How Tribal Warriors Slept And Traveled Safely in the African Wilderness, 1800–1900 | Boring History For Sleep

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Hey there you exhausted peeps. 
I know you guys use these videos

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for deep sleep. 
So let's snuggle up. 

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And let me tell you another 
story here tonight, where you 

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travel to a place where the sky 
stretches forever and the Earth 

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hums with ancient rhythms, we're
joining Hunters of the Southern 

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African savanna in the 1800s 
learning how they move through 

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their world with a knowledge. 
So deep it might as well have 

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been written into their bones 
This isn't a story of danger or 

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drama, it's about the quiet 
competence of people who knew 

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exactly how to be at home in a 
landscape that would leave. 

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Most of us completely 
bewildered. 

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So, if you're new here as 
always, joining the community is

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super quick and easy, just tap 
subscribe and like the video. 

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And let me know where in the 
world you're watching from and 

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what time it is for you. 
Now, get cozy, turn on your fan 

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for some noise and let's start. 
the sun is lowering toward the 

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Western Horizon and you'll 
standing on a slight rise in the

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Kalahari watching the afternoon 
transformed into something, 

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entirely different This moment 
what photographers centuries 

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later would call The Golden 
hour. 

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Is when experienced Hunters, 
would begin reading the 

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landscape with the attention. 
Most people reserved for their 

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favorite books, your traveling 
with a small Hunting Party from 

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the sand people often called 
Bushman, though. 

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That term never quite captures 
the sophistication of their 

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relationship with this land. 
These are people whose ancestors

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have lived here for tens of 
thousands of years accumulating 

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knowledge, the way a library 
accumulates books. 

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One generation carefully adding 
to what came before the light at

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this hour. 
Doesn't just illuminate the 

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Savannah. 
It reveals it Shadows, grow 

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longer, creating texture and 
depth that make, animal tracks 

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stand out like writing on a 
page. 

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The hunters, you're with have 
been walking since before Dawn 

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covering, perhaps 15 miles and 
they're now scanning the 

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environment with eyes that 
notice everything. 

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They're not looking for big 
obvious signs. 

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They're reading subtle changes 
in how grass Ben's noticing 

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where dust has been Disturbed 
and observing which birds are 

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alarmed and which are settling 
down for evening. 

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One of the hunters, Neil's 
beside what looks to you like 

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unmarked dirt to him. 
It's a story written in soil and

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Shadow. 
And Antelope passed here. 

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Maybe two hours ago, moving at 
an unhurried Pace toward water. 

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Track shows no signs of injury. 
No irregularity in gate. 

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This animal isn't worth pursuing
now. 

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It's healthy alert and heading 
away from where the group needs 

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to camp. 
Better to note its passage and 

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move on. 
The temperature is beginning its

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evening descent dropping from 
the mid-80s toward what will be 

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a surprisingly cool night in the
60s. 

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In the Kalahari, the dry season 
creates these dramatic 

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temperature swings that catch 
visitors off-guard. 

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You've learned to appreciate how
the hunters are just their Pace 

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with the changing temperature. 
Moving more slowly as the days 

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heat releases, its grip. 
Conserving energy for the work 

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of making camp, water to find 
everything in this landscape, 

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the nearest permanent water 
sources, two days walk from here

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but the hunters know about 
temporary pans. 

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Shallow depressions that hold 
rainwater for weeks after storms

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they also know about roots and 
tubers that store moisture about

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the buff fruit that can be 
squeezed for liquid and about 

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dozens of plants that offer 
hydration to those who know 

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where to look and how to prepare
them. 

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The evening air carries sense 
that create an invisible map of 

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the environment. 
Somewhere to the Northeast may 

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be a mild distant. 
There's a herd of wildebeest. 

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You can catch their musky smell 
when the breeze shifts. 

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Closer. 
There's the sharp green center 

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of crushed. 
Leaves were some animals has 

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been browsing. 
And underneath everything, 

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there's the distinctive smell of
the Savannah itself. 

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Dust dried grass and the faint 
mineral Tang of distant water. 

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Bird calls create a soundscape 
that the hunters interpreters 

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fluently, as you might read 
traffic patterns in your 

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neighborhood. 
A pair of fork-tailed drongos 

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are mobbing. 
Something they're aggressive 

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called suggesting a snake or 
perhaps a small predator. 

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Go away birds named for their 
distinctive call that sounds 

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exactly like their name or 
announcing their displeasure at 

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being disturbed. 
A night job begins, its Turing 

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songs. 
Signaling, that Twilight has 

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officially begun. 
The hunters are looking for a 

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campsite now. 
And there are requirements are 

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specific but not difficult to 
meet. 

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They need a slight elevation 
enough to catch breezes but not 

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so exposed, that wind becomes a 
problem. 

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They want to be near enough to 
water bearing plants, but not so

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close to game trails. 
That curious animals will wander

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through camp, They prefer a 
location with several Escape 

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Routes, not because they're 
worried about Predators, but 

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because being able to move in 
multiple directions is simply 

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sensible practice, you notice? 
They're all. 

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So reading the landscape to 
signs of previous human 

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presence. 
Are there old fire Rings here, 

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do certain trees show signs of 
bark harboring. 

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Someone built a small win in the
past Sand people have been using

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this landscape for thousands of 
years and their camps are spaced

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across it like invisible 
settlements that appear and 

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disappear with the seasons. 
The Chosen spot sits beneath a 

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sprawling camel Thorn Acacia, 
its canopy, providing both shade

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and a sense of enclosure without
being claustrophobic. 

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The tree is old, perhaps a 
century or more and its presence

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indicates subsurface water. 
That is deep roots of tapped. 

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Thorn trees are good, neighbors.
They shelter smaller plants. 

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Their pods feed animals and 
their wood burns with excellent.

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Coals for cooking, has the sun 
continues, its descent. 

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The colors of the Savannah shift
through a spectrum that 

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painters. 
Spend a lifetime trying to 

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capture the grass. 
Bleached Almost White by months 

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of dry season son. 
Now glows, Amber and gold. the 

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red Kalahari sand takes on 
deeper Hues, ranging from rust 

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to Burger King, depending on how
the light strikes it The sky 

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begins its evening performance 
transitioning from Blue to 

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colors that don't quite have 
names. 

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Something between Peach and Rose
between lavender and gray. 

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This is when experienced Hunters
performed their final 

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environmental check. 
The observe where birds are 

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settling for the night, which 
reveals safe roosting spots away

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from predators. 
They note Which Way smoke from a

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small test fire. 
Drifts, showing wind direction 

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for the night ahead. 
They look at clouds gathering on

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the horizon, reading them for 
signs of distant rain. 

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That might arrive in days or 
weeks. 

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The pace of everything begins to
slow. 

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As daylight Fades animals, that 
have been active during the 

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afternoon starts seeking 
shelter. 

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Diurnal creatures, give way to 
nocturnal ones in a Changing of 

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the Guard that happens twice 
daily every day in an endless 

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Rhythm that predates human 
presence on this continent. 

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Your watching a transition that 
has occurred here for millions 

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of years and being part of it. 
Even as an observer feels oddly,

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grounding understanding, how Sam
Hunters navigated and inhabited,

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the Kalahari requires 
appreciating, just how different

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this environment is from the 
Landscapes. 

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Most of us, consider normal The 
Kalahari isn't quite desert and 

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isn't quite Savannah. 
It's something in between. 

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A semi-arid landscape were life 
as adapted to scare City and 

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developed remarkable strategies 
for survival picture and area. 

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Roughly the size of France, 
covered primarily in sand that 

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ranges from Deep Red to pale 
yellow depending on iron content

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and exposure. 
This sound creates a surface 

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that soft enough to preserve 
tracks beautifully but firm 

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enough to walk on without 
difficulty. 

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After generations of walking 
this terrain Saint Hunters 

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developed. 
A gate that barely disturbs. 

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The sand, leaving tracks, so 
light, that rain can erase them 

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in minutes. 
The vegetation consists 

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primarily of grasses low, shrubs
and Scattered trees that have 

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learned to thrive on minimal 
rainfall, most years, the 

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Kalahari receives between 6 and 
10 inches of rain and sometimes 

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much less everything that grows 
here has evolved strategies for 

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the dry season. 
Deep Roots, small leaves that 

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can serve water and dormant 
superiores that can last months,

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but calling the Kalahari Baron 
would be like calling a library 

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empty because it doesn't have 
furniture. 

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The landscape holds incredible. 
Biodiversity for those who know 

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how to see it, there are dozens 
of edible plants, numerous 

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medicinal, herbs, fibers for 
crafting, and would that serves 

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everything from toolmaking to 
fuel. 

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The trick is knowing where to 
look. 

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And when to harvest, the train 
rolls gently with fossil June 

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systems, creating long parallel 
ridges that run roughly 

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north-south, These ridges 
created by ancient wind patterns

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during wetter periods. 
Thousands of years ago 

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influence, everything from where
water, collects to, which plants

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grow where Walking perpendicular
to these ridges means constantly

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ascending and descending. 
Gentle slopes walking parallel 

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to the provides easier travel. 
But sometimes means going out of

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your way. 
Pans those seasonal water 

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sources that filled during rains
dot the landscape like a regular

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pearls on a vast necklace. 
Some are tiny holding water for 

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only days after a storm, others 
are substantial, becoming 

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temporary lakes, that attract 
game from miles around and hold 

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water for months. 
Knowing which pans Phil first, 

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which hold water longest, and 
which provide the cleanest 

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drinking, water represents 
knowledge, that takes decades to

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accumulate the temperature 
extremes shape, everything about

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how people live here. 
Summer days can exceed 110 

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degrees Fahrenheit, while winter
nights can drop below freezing. 

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Even during the moderates 
seasons, daily temperature, 

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swings of 40 degrees are common.
This means that clothing shelter

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and daily routines must account 
for these dramatic changes and 

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the hunters your with have 
developed strategies that work 

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without any of the technology we
take for granted, what makes Sam

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Hunters. 
So remarkably adapted to this 

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environment is their mental map 
of resources. 

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They don't think of the Kalahari
as empty space between points, 

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they see it as a richly textured
landscape where every feature 

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has significance. 
That termite Mound indicates, 

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certain soil, conditions and 
marks are reliable navigation, 

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point. 
That cluster of shepherds trees 

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signals underground, water. 
That particular type of grass 

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means the soil beneath holds 
moisture suggesting certain, 

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edible roots, might be present, 
this environmental knowledge, 

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extends to understanding 
seasonal changes with Precision,

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that would impress modern 
ecologists. 

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The hunters know that certain 
plants flower when the player 

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Deeds constellation reaches a 
specific position in the sky. 

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They know that particular birds 
are from the north exactly three

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weeks before the first Reigns, 
they can predict weather 

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patterns by observing insect 
Behavior, cloud formation and 

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wind shifts. 
The animal life of the Kalahari 

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adds another layer to this 
landscape. 

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Large herbivores, like, gemsbok,
Eland and Springbok, have 

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adapted to survive with minimal 
water. 

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Getting moisture from the plants
they eat, and cooling themselves

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through specialized circulatory 
systems. 

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Predators like lions leopards 
and cheetahs follow these herds 

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and smaller creatures from 
meerkats to ground squirrels to 

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dozens of bird species. 
Create an ecosystem, where 

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everything is connected to 
everything else, understanding 

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these connections is what made 
Sam Hunt a successful. 

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They didn't just hunt animals. 
They understood the animals 

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relationships with plants water,
weather, and each other. 

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They knew that Lions hunt. 
Most actively three to four 

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hours after Sunset. 
And just before Dawn, they knew 

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that gems spot consents water 
underground and will sometimes 

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dig for it. 
They knew which vultures find 

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carcasses first and how to 
interpret the vultures Behavior 

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to locate game. 
As the last direct sunlight 

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Fades from the sky leaving, only
the diffuse glow of Twilight, 

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the hunters begin transforming 
this spot. 

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Beneath the camel Thorne Acasia 
from raw landscape into 

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Temporary Home. 
Watching this process is like, 

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seeing a stage set assemble 
itself except everything is 

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functional rather than 
decorative and every action 

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serves multiple purposes. 
The first task, involves 

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clearing the immediate camping 
area of anything that might 

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cause discomfort or problems 
during the night. 

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Small stones get pushed aside 
with feet, not tossed away 

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00:12:59,600 --> 00:13:03,100
because even stones have their 
place in this environment but 

233
00:13:03,100 --> 00:13:07,000
simply move to the perimeter. 
Thorny branches that have fallen

234
00:13:07,000 --> 00:13:10,100
from The Acacia get collected 
for a specific purpose will 

235
00:13:10,100 --> 00:13:13,700
return to shortly. 
The ground gets swept lightly 

236
00:13:13,700 --> 00:13:17,100
with a branch to disturb 
scorpions and spiders, that 

237
00:13:17,100 --> 00:13:19,900
might otherwise settle in for 
the evening near human warmth. 

238
00:13:19,900 --> 00:13:24,700
Next comes gathering firewood 
and this task reveals another 

239
00:13:24,700 --> 00:13:26,300
layer of environmental 
knowledge. 

240
00:13:27,000 --> 00:13:29,200
The hunters. 
Don't just grab any fall of 

241
00:13:29,200 --> 00:13:31,700
wood. 
They select specific types, that

242
00:13:31,700 --> 00:13:34,900
burn at different rates and 
produced different qualities of 

243
00:13:34,900 --> 00:13:38,000
heat. 
Camelthorn Burns long and hot 

244
00:13:38,000 --> 00:13:41,600
with excellent coals. 
Perfect for the main fire that 

245
00:13:41,600 --> 00:13:44,900
will last through the night. 
Other Woods burn quickly and 

246
00:13:44,900 --> 00:13:47,900
bright useful for light but not 
sustained. 

247
00:13:47,900 --> 00:13:51,600
Heat. 
Some Woods when green produced 

248
00:13:51,600 --> 00:13:54,500
smoke that helps keep insects at
Bay without being overwhelming. 

249
00:13:54,500 --> 00:13:57,700
The wood collection happens, 
efficiently but not frantically.

250
00:13:57,700 --> 00:14:01,400
There's no sense of racing 
against Darkness because the 

251
00:14:01,400 --> 00:14:04,600
hunters know exactly how much 
time they have and how much 

252
00:14:04,600 --> 00:14:08,100
would they'll need. 
The gather enough for a fire 

253
00:14:08,108 --> 00:14:10,700
that will burn all night, but 
not wastefully large. 

254
00:14:10,700 --> 00:14:15,300
Just sufficient to provide 
warmth light and psychological 

255
00:14:15,300 --> 00:14:18,100
comfort. 
Each person contributes to the 

256
00:14:18,100 --> 00:14:22,100
pile and the wood gets stacked 
in a specific way that keeps it 

257
00:14:22,100 --> 00:14:25,700
dry and makes different types. 
Easy to identify by touch after 

258
00:14:25,700 --> 00:14:28,500
dark. 
Creating the fire itself is less

259
00:14:28,500 --> 00:14:30,100
dramatic than movies might 
suggest. 

260
00:14:31,200 --> 00:14:33,300
These Hunters carry firemaking 
tools. 

261
00:14:33,300 --> 00:14:37,500
Friction sets made from specific
Woods that create Embers through

262
00:14:37,500 --> 00:14:41,600
practice technique. 
But more often, they carry coals

263
00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:45,400
from the previous night's fire. 
Kept alive in a carrying vessel,

264
00:14:45,400 --> 00:14:49,200
made from a hallowed route. 
To with specific fungi that 

265
00:14:49,200 --> 00:14:52,200
smolder without flame 
transferring these. 

266
00:14:52,200 --> 00:14:56,000
Coals to a nest of find dry 
grass takes perhaps. 30 seconds 

267
00:14:56,000 --> 00:14:59,500
and gentle blowing creates flame
almost immediately. 

268
00:14:59,500 --> 00:15:02,300
The fire location has been 
chosen with care. 

269
00:15:02,300 --> 00:15:06,900
It sits far enough from the tree
that Sparks when the canopy but 

270
00:15:06,900 --> 00:15:09,900
close enough that the trees 
trunk reflects heat back toward 

271
00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:13,600
the camping area. 
Fire is also positioned so that 

272
00:15:13,600 --> 00:15:16,000
smoke drifts away from where 
people will sleep. 

273
00:15:16,000 --> 00:15:19,800
But not so far away that its 
light and warmth become useless 

274
00:15:19,800 --> 00:15:22,600
around the fire. 
The hunters creates sleeping 

275
00:15:22,600 --> 00:15:25,400
areas that demonstrate 
impressive economy of effort, 

276
00:15:25,400 --> 00:15:27,800
they don't build elaborate 
structures. 

277
00:15:27,800 --> 00:15:30,800
Instead they work with what the 
environment. 

278
00:15:30,800 --> 00:15:35,200
Provides grass gets gathered in 
arm Falls and laid out in thick 

279
00:15:35,200 --> 00:15:38,900
piles that will serve as 
mattresses insulating sleepers 

280
00:15:38,900 --> 00:15:42,400
from the cooling ground. 
These grass beds are positioned 

281
00:15:42,400 --> 00:15:45,800
in a semi-circle around the fire
close enough for warmth. 

282
00:15:45,800 --> 00:15:48,500
But far enough that Sparks won't
be a hazard. 

283
00:15:48,500 --> 00:15:51,600
The thorny branches collected 
earlier and now serve their 

284
00:15:51,600 --> 00:15:54,700
purpose, their arranged in a 
loose barrier on the side of 

285
00:15:54,700 --> 00:15:58,500
Camp away from the fire. 
This simple windbreaks serves 

286
00:15:58,500 --> 00:16:02,000
multiple functions. 
It deflects breezes that might 

287
00:16:02,000 --> 00:16:05,600
otherwise make the night 
uncomfortable. creates a cycle, 

288
00:16:05,600 --> 00:16:10,400
boundary that marks, the camps 
Edge and it discourages curious 

289
00:16:10,400 --> 00:16:13,700
animals from wandering through 
not by being an impossible 

290
00:16:13,700 --> 00:16:17,100
barrier, but simply by being 
mildly annoying to navigate 

291
00:16:17,100 --> 00:16:21,600
around Animals like people 
generally, take the path of 

292
00:16:21,600 --> 00:16:25,400
least resistance, personal 
items, get a range with the same

293
00:16:25,400 --> 00:16:28,400
thoughtful efficiency that 
characterizes everything these 

294
00:16:28,400 --> 00:16:33,400
Hunters do. 
Hunting tools, bows arrows and 

295
00:16:33,400 --> 00:16:36,600
digging sticks a placed where 
they'll be immediately 

296
00:16:36,600 --> 00:16:40,600
accessible but won't get 
accidentally kicked or stepped 

297
00:16:40,600 --> 00:16:43,800
on during the night. 
Water containers made from 

298
00:16:43,800 --> 00:16:47,100
ostrich eggshells stoppered with
grass buns. 

299
00:16:47,100 --> 00:16:50,600
Are secured in scooped out sand 
depressions where they won't 

300
00:16:50,600 --> 00:16:54,300
roll or tip. 
Leather bags, containing various

301
00:16:54,300 --> 00:16:56,400
items. 
Get hung from low branches or 

302
00:16:56,400 --> 00:17:00,400
placed on elevated spots away 
from ground, dwelling insects as

303
00:17:00,400 --> 00:17:02,600
Camp takes shape. 
What strikes? 

304
00:17:02,600 --> 00:17:05,000
You is how little it looks like?
What most people consider 

305
00:17:05,000 --> 00:17:08,300
camping. 
There are no tents, no chairs, 

306
00:17:08,300 --> 00:17:13,200
and no desiccated cooking areas.
Everything is minimal functional

307
00:17:13,200 --> 00:17:16,400
and completely adapted to this 
specific environment. 

308
00:17:17,200 --> 00:17:19,900
This isn't primitive. 
It's fisticated. 

309
00:17:19,900 --> 00:17:23,800
These Hunters have distilled 
thousands of years of experience

310
00:17:23,800 --> 00:17:27,700
in practices that use minimal 
materials to maximum effect. 

311
00:17:27,700 --> 00:17:31,700
The cycleogical transformation 
of space is perhaps most 

312
00:17:31,700 --> 00:17:36,800
interesting. 20 minutes ago, 
this was just another spot in an

313
00:17:36,800 --> 00:17:39,300
endless Savannah. 
Now it's Camp. 

314
00:17:39,300 --> 00:17:42,700
A place that feels qualitatively
different from the surrounding 

315
00:17:42,700 --> 00:17:46,000
landscape. 
This transformation happens not 

316
00:17:46,000 --> 00:17:49,700
through barriers or structures. 
But through human activity, Fire

317
00:17:49,700 --> 00:17:52,500
Light, and the subtle 
organization of space. 

318
00:17:52,500 --> 00:17:56,400
It's the same Instinct that made
your ancestors gather around 

319
00:17:56,400 --> 00:18:00,900
fires in caves. 
The same fundamental, human need

320
00:18:00,900 --> 00:18:05,300
to create a sense of place and 
safety and full darkness is 

321
00:18:05,300 --> 00:18:09,100
settled over the Kalahari now 
and the compass on the quality 

322
00:18:09,100 --> 00:18:11,700
of a small island of light in an
ocean of night. 

323
00:18:12,900 --> 00:18:16,300
Fire Burns. 
Steadily, its Flames dancing and

324
00:18:16,300 --> 00:18:19,300
patterns that humans have been 
watching since we first learned 

325
00:18:19,300 --> 00:18:22,800
to control combustion. 
The wood crackles and Pops 

326
00:18:22,800 --> 00:18:26,500
occasionally sending brief 
Showers of Sparks upward towards

327
00:18:26,500 --> 00:18:29,500
stars that are beginning to 
emerge in truly remarkable 

328
00:18:29,500 --> 00:18:32,100
numbers. 
The hunter settle in to evening 

329
00:18:32,100 --> 00:18:34,100
routines that balance work with 
rest. 

330
00:18:35,000 --> 00:18:36,900
Someone is preparing food, 
though. 

331
00:18:36,900 --> 00:18:39,800
Preparing might be too elaborate
a word for what's actually 

332
00:18:39,800 --> 00:18:42,900
happening. 
Dinner tonight consists of 

333
00:18:42,900 --> 00:18:45,900
items, collected. 
During the day's travel, tubers 

334
00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:49,400
that were dug from the ground. 
Their locations revealed by 

335
00:18:49,400 --> 00:18:53,400
specific Leaf patterns. 
Samuel mellon's that provided 

336
00:18:53,400 --> 00:18:56,700
both food and water a nuts from 
among gongo. 

337
00:18:56,700 --> 00:18:59,400
Tree already. 
Roasted in today's early fire 

338
00:18:59,400 --> 00:19:03,300
the tubers get buried in the 
coals at the fire's Edge where 

339
00:19:03,300 --> 00:19:06,600
they'll roast slowly their tough
skins protecting the starchy 

340
00:19:06,600 --> 00:19:10,000
flesh inside. 
This cooking method requires no 

341
00:19:10,000 --> 00:19:13,900
pots no utensils and no complex 
preparation. 

342
00:19:13,900 --> 00:19:18,700
Just fire time and experience 
knowing when they're done the 

343
00:19:18,700 --> 00:19:21,900
mongongo nuts, which are 
extraordinarily nutritious and 

344
00:19:21,900 --> 00:19:25,400
tastes vaguely like, cashews, 
get passed around for anyone 

345
00:19:25,400 --> 00:19:28,100
who's hungry now, rather than 
waiting for the tubers to cook. 

346
00:19:28,100 --> 00:19:31,900
There's meat as well from 
successful hunt two days ago. 

347
00:19:32,800 --> 00:19:35,900
The hunters had pursued an 
Eland, the largest Antelope 

348
00:19:35,900 --> 00:19:38,500
species. 
And after a chase that combined 

349
00:19:38,500 --> 00:19:41,500
tracking with endurance, they 
brought it down with poison 

350
00:19:41,500 --> 00:19:44,300
arrows. 
The meat was butchered on site 

351
00:19:44,300 --> 00:19:47,300
with some eating immediately in 
the rest, cut into strips and 

352
00:19:47,308 --> 00:19:51,200
dried tonight, some of that 
dried meat gets briefly warmed 

353
00:19:51,200 --> 00:19:54,900
over the fire not enough to cook
it, but enough to soften it and 

354
00:19:54,900 --> 00:19:57,900
bring out the flavors. 
What's notable about this meal 

355
00:19:57,900 --> 00:20:00,000
is its absolute lack of 
ceremony. 

356
00:20:00,800 --> 00:20:02,900
People eat when they're hungry 
and take what they need. 

357
00:20:02,900 --> 00:20:06,500
And there's no formal structure 
or designated serving time. 

358
00:20:07,300 --> 00:20:10,400
Food gets shared automatically 
without negotiation or 

359
00:20:10,400 --> 00:20:13,200
accounting. 
If someone is hungry and you 

360
00:20:13,208 --> 00:20:16,300
have food, sharing isn't 
General, hospitality is simply 

361
00:20:16,300 --> 00:20:18,800
what you do as automatic as 
breathing. 

362
00:20:19,800 --> 00:20:22,500
This isn't primitive, communism 
or noble savage. 

363
00:20:22,500 --> 00:20:26,100
Idealism, it's practical 
adaptation to an environment 

364
00:20:26,100 --> 00:20:29,400
where food availability 
fluctuates, and mutual support 

365
00:20:29,400 --> 00:20:32,400
increases. 
Everyone's survival chances, as 

366
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:35,700
people eat conversation happens 
in the unhurried way that 

367
00:20:35,700 --> 00:20:37,900
characterizes most of their 
interactions. 

368
00:20:38,600 --> 00:20:41,000
The saint languages include 
click consonants. 

369
00:20:41,000 --> 00:20:44,500
That sound, almost like 
percussion creating speech 

370
00:20:44,500 --> 00:20:47,500
patterns that blend beautifully 
with the nighttime sound scape. 

371
00:20:48,200 --> 00:20:51,500
discussions cover practical 
matters observations from 

372
00:20:51,500 --> 00:20:55,100
today's travel plans for 
tomorrow's movement and news 

373
00:20:55,100 --> 00:20:57,700
about other groups, they 
encountered weeks ago, but 

374
00:20:57,700 --> 00:21:01,400
there's also storytelling Which 
serves purposes that go beyond 

375
00:21:01,400 --> 00:21:03,400
entertainment. 
Stories. 

376
00:21:03,400 --> 00:21:06,900
Encode information about the 
environment animal behavior, 

377
00:21:06,900 --> 00:21:09,900
proper conduct, and historical 
events. 

378
00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:14,400
Story about a hunter who ignored
certain signs and got lost 

379
00:21:14,400 --> 00:21:17,400
becomes a lesson in Reading 
landscape features. 

380
00:21:18,300 --> 00:21:21,500
The story about someone who was 
greedy, and didn't share becomes

381
00:21:21,500 --> 00:21:25,900
a lesson in Social cohesion. 
Stories aren't heavy handed or 

382
00:21:25,900 --> 00:21:28,900
obviously instructive. 
There are entertaining first and

383
00:21:28,900 --> 00:21:31,100
educational second which is why 
they work so. 

384
00:21:31,100 --> 00:21:34,600
Well, the night is brought out 
different sounds than dominated 

385
00:21:34,600 --> 00:21:37,100
the day. 
Insects create a constant 

386
00:21:37,100 --> 00:21:39,800
background hum that rises and 
falls in waves. 

387
00:21:40,500 --> 00:21:44,000
Primarily crickets but also 
cicadas and other creatures 

388
00:21:44,000 --> 00:21:47,900
whose names you don't know. 
A jackal calls in the distance, 

389
00:21:47,900 --> 00:21:51,100
its cry. 
Eerily reminiscent of a crying 

390
00:21:51,100 --> 00:21:54,400
baby. 
Another Jackal answers and their

391
00:21:54,400 --> 00:21:56,400
conversation creates a back and 
forth. 

392
00:21:56,400 --> 00:21:58,700
That sounds almost like they're 
commenting on the days of 

393
00:21:58,700 --> 00:22:00,900
events, somewhere, much farther 
away. 

394
00:22:00,900 --> 00:22:04,200
Maybe two or three miles, a lion
roars. 

395
00:22:04,200 --> 00:22:07,500
The sound carrying with 
remarkable clarity through the 

396
00:22:07,500 --> 00:22:11,300
cool night air. 
The hunters paused briefly when 

397
00:22:11,300 --> 00:22:14,200
they hear it listening to 
determine direction and 

398
00:22:14,200 --> 00:22:16,300
distance. 
Then return to their 

399
00:22:16,300 --> 00:22:19,100
conversation. 
They're not alarmed just aware. 

400
00:22:19,900 --> 00:22:23,700
Lions generally avoid human 
camps with fires and these 

401
00:22:23,700 --> 00:22:25,900
particular lions sound far 
enough away. 

402
00:22:25,900 --> 00:22:29,100
That they're not an immediate 
consideration as the evening 

403
00:22:29,100 --> 00:22:31,300
deepens and the hunters settle 
into rest. 

404
00:22:31,300 --> 00:22:34,700
It's worth examining the tools 
and equipment that make this 

405
00:22:34,700 --> 00:22:38,200
lifestyle possible. 
What you notice immediately is, 

406
00:22:38,200 --> 00:22:40,100
how much can be accomplished 
with. 

407
00:22:40,100 --> 00:22:43,900
What seems like very little and 
how every item serves multiple 

408
00:22:43,900 --> 00:22:47,200
purposes, the hunting bow 
deserves particular attention, 

409
00:22:48,000 --> 00:22:51,700
It's not the heavy powerful 
Longbow of medieval Europe or 

410
00:22:51,700 --> 00:22:53,800
the compound bow of modern sport
hunting. 

411
00:22:54,600 --> 00:22:57,800
This is a small elegant tool 
made from carefully selected, 

412
00:22:57,800 --> 00:23:01,600
would often a hardwood that 
combines flexibility with 

413
00:23:01,600 --> 00:23:06,800
tensile strength. the Bose 3 
feet long, when strong small 

414
00:23:06,800 --> 00:23:10,100
enough to maneuver through brush
and light enough to carry all 

415
00:23:10,100 --> 00:23:14,100
day without fatigue, the bow 
string is sinew carefully 

416
00:23:14,100 --> 00:23:17,000
prepared from animal tendons and
twisted into cordage that 

417
00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:20,400
surprisingly strong, despite 
being thinner than your pinky 

418
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:24,900
finger, this string requires 
periodic attention to keep it 

419
00:23:24,900 --> 00:23:27,200
properly conditioned and the 
hunters. 

420
00:23:27,200 --> 00:23:31,400
Check their bows regularly, 
robbing the strings with fat to 

421
00:23:31,400 --> 00:23:34,700
keep them Supple and inspecting 
the wood for any developing 

422
00:23:34,700 --> 00:23:37,500
cracks or weaknesses. 
The arrows are engineering 

423
00:23:37,500 --> 00:23:41,600
Marvels in miniature, each 
consists of a reed shaft Hollow 

424
00:23:41,600 --> 00:23:45,300
and light with a separate wooden
for shaft inserted into the 

425
00:23:45,300 --> 00:23:47,800
Reed. 
The four shaft can be replaced. 

426
00:23:47,800 --> 00:23:51,700
If it breaks, meaning one Reed 
can serve for dozens of uses. 

427
00:23:51,700 --> 00:23:54,900
The arrowheads are made from 
bonal metal when available 

428
00:23:54,900 --> 00:23:59,400
carefully shaped and sharpened. 
But the real sophistication is 

429
00:23:59,400 --> 00:24:01,500
in the poison that Supply to 
these points. 

430
00:24:01,500 --> 00:24:05,100
The poison comes from beetle, 
larvae harvested, from specific 

431
00:24:05,100 --> 00:24:08,700
plants and prepared through a 
process that's both Art and 

432
00:24:08,708 --> 00:24:11,800
Science. 
The larvae are squeezed to 

433
00:24:11,800 --> 00:24:14,300
extract a substance. 
That's then mixed with plant 

434
00:24:14,300 --> 00:24:17,700
saps, and possibly other 
ingredients depending on Family 

435
00:24:17,700 --> 00:24:21,600
Recipe, variations. 
This poison doesn't kill quickly

436
00:24:21,600 --> 00:24:26,000
like Venom instead, it creates a
systemic effect that gradually 

437
00:24:26,000 --> 00:24:28,900
weakens the animal making it 
easier to follow. 

438
00:24:28,900 --> 00:24:32,500
And eventually approach using 
poison might sound on sporting 

439
00:24:32,500 --> 00:24:35,700
to Modern sensibilities but it's
actually more Humane than 

440
00:24:35,700 --> 00:24:39,500
Alternatives a small bow. 
Can't deliver the kinetic energy

441
00:24:39,500 --> 00:24:43,100
to kill a large animal quickly. 
The poison allows Hunters to 

442
00:24:43,100 --> 00:24:46,300
take game they couldn't 
otherwise pursue doing so in a 

443
00:24:46,300 --> 00:24:48,800
way that minimizes the animal 
suffering compared to what would

444
00:24:48,800 --> 00:24:51,200
happen. 
If a wounded Animal Escape and 

445
00:24:51,200 --> 00:24:53,400
died slowly from infection or 
blood loss. 

446
00:24:53,400 --> 00:24:56,700
The digging stick is another 
tool that reveals sophistication

447
00:24:56,700 --> 00:25:00,500
through simplicity It's a 
hardwood shaft about three feet,

448
00:25:00,500 --> 00:25:04,700
long fire, hardened, one end and
waited with a stone that's been 

449
00:25:04,700 --> 00:25:06,200
pierced and permanently 
attacked. 

450
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,800
This weight gives the stick 
momentum, when your digging 

451
00:25:09,800 --> 00:25:14,800
making the work less exhausting.
The tool serves for Excavating. 

452
00:25:14,800 --> 00:25:18,900
Tubers breaking open termite 
Mounds defending against 

453
00:25:18,900 --> 00:25:22,600
aggressive animals and dozens of
other purposes that arise in 

454
00:25:22,608 --> 00:25:25,000
daily. 
Life, clothing represents 

455
00:25:25,000 --> 00:25:27,700
another area, where sand people 
demonstrating impressive 

456
00:25:27,700 --> 00:25:32,300
adaptation to their environment.
During the day, men might wear 

457
00:25:32,300 --> 00:25:34,600
only a loin cloth made from 
softened animal. 

458
00:25:34,600 --> 00:25:38,900
Hide just enough to protect and 
maintain modesty without causing

459
00:25:38,900 --> 00:25:42,000
overheating. 
Women were slightly more, 

460
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:44,200
usually a leather apron front 
and back. 

461
00:25:44,200 --> 00:25:47,500
Both use lightweight leather 
cloaks that can be worn or 

462
00:25:47,500 --> 00:25:48,800
carried depending on 
temperature. 

463
00:25:48,800 --> 00:25:52,800
But at night as temperatures, 
drop the same, people know how 

464
00:25:52,800 --> 00:25:56,700
to layer effectively the leather
cloaks wrap around shoulders and

465
00:25:56,700 --> 00:25:59,900
torso is providing insulation. 
That's remarkably effective. 

466
00:26:01,400 --> 00:26:04,200
People sleep, close to the fire 
on their grass mattresses, 

467
00:26:04,200 --> 00:26:07,700
Sometimes using their own limbs 
as pillows or sharing body 

468
00:26:07,700 --> 00:26:09,500
warmth on particularly cold 
nights. 

469
00:26:11,000 --> 00:26:13,500
The leather clothing, they've 
been wearing all day now, serves

470
00:26:13,500 --> 00:26:16,600
as additional bedding. 
Folded and placed strategically 

471
00:26:16,600 --> 00:26:20,200
for extra insulation. 
The sand people also use animal 

472
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:23,200
skins in ways that demonstrate a
thorough understanding of 

473
00:26:23,200 --> 00:26:27,000
Material Science, Different 
hides, serve different purposes,

474
00:26:27,000 --> 00:26:30,600
gems box leather makes the most 
durable sandals because it's 

475
00:26:30,600 --> 00:26:34,900
tough and resists Thorns, tucca 
hide being softer. 

476
00:26:34,900 --> 00:26:37,800
More pliable works better for 
bags and pouches. 

477
00:26:38,700 --> 00:26:42,800
Elon hide thick and substantial 
makes excellent sleeping mats 

478
00:26:42,800 --> 00:26:46,400
when properly prepared the 
preparation of these hides is a 

479
00:26:46,400 --> 00:26:49,400
process that would exhaust most 
modern people just watching it. 

480
00:26:50,200 --> 00:26:54,100
Fresh hides must be scraped to 
remove flesh and fat, then 

481
00:26:54,100 --> 00:26:57,000
stretched, and worked to prevent
stiffening. 

482
00:26:57,900 --> 00:27:01,300
They're treated with animal 
brains, which contain natural 

483
00:27:01,300 --> 00:27:03,600
oils and enzymes that cure the 
leather. 

484
00:27:04,300 --> 00:27:08,000
Then smoked over specific types 
of wood that prevent insect 

485
00:27:08,000 --> 00:27:11,600
damage and mold. 
The entire process takes days 

486
00:27:11,600 --> 00:27:15,700
and produces leather. 
That soft supple and durable 

487
00:27:15,700 --> 00:27:18,600
water containers made from 
ostrich egg shells. 

488
00:27:18,600 --> 00:27:22,200
Represent another Innovation 
that so perfect for its purpose 

489
00:27:22,200 --> 00:27:26,400
that it hasn't been 
significantly improved upon an 

490
00:27:26,400 --> 00:27:29,500
ostrich eggshell holds about a 
liter of water when properly 

491
00:27:29,500 --> 00:27:32,700
prepared. 
The hunters find empty shells, 

492
00:27:32,700 --> 00:27:36,300
ostriches lay eggs throughout 
certain seasons and not all 

493
00:27:36,300 --> 00:27:39,400
survived to hatch. 
Then carefully drill a hole in 

494
00:27:39,400 --> 00:27:41,600
one end using a stone tool or 
bone. 

495
00:27:41,600 --> 00:27:44,500
All these eggshell. 
Canteens are nearly ideal water 

496
00:27:44,500 --> 00:27:47,900
containers for nomadic life. 
Their lightweight when empty 

497
00:27:47,900 --> 00:27:51,700
strong enough to withstand rough
handling and their shape 

498
00:27:51,700 --> 00:27:53,900
distributes impact stress 
evenly. 

499
00:27:54,900 --> 00:27:58,600
The narrow opening minimizes of 
evaporation and prevents spills.

500
00:27:58,600 --> 00:28:02,800
Each family might own a dozen or
more of these containers cashed 

501
00:28:02,800 --> 00:28:04,900
at different locations 
throughout their territory. 

502
00:28:04,900 --> 00:28:08,400
So that water is available at 
various points in their seasonal

503
00:28:08,400 --> 00:28:12,000
movements, the most impressive 
tool however, might be knowledge

504
00:28:12,000 --> 00:28:14,500
itself. 
The hunters carry in their 

505
00:28:14,500 --> 00:28:17,700
heads, detailed mental maps of 
their territory that span 

506
00:28:17,700 --> 00:28:21,100
hundreds of square miles. 
They know where to find water in

507
00:28:21,100 --> 00:28:24,300
different seasons, which plants 
are edible, at which times of 

508
00:28:24,300 --> 00:28:28,200
year, how to track dozens of 
different animal species, how to

509
00:28:28,208 --> 00:28:32,500
read weather patterns and how to
navigate by stars and landmarks 

510
00:28:33,400 --> 00:28:35,000
This knowledge isn't written 
down. 

511
00:28:35,000 --> 00:28:38,200
Its transmitted through, 
observation practice and 

512
00:28:38,200 --> 00:28:41,900
storytelling each generation 
learning from the previous one. 

513
00:28:41,900 --> 00:28:44,800
As you lie on your own grass 
Mattress near the fire. 

514
00:28:44,800 --> 00:28:48,500
The night reveals itself as 
anything but silent or static. 

515
00:28:49,600 --> 00:28:52,600
The darkness has brought out a 
completely different set of life

516
00:28:52,600 --> 00:28:55,100
forms and the experienced 
Hunters around. 

517
00:28:55,100 --> 00:28:58,700
You remain casually aware of 
this, nocturnal world even as 

518
00:28:58,700 --> 00:29:02,500
they relax, the soundscape has 
layers that become apparent. 

519
00:29:02,500 --> 00:29:05,900
Once you stop trying to identify
individual sounds and instead 

520
00:29:05,900 --> 00:29:10,000
listen to the whole composition,
there's the constant bass note 

521
00:29:10,000 --> 00:29:13,500
of her insect life. 
That steady whom we mentioned 

522
00:29:13,500 --> 00:29:18,200
earlier over this bird calls 
punctuate the darkness night 

523
00:29:18,200 --> 00:29:22,200
jars with their Turing song 
songs with various hoops and 

524
00:29:22,200 --> 00:29:26,100
shrieks depending on species and
occasionally the distinctive 

525
00:29:26,100 --> 00:29:29,500
call of a thick knee which 
sounds like someone whistling 

526
00:29:29,500 --> 00:29:32,600
for their dog mammalian sounds 
at another dimension. 

527
00:29:33,400 --> 00:29:37,000
Small animals Russell through 
grass and brush their movements.

528
00:29:37,000 --> 00:29:40,800
Creating discrete sounds that 
experience ears can identify 

529
00:29:41,700 --> 00:29:45,300
That particular Russell combined
with a soft munching sound, 

530
00:29:45,300 --> 00:29:49,700
indicates a spring hair. 
A large rodent that moves by 

531
00:29:49,700 --> 00:29:51,300
hopping. 
Like a miniature kangaroo. 

532
00:29:51,300 --> 00:29:54,700
And feeds on roots and grass. 
That different type of 

533
00:29:54,700 --> 00:29:58,100
disturbance more deliberate. 
And heavier might be a 

534
00:29:58,100 --> 00:30:00,500
porcupine. 
One of the few animals that 

535
00:30:00,500 --> 00:30:03,200
moves with complete confidence 
because its quills. 

536
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:07,300
Make it effectively invulnerable
to most Predators larger animals

537
00:30:07,300 --> 00:30:08,900
announced their presence through
different. 

538
00:30:08,900 --> 00:30:13,300
Means you can hear zebras in the
distance, their barking calls 

539
00:30:13,300 --> 00:30:15,200
distinctive. 
Even if you've never heard them 

540
00:30:15,200 --> 00:30:19,400
before, Hyenas, occasionally, 
whoop, a sound that carries for 

541
00:30:19,400 --> 00:30:22,700
miles and serves to maintain 
contact between clan members. 

542
00:30:23,600 --> 00:30:25,900
That rhythmic sound that almost 
resembles. 

543
00:30:25,900 --> 00:30:29,500
Someone chopping wood is a 
giraffe walking its Hooves 

544
00:30:29,500 --> 00:30:32,300
striking the ground with a 
distinctive Cadence that no 

545
00:30:32,300 --> 00:30:34,900
other animal quite replicates 
the hunters. 

546
00:30:34,900 --> 00:30:37,700
Listen to all of this with 
attention that's alert but not 

547
00:30:37,700 --> 00:30:40,100
anxious. 
They're not worried about these 

548
00:30:40,100 --> 00:30:42,400
animals. 
They're simply staying informed 

549
00:30:42,400 --> 00:30:45,100
about their neighborhood. 
That lion from early. 

550
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:49,100
They note when it rules again, 
tracking its movement, mentally.

551
00:30:49,800 --> 00:30:53,500
It's now farther away. 
Moving East, probably following 

552
00:30:53,500 --> 00:30:57,400
zebra, herds This information 
might be useful tomorrow, if 

553
00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:00,500
they decide to hunt in that 
direction or it might simply be 

554
00:31:00,500 --> 00:31:03,300
filed away as part of the 
ongoing environmental awareness 

555
00:31:03,300 --> 00:31:06,200
that characterizes their lives 
or predators. 

556
00:31:06,200 --> 00:31:07,700
Are they actually concerned 
about? 

557
00:31:08,600 --> 00:31:12,800
Surprisingly few Lions almost 
never attack humans without 

558
00:31:12,800 --> 00:31:15,700
provocation and they are 
specially avoid groups with 

559
00:31:15,700 --> 00:31:18,500
fires. 
Leopards are more cautious of 

560
00:31:18,500 --> 00:31:22,500
humans than humans are of them. 
Hyenas can be aggressive near 

561
00:31:22,500 --> 00:31:26,300
food but generally give people 
plenty of space The most 

562
00:31:26,300 --> 00:31:29,200
dangerous large animal is 
probably the Cape buffalo, but 

563
00:31:29,200 --> 00:31:31,400
they're not present in this 
particular region of the 

564
00:31:31,400 --> 00:31:34,100
Kalahari. 
The real nighttime concerns are 

565
00:31:34,100 --> 00:31:37,700
smaller and more mundane. 
Scorpions become active after 

566
00:31:37,700 --> 00:31:39,900
dark hunting, the insects that 
all. 

567
00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:43,200
So come out at night. this is 
why the hunters cleared the 

568
00:31:43,200 --> 00:31:46,500
ground before settling in and 
why they shake out clothes and 

569
00:31:46,500 --> 00:31:50,200
check shoes before putting them 
on Snakes or hunted at night, 

570
00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:53,100
but they generally more 
interested in avoiding people 

571
00:31:53,100 --> 00:31:56,300
than confronting them. the 
barrier of thorny branches 

572
00:31:56,300 --> 00:32:00,000
around camps serves partly to 
discourage the smaller creatures

573
00:32:00,000 --> 00:32:02,600
from wandering through as the 
night progresses, the 

574
00:32:02,600 --> 00:32:06,400
temperature continues dropping 
You notice the hunters adjusting

575
00:32:06,400 --> 00:32:09,500
to this gradually pulling their 
leather cloaks more tightly 

576
00:32:09,500 --> 00:32:13,300
shifting closer to the fire and 
adding another stick. 

577
00:32:13,300 --> 00:32:16,800
When the Flames died down to 
coals, there's an art to 

578
00:32:16,800 --> 00:32:19,600
maintaining a fire through the 
night, you don't want it blazing

579
00:32:19,600 --> 00:32:22,900
so high, that it consumes would 
too quickly, but you also don't 

580
00:32:22,900 --> 00:32:25,700
want it to die completely and 
have to restart it in the middle

581
00:32:25,700 --> 00:32:28,100
of the night. 
The person tending, the fire 

582
00:32:28,100 --> 00:32:30,000
does. 
So with minimal disruption to 

583
00:32:30,000 --> 00:32:32,800
others, they add would quietly 
position it. 

584
00:32:32,800 --> 00:32:36,400
So it catches without creating 
excessive flame and settle back 

585
00:32:36,400 --> 00:32:39,600
to sleep. 
This rotation of fire tending 

586
00:32:39,600 --> 00:32:43,300
happened, organically with 
whoever wakes naturally taking a

587
00:32:43,300 --> 00:32:46,000
turn. 
There's no formal schedule know,

588
00:32:46,000 --> 00:32:49,500
assign shifts, just the 
understanding that someone needs

589
00:32:49,500 --> 00:32:52,000
to maintain the fire, and 
everyone takes responsibility 

590
00:32:52,000 --> 00:32:55,400
for it. 
The Moon Rises late tonight and 

591
00:32:55,400 --> 00:32:57,800
its appearance. 
Transforms the landscape once 

592
00:32:57,800 --> 00:33:00,400
again. 
Suddenly you can see beyond the 

593
00:33:00,400 --> 00:33:03,800
immediate circle of firelight 
and the Savannah takes on and 

594
00:33:03,800 --> 00:33:05,600
theory of quality in the 
Moonlight. 

595
00:33:06,500 --> 00:33:10,300
Shadow sharpen the distinction 
between Earth and Sky becomes 

596
00:33:10,300 --> 00:33:13,900
clearer, and the overall sense 
of being in vast open space 

597
00:33:13,900 --> 00:33:17,300
intensifies, in Moonlight, you 
can see why Saint Hunter 

598
00:33:17,300 --> 00:33:19,200
sometimes travel at night when 
necessary. 

599
00:33:20,000 --> 00:33:22,800
The landscape becomes navigable 
though, not easily. 

600
00:33:23,800 --> 00:33:27,400
Tracks are harder to read and 
Thorns you'd see and avoid in 

601
00:33:27,400 --> 00:33:29,000
daylight becoming visible 
hazards. 

602
00:33:29,700 --> 00:33:33,000
But the cooler temperatures make
movement less exhausting and 

603
00:33:33,000 --> 00:33:36,500
certain animals become easier to
approach because the moon 

604
00:33:36,500 --> 00:33:39,600
doesn't reveal human presence as
clearly as sunlight would 

605
00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:41,900
tonight. 
However, no one has any 

606
00:33:41,900 --> 00:33:44,700
intention of travelling. 
This is rest time. 

607
00:33:44,700 --> 00:33:47,700
A pause in the constant 
movement, that characterizes 

608
00:33:47,700 --> 00:33:50,800
their lives, The hunters aren't 
sleeping heavily. 

609
00:33:50,800 --> 00:33:55,600
That kind of deep unconsciously,
probably isn't adaptive when 

610
00:33:55,600 --> 00:33:58,300
you're living outdoors in an 
environment with occasional 

611
00:33:58,300 --> 00:34:02,600
genuine dangers, in Stead there,
in a state of restful awareness,

612
00:34:02,600 --> 00:34:06,200
sleeping deeply enough to 
recuperate, but lightly enough. 

613
00:34:06,200 --> 00:34:09,800
That unusual sounds or movements
will wake them understanding how

614
00:34:09,800 --> 00:34:12,900
Saint Hunters sleep in the open 
requires recognizing how 

615
00:34:12,900 --> 00:34:16,000
different their relationship 
with rest is compared to what 

616
00:34:16,000 --> 00:34:20,199
most modern people experience. 
There's no bedroom, no mattress,

617
00:34:20,199 --> 00:34:24,000
no climate control, and no 
privacy in the way we usually 

618
00:34:24,000 --> 00:34:25,900
think about it. 
Yet. 

619
00:34:25,900 --> 00:34:28,400
They achieve something that 
eludes many people in 

620
00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:32,400
technologically advanced 
societies genuinely restorative 

621
00:34:32,400 --> 00:34:34,800
sleep, that leaves them 
refreshed and ready for the next

622
00:34:34,800 --> 00:34:37,500
day's challenges. 
The grass mattresses, they've 

623
00:34:37,500 --> 00:34:39,500
created a more effective than 
you might expect. 

624
00:34:40,500 --> 00:34:43,500
The thick layer of dried grass 
provides insulation from the 

625
00:34:43,500 --> 00:34:46,400
ground, which becomes 
surprisingly cold. 

626
00:34:46,400 --> 00:34:49,300
During the night as it radiates,
the heat, it absorbed during the

627
00:34:49,300 --> 00:34:52,300
day. 
The grass also provides 

628
00:34:52,300 --> 00:34:56,199
cushioning, not the luxurious 
softness of a modern mattress 

629
00:34:56,199 --> 00:34:59,200
but enough, that sleeping 
doesn't mean lying directly on 

630
00:34:59,200 --> 00:35:02,800
hard sand and small stones 
position matters, too. 

631
00:35:03,800 --> 00:35:06,200
The hunter sleep in a loose 
semicircle around the fire. 

632
00:35:06,200 --> 00:35:09,500
With each person's feet oriented
toward the warmth. 

633
00:35:10,200 --> 00:35:12,900
This Arrangement means your 
torso and limbs can be wrapped 

634
00:35:12,900 --> 00:35:16,300
in your cloak for insulation. 
While your feet receiver radiant

635
00:35:16,300 --> 00:35:19,200
heat from the fire. 
It's also a social Arrangement 

636
00:35:19,200 --> 00:35:22,900
that allows conversation before 
sleep and ensures that everyone 

637
00:35:22,900 --> 00:35:24,900
is within easy. 
Reach of something goes wrong. 

638
00:35:24,900 --> 00:35:28,200
During the night, the leather 
cloak servers, remarkably 

639
00:35:28,200 --> 00:35:32,200
effective blankets animal, hide 
provide, excellent insulation, 

640
00:35:32,200 --> 00:35:35,300
while being breathable enough 
that you don't wake up, drenched

641
00:35:35,300 --> 00:35:38,100
in sweat. 
The cloak wraps around your 

642
00:35:38,100 --> 00:35:41,800
body, creating a cocoon that 
traps body heat while still 

643
00:35:41,800 --> 00:35:45,600
allowing you to move if needed. 
On particularly cold nights. 

644
00:35:45,600 --> 00:35:49,500
People might share cloaks using 
social bonds and body heat to 

645
00:35:49,500 --> 00:35:53,300
maximize warmth your head rests 
on whatever you've designated as

646
00:35:53,300 --> 00:35:57,700
a pillow sometimes a folded 
piece of clothing, sometimes a 

647
00:35:57,700 --> 00:36:01,400
small leather bag, filled with 
grass, sometimes simply own arm.

648
00:36:02,600 --> 00:36:05,200
The sand people don't seem to 
suffer from the neck problems 

649
00:36:05,200 --> 00:36:07,700
that plague people who use 
elaborate pillow systems. 

650
00:36:08,600 --> 00:36:11,400
Possibly their bodies have 
adapted through generations to 

651
00:36:11,400 --> 00:36:14,500
sleeping this way. 
Or possibly our modern sleep 

652
00:36:14,500 --> 00:36:17,400
systems of created problems, 
that wouldn't exist without 

653
00:36:17,400 --> 00:36:19,700
them. 
The sounds of the night which 

654
00:36:19,700 --> 00:36:22,600
you might expect to be 
disruptive actually seem to 

655
00:36:22,608 --> 00:36:25,100
contribute to rather than 
detract from sleep. 

656
00:36:26,000 --> 00:36:29,600
That constant insect whom 
creates white noise, that masks 

657
00:36:29,600 --> 00:36:34,100
other more jarring sounds. 
Fires, crackle provides a 

658
00:36:34,100 --> 00:36:36,600
rhythmic somewhat hypnotic 
background. 

659
00:36:37,500 --> 00:36:40,100
Even the occasional animal calls
once you've learned, then 

660
00:36:40,100 --> 00:36:43,600
they're not threatening become 
part of the nighttime soundscape

661
00:36:43,600 --> 00:36:46,700
rather than disruptions to it. 
What's particularly interesting 

662
00:36:46,700 --> 00:36:50,500
is the flexibility of sleep 
patterns, the hunters don't 

663
00:36:50,500 --> 00:36:52,300
sleep straight through for 8 
hours. 

664
00:36:52,300 --> 00:36:55,200
A Sleep Experts. 
Constantly tell us, we should 

665
00:36:55,200 --> 00:37:00,200
instead, they sleep in segments,
waking occasionally to 10, the 

666
00:37:00,200 --> 00:37:04,100
fire, relieve themselves, or 
simply lie awake for a few 

667
00:37:04,108 --> 00:37:05,700
minutes before returning to 
sleep. 

668
00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:10,600
This segmented, sleep pattern 
was probably normal for humans 

669
00:37:10,600 --> 00:37:13,800
throughout most of our history, 
and it seems to work perfectly. 

670
00:37:13,800 --> 00:37:18,100
Well for people, living, this 
lifestyle dreams when disgust, 

671
00:37:18,100 --> 00:37:21,000
the next morning are taken 
seriously as sources of 

672
00:37:21,008 --> 00:37:25,200
information and meaning, A 
hunter who dreams of water might

673
00:37:25,200 --> 00:37:28,700
influence the group's decision 
about which direction to travel.

674
00:37:29,500 --> 00:37:32,700
Someone who dreams of a 
particular animal might suggest 

675
00:37:32,700 --> 00:37:34,900
they focus their hunting efforts
on that species. 

676
00:37:36,000 --> 00:37:38,700
This isn't Superstition in the 
way, we usually think of it. 

677
00:37:38,700 --> 00:37:42,400
It's recognition that our 
subconscious Minds process 

678
00:37:42,400 --> 00:37:46,000
information in ways that are 
conscious awareness, might miss 

679
00:37:46,000 --> 00:37:49,500
the quality of sleep. 
Also varies with the moon phase 

680
00:37:49,500 --> 00:37:53,400
on dark, moonless nights, sleep 
tends to be deeper and longer 

681
00:37:53,400 --> 00:37:56,200
because they're simply less to 
see or do once. 

682
00:37:56,200 --> 00:37:59,500
Darkness Falls On bright moonlit
nights. 

683
00:37:59,500 --> 00:38:03,500
People tend to stay up later, 
talk more and sleep, more likely

684
00:38:04,900 --> 00:38:07,600
The hunters sleep schedule, and 
naturally synchronized with 

685
00:38:07,600 --> 00:38:10,500
lunar rhythms in ways that 
modern artificial lighting has 

686
00:38:10,500 --> 00:38:14,600
completely disrupted for most of
humanity, has the night deepens 

687
00:38:14,600 --> 00:38:17,900
into its quietest hours that 
period around midnight. 

688
00:38:17,900 --> 00:38:22,200
When even October animals seem 
to pause the camp, settles into 

689
00:38:22,200 --> 00:38:26,300
its most peaceful state. 
Fire has burned down to glowing 

690
00:38:26,300 --> 00:38:28,400
coals. 
That provide steady heat without

691
00:38:28,400 --> 00:38:32,100
much visible Flame. 
The hunters sleep in various 

692
00:38:32,100 --> 00:38:36,600
positions, some curled on this 
side, some on their backs, some 

693
00:38:36,600 --> 00:38:39,100
with legs drawn up, and some 
stretched out. 

694
00:38:40,200 --> 00:38:43,400
Each person has found their 
comfortable position through a 

695
00:38:43,400 --> 00:38:46,700
lifetime of sleeping this way. 
There's something deeply 

696
00:38:46,700 --> 00:38:50,500
reassuring about sleeping in a 
group like this, even for an 

697
00:38:50,500 --> 00:38:53,700
observer like yourself. 
The Quiet Sounds of other 

698
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:57,600
people, breathing the occasional
shift of position, the knowledge

699
00:38:57,600 --> 00:38:59,900
that several pairs of eyes and 
ears will wake. 

700
00:38:59,900 --> 00:39:03,300
If anything unusual happens, all
of this creates a sense of 

701
00:39:03,300 --> 00:39:08,100
security that solitary modern 
sleepers often lack We evolved 

702
00:39:08,100 --> 00:39:10,800
sleeping in groups and being 
around others at night. 

703
00:39:10,800 --> 00:39:14,500
Probably satisfies, some ancient
need for social proximity during

704
00:39:14,500 --> 00:39:17,800
vulnerable times. 
The first hint of dawn arrives, 

705
00:39:17,800 --> 00:39:21,800
not as light, but to sound Bird 
calls change their character, 

706
00:39:21,800 --> 00:39:26,300
the night jars, fall silent 
replace by early Rising species 

707
00:39:26,300 --> 00:39:28,100
who songs announce the coming 
day. 

708
00:39:29,900 --> 00:39:32,000
Chat begins. 
Its distinctive call from 

709
00:39:32,000 --> 00:39:35,500
somewhere nearby a cheerful 
series of notes that seems to 

710
00:39:35,508 --> 00:39:39,200
celebrate the end of night. 
The insects, that dominated the 

711
00:39:39,200 --> 00:39:42,800
evening soundscape fade, as 
dionel species begin stirring. 

712
00:39:42,800 --> 00:39:46,500
The temperature at this hour is 
at its lowest point and you 

713
00:39:46,500 --> 00:39:49,100
notice the hunters drawing. 
Their cloaks more tightly in 

714
00:39:49,108 --> 00:39:52,300
these pre-dawn moments. 
Fire has burned down 

715
00:39:52,300 --> 00:39:57,300
considerably though, someone you
didn't notice who or when has 

716
00:39:57,300 --> 00:40:00,100
fed it during the night, so it 
hasn't gone completely cold. 

717
00:40:00,800 --> 00:40:04,500
Now someone stirs more fully add
several sticks and begins 

718
00:40:04,500 --> 00:40:06,200
coaxing. 
The fire back to life with 

719
00:40:06,200 --> 00:40:10,300
gentle blowing light arrives 
slowly at first then more 

720
00:40:10,300 --> 00:40:13,700
rapidly. 
The Eastern Horizon develops, a 

721
00:40:13,700 --> 00:40:17,100
pale glow that gradually 
strengthens shifting from deep 

722
00:40:17,100 --> 00:40:20,700
blue to lighter Shades. 
Then picking up warm colors as 

723
00:40:20,700 --> 00:40:25,400
the sun is the horizon. 
Stars fade in this growing light

724
00:40:25,400 --> 00:40:28,600
first. 
The faint ones disappear, then 

725
00:40:28,600 --> 00:40:33,000
the brighter ones until finally,
only Venus remains visible, the 

726
00:40:33,000 --> 00:40:36,300
Morning Star hanging in a sky 
that's transitioning from night 

727
00:40:36,300 --> 00:40:38,400
to day. 
The hunters wake gradually 

728
00:40:38,400 --> 00:40:42,200
rather than all at once. 
There's no alarm, no urgent need

729
00:40:42,200 --> 00:40:46,000
to LEAP up and begin moving. 
Instead people transition from 

730
00:40:46,000 --> 00:40:50,100
sleep to wakefulness in their 
own time lying quietly for a few

731
00:40:50,108 --> 00:40:53,400
minutes, perhaps adding another 
stick to the fire eventually 

732
00:40:53,400 --> 00:40:56,300
sitting up and stretching 
muscles that have been still for

733
00:40:56,300 --> 00:40:58,400
hours. 
The morning routine has its own 

734
00:40:58,400 --> 00:41:00,900
gentle, Rhythm. 
Someone checks, the coals from 

735
00:41:00,900 --> 00:41:04,300
last night's buried tubers, a 
few left deliberately for more 

736
00:41:04,300 --> 00:41:06,800
morning. 
Eating these get dug out brushed

737
00:41:06,800 --> 00:41:11,100
free of Ash and broken open. 
The interior is soft and 

738
00:41:11,100 --> 00:41:15,500
steaming with a sweet earthy 
flavor, that satisfying without 

739
00:41:15,500 --> 00:41:17,900
being heavy. 
Shared around the fire. 

740
00:41:17,900 --> 00:41:20,800
These tuber servers breakfast 
for people who will be walking 

741
00:41:20,800 --> 00:41:24,500
again, within an hour water gets
passed around in those ostrich 

742
00:41:24,500 --> 00:41:27,200
egg containers. 
Each person taking a drink, 

743
00:41:27,200 --> 00:41:30,000
that's measured, not by 
conscious restraint, but by 

744
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:34,200
practiced habit, In an 
environment where water requires

745
00:41:34,200 --> 00:41:38,200
significant effort to obtain, 
nobody wastes it but nobody 

746
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:41,900
holds it either. 
You drink, what you need a wear 

747
00:41:41,908 --> 00:41:44,700
that there will be opportunities
to find more later today. 

748
00:41:44,700 --> 00:41:48,600
If you remember the landscape 
lessons, you've learned as full 

749
00:41:48,600 --> 00:41:51,100
daylight arrives, the Savannah 
of reveals what the United? 

750
00:41:52,300 --> 00:41:55,300
You can see now that your Camp 
sits in an area where animal 

751
00:41:55,300 --> 00:41:58,000
tracks criss cross in dozens of 
Direction's. 

752
00:41:58,000 --> 00:42:02,100
During the night creatures, 
passed nearby, the prince of 

753
00:42:02,100 --> 00:42:04,700
fresh probably made in the hours
before Dawn. 

754
00:42:05,700 --> 00:42:09,300
There are small Antelope tracks,
the distinctive marks of ground 

755
00:42:09,300 --> 00:42:13,000
dwelling Birds and the scratches
were something dug for insects 

756
00:42:13,000 --> 00:42:15,200
or Roots. 
The Hunters, examine these 

757
00:42:15,200 --> 00:42:18,400
tracks, with casual interest, 
reading them the way you might 

758
00:42:18,400 --> 00:42:20,100
glance at headlines in a 
newspaper. 

759
00:42:21,000 --> 00:42:23,800
They're not alarmed by this 
evidence of nighttime visitors. 

760
00:42:23,800 --> 00:42:27,300
They expected it. 
But they note which animals 

761
00:42:27,300 --> 00:42:32,500
passed in which directions and 
approximately what times based 

762
00:42:32,500 --> 00:42:35,800
on how the tracks overlap and 
how much the sand has shifted 

763
00:42:35,800 --> 00:42:38,700
around their edges? 
The morning are has remarkable 

764
00:42:38,700 --> 00:42:41,400
Clarity that will last only a 
couple of hours before heat 

765
00:42:41,400 --> 00:42:43,400
begins creating Shimmer and 
distortion. 

766
00:42:44,200 --> 00:42:47,100
Right now, you can see for miles
across the savanna. 

767
00:42:47,700 --> 00:42:50,900
Watching how the low angle 
sunlight creates Long Shadows 

768
00:42:50,900 --> 00:42:53,400
and highlights every Contour of 
the landscape. 

769
00:42:54,300 --> 00:42:57,000
Birds are particularly active at
this hour and you can see 

770
00:42:57,000 --> 00:43:00,700
various species moving between, 
feeding areas, sand. 

771
00:43:00,700 --> 00:43:04,000
Grouse flying and Swift. 
Direct lines toward distant 

772
00:43:04,000 --> 00:43:06,900
water. 
Hornbills hopping among tree 

773
00:43:06,900 --> 00:43:09,900
branches and Larks singing from 
exposed purchases. 

774
00:43:09,900 --> 00:43:13,400
Before leaving camp the hunters 
perform a simple, but important 

775
00:43:13,400 --> 00:43:17,000
ritual, a scatter, the fire and 
cover it with Sam. 

776
00:43:17,000 --> 00:43:19,900
And this isn't about hiding 
evidence of their presence, 

777
00:43:19,900 --> 00:43:22,100
their tracks, and the flat and 
grass. 

778
00:43:22,100 --> 00:43:25,900
Make that impossible anyway. 
It's about fire safety in a 

779
00:43:25,900 --> 00:43:28,700
landscape where unchecked Flames
could devastate the environment.

780
00:43:29,500 --> 00:43:32,700
The scattered ashes and charred 
wood will be nearly invisible 

781
00:43:32,700 --> 00:43:36,700
within days, Incorporated back 
in to the soil, the grass 

782
00:43:36,700 --> 00:43:40,200
mattresses get kicked apart and 
Scattered returning to the 

783
00:43:40,200 --> 00:43:42,400
landscape. 
They came from the thorny 

784
00:43:42,400 --> 00:43:45,200
branches of the Windbreak 
remain, where they are, they'll 

785
00:43:45,200 --> 00:43:48,200
decompose naturally, and might 
even be useful to the next group

786
00:43:48,200 --> 00:43:51,700
that camps here, In less than 15
minutes. 

787
00:43:51,700 --> 00:43:53,900
The campsite that felt so 
established. 

788
00:43:53,900 --> 00:43:57,200
Last night has been largely 
erased, leaving only subtle 

789
00:43:57,200 --> 00:44:00,800
signs that humans rested here as
the group prepares to move. 

790
00:44:00,800 --> 00:44:03,200
They perform one final check of 
their surroundings. 

791
00:44:04,100 --> 00:44:05,700
Tools. 
Get inspected to ensure. 

792
00:44:05,700 --> 00:44:09,600
Nothing is damaged or missing 
leather bags, get checked to 

793
00:44:09,600 --> 00:44:13,000
verify their contents water 
containers, get shaken to 

794
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:15,600
assess. 
How much remains each person 

795
00:44:15,600 --> 00:44:18,100
mentally reviews, what they're 
carrying and what they know 

796
00:44:18,100 --> 00:44:21,300
about the landscape ahead. 
The direction of travel today 

797
00:44:21,300 --> 00:44:24,700
was decided, partly last night 
and partly this morning based on

798
00:44:24,708 --> 00:44:28,200
whether observations animal 
signs and the groups overall 

799
00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:31,100
goals. 
They're not wandering aimlessly.

800
00:44:31,100 --> 00:44:35,000
They have destinations in mind 
resources, they want to check 

801
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:37,800
and a general route that will 
take them through productive 

802
00:44:37,800 --> 00:44:40,300
areas. 
But their planning remains 

803
00:44:40,300 --> 00:44:44,200
flexible ready to adapt if they 
encounter unexpected 

804
00:44:44,200 --> 00:44:47,600
opportunities or challenges, as 
you prepare to leave this 

805
00:44:47,600 --> 00:44:50,900
nighttime experience and return 
to your own world of climate 

806
00:44:50,900 --> 00:44:54,300
control and indoor plumbing. 
it's worth reflecting on what 

807
00:44:54,300 --> 00:44:57,200
the saint Hunters, understand 
about living that Modern Life, 

808
00:44:57,200 --> 00:45:00,700
sometimes obscures Their 
knowledge isn't romantic 

809
00:45:00,700 --> 00:45:05,400
primitivism or noble savage, 
idealism it practical wisdom, 

810
00:45:05,400 --> 00:45:08,600
develops through thousands of 
generations of lived experience 

811
00:45:08,600 --> 00:45:11,500
first. 
They understand that Comfort is 

812
00:45:11,500 --> 00:45:15,000
relative and adaptable. 
The same conditions that would 

813
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:16,800
leave. 
Most modern people miserable 

814
00:45:16,800 --> 00:45:21,800
sleeping on the ground, limited 
water temperature extremes, no 

815
00:45:21,800 --> 00:45:24,500
walls or doors are completely 
normal to them. 

816
00:45:24,500 --> 00:45:27,100
They haven't developed 
superhuman tolerance. 

817
00:45:27,100 --> 00:45:30,500
They've simply learned what 
humans are actually capable of 

818
00:45:30,500 --> 00:45:33,700
when properly prepared. 
The gap between our comfort 

819
00:45:33,700 --> 00:45:37,200
expectations and our actual 
physical capabilities is 

820
00:45:37,200 --> 00:45:40,600
probably much larger than most 
of us realize second. 

821
00:45:40,600 --> 00:45:44,200
They demonstrate that less can 
genuinely be more when it comes 

822
00:45:44,200 --> 00:45:48,100
to possessions and Technology. 
Their entire material culture, 

823
00:45:48,100 --> 00:45:51,300
everything they own and use 
could fit in a couple of 

824
00:45:51,308 --> 00:45:54,000
backpacks yet. 
They're not impoverished or 

825
00:45:54,000 --> 00:45:57,200
suffering, they have what they 
need for their environment and 

826
00:45:57,200 --> 00:45:59,700
lifestyle. 
The elaborate systems we've 

827
00:45:59,700 --> 00:46:03,300
built around ourselves homes, 
Vehicles, countless possessions,

828
00:46:03,300 --> 00:46:06,300
solve real problems, but also 
create new ones. 

829
00:46:06,300 --> 00:46:10,500
The saint approach suggests that
matching tools to actual needs 

830
00:46:10,500 --> 00:46:14,700
rather than accumulating things 
because we can might be worth 

831
00:46:14,700 --> 00:46:17,800
reconsidering third. 
They show that deep 

832
00:46:17,800 --> 00:46:20,700
environmental, knowledge creates
a different kind of security 

833
00:46:20,700 --> 00:46:22,300
than the kind. 
We usually seek. 

834
00:46:23,300 --> 00:46:26,100
We try to make ourselves secure 
by building structures. 

835
00:46:26,100 --> 00:46:29,500
That keep nature out and by 
accumulating resources, we can 

836
00:46:29,500 --> 00:46:34,100
control The sand make themselves
secure by understanding nature 

837
00:46:34,100 --> 00:46:37,700
so thoroughly that they can work
with it rather than against it. 

838
00:46:38,800 --> 00:46:42,000
When you know where to find 
water food and shelter across 

839
00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:45,600
hundreds of square miles, you're
less vulnerable to local 

840
00:46:45,600 --> 00:46:49,300
disruptions than someone who 
depends on fragile Supply chains

841
00:46:49,300 --> 00:46:52,400
forth. 
Their social system demonstrates

842
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:55,300
that cooperation doesn't require
formal organization or 

843
00:46:55,300 --> 00:46:58,900
enforcement. 
Food gets shared labor gets 

844
00:46:58,900 --> 00:47:03,000
divided and decisions, get made 
through consensus all without 

845
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:05,900
contract or rules or designated 
authorities. 

846
00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:10,000
This works because the group is 
small enough that everyone knows

847
00:47:10,000 --> 00:47:13,400
everyone else and because their 
lifestyle creates natural 

848
00:47:13,400 --> 00:47:17,800
incentives for cooperation. 
You can't survive a loan in the 

849
00:47:17,800 --> 00:47:20,000
Kalahari. 
So maintaining good 

850
00:47:20,000 --> 00:47:23,100
relationships isn't optional. 
It's a survival strategy. 

851
00:47:23,100 --> 00:47:26,200
Fifth. 
They remind us that human brains

852
00:47:26,200 --> 00:47:29,400
are capable of storing and 
processing incredible amounts of

853
00:47:29,400 --> 00:47:31,800
information without writing or 
digital devices. 

854
00:47:32,800 --> 00:47:35,700
The mental maps, The Hunters 
carry the species 

855
00:47:35,700 --> 00:47:38,800
identification. 
They perform instantly the 

856
00:47:38,800 --> 00:47:41,700
weather prediction, they do 
through observation and the 

857
00:47:41,700 --> 00:47:45,600
navigation they accomplished 
using stars and landmarks all of

858
00:47:45,608 --> 00:47:49,400
this represents cognitive 
capabilities that most modern 

859
00:47:49,400 --> 00:47:54,200
people have let atrophy We've 
outsourced so much memory and 

860
00:47:54,200 --> 00:47:57,000
processing to external devices 
that we forgotten what our own 

861
00:47:57,008 --> 00:48:01,000
minds can do 6th their sleep. 
Pattern suggests that our modern

862
00:48:01,000 --> 00:48:04,300
8-hour straight Obsession might 
be culturally specific rather 

863
00:48:04,300 --> 00:48:09,100
than biologically necessary. 
They sleep in segments, wait, 

864
00:48:09,100 --> 00:48:12,300
during the night, adjust their 
schedules to natural light and 

865
00:48:12,300 --> 00:48:16,400
seemed perfectly well rested. 
Perhaps the Sleep problems that 

866
00:48:16,400 --> 00:48:19,700
plague modern societies stem 
partly from trying to force our 

867
00:48:19,700 --> 00:48:24,100
biology into patents that don't 
actually suit us seventh. 

