6178
05:22:19,300 --> 05:22:22,600
definitive way, the aftermath of
the duel marked a turning point 

6179
05:22:22,600 --> 05:22:25,500
in Musashi's life. 
He had proven himself against 

6180
05:22:25,500 --> 05:22:28,900
one of Japan's, most respected 
swordsman that the victory felt 

6181
05:22:28,900 --> 05:22:32,200
different from his previous 
wins, There's a weight to taking

6182
05:22:32,200 --> 05:22:35,000
someone's life, that changes 
you, even when it happens in the

6183
05:22:35,000 --> 05:22:38,500
context of an agreed-upon duel 
between skilled opponents after 

6184
05:22:38,500 --> 05:22:41,900
the duel, with cojiro something 
shifted in Musashi's approach to

6185
05:22:41,900 --> 05:22:44,400
life. 
He didn't immediately retire or 

6186
05:22:44,400 --> 05:22:47,300
give up sword fighting, but he 
began to think more deeply about

6187
05:22:47,300 --> 05:22:49,000
what it meant to be. 
Truly skilled. 

6188
05:22:49,000 --> 05:22:52,500
It's like the difference between
someone who can run fast and 

6189
05:22:52,500 --> 05:22:55,700
someone who understands the art 
of running technique versus 

6190
05:22:55,700 --> 05:22:59,300
Mastery, Musashi began studying 
things that had nothing to do 

6191
05:22:59,300 --> 05:23:02,900
with sword, fighting painting 
calligraphy sculpture and 

6192
05:23:02,900 --> 05:23:06,000
poetry. 
To outside as this might have 

6193
05:23:06,000 --> 05:23:08,600
seemed like a strange career 
pivot for someone who had built 

6194
05:23:08,600 --> 05:23:12,000
his reputation on being 
outstanding at sword combat, but

6195
05:23:12,000 --> 05:23:14,400
Musashi was beginning to 
understand something that many 

6196
05:23:14,400 --> 05:23:18,300
specialists never grasp. 
Excellence in one area often 

6197
05:23:18,300 --> 05:23:20,800
comes from understanding 
principles that apply across 

6198
05:23:20,800 --> 05:23:23,900
multiple disciplines when he 
picked up a brush to paint. 

6199
05:23:23,900 --> 05:23:26,500
He discovered that the control 
and precision required was 

6200
05:23:26,500 --> 05:23:30,000
similar to sword work, but the 
patients needed was entirely 

6201
05:23:30,000 --> 05:23:32,400
different. 
You can't rush a painting. 

6202
05:23:32,400 --> 05:23:35,000
The way you might rush a sword 
strike each brush. 

6203
05:23:35,000 --> 05:23:37,900
Stroke has to be deliberate 
considered and committed to once

6204
05:23:37,900 --> 05:23:41,100
it touches the paper, it taught 
him about permanents in a way 

6205
05:23:41,100 --> 05:23:42,900
that sword fighting which is all
about. 

6206
05:23:42,900 --> 05:23:46,000
Split Second decisions. 
Never could his calligraphy 

6207
05:23:46,000 --> 05:23:49,300
practice became almost 
meditative the repetitive nature

6208
05:23:49,300 --> 05:23:51,900
of forming characters and the 
focus required to make each 

6209
05:23:51,900 --> 05:23:54,700
stroke, both beautiful and 
readable, gave him a different 

6210
05:23:54,700 --> 05:23:57,500
kind of discipline. 
It was like strength training 

6211
05:23:57,500 --> 05:24:00,700
for his mind building muscles. 
He didn't know he needed during 

6212
05:24:00,700 --> 05:24:03,200
this period. 
Musashi also began developing 

6213
05:24:03,200 --> 05:24:06,200
his thoughts about strategy and 
technique into what would 

6214
05:24:06,200 --> 05:24:08,000
eventually become his famous 
book. 

6215
05:24:08,000 --> 05:24:12,700
The book of five rings, but that
was still years away at this 

6216
05:24:12,700 --> 05:24:14,100
point. 
He was simply a man who had 

6217
05:24:14,100 --> 05:24:15,600
realized that being the best 
sword. 

6218
05:24:15,600 --> 05:24:18,400
Fighter wasn't just about being 
good with swords. 

6219
05:24:18,400 --> 05:24:21,800
It was about understanding, how 
Excellence worked in general. 

6220
05:24:21,800 --> 05:24:25,600
He started accepting students 
which presented an intriguing 

6221
05:24:25,600 --> 05:24:27,600
challenge. 
How do you teach someone to 

6222
05:24:27,600 --> 05:24:30,900
think, unconventionally, how do 
you impart knowledge gained from

6223
05:24:30,900 --> 05:24:33,600
years of trial and error from 
sleeping under bridges and 

6224
05:24:33,600 --> 05:24:37,600
getting lost in mountains? 
Traditional martial arts schools

6225
05:24:37,600 --> 05:24:40,900
had curricular and structured 
lessons but Musashi's approach 

6226
05:24:40,900 --> 05:24:43,100
was more like let me show you 
some things. 

6227
05:24:43,100 --> 05:24:46,100
I've figured out and then you 
can figure out how to make them 

6228
05:24:46,100 --> 05:24:48,700
work for you. 
His teaching style was probably 

6229
05:24:48,700 --> 05:24:51,500
frustrating for students who 
wanted clear step by step 

6230
05:24:51,500 --> 05:24:54,400
instructions. 
Instead of saying, hold your 

6231
05:24:54,400 --> 05:24:58,100
sword like this, he might say, 
find the way that feels like an 

6232
05:24:58,100 --> 05:25:01,100
extension of your arm and then 
watch while his students 

6233
05:25:01,100 --> 05:25:02,700
struggled to interpret what that
meant. 

6234
05:25:02,700 --> 05:25:06,100
But for the students who 
understood this approach, it was

6235
05:25:06,100 --> 05:25:09,100
probably incredibly liberating. 
One of the most important 

6236
05:25:09,100 --> 05:25:10,200
things. 
Musashi, learned. 

6237
05:25:10,200 --> 05:25:12,400
During this period, was the art 
of not fighting. 

6238
05:25:13,500 --> 05:25:15,700
To someone whose career hinged 
on combat Excellence. 

6239
05:25:15,700 --> 05:25:19,300
This may seem contradictory but 
it's actually an essential skill

6240
05:25:19,300 --> 05:25:23,700
knowing when not to engage when 
to walk away and when to let 

6241
05:25:23,708 --> 05:25:26,200
someone else prove their point 
without making it your problem, 

6242
05:25:26,200 --> 05:25:29,500
these are Advanced Techniques 
that require just as much 

6243
05:25:29,500 --> 05:25:33,100
Mastery as any sword movement. 
He began to understand that true

6244
05:25:33,100 --> 05:25:35,300
strength often looks like doing 
nothing at all. 

6245
05:25:36,100 --> 05:25:38,500
When you're confident in your 
abilities, you don't need to 

6246
05:25:38,500 --> 05:25:41,300
constantly prove them. 
You can let smaller challenges 

6247
05:25:41,300 --> 05:25:44,300
pass by without feeling 
diminished saving your energy 

6248
05:25:44,300 --> 05:25:48,700
for situations that truly matter
by his 30s musashiya developed 

6249
05:25:48,700 --> 05:25:51,500
into something rare. 
A warrior who was equally 

6250
05:25:51,500 --> 05:25:53,800
skilled. 
As an artist, he wasn't just 

6251
05:25:53,800 --> 05:25:56,400
dabbling in painting. 
And sculpture as Hobbies, he was

6252
05:25:56,400 --> 05:25:58,700
approaching them with the same 
intensity and dedication. 

6253
05:25:58,700 --> 05:26:02,300
He had brought to Saul's 
fighting his paintings, 

6254
05:26:02,300 --> 05:26:05,100
particularly his bird, and 
flower studies showed a 

6255
05:26:05,100 --> 05:26:07,700
sensitivity and attention to 
detail that might surprise. 

6256
05:26:07,700 --> 05:26:10,500
People who only knew his 
reputation as a duelist. 

6257
05:26:10,500 --> 05:26:13,100
There's Something Beautiful 
about watching, someone apply 

6258
05:26:13,100 --> 05:26:14,800
Warrior discipline to creating 
art. 

6259
05:26:15,600 --> 05:26:18,800
The same Focus that allowed 
Musashi to analyze and opponent 

6260
05:26:18,800 --> 05:26:21,900
starts and combat helped him. 
Observe the way Morning Light 

6261
05:26:21,900 --> 05:26:24,800
fell across a Crane's wing 
Patience. 

6262
05:26:24,800 --> 05:26:27,300
He had developed through years 
of training enabled, him to wait

6263
05:26:27,300 --> 05:26:30,700
for the perfect moment to make a
brush stroke, just as he had 

6264
05:26:30,700 --> 05:26:32,900
waited for the perfect moment to
strike in duels. 

6265
05:26:32,900 --> 05:26:35,700
His sculptures were particularly
captivating because they 

6266
05:26:35,700 --> 05:26:38,300
required a completely different 
kind of physical engagement. 

6267
05:26:38,300 --> 05:26:42,000
Instead of the quick, decisive 
movements of sword, fighting 

6268
05:26:42,000 --> 05:26:45,800
sculpture demanded sustained 
effort over long periods. 

6269
05:26:45,800 --> 05:26:49,500
You might spend days carefully, 
removing tiny bits of wood or 

6270
05:26:49,500 --> 05:26:51,600
stone. 
Making gradual progress toward 

6271
05:26:51,600 --> 05:26:53,700
your vision. 
It was like the difference 

6272
05:26:53,700 --> 05:26:57,600
between sprinting and Marathon 
running both require athleticism

6273
05:26:57,600 --> 05:27:00,900
but they developed different 
kinds of endurance during this 

6274
05:27:00,900 --> 05:27:03,200
period. 
Was she also began to write more

6275
05:27:03,200 --> 05:27:05,400
seriously about his 
understanding of strategy in 

6276
05:27:05,408 --> 05:27:08,100
combat? 
But unlike many martial arts 

6277
05:27:08,100 --> 05:27:11,100
Treasures, which focused on 
specific technique or 

6278
05:27:11,100 --> 05:27:14,000
traditional forms? 
Musashi's writing was more 

6279
05:27:14,000 --> 05:27:16,400
philosophical. 
He was trying to capture the 

6280
05:27:16,400 --> 05:27:19,000
thinking behind effective, 
action rather than just 

6281
05:27:19,000 --> 05:27:20,400
describing the actions 
themselves. 

6282
05:27:20,400 --> 05:27:24,000
He developed what he called, the
way of strategy, which was 

6283
05:27:24,000 --> 05:27:26,600
essentially a comprehensive 
approach to conflict resolution.