868
00:48:24,800 --> 00:48:28,000
They demonstrate that meaningful
work, and Leisure aren't 

869
00:48:28,000 --> 00:48:31,900
opposites. 
Gathering food making tools and 

870
00:48:31,900 --> 00:48:35,400
traveling across the landscape. 
These activities are 

871
00:48:35,400 --> 00:48:37,900
simultaneously work and 
engagement with life. 

872
00:48:38,700 --> 00:48:41,500
They're not counting down hours 
until they can stop working and 

873
00:48:41,500 --> 00:48:44,500
start living. 
The integration of Labor and 

874
00:48:44,500 --> 00:48:47,100
life created different 
qualitative experience than the 

875
00:48:47,100 --> 00:48:48,700
modern pattern of working at 
jobs. 

876
00:48:48,700 --> 00:48:51,800
We tolerate to earn money for 
the free time when we can do. 

877
00:48:51,808 --> 00:48:55,400
What we actually want 8th. 
There are relationship with risk

878
00:48:55,400 --> 00:48:57,400
shows that trying to eliminate 
all danger. 

879
00:48:57,400 --> 00:48:59,100
Might not be the path to 
well-being. 

880
00:49:00,000 --> 00:49:04,800
They live with genuine risks, 
whether injury Foods, scarcity 

881
00:49:04,800 --> 00:49:08,300
and occasional dangerous 
animals, but they've developed 

882
00:49:08,300 --> 00:49:10,900
competence and confidence. 
That makes these risks 

883
00:49:10,900 --> 00:49:13,000
manageable rather than 
paralyzing. 

884
00:49:14,100 --> 00:49:15,600
Modern safety. 
Obsessions. 

885
00:49:15,600 --> 00:49:19,600
Sometimes creates psychological 
fragility by preventing people 

886
00:49:19,600 --> 00:49:22,700
from developing the skills and 
confidence that come from 

887
00:49:22,700 --> 00:49:25,800
managing real challenges. 
None of this means their 

888
00:49:25,800 --> 00:49:28,700
lifestyle is perfect or that we 
should all abandon Modern Life 

889
00:49:28,700 --> 00:49:32,000
and move to the Kalahari. 
The sand faced genuine. 

890
00:49:32,000 --> 00:49:35,800
Hardships infant mortality rates
that would horrify modern 

891
00:49:35,800 --> 00:49:39,200
parents medical problems. 
That could be easily sold with 

892
00:49:39,200 --> 00:49:42,100
basic Healthcare and 
vulnerability to droughts that 

893
00:49:42,100 --> 00:49:45,200
kill people. 
Romanticizing, their lifestyle 

894
00:49:45,200 --> 00:49:47,900
while ignoring its difficulties 
is both inaccurate and 

895
00:49:47,900 --> 00:49:50,900
disrespectful, but neither 
should we dismiss their way of 

896
00:49:50,900 --> 00:49:53,500
life as simply primitive, or 
inferior to our own. 

897
00:49:53,500 --> 00:49:57,300
They've developed sophisticated 
Solutions, the challenges of 

898
00:49:57,300 --> 00:50:00,900
their environment solutions, 
that work extremely well for 

899
00:50:00,900 --> 00:50:04,600
their circumstances. 
And some of their approaches 

900
00:50:04,600 --> 00:50:09,000
their environmental knowledge, 
their social co-operation their 

901
00:50:09,000 --> 00:50:12,500
material Simplicity that 
integration of work and life 

902
00:50:12,500 --> 00:50:16,800
contain insights that remain 
valuable, even for people living

903
00:50:16,800 --> 00:50:20,500
in very different contexts. 
The most important lesson might 

904
00:50:20,500 --> 00:50:25,300
be about adaptability itself. 
The sand people thrive in an 

905
00:50:25,300 --> 00:50:28,000
environment that would kill most
modern humans within days. 

906
00:50:28,000 --> 00:50:31,000
Not because their 
physiologically different, but 

907
00:50:31,000 --> 00:50:34,300
because they've learned their 
landscape thoroughly and adapted

908
00:50:34,300 --> 00:50:36,100
their behavior to match its 
demands. 

909
00:50:36,800 --> 00:50:40,800
Every human society does this to
some degree, we all adapt to our

910
00:50:40,800 --> 00:50:43,300
environments? 
The question is whether we're 

911
00:50:43,300 --> 00:50:46,100
doing so consciously and 
thoughtfully or whether we're 

912
00:50:46,100 --> 00:50:49,100
simply accepting, whatever 
patterns are culture happens to 

913
00:50:49,100 --> 00:50:52,200
have developed as you mentally 
return from the Kalahari, 

914
00:50:52,200 --> 00:50:55,200
Savannah to your own bedroom, 
carrying memories of fire. 

915
00:50:55,200 --> 00:50:58,700
It faces and star-filled skies 
consider. 

916
00:50:58,700 --> 00:51:01,500
What elements of that nighttime 
experience, might translate 

917
00:51:01,500 --> 00:51:05,100
across centuries and continents 
to your own life. 

918
00:51:05,100 --> 00:51:09,500
You probably can't and shouldn't
try to replicate the sand Hunter

919
00:51:09,500 --> 00:51:13,100
lifestyle in modern Suburbia. 
But you can borrow from their 

920
00:51:13,100 --> 00:51:16,600
approach to rest and Recovery. 
What would it mean to create 

921
00:51:16,600 --> 00:51:19,700
evening routines that genuinely 
prepare your body and mind for 

922
00:51:19,700 --> 00:51:23,200
sleep rather than simply marking
time until you collapse into 

923
00:51:23,200 --> 00:51:25,900
bed? 
The hunters gradual transition 

924
00:51:25,900 --> 00:51:29,400
from activity to rest. 
There are attention to comfort 

925
00:51:29,400 --> 00:51:33,400
and warmth and their use of fire
and social connection to create 

926
00:51:33,400 --> 00:51:36,500
restful environments. 
All of these have analogs in 

927
00:51:36,500 --> 00:51:38,700
Modern Life. 
If you look for them, you might 

928
00:51:38,700 --> 00:51:41,300
experiment with reducing 
artificial light in your evening

929
00:51:41,300 --> 00:51:45,900
hours letting your body respond 
to Natural Darkness signals You 

930
00:51:45,900 --> 00:51:49,700
could create simple rituals that
Mark the transition from day to 

931
00:51:49,700 --> 00:51:52,500
night helping your mind. 
Recognize when it's time to 

932
00:51:52,500 --> 00:51:55,700
shift gears, you could pay 
attention to temperature, 

933
00:51:55,700 --> 00:51:58,800
recognizing that cooler, 
sleeping environments, often 

934
00:51:58,800 --> 00:52:02,600
produce better rest, You could 
even reconsider whether sleeping

935
00:52:02,600 --> 00:52:05,500
straight through the night is 
really necessary or whether 

936
00:52:05,500 --> 00:52:07,500
waking briefly is natural and 
acceptable. 

937
00:52:07,500 --> 00:52:10,600
The hunters relationship with 
possessions offers another 

938
00:52:10,600 --> 00:52:13,700
transportable lesson What would 
your life look like? 

939
00:52:13,700 --> 00:52:17,600
If you evaluated everything you 
own, whether it serves multiple 

940
00:52:17,600 --> 00:52:21,800
purposes, and whether you truly 
need it, The freedom that comes 

941
00:52:21,800 --> 00:52:26,900
from having less stuff, less to 
maintain less to organize less 

942
00:52:26,900 --> 00:52:30,700
to worry, about is available to 
anyone willing to question their

943
00:52:30,700 --> 00:52:33,500
accumulation habits. 
There are environmental 

944
00:52:33,500 --> 00:52:36,400
awareness suggests that paying 
attention to the natural world, 

945
00:52:36,400 --> 00:52:40,600
even in urban or Suburban 
settings can create a richer 

946
00:52:40,600 --> 00:52:43,500
daily experience. 
You might not need to track 

947
00:52:43,500 --> 00:52:47,300
animals across sand, but you 
could notice which birds visit 

948
00:52:47,300 --> 00:52:52,400
your area in different seasons 
which plants bloom when and how 

949
00:52:52,400 --> 00:52:55,800
weather patterns develop. 
This attention doesn't require 

950
00:52:55,800 --> 00:52:59,500
moving to the Wilderness. 
It just requires deciding that 

951
00:52:59,500 --> 00:53:03,300
the non-human world is worth 
noticing their social patterns, 

952
00:53:03,300 --> 00:53:07,300
the automatic sharing the 
consensus decision-making, the 

953
00:53:07,300 --> 00:53:10,800
absence of formal hierarchy, 
won't translate directly to 

954
00:53:10,800 --> 00:53:13,800
Modern Life with its complex 
institutions and millions of 

955
00:53:13,800 --> 00:53:16,700
strangers. 
But within your own Circles of 

956
00:53:16,700 --> 00:53:20,000
family and friends, you might 
find Opportunities to practice 

957
00:53:20,000 --> 00:53:23,300
more generous, sharing more 
collaborative decision, making 

958
00:53:23,300 --> 00:53:26,500
and more egalitarian 
relationships, most 

959
00:53:26,500 --> 00:53:29,700
fundamentally, the sand Hunters 
demonstrate that human beings 

960
00:53:29,700 --> 00:53:33,300
are adaptable capable and 
resilient in ways that modern 

961
00:53:33,300 --> 00:53:37,900
convenience sometimes obscures. 
We've built elaborate systems to

962
00:53:37,900 --> 00:53:41,200
protect ourselves from 
discomfort and uncertainty but 

963
00:53:41,200 --> 00:53:44,300
in doing so we've sometimes 
prevented ourselves from 

964
00:53:44,300 --> 00:53:47,800
developing the competence and 
confidence that come from facing

965
00:53:47,800 --> 00:53:50,800
challenges directly. 
You don't need to sleep on the 

966
00:53:50,800 --> 00:53:53,500
ground in the savannah to 
reconnect with these fundamental

967
00:53:53,500 --> 00:53:56,800
human capabilities. 
You just need to occasionally 

968
00:53:56,800 --> 00:54:00,300
step outside your comfort zone, 
try things that are slightly 

969
00:54:00,300 --> 00:54:04,300
difficult, develop skills that 
aren't immediately useful, and 

970
00:54:04,300 --> 00:54:07,300
pay attention to the world 
Beyond screens and walls. 

971
00:54:08,100 --> 00:54:10,800
The specific challenges matter 
less than the practice of 

972
00:54:10,800 --> 00:54:14,100
engaging with them tonight as 
you line your bed. 

973
00:54:14,900 --> 00:54:17,700
Probably more comfortable than 
any grass mattress could ever 

974
00:54:17,700 --> 00:54:20,000
be. 
You might notice sound you 

975
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:23,100
usually ignore that Cricket 
outside your window. 

976
00:54:23,100 --> 00:54:27,200
The wind moving through trees 
and the distant sound of traffic

977
00:54:27,200 --> 00:54:29,400
that creates its own kind of 
white noise. 

978
00:54:30,400 --> 00:54:33,700
These sounds connect you to the 
same nighttime world that Sam 

979
00:54:33,700 --> 00:54:37,200
Hunters experience. 
Just in a different context, you

980
00:54:37,200 --> 00:54:39,600
might feel grateful for your 
shelter and safety while. 

981
00:54:39,600 --> 00:54:42,800
Also recognizing that the saint 
Hunters aren't suffering in 

982
00:54:42,800 --> 00:54:45,700
their open camps. 
Different environments, suit 

983
00:54:45,700 --> 00:54:48,600
different Lifestyles. 
And what seems harsh from one 

984
00:54:48,600 --> 00:54:52,700
perspective is simply normal 
from another Understanding this 

985
00:54:52,700 --> 00:54:55,600
might make you less judgmental 
about people whose lives look 

986
00:54:55,600 --> 00:54:58,500
different from yours unless 
defensive about your own 

987
00:54:58,500 --> 00:55:02,000
choices, you might reflect on 
how much of your life involves 

988
00:55:02,000 --> 00:55:05,900
trying to control or eliminate 
variables temperature, light 

989
00:55:05,900 --> 00:55:10,400
sound, social interaction, risk 
and wonder whether some of that 

990
00:55:10,400 --> 00:55:12,200
control cost more than it 
benefits. 

991
00:55:13,400 --> 00:55:16,700
The hunters, accept variability,
is inherent to existence and 

992
00:55:16,700 --> 00:55:19,100
develop flexibility and of 
control. 

993
00:55:19,100 --> 00:55:22,800
There might be wisdom in that 
approach even for people who 

994
00:55:22,800 --> 00:55:26,100
aren't planning to sleep under 
the stars, a sleep begins to 

995
00:55:26,100 --> 00:55:28,800
overtake. 
You imagine that campfire, still

996
00:55:28,800 --> 00:55:33,000
burning in the Kalahari, it's 
like creating a small island of 

997
00:55:33,000 --> 00:55:37,600
warmth in the vast Darkness, 
Imagine Hunter's sleeping their 

998
00:55:37,600 --> 00:55:41,400
segmented, sleep waking 
occasionally to 10 the Flames 

999
00:55:41,400 --> 00:55:44,900
comfortable, in an environment 
that would terrify most modern 

1000
00:55:44,900 --> 00:55:47,800
people. 
Imagine them waking at dawn to 

1001
00:55:47,800 --> 00:55:50,800
scatter. 
The fire, check their tools and 

1002
00:55:50,800 --> 00:55:53,900
walk again across a landscape. 
They know, as intimately as, you

1003
00:55:53,908 --> 00:55:55,900
know, your own neighborhood. 
Their world. 

1004
00:55:55,900 --> 00:56:00,400
And yours are separated by 
oceans, centuries and completely

1005
00:56:00,400 --> 00:56:02,800
different ways of organizing 
human life. 

1006
00:56:03,500 --> 00:56:05,900
Yet the fundamental experiences 
remain the same. 

1007
00:56:05,900 --> 00:56:10,700
The need for rest, the search 
for comfort, the desire for 

1008
00:56:10,700 --> 00:56:13,300
safety. 
The value of social connection, 

1009
00:56:13,300 --> 00:56:18,200
the satisfaction of competence 
and the peace that comes from 

1010
00:56:18,200 --> 00:56:22,000
understanding your environment. 
Well enough to trust it sleep. 

1011
00:56:22,000 --> 00:56:25,900
Well, knowing that somewhere 
someone is sleeping under stars 

1012
00:56:25,900 --> 00:56:28,400
that are the same Stars. 
You'd see if you went outside 

1013
00:56:28,400 --> 00:56:31,600
right now. 
Somewhere a fire is burning, 

1014
00:56:31,600 --> 00:56:34,800
that's made from the same 
combustion chemistry, as the 

1015
00:56:34,800 --> 00:56:37,200
Flames humans. 
First mastered, hundreds of 

1016
00:56:37,208 --> 00:56:40,700
thousands of years ago. 
Somewhere people are living 

1017
00:56:40,700 --> 00:56:43,800
lives that connect directly to 
the deepest patterns of human 

1018
00:56:43,800 --> 00:56:47,000
existence. 
Patterns that persist beneath 

1019
00:56:47,000 --> 00:56:51,200
all our modern elaborations and 
tomorrow when you wake to alarm 

1020
00:56:51,200 --> 00:56:54,000
clocks and artificial light 
you'll carry with you, the 

1021
00:56:54,000 --> 00:56:57,200
memory of a different kind of 
waking the gradual transition 

1022
00:56:57,200 --> 00:56:59,900
that happens when your body 
responds to natural light and 

1023
00:56:59,900 --> 00:57:03,000
natural temperature changes. 
When you open your eyes to see 

1024
00:57:03,000 --> 00:57:06,000
whether the fire still Burns and
whether your companions are 

1025
00:57:06,000 --> 00:57:08,700
stirring that memory might 
change how you think about 

1026
00:57:08,700 --> 00:57:11,700
morning routines, sleep 
patterns, possessions, 

1027
00:57:11,700 --> 00:57:16,400
environmental awareness, social 
relationships and what it means 

1028
00:57:16,400 --> 00:57:18,000
to be comfortably at home in the
world. 

1029
00:57:19,200 --> 00:57:22,300
Or it might simply rest in your 
mind as a pleasant story about 

1030
00:57:22,300 --> 00:57:24,300
people who live differently than
you do. 

1031
00:57:24,300 --> 00:57:27,500
Either way the night in the 
Kalahari has been really in your

1032
00:57:27,500 --> 00:57:31,200
imagination and Imagination is 
where all understanding Begins 

1033
00:57:31,200 --> 00:57:34,300
the hunters rest. 
Well, tonight, as they have for 

1034
00:57:34,300 --> 00:57:45,000
thousands of years and so can 
you Picture yourself waking up 

1035
00:57:45,000 --> 00:57:48,600
in a narrow bed, that's barely 
wide of the coffee, but somehow 

1036
00:57:48,600 --> 00:57:51,100
more comfortable than anything. 
You'd known before coming to 

1037
00:57:51,100 --> 00:57:51,800
Ashworth. 
Manor. 

1038
00:57:52,500 --> 00:57:53,800
The room. 
You share with two other 

1039
00:57:53,800 --> 00:57:57,300
housemates is tucked under the 
eaves where the sealing slopes 

1040
00:57:57,300 --> 00:57:58,900
down. 
So dramatically that you've 

1041
00:57:58,900 --> 00:58:02,300
learned to duck instinctively 
when getting dressed The walls 

1042
00:58:02,300 --> 00:58:04,200
are thin enough that you can 
hear Mrs. Pemberton. 

1043
00:58:04,200 --> 00:58:07,500
The head cook already clattering
about in the kitchen three 

1044
00:58:07,500 --> 00:58:09,400
floors below her. 
Wooden Spoons. 

1045
00:58:09,400 --> 00:58:11,400
Conducting an orchestra of 
copper pots. 

1046
00:58:11,400 --> 00:58:14,900
It's 4:30 in the morning and 
your body has become a living 

1047
00:58:14,900 --> 00:58:17,600
alarm clock after 18 months in 
service. 

1048
00:58:17,600 --> 00:58:19,900
You no longer need the Bell. 
That Martha. 

1049
00:58:19,900 --> 00:58:22,500
The senior House made rings to 
wake everyone. 

1050
00:58:22,500 --> 00:58:26,700
Your bones simply know when it's
time to begin another day in the

1051
00:58:26,700 --> 00:58:28,400
wonderful machine of the manor 
house. 

1052
00:58:28,400 --> 00:58:32,000
You slide your feet into boots 
that have molded themselves to 

1053
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:34,500
your particular brand of 
exhaustion comfortable, in all 

1054
00:58:34,500 --> 00:58:38,200
the wrong places, one Thin, 
where you need the most The 

1055
00:58:38,200 --> 00:58:40,800
floorboards Creak their familiar
greeting, as you tiptoe around 

1056
00:58:40,800 --> 00:58:44,200
your sleeping roommates. 
Sarah, the scullery maid talks 

1057
00:58:44,200 --> 00:58:47,000
in her sleep, about her sweet 
heart, back in the village while

1058
00:58:47,000 --> 00:58:50,000
Emma, who works in the laundry, 
snores with the dedication of 

1059
00:58:50,000 --> 00:58:52,100
someone who's earned every 
moment of rest. 

1060
00:58:53,100 --> 00:58:55,800
The servants staircase serves as
your primary route to all 

1061
00:58:55,800 --> 00:58:59,000
important places, it's narrow 
and steep designed by 

1062
00:58:59,000 --> 00:59:01,200
architects. 
Who clearly never had to carry a

1063
00:59:01,200 --> 00:59:04,800
coal up for flights while 
balancing a chamber pot and 

1064
00:59:04,800 --> 00:59:06,700
trying not to wake the entire 
household. 

1065
00:59:07,900 --> 00:59:11,000
You've developed a peculiar 
Grace, navigating these stairs. 

1066
00:59:11,000 --> 00:59:15,700
Part mounting goat part ballet, 
dancer, all determination, not 

1067
00:59:15,700 --> 00:59:17,600
to Tumble backward into 
catastrophe. 

1068
00:59:18,600 --> 00:59:21,200
Your first stop is the 
Magnificent Hall where 

1069
00:59:21,200 --> 00:59:23,300
yesterday's ashes in the massive
fireplace. 

1070
00:59:23,300 --> 00:59:25,300
Look like the remains of a small
dragon. 

1071
00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:28,300
The greatest heavy enough to 
Anchor a ship and cleaning. 

1072
00:59:28,300 --> 00:59:30,900
It requires the kind of athletic
ability that would impress 

1073
00:59:30,900 --> 00:59:33,900
circus performers, you've 
learned to approach it like a 

1074
00:59:33,900 --> 00:59:37,900
puzzle first the smaller pieces,
then the great itself always 

1075
00:59:37,900 --> 00:59:40,900
mindful that coal dust has a 
magical ability to appear on 

1076
00:59:40,900 --> 00:59:44,100
surfaces, you have not even 
touched yet the manner wakes up 

1077
00:59:44,100 --> 00:59:46,900
around you in layers. 
First come the other servants 

1078
00:59:46,900 --> 00:59:49,900
moving through their morning 
routines with the synchronized 

1079
00:59:49,900 --> 00:59:52,600
Precision of dancers who 
rehearse the same performance 

1080
00:59:52,600 --> 00:59:56,600
for years then come the dogs 
Lord ashworths hunting hounds 

1081
00:59:56,600 --> 01:00:00,600
who seem to insist on serving 
breakfast at 5 sharp regardless 

1082
01:00:00,600 --> 01:00:04,300
of human convenience. 
Finally, the house itself begins

1083
01:00:04,300 --> 01:00:08,000
to stir floorboards settling 
pipes, gurgling their morning 

1084
01:00:08,000 --> 01:00:10,100
complaints and somewhere in the 
distance. 

1085
01:00:10,100 --> 01:00:13,200
The grandfather clock in the 
entrance hall, chiming the hours

1086
01:00:13,200 --> 01:00:15,900
like a Stern Headmaster. 
Keeping everyone on schedule. 

1087
01:00:15,900 --> 01:00:19,100
You've learned to love these 
early morning moments, when the 

1088
01:00:19,100 --> 01:00:21,100
man of belongs entirely to its 
servant's. 

1089
01:00:21,100 --> 01:00:24,000
There's something peaceful about
moving through rooms that will 

1090
01:00:24,000 --> 01:00:26,900
later Buzz with the complicated 
social machine of the upper 

1091
01:00:26,900 --> 01:00:29,300
classes. 
But for now exists in a state of

1092
01:00:29,308 --> 01:00:33,400
suspended animation, The drawing
room with its silk wallpaper and

1093
01:00:33,400 --> 01:00:35,200
furniture. 
That costs more than most people

1094
01:00:35,200 --> 01:00:38,200
earn in a decade feels almost 
friendly in the pre-dawn 

1095
01:00:38,200 --> 01:00:41,300
darkness, you dust the mahogany,
tables and straighten. 

1096
01:00:41,300 --> 01:00:43,800
The cushions on chairs that 
probably have their own names 

1097
01:00:43,800 --> 01:00:46,900
and pedigrees The Morning Light 
filtering through the tool 

1098
01:00:46,900 --> 01:00:49,900
Windows reveals dust modes 
dancing in the air like tiny 

1099
01:00:49,900 --> 01:00:52,800
rebellious spirits. 
You've developed a personal 

1100
01:00:52,800 --> 01:00:55,700
relationship with dust. 
It's your constant companion, 

1101
01:00:55,700 --> 01:00:59,000
your Eternal opponent and 
occasionally, when the light 

1102
01:00:59,000 --> 01:01:01,900
hits it just right. 
Your unwitting collaborator in 

1103
01:01:01,900 --> 01:01:03,500
creating something almost 
beautiful. 

1104
01:01:04,500 --> 01:01:06,700
Dust, you've learned has 
personality. 

1105
01:01:07,600 --> 01:01:10,900
The dust in the library is 
scholarly and dignified settling

1106
01:01:10,900 --> 01:01:14,200
politely on leather bound books.
The dust in the children's 

1107
01:01:14,200 --> 01:01:17,500
playroom, is chaotic and 
adventurous hiding in corners 

1108
01:01:17,500 --> 01:01:19,800
and emerging at the most 
inconvenient moments. 

1109
01:01:20,700 --> 01:01:22,900
By 6:00 you've already 
accomplished. 

1110
01:01:22,900 --> 01:01:25,100
What most people would consider 
a full day's work. 

1111
01:01:25,900 --> 01:01:29,200
The fires a lit, the main rooms 
are clean and you've managed to 

1112
01:01:29,200 --> 01:01:32,100
avoid waking, anyone who might 
dock your wages for disturbing 

1113
01:01:32,100 --> 01:01:35,000
their beauty sleep. 
You'll back 8 in that particular

1114
01:01:35,000 --> 01:01:37,500
way that comes from bending over
greats and reaching under 

1115
01:01:37,500 --> 01:01:40,200
Furniture. 
But there's a satisfaction in 

1116
01:01:40,200 --> 01:01:42,800
seeing the manor slowly come to 
life around your efforts. 

1117
01:01:43,400 --> 01:01:45,900
The kitchen. 
When you finally make it there 

1118
01:01:45,900 --> 01:01:49,100
for your breakfast, is a warm 
Refuge filled with the smell of 

1119
01:01:49,100 --> 01:01:52,800
fresh bread and the comfortable 
chaos of Mrs. Pemberton's 

1120
01:01:52,800 --> 01:01:54,900
domain. 
She ruled her realm with the 

1121
01:01:54,900 --> 01:01:57,200
authority of a general and the 
warmth of a favorite aunt 

1122
01:01:57,200 --> 01:02:00,900
dispensing, both orders and 
wisdom in equal measure the 

1123
01:02:00,900 --> 01:02:03,600
pecking order in a Victorian 
Mansion is more complex than the

1124
01:02:03,600 --> 01:02:07,000
family tree of European royalty 
and twice as confusing for 

1125
01:02:07,000 --> 01:02:10,400
newcomers, you've learned to 
navigate this social Labyrinth 

1126
01:02:10,400 --> 01:02:13,800
with the skill of a diplomat, 
always mindful of who out-ranks 

1127
01:02:13,800 --> 01:02:17,300
who and exactly how much 
courtesy each position demands. 

1128
01:02:18,700 --> 01:02:20,500
At the top of the servants 
hierarchy. 

1129
01:02:20,500 --> 01:02:24,000
Sits Mr. Whitmore, the butler 
who carries himself with the 

1130
01:02:24,000 --> 01:02:26,600
Dignity of a man whose never 
doubted his place in the world. 

1131
01:02:27,700 --> 01:02:30,200
Mr. Whitmore, the butler, 
possesses the ability to 

1132
01:02:30,200 --> 01:02:32,300
elevate. 
The mundane tasks of polishing. 

1133
01:02:32,300 --> 01:02:36,100
Silver to a sacred ritual and 
his disapproval is unmistakable.

1134
01:02:36,100 --> 01:02:38,700
You've seen him reduce footman 
to stammering. 

1135
01:02:38,700 --> 01:02:41,600
Apologies with nothing more than
a raised eyebrow and a slight 

1136
01:02:41,600 --> 01:02:44,500
tightening around the eyes just 
below him Reigns. 

1137
01:02:44,500 --> 01:02:48,300
Mrs. Hartwell the housekeeper. 
Who manages the female star with

1138
01:02:48,300 --> 01:02:51,300
the organizational skills of a 
military commander and the 

1139
01:02:51,300 --> 01:02:53,500
intuition of someone who's 
raised 12 children? 

1140
01:02:54,400 --> 01:02:57,200
He carries a massive ring of 
keys that Jangles with every 

1141
01:02:57,200 --> 01:03:00,800
step announcing her presence. 
Like a one-woman brass band 

1142
01:03:00,800 --> 01:03:04,200
these Keys unlock everything 
from the linen closets to The 

1143
01:03:04,200 --> 01:03:06,600
Wine Cellar. 
And the sound of them has become

1144
01:03:06,600 --> 01:03:08,700
the soundtrack of authority in 
your daily life. 

1145
01:03:09,600 --> 01:03:12,300
Mrs. Pemberton rules. 
The kitchen with an iron Ladle, 

1146
01:03:12,300 --> 01:03:14,900
and a heart that softer than her
Yorkshire pudding. 

1147
01:03:15,700 --> 01:03:18,400
She's a cook who meticulously 
remembers each servants, 

1148
01:03:18,400 --> 01:03:21,900
preferred tea, and consistently 
provides an extra biscuit during

1149
01:03:21,900 --> 01:03:25,700
a particularly challenging day. 
Her domain is distinct from the 

1150
01:03:25,700 --> 01:03:28,800
rest of the house higher key as 
she reports directly to Mrs, 

1151
01:03:28,800 --> 01:03:32,100
Hartwell however within her 
kitchen her Authority is 

1152
01:03:32,100 --> 01:03:35,000
unquestioned you found your 
place somewhere in the middle of

1153
01:03:35,000 --> 01:03:38,500
this complex social machine, or 
as a housemaid, you're above the

1154
01:03:38,500 --> 01:03:40,000
scholarly maids and the kitchen 
help. 

1155
01:03:40,000 --> 01:03:42,200
But below the ladies made to the
governor's. 

1156
01:03:43,100 --> 01:03:45,600
It's a position that requires a 
peculiar kind of social 

1157
01:03:45,600 --> 01:03:47,800
awareness. 
You need to be respectful to 

1158
01:03:47,800 --> 01:03:50,700
those above. 
You kind to those below you and 

1159
01:03:50,700 --> 01:03:52,200
cautious around those at your 
level. 

1160
01:03:52,200 --> 01:03:55,000
Because horizontal politics 
among servers can be more 

1161
01:03:55,000 --> 01:03:58,400
treacherous than anything 
happening up stairs, the footmen

1162
01:03:58,400 --> 01:04:01,100
occupy their own strange 
category in this higher Archie, 

1163
01:04:01,100 --> 01:04:04,700
their technically, your equals, 
but they seem to believe their 

1164
01:04:04,700 --> 01:04:07,200
fancy uniforms and proximity to 
the dining room. 

1165
01:04:07,200 --> 01:04:08,900
Make them practically members of
the family. 

1166
01:04:09,800 --> 01:04:13,400
James, the senior footman has 
mastered the skill of sneering 

1167
01:04:13,400 --> 01:04:17,900
at people while simultaneously, 
serving them soup, his permitted

1168
01:04:17,900 --> 01:04:20,700
hair and pristine white gloves, 
make him look like he's 

1169
01:04:20,700 --> 01:04:24,000
constantly ready for a formal 
portrait even when he's just 

1170
01:04:24,000 --> 01:04:28,200
carrying coal, scuttles. 
The daily dance of Precedence 

1171
01:04:28,200 --> 01:04:31,900
plays out in 100 small ways. 
Who enters the servants Hall? 

1172
01:04:31,900 --> 01:04:35,400
First for meals, who gets the 
best seat near the fire, who's 

1173
01:04:35,400 --> 01:04:38,800
allowed to voice, opinions about
the family's guests and who must

1174
01:04:38,800 --> 01:04:42,400
simply listen and Nod. 
You've learned to read these 

1175
01:04:42,400 --> 01:04:45,000
subtle cues like a scholar, 
studying ancient texts. 

1176
01:04:45,700 --> 01:04:48,300
Because misunderstanding your 
place can result in anything 

1177
01:04:48,300 --> 01:04:50,300
from cold shoulders to actual 
dismissal. 

1178
01:04:51,100 --> 01:04:53,700
The Strangers part of this 
higher key is how it mirrors the

1179
01:04:53,708 --> 01:04:56,500
family upstairs, while remaining
completely separate from it. 

1180
01:04:57,600 --> 01:05:00,600
Lord Ashworth might be the 
master of the house but he has 

1181
01:05:00,600 --> 01:05:03,300
no idea that William. 
The second footman has been 

1182
01:05:03,300 --> 01:05:06,500
conducting a subtle campaign of 
psychological warfare against 

1183
01:05:06,500 --> 01:05:08,800
Thomas. 
The whole Boy, Over whose 

1184
01:05:08,800 --> 01:05:11,400
responsibility, it is to polish 
the brass door knobs. 

1185
01:05:12,100 --> 01:05:15,200
The servant dramas unfold 
parallel to the family's lives 

1186
01:05:15,200 --> 01:05:19,100
invisible to them, but consuming
tremendous energy below stairs, 

1187
01:05:19,100 --> 01:05:22,700
you've developed a strategy for 
navigating these social Waters 

1188
01:05:22,700 --> 01:05:26,400
that involves generous amounts 
of tea, careful, listening, and 

1189
01:05:26,400 --> 01:05:29,100
an almost Supernatural ability 
to become invisible when 

1190
01:05:29,100 --> 01:05:32,700
tensions rise, the key is 
understanding that everyone from

1191
01:05:32,700 --> 01:05:36,300
the lowest calorie made to the 
most exalted ladies maid is 

1192
01:05:36,300 --> 01:05:39,100
desperately trying to maintain 
their dignity in a world that 

1193
01:05:39,100 --> 01:05:41,400
offers very little of it to 
people in service. 

1194
01:05:42,300 --> 01:05:46,200
The laundry made exist in their 
own steamy Universe emerging 

1195
01:05:46,200 --> 01:05:48,200
from the basement. 
Wash house looking like they've 

1196
01:05:48,200 --> 01:05:51,600
been wrestling with clouds. 
They speak their language of 

1197
01:05:51,600 --> 01:05:54,300
starch and soap and their hands 
are permanently. 

1198
01:05:54,300 --> 01:05:56,300
Pruned from constant contact 
with water. 

1199
01:05:57,200 --> 01:06:00,400
Emma, who shares your attic room
comes to bed every night 

1200
01:06:00,400 --> 01:06:02,600
smelling like carbolic soap and 
lavender. 

1201
01:06:02,600 --> 01:06:05,100
A combination. 
That's become as comforting as a

1202
01:06:05,100 --> 01:06:08,000
lullaby. 
The truly fascinating members of

1203
01:06:08,008 --> 01:06:10,100
this servant, ecosystem of the 
Specialists. 

1204
01:06:10,100 --> 01:06:14,200
The lamp trimmer Who treats each
fixture like a delicate patient,

1205
01:06:14,200 --> 01:06:17,400
requiring surgery? 
The boot boy, who knows the 

1206
01:06:17,400 --> 01:06:20,800
Footwear preferences of every 
family member and guest and the 

1207
01:06:20,808 --> 01:06:23,200
under Butler who is being 
groomed for Mr. Whitmore's 

1208
01:06:23,200 --> 01:06:26,300
position and carries the weight 
of that future responsibility, 

1209
01:06:26,300 --> 01:06:28,300
like a crown that still being 
fitted. 

1210
01:06:28,300 --> 01:06:31,300
Living in a Victorian. 
Mansion means existing in Two 

1211
01:06:31,300 --> 01:06:34,500
Worlds, simultaneously like 
being an actor in a play where 

1212
01:06:34,500 --> 01:06:36,800
half the cast doesn't know the 
other half exists. 

1213
01:06:37,600 --> 01:06:39,900
You've mastered the art of 
becoming functionally invisible 

1214
01:06:39,900 --> 01:06:43,100
when family members are present.
Skill, that requires more 

1215
01:06:43,100 --> 01:06:46,900
athleticism than most people 
realize, the back staircase is 

1216
01:06:46,900 --> 01:06:50,400
your lifeline to invisibility, 
it's a narrow winding passage 

1217
01:06:50,400 --> 01:06:52,200
that connects every floor of the
house. 

1218
01:06:52,900 --> 01:06:55,600
Designed specifically. 
So servants can move through the

1219
01:06:55,600 --> 01:06:58,600
mansion without disturbing the 
family's carefully, orchestrated

1220
01:06:58,600 --> 01:07:01,200
daily life. 
You've learned to navigate these

1221
01:07:01,200 --> 01:07:05,300
stairs and complete, darkness, 
your feet knowing exactly where 

1222
01:07:05,300 --> 01:07:08,300
each step creaks and which 
handrail Wiggles, it's like 

1223
01:07:08,300 --> 01:07:10,600
having a secret passage to 
everywhere that matters. 

1224
01:07:10,600 --> 01:07:13,400
Except the secret is that you're
not supposed to exist while 

1225
01:07:13,400 --> 01:07:15,700
using it. 
The family's daily routine 

1226
01:07:15,700 --> 01:07:18,600
creates a complex choreography 
that you've learned to dance 

1227
01:07:18,600 --> 01:07:21,100
around. 
Lady Ashworth, takes her 

1228
01:07:21,100 --> 01:07:23,300
morning. 
Tea at precisely 8:00, which 

1229
01:07:23,300 --> 01:07:26,000
means you need to have her 
setting room Immaculate by 7:30.

1230
01:07:27,100 --> 01:07:29,300
She has a particular way of 
saying when things aren't 

1231
01:07:29,300 --> 01:07:32,400
arranged to her satisfaction, 
not quite disapproval, but, 

1232
01:07:32,400 --> 01:07:35,500
definitely disappointment that 
can ruin your entire morning. 

1233
01:07:35,500 --> 01:07:38,800
If you're not prepared for it, 
the children present their own 

1234
01:07:38,800 --> 01:07:42,400
unique challenges, Master 
Frederick, 8 years old and 

1235
01:07:42,400 --> 01:07:45,300
convinced of his military 
greatness has transformed the 

1236
01:07:45,300 --> 01:07:47,200
third floor into his personal 
Battlefield. 

1237
01:07:47,200 --> 01:07:50,600
You've learned to clean around 
elaborate Arrangements of toy 

1238
01:07:50,600 --> 01:07:52,600
soldiers. 
Knowing that disturbing his 

1239
01:07:52,600 --> 01:07:54,900
campaigns could result in the 
kind of tantrum. 

1240
01:07:54,900 --> 01:07:57,700
That brings his mother running 
and get servants blamed for 

1241
01:07:57,700 --> 01:08:00,400
corrupting Young Minds. 
His sister. 

1242
01:08:00,400 --> 01:08:03,900
Miss Carolyn is 12 and has 
recently discovered, the power 

1243
01:08:03,900 --> 01:08:06,200
of treating servants like her 
personal confidence. 

1244
01:08:07,400 --> 01:08:09,800
Wickering Until you realize 
she's practicing her future role

1245
01:08:09,800 --> 01:08:12,900
as Mistress of her household. 
The guests are where things get 

1246
01:08:12,900 --> 01:08:14,800
intriguing. 
Every visitor brings their 

1247
01:08:14,800 --> 01:08:17,800
expectations, their servants, 
and their own way of treating 

1248
01:08:17,800 --> 01:08:20,500
the household staff. 
You've learned to read people 

1249
01:08:20,500 --> 01:08:23,899
quickly, some guests, treat you 
like Furniture, others like 

1250
01:08:23,899 --> 01:08:27,500
family pets, and a precious few,
like actual human beings. 

1251
01:08:28,300 --> 01:08:31,200
Those who attempt to appear 
friendly yet, make it evident 

1252
01:08:31,200 --> 01:08:33,300
that they view you as a 
completely different species. 

1253
01:08:33,300 --> 01:08:37,800
Are the worst. 
Mrs, Fitzpatrick, lady Ashworth,

1254
01:08:37,800 --> 01:08:41,000
sister visits monthly and treats
the servants Hall like her 

1255
01:08:41,000 --> 01:08:45,300
personal entertainment venue. 
sheeps through asking intrusive 

1256
01:08:45,300 --> 01:08:48,000
questions about your personal 
life, while simultaneously 

1257
01:08:48,000 --> 01:08:50,300
rearranging everything, 
according to her own 

1258
01:08:50,300 --> 01:08:54,800
preferences, her lady's maid. 
Miss Prentice apologizes 

1259
01:08:54,800 --> 01:08:58,200
constantly for her Mistresses 
Behavior while somehow making it

1260
01:08:58,200 --> 01:08:59,600
clear that she considers 
herself. 

1261
01:08:59,600 --> 01:09:03,600
Superior to the permanent staff,
The dinner party is aware your 

1262
01:09:03,600 --> 01:09:05,800
invisibility skills, get their 
greatest work out. 

1263
01:09:06,600 --> 01:09:08,899
You've learned to move through 
the dining room like a ghost. 

1264
01:09:08,899 --> 01:09:11,800
Refilling water glasses, and 
replacing horses. 

1265
01:09:11,800 --> 01:09:14,899
While 8 to 12 people conduct 
conversations that range from 

1266
01:09:14,899 --> 01:09:18,200
fascinating to horrifying often 
within the same sentence. 

1267
01:09:19,000 --> 01:09:21,600
The trick is to listen without 
appearing, to listen, to 

1268
01:09:21,600 --> 01:09:23,899
anticipate needs without seeming
to pay attention. 

1269
01:09:23,899 --> 01:09:26,600
And to remember everything 
while, pretending to forget it, 

1270
01:09:26,600 --> 01:09:27,899
all the moment, you leave the 
room. 

1271
01:09:28,600 --> 01:09:31,700
Overhearing conversations about 
politics finance and social 

1272
01:09:31,700 --> 01:09:33,600
scandals. 
That would make excellent 

1273
01:09:33,600 --> 01:09:35,500
gossip. 
If you could share them you've 

1274
01:09:35,500 --> 01:09:38,500
gained valuable insights. 
The family discusses their 

1275
01:09:38,500 --> 01:09:41,100
neighbor's Affairs, their 
business dealings, and their 

1276
01:09:41,100 --> 01:09:44,300
opinions about everything from 
the weather to the Empire all 

1277
01:09:44,300 --> 01:09:46,399
while servants. 
Move around them like, well, 

1278
01:09:46,399 --> 01:09:48,800
trained spirits. 
It has provided you with an 

1279
01:09:48,800 --> 01:09:51,300
education in human nature that 
no school could match. 

1280
01:09:52,100 --> 01:09:54,400
The most challenging aspect of 
this Upstairs Downstairs. 

1281
01:09:54,400 --> 01:09:57,500
Existence is maintaining your 
sense of self while pretending 

1282
01:09:57,500 --> 01:10:01,100
to be invisible. you've learned 
to find moments of genuine 

1283
01:10:01,100 --> 01:10:04,400
connection with the family 
members, a shared joke with Miss

1284
01:10:04,400 --> 01:10:07,300
Carolyn, a moment of 
appreciation from Lady Ashworth,

1285
01:10:07,300 --> 01:10:10,300
when you've arranged her flowers
particularly well or not of 

1286
01:10:10,308 --> 01:10:12,900
approval from Lourdes, Ashworth,
when you've managed to clean his

1287
01:10:12,900 --> 01:10:17,100
study without disturbing his 
carefully, organized chaos, the 

1288
01:10:17,100 --> 01:10:20,600
house itself becomes a character
in this daily drama, different 

1289
01:10:20,600 --> 01:10:22,300
rooms have different 
personalities. 

1290
01:10:22,300 --> 01:10:24,700
Different moods and different 
requirements. 

1291
01:10:24,700 --> 01:10:27,900
For how you're supposed to 
behave in the library demands 

1292
01:10:27,900 --> 01:10:30,000
quiet. 
Reverence the drawing room 

1293
01:10:30,000 --> 01:10:33,200
requires careful, attention to 
every surface and the nurse 

1294
01:10:33,200 --> 01:10:34,900
needs. 
The kind of vigilance that comes

1295
01:10:34,900 --> 01:10:36,100
from. 
Knowing that children can 

1296
01:10:36,100 --> 01:10:39,300
destroy a perfectly clean room 
in the time, it takes to Blink 

1297
01:10:39,300 --> 01:10:42,600
cleaning a Victorian Mansion is 
like being a detective, a 

1298
01:10:42,600 --> 01:10:44,900
chemist and an athlete. 
All rolled into one exhausting 

1299
01:10:44,900 --> 01:10:49,300
profession You've learned that 
every stain tells a story, every

1300
01:10:49,300 --> 01:10:52,800
surface has its personality and 
every cleaning solution has the 

1301
01:10:52,800 --> 01:10:55,900
potential to either save the 
day, or create a disaster that 

1302
01:10:55,908 --> 01:10:59,100
follows you for months, the 
cleaning supplies in Mrs, 

1303
01:10:59,100 --> 01:11:01,500
hartwell's locked, cupboard, 
looked like ingredients for 

1304
01:11:01,500 --> 01:11:04,000
either medicine or Mayhem, 
depending on your level of 

1305
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:06,700
expertise. 
Mrs. Hartwell's locked. 

1306
01:11:06,700 --> 01:11:09,600
Cupboard contains a variety of 
cleaning supplies, including 

1307
01:11:09,600 --> 01:11:12,600
carbolic acid for the floors, 
vinegar for the windows. 

1308
01:11:12,600 --> 01:11:16,700
And a product known as monkey 
brand soap, which while 

1309
01:11:16,700 --> 01:11:19,400
purportedly effective on 
everything from brass to boots. 

1310
01:11:19,400 --> 01:11:21,800
Often leaves your hands feeling 
as if you've been handling 

1311
01:11:21,800 --> 01:11:24,500
sandpaper. 
You've developed a personal 

1312
01:11:24,500 --> 01:11:26,400
relationship with different 
types of dirt. 

1313
01:11:26,400 --> 01:11:29,800
There's the honest dirt that 
comes from daily living dust, 

1314
01:11:29,800 --> 01:11:33,200
mud the occasional spilled tea, 
which responds to 

1315
01:11:33,200 --> 01:11:35,800
straightforward cleaning methods
and doesn't hold grudges. 

1316
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:39,700
Then there's the sneaky dirt 
that hides in corners and behind

1317
01:11:39,700 --> 01:11:41,800
Furniture waiting to embarrass 
you. 

1318
01:11:41,800 --> 01:11:45,500
When important guests, visit the
worst is the mysterious dirt 

1319
01:11:45,500 --> 01:11:47,300
that appears overnight on 
surfaces. 

1320
01:11:47,300 --> 01:11:50,600
You cleaned perfectly the day 
before which you're convinced is

1321
01:11:50,600 --> 01:11:52,700
either Supernatural or the 
result of some servant 

1322
01:11:52,700 --> 01:11:54,300
conspiracy you have not figured 
out yet. 

1323
01:11:55,200 --> 01:11:57,700
The weekly ritual of cleaning, 
the chandeliers requires the 

1324
01:11:57,700 --> 01:11:59,700
kind of Courage. 
Usually reserved for mounting 

1325
01:11:59,700 --> 01:12:02,500
climbing, you've mastered the 
art of dismantling. 

1326
01:12:02,500 --> 01:12:05,400
These Crystal monsters 
meticulously cleaning each 

1327
01:12:05,400 --> 01:12:08,400
individual Crystal with a 
solution that Mrs. Hartwell 

1328
01:12:08,400 --> 01:12:11,600
fervently Advocates, but 
withholds the recipe, The 

1329
01:12:11,600 --> 01:12:14,800
crystals have to be dried with 
specific cloths polished with 

1330
01:12:14,800 --> 01:12:18,200
particular movements and 
reassembled in exactly the right

1331
01:12:18,200 --> 01:12:20,200
order or they'll catch the Light
wrong. 

1332
01:12:20,200 --> 01:12:23,700
And everyone will notice carpet,
cleaning is where you've truly 

1333
01:12:23,700 --> 01:12:25,700
earned your stripes as a 
domestic Warrior. 

1334
01:12:26,700 --> 01:12:29,500
The dining room carpet which 
depicts some sort of hunting 

1335
01:12:29,500 --> 01:12:32,500
scene with more dire than you'd 
see in an actual Forest requires

1336
01:12:32,500 --> 01:12:35,800
weekly attention with a carpet 
beater, that's heavier than most

1337
01:12:35,800 --> 01:12:38,000
people's luggage. 
You've learned to read the 

1338
01:12:38,000 --> 01:12:40,400
carpets mood. 
Some weeks, it gives up its 

1339
01:12:40,400 --> 01:12:43,700
dirty easily other weeks. 
It clings to every spec like 

1340
01:12:43,700 --> 01:12:46,900
it's fighting for its life. 
The Silver Service is your 

1341
01:12:46,900 --> 01:12:48,700
Nemesis and your pride 
simultaneously. 

1342
01:12:49,600 --> 01:12:51,900
There are pieces in the butler's
Pantry that have been in the 

1343
01:12:51,900 --> 01:12:54,600
family for Generations, each 
with its own cleaning 

1344
01:12:54,600 --> 01:12:57,600
requirements, and its own way of
making you look incompetent. 

1345
01:12:58,500 --> 01:13:00,000
The tea service from Lourdes, 
Ashworth. 

1346
01:13:00,000 --> 01:13:03,300
Grandmother requires a special 
polish that has to be applied in

1347
01:13:03,300 --> 01:13:06,800
circular motions. 
Never straight lines and buffed 

1348
01:13:06,800 --> 01:13:11,000
to a shine that can blind 
unsuspecting footman. you've 

1349
01:13:11,000 --> 01:13:13,200
discovered that cleaning is 
really about understanding 

1350
01:13:13,200 --> 01:13:17,500
chemistry, even if nobody calls 
it that Different materials 

1351
01:13:17,500 --> 01:13:20,400
required, different approaches, 
different solutions, and 

1352
01:13:20,400 --> 01:13:23,200
different techniques. 
The marble in the entrance hall 

1353
01:13:23,200 --> 01:13:24,800
needs. 
Gentle treatment with specific 

1354
01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:27,100
soaps. 
While the wood paneling in the 

1355
01:13:27,100 --> 01:13:30,100
study requires oils that have 
been mixed according to recipes 

1356
01:13:30,100 --> 01:13:33,900
that are closely guarded family 
secrets, The laundry presents 

1357
01:13:33,900 --> 01:13:36,700
its own scientific challenges. 
You've learned to identify 

1358
01:13:36,700 --> 01:13:40,800
stains by sight smell and 
sometimes by the story behind 

1359
01:13:40,800 --> 01:13:43,600
them blood requires, cold water 
and salt. 

1360
01:13:43,600 --> 01:13:46,400
Wine needs to be treated 
immediately with white wine. 

1361
01:13:46,400 --> 01:13:49,100
If you can get it a mysterious 
stains on the children's 

1362
01:13:49,100 --> 01:13:51,900
clothing, usually respond to a 
combination of prayer and 

1363
01:13:51,900 --> 01:13:53,800
whatever. 
Mrs, Pemberton recommends from 

1364
01:13:53,800 --> 01:13:57,800
her arsenal of kitchen remedies.
Your skills truly test during 

1365
01:13:57,800 --> 01:14:00,800
the seasonal cleaning rituals 
spring cleaning means taking 

1366
01:14:00,800 --> 01:14:03,500
apart every room. 
Cleaning services that haven't 

1367
01:14:03,500 --> 01:14:06,300
seen attention since the 
previous year and discovering 

1368
01:14:06,300 --> 01:14:08,000
problems that have been hiding 
all winter. 

1369
01:14:08,700 --> 01:14:11,000
You've learned to approach these
marathons like a military 

1370
01:14:11,000 --> 01:14:14,800
campaign with careful planning, 
strategic Supply management. 

1371
01:14:14,800 --> 01:14:17,200
And the kind of determination 
that comes from. 

1372
01:14:17,200 --> 01:14:19,400
Knowing that failure means 
starting over from the 

1373
01:14:19,400 --> 01:14:23,400
beginning. the tools of your 
trade have become extension of 

1374
01:14:23,400 --> 01:14:26,800
your body, you know, exactly how
much pressure each brush can 

1375
01:14:26,800 --> 01:14:30,500
handle, which cloths work best 
on which surfaces and how to 

1376
01:14:30,500 --> 01:14:32,900
make a feather duster perform 
like a Precision instrument, 

1377
01:14:32,900 --> 01:14:36,300
your hands have developed, 
calluses and places that tell 

1378
01:14:36,300 --> 01:14:39,600
the story of your daily routine 
and your back as learned to bend

1379
01:14:39,600 --> 01:14:42,800
and twist in ways that would 
impress contortionists the 

1380
01:14:42,808 --> 01:14:45,300
kitchen is the heart of the 
manner but it's a heart that 

1381
01:14:45,300 --> 01:14:48,100
beats with the rhythm of 
organized, chaos, military, 

1382
01:14:48,100 --> 01:14:51,400
precision, and the occasional 
minor explosion when someone 

1383
01:14:51,400 --> 01:14:54,200
forgets that the temperamental 
stove has a mind of its own, 

1384
01:14:55,400 --> 01:14:58,000
You've learned to navigate this 
culinary Battlefield with the 

1385
01:14:58,000 --> 01:15:01,200
skill of a diplomat and the 
reflexes of someone who's been 

1386
01:15:01,200 --> 01:15:04,000
hit by flying pastry once too 
often. 

1387
01:15:05,100 --> 01:15:07,900
Mrs. Pemberton governs. 
Her domain with a wooden spoon 

1388
01:15:07,900 --> 01:15:10,500
that has endured more use than 
most medieval weapons. 

1389
01:15:10,500 --> 01:15:14,200
Mrs. Pemberton is a cook who 
adeptly prepares a seven-course 

1390
01:15:14,200 --> 01:15:18,400
dinner for 12 guests managers. 
The daily meals for 23 servants,

1391
01:15:18,400 --> 01:15:21,700
monitors, dietary restrictions 
that fluctuate with the weather 

1392
01:15:21,700 --> 01:15:24,700
and maintains a constant 
commentary on the moral failings

1393
01:15:24,700 --> 01:15:26,800
of anyone who has ever 
questioned her gravy. 

1394
01:15:27,600 --> 01:15:29,700
The kitchen follows a schedule 
that would leave Railway 

1395
01:15:29,700 --> 01:15:31,900
conductors feeling envious 
breakfast. 

1396
01:15:31,900 --> 01:15:35,700
Preparation begins at 4:30 with 
the great stove being coaxed to 

1397
01:15:35,700 --> 01:15:38,900
life, like a temperamental 
dragon that requires specific 

1398
01:15:38,900 --> 01:15:41,700
rituals to avoid breathing fire 
in the wrong direction. 

1399
01:15:42,600 --> 01:15:45,200
The bread has to rise at 
precisely the right temperature,

1400
01:15:45,200 --> 01:15:48,500
the porridge must be stirred in 
a particular pattern to avoid 

1401
01:15:48,500 --> 01:15:50,500
lumps. 
And the bacon requires the kind 

1402
01:15:50,500 --> 01:15:53,400
of attention usually reserved 
for diplomatic negotiations. 

1403
01:15:54,300 --> 01:15:55,600
You've learned to read the 
kitchen's. 

1404
01:15:55,600 --> 01:15:59,300
Moods like a weather forecaster.
When Mrs, Pemberton starts 

1405
01:15:59,300 --> 01:16:03,000
humming while she needs bread. 
It's going to be a good day. 

1406
01:16:03,900 --> 01:16:06,500
When she begins muttering about 
ungrateful, families and 

1407
01:16:06,500 --> 01:16:08,800
servants, who don't appreciate 
proper cooking. 

1408
01:16:09,600 --> 01:16:14,300
Time to become very useful, very
quietly and very far from her 

1409
01:16:14,300 --> 01:16:17,500
line of sight. 
When she starts banging pots 

1410
01:16:17,500 --> 01:16:20,700
louder than necessary. 
Everyone knows to work faster 

1411
01:16:20,700 --> 01:16:25,200
and speak less. 
The scullery maid, poor. 

1412
01:16:25,200 --> 01:16:28,800
Sarah lives in a world of 
endless dishes where every meal 

1413
01:16:28,800 --> 01:16:32,000
creates a mountain of plates 
glasses and serving pieces that 

1414
01:16:32,000 --> 01:16:35,300
need to be washed, dried and put
away before the next meal Begins

1415
01:16:35,300 --> 01:16:38,300
the cycle again. 
She's developed arms that could 

1416
01:16:38,300 --> 01:16:41,300
probably arm wrestle, most of 
the footmen and a philosophical 

1417
01:16:41,300 --> 01:16:43,400
approach to dishwater that 
borders on the mystical. 

1418
01:16:44,100 --> 01:16:47,700
Her domain is the enormous sink,
a porcelain monster that could 

1419
01:16:47,708 --> 01:16:51,400
probably the small horse and she
approaches each load of dishes, 

1420
01:16:51,400 --> 01:16:53,100
like a general, planing a 
campaign. 

1421
01:16:54,000 --> 01:16:56,400
A preparation of meals for 
upstairs, is a performance that 

1422
01:16:56,400 --> 01:17:00,100
requires choreography timing and
the kind of attention to detail 

1423
01:17:00,100 --> 01:17:01,700
that would impress Swiss 
watchmakers. 

1424
01:17:02,500 --> 01:17:04,300
Every plate. 
Must be warmed to the exact 

1425
01:17:04,300 --> 01:17:07,400
temperature, every garnish 
placed with artistic precision. 

1426
01:17:07,400 --> 01:17:10,700
And every course, time to arrive
at the dining room, exactly, 

1427
01:17:10,700 --> 01:17:14,000
when the family is ready for it.
You've learned to move through 

1428
01:17:14,000 --> 01:17:17,000
this ballet, without disrupting 
the flow, carrying messages 

1429
01:17:17,000 --> 01:17:20,100
between the kitchen and the 
dining room adjusting plans. 

1430
01:17:20,100 --> 01:17:23,100
When last minute guests arrive 
and somehow managing to be 

1431
01:17:23,100 --> 01:17:27,100
helpful without getting in the 
way, The servants meals, present

1432
01:17:27,100 --> 01:17:31,100
their challenges, we need to 
feed 23 people substantial, 

1433
01:17:31,100 --> 01:17:34,400
satisfying food that is 
efficient to prepare and doesn't

1434
01:17:34,400 --> 01:17:36,900
require the same ingredients as 
the family's meals. 

1435
01:17:37,600 --> 01:17:41,000
Mrs. Pemberton has mastered. 
The skill of maximizing, the use

1436
01:17:41,000 --> 01:17:44,300
of ingredients resulting in 
meals, that not only economical,

1437
01:17:44,300 --> 01:17:47,500
but also delicious, despite her 
reluctance to acknowledge their 

1438
01:17:47,500 --> 01:17:51,000
deliciousness. 
The weekly delivery of supplies 

1439
01:17:51,000 --> 01:17:53,500
turns the kitchen into a small 
version of a Marketplace, 

1440
01:17:53,500 --> 01:17:56,900
Tradesmen arrived with 
vegetables, meat Dairy, and Dry 

1441
01:17:56,900 --> 01:17:59,000
Goods. 
A Mrs, Pemberton inspects. 

1442
01:17:59,000 --> 01:18:02,000
Everything with the critical eye
of someone who's been fooled by 

1443
01:18:02,000 --> 01:18:03,800
wilted lettuce. 
Exactly. 

1444
01:18:03,800 --> 01:18:07,800
Once and learned her lesson, She
haggles over prices. 

1445
01:18:07,800 --> 01:18:11,600
Rejects inferior products and 
somehow, manages to maintain 

1446
01:18:11,600 --> 01:18:14,200
relationships with suppliers 
that ensure the manor gets the 

1447
01:18:14,200 --> 01:18:16,400
best of everything while staying
within budget. 

1448
01:18:17,300 --> 01:18:20,000
The kitchen gossip network is 
more efficient than the Postal 

1449
01:18:20,000 --> 01:18:23,400
Service information travels from
the tradesman's entrance to the 

1450
01:18:23,400 --> 01:18:26,500
servants Hall faster than 
steamed from a kettle and Mrs. 

1451
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:29,100
Pemberton somehow knows about 
neighborhood scandals before 

1452
01:18:29,100 --> 01:18:31,500
they happen. 
She dispenses wisdom about 

1453
01:18:31,500 --> 01:18:34,800
everything from unreliable 
butchers to unsuitable 

1454
01:18:34,800 --> 01:18:38,100
marriages, all while stirring 
sources and timing roasts with 

1455
01:18:38,100 --> 01:18:39,700
the Precision of a master 
conductor. 

1456
01:18:40,600 --> 01:18:43,400
The kitchen reveals its true 
character during the evening, 

1457
01:18:43,400 --> 01:18:45,800
clean up. 
After a day of constant 

1458
01:18:45,800 --> 01:18:49,400
activity, the great room needs 
to be restored to perfect order 

1459
01:18:49,400 --> 01:18:52,500
for the next days battles. 
Every surface must be scrubbed 

1460
01:18:52,500 --> 01:18:56,000
every pot cleaned and put away. 
And the stove, banked for the 

1461
01:18:56,008 --> 01:18:58,400
night like a faithful pet being 
tucked into bed. 

1462
01:18:59,300 --> 01:19:01,800
It's during These Quiet Moments 
that you appreciate the 

1463
01:19:01,808 --> 01:19:06,100
kitchen's warmth, both literal 
and metaphorical and understand 

1464
01:19:06,100 --> 01:19:09,600
why it's considered the heart of
the entire household living in a

1465
01:19:09,608 --> 01:19:12,600
Victorian Mansion also makes you
an unwilling keeper of family 

1466
01:19:12,600 --> 01:19:16,400
secrets neighborhood, gossip and
blackmail material, which you 

1467
01:19:16,400 --> 01:19:19,100
would never do, because that 
would be wrong, and you need 

1468
01:19:19,100 --> 01:19:22,000
this job. 
The servants Hall after dinner 

1469
01:19:22,000 --> 01:19:24,300
is where information flows like 
tea from a pot. 

1470
01:19:24,300 --> 01:19:26,200
Sometimes bitter. 
Sometimes. 

1471
01:19:26,200 --> 01:19:29,300
Sweet always hot. 
You've learned to listen 

1472
01:19:29,300 --> 01:19:32,700
carefully and speak cautiously 
because gossip is currently in 

1473
01:19:32,708 --> 01:19:35,900
the servant world and spending 
it on wisely can leave you 

1474
01:19:35,908 --> 01:19:38,700
socially bankrupt. 
The trick is knowing which 

1475
01:19:38,700 --> 01:19:42,200
stories are safe to share, which
ones are two dangerous to repeat

1476
01:19:42,200 --> 01:19:45,300
and which ones are so delicious 
that keeping them secret. 

1477
01:19:45,300 --> 01:19:49,900
Feels like a physical sacrifice.
Martha the senior housemaid as 

1478
01:19:49,900 --> 01:19:52,600
been with the family for 15 
years and knows everything about

1479
01:19:52,600 --> 01:19:55,400
everyone. 
She possesses an extensive 

1480
01:19:55,400 --> 01:19:58,400
knowledge of scandals. 
Ranging from Lourdes ashworth's,

1481
01:19:58,400 --> 01:20:02,000
youthful gambling, debts to the 
reasons behind lady Ashworth, 

1482
01:20:02,000 --> 01:20:04,800
sisters exclusion from Christmas
dinner, Martha. 

1483
01:20:04,800 --> 01:20:07,700
Dispenses this information. 
Like a careful pharmacist, 

1484
01:20:07,700 --> 01:20:11,400
giving you just enough to 
satisfy your curiosity without 

1485
01:20:11,400 --> 01:20:13,200
providing enough to get you into
trouble. 

1486
01:20:13,200 --> 01:20:16,700
The most fascinating discoveries
come from cleaning, the family's

1487
01:20:16,700 --> 01:20:19,500
private spaces. 
You've mastered the art of 

1488
01:20:19,508 --> 01:20:22,200
interpreting Clues such as the 
hastily hidden. 

1489
01:20:22,200 --> 01:20:24,800
Letters upon entering a room, 
the abrupt Holtz and 

1490
01:20:24,800 --> 01:20:26,700
conversations when servants 
arrived. 

1491
01:20:26,700 --> 01:20:29,400
And the poignant glance is 
shared among family members. 

1492
01:20:29,400 --> 01:20:32,400
That reveal intricate details 
about situations, you're not 

1493
01:20:32,408 --> 01:20:35,800
expected to comprehend. 
The art is in appearing 

1494
01:20:35,800 --> 01:20:38,700
oblivious while actually being 
quite observant and in 

1495
01:20:38,700 --> 01:20:41,100
remembering everything while 
pretending to forget it. 

1496
01:20:41,100 --> 01:20:44,200
All the guest rooms, hold a 
wealth of information about the 

1497
01:20:44,200 --> 01:20:47,500
family social connections. 
You've learned to deduce entire 

1498
01:20:47,500 --> 01:20:49,100
stories from the contents of 
visitors. 

1499
01:20:49,100 --> 01:20:52,400
Luggage, their correspondents, 
and their requests for specific 

1500
01:20:52,400 --> 01:20:54,700
services. 
Colonel Weatherby. 

1501
01:20:54,700 --> 01:20:57,800
Who visits quarterly always 
brings his soap and request 

1502
01:20:57,800 --> 01:21:01,700
extra towels which suggests 
either fastidious hygiene or 

1503
01:21:01,700 --> 01:21:03,900
something more interesting that 
you're not supposed to think 

1504
01:21:03,900 --> 01:21:06,800
about? 
Mrs. Vanderbilt always travels 

1505
01:21:06,800 --> 01:21:09,300
with her sheets and insists on 
having her tea prepared with 

1506
01:21:09,300 --> 01:21:10,900
water. 
That's been boiled, exactly 

1507
01:21:10,900 --> 01:21:13,100
twice. 
Which tells you something about 

1508
01:21:13,100 --> 01:21:16,400
either her standards or her 
superstitions, The most 

1509
01:21:16,400 --> 01:21:18,900
dangerous secrets are the ones 
that involve the family's 

1510
01:21:18,900 --> 01:21:20,900
finances. 
You've overheard enough 

1511
01:21:20,900 --> 01:21:23,200
conversations to understand that
the manners. 

1512
01:21:23,200 --> 01:21:26,600
Magnificent appearance might not
reflect the actual state of the 

1513
01:21:26,600 --> 01:21:29,400
family's resources. 
There are whispered discussions 

1514
01:21:29,400 --> 01:21:32,500
about mortgages Investments and 
the need to make certain 

1515
01:21:32,500 --> 01:21:35,800
economies that must never be a 
parent to visitors this 

1516
01:21:35,800 --> 01:21:39,400
knowledge lingers in your mind 
to significant to overlook yet 

1517
01:21:39,400 --> 01:21:42,900
to perilous to divulge. 
The Romantic entanglements of 

1518
01:21:42,908 --> 01:21:45,800
the family, provide endless 
entertainment for the servant's 

1519
01:21:45,800 --> 01:21:48,700
hall. 
Everyone is eagerly anticipating

1520
01:21:48,700 --> 01:21:50,600
the moment. 
When miscarried parents will 

1521
01:21:50,600 --> 01:21:53,600
notice her obvious infatuation 
with the young, curate, who is 

1522
01:21:53,600 --> 01:21:55,600
visiting to discuss her 
charitable work. 

1523
01:21:56,900 --> 01:21:59,500
Master Frederick's, current 
obsession with military history.

1524
01:21:59,500 --> 01:22:03,500
Seems to be connected to his 
desire to impress Ms. Julia the 

1525
01:22:03,500 --> 01:22:07,000
daughter of a visiting general, 
which is a adorable Until you 

1526
01:22:07,000 --> 01:22:09,800
realize that 8 year old romantic
strategies involving 

1527
01:22:09,800 --> 01:22:12,600
increasingly, elaborate displays
of toy soldier expertise, 

1528
01:22:13,800 --> 01:22:16,700
Observing the relationship 
between Lord and Lady Ashworth 

1529
01:22:16,700 --> 01:22:18,900
from the unique perspective of 
someone who maintains their 

1530
01:22:18,900 --> 01:22:21,000
private spaces is a fascinating 
study. 

1531
01:22:21,000 --> 01:22:24,300
In Victorian marriage, they 
maintain the perfect facade of 

1532
01:22:24,308 --> 01:22:27,200
domestic Harmony and public. 
But you've learned to read the 

1533
01:22:27,200 --> 01:22:30,800
subtle signs of tension separate
bedrooms During certain weeks 

1534
01:22:30,800 --> 01:22:33,500
conversations that are too 
polite to be natural. 

1535
01:22:33,500 --> 01:22:36,400
And the way they sometimes 
communicate through servants 

1536
01:22:36,400 --> 01:22:37,800
rather than directly to each 
other. 

1537
01:22:38,700 --> 01:22:41,300
The most unexpected secrets are 
the ones that reveal the 

1538
01:22:41,300 --> 01:22:44,000
family's Humanity. 
You've discovered that Lord 

1539
01:22:44,000 --> 01:22:47,200
Ashworth writes poetry which he 
hides in his desk drawer like 

1540
01:22:47,200 --> 01:22:48,700
its evidence of criminal 
activity. 

1541
01:22:49,700 --> 01:22:52,300
Lady ashwath. 
Discreetly transfers funds to 

1542
01:22:52,300 --> 01:22:55,900
her former governors, who is 
struggling financially, Master 

1543
01:22:55,900 --> 01:22:57,700
Frederic sleeps with the stuffed
elephant. 

1544
01:22:57,700 --> 01:23:00,900
He's had since infancy. 
A miscarrying keeps a diary 

1545
01:23:00,900 --> 01:23:03,700
locked in a box, you would never
dream of opening, even though, 

1546
01:23:03,700 --> 01:23:06,900
you know, exactly where she 
hides the key, the neighborhood 

1547
01:23:06,900 --> 01:23:09,200
scandals that filter through the
servants Network are like 

1548
01:23:09,208 --> 01:23:10,800
chapters in a novel That Never 
Ends. 

1549
01:23:11,600 --> 01:23:14,300
There's the ongoing mystery of 
why the Pemberton family down 

1550
01:23:14,300 --> 01:23:16,000
the road. 
Suddenly dismissed their entire 

1551
01:23:16,000 --> 01:23:18,600
staff last month. 
The speculation about whether 

1552
01:23:18,600 --> 01:23:21,400
Mr. Harrington's new wife is 
actually as young as she claims 

1553
01:23:21,400 --> 01:23:24,300
to be and the delicious 
controversy surrounding the 

1554
01:23:24,300 --> 01:23:27,400
Methodist ministers daughter, 
who has been seen walking on 

1555
01:23:27,400 --> 01:23:29,800
chaperoned with the young man 
who is definitely not from a 

1556
01:23:29,800 --> 01:23:32,900
suitable family after 18 months 
in service, you've learned that 

1557
01:23:32,900 --> 01:23:35,200
life in a Victorian Mansion is 
built on Rhythm. 

1558
01:23:35,200 --> 01:23:38,400
The daily beet of routine that 
keeps everything functioning 

1559
01:23:38,400 --> 01:23:41,400
punctuated by moments of 
unexpected magic. 

1560
01:23:41,400 --> 01:23:45,200
That make all the hard work 
while your days of developed, a 

1561
01:23:45,200 --> 01:23:48,400
musical quality each task 
flowing into the next with the 

1562
01:23:48,400 --> 01:23:51,400
kind of precision that comes 
from repetition and the 

1563
01:23:51,400 --> 01:23:55,000
knowledge that 22 other people 
depend on, you doing your part 

1564
01:23:55,000 --> 01:23:57,900
perfectly. 
Changing seasons, bring 

1565
01:23:57,900 --> 01:24:01,400
different rhythms to the manor. 
Spring means opening Windows 

1566
01:24:01,400 --> 01:24:02,800
that have been sealed against 
Winter's. 

1567
01:24:02,800 --> 01:24:06,400
Cold beating rugs, that have 
collected months of fireplace 

1568
01:24:06,400 --> 01:24:09,300
smoke and the general, 
resurrection of a house that has

1569
01:24:09,300 --> 01:24:12,200
been hibernating. 
Summer brings Garden parties 

1570
01:24:12,200 --> 01:24:15,300
house guests and the challenge 
of keeping cool in rooms that 

1571
01:24:15,308 --> 01:24:19,100
face the afternoon sun Autumn 
means preparing for winter seed 

1572
01:24:19,100 --> 01:24:22,500
preserving food and The 
Melancholy beauty of watching 

1573
01:24:22,500 --> 01:24:25,000
The Grounds transformed into a 
landscape painting. 

1574
01:24:26,100 --> 01:24:30,300
Winter brings the Cozy, intimacy
of smaller warmer spaces, the 

1575
01:24:30,300 --> 01:24:33,900
constant, tending of fires and 
the satisfaction of keeping a 

1576
01:24:33,900 --> 01:24:36,800
large house comfortable. 
When Nature is doing its best to

1577
01:24:36,800 --> 01:24:40,100
freeze, everything solid. 
You've learned to find beauty in

1578
01:24:40,100 --> 01:24:43,200
the most mundane tasks. 
There's something almost 

1579
01:24:43,200 --> 01:24:45,800
meditative about polishing 
silver until it reflects your 

1580
01:24:45,808 --> 01:24:48,800
face with perfect clarity or 
arranging flowers. 

1581
01:24:48,800 --> 01:24:51,300
In a way that makes an ordinary 
room feel like a scene from a 

1582
01:24:51,300 --> 01:24:53,800
fairy tale. 
The repetitive nature of your 

1583
01:24:53,800 --> 01:24:55,200
work. 
Has taught you to appreciate 

1584
01:24:55,200 --> 01:24:58,800
small improvements, tiny 
victories and the satisfaction 

1585
01:24:58,800 --> 01:25:02,400
that comes from doing something.
Well, even when nobody notices, 

1586
01:25:03,600 --> 01:25:06,300
the family has grown from 
distant figures to real people 

1587
01:25:06,300 --> 01:25:09,700
with quirks habits and 
personalities that you've 

1588
01:25:09,700 --> 01:25:13,100
learned to accommodate and even 
appreciate Lord ashworths, 

1589
01:25:13,100 --> 01:25:14,900
absent-minded Professor 
Tendencies. 

1590
01:25:14,900 --> 01:25:18,600
You Never Move anything on his 
desk even when it's been sitting

1591
01:25:18,600 --> 01:25:21,600
in the same spot for months. 
Lady Ashworth. 