6284
05:27:26,600 --> 05:27:30,000
That could apply to anything 
from sword, fighting to 

6285
05:27:30,000 --> 05:27:32,100
business, negotiations to 
personal relationships. 

6286
05:27:33,300 --> 05:27:36,100
Preparation, understanding 
encyclical. 

6287
05:27:36,100 --> 05:27:39,200
Positioning determine the 
outcome of most conflicts before

6288
05:27:39,200 --> 05:27:41,600
the physical confrontation, even
starts. 

6289
05:27:41,600 --> 05:27:45,500
One of his most important 
insights was about timing and 

6290
05:27:45,500 --> 05:27:47,100
sword. 
Fighting timing isn't just about

6291
05:27:47,100 --> 05:27:49,800
moving fast. 
It's about moving at exactly the

6292
05:27:49,800 --> 05:27:53,000
right moment too early. 
And you reveal your intentions 

6293
05:27:53,000 --> 05:27:54,800
before your opponent is 
vulnerable. 

6294
05:27:54,800 --> 05:27:57,500
If you act too late, you will 
completely miss your 

6295
05:27:57,508 --> 05:28:00,500
opportunity. 
This principle massage, you 

6296
05:28:00,500 --> 05:28:02,400
realized applied to almost 
everything in life. 

6297
05:28:02,400 --> 05:28:05,400
He also wrote about what he 
called, the spirit of, the thing

6298
05:28:05,400 --> 05:28:08,400
itself, which was his way of 
describing, the importance of 

6299
05:28:08,408 --> 05:28:10,500
understanding, the essential 
nature of whatever. 

6300
05:28:10,500 --> 05:28:13,100
You're dealing with, whether 
you're fighting an opponent 

6301
05:28:13,100 --> 05:28:16,100
painting, allowance Cape or 
trying to solve a problem. 

6302
05:28:16,100 --> 05:28:18,700
Success comes from seeing 
clearly what's actually 

6303
05:28:18,700 --> 05:28:21,900
happening rather than what you 
think should be happening or 

6304
05:28:21,900 --> 05:28:25,100
what happened in similar 
situations before his students 

6305
05:28:25,100 --> 05:28:27,900
during this period included, not
just to sparing swordsman. 

6306
05:28:27,900 --> 05:28:31,800
But all so, Artists, Craftsmen 
and even Merchants who wanted to

6307
05:28:31,800 --> 05:28:33,700
understand his approach to 
Strategy. 

6308
05:28:33,700 --> 05:28:37,500
He had begun to attract people 
who are less interested in 

6309
05:28:37,500 --> 05:28:40,500
learning to fight and more 
interested in learning to think.

6310
05:28:40,500 --> 05:28:43,700
Clearly, Under Pressure teaching
change massage in ways, he 

6311
05:28:43,700 --> 05:28:47,200
probably didn't expect when you 
have to explain something, to 

6312
05:28:47,200 --> 05:28:49,500
another person. 
You discover gaps in your 

6313
05:28:49,500 --> 05:28:51,200
understanding that you didn't 
know existed. 

6314
05:28:52,200 --> 05:28:54,900
Students, ask questions that 
force you to examine assumptions

6315
05:28:54,900 --> 05:28:57,300
you've never questioned and 
their mistakes. 

6316
05:28:57,300 --> 05:28:59,000
Help. 
You see problems from entirely 

6317
05:28:59,000 --> 05:29:02,400
new angles, Musashi found, that 
his best students weren't 

6318
05:29:02,400 --> 05:29:05,500
necessarily the most naturally 
talented ones often. 

6319
05:29:05,500 --> 05:29:08,600
They were the ones who struggled
with traditional approaches and 

6320
05:29:08,600 --> 05:29:10,900
had to find their ways of making
techniques work. 

6321
05:29:11,600 --> 05:29:14,000
These students forced him to 
think more creatively about 

6322
05:29:14,000 --> 05:29:17,900
instruction to discover new ways
of explaining Concepts that he 

6323
05:29:17,900 --> 05:29:20,400
had internalized. 
So thoroughly that, he barely 

6324
05:29:20,400 --> 05:29:22,900
thought about the many more. 
One of the challenges of 

6325
05:29:22,900 --> 05:29:25,000
teaching, unconventional 
methods, is that they don't 

6326
05:29:25,000 --> 05:29:27,100
translate easily into rules and 
procedures. 

6327
05:29:27,800 --> 05:29:30,300
Traditional martial arts schools
could give students a clear 

6328
05:29:30,300 --> 05:29:33,800
progression, learn this dance. 
Then this movement, then this 

6329
05:29:33,800 --> 05:29:37,300
combination and so on. 
But massage is approach, was 

6330
05:29:37,300 --> 05:29:39,500
more like jazz improvisation 
than classical music. 

6331
05:29:39,500 --> 05:29:42,100
There were underlying 
principles, but the expression 

6332
05:29:42,100 --> 05:29:44,800
had to be personal. 
And spontaneous, he began to 

6333
05:29:44,808 --> 05:29:47,100
develop teaching methods that 
were more about creating 

6334
05:29:47,100 --> 05:29:50,000
conditions for Discovery than 
about direct instruction. 