1592
01:25:21,600 --> 01:25:24,200
Perfectionist streak has taught 
you to anticipate problems 

1593
01:25:24,200 --> 01:25:27,700
before they occur. 
And to take pride in exceeding 

1594
01:25:27,700 --> 01:25:31,200
expectations, the children have 
shown you that growing up in 

1595
01:25:31,200 --> 01:25:33,200
privileged. 
Doesn't necessarily mean growing

1596
01:25:33,200 --> 01:25:36,100
up without challenges and that 
being wealthy doesn't protect 

1597
01:25:36,100 --> 01:25:38,200
you from the universal 
experience of childhood 

1598
01:25:38,200 --> 01:25:41,900
confusion and the need for 
kindness your fellow servants 

1599
01:25:41,900 --> 01:25:45,800
have become the family, you 
never expected to find Martha's 

1600
01:25:45,800 --> 01:25:48,300
tough exterior, conceals a heart
Shattered by numerous 

1601
01:25:48,300 --> 01:25:50,700
disappointments yet. 
She's the first to extend 

1602
01:25:50,700 --> 01:25:54,300
assistance, when you're in need 
Mrs. Pemberton's persistent 

1603
01:25:54,300 --> 01:25:58,400
complaints about ungrateful. 
People conceal a profound joy in

1604
01:25:58,400 --> 01:26:00,600
providing nutritious food and 
maintaining their health. 

1605
01:26:00,600 --> 01:26:04,500
Even Mr. Whitmore with his 
intimidating, dignity has shown 

1606
01:26:04,500 --> 01:26:07,400
moments of unexpected humor, and
surprise, and kindness. 

1607
01:26:08,200 --> 01:26:10,700
The skills you've developed in 
service have changed you in 

1608
01:26:10,708 --> 01:26:14,200
ways, you didn't anticipate, 
your hands have become capable 

1609
01:26:14,200 --> 01:26:16,900
of delicate work. 
That would have been impossible,

1610
01:26:16,900 --> 01:26:19,900
18 months ago. 
Your back has grown stronger 

1611
01:26:19,900 --> 01:26:23,300
from all the bending and lifting
your mind has become more 

1612
01:26:23,300 --> 01:26:26,800
organized, more efficient, and 
better at solving problems 

1613
01:26:26,800 --> 01:26:29,300
quickly. 
You've learned to read people's 

1614
01:26:29,300 --> 01:26:33,400
moods to anticipate needs and to
provide Comfort without being 

1615
01:26:33,400 --> 01:26:36,100
asked. 
The most surprising discovery is

1616
01:26:36,100 --> 01:26:39,400
how much you've learned about 
yourself living in service has 

1617
01:26:39,400 --> 01:26:42,100
taught you resilience patience 
and the value of work. 

1618
01:26:42,100 --> 01:26:44,100
Well, done. 
You've learned that you can 

1619
01:26:44,100 --> 01:26:47,700
adapt unexpected situations that
you can do more than you thought

1620
01:26:47,700 --> 01:26:50,500
and that dignity isn't based on 
social status. 

1621
01:26:51,700 --> 01:26:54,300
Future stretches ahead with 
possibilities. 

1622
01:26:54,300 --> 01:26:55,600
You're still learning to 
imagine. 

1623
01:26:56,300 --> 01:26:59,800
Some servants spend their entire
careers in service Rising 

1624
01:26:59,800 --> 01:27:02,300
through the ranks to positions 
of respect and responsibility. 

1625
01:27:03,400 --> 01:27:06,000
Others, save their wages and 
eventually establish their 

1626
01:27:06,000 --> 01:27:08,600
households. 
A few Marion Leaf service 

1627
01:27:08,600 --> 01:27:11,400
altogether, carrying their 
skills into different lives. 

1628
01:27:11,400 --> 01:27:15,200
You haven't decided which path 
you'll take, but you've learned 

1629
01:27:15,200 --> 01:27:19,700
that having choices is a luxury 
you're grateful for As you 

1630
01:27:19,700 --> 01:27:22,500
settle into your narrow bed, at 
the end of another long day, 

1631
01:27:22,500 --> 01:27:26,000
listening to Sarah murmur about 
her sweetheart and Emma's, 

1632
01:27:26,000 --> 01:27:28,500
reliable snores. 
You realize that this life 

1633
01:27:28,500 --> 01:27:30,900
you've built in service is more 
than just a job. 

1634
01:27:30,900 --> 01:27:35,100
It's a community and education 
and a foundation for whatever 

1635
01:27:35,100 --> 01:27:37,800
comes next. 
The manor house sleeps around 

1636
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:41,400
you peaceful and secure and you 
drift off, knowing that tomorrow

1637
01:27:41,400 --> 01:27:44,300
will bring the same rhythm of 
routine and the same possibility

1638
01:27:44,300 --> 01:27:47,100
of small Magic. 
The last thing you hear before 

1639
01:27:47,100 --> 01:27:49,500
sleep takes you is the 
grandfather clock in the 

1640
01:27:49,508 --> 01:27:53,500
entrance hall chiming the hours 
with the same steady reliability

1641
01:27:53,500 --> 01:27:55,600
that has marked your days since 
you arrived. 

1642
01:27:56,400 --> 01:27:59,800
It's a comforting sound, a 
reminder that some things endure

1643
01:27:59,800 --> 01:28:02,600
and that your part in keeping 
this small world, functioning 

1644
01:28:02,600 --> 01:28:04,300
matters, more than you might 
have. 

1645
01:28:04,300 --> 01:28:07,200
Thought when you first climb 
those steep servants stairs with

1646
01:28:07,200 --> 01:28:10,400
your single bag of possessions 
and a Heart full of uncertainty.

1647
01:28:11,500 --> 01:28:14,500
Your life in service has taught 
you, that home isn't always the 

1648
01:28:14,500 --> 01:28:16,400
place. 
You're born and family isn't 

1649
01:28:16,400 --> 01:28:17,700
always the people. 
You share blood with. 

1650
01:28:18,500 --> 01:28:21,700
Sometimes home is a narrow bed 
under sloped ceilings and 

1651
01:28:21,700 --> 01:28:24,600
families, the people who know 
exactly how you like your tea 

1652
01:28:24,600 --> 01:28:28,000
and never forget to save you the
last slice of Mrs. Pemberton's 

1653
01:28:28,000 --> 01:28:35,500
apple tart. 
Thomas Jefferson was born on 

1654
01:28:35,500 --> 01:28:40,300
April, the 13th 1743 at Shadwell
a plantation in the Virginia. 

1655
01:28:40,300 --> 01:28:43,900
Piedmont, his father. 
Peter Jefferson was a surveyor 

1656
01:28:43,900 --> 01:28:46,600
and landowner renowned for 
physical strength and an 

1657
01:28:46,600 --> 01:28:50,500
adventurous Spirit, his mother 
Jane Randolph came from a 

1658
01:28:50,500 --> 01:28:53,900
prominent family growing up amid
Rolling Hills and dense. 

1659
01:28:53,900 --> 01:28:57,600
Forests young Thomas embrace the
frontier ethos even as he 

1660
01:28:57,600 --> 01:29:00,000
absorbed the Gentile, 
expectations of the colonial 

1661
01:29:00,000 --> 01:29:02,600
Gentry. 
He delighted and for horseback 

1662
01:29:02,600 --> 01:29:05,800
rides, the hush of Mountain 
Trails and the hum of 

1663
01:29:05,808 --> 01:29:08,200
intellectual debate. 
Cuts of visiting tutors. 

1664
01:29:09,100 --> 01:29:12,700
By the 1750s, Virginia's 
plantation economy thrived on 

1665
01:29:12,700 --> 01:29:15,900
Tobacco cultivation. 
With an enslaved, Workforce 

1666
01:29:15,900 --> 01:29:19,400
forming its backbone, Peter 
Jefferson owned enslaved, 

1667
01:29:19,400 --> 01:29:22,500
laborers, and Thomas, grew up. 
Witnessing the institutions, 

1668
01:29:22,500 --> 01:29:25,100
daily operations, and uneasy 
inheritance. 

1669
01:29:25,100 --> 01:29:28,600
That would later spark internal 
conflict in his adult years, but

1670
01:29:28,600 --> 01:29:31,400
as a child he balanced field 
observations with classical 

1671
01:29:31,400 --> 01:29:34,000
studies. 
His father died when Thomas was 

1672
01:29:34,000 --> 01:29:36,400
14 leaving him, a sizeable 
estate. 

1673
01:29:36,400 --> 01:29:40,500
But also the burden of paternal 
absence this responsibility, 

1674
01:29:40,500 --> 01:29:44,100
shaped him instilling a drive 
for self-reliance and scholarly 

1675
01:29:44,100 --> 01:29:47,900
achievement. 
Around age 17 Jefferson enrolled

1676
01:29:47,900 --> 01:29:50,700
at the College of William and 
Mary in Williamsburg, he 

1677
01:29:50,700 --> 01:29:54,700
immersed himself in philosophy 
mathematics and the law studying

1678
01:29:54,700 --> 01:29:58,100
under influential mentors like 
George Wythe late night reading 

1679
01:29:58,100 --> 01:30:01,100
sessions at the Royal Governors 
Palace Library fostered, his 

1680
01:30:01,100 --> 01:30:04,000
fascination with Enlightenment 
thinkers, John Locke, 

1681
01:30:04,000 --> 01:30:07,200
Montesquieu and others. 
Their calls for reason over 

1682
01:30:07,200 --> 01:30:10,500
traditional resonated with 
Jefferson who scouted texts on 

1683
01:30:10,500 --> 01:30:14,900
government science and ethics. 
He also cultivated his violin 

1684
01:30:14,900 --> 01:30:18,200
skills, joining small, music, 
Gatherings that balance his 

1685
01:30:18,200 --> 01:30:21,600
rigorous academic schedule. 
After concluding his college 

1686
01:30:21,600 --> 01:30:25,900
Years, Jefferson read law with 
wise forging, a bond that melded

1687
01:30:25,900 --> 01:30:27,800
legal rigor with ethical 
inquiry. 

1688
01:30:28,700 --> 01:30:31,400
This training hammered into him.
The notion that laws must be 

1689
01:30:31,408 --> 01:30:34,300
grounded in rational principles.
Not arbitrary. 

1690
01:30:34,300 --> 01:30:39,300
Decrees Meanwhile, he kept track
of tensions Brewing between the 

1691
01:30:39,300 --> 01:30:42,300
colonies and Britain. 
Attending assemblies where 

1692
01:30:42,300 --> 01:30:45,900
Taxation and representation 
Royal de Gentry, even then 

1693
01:30:45,900 --> 01:30:49,300
Jefferson's reflective nature. 
Showed he was not the most 

1694
01:30:49,300 --> 01:30:52,900
boisterous voice, but his 
private letters revealed a keen 

1695
01:30:52,900 --> 01:30:56,800
sense of Injustice at 
parliament's intrusions by 1767.

1696
01:30:56,800 --> 01:31:00,300
He began practicing law. 
After being admitted to the bar,

1697
01:31:00,300 --> 01:31:03,100
he frequently represented small 
land holders in property 

1698
01:31:03,100 --> 01:31:06,000
disputes or Merchants caught up 
in Customs Enforcement. 

1699
01:31:06,000 --> 01:31:10,500
Observers noted his calm 
demeanor, meticulous arguments 

1700
01:31:10,500 --> 01:31:14,300
and persuasive writing. 
He built a reputation as a 

1701
01:31:14,300 --> 01:31:17,100
reliable Advocate who valued 
Clarity over theatrics. 

1702
01:31:17,800 --> 01:31:20,400
That skill set would soon extend
to political life. 

1703
01:31:21,200 --> 01:31:24,100
Colonial, unrest over the Stamp 
Act and Townshend Duties 

1704
01:31:24,100 --> 01:31:27,000
escalated. 
Parallel to his legal career, 

1705
01:31:27,000 --> 01:31:31,300
Jefferson oversaw, the expansion
of Monticello his future 

1706
01:31:31,300 --> 01:31:33,500
architectural, Masterpiece 
perched, on a hill near 

1707
01:31:33,500 --> 01:31:36,300
Shadwell, he had begun to 
designing the house in his early

1708
01:31:36,300 --> 01:31:39,000
twenties. 
Referencing Palladium, styles 

1709
01:31:39,000 --> 01:31:42,400
gleaned from books. 
The property is vaunted sweeping

1710
01:31:42,400 --> 01:31:46,600
views symbolizing for Jefferson 
both intellectual curiosity and 

1711
01:31:46,600 --> 01:31:49,800
the potential of the new world. 
He adored the notion of 

1712
01:31:49,800 --> 01:31:53,400
designing living spaces with 
geometric, Harmony installing 

1713
01:31:53,400 --> 01:31:56,900
hidden staircases symmetrical 
wings and carefully proportioned

1714
01:31:56,900 --> 01:32:00,100
rooms. 
Monticello is not just a home, 

1715
01:32:00,100 --> 01:32:03,700
but a living laboratory for 
architecture, Horticulture and 

1716
01:32:03,700 --> 01:32:11,100
personal reflection Reflection. 
In 1769, he won a seat in the 

1717
01:32:11,100 --> 01:32:14,400
Virginia House of Burgesses 
marking his formal entry into 

1718
01:32:14,400 --> 01:32:17,300
public affairs. 
He arrived in a tense climate 

1719
01:32:17,300 --> 01:32:20,300
radical voices called for 
boycotts of British goods 

1720
01:32:20,300 --> 01:32:23,900
Jefferson though quietly spoken 
sided with the emerging 

1721
01:32:23,900 --> 01:32:26,100
Patriot's. 
He penned resolution's decrying,

1722
01:32:26,100 --> 01:32:29,400
British overreach though 
initially Mildred in tone over 

1723
01:32:29,400 --> 01:32:31,300
time. 
His pain would sharpen as London

1724
01:32:31,300 --> 01:32:35,100
doubled down on the colonial 
Authority around this era, he 

1725
01:32:35,100 --> 01:32:39,000
courted, Martha wayles Skelton, 
a young Widow, Fame for musical 

1726
01:32:39,000 --> 01:32:42,300
talent and A Gentle Spirit. 
They married on New Year's Day 

1727
01:32:42,300 --> 01:32:46,500
at 1772, forging, a partnership 
that would shape Jefferson's 

1728
01:32:46,500 --> 01:32:49,300
personal life. 
She joined him at Monticello, 

1729
01:32:49,300 --> 01:32:53,000
her health was fragile. 
They spent tranquil moments 

1730
01:32:53,000 --> 01:32:55,800
reading or playing Duets 
Jefferson on violin. 

1731
01:32:55,800 --> 01:33:00,000
Martha on hops, Accord. 
Their bond was tender yet 

1732
01:33:00,000 --> 01:33:02,300
overshadowed by the mortality 
rates of the period. 

1733
01:33:03,000 --> 01:33:06,400
Over their decade together. 
Martha bought children but only 

1734
01:33:06,400 --> 01:33:09,700
two daughters survived to 
adulthood her eventual passing 

1735
01:33:09,700 --> 01:33:11,500
left. 
Jefferson in deep mourning and 

1736
01:33:11,500 --> 01:33:13,800
likely influenced his future 
emotional Reserve. 

1737
01:33:14,500 --> 01:33:17,800
Early in the 17th century. 
Jefferson found himself on the 

1738
01:33:17,800 --> 01:33:21,400
brink of a more significant, 
Colonial crisis, the Boston Tea 

1739
01:33:21,400 --> 01:33:23,900
Party erupted. 
The British closed, the port of 

1740
01:33:23,908 --> 01:33:27,100
Boston and the call for 
intercolonial Unity, grew louder

1741
01:33:27,100 --> 01:33:30,800
Jefferson's Penn influenced by 
his legal background, and 

1742
01:33:30,800 --> 01:33:33,900
Enlightenment convictions would 
soon craft arguments that 

1743
01:33:33,900 --> 01:33:38,600
soared, Beyond local assemblies.
Fate was guiding him toward the 

1744
01:33:38,608 --> 01:33:41,400
epicenter of revolutionary 
debate where he had become a 

1745
01:33:41,400 --> 01:33:44,300
pivotal voice championing 
Independents and articulating. 

1746
01:33:44,300 --> 01:33:46,800
A new model of governance for 
now though. 

1747
01:33:46,800 --> 01:33:50,900
He was a rising Virginia notable
Poise methodical and quietly 

1748
01:33:50,900 --> 01:33:53,900
determined with Monticello as 
both sanctuary and symbol of 

1749
01:33:53,908 --> 01:33:57,900
evolving ideals Jeffers, 
political instincts, emerged as 

1750
01:33:57,900 --> 01:34:02,400
Colonial tensions, escalated 
into outright conflict in 1774. 

1751
01:34:02,400 --> 01:34:05,900
He drafted a summary view of the
rights of British America. 

1752
01:34:07,400 --> 01:34:09,700
A pamphlet addressing colonial 
grievances. 

1753
01:34:10,700 --> 01:34:12,300
Though, less famous than later 
texts. 

1754
01:34:12,300 --> 01:34:14,300
It's signaled. 
A decisive shift. 

1755
01:34:14,300 --> 01:34:17,800
Arguing, that Parliament had no 
authority to govern the colonies

1756
01:34:17,800 --> 01:34:21,800
without their consent. 
This stance radical for its time

1757
01:34:21,800 --> 01:34:24,600
circulated. 
Widely some older Patriots, 

1758
01:34:24,600 --> 01:34:27,300
found at Brash, but for 
Jefferson it was a matter of 

1759
01:34:27,308 --> 01:34:30,100
logical extension. 
If reason and natural rights 

1760
01:34:30,100 --> 01:34:34,300
were Universal, British claims 
to Dominion flouted moral law, 

1761
01:34:34,300 --> 01:34:39,200
Virginia recognized Jefferson's 
talents sending him in 1774 to 

1762
01:34:39,200 --> 01:34:42,400
the second continental congress 
in Philadelphia the environment 

1763
01:34:42,400 --> 01:34:45,900
crackled with possibility 
delegates from 13 colonies 

1764
01:34:45,900 --> 01:34:48,700
debated whether to petition the 
crown or brace for Independence,

1765
01:34:48,700 --> 01:34:52,500
Jefferson stoic, Presence 
overshadowed by the fiery 

1766
01:34:52,500 --> 01:34:55,500
rhetoric of John Adams, or the 
gravitas of Benjamin Franklin, 

1767
01:34:55,500 --> 01:34:59,800
masked his deep convictions. 
He served on committees drafting

1768
01:34:59,800 --> 01:35:03,200
formal statements, a skirmishes 
around Lexington and Concord 

1769
01:35:03,200 --> 01:35:04,800
flared into the Revolutionary 
War. 

1770
01:35:04,800 --> 01:35:10,300
The push for full Independence, 
intensified in June 1776, the 

1771
01:35:10,300 --> 01:35:12,700
Congress appointed a five-man 
committee to draft a declaration

1772
01:35:12,708 --> 01:35:16,000
asserting the colonies break 
from Britain despite his 

1773
01:35:16,000 --> 01:35:19,300
relative youth Jefferson was 
chosen with atoms. 

1774
01:35:19,300 --> 01:35:22,700
And Frankly, among the others, 
they recognized his gift, for 

1775
01:35:22,700 --> 01:35:25,800
articulate Pros, honed by years 
of reading Enlightenment 

1776
01:35:25,800 --> 01:35:28,200
treaters as hold up in a second 
floor. 

1777
01:35:28,200 --> 01:35:31,400
Apartment Jefferson wrote 
feverishly, for two weeks. 

1778
01:35:31,400 --> 01:35:35,400
You produced a text that merged 
locking philosophy with a 

1779
01:35:35,400 --> 01:35:39,900
distinctly American context, 
championing life, liberty, and 

1780
01:35:39,900 --> 01:35:43,700
the pursuit of happiness. 
The phrase soared Beyond local 

1781
01:35:43,700 --> 01:35:46,400
grievances, to a universal 
principle of individual rights 

1782
01:35:46,400 --> 01:35:49,000
Adams and Franklin made slight 
edits. 

1783
01:35:49,000 --> 01:35:52,800
And the Congress after heated 
debate adopted, a final version 

1784
01:35:52,800 --> 01:35:56,700
on July 4th, 1776, thus 
Jefferson's words became the 

1785
01:35:56,700 --> 01:35:59,900
Bedrock statement of a nascent 
Nation though, the final text 

1786
01:35:59,900 --> 01:36:03,400
moderated some of his vehement 
attacks on slavery. speaking of 

1787
01:36:03,408 --> 01:36:06,600
slavery Jefferson's 
contradictory stance, glimmered,

1788
01:36:06,600 --> 01:36:10,000
even then, He condemned the 
slave trade in an early draft of

1789
01:36:10,000 --> 01:36:13,500
the Declaration that passage was
cut under pressure from Southern

1790
01:36:13,500 --> 01:36:16,000
delegates. 
He personally owned in slaved 

1791
01:36:16,000 --> 01:36:18,300
individuals, at Monticello over 
time. 

1792
01:36:18,300 --> 01:36:21,900
He Penn theoretical critiques of
slavery as morally corrosive 

1793
01:36:21,900 --> 01:36:24,300
yet. 
He never comprehensively freed 

1794
01:36:24,300 --> 01:36:27,100
his own. 
This Paradox rarely resolved 

1795
01:36:27,100 --> 01:36:31,300
would haunt his legacy, Despite 
disclaiming the system as an 

1796
01:36:31,300 --> 01:36:34,300
abominable crime. 
His economic Reliance on it. 

1797
01:36:34,300 --> 01:36:37,100
Ran ran deep. 
Following the declaration's 

1798
01:36:37,100 --> 01:36:40,100
adoption Jefferson returned to 
Virginia to help craft the 

1799
01:36:40,100 --> 01:36:43,300
State's new Constitution and 
overhaul its legal codes. 

1800
01:36:43,300 --> 01:36:46,400
He championed this establishment
of the Anglican Church. 

1801
01:36:46,400 --> 01:36:49,300
Arguing religious freedom was a 
Cornerstone of Liberty. 

1802
01:36:49,300 --> 01:36:52,200
He also sought to reform 
inheritance laws that 

1803
01:36:52,200 --> 01:36:55,600
concentrated wealth in certain 
families, such measures 

1804
01:36:55,600 --> 01:36:59,000
including the Statute for 
Religious Freedom, would become 

1805
01:36:59,000 --> 01:37:02,700
pillars of Jefferson's vision of
Republican Society, a place 

1806
01:37:02,700 --> 01:37:05,900
where personal conscience 
reigned and inherited privileged

1807
01:37:05,900 --> 01:37:09,300
wind Yet implementing them 
stirred, resistance from 

1808
01:37:09,300 --> 01:37:12,000
tradition-bound legislators 
during the war. 

1809
01:37:12,000 --> 01:37:17,600
Jefferson served as Virginia's 
Governor from 1779 to 1781 a 

1810
01:37:17,600 --> 01:37:22,000
tenure overshadowed by British 
invasions The conflict tested 

1811
01:37:22,000 --> 01:37:23,600
him in ways that writing never 
had. 

1812
01:37:23,600 --> 01:37:28,100
He faced logistical, chaos, 
troop shortages, meager 

1813
01:37:28,100 --> 01:37:30,100
supplies, and loyalists 
uprisings. 

1814
01:37:30,700 --> 01:37:34,000
British forces under Benedict, 
Arnold raided, Richmond, nearly 

1815
01:37:34,000 --> 01:37:35,600
capturing Jefferson at 
Monticello. 

1816
01:37:36,400 --> 01:37:39,200
Critiques of his governorship 
circulated branding. 

1817
01:37:39,200 --> 01:37:41,200
Him ineffective or hesitant 
Under Pressure. 

1818
01:37:41,200 --> 01:37:45,400
This damaged his reputation but 
the wars chaos left, no easy 

1819
01:37:45,400 --> 01:37:49,800
solution for any leader. 
In 1781 after stepping down, 

1820
01:37:49,800 --> 01:37:52,900
Jefferson retreated to 
Monticello battered in spirit. 

1821
01:37:53,800 --> 01:37:56,800
The personal realm also, dealt 
him blows heartbreak at the 

1822
01:37:56,800 --> 01:37:58,900
death of his wife Martha in 
1782. 

1823
01:37:58,900 --> 01:38:02,800
She had endured multiple 
difficult pregnancy and her 

1824
01:38:02,800 --> 01:38:06,800
final days for Jefferson nearly 
inconsolable, her deathbed 

1825
01:38:06,800 --> 01:38:09,600
request, that he not remarry, 
bound him in sorrow, for weeks, 

1826
01:38:09,600 --> 01:38:13,500
he burned their correspondence. 
An actor, reflecting deep grief 

1827
01:38:13,500 --> 01:38:16,400
and a desire for privacy. 
The father of two surviving 

1828
01:38:16,400 --> 01:38:20,000
daughters, he turned inward 
focusing on writing notes, on 

1829
01:38:20,000 --> 01:38:22,700
the state of Virginia, a 
comprehensive, look at his, 

1830
01:38:22,700 --> 01:38:25,500
Region's geography, economy and 
Moors sprinkled with 

1831
01:38:25,500 --> 01:38:29,900
philosophical musings that text 
published years, later revealed,

1832
01:38:29,900 --> 01:38:32,700
both his intellectual scope, and
the racial theories that many 

1833
01:38:32,700 --> 01:38:37,900
modern readers find troubling. 
By War's end in 1783 Jefferson 

1834
01:38:37,900 --> 01:38:41,200
felt the weight of personal loss
and the uncertainties of the new

1835
01:38:41,200 --> 01:38:43,300
Confederation. 
He took a seat in the 

1836
01:38:43,308 --> 01:38:46,500
Continental Congress. 
Forging ahead with legislative 

1837
01:38:46,500 --> 01:38:49,300
tasks. 
The faint outlines of a more 

1838
01:38:49,300 --> 01:38:50,700
stable federal government were 
forming. 

1839
01:38:50,700 --> 01:38:55,200
And so we see Jefferson father 
of the Declaration parted from 

1840
01:38:55,200 --> 01:38:58,800
his wife and certain about the 
new nations trajectory but 

1841
01:38:58,800 --> 01:39:01,200
steadfast in pursuit of 
reason-based governance. 

1842
01:39:02,000 --> 01:39:05,000
His next chapter, beckoned a 
diplomatic role in Europe, 

1843
01:39:05,000 --> 01:39:07,200
giving him advantage on global 
politics. 

1844
01:39:07,200 --> 01:39:09,400
That would shape his future, as 
Secretary of State and 

1845
01:39:09,400 --> 01:39:13,900
eventually president. 
For now, though he was a man in 

1846
01:39:13,908 --> 01:39:17,500
flux bridging heartbreak, 
revolutionary ideals and the 

1847
01:39:17,508 --> 01:39:20,200
complexities of forging a stable
Republic from scratch. 

1848
01:39:20,200 --> 01:39:24,600
In 1784 Congress appointed 
Thomas Jefferson as a minister 

1849
01:39:24,600 --> 01:39:27,900
to France succeeding Benjamin 
Franklin in representing the 

1850
01:39:27,900 --> 01:39:32,500
fledgling United States abroad. 
Arriving in Paris Jefferson 

1851
01:39:32,500 --> 01:39:35,200
found the city teeming with 
Enlightenment further 

1852
01:39:35,200 --> 01:39:40,000
intellectual salons and Noble. 
Flamboyance despite missing 

1853
01:39:40,000 --> 01:39:42,900
Monticello's quiet Hills. 
He savored the chance to 

1854
01:39:42,900 --> 01:39:45,800
cultivate ties with European 
thinkers and push for commercial

1855
01:39:45,800 --> 01:39:47,200
treaties. 
Beneficial to the US. 

1856
01:39:48,000 --> 01:39:50,900
He immersed himself in French 
culture, tending theater, 

1857
01:39:50,900 --> 01:39:54,100
frequenting scientific 
demonstrations and forging 

1858
01:39:54,100 --> 01:39:56,500
friendships with luminaries like
the Marquee de Lafayette. 

1859
01:39:57,900 --> 01:40:01,200
This diplomatic post sharpened 
Jefferson's Global Perspective. 

1860
01:40:01,200 --> 01:40:04,700
He observed how Europe's 
monarchical structures, stifled 

1861
01:40:04,700 --> 01:40:07,900
personal freedoms reinforcing 
his belief that the American 

1862
01:40:07,900 --> 01:40:11,100
Express experiment in Republican
governance was unique and 

1863
01:40:11,100 --> 01:40:13,800
precious. 
At the same time, he recognized 

1864
01:40:13,800 --> 01:40:16,000
that Europe's 
manufacturing-based dwarfed that

1865
01:40:16,000 --> 01:40:18,900
of the US. 
He lobbied European states to 

1866
01:40:18,900 --> 01:40:22,100
accept American exports, 
specially tobacco and Timber, 

1867
01:40:22,100 --> 01:40:25,100
hoping to reduce Reliance on 
British Markets. 

1868
01:40:26,000 --> 01:40:29,400
Negotiations proved slow but 
Jefferson's car intellect helped

1869
01:40:29,400 --> 01:40:33,300
cultivate Goodwill. 
While in Paris Jefferson served 

1870
01:40:33,300 --> 01:40:36,400
as a cultural conduit, he 
introduced French Elites to 

1871
01:40:36,400 --> 01:40:39,800
American plants and produce 
shipping seeds for Vineyards or 

1872
01:40:39,808 --> 01:40:43,300
pecan trees in return. 
He noted Advanced French 

1873
01:40:43,300 --> 01:40:46,400
architecture and engineering, 
particularly the building of 

1874
01:40:46,408 --> 01:40:48,500
canals and mechanisms. 
Flour Mills. 

1875
01:40:49,200 --> 01:40:52,000
Letters home brimmed with ideas 
for implementing such 

1876
01:40:52,000 --> 01:40:55,300
Innovations in the new United 
States reflecting, his 

1877
01:40:55,300 --> 01:40:58,000
unwavering desire to see his 
homeland flourish. 

1878
01:40:58,700 --> 01:41:00,900
He also studied the nascent 
politics swirling. 

1879
01:41:00,900 --> 01:41:04,200
In France though, few predicted 
how rapidly the monarchy would 

1880
01:41:04,200 --> 01:41:08,000
topple in the coming years, on a
personal note, Jefferson's time 

1881
01:41:08,000 --> 01:41:10,800
in France was laced with 
paternal obligations. 

1882
01:41:10,800 --> 01:41:13,400
He brought his daughter Patsy 
later. 

1883
01:41:13,400 --> 01:41:16,400
Joined by young daughter Polly 
to ensure they had a European 

1884
01:41:16,400 --> 01:41:19,300
education. 
He also maintained a retinue 

1885
01:41:19,300 --> 01:41:21,700
that included in slaved 
individuals from Monticello 

1886
01:41:21,700 --> 01:41:26,300
including Sally Hemmings whose 
presence stirred controversies 

1887
01:41:26,300 --> 01:41:28,100
that would Ripple through 
subsequent centuries. 

1888
01:41:29,100 --> 01:41:32,100
Historians debate, the specifics
of their relationship, but many 

1889
01:41:32,100 --> 01:41:33,500
conclude that she bought 
children. 

1890
01:41:33,500 --> 01:41:36,700
Father, father by Jefferson 
while details remain partly 

1891
01:41:36,700 --> 01:41:40,200
opaque the power imbalance. 
Underscores the moral complexity

1892
01:41:40,200 --> 01:41:42,300
is overshadowing his public 
championing of Liberty. 

1893
01:41:43,100 --> 01:41:47,000
In 1789, as the French 
Revolution, erupted Jefferson 

1894
01:41:47,000 --> 01:41:49,200
initially celebrated the wave of
Reform. 

1895
01:41:49,200 --> 01:41:52,600
He saw parallels, with America's
recent Independence, struggle 

1896
01:41:52,600 --> 01:41:55,500
welcoming calls to curb a rustic
privilege. 

1897
01:41:55,500 --> 01:41:59,500
Yet the revolution escalation 
when moderate hopes gave way to 

1898
01:41:59,500 --> 01:42:04,200
the reign of terror alarmed him.
Before that radical shift, he 

1899
01:42:04,200 --> 01:42:07,800
had already departed, France. 
recalled to serve as the first 

1900
01:42:07,800 --> 01:42:10,400
Secretary of State under 
President George Washington in 

1901
01:42:10,400 --> 01:42:15,600
1790 His Paris sojourn ended 
with a mixture of admiration for

1902
01:42:15,600 --> 01:42:18,700
French Enlightenment. 
An unease at the extremes, their

1903
01:42:18,700 --> 01:42:21,200
Revolution might unleash. 
Returning to the US. 

1904
01:42:21,200 --> 01:42:24,200
Jefferson joined Washington's 
cabinet tasked with shaping 

1905
01:42:24,200 --> 01:42:27,600
foreign policy, this role put 
him at odds with treasury 

1906
01:42:27,600 --> 01:42:30,700
secretary Alexander Hamilton who
championed a strong federal 

1907
01:42:30,700 --> 01:42:32,200
government and close ties with 
Britain. 

1908
01:42:32,900 --> 01:42:36,900
Jefferson conversely favored, 
robust State autonomy and warmer

1909
01:42:36,900 --> 01:42:39,700
relations with France, their 
clashes anchored, the birth of 

1910
01:42:39,700 --> 01:42:43,600
America's first party system. 
The Federalists led by Hamilton 

1911
01:42:43,600 --> 01:42:48,200
advocated centralization while 
the Democratic Republicans, led 

1912
01:42:48,200 --> 01:42:52,000
by Jefferson pushed for agrarian
base, to democracy and suspicion

1913
01:42:52,000 --> 01:42:55,700
of concentrated Federal power. 
During this cabinet period. 

1914
01:42:55,700 --> 01:43:00,000
Jefferson navigated multiple 
crises tensions with Britain. 

1915
01:43:00,000 --> 01:43:03,000
Over Frontier, forts uncertain 
alliances with 

1916
01:43:03,000 --> 01:43:06,300
post-revolutionary, France and 
domestic Strife like the Whiskey

1917
01:43:06,300 --> 01:43:09,000
Rebellion. 
He championed free trade and a 

1918
01:43:09,000 --> 01:43:11,600
minimal Navy. 
Resisting, Hamilton's push for a

1919
01:43:11,600 --> 01:43:14,100
standing army. 
Deep philosophical differences, 

1920
01:43:14,100 --> 01:43:17,100
turned personal, prompting 
Jefferson to leave the cabinet 

1921
01:43:17,100 --> 01:43:20,100
in 1793 soon. 
He built a political Network 

1922
01:43:20,100 --> 01:43:22,900
harnessing sympathetic 
newspapers to shape public 

1923
01:43:22,900 --> 01:43:25,000
opinion. 
This Dynamic signaled, the 

1924
01:43:25,008 --> 01:43:28,100
future of American politics, 
where partisan alignments would 

1925
01:43:28,100 --> 01:43:33,300
drive policy discourse. 
By 1796 the Schism was public 

1926
01:43:33,300 --> 01:43:36,800
Jefferson found himself running 
for president against John Adams

1927
01:43:36,800 --> 01:43:39,400
though. 
Somewhat reluctantly, he lost 

1928
01:43:39,400 --> 01:43:41,200
narrowly and became Adams's 
vice. 

1929
01:43:41,200 --> 01:43:43,600
President a job lacking much 
real power. 

1930
01:43:44,600 --> 01:43:47,500
From the Senate's, Vantage 
Jefferson observed atoms as 

1931
01:43:47,500 --> 01:43:50,300
presidency enacting laws like 
the Alien and Sedition Acts 

1932
01:43:50,300 --> 01:43:53,500
which Jefferson deemed 
tyrannical Furious. 

1933
01:43:53,500 --> 01:43:56,400
He covertly authored The 
Kentucky, Resolution suggesting 

1934
01:43:56,400 --> 01:43:59,200
States could nullify 
unconstitutional, Federal 

1935
01:43:59,200 --> 01:44:02,800
statutes, the move introduced a 
heated debate, over federal 

1936
01:44:02,800 --> 01:44:05,900
state relations critics, labeled
its subversive. 

1937
01:44:05,900 --> 01:44:09,300
But Jefferson saw it as 
safeguarding the Spirit of 76, 

1938
01:44:09,300 --> 01:44:12,100
the by the cusp of the 1800 
election. 

1939
01:44:12,100 --> 01:44:16,000
Embodied, a republican Champion 
for agrarian liberties. 

1940
01:44:16,900 --> 01:44:18,900
Suspicious of federalist 
centralization. 

1941
01:44:19,800 --> 01:44:22,600
Yet, he also carried personal 
baggage from his enslaver 

1942
01:44:22,600 --> 01:44:24,900
background and the complexities 
of his private life. 

1943
01:44:25,800 --> 01:44:29,300
The stage was set for a pivotal 
showdown in US politics with the

1944
01:44:29,308 --> 01:44:32,700
country's future Direction at 
stake in a swirl of partisan 

1945
01:44:32,700 --> 01:44:35,900
editorials and backroom deals. 
The election would test whether 

1946
01:44:35,900 --> 01:44:38,700
the fledging Republic, could 
survive a peaceful transition of

1947
01:44:38,700 --> 01:44:43,200
power or devolve into rancor. 
Jefferson's calm. 

1948
01:44:43,200 --> 01:44:45,300
But determined approach. 
Once again, pressed him into a 

1949
01:44:45,308 --> 01:44:48,300
central role, bridging 
Enlightenment ideals and the 

1950
01:44:48,308 --> 01:44:50,700
gritty realities of partisan 
brawls. 

1951
01:44:51,400 --> 01:44:53,900
The election of 1800 brought 
turmoil. 

1952
01:44:53,900 --> 01:44:58,100
John Adams, sought re-election, 
Hamilton's Federalists loomed 

1953
01:44:58,100 --> 01:45:01,100
and Jefferson's Democratic 
Republicans Consolidated around 

1954
01:45:01,100 --> 01:45:03,600
him. 
The campaign was vitriolic 

1955
01:45:03,600 --> 01:45:07,700
filled with accusations, 
Federalists called Jefferson and

1956
01:45:07,700 --> 01:45:10,600
atheist. 
Radical Republicans, branded 

1957
01:45:10,600 --> 01:45:14,700
Adams and monarchist In an era 
before direct popular ballots 

1958
01:45:14,700 --> 01:45:17,600
electors, cast votes for 
President and Vice President. 

1959
01:45:17,600 --> 01:45:21,400
In a complicated procedure, a 
tire emerged between Jefferson 

1960
01:45:21,400 --> 01:45:24,700
and his running, mate, Aaron 
Burr each receiving, the same 

1961
01:45:24,700 --> 01:45:28,300
number of electoral votes, the 
House of Representatives control

1962
01:45:28,300 --> 01:45:30,500
by Federalists had to break the 
tie. 

1963
01:45:31,100 --> 01:45:34,900
Daze of tents balloting ensued, 
ultimately with Hamilton's 

1964
01:45:34,900 --> 01:45:39,000
reluctant nod, Jefferson 
triumphed, the ordeal spurred 

1965
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:42,400
the 12th Amendment. 
In future presidential and vice 

1966
01:45:42,400 --> 01:45:44,600
presidential candidates had 
distinct ballots. 

1967
01:45:45,800 --> 01:45:49,700
The pursuit. 
Thus Jefferson of the president.

1968
01:45:49,700 --> 01:45:52,700
See in 1801 his inaugural 
address. 

1969
01:45:52,700 --> 01:45:55,600
Famously stalled, Unity. 
We are all Republicans. 

1970
01:45:55,600 --> 01:45:58,500
We are all Federalists. 
Signifying. 

1971
01:45:58,500 --> 01:46:00,400
A desire to heal partisan 
wounds. 

1972
01:46:01,100 --> 01:46:03,900
He scaled back, certain 
Federalist measures cutting the 

1973
01:46:03,900 --> 01:46:07,200
Army, budget, abolishing some 
taxes, and releasing those 

1974
01:46:07,200 --> 01:46:08,900
imprisoned, under the Sedition 
Act. 

1975
01:46:09,600 --> 01:46:12,700
He aimed for a wise and Frugal 
government, believing the US 

1976
01:46:12,700 --> 01:46:16,500
should remain primarily agrarian
suspicious of large cities and 

1977
01:46:16,500 --> 01:46:19,400
Banks. 
This pastoral Vision resonated 

1978
01:46:19,400 --> 01:46:22,200
with many Frontier settlers who 
saw the new president as their 

1979
01:46:22,200 --> 01:46:24,800
champion. 
One early success was the 

1980
01:46:24,800 --> 01:46:29,600
Louisiana Purchase in 1803. 
Napoleon embroiled in European 

1981
01:46:29,600 --> 01:46:33,300
Wars and expectedly offered to 
sell France's vast North 

1982
01:46:33,300 --> 01:46:37,400
American Holdings. 
Jefferson hesitated, aware the 

1983
01:46:37,408 --> 01:46:40,700
Constitution provided no 
explicit power for land deals of

1984
01:46:40,700 --> 01:46:43,400
this magnitude. 
At the chance to double the 

1985
01:46:43,400 --> 01:46:47,100
nation's territory overshadowed,
strict constitutional Scruples, 

1986
01:46:47,100 --> 01:46:50,700
for 15 million dollars. 
The US acquired a domain 

1987
01:46:50,700 --> 01:46:53,300
stretching from the Mississippi 
River to the Rocky Mountains. 

1988
01:46:53,300 --> 01:46:56,900
This bold stroke insured control
of the Mississippi's, crucial 

1989
01:46:56,900 --> 01:46:59,900
Port of New Orleans and opened a
frontier for expansion. 

1990
01:47:00,700 --> 01:47:04,400
Westerners rejoiced but 
Federalists borked claiming it 

1991
01:47:04,400 --> 01:47:06,600
diluted the eastern states 
political power. 

1992
01:47:06,600 --> 01:47:10,000
Still Jefferson proceeded, 
blending principle with 

1993
01:47:10,000 --> 01:47:13,800
pragmatic advantage to explore. 
These new lands, Jefferson 

1994
01:47:13,800 --> 01:47:15,600
commissioned. 
The Lewis and Clark expedition, 

1995
01:47:15,600 --> 01:47:19,800
Meriwether Lewis is former 
secretary and William Clark, led

1996
01:47:19,800 --> 01:47:22,100
a team from the Missouri. 
River to the Pacific coast. 

1997
01:47:22,100 --> 01:47:27,400
There are 1804 to 1806 Journey 
mapped routes documented, flora 

1998
01:47:27,400 --> 01:47:30,000
and fauna and engaged with 
indigenous Nations. 

1999
01:47:31,000 --> 01:47:34,200
Jefferson eagerly awaited their 
findings seeing it as a 

2000
01:47:34,200 --> 01:47:38,000
scientific Quest paralleling his
Enlightenment ideals, the 

2001
01:47:38,000 --> 01:47:41,300
Expedition success fuel national
pride and curiosity about the 

2002
01:47:41,308 --> 01:47:44,800
continents vast potential. 
Yet it also signified new 

2003
01:47:44,800 --> 01:47:46,400
tensions with tribal 
communities. 

2004
01:47:46,400 --> 01:47:49,900
As more settlers pressed 
Westwood domestically Jefferson 

2005
01:47:49,900 --> 01:47:53,100
face to controverses, he 
disliked the existence of the 

2006
01:47:53,100 --> 01:47:55,500
bank of the United States. 
But tolerated, it when 

2007
01:47:55,500 --> 01:47:59,700
expedient, he slashed Federal 
budgets forcing some in the Navy

2008
01:47:59,700 --> 01:48:02,200
to protest that the nation's sea
defense is weakened, 

2009
01:48:02,200 --> 01:48:04,400
furthermore, the issue of 
slavery. 

2010
01:48:04,400 --> 01:48:07,200
Persisted. 
Jefferson's personal writings 

2011
01:48:07,200 --> 01:48:09,600
described in hit as a moral and 
political Hazard. 

2012
01:48:09,600 --> 01:48:13,100
Yet he neither freed most of his
own enslaved individuals, nor 

2013
01:48:13,100 --> 01:48:15,700
championed Federal abolition 
indeed. 

2014
01:48:15,700 --> 01:48:18,900
The 1807 law Banning the 
importation of enslaved. 

2015
01:48:18,900 --> 01:48:22,400
Africans was a partial measure, 
some historians argue, Jefferson

2016
01:48:22,400 --> 01:48:24,900
Mr. Critical chance to push for 
more sweeping reforms. 

2017
01:48:25,800 --> 01:48:28,600
Foreign Affairs, proved 
trickier, Britain and France. 

2018
01:48:28,608 --> 01:48:32,900
Waged Relentless war in Europe, 
ignoring us neutrality, seizing 

2019
01:48:32,900 --> 01:48:35,800
American Merchant ships and 
impressing US Sailors into their

2020
01:48:35,800 --> 01:48:38,800
navies. 
Incensed Jefferson tried 

2021
01:48:38,800 --> 01:48:41,400
economic Warfare. 
Championing, the Embargo Act of 

2022
01:48:41,408 --> 01:48:44,300
1807. 
Halting nearly all US exports. 

2023
01:48:44,300 --> 01:48:47,200
He reasoned, Britain and France 
needed American Goods. 

2024
01:48:47,200 --> 01:48:52,400
Instead the measured devastated 
us ports, invited smuggling and 

2025
01:48:52,400 --> 01:48:53,900
turned public opinion against 
him. 

2026
01:48:54,900 --> 01:48:57,900
The Fiasco Illustrated the 
limits of Peaceable coercion. 

2027
01:48:57,900 --> 01:49:02,100
Eventually the unpopular embargo
was repealed tarnishing 

2028
01:49:02,100 --> 01:49:05,900
Jefferson's last year. 
In office, in 1809, he handed 

2029
01:49:05,900 --> 01:49:09,900
the president to his close, Ally
James Madison quietly retiring 

2030
01:49:09,900 --> 01:49:15,200
to Monte cello his two terms. 
The US expanded territory a 

2031
01:49:15,200 --> 01:49:19,000
stable political identity but 
also heightened Regional tension

2032
01:49:19,000 --> 01:49:23,500
his approach, a mix of lofty 
Republican ideals and occasional

2033
01:49:23,500 --> 01:49:28,300
pragmatic contradictions left a 
complex imprint People revered 

2034
01:49:28,300 --> 01:49:31,200
him as a philosophical 
statement, but criticized his 

2035
01:49:31,200 --> 01:49:34,600
moral inconsistencies. 
He parted from Washington, DC, 

2036
01:49:34,600 --> 01:49:37,700
warned from the tribulation of 
governance yet proud, he had 

2037
01:49:37,708 --> 01:49:40,200
preserved, a measure of 
individual liberty and doubled 

2038
01:49:40,200 --> 01:49:43,100
the nation size without 
large-scale War back at 

2039
01:49:43,100 --> 01:49:46,100
Monticello the next chapter in 
Jefferson's life would revolve 

2040
01:49:46,100 --> 01:49:49,600
around the pursuit of knowledge 
founding a university and 

2041
01:49:49,600 --> 01:49:52,100
hosting endless visitors 
intrigued by the sage of the 

2042
01:49:52,100 --> 01:49:55,100
revolution. 
Yet deeper Fishers, over slavery

2043
01:49:55,100 --> 01:49:57,400
and states rights would soon 
overshadow. 

2044
01:49:57,400 --> 01:50:00,900
The era, complicating his 
cherished vision of a harmonious

2045
01:50:00,900 --> 01:50:04,800
agrarian democracy. 
For now though, he retreated to 

2046
01:50:04,800 --> 01:50:08,400
the place, he loved surrounded 
by inventions fields of crops 

2047
01:50:08,400 --> 01:50:12,400
and the quiet pursuit of Reason 
staying active in public 

2048
01:50:12,400 --> 01:50:15,400
discourse through letters that 
carried enormous influence in 

2049
01:50:15,408 --> 01:50:17,300
the young republics intellectual
circles. 

2050
01:50:18,200 --> 01:50:20,400
Retirement for Thomas. 
Jefferson did not equate to 

2051
01:50:20,400 --> 01:50:24,800
seclusion back at Monticello. 
After 1809, he embraced the role

2052
01:50:24,800 --> 01:50:28,000
of sage of Monticello. 
Receiving statement foreign 

2053
01:50:28,000 --> 01:50:32,200
visitors and curious Travelers. 
He corresponded widely shaping 

2054
01:50:32,200 --> 01:50:35,300
discourse on her American 
identity and preserving his 

2055
01:50:35,300 --> 01:50:39,300
Revolution era repute. 
The estate itself, reflected his

2056
01:50:39,300 --> 01:50:43,800
Restless, creativity expansion 
to the house Pavilions and 

2057
01:50:43,800 --> 01:50:46,200
elaborate of gardens for 
experimental horticulture. 

2058
01:50:47,100 --> 01:50:49,600
Visitors often found him in his 
library or tinkering with 

2059
01:50:49,600 --> 01:50:51,900
mechanical gadgets, like a 
polygraph machine that 

2060
01:50:51,900 --> 01:50:55,700
duplicated his handwriting. 
His thirst for Innovation, 

2061
01:50:55,700 --> 01:50:59,300
remained undimmed. 
However, Monticello's finances 

2062
01:50:59,300 --> 01:51:02,200
were precarious. 
Jefferson indulged in 

2063
01:51:02,200 --> 01:51:05,100
architectural. 
Whims financed extended family 

2064
01:51:05,100 --> 01:51:09,000
and endured the fluctuating 
price of tobacco gets mounted 

2065
01:51:09,000 --> 01:51:12,300
specially as he refused to scale
back a gracious lifestyle. 

2066
01:51:13,100 --> 01:51:17,700
Slavery underpinned Monticello's
operations with over 100 

2067
01:51:17,700 --> 01:51:19,300
enslaved. 
Individuals performing the labor

2068
01:51:19,300 --> 01:51:23,000
Jefferson supervised them 
recording births tasks, and 

2069
01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:26,500
schedules with methodical detail
yet Behind These ledgers. 

2070
01:51:26,500 --> 01:51:28,800
Lay human lives subjected to 
forced servitude. 

2071
01:51:28,800 --> 01:51:32,600
He recognized the moral 
Quagmire, but rationalized it 

2072
01:51:32,600 --> 01:51:35,600
with incrementalist arguments, 
or deferrals, to Future 

2073
01:51:35,600 --> 01:51:38,400
Generations. 
This tension complicated, his 

2074
01:51:38,400 --> 01:51:40,100
Public Image as a champion of 
Liberty. 

2075
01:51:41,000 --> 01:51:43,500
One of his crowning, retirement.
Achievements was founding the 

2076
01:51:43,500 --> 01:51:46,500
University of Virginia. 
Jefferson felt older 

2077
01:51:46,500 --> 01:51:49,500
institutions clung to religious 
influences or archaic 

2078
01:51:49,500 --> 01:51:52,100
curricular. 
He envisioned a secular campus, 

2079
01:51:52,100 --> 01:51:56,000
emphasizing modern languages, 
science and abroad base liberal 

2080
01:51:56,000 --> 01:51:58,300
education. 
Persuading, the Virginia 

2081
01:51:58,300 --> 01:52:00,800
legislature to back it required 
political finesse. 

2082
01:52:00,800 --> 01:52:04,300
He personally designed the 
campus layout with a central 

2083
01:52:04,300 --> 01:52:08,400
rotunda reminiscent of the Roman
Pantheon flanked by academical 

2084
01:52:08,400 --> 01:52:11,300
Village Pavilions. 
Construction began in 

2085
01:52:11,300 --> 01:52:16,200
Charlottesville near Monticello 
around 1817, even in his 70s, 

2086
01:52:16,200 --> 01:52:20,000
Jefferson frequently visited, 
the site, checking architectural

2087
01:52:20,000 --> 01:52:23,200
details, conferring with 
Builders and selecting faculty 

2088
01:52:24,100 --> 01:52:26,600
He aimed to cultivate 
enlightened citizen leaders for 

2089
01:52:26,600 --> 01:52:29,500
a republic that demanded 
knowledge-based self-governance.

2090
01:52:29,500 --> 01:52:33,600
Meanwhile, National issues, 
still beckoned as an elder 

2091
01:52:33,600 --> 01:52:35,500
Statesman of the democratic 
Republican party. 

2092
01:52:35,500 --> 01:52:39,600
Jefferson provided advice to 
Madison and later to Monroe. 

2093
01:52:39,600 --> 01:52:42,800
He supported the Louisiana 
purchases expansion further 

2094
01:52:42,800 --> 01:52:44,900
welcoming new States into the 
Union. 

2095
01:52:44,900 --> 01:52:48,800
However, the War of 1812 with 
Britain tested his convictions 

2096
01:52:48,800 --> 01:52:52,400
about limited government and a 
small military, he lamented that

2097
01:52:52,400 --> 01:52:55,200
some Federalists enclaves seemed
willing to undermine National 

2098
01:52:55,200 --> 01:52:57,400
Unity, especially in the 
Northeast. 

2099
01:52:58,400 --> 01:53:01,900
Letters, show him, torn between 
localism and the emergence of a 

2100
01:53:01,900 --> 01:53:05,300
broader national identity. 
As the US overcame that conflict

2101
01:53:05,300 --> 01:53:08,300
Jefferson expressed relief that 
Europe's meddling was lessening.

2102
01:53:09,300 --> 01:53:11,900
Parallel development was his 
rekindled friendship with John 

2103
01:53:11,900 --> 01:53:14,000
Adams. 
The two had been friends, turned

2104
01:53:14,000 --> 01:53:16,500
adversaries, turned icy 
correspondence for years. 

2105
01:53:17,400 --> 01:53:21,700
But in retirement, both 
recognized by the revolution's 

2106
01:53:21,700 --> 01:53:24,900
intensity through letters. 
They Revisited old debates. 

2107
01:53:24,900 --> 01:53:28,800
Monarchy versus republic, the 
role of religion, the fragility 

2108
01:53:28,800 --> 01:53:32,000
of democracy, their exchange 
sword with philosophical 

2109
01:53:32,000 --> 01:53:35,300
reflection, spiced with humor, 
about Advanced age. 

2110
01:53:35,900 --> 01:53:38,700
The Revival of their friendship 
stands as a testament to the 

2111
01:53:38,708 --> 01:53:42,300
capacity for abridging old, 
political Rifts, in these 

2112
01:53:42,300 --> 01:53:45,000
letters, Jefferson revealed his 
abiding optimism. 

2113
01:53:45,000 --> 01:53:46,900
That the American experiment 
though. 

2114
01:53:46,900 --> 01:53:50,500
Imperfect would endure, if 
Guided by reason and virtuous 

2115
01:53:50,500 --> 01:53:52,100
leadership. 
Yet. 

2116
01:53:52,100 --> 01:53:54,900
Personal sorrow. 
Recurred Jefferson outlived, 

2117
01:53:54,900 --> 01:53:57,800
several of his children enduring
repeated heartbreak. 

2118
01:53:57,800 --> 01:54:00,200
The Monticello household was no,
quiet. 

2119
01:54:00,200 --> 01:54:03,600
Domain. 
Grandchildren ran about extended

2120
01:54:03,600 --> 01:54:07,100
relative sought financial aid, 
and guests arrived unannounced 

2121
01:54:07,100 --> 01:54:09,000
to glean a moment with the 
iconic founder. 

2122
01:54:10,100 --> 01:54:12,200
He wore the mask of a benevolent
patriarch. 

2123
01:54:13,100 --> 01:54:16,200
But Diaries hint at bouts of 
melancholy, the precarious 

2124
01:54:16,200 --> 01:54:19,300
economy pressed him to mortgage 
properties and he relied on 

2125
01:54:19,300 --> 01:54:22,900
lines of credit that threatened 
to up in the estate. the image 

2126
01:54:22,900 --> 01:54:25,800
of Monticello as a microcosm of 
Republican, Enlightenment 

2127
01:54:25,800 --> 01:54:30,500
concealed, a precarious Ledger 
balancing As Jefferson neared 80

2128
01:54:30,500 --> 01:54:33,300
he took pride in the University 
of Virginia's nearing 

2129
01:54:33,300 --> 01:54:35,900
completion. 
He personally, selected some 

2130
01:54:35,900 --> 01:54:39,500
Library materials established 
faculty guidelines and wrote 

2131
01:54:39,500 --> 01:54:42,100
about its potential to transform
the American Education. 

2132
01:54:43,200 --> 01:54:46,900
In 1825, the university opened 
to its first class of students. 

2133
01:54:47,900 --> 01:54:49,600
Jefferson's dream had become 
real. 

2134
01:54:50,400 --> 01:54:54,600
Secular institution dedicated to
free inquiry unencumbered by 

2135
01:54:54,600 --> 01:54:57,200
rigid religious, Dogma or stale 
tradition. 

2136
01:54:57,200 --> 01:55:00,700
He believed it would Foster the 
next generation of leaders to 

2137
01:55:00,700 --> 01:55:06,200
safeguard the Republic's ideals.
By 1826, Jefferson felt time 

2138
01:55:06,200 --> 01:55:08,900
slipping freed from daily policy
fights. 

2139
01:55:08,900 --> 01:55:12,400
He dedicated his final energy to
ensuring the University's 

2140
01:55:12,400 --> 01:55:14,500
stability. 
People noticed, his health 

2141
01:55:14,500 --> 01:55:18,000
fading, but he refused to slow. 
He yearned to see July 4th, 

2142
01:55:18,000 --> 01:55:20,900
1826. 
The 50th anniversary of the 

2143
01:55:20,900 --> 01:55:25,500
Declaration of Independence. 
That day arrived in a poetic 

2144
01:55:25,500 --> 01:55:28,300
twist, John Adams, and 
Jefferson, both passed away on 

2145
01:55:28,300 --> 01:55:31,000
that date with Jefferson dying 
in the early afternoon. 

2146
01:55:32,200 --> 01:55:34,700
The Synergy of these two 
revolutionaries departing on the

2147
01:55:34,700 --> 01:55:38,000
nation's half-century. 
Mark cemented a legend thus 

2148
01:55:38,000 --> 01:55:41,200
Thomas Jefferson's retirement 
was no quiet Twilight. 

2149
01:55:41,200 --> 01:55:43,700
But a culminating chapter of 
architectural, Innovation, 

2150
01:55:43,700 --> 01:55:47,500
educational reform and 
reflection on a revolution's 

2151
01:55:47,500 --> 01:55:49,600
legacy. 
He left behind a complicated 

2152
01:55:49,600 --> 01:55:52,600
estate, weighed by debt, a 
family overshadowed, by the 

2153
01:55:52,600 --> 01:55:55,400
institution of slavery. 
Yet also a shining new 

2154
01:55:55,400 --> 01:55:59,100
University in a trove of letters
that would shape America's 

2155
01:55:59,100 --> 01:56:03,100
self-perception for Generations.
In him old illusions of an 

2156
01:56:03,100 --> 01:56:06,800
agrarian Utopia, mingled with 
the Unstoppable push of a 

2157
01:56:06,800 --> 01:56:09,300
modernizing republic. 
Capturing the contradictions 

2158
01:56:09,300 --> 01:56:13,000
that still Define the American 
ethos in the immediate wake of 

2159
01:56:13,000 --> 01:56:16,600
Jefferson's death admirers and 
critics clashed, over his 

2160
01:56:16,600 --> 01:56:20,700
legacy, many Hail him, as the 
pain behind the Declaration of 

2161
01:56:20,700 --> 01:56:23,200
Independence. 
The mine that doubled the 

2162
01:56:23,208 --> 01:56:26,600
nation's size by the Louisiana 
Purchase and the Visionary who 

2163
01:56:26,600 --> 01:56:30,000
championed religious freedom. 
Others, lambasted his 

2164
01:56:30,000 --> 01:56:33,400
inconsistencies a 
self-proclaimed, a galatian who 

2165
01:56:33,400 --> 01:56:36,600
held in slaved laborers and 
Enlightenment thinker who let 

2166
01:56:36,600 --> 01:56:38,600
personal finance is descend into
chaos. 

2167
01:56:38,600 --> 01:56:42,800
A champion of state's rights who
ironically used Federal power 

2168
01:56:42,800 --> 01:56:45,500
for expansion. 
Monticello the physical 

2169
01:56:45,500 --> 01:56:47,100
embodiment of Jefferson's 
intellect. 

2170
01:56:47,100 --> 01:56:51,100
Soon faced Financial term oil. 
His heirs struggled to pay his 

2171
01:56:51,100 --> 01:56:53,300
debts. 
They sold land and eventually 

2172
01:56:53,300 --> 01:56:56,900
auctioned off furniture and 
slaved individuals fracturing, 

2173
01:56:56,900 --> 01:56:59,000
the community that had sustained
the plantation. 

2174
01:56:59,900 --> 01:57:03,200
Monticello changed hands 
multiple times deteriorating 

2175
01:57:03,200 --> 01:57:06,200
until the early 20th century. 
When the Thomas Jefferson 

2176
01:57:06,200 --> 01:57:09,100
Foundation, Acquired and 
restored it, symbolically 

2177
01:57:09,100 --> 01:57:11,900
reassembling his architectural 
dream as an American heritage 

2178
01:57:11,900 --> 01:57:14,600
site. 
This restoration also reignited 

2179
01:57:14,600 --> 01:57:17,400
debates about the everyday 
reality of enslaved families, 

2180
01:57:17,400 --> 01:57:20,700
who once toiled their 
culminating in renewed, emphasis

2181
01:57:20,700 --> 01:57:23,900
on their stories, a dimension 
historically, muted in the 

2182
01:57:23,908 --> 01:57:27,300
veneration of Jefferson. 
Meanwhile the broader American 

2183
01:57:27,300 --> 01:57:30,900
public constructed, a Mythic 
image of Jefferson in the 19th 

2184
01:57:30,900 --> 01:57:34,900
century, as political parties 
shifted references to 

2185
01:57:34,900 --> 01:57:38,900
Jeffersonian democracy emerged 
praising, his emphasis on small 

2186
01:57:38,900 --> 01:57:42,900
government minimal taxes and the
righteousness of Rural Life. 

2187
01:57:44,100 --> 01:57:47,300
Andrew Jackson's supporters 
invoked Jefferson as a figure 

2188
01:57:47,300 --> 01:57:50,800
who championed the Common Man. 
But historians recognized that 

2189
01:57:50,800 --> 01:57:54,000
Jefferson's own approach to 
governance was more nuanced than

2190
01:57:54,000 --> 01:57:57,800
populist idealists claimed. 
He recognized the necessity of 

2191
01:57:57,800 --> 01:58:00,900
compromise and occasionally 
invoked strong Federal measures 

2192
01:58:00,900 --> 01:58:05,400
specially in foreign affairs. 
The early 20th century saw the 

2193
01:58:05,408 --> 01:58:08,000
Progressive Era, adopted 
different aspect of Jefferson 

2194
01:58:08,000 --> 01:58:12,000
the intellectual founder who 
believed in educated citizenry. 

2195
01:58:12,700 --> 01:58:16,100
Debates around the founders', 
intentions sword with 

2196
01:58:16,100 --> 01:58:18,500
Jefferson's letters cited by all
sides. 

2197
01:58:18,500 --> 01:58:20,800
Archival. 
Releases of his personal 

2198
01:58:20,800 --> 01:58:23,800
correspondence. 
Lent, more profound insight into

2199
01:58:23,800 --> 01:58:26,700
his moral grappling with slavery
and his Dynamic shift from 

2200
01:58:26,700 --> 01:58:30,000
localist to expansionist. 
The public began to appreciate 

2201
01:58:30,000 --> 01:58:31,200
that. 
The founders were not 

2202
01:58:31,200 --> 01:58:34,800
monolithically consistent 
Paragons but flawed Statesman 

2203
01:58:34,800 --> 01:58:39,600
shaped by urgent demands in 
scholarship, the 1970s and 

2204
01:58:39,608 --> 01:58:42,800
Beyond propelled, a fresh wave 
of inquiry, focusing on 

2205
01:58:42,800 --> 01:58:44,500
Jefferson's relationship with 
Sally. 

2206
01:58:44,500 --> 01:58:48,600
Hemmings DNA evidence in the 
late 1990s pointed strongly to 

2207
01:58:48,600 --> 01:58:52,700
him fathering his children. 
This Revelation forced a 

2208
01:58:52,700 --> 01:58:55,200
national reevaluation of the so 
called sage of Monticello. 

2209
01:58:56,300 --> 01:58:58,500
Some were scandalized. 
Others found it. 

2210
01:58:58,500 --> 01:59:02,000
Holy unsurprising. 
In retrospect it underscored the

2211
01:59:02,008 --> 01:59:05,100
complexities swirling under his 
polished philosophical veneer 

2212
01:59:05,100 --> 01:59:09,800
from man, who wrote, all men are
created equal reconciling these.

2213
01:59:09,800 --> 01:59:13,500
Two Realms intellectual champion
of Liberty, and personal 

2214
01:59:13,500 --> 01:59:16,100
practitioner of slavery was 
never straightforward. 

2215
01:59:17,100 --> 01:59:19,200
Academic attention. 
Also delve, deep into his 

2216
01:59:19,200 --> 01:59:22,300
political philosophy, Jeffrey 
Jefferson's notion of an Empire 

2217
01:59:22,300 --> 01:59:25,700
of Liberty and held agrarian 
expansion across the continent. 

2218
01:59:25,700 --> 01:59:29,600
Yet it set the stage for Native 
displacement and further 

2219
01:59:29,600 --> 01:59:31,700
entrenchment of slave labor in 
new territories. 

2220
01:59:32,500 --> 01:59:35,500
While he personally doubted, the
morality of forcibly taking 

2221
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:38,600
indigenous lands. 
He accepted the Unstoppable 

2222
01:59:38,600 --> 01:59:42,400
momentum of Frontier settlers. 
This acceptance shaped federal 

2223
01:59:42,400 --> 01:59:46,100
policy that stoked tensions for 
Generations, culminating 

2224
01:59:46,100 --> 01:59:50,600
enforced relocations today. 
Some re-evaluate Jefferson's 

2225
01:59:50,600 --> 01:59:53,600
role in establishing moral 
Frameworks that facilitated 

2226
01:59:53,600 --> 01:59:58,000
expansion at other Zoom events. 
In popular memory, Jefferson's 

2227
01:59:58,000 --> 02:00:02,600
Memorial in Washington. 
DC opened in 1943 still stands 

2228
02:00:02,600 --> 02:00:04,700
as a testament to his rhetorical
brilliantes. 

2229
02:00:04,700 --> 02:00:08,300
Visitors read exerts from the 
Declaration of Independence and 

2230
02:00:08,300 --> 02:00:11,800
letters on the rotunda's walls 
underscoring, his luminous call 

2231
02:00:11,800 --> 02:00:13,400
for a quality and freedom of 
conscience. 

2232
02:00:13,400 --> 02:00:17,200
The monument, ironically does 
not portray the full tangle of 

2233
02:00:17,208 --> 02:00:21,400
contradictions yet more 
incisive, interpretive programs.

2234
02:00:21,400 --> 02:00:24,400
Now, incorporating nuanced, 
describing his Progressive 

2235
02:00:24,400 --> 02:00:27,800
achievements and moral failing 
side by side, these 

2236
02:00:27,800 --> 02:00:30,700
controversies Jefferson's. 
Intellectual achievements. 

2237
02:00:30,700 --> 02:00:34,100
Remain uncontested, his 
articulation of natural rights 

2238
02:00:34,100 --> 02:00:36,900
and the notion that legitimate 
government stems from the 

2239
02:00:36,900 --> 02:00:40,400
consent of the governed carved. 
A philosophical Bedrock for 

2240
02:00:40,400 --> 02:00:43,800
modern democracies worldwide 
Educators, and politicians 

2241
02:00:43,800 --> 02:00:46,000
continue. 
Citing him to justify policy 

2242
02:00:46,000 --> 02:00:48,200
from religious tolerance to 
public education. 

2243
02:00:49,300 --> 02:00:52,200
Meanwhile the University of 
Virginia stands as living 

2244
02:00:52,200 --> 02:00:54,900
reminder of his conviction that 
knowledge Fosters responsible 

2245
02:00:54,900 --> 02:00:59,700
governance, its rotunda 
overshadowing, the lawn keeps 

2246
02:00:59,700 --> 02:01:01,900
the spirit of Enlightenment 
learning alive. 

2247
02:01:01,900 --> 02:01:06,200
Hence, two centuries on Thomas. 
Jefferson remains as complicated

2248
02:01:06,200 --> 02:01:09,000
as the era, he shaped illuminous
author. 

2249
02:01:09,000 --> 02:01:13,300
Democracy's founding Creed 
overshadowed by glaring 

2250
02:01:13,300 --> 02:01:16,800
contradictions on race and 
personal conduct His life 

2251
02:01:16,800 --> 02:01:20,400
prompts reflection on how lofty 
ideals can Clash with ingrained,

2252
02:01:20,400 --> 02:01:22,700
social structures and personal 
entanglements. 

2253
02:01:23,500 --> 02:01:26,800
For many Americans and observes 
abroad, grappling with Jefferson

2254
02:01:26,800 --> 02:01:29,900
is akin to grappling with the 
nation's own layered identity. 

2255
02:01:29,900 --> 02:01:33,800
Built on Noble declarations yet.
Intimately entangled in 

2256
02:01:33,800 --> 02:01:36,800
unresolved in Justice's the 
conversation. 

2257
02:01:36,800 --> 02:01:40,300
He started continues bridging 
history and contemporary debates

2258
02:01:40,300 --> 02:01:43,600
on Liberty equality and the 
messy reality is in between 

2259
02:01:43,600 --> 02:01:47,200
Thomas Jefferson's life, invites
Reflections on how Visionary 

2260
02:01:47,200 --> 02:01:50,200
ideals into sect with the flawed
scope of practical living. 

2261
02:01:51,100 --> 02:01:54,000
He exemplifies the possibility 
that one can be intellectually 

2262
02:01:54,000 --> 02:01:57,900
gifted deeply principled yet. 
Remain in Tangled in personal 

2263
02:01:57,900 --> 02:02:01,600
contradictions, Observing his 
journey reveals lessons on 

2264
02:02:01,600 --> 02:02:04,600
leadership. 
Creativity compromise and moral 

2265
02:02:04,600 --> 02:02:07,600
blind spots. 
Each of facet that resonates in 

2266
02:02:07,600 --> 02:02:10,500
modern times where we juggle 
personal convictions with 

2267
02:02:10,500 --> 02:02:14,000
structural constraints at 
Monticello his architectural 

2268
02:02:14,000 --> 02:02:16,500
flourishes, highlight, how 
creativity can transform 

2269
02:02:16,500 --> 02:02:19,300
personal space into a canvas of 
experimentation. 

2270
02:02:20,100 --> 02:02:24,100
Secret passages rotating book, 
stands an advanced ventilation, 

2271
02:02:24,100 --> 02:02:27,400
remind us that even domestic 
life can become a playground of 

2272
02:02:27,400 --> 02:02:30,000
innovation. 
We can learn that invention can 

2273
02:02:30,000 --> 02:02:33,700
change any environment, 
including Home and Office, But 

2274
02:02:33,700 --> 02:02:36,900
Monticello underscores, how 
Comfort can rely on unseen 

2275
02:02:36,900 --> 02:02:39,400
labor? 
The estate's Grandeur hinged on 

2276
02:02:39,400 --> 02:02:42,900
in slave men and women forced to
cater to Jefferson's designs. 

2277
02:02:42,900 --> 02:02:46,200
This reality, cautions that 
technological or aesthetic 

2278
02:02:46,200 --> 02:02:48,700
progress can co-exist with 
ethical failings. 

2279
02:02:49,500 --> 02:02:53,200
Jefferson's public service. 
From drafting the Declaration to

2280
02:02:53,200 --> 02:02:56,400
guiding foreign policy 
underscores the power of 

2281
02:02:56,400 --> 02:02:59,100
well-crafted language. 
He harnessed rhetorical 

2282
02:02:59,100 --> 02:03:02,100
Precision to unify disparate 
colonies under ideals. 

2283
02:03:02,100 --> 02:03:04,800
That centuries later remain a 
moral yardstick. 

2284
02:03:04,800 --> 02:03:08,800
Even if we lament his hypocrisy,
we cannot dismiss how 

2285
02:03:08,800 --> 02:03:11,200
effectively words shape, 
Collective identity. 

2286
02:03:12,100 --> 02:03:16,000
In an age of digital media, 
Jefferson's example of firms 

2287
02:03:16,000 --> 02:03:18,900
that carefully chosen language 
can galvanized or fractious 

2288
02:03:18,900 --> 02:03:22,000
divided. 
His success in bridging disputes

2289
02:03:22,000 --> 02:03:25,300
among the founders, suggest the 
value of measured compromise. 

2290
02:03:25,300 --> 02:03:29,200
At the same time, the idea of 
the 1800 election warns us that 

2291
02:03:29,200 --> 02:03:31,300
partnership can nearly fracture 
a young democracy. 

2292
02:03:32,400 --> 02:03:35,300
One cannot ignore the deeper, 
moral debate, how man? 

2293
02:03:35,300 --> 02:03:37,900
Proclaiming Universal rights, 
upheld the structure of slavery.

2294
02:03:38,900 --> 02:03:41,100
Modern readers might view that 
as an irredeemable 

2295
02:03:41,100 --> 02:03:44,200
contradiction. 
Alternatively one might 

2296
02:03:44,200 --> 02:03:46,200
interpret it as historical 
caution. 

2297
02:03:46,200 --> 02:03:49,200
That even well-intentioned 
reformers can remain captive to 

2298
02:03:49,200 --> 02:03:51,300
entrenched deck in anomic and 
social norms. 

2299
02:03:52,100 --> 02:03:54,100
Jefferson's story prominently 
highlights. 

2300
02:03:54,100 --> 02:03:57,100
The difference between personal 
moral Clarity in institutional 

2301
02:03:57,100 --> 02:03:59,500
inertia. 
It compels us to question our 

2302
02:03:59,500 --> 02:04:02,200
complicity in modern systems 
that might conflict with our 

2303
02:04:02,200 --> 02:04:05,500
professed values. 
Additionally, Jefferson's 

2304
02:04:05,500 --> 02:04:07,500
championing of religious freedom
stands out. 