6335
05:29:50,000 --> 05:29:53,400
Instead of showing students 
exactly how to hold their 

6336
05:29:53,400 --> 05:29:55,500
swords. 
He might offer them a series of 

6337
05:29:55,508 --> 05:29:58,300
exercises that would naturally 
lead them to discover effective 

6338
05:29:58,300 --> 05:30:01,200
grips on their own. 
It was slower than traditional 

6339
05:30:01,200 --> 05:30:03,400
instruction. 
But it produced students who 

6340
05:30:03,400 --> 05:30:06,500
truly understood what they were 
doing rather than just copying 

6341
05:30:06,500 --> 05:30:09,400
movements during this period 
Musashi. 

6342
05:30:09,400 --> 05:30:12,100
Also began to understand the 
importance of what modern people

6343
05:30:12,100 --> 05:30:14,500
might call work-life balance, 
though. 

6344
05:30:14,500 --> 05:30:17,600
He wouldn't have used that 
terminology He realized that 

6345
05:30:17,600 --> 05:30:21,200
constant intensity whether in 
training or in teaching was 

6346
05:30:21,200 --> 05:30:24,900
ultimately counterproductive, 
Excellence, required periods of 

6347
05:30:24,900 --> 05:30:28,400
rest and reflection times when 
you weren't actively trying to 

6348
05:30:28,400 --> 05:30:31,200
improve, but were simply 
maintaining what you had already

6349
05:30:31,200 --> 05:30:33,500
achieved. 
He started incorporating more 

6350
05:30:33,500 --> 05:30:37,200
variety into his daily routines.
A morning might include sword, 

6351
05:30:37,200 --> 05:30:39,800
practice, followed by painting 
writing. 

6352
05:30:39,800 --> 05:30:42,600
Then a long walk with no 
particular destination. 

6353
05:30:43,600 --> 05:30:45,900
This wasn't procrastination or 
lack of focus. 

6354
05:30:45,900 --> 05:30:48,900
It was a recognition that 
different types of thinking, 

6355
05:30:48,900 --> 05:30:52,200
required different, mental 
States and creativity, often 

6356
05:30:52,200 --> 05:30:54,600
emerge from the space is between
focused activities. 

6357
05:30:54,600 --> 05:30:58,600
During this period is reputation
shifted from being seen as a 

6358
05:30:58,600 --> 05:31:02,400
dangerous duelist to a wise 
teacher, although he remained 

6359
05:31:02,400 --> 05:31:04,900
fully capable of being the 
former when circumstances 

6360
05:31:04,900 --> 05:31:07,800
required. 
It People started seeking him 

6361
05:31:07,800 --> 05:31:10,800
out not because they wanted to 
challenge him but because they 

6362
05:31:10,800 --> 05:31:14,300
wanted to learn from him, it was
a more sustainable way to live 

6363
05:31:14,300 --> 05:31:18,000
and probably much better for his
long-term stress levels as 

6364
05:31:18,000 --> 05:31:19,600
massage. 
She entered his later years. 

6365
05:31:19,600 --> 05:31:22,200
He began working on what would 
become his most lasting 

6366
05:31:22,200 --> 05:31:25,400
contribution to the world. 
Book of five rings. 

6367
05:31:26,500 --> 05:31:28,700
But calling it a book about 
sword fighting is like calling 

6368
05:31:28,700 --> 05:31:30,200
Moby. 
Dick, a book about whaling, 

6369
05:31:30,200 --> 05:31:32,700
technically accurate, but 
missing most of the point. 

6370
05:31:33,400 --> 05:31:38,300
The Five Rings ground water 
fire, wind and void weren't just

6371
05:31:38,300 --> 05:31:39,600
different sword, fighting 
techniques. 

6372
05:31:39,600 --> 05:31:42,500
They were different ways of 
approaching any challenge, 

6373
05:31:42,500 --> 05:31:45,000
different modes of thinking, 
that could be applied to 

6374
05:31:45,000 --> 05:31:47,600
everything from military 
strategy to personal 

6375
05:31:47,600 --> 05:31:49,500
relationships to Artistic 
creation. 

6376
05:31:49,500 --> 05:31:51,800
The ground ring was about 
fundamentals. 

6377
05:31:51,800 --> 05:31:54,800
The basic principles that 
everything else was built on. 

6378
05:31:56,100 --> 05:31:58,300
Musashi had learned that you 
couldn't build lasting 

6379
05:31:58,300 --> 05:32:01,500
Excellence on shaky foundations,
whether you were learning sword 

6380
05:32:01,500 --> 05:32:03,100
fighting or trying to run a 
business. 

6381
05:32:03,108 --> 05:32:06,800
Most people wanted to skip the 
boring foundational work and 

6382
05:32:06,800 --> 05:32:08,600
jumped straight to the advanced 
technique's. 

6383
05:32:08,600 --> 05:32:11,800
But massage, she had seen too 
many promising students fail 

6384
05:32:11,800 --> 05:32:13,900
because they hadn't mastered the
basics. 

6385
05:32:13,900 --> 05:32:17,200
The watering was about 
adaptability flowing around 

6386
05:32:17,200 --> 05:32:20,800
obstacles rather than trying to 
smash through them water was 

6387
05:32:20,800 --> 05:32:23,900
finds a way to its destination 
whether that means going around 

6388
05:32:23,900 --> 05:32:25,700
a rock or wearing through it 
over time. 