2305
02:04:08,400 --> 02:04:11,300
He insisted that each person's 
beliefs Beyond governmental, 

2306
02:04:11,300 --> 02:04:15,600
reach stance, that shape, not 
just American but Global Norms 

2307
02:04:15,600 --> 02:04:18,300
on religious liberty. 
The Statute for Religious 

2308
02:04:18,300 --> 02:04:20,000
Freedom. 
In Virginia though. 

2309
02:04:20,000 --> 02:04:23,300
Overshadowed by the 
declaration's fame, seeded the 

2310
02:04:23,300 --> 02:04:26,100
principal that government cannot
coerce spiritual conviction 

2311
02:04:26,100 --> 02:04:28,600
today. 
As debates on religious 

2312
02:04:28,600 --> 02:04:32,700
expression swirl worldwide, his 
early, push for disestablishment

2313
02:04:32,700 --> 02:04:36,200
remains relevant. 
Another subtle Dimension is 

2314
02:04:36,200 --> 02:04:39,800
Jefferson's approach to 
educational Frameworks, founding

2315
02:04:39,800 --> 02:04:42,100
the University of Virginia 
mirrored his conviction that 

2316
02:04:42,100 --> 02:04:44,300
informed populace anchors, a 
stable Republic. 

2317
02:04:44,300 --> 02:04:48,300
You favored broad curricula from
ancient languages to Modern 

2318
02:04:48,300 --> 02:04:50,900
Sciences, rejecting Church 
oversight. 

2319
02:04:51,700 --> 02:04:54,300
That model resonates in ongoing 
dialogues about academic 

2320
02:04:54,300 --> 02:04:57,800
freedom, the role of public 
universities, and how to equip 

2321
02:04:57,800 --> 02:04:59,900
citizens for complex Global 
realities. 

2322
02:05:00,800 --> 02:05:03,500
His notion that education 
Fosters, self-rule might be more

2323
02:05:03,500 --> 02:05:07,100
pertinent than ever. 
In his final years weighed down 

2324
02:05:07,108 --> 02:05:11,300
by debts, Jefferson exemplified 
how personal miscalculation can 

2325
02:05:11,300 --> 02:05:14,600
overshadow public triumphs? 
The man who shaped a nation 

2326
02:05:14,600 --> 02:05:18,200
wrestled with monetary woes 
culminating in Monticello's 

2327
02:05:18,200 --> 02:05:19,700
partial liquidation after his 
death. 

2328
02:05:20,800 --> 02:05:23,600
Story, underscores that bright 
Minds can still falter in 

2329
02:05:23,600 --> 02:05:26,500
everyday management. 
For modern professionals 

2330
02:05:26,500 --> 02:05:28,500
approaching midlife. 
The caution is clear. 

2331
02:05:28,500 --> 02:05:32,300
Brilliant, in some Arenas does 
not inoculate against practical.

2332
02:05:32,300 --> 02:05:36,300
Pitfalls Jefferson's demise 
coinciding with John Adams's on 

2333
02:05:36,300 --> 02:05:40,800
July 4th. 1826, lent, a Mythic 
close to their entwined sagas. 

2334
02:05:40,800 --> 02:05:44,900
Observers then Marvel at 
providence's timing interpreting

2335
02:05:44,900 --> 02:05:46,600
it as a sign of national 
destiny. 

2336
02:05:47,300 --> 02:05:50,200
The solemn passing of two 
revolutionary Architects on the 

2337
02:05:50,208 --> 02:05:53,100
Republic's half-century Mark 
remains a striking historical 

2338
02:05:53,100 --> 02:05:55,400
coincidence. 
Yet behind that. 

2339
02:05:55,400 --> 02:05:58,500
Dramatic, symbolism lies. 
The more tangible truth, they 

2340
02:05:58,500 --> 02:06:01,500
were aging Patriots, who parted 
with an America still, influx 

2341
02:06:01,500 --> 02:06:06,200
fragile expanding, and grappling
with unsolved tensions, the 

2342
02:06:06,200 --> 02:06:08,600
rhetorical arcs. 
They set forth would guide and 

2343
02:06:08,600 --> 02:06:12,900
haunt subsequent Generations in 
deciding how, or whether to 

2344
02:06:12,900 --> 02:06:18,400
embody the pure ideals of 1776. 
Thus Thomas Jefferson endures as

2345
02:06:18,400 --> 02:06:22,100
a mosaic liberation's poet, 
contradictory slave owner 

2346
02:06:22,100 --> 02:06:26,700
Visionary statement flawed care 
taker of finance's and father of

2347
02:06:26,700 --> 02:06:31,100
institution championing reason. 
His life story holds up a mirror

2348
02:06:31,100 --> 02:06:33,600
to the interplay of aspiration 
and compromise. 

2349
02:06:33,600 --> 02:06:36,600
The swirl of high-minded, 
principal amid pragmatic, 

2350
02:06:36,600 --> 02:06:40,900
gambles for many that reflection
remains instructive inviting us 

2351
02:06:40,900 --> 02:06:43,000
to measure our convictions 
against the structures. 

2352
02:06:43,000 --> 02:06:45,800
We inhabit. 
In confronting Jefferson's 

2353
02:06:45,800 --> 02:06:48,000
complexities. 
We do not just revisit a 

2354
02:06:48,000 --> 02:06:51,500
Founding Father, we confront the
universal tension of forging, a 

2355
02:06:51,500 --> 02:06:54,500
just Society in an imperfect 
world and that conversation 

2356
02:06:54,500 --> 02:06:57,700
spurred by the man from 
Monticello remains as vital. 

2357
02:07:03,200 --> 02:07:06,900
When we think of Kings our minds
conjure images of why Solomon, 

2358
02:07:06,900 --> 02:07:09,900
Brave, Arthur or Noble Henry, 
the fifth leading charge at 

2359
02:07:09,900 --> 02:07:13,000
Agincourt, but for every ruler 
who earned their place in 

2360
02:07:13,000 --> 02:07:15,700
history's Hall of Fame, there's 
another who stumbled 

2361
02:07:15,700 --> 02:07:17,700
spectacularly into its Hall of 
Shame. 

2362
02:07:18,500 --> 02:07:21,600
These monarchs didn't just fail,
they failed with such remarkable

2363
02:07:21,600 --> 02:07:23,800
consistency. 
That their Reigns became 

2364
02:07:23,800 --> 02:07:26,900
cautionary tales whispered in 
Palace corridors for centuries. 

2365
02:07:27,700 --> 02:07:31,200
The crown that Golden Circle of 
ultimate Authority has adorned 

2366
02:07:31,200 --> 02:07:33,100
some truly unworthy heads 
throughout history. 

2367
02:07:34,100 --> 02:07:36,900
It's A peculiar over me that the
symbol of divine, right? 

2368
02:07:36,900 --> 02:07:40,700
And Earthly power often sat atop
Minds incapable of ruling a 

2369
02:07:40,700 --> 02:07:44,600
chicken coop, let alone vast 
kingdoms Perhaps it's the very 

2370
02:07:44,600 --> 02:07:46,800
nature of her head to tree, 
monarchy that creates this 

2371
02:07:46,800 --> 02:07:49,400
problem. 
After all leadership skills 

2372
02:07:49,400 --> 02:07:52,000
don't necessarily pass through 
Bloodlines like blue eyes or 

2373
02:07:52,000 --> 02:07:54,900
prominent noses. 
Consider the fundamental 

2374
02:07:54,900 --> 02:07:57,600
challenge. 
These men faced inheriting, 

2375
02:07:57,600 --> 02:08:01,000
absolute power in their teens or
twenties surrounded by 

2376
02:08:01,000 --> 02:08:02,900
sycophants. 
Whose livelihoods depended on 

2377
02:08:02,900 --> 02:08:06,600
agreeing with every Royal whim, 
no matter how catastrofe or a 

2378
02:08:06,600 --> 02:08:10,100
catastrophically stupid, it's 
akin to entrusting a teenager 

2379
02:08:10,100 --> 02:08:13,700
with the keys to both a Ferrari 
and a nuclear reactor then 

2380
02:08:13,700 --> 02:08:15,900
reacting with surprised when 
things go awry. 

2381
02:08:15,900 --> 02:08:18,600
The worst kings in history, 
share certain characteristics 

2382
02:08:18,600 --> 02:08:22,200
that transcend times and 
cultures they possessed in 

2383
02:08:22,200 --> 02:08:24,700
almost Supernatural ability to 
make the wrong decision in any 

2384
02:08:24,700 --> 02:08:28,100
given situation as if Guided by 
some malevolent compass that 

2385
02:08:28,100 --> 02:08:31,700
always pointed toward disaster. 
They combined breathtaking 

2386
02:08:31,700 --> 02:08:35,400
arrogance with staggering 
incompetence, creating a perfect

2387
02:08:35,400 --> 02:08:38,500
storm of Royal dysfunction, that
left their subjects longing for 

2388
02:08:38,500 --> 02:08:41,300
the Glorious old days of plague 
and famine. 

2389
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:44,100
What makes these rulers 
particularly fascinating? 

2390
02:08:44,100 --> 02:08:47,000
Isn't just their individual 
failures that how they 

2391
02:08:47,000 --> 02:08:49,700
Collective incompetence shape. 
The very nature of monarchy 

2392
02:08:49,700 --> 02:08:52,700
itself. 
Each spectacular Royal meltdown.

2393
02:08:52,700 --> 02:08:55,900
Contributed to the gradual 
erosion of the divine, right of 

2394
02:08:55,908 --> 02:08:59,500
kings proving that perhaps God 
wasn't quite as involved in 

2395
02:08:59,500 --> 02:09:04,000
royal succession as previously 
advertised, to start reminders 

2396
02:09:04,000 --> 02:09:06,700
of the corrupting nature of 
absolute power and the 

2397
02:09:06,700 --> 02:09:09,300
impracticality of having a 
single individual make all the 

2398
02:09:09,300 --> 02:09:10,800
decisions for millions of 
people. 

2399
02:09:11,600 --> 02:09:13,700
The stories of these monocle 
disasters. 

2400
02:09:13,700 --> 02:09:15,500
Aren't just historical 
Curiosities. 

2401
02:09:15,500 --> 02:09:18,500
Their mirrors reflecting 
fundamental truths about 

2402
02:09:18,508 --> 02:09:20,400
leadership power and human 
nature. 

2403
02:09:20,400 --> 02:09:24,100
They remind us that position 
doesn't create competence that 

2404
02:09:24,100 --> 02:09:27,000
Authority without wisdom is 
chaos with a crown. 

2405
02:09:27,000 --> 02:09:30,200
And that sometimes the most 
important service are ruler can 

2406
02:09:30,200 --> 02:09:33,900
provide their people is a swift 
abdication from the decadent 

2407
02:09:33,900 --> 02:09:37,700
palaces of Rome to the drafty 
castle of medieval Europe from 

2408
02:09:37,700 --> 02:09:39,900
the elaborate quarts of France, 
to the fog. 

2409
02:09:39,900 --> 02:09:43,200
Shrouded fortresses of England. 
These Kings managed to transform

2410
02:09:43,200 --> 02:09:45,800
their Realms into Laboratories 
of misrule. 

2411
02:09:46,600 --> 02:09:49,200
They proved that it's entirely 
possible to inherit everything 

2412
02:09:49,200 --> 02:09:53,200
and achieve nothing to possess 
unlimited power and accomplished

2413
02:09:53,200 --> 02:09:55,800
unlimited damage. 
Their names were not just 

2414
02:09:55,808 --> 02:09:58,700
political failures, they were 
comprehensive disasters. 

2415
02:09:58,700 --> 02:10:02,200
That touched every aspect of 
their society is they missed 

2416
02:10:02,200 --> 02:10:05,200
economics, with the enthusiasm 
of toddlers playing with matches

2417
02:10:05,200 --> 02:10:08,400
conducted diplomacy, with all 
the subtlety of a bulldozer. 

2418
02:10:08,400 --> 02:10:11,300
In China shop, an approached 
military strategy with the 

2419
02:10:11,300 --> 02:10:15,200
Tactical Acumen of lemmings, 
approaching a cliff Perhaps 

2420
02:10:15,200 --> 02:10:17,200
there's something oddly 
comforting about these Royal 

2421
02:10:17,200 --> 02:10:20,000
train wrecks. 
In an age where we're constantly

2422
02:10:20,000 --> 02:10:22,000
told about the importance of 
leadership and Excellence. 

2423
02:10:22,000 --> 02:10:25,600
These monarchs remind us that 
even people with every possible 

2424
02:10:25,600 --> 02:10:28,700
Advantage can fail 
spectacularly, they serve as 

2425
02:10:28,700 --> 02:10:31,600
living examples of how 
incompetence can hire anyone 

2426
02:10:31,600 --> 02:10:35,400
regardless of this social status
inherited wealth or Divine 

2427
02:10:35,400 --> 02:10:39,000
mandate, As we embark on this 
journey through history's, most 

2428
02:10:39,000 --> 02:10:43,000
magnificent failures will 
discover that bad kingship is a 

2429
02:10:43,000 --> 02:10:45,700
unique art form. 
Requiring a particular 

2430
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:48,900
combination of ego, ignorance 
and timing that few of mastered.

2431
02:10:48,900 --> 02:10:53,900
So completely Nero Claudius, 
Caesar Augustus, germanicus the 

2432
02:10:53,900 --> 02:10:55,100
name. 
So, grandiose it. 

2433
02:10:55,100 --> 02:10:57,800
Practically demanded 
disappointment ruled, Rome from 

2434
02:10:57,800 --> 02:11:01,800
54 to 68, ad and managed to 
transform the mightiest Empire 

2435
02:11:01,800 --> 02:11:04,300
in the world into his personal 
theater of absurdity. 

2436
02:11:05,300 --> 02:11:07,900
History remembers him for 
allegedly fiddling while Rome 

2437
02:11:07,900 --> 02:11:11,200
burned though, historians. 
Now, tell us, he probably didn't

2438
02:11:11,200 --> 02:11:15,100
own a fiddle and was even in the
city during the Great Fire of 64

2439
02:11:15,100 --> 02:11:19,300
ad, but when your reputation for
catastrophic leadership runs, so

2440
02:11:19,300 --> 02:11:22,200
deep that people invented 
additional disaster to attribute

2441
02:11:22,200 --> 02:11:25,100
to you, perhaps it's time for 
some serious self-reflection. 

2442
02:11:27,200 --> 02:11:31,100
Nero's path to power began with 
his mother agrippina a woman 

2443
02:11:31,100 --> 02:11:34,300
whose ambition made Lady Macbeth
look like a casual weekend 

2444
02:11:34,300 --> 02:11:36,500
warrior. 
She poisoned her husband, 

2445
02:11:36,500 --> 02:11:39,700
Emperor, Claudius to secure the 
throne for her 16. 

2446
02:11:39,700 --> 02:11:42,600
Year old son at the operating 
under the delusion that 

2447
02:11:42,600 --> 02:11:45,500
teenagers make excellent. 
Absolute rulers. 

2448
02:11:46,300 --> 02:11:48,700
It was rather like handing the 
controls of a jumbo jet to 

2449
02:11:48,700 --> 02:11:50,600
someone who just gotten their 
Learners permit. 

2450
02:11:51,400 --> 02:11:55,100
Initially Nero showed promise 
Guided by the philosopher Seneca

2451
02:11:55,100 --> 02:11:57,000
and the praetorian prefect, 
Buress. 

2452
02:11:57,600 --> 02:12:01,400
For five years, the quinium 
nerone is represented competent 

2453
02:12:01,400 --> 02:12:04,600
governance proving that even 
future disasters can 

2454
02:12:04,600 --> 02:12:06,900
occasionally stumble into 
success when surrounded by 

2455
02:12:06,908 --> 02:12:10,200
competent advisors and 
fortunately, like many teenagers

2456
02:12:10,200 --> 02:12:14,100
who initially accept Parental 
Guidance Nero eventually decided

2457
02:12:14,100 --> 02:12:16,300
he knew better than everyone 
else in the room. 

2458
02:12:17,400 --> 02:12:20,000
The transformation began when 
Nero discovered his true 

2459
02:12:20,000 --> 02:12:24,300
passion. performing his 
passionate not in governing, nor

2460
02:12:24,300 --> 02:12:27,100
in military strategy, nor an 
economic policy, but in 

2461
02:12:27,100 --> 02:12:31,600
performing he fancied. 
He considered himself a great 

2462
02:12:31,600 --> 02:12:34,800
artist musician and actor, 
apparently confusing. 

2463
02:12:34,800 --> 02:12:37,200
The role of Emperor with that of
an Entertainer. 

2464
02:12:38,000 --> 02:12:41,700
He began appearing on the stake 
competing in chariot races and 

2465
02:12:41,700 --> 02:12:44,100
hosting elaborate artistic 
competitions, where he 

2466
02:12:44,100 --> 02:12:47,300
invariably won every prize 
because nothing says Fair 

2467
02:12:47,300 --> 02:12:49,800
competition. 
Like having the power to execute

2468
02:12:49,800 --> 02:12:53,000
the judges, his artistic 
potentials might have been 

2469
02:12:53,000 --> 02:12:56,000
merely embarrassing if they 
hadn't come at the expense of 

2470
02:12:56,000 --> 02:12:59,600
actual leadership. 
While Niro practice his liar and

2471
02:12:59,600 --> 02:13:02,900
rehearse tragic. 
Silica's the Empire's borders to

2472
02:13:02,900 --> 02:13:05,900
increasing pressure from 
Germanic tribes, British Rebels 

2473
02:13:05,900 --> 02:13:09,200
and parthian conflicts. 
It was rather like a ship's 

2474
02:13:09,200 --> 02:13:12,100
Captain deciding to take up 
interpretive dance, while his 

2475
02:13:12,100 --> 02:13:15,500
vessel sailed through a 
hurricane The domestic situation

2476
02:13:15,500 --> 02:13:19,000
proved equally, disastrous 
Nero's, paranoia reached 

2477
02:13:19,000 --> 02:13:20,900
spectacular Heights. 
When he ordered the murder of 

2478
02:13:20,900 --> 02:13:25,400
his mother in 59 ad Agrippina 
had become inconveniently 

2479
02:13:25,400 --> 02:13:29,400
critical of her son's policy for
getting that criticism and 

2480
02:13:29,400 --> 02:13:32,800
absolute monarchy mix about as 
well, as gasoline, and lit 

2481
02:13:32,800 --> 02:13:36,200
matches, Nero solution, 
demonstrated the kind of problem

2482
02:13:36,200 --> 02:13:38,800
solving skills that would make a
medieval surgeon look 

2483
02:13:38,800 --> 02:13:42,000
sophisticated. 
His relationship with his wives.

2484
02:13:42,000 --> 02:13:46,000
Proved equally catastrophic he 
divorced and later executed his 

2485
02:13:46,000 --> 02:13:49,000
first wife Octavia, then, 
literally kicked his second 

2486
02:13:49,000 --> 02:13:51,000
wife, papaya to death, while she
was pregnant. 

2487
02:13:52,000 --> 02:13:55,100
These actions were calculated 
and not motivated by Passion. 

2488
02:13:55,100 --> 02:13:57,900
Indicating a level of domestic 
dysfunction, that would 

2489
02:13:57,900 --> 02:14:01,000
challenge, even the most 
experienced marriage counselors.

2490
02:14:02,200 --> 02:14:06,200
The Great Fire of Rome in 6480 
where the Nero calls it or not. 

2491
02:14:06,200 --> 02:14:09,700
Provided the perfect opportunity
to showcase his unique approach 

2492
02:14:09,700 --> 02:14:13,100
to crisis management. 
Rather than focusing solely on 

2493
02:14:13,100 --> 02:14:16,200
relief efforts, he used the 
destruction as an excuse to 

2494
02:14:16,200 --> 02:14:18,900
build his enormous Palace the 
domus aurea. 

2495
02:14:19,800 --> 02:14:22,400
Complete with a 120 foot statue 
of himself. 

2496
02:14:23,700 --> 02:14:27,200
This was urban planning executed
by a narcissist as if someone 

2497
02:14:27,200 --> 02:14:28,400
had granted. 
Donald Trump. 

2498
02:14:28,400 --> 02:14:31,800
Absolute power along with a 
blank canvas, the size of a 

2499
02:14:31,800 --> 02:14:34,200
city. 
Nero's financial management, 

2500
02:14:34,200 --> 02:14:38,100
followed similar principles of 
spectacular irresponsibility his

2501
02:14:38,100 --> 02:14:40,900
building projects games and 
artistic competitions. 

2502
02:14:40,900 --> 02:14:44,100
Drained the Imperial treasury 
faster than a teenager with 

2503
02:14:44,100 --> 02:14:47,000
their first credit card. 
He responded to budget 

2504
02:14:47,000 --> 02:14:49,700
shortfalls by debasing the 
currency and confiscating 

2505
02:14:49,700 --> 02:14:53,000
property from wealthy citizens, 
economic policies that would 

2506
02:14:53,000 --> 02:14:56,400
make modern politicians blush. 
The end came swiftly. 

2507
02:14:56,400 --> 02:15:00,900
When his praetorian guard, 
abandoned him in 68 ad facing 

2508
02:15:00,900 --> 02:15:04,400
Rebellion from his generals and 
certain death or Exile Nero 

2509
02:15:04,400 --> 02:15:07,300
committed suicide. 
Reportedly lamenting what an 

2510
02:15:07,308 --> 02:15:11,100
artist dies in me even in his 
final moments, he remained 

2511
02:15:11,100 --> 02:15:13,900
committed to the delusion that 
his primary contribution to 

2512
02:15:13,900 --> 02:15:16,900
human civilization was artistic 
rather than administrative 

2513
02:15:17,900 --> 02:15:21,300
Nero's Reign, demonstrated that 
absolute power in the hands of 

2514
02:15:21,300 --> 02:15:24,600
someone who confuses governance 
with performance art creates a 

2515
02:15:24,600 --> 02:15:26,400
particularly devastating form of
Chaos. 

2516
02:15:27,200 --> 02:15:30,000
He proved that it's entirely 
possible to possess unlimited 

2517
02:15:30,000 --> 02:15:32,600
authority. 
Over millions of people while 

2518
02:15:32,600 --> 02:15:35,900
remaining fundamentally unsuited
for any form of responsibility. 

2519
02:15:35,900 --> 02:15:37,900
More complex than choosing 
breakfast. 

2520
02:15:37,900 --> 02:15:42,800
Cereal King of England, reigning
from 1199 to 1216 holds the 

2521
02:15:42,800 --> 02:15:45,400
unique distinction of being, the
only English Monarch to never 

2522
02:15:45,400 --> 02:15:46,800
have another king named after 
him. 

2523
02:15:46,800 --> 02:15:50,300
A historical rejection that 
amply demonstrates his enduring 

2524
02:15:50,300 --> 02:15:53,000
Legacy. 
If royal names were performance 

2525
02:15:53,000 --> 02:15:56,300
reviews, John received the 
equivalent of please don't apply

2526
02:15:56,300 --> 02:15:58,800
here again. 
He managed to lose an Empire 

2527
02:15:58,800 --> 02:16:01,600
bankrupt a kingdom and 
accidentally create one of 

2528
02:16:01,600 --> 02:16:04,500
history's, most important 
constitutional documents all 

2529
02:16:04,500 --> 02:16:07,200
while maintaining the kind of 
spectacular incompetence that 

2530
02:16:07,200 --> 02:16:10,000
makes you wonder if failure was 
actually his secret Talent. 

2531
02:16:10,700 --> 02:16:13,000
John inherited the entrepreneur 
from his brother. 

2532
02:16:13,000 --> 02:16:15,700
Richard the lionheart a 
collection of territories 

2533
02:16:15,700 --> 02:16:18,100
stretching from Scotland to the 
Pyrenees that represented the 

2534
02:16:18,100 --> 02:16:19,900
Pinnacle of medieval English 
Power. 

2535
02:16:19,900 --> 02:16:23,600
It was rather like inheriting a 
successful family business and 

2536
02:16:23,600 --> 02:16:25,700
immediately deciding to use it 
as kindling. 

2537
02:16:26,400 --> 02:16:29,200
Within 15 years, John had lost. 
Most of these Continental 

2538
02:16:29,200 --> 02:16:31,600
possessions to Philip Augustus 
of France earning himself. 

2539
02:16:31,600 --> 02:16:35,500
The nickname Lackland though, 
couldn't keep land, might have 

2540
02:16:35,500 --> 02:16:37,900
been more accurate. 
Not only was the loss of 

2541
02:16:37,900 --> 02:16:42,200
Normandy in 1284, a military 
defeat but in served as a lesson

2542
02:16:42,200 --> 02:16:43,900
in the art of conducting 
medieval warfare. 

2543
02:16:44,700 --> 02:16:47,700
Despite having Superior 
resources, experienced 

2544
02:16:47,700 --> 02:16:51,100
commanders and defensive 
advantages John managed to 

2545
02:16:51,100 --> 02:16:54,200
snatch defeat from the brink of 
Victory, through a combination 

2546
02:16:54,200 --> 02:16:58,100
of strategic incompetence and 
tactical cowardice, his approach

2547
02:16:58,100 --> 02:17:00,200
to military leadership. 
Resembled someone trying to win 

2548
02:17:00,200 --> 02:17:03,400
chess by eating the pieces. 
John's domestic policies. 

2549
02:17:03,400 --> 02:17:06,900
Proved equally disastrous. 
He demanded excessive taxes to 

2550
02:17:06,900 --> 02:17:09,700
fund his unsuccessful attempts 
to reclaim his French 

2551
02:17:09,700 --> 02:17:12,299
territories. 
Essentially asking his subjects 

2552
02:17:12,299 --> 02:17:16,100
to finance their oppression. 
His Tax Collectors became as 

2553
02:17:16,100 --> 02:17:18,700
popular as played carriers and 
about as welcoming English 

2554
02:17:18,700 --> 02:17:22,000
Villages, the king seemed to 
operate under the Revolutionary.

2555
02:17:22,000 --> 02:17:25,000
Economic theory that money grows
on trees and those trees 

2556
02:17:25,000 --> 02:17:28,400
belonged exclusively to him his 
relationship with the church 

2557
02:17:28,400 --> 02:17:31,500
provided another Avenue for 
spectacular failure. 

2558
02:17:32,200 --> 02:17:33,700
John's dispute with Pope 
Innocent. 

2559
02:17:33,700 --> 02:17:36,200
The third over the appointment 
of the Archbishop of Canterbury 

2560
02:17:36,200 --> 02:17:40,299
resulted in England being placed
under papal, interdict from 1208

2561
02:17:40,299 --> 02:17:44,500
to 1214 this process. 
Meant no religious Services, No 

2562
02:17:44,500 --> 02:17:46,900
Church weddings and no proper 
burials. 

2563
02:17:46,900 --> 02:17:51,200
Essentially turning England into
a spiritual Wasteland It was 

2564
02:17:51,200 --> 02:17:54,200
ecclesiastical Warfare with John
playing the role of the person 

2565
02:17:54,200 --> 02:17:57,500
who brings a water pistol to a 
gunfight, the interdict wasn't 

2566
02:17:57,500 --> 02:18:01,000
just spiritually devastating, it
was politically catastrophic 

2567
02:18:01,000 --> 02:18:03,299
medal. 
People took their religion 

2568
02:18:03,299 --> 02:18:06,299
seriously and a king who 
couldn't maintain proper 

2569
02:18:06,299 --> 02:18:08,600
relations with God's 
representative on Earth was 

2570
02:18:08,600 --> 02:18:10,700
clearly unsuited for Earthly 
leadership. 

2571
02:18:11,400 --> 02:18:14,200
John had managed to make himself
Persona non-grata with both 

2572
02:18:14,200 --> 02:18:17,600
Heaven and Earth, simultaneously
and achievement that required. 

2573
02:18:17,600 --> 02:18:20,900
Genuine dedication to 
incompetence John's Judicial 

2574
02:18:20,900 --> 02:18:23,700
System operated on principles, 
that would make modern autocrats

2575
02:18:23,700 --> 02:18:25,799
blush. 
He sold Justice to the highest 

2576
02:18:25,799 --> 02:18:28,900
bidder imprisoned Noble's 
without trial, and seized 

2577
02:18:28,900 --> 02:18:31,100
property on whims that would 
make a toddlers decision. 

2578
02:18:31,100 --> 02:18:33,200
Making process look measured and
thoughtful. 

2579
02:18:34,299 --> 02:18:37,299
His courts became marketplaces 
where Justice was auctioned to 

2580
02:18:37,299 --> 02:18:39,600
the highest bidder creating a 
legal system. 

2581
02:18:39,600 --> 02:18:42,000
That combined the fairness of a 
rigged casino with the 

2582
02:18:42,000 --> 02:18:45,400
efficiency of medieval 
bureaucracy, the Beryl Revolt 

2583
02:18:45,400 --> 02:18:48,500
that produced Magna Carta in. 
1215 wasn't a sudden explosion 

2584
02:18:48,500 --> 02:18:52,000
of democratic idealism. 
It was the inevitable result of 

2585
02:18:52,000 --> 02:18:55,700
years of accumulated grievances 
against a king who treated his 

2586
02:18:55,700 --> 02:18:57,200
realm, like his personal piggy 
bank. 

2587
02:18:58,000 --> 02:19:00,700
The Barons were not 
revolutionary Democrats, but 

2588
02:19:00,700 --> 02:19:03,700
rather they were Aristocrats who
had grown weary of their 

2589
02:19:03,700 --> 02:19:05,700
supposed leaders. 
Systematic robbery in 

2590
02:19:05,708 --> 02:19:08,600
humiliation. 
The Magna, carter itself 

2591
02:19:08,600 --> 02:19:11,799
represented less a Triumph of 
John's wisdom than a testament 

2592
02:19:11,799 --> 02:19:14,500
to his failure. 
The document as essentially 

2593
02:19:14,500 --> 02:19:17,400
forced the king to promise to 
stop behaving like a complete 

2594
02:19:17,400 --> 02:19:19,900
Tyrant which tells you 
everything you need to know 

2595
02:19:19,900 --> 02:19:23,400
about his previous conduct. 
It was the Medieval equivalent 

2596
02:19:23,400 --> 02:19:26,500
of making someone sign a 
contract promising not to steal 

2597
02:19:26,500 --> 02:19:29,299
your lunch money. 
Even after agreeing to the Magna

2598
02:19:29,299 --> 02:19:32,900
Carta, John immediately began 
skiing to overturn, it proving 

2599
02:19:32,900 --> 02:19:35,200
that his signature was worth 
approximately as much as 

2600
02:19:35,200 --> 02:19:38,200
Confederate Currency. 
He appealed to Pope Innocent. 

2601
02:19:38,200 --> 02:19:41,100
The third who obligingly 
declared the chart and null and 

2602
02:19:41,100 --> 02:19:44,200
void because apparently both 
King and Pope had missed the 

2603
02:19:44,200 --> 02:19:47,000
point entirely. 
These events led to the first 

2604
02:19:47,000 --> 02:19:50,000
Barons War which was still 
ongoing when John conveniently 

2605
02:19:50,000 --> 02:19:54,700
died in 1216 possibly from 
dysentery, A fitting end for a 

2606
02:19:54,700 --> 02:19:57,000
rain that had been largely 
consistent from a constitutional

2607
02:19:57,000 --> 02:20:00,100
perspective. 
John's Legacy proves that 

2608
02:20:00,100 --> 02:20:02,900
sometimes the most important 
historical contributions come 

2609
02:20:02,900 --> 02:20:06,800
from people who fail. 
So spectacularly that they force

2610
02:20:06,800 --> 02:20:09,200
everyone else to create 
safeguards against future 

2611
02:20:09,200 --> 02:20:12,500
similar disasters. 
He didn't create Magna Carta 

2612
02:20:12,500 --> 02:20:15,300
through wisdom or foresight, he 
created it through being. 

2613
02:20:15,300 --> 02:20:18,700
So, comprehensively awful, that 
his subjects had no choice but 

2614
02:20:18,700 --> 02:20:21,700
to invent constitutional 
monarchy as an alternative to 

2615
02:20:21,700 --> 02:20:25,500
Royal tyranny in 1774. 
Louis the 16th of France 

2616
02:20:25,500 --> 02:20:28,100
ascended to the throne with the 
same enthusiasm. 

2617
02:20:28,100 --> 02:20:31,700
As someone asked to defuse a 
bomb while blindfolded, the 20 

2618
02:20:31,700 --> 02:20:34,100
years old, he inherited a 
kingdom, drowning in debt, 

2619
02:20:34,100 --> 02:20:37,300
seething with social tension and
growing under the weight of an 

2620
02:20:37,300 --> 02:20:40,700
outdated feudal system that had 
outlived its usefulness by about

2621
02:20:40,700 --> 02:20:43,500
three centuries. 
It was rather like being handed.

2622
02:20:43,500 --> 02:20:46,000
The captain's wheel of the 
Titanic just as the lookout 

2623
02:20:46,000 --> 02:20:48,800
spotted, the iceberg, except the
iceberg had been visible for 

2624
02:20:48,800 --> 02:20:51,700
decades, and everyone had been 
politely pretending it wasn't 

2625
02:20:51,700 --> 02:20:53,900
there? 
The young king possessed, many 

2626
02:20:53,900 --> 02:20:57,400
admirable personal qualities. 
He was kind, well, intentioned 

2627
02:20:57,400 --> 02:21:00,100
and genuinely concerned about 
his subjects welfare. 

2628
02:21:00,900 --> 02:21:03,700
Unfortunately, he also possessed
the decisive leadership. 

2629
02:21:03,700 --> 02:21:06,500
Abilities of a confused, deer 
caught in headlights, which 

2630
02:21:06,500 --> 02:21:09,300
proved somewhat problematic when
governing a nation on the brink 

2631
02:21:09,300 --> 02:21:12,700
of revolution. 
Louis xvii wasn't evil or 

2632
02:21:12,700 --> 02:21:15,000
malicious. 
He was simply catastrophically 

2633
02:21:15,000 --> 02:21:18,200
unsuited for the job like a 
pointing a talented musician. 

2634
02:21:18,200 --> 02:21:22,000
To perform brain surgery. 
France's financial crisis, had 

2635
02:21:22,000 --> 02:21:25,500
been building for Generations, 
fueled by expensive Wars and 

2636
02:21:25,500 --> 02:21:28,700
inefficient tax system, and the 
kind of Court spending that 

2637
02:21:28,700 --> 02:21:30,300
would make modern celebrities 
look frugal. 

2638
02:21:31,400 --> 02:21:34,400
The monarchy at borrowed money 
with the same, casual enthusiasm

2639
02:21:34,400 --> 02:21:37,000
that teenagers. 
Use credit cards at the 

2640
02:21:37,000 --> 02:21:39,300
operating under the assumption 
that debt was something that 

2641
02:21:39,300 --> 02:21:42,600
happened to other people. 
By the time Louie the 16th 

2642
02:21:42,600 --> 02:21:46,200
inherited the throne France was 
spending more on debt service on

2643
02:21:46,200 --> 02:21:49,100
the entire military, which 
created the kind of fiscal 

2644
02:21:49,100 --> 02:21:51,700
situation that would make 
bankruptcy attorney salivate. 

2645
02:21:52,500 --> 02:21:55,500
The king's attempts at Financial
reform, demonstrated. 

2646
02:21:55,500 --> 02:21:58,700
His fundamental misunderstanding
of both economics and politics. 

2647
02:21:58,700 --> 02:22:02,400
He appointed competent Finance 
ministers, like Jack's neck, air

2648
02:22:02,400 --> 02:22:06,400
and Charles Alexandre de colon, 
then systematically undermined. 

2649
02:22:06,400 --> 02:22:09,200
Their efforts, whenever they 
threaten the Privileges of the 

2650
02:22:09,200 --> 02:22:12,200
nobility or clergy. 
It was rather like hiring a 

2651
02:22:12,200 --> 02:22:15,000
personal trainer and then 
refusing to exercise or change 

2652
02:22:15,000 --> 02:22:17,700
your diet while wondering why 
you were not getting healthier. 

2653
02:22:19,000 --> 02:22:22,300
Louis, the 16th indecisiveness 
became legendary among his 

2654
02:22:22,300 --> 02:22:24,708
contemporaries. 
He would agree to reforms in the

2655
02:22:24,716 --> 02:22:27,100
morning. 
Reconsider them by afternoon and

2656
02:22:27,100 --> 02:22:28,600
reversed them, entirely by 
evening. 

2657
02:22:28,600 --> 02:22:31,300
Creating a governmental process 
that resembled a political 

2658
02:22:31,300 --> 02:22:34,700
Weathervane in a hurricane. 
His Council meetings became 

2659
02:22:34,700 --> 02:22:37,700
exercises in elaborate 
procrastination where every 

2660
02:22:37,700 --> 02:22:41,100
decision was discussed, debated,
postponed and ultimately 

2661
02:22:41,100 --> 02:22:42,600
abandoned in favor of 
discussing. 

2662
02:22:42,600 --> 02:22:46,700
The same issues again next week.
Louis, the 16th demonstrated, 

2663
02:22:46,700 --> 02:22:49,700
his exceptional political Acumen
at the Assembly of notables in 

2664
02:22:49,700 --> 02:22:53,200
1787. 
Face with a financial crisis 

2665
02:22:53,200 --> 02:22:54,900
that threatened the monarchies 
existence. 

2666
02:22:54,900 --> 02:22:58,200
He can convened, a gathering of 
Nobles and clergy to discuss tax

2667
02:22:58,200 --> 02:23:00,800
reform. 
Apparently expecting them to 

2668
02:23:00,800 --> 02:23:03,900
voluntarily surrender, their tax
exemptions out of patriotic 

2669
02:23:03,900 --> 02:23:06,300
spirit. 
It was roughly equivalent to 

2670
02:23:06,300 --> 02:23:09,700
asking wolves to babysit sheep 
while expecting them to resist, 

2671
02:23:09,700 --> 02:23:11,500
temptation out to professional 
courtesy. 

2672
02:23:12,500 --> 02:23:15,800
When that predictably failed 
Louis the 16th made the Fateful 

2673
02:23:15,800 --> 02:23:18,900
decision to convene the estate's
general for the first time since

2674
02:23:18,900 --> 02:23:21,900
1614. 
Apparently, not realizing that 

2675
02:23:21,900 --> 02:23:25,700
three centuries of accumulated 
grievances might produce some 

2676
02:23:25,700 --> 02:23:29,100
awkward conversations. 
The Estates General had been 

2677
02:23:29,100 --> 02:23:31,900
dormant for so long that nobody 
even remembered, the proper 

2678
02:23:31,900 --> 02:23:34,300
procedures, which should have 
been a warning sign that 

2679
02:23:34,300 --> 02:23:36,700
perhaps, this wasn't the ideal 
moment for constitutional 

2680
02:23:36,700 --> 02:23:39,800
innovation. 
Louis, the 16th was completely 

2681
02:23:39,800 --> 02:23:42,100
unprepared for the 
transformation of the Estates 

2682
02:23:42,100 --> 02:23:43,200
General into the National 
Assembly. 

2683
02:23:43,200 --> 02:23:46,600
As if he had anticipated a small
dinner party but inadvertently 

2684
02:23:46,600 --> 02:23:49,600
invited the entire neighborhood,
his response to this 

2685
02:23:49,600 --> 02:23:52,700
constitutional Revolution. 
Demonstrated the kind of Crisis 

2686
02:23:52,700 --> 02:23:54,500
management skills that would 
make the captain of the 

2687
02:23:54,508 --> 02:23:58,200
Hindenburg look competent. 
He vacillated between accepting 

2688
02:23:58,200 --> 02:24:02,000
the new reality and attempting 
to resist it satisfying nobody 

2689
02:24:02,000 --> 02:24:04,500
in convincing everyone that he 
was either duplicitous or 

2690
02:24:04,500 --> 02:24:09,400
incompetent Louisa 16th flight 
to Vernier in 1791 represented 

2691
02:24:09,400 --> 02:24:12,100
perhaps the most poorly planned 
escape attempt in Royal history.

2692
02:24:13,400 --> 02:24:16,200
The Royal Family's Journey to 
the Austrian border involved, a 

2693
02:24:16,200 --> 02:24:19,300
conspicuous Carriage multiple 
stops and the kind of 

2694
02:24:19,300 --> 02:24:22,100
operational security that would 
embarrass amateur shoplifters. 

2695
02:24:23,100 --> 02:24:26,400
They were recognized captured 
and returned to Paris or any 

2696
02:24:26,400 --> 02:24:28,300
remaining Illusions about the 
king's commitment to 

2697
02:24:28,300 --> 02:24:31,000
constitutional monarchy of 
evaporated faster than morning 

2698
02:24:31,000 --> 02:24:34,000
due in August. 
The king's trial and execution 

2699
02:24:34,000 --> 02:24:38,000
in 1793, Mark, the end of more 
than a millennium of French 

2700
02:24:38,000 --> 02:24:40,800
monarchy though. 
Louis, the 16th seemed genuinely

2701
02:24:40,800 --> 02:24:43,500
surprised that years of 
indecision and apparent, 

2702
02:24:43,500 --> 02:24:45,100
duplicity might have 
consequences. 

2703
02:24:46,100 --> 02:24:48,900
His final speech from the 
scaffold, demonstrated the same 

2704
02:24:48,900 --> 02:24:52,400
disconnect from reality that had
characterized his entire reign 

2705
02:24:52,400 --> 02:24:55,300
as he continued to believe that 
Divine, Right? 

2706
02:24:55,300 --> 02:24:59,500
Trumped revolutionary further. 
Louis, the 16th tragedy wasn't 

2707
02:24:59,500 --> 02:25:02,300
that he was evil, but that he 
was fundamentally an adequate 

2708
02:25:02,300 --> 02:25:04,700
for the challenges. 
He faced he possessed the 

2709
02:25:04,700 --> 02:25:07,200
political instincts of a 
librarian thrust into a cage 

2710
02:25:07,200 --> 02:25:10,200
match with professional 
wrestlers and the results were 

2711
02:25:10,200 --> 02:25:13,500
precisely what you'd expect his 
Reign, proved that good 

2712
02:25:13,500 --> 02:25:16,000
intentions without competent, 
execution can be more 

2713
02:25:16,000 --> 02:25:18,800
destructive than a malicious 
competence and that sometimes 

2714
02:25:18,800 --> 02:25:22,000
The Road to Revolution is paved 
with royal indecision Richard. 

2715
02:25:22,000 --> 02:25:25,900
The third of England, ruled for 
barely two years from 1483 to 

2716
02:25:25,900 --> 02:25:30,400
1485 yet, managed to pack more 
controversy, alleged villainy 

2717
02:25:30,400 --> 02:25:33,400
and historical debate into that 
brief period, Then most monks 

2718
02:25:33,400 --> 02:25:36,500
accumulate in decades. 
Thanks largely to William, 

2719
02:25:36,500 --> 02:25:39,500
Shakespeare's masterful 
character assassination, Richard

2720
02:25:39,500 --> 02:25:42,700
has come down to us as the 
archetypal King, a hunchbacked 

2721
02:25:42,700 --> 02:25:45,400
schema who murdered his way to 
the throne and terrorized his 

2722
02:25:45,400 --> 02:25:48,200
subjects, until Divine Justice, 
finally caught up with him at 

2723
02:25:48,200 --> 02:25:51,000
Bosworth field. 
Historians have discovered that 

2724
02:25:51,000 --> 02:25:53,700
the reality of Richard's reign 
is considerably more complex, 

2725
02:25:53,700 --> 02:25:56,800
and it may have been worse than 
Shakespeare's portrayal or be it

2726
02:25:56,800 --> 02:25:59,500
in different ways. 
Richard began his Royal career 

2727
02:25:59,500 --> 02:26:01,200
as the loyal younger brother of 
Edward. 

2728
02:26:01,200 --> 02:26:03,800
The Fourth earning a reputation 
as a competent military 

2729
02:26:03,800 --> 02:26:06,100
commander and administrator in 
the north of England. 

2730
02:26:07,100 --> 02:26:09,700
He seemed destined for the kind 
of supporting role that history.

2731
02:26:09,700 --> 02:26:13,200
Barely remembers the capable 
Royal sibling who holds down the

2732
02:26:13,200 --> 02:26:15,900
province's, while his brother 
handles the Glamorous business 

2733
02:26:15,900 --> 02:26:19,500
of actually being King. 
Unfortunately, for everyone 

2734
02:26:19,500 --> 02:26:22,900
involved, Edward the Fourth have
the poor timing to Die. 

2735
02:26:22,900 --> 02:26:26,100
Young leaving behind two minor 
sons and a realm that was about 

2736
02:26:26,100 --> 02:26:28,700
as politically stable as a house
of cards in a windstorm. 

2737
02:26:29,700 --> 02:26:32,100
The succession crisis that 
followed Edward, the Fourth 

2738
02:26:32,100 --> 02:26:36,000
death in 1483, showcased 
medieval politics at its most 

2739
02:26:36,000 --> 02:26:39,100
brutally efficient. 
Richard as Lord protector for 

2740
02:26:39,100 --> 02:26:42,000
his 12 year old, nephew Edward, 
the fifth faced, the challenge 

2741
02:26:42,000 --> 02:26:45,300
of maintaining Royal Authority 
while ovaries maneuvered for 

2742
02:26:45,300 --> 02:26:47,000
control. 
His solution. 

2743
02:26:47,000 --> 02:26:49,500
Showcased a direct approach that
would astonish modern 

2744
02:26:49,500 --> 02:26:51,900
politicians. 
He declared his nephew's 

2745
02:26:51,900 --> 02:26:54,300
illegitimate and asserted his 
own claim to the throne. 

2746
02:26:55,400 --> 02:26:58,100
With just one well-timed, 
announcement, he masterfully 

2747
02:26:58,100 --> 02:27:01,000
transformed, a family dispute 
into a constitutional crisis. 

2748
02:27:02,100 --> 02:27:05,100
The infamous disappearance of 
the princes in the tower, Edward

2749
02:27:05,100 --> 02:27:08,400
the 5th and his younger brother.
Richard remains one of his most 

2750
02:27:08,400 --> 02:27:11,100
enduring Mysteries, though, 
contemporary opinion, held 

2751
02:27:11,100 --> 02:27:13,000
Richard, responsible with the 
kind of certainty. 

2752
02:27:13,000 --> 02:27:16,200
Usually reserved for 
mathematical theorems, whether 

2753
02:27:16,200 --> 02:27:19,000
he actually ordered their deaths
or simply fail to prevent them. 

2754
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:21,700
The political damage was 
immediate and catastrophic, 

2755
02:27:23,200 --> 02:27:25,700
King, who couldn't protect 
children in his care, wasn't 

2756
02:27:25,700 --> 02:27:28,600
likely to inspire confidence in 
his ability, to protect an 

2757
02:27:28,600 --> 02:27:31,700
entire Kingdom. 
Richard's attempts to legitimize

2758
02:27:31,700 --> 02:27:34,400
his reign with steeped in the 
time on a tradition of Royal 

2759
02:27:34,400 --> 02:27:37,800
propaganda albeit with the 
subtlety of a medieval Siege 

2760
02:27:37,800 --> 02:27:39,900
engine. 
He claimed Divine approval, 

2761
02:27:39,900 --> 02:27:43,500
Noble blood and popular support 
while simultaneously dealing 

2762
02:27:43,500 --> 02:27:47,100
with rebellions defections and 
the kind of General unrest, that

2763
02:27:47,100 --> 02:27:49,900
suggested his subjects weren't 
entirely convinced by his 

2764
02:27:49,900 --> 02:27:52,800
arguments. 
His coronation was magnificent. 

2765
02:27:52,800 --> 02:27:56,200
His public relations were 
enthusiastic and his actual 

2766
02:27:56,200 --> 02:27:59,100
support base was shrinking, 
faster than his list of living 

2767
02:27:59,100 --> 02:28:03,300
relatives. the Buckingham 
rebellion in 1483, led by one of

2768
02:28:03,308 --> 02:28:06,300
Richard's former supporters, 
demonstrated how quickly 

2769
02:28:06,300 --> 02:28:09,200
political allegiances could 
shift in late, medieval England,

2770
02:28:10,000 --> 02:28:12,000
Henry. 
Stafford Duke of Buckingham went

2771
02:28:12,000 --> 02:28:15,000
from enthusiastic support to 
Armed Rebel in the space of 

2772
02:28:15,000 --> 02:28:16,900
months. 
Apparently deciding that 

2773
02:28:16,900 --> 02:28:19,600
Richards leadership style was 
less strong and decisive and 

2774
02:28:19,600 --> 02:28:23,500
more terrifying and unstable. 
The Rebellion ultimately failed 

2775
02:28:23,500 --> 02:28:27,500
demonstrating the fragility of 
Richard's, hold on power, which 

2776
02:28:27,500 --> 02:28:30,700
is administrative policies. 
Showed genuine competence, which

2777
02:28:30,700 --> 02:28:33,900
makes his political failures, 
all the more remarkable he 

2778
02:28:33,900 --> 02:28:37,700
implemented, legal reforms, 
encouraged trade, and attempted 

2779
02:28:37,700 --> 02:28:40,300
to address some of the social 
issues that had played previous 

2780
02:28:40,300 --> 02:28:42,400
rains. 
It was rather like watching 

2781
02:28:42,400 --> 02:28:44,900
someone officially organized 
their deaths while their house 

2782
02:28:44,900 --> 02:28:48,100
burned down around them, 
technically, impressive, but 

2783
02:28:48,100 --> 02:28:50,800
missing the larger point about 
priorities and crisis 

2784
02:28:50,800 --> 02:28:54,100
management. 
The invasion of Henry Tudor in 

2785
02:28:54,100 --> 02:28:58,200
1485 quart Richard in a classic 
medieval dilemma, he could fight

2786
02:28:58,200 --> 02:29:01,600
and risk everything in a single 
battle or he couldn't negotiate 

2787
02:29:01,600 --> 02:29:04,900
and risk appearing weak to 
supporters who expected their 

2788
02:29:04,900 --> 02:29:06,900
King to solve problems with 
sharp objects. 

2789
02:29:06,900 --> 02:29:10,700
Richard chose to fight 
demonstrating, either admirable,

2790
02:29:10,700 --> 02:29:14,000
courage, or catastrophic. 
Misjudgment depending on your 

2791
02:29:14,000 --> 02:29:17,400
perspective on the virtues of 
tactical Retreat, versus 

2792
02:29:17,400 --> 02:29:20,400
glorious death. 
The Battle of Bosworth field 

2793
02:29:20,400 --> 02:29:22,900
became Richard's, final 
performance review and the 

2794
02:29:22,900 --> 02:29:24,400
results were decisively 
negative. 

2795
02:29:25,200 --> 02:29:28,300
His death in battle reportedly 
fighting bravely to the end. 

2796
02:29:28,300 --> 02:29:31,300
At least provided him with the 
kind of dramatic, conclusion 

2797
02:29:31,300 --> 02:29:34,900
that Shakespeare would later. 
Appreciate Richard died, as he 

2798
02:29:34,900 --> 02:29:38,000
had ruled dramatically 
controversially, and with enough

2799
02:29:38,000 --> 02:29:40,600
ambiguity to keep historians 
arguing for centuries. 

2800
02:29:40,600 --> 02:29:44,300
The discovery of Richard's 
remains in 2012, under a lesser 

2801
02:29:44,300 --> 02:29:47,000
parking lot, provided a fitting 
metaphor for his historical 

2802
02:29:47,000 --> 02:29:51,000
reputation, buried forgotten and
covered over by the mundane 

2803
02:29:51,000 --> 02:29:54,400
concerns of daily life. 
The forensic evidence verified 

2804
02:29:54,400 --> 02:29:57,400
that Richard possessed a curved 
spine will be at not the 

2805
02:29:57,400 --> 02:29:59,800
dramatic Hunchback portrayed in 
Shakespearean Legends. 

2806
02:30:00,500 --> 02:30:03,200
It was a final reminder, that 
the truth about Richard, the 

2807
02:30:03,200 --> 02:30:06,300
third lies somewhere between the
monster of popular imagination 

2808
02:30:06,300 --> 02:30:09,000
and the competent administrator 
of revisionist History. 

2809
02:30:09,000 --> 02:30:13,200
Richard the third's Reign proves
that in politics perception 

2810
02:30:13,200 --> 02:30:16,400
often matters more than reality 
and that a brief but dramatic 

2811
02:30:16,400 --> 02:30:18,400
failure. 
Can overshadow Decades of 

2812
02:30:18,400 --> 02:30:21,300
competent service. 
He remains history's, most 

2813
02:30:21,300 --> 02:30:25,100
famous two-year disaster a king 
whose Reign was so brief and 

2814
02:30:25,100 --> 02:30:26,600
troubled. 
That it became a cautionary. 

2815
02:30:26,600 --> 02:30:29,200
Tale about the dangers of 
combining ambition, with poor 

2816
02:30:29,200 --> 02:30:32,400
judgment and worst timing. 
The discovery of Richard's 

2817
02:30:32,400 --> 02:30:35,700
remains in 2012, under a lesser 
parking lot, provided a fitting 

2818
02:30:35,700 --> 02:30:39,600
metaphor for his historical 
reputation, buried forgotten and

2819
02:30:39,600 --> 02:30:42,300
covered over by the mundane 
concerns of daily life. 

2820
02:30:43,100 --> 02:30:45,700
The friends at Kevin's verified 
that Richard possessed, a curved

2821
02:30:45,700 --> 02:30:48,600
spine will be at not the 
dramatic Hunchback portrayed in 

2822
02:30:48,600 --> 02:30:51,700
Shakespearean Legends. 
It was a final reminder, that 

2823
02:30:51,700 --> 02:30:54,500
the truth about Richard, the 
third lies somewhere between the

2824
02:30:54,500 --> 02:30:57,800
monster of popular imagination 
and the competent administrator 

2825
02:30:57,800 --> 02:31:01,200
of revisionist History. 
Richard the third's Reign proves

2826
02:31:01,200 --> 02:31:04,700
that in politics perception 
often matters more than reality 

2827
02:31:04,700 --> 02:31:07,000
and that a brief but dramatic 
failure. 

2828
02:31:07,000 --> 02:31:09,300
Can overshadow Decades of 
competent service. 

2829
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:13,700
He remains history's, most 
famous two-year disaster a king 

2830
02:31:13,700 --> 02:31:16,000
whose Reign was so brief and 
troubled that it became a 

2831
02:31:16,000 --> 02:31:17,800
cautionary. 
Tale about the dangers of 

2832
02:31:17,800 --> 02:31:20,600
combining ambition with poor 
judgment and worst timing. 

2833
02:31:20,600 --> 02:31:23,300
During this period, the king's 
Financial strategies, 

2834
02:31:23,300 --> 02:31:26,300
demonstrated a level of fiscal 
creativity that would leave 

2835
02:31:26,300 --> 02:31:30,100
modern tax authorities in awe. 
Originally an emergency Naval 

2836
02:31:30,100 --> 02:31:32,900
tax for Coastal counties. 
The reasoning behind the 

2837
02:31:32,900 --> 02:31:35,900
extension of shit money to 
Inland areas would challenge the

2838
02:31:35,900 --> 02:31:40,000
flexibility of Olympic gymnasts.
Charles apparently discovered 

2839
02:31:40,000 --> 02:31:42,600
that if you squinted hard enough
at legal precedents while 

2840
02:31:42,600 --> 02:31:46,100
ignoring common sense, in Tyler 
Lee you could justify almost any

2841
02:31:46,100 --> 02:31:49,400
form of Taxation. 
Religious policy provided a, 

2842
02:31:49,400 --> 02:31:52,800
another Avenue for Charles to 
demonstrate his talent for 

2843
02:31:52,800 --> 02:31:57,400
turning manageable problems into
catastrophic crises his attempts

2844
02:31:57,400 --> 02:31:59,300
to impose uniformity on the 
Church of England. 

2845
02:32:00,100 --> 02:32:03,100
Influence by Archbishop Lourdes 
High Church preferences. 

2846
02:32:03,100 --> 02:32:06,400
Managed to alienate both 
Puritans who thought he was too 

2847
02:32:06,400 --> 02:32:10,100
Catholic and Catholic who knew 
he wasn't Catholic enough. 

2848
02:32:11,700 --> 02:32:14,800
This approach was ecumenical 
diplomacy executed with a 

2849
02:32:14,800 --> 02:32:17,500
sledgehammer. 
Achieving the remarkable feat of

2850
02:32:17,508 --> 02:32:20,200
uniting, his religious subjects 
against his policies. 

2851
02:32:21,500 --> 02:32:26,400
The Scottish crisis from 1639 to
1640 perfectly Illustrated, 

2852
02:32:26,400 --> 02:32:29,300
Charles's approach to 
international relations, his 

2853
02:32:29,300 --> 02:32:31,700
attempt to impose the English 
book of common prayer on 

2854
02:32:31,700 --> 02:32:34,700
Presbyterian, Scotland. 
Produced the Bishops Wars 

2855
02:32:34,700 --> 02:32:37,500
conflicts that combined, the 
military effectiveness of a 

2856
02:32:37,500 --> 02:32:40,400
church social with the 
theological intensity of the 

2857
02:32:40,400 --> 02:32:44,000
Crusades The Scots armed 
resistance to Charles's 

2858
02:32:44,000 --> 02:32:47,500
religious Innovations forced 
him, to recall parliament in his

2859
02:32:47,500 --> 02:32:50,800
11 year experiment, in personal 
rule, with all the success of 

2860
02:32:50,800 --> 02:32:52,300
the hindenburg's landing 
strategy. 

2861
02:32:53,200 --> 02:32:57,100
The long parliament summoned in 
1640 approached its relationship

2862
02:32:57,100 --> 02:33:00,000
with Charles rather like divorce
attorneys negotiating with a 

2863
02:33:00,000 --> 02:33:01,400
spouse who had been hiding 
assets. 

2864
02:33:02,400 --> 02:33:06,300
Years of accumulated grievances 
illegal Taxation and religious 

2865
02:33:06,300 --> 02:33:09,500
controversy had created, a 
constitutional crisis that 

2866
02:33:09,500 --> 02:33:11,800
required either the genuine 
compromise or complete 

2867
02:33:11,800 --> 02:33:15,100
capitulation. 
Charles characteristically opted

2868
02:33:15,100 --> 02:33:18,100
for a third course of action 
disguising the crisis as 

2869
02:33:18,100 --> 02:33:21,000
non-existent while. 
Clandestinely strategizing its 

2870
02:33:21,000 --> 02:33:24,300
resolution through coercion. 
The king's attempt to arrest 

2871
02:33:24,300 --> 02:33:28,200
five, members of parliament, in 
1642 represented, perhaps the 

2872
02:33:28,200 --> 02:33:31,200
most catastrophic miscalculation
in English constitutional 

2873
02:33:31,200 --> 02:33:34,500
history, His personal invasion 
of the House, of Commons 

2874
02:33:34,500 --> 02:33:37,800
demanding, the surrender of his 
political opponents, violated 

2875
02:33:37,800 --> 02:33:40,400
parliamentary privilege. 
So flagrantly, that it made 

2876
02:33:40,400 --> 02:33:42,900
previous constitutional 
disputes, look like minor 

2877
02:33:42,900 --> 02:33:46,500
etiquette, disagreements. 
This situation was politically 

2878
02:33:46,500 --> 02:33:49,800
equivalent to bringing a gun to 
a chess match and it was just as

2879
02:33:49,800 --> 02:33:52,600
ineffective. 
The English Civil War that 

2880
02:33:52,600 --> 02:33:57,000
followed from 1642 to 1651. 
Showcased Charles's, military 

2881
02:33:57,000 --> 02:33:59,200
leadership skills. 
Which proved to be roughly 

2882
02:33:59,200 --> 02:34:01,000
equivalent to his political 
acumen. 

2883
02:34:01,800 --> 02:34:04,600
Despite initial advantages in 
resources and experienced 

2884
02:34:04,600 --> 02:34:07,800
commanders, the royalist cause 
gradually collapsed under the 

2885
02:34:07,800 --> 02:34:10,800
weight of parliamentary. 
Determination Puritan further 

2886
02:34:10,800 --> 02:34:13,200
and Oliver cromwell's 
increasingly, professional New 

2887
02:34:13,200 --> 02:34:16,200
Model Army. 
Charles managed to lose a civil 

2888
02:34:16,200 --> 02:34:18,300
war while possessing. 
Most of the traditional 

2889
02:34:18,300 --> 02:34:21,100
advantages of astonished 
Authority, which required 

2890
02:34:21,100 --> 02:34:23,500
genuine dedication to strategic 
incompetence. 

2891
02:34:24,600 --> 02:34:28,800
Charles's trial and execution. 
In 1649 marked the first time in

2892
02:34:28,800 --> 02:34:32,100
European history that a reigning
monarch was formerly tried. 

2893
02:34:32,100 --> 02:34:36,000
And executed by his subjects, 
even his enemies were impressed 

2894
02:34:36,000 --> 02:34:38,800
by his dignity during the 
proceedings, despite it being a 

2895
02:34:38,800 --> 02:34:41,500
later tempted to salvage, his 
political reputation, even as 

2896
02:34:41,500 --> 02:34:43,600
the Executioner prepared to 
provide a definitive 

2897
02:34:43,600 --> 02:34:47,100
counter-argument to that 
constitutional Theory, the king 

2898
02:34:47,108 --> 02:34:49,000
maintained, his belief in 
divine, right. 

2899
02:34:49,000 --> 02:34:53,200
In his final speech, Charles the
first Reign demonstrated that 

2900
02:34:53,200 --> 02:34:56,600
sincerely held beliefs about 
Royal Authority, when combined 

2901
02:34:56,600 --> 02:34:59,100
with complete and flexibility 
and poor political judgment. 

2902
02:35:00,000 --> 02:35:03,500
Can transform a constitutional 
monarchy into a republic faster 

2903
02:35:03,500 --> 02:35:07,100
than anyone thought possible. 
He proved that Divine Right? 

2904
02:35:07,100 --> 02:35:10,600
Is only as strong as Earthly 
support and that sometimes the 

2905
02:35:10,600 --> 02:35:13,300
most devout Believers in 
absolute, monarchy are the ones 

2906
02:35:13,300 --> 02:35:16,600
who do the most to discredit. 
The rogue's gallery of Royal 

2907
02:35:16,600 --> 02:35:18,800
disasters. 
We've examined from Nero's 

2908
02:35:18,800 --> 02:35:21,900
theatrical delusions to Charles.
The first Divine miscalculation 

2909
02:35:21,900 --> 02:35:25,200
reveals patterns of failure that
transcend, centuries and 

2910
02:35:25,200 --> 02:35:27,600
cultures. 
These were not random accidents 

2911
02:35:27,600 --> 02:35:30,300
of heredity or cruel, twists of 
historical fate. 

2912
02:35:30,300 --> 02:35:33,500
They were systematic 
demonstrations of how apps Luke 

2913
02:35:33,500 --> 02:35:35,300
power. 
When combined with inadequate, 

2914
02:35:35,300 --> 02:35:38,600
wisdom creates a perfect storm 
of governmental dysfunction, 

2915
02:35:38,600 --> 02:35:42,400
their Collective reins read like
a medieval instruction manual 

2916
02:35:42,400 --> 02:35:46,200
titled, how not to rule a 
comprehensive guide to Royal 

2917
02:35:46,200 --> 02:35:49,100
failure. 
Perhaps the most striking Common

2918
02:35:49,100 --> 02:35:52,400
Thread among these monarchical 
disasters was their profound 

2919
02:35:52,400 --> 02:35:56,000
disconnection from reality. 
Each King seem to inhabit a 

2920
02:35:56,000 --> 02:35:58,900
parallel universe where the 
subjects existed primarily to 

2921
02:35:58,900 --> 02:36:02,100
fund their fantasies where 
criticism was treason and where 

2922
02:36:02,100 --> 02:36:05,300
the normal laws of cause and 
effects somehow didn't apply to 

2923
02:36:05,300 --> 02:36:08,500
Royal decision. 
Never believed he was an artist 

2924
02:36:08,500 --> 02:36:11,600
first and Emperor. 
Second John thought taxation was

2925
02:36:11,600 --> 02:36:14,600
a renewable resource. 
Louis the 16th. 

2926
02:36:14,600 --> 02:36:17,100
Imagine that ignoring problems 
would make them disappear. 

2927
02:36:17,100 --> 02:36:21,100
Richard III, assumed loyalty was
transferable and Charles. 

2928
02:36:21,100 --> 02:36:24,100
The first was convinced that God
would override Parliament if 

2929
02:36:24,108 --> 02:36:27,300
necessary. 
This reality Gap wasn't just a 

2930
02:36:27,300 --> 02:36:30,600
personal failing, it was a 
systemic feature of absolute 

2931
02:36:30,600 --> 02:36:33,300
monarchy itself. 
When you surround someone with 

2932
02:36:33,300 --> 02:36:36,300
courtiers who survival depends 
on agreeing with everything they

2933
02:36:36,300 --> 02:36:39,600
say, when you insulate them from
the consequences of their 

2934
02:36:39,600 --> 02:36:41,600
decisions. 
And when you tell them from 

2935
02:36:41,600 --> 02:36:44,200
birth that their divinely 
appointed to rule over others, 

2936
02:36:44,200 --> 02:36:47,200
perhaps it shouldn't surprise us
that they've occasionally lose 

2937
02:36:47,200 --> 02:36:49,800
touch with the Practical world 
where the rest of us, live. 

2938
02:36:49,800 --> 02:36:53,700
The economic literacy, displayed
by these Kings would be amusing 

2939
02:36:53,700 --> 02:36:55,500
if it weren't so consistently 
catastrophic. 

2940
02:36:56,300 --> 02:36:58,700
These Kings approached, Royal 
finances with a level of 

2941
02:36:58,708 --> 02:37:00,700
sophistication. 
Akin to children playing 

2942
02:37:00,700 --> 02:37:04,300
Monopoly with real money. 
Seemingly assuming that kingdoms

2943
02:37:04,300 --> 02:37:06,300
were equipped with Limitless 
credit cards, and that 

2944
02:37:06,300 --> 02:37:09,200
bankruptcy was a phenomenon 
exclusive to their subjects. 

2945
02:37:10,100 --> 02:37:11,500
Their Collective fiscal 
policies. 

2946
02:37:11,500 --> 02:37:14,300
Could serve as a masterclass in 
how to transform prosperous 

2947
02:37:14,300 --> 02:37:17,100
Realms into economic basket, 
cases through sheer, 

2948
02:37:17,100 --> 02:37:20,000
determination and Creative 
Accounting yet their failures 

2949
02:37:20,000 --> 02:37:21,900
were entirely without benefit to
human civilization. 

2950
02:37:23,100 --> 02:37:26,100
Each spectacular Royal meltdown,
contributed to the gradual 

2951
02:37:26,100 --> 02:37:28,700
evolution of constitutional, 
government proving through 

2952
02:37:28,700 --> 02:37:31,700
negative example, that perhaps 
concentrating all power in a 

2953
02:37:31,700 --> 02:37:33,900
single person. 
Wasn't the most reliable system 

2954
02:37:33,900 --> 02:37:37,500
of governance. 
Magna Carta emerged from John's 

2955
02:37:37,500 --> 02:37:40,500
tyranny, the English Civil War 
produced modern, parliamentary 

2956
02:37:40,500 --> 02:37:43,500
democracy and the French 
Revolution launched the age of 

2957
02:37:43,508 --> 02:37:46,900
popular sovereignty. 
These Kings didn't intend to 

2958
02:37:46,900 --> 02:37:49,900
advance human freedom, but their
incompetence accomplished. 

2959
02:37:49,900 --> 02:37:52,600
What generations of political 
philosophers had only dreamed 

2960
02:37:52,600 --> 02:37:56,100
about their military disasters. 
Followed similar patterns of 

2961
02:37:56,100 --> 02:37:59,100
overconfidence meeting reality 
with predictably painful 

2962
02:37:59,100 --> 02:38:01,700
results. 
Each King seemed to believe that

2963
02:38:01,700 --> 02:38:05,600
Royal Blood somehow conferred, 
tactical genius, that loyalty 

2964
02:38:05,600 --> 02:38:09,200
could substitute for competence 
and that Divine favor was more 

2965
02:38:09,200 --> 02:38:10,800
reliable than adequate 
Logistics. 

2966
02:38:10,800 --> 02:38:14,300
Their battlefields became 
laboratory for testing where The

2967
02:38:14,300 --> 02:38:17,400
Wishful Thinking, could overcome
Superior strategy and the 

2968
02:38:17,408 --> 02:38:20,100
results were remarkably 
consistent across centuries and 

2969
02:38:20,100 --> 02:38:23,200
cultures the personal lives of 
these rulers revealed. 

2970
02:38:23,200 --> 02:38:26,700
Another consistent theme, the 
inability to distinguish between

2971
02:38:26,700 --> 02:38:30,100
loyalty and fear between respect
and subservience between love 

2972
02:38:30,100 --> 02:38:33,600
and intimidation their courts 
became theater of performed 

2973
02:38:33,600 --> 02:38:36,500
devotion, where genuine 
relationships with the under the

2974
02:38:36,500 --> 02:38:40,700
pressure of absolute power and 
existential insecurity, It's 

2975
02:38:40,700 --> 02:38:44,700
rather telling that so many died
alone abandoned by subjects, who

2976
02:38:44,700 --> 02:38:46,500
had spent years pretending to 
adore them. 

2977
02:38:47,400 --> 02:38:50,300
Perhaps most notably, these 
Kings managed to fail upward for

2978
02:38:50,300 --> 02:38:53,300
remarkable length of time. 
Maintaining power long, after 

2979
02:38:53,300 --> 02:38:55,700
their incompetence had become 
obvious to everyone except 

2980
02:38:55,700 --> 02:38:58,000
themselves. 
The ability of medieval 

2981
02:38:58,000 --> 02:39:00,500
institutions to withstand years 
or even Decades of 

2982
02:39:00,500 --> 02:39:03,000
catastrophically. 
Poor leadership is Testament to 

2983
02:39:03,000 --> 02:39:06,200
their resilience yet, even the 
most durable systems, eventually

2984
02:39:06,200 --> 02:39:09,300
reach their limits, their 
Collective Legacy reminds us 

2985
02:39:09,300 --> 02:39:13,800
that leadership is a skill, not 
a Birthright that power without 

2986
02:39:13,800 --> 02:39:17,000
accountability, inevitably 
corrupts and that sometimes the 

2987
02:39:17,000 --> 02:39:19,700
most important service are ruler
can provide is serving as a 

2988
02:39:19,708 --> 02:39:21,900
cautionary tale for future 
Generations. 

2989
02:39:22,800 --> 02:39:25,300
These Kings didn't set out to 
become historical laughing 

2990
02:39:25,300 --> 02:39:28,300
stocks, but they approach their 
responsibilities with such 

2991
02:39:28,300 --> 02:39:31,000
consistent and competence that 
failure became their most, 

2992
02:39:31,000 --> 02:39:34,300
lasting contribution to human 
knowledge in our Modern Age of 

2993
02:39:34,300 --> 02:39:36,600
democratic government, and 
constitutional limitations. 

2994
02:39:36,600 --> 02:39:40,000
These Royal disaster servers 
reminders of why we developed 

2995
02:39:40,000 --> 02:39:43,500
checks and balances term limits 
and the radical idea that 

2996
02:39:43,500 --> 02:39:46,400
perhaps leaders should be chosen
for their competence rather than

2997
02:39:46,400 --> 02:39:49,500
their heredity. 
They proved that while power May

2998
02:39:49,500 --> 02:39:52,400
corrupt, absolute power, 
corrupts with remarkable 

2999
02:39:52,400 --> 02:39:54,700
efficiency and often 
spectacular, entertainment 

3000
02:39:54,700 --> 02:39:57,000
value. 
The worst kings in history, 

3001
02:39:57,000 --> 02:40:00,100
ultimately taught us that the 
divine right of kings is only as

3002
02:40:00,100 --> 02:40:02,700
strong as the Earthly competence
of the person wearing the crown 

3003
02:40:02,700 --> 02:40:05,700
and that sometimes the best 
thing, an absolute monarch can 

3004
02:40:05,700 --> 02:40:08,300
do for their subjects is provide
them with compelling reasons to 

3005
02:40:08,300 --> 02:40:10,400
abolish. 
Absolute monarchy entirely, 

3006
02:40:11,400 --> 02:40:14,700
Their failures became Humanities
gain though, it took centuries 

3007
02:40:14,700 --> 02:40:16,400
and countless lives to learn 
these lessons. 

3008
02:40:17,400 --> 02:40:19,600
Perhaps, that's the ultimate 
irony of their Reigns. 

3009
02:40:19,600 --> 02:40:22,800
In trying to establish their 
greatness, they established in 

3010
02:40:22,808 --> 02:40:25,200
the greatness of the systems 
that replaced them. 

3011
02:40:28,500 --> 02:40:31,400
Imagine living in ancient Greece
around 600 BCE. 

3012
02:40:31,400 --> 02:40:34,600
When the only technological 
concern you might have had, was 

3013
02:40:34,600 --> 02:40:36,900
whether your olive oil lamp 
would have enough fuel to last. 

3014
02:40:36,900 --> 02:40:40,100
The entire night, people who 
entered this world of basic 

3015
02:40:40,100 --> 02:40:42,600
tools and sophisticated ideas 
did something revolutionary, 

3016
02:40:42,600 --> 02:40:47,400
they began to ask why rather 
than merely accepting because 

3017
02:40:47,400 --> 02:40:49,700
the gods said. 
So, instead of calling 

3018
02:40:49,700 --> 02:40:53,500
themselves, physicists, the 
first physicist called the cells

3019
02:40:53,500 --> 02:40:57,000
natural philosophers, which 
sounds far more respectable than

3020
02:40:57,000 --> 02:41:00,100
people who spend too much time. 
Wondering why rocks, fall down 

3021
02:41:00,100 --> 02:41:03,200
instead of up. 
However, that's exactly what 

3022
02:41:03,200 --> 02:41:06,200
they were doing viewing. 
The everyday World from A New 

3023
02:41:06,200 --> 02:41:09,000
Perspective and rejecting. 
The idea that mystery was a 

3024
02:41:09,000 --> 02:41:11,400
sufficient explanation. 
For anything, one of these early

3025
02:41:11,400 --> 02:41:14,800
Wanderers was thales of Meletis 
who reportedly spent so much 

3026
02:41:14,808 --> 02:41:18,000
time gazing up at the stars that
he once fell into a well while 

3027
02:41:18,000 --> 02:41:21,100
out for a walk. 
According to reports, his maid 

3028
02:41:21,100 --> 02:41:23,400
made fun of him by pointing out 
that he was attempting to 

3029
02:41:23,400 --> 02:41:26,700
comprehend, the heavens while 
ignoring the ground beneath his 

3030
02:41:26,700 --> 02:41:28,600
feet. 
This may be the earliest known 

3031
02:41:28,600 --> 02:41:31,600
case of someone becoming so 
engrossed in theoretical physics

3032
02:41:31,600 --> 02:41:33,800
that they fail to observe their 
surroundings. 

3033
02:41:33,800 --> 02:41:37,400
A practice that is still common 
in physics, departments all over

3034
02:41:37,400 --> 02:41:39,900
the world. 
However, they had a crucial 

3035
02:41:39,900 --> 02:41:42,900
Insight according to his theory 
water in. 

3036
02:41:42,900 --> 02:41:45,400
Its various forms makes up 
everything in the universe. 

3037
02:41:45,400 --> 02:41:48,900
Now, before you write this off 
as our cake thinking, remember 

3038
02:41:48,900 --> 02:41:52,000
that he was putting forth a 
profound idea that the 

3039
02:41:52,000 --> 02:41:54,200
astounding diversity of the 
natural world could have 

3040
02:41:54,200 --> 02:41:55,700
straightforward underlying 
calls. 

3041
02:41:55,700 --> 02:41:59,100
Is he was completely correct? 
That the way forward was to look

3042
02:41:59,100 --> 02:42:01,300
for straightforward, 
explanations of complicated, 

3043
02:42:01,500 --> 02:42:04,800
Phenomena, but he was mistaken 
that water was the fundamental 

3044
02:42:04,800 --> 02:42:08,800
substance Democritus expanded on
this notion with a notion so 

3045
02:42:08,800 --> 02:42:11,800
revolutionary that it would not 
be fully comprehended for more 

3046
02:42:11,800 --> 02:42:14,300
than two Millennia. 
He proposed that cutting 

3047
02:42:14,300 --> 02:42:17,000
something into ever tinier 
pieces would eventually result 

3048
02:42:17,000 --> 02:42:18,700
in pieces that were too small to
cut. 

3049
02:42:18,700 --> 02:42:22,800
He referred to these fragments 
as atoms, which in Greek means 

3050
02:42:22,800 --> 02:42:25,900
uncuttable. 
In essence Democritus was 

3051
02:42:25,908 --> 02:42:28,800
suggesting that the Universe was
composed of inconspicuous 

3052
02:42:28,800 --> 02:42:33,900
minuscule, building blocks, akin
to Cosmic l e g o pieces since 

3053
02:42:33,900 --> 02:42:36,900
Democritus lacked particle 
accelerators and microscopes. 

3054
02:42:36,900 --> 02:42:40,900
It wasn't that he was accurate 
in every detail, rather, it was 

3055
02:42:40,900 --> 02:42:42,500
that he was thinking in the 
right way. 

3056
02:42:42,500 --> 02:42:45,700
He was saying that you could 
comprehend large complex things 

3057
02:42:45,700 --> 02:42:48,900
by comprehending their smallest 
components, although it would 

3058
02:42:48,900 --> 02:42:51,600
take centuries for anyone to 
figure out how to actually test 

3059
02:42:51,600 --> 02:42:54,300
these ideas. 
This reductionist approach would

3060
02:42:54,300 --> 02:42:56,900
eventually become one of the 
most potent tools in Physics. 

3061
02:42:56,900 --> 02:43:00,300
The ancient natural philosopher 
Aristotle who was arguably the 

3062
02:43:00,300 --> 02:43:03,100
most influential adopted a 
different strategy. 

3063
02:43:03,900 --> 02:43:07,200
He concentrated on what he could
actually see rather than making 

3064
02:43:07,200 --> 02:43:10,900
assumptions about invisible 
atoms, he observed how objects 

3065
02:43:10,900 --> 02:43:13,400
moved fell and behaved under 
various conditions. 

3066
02:43:13,400 --> 02:43:16,900
He then made an effort to 
arrange these findings in to a 

3067
02:43:16,900 --> 02:43:18,800
logical framework that would 
account for everything. 

3068
02:43:18,800 --> 02:43:21,500
The physics of Aristotle. 
Resembled a complex 

3069
02:43:21,500 --> 02:43:25,200
categorization system for 
natural phenomena because they 

3070
02:43:25,200 --> 02:43:27,900
want to hit the ground more 
urgently than light objects, 

3071
02:43:27,900 --> 02:43:31,500
heavy objects fall more quickly 
when something pushes something,

3072
02:43:31,500 --> 02:43:33,600
it moves. 
And when that push stops, it 

3073
02:43:33,600 --> 02:43:36,900
stops moving heavy objects 
naturally congregate at the 

3074
02:43:36,900 --> 02:43:40,300
center of the universe, which is
why the Earth is there because 

3075
02:43:40,300 --> 02:43:43,900
it wants to ascend to its proper
location in the heavens Fire 

3076
02:43:43,900 --> 02:43:47,400
Rises. we now know that the 
majority of Aristotle's 

3077
02:43:47,400 --> 02:43:51,000
particular conclusions were 
incorrect, however, his method 

3078
02:43:51,000 --> 02:43:54,700
careful observation followed by 
methodical explanation was spot 

3079
02:43:54,700 --> 02:43:59,000
on He was looking for Trends in 
the behavior of nature rules 

3080
02:43:59,000 --> 02:44:02,200
that could forecast the future, 
in novel circumstances, even 

3081
02:44:02,200 --> 02:44:05,200
though he had few scientific 
instruments at his disposal, he 

3082
02:44:05,200 --> 02:44:08,200
was conducting research. 
These early natural philosophers

3083
02:44:08,200 --> 02:44:10,500
were brilliant because they 
believed that the universe made 

3084
02:44:10,500 --> 02:44:13,500
sense, even though some of their
discoveries were remarkably 

3085
02:44:13,500 --> 02:44:16,200
prescient, they thought that 
rather than being the random 

3086
02:44:16,200 --> 02:44:19,600
whims of irrational Gods, 
natural phenomena adhered to 

3087
02:44:19,608 --> 02:44:22,700
understandable laws. 
This presumption would turn out 

3088
02:44:22,700 --> 02:44:24,800
to be possibly the most 
significant Concept. 

3089
02:44:24,800 --> 02:44:27,500
In human thought history. 
A tradition of rigorous 

3090
02:44:27,500 --> 02:44:30,100
reasoning about the natural 
world was also being established

3091
02:44:30,100 --> 02:44:33,200
by the they were willing to 
approach problems, methodically 

3092
02:44:33,200 --> 02:44:36,900
and follow reasoning wherever it
led even if it resulted in 

3093
02:44:36,900 --> 02:44:39,300
uncomfortable or 
counterintuitive, conclusions. 

3094
02:44:39,300 --> 02:44:42,800
Rather than simply accepting 
conventional wisdom, every 

3095
02:44:42,800 --> 02:44:45,100
significant development in 
physics that followed would 

3096
02:44:45,100 --> 02:44:48,100
depend on this intellectual 
bravery as you go to bed 

3097
02:44:48,100 --> 02:44:50,800
tonight, remember that? 
These ancient philosophers were 

3098
02:44:50,800 --> 02:44:52,900
answering questions that still 
captivated us? 

3099
02:44:52,900 --> 02:44:55,300
What is the composition of the 
universe? 

3100
02:44:55,900 --> 02:44:59,300
How do things change and move? 
What basic laws, apply to 

3101
02:44:59,308 --> 02:45:01,800
everything from far off stars to
Falling apples. 

3102
02:45:01,800 --> 02:45:05,500
They lacked our resources and 
expertise, but they possess 

3103
02:45:05,500 --> 02:45:09,700
something just as valuable and 
insatiable curiosity and the 

3104
02:45:09,708 --> 02:45:13,200
endurance to consider basic 
issues carefully, the Islamic 

3105
02:45:13,200 --> 02:45:15,100
World kept the flame of natural 
philosophy. 

3106
02:45:15,100 --> 02:45:18,500
Burning after the fall of the 
Roman Empire, when Europe was 

3107
02:45:18,500 --> 02:45:20,700
busy for getting much of what 
the Greeks are discovered. 

3108
02:45:20,700 --> 02:45:23,800
The Next Great Leap in human 
understanding would, eventually 

3109
02:45:23,800 --> 02:45:26,600
be supported by the picture 
libraries in Baghdad and Cordoba

3110
02:45:26,600 --> 02:45:30,000
where Scholars preserved, Greek 
texts while adding their own 

3111
02:45:30,000 --> 02:45:34,100
observations and insights even 
now, Heather, referred to as a 

3112
02:45:34,100 --> 02:45:36,900
Hazen in the west was one of 
these Scholars who made the 

3113
02:45:36,900 --> 02:45:39,800
Revolutionary move of insisting,
that theories about the natural 

3114
02:45:39,800 --> 02:45:43,300
world be put to the test against
meticulous observations. 

3115
02:45:43,300 --> 02:45:46,400
This may seem like common sense 
but keep in mind that for 

3116
02:45:46,400 --> 02:45:48,500
centuries. 
Most people were satisfied to 

3117
02:45:48,500 --> 02:45:51,800
settle disputes by citing 
historical authorities rather 

3118
02:45:51,800 --> 02:45:53,600
than paying attention to actual 
events. 

3119
02:45:54,400 --> 02:45:56,800
Light and vision, particularly 
captivated Al Hasan. 

3120
02:45:56,800 --> 02:45:59,600
The ancient Greeks had some 
rather strange theories about 

3121
02:45:59,600 --> 02:46:02,700
how we see the world. 
For example, many thought that 

3122
02:46:02,700 --> 02:46:06,400
our eyes invisible rays that 
reflect off of objects, much 

3123
02:46:06,400 --> 02:46:09,400
like biological radar systems 
through meticulous 

3124
02:46:09,400 --> 02:46:11,900
experimentation. 
Al Hasan, discovered that light 

3125
02:46:11,900 --> 02:46:14,900
moves from objects to our eyes, 
rather than the other way around

3126
02:46:14,900 --> 02:46:18,000
in order to prove that light 
moves in straight lines. 

3127
02:46:18,000 --> 02:46:22,000
He constructed the first camera 
obscura, which is basically a 

3128
02:46:22,000 --> 02:46:26,100
gigantic pinhole camera. 
Alhazen gained insights from his

3129
02:46:26,100 --> 02:46:29,100
work with Optics that would take
centuries to fully comprehend. 

3130
02:46:29,100 --> 02:46:32,400
He understood that light is bent
by the atmosphere which 

3131
02:46:32,400 --> 02:46:35,200
functions as a lens and 
influences our perception. 

3132
02:46:35,900 --> 02:46:39,400
This explains why stars appear 
to twinkle and the Sun appears 

3133
02:46:39,400 --> 02:46:41,100
larger when it is close to the 
Horizon. 

3134
02:46:41,100 --> 02:46:44,300
How Hazen was learning. 
The observation itself might be 

3135
02:46:44,300 --> 02:46:47,300
trickier than it seemed, which 
would be important for future 

3136
02:46:47,300 --> 02:46:51,000
advances in physics. 
By translating Arabic texts, 

3137
02:46:51,000 --> 02:46:54,200
scholars in medieval Europe, 
were rediscovering Aristotle. 

3138
02:46:54,200 --> 02:46:57,700
This led to an intriguing 
situation, like playing 

3139
02:46:57,700 --> 02:46:59,500
telephone across centuries and 
cultures. 

3140
02:46:59,500 --> 02:47:02,600
European thinkers were learning 
Greek physics from Islamic 

3141
02:47:02,600 --> 02:47:05,300
commentaries during a time. 
When original scientific 

3142
02:47:05,300 --> 02:47:07,600
thinking was comparatively 
uncommon in Europe. 

3143
02:47:07,600 --> 02:47:11,200
This process kept the discussion
about natural philosophy alive. 

3144
02:47:11,200 --> 02:47:14,000
Even though it occasionally 
brought New Concepts and 

3145
02:47:14,000 --> 02:47:16,900
confusion English. 
Monk, Roger Bacon who lived in 

3146
02:47:16,900 --> 02:47:19,400
the 13th century. 
Took Al Hazen's focus on 

3147
02:47:19,400 --> 02:47:23,800
experimentation and ran with it.
Bacon believed that thorough 

3148
02:47:23,800 --> 02:47:26,100
observation, and methodical 
idea, testing could reveal the 

3149
02:47:26,100 --> 02:47:28,500
mysteries of nature. 
He studied the characteristics 

3150
02:47:28,500 --> 02:47:32,700
of magnets experimented with 
lenses and mirrors and even 

3151
02:47:32,700 --> 02:47:35,200
conjectured about flying 
machines and mechanically 

3152
02:47:35,200 --> 02:47:38,400
propelled ships Concepts, that 
would not be realized. 

3153
02:47:38,400 --> 02:47:41,800
For centuries, Bacon's method 
was revolutionary because rather

3154
02:47:41,800 --> 02:47:45,100
than merely interpreting ancient
authorities, he argued that 

3155
02:47:45,100 --> 02:47:47,900
humans could uncover new truths 
about the natural world. 

3156
02:47:47,900 --> 02:47:51,000
This was potentially 
theologically dangerous as well 

3157
02:47:51,000 --> 02:47:53,700
as intellectually radical. 
What did it say about the 

3158
02:47:53,700 --> 02:47:55,900
completeness of revealed? 
Knowledge of people could learn 

3159
02:47:55,900 --> 02:47:59,200
new things about God's creation 
on their own for centuries, the 

3160
02:47:59,200 --> 02:48:01,300
conflict between religious 
Authority and natural 

3161
02:48:01,300 --> 02:48:03,600
philosophy. 
Based on observation would 

3162
02:48:03,600 --> 02:48:06,200
simmer and occasionally explode 
into major battles. 

3163
02:48:06,200 --> 02:48:10,200
However, rather than questioning
religious Doctrine, the majority

3164
02:48:10,200 --> 02:48:12,900
of natural philosophers of the 
Middle Ages were able to present

3165
02:48:12,900 --> 02:48:15,500
their work as a means of 
comprehending God's creation. 

3166
02:48:15,500 --> 02:48:18,600
It was believed that the same 
Divine intelligence wrote both 

3167
02:48:18,600 --> 02:48:21,900
the book of scripture and the 
Book of nature, which they were 

3168
02:48:21,900 --> 02:48:23,100
reading. 
Side by side. 

3169
02:48:23,100 --> 02:48:26,100
Some of these conflicts were 
eased by the renowned medieval 

3170
02:48:26,100 --> 02:48:29,700
Theologian, Thomas Aquinas, who 
maintained that faith and reason

3171
02:48:29,700 --> 02:48:33,100
were complementary, rather than 
antagonistic, while theology 

3172
02:48:33,100 --> 02:48:36,100
addressed spiritual issues. 
Natural philosophy was able to 

3173
02:48:36,100 --> 02:48:39,300
uncover truths about the 
material world by avoiding 

3174
02:48:39,300 --> 02:48:41,700
direct confrontations with 
religious authorities. 

3175
02:48:41,700 --> 02:48:44,500
This intellectual division of 
labor allowed, natural 

3176
02:48:44,500 --> 02:48:47,600
philosophy to flourish. 
Additionally more advanced. 

3177
02:48:47,600 --> 02:48:51,000
Mathematical instruments emerged
during the Middle Ages Islamic 

3178
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:53,800
sources, taught European 
scholars algebra and Arabic 

3179
02:48:53,800 --> 02:48:56,800
numerals, which significantly, 
enhance their computational 

3180
02:48:56,800 --> 02:48:59,900
skills, they established the 
foundation for the quantitative 

3181
02:48:59,900 --> 02:49:01,000
method. 
That would ultimately 

3182
02:49:01,000 --> 02:49:04,500
revolutionize physics by 
starting to apply mathematical 

3183
02:49:04,500 --> 02:49:08,100
analysis to physical issues. 
The stage was set for something.

3184
02:49:08,100 --> 02:49:11,400
Extraordinary by the end of the 
Middle, Ages, the value of 

3185
02:49:11,408 --> 02:49:13,900
meticulous observation and 
experimentation had been 

3186
02:49:13,900 --> 02:49:15,600
established by natural 
philosophers. 

3187
02:49:15,600 --> 02:49:18,900
They had access to progressively
more potent, mathematical 

3188
02:49:18,900 --> 02:49:21,200
instruments. 
They had established a framework

3189
02:49:21,200 --> 02:49:24,300
for considering natural 
philosophy to be a valid 

3190
02:49:24,300 --> 02:49:26,100
approach to studying God's 
creation. 

3191
02:49:26,100 --> 02:49:30,200
They also had centuries worth of
observations on everything from 

3192
02:49:30,200 --> 02:49:34,100
how light behaves to how planets
move, the next thing they needed

3193
02:49:34,100 --> 02:49:36,500
was someone who was prepared to 
question basic beliefs, about 

3194
02:49:36,500 --> 02:49:39,200
the structure of the universe 
even though he wouldn't 

3195
02:49:39,200 --> 02:49:42,200
transform astronomy for several 
more decades, someone was 

3196
02:49:42,200 --> 02:49:44,100
already being born in a small 
polish town. 

3197
02:49:44,100 --> 02:49:47,200
It's important to recognize the 
amount of intellectual 

3198
02:49:47,200 --> 02:49:49,700
foundations that had been 
established by centuries of 

3199
02:49:49,700 --> 02:49:53,300
patient thinkers who were happy 
to make observations pose 

3200
02:49:53,300 --> 02:49:56,600
questions and gradually Advance.
Human knowledge of the natural 

3201
02:49:56,600 --> 02:49:59,000
world before we met Nicolaus, 
Copernicus. 

3202
02:49:59,000 --> 02:50:02,300
Imagine living a lifetime under 
the assumption that the Sun, 

3203
02:50:02,300 --> 02:50:06,900
Moon planets stars and Earth all
revolve around us in a Complex 

3204
02:50:06,900 --> 02:50:10,500
Celestial dance and that the 
Earth remains motionless of the 

3205
02:50:10,500 --> 02:50:13,200
center of the universe. 
Then picture someone gently 

3206
02:50:13,200 --> 02:50:16,400
pointing out that perhaps were 
in reverse that perhaps we're 

3207
02:50:16,400 --> 02:50:18,400
the ones dancing, while the sun 
remains motionless. 

3208
02:50:18,400 --> 02:50:22,000
It's difficult to exaggerate how
fundamentally this idea, 

3209
02:50:22,000 --> 02:50:24,400
upended. 
The medieval worldview, which is

3210
02:50:24,400 --> 02:50:27,200
precisely what, Nicholas 
Copernicus suggested in the 16th

3211
02:50:27,200 --> 02:50:29,900
century. 
Panicis had no intention of 

3212
02:50:29,900 --> 02:50:32,800
igniting a revolution in 
reality, he was a fairly 

3213
02:50:32,808 --> 02:50:35,900
conservative, man, a church 
Canon, who managed Church 

3214
02:50:35,900 --> 02:50:39,400
finances, occasionally practiced
medicine and had a hobby of 

3215
02:50:39,408 --> 02:50:41,200
studying mathematics and 
astronomy. 

3216
02:50:41,200 --> 02:50:43,500
A technical issue in ptolemaic, 
astronomy. 

3217
02:50:43,500 --> 02:50:46,000
Troubled him. 
The mathematical models used to 

3218
02:50:46,008 --> 02:50:48,000
forecast. 
Planetary motions were growing, 

3219
02:50:48,000 --> 02:50:51,100
more complex and laborious. 
He thought it was inelegant to 

3220
02:50:51,100 --> 02:50:53,800
keep adding circles within 
circles to account for observed,

3221
02:50:53,800 --> 02:50:57,400
planetary positions, like a 
lovely equation ruined by too 

3222
02:50:57,400 --> 02:50:59,500
many. 
Correction factors Copernicus. 

3223
02:50:59,500 --> 02:51:01,100
Therefore attempted a thought 
experiment. 

3224
02:51:01,100 --> 02:51:05,200
What if the Sun not the Earth 
were at the center of the 

3225
02:51:05,200 --> 02:51:08,300
planetary system? 
Something lovely occurred. 

3226
02:51:08,300 --> 02:51:11,300
When he sold the math, The 
Limited range of Mercury and 

3227
02:51:11,300 --> 02:51:14,200
Venus from the Sun. 
The way, Mars occasionally seems

3228
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:17,200
to move backwards against the 
background stars, and many other

3229
02:51:17,200 --> 02:51:20,200
complex aspects of planetary 
motion suddenly made perfect 

3230
02:51:20,200 --> 02:51:22,300
sense. 
These were the inevitable 

3231
02:51:22,300 --> 02:51:25,100
results of tracking planetary 
motion from a moving platform, 

3232
02:51:25,100 --> 02:51:29,000
not enigmatic and anomalies that
needed intricate explanations. 

3233
02:51:29,000 --> 02:51:31,900
It was similar to realizing that
the scenery outside a train 

3234
02:51:31,900 --> 02:51:34,400
window, seemed to move backwards
because you are moving and not 

3235
02:51:34,400 --> 02:51:37,900
the scenery itself. 
Everything else is apparent, 

3236
02:51:37,900 --> 02:51:39,800
motion becomes completely 
understandable. 

3237
02:51:39,800 --> 02:51:42,500
Once you comprehend your own 
motion Copernicus. 

3238
02:51:42,500 --> 02:51:46,000
However, was reluctant to 
publish this Theory, He realized

3239
02:51:46,000 --> 02:51:48,300
that implying that the Earth 
moves was a fundamental 

3240
02:51:48,300 --> 02:51:51,000
challenge to how people perceive
their place in the universe. 

3241
02:51:51,000 --> 02:51:53,800
Not just a technical 
astronomical adjustment. 

3242
02:51:53,800 --> 02:51:57,300
According to the medieval 
perspective Humanities unique 

3243
02:51:57,300 --> 02:52:00,000
place in God's creation, was 
symbolized by the Earth's 

3244
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:02,200
location at the center of the 
universe. 

3245
02:52:02,200 --> 02:52:05,500
Humanity appeared to be devalued
from the center of divine 

3246
02:52:05,500 --> 02:52:07,600
attention to just another 
wandering Planet. 

3247
02:52:07,600 --> 02:52:11,700
When the Earth was moved out to 
orbit the sun Copernicus spent 

3248
02:52:11,700 --> 02:52:14,100
decades refining, his 
mathematical models and 

3249
02:52:14,100 --> 02:52:16,900
Gathering evidence. 
But he was reluctant to expose 

3250
02:52:16,900 --> 02:52:21,000
his ideas to public criticism. 
Finally, in 1543, he published 

3251
02:52:21,000 --> 02:52:24,300
on the revolution's of the 
celestial spheres presenting. 

3252
02:52:24,300 --> 02:52:27,600
His heliocentric model as a 
mathematical convenience that 

3253
02:52:27,600 --> 02:52:30,600
happened to provide more elegant
explanations for astronomical 

3254
02:52:30,600 --> 02:52:33,000
observations. 
The book was dedicated to the 

3255
02:52:33,008 --> 02:52:35,400
pope and carefully framed to 
minimize theological 

3256
02:52:35,400 --> 02:52:37,900
controversy. 
The immediate reaction was 

3257
02:52:37,900 --> 02:52:41,000
remarkably muted. 
Most astronomers treated the 

3258
02:52:41,000 --> 02:52:43,400
copernican system as an 
interesting mathematical tool 

3259
02:52:43,400 --> 02:52:45,600
rather than a literal 
description of reality. 

3260
02:52:45,600 --> 02:52:49,200
It was useful for calculations. 
But didn't necessarily mean the 

3261
02:52:49,200 --> 02:52:52,100
Earth, actually moved this 
response, allowed the healing 

3262
02:52:52,100 --> 02:52:55,900
Centric idea to circulate and 
gain supporters without 

3263
02:52:55,900 --> 02:52:58,300
immediately triggering the 
religious backlash that 

3264
02:52:58,300 --> 02:53:01,900
Copernicus had feared But some 
people understood the broader 

3265
02:53:01,900 --> 02:53:05,100
implications immediately if the 
Earth was just another planet 

3266
02:53:05,100 --> 02:53:07,000
orbiting the Sun. 
What did that say about 

3267
02:53:07,000 --> 02:53:10,500
Humanity's special status? 
If the universe was much larger 

3268
02:53:10,500 --> 02:53:13,900
than previously thought and Had 
to be to explain why we don't 

3269
02:53:13,900 --> 02:53:15,600
observe stellar parallax as 
Earth. 

3270
02:53:15,600 --> 02:53:18,500
Orbits the Sun. 
What did that suggest about our 

3271
02:53:18,500 --> 02:53:21,600
Cosmic significance? 
These questions would trouble, 

3272
02:53:21,600 --> 02:53:24,000
theologians and philosophers for
Generations. 

3273
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:27,600
The copernican revolution also 
demonstrated something important

3274
02:53:27,600 --> 02:53:31,200
about how scientific ideas 
develop and spread revolutionary

3275
02:53:31,200 --> 02:53:34,000
Concepts often begin as 
Technical Solutions to narrow 

3276
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:35,700
problems within specialized 
fields. 

3277
02:53:36,600 --> 02:53:40,100
Copernicus was trying to improve
astronomical calculations, not 

3278
02:53:40,100 --> 02:53:43,800
overthrow, medieval cosmology, 
but ideas have consequences that

3279
02:53:43,800 --> 02:53:47,300
extend far beyond their original
contexts and those consequences 

3280
02:53:47,300 --> 02:53:51,800
can transform entire worldviews.
Moreover the acceptance of new 

3281
02:53:51,800 --> 02:53:55,400
ideas, often depends as much on 
their practical utility as on 

3282
02:53:55,400 --> 02:53:58,700
their theoretical Elegance. 
The copernican system gained 

3283
02:53:58,700 --> 02:54:01,100
supporters partly because it 
provided better predictions of 

3284
02:54:01,108 --> 02:54:04,100
planetary positions, which was 
important for navigation, 

3285
02:54:04,100 --> 02:54:08,200
calendar reform, and 
astrological calculations people

3286
02:54:08,200 --> 02:54:11,400
adopted heliocentric astronomy, 
not necessarily because they 

3287
02:54:11,400 --> 02:54:13,900
were convinced the Earth 
actually moved, but because it 

3288
02:54:13,900 --> 02:54:16,800
worked better for practical 
purposes, this pattern. 

3289
02:54:16,800 --> 02:54:20,800
Technical improvements leading 
to conceptual revolution's would

3290
02:54:20,800 --> 02:54:23,600
repeat throughout the history of
physics, improvements in 

3291
02:54:23,600 --> 02:54:27,000
mathematical techniques, 
observational, instruments, or 

3292
02:54:27,000 --> 02:54:30,000
experimental methods, often 
reveal new phenomena that 

3293
02:54:30,000 --> 02:54:33,000
require fundamental changes in 
theoretical understanding 

3294
02:54:33,700 --> 02:54:36,500
Copernican Revolution was one of
the first clear examples of this

3295
02:54:36,500 --> 02:54:39,800
process but it certainly 
wouldn't be the last as you 

3296
02:54:39,800 --> 02:54:41,800
drift off tonight. 
Consider how comfortable 

3297
02:54:41,800 --> 02:54:44,400
assumptions about the nature of 
reality can be quietly. 

3298
02:54:44,400 --> 02:54:48,000
Undermined by patient technical 
work, Copernicus, didn't set out

3299
02:54:48,000 --> 02:54:50,800
to revolutionize human thought, 
he just wanted to make 

3300
02:54:50,800 --> 02:54:54,300
astronomical calculations more 
elegant, but sometimes, the 

3301
02:54:54,300 --> 02:54:57,400
pursuit of mathematical Beauty 
leads to profound insights about

3302
02:54:57,400 --> 02:55:00,800
the structure of the universe 
insights that Force us to 

3303
02:55:00,800 --> 02:55:03,700
reconsider our most basic 
assumptions about our place in 

3304
02:55:03,708 --> 02:55:07,700
the cosmic order, picture 
yourself in 1609 living in a 

3305
02:55:07,700 --> 02:55:10,000
world where the most distant 
things, you can see, clearly are

3306
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:14,000
few miles away on a clear day. 
Suddenly someone hands, you a 

3307
02:55:14,000 --> 02:55:16,700
device that lets you see the 
craters on the moon, the moon's 

3308
02:55:16,700 --> 02:55:19,900
of Jupiter and thousands of 
previously invisible Stars. 

3309
02:55:19,900 --> 02:55:22,700
This is what happened. 
When Galileo Galilee turned, his

3310
02:55:22,700 --> 02:55:25,900
newly, improved telescope toward
the sky, and the universe has 

3311
02:55:25,900 --> 02:55:29,000
never looked the same since 
Galileo, didn't invent the 

3312
02:55:29,000 --> 02:55:31,300
telescope. 
That honor belongs to Dutch 

3313
02:55:31,300 --> 02:55:34,100
spectacle makers, who discovered
that certain Combinations of 

3314
02:55:34,100 --> 02:55:37,800
lenses could magnify distant 
objects but Galileo heard about 

3315
02:55:37,800 --> 02:55:41,300
these devices, immediately 
grasped their potential and set 

3316
02:55:41,300 --> 02:55:44,000
about him proving their design 
with the enthusiasm of someone 

3317
02:55:44,000 --> 02:55:46,600
who had found the perfect tool 
for satisfying. 

3318
02:55:46,600 --> 02:55:50,700
His curiosity about the natural 
world within months, Galileo had

3319
02:55:50,700 --> 02:55:54,800
built telescopes, that magnified
objects 20 times, or more far 

3320
02:55:54,800 --> 02:55:57,600
better than anything previously 
available, then he did 

3321
02:55:57,600 --> 02:55:59,000
something. 
That seems obvious in 

3322
02:55:59,000 --> 02:56:02,800
retrospect, but was actually 
quite revolutionary Pointed his 

3323
02:56:02,808 --> 02:56:05,800
telescope at the night sky and 
systematically observed. 

3324
02:56:05,800 --> 02:56:08,200
What he saw their. 
Most people had been using 

3325
02:56:08,200 --> 02:56:11,500
telescopes to observe distant 
ships or enemy fortifications. 

3326
02:56:11,500 --> 02:56:14,500
Practical applications that 
everyone could understand. 

3327
02:56:15,700 --> 02:56:18,200
Galileo was using them to 
explore the cosmos. 

3328
02:56:18,200 --> 02:56:22,200
What he discovered changed, 
everything the moon, which had 

3329
02:56:22,200 --> 02:56:24,900
appeared to be a perfect smooth 
sphere In classical astronomy. 

3330
02:56:24,900 --> 02:56:28,500
Turned out to have mountains. 
Valleys and what appeared to be 

3331
02:56:28,508 --> 02:56:31,800
ancient impact craters. 
The Milky Way, which looked like

3332
02:56:31,800 --> 02:56:35,700
a faint Cloud, to the naked, eye
resolved in 2000s of individual 

3333
02:56:35,700 --> 02:56:38,400
Stars. 
Venus showed phases, like the 

3334
02:56:38,400 --> 02:56:41,200
moon. 
Cycling from Full to Crescent as

3335
02:56:41,200 --> 02:56:43,300
it orbited. 
The sun most dramatically 

3336
02:56:43,300 --> 02:56:47,600
Galileo, discovered four, moons 
orbiting Jupiter These were not 

3337
02:56:47,600 --> 02:56:50,100
just distant stars that moved 
slightly from night to night. 

3338
02:56:50,100 --> 02:56:53,200
These were clearly satellites 
revolving around the giant 

3339
02:56:53,200 --> 02:56:55,300
planet. 
In regular predictable patterns 

3340
02:56:55,300 --> 02:56:58,400
for the first time in human 
history, someone had Direct 

3341
02:56:58,400 --> 02:57:01,100
observational evidence that not 
everything in the universe 

3342
02:57:01,100 --> 02:57:04,300
revolved around Earth. 
The discovery of Jupiter's moons

3343
02:57:04,300 --> 02:57:07,100
was particularly significant 
because it demolished one of the

3344
02:57:07,100 --> 02:57:10,600
main objections to the caperna, 
consistent critics had argued. 

3345
02:57:10,600 --> 02:57:12,800
That, if the Earth moved through
space, it would leave the moon 

3346
02:57:12,800 --> 02:57:14,900
behind like a horse out, running
its Rider. 

3347
02:57:16,000 --> 02:57:19,200
But here was Jupiter clearly 
moving through the heavens while

3348
02:57:19,200 --> 02:57:22,100
keeping four moons in toe. 
If Jupiter could maintain 

3349
02:57:22,100 --> 02:57:24,500
satellites while moving, why 
couldn't Earth do the same? 

3350
02:57:24,500 --> 02:57:27,800
Galileo, published his 
telescopic observations in a 

3351
02:57:27,808 --> 02:57:31,100
book called siderius, nuncius 
The Starry Messenger and it 

3352
02:57:31,100 --> 02:57:34,300
became an immediate sensation 
educated people across Europe. 

3353
02:57:34,300 --> 02:57:36,800
Were fascinated by these 
Revelations about the true 

3354
02:57:36,800 --> 02:57:40,900
nature of the celestial realm. 
Some were skeptical, How could a

3355
02:57:40,900 --> 02:57:43,600
mere Optical instrument reveal 
truths that had been hidden from

3356
02:57:43,600 --> 02:57:46,900
human eyes for all of recorded 
history, others worried about 

3357
02:57:46,900 --> 02:57:49,700
the theological implications of 
discovering that the heavens 

3358
02:57:49,700 --> 02:57:52,100
were far more complex and 
diverse than anyone had 

3359
02:57:52,100 --> 02:57:54,900
imagined. 
The Galileo's telescopic 

3360
02:57:54,900 --> 02:57:57,500
observations were just the 
beginning of his contributions 

3361
02:57:57,500 --> 02:57:59,800
to physics. 
He was equally fascinated by 

3362
02:57:59,800 --> 02:58:02,600
motion here on Earth, and he 
approached the study of moving 

3363
02:58:02,600 --> 02:58:06,200
objects with the same systematic
methodology that he applied to 

3364
02:58:06,208 --> 02:58:08,400
astronomy. 
This terrestrial work, would 

3365
02:58:08,400 --> 02:58:11,200
prove even more revolutionary 
than his Celestial discoverers 

3366
02:58:11,200 --> 02:58:13,400
Galileo. 
Realized that Aristotelian 

3367
02:58:13,400 --> 02:58:15,500
physics. 
Which are dominated European 

3368
02:58:15,500 --> 02:58:18,500
thought for over a millennium, 
was simply wrong about some 

3369
02:58:18,500 --> 02:58:21,800
fundamental aspects of motion 
Aristotle had taught that heavy 

3370
02:58:21,800 --> 02:58:23,700
objects fall, faster than light 
ones. 

3371
02:58:23,700 --> 02:58:26,400
That objects in motion naturally
come to rest. 

3372
02:58:26,400 --> 02:58:29,400
And that the motion of 
projectiles required, continuous

3373
02:58:29,400 --> 02:58:33,000
pushing by the surrounding air 
Galileo's, careful, experiments 

3374
02:58:33,000 --> 02:58:35,300
and mathematical analysis 
revealed that none of these 

3375
02:58:35,300 --> 02:58:38,900
ideas accurately described how 
things actually moved through 

3376
02:58:38,900 --> 02:58:42,000
ingenious experiments with 
inclined planes pendulums and 

3377
02:58:42,000 --> 02:58:45,400
projectiles Galileo, discovered 
that all objects fall at the 

3378
02:58:45,400 --> 02:58:48,500
same rate in the absence of air 
resistance, the objects in 

3379
02:58:48,500 --> 02:58:51,600
motion, tend to stay in motion, 
unless something stops them and 

3380
02:58:51,600 --> 02:58:54,100
their projectile motion. 
Can be understood as a 

3381
02:58:54,100 --> 02:58:57,500
combination of horizontal motion
at constant velocity and 

3382
02:58:57,500 --> 02:59:01,100
vertical motion under constant 
acceleration, these insights 

3383
02:59:01,100 --> 02:59:03,600
laid, the groundwork for a 
completely new understanding of 

3384
02:59:03,600 --> 02:59:06,000
mechanics. 
Perhaps more importantly, 

3385
02:59:06,000 --> 02:59:09,700
Galileo, pioneered the use of 
mathematics to describe physical

3386
02:59:09,700 --> 02:59:13,000
phenomena, quantitatively 
instead of just saying that 

3387
02:59:13,000 --> 02:59:17,300
objects fall quickly or slowly. 
He measured exactly how their 

3388
02:59:17,300 --> 02:59:20,400
velocities change with time 
instead of Simply observing that

3389
02:59:20,400 --> 02:59:23,700
pendulum swing back and forth. 
He discovered the mathematical 

3390
02:59:23,700 --> 02:59:26,700
relationship between a 
pendulum's length and its period

3391
02:59:26,700 --> 02:59:29,000
of oscillation. 
This mathematical approach to 

3392
02:59:29,000 --> 02:59:31,500
physics was revolutionary 
because it allowed theories to 

3393
02:59:31,500 --> 02:59:33,500
make precise testable 
predictions. 

3394
02:59:33,500 --> 02:59:37,000
If you knew the mathematical 
laws governing motion, you could

3395
02:59:37,000 --> 02:59:40,100
predict exactly where a 
projectile would land, how long 

3396
02:59:40,100 --> 02:59:43,100
a pendulum would take to 
complete its swing, or how fast 

3397
02:59:43,100 --> 02:59:45,700
and object would be moving after
falling, a given distance. 

3398
02:59:45,700 --> 02:59:49,100
Physics was becoming a 
quantitative science capable of 

3399
02:59:49,108 --> 02:59:51,500
making precise predictions about
natural phenomena. 

3400
02:59:51,500 --> 02:59:55,700
Galileo's combination of 
systematic observation, careful 

3401
02:59:55,700 --> 02:59:59,200
experimentation and mathematical
analysis established, the 

3402
02:59:59,208 --> 03:00:02,400
methodology that would guide 
physics for centuries to come. 

3403
03:00:02,400 --> 03:00:05,300
He showed that human beings 
could discover the Mathematical 

3404
03:00:05,300 --> 03:00:07,700
laws governing natural phenomena
through patient. 

3405
03:00:07,700 --> 03:00:11,200
Systematic investigation. 
This was profoundly optimistic 

3406
03:00:11,200 --> 03:00:13,900
vision. 
The universe might be vast and 

3407
03:00:13,900 --> 03:00:16,500
complex, but it was also 
comprehensible to human 

3408
03:00:16,500 --> 03:00:19,400
intelligence equipped with the 
right tools and methods. 

3409
03:00:19,400 --> 03:00:22,200
There's something deeply 
satisfying about the story of 

3410
03:00:22,208 --> 03:00:25,200
Newton's Apple even though it 
probably never happened. 

3411
03:00:25,200 --> 03:00:28,100
Quite the way popular Legend, 
tells it the image of a young 

3412
03:00:28,108 --> 03:00:30,300
man sitting under a tree struck 
by inspiration. 

3413
03:00:30,300 --> 03:00:33,300
When a piece of fruit falls on 
his head captures something 

3414
03:00:33,300 --> 03:00:35,900
essential about the nature of 
scientific discovery. 

3415
03:00:35,900 --> 03:00:39,300
Sometimes the most profound 
insights come from paying 

3416
03:00:39,300 --> 03:00:41,700
attention to the most ordinary 
phenomena. 

3417
03:00:41,700 --> 03:00:44,400
The real Newton was far more 
complex than the legend 

3418
03:00:44,400 --> 03:00:46,400
suggests. 
He was a mathematician of 

3419
03:00:46,400 --> 03:00:49,200
extraordinary talent and 
Alchemists, who spent years 

3420
03:00:49,200 --> 03:00:52,700
trying to transmute base Metals 
into gold, a theologian, who 

3421
03:00:52,700 --> 03:00:55,600
wrote more about biblical 
prophecy than about physics and 

3422
03:00:55,600 --> 03:00:58,300
a natural philosopher, who 
somehow managed to create a 

3423
03:00:58,300 --> 03:01:00,800
unified mathematical description
of motion. 

3424
03:01:00,800 --> 03:01:03,200
That worked equally well for 
falling apples and orbiting 

3425
03:01:03,200 --> 03:01:06,600
planets when Newton began his 
serious work on mechanics and 

3426
03:01:06,600 --> 03:01:09,900
gravitational. 
In the 1660s, he inherited a 

3427
03:01:09,900 --> 03:01:12,800
collection of important but 
disconnected in Sights from his 

3428
03:01:12,800 --> 03:01:15,600
predecessors. 
Galileo had discovered the 

3429
03:01:15,600 --> 03:01:18,400
mathematical laws governing 
motion on Earth Kepler 

3430
03:01:18,400 --> 03:01:22,000
discovered that planets move in 
elliptical orbits according to 

3431
03:01:22,000 --> 03:01:25,700
precise mathematical 
relationships, The cart had 

3432
03:01:25,700 --> 03:01:28,100
suggested that all natural 
phenomena could be understood 

3433
03:01:28,100 --> 03:01:31,100
through mechanical principles, 
but no one had figured out how 

3434
03:01:31,100 --> 03:01:33,400
to tie these discoveries 
together into a coherent 

3435
03:01:33,400 --> 03:01:37,200
theoretical framework. 
Newton's genius, lay in 

3436
03:01:37,200 --> 03:01:39,600
recognizing, that terrestrial 
and Celestial mechanics were 

3437
03:01:39,600 --> 03:01:42,300
really the same thing. 
The force that makes an apple 

3438
03:01:42,300 --> 03:01:44,700
fall from a tree as the same 
force that keeps the moon in 

3439
03:01:44,700 --> 03:01:47,800
orbit around Earth and the 
planets in orbit around the sun.

3440
03:01:47,800 --> 03:01:51,600
This Insight, the universality 
of gravitation was one of the 

3441
03:01:51,600 --> 03:01:53,900
most profound unifying 
principles in the history of 

3442
03:01:53,900 --> 03:01:57,300
science, but Newton didn't just 
propose that gravity was 

3443
03:01:57,300 --> 03:01:59,700
Universal. 
He worked out the mathematical 

3444
03:01:59,700 --> 03:02:01,700
details with extraordinary 
Precision. 

3445
03:02:01,700 --> 03:02:04,900
He showed that gravitational 
force decreases with the square 

3446
03:02:04,900 --> 03:02:08,400
of the distance between objects 
and that this inverse Square law

3447
03:02:08,400 --> 03:02:10,400
could account for all of 
Kepler's observational, 

3448
03:02:10,400 --> 03:02:12,200
discoveries about planetary 
emotion. 

3449
03:02:12,200 --> 03:02:15,400
He demonstrated that the same 
mathematical principles could 

3450
03:02:15,400 --> 03:02:18,300
explain the tides, the 
precession of Earth rotation, 

3451
03:02:18,300 --> 03:02:20,500
and the complex motions of 
comets. 

3452
03:02:21,600 --> 03:02:24,100
The mathematical sophistication 
of Newton's work was 

3453
03:02:24,100 --> 03:02:26,300
unprecedented to solve the 
problems. 

3454
03:02:26,300 --> 03:02:29,400
He was tackling Newton had to 
invent entirely new mathematical

3455
03:02:29,400 --> 03:02:32,400
techniques. 
What we now call calculus, he 

3456
03:02:32,400 --> 03:02:35,700
developed methods for analyzing 
continuously changing quantities

3457
03:02:35,700 --> 03:02:37,800
for understanding the 
relationship between 

3458
03:02:37,800 --> 03:02:41,300
instantaneous, velocity and 
position and for calculating the

3459
03:02:41,300 --> 03:02:43,800
forces required to produce 
complex motions. 

3460
03:02:43,800 --> 03:02:48,400
Newton's principia Mathematica 
published in 1687 was unlike 

3461
03:02:48,400 --> 03:02:49,900
anything that had ever been 
written. 

3462
03:02:49,900 --> 03:02:52,900
It presented a complete 
mathematical system for 

3463
03:02:52,900 --> 03:02:56,400
understanding motion and force 
derive from just a few basic 

3464
03:02:56,400 --> 03:02:59,800
principles and applicable to 
everything from projectiles to 

3465
03:02:59,800 --> 03:03:02,700
planets the book was so 
mathematically sophisticated 

3466
03:03:02,700 --> 03:03:05,800
that only a handful of people in
Europe could fully understand it

3467
03:03:05,800 --> 03:03:09,300
when it was first published But 
the implications of Newton's 

3468
03:03:09,300 --> 03:03:12,200
work extended far beyond 
technical mathematics. 

3469
03:03:12,200 --> 03:03:15,500
He had shown that the Universe 
operated according to precise, 

3470
03:03:15,500 --> 03:03:18,300
mathematical laws that human 
beings could discover, and 

3471
03:03:18,300 --> 03:03:20,800
understand the same principles 
that govern. 

3472
03:03:20,800 --> 03:03:23,400
The laboratory bench also 
governed, the Motions of stars 

3473
03:03:23,400 --> 03:03:25,900
and galaxies. 
This was a breathtakingly 

3474
03:03:25,900 --> 03:03:29,400
unified vision of Nature and it 
suggested that everything in the

3475
03:03:29,400 --> 03:03:32,200
universe from the smallest 
particle to the largest 

3476
03:03:32,200 --> 03:03:36,700
Celestial body was part of a 
single coherent, mathematically 

3477
03:03:36,700 --> 03:03:40,300
describable system, Newton's 
mechanics also established a new

3478
03:03:40,308 --> 03:03:42,900
standard for what scientific 
theories should accomplish. 

3479
03:03:43,600 --> 03:03:46,900
A good theory, didn't just 
explain known phenomena, it made

3480
03:03:46,900 --> 03:03:49,500
precise predictions that could 
be tested against future 

3481
03:03:49,500 --> 03:03:52,100
observations Newton's 
gravitational Theory. 

3482
03:03:52,100 --> 03:03:54,700
Predicted the existence of 
previously unknown celestial 

3483
03:03:54,700 --> 03:03:58,400
objects explained, puzzling 
features of commentary, orbits 

3484
03:03:58,400 --> 03:04:02,100
and even allowed astronomers to 
discover new planets by 

3485
03:04:02,100 --> 03:04:05,800
analyzing tiny, irregularities 
in the Motions of known planets.

3486
03:04:05,800 --> 03:04:09,100
The success of Newtonian 
mechanics, had profound cultural

3487
03:04:09,100 --> 03:04:11,800
implications. 
If the universe operated like a 

3488
03:04:11,808 --> 03:04:13,800
vast, precise Clockwork 
mechanism. 

3489
03:04:13,800 --> 03:04:17,200
What did that suggest about the 
role of divine intervention in 

3490
03:04:17,200 --> 03:04:19,900
natural Affairs? 
If human reason could discover 

3491
03:04:19,900 --> 03:04:23,500
the mathematical laws, governing
all natural phenomena, what were

3492
03:04:23,500 --> 03:04:26,800
the limits of human knowledge? 
These questions would occupy 

3493
03:04:26,800 --> 03:04:30,400
philosophers and theologians for
Generations Newton himself was 

3494
03:04:30,400 --> 03:04:33,000
deeply religious and saw his 
scientific work. 

3495
03:04:33,000 --> 03:04:35,600
As revealing the mathematical 
Harmony of God's creation. 

3496
03:04:36,600 --> 03:04:38,900
He believed that the elegant 
mathematical structure of 

3497
03:04:38,908 --> 03:04:41,900
natural laws provided evidence 
for divine intelligence and 

3498
03:04:41,900 --> 03:04:43,700
design. 
But later, thinkers would 

3499
03:04:43,700 --> 03:04:46,100
sometimes use Newtonian 
mechanics to support more 

3500
03:04:46,100 --> 03:04:48,400
materialistic or deterministic 
World Views. 

3501
03:04:49,400 --> 03:04:52,200
The Practical applications of 
Newtonian mechanics were equally

3502
03:04:52,200 --> 03:04:54,700
revolutionary. 
Engineers could now calculate 

3503
03:04:54,700 --> 03:04:58,600
the precise forces and motioned 
in mechanical systems, leading 

3504
03:04:58,600 --> 03:05:01,700
to dramatic, improvements in 
everything from Mill, Machinery 

3505
03:05:01,700 --> 03:05:04,700
to Naval architecture. 
Navigators could predict the 

3506
03:05:04,700 --> 03:05:07,600
positions of celestial bodies 
with unprecedented accuracy. 

3507
03:05:08,600 --> 03:05:11,000
The Industrial Revolution was 
built in part on the 

3508
03:05:11,000 --> 03:05:13,700
mathematical understanding of 
mechanics that Newton had 

3509
03:05:13,700 --> 03:05:16,100
provided as you settle into 
sleep tonight. 

3510
03:05:16,100 --> 03:05:19,600
Consider the extraordinary 
intellectual achievement that 

3511
03:05:19,600 --> 03:05:22,400
Newton represented. 
He took the scattered insights 

3512
03:05:22,400 --> 03:05:24,800
of his predecessors and wove 
them into a mathematical 

3513
03:05:24,800 --> 03:05:27,700
tapestry that revealed the 
fundamental architecture of the 

3514
03:05:27,700 --> 03:05:30,500
physical Universe for the first 
time in human history. 

3515
03:05:30,500 --> 03:05:33,200
People could understand the 
cosmos not as a collection of 

3516
03:05:33,200 --> 03:05:37,100
mysterious phenomena, but as a 
single integrated system 

3517
03:05:37,100 --> 03:05:40,100
operating according to 
comprehensible, mathematical 

3518
03:05:40,100 --> 03:05:42,900
principles, while Newton was 
revealing, the mathematical 

3519
03:05:42,900 --> 03:05:45,900
architecture of motion and 
gravitation other natural. 

3520
03:05:45,900 --> 03:05:48,400
Philosophers were grappling with
phenomena, that seemed more 

3521
03:05:48,400 --> 03:05:52,400
subtle and mysterious heat light
electricity. 

3522
03:05:52,400 --> 03:05:56,800
And magnetism these forces could
be felt and observed, but they 

3523
03:05:56,800 --> 03:05:59,000
didn't fit neatly into the 
mechanical framework. 

3524
03:05:59,000 --> 03:06:01,200
That worked so well for 
understanding the motion of 

3525
03:06:01,200 --> 03:06:04,100
solid objects, consider heat 
something. 

3526
03:06:04,100 --> 03:06:07,000
So fundamental to Human 
Experience that we rarely think 

3527
03:06:07,000 --> 03:06:09,700
about what it actually is. 
For centuries, most people 

3528
03:06:09,700 --> 03:06:12,900
assumed that heat was a kind of 
invisible fluid called caloric 

3529
03:06:12,900 --> 03:06:16,500
that flowed from hot objects to 
cold ones, like water flowing 

3530
03:06:16,500 --> 03:06:19,300
downhill. 
But Dalton's atoms were still 

3531
03:06:19,300 --> 03:06:21,800
hypothetical. 
Entities inferred from indirect 

3532
03:06:21,800 --> 03:06:24,800
evidence. 
Nobody had actually seen an atom

3533
03:06:24,800 --> 03:06:26,200
or measured its properties 
directly. 

3534
03:06:26,200 --> 03:06:29,600
The atoms remained invisible and
for all practical purposes, 

3535
03:06:29,600 --> 03:06:33,400
undetectable by any direct means
available to 19th century 

3536
03:06:33,400 --> 03:06:36,100
science. 
The first hints that atoms might

3537
03:06:36,100 --> 03:06:38,800
have internal structure came 
from studies of electricity. 

3538
03:06:38,800 --> 03:06:42,600
Michael Faraday's experiments 
with electrolysis passing, 

3539
03:06:42,600 --> 03:06:44,900
electric currents through 
Solutions of various compounds 

3540
03:06:44,900 --> 03:06:49,000
showed that electric charge and 
matter were related in precise 

3541
03:06:49,000 --> 03:06:51,800
quantitative ways. 
It took a definite amount of 

3542
03:06:51,808 --> 03:06:55,100
electric charge to deposit, a 
definite amount of Any Given 

3543
03:06:55,100 --> 03:06:58,000
element from solution. 
Suggesting that atoms themselves

3544
03:06:58,000 --> 03:07:00,500
might carry discrete amounts of 
electric charge. 

3545
03:07:00,500 --> 03:07:03,000
These studies led to the 
discovery of what we now. 

3546
03:07:03,000 --> 03:07:07,000
Call the electron, JJ Thompson, 
working at Cambridge University 

3547
03:07:07,000 --> 03:07:10,600
in the 1890s was studying the 
behavior of electric currents in

3548
03:07:10,600 --> 03:07:13,600
evacuated glass tubes. 
He found that these currents 

3549
03:07:13,600 --> 03:07:17,500
consisted of streams of tiny 
negatively, charged particles 

3550
03:07:17,500 --> 03:07:19,300
that. 
Much lighter than any known, 

3551
03:07:19,300 --> 03:07:22,300
atom these corpuscles as 
Thompson initially called them 

3552
03:07:22,300 --> 03:07:26,300
seemed to be fundamental. 
Constituents of matter, pieces 

3553
03:07:26,300 --> 03:07:28,300
of atoms rather than complete 
atoms. 

3554
03:07:28,300 --> 03:07:31,900
Thompson's Discovery was 
revolutionary because it showed 

3555
03:07:31,900 --> 03:07:34,900
that atoms were not indivisible.
After all, they had internal 

3556
03:07:34,900 --> 03:07:36,900
structure and could be broken 
apart under the right 

3557
03:07:36,900 --> 03:07:40,000
conditions, this raised 
fascinating questions. 

3558
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:43,300
If atoms contain negatively 
charged electrons, they must 

3559
03:07:43,300 --> 03:07:47,200
also contain positively charged 
material to balance the negative

3560
03:07:47,200 --> 03:07:50,500
charge, how are these positive 
and negative components arranged

3561
03:07:50,500 --> 03:07:52,400
within atoms? 
Thompson proposed. 

3562
03:07:52,400 --> 03:07:55,000
What became known as The Plum 
Pudding model of atomic 

3563
03:07:55,000 --> 03:07:56,600
structure. 
Atoms. 

3564
03:07:56,600 --> 03:07:59,900
Consisted of a diffuse sphere of
positive charge with negatively,

3565
03:07:59,900 --> 03:08:03,500
charged, electrons embedded 
within it like raisins in a 

3566
03:08:03,500 --> 03:08:05,500
pudding. 
This model explained the overall

3567
03:08:05,500 --> 03:08:08,000
electrical neutrality of atoms 
while accounting for the 

3568
03:08:08,008 --> 03:08:10,200
emission of electrons under 
certain conditions. 

3569
03:08:10,200 --> 03:08:13,100
But the plum pudding model 
wouldn't survive for long 

3570
03:08:13,100 --> 03:08:15,800
Ernest. 
Roth working with his students 

3571
03:08:15,800 --> 03:08:19,300
hands, Geiger and Ernest and 
Conducted experiments that 

3572
03:08:19,300 --> 03:08:21,900
revealed the true structure of 
atoms in dramatic fashion. 

3573
03:08:21,900 --> 03:08:25,700
They fired alpha particles, 
energetic, positively, charged, 

3574
03:08:25,700 --> 03:08:28,500
particles, emitted by 
radioactive elements, a thin 

3575
03:08:28,500 --> 03:08:31,100
gold foils and observed how 
these particles were deflected. 

3576
03:08:31,100 --> 03:08:34,500
According to the plum pudding 
model alpha particles, should 

3577
03:08:34,500 --> 03:08:37,100
pass through the diffuse, 
positive charge of gold atoms 

3578
03:08:37,100 --> 03:08:40,200
with only slight deflections 
like bullets passing through 

3579
03:08:40,200 --> 03:08:42,900
soft targets instead 
Rutherford's. 

3580
03:08:42,900 --> 03:08:45,500
Team found that while most alpha
particles did pass through with 

3581
03:08:45,500 --> 03:08:48,600
little deflection, a small 
percentage, bounce back, almost 

3582
03:08:48,600 --> 03:08:51,800
directly toward their Source. 
This was completely unexpected 

3583
03:08:51,800 --> 03:08:55,500
as Rutherford later said, it was
like firing artillery shells at 

3584
03:08:55,500 --> 03:08:58,000
tissue paper and having some of 
them bounce back. 

3585
03:08:58,000 --> 03:09:01,500
The only way to explain these 
results was to assume that atoms

3586
03:09:01,500 --> 03:09:03,800
had a very different structure 
than Thompson had proposed. 

3587
03:09:03,800 --> 03:09:07,300
Instead of diffuse, fears of 
positive charged atoms must 

3588
03:09:07,300 --> 03:09:10,800
contain tiny dense, nuclei 
carrying all the positive charge

3589
03:09:10,800 --> 03:09:14,100
and most of the mass with 
electrons orbiting these nuclear

3590
03:09:14,100 --> 03:09:17,400
like planets around the Sun, 
most alpha particles passed 

3591
03:09:17,400 --> 03:09:19,600
through the Mostly empty space 
between nuclei. 

3592
03:09:20,400 --> 03:09:23,700
But the few that happened to 
approach nuclei closely were 

3593
03:09:23,700 --> 03:09:27,300
deflected or reflected by the 
intense electrical forces near 

3594
03:09:27,300 --> 03:09:30,700
these dense concentrations of 
positive charge Rutherford's 

3595
03:09:30,700 --> 03:09:33,900
nuclear model of the atom was a 
Triumph of experimental physics.

3596
03:09:33,900 --> 03:09:36,700
It showed that atoms were mostly
empty space. 

3597
03:09:36,700 --> 03:09:40,500
If an atom were expanded to the 
size of a football stadium, the 

3598
03:09:40,500 --> 03:09:43,400
nucleus would be about the size 
of a marble at the center with 

3599
03:09:43,400 --> 03:09:45,100
electron somewhere in the 
stands. 

3600
03:09:45,100 --> 03:09:48,000
This was a startling picture of 
the structure of matter. 

3601
03:09:48,000 --> 03:09:51,700
The solid objects of every day. 
Experience were revealed to be 

3602
03:09:51,700 --> 03:09:55,800
mostly emptiness held together 
by electromagnetic forces 

3603
03:09:55,800 --> 03:09:58,800
between tiny widely separated 
particles. 

3604
03:09:58,800 --> 03:10:01,800
But the nuclear model also 
created new puzzles. 

3605
03:10:02,700 --> 03:10:05,900
According to classical 
electromagnetic Theory, orbiting

3606
03:10:05,900 --> 03:10:08,800
electrons should continuously 
emit, electromagnetic radiation 

3607
03:10:08,800 --> 03:10:11,900
lose energy and spiral into the 
nucleus. 

3608
03:10:11,900 --> 03:10:15,400
In a fraction of a second atom 
should be completely unstable 

3609
03:10:15,400 --> 03:10:17,300
yet. 
They were obviously stable 

3610
03:10:17,300 --> 03:10:19,800
enough to constitute the entire 
material Universe. 

3611
03:10:19,800 --> 03:10:23,000
Something was seriously wrong 
with the classical understanding

3612
03:10:23,000 --> 03:10:26,100
of electromagnetic radiation 
Atomic scales. 

3613
03:10:26,100 --> 03:10:29,100
Meanwhile, other investigators 
were discovering even more 

3614
03:10:29,100 --> 03:10:32,600
puzzling, aspects of atomic 
Behavior, studies of atomic 

3615
03:10:32,600 --> 03:10:36,100
Spectra, the light emitted, or 
absorbed by atoms showed that 

3616
03:10:36,100 --> 03:10:38,000
atoms. 
Could only emit or absorb 

3617
03:10:38,000 --> 03:10:41,400
radiation at very specific, 
frequencies producing 

3618
03:10:41,400 --> 03:10:44,100
characteristic patterns of 
bright or dark lines. 

3619
03:10:44,100 --> 03:10:47,400
The spectral lines will like 
fingerprints, that could be used

3620
03:10:47,400 --> 03:10:50,800
to identify different elements, 
but classical physics provided, 

3621
03:10:50,800 --> 03:10:53,200
no explanation. 
For why only certain frequencies

3622
03:10:53,200 --> 03:10:57,100
were allowed Max planks work on 
black body radiation had already

3623
03:10:57,100 --> 03:11:00,700
suggested that energy might come
in discrete packets rather than 

3624
03:11:00,700 --> 03:11:03,900
continuous amounts Ein. 
Explanation of the photoelectric

3625
03:11:03,900 --> 03:11:05,900
effect. 
Had proposed that light itself 

3626
03:11:05,900 --> 03:11:09,300
consisted of discrete particles 
carrying quantized amounts of 

3627
03:11:09,300 --> 03:11:11,700
energy. 
Now Atomic spectroscopy was 

3628
03:11:11,700 --> 03:11:14,600
suggesting that atoms themselves
could only exist in discrete 

3629
03:11:14,600 --> 03:11:17,000
energy states. 
All of these discoveries were 

3630
03:11:17,000 --> 03:11:18,800
pointing toward a radical 
conclusion. 

3631
03:11:19,700 --> 03:11:21,600
Classical physics. 
That worked so well. 

3632
03:11:21,600 --> 03:11:25,200
For describing the behavior of 
large objects might not apply to

3633
03:11:25,200 --> 03:11:29,100
the microscopic world of atoms 
and electrons, the atomic realm 

3634
03:11:29,100 --> 03:11:31,000
seemed to operate. 
According to different rules 

3635
03:11:31,000 --> 03:11:35,400
rules that allowed, only certain
energies, certain orbital paths 

3636
03:11:35,400 --> 03:11:38,800
and certain frequencies of 
radiation as you settle in for 

3637
03:11:38,800 --> 03:11:40,700
the night. 
Consider, how these earlier 

3638
03:11:40,700 --> 03:11:43,100
Atomic investigators were 
discovering that the familiar 

3639
03:11:43,100 --> 03:11:46,500
solid world of everyday 
experience was built from 

3640
03:11:46,500 --> 03:11:49,300
components that behaved in 
utterly unfamiliar ways. 

3641
03:11:49,300 --> 03:11:52,800
The atoms that make up your 
pillow, your blanket, and even 

3642
03:11:52,800 --> 03:11:56,600
your own body are mostly empty 
space populated by particles 

3643
03:11:56,600 --> 03:11:58,500
obeying rules. 
That would have seemed like 

3644
03:11:58,500 --> 03:12:00,700
magic to earlier generations of 
scientists. 

3645
03:12:00,700 --> 03:12:04,600
The universe was revealing 
itself to be fast, stranger and 

3646
03:12:04,600 --> 03:12:06,700
more wonderful than anyone had 
imagined. 

3647
03:12:07,900 --> 03:12:10,800
As the 19th century Drew to a 
close physics. 

3648
03:12:10,800 --> 03:12:13,900
Found itself in a curious 
position on one hand, the 

3649
03:12:13,900 --> 03:12:17,300
achievements were breathtaking 
Newton's mechanics, explain the 

3650
03:12:17,300 --> 03:12:19,900
motion of everything from 
billiard balls to planets. 

3651
03:12:19,900 --> 03:12:23,600
Maxwell's electromagnetism 
unified light with electricity 

3652
03:12:23,600 --> 03:12:27,500
and magnetism and thermodynamics
had revealed the fundamental 

3653
03:12:27,500 --> 03:12:29,200
principles. 
Governing heat and energy. 

3654
03:12:29,200 --> 03:12:32,600
The universe appeared to be a 
vast comprehensible mechanism. 

3655
03:12:32,600 --> 03:12:35,700
Operating according to 
mathematical laws, that human 

3656
03:12:35,700 --> 03:12:37,500
intelligence had successfully 
decoded. 

3657
03:12:38,600 --> 03:12:41,000
Yet careful observers were 
noticing cracks in This 

3658
03:12:41,000 --> 03:12:44,000
Magnificent edifice small 
experimental results, that 

3659
03:12:44,000 --> 03:12:47,800
didn't quite fit the theoretical
predictions puzzling phenomena 

3660
03:12:47,800 --> 03:12:50,000
that seemed to violate 
established principles. 

3661
03:12:50,000 --> 03:12:53,000
Strange Behaviors that 
suggested, The Familiar laws of 

3662
03:12:53,000 --> 03:12:55,400
physics, might not apply 
everywhere and under all 

3663
03:12:55,400 --> 03:12:58,300
conditions. 
These weren't dramatic failures 

3664
03:12:58,300 --> 03:13:01,400
that demanded immediate 
attention, but subtle anomalies 

3665
03:13:01,400 --> 03:13:04,800
that hinted at deeper Mysteries,
the behavior of light presented,

3666
03:13:04,800 --> 03:13:06,300
some of the most perplexing 
puzzles. 

3667
03:13:06,300 --> 03:13:09,400
Maxwell's electromagnetic 
Theory, had triumphantly 

3668
03:13:09,400 --> 03:13:12,800
explained light as waves in the 
electromagnetic field and this 

3669
03:13:12,800 --> 03:13:15,300
wave picture successfully, 
accounted for interference 

3670
03:13:15,300 --> 03:13:19,000
diffraction, and most other 
Optical phenomena, but certain 

3671
03:13:19,000 --> 03:13:21,700
experiments seem to require 
treating light as discrete 

3672
03:13:21,700 --> 03:13:23,800
particles, rather, than 
continuous waves. 

3673
03:13:23,800 --> 03:13:27,000
The photoelectric effect was 
particularly troubling. 

3674
03:13:27,000 --> 03:13:30,300
When light shines on certain 
Metals, electrons are emitted 

3675
03:13:30,300 --> 03:13:33,400
from the surface, a phenomenon 
that should be easily explained.

3676
03:13:33,400 --> 03:13:36,700
By electro-magnetic Theory, the 
energy of the light waves should

3677
03:13:36,700 --> 03:13:39,900
be transferred to electrons 
heating them up until some have 

3678
03:13:39,900 --> 03:13:41,400
enough energy to escape the 
metal. 

3679
03:13:41,400 --> 03:13:44,200
This suggested that brighter 
light should produce more 

3680
03:13:44,200 --> 03:13:47,400
energetic electrons, just as 
bright as sunlight, produces 

3681
03:13:47,400 --> 03:13:50,800
more Heating, But experiments 
showed something completely 

3682
03:13:50,800 --> 03:13:53,200
different. 
The energy of emitted, electrons

3683
03:13:53,200 --> 03:13:56,300
depended only on the frequency 
color of the light. 

3684
03:13:56,300 --> 03:13:59,900
Not on its brightness. 
Dim blue, light produced, more 

3685
03:13:59,900 --> 03:14:03,500
energetic electrons than bright 
red light, even stranger below 

3686
03:14:03,500 --> 03:14:05,900
certain frequencies. 
No electrons were emitted at 

3687
03:14:05,900 --> 03:14:07,700
all. 
No matter how bright the light 

3688
03:14:07,700 --> 03:14:09,700
became. 
This was like, finding that 

3689
03:14:09,700 --> 03:14:12,400
whispered words could break 
glass while shouted, words could

3690
03:14:12,400 --> 03:14:15,700
not depending only on the pitch 
of the voice rather than its 

3691
03:14:15,700 --> 03:14:18,200
volume. 
Meanwhile, studies of atomic 

3692
03:14:18,200 --> 03:14:20,900
Spectra were revealing that 
atoms could only emit or absorb 

3693
03:14:20,900 --> 03:14:24,000
light at very specific, 
frequencies producing 

3694
03:14:24,000 --> 03:14:26,800
characteristic patterns of 
bright or dark lines that were 

3695
03:14:26,800 --> 03:14:29,500
as distinctive as fingerprints 
classical physics. 

3696
03:14:29,500 --> 03:14:32,000
Suggested that atom should be 
able to emit or absorb 

3697
03:14:32,000 --> 03:14:34,200
electromagnetic radiation at any
frequency. 

3698
03:14:34,200 --> 03:14:38,200
Yet experiments showed that only
certain discrete frequencies 

3699
03:14:38,200 --> 03:14:41,400
were allowed, it was as if 
Atomic violins could only place 

3700
03:14:41,400 --> 03:14:45,900
certain specific notes never the
notes in between The structure 

3701
03:14:45,900 --> 03:14:48,200
of atoms themselves presented 
equally puzzling, 

3702
03:14:48,200 --> 03:14:51,200
contradictions, Rutherford's 
experiments had revealed that 

3703
03:14:51,200 --> 03:14:55,500
atoms consisted of tiny dense 
nuclei surrounded by orbiting 

3704
03:14:55,500 --> 03:14:58,200
electrons. 
But classical electromagnetic 

3705
03:14:58,200 --> 03:15:00,900
Theory predicted that such a 
system should be completely. 

3706
03:15:00,900 --> 03:15:04,100
Unstable orbiting electrons 
should continuously emit, 

3707
03:15:04,100 --> 03:15:08,100
electromagnetic radiation lose 
energy and spiral into the 

3708
03:15:08,100 --> 03:15:11,000
nucleus in a tiny fraction of a 
second yet. 

3709
03:15:11,000 --> 03:15:13,800
Atoms were obviously stable 
enough to constitute the entire 

3710
03:15:13,800 --> 03:15:16,400
material Universe. 
Perhaps most mysteriously 

3711
03:15:16,400 --> 03:15:19,200
careful, measurements of the 
speed of light were producing 

3712
03:15:19,200 --> 03:15:21,300
results, that seem to violate 
Common Sense. 

3713
03:15:21,300 --> 03:15:24,500
Maxwell's equations, implied 
that light should travel at a 

3714
03:15:24,500 --> 03:15:27,000
constant speed relative to the 
electromagnetic field that 

3715
03:15:27,000 --> 03:15:30,400
supported it just to sound 
travels at a constant speed 

3716
03:15:30,400 --> 03:15:31,900
relative to the air that carries
it. 

3717
03:15:31,900 --> 03:15:34,900
This suggested that there should
be a preferred reference frame. 

3718
03:15:35,700 --> 03:15:37,900
Frame in which the 
electromagnetic field was at 

3719
03:15:37,900 --> 03:15:41,200
rest and that measurements of 
light speed should depend on the

3720
03:15:41,200 --> 03:15:44,300
observer's motion relative to 
this Frame but the famous 

3721
03:15:44,300 --> 03:15:47,100
Mickelson Morley experiment 
found no evidence for such a 

3722
03:15:47,100 --> 03:15:49,600
preferred frame. 
The speed of light appeared to 

3723
03:15:49,608 --> 03:15:52,700
be the same for all observers 
regardless of their motion. 

3724
03:15:52,700 --> 03:15:55,900
This was like finding that the 
sound of a train whistle had the

3725
03:15:55,900 --> 03:15:58,000
same pitch, whether you were 
running toward or away from the 

3726
03:15:58,000 --> 03:16:01,500
train, a result that seemed to 
contradict everything physics 

3727
03:16:01,500 --> 03:16:03,500
had learned about waves and 
relative motion. 

3728
03:16:03,500 --> 03:16:06,400
These experimental puzzles were 
accumulating throughout the 

3729
03:16:06,400 --> 03:16:11,000
1890s and early 1900s creating a
sense that classical physics. 

3730
03:16:11,000 --> 03:16:15,300
Despite its remarkable successes
was approaching the boundaries 

3731
03:16:15,300 --> 03:16:18,200
of its applicability. 
The Clockwork Universe was still

3732
03:16:18,200 --> 03:16:21,700
running remarkably well for most
purposes but careful examination

3733
03:16:21,700 --> 03:16:24,300
was revealing phenomena. 
That didn't quite fit the 

3734
03:16:24,300 --> 03:16:27,500
classical mechanical framework. 
Most physicists initially 

3735
03:16:27,500 --> 03:16:30,200
assumed that these puzzles would
eventually be resolved through 

3736
03:16:30,200 --> 03:16:34,100
minor modifications to existing 
theories, perhaps by discovering

3737
03:16:34,100 --> 03:16:37,600
new effects, or making more. 
Size calculations the basic 

3738
03:16:37,600 --> 03:16:40,800
principles of classical physics.
Newton's Laws of Motion, 

3739
03:16:40,800 --> 03:16:44,400
Maxwell's, electromagnetic 
Theory, and the kinetic theory 

3740
03:16:44,400 --> 03:16:47,600
of heat seemed so well 
established and so successful. 

3741
03:16:47,600 --> 03:16:51,700
That fundamental revision seemed
almost Unthinkable, but a few 

3742
03:16:51,700 --> 03:16:53,900
pressured investigators were 
beginning to suspect that 

3743
03:16:53,900 --> 03:16:55,900
something more radical might be 
required. 

3744
03:16:55,900 --> 03:16:59,300
Lord kelvin's, famous comment 
about two small clouds on the 

3745
03:16:59,300 --> 03:17:00,900
otherwise, clear Horizon of 
physics. 

3746
03:17:00,900 --> 03:17:04,600
Reflected the general optimism. 
That these minor puzzles would 

3747
03:17:04,600 --> 03:17:07,400
soon be resolved. 
Instead, these small clouds 

3748
03:17:07,400 --> 03:17:09,100
would grow into the conceptual 
storms. 

3749
03:17:09,100 --> 03:17:12,600
That were transformed, our 
understanding of space, time, 

3750
03:17:12,600 --> 03:17:16,900
matter, and energy. 
The stage was set for the most 

3751
03:17:16,900 --> 03:17:19,000
profound revolution, in the 
history of physics. 

3752
03:17:19,000 --> 03:17:22,400
The classical worldview had 
reached its limits and nature 

3753
03:17:22,400 --> 03:17:25,100
was ready to reveal principles, 
fast, stranger and more 

3754
03:17:25,100 --> 03:17:27,800
wonderful than anyone had. 
Imagined the comfortable 

3755
03:17:27,800 --> 03:17:30,700
Mechanical Universe of the 19th 
century was about to give away 

3756
03:17:30,700 --> 03:17:34,000
to a cosmos governed by Quantum 
uncertain tea, and the Divas 

3757
03:17:34,000 --> 03:17:37,600
space-time A universe in which 
the familiar rules of everyday 

3758
03:17:37,600 --> 03:17:40,800
experience would prove to be 
approximations valid only under 

3759
03:17:40,800 --> 03:17:44,200
limited conditions, but that's a
story for another bedtime tale 

3760
03:17:44,200 --> 03:17:47,000
for now, it's enough to 
appreciate how the patient 

3761
03:17:47,000 --> 03:17:50,900
systemic work of 19th century. 
Physicists had pushed human 

3762
03:17:50,900 --> 03:17:53,600
understanding to the very edges 
of the classical world view. 