6389
05:32:27,100 --> 05:32:29,500
Was she learned this lesson 
through years of encountering 

6390
05:32:29,500 --> 05:32:33,000
opponents who are stronger 
faster or better trained than he

6391
05:32:33,000 --> 05:32:36,700
was and finding ways to win. 
Anyway, the fire ring was about 

6392
05:32:36,700 --> 05:32:40,200
intensity and decisive action. 
there are moments when gradual 

6393
05:32:40,200 --> 05:32:43,100
progress isn't enough when you 
need to commit everything you 

6394
05:32:43,100 --> 05:32:46,500
have to a single effort, but the
trick is knowing when those 

6395
05:32:46,500 --> 05:32:51,300
moments are use fire tactics too
often and you burn out If they 

6396
05:32:51,300 --> 05:32:54,500
are used to infrequently 
important opportunities, may be 

6397
05:32:54,500 --> 05:32:56,100
missed. 
The wind ring was about 

6398
05:32:56,100 --> 05:32:59,000
understanding what others were 
doing seeing clearly without 

6399
05:32:59,000 --> 05:33:01,800
being distracted by your 
preferences or expectations. 

6400
05:33:01,800 --> 05:33:05,100
Most conflicts are lost because 
people fight against what they 

6401
05:33:05,108 --> 05:33:08,400
think their opponent is doing 
rather than what their opponent 

6402
05:33:08,400 --> 05:33:11,400
is actually doing. 
This requires a kind of mental 

6403
05:33:11,400 --> 05:33:14,700
emptiness that most people find 
uncomfortable, you have to set 

6404
05:33:14,700 --> 05:33:17,700
aside your plans and reactions 
long enough to really see what's

6405
05:33:17,700 --> 05:33:19,600
happening. 
The void Rings, the most 

6406
05:33:19,600 --> 05:33:22,600
difficult to explain because it 
was about the space between 

6407
05:33:22,600 --> 05:33:25,600
technique's. 
The pause between thoughts and 

6408
05:33:25,600 --> 05:33:27,500
the moment of potential before 
action. 

6409
05:33:28,500 --> 05:33:30,500
It was what happened when you 
stop trying to control 

6410
05:33:30,500 --> 05:33:33,500
everything and allowed your 
training and intuition to guide 

6411
05:33:33,500 --> 05:33:36,000
you righting. 
These ideas down was probably 

6412
05:33:36,000 --> 05:33:38,800
one of the most challenging 
things Musashi had ever done. 

6413
05:33:39,600 --> 05:33:42,400
He had spent decades developing 
these insights through direct 

6414
05:33:42,400 --> 05:33:45,800
experience, learning them in his
muscles and Bones before he 

6415
05:33:45,800 --> 05:33:48,900
understood them intellectually. 
Translating that kind of 

6416
05:33:48,900 --> 05:33:51,500
embodied knowledge into words, 
was like, trying to describe the

6417
05:33:51,500 --> 05:33:55,200
taste of water to someone who 
had never been thirsty in his 

6418
05:33:55,200 --> 05:33:58,300
final years, Musashi retreated 
to a cave in the mountains near 

6419
05:33:58,300 --> 05:34:01,300
Moto to complete his writing and
reflect on his life's work. 

6420
05:34:02,200 --> 05:34:05,500
This wasn't the dramatic hermit 
withdrawal that popular culture 

6421
05:34:05,500 --> 05:34:08,800
sometimes portrays, but more 
like the decision of a senior, 

6422
05:34:08,800 --> 05:34:10,600
Professor to take a sabbatical 
to write the book. 

6423
05:34:10,600 --> 05:34:13,700
He had been contemplating for 
decades the cave, provided the 

6424
05:34:13,700 --> 05:34:17,000
kind of uninterrupted Solitude. 
That's almost impossible to find

6425
05:34:17,000 --> 05:34:19,900
in normal life. 
No, students asking questions. 

6426
05:34:19,900 --> 05:34:22,600
No visitors wanting to test 
their skills against his 

6427
05:34:22,600 --> 05:34:26,100
reputation and no daily 
obligations beyond the basic 

6428
05:34:26,100 --> 05:34:29,500
requirements of staying alive. 
It was like having a completely 

6429
05:34:29,500 --> 05:34:32,800
clear death for the first time 
in years where you can finally 

6430
05:34:32,800 --> 05:34:35,800
focus on the projects that 
matter most in this setting 

6431
05:34:35,800 --> 05:34:39,600
Musashi completed, not just the 
book of five rings but also a 

6432
05:34:39,600 --> 05:34:42,100
work called Dakota or the way of
walking alone. 

6433
05:34:43,000 --> 05:34:45,400
This was a much shorter. 
Piece consisting of 21 

6434
05:34:45,400 --> 05:34:48,500
principles for self-reliant 
living reading it today. 

6435
05:34:48,500 --> 05:34:52,400
It sounds remarkably modern in 
some ways advice about not 

6436
05:34:52,400 --> 05:34:53,900
depending on others for your 
happiness. 

6437
05:34:53,900 --> 05:34:57,700
Not accumulating, unnecessary, 
possessions, and treating all 

6438
05:34:57,700 --> 05:34:59,800
things with respect, but not 
attachment. 

6439
05:34:59,800 --> 05:35:03,000
But the way of walking alone 
wasn't a guide to hermit living 

6440
05:35:03,000 --> 05:35:05,300
or anti-social. 
Behaviour, it was more about 

6441
05:35:05,300 --> 05:35:08,800
psychological Independence, the 
ability to remain centered and 

6442
05:35:08,800 --> 05:35:11,500
purposeful regardless of 
external circumstances. 

6443
05:35:11,500 --> 05:35:15,300
Were she had learned through 
Decades of wandering that you're

6444
05:35:15,300 --> 05:35:18,400
in a state was the only thing 
could truly control and that 

6445
05:35:18,400 --> 05:35:21,400
everything else was essentially,
whether sometimes Pleasant, 

6446
05:35:21,400 --> 05:35:25,600
sometimes difficult, but always 
temporary during his cave years,

6447
05:35:25,600 --> 05:35:28,900
Musashi also created some of his
most celebrated artwork. 

6448
05:35:29,700 --> 05:35:32,100
Without the distractions of 
teaching, or the pressure of 

6449
05:35:32,108 --> 05:35:35,400
maintaining his reputation, he 
could paint purely for the joy 

6450
05:35:35,400 --> 05:35:38,400
of capturing Something 
Beautiful, his late paintings. 

6451
05:35:38,400 --> 05:35:40,100
Have a quality of serene 
confidence. 

6452
05:35:40,100 --> 05:35:41,900
That's different from his 
earlier work. 

6453
05:35:42,600 --> 05:35:45,200
The brush Strokes are more 
economical but somehow more 

6454
05:35:45,200 --> 05:35:48,800
expressive like someone who has 
learned to say more with less 

6455
05:35:48,800 --> 05:35:51,700
the mountain setting, probably 
influenced his art as well. 

6456
05:35:51,700 --> 05:35:55,100
When you're surrounded by the 
same landscape day after day, 

6457
05:35:55,100 --> 05:35:58,600
you begin to see it in. 
Incredible detail, the way 

6458
05:35:58,600 --> 05:36:01,100
Shadows move across Rock faces 
throughout the day. 

6459
05:36:01,100 --> 05:36:05,100
The subtle differences in how 
pine trees respond to win the 

6460
05:36:05,100 --> 05:36:08,100
dozens of different sounds that 
mountain silence contains. 

6461
05:36:08,100 --> 05:36:10,900
This kind of intimate 
observation shows up in the 

6462
05:36:10,900 --> 05:36:13,200
Precision and sensitivity of his
late paintings. 

6463
05:36:13,200 --> 05:36:19,000
Musashi died in 1645 at the age 
of about 61 having never lost a 

6464
05:36:19,000 --> 05:36:22,200
duel and having created a body 
of work that would Influence 

6465
05:36:22,200 --> 05:36:25,400
People for centuries. 
But perhaps his most interesting

6466
05:36:25,400 --> 05:36:28,700
Legacy, isn't his undefeated 
record, or even his artistic 

6467
05:36:28,700 --> 05:36:32,400
achievements, it's the example, 
he set of someone who refused to

6468
05:36:32,400 --> 05:36:35,700
be limited by conventional 
categories in a society that 

6469
05:36:35,700 --> 05:36:38,300
valued specialization and 
clearly defined roles. 

6470
05:36:38,300 --> 05:36:42,000
Musashi insisted on being both a
warrior and an artist. 

6471
05:36:42,900 --> 05:36:45,800
Featuring a student and a man of
action and a philosopher. 

6472
05:36:46,900 --> 05:36:49,800
Prove that excellence in one 
area doesn't require ignorance 

6473
05:36:49,800 --> 05:36:51,400
of others. 
And that the deepest 

6474
05:36:51,400 --> 05:36:54,100
understanding often comes from 
seeing connections between 

6475
05:36:54,100 --> 05:36:57,600
seemingly, unrelated disciplines
his approach to learning was 

6476
05:36:57,600 --> 05:37:01,100
particularly revolutionary for 
its time instead of accepting 

6477
05:37:01,100 --> 05:37:03,700
traditional methods simply 
because they were traditional 

6478
05:37:03,700 --> 05:37:07,500
Musashi tested, everything 
against his own experience. 

6479
05:37:07,500 --> 05:37:09,700
And kept only what actually 
worked. 

6480
05:37:09,700 --> 05:37:12,100
This wasn't disrespect for 
tradition. 

6481
05:37:12,100 --> 05:37:15,400
It was a deeper respect for the 
principles that made Traditions 

6482
05:37:15,400 --> 05:37:18,400
valuable in the first place. 
Modern readers, often find 

6483
05:37:18,400 --> 05:37:20,300
Massey's writing, surprisingly 
relevant. 

6484
05:37:20,300 --> 05:37:23,700
Not because sword fighting is 
made a comeback but because his 

6485
05:37:23,700 --> 05:37:27,700
insights about strategy timing 
and clear thinking applied to 

6486
05:37:27,700 --> 05:37:31,000
contemporary challenges, Whether
your dealing with a difficult 

6487
05:37:31,000 --> 05:37:34,800
work situation, trying to master
a new skill or simply attempting

6488
05:37:34,800 --> 05:37:36,600
to live with greater purpose and
Effectiveness. 

6489
05:37:36,600 --> 05:37:40,800
Musashi's principles offer 
practical guidance, his life for

6490
05:37:40,800 --> 05:37:42,700
demonstrates. 
Something important about the 

6491
05:37:42,700 --> 05:37:44,800
relationship between discipline 
and cruelty. 