3763
03:17:53,600 --> 03:17:56,800
They had explored the mechanical
universe as thoroughly as it 

3764
03:17:56,808 --> 03:18:00,100
could be explored discovered, 
its fundamental principles and 

3765
03:18:00,100 --> 03:18:03,800
mapped its boundaries. 
In doing so they had unknowingly

3766
03:18:03,800 --> 03:18:06,400
prepared, the ground for the 
Revolutionary insights that 

3767
03:18:06,400 --> 03:18:09,400
would follow as we near the end 
of our journey, through pre 

3768
03:18:09,400 --> 03:18:12,400
Einstein physics, it's worth 
pausing to appreciate the 

3769
03:18:12,400 --> 03:18:15,500
extraordinary pattern that had 
emerged from centuries of 

3770
03:18:15,500 --> 03:18:18,300
patient investigation. 
What had begun with ancient 

3771
03:18:18,300 --> 03:18:20,700
philosophers wondering? 
Why things fell down instead of 

3772
03:18:20,700 --> 03:18:23,700
up had evolved into a 
magnificent intellectual edifice

3773
03:18:23,700 --> 03:18:25,900
that revealed deep. 
Mathematical harmonies 

3774
03:18:25,900 --> 03:18:28,800
underlying the apparent chaos of
natural phenomena. 

3775
03:18:28,800 --> 03:18:32,200
The story of physics before 
Einstein is really a story about

3776
03:18:32,200 --> 03:18:35,600
the gradual discovery that the 
Universe speaks mathematics not 

3777
03:18:35,600 --> 03:18:38,100
the dry abstract mathematics of 
homework assignments. 

3778
03:18:38,100 --> 03:18:40,800
But a living breathing, 
mathematical language that 

3779
03:18:40,800 --> 03:18:44,000
describes everything from the 
flutter of falling leaves to the

3780
03:18:44,000 --> 03:18:46,700
dance of distant galaxies. 
Each generation of 

3781
03:18:46,700 --> 03:18:49,200
investigators, had decoded a 
little more of this Cosmic 

3782
03:18:49,200 --> 03:18:51,700
language. 
Gradually revealing the elegant 

3783
03:18:51,700 --> 03:18:55,000
Simplicity that underlies 
Nature's complexity Newton's. 

3784
03:18:55,000 --> 03:18:57,700
Great Insight was recognizing 
that the same mathematical 

3785
03:18:57,700 --> 03:19:01,200
principles governed motion 
everywhere in the universe, the 

3786
03:19:01,200 --> 03:19:03,000
parabolic. 
Path of a throne Stone. 

3787
03:19:03,000 --> 03:19:05,800
And the elliptical orbit of Mars
were both consequences of the 

3788
03:19:05,800 --> 03:19:08,900
same underlying laws. 
This mathematical Unity 

3789
03:19:08,900 --> 03:19:11,500
suggested that the Universe was 
not a collection of separate 

3790
03:19:11,500 --> 03:19:15,300
unrelated phenomena, but a 
single integrated system 

3791
03:19:15,300 --> 03:19:17,900
operating according to 
comprehensible principles. 

3792
03:19:17,900 --> 03:19:20,900
Maxwell's electromagnetic 
Theory, extended this 

3793
03:19:20,900 --> 03:19:23,500
unification. 
Even further showing that light 

3794
03:19:23,500 --> 03:19:27,300
electricity and magnetism were 
all manifestations of a single 

3795
03:19:27,300 --> 03:19:30,700
electromagnetic field, 
oscillating through space, the 

3796
03:19:30,700 --> 03:19:34,500
rainbow of colors in the sunset,
the spark from a doorknob on a 

3797
03:19:34,500 --> 03:19:37,900
dry day and the invisible forces
that aligned Compass needles 

3798
03:19:37,900 --> 03:19:40,900
were all different notes in an 
electromagnetic Symphony, that 

3799
03:19:40,900 --> 03:19:44,300
filled the universe, the kinetic
theory of heat revealed that 

3800
03:19:44,300 --> 03:19:47,800
thermal phenomena the warmth of 
sunlight, the expansion of 

3801
03:19:47,800 --> 03:19:51,400
heated Metals, the pressure of 
steam and engines were really 

3802
03:19:51,400 --> 03:19:54,000
consequences of the random 
motion of countless tiny 

3803
03:19:54,000 --> 03:19:57,700
particles temperature was 
molecular motion, heat transfer 

3804
03:19:57,700 --> 03:20:00,300
was the sharing of kinetic 
energy between particles. 

3805
03:20:00,300 --> 03:20:03,600
The gas laws were statistical 
description of particle 

3806
03:20:03,600 --> 03:20:05,900
Behavior. 
Once again, apparently, 

3807
03:20:05,900 --> 03:20:08,100
different phenomena were 
revealed to be different 

3808
03:20:08,100 --> 03:20:10,500
manifestations of the same 
underlying reality. 

3809
03:20:11,400 --> 03:20:14,300
This Progressive unification was
more than just intellectual 

3810
03:20:14,300 --> 03:20:18,200
satisfaction for physicists, it?
Demonstrated that human reason 

3811
03:20:18,200 --> 03:20:20,700
equipped with careful 
observation and mathematical 

3812
03:20:20,700 --> 03:20:23,800
analysis could penetrate the 
deepest mysteries of nature. 

3813
03:20:23,800 --> 03:20:27,500
The universe might be vast and 
complex but it was also 

3814
03:20:27,500 --> 03:20:30,800
comprehensible natural phenomena
might appear chaotic and 

3815
03:20:30,800 --> 03:20:33,100
unpredictable. 
But they followed mathematical 

3816
03:20:33,100 --> 03:20:35,000
laws, that could be discovered 
and understood. 

3817
03:20:35,900 --> 03:20:38,000
This was an extraordinarily 
optimistic worldview. 

3818
03:20:38,000 --> 03:20:42,200
It suggested that every mystery 
could eventually be solved every

3819
03:20:42,200 --> 03:20:45,400
phenomenon, eventually 
understood and every natural law

3820
03:20:45,400 --> 03:20:48,700
eventually, decoded. 
The universe was like an 

3821
03:20:48,700 --> 03:20:52,300
enormous but finite book written
in the language of mathematics 

3822
03:20:52,300 --> 03:20:54,200
human beings. 
Had learned to read this 

3823
03:20:54,200 --> 03:20:56,800
language and given enough time 
and effort, they could 

3824
03:20:56,800 --> 03:21:00,700
eventually read the entire book.
The Practical consequences of 

3825
03:21:00,700 --> 03:21:03,200
this, mathematical understanding
were transforming human 

3826
03:21:03,200 --> 03:21:05,900
civilization. 
Steam engines designed using 

3827
03:21:05,900 --> 03:21:08,500
thermodynamic principles were 
powering the Industrial 

3828
03:21:08,500 --> 03:21:10,900
Revolution. 
Telegraph systems. 

3829
03:21:10,900 --> 03:21:14,200
Based on electromagnetic theory 
was shrinking, the World by 

3830
03:21:14,200 --> 03:21:17,000
enabling near instantaneous 
communication across vast 

3831
03:21:17,000 --> 03:21:20,300
distances, Precision navigation 
using gravitational. 

3832
03:21:20,300 --> 03:21:23,300
Astronomy was making Global 
Commerce safer and more 

3833
03:21:23,300 --> 03:21:26,000
reliable. 
But perhaps most remarkably, the

3834
03:21:26,000 --> 03:21:28,800
mathematical laws discovered by 
physicists were revealing 

3835
03:21:28,800 --> 03:21:32,000
unexpected connections between, 
apparently, unrelated phenomena 

3836
03:21:32,000 --> 03:21:35,300
the same equation that described
the vibration of violin. 

3837
03:21:35,300 --> 03:21:38,100
Strings also described the 
oscillation of electromagnetic 

3838
03:21:38,100 --> 03:21:41,400
fields The same principles that 
govern the flight of 

3839
03:21:41,400 --> 03:21:43,400
projectiles. 
Also govern the orbits of 

3840
03:21:43,408 --> 03:21:45,900
comets. 
The same statistical methods, 

3841
03:21:45,900 --> 03:21:48,400
that explain the behavior of 
gases also, explain the 

3842
03:21:48,400 --> 03:21:51,100
properties of heat and 
temperature these connections 

3843
03:21:51,100 --> 03:21:53,100
suggested that the Universe 
possessed, a kind of 

3844
03:21:53,100 --> 03:21:56,500
mathematical coherence, that 
went far deeper than anyone had 

3845
03:21:56,500 --> 03:21:58,600
suspected. 
It wasn't just that natural 

3846
03:21:58,600 --> 03:22:00,600
phenomena obeyed, mathematical 
laws. 

3847
03:22:00,600 --> 03:22:03,600
It was that these laws were 
interconnected in ways that 

3848
03:22:03,600 --> 03:22:05,800
revealed a profound underlying 
Unity. 

3849
03:22:05,800 --> 03:22:08,500
The universe appeared to be 
constructed according to 

3850
03:22:08,500 --> 03:22:11,500
mathematical principles that 
human Minds could discover and 

3851
03:22:11,500 --> 03:22:15,300
appreciate This mathematical 
Harmony had an almost musical 

3852
03:22:15,300 --> 03:22:18,300
quality, just as a symphony 
weaves together, different 

3853
03:22:18,300 --> 03:22:21,000
instruments, and Melodies to 
creating unified artistic 

3854
03:22:21,000 --> 03:22:23,700
experience. 
The universe seemed to weave 

3855
03:22:23,700 --> 03:22:25,600
together. 
Different physical, phenomena to

3856
03:22:25,600 --> 03:22:29,100
create a unified natural order. 
The Ancients had spoken of The 

3857
03:22:29,100 --> 03:22:32,400
Music of the Spheres. 
The idea that Celestial motions 

3858
03:22:32,400 --> 03:22:35,500
produced harmonious sounds that 
reflected the mathematical order

3859
03:22:35,500 --> 03:22:37,500
of creation. 
While this literal 

3860
03:22:37,500 --> 03:22:40,500
interpretation had been 
abandoned 19th century physics, 

3861
03:22:40,500 --> 03:22:43,800
had revealed a deeper sense in 
which the universe really did 

3862
03:22:43,800 --> 03:22:47,000
possess mathematical Harmony 
yet, even as physicists 

3863
03:22:47,000 --> 03:22:48,700
celebrated. 
These achievements, they were 

3864
03:22:48,708 --> 03:22:51,100
beginning to encounter phenomena
that didn't quite fit. 

3865
03:22:51,100 --> 03:22:54,400
The established patterns the 
small experimental anomalies we 

3866
03:22:54,400 --> 03:22:57,100
discussed earlier were like 
discordant notes in an otherwise

3867
03:22:57,100 --> 03:23:00,200
harmonious Symphony. 
They suggested that the 

3868
03:23:00,200 --> 03:23:02,300
classical mathematical 
description of nature. 

3869
03:23:02,300 --> 03:23:05,200
However, successful might be in 
complete. 

3870
03:23:05,200 --> 03:23:07,708
These puzzles weren't 
necessarily failures of the 

3871
03:23:07,716 --> 03:23:10,400
classical approach. 
They might simply indicate that 

3872
03:23:10,400 --> 03:23:14,100
Nature's mathematical language 
was richer and more subtle than 

3873
03:23:14,100 --> 03:23:17,600
anyone had realized just as a 
simple Melody can be developed 

3874
03:23:17,600 --> 03:23:20,200
into complex variations that 
reveal hidden possibilities 

3875
03:23:20,200 --> 03:23:23,600
within the original theme. 
The mathematical laws of 

3876
03:23:23,600 --> 03:23:26,100
classical physics. 
Might be special cases of more 

3877
03:23:26,100 --> 03:23:29,500
general principles that would 
prove even more beautiful and 

3878
03:23:29,500 --> 03:23:32,800
unified this possibility, was 
both exciting and unsettling 

3879
03:23:32,800 --> 03:23:36,100
exciting because it suggested 
that the greatest discoveries 

3880
03:23:36,100 --> 03:23:39,000
might still lie ahead that the 
Universe might possess 

3881
03:23:39,000 --> 03:23:41,900
mathematical depth that would 
dwarf even the remarkable 

3882
03:23:41,900 --> 03:23:45,600
achievements of Newton Maxwell 
unsettling because it implied 

3883
03:23:45,600 --> 03:23:48,300
that the comfortable mechanical,
worldview of classical physics. 

3884
03:23:48,300 --> 03:23:51,300
Like need to be abandoned in 
favor of principles that would 

3885
03:23:51,300 --> 03:23:55,000
challenge basic assumptions 
about the nature of space time, 

3886
03:23:55,000 --> 03:23:58,800
matter and causality as you 
drift off to sleep tonight. 

3887
03:23:59,200 --> 03:24:02,200
Listen for the mathematical 
music that classical physicists 

3888
03:24:02,200 --> 03:24:03,800
had learned to hear in the 
natural world. 

3889
03:24:04,700 --> 03:24:07,300
The steady tick of a clock 
measures, the flow of time. 

3890
03:24:07,300 --> 03:24:10,700
According to principles Newton 
would recognize the Warm Glow of

3891
03:24:10,700 --> 03:24:12,900
a lamp represents 
electromagnetic radiation 

3892
03:24:12,900 --> 03:24:17,200
behaving exactly as Maxwell's 
equations predict, The gentle 

3893
03:24:17,200 --> 03:24:20,100
settling of your house, reflects
thermal expansion and 

3894
03:24:20,100 --> 03:24:23,000
contraction governed by the 
kinetic theory of heat. 

3895
03:24:23,000 --> 03:24:26,100
But also consider that this 
familiar music might be just the

3896
03:24:26,100 --> 03:24:27,800
beginning of a much grander 
composition. 

3897
03:24:27,800 --> 03:24:31,100
One that would require new 
mathematical languages to 

3898
03:24:31,100 --> 03:24:34,400
appreciate fully a new 
conceptual Frameworks to 

3899
03:24:34,400 --> 03:24:37,500
understand, completely the 
classical Symphony of physics, 

3900
03:24:37,500 --> 03:24:40,700
had reached a magnificent 
conclusion, but the universe Was

3901
03:24:40,708 --> 03:24:44,100
preparing to reveal entirely new
movements that were transformed.

3902
03:24:44,100 --> 03:24:47,000
Our understanding of reality 
itself, as our journey. 

3903
03:24:47,000 --> 03:24:50,300
Through pre Einstein, physics 
draws to a close, take a moment 

3904
03:24:50,300 --> 03:24:53,100
to appreciate the extraordinary 
intellectual Adventure. 

3905
03:24:53,100 --> 03:24:56,200
We've shared, we've traveled 
from ancient Greek philosophers,

3906
03:24:56,200 --> 03:24:58,900
throwing, rocks and wandering 
about the nature of motion. 

3907
03:24:58,900 --> 03:25:02,000
Through medieval Scholars, 
rediscovering Aristotle and 

3908
03:25:02,000 --> 03:25:04,000
inventing. 
New ways to think about natural 

3909
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:07,800
phenomena to 19th century. 
Investigators revealing the 

3910
03:25:07,800 --> 03:25:10,600
mathematical harmonies that 
govern everything from heat and 

3911
03:25:10,600 --> 03:25:13,700
light to electricity and 
magnetism what emerges from this

3912
03:25:13,700 --> 03:25:16,000
long story is a picture of human
curiosity. 

3913
03:25:16,500 --> 03:25:18,900
Gradually unveiling the Deep 
structure of reality through 

3914
03:25:18,900 --> 03:25:22,900
patient, observation, careful, 
experimentation and creative 

3915
03:25:22,900 --> 03:25:25,800
mathematical thinking each 
generation built upon the 

3916
03:25:25,808 --> 03:25:29,300
insights of their predecessors. 
Slowly constructing an edifice 

3917
03:25:29,300 --> 03:25:32,000
of understanding that revealed 
the universe to be far more 

3918
03:25:32,000 --> 03:25:35,500
elegant unified and 
comprehensible than anyone had. 

3919
03:25:35,500 --> 03:25:38,800
Originally dared to hope the 
physicists whose work we've 

3920
03:25:38,800 --> 03:25:41,000
explored weren't trying to 
revolutionize, human thought. 

3921
03:25:41,600 --> 03:25:44,200
They were simply trying to 
understand how things worked. 

3922
03:25:44,900 --> 03:25:48,000
Galileo wanted to know why 
pendulum swung with regular 

3923
03:25:48,000 --> 03:25:52,200
periods Newton was curious about
why planets moved in elliptical 

3924
03:25:52,200 --> 03:25:54,800
orbits. 
Maxwell was trying to make sense

3925
03:25:54,800 --> 03:25:57,900
of the relationship between 
electricity and magnetism yet 

3926
03:25:57,900 --> 03:26:00,100
their modest investigations into
specific. 

3927
03:26:00,100 --> 03:26:02,900
Phenomena gradually revealed 
Universal principles that 

3928
03:26:02,900 --> 03:26:04,900
transformed. 
Our understanding of the cosmos,

3929
03:26:04,900 --> 03:26:07,500
this is one of the most 
remarkable features of 

3930
03:26:07,500 --> 03:26:11,200
scientific progress, local 
investigations, often reveal 

3931
03:26:11,200 --> 03:26:14,100
Global truths. 
When you study falling objects, 

3932
03:26:14,100 --> 03:26:18,200
carefully enough you discover 
universal laws of motion when 

3933
03:26:18,200 --> 03:26:21,400
you investigate heat, transfer 
systematically, you uncover 

3934
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:24,300
fundamental principles about 
energy and molecular Behavior. 

3935
03:26:25,100 --> 03:26:28,300
When you explore electromagnetic
phenomena thoroughly, you 

3936
03:26:28,300 --> 03:26:31,200
realize that light itself is an 
electromagnetic wave. 

3937
03:26:31,200 --> 03:26:34,300
The universe seems to be 
constructed in such a way that 

3938
03:26:34,300 --> 03:26:35,900
deep truths are accessible 
through. 

3939
03:26:35,900 --> 03:26:39,200
Careful study of commonplace 
phenomena the classical physics 

3940
03:26:39,200 --> 03:26:41,200
that emerge from the centuries 
of Investigation. 

3941
03:26:41,200 --> 03:26:43,400
Provided a worldview. 
That was both scientifically 

3942
03:26:43,400 --> 03:26:45,200
powerful and psychologically 
comfortable. 

3943
03:26:45,200 --> 03:26:48,400
It suggested that the Universe 
operated like a vast. 

3944
03:26:48,400 --> 03:26:51,800
But comprehensible machine 
governed by mathematical laws 

3945
03:26:51,800 --> 03:26:55,200
that human reason could discover
and understand every phenomenon 

3946
03:26:55,200 --> 03:26:58,400
had a cause every effect 
followed necessarily from its 

3947
03:26:58,400 --> 03:27:01,800
antecedents and given sufficient
information about the presence 

3948
03:27:01,800 --> 03:27:04,400
of any system. 
Its future Behavior could be 

3949
03:27:04,408 --> 03:27:08,300
predicted with perfect accuracy.
This deterministic mechanical 

3950
03:27:08,300 --> 03:27:11,000
picture of nature had profound 
cultural implications. 

3951
03:27:11,000 --> 03:27:14,900
It suggested that human beings 
through scientific investigation

3952
03:27:14,900 --> 03:27:18,100
could eventually understand 
everything about the natural 

3953
03:27:18,100 --> 03:27:20,700
world mystery. 
Wasn't a fundamental feature of 

3954
03:27:20,700 --> 03:27:22,600
reality. 
It was simply a temporary 

3955
03:27:22,608 --> 03:27:24,900
condition that would be 
eliminated as scientific. 

3956
03:27:25,100 --> 03:27:28,100
Knowledge advanced. 
The universe might be complex 

3957
03:27:28,100 --> 03:27:30,900
but it wasn't ultimately 
mysterious yet. 

3958
03:27:30,900 --> 03:27:32,600
Even at the height of classical 
physics. 

3959
03:27:32,600 --> 03:27:35,300
Success, careful. 
Observers were noticing small 

3960
03:27:35,300 --> 03:27:38,000
anomalies that didn't quite fit 
the established framework. 

3961
03:27:38,000 --> 03:27:41,100
These weren't dramatic failures 
that demanded immediate 

3962
03:27:41,100 --> 03:27:44,400
attention, but subtle puzzles 
that suggested the classical 

3963
03:27:44,400 --> 03:27:47,400
picture. 
However, successful might not be

3964
03:27:47,400 --> 03:27:50,300
complete. 
The photoelectric effect, Atomic

3965
03:27:50,300 --> 03:27:53,900
Spectra, the stability of atoms,
and the constancy of light 

3966
03:27:53,900 --> 03:27:57,300
speed, These phenomena hinted 
that nature might operate. 

3967
03:27:57,300 --> 03:28:00,100
According to principles Stranger
than anyone had imagined. 

3968
03:28:00,100 --> 03:28:03,200
These puzzles were like faint 
sounds from a distant country. 

3969
03:28:03,200 --> 03:28:06,600
Barely audible, but suggesting 
the existence of territories 

3970
03:28:06,600 --> 03:28:09,900
that hadn't, yet been explored 
classical physics had the 

3971
03:28:09,900 --> 03:28:13,000
familiar landscape of everyday 
experience with extraordinary 

3972
03:28:13,000 --> 03:28:16,000
Precision, but there were 
regions Beyond this familiar 

3973
03:28:16,000 --> 03:28:19,700
territory where different rules 
might apply, where new kinds of 

3974
03:28:19,708 --> 03:28:23,800
phenomena might exist and where 
reality itself might prove to be

3975
03:28:23,800 --> 03:28:27,100
far stranger and more wonderful 
than the Clockwork Universe of 

3976
03:28:27,100 --> 03:28:30,300
19th century physics. 
Standing on the threshold of the

3977
03:28:30,300 --> 03:28:32,600
20th century physics was in a 
position. 

3978
03:28:32,600 --> 03:28:36,300
Remarkably similar to geography 
in the 15th century, the known 

3979
03:28:36,300 --> 03:28:39,600
world had been mapped with 
increasing accuracy trade routes

3980
03:28:39,600 --> 03:28:42,100
had been established and 
navigational had become a 

3981
03:28:42,108 --> 03:28:45,200
reliable science, but beyond the
edge of the Known World. 

3982
03:28:45,200 --> 03:28:48,700
Lay vast territories, waiting to
be discovered territories. 

3983
03:28:48,700 --> 03:28:51,800
That would prove to be far 
larger and more diverse than the

3984
03:28:51,800 --> 03:28:55,000
familiar landscape of Europe and
the Mediterranean Ein. 

3985
03:28:55,000 --> 03:28:57,600
And his contemporaries would 
prove to be the explorers of 

3986
03:28:57,600 --> 03:29:01,200
these new physical territories. 
Discovering that space and time 

3987
03:29:01,200 --> 03:29:03,400
were far more flexible than 
Newton had imagined. 

3988
03:29:04,000 --> 03:29:06,700
That matter and energy were 
interchangeable, that 

3989
03:29:06,700 --> 03:29:09,900
uncertainty was built into the 
fundamental structure of 

3990
03:29:09,900 --> 03:29:14,000
reality, and that the Universe 
was expanding, evolving and fast

3991
03:29:14,000 --> 03:29:16,800
range than anyone who dreamed, 
but these revolutionary 

3992
03:29:16,800 --> 03:29:19,600
discoveries were only possible 
because of the solid foundation 

3993
03:29:19,600 --> 03:29:21,200
that classical physics had 
provided. 

3994
03:29:21,200 --> 03:29:24,300
You can't appreciate the 
strangeness of relativistic 

3995
03:29:24,300 --> 03:29:27,200
space time without first 
understanding Newtonian 

3996
03:29:27,200 --> 03:29:29,800
mechanics. 
You can't grasp the weirdness of

3997
03:29:29,800 --> 03:29:32,900
quantum uncertainty without 
first mastering classical, 

3998
03:29:32,900 --> 03:29:36,500
electromagnetic Theory. 
The revolution that was about to

3999
03:29:36,500 --> 03:29:39,300
unfold in physics. 
Wasn't a rejection of classical 

4000
03:29:39,300 --> 03:29:41,400
insights. 
It was their fulfillment. 

4001
03:29:41,400 --> 03:29:45,300
And transcendents as you settle 
in to sleep, consider that 

4002
03:29:45,300 --> 03:29:47,600
you've been privileged to 
witness one of the greatest 

4003
03:29:47,600 --> 03:29:49,700
intellectual adventures in human
history. 

4004
03:29:49,700 --> 03:29:53,600
The gradual discovery that the 
universe is both more orderly 

4005
03:29:53,600 --> 03:29:55,700
and more mysterious than Common 
Sense. 

4006
03:29:55,700 --> 03:29:59,800
Suggests the work of Galileo 
Newton, Maxwell and their 

4007
03:29:59,800 --> 03:30:01,400
colleague established that human
reason. 

4008
03:30:01,400 --> 03:30:04,800
Carefully applied could 
penetrate the deepest secrets of

4009
03:30:04,800 --> 03:30:06,900
nature. 
Their successors would discover 

4010
03:30:06,900 --> 03:30:09,600
that those secrets were far 
deeper and more wonderful than 

4011
03:30:09,600 --> 03:30:12,400
anyone had. 
Imagined tomorrow's sunrise will

4012
03:30:12,400 --> 03:30:15,200
illuminate a world governed by 
the same physical laws that 

4013
03:30:15,200 --> 03:30:17,100
fascinated. 
These early investigators, 

4014
03:30:17,100 --> 03:30:20,200
gravity will still follow 
Newton's inverse Square, law for

4015
03:30:20,200 --> 03:30:23,400
all practical purposes. 
Light will still behave as 

4016
03:30:23,400 --> 03:30:26,800
electromagnetic waves, as 
Maxwell described heat will 

4017
03:30:26,800 --> 03:30:28,600
still flow. 
According to the principles of 

4018
03:30:28,608 --> 03:30:31,000
thermodynamics, the classical 
physics. 

4019
03:30:31,000 --> 03:30:33,400
We've explored together, 
continues to govern the world of

4020
03:30:33,400 --> 03:30:36,400
everyday experience, with 
remarkable accuracy, but that 

4021
03:30:36,400 --> 03:30:39,100
same Sunrise will also 
illuminate a universe that 

4022
03:30:39,100 --> 03:30:41,300
extends far beyond everyday 
experience. 

4023
03:30:42,100 --> 03:30:45,300
A cosmos were space and time a 
woven together in a fabric that 

4024
03:30:45,300 --> 03:30:48,900
can be stretched and curved 
where particles exist in Quantum

4025
03:30:48,900 --> 03:30:52,600
superpositions of multiple 
States simultaneously and where 

4026
03:30:52,600 --> 03:30:55,700
uncertainty is, not just a 
limitation of our knowledge, but

4027
03:30:55,700 --> 03:30:57,800
a fundamental feature of reality
itself. 

4028
03:30:57,800 --> 03:31:01,600
The gentle story of physics 
before Einstein is really the 

4029
03:31:01,600 --> 03:31:04,300
story of human beings learning 
to see the universe with new 

4030
03:31:04,300 --> 03:31:08,500
eyes discovering that reality is
both more comprehensible and 

4031
03:31:08,500 --> 03:31:10,500
more mysterious than we 
originally supposed. 

4032
03:31:10,500 --> 03:31:14,300
It's a story that continues 
today as each generation of 

4033
03:31:14,300 --> 03:31:17,100
investigators pushes further 
into the unknown territories. 

4034
03:31:17,100 --> 03:31:20,400
That surround our island of 
understanding always finding 

4035
03:31:20,400 --> 03:31:23,600
that the universe is, stranger 
more, beautiful, and more 

4036
03:31:23,600 --> 03:31:26,600
wonderful than we had dead to 
imagine sleep. 

4037
03:31:26,600 --> 03:31:29,600
Well, knowing that you live in a
cosmos who Secrets have been 

4038
03:31:29,608 --> 03:31:32,200
partially revealed through 
centuries of patient human 

4039
03:31:32,200 --> 03:31:35,600
curiosity and whose deeper 
Mysteries continue to Beckham 

4040
03:31:35,600 --> 03:31:38,500
from Beyond the ages of our 
current understanding, the 

4041
03:31:38,500 --> 03:31:42,300
universe Delights in surprising.
Usually in ways that Reeve Lit 

4042
03:31:42,300 --> 03:31:44,700
to be more elegant and unified 
than we had previously thought 

4043
03:31:44,700 --> 03:31:47,200
possible. 
Sweet dreams of mathematical 

4044
03:31:47,200 --> 03:31:51,300
harmonies, electromagnetic, 
Symphonies and the gentle dance 

4045
03:31:51,300 --> 03:31:53,900
of atoms, that creates the solid
reality of your pillow. 

4046
03:31:53,900 --> 03:31:56,800
Your blanket and the beating of 
your own heart. 

4047
03:32:04,900 --> 03:32:07,300
Okay, check this out. 
You're stepping into the year 

4048
03:32:07,300 --> 03:32:11,000
1066 and you've just witnessed 
the most successful hostile 

4049
03:32:11,000 --> 03:32:13,000
Takeover. 
In English History, though, they

4050
03:32:13,000 --> 03:32:17,000
didn't call it that back then. 
William the Conqueror who 

4051
03:32:17,000 --> 03:32:20,300
probably would have made an 
excellent corporate CEO has just

4052
03:32:20,300 --> 03:32:23,900
defeated Harold at Hastings and 
suddenly everyone who matters is

4053
03:32:23,900 --> 03:32:26,600
speaking French. 
The Norman Court wasn't like the

4054
03:32:26,600 --> 03:32:30,100
chaotic Saxon Halls of old. 
Where Warriors might burst into 

4055
03:32:30,100 --> 03:32:32,900
song between courses and dogs 
wandered, freely among the 

4056
03:32:32,900 --> 03:32:37,000
Russians know, William brought 
Continental sophistication to 

4057
03:32:37,000 --> 03:32:40,400
England, which was rather like 
introducing fine wine to a group

4058
03:32:40,408 --> 03:32:42,500
of people who'd been perfectly 
happy with ale. 

4059
03:32:42,500 --> 03:32:46,400
You can imagine the culture 
shock, One day or an Anglo-Saxon

4060
03:32:46,400 --> 03:32:49,700
Noble comfortable, in your 
familiar world of mead halls and

4061
03:32:49,708 --> 03:32:52,100
familiar customs. 
And the next day, there's a 

4062
03:32:52,100 --> 03:32:54,900
French speaking King issuing 
orders in a language. 

4063
03:32:54,908 --> 03:32:56,700
That sounds like someone 
gargling honey. 

4064
03:32:57,400 --> 03:33:00,400
The Normans didn't just conquer 
England, they redecorated it 

4065
03:33:00,400 --> 03:33:05,000
entirely William's Court, moved 
constantly a medieval Roadshow 

4066
03:33:05,000 --> 03:33:07,200
that would have given Modern 
event planners nightmares. 

4067
03:33:07,200 --> 03:33:10,600
The Royal household packed up 
every few weeks and trudged from

4068
03:33:10,600 --> 03:33:13,800
Castle to Castle carrying. 
Everything from the King's 

4069
03:33:13,800 --> 03:33:15,500
favorite chair to the Royal 
toilet seat. 

4070
03:33:15,500 --> 03:33:18,300
Yes, medieval kings had portable
toilet seats. 

4071
03:33:18,300 --> 03:33:21,700
Even conquerors need comfort. 
The domesday book, Williams 

4072
03:33:21,700 --> 03:33:24,300
famous survey of England reads, 
like the world's most 

4073
03:33:24,300 --> 03:33:27,800
comprehensive tax audit. 
Imagine teams of Norman, 

4074
03:33:27,800 --> 03:33:30,600
Clarke's descending on English 
Villages like medieval 

4075
03:33:30,600 --> 03:33:34,500
accountants, counting every 
pigeon, and patch of turnips. 

4076
03:33:35,200 --> 03:33:37,600
The locals must have watched 
these proceedings with the same 

4077
03:33:37,600 --> 03:33:40,500
enthusiasm. 
Modern people show for taxes and

4078
03:33:40,500 --> 03:33:42,800
what made the Norman Court 
fascinating? 

4079
03:33:42,800 --> 03:33:46,000
Was that it was essentially a 
startup that achieved success 

4080
03:33:46,000 --> 03:33:50,100
Beyond anyone's expectations. 
William took a relatively small 

4081
03:33:50,100 --> 03:33:53,000
group of French Nobles and 
convinced them to cross the 

4082
03:33:53,000 --> 03:33:55,200
channel and reinvent an entire 
Kingdom. 

4083
03:33:56,300 --> 03:33:59,200
They brought new architecture, 
new laws, new fashions. 

4084
03:33:59,200 --> 03:34:02,400
And most importantly, new ideas 
about how Royal Court should 

4085
03:34:02,400 --> 03:34:04,500
function. 
The Norman's turn, the English 

4086
03:34:04,500 --> 03:34:06,900
Court into Europe's, most 
efficient government machine, 

4087
03:34:06,900 --> 03:34:10,700
they created a bureaucracy, so 
organized that historians still 

4088
03:34:10,700 --> 03:34:13,800
Marvel at it today. 
Every penny was accounted for 

4089
03:34:13,800 --> 03:34:17,900
every legal decision recorded 
and every Royal progress plan 

4090
03:34:17,900 --> 03:34:22,200
with military precision, If the 
Saxons had been Jazz musicians 

4091
03:34:22,200 --> 03:34:26,400
improvising freely and following
their instincts, the Normans 

4092
03:34:26,400 --> 03:34:29,600
were a full orchestra playing 
from carefully, written sheet 

4093
03:34:29,600 --> 03:34:31,700
music. 
What's remarkable is how quickly

4094
03:34:31,700 --> 03:34:35,300
the two cultures began to blend 
within a generation Norman, 

4095
03:34:35,300 --> 03:34:38,000
Knights were marrying English 
heiresses and their children. 

4096
03:34:38,000 --> 03:34:40,600
Grew up by lingual. 
The court became a place where 

4097
03:34:40,600 --> 03:34:44,300
French efficiency met English 
practicality creating something 

4098
03:34:44,300 --> 03:34:47,000
entirely new. 
You might say it was the 

4099
03:34:47,000 --> 03:34:50,500
Medieval equivalent of fusion 
Cuisine except instead of mixing

4100
03:34:50,500 --> 03:34:53,600
thigh and Mexican flavors, they 
were blending governmental 

4101
03:34:53,600 --> 03:34:56,000
systems. 
The castle became the symbol of 

4102
03:34:56,000 --> 03:34:58,500
this new order. 
These weren't just fortresses, 

4103
03:34:58,500 --> 03:35:03,000
they were corporate headquarters
Law Courts, tax offices and 

4104
03:35:03,000 --> 03:35:05,600
luxury hotels. 
All rolled into massive Stone 

4105
03:35:05,600 --> 03:35:08,000
packages. 
You were entering the nerve 

4106
03:35:08,000 --> 03:35:09,900
center of a kingdom. 
That was systematically 

4107
03:35:09,900 --> 03:35:12,900
reorganizing from the ground up.
When you stepped into a Norman 

4108
03:35:12,900 --> 03:35:15,300
Castle's. 
Great Hall fast, forward to the 

4109
03:35:15,300 --> 03:35:18,300
plantagenets and you'll find 
yourself in what amounts to the 

4110
03:35:18,308 --> 03:35:20,300
world's longest running family. 
Drama. 

4111
03:35:21,200 --> 03:35:24,400
If the Normans were efficient 
administrators, the plantagenets

4112
03:35:24,400 --> 03:35:27,200
were passionate performers, who 
happened to run a kingdom on the

4113
03:35:27,200 --> 03:35:29,400
side. 
Henry, the second, the first 

4114
03:35:29,400 --> 03:35:32,800
plantagen at King inherited an 
Empire that stretched from the 

4115
03:35:32,800 --> 03:35:34,400
Scottish borders to the 
Pyrenees. 

4116
03:35:34,400 --> 03:35:38,600
Managing this required him to be
part politician, part, general 

4117
03:35:38,600 --> 03:35:41,500
part Diplomat and part traveling
salesman. 

4118
03:35:42,200 --> 03:35:45,500
He was constantly on the Move, 
governing his vast territories, 

4119
03:35:45,500 --> 03:35:48,100
with the energy of someone who'd
had far too much medieval 

4120
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:50,800
coffee. 
If such a thing had existed, the

4121
03:35:50,800 --> 03:35:53,600
plantagenet court was where 
politics became personal in the 

4122
03:35:53,600 --> 03:35:57,100
most spectacular ways. 
Take Henry's marriage to Eleanor

4123
03:35:57,100 --> 03:36:00,400
of Aquitaine a woman who was 
essentially the power broker of 

4124
03:36:00,400 --> 03:36:02,800
her age. 
Eleanor had already been queen 

4125
03:36:02,800 --> 03:36:05,400
of France before marrying Henry 
bringing with her the 

4126
03:36:05,400 --> 03:36:07,400
sophisticated culture of 
Southern France. 

4127
03:36:08,300 --> 03:36:10,700
She turned the English Court 
into a place where Troubadour 

4128
03:36:10,700 --> 03:36:14,800
sang Love Songs poets competed 
for Royal favor and courtly 

4129
03:36:14,800 --> 03:36:17,200
romance. 
Flourished, like exotic flowers,

4130
03:36:17,200 --> 03:36:20,500
in a hot house but Eleanor and 
Henry's married was less romance

4131
03:36:20,500 --> 03:36:22,700
novel and more psychological 
Thriller. 

4132
03:36:23,400 --> 03:36:26,200
They spent years alternately 
partnering in ambitious 

4133
03:36:26,200 --> 03:36:29,700
political schemes and plotting 
each other's downfall, their 

4134
03:36:29,700 --> 03:36:34,200
Force Sons Henry, the young king
Richard, the lionheart Jeffrey 

4135
03:36:34,200 --> 03:36:37,900
and John, grew up watching their
parents complex relationship and

4136
03:36:37,900 --> 03:36:40,500
apparently decided that family 
Harmony was overrated. 

4137
03:36:40,500 --> 03:36:43,800
The result was a royal family 
that treated succession planning

4138
03:36:43,800 --> 03:36:46,800
like a contact sport. 
The prince's rebelled against 

4139
03:36:46,800 --> 03:36:50,600
their father formed, a lion's 
with foreign Kings and generally

4140
03:36:50,600 --> 03:36:52,400
behaved like teenagers with 
armies. 

4141
03:36:53,100 --> 03:36:56,900
When Henry, the young king died 
in the 1183, he was technically 

4142
03:36:56,900 --> 03:36:59,600
still in Rebellion against his 
father family. 

4143
03:36:59,600 --> 03:37:02,000
Dinners must have been 
extraordinarily awkward. 

4144
03:37:02,000 --> 03:37:04,200
Richard. 
The first, the lionheart spent 

4145
03:37:04,200 --> 03:37:06,600
most of his Reign away from 
England crusading in the Holy 

4146
03:37:06,600 --> 03:37:08,900
Land. 
He treated his kingdom, rather 

4147
03:37:08,900 --> 03:37:12,100
like a wealthy parent, might 
treat a trust fund a reliable 

4148
03:37:12,100 --> 03:37:13,600
source of income for more 
exciting. 

4149
03:37:13,600 --> 03:37:17,700
Adventures elsewhere, Richard 
spoke little English and visited

4150
03:37:17,700 --> 03:37:20,000
England, perhaps twice during 
his 10 year reign. 

4151
03:37:20,000 --> 03:37:23,600
However, he continues to be one 
of England's, most renowned 

4152
03:37:23,600 --> 03:37:27,300
monarchs demonstrating that time
apart can truly deepen, one's 

4153
03:37:27,300 --> 03:37:30,600
affection, Then Came John. 
And if you've seen any movie 

4154
03:37:30,600 --> 03:37:32,600
about Robin Hood, you know, John
as the villain. 

4155
03:37:33,900 --> 03:37:37,400
The real John was more complex 
than Hollywood suggests, less 

4156
03:37:37,400 --> 03:37:40,400
cartoonishly evil more 
disastrously incompetent. 

4157
03:37:40,400 --> 03:37:43,200
He succeeded in losing the 
majority of his French 

4158
03:37:43,200 --> 03:37:46,000
territories facing 
excommunication from the pope 

4159
03:37:46,000 --> 03:37:51,100
and inciting armed Rebellion 
among his own barons. 1215, they

4160
03:37:51,100 --> 03:37:53,000
literally cornered him at 
Runnymede and made him. 

4161
03:37:53,008 --> 03:37:56,200
Sign Magna carter which was 
medieval England's way of 

4162
03:37:56,208 --> 03:37:58,400
saying. 
We need to have a serious talk 

4163
03:37:58,400 --> 03:38:01,300
about your management style, the
plantation at court during 

4164
03:38:01,300 --> 03:38:04,400
John's Reign likely felt like 
working for a startup in which 

4165
03:38:04,400 --> 03:38:07,900
the CEO continually makes 
decisions that everyone knows 

4166
03:38:07,900 --> 03:38:09,800
will lead to failure. 
Yet. 

4167
03:38:09,800 --> 03:38:11,600
No one can determine how to 
intervene. 

4168
03:38:12,400 --> 03:38:15,500
The Barons ultimately took 
action establishing the first 

4169
03:38:15,500 --> 03:38:17,800
formal limits on Royal power in 
English History. 

4170
03:38:17,800 --> 03:38:22,000
John's son Henry III inherited 
this mess at age 9. 

4171
03:38:22,700 --> 03:38:25,100
Growing up as a child. 
King meant the Henry's entire 

4172
03:38:25,100 --> 03:38:27,900
education in kingship. 
Came from watching Regents and 

4173
03:38:27,908 --> 03:38:30,600
advisors managed the kingdoms 
recovery from his father's 

4174
03:38:30,600 --> 03:38:33,900
disasters. 
Perhaps this explains why Henry 

4175
03:38:33,900 --> 03:38:37,500
developed such an obsession with
beautiful things, architecture 

4176
03:38:37,500 --> 03:38:39,900
art and luxury goods. 
That would make medieval 

4177
03:38:39,900 --> 03:38:43,300
Instagram followers, weep With 
Envy Henry, the third's court 

4178
03:38:43,300 --> 03:38:45,600
was where English Royal 
ceremonial really began to 

4179
03:38:45,600 --> 03:38:48,900
flourish He reconstructed 
Westminster Abbey in the gothic 

4180
03:38:48,900 --> 03:38:52,100
style, setting the stage for the
crowning of English monarchs for

4181
03:38:52,100 --> 03:38:56,000
the ensuing 8th centuries. 
He collected art patronize 

4182
03:38:56,000 --> 03:38:59,000
Scholars, and turn the Royal 
Court into a cultural center 

4183
03:38:59,000 --> 03:39:00,900
that attracted Talent from 
across Europe. 

4184
03:39:00,900 --> 03:39:04,300
The plantagenets established 
patterns that would echo through

4185
03:39:04,300 --> 03:39:07,400
English, Royal history, the 
tension between the king's 

4186
03:39:07,400 --> 03:39:09,500
personal desires and his public 
duties. 

4187
03:39:09,500 --> 03:39:12,800
The constant need to balance 
English interests against 

4188
03:39:12,800 --> 03:39:16,000
Continental Ambitions and the 
recurring discovery, that even 

4189
03:39:16,000 --> 03:39:18,600
Kings must occasionally, listen 
to their subjects, opinions 

4190
03:39:18,600 --> 03:39:21,200
about governance. 
Edward the first arrived on the 

4191
03:39:21,200 --> 03:39:23,800
throne, like someone finally 
reading the instruction manual 

4192
03:39:23,800 --> 03:39:26,000
after generations of 
improvisational. 

4193
03:39:26,900 --> 03:39:29,000
Where his predecessors had 
stumbled through the 

4194
03:39:29,000 --> 03:39:32,300
complexities of medieval 
kingship Edward approached the 

4195
03:39:32,308 --> 03:39:34,700
job with the systematic, 
thoroughness of a master 

4196
03:39:34,700 --> 03:39:37,400
Craftsman. 
You can picture Edwards Court as

4197
03:39:37,400 --> 03:39:39,400
a place where everything finally
ran on time. 

4198
03:39:39,400 --> 03:39:42,700
This was a king who conquered 
Wales, not through dramatic, 

4199
03:39:42,700 --> 03:39:46,300
Cavalry Charges, but through 
methodical strategic planning 

4200
03:39:46,300 --> 03:39:49,600
and Superior Logistics. 
He built a ring of castles that 

4201
03:39:49,600 --> 03:39:52,300
looked like they'd been designed
by someone who studied every 

4202
03:39:52,300 --> 03:39:56,200
military engineering textbook 
ever written, which in a sense, 

4203
03:39:56,200 --> 03:39:59,600
Edward had the court of Edward. 
The first buzzed with legal 

4204
03:39:59,600 --> 03:40:01,100
innovations that would have 
impressed. 

4205
03:40:01,100 --> 03:40:05,100
Modern constitutional lawyers 
Edward didn't just rule he 

4206
03:40:05,100 --> 03:40:09,300
legislated He created new laws, 
reformed old ones and 

4207
03:40:09,300 --> 03:40:11,900
established legal procedures 
that lasted for centuries. 

4208
03:40:12,700 --> 03:40:14,800
His statutes read. 
Like the work of someone who 

4209
03:40:14,800 --> 03:40:17,400
genuinely enjoyed the technical 
challenges of governance. 

4210
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:21,800
While other kings or lawmaking 
as a tedious, necessity, Edward 

4211
03:40:21,800 --> 03:40:24,000
treated it as creative 
problem-solving. 

4212
03:40:24,000 --> 03:40:27,500
But Edwards, greatest Innovation
was turning Royal ceremony into 

4213
03:40:27,500 --> 03:40:31,000
Political theater. 
His conquest of Wales culminated

4214
03:40:31,000 --> 03:40:33,800
in one of history's, most 
effective publicity stunts, 

4215
03:40:33,800 --> 03:40:38,200
presenting his infant son Edward
later, Edward the second to the 

4216
03:40:38,200 --> 03:40:42,200
Welsh as their prince of Wales, 
A native-born ruler, who 

4217
03:40:42,200 --> 03:40:44,800
happened to speak. 
No Welsh, but whose birth in 

4218
03:40:44,800 --> 03:40:46,600
care and castle. 
Made him technically. 

4219
03:40:46,600 --> 03:40:49,200
Well enough to satisfy the 
political requirements. 

4220
03:40:49,200 --> 03:40:52,400
The court during Edwards reigned
like the headquarters of a 

4221
03:40:52,408 --> 03:40:56,500
successful consulting firm 
organized, purposeful and 

4222
03:40:56,500 --> 03:40:58,400
slightly intimidating to 
Outsiders. 

4223
03:40:59,400 --> 03:41:02,600
Foreign ambassadors, arrived 
expecting medieval chaos and 

4224
03:41:02,600 --> 03:41:05,300
instead found Clarks who could 
produce any document within 

4225
03:41:05,300 --> 03:41:08,700
minutes treasury officials who 
knew exactly how much money was 

4226
03:41:08,700 --> 03:41:11,900
available for any proposed 
Venture and a king who actually 

4227
03:41:11,900 --> 03:41:14,600
read The Briefing papers. 
Edwards relationship with 

4228
03:41:14,600 --> 03:41:17,400
Parliament illustrates his 
practical approach to politics. 

4229
03:41:17,400 --> 03:41:20,100
He didn't summon Parliament, 
because he believed in 

4230
03:41:20,100 --> 03:41:23,700
Democratic principles, such 
ideas were still centuries in 

4231
03:41:23,700 --> 03:41:26,400
the future. 
He called Parliament because he 

4232
03:41:26,400 --> 03:41:29,600
needed money for his military 
campaigns and he discovered that

4233
03:41:29,600 --> 03:41:32,600
representatives were more likely
to approve taxes if they felt 

4234
03:41:32,600 --> 03:41:35,300
consulted about how those taxes 
would be spent. 

4235
03:41:36,400 --> 03:41:39,800
It was medieval crowdfunding 
with a constitutional twist, the

4236
03:41:39,800 --> 03:41:43,700
Court's daily routine, reflected
Edward systemic, nature morning,

4237
03:41:43,700 --> 03:41:45,700
councils dealt with 
administrative business. 

4238
03:41:45,700 --> 03:41:49,500
Afternoon sessions, handled 
legal appeals, and evenings were

4239
03:41:49,500 --> 03:41:52,100
reserved for diplomatic 
receptions and cultural events. 

4240
03:41:53,000 --> 03:41:56,100
Even the Royal meals. 
Followed precise protocols, not 

4241
03:41:56,100 --> 03:41:59,300
because Edward was particularly 
formal, but because he'd figured

4242
03:41:59,300 --> 03:42:02,500
out that consistent procedures. 
Prevented the sort of chaos that

4243
03:42:02,500 --> 03:42:05,100
had played. 
Earlier Reigns Edwards Queen 

4244
03:42:05,100 --> 03:42:09,000
Ellen of Castile brought her own
sophisticated household that 

4245
03:42:09,000 --> 03:42:10,800
merged seamlessly with the 
English Court. 

4246
03:42:10,800 --> 03:42:13,700
Eleanor was no mere ornamental 
Royal wife. 

4247
03:42:13,700 --> 03:42:17,100
She was a political partner who 
managed extensive estate's 

4248
03:42:17,100 --> 03:42:20,600
engaged in diplomatic 
negotiations and helped create 

4249
03:42:20,600 --> 03:42:23,900
the cultural atmosphere that 
made Edwards Court a magnet for 

4250
03:42:23,900 --> 03:42:26,400
European Talent. 
The famous Eleanor crosses. 

4251
03:42:26,400 --> 03:42:29,200
The elaborate monuments Edward 
directed at every place. 

4252
03:42:29,200 --> 03:42:31,500
Ellen as funeral procession 
rested on its way to 

4253
03:42:31,500 --> 03:42:33,900
Westminster. 
Well not just expressions of 

4254
03:42:33,900 --> 03:42:36,100
Royal grief. 
They were architectural 

4255
03:42:36,100 --> 03:42:38,300
advertisements for the 
plantagenet dynasties 

4256
03:42:38,300 --> 03:42:41,600
sophistication and power. 
Each cross served as a visual 

4257
03:42:41,600 --> 03:42:44,400
cue that those ruling. 
This Kingdom understood both 

4258
03:42:44,400 --> 03:42:48,000
emotional depth, and artistic 
Excellence, Edwards Court, 

4259
03:42:48,000 --> 03:42:50,600
produced the administrative 
Innovation that allowed England 

4260
03:42:50,600 --> 03:42:53,800
to function as a unified Kingdom
rather Than a collection of 

4261
03:42:53,808 --> 03:42:57,200
semi-independent regions, the 
Royal Chancery developed 

4262
03:42:57,200 --> 03:42:59,800
standardized procedures for 
everything from diplomatic 

4263
03:42:59,800 --> 03:43:02,800
correspondence. 
To land grants, the exchequer 

4264
03:43:02,800 --> 03:43:05,200
refined accounting methods, that
tracked, Royale income with 

4265
03:43:05,200 --> 03:43:07,500
Precision that would have 
impressed Renaissance. 

4266
03:43:07,500 --> 03:43:10,700
Bankers. 
When Edward died in 1307, he 

4267
03:43:10,700 --> 03:43:13,300
left his son a kingdom that 
functioned like a well-designed 

4268
03:43:13,300 --> 03:43:16,900
machine unfortunately. 
As we'll discover, not every 

4269
03:43:16,900 --> 03:43:20,300
King was mechanically inclined. 
Edward the second inherited. 

4270
03:43:20,300 --> 03:43:23,300
His father's efficient Kingdom 
and promptly, demonstrated. 

4271
03:43:23,300 --> 03:43:26,200
That governmental expertise 
isn't necessarily genetic. 

4272
03:43:27,200 --> 03:43:30,500
If Edward the first Court had 
been a Precision, timepiece, his

4273
03:43:30,500 --> 03:43:33,800
son's caught was more like an 
expensive watch that kept losing

4274
03:43:33,808 --> 03:43:36,000
time because the owner couldn't 
stop fiddling with the 

4275
03:43:36,008 --> 03:43:38,300
mechanism. 
The problem wasn't that Edward. 

4276
03:43:38,300 --> 03:43:41,500
The second intelligence or 
education, he'd received the 

4277
03:43:41,500 --> 03:43:44,700
finest, medieval schooling of 
available and understood Royal 

4278
03:43:44,700 --> 03:43:48,600
duties perfectly well in theory.
The problem was that Edward. 

4279
03:43:48,600 --> 03:43:51,700
The second found the actual work
of King ship, monumentally 

4280
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:54,400
boring. 
He preferred spending time with 

4281
03:43:54,400 --> 03:43:57,800
his close friends engaging in 
manual crafts and generally 

4282
03:43:57,800 --> 03:44:00,700
behaving like someone who'd 
inherited a successful family 

4283
03:44:00,700 --> 03:44:03,900
business but would rather be 
pursuing artistic interests. 

4284
03:44:03,900 --> 03:44:07,000
This created the medieval 
equivalent of an office where 

4285
03:44:07,000 --> 03:44:10,300
the CEO spends most of his time 
in the employee break room while

4286
03:44:10,300 --> 03:44:12,300
important decisions pile up on 
his desk. 

4287
03:44:13,100 --> 03:44:16,100
Edwards Court became a place 
where ambitious Nobles competed 

4288
03:44:16,100 --> 03:44:19,000
not for the king's attention 
regarding policy matters. 

4289
03:44:19,000 --> 03:44:22,900
But for positions in his inner 
Social Circle, the situation 

4290
03:44:22,900 --> 03:44:25,300
became complicated. 
When Edward developed an 

4291
03:44:25,300 --> 03:44:28,600
intensely close relationship 
with Piers gaveston, a young 

4292
03:44:28,600 --> 03:44:31,400
nobleman who possessed, the 
medieval equivalent of magnetic 

4293
03:44:31,400 --> 03:44:35,400
charisma. 
Galveston was witty stylish and 

4294
03:44:35,400 --> 03:44:38,400
completely uninterested in the 
sort of respectful, deference 

4295
03:44:38,400 --> 03:44:41,200
that other Nobles expected to 
receive from Royal favourites. 

4296
03:44:41,200 --> 03:44:45,300
He nicknamed the powerful URLs 
with insulting pet names and 

4297
03:44:45,300 --> 03:44:47,800
generally behaved like someone 
who'd never read the handbook 

4298
03:44:47,800 --> 03:44:50,700
on, medieval Court Politics, the
established nobility. 

4299
03:44:50,700 --> 03:44:53,500
Watch this relationship with the
mounting horror of senior 

4300
03:44:53,500 --> 03:44:56,500
Executives discovering that the 
bosses college roommate has been

4301
03:44:56,500 --> 03:44:57,900
appointed as their new 
supervisor. 

4302
03:44:58,900 --> 03:45:00,800
Gaveston wasn't just 
inappropriate. 

4303
03:45:00,800 --> 03:45:04,400
He was effective at making the 
traditional power Brokers, feel 

4304
03:45:04,400 --> 03:45:07,700
excluded, from important 
decisions, the court, split into

4305
03:45:07,700 --> 03:45:11,000
factions, those who found the 
situation tolerable and those 

4306
03:45:11,000 --> 03:45:15,000
who decidedly did not the result
was a series of political crises

4307
03:45:15,000 --> 03:45:18,000
that read like medieval office 
politics taken to their logical 

4308
03:45:18,000 --> 03:45:20,800
extreme. 
The Barons repeatedly forced 

4309
03:45:20,800 --> 03:45:24,600
Edward to send gaveston into 
Exile, Edward repeatedly, found 

4310
03:45:24,600 --> 03:45:26,900
ways to bring him back and 
Galveston. 

4311
03:45:26,900 --> 03:45:30,500
Repeatedly managed to offend 
everyone who mattered, the cycle

4312
03:45:30,500 --> 03:45:34,100
continued until 1312. 
When a group of URLs decided to 

4313
03:45:34,100 --> 03:45:37,400
solve the problem permanently, 
by murdering gaveston Edwards 

4314
03:45:37,400 --> 03:45:40,000
reaction to his favorite death. 
Transformed him from an 

4315
03:45:40,000 --> 03:45:43,000
ineffective, but harmless King 
into a genuinely dangerous 

4316
03:45:43,000 --> 03:45:46,200
enemy. 
The gentle artistic Soul who 

4317
03:45:46,200 --> 03:45:49,700
preferred crafts to Conquest 
suddenly developed a talent for 

4318
03:45:49,700 --> 03:45:52,100
sustained Vengeance. 
That would have impressed his 

4319
03:45:52,100 --> 03:45:55,200
Warrior father, the court became
a place where courteous 

4320
03:45:55,200 --> 03:45:58,500
calculated not just political 
Advantage, but personal 

4321
03:45:58,500 --> 03:46:00,600
survival. 
The dispenser family. 

4322
03:46:00,600 --> 03:46:04,100
Hue, the Elder and Hugh the 
younger replaced Galveston as 

4323
03:46:04,100 --> 03:46:08,200
Edwards closest advisors, but 
they brought none of charm and 

4324
03:46:08,208 --> 03:46:10,000
all of his talent for making 
enemies. 

4325
03:46:10,900 --> 03:46:14,100
The dispensers treated Royal 
favour as a licensed for 

4326
03:46:14,100 --> 03:46:17,700
systemic corruption, using their
positions to acquire lands 

4327
03:46:17,700 --> 03:46:20,100
titles and wealth through 
methods that would have 

4328
03:46:20,108 --> 03:46:21,900
embarrassed medieval robber 
barons. 

4329
03:46:21,900 --> 03:46:25,000
Meanwhile, Edwards, Queen, 
Isabella of France. 

4330
03:46:25,000 --> 03:46:27,800
Watched her husband's 
relationships with male favorite

4331
03:46:27,800 --> 03:46:31,200
and gradual descent into 
Political paranoia with the 

4332
03:46:31,208 --> 03:46:33,900
patience of someone waiting for 
the right moment to file for 

4333
03:46:33,900 --> 03:46:36,300
divorce. 
If such a thing had existed in 

4334
03:46:36,300 --> 03:46:39,100
medieval Royal marriage 
contracts, Isabella's 

4335
03:46:39,100 --> 03:46:41,900
transformation from neglected 
wife to political revolutionary,

4336
03:46:41,900 --> 03:46:44,900
deserves its own chapter, in any
study of medieval character 

4337
03:46:44,900 --> 03:46:48,300
development, She began the reign
as a conventional, Royal, 

4338
03:46:48,300 --> 03:46:51,500
consort dutifully producing 
heirs and managing her 

4339
03:46:51,500 --> 03:46:55,400
household. 
By 1325, she had evolved into a 

4340
03:46:55,400 --> 03:46:58,500
master political strategist who 
could give lessons in regime 

4341
03:46:58,500 --> 03:47:02,000
change to Modern intelligence 
agencies her alliance with Roger

4342
03:47:02,000 --> 03:47:03,900
Mortimer. 
One of England's, most powerful 

4343
03:47:03,900 --> 03:47:07,000
Barons created the medieval 
equivalent of a shadow 

4344
03:47:07,000 --> 03:47:09,400
government. 
Isabella and Mortimer 

4345
03:47:09,400 --> 03:47:12,100
established themselves in 
France, gathered military 

4346
03:47:12,100 --> 03:47:14,800
support and planned their 
invasion of England with the 

4347
03:47:14,800 --> 03:47:17,500
thoroughness that Edward. 
The second had never applied to 

4348
03:47:17,500 --> 03:47:19,700
actual governance. 
When is Isabella's, forces 

4349
03:47:19,700 --> 03:47:23,600
landed in England, in 1326 
Edwards government collapsed 

4350
03:47:23,600 --> 03:47:26,900
with the speed of a house of 
cards in a stiff breeze, the 

4351
03:47:26,900 --> 03:47:29,300
king who had spent 20 years 
alienating. 

4352
03:47:29,300 --> 03:47:32,600
His most important supporters 
discovered that loyalty cannot 

4353
03:47:32,600 --> 03:47:34,700
be stored like grain in a Royal 
Warehouse. 

4354
03:47:34,700 --> 03:47:39,000
It spoils if neglected for too 
long Edwards capture and forced 

4355
03:47:39,000 --> 03:47:43,400
abdication in 1327 ended one of 
the most psychologically complex

4356
03:47:43,400 --> 03:47:46,600
rains in English History. 
His court had become a 

4357
03:47:46,608 --> 03:47:48,600
cautionary. 
Tale about what happens when 

4358
03:47:48,600 --> 03:47:51,100
personal relationships override 
political judgment. 

4359
03:47:51,100 --> 03:47:54,700
And when kings forget that, 
their private preferences cannot

4360
03:47:54,700 --> 03:47:57,800
be separated from their public 
responsibilities Edward. 

4361
03:47:57,800 --> 03:48:00,700
The third inherited, a kingdom 
that desperately needed someone 

4362
03:48:00,700 --> 03:48:04,500
who actually wanted to be king. 
Fortunately, that's exactly what

4363
03:48:04,500 --> 03:48:07,400
they got. 
Where his father had approached 

4364
03:48:07,400 --> 03:48:10,000
kingship, like a reluctant 
employee showing up for a job. 

4365
03:48:10,000 --> 03:48:13,500
He'd never wanted Edward, the 
third embraced royal power with 

4366
03:48:13,500 --> 03:48:16,500
the enthusiasm of someone who'd 
been waiting his entire life for

4367
03:48:16,500 --> 03:48:18,900
the opportunity. 
The court of Edward, the third 

4368
03:48:18,900 --> 03:48:21,700
felt like a medieval version of 
Mission Control during an 

4369
03:48:21,700 --> 03:48:24,700
exciting Space Program. 
Everything was focused on the 

4370
03:48:24,700 --> 03:48:27,400
great project of proving that 
England could compete with 

4371
03:48:27,400 --> 03:48:29,700
France as a major European 
power. 

4372
03:48:30,400 --> 03:48:33,400
This required transforming 
English military capabilities, 

4373
03:48:33,400 --> 03:48:36,700
diplomatic relationships and 
cultural Prestige. 

4374
03:48:36,700 --> 03:48:40,400
Simultaneously Edwards solution 
was to turn Warfare into a 

4375
03:48:40,400 --> 03:48:42,500
combination of professional 
efficiency and chivalrous 

4376
03:48:42,500 --> 03:48:45,700
spectacle his court became the 
headquarters for military 

4377
03:48:45,700 --> 03:48:47,000
innovations. 
That would revolutionize 

4378
03:48:47,000 --> 03:48:50,800
European combat English 
longbowmen weren't just skilled 

4379
03:48:50,800 --> 03:48:54,100
archers, they were Precision 
weapons specialist, whose 

4380
03:48:54,100 --> 03:48:56,200
training regiments would have 
impressed modern Olympic 

4381
03:48:56,200 --> 03:48:59,900
coaches, the creation of the 
order of the Garter in 1348. 

4382
03:48:59,900 --> 03:49:03,200
Illustrate Edwards. 
Genius for combining practical 

4383
03:49:03,200 --> 03:49:07,100
politics with romantic imagery. 
The Story Goes that Edward 

4384
03:49:07,100 --> 03:49:10,000
rescued, a lady's garter that 
had fallen during a court dance.

4385
03:49:10,000 --> 03:49:12,700
Declaring honey, sweaty, Molly 
pass. 

4386
03:49:12,700 --> 03:49:14,800
Shame on him. 
Who thinks evil of it? 

4387
03:49:15,500 --> 03:49:18,000
Whether this actually happened 
matters less than Edwards 

4388
03:49:18,000 --> 03:49:20,300
Insight. 
That nightly honor needed 

4389
03:49:20,300 --> 03:49:22,800
institutional structure to 
remain politically useful. 

4390
03:49:22,800 --> 03:49:25,800
The Garter nights weren't just 
ceremonial appointments. 

4391
03:49:25,800 --> 03:49:29,500
They were Edwards Corps military
and political leadership bound 

4392
03:49:29,500 --> 03:49:32,600
together by Oaths that merged 
personal loyalty with service to

4393
03:49:32,600 --> 03:49:35,000
the kingdom. 
It was medieval team building 

4394
03:49:35,000 --> 03:49:38,400
with lasting constitutional 
implications Edwards Court 

4395
03:49:38,400 --> 03:49:41,000
during the early phases of the 
100 Years War buzzed with the 

4396
03:49:41,008 --> 03:49:42,800
confidence of a successful 
startup. 

4397
03:49:42,800 --> 03:49:46,500
That's just secured major 
funding the victory at crazy, in

4398
03:49:46,500 --> 03:49:50,400
1346 proved that English 
Tactical Innovations could 

4399
03:49:50,400 --> 03:49:54,200
defeat traditional French 
military superiority The capture

4400
03:49:54,200 --> 03:49:56,500
of Cali gave England, a 
permanent foothold on the 

4401
03:49:56,508 --> 03:50:01,000
continent, the victory at 
poitiers and 1356 where Edward 

4402
03:50:01,000 --> 03:50:02,800
son? 
The black prince captured, the 

4403
03:50:02,800 --> 03:50:05,200
French King himself established,
the English. 

4404
03:50:05,200 --> 03:50:08,000
Royal Family's reputation as 
Europe's Most formidable 

4405
03:50:08,000 --> 03:50:11,600
military Dynasty but courts that
revolve around military success 

4406
03:50:11,600 --> 03:50:14,500
inevitable challenges when the 
victory stop coming. 

4407
03:50:15,300 --> 03:50:19,200
The black death, which reached 
England in 1348, killed 

4408
03:50:19,200 --> 03:50:22,300
approximately 1/3 of the 
population and disrupted. 

4409
03:50:22,300 --> 03:50:25,000
The economic systems. 
That funded Edwards, Continental

4410
03:50:25,000 --> 03:50:27,800
ambitions. 
Suddenly, the court found itself

4411
03:50:27,800 --> 03:50:30,400
managing not just military 
campaigns, but social 

4412
03:50:30,400 --> 03:50:33,200
Revolution, the plagues 
aftermath created labor. 

4413
03:50:33,200 --> 03:50:36,200
Shortages that gave surviving 
peasants, unprecedented 

4414
03:50:36,200 --> 03:50:39,400
bargaining power. 
Traditional social hierarchies 

4415
03:50:39,400 --> 03:50:42,200
began shifting in ways that made
established Nobles nervous. 

4416
03:50:42,900 --> 03:50:45,300
The court had to navigate 
between maintaining traditional 

4417
03:50:45,300 --> 03:50:48,700
Privileges and acknowledging. 
New Economic realities, Edward 

4418
03:50:48,700 --> 03:50:51,300
age into someone who'd learned 
that even successful Kings 

4419
03:50:51,300 --> 03:50:53,700
cannot control all the 
variables, that determine their 

4420
03:50:53,700 --> 03:50:56,600
Reigns outcomes. 
The energetic Warrior who 

4421
03:50:56,600 --> 03:50:59,500
launched England's bid for 
Continental Empire became a 

4422
03:50:59,500 --> 03:51:01,800
somewhat Melancholy figure 
presiding over a kingdom. 

4423
03:51:01,800 --> 03:51:04,700
That was simultaneously more 
powerful, and more troubled than

4424
03:51:04,700 --> 03:51:06,900
it had. 
Been at his accession the court.

4425
03:51:06,900 --> 03:51:10,800
During Edwards, final Year's 
reflected this complexity Royal 

4426
03:51:10,800 --> 03:51:13,700
ceremonies maintain their 
magnificent diplomatic 

4427
03:51:13,700 --> 03:51:16,700
negotiations can continue to 
cross Europe and Military 

4428
03:51:16,700 --> 03:51:19,400
campaigns proceeded, according 
to established strategies. 

4429
03:51:20,500 --> 03:51:23,600
But underneath the familiar 
routines, everyone could sense 

4430
03:51:23,600 --> 03:51:26,500
that the assumptions underlying 
Edwards, early successes were 

4431
03:51:26,500 --> 03:51:28,200
becoming increasingly 
questionable. 

4432
03:51:28,200 --> 03:51:32,000
The black prince is premature 
death in, 1376 symbolized the 

4433
03:51:32,000 --> 03:51:36,100
broader challenges facing the 
plantation at system, Edward the

4434
03:51:36,100 --> 03:51:38,400
third had created a court 
culture based on chivalrous, 

4435
03:51:38,400 --> 03:51:41,000
military Excellence, but 
chivalry offered limited 

4436
03:51:41,000 --> 03:51:43,900
guidance for managing plague 
disrupted social structures 

4437
03:51:43,900 --> 03:51:47,400
economic inflation and the 
growing political sophistication

4438
03:51:47,400 --> 03:51:50,100
of England's. 
Urban populations when Edward 

4439
03:51:50,100 --> 03:51:54,100
the third died in 1377, he left 
a kingdom that had achieved his 

4440
03:51:54,108 --> 03:51:56,900
goal of establishing England as 
a major European power. 

4441
03:51:56,900 --> 03:52:00,400
But at costs that his successes 
would spend Generations, 

4442
03:52:00,400 --> 03:52:03,700
calculating 10 year old Richard,
the Second inherited a kingdom 

4443
03:52:03,708 --> 03:52:07,300
expecting another warrior king 
and instead got an artist who 

4444
03:52:07,300 --> 03:52:10,900
happened to wear a crown. 
If Edward the third's court had 

4445
03:52:10,900 --> 03:52:14,400
been focused outward toward 
Continental Conquest Richards, 

4446
03:52:14,400 --> 03:52:16,600
Court turned inward toward 
creating something 

4447
03:52:16,600 --> 03:52:20,100
unprecedented, a royal household
that treated cultural 

4448
03:52:20,100 --> 03:52:23,100
sophistication as seriously as 
previous generations. 

4449
03:52:23,100 --> 03:52:26,800
Had treated military prowess you
can imagine the confusion this 

4450
03:52:26,800 --> 03:52:29,700
caused among Nobles, who spent 
their entire careers preparing 

4451
03:52:29,700 --> 03:52:31,600
for careers, as Knights and 
Military Commanders. 

4452
03:52:32,700 --> 03:52:35,500
Suddenly, they found themselves 
in a court where success went 

4453
03:52:35,500 --> 03:52:38,200
understanding, poetry 
appreciating architectural 

4454
03:52:38,200 --> 03:52:41,900
Innovation, and navigating 
social protocols that resembled 

4455
03:52:41,900 --> 03:52:44,400
elaborate performance is more 
than traditional feudal 

4456
03:52:44,400 --> 03:52:46,900
relationships. 
Richards, Court developed its 

4457
03:52:46,900 --> 03:52:49,500
own aesthetic that Modern Art 
historian still study with 

4458
03:52:49,500 --> 03:52:52,600
fascination The king, 
commissioned illuminated 

4459
03:52:52,600 --> 03:52:54,400
manuscripts. 
That looked like medieval 

4460
03:52:54,400 --> 03:52:58,100
graphic novels patronized 
architects who created buildings

4461
03:52:58,100 --> 03:53:00,900
that seemed to float. 
Despite being constructed from 

4462
03:53:00,900 --> 03:53:04,300
heavy Stone and surrounded 
himself with intellectuals who 

4463
03:53:04,300 --> 03:53:07,900
treated political philosophy as 
an art form, worthy of Lifetime 

4464
03:53:07,900 --> 03:53:10,300
dedication. 
The famous Wilton diptych 

4465
03:53:10,300 --> 03:53:13,500
probably created for Richard's 
Court, captures the atmosphere 

4466
03:53:13,500 --> 03:53:17,700
perfectly It shows Richard being
presented to the Virgin, Mary by

4467
03:53:17,700 --> 03:53:20,700
his patron saints. 
But the paintings real subject 

4468
03:53:20,700 --> 03:53:24,000
is the idea that Royal Authority
derives from Divine aesthetic 

4469
03:53:24,000 --> 03:53:25,900
judgment rather than military 
prowess. 

4470
03:53:26,700 --> 03:53:29,700
Richard looks less like a 
warrior more like a medieval art

4471
03:53:29,700 --> 03:53:31,600
critic, whose discovered 
something beautiful. 

4472
03:53:31,600 --> 03:53:35,300
This cultural revolution wasn't 
just decorative, Richard 

4473
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:37,200
understood that Royal Authority 
needed. 

4474
03:53:37,200 --> 03:53:39,300
New Foundations. 
Now that the Black Death had 

4475
03:53:39,300 --> 03:53:41,400
disrupted traditional social 
hierarchies. 

4476
03:53:42,200 --> 03:53:45,200
King's could no longer rely on 
military force and feudal, 

4477
03:53:45,200 --> 03:53:48,400
obligation to maintain power, 
they needed to create new forms 

4478
03:53:48,400 --> 03:53:51,900
of prestige and Authority. 
Richard's solution was to make 

4479
03:53:51,900 --> 03:53:54,500
the Royal Court. 
So culturally magnificent, that 

4480
03:53:54,500 --> 03:53:57,200
association with it, became 
irresistible to ambitious. 

4481
03:53:57,200 --> 03:54:00,400
Nobles, the result was a court 
where political negotiations 

4482
03:54:00,400 --> 03:54:04,100
felt like elaborate theatrical 
performances, Richard developed 

4483
03:54:04,100 --> 03:54:07,300
ceremonies that turned routine 
administrative tasks into 

4484
03:54:07,300 --> 03:54:10,300
rituals that demonstrated Royal 
Authority through aesthetic 

4485
03:54:10,300 --> 03:54:13,300
Excellence rather than raw power
foreign ambassadors. 