6492
05:37:45,800 --> 05:37:49,100
Rather than stifling 
imagination, Musashi's, rigorous

6493
05:37:49,100 --> 05:37:51,500
training, in martial arts seemed
to enhance his artistic 

6494
05:37:51,500 --> 05:37:54,200
abilities. 
The same attention to detail 

6495
05:37:54,200 --> 05:37:57,300
that made him a formidable. 
Swordsman made him a sense of 

6496
05:37:57,300 --> 05:38:00,200
painter. 
The patience required for 

6497
05:38:00,200 --> 05:38:03,200
mastering combat techniques 
transfers to the patient's 

6498
05:38:03,200 --> 05:38:05,400
needed for creating beautiful 
calligraphy. 

6499
05:38:05,400 --> 05:38:08,900
Most importantly, Musashi 
demonstrated that one can fully 

6500
05:38:08,900 --> 05:38:12,200
commit to Excellence without 
becoming rigid or closed-minded.

6501
05:38:13,100 --> 05:38:15,700
He remained curious and 
experimental throughout his 

6502
05:38:15,700 --> 05:38:17,800
life. 
Always willing to reconsider his

6503
05:38:17,800 --> 05:38:19,500
assumptions and try new 
approaches. 

6504
05:38:20,500 --> 05:38:23,900
This combination of dedication 
and flexibility is rare, and 

6505
05:38:23,900 --> 05:38:26,400
it's probably what allowed him 
to continue growing and 

6506
05:38:26,400 --> 05:38:29,200
improving well, into his later 
years as we come to the end of 

6507
05:38:29,200 --> 05:38:31,900
Musashi's story. 
It's worth considering what this

6508
05:38:31,900 --> 05:38:34,400
man from four centuries ago 
might teach us about living. 

6509
05:38:34,400 --> 05:38:37,600
Well, in our time, his life 
offers several lessons that 

6510
05:38:37,600 --> 05:38:40,600
transcend the specific 
circumstances of medieval Japan 

6511
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:42,700
first. 
There's the importance of 

6512
05:38:42,700 --> 05:38:45,400
developing your own approach 
rather than simply copying what 

6513
05:38:45,400 --> 05:38:49,400
others do Musashi's two sword 
technique worked for him, not 

6514
05:38:49,400 --> 05:38:51,700
because it was inherently 
Superior to single sword 

6515
05:38:51,700 --> 05:38:53,600
fighting. 
But because it matched his 

6516
05:38:53,600 --> 05:38:56,800
particular strengths and way of 
thinking, In your life. 

6517
05:38:56,808 --> 05:38:59,900
The most effective Solutions are
often the ones you develop for 

6518
05:38:59,908 --> 05:39:03,200
yourself based on your unique 
combination of abilities and 

6519
05:39:03,200 --> 05:39:06,500
circumstances. 
Second Musashi demonstrates. 

6520
05:39:06,500 --> 05:39:09,100
The value of cross-training 
between different disciplines, 

6521
05:39:09,100 --> 05:39:13,100
his martial arts, informed. 
His art is Art, informed his 

6522
05:39:13,100 --> 05:39:15,200
writing and his writing 
clarified. 

6523
05:39:15,200 --> 05:39:16,600
His understanding of martial 
arts. 

6524
05:39:17,500 --> 05:39:20,200
In our age of hyper 
specialization, there's 

6525
05:39:20,200 --> 05:39:22,900
something refreshing about 
someone who refused to stay in a

6526
05:39:22,900 --> 05:39:25,700
single Lane who understood that 
breadth of experience could 

6527
05:39:25,700 --> 05:39:28,000
deepen rather than dilute 
expertise. 

6528
05:39:28,000 --> 05:39:31,400
Third is willingness to start 
over and keep learning 

6529
05:39:31,400 --> 05:39:33,500
throughout his life is 
particularly relevant. 

6530
05:39:33,500 --> 05:39:37,600
Musashi did not reach his peak 
in his twenties and then rely 

6531
05:39:37,600 --> 05:39:40,700
solely on his reputation. 
He continued taking on new 

6532
05:39:40,700 --> 05:39:44,700
challenges developing new skills
and refining his understanding. 

6533
05:39:44,700 --> 05:39:49,300
Well, into his sixties Worldwide
careers increasingly require 

6534
05:39:49,300 --> 05:39:52,500
constant adaptation and lifelong
learning Musashi's. 

6535
05:39:52,500 --> 05:39:54,600
Example is both inspiring and 
practical. 

6536
05:39:54,600 --> 05:39:57,400
There's all his approach to 
dealing with failure and 

6537
05:39:57,400 --> 05:40:00,700
uncertainly. 
Versace, made mistakes, he got 

6538
05:40:00,708 --> 05:40:04,200
lost in mountains, over slept on
the day of important duels. 

6539
05:40:04,200 --> 05:40:06,800
And probably had plenty of 
moments when he questioned his 

6540
05:40:06,800 --> 05:40:09,500
life choices. 
But he seemed to treat these 

6541
05:40:09,500 --> 05:40:11,900
setbacks as information rather 
than disasters. 

6542
05:40:11,900 --> 05:40:14,700
Using them to adjust his 
approach, rather than, as 

6543
05:40:14,700 --> 05:40:17,800
reasons to give up his later, 
focus on teaching and writing 

6544
05:40:17,800 --> 05:40:20,300
suggests something important 
about how to create lasting 

6545
05:40:20,300 --> 05:40:23,100
value. 
Physical accomplishments, no 

6546
05:40:23,100 --> 05:40:26,100
matter how impressive, 
ultimately temporary, however 

6547
05:40:26,100 --> 05:40:30,500
your ideas insights and 
influence on others can endure 

6548
05:40:30,500 --> 05:40:34,600
long after your passing. 
Musashi's dueling record is 

6549
05:40:34,600 --> 05:40:37,700
historically intriguing, but his
books are still helping people 

6550
05:40:37,700 --> 05:40:40,700
solve problems today. 
Finally, there's his integration

6551
05:40:40,700 --> 05:40:44,200
of action and reflection. 
His ability to be both a doer 

6552
05:40:44,200 --> 05:40:47,900
and a thinker. too often we 
divide the world into people who

6553
05:40:47,900 --> 05:40:51,300
act and people who contemplate, 
as if these were mutually 

6554
05:40:51,300 --> 05:40:55,100
exclusive approaches to life, 
Musashi showed that the most 

6555
05:40:55,100 --> 05:40:58,700
effective people often combined 
both their willing to jump into 

6556
05:40:58,700 --> 05:41:01,400
challenges and take risks. 
But they also spend time 

6557
05:41:01,400 --> 05:41:03,800
thinking deeply about what 
they've learned and how they can

6558
05:41:03,800 --> 05:41:05,700
improve. 
As you prepare for sleep 

6559
05:41:05,700 --> 05:41:08,500
tonight, perhaps there's 
something comforting in the 

6560
05:41:08,508 --> 05:41:12,200
story of Musashi Miyamoto. 
Not the Fearsome, duelist of 

6561
05:41:12,200 --> 05:41:15,600
Legend but the more human 
figure, we've explored together.

6562
05:41:16,400 --> 05:41:19,600
A man who started as a boy 
swinging sticks with unusual 

6563
05:41:19,600 --> 05:41:22,600
enthusiasm, who spent years 
walking, the roads of Japan 

6564
05:41:22,600 --> 05:41:25,900
looking for worthy opponents. 
And who eventually learned that 

6565
05:41:25,900 --> 05:41:27,700
the most important battles are 
often. 

6566
05:41:27,700 --> 05:41:31,000
The ones we fight with ourselves
Musashi's, life serves as a 

6567
05:41:31,008 --> 05:41:35,000
reminder that growth is rarely 
linear He had periods of intense

6568
05:41:35,000 --> 05:41:38,600
activity and periods of quiet 
reflection times when he pushed 

6569
05:41:38,600 --> 05:41:41,600
himself to his limits and times 
when he stepped back to 

6570
05:41:41,600 --> 05:41:45,600
consolidate what he had learned.
This rhythm of effort and rest 

6571
05:41:45,600 --> 05:41:48,500
Challenge and Recovery is 
something we can all relate to, 

6572
05:41:48,500 --> 05:41:50,500
regardless of our particular 
Pursuits. 

6573
05:41:50,500 --> 05:41:53,400
There's also something deeply 
satisfying about the way. 

6574
05:41:53,400 --> 05:41:56,700
His story integrates seemingly 
contradictory elements, he was 

6575
05:41:56,708 --> 05:42:00,500
both a warrior and an artist 
both alone and a teacher and 

6576
05:42:00,500 --> 05:42:02,700
both someone who sought out 
conflict and someone who 

6577
05:42:02,700 --> 05:42:04,500
eventually understood the value 
of Peace. 

6578
05:42:04,500 --> 05:42:07,700
Perhaps, that's a useful way to 
think about our own complex 

6579
05:42:07,700 --> 05:42:09,900
lives. 
The image of Musashi in his 

6580
05:42:09,900 --> 05:42:12,400
mounting cave completing his 
life's work in solitude. 

6581
05:42:12,400 --> 05:42:16,100
But with full engagement offers 
a peaceful note on which to end 

6582
05:42:16,100 --> 05:42:19,200
our time together tonight. 
Here was someone who had 

6583
05:42:19,200 --> 05:42:21,400
experienced enough of the 
world's excitement and 

6584
05:42:21,400 --> 05:42:23,300
challenges to know their true 
value. 

6585
05:42:23,300 --> 05:42:26,200
Who had learned to find 
satisfaction in simple things 

6586
05:42:26,200 --> 05:42:28,100
done. 
Well, and who understood that 

6587
05:42:28,100 --> 05:42:31,100
the most profound Victory is are
often the quietest ones. 

6588
05:42:31,100 --> 05:42:33,700
As you drift off to sleep, you 
might think about the wooden 

6589
05:42:33,700 --> 05:42:35,700
sword and Sachi carved from a 
boat tours. 

6590
05:42:35,700 --> 05:42:39,200
Transforming a simple tool in to
an instrument of Victory through

6591
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:41,700
nothing, more than clear 
thinking and careful work. 

6592
05:42:42,500 --> 05:42:44,300
There's something encouraging 
about that image. 

6593
05:42:44,300 --> 05:42:47,900
The idea that we all have access
to the raw materials of success 

6594
05:42:47,900 --> 05:42:51,100
that creativity and 
determination can often matter 

6595
05:42:51,100 --> 05:42:54,500
more than perfect equipment or 
ideal circumstances, sweet 

6596
05:42:54,500 --> 05:42:57,100
dreams. 
And remember, sometimes the most

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05:42:57,100 --> 05:42:59,900
unconventional path is the one 
that leads exactly where you 

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05:42:59,900 --> 05:43:00,300
need to go.