4486
03:54:13,300 --> 03:54:16,800
Arrived expecting traditional 
medieval formality and instead 

4487
03:54:16,800 --> 03:54:19,500
encountered governmental 
procedures that seem designed by

4488
03:54:19,500 --> 03:54:23,100
choreographers Richards personal
style, reflected, this approach 

4489
03:54:23,100 --> 03:54:25,500
he dressed with an attention to 
detail. 

4490
03:54:25,500 --> 03:54:27,600
That would have impressed 
Renaissance fashion designers 

4491
03:54:27,600 --> 03:54:30,600
spoke with the Precision of 
someone who studied rhetoric as 

4492
03:54:30,600 --> 03:54:33,900
a fine art and carried himself 
with the conscience of a 

4493
03:54:33,900 --> 03:54:37,000
performer who understood that 
every public appearance was a 

4494
03:54:37,000 --> 03:54:40,000
political statement, the king's 
relationship with literature 

4495
03:54:40,000 --> 03:54:41,400
produced. 
Some of the most important 

4496
03:54:41,400 --> 03:54:43,300
cultural developments in English
History. 

4497
03:54:44,200 --> 03:54:47,300
Richard's, Court patronized 
Geoffrey Chaucer whose 

4498
03:54:47,300 --> 03:54:50,300
Canterbury Tales captures the 
social complexity of late, 

4499
03:54:50,300 --> 03:54:53,000
medieval England with 
psychological insight, that 

4500
03:54:53,000 --> 03:54:57,300
still amazes modern readers 
position as a royal Customs 

4501
03:54:57,300 --> 03:55:00,800
official allowed him to observe 
English society from both 

4502
03:55:00,800 --> 03:55:04,400
aristocratic and Commercial 
perspectives, giving his writing

4503
03:55:04,400 --> 03:55:07,000
a breath that purely academic 
poets, couldn't match. 

4504
03:55:07,000 --> 03:55:10,300
But Richards, aesthetic approach
to King ship created, its own 

4505
03:55:10,300 --> 03:55:13,800
political challenges. 
Noble suit expected to advance 

4506
03:55:13,800 --> 03:55:16,500
their careers through military 
service found themselves 

4507
03:55:16,500 --> 03:55:19,600
competing in cultural Arenas, 
where they felt disadvantaged 

4508
03:55:20,400 --> 03:55:22,800
The court became a place where 
traditional Warriors, tried to 

4509
03:55:22,800 --> 03:55:27,200
master skills, sophisticated 
conversation appreciation of 

4510
03:55:27,200 --> 03:55:31,500
artistic subtlety, understanding
of literary references that seem

4511
03:55:31,500 --> 03:55:34,300
to have little connection to the
Practical business of governing 

4512
03:55:34,300 --> 03:55:37,100
a kingdom. 
The Peasants Revolt of 1381, 

4513
03:55:37,100 --> 03:55:40,200
tested Richards, unconventional 
approach to Royal Authority. 

4514
03:55:40,900 --> 03:55:43,500
When what Tyler, LED thousands 
of rebellious peasants to 

4515
03:55:43,500 --> 03:55:46,600
London, demanding social, and 
economic reforms that would have

4516
03:55:46,600 --> 03:55:50,100
dismantled the feudal system. 
The 14 year old King Face, his 

4517
03:55:50,100 --> 03:55:54,200
first major, political crisis, 
His response, demonstrated both 

4518
03:55:54,200 --> 03:55:57,200
the strengths and limitations of
his aesthetic approach to power.

4519
03:55:57,200 --> 03:56:00,500
Richard met the rebels 
personally, using his Royal 

4520
03:56:00,500 --> 03:56:04,000
presents and rhetorical skills 
to defuse their immediate anger 

4521
03:56:04,000 --> 03:56:06,600
for a moment. 
It seemed as if the young kings 

4522
03:56:06,600 --> 03:56:10,000
cultural sophistication might 
succeed, where traditional 

4523
03:56:10,000 --> 03:56:13,500
military responses would have 
failed. but when Tyler was 

4524
03:56:13,500 --> 03:56:16,600
killed during the negotiations, 
Richard's promise of reforms was

4525
03:56:16,600 --> 03:56:19,700
quickly forgotten and the Revolt
was suppressed with traditional 

4526
03:56:19,700 --> 03:56:23,000
violence, The Experience seems 
to have convinced Richard that 

4527
03:56:23,000 --> 03:56:26,000
cultural Authority alone wasn't 
sufficient for Royal survival, 

4528
03:56:26,900 --> 03:56:33,400
His court during the 1399 
authoritarian political methods.

4529
03:56:34,300 --> 03:56:37,000
Richard began demanding, new 
forms of Royal reverence 

4530
03:56:37,000 --> 03:56:38,900
creating ceremonies that 
elevated. 

4531
03:56:38,900 --> 03:56:42,500
The king of traditional feudal 
relationships, the famous scene 

4532
03:56:42,500 --> 03:56:45,000
where Richard required Nobles, 
to approach his throne on their 

4533
03:56:45,000 --> 03:56:48,200
knees and address him. 
Only when spoken to wasn't just 

4534
03:56:48,200 --> 03:56:51,200
Royal vanity, it was a 
systematic attempt to 

4535
03:56:51,200 --> 03:56:54,600
reconstruct Royal Authority 
along different lines than his 

4536
03:56:54,600 --> 03:56:57,900
predecessors had used. 
Richard understood that if 

4537
03:56:57,900 --> 03:57:00,700
cultural Prestige was going to 
replace military dominance as 

4538
03:57:00,700 --> 03:57:04,000
the foundation of royal power, 
then Royal dignity needed. 

4539
03:57:04,000 --> 03:57:07,200
Unprecedented protection by the 
late 1390. 

4540
03:57:07,200 --> 03:57:10,200
Richards Court had become a 
place where aesthetic Excellence

4541
03:57:10,200 --> 03:57:12,000
co-existed with political 
paranoia. 

4542
03:57:13,100 --> 03:57:14,800
The king who'd created 
England's. 

4543
03:57:14,800 --> 03:57:17,700
Most culturally sophisticated 
Royal household was 

4544
03:57:17,700 --> 03:57:21,000
simultaneously alienating the 
noble families who support he 

4545
03:57:21,000 --> 03:57:24,300
needed for political survival. 
The beautiful ceremonies and 

4546
03:57:24,300 --> 03:57:27,300
magnificent art were real 
achievements but they couldn't 

4547
03:57:27,300 --> 03:57:30,500
substitute for the Practical 
political skills that successful

4548
03:57:30,500 --> 03:57:33,800
medieval King ship required. 
When Henry bowling broke deposed

4549
03:57:33,800 --> 03:57:37,500
Richard the Second in 399. 
He faced a challenge that no 

4550
03:57:37,500 --> 03:57:40,400
previous English. 
King had confronted How do you 

4551
03:57:40,408 --> 03:57:44,000
establish legitimacy when you've
just proven that Royal Authority

4552
03:57:44,000 --> 03:57:47,100
isn't actually sacred Henry. 
The 4th Court had to function 

4553
03:57:47,100 --> 03:57:50,300
simultaneously as a functioning 
government and as a constant 

4554
03:57:50,300 --> 03:57:53,600
argument for why the lancastrian
dynasty deserve to rule England,

4555
03:57:53,600 --> 03:57:56,900
the solution was to create a 
court culture that emphasized 

4556
03:57:56,900 --> 03:57:59,700
practical competence over 
aesthetic, magnificence. 

4557
03:58:00,500 --> 03:58:02,500
Where Richards Court had felt 
like an art gallery. 

4558
03:58:02,500 --> 03:58:05,900
That occasionally conducted 
government business Henry's 

4559
03:58:05,900 --> 03:58:08,600
Court, operated more like a 
well-run law firm that happened 

4560
03:58:08,600 --> 03:58:11,800
to be housed in Royal palaces 
Henry, the fourth understood 

4561
03:58:11,800 --> 03:58:13,800
that his questionable claim to 
the throne meant. 

4562
03:58:13,800 --> 03:58:16,100
He needed to govern more 
effectively than Kings with 

4563
03:58:16,100 --> 03:58:19,600
uncontested legitimacy. 
His Court established 

4564
03:58:19,600 --> 03:58:22,700
administrative procedures aimed 
at showcasing Royal competence 

4565
03:58:22,700 --> 03:58:27,700
by ensuring visible efficiency. 
Foreign ambassadors and domestic

4566
03:58:27,700 --> 03:58:30,900
Nobles alike could see that this
government actually worked. 

4567
03:58:31,600 --> 03:58:34,600
Bills were paid on time. 
Legal decisions were rendered 

4568
03:58:34,600 --> 03:58:38,000
promptly and Military campaigns 
were organized with professional

4569
03:58:38,000 --> 03:58:40,200
thoroughness. 
The lancastrian, courts 

4570
03:58:40,200 --> 03:58:42,800
relationship with Parliament 
illustrates this practical 

4571
03:58:42,800 --> 03:58:45,400
approach. 
Henry didn't call Parliament 

4572
03:58:45,400 --> 03:58:48,600
because he enjoyed legislative 
debate but because he needed 

4573
03:58:48,600 --> 03:58:51,100
regular communication with the 
social groups who support 

4574
03:58:51,100 --> 03:58:52,700
maintained his Dynasty's 
position. 

4575
03:58:53,600 --> 03:58:56,600
Parliamentary sessions during 
Henry's Reign felt less like 

4576
03:58:56,600 --> 03:58:59,800
Royal ceremonies and more like 
business meetings where 

4577
03:58:59,800 --> 03:59:03,200
practical people discussed, 
practical problems, this created

4578
03:59:03,200 --> 03:59:05,900
a court atmosphere, that was 
less visually spectacular than 

4579
03:59:05,900 --> 03:59:07,900
Richards, but more politically 
sustainable. 

4580
03:59:08,900 --> 03:59:11,800
Henry's courtiers Advance their 
careers through administrative 

4581
03:59:11,800 --> 03:59:14,800
competence military, 
Effectiveness and practical 

4582
03:59:14,800 --> 03:59:17,600
problem-solving rather than 
cultural sophistication or 

4583
03:59:17,600 --> 03:59:21,500
aesthetic sensitivity. 
The change wasn't necessarily an

4584
03:59:21,500 --> 03:59:24,700
improvement England lost some of
the cultural achievements that 

4585
03:59:24,700 --> 03:59:27,900
Richards patronage had fostered.
But it was more suited to the 

4586
03:59:27,900 --> 03:59:31,400
political realities of Europe's.
Kingship Henry, the 5th in 

4587
03:59:31,400 --> 03:59:34,500
Heritage, this practical Court 
culture, and applied it to the 

4588
03:59:34,500 --> 03:59:37,900
grandest possible project 
proofing that the lancastrian 

4589
03:59:37,900 --> 03:59:41,600
dynasty could achieve military 
successes that were Justified as

4590
03:59:41,600 --> 03:59:45,200
questionable Origins. 
His court became the planning 

4591
03:59:45,200 --> 03:59:47,900
headquarters for the most 
successful military campaign in 

4592
03:59:47,900 --> 03:59:50,500
English History. 
The preparation for Henry's 

4593
03:59:50,500 --> 03:59:53,600
French campaigns reveals how the
Lancaster Inn Court had evolved 

4594
03:59:53,600 --> 03:59:55,900
into something resembling a 
modern general staff. 

4595
03:59:56,500 --> 03:59:59,600
Every aspect of the Adrian. 
Court campaign Logistics 

4596
03:59:59,600 --> 04:00:02,700
intelligence gathering 
diplomatic preparation. 

4597
04:00:02,700 --> 04:00:06,600
Financial planning was organized
with systematic attention to 

4598
04:00:06,600 --> 04:00:09,400
detail that previous generations
of English kings, and rarely 

4599
04:00:09,400 --> 04:00:12,300
achieved Henry's Court. 
During the French campaigns. 

4600
04:00:12,300 --> 04:00:14,800
Must have felt like Mission 
Control during a successful 

4601
04:00:14,800 --> 04:00:17,600
space program. 
Maps, covered the walls. 

4602
04:00:17,600 --> 04:00:21,400
Dispatches arrive daily from 
Agents throughout France and 

4603
04:00:21,400 --> 04:00:23,600
treasury officials. 
Calculated the cost of 

4604
04:00:23,600 --> 04:00:26,400
maintaining English armies on 
foreign soil with accounting 

4605
04:00:26,400 --> 04:00:29,000
Precision that would have 
impressed Renaissance Bankers 

4606
04:00:29,000 --> 04:00:32,900
the victory at Agincourt in 
1415, provided exactly the 

4607
04:00:32,900 --> 04:00:35,100
legitimacy. 
Boost that lancastrian kingship 

4608
04:00:35,100 --> 04:00:38,300
needed Henry had proven that. 
His dynasty could achieve 

4609
04:00:38,300 --> 04:00:41,800
military successes that rivaled 
the greatest accomplishments of 

4610
04:00:41,800 --> 04:00:44,900
the plantagenets. 
The Court's practical approach 

4611
04:00:44,900 --> 04:00:46,900
to governance had produced 
practical results. 

4612
04:00:46,900 --> 04:00:50,700
That no one could question. 
But Henry's early death in 1422 

4613
04:00:50,700 --> 04:00:52,700
left. 
His infant son, Henry, the sixth

4614
04:00:52,700 --> 04:00:56,200
to inherit both the French 
conquests and the systematic 

4615
04:00:56,200 --> 04:00:57,700
Court culture that had achieved 
them. 

4616
04:00:58,600 --> 04:01:00,400
This created a fascinating 
problem. 

4617
04:01:00,400 --> 04:01:03,200
What happens when a court 
designed around practical 

4618
04:01:03,200 --> 04:01:05,700
competence is headed by someone 
who's more interested in 

4619
04:01:05,700 --> 04:01:09,500
scholarly Pursuits and 
administrative efficiency Henry.

4620
04:01:09,500 --> 04:01:11,800
The sixth Court represents. 
One of the most intriguing 

4621
04:01:11,800 --> 04:01:15,700
experiments in English, Royal 
history, The King was genuinely 

4622
04:01:15,700 --> 04:01:19,900
Pious, intellectually gifted and
temperamentally unsuited for the

4623
04:01:19,900 --> 04:01:22,800
aggressive political leadership 
that his father's Legacy 

4624
04:01:22,800 --> 04:01:26,300
required, his courtiers found 
themselves managing a kingdom on

4625
04:01:26,300 --> 04:01:28,600
behalf of someone who has more 
interested in founding 

4626
04:01:28,600 --> 04:01:32,100
educational institutions then 
maintaining military conquests. 

4627
04:01:32,100 --> 04:01:35,100
The result was a court where 
practical administrators 

4628
04:01:35,100 --> 04:01:37,600
gradually took over the 
functions that previous Kings 

4629
04:01:37,600 --> 04:01:41,100
had performed personally. 
This might have worked, if 

4630
04:01:41,100 --> 04:01:43,800
Henry's Nobles had been content 
with administrative kingship, 

4631
04:01:43,800 --> 04:01:47,400
but many of them had their own 
ideas about how Royal Authority 

4632
04:01:47,400 --> 04:01:50,400
should function. 
Henry, the 6th Court was too 

4633
04:01:50,400 --> 04:01:52,900
well, organized for its own 
good, which contributed to the 

4634
04:01:52,900 --> 04:01:56,900
start of the wars of the Roses. 
the efficient administrative 

4635
04:01:56,900 --> 04:01:59,700
systems that Henry the fourth 
and Henry the 5th had created 

4636
04:01:59,700 --> 04:02:03,400
continued to function even when 
the king himself provided 

4637
04:02:03,400 --> 04:02:07,400
minimal leadership, This allowed
ambitious Nobles to use Royal 

4638
04:02:07,400 --> 04:02:09,400
administrative machinery for 
their purposes. 

4639
04:02:09,400 --> 04:02:12,400
Turning the crowns own 
governmental Effectiveness 

4640
04:02:12,400 --> 04:02:15,500
against Lancaster and Authority 
by the 1450s. 

4641
04:02:15,500 --> 04:02:17,900
The Lancaster Inn Court had 
become a place where formal 

4642
04:02:17,900 --> 04:02:21,200
governmental procedures 
continued while actual political

4643
04:02:21,200 --> 04:02:24,700
power shifted toward Noble 
factions that were preparing for

4644
04:02:24,700 --> 04:02:28,800
Civil War The courtiers who 
created England's most efficient

4645
04:02:28,800 --> 04:02:31,000
medieval government found 
themselves managing the 

4646
04:02:31,000 --> 04:02:33,700
systematic destruction of the 
dynasty they'd serve, so 

4647
04:02:33,700 --> 04:02:35,800
affectively head with the fourth
Court. 

4648
04:02:35,800 --> 04:02:39,600
After 1461 face, The Peculiar 
challenge of governing a kingdom

4649
04:02:39,600 --> 04:02:42,400
where everyone had just learned 
that King's could be overthrown 

4650
04:02:42,400 --> 04:02:45,600
by subjects with sufficient 
military support and political 

4651
04:02:45,600 --> 04:02:48,800
determination. 
The Orca solution was to create 

4652
04:02:48,800 --> 04:02:52,200
a royal. 
The court was so magnificently 

4653
04:02:52,200 --> 04:02:55,100
impressive that people would 
forget how recently, the dynasty

4654
04:02:55,100 --> 04:02:57,300
had come to power. 
Edward understood that 

4655
04:02:57,300 --> 04:03:00,000
successful usurpers, need to 
establish legitimacy, through 

4656
04:03:00,000 --> 04:03:01,800
demonstration, rather than 
argument. 

4657
04:03:02,600 --> 04:03:05,100
His court became a showcase 
designed to prove. 

4658
04:03:05,100 --> 04:03:07,500
That York is kingship 
represented, not just political 

4659
04:03:07,500 --> 04:03:11,200
change, but cultural advancement
every ceremony, every 

4660
04:03:11,200 --> 04:03:15,100
architectural project and every 
diplomatic reception was planned

4661
04:03:15,100 --> 04:03:18,600
to demonstrate that this dynasty
governed with a sophistication 

4662
04:03:18,600 --> 04:03:21,400
that justified. 
Its hold on power the orcas 

4663
04:03:21,400 --> 04:03:24,600
courts daily routine reflected 
this strategy morning 

4664
04:03:24,600 --> 04:03:27,000
administrative session. 
Handled governmental business 

4665
04:03:27,000 --> 04:03:30,600
with efficiency that maintained 
continuity from Lancaster and 

4666
04:03:30,600 --> 04:03:33,000
practices. 
But after noon an evening 

4667
04:03:33,000 --> 04:03:35,700
events, showcased Royal 
magnificence that surpassed 

4668
04:03:35,700 --> 04:03:38,100
anything in England had seen. 
Since Richard the Second 

4669
04:03:38,100 --> 04:03:41,700
aesthetic experiments Edwards, 
personal style contributed 

4670
04:03:41,700 --> 04:03:43,300
significantly to this 
atmosphere. 

4671
04:03:43,300 --> 04:03:47,200
The King was exceptionally tall,
strikingly handsome and 

4672
04:03:47,200 --> 04:03:50,000
possessed the sort of natural 
Charisma that made people want 

4673
04:03:50,000 --> 04:03:54,100
to be associated with his court.
Foreign visitors, consistently 

4674
04:03:54,100 --> 04:03:56,900
reported that Edward looked like
what they expected a king to 

4675
04:03:56,900 --> 04:04:00,700
look like which provided exactly
the sort of visual legitimacy 

4676
04:04:00,700 --> 04:04:03,800
that usurped dynasties 
particularly needed, but the 

4677
04:04:03,808 --> 04:04:05,800
Yorkers courts. 
Real in Innovation was its 

4678
04:04:05,800 --> 04:04:09,800
approach to economic policy. 
Edward, the Fourth was the first

4679
04:04:09,800 --> 04:04:13,200
English king to understand that 
Royal Authority in the late 15th

4680
04:04:13,200 --> 04:04:15,800
century needed to be financially
self-sustaining. 

4681
04:04:17,000 --> 04:04:19,400
His court developed trading 
relationships, investment, 

4682
04:04:19,400 --> 04:04:22,400
strategies and revenue, 
generating systems that made the

4683
04:04:22,408 --> 04:04:25,800
crown less dependent on 
parliamentary grants than any 

4684
04:04:25,800 --> 04:04:28,800
previous medieval Dynasty. 
This economic independence 

4685
04:04:28,800 --> 04:04:31,900
allowed Edward to create a court
culture that combined political 

4686
04:04:31,900 --> 04:04:36,200
Effectiveness with cultural 
sophistication, Royal patronage 

4687
04:04:36,200 --> 04:04:38,600
during his Reign supported 
architectural projects, 

4688
04:04:38,600 --> 04:04:42,200
manuscript illumination and 
musical innovations, that 

4689
04:04:42,200 --> 04:04:44,600
demonstrated England's, growing 
cultural confidence. 

4690
04:04:45,600 --> 04:04:48,000
The court became a place where 
practical governance and 

4691
04:04:48,000 --> 04:04:51,300
aesthetic achievement reinforced
each other, rather than 

4692
04:04:51,300 --> 04:04:53,600
competing for Royal attention 
Edwards. 

4693
04:04:53,600 --> 04:04:57,200
Marriage, to Elizabeth Woodville
in 1464 illustrates both the 

4694
04:04:57,200 --> 04:05:00,500
strengths and the complications 
of this approach Elizabeth 

4695
04:05:00,500 --> 04:05:03,500
wasn't a foreign princess, whose
marriage would cement diplomatic

4696
04:05:03,500 --> 04:05:06,100
alliances. 
She was an English Widow whose 

4697
04:05:06,100 --> 04:05:08,600
family connections could 
strengthen domestic political 

4698
04:05:08,600 --> 04:05:11,100
Networks. 
The decision was politically 

4699
04:05:11,100 --> 04:05:14,400
practical, but socially 
controversial, creating Court 

4700
04:05:14,400 --> 04:05:17,200
factions that would influence 
English politics for decades. 

4701
04:05:17,200 --> 04:05:20,700
The Woodville families rapid 
advancement through Royal favor 

4702
04:05:20,700 --> 04:05:23,800
created the medieval equivalent 
of nepotism concerns. 

4703
04:05:23,800 --> 04:05:26,400
But there are actual 
administrative competence was 

4704
04:05:26,400 --> 04:05:29,800
generally impressive. 
Elizabeth's relatives, brought 

4705
04:05:29,800 --> 04:05:32,500
new energy and fresh 
perspectives, to court positions

4706
04:05:32,500 --> 04:05:35,300
that had sometimes, become 
routine under previous dynasties

4707
04:05:35,300 --> 04:05:39,000
Edwards Court during the 1470s 
represented, the high point of 

4708
04:05:39,000 --> 04:05:41,800
Yorkies achievement. 
The king had successfully 

4709
04:05:41,800 --> 04:05:45,700
combined military Effectiveness 
administrative competence and 

4710
04:05:45,700 --> 04:05:48,700
cultural sophistication in ways 
that seem to justify the walls 

4711
04:05:48,700 --> 04:05:51,400
of the Roses as necessary 
modernization rather than 

4712
04:05:51,400 --> 04:05:54,600
destructive civil conflict. 
The brief restoration of Henry, 

4713
04:05:54,600 --> 04:06:04,900
the 6th and 147th Underwood's, 
leadership, Henry's restored, 

4714
04:06:04,900 --> 04:06:06,900
Court felt archaic and 
ineffective. 

4715
04:06:06,900 --> 04:06:09,500
Compared to the yorkist 
innovation's that courtiers had 

4716
04:06:09,500 --> 04:06:14,000
recently experienced When Edward
returned from exile to reclaim 

4717
04:06:14,000 --> 04:06:17,400
his throne, he found that many 
previously neutral Nobles and 

4718
04:06:17,400 --> 04:06:20,100
decided that Yorkies King ship 
was simply more impressive than 

4719
04:06:20,100 --> 04:06:24,200
Lancaster and Alternatives. 
Edward sudden death in 1483 at 

4720
04:06:24,200 --> 04:06:27,900
age 40 ended this experiment in 
systemic Royal magnificence 

4721
04:06:27,900 --> 04:06:30,300
before. 
Its long-term Effectiveness 

4722
04:06:30,300 --> 04:06:33,100
could be fully evaluated His 
brother. 

4723
04:06:33,100 --> 04:06:35,800
Richard the third inherited a 
kingdom, where Court culture, 

4724
04:06:35,800 --> 04:06:38,100
had become Central to political 
legitimacy. 

4725
04:06:38,100 --> 04:06:41,600
But whether specific elements of
that culture were closely 

4726
04:06:41,600 --> 04:06:44,300
associated with Edwards, 
personal Charisma, and 

4727
04:06:44,300 --> 04:06:47,600
leadership, style Richard, the 
third's court represents one of 

4728
04:06:47,600 --> 04:06:49,900
History. 
Most Fascinating studies in the 

4729
04:06:49,900 --> 04:06:52,400
relationship between political 
Effectiveness and public 

4730
04:06:52,400 --> 04:06:55,000
perception. 
By most objective measures, 

4731
04:06:55,000 --> 04:06:58,000
Richard was a competent 
administrator who governed 

4732
04:06:58,000 --> 04:07:00,200
England efficiently during his 
brief reign. 

4733
04:07:01,000 --> 04:07:03,300
His court maintained the 
organizational systems that 

4734
04:07:03,300 --> 04:07:05,900
Edward had established 
continued, the cultural 

4735
04:07:05,900 --> 04:07:09,600
patronage that had made Yorkies 
kingship impressive and handled 

4736
04:07:09,600 --> 04:07:13,000
domestic and foreign policy with
reasonable skill but Richard's 

4737
04:07:13,000 --> 04:07:16,000
Court could never escape the 
circumstances of his accession 

4738
04:07:16,000 --> 04:07:18,500
to power, The Disappearance of 
his nephews. 

4739
04:07:18,500 --> 04:07:23,200
Edward, the fifth and Richard 
Duke of York created suspicions 

4740
04:07:23,200 --> 04:07:25,900
that no amount of governmental 
competence could overcome 

4741
04:07:26,800 --> 04:07:29,800
Richard found himself managing a
court where formal procedures 

4742
04:07:29,800 --> 04:07:32,700
continued normally while 
underlying political support 

4743
04:07:32,700 --> 04:07:36,400
steadily eroded, the irony of 
Richard's reign was that he'd 

4744
04:07:36,400 --> 04:07:39,200
inherited the most sophisticated
Royal Court in English History. 

4745
04:07:39,200 --> 04:07:43,000
At precisely the moment when 
courts of sophistication, CTO 

4746
04:07:43,000 --> 04:07:45,600
matter. 
The yorkist Innovations in 

4747
04:07:45,600 --> 04:07:49,000
governmental efficiency cultural
patronage and economic 

4748
04:07:49,000 --> 04:07:52,000
independence were genuine 
achievements but they couldn't 

4749
04:07:52,000 --> 04:07:54,800
compensate for fundamental 
questions about dynastic 

4750
04:07:54,800 --> 04:07:59,000
legitimacy when Henry Tudor 
landed at Milford Haven in 1485.

4751
04:07:59,000 --> 04:08:03,500
He represented not just another 
dynastic claimant, but a return 

4752
04:08:03,500 --> 04:08:06,600
to the principle that Royal 
courts should be judged 

4753
04:08:06,600 --> 04:08:10,300
primarily on their political 
Effectiveness rather than their 

4754
04:08:10,300 --> 04:08:14,000
cultural achievements. 
The Battle of Bosworth field 

4755
04:08:14,000 --> 04:08:17,000
ended the orcust experiment and 
began a new phase in English. 

4756
04:08:17,000 --> 04:08:20,800
Royal Court development Henry, 
the 7th Court after 1485 

4757
04:08:20,800 --> 04:08:24,000
functioned like a startup 
company, whose founder 

4758
04:08:24,000 --> 04:08:26,400
understood that survival 
required completely different 

4759
04:08:26,400 --> 04:08:29,300
strategies than those needed for
initial success. 

4760
04:08:30,300 --> 04:08:32,400
Having won the crown through 
military Victory. 

4761
04:08:32,400 --> 04:08:35,200
Henry faced the challenge of 
establishing a dynasty that 

4762
04:08:35,208 --> 04:08:37,900
could maintain power through 
means other than continued 

4763
04:08:37,900 --> 04:08:39,900
Warfare. 
The early Tudor Court was 

4764
04:08:39,900 --> 04:08:42,700
deliberately modest compared to 
yorkist magnificence. 

4765
04:08:43,500 --> 04:08:46,000
Henry, understood that 
impressive ceremonies and 

4766
04:08:46,000 --> 04:08:49,400
cultural patronage were luxuries
that usurped dynasties could 

4767
04:08:49,400 --> 04:08:52,700
afford only after establishing 
unquestioned legitimacy. 

4768
04:08:53,900 --> 04:08:56,500
His court focused on 
administrative competence 

4769
04:08:56,500 --> 04:09:00,500
financial responsibility and the
systematic elimination of 

4770
04:09:00,500 --> 04:09:03,300
potential Rivals. 
You can pick your Henry's Court 

4771
04:09:03,300 --> 04:09:06,300
as a place where accountants 
held higher status than poets. 

4772
04:09:06,300 --> 04:09:09,200
Where treasury records received 
more attention than 

4773
04:09:09,200 --> 04:09:12,900
architectural projects and where
every expenditure was evaluated 

4774
04:09:12,900 --> 04:09:15,100
for its contribution to dynastic
security. 

4775
04:09:16,600 --> 04:09:19,100
This wasn't because Henry lacked
appreciation for cultural 

4776
04:09:19,100 --> 04:09:22,300
ceremony, but because he 
understood the priorities that 

4777
04:09:22,300 --> 04:09:26,100
newly established dynasties must
observe the Court's daily 

4778
04:09:26,100 --> 04:09:28,600
routine reflected. 
These priorities morning 

4779
04:09:28,600 --> 04:09:31,000
sessions, dealt with financial 
planning, that would have 

4780
04:09:31,000 --> 04:09:34,300
impressed, modern budget 
analysts afternoon meetings, 

4781
04:09:34,300 --> 04:09:37,000
handled diplomatic 
correspondence, that gradually 

4782
04:09:37,000 --> 04:09:39,100
established England's 
credibility, with European 

4783
04:09:39,100 --> 04:09:42,400
powers who are still uncertain 
about due to legitimacy. 

4784
04:09:43,400 --> 04:09:46,300
Evening events were modest 
Affairs, that demonstrated Royal

4785
04:09:46,300 --> 04:09:48,400
dignity without the 
extravagance. 

4786
04:09:48,400 --> 04:09:51,500
That might suggest governmental 
irresponsibility, Henry's 

4787
04:09:51,500 --> 04:09:54,300
marriage to Elizabeth of York 
was, perhaps the most successful

4788
04:09:54,300 --> 04:09:55,900
political Alliance in English 
History. 

4789
04:09:56,900 --> 04:10:00,200
By uniting the Yorkies and 
Lancaster in claims Henry, 

4790
04:10:00,200 --> 04:10:03,300
created a dynasty whose 
legitimacy was based on National

4791
04:10:03,300 --> 04:10:06,100
reconciliation rather than 
factional Victory. 

4792
04:10:06,100 --> 04:10:09,400
The court became a place where 
former enemies worked together 

4793
04:10:09,400 --> 04:10:13,000
on shared governmental projects 
demonstrating that the wars of 

4794
04:10:13,000 --> 04:10:16,000
the Roses are truly ended. 
The Tudor courts approached to 

4795
04:10:16,000 --> 04:10:19,100
Noble management was 
particularly Innovative rather 

4796
04:10:19,100 --> 04:10:20,700
than trying to eliminate 
powerful. 

4797
04:10:20,700 --> 04:10:24,300
Aristocratic families Henry 
created systems, that channeled 

4798
04:10:24,300 --> 04:10:26,700
Noble ambition towards service 
to the crown. 

4799
04:10:27,700 --> 04:10:30,000
Colt positions became 
opportunities for career 

4800
04:10:30,000 --> 04:10:32,500
advancement, that required, 
demonstrated, loyalty and 

4801
04:10:32,500 --> 04:10:35,500
competence rather than 
hereditary privilege alone. 

4802
04:10:35,500 --> 04:10:38,500
This created a court atmosphere 
that combined traditional 

4803
04:10:38,500 --> 04:10:41,600
medieval hierarchy with 
meritocratic elements that 

4804
04:10:41,600 --> 04:10:43,900
anticipated later. 
Governmental developments. 

4805
04:10:44,700 --> 04:10:48,100
Noble birth remained important, 
but actual responsibility was 

4806
04:10:48,100 --> 04:10:51,700
distributed based on proven 
ability to advance Tudor 

4807
04:10:51,700 --> 04:10:53,800
dynastic. 
Interests Henry, the seventh 

4808
04:10:53,800 --> 04:10:56,400
success in establishing 
Financial Independence for the 

4809
04:10:56,400 --> 04:10:59,400
crown had profound implications 
for court culture. 

4810
04:10:59,400 --> 04:11:03,300
Unlike previous dynasties, that 
needed to maintain parliamentary

4811
04:11:03,300 --> 04:11:06,500
support for regular Tax. 
Grants, the Tudor Court could 

4812
04:11:06,500 --> 04:11:09,500
plan long-term projects, without
constant, negotiation, with 

4813
04:11:09,500 --> 04:11:11,800
potentially hostile legislative 
assemblies. 

4814
04:11:11,800 --> 04:11:15,400
This financial autonomy allowed 
Henry the 8th to inherit a court

4815
04:11:15,400 --> 04:11:17,700
that could support, dramatic, 
cultural and political 

4816
04:11:17,700 --> 04:11:20,400
Innovations. 
Where his father had necessarily

4817
04:11:20,400 --> 04:11:23,500
focused on consolidation and 
survival Henry. 

4818
04:11:23,500 --> 04:11:26,100
The 8th could pursue Grand 
Ambitions that were transforming

4819
04:11:26,100 --> 04:11:29,600
English, Royal Authority, and 
fundamental ways Henry, the 8th 

4820
04:11:29,600 --> 04:11:33,000
Court represents the moment when
medieval kingship evolved into 

4821
04:11:33,000 --> 04:11:36,700
something recognizably modern 
The young king inherited, his 

4822
04:11:36,700 --> 04:11:40,300
father's financial resources and
administrative competence but 

4823
04:11:40,300 --> 04:11:42,700
applied them to projects that 
would have seemed impossible to 

4824
04:11:42,700 --> 04:11:46,400
previous generation of English. 
Monarchs Henry, the 8th a 

4825
04:11:46,400 --> 04:11:49,700
dramatic change in Royal Court 
culture as Illustrated in the 

4826
04:11:49,700 --> 04:11:51,800
field of the cloth of gold in 
1520. 

4827
04:11:52,900 --> 04:11:55,300
This meeting with Francis. 
The first of France was 

4828
04:11:55,300 --> 04:11:58,400
essentially a three-week 
festival that demonstrated 

4829
04:11:58,400 --> 04:12:02,100
English wealth, cultural 
sophistication and technological

4830
04:12:02,100 --> 04:12:05,400
capability on a scale that 
amazed contemporary Observers. 

4831
04:12:06,600 --> 04:12:08,800
The temporary buildings, 
constructed for the event, 

4832
04:12:08,800 --> 04:12:11,200
rivaled permanent Royal palaces 
in their magnificence. 

4833
04:12:11,200 --> 04:12:15,100
But Henry's Court culture wasn't
just about impressive displays, 

4834
04:12:15,100 --> 04:12:18,100
the king assembled intellectual 
and artistic talent that 

4835
04:12:18,100 --> 04:12:22,300
transformed England's cultural 
landscape, Thomas More hands, 

4836
04:12:22,300 --> 04:12:26,300
Holbein Thomas, cranmer and 
Thomas Cromwell all contributed 

4837
04:12:26,300 --> 04:12:28,800
to creating a court that 
combined Renaissance Learning, 

4838
04:12:28,800 --> 04:12:32,500
artistic Innovation and 
administrative efficiency and 

4839
04:12:32,500 --> 04:12:35,300
unprecedented ways. 
The Kings break, with Rome in 

4840
04:12:35,300 --> 04:12:37,900
the 1530s transformed, the 
English Court into something 

4841
04:12:37,900 --> 04:12:41,100
unprecedented. 
A royal household that functions

4842
04:12:41,100 --> 04:12:43,900
simultaneously as a government 
Headquarters, A Center of 

4843
04:12:43,900 --> 04:12:47,500
religious reform, and a cultural
laboratory experimenting with 

4844
04:12:47,500 --> 04:12:50,600
new forms of Royal Authority, 
Henry's Court during the 

4845
04:12:50,600 --> 04:12:53,700
Reformation years buzzed with 
the energy of people who 

4846
04:12:53,700 --> 04:12:56,100
understood, they were 
participating in his historical 

4847
04:12:56,100 --> 04:12:58,700
changes that would reshape 
European civilization. 

4848
04:12:59,500 --> 04:13:01,900
Courtiers found themselves 
managing not just traditional 

4849
04:13:01,900 --> 04:13:05,100
governmental business but also 
the systematic reorganization of

4850
04:13:05,100 --> 04:13:08,100
English religious life, the 
redistribution of monastic 

4851
04:13:08,100 --> 04:13:11,100
wealth, and the creation of new 
legal Frameworks for Royal 

4852
04:13:11,100 --> 04:13:13,100
Supremacy. 
The dissolution of the 

4853
04:13:13,100 --> 04:13:15,500
monasteries provided Henry's 
court with resources that 

4854
04:13:15,500 --> 04:13:17,600
previous English kings could 
hardly have imagined. 

4855
04:13:18,400 --> 04:13:21,800
Suddenly centuries of religious 
patronage had given the crown 

4856
04:13:21,800 --> 04:13:24,900
control over vast. 
Estates architectural, Treasures

4857
04:13:24,900 --> 04:13:27,500
libraries and artistic 
collections. 

4858
04:13:28,300 --> 04:13:31,000
The court became a place where 
former monastic buildings, were 

4859
04:13:31,000 --> 04:13:34,800
converted into Royal residences 
where illuminated manuscripts 

4860
04:13:34,800 --> 04:13:38,400
were repurposed for secular use 
and where centuries of religious

4861
04:13:38,400 --> 04:13:41,500
art were evaluated for their 
potential contribution to Royal 

4862
04:13:41,500 --> 04:13:44,500
magnificence Thomas cromwell's 
role in managing these 

4863
04:13:44,500 --> 04:13:46,900
Transformations. 
Demonstrates how Tudor Court 

4864
04:13:46,900 --> 04:13:49,600
culture had evolved Beyond 
traditional feudal relationships

4865
04:13:49,600 --> 04:13:53,700
Cromwell was neither a powerful 
nobleman Nora church official, 

4866
04:13:53,700 --> 04:13:57,400
but a lawyer and administrator 
whose expertise in governmental 

4867
04:13:57,400 --> 04:13:59,100
procedure. 
Made him indispensable to 

4868
04:13:59,100 --> 04:14:02,800
Henry's revolutionary projects. 
His rise to power illustrates 

4869
04:14:02,800 --> 04:14:05,800
how the Tudor Court had become a
meritocracy where technical 

4870
04:14:05,800 --> 04:14:08,400
competence could overcome 
traditional social limitations 

4871
04:14:08,400 --> 04:14:12,100
Henry six, marriages created a 
court atmosphere, where personal

4872
04:14:12,100 --> 04:14:15,400
relationships and political 
calculations became inseparably 

4873
04:14:15,400 --> 04:14:17,900
intertwined. 
Each wedding brought new 

4874
04:14:17,900 --> 04:14:21,800
families into Royal favor each 
divorce or execution eliminated 

4875
04:14:21,800 --> 04:14:25,000
established Court networks. 
And each new Queen created 

4876
04:14:25,000 --> 04:14:27,500
opportunities for ambitious 
courtiers, to advance their 

4877
04:14:27,500 --> 04:14:30,700
careers, through association 
with their household, the court 

4878
04:14:30,700 --> 04:14:32,800
during Henry's. 
Final years, had become a place 

4879
04:14:32,800 --> 04:14:36,200
where survival required constant
attention to the king's changing

4880
04:14:36,200 --> 04:14:39,900
moods shifting, political 
alliances and evolving religious

4881
04:14:39,900 --> 04:14:42,500
policies. 
Courtiers developed the sort of 

4882
04:14:42,500 --> 04:14:45,100
psychological sensitivity, that 
would have impressed. 

4883
04:14:45,100 --> 04:14:48,900
Modern Diplomatic Corps learning
to interpret, Royal gestures 

4884
04:14:48,900 --> 04:14:53,300
decode, ambiguous statements and
anticipate policy changes before

4885
04:14:53,300 --> 04:14:56,700
they were officially announced. 
Elizabeth, the first inherited a

4886
04:14:56,700 --> 04:14:59,500
kingdom, exhausted by religious 
upheaval and dynastic 

4887
04:14:59,500 --> 04:15:02,800
uncertainty. 
Then spent 45 years transforming

4888
04:15:02,800 --> 04:15:05,300
her Court into the most 
successful piece of political 

4889
04:15:05,300 --> 04:15:09,500
theater in European history. 
If Henry the 8th's Court had 

4890
04:15:09,500 --> 04:15:11,800
been a workshop for religious 
and political Innovation. 

4891
04:15:11,800 --> 04:15:15,300
Elizabeth's Court was a stage 
where every day brought new 

4892
04:15:15,300 --> 04:15:17,900
performance is designed to 
demonstrate that England, had 

4893
04:15:17,900 --> 04:15:19,800
achieved, cultural and political
greatness. 

4894
04:15:19,800 --> 04:15:23,300
You can imagine the challenge 
Elizabeth face as a young Queen 

4895
04:15:23,300 --> 04:15:26,500
in 1558. 
She was unmarried in an age when

4896
04:15:26,500 --> 04:15:30,200
female rule was considered 
unnatural religiously suspect in

4897
04:15:30,200 --> 04:15:32,400
a kingdom divided between 
Catholic and Protestant, 

4898
04:15:32,400 --> 04:15:35,400
factions and politically 
vulnerable in a Europe where 

4899
04:15:35,400 --> 04:15:36,900
major Powers were actively 
plotting. 

4900
04:15:36,900 --> 04:15:40,200
England's destruction. 
Her solution was to create a 

4901
04:15:40,200 --> 04:15:43,200
court culture. 
So dazzling, the domestic and 

4902
04:15:43,200 --> 04:15:46,300
foreign observers became too 
fascinated by the spectacle to 

4903
04:15:46,300 --> 04:15:49,400
focus on the underlying 
vulnerabilities, the Elizabethan

4904
04:15:49,400 --> 04:15:51,000
Court operated on 
multiple-level. 

4905
04:15:51,000 --> 04:15:54,500
Simultaneously, the surface 
level was pure pageantry, 

4906
04:15:54,500 --> 04:15:58,300
elaborate costumes, complex 
ceremonies and artistic displays

4907
04:15:58,300 --> 04:16:01,100
that made Royal receptions feel 
like theatrical performances. 

4908
04:16:02,500 --> 04:16:05,400
but underneath the spectacle was
a sophisticated intelligence 

4909
04:16:05,400 --> 04:16:08,200
operation that gathered 
information from a cross Europe,

4910
04:16:08,200 --> 04:16:11,800
a diplomatic Network that played
Major Powers against each other 

4911
04:16:11,800 --> 04:16:15,100
and an administrative system, 
that managed England's 

4912
04:16:15,100 --> 04:16:18,500
transformation into a major 
commercial power Elizabeth's, 

4913
04:16:18,500 --> 04:16:21,600
famous progresses annual tours 
through England's, Countryside 

4914
04:16:21,600 --> 04:16:26,200
illustrate this, multi-layered 
approach perfectly From one 

4915
04:16:26,200 --> 04:16:29,900
perspective, these were costly 
exercises in Royal vanity that 

4916
04:16:29,900 --> 04:16:33,100
allowed the queen to enjoy 
magnificent Hospitality at her 

4917
04:16:33,100 --> 04:16:35,800
subjects expense. 
From another perspective, they 

4918
04:16:35,800 --> 04:16:37,500
were systematic efforts to 
demonstrate. 

4919
04:16:37,500 --> 04:16:40,800
Royal accessibility gather 
intelligence about local 

4920
04:16:40,800 --> 04:16:44,100
conditions and maintain personal
relationships with the noble 

4921
04:16:44,100 --> 04:16:47,200
families, who support the crown 
needed for political stability. 

4922
04:16:47,200 --> 04:16:51,300
The progresses as mobile, 
advertisements for Elizabeth and

4923
04:16:51,300 --> 04:16:53,800
achievement. 
When the Queens enormous 

4924
04:16:53,800 --> 04:16:57,400
Entourage arrived at the country
estate local populations, could 

4925
04:16:57,400 --> 04:17:00,900
see for themselves, the wealth 
sophistication and cultural 

4926
04:17:00,900 --> 04:17:04,000
confidence of their government. 
These visits were live 

4927
04:17:04,000 --> 04:17:06,900
demonstrations that England 
under Elizabeth was prospering 

4928
04:17:06,900 --> 04:17:09,700
in ways that justified the 
religious and political changes 

4929
04:17:09,700 --> 04:17:12,400
of the previous generation, the 
courts relationship with 

4930
04:17:12,400 --> 04:17:14,900
literature during Elizabeth's 
Reign created some of the 

4931
04:17:14,900 --> 04:17:17,300
greatest achievements in English
cultural history. 

4932
04:17:18,500 --> 04:17:21,600
Edmond Spencer's. 
The fairy queen was essentially 

4933
04:17:21,600 --> 04:17:24,000
an extended compliment to 
Elizabeth that happened to be 

4934
04:17:24,000 --> 04:17:25,500
written in some of the most 
beautiful. 

4935
04:17:25,500 --> 04:17:28,800
Poetry in the English language, 
Christopher, Marlowe and William

4936
04:17:28,800 --> 04:17:32,000
Shakespeare wrote plays that 
explored themes, of power, and 

4937
04:17:32,000 --> 04:17:35,100
ambition, and political 
legitimacy with psychological 

4938
04:17:35,100 --> 04:17:37,500
depth, that still amazes modern 
audiences. 

4939
04:17:37,500 --> 04:17:41,000
But this wasn't just Royal 
patronage of talented artists. 

4940
04:17:41,900 --> 04:17:44,600
Elizabeth understood that 
cultural achievement was a form 

4941
04:17:44,600 --> 04:17:47,400
of political power. 
When foreign ambassadors 

4942
04:17:47,400 --> 04:17:49,900
attended performance is of 
Shakespeare's plays at court, 

4943
04:17:49,900 --> 04:17:52,500
they were witnessing 
demonstrations of English. 

4944
04:17:52,500 --> 04:17:55,400
Intellectual sophistication that
carried diplomatic implications 

4945
04:17:55,400 --> 04:17:58,100
a kingdom that could produce 
such art. 

4946
04:17:58,100 --> 04:18:01,600
Was clearly not the backward, 
isolated nation, that hostile 

4947
04:18:01,600 --> 04:18:04,900
European observers preferred to 
imagine the famous question of 

4948
04:18:04,900 --> 04:18:06,400
Elizabeth's. 
Marriage, demonstrates. 

4949
04:18:06,400 --> 04:18:09,200
How thoroughly she had 
integrated personal decisions 

4950
04:18:09,200 --> 04:18:12,600
with political strategy? 
Every potential marriage 

4951
04:18:12,600 --> 04:18:16,100
Alliance was simultaneously, a 
romantic possibility, a 

4952
04:18:16,100 --> 04:18:19,300
diplomatic negotiation, and a 
piece of theatrical performance 

4953
04:18:19,300 --> 04:18:21,700
designed to keep foreign powers 
guessing about English. 

4954
04:18:21,700 --> 04:18:24,900
Intentions, the Queen's 
courtship with various suitors, 

4955
04:18:24,900 --> 04:18:29,800
Philip the second of Spain Eric,
the 14th of Sweden Archduke 

4956
04:18:29,800 --> 04:18:33,500
Charles of Austria and most 
famously Robert Dudley Earl of 

4957
04:18:33,508 --> 04:18:36,900
Leicester provided ongoing 
entertainment that distracted 

4958
04:18:36,900 --> 04:18:40,300
attention from more sensitive 
political matters Elizabeth 

4959
04:18:40,300 --> 04:18:43,400
managed to keep multiple 
marriage negotiations active for

4960
04:18:43,400 --> 04:18:46,900
decades without actually 
committing to any of them using 

4961
04:18:46,900 --> 04:18:49,500
romantic possibility. 
As a diplomatic tool with 

4962
04:18:49,500 --> 04:18:53,000
unprecedented skill, the courts 
response to the Spanish Armada 

4963
04:18:53,000 --> 04:18:56,100
in 1588. 
Showcased Elizabethan political 

4964
04:18:56,100 --> 04:18:59,700
theater at his most effective 
Elisabeth appearance before her 

4965
04:18:59,700 --> 04:19:03,600
troops at Tilbury declaring that
she had the body of a weak and 

4966
04:19:03,600 --> 04:19:06,900
feeble woman but the heart and 
stomach of a king was political 

4967
04:19:06,900 --> 04:19:10,700
communication that transformed a
potential military disaster in 

4968
04:19:10,700 --> 04:19:13,700
to a moment of national 
inspiration, the victory over 

4969
04:19:13,700 --> 04:19:16,600
the Spanish Armada validated all
of elisabeth's governmental 

4970
04:19:16,600 --> 04:19:20,400
strategies simultaneously, 
English Naval Innovation had 

4971
04:19:20,400 --> 04:19:23,600
proven Superior to Spanish, 
military tradition, Protestant 

4972
04:19:23,600 --> 04:19:26,700
religious conviction had 
apparently received Divine 

4973
04:19:26,700 --> 04:19:30,200
approval and Elizabeth's, son 
married status, which critics 

4974
04:19:30,200 --> 04:19:33,300
had long considered a national 
weakness, suddenly appeared to 

4975
04:19:33,300 --> 04:19:36,000
be evidence of her unique 
dedication to England's welfare.

4976
04:19:36,000 --> 04:19:39,500
The Elizabethan Court, during 
the 1590s, felt like the head. 

4977
04:19:39,800 --> 04:19:43,300
Of a successful Revolution. 
That had exceeded, everyone's 

4978
04:19:43,300 --> 04:19:47,700
expectations England had become 
a major European power despite 

4979
04:19:47,700 --> 04:19:50,900
lacking the traditional 
resources vast territories, 

4980
04:19:50,900 --> 04:19:54,800
massive populations. 
Abundant precious metals that 

4981
04:19:54,800 --> 04:19:57,800
other powers relied upon for 
their International influence. 

4982
04:19:57,800 --> 04:20:00,900
Elizabeth's achievement was to 
demonstrate that a relatively 

4983
04:20:00,900 --> 04:20:04,700
small Kingdom could compete with
Continental Empires, through 

4984
04:20:04,700 --> 04:20:08,700
Superior organization, cultural 
sophistication and political 

4985
04:20:08,700 --> 04:20:12,200
creativity. 
Her Court became the model that 

4986
04:20:12,200 --> 04:20:15,900
later English monarchs would 
many attempt to emulate her, but

4987
04:20:15,900 --> 04:20:19,000
few can match her unique 
combination of theatrical Flair,

4988
04:20:19,000 --> 04:20:22,000
and practical, Effectiveness 
James, the first arrived in 

4989
04:20:22,000 --> 04:20:24,800
England. 
In 1603 created a fascinating 

4990
04:20:24,800 --> 04:20:28,300
collision between Scottish Royal
traditions and Elizabethan Court

4991
04:20:28,300 --> 04:20:30,700
culture. 
James brought with him ideas 

4992
04:20:30,700 --> 04:20:32,800
about kingship. 
That were theoretically more 

4993
04:20:32,800 --> 04:20:36,100
sophisticated than Elizabeth's, 
practical approach, that proved 

4994
04:20:36,100 --> 04:20:38,000
less suited to English political
realities. 

4995
04:20:38,000 --> 04:20:41,800
The Jacobian Court, resembled a 
university that had unexpectedly

4996
04:20:41,800 --> 04:20:45,800
taken on governmental duties. 
James was genuinely learned, he 

4997
04:20:45,800 --> 04:20:48,900
wrote books on political Theory,
Theology and even Tobacco 

4998
04:20:48,900 --> 04:20:51,000
Control. 
But his intellectual approach to

4999
04:20:51,000 --> 04:20:53,900
King ship, sometimes conflicted 
with the Practical political 

5000
04:20:53,900 --> 04:20:56,500
skills that successful, English 
Monarchy required. 

5001
04:20:56,500 --> 04:20:58,800
You can picture the culture 
shock that occurred. 

5002
04:20:58,800 --> 04:21:01,200
When James is Scottish courtiers
encountered, the complex 

5003
04:21:01,200 --> 04:21:03,300
Protocols of Elizabethan Court 
life. 

5004
04:21:04,300 --> 04:21:06,900
The Scotts were accustomed to 
more informal relationships 

5005
04:21:06,900 --> 04:21:10,200
between the king and his Nobles.
While English courtiers had 

5006
04:21:10,200 --> 04:21:12,000
developed elaborate ceremonial 
procedures. 

5007
04:21:12,000 --> 04:21:14,900
That treated Royal access as a 
carefully rationed privilege. 

5008
04:21:14,900 --> 04:21:18,200
The result was a court where two
different styles of monarchy 

5009
04:21:18,200 --> 04:21:21,800
existed in constant tension. 
James preferred scholarly 

5010
04:21:21,800 --> 04:21:23,900
discussion and theoretical 
debate. 

5011
04:21:23,900 --> 04:21:26,600
While his English, courtiers 
were more comfortable with the 

5012
04:21:26,600 --> 04:21:29,700
sort of political theater that 
had made Elizabeth reign 

5013
04:21:29,700 --> 04:21:32,200
successful. 
The mixture produced some 

5014
04:21:32,200 --> 04:21:35,000
fascinating cultural 
achievements, but also political

5015
04:21:35,000 --> 04:21:37,600
complications that would 
influence English history for 

5016
04:21:37,600 --> 04:21:40,100
Generations. 
James's Court, patronized the 

5017
04:21:40,100 --> 04:21:42,000
translation of the Bible that 
bears his name. 

5018
04:21:42,000 --> 04:21:46,800
The King James version completed
in 1611 which became one of the 

5019
04:21:46,800 --> 04:21:50,700
most influential works of 
English prose ever written. the 

5020
04:21:50,700 --> 04:21:53,500
king's personal involvement in 
this project demonstrates, how 

5021
04:21:53,500 --> 04:21:56,700
Jacobian caught culture, could 
combine serious intellectual 

5022
04:21:56,700 --> 04:22:00,300
work with practical, political 
purposes, The new Bible 

5023
04:22:00,300 --> 04:22:03,800
translation was simultaneously, 
a scholarly achievement, a 

5024
04:22:03,800 --> 04:22:06,400
religious statement, and a 
political document designed to 

5025
04:22:06,400 --> 04:22:09,200
establish Royal authority over 
English spiritual life. 

5026
04:22:09,200 --> 04:22:12,400
The courts relationship with 
theater during James's Reign. 

5027
04:22:12,400 --> 04:22:16,500
Produced some of Shakespeare's 
greatest plays King Lear Macbeth

5028
04:22:16,500 --> 04:22:19,600
and the Tempest were all written
for Royal audiences. 

5029
04:22:19,600 --> 04:22:22,100
Who understood the political 
themes, these Works explored. 

5030
04:22:23,100 --> 04:22:25,900
When Coty has watched Macbeth's,
meditation on the relationship 

5031
04:22:25,900 --> 04:22:29,000
between ambition and legitimacy,
they were seeing their own 

5032
04:22:29,000 --> 04:22:31,700
political concerns, reflected in
dramatic, poetry of 

5033
04:22:31,708 --> 04:22:35,700
extraordinary power, but James's
theoretical approach to monarchy

5034
04:22:35,700 --> 04:22:37,300
created. 
Practical problems. 

5035
04:22:37,300 --> 04:22:38,900
That became increasingly 
serious. 

5036
04:22:38,900 --> 04:22:42,200
As his reign progressed. 
His belief in the divine, right 

5037
04:22:42,200 --> 04:22:46,000
of kings was intellectually 
coherent, but politically and 

5038
04:22:46,000 --> 04:22:48,200
practical in a kingdom, where 
Parliament had grown accustomed 

5039
04:22:48,200 --> 04:22:50,500
to being consulted about major 
policy decisions. 

5040
04:22:50,500 --> 04:22:54,300
The Gunpowder Plot of 1605 
provided James with an 

5041
04:22:54,300 --> 04:22:56,900
opportunity to demonstrate that 
his scholarly approach to 

5042
04:22:56,900 --> 04:23:00,600
kingship could handle serious, 
political crises his 

5043
04:23:00,600 --> 04:23:03,700
investigation of the conspiracy 
showed genuine detective skills 

5044
04:23:03,700 --> 04:23:06,400
and his management of the 
aftermath demonstrated. 

5045
04:23:06,400 --> 04:23:09,700
Both Mercy, toward the innocent 
and decisive action against 

5046
04:23:09,700 --> 04:23:12,900
genuine threats. 
However, James is financial 

5047
04:23:12,900 --> 04:23:15,800
management created ongoing 
tensions that his son, Charles 

5048
04:23:15,800 --> 04:23:17,800
the first would inherit along 
with the crown. 

5049
04:23:18,700 --> 04:23:21,300
The Jack of being caught was 
expensive in ways that even 

5050
04:23:21,300 --> 04:23:25,400
Elizabeth magnificent progresses
had not been James, distributed,

5051
04:23:25,400 --> 04:23:28,700
titles lands and pensions with 
generosity that reflected his 

5052
04:23:28,700 --> 04:23:31,100
theoretical belief. 
That Royal magnificent was 

5053
04:23:31,100 --> 04:23:34,400
essential to monarchical 
dignity, but his practical 

5054
04:23:34,400 --> 04:23:37,100
accounting skills were less 
impressive than his theoretical 

5055
04:23:37,100 --> 04:23:39,400
knowledge, Charles the first 
inherited. 

5056
04:23:39,400 --> 04:23:42,100
His father's intellectual 
approach to King ship, but 

5057
04:23:42,100 --> 04:23:44,400
lacked James's political 
flexibility and personal 

5058
04:23:44,400 --> 04:23:47,300
charisma. 
Charles's Court, became a place 

5059
04:23:47,300 --> 04:23:50,400
where theoretical Perfection was
pursued with systemic, 

5060
04:23:50,400 --> 04:23:53,400
Dedication, that ignored the 
political compromises that 

5061
04:23:53,400 --> 04:23:56,100
successful monarchy, required. 
The Caroline. 

5062
04:23:56,100 --> 04:23:59,500
Court during the 1630s achieved,
a level of artistic and cultural

5063
04:23:59,500 --> 04:24:02,000
sophistication. 
That rivaled the greatest 

5064
04:24:02,000 --> 04:24:05,900
European achievements, Anthony 
Van Dyke's, portraits of Charles

5065
04:24:05,900 --> 04:24:09,600
and his family created visual 
representations of Royal dignity

5066
04:24:09,600 --> 04:24:13,100
that still influence how we 
imagined 17th century monarchy 

5067
04:24:14,000 --> 04:24:16,600
The court musk's designed by 
Inigo Jones. 

5068
04:24:16,600 --> 04:24:20,600
Combined architecture music 
poetry and Theatrical spectacle 

5069
04:24:20,600 --> 04:24:23,500
in ways that amazed contemporary
observers. 

5070
04:24:23,500 --> 04:24:26,700
But this cultural achievement 
existed in increasing tension, 

5071
04:24:26,700 --> 04:24:30,000
with political realities. 
That Charles seemed to ignore 

5072
04:24:30,000 --> 04:24:32,600
his court. 
Became a place where beautiful 

5073
04:24:32,600 --> 04:24:36,200
ceremonies and magnificent art 
co-existed with governmental 

5074
04:24:36,200 --> 04:24:39,200
policies that were 
systematically alienating, the 

5075
04:24:39,200 --> 04:24:41,800
social groups who support the 
English Monarchy traditionally, 

5076
04:24:41,800 --> 04:24:44,800
required the 11 year period, 
when Charles ruled without 

5077
04:24:44,800 --> 04:24:49,400
Parliament, the so called 
personal rule from 1629 to 1640,

5078
04:24:49,400 --> 04:24:52,900
transformed the Royal Court in 
to something unprecedented in 

5079
04:24:52,900 --> 04:24:55,400
English History. 
A government that functioned 

5080
04:24:55,400 --> 04:24:58,100
independently of the legislative
institutions that had been 

5081
04:24:58,100 --> 04:25:01,100
Central to English political 
developments in medieval times 

5082
04:25:01,100 --> 04:25:04,500
Charles's Court during these 
years operated with efficiency 

5083
04:25:04,500 --> 04:25:06,500
that would have impressed his 
Tudor predecessors. 

5084
04:25:06,500 --> 04:25:10,000
But its effective news, was 
undermined by growing popular 

5085
04:25:10,000 --> 04:25:13,200
conviction that the King was 
governing in ways that violated 

5086
04:25:13,200 --> 04:25:14,900
fundament. 
Little English political 

5087
04:25:14,900 --> 04:25:17,600
traditions. 
The court became isolated from 

5088
04:25:17,600 --> 04:25:20,900
the broader political nation in 
ways that made future conflicts 

5089
04:25:20,900 --> 04:25:23,600
almost inevitable. 
When Charles finally, recalled 

5090
04:25:23,600 --> 04:25:26,700
parliament in 1640. 
His court, found itself 

5091
04:25:26,700 --> 04:25:29,900
confronting political opposition
that had been growing stronger. 

5092
04:25:29,900 --> 04:25:33,400
While Royal Authority had been 
growing more rigid The result 

5093
04:25:33,400 --> 04:25:35,900
was a political crisis that 
neither traditional Royal 

5094
04:25:35,900 --> 04:25:38,600
Authority, nor Innovative Court 
culture could resolve through 

5095
04:25:38,600 --> 04:25:41,100
conventional means the execution
of Charles. 

5096
04:25:41,100 --> 04:25:44,800
The first in 1649 created a 
unique situation in European 

5097
04:25:44,800 --> 04:25:48,000
history, a major Kingdom 
attempting to function without 

5098
04:25:48,000 --> 04:25:51,300
any Royal Court at all. 
The Commonwealth period 

5099
04:25:51,300 --> 04:25:54,400
represents the ultimate test of 
whether traditional governmental

5100
04:25:54,400 --> 04:25:57,500
functions required traditional 
Royal ceremonies and protocols, 

5101
04:25:57,500 --> 04:26:00,100
Oliver cromwell's, government 
faced the challenge of 

5102
04:26:00,100 --> 04:26:03,400
maintaining domestic order and 
international respectability 

5103
04:26:03,400 --> 04:26:06,300
without the institutional 
structures that had supported 

5104
04:26:06,300 --> 04:26:08,500
English political Authority for 
centuries. 

5105
04:26:09,500 --> 04:26:12,300
The result was a series of 
improvised solutions that were 

5106
04:26:12,300 --> 04:26:15,700
sometimes successful but never 
entirely convincing to domestic 

5107
04:26:15,700 --> 04:26:18,800
or foreign observers you can 
imagine the confusion that 

5108
04:26:18,800 --> 04:26:21,800
ordinary English people felt 
when familiar Royal sermon is 

5109
04:26:21,800 --> 04:26:23,400
simply disappeared from public 
life. 

5110
04:26:24,400 --> 04:26:27,700
No more Royal progresses through
the countryside, no more, 

5111
04:26:27,708 --> 04:26:30,000
elaborate Court. 
Celebrations, to Mark important 

5112
04:26:30,000 --> 04:26:33,400
occasions, and no more visible 
demonstrations of governmental 

5113
04:26:33,400 --> 04:26:36,800
continuity that had reassured 
previous generations about 

5114
04:26:36,800 --> 04:26:40,100
political stability. 
The cromwellian court, though, 

5115
04:26:40,100 --> 04:26:42,600
it was never officially called a
court developed. 

5116
04:26:42,600 --> 04:26:45,300
Its own protocols, that 
attempted to combine Republican,

5117
04:26:45,300 --> 04:26:48,600
Simplicity with the ceremonial 
dignity that governmental 

5118
04:26:48,600 --> 04:26:52,300
authorities seem to require 
Foreign ambassadors still needed

5119
04:26:52,300 --> 04:26:55,800
to be received with appropriate.
Formality important, stator 

5120
04:26:55,800 --> 04:26:58,700
occasions, still required, 
public ceremonies and political 

5121
04:26:58,700 --> 04:27:01,300
Authority, still needed visible 
demonstrations of its 

5122
04:27:01,300 --> 04:27:03,700
legitimacy. 
Cromwell's, personal style 

5123
04:27:03,700 --> 04:27:06,800
reflected this challenge. 
He rejected Royal titles and 

5124
04:27:06,800 --> 04:27:09,500
traditional monarchical 
ceremonies but he lived in. 

5125
04:27:09,500 --> 04:27:13,500
Royal palaces used Royal 
ceremonial objects and gradually

5126
04:27:13,500 --> 04:27:15,800
adopted many of the protocols 
that had previously been 

5127
04:27:15,800 --> 04:27:18,500
associated. 
With crowned Kings, the line 

5128
04:27:18,500 --> 04:27:21,500
between Republican leadership 
and monarchical Authority proved

5129
04:27:21,500 --> 04:27:23,700
more difficult to maintain than 
theoretical political 

5130
04:27:23,700 --> 04:27:26,100
philosophy. 
Had suggested the Commonwealth 

5131
04:27:26,100 --> 04:27:29,100
periods, cultural achievements 
were real but different from 

5132
04:27:29,100 --> 04:27:33,000
traditional Royal patronage. 
John Milton's political writings

5133
04:27:33,000 --> 04:27:36,200
including the tenure of kings 
and magistrates and later 

5134
04:27:36,200 --> 04:27:40,100
Paradise, Lost explored, themes 
of authority, rebellion and 

5135
04:27:40,100 --> 04:27:43,100
political legitimacy with 
intellectual depth that 

5136
04:27:43,100 --> 04:27:45,400
surpassed most Court sponsored 
literature. 

5137
04:27:46,300 --> 04:27:49,100
But these Works were produced 
despite governmental policy 

5138
04:27:49,100 --> 04:27:52,900
rather than because of Royal 
encouragement, the absence of a 

5139
04:27:52,900 --> 04:27:54,500
Royal Court. 
Also affected English 

5140
04:27:54,500 --> 04:27:57,000
international relations in ways 
that became increasingly 

5141
04:27:57,000 --> 04:28:00,000
problematic as the Commonwealth 
period continued. 

5142
04:28:00,800 --> 04:28:03,500
European monarchs were reluctant
to treat cromwell's government 

5143
04:28:03,500 --> 04:28:07,000
as a legitimate equal partly, 
because it lacked the ceremonial

5144
04:28:07,000 --> 04:28:08,900
structures. 
That traditional diplomacy 

5145
04:28:08,900 --> 04:28:11,200
required for normal 
International relationships. 

5146
04:28:11,200 --> 04:28:15,700
When Cromwell died in 1658 his 
son, Richard briefly attempted 

5147
04:28:15,700 --> 04:28:18,700
to continue the Commonwealth 
system, but the experiment 

5148
04:28:18,700 --> 04:28:21,500
quickly, demonstrated that 
Republican government required 

5149
04:28:21,500 --> 04:28:24,700
personal Authority, that could 
not be inherited through family 

5150
04:28:24,700 --> 04:28:27,500
succession. 
The irony was that affective 

5151
04:28:27,500 --> 04:28:29,900
Republican leadership seemed to 
require many of the same 

5152
04:28:29,900 --> 04:28:32,000
qualities that successful 
monarchy demanded. 

5153
04:28:32,000 --> 04:28:36,200
Charles the second's returned to
England in 1660 created, one of 

5154
04:28:36,200 --> 04:28:38,600
the most remarkable 
transformations in English Court

5155
04:28:38,600 --> 04:28:41,700
history. 
The king had spent his Exile in 

5156
04:28:41,708 --> 04:28:44,600
French and Dutch courts. 
That had continued developing 

5157
04:28:44,600 --> 04:28:47,100
while England. 
Experimented with republicanism 

5158
04:28:47,900 --> 04:28:50,600
When Charles established his 
restored Court, he brought 

5159
04:28:50,600 --> 04:28:53,600
Continental innovations that 
revolutionized English Royal 

5160
04:28:53,600 --> 04:28:55,900
culture. 
The restoration Court felt like 

5161
04:28:55,900 --> 04:28:59,500
a party that had been postponed 
for 11 years and was finally 

5162
04:28:59,500 --> 04:29:03,500
being celebrated with 
accumulated enthusiasm Charles 

5163
04:29:03,500 --> 04:29:06,400
understood that his restoration 
needed to demonstrate, not just 

5164
04:29:06,400 --> 04:29:09,900
political legitimacy, but 
cultural superiority over the 

5165
04:29:09,900 --> 04:29:12,600
Republican experiment that a 
temporarily replaced. 

5166
04:29:12,600 --> 04:29:15,500
Traditional, monarchy, you can 
picture the excitement that must

5167
04:29:15,500 --> 04:29:18,200
have filled London when familiar
Royal ceremonies returned to 

5168
04:29:18,208 --> 04:29:21,300
English public life. 
The coronation processions 

5169
04:29:21,300 --> 04:29:24,800
caught celebrations and Royal 
progresses provided Visual 

5170
04:29:24,800 --> 04:29:27,200
Evidence that normal political 
order had been restored. 

5171
04:29:28,300 --> 04:29:30,900
The Charles's Court was more 
than just a return to pre-civil 

5172
04:29:30,900 --> 04:29:33,000
war Traditions. 
It was an upgrade that 

5173
04:29:33,000 --> 04:29:35,600
incorporated, the best features 
of European Royal culture. 

5174
04:29:35,600 --> 04:29:38,600
The king's personal style, 
reflected his Continental 

5175
04:29:38,600 --> 04:29:42,600
education, Charles was witty 
sophisticated and possessed, the

5176
04:29:42,608 --> 04:29:45,300
sort of easy charm that made 
people want to spend time in his

5177
04:29:45,300 --> 04:29:47,800
presence. 
His court became a place where 

5178
04:29:47,808 --> 04:29:50,800
conversation was considered an 
art form where scientific 

5179
04:29:50,800 --> 04:29:54,100
discussion co-existed with 
theatrical entertainment and 

5180
04:29:54,100 --> 04:29:56,500
where English cultural life 
reconnected with broader 

5181
04:29:56,500 --> 04:30:00,500
European developments, the Royal
Society, founded in 1660 

5182
04:30:00,500 --> 04:30:03,700
illustrates how the restoration 
courts supported intellectual 

5183
04:30:03,700 --> 04:30:06,800
achievements that combined 
practical utility with cultural 

5184
04:30:06,800 --> 04:30:09,600
Prestige. 
When Isaac Newton, Christopher 

5185
04:30:09,600 --> 04:30:12,700
and Robert Hooke conducted their
experiments under Royal 

5186
04:30:12,700 --> 04:30:14,800
patronage. 
They were advancing human 

5187
04:30:14,800 --> 04:30:16,000
knowledge. 
While simultaneously 

5188
04:30:16,000 --> 04:30:19,900
demonstrating that the English 
Monarchy supported, the sort of 

5189
04:30:19,900 --> 04:30:22,900
scientific progress, that was 
transforming European 

5190
04:30:22,900 --> 04:30:25,700
civilization. 
Charles's Court was all where 

5191
04:30:25,700 --> 04:30:29,600
English theater achieved, some 
of its greatest successes The 

5192
04:30:29,600 --> 04:30:32,400
Kings enthusiastic support for 
dramatic performance is helped 

5193
04:30:32,400 --> 04:30:35,000
create the conditions that 
produced restoration comedy. 

5194
04:30:35,800 --> 04:30:39,400
Theatrical form that combined 
sophisticated social observation

5195
04:30:39,400 --> 04:30:42,500
with entertainment that appealed
to both courtly and popular 

5196
04:30:42,500 --> 04:30:45,300
audiences. 
But the restoration courts, most

5197
04:30:45,300 --> 04:30:48,200
significant Innovation was its 
approach to religious diversity.

5198
04:30:48,200 --> 04:30:52,200
Charles's personal Catholic 
sympathies were balanced by his 

5199
04:30:52,200 --> 04:30:55,400
political understanding. 
That England required Protestant

5200
04:30:55,400 --> 04:30:57,300
Royal Authority for domestic 
stability. 

5201
04:30:57,300 --> 04:31:00,600
His court became a place where 
religious differences were 

5202
04:31:00,600 --> 04:31:03,000
managed through practical 
tolerance rather than 

5203
04:31:03,000 --> 04:31:05,900
theoretical. 
Resolution this created a court 

5204
04:31:05,900 --> 04:31:07,500
atmosphere. 
That was more intellectually 

5205
04:31:07,500 --> 04:31:09,900
diverse than England had 
experienced since before the 

5206
04:31:09,900 --> 04:31:14,400
Reformation, Catholic's 
anglicans and various Protestant

5207
04:31:14,400 --> 04:31:17,900
denominations, all found places 
in court life, though, their 

5208
04:31:17,900 --> 04:31:19,700
relationships were sometimes 
tense. 

5209
04:31:19,700 --> 04:31:21,300
And always politically 
complicated. 

5210
04:31:21,300 --> 04:31:26,100
The Great Fire of London in 1666
provided Charles's court with an

5211
04:31:26,100 --> 04:31:28,900
opportunity to demonstrate Royal
leadership during a genuine 

5212
04:31:28,900 --> 04:31:31,900
National crisis. 
The king's personal involvement 

5213
04:31:31,900 --> 04:31:34,900
in firefighting efforts and his 
support for Christopher. 

5214
04:31:34,900 --> 04:31:37,800
Wren's rebuilding plans showed 
that the restored monarchy could

5215
04:31:37,800 --> 04:31:41,300
provide effective practical 
leadership as well as ceremonial

5216
04:31:41,300 --> 04:31:44,700
magnifiscents James. 
The second accession in 1685 

5217
04:31:44,700 --> 04:31:47,500
created immediate tension 
between the court culture that 

5218
04:31:47,500 --> 04:31:51,000
Charles had established and 
James's determination to restore

5219
04:31:51,000 --> 04:31:53,600
Catholicism. 
As England's official religion. 

5220
04:31:54,400 --> 04:31:58,000
James had inherited his brother 
sophisticated court system but 

5221
04:31:58,000 --> 04:32:00,700
lacked Charles's political 
sensitivity about the religious 

5222
04:32:00,700 --> 04:32:03,100
compromises that the English 
Monarchy required. 

5223
04:32:03,100 --> 04:32:06,200
The Jacobite Court during 
James's brief Reign felt like a 

5224
04:32:06,200 --> 04:32:08,700
place where people were waiting 
for something dramatic to happen

5225
04:32:08,700 --> 04:32:10,400
though. 
No one was quite sure. 

5226
04:32:10,400 --> 04:32:13,500
What formed that drama would 
take James's policies, 

5227
04:32:13,500 --> 04:32:16,000
systematically alienated. 
The Protestant political 

5228
04:32:16,000 --> 04:32:19,100
establishment that had supported
his brothers restoration, while 

5229
04:32:19,100 --> 04:32:21,300
his court ceremonies 
increasingly emphasized, 

5230
04:32:21,300 --> 04:32:24,500
Catholic religious elements that
made most English observers 

5231
04:32:24,500 --> 04:32:28,400
nervous, when William of Orange 
landed in England, in 1688 

5232
04:32:28,400 --> 04:32:31,500
James's Court collapsed with 
startling speed. 

5233
04:32:31,500 --> 04:32:34,800
The king who had inherited the 
most sophisticated Royal 

5234
04:32:34,800 --> 04:32:37,300
household in English. 
History, found himself with 

5235
04:32:37,300 --> 04:32:39,200
almost no domestic political 
support. 

5236
04:32:39,200 --> 04:32:43,000
When the crisis finally arrived,
the Glorious Revolution of 1688 

5237
04:32:43,000 --> 04:32:45,600
fundamentally changed. 
The relationship between 

5238
04:32:45,600 --> 04:32:48,400
English, Royal courts and 
political Authority. 

5239
04:32:49,300 --> 04:32:52,100
William the third and Mary, the 
second established a court 

5240
04:32:52,100 --> 04:32:55,800
system that operated within 
constitutional limitations that 

5241
04:32:55,800 --> 04:32:58,300
would have seemed impossible to 
earlier generations of English. 

5242
04:32:58,300 --> 04:33:00,600
Monarchs. 
The new Royal Court had to 

5243
04:33:00,600 --> 04:33:03,500
function simultaneously as a 
ceremonial Center that 

5244
04:33:03,500 --> 04:33:06,300
maintained monarchical dignity 
and as a governmental 

5245
04:33:06,300 --> 04:33:09,700
institution that acknowledged 
parliamentary Supremacy over 

5246
04:33:09,700 --> 04:33:13,400
major policy decision. 
This required developing new 

5247
04:33:13,400 --> 04:33:16,400
protocols that preserved Royal 
Prestige, while respecting the 

5248
04:33:16,400 --> 04:33:19,000
political realities, that the 
Glorious Revolution had 

5249
04:33:19,000 --> 04:33:21,099
established. 
You can imagine the delicate 

5250
04:33:21,099 --> 04:33:23,900
balance that caught officials 
needed to maintain during these 

5251
04:33:23,900 --> 04:33:27,200
transitional period. 
Royal ceremonies still needed to

5252
04:33:27,200 --> 04:33:30,400
demonstrate appropriate Majesty,
but they couldn't suggest that 

5253
04:33:30,400 --> 04:33:33,099
the crowned Authority that 
Parliament now controlled 

5254
04:33:33,099 --> 04:33:36,300
foreign diplomats still needed 
to be received with suitable 

5255
04:33:36,300 --> 04:33:39,599
formality but diplomatic 
policies required, legislative 

5256
04:33:39,599 --> 04:33:41,700
approval. 
In ways that complicated 

5257
04:33:41,700 --> 04:33:44,900
traditional Royal prerogatives, 
the Hanoverian succession in 

5258
04:33:44,900 --> 04:33:48,300
1714 brought another Continental
influence to English Court 

5259
04:33:48,300 --> 04:33:51,400
culture, but George, the first 
Court face, the additional 

5260
04:33:51,400 --> 04:33:54,599
challenge of astonishing 
legitimacy for a dynasty with 

5261
04:33:54,599 --> 04:33:57,900
limited English connections. 
The early Georgian Court 

5262
04:33:57,900 --> 04:34:00,900
compensated for this linguistic 
and cultural Distance by 

5263
04:34:00,900 --> 04:34:04,099
developing ceremonial procedures
that emphasize constitutional 

5264
04:34:04,099 --> 04:34:06,599
propriety rather than personal 
Charisma. 

5265
04:34:06,599 --> 04:34:10,000
George the second Court, a more 
comfortable balance between 

5266
04:34:10,000 --> 04:34:12,400
German Royal traditions and 
English constitutional 

5267
04:34:12,400 --> 04:34:15,000
requirements. 
The king spoke better English 

5268
04:34:15,000 --> 04:34:18,200
than his father under understood
English, political customs, more

5269
04:34:18,200 --> 04:34:21,400
thoroughly and created a court 
atmosphere that successfully 

5270
04:34:21,400 --> 04:34:24,400
combined Continental 
sophistication with domestic 

5271
04:34:24,400 --> 04:34:25,800
political. 
Activity. 

5272
04:34:25,800 --> 04:34:28,200
But it was during George, the 
third's, long Reign that the 

5273
04:34:28,200 --> 04:34:31,599
Georgian Court System reached 
its mature form George. 

5274
04:34:31,599 --> 04:34:33,800
The third was the first 
Hanoverian Monarch who was 

5275
04:34:33,800 --> 04:34:37,200
thoroughly English in education 
temperament and political 

5276
04:34:37,200 --> 04:34:40,800
understanding his court became 
the template for constitutional 

5277
04:34:40,800 --> 04:34:43,700
monarchy that would influence 
British royal culture for the 

5278
04:34:43,700 --> 04:34:46,400
next two centuries. 
The Georgian courts daily 

5279
04:34:46,400 --> 04:34:49,300
routine reflected, these 
constitutional limitations 

5280
04:34:49,300 --> 04:34:52,099
morning, sessions, dealt with 
ceremonial business. 

5281
04:34:52,099 --> 04:34:55,000
That maintained Royal dignity 
without challenging 

5282
04:34:55,000 --> 04:34:58,200
parliamentary Authority. 
After noon, meetings, handled 

5283
04:34:58,200 --> 04:35:01,300
diplomatic correspondence. 
That required coordination with 

5284
04:35:01,300 --> 04:35:03,500
government ministers who were 
responsible to Parliament. 

5285
04:35:03,500 --> 04:35:07,099
Rather than to the crown alone, 
George the third's court, during

5286
04:35:07,099 --> 04:35:09,500
the American Revolution, 
demonstrates how constitutional 

5287
04:35:09,500 --> 04:35:13,800
monarchy functioned during major
political crises, the king 

5288
04:35:13,800 --> 04:35:16,900
personally opposed American 
independence, but his court had 

5289
04:35:16,900 --> 04:35:19,700
to manage a military conflict 
that was primarily directed by 

5290
04:35:19,700 --> 04:35:21,099
ministers. 
Who are accountable to 

5291
04:35:21,099 --> 04:35:23,599
Parliament. 
Royal Authority and 

5292
04:35:23,599 --> 04:35:26,200
parliamentary government 
operated in parallel rather than

5293
04:35:26,200 --> 04:35:29,300
in the hierarchical relationship
that had characterized earlier 

5294
04:35:29,300 --> 04:35:31,500
periods. 
The culture response to George 

5295
04:35:31,500 --> 04:35:34,700
the third's periodic, mental 
illness created unprecedented 

5296
04:35:34,700 --> 04:35:38,099
constitutional challenges that 
required improvised Solutions, 

5297
04:35:38,900 --> 04:35:42,400
The Regency crisis of 1788 
forced Parliament and the Royal 

5298
04:35:42,400 --> 04:35:45,400
household to develop procedures 
for managing governmental 

5299
04:35:45,400 --> 04:35:47,700
continuity. 
When the Monarch was unable to 

5300
04:35:47,700 --> 04:35:49,400
perform his constitutional 
duties. 

5301
04:35:49,400 --> 04:35:52,500
These experiences established 
precedents, that would prove 

5302
04:35:52,500 --> 04:35:55,599
crucial during the formal 
Regency period from 1811 to 

5303
04:35:55,599 --> 04:35:57,800
1820. 
When the future, George the 

5304
04:35:57,800 --> 04:35:59,599
fourth governed on his father's 
behalf. 

5305
04:36:00,400 --> 04:36:03,700
The Regency Court represented, 
the full flowering of Georgian 

5306
04:36:03,700 --> 04:36:06,700
Royal culture. 
Sophisticated Cosmopolitan and 

5307
04:36:06,700 --> 04:36:10,599
expensive enough to scandalize 
contemporary critics, George the

5308
04:36:10,599 --> 04:36:13,300
fourth's court as Prince, Regent
achieved, a level of cultural 

5309
04:36:13,300 --> 04:36:16,400
patronage that rivaled the 
greatest European achievements. 

5310
04:36:16,400 --> 04:36:19,599
The rebuilding of the royal 
Pavilion at Brighton, the 

5311
04:36:19,599 --> 04:36:22,200
planning of Regent Street and 
Regents Park in London. 

5312
04:36:22,200 --> 04:36:26,200
And the support for artists 
writers and musicians, created a

5313
04:36:26,200 --> 04:36:28,599
court culture that combined 
aesthetic achievement with 

5314
04:36:28,599 --> 04:36:32,700
constitutional propriety 
Victoria's accession in 1837 and

5315
04:36:32,700 --> 04:36:35,000
created a dramatic 
transformation in English Court 

5316
04:36:35,000 --> 04:36:38,400
culture that reflected broader 
changes in social attitudes, 

5317
04:36:38,400 --> 04:36:41,800
economic relationships and 
Imperial responsibilities. 

5318
04:36:42,599 --> 04:36:45,500
The 18 year old Queen inherited 
a court system that had been 

5319
04:36:45,508 --> 04:36:48,200
designed for Georgian Royal 
lifestyle but would need to 

5320
04:36:48,207 --> 04:36:51,400
accommodate Victorian moral 
expectations and Global Imperial

5321
04:36:51,400 --> 04:36:53,900
duties. 
The early, Victorian Court faced

5322
04:36:53,900 --> 04:36:56,900
the challenge of establishing 
respect for a young female monk 

5323
04:36:56,900 --> 04:36:59,500
in an age when political 
Authority was generally 

5324
04:36:59,500 --> 04:37:01,400
associated with masculine 
leadership. 

5325
04:37:02,500 --> 04:37:04,800
Victoria's solution was to 
create a court culture that 

5326
04:37:04,800 --> 04:37:08,800
emphasized, moral Authority, 
domestic virtue and Imperial 

5327
04:37:08,800 --> 04:37:12,099
responsibility rather than the 
personal Charisma, or cultural 

5328
04:37:12,099 --> 04:37:14,700
sophistication that had 
characterized earlier, Royal 

5329
04:37:14,700 --> 04:37:16,800
Traditions. 
You can imagine the dramatic 

5330
04:37:16,800 --> 04:37:19,099
change in the court. 
Atmosphere that Victoria's moral

5331
04:37:19,099 --> 04:37:22,500
standards produced. 
Where Georgian Court life had 

5332
04:37:22,500 --> 04:37:25,900
celebrated with sophistication 
and a certain tolerance for 

5333
04:37:25,900 --> 04:37:28,599
personal scandal. 
Victorian Court, culture, 

5334
04:37:28,599 --> 04:37:32,599
emphasized Duty propriety, and 
the sort of moral earnestness 

5335
04:37:32,599 --> 04:37:35,500
that would have made earlier 
generations of courtiers deeply 

5336
04:37:35,500 --> 04:37:38,300
uncomfortable, Victoria's 
marriage to Prince, Albert in 

5337
04:37:38,300 --> 04:37:41,400
1840, established the 
partnership that would define 

5338
04:37:41,400 --> 04:37:43,700
Victorian Royal culture for the 
next two decades. 

5339
04:37:45,000 --> 04:37:47,300
Albert Braut, German 
thoroughness, and intellectual 

5340
04:37:47,300 --> 04:37:50,599
seriousness to English Court 
life, creating an atmosphere 

5341
04:37:50,599 --> 04:37:54,400
where governmental efficiency 
cultural patronage, and moral 

5342
04:37:54,400 --> 04:37:57,000
Improvement, were pursued with 
systemic dedication. 

5343
04:37:57,000 --> 04:38:00,099
The Victorian courts approached 
to ceremonial Innovation 

5344
04:38:00,099 --> 04:38:02,200
illustrates this. 
New seriousness of purpose. 

5345
04:38:03,200 --> 04:38:06,599
The great exhibition of 1851 
organized under Albert's 

5346
04:38:06,599 --> 04:38:09,400
leadership was simultaneously a 
celebration of British 

5347
04:38:09,400 --> 04:38:12,200
industrial achievement the 
demonstration of Imperial. 

5348
04:38:12,200 --> 04:38:15,300
Well and a moral statement about
the benefits of international 

5349
04:38:15,300 --> 04:38:19,400
cooperation and technological 
progress Alberts influence on 

5350
04:38:19,400 --> 04:38:23,000
court culture, extended far 
beyond ceremonial occasions, he 

5351
04:38:23,000 --> 04:38:26,500
reorganized Royal finances. 
Modernized Royal Estates and 

5352
04:38:26,500 --> 04:38:29,500
established new standards for 
the sort of cultural patronage 

5353
04:38:29,500 --> 04:38:33,200
that the monarchy should provide
The prince consort treated Royal

5354
04:38:33,200 --> 04:38:35,700
duties with the systematic 
attention to detail that 

5355
04:38:35,700 --> 04:38:38,099
successful. 
Businesses required applying 

5356
04:38:38,099 --> 04:38:41,400
commercial principles to 
monarchical responsibilities the

5357
04:38:41,400 --> 04:38:44,200
courts, daily routine, during 
Albert's lifetime reflected 

5358
04:38:44,200 --> 04:38:47,500
this, business-like approach, 
Morning sessions, handled 

5359
04:38:47,500 --> 04:38:49,300
administrative business with 
efficiency. 

5360
04:38:49,300 --> 04:38:51,599
That would have impressed Tudor 
bureaucrats. 

5361
04:38:51,599 --> 04:38:55,099
After noon meetings, dealt with 
the charitable organizations 

5362
04:38:55,099 --> 04:38:58,300
educational institutions and 
cultural projects that have 

5363
04:38:58,300 --> 04:39:02,099
become Central to Victorian 
Royal identity Victoria's grief 

5364
04:39:02,099 --> 04:39:05,000
after Albert's death in 1861, 
transformed the court. 

5365
04:39:05,000 --> 04:39:08,599
Once again this time in ways 
that created long-term problems 

5366
04:39:08,599 --> 04:39:12,599
for monarchical Prestige, the 
Queen's withdrawal from public 

5367
04:39:12,599 --> 04:39:15,700
ceremonial duties meant that the
Victorian Court maintained its 

5368
04:39:15,700 --> 04:39:18,400
administrative functions while 
losing much of its symbolic 

5369
04:39:18,400 --> 04:39:20,700
visibility. 
The court during Victoria's 

5370
04:39:20,700 --> 04:39:23,800
widowhood operated like a 
governmental Department, whose 

5371
04:39:23,800 --> 04:39:26,000
chief executive had chosen to 
work from home. 

5372
04:39:26,900 --> 04:39:30,099
While Royal business proceeded, 
efficiently, the ceremonial 

5373
04:39:30,099 --> 04:39:33,400
aspects of monarchy which served
as public demonstrations of 

5374
04:39:33,400 --> 04:39:36,200
constitutional continuity. 
Saw a significant reduction. 

5375
04:39:36,200 --> 04:39:39,200
This created opportunities for 
other members of the royal 

5376
04:39:39,200 --> 04:39:40,800
family, particularly the Prince 
of Wales. 

5377
04:39:40,800 --> 04:39:44,500
The future with the seventh to 
develop, alternative approaches 

5378
04:39:44,500 --> 04:39:48,400
to Royal public life. 
Edwards Court in Waiting became 

5379
04:39:48,400 --> 04:39:51,300
a center for the sort of social 
activities that Victoria's 

5380
04:39:51,300 --> 04:39:53,500
morning had eliminated from 
official Royal culture. 

5381
04:39:53,500 --> 04:39:56,900
The tension between Victoria's 
withdrawn approach and Edward's 

5382
04:39:56,900 --> 04:39:59,500
sociable style created two 
different models of Royal 

5383
04:39:59,500 --> 04:40:02,500
behavior that coexisted 
uncomfortably within the same 

5384
04:40:02,500 --> 04:40:06,300
constitutional system. 
The Queen's moral Authority was 

5385
04:40:06,300 --> 04:40:09,100
unquestioned, but her sons 
understanding of Royal 

5386
04:40:09,100 --> 04:40:11,800
ceremonial requirements, seemed 
more suited to practical 

5387
04:40:11,800 --> 04:40:15,800
political needs Victoria's 
golden jubilee in 1887 and 

5388
04:40:15,800 --> 04:40:19,300
Diamond Jubilee in 1897 
demonstrated that the Queen's 

5389
04:40:19,300 --> 04:40:21,500
moral Authority. 
Had created a new form of 

5390
04:40:21,500 --> 04:40:24,500
monarchical. 
Prestige these celebrations were

5391
04:40:24,500 --> 04:40:27,600
just British occasions. 
They were Imperial festivals. 

5392
04:40:27,600 --> 04:40:30,600
That demonstrated how Victorian 
Royal culture had expanded to 

5393
04:40:30,600 --> 04:40:32,300
Encompass Global 
responsibilities. 

5394
04:40:32,300 --> 04:40:35,500
The Victorian courts final 
achievement was astonishing, the

5395
04:40:35,500 --> 04:40:38,700
Constitutional framework that 
would allow the British Monarchy

5396
04:40:38,700 --> 04:40:41,300
to survive the Democratic 
transformation of the 20th 

5397
04:40:41,300 --> 04:40:44,200
century. 
Victoria's combination of moral 

5398
04:40:44,200 --> 04:40:47,200
Authority, Imperial 
responsibility, and 

5399
04:40:47,200 --> 04:40:50,400
constitutional propriety created
template for monarchical. 

5400
04:40:50,400 --> 04:40:53,500
Relevance that proved adaptable 
to changing political 

5401
04:40:53,500 --> 04:40:56,500
circumstances as we reach the 
end of our gentle Journey 

5402
04:40:56,500 --> 04:40:58,300
Through the centuries of Royal 
courts. 

5403
04:40:58,300 --> 04:41:01,100
You might find yourself 
reflecting on how these ancient 

5404
04:41:01,100 --> 04:41:03,300
patterns still echo in 
contemporary life. 

5405
04:41:04,300 --> 04:41:08,100
The challenges that medieval 
kings faced balancing personal 

5406
04:41:08,100 --> 04:41:10,900
desires with public 
responsibilities managing 

5407
04:41:10,900 --> 04:41:13,600
competing interest groups, 
adapting traditional 

5408
04:41:13,600 --> 04:41:17,500
institutions to changing 
circumstances remain remarkably 

5409
04:41:17,500 --> 04:41:20,300
familiar to anyone who observes 
modern politics or 

5410
04:41:20,300 --> 04:41:22,200
organizational leadership 
English. 

5411
04:41:22,200 --> 04:41:24,500
Royal courts of old, from 
William, the conqueror's 

5412
04:41:24,500 --> 04:41:27,900
efficient Norman Administration.
To Victoria's moral Imperial 

5413
04:41:27,900 --> 04:41:31,100
Authority, illustrating 
Humanities continuing 

5414
04:41:31,100 --> 04:41:32,800
experiment. 
With the relationship between 

5415
04:41:32,800 --> 04:41:35,100
individual Authority and 
Collective. 

5416
04:41:35,100 --> 04:41:37,600
Governance. 
Each generation discovered that 

5417
04:41:37,600 --> 04:41:41,100
successful leadership required 
adapting inherited Traditions to

5418
04:41:41,100 --> 04:41:44,600
contemporary realities while 
maintaining enough continuity to

5419
04:41:44,600 --> 04:41:46,100
preserve institutional 
legitimacy. 

5420
04:41:46,100 --> 04:41:49,800
Perhaps, the most striking 
pattern is how consistently 

5421
04:41:49,800 --> 04:41:53,100
English, Royal courts, served as
Laboratories for political 

5422
04:41:53,100 --> 04:41:56,100
innovation. 
The Magna Carta emerged from 

5423
04:41:56,100 --> 04:41:59,300
King John's administrative 
failures Parliament developed 

5424
04:41:59,300 --> 04:42:01,900
from Edward. 
The first financial needs the 

5425
04:42:01,900 --> 04:42:05,400
Reformation Grew From Henry, the
8th personal circumstances, and 

5426
04:42:05,400 --> 04:42:08,500
constitutional monarchy, evolved
from the Glorious revolution's 

5427
04:42:08,500 --> 04:42:11,100
political Necessities. 
These weren't planned 

5428
04:42:11,100 --> 04:42:13,100
developments Guided by 
theoretical political 

5429
04:42:13,100 --> 04:42:16,700
philosophy, they were practical 
solutions to immediate problems 

5430
04:42:16,700 --> 04:42:19,500
created by people who were 
trying to make inherited 

5431
04:42:19,500 --> 04:42:22,300
governmental systems work under 
changing circumstances. 

5432
04:42:23,700 --> 04:42:26,800
The Genius of English political 
development was its capacity to 

5433
04:42:26,800 --> 04:42:30,100
transform temporary expedience 
into permanent constitutional 

5434
04:42:30,100 --> 04:42:33,400
principles, the human Stories 
Behind These institutional 

5435
04:42:33,400 --> 04:42:36,400
changes, Eleanor of aquitaine's 
political sophistication. 

5436
04:42:36,400 --> 04:42:40,400
Richard the second's aesthetic 
Innovations, Elizabeth the first

5437
04:42:40,408 --> 04:42:43,200
theatrical statecraft and 
Charles the second's, 

5438
04:42:43,200 --> 04:42:46,100
Continental sophistication, 
remind us that political 

5439
04:42:46,100 --> 04:42:49,300
systems, ultimately expressions 
of individual personality 

5440
04:42:49,300 --> 04:42:53,000
interacting with historical 
circumstance, as you settle 

5441
04:42:53,000 --> 04:42:54,400
deeper into your comfortable 
spot. 

5442
04:42:54,400 --> 04:42:57,700
Tonight, you might consider how 
these Royal courts created, the 

5443
04:42:57,700 --> 04:43:00,400
governmental Traditions that 
still influenced Democratic 

5444
04:43:00,400 --> 04:43:03,700
societies today. 
The idea that political 

5445
04:43:03,700 --> 04:43:07,100
Authority requires popular 
consent, that governmental power

5446
04:43:07,100 --> 04:43:10,400
should be limited by law and 
that cultural achievement in 

5447
04:43:10,400 --> 04:43:14,300
enhances political legitimacy. 
These Concepts developed through

5448
04:43:14,300 --> 04:43:17,700
centuries of experimentation in 
Royal households that were 

5449
04:43:17,708 --> 04:43:20,100
trying to solve practical, 
problems of leadership and 

5450
04:43:20,100 --> 04:43:22,100
governance. 
The English Royal courts 

5451
04:43:22,100 --> 04:43:24,800
Evolution from medieval warrior 
Kings to constitutional 

5452
04:43:24,800 --> 04:43:27,200
monarchs. 
Reflects Humanity's broader 

5453
04:43:27,200 --> 04:43:29,800
journey toward more 
sophisticated forms of social 

5454
04:43:29,800 --> 04:43:32,900
organization. 
Each generation built upon 

5455
04:43:32,900 --> 04:43:35,800
previous achievements while 
adapting to New Challenges, 

5456
04:43:35,800 --> 04:43:39,300
creating institutional, 
continuity that allowed gradual 

5457
04:43:39,300 --> 04:43:43,000
transformation rather than 
revolutionary upheaval tonight, 

5458
04:43:43,000 --> 04:43:45,700
as you drift towards sleep, you 
carry with you, the stories of 

5459
04:43:45,700 --> 04:43:50,000
nearly a thousand years of human
creativity adaptation and the 

5460
04:43:50,000 --> 04:43:53,700
endless fascinating complexity 
of people learn to live together

5461
04:43:53,700 --> 04:43:57,800
in organized societies. 
Sweet dreams and may your rest 

5462
04:43:57,800 --> 04:44:00,500
be as peaceful as a medieval 
Monastery Garden on a quiet 

5463
04:44:00,500 --> 04:44:08,700
summer evening. 
Have you ever noticed that? 

5464
04:44:08,700 --> 04:44:11,600
Sometimes a person you get along
with begins to make small 

5465
04:44:11,600 --> 04:44:15,100
demands that appear reasonable. 
This was Britain's relationship 

5466
04:44:15,100 --> 04:44:17,800
with the American colonies after
1763. 

5467
04:44:17,800 --> 04:44:21,400
Britain had just finished the 
French and Indian War which 

5468
04:44:21,400 --> 04:44:23,100
sounded like a war between two 
groups. 

5469
04:44:23,100 --> 04:44:26,000
But was more like a neighborhood
brawl that involved, most of the

5470
04:44:26,000 --> 04:44:29,700
world, the British won which was
great for English speakers but 

5471
04:44:29,700 --> 04:44:33,400
disastrous for the French. 
However winning wars is costly. 

5472
04:44:33,400 --> 04:44:36,500
Britain reviewed its bank 
account as if it were a credit 

5473
04:44:36,500 --> 04:44:39,600
card statement, following an 
extravagant holiday shopping 

5474
04:44:39,600 --> 04:44:42,800
spree, Britain new who should 
pay for all these muskets and 

5475
04:44:42,800 --> 04:44:46,100
fancy uniforms? 
Meanwhile, the colonists saw 

5476
04:44:46,100 --> 04:44:49,000
their lives as reasonable. 
Everyone would mind their own 

5477
04:44:49,000 --> 04:44:51,600
business as they sent to back on
other Goods across the ocean. 

5478
04:44:52,400 --> 04:44:54,500
Britain sent back tea and 
manufactured goods. 

5479
04:44:54,500 --> 04:44:57,600
It was akin to a prosperous 
long-distance partnership. 

5480
04:44:58,300 --> 04:45:01,500
Britain then became involved in 
the daily details of trade, the 

5481
04:45:01,500 --> 04:45:05,200
Sugar Act of 1764 taxed, 
molasses and sugar. 

5482
04:45:05,200 --> 04:45:08,900
You may Wonder What's the big 
deal about sugar taxes? 

5483
04:45:09,600 --> 04:45:13,400
However, molasses was not only 
used in cookies, lassis played a

5484
04:45:13,400 --> 04:45:15,900
crucial role in the production 
of rum, which was considered the

5485
04:45:15,900 --> 04:45:18,100
most valuable commodity in the 
Colonial economy. 

5486
04:45:19,200 --> 04:45:21,500
Taxing molasses was like taxing 
happiness. 

5487
04:45:22,200 --> 04:45:24,700
The colonists grumbled about the
tax, but believed it would be 

5488
04:45:24,700 --> 04:45:28,100
temporary. 
The Stamp Act of 1765 required 

5489
04:45:28,100 --> 04:45:31,700
tax stamps on, almost all 
Colonial paper by newspaper. 

5490
04:45:31,700 --> 04:45:35,300
Stamp Duty, need a will Stamp 
Duty. 

5491
04:45:35,300 --> 04:45:37,000
Are you enjoying a game of 
cards? 

5492
04:45:37,000 --> 04:45:40,000
It's stamped attacks. 
Britain seemed to believe that 

5493
04:45:40,000 --> 04:45:42,300
the abundance of trees was 
excessive and required 

5494
04:45:42,300 --> 04:45:45,500
regulation, the colonists had a 
philosophical disagreement with 

5495
04:45:45,500 --> 04:45:47,700
the arrangement which made 
things fascinating. 

5496
04:45:48,500 --> 04:45:51,800
They'd been managing themselves 
well, but now, someone 3,000 

5497
04:45:51,800 --> 04:45:53,800
miles away was telling them how 
to spend their money. 

5498
04:45:53,800 --> 04:45:56,500
It would be like your distant 
cousin rearranging your 

5499
04:45:56,500 --> 04:45:58,200
furniture because they helped 
you move. 

5500
04:45:59,000 --> 04:46:01,400
Britain's response to no 
taxation without representation 

5501
04:46:01,400 --> 04:46:05,900
was but we're representing you. 
We're British your British. 

5502
04:46:05,900 --> 04:46:10,600
It's all very British and 
representational. this logic, 

5503
04:46:10,600 --> 04:46:13,600
didn't convince colonists when 
two people argue about one 

5504
04:46:13,600 --> 04:46:17,600
thing, but are upset about 
another things escalate The 

5505
04:46:17,600 --> 04:46:20,800
Townshend Acts of 1767 taxed 
tea. 

5506
04:46:20,800 --> 04:46:25,900
Paint paper and glass By now 
Britain was taxing so much that 

5507
04:46:25,900 --> 04:46:27,900
colonists wondered if breathing 
was next. 

5508
04:46:28,700 --> 04:46:30,700
The colonial response of 
boycotting British goods. 

5509
04:46:30,700 --> 04:46:33,200
Worked better than expected 
British. 

5510
04:46:33,200 --> 04:46:36,000
Merchants suddenly found their 
warehouses filled with unwanted 

5511
04:46:36,000 --> 04:46:40,400
items such as 40 pounds of 
potato salad, left over from a 

5512
04:46:40,400 --> 04:46:44,500
party that had no guests. 
Tensions were so high in 1770, 

5513
04:46:44,500 --> 04:46:47,200
that a knife could cut them. 
British soldiers. 

5514
04:46:47,200 --> 04:46:50,500
Kept ordering colonial cities, 
but armed Soldiers, made people 

5515
04:46:50,500 --> 04:46:53,900
nervous hiring a bounce of your 
book club may be technically 

5516
04:46:53,900 --> 04:46:56,500
beneficial but it can 
significantly alter the 

5517
04:46:56,508 --> 04:46:59,600
atmosphere. 
The Boston Massacre occurred in 

5518
04:46:59,600 --> 04:47:03,200
March 1770, but calling it a 
massacre is like, calling a 

5519
04:47:03,200 --> 04:47:05,600
small accident, a major 
transportation disaster. 

5520
04:47:06,400 --> 04:47:09,400
British soldiers shooting into a
crowd, killed five, colonists, 

5521
04:47:09,400 --> 04:47:11,200
which was tragic and 
unnecessary. 

5522
04:47:11,200 --> 04:47:14,800
But not a systematic Slaughter. 
However, it gave the colonists, 

5523
04:47:14,800 --> 04:47:18,100
something to be upset about and 
anger is a powerful organizing 

5524
04:47:18,100 --> 04:47:20,400
Force. 
You're probably seeing how the 

5525
04:47:20,400 --> 04:47:23,100
story will end, but we're just 
beginning after the Boston 

5526
04:47:23,100 --> 04:47:26,400
Massacre, Britain considered 
retreating to maintain dignity 

5527
04:47:26,400 --> 04:47:29,100
in this relationship, they 
repealed most of the Townshend 

5528
04:47:29,100 --> 04:47:33,100
Acts keeping only the tea tax. 
It was akin to expressing regret

5529
04:47:33,100 --> 04:47:36,000
over a disagreement yet. 
Asserting triumph over a minor 

5530
04:47:36,000 --> 04:47:38,300
issue. 
A couple of years were quiet, 

5531
04:47:38,300 --> 04:47:40,400
Britain. 
Resumed pretending the empire 

5532
04:47:40,400 --> 04:47:42,800
was running smoothly while the 
colonists returned to their 

5533
04:47:42,800 --> 04:47:45,900
daily lives. 
The situation, resembled a state

5534
04:47:45,908 --> 04:47:49,000
of artificial Tranquility, as 
everyone chose to overlook the 

5535
04:47:49,000 --> 04:47:52,000
pressing issue of Taxation, 
which was disguised by a 

5536
04:47:52,000 --> 04:47:53,700
powdered wig, and held strong 
opinions. 

5537
04:47:54,600 --> 04:47:59,200
In 1773 Britain, committed a 
strategic error, but it was more

5538
04:47:59,200 --> 04:48:03,000
akin to making a blind decision.
The British East India Company, 

5539
04:48:03,000 --> 04:48:07,000
monopolized Colonial tails under
the Tea Act making tea cheaper 

5540
04:48:07,000 --> 04:48:09,800
for consumers. 
One might assume that cheaper 

5541
04:48:09,800 --> 04:48:11,700
tea would be popular, but that 
was not the case. 

5542
04:48:11,700 --> 04:48:14,700
Principle, not price was the 
issue. 

5543
04:48:15,400 --> 04:48:18,500
Local Merchants complete removal
from the TV business presented 

5544
04:48:18,500 --> 04:48:20,100
colonists with a promising 
future. 

5545
04:48:21,100 --> 04:48:22,900
What prevented Britain from 
monopolizing? 

5546
04:48:22,900 --> 04:48:25,900
Everything else if they could 
monopolize tea, it was like 

5547
04:48:25,900 --> 04:48:28,300
watching someone rearrange your 
furniture while claiming to 

5548
04:48:28,300 --> 04:48:30,900
help. 
The colonial response was Swift,

5549
04:48:30,900 --> 04:48:33,100
and neither brilliantly 
theatrical, or completely 

5550
04:48:33,100 --> 04:48:37,300
insane. 
On December the 16th 1773 

5551
04:48:37,300 --> 04:48:40,000
colonists dressed as Native 
Americans. 

5552
04:48:40,000 --> 04:48:44,800
Boarded, British ships in Boston
Harbor and dumped 342 chests of 

5553
04:48:44,800 --> 04:48:47,600
tea into the water. 
There are action was culturally 

5554
04:48:47,600 --> 04:48:51,900
insensitive and unconvincing The
Boston Tea Party was likely the 

5555
04:48:51,900 --> 04:48:55,700
most expensive tantrum ever. 
Boston Harbor, briefly held the 

5556
04:48:55,700 --> 04:49:00,100
world's largest cup of weak tea 
worth 1.7 million dollars today.

5557
04:49:01,100 --> 04:49:03,900
Britain's response to this 
aquatic protest was typical of 

5558
04:49:03,900 --> 04:49:06,300
someone who just seen their 
expensive tea turned into 

5559
04:49:06,300 --> 04:49:08,900
Harbor, seasoning. 
King George, the third, and 

5560
04:49:08,900 --> 04:49:11,300
Parliament, decided, 
Massachusetts needed manners, 

5561
04:49:11,300 --> 04:49:15,000
and were the ones to teach them.
Britain's Intolerable Acts of 

5562
04:49:15,000 --> 04:49:19,500
1774 said, you want to act like 
children, Fine. 

5563
04:49:19,500 --> 04:49:23,200
We'll treat you like children. 
They grounded a city by closing.

5564
04:49:23,200 --> 04:49:26,800
Boston Harbor until the tea was 
paid for instead of colonial 

5565
04:49:26,800 --> 04:49:29,000
courts. 
British officials accused of 

5566
04:49:29,000 --> 04:49:32,600
crime would be tried in Britain 
which was like saying from now 

5567
04:49:32,600 --> 04:49:35,500
on when we break the rules we'll
judge ourselves. 

5568
04:49:36,300 --> 04:49:39,300
The Quebec Act passed around the
same time, extended Quebec's 

5569
04:49:39,300 --> 04:49:42,000
borders and to, the Ohio Valley 
annoying, most American 

5570
04:49:42,000 --> 04:49:45,000
colonists Britain seemed to have
thought, you know what? 

5571
04:49:45,000 --> 04:49:48,900
This needs more complications. 
However, Britain's plan 

5572
04:49:48,900 --> 04:49:52,400
backfired almost poetically. 
Instead of isolating 

5573
04:49:52,400 --> 04:49:55,600
Massachusetts and making an 
example of them, the Intolerable

5574
04:49:55,600 --> 04:49:57,400
Act warned other colonies. 
They could follow. 

5575
04:49:58,300 --> 04:50:00,700
It was akin to observing the 
neighborhood, bully Target, one 

5576
04:50:00,700 --> 04:50:03,200
child. 
And suddenly recognizing that 

5577
04:50:03,200 --> 04:50:04,900
you could be the subsequent 
victim. 

5578
04:50:05,700 --> 04:50:08,500
But the First Continental 
Congress in Philadelphia in 

5579
04:50:08,500 --> 04:50:11,800
September 1774, delegates from 
12 colonies. 

5580
04:50:11,800 --> 04:50:15,700
Georgia was undecided discussed 
their options. 12 groups of 

5581
04:50:15,708 --> 04:50:17,500
people agreeing on. 
Anything is difficult. 

5582
04:50:17,500 --> 04:50:21,500
Let alone, 12 groups spread 
across 1000 miles of 18th 

5583
04:50:21,500 --> 04:50:23,000
century. 
Transportation infrastructure. 

5584
04:50:23,900 --> 04:50:26,600
The Congress stopped importing 
and exporting Colonial Goods to 

5585
04:50:26,600 --> 04:50:29,000
Britain. 
They also agreed to meet again, 

5586
04:50:29,000 --> 04:50:32,300
if things didn't improve 
politely saying, were serious 

5587
04:50:32,300 --> 04:50:34,800
about this and will prove it by 
having more meetings. 

5588
04:50:35,600 --> 04:50:38,100
Colonists were organizing 
militias which should have 

5589
04:50:38,100 --> 04:50:41,500
worried Britain more than it did
farmers shopkeepers and 

5590
04:50:41,500 --> 04:50:44,400
blacksmiths spent their weekends
learning to March and straight 

5591
04:50:44,400 --> 04:50:46,800
lines and shoot muskets 
accurately. 

5592
04:50:46,800 --> 04:50:49,800
The militia movement was 
practical and psychological. 

5593
04:50:49,800 --> 04:50:52,600
It meant colonists were ready to
defend themselves. 

5594
04:50:52,600 --> 04:50:56,100
It was a big, mental shift to 
think of themselves as people 

5595
04:50:56,100 --> 04:50:58,500
who might need to defend 
themselves against their own 

5596
04:50:58,500 --> 04:51:02,200
government. 
By 1774, Britain, and the 

5597
04:51:02,200 --> 04:51:04,700
American colonies were 
stockpiling weapons and making 

5598
04:51:04,700 --> 04:51:08,200
grievance lists. 
This were a marriage, lawyers 

5599
04:51:08,200 --> 04:51:10,700
would be involved. 
You're familiar with the moment 

5600
04:51:10,700 --> 04:51:13,600
when someone utters something, 
they cannot retract and 

5601
04:51:13,600 --> 04:51:15,100
everything shifts within the 
argument. 

5602
04:51:15,100 --> 04:51:20,800
It happened on April, 19th, 1775
in two small, Massachusetts 

5603
04:51:20,800 --> 04:51:23,200
towns that most people in 
Britain, and the American 

5604
04:51:23,200 --> 04:51:26,200
colonies had never heard of 
General Thomas. 

5605
04:51:26,200 --> 04:51:28,100
Gage. 
The British commander in Boston 

5606
04:51:28,100 --> 04:51:31,400
was ordered to suppress the 
colonial Rebellion by seizing 

5607
04:51:31,400 --> 04:51:33,000
weapons and arresting the 
leaders. 

5608
04:51:33,000 --> 04:51:36,900
He took a leisurely evening. 
Stroll with 700 of his closest 

5609
04:51:36,900 --> 04:51:39,400
friends to retrieve the 
colonists military supplies from

5610
04:51:39,400 --> 04:51:43,000
Concord 20 miles from Boston, 
the plan was simple. 

5611
04:51:43,000 --> 04:51:46,800
Marched to Concord at night 
grabbed, the weapons, arrest 

5612
04:51:46,800 --> 04:51:49,600
Samuel, Adams, and John Hancock.
If they were there and returned 

5613
04:51:49,600 --> 04:51:52,100
for breakfast. 
It was the kind of plan that 

5614
04:51:52,100 --> 04:51:54,700
looks great on paper but falls 
apart in practice. 

5615
04:51:55,800 --> 04:51:59,200
The colonists had a fantastic 
neighborhood watch system, Paul 

5616
04:51:59,200 --> 04:52:02,800
Revere, William Dawes and other 
Riders patrolled the countryside

5617
04:52:02,800 --> 04:52:06,800
to warn of the British Revere's 
midnight ride is legendary but 

5618
04:52:06,800 --> 04:52:10,000
he was captured halfway to 
Concord proving that even famous

5619
04:52:10,000 --> 04:52:12,200
historical events. 
Don't always go as planned. 

5620
04:52:12,200 --> 04:52:16,000
British troops arrived at 
Lexington at Sunrise to discover

5621
04:52:16,000 --> 04:52:18,500
70, Colonial militia men on the 
Village Green. 

5622
04:52:19,500 --> 04:52:23,100
The militia was armed but 
outnumbered making this a tense,

5623
04:52:23,100 --> 04:52:25,500
Neighbourhood dispute rather 
than a military conflict. 

5624
04:52:26,300 --> 04:52:29,600
Who fired the first Lexington, 
shot is unknown, it could have 

5625
04:52:29,600 --> 04:52:33,100
been a British soldier, a 
colonial militiamen or a musket 

5626
04:52:33,100 --> 04:52:36,200
accident, which happened more 
often than you'd think with 18th

5627
04:52:36,200 --> 04:52:39,000
century Firearms. 
We know that 8 colonists died 

5628
04:52:39,000 --> 04:52:41,200
and one British soldier was 
wounded off to the Smoke. 

5629
04:52:41,200 --> 04:52:45,200
Cleared British troops continued
to Concord where things improved

5630
04:52:45,200 --> 04:52:47,600
initially. 
They managed to move most of the

5631
04:52:47,600 --> 04:52:51,500
valuable military supplies, but 
they also destroyed some their 

5632
04:52:51,500 --> 04:52:53,200
day went awry when they returned
to Boston. 

5633
04:52:53,200 --> 04:52:56,300
The colonial militia kept busy 
while the British search 

5634
04:52:56,300 --> 04:52:59,600
Concorde with word of the 
Lexington fighting spreading, 

5635
04:52:59,600 --> 04:53:02,500
militia units. 
Converge from all directions. 

5636
04:53:02,500 --> 04:53:05,500
The British encountered the 
Concorde militia, as well as 

5637
04:53:05,500 --> 04:53:08,600
nearby farmers and shopkeepers 
armed with muskets who then fled

5638
04:53:08,600 --> 04:53:12,200
the retreat from Concord to 
Boston became a day-long battle.

5639
04:53:12,200 --> 04:53:15,900
The British founded unsporting 
for the colonial militia to hide

5640
04:53:15,900 --> 04:53:19,800
behind trees and stonewalls 
shooted officers and not line up

5641
04:53:19,800 --> 04:53:22,400
in neat. 
Formations to be shot at it was 

5642
04:53:22,400 --> 04:53:26,100
like a game where the other side
changed the rules, the British 

5643
04:53:26,100 --> 04:53:30,800
limped back in to Boston, with 
273 casualties to 95, Colonial 

5644
04:53:30,800 --> 04:53:34,400
losses, more importantly, they 
learned that Colonial militia 

5645
04:53:34,400 --> 04:53:36,000
were different from European 
armies. 

5646
04:53:36,000 --> 04:53:39,200
The colonists didn't understand 
that war should be gentlemanly. 

5647
04:53:39,200 --> 04:53:42,500
The colonies heard Lexington, 
and Concord news faster than 

5648
04:53:42,500 --> 04:53:45,300
small town gossip. 
Connecticut and New Hampshire, 

5649
04:53:45,300 --> 04:53:47,500
militia marched toward Boston 
within days. 

5650
04:53:47,500 --> 04:53:51,000
The British were besieged in 
their own stronghold which was 

5651
04:53:51,000 --> 04:53:55,600
unexpected in May 1775. 
The second continental congress 

5652
04:53:55,600 --> 04:53:59,400
met in Philadelphia and face to 
simpler but more complicated 

5653
04:53:59,400 --> 04:54:02,900
situation than the first. 
Since the shooting had begun, 

5654
04:54:02,900 --> 04:54:06,200
they didn't have to debate armed
resistances legitimacy. 

5655
04:54:06,200 --> 04:54:09,200
They were running a war without 
realizing it, making it more 

5656
04:54:09,200 --> 04:54:13,300
complicated Congress appointed a
committee as politicians do in 

5657
04:54:13,300 --> 04:54:16,400
confusing situations. 
They appointed several 

5658
04:54:16,400 --> 04:54:19,200
committees but the most 
important one organized, the 

5659
04:54:19,200 --> 04:54:21,200
colonial military forces into an
army. 

5660
04:54:22,200 --> 04:54:24,100
After some debate, they chose 
George Washington. 

5661
04:54:24,100 --> 04:54:26,700
A Virginia planter with military
experience. 

5662
04:54:26,700 --> 04:54:29,600
And a good horse. 
Washington, accepted the 

5663
04:54:29,600 --> 04:54:32,600
appointment with The Reluctant 
Grace politicians have perfected

5664
04:54:32,600 --> 04:54:35,900
since That he didn't feel 
qualified for the job but would 

5665
04:54:35,900 --> 04:54:38,400
do his best was either humility 
or political theater. 

5666
04:54:38,400 --> 04:54:43,600
Probably both the Battle of 
Bunker Hill in June 1775, showed

5667
04:54:43,600 --> 04:54:46,000
that Colonial forces could 
defeat professional British 

5668
04:54:46,000 --> 04:54:48,600
troops with good defense and 
enough ammunition. 

5669
04:54:48,600 --> 04:54:51,800
After inflicting heavy 
casualties on the British, the 

5670
04:54:51,800 --> 04:54:55,500
colonists retreated, a defeat 
that felt like a victory was 

5671
04:54:55,500 --> 04:54:57,500
exactly what colonial morale 
needed. 

5672
04:54:57,500 --> 04:55:00,900
The American colonies were in 
open Rebellion against Britain 

5673
04:55:00,900 --> 04:55:04,100
by 1775, though. 
Nobody wanted to call it that? 

5674
04:55:05,100 --> 04:55:07,600
Admitting you've made a big 
decision can be harder than 

5675
04:55:07,600 --> 04:55:11,600
choosing it in early. 1776. 
The American colonies were 

5676
04:55:11,600 --> 04:55:14,500
fighting Britain organizing 
their own government and 

5677
04:55:14,500 --> 04:55:16,600
printing their own money, but 
they were still trying to 

5678
04:55:16,608 --> 04:55:18,600
reconcile. 
It was like someone who moved 

5679
04:55:18,600 --> 04:55:21,600
out of their parents house. 
Got a new apartment and started 

5680
04:55:21,600 --> 04:55:23,600
a new job. 
But insist, they're staying with

5681
04:55:23,600 --> 04:55:25,400
friends until things work out at
home. 

5682
04:55:25,400 --> 04:55:29,800
In January, 1776, Thomas, Paine 
published Common Sense. 

5683
04:55:29,800 --> 04:55:31,600
And said, what everyone was 
thinking? 

5684
04:55:32,500 --> 04:55:35,300
In the 18th century, most 
political writing sounded like 

5685
04:55:35,300 --> 04:55:37,800
it was meant to put people to 
sleep but pain could explain 

5686
04:55:37,800 --> 04:55:41,400
complex political ideas in 
simple language Common Sense 

5687
04:55:41,400 --> 04:55:45,100
argued that Independence was 
necessary and desirable pain. 

5688
04:55:45,100 --> 04:55:47,300
Noted that King's were usually 
useless or harmful. 

5689
04:55:47,300 --> 04:55:50,800
It was absurd to think that one 
person should rule millions of 

5690
04:55:50,800 --> 04:55:53,400
others based on their parents. 
It was like, entrusting your 

5691
04:55:53,400 --> 04:55:56,200
finances to someone whose great 
grandfather was good with money.

5692
04:55:56,200 --> 04:56:00,900
It sold 150,000 copies in three 
months, which was like going 

5693
04:56:00,900 --> 04:56:04,200
viral in 1776. 
But with radical political 

5694
04:56:04,200 --> 04:56:09,000
Theory, instead of funny cat 
videos, Taverns and Town Square 

5695
04:56:09,000 --> 04:56:11,200
suddenly hosted whispered 
conversations. 

5696
04:56:11,200 --> 04:56:15,500
Meanwhile the worst bred Beyond 
Massachusetts, the American 

5697
04:56:15,500 --> 04:56:18,700
invasion of Canada seemed like a
good idea at the time, but it 

5698
04:56:18,700 --> 04:56:20,900
taught you why most military 
Adventures are bad. 

5699
04:56:21,800 --> 04:56:24,500
The Invasion failed 
spectacularly, proving that 

5700
04:56:24,500 --> 04:56:26,800
winter distance and hostile. 
Populations. 

5701
04:56:26,800 --> 04:56:30,100
Stop armies. 
In the South, the British were 

5702
04:56:30,100 --> 04:56:31,800
finding their optimism about 
loyal. 

5703
04:56:31,800 --> 04:56:35,300
Colonists supporting them wrong.
While rallying loyalists support

5704
04:56:35,300 --> 04:56:38,500
in North Carolina, most people 
prefer to stay home and avoid 

5705
04:56:38,500 --> 04:56:41,300
being shot, which was probably 
wise back in Philadelphia. 

5706
04:56:41,300 --> 04:56:43,800
The Continental Congress 
struggled to wage war while 

5707
04:56:43,800 --> 04:56:46,300
seeking peace. 
It was like planning a wedding 

5708
04:56:46,300 --> 04:56:49,400
while divorcing possible but 
difficult King George. 

5709
04:56:49,400 --> 04:56:52,900
The third unexpectedly pushed 
for Independence in December 

5710
04:56:52,900 --> 04:56:57,100
1775, he declared the American 
colonies in open rebellion and 

5711
04:56:57,100 --> 04:57:00,200
no longer under his protection. 
He meant fine. 

5712
04:57:00,200 --> 04:57:02,500
If you want to act like you 
don't need me, then you really 

5713
04:57:02,500 --> 04:57:05,100
don't. 
The king hired German 

5714
04:57:05,100 --> 04:57:08,800
mercenaries Hessians to fight 
the colonists, which was like 

5715
04:57:08,800 --> 04:57:11,100
bringing in our armed strangers 
to settle a fight with your 

5716
04:57:11,100 --> 04:57:13,800
kids. 
This gesture made reconciliation

5717
04:57:13,800 --> 04:57:16,500
less appealing even moderates in
Congress. 

5718
04:57:16,500 --> 04:57:20,100
Thought, Independence might be 
the only option by Spring 1776. 

5719
04:57:20,100 --> 04:57:23,700
You can't negotiate with someone
who's declared rebellion and 

5720
04:57:23,700 --> 04:57:27,500
hired foreign soldiers to shoot 
you, Thomas Jefferson was chosen

5721
04:57:27,500 --> 04:57:30,200
to write the Declaration of 
Independence because he was a 

5722
04:57:30,200 --> 04:57:32,300
good writer. 
And because the other committee 

5723
04:57:32,300 --> 04:57:37,200
members had more important tasks
Jefferson, who was 33 wrote. 

5724
04:57:37,200 --> 04:57:39,800
One of the most important 
documents in history while still

5725
04:57:39,800 --> 04:57:43,300
paying off student loans. 
Jefferson's initial draft was 

5726
04:57:43,300 --> 04:57:46,500
longer and more accusatory. 
His inflammatory language, 

5727
04:57:46,500 --> 04:57:50,000
including blaming King George 
for the slave trade was edited 

5728
04:57:50,000 --> 04:57:52,900
out by Congress for political 
reasons and because slaveholders

5729
04:57:52,900 --> 04:57:56,400
were hypocritical The final 
declaration approved on July 

5730
04:57:56,400 --> 04:58:00,400
4th, 1776 was a political 
Masterpiece that was both 

5731
04:58:00,400 --> 04:58:03,300
philosophical and practical. 
It stated why? 

5732
04:58:03,300 --> 04:58:06,100
The colonies were declaring 
independence, listed their 

5733
04:58:06,100 --> 04:58:09,000
grievances against Britain and 
announced their intention to 

5734
04:58:09,000 --> 04:58:12,600
form a new nation. 
The most famous line, we hold 

5735
04:58:12,600 --> 04:58:15,500
these truths to be self-evident,
that all men are created, equal,

5736
04:58:15,500 --> 04:58:19,800
change politics, and philosophy.
In a world where most people 

5737
04:58:19,800 --> 04:58:22,900
were ruled by Divine Kings. 
The idea that government should 

5738
04:58:22,900 --> 04:58:26,400
be based on consent was Radical 
in 1776. 

5739
04:58:26,400 --> 04:58:28,900
All men meant something 
different than it does, today 

5740
04:58:28,900 --> 04:58:32,600
women in Slave people and Native
Americans couldn't vote. 

5741
04:58:33,400 --> 04:58:35,300
Despite its promissory notes 
status. 

5742
04:58:35,300 --> 04:58:39,100
The Declaration was a start. 
The Declaration signing wasn't 

5743
04:58:39,100 --> 04:58:40,700
as dramatic as painting 
suggests. 

5744
04:58:41,500 --> 04:58:45,000
Many delegates signed a formal 
copy in August, but some waited 

5745
04:58:45,000 --> 04:58:47,900
until November. 
John Hancock's, large signature 

5746
04:58:47,900 --> 04:58:51,500
was likely more about habit than
Defiance public reaction to 

5747
04:58:51,500 --> 04:58:55,800
Independence was mixed Patriot's
held bonfires bell, ringing and 

5748
04:58:55,800 --> 04:58:58,000
readings. 
In a new nation that had 

5749
04:58:58,000 --> 04:59:00,000
declared their former 
government, illegitimate 

5750
04:59:00,000 --> 04:59:02,000
loyalists worried about their 
future. 

5751
04:59:02,000 --> 04:59:05,300
Many wanted to know if they'd 
finally stopped arguing about 

5752
04:59:05,300 --> 04:59:08,200
taxes, The Declaration of 
Independence. 

5753
04:59:08,200 --> 04:59:11,200
Turn the colonial, Rebellion 
into a National Liberation War. 

5754
04:59:11,800 --> 04:59:15,800
No, turning back Independence or
defeat, no middle ground. 

5755
04:59:16,600 --> 04:59:19,500
Declaring independence was 
simple winning Independence. 

5756
04:59:19,500 --> 04:59:23,000
Required defeating the world's 
strongest military force which 

5757
04:59:23,000 --> 04:59:25,200
was like challenging the 
neighborhood, bully to a fight 

5758
04:59:25,208 --> 04:59:27,800
and discovering that he was a 
professional wrestler with 

5759
04:59:27,800 --> 04:59:30,900
several angry friends. 
The UK response to the 

5760
04:59:30,900 --> 04:59:34,500
Declaration of Independence was 
Swift and overwhelming, their 

5761
04:59:34,500 --> 04:59:38,200
largest expeditionary force over
30,000 troops and a massive 

5762
04:59:38,200 --> 04:59:42,100
Fleet targeted, New York City. 
They wanted to capture the most 

5763
04:59:42,100 --> 04:59:45,900
important Colonial ports, the 
rebellion in half and end this 

5764
04:59:45,900 --> 04:59:47,500
nonsense before it got out of 
hand. 

5765
04:59:48,900 --> 04:59:51,200
While commanding, the 
Continental Army George 

5766
04:59:51,200 --> 04:59:54,200
Washington learned that it was 
like herding cats, except the 

5767
04:59:54,200 --> 04:59:57,200
cats were armed had strong 
opinions about military, hire 

5768
04:59:57,200 --> 04:59:59,700
Archie and went home when their 
enlistments expired. 

5769
05:00:00,600 --> 05:00:03,500
The Army consisted of 
Continental regulars, State 

5770
05:00:03,500 --> 05:00:06,800
militia and volunteers who came 
and went as needed for farm 

5771
05:00:06,800 --> 05:00:09,400
work. 
Washington's first major battle 

5772
05:00:09,400 --> 05:00:11,700
as a commander. 
The Battle of Long Island in 

5773
05:00:11,700 --> 05:00:15,700
August. 1776 nearly ended the 
revolution before it began. 

5774
05:00:16,700 --> 05:00:19,000
British General. 
William Howe out maneuvered, 

5775
05:00:19,000 --> 05:00:21,800
Washington's Army, trapping them
on Brooklyn, Heights with their 

5776
05:00:21,800 --> 05:00:25,100
backs to the East River. 
Most military professionals call

5777
05:00:25,100 --> 05:00:27,800
being trapped with a river 
behind you and a superior. 

5778
05:00:27,800 --> 05:00:29,700
Enemy force in front of you a 
problem. 

5779
05:00:30,500 --> 05:00:33,200
Washington solved it with one of
the most daring retreats in 

5780
05:00:33,200 --> 05:00:35,900
history. 
Evacuating 9,000 troops across 

5781
05:00:35,900 --> 05:00:38,800
the East River at night, without
the British noticing, like 

5782
05:00:38,800 --> 05:00:41,400
sneaking out of a party while 
the host was distracted. 

5783
05:00:41,400 --> 05:00:45,400
But with cannons, The Retreat 
from New York became a disaster.

5784
05:00:45,400 --> 05:00:47,800
That tested independent 
supporters loyalty. 

5785
05:00:48,400 --> 05:00:51,200
Washington's Army disintegrated 
as soldiers, deserted 

5786
05:00:51,200 --> 05:00:54,500
enlistments expired, and militia
units returned home. 

5787
05:00:54,500 --> 05:00:58,600
He had less than 3,000 troops 
left by December and most of 

5788
05:00:58,600 --> 05:01:00,600
their enlistments expired on New
Year's Eve. 

5789
05:01:01,400 --> 05:01:04,700
During this dark period 
volunteer Thomas Paine wrote The

5790
05:01:04,700 --> 05:01:07,200
Crisis which began with the 
famous line. 

5791
05:01:07,200 --> 05:01:09,900
These are the times that try 
men's souls. 

5792
05:01:09,900 --> 05:01:13,300
He meant, that things were bad 
but giving up wasn't an option. 

5793
05:01:13,300 --> 05:01:17,100
The British capture of Fort 
Washington in November taking 

5794
05:01:17,100 --> 05:01:19,800
nearly 3,000. 
Americans was the lowest point. 

5795
05:01:20,600 --> 05:01:23,400
Its main goal was to stop 
British ships from sailing up 

5796
05:01:23,400 --> 05:01:25,800
the Hudson River. 
But it proved that building a 

5797
05:01:25,808 --> 05:01:30,400
fort in the wrong place is worse
than none like Christmas 1776. 

5798
05:01:30,400 --> 05:01:34,200
The Revolution was tenuous, the 
British and Hessians controlled 

5799
05:01:34,200 --> 05:01:36,400
New York, and were about to 
defeat Washington's Army. 

5800
05:01:37,100 --> 05:01:39,900
Many colonists, who supported 
independence, were beginning to 

5801
05:01:39,900 --> 05:01:43,200
doubt their decision. 
Washington decided desperate 

5802
05:01:43,200 --> 05:01:44,700
times required Desperate 
Measures. 

5803
05:01:44,700 --> 05:01:48,300
He led his remaining troops the 
ice choke Delaware River on 

5804
05:01:48,300 --> 05:01:52,300
Christmas night to surprise 900,
Hessian soldiers in Trenton. 

5805
05:01:53,000 --> 05:01:55,400
The Crossing was dangerous due 
to a winter storm and many 

5806
05:01:55,400 --> 05:01:56,900
soldiers didn't have proper 
shoes. 

5807
05:01:56,900 --> 05:01:58,900
Leaving bloody footprints in the
snow. 

5808
05:02:00,600 --> 05:02:02,100
According to military 
historians. 

5809
05:02:02,100 --> 05:02:07,000
It was audacious, but insane. 
The attack on Trenton worked 

5810
05:02:07,000 --> 05:02:09,600
well, because the Hessians 
didn't expect anyone to attack 

5811
05:02:09,600 --> 05:02:11,000
in a blizzard. 
The day after Christmas. 

5812
05:02:11,000 --> 05:02:15,000
The Americans took nearly 1,000 
prisoners and needed military 

5813
05:02:15,000 --> 05:02:17,100
supplies but they also won 
battles. 

5814
05:02:17,900 --> 05:02:20,000
Wash Washington, won again, at 
Prince and a week later. 

5815
05:02:20,000 --> 05:02:23,000
Convincing many that 
Independence wasn't hopeless. 

5816
05:02:23,900 --> 05:02:27,700
Morales enlistments Rose, and 
the revolution stumbled into 

5817
05:02:27,700 --> 05:02:32,100
1777. 
The British had a new 1777 

5818
05:02:32,100 --> 05:02:35,600
strategy that looked great on 
paper, but ignored, North 

5819
05:02:35,600 --> 05:02:38,500
American geography. 
To divide the rebellion and 

5820
05:02:38,500 --> 05:02:40,600
isolate. 
New England, three armies were 

5821
05:02:40,600 --> 05:02:44,600
to converge on Albany, New York.
About 8,000 troops under 

5822
05:02:44,600 --> 05:02:47,000
General, John Burgoyne would 
March south from Canada. 

5823
05:02:47,000 --> 05:02:51,500
Another force would move East 
from Lake Ontario, General Howe 

5824
05:02:51,500 --> 05:02:54,700
marched North from New York City
Albany would be their meeting. 

5825
05:02:54,700 --> 05:02:57,100
Place to shake hands and watch 
the revolution fall. 

5826
05:02:58,400 --> 05:03:02,200
The plan had one minor floor, it
required, precise coordination 

5827
05:03:02,200 --> 05:03:04,600
between armies. 
Separated by hundreds of miles 

5828
05:03:04,600 --> 05:03:08,300
of wilderness with no reliable 
Communication in an era. 

5829
05:03:08,300 --> 05:03:10,700
When the fastest way to send a 
message, was to give it to a 

5830
05:03:10,700 --> 05:03:12,900
horseback rider and hope he 
didn't get lost or shot. 

5831
05:03:13,700 --> 05:03:18,200
But going began, his March South
in June 1777 with confidence and

5832
05:03:18,200 --> 05:03:20,000
a large. 
Baggage train that included his 

5833
05:03:20,000 --> 05:03:23,400
wardrobe and tons of champagne. 
He was the kind of general who 

5834
05:03:23,400 --> 05:03:26,300
thought maintaining standards 
during a war was admirable, but 

5835
05:03:26,300 --> 05:03:28,700
two difficult to do while 
marching through forests. 

5836
05:03:30,000 --> 05:03:32,900
General Horatio Gates and the 
New England militia surrounded, 

5837
05:03:32,900 --> 05:03:37,200
burgoyne's Army near Saratoga. 
October found Burgoyne trapped 

5838
05:03:37,200 --> 05:03:41,200
outnumbered and low on supplies.
He gave up his army on October 

5839
05:03:41,200 --> 05:03:45,600
17th 1777. 
The victory at Saratoga changed 

5840
05:03:45,600 --> 05:03:48,300
the war, but not because it won 
American independence. 

5841
05:03:48,300 --> 05:03:52,000
There were still years of 
fighting in Stead, it convinced 

5842
05:03:52,000 --> 05:03:55,400
France, that the Americans might
win making supporting them worth

5843
05:03:55,400 --> 05:03:58,800
annoying Britain. 
The American victory at Saratoga

5844
05:03:58,800 --> 05:04:02,500
had far reaching effects 
diplomats in European capitals 

5845
05:04:02,500 --> 05:04:06,000
saw the American Rebellion as a 
threat to British power, not a 

5846
05:04:06,000 --> 05:04:09,100
colonial tantrum. 
Nothing pleased European powers 

5847
05:04:09,100 --> 05:04:11,800
more than British problems. 
France in particular. 

5848
05:04:11,800 --> 05:04:15,000
Watch the american situation 
with the same interests as a 

5849
05:04:15,000 --> 05:04:16,600
neighbor fighting with their 
spouse. 

5850
05:04:17,400 --> 05:04:19,900
After secretly giving the 
Americans money and weapons 

5851
05:04:19,900 --> 05:04:23,500
since 1776, they were ready to 
reveal their support. 

5852
05:04:24,700 --> 05:04:28,500
Franco-american Alliance of 
February. 1778 was one of the 

5853
05:04:28,500 --> 05:04:30,600
most unlikely diplomatic 
Partnerships. 

5854
05:04:31,400 --> 05:04:34,900
France was an absolute monarchy 
with a rigid class system. 

5855
05:04:34,900 --> 05:04:37,600
While America fought for 
democracy and individual 

5856
05:04:37,600 --> 05:04:39,700
liberty. 
They teamed up like a 

5857
05:04:39,708 --> 05:04:42,400
vegetarian, and a butcher who 
disliked the same restaurant, 

5858
05:04:42,400 --> 05:04:46,200
however, shared enemies, make 
strange bedfellows, and both 

5859
05:04:46,200 --> 05:04:47,700
countries wanted to lower 
Britain. 

5860
05:04:48,500 --> 05:04:51,100
France could avenge their 
humiliating defeat in the Seven 

5861
05:04:51,100 --> 05:04:54,400
Years War, while America gained 
a powerful Ally with a navy. 

5862
05:04:54,400 --> 05:04:57,700
That could challenged British 
control of the Seas as expected.

5863
05:04:57,700 --> 05:04:59,300
The British declared war on 
France. 

5864
05:04:59,300 --> 05:05:03,500
Turning the American Revolution 
in to a global conflict Spain 

5865
05:05:03,500 --> 05:05:07,500
joined France in 1779 and the 
Dutch in 1780. 

5866
05:05:08,400 --> 05:05:11,100
Britain suddenly found itself 
fighting Colonial Rebels and 

5867
05:05:11,100 --> 05:05:14,400
most of Europe which was like 
fighting everyone at the bar in 

5868
05:05:14,400 --> 05:05:17,900
the 18th century. 
This Global expansion benefited 

5869
05:05:17,900 --> 05:05:21,900
America in unexpected ways 
British resources, allocated to 

5870
05:05:21,900 --> 05:05:25,200
crushing the American Rebellion,
had to be spread across theaters

5871
05:05:25,200 --> 05:05:29,400
to defend British Caribbean and 
Mediterranean possessions ships,

5872
05:05:29,400 --> 05:05:31,200
that could have blocked. 
American ports, were needed. 

5873
05:05:32,000 --> 05:05:35,100
The American war was a 
frustrating stale mate, British 

5874
05:05:35,100 --> 05:05:38,100
forces abandoned the northern 
colonies after the Saratoga 

5875
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:40,800
disaster. 
And focused on the south where 

5876
05:05:40,800 --> 05:05:44,200
loyalists support was Stronger. 
British strategy in the South 

5877
05:05:44,200 --> 05:05:46,600
started. 
Well over 5,000. 

5878
05:05:46,600 --> 05:05:51,800
Americans were captured in 1778 
and 1780 in Savannah and 

5879
05:05:51,800 --> 05:05:54,500
Charleston. 
Their new strategy seemed 

5880
05:05:54,500 --> 05:05:57,200
promising at first. 
However, like many invading 

5881
05:05:57,200 --> 05:05:59,100
armies. 
The British assumed that 

5882
05:05:59,100 --> 05:06:01,500
controlling cities meant, 
controlling the countryside. 

5883
05:06:02,300 --> 05:06:05,300
American militias and hit and 
run, Irregulars, ruled the areas

5884
05:06:05,300 --> 05:06:08,600
between British strongholds. 
Francis Marion known as the 

5885
05:06:08,600 --> 05:06:10,500
Swamp. 
Fox was famous for attacking 

5886
05:06:10,500 --> 05:06:13,700
British supply lines from the 
South Carolina Wetlands before 

5887
05:06:13,700 --> 05:06:16,900
retreating into terrain. 
Regular armies couldn't navigate

5888
05:06:17,800 --> 05:06:20,200
Before the term it was guerrilla
warfare and it played the 

5889
05:06:20,200 --> 05:06:23,500
British occupation of the South.
The British found their loyalist

5890
05:06:23,500 --> 05:06:26,000
supporters fewer and less 
reliable than expected. 

5891
05:06:26,000 --> 05:06:29,600
After British military rule, 
which often involved 

5892
05:06:29,600 --> 05:06:33,200
requisitioning supplies 
quartering soldiers and treating

5893
05:06:33,200 --> 05:06:37,000
civilians as enemies. 
Many colonists switch sides, the

5894
05:06:37,000 --> 05:06:40,100
Battle of Kings Mountain in 
October, 1780 where American 

5895
05:06:40,100 --> 05:06:43,500
militia surrounded and defeated,
loyalist troops changed, the 

5896
05:06:43,500 --> 05:06:47,000
southern campaign. 
The victory showed that American

5897
05:06:47,000 --> 05:06:48,900
forces could win, decisive 
battles. 

5898
05:06:48,900 --> 05:06:52,300
Without continental army 
regulars, convincing many fence 

5899
05:06:52,300 --> 05:06:55,800
sitters to join the Rebellion. 
In late, 1780 General. 

5900
05:06:55,800 --> 05:06:59,400
Nathanael Greene took command of
American forces in the South and

5901
05:06:59,400 --> 05:07:02,100
devised a counter-intuitive but 
effective strategy. 

5902
05:07:02,900 --> 05:07:05,900
He used constant movement and 
carefully chosen battles to wear

5903
05:07:05,900 --> 05:07:08,300
down British forces instead of 
Defending territory. 

5904
05:07:08,900 --> 05:07:14,600
Green famously said we fight get
beat rise and fight again. 

5905
05:07:15,500 --> 05:07:18,800
It wasn't a heroic military 
philosophy but it worked the 

5906
05:07:18,800 --> 05:07:20,600
British could win battles but 
not greens. 

5907
05:07:20,600 --> 05:07:23,400
Attrition War. 
British General Cornwallis 

5908
05:07:23,400 --> 05:07:27,600
chased American forces across 
the Carolinas in 1781 in a 

5909
05:07:27,600 --> 05:07:29,400
futile attempt to win a decisive
battle. 

5910
05:07:29,400 --> 05:07:32,400
His army was shrinking, due to 
casualties disease, and 

5911
05:07:32,400 --> 05:07:35,600
desertion while the Americans 
were multiplying with the defeat

5912
05:07:36,400 --> 05:07:39,000
Cornwallis realized the South 
couldn't be pacified while. 

5913
05:07:39,000 --> 05:07:41,000
Virginia supplied in reinforced 
the Rebellion. 

5914
05:07:41,800 --> 05:07:44,600
He marched his army North into 
Virginia to cut off American 

5915
05:07:44,600 --> 05:07:48,400
Supply's and force. 
A final battle Cornwallis 

5916
05:07:48,400 --> 05:07:51,400
established a base at Yorktown 
Virginia to receive British 

5917
05:07:51,400 --> 05:07:54,900
Naval support for his army. 
This reasonable plan, relied on 

5918
05:07:54,900 --> 05:07:58,100
Britain, controlling the Seas, a
safer assumption for most of the

5919
05:07:58,100 --> 05:08:00,800
war. 
All of America's diplomatic 

5920
05:08:00,800 --> 05:08:02,900
patience. 
Paid off in 1781. 

5921
05:08:03,700 --> 05:08:07,000
The French Fleet under Admiral 
de Grasse arrived in American 

5922
05:08:07,000 --> 05:08:09,100
Waters to Aid, the final push 
for victory. 

5923
05:08:10,300 --> 05:08:13,100
Washington saw a rare 
opportunity when Cornwallis 

5924
05:08:13,100 --> 05:08:16,800
fortified Yorktown Cornwallis 
would be trapped, like Burgoyne,

5925
05:08:16,800 --> 05:08:20,500
at Saratoga, if the French navy 
controlled Chesapeake Bay while 

5926
05:08:20,500 --> 05:08:22,200
American and French Ground 
Forces. 

5927
05:08:22,200 --> 05:08:25,800
Besieged Yorktown secretly 
transporting American and French

5928
05:08:25,800 --> 05:08:29,300
forces from New York to Virginia
was difficult, but it worked 

5929
05:08:29,300 --> 05:08:33,300
Cornwallis was surrounded by 
16,000 American and French 

5930
05:08:33,300 --> 05:08:37,000
troops in late, September, 1781 
and French ships. 

5931
05:08:37,000 --> 05:08:40,500
Controlled his Escape Route, The
American Revolution ended with 

5932
05:08:40,500 --> 05:08:43,700
the three weeks Siege of 
Yorktown Cornwallis surrendered,

5933
05:08:43,700 --> 05:08:47,100
his army on. 
October 19th, 1781 ending, 

5934
05:08:47,100 --> 05:08:49,100
Britain's last, major American 
Force. 

5935
05:08:49,800 --> 05:08:52,600
The British band supposedly 
played the world turned upside 

5936
05:08:52,600 --> 05:08:55,000
down during the surrender 
ceremony, which would have been 

5937
05:08:55,000 --> 05:08:57,400
symbolic. 
They probably played something 

5938
05:08:57,400 --> 05:09:01,000
more conventional, but the 
sentiment was right war is often

5939
05:09:01,000 --> 05:09:05,100
easier to win than to end. 
After Yorktown, everyone knew 

5940
05:09:05,100 --> 05:09:08,200
British defeat was inevitable 
but turning military Victory 

5941
05:09:08,200 --> 05:09:11,300
into Political Independence. 
Required delicate diplomatic. 

5942
05:09:11,300 --> 05:09:14,200
Maneuvering that made actual 
fighting seemed easy. 

5943
05:09:15,300 --> 05:09:18,200
British political denial after 
cornwallis's surrender was 

5944
05:09:18,200 --> 05:09:21,000
masterful. 
Prime minister Lord. 

5945
05:09:21,000 --> 05:09:23,900
North said he felt like he had 
been shot in the chest after 

5946
05:09:23,900 --> 05:09:26,800
losing an army. 
British officials maintained the

5947
05:09:26,800 --> 05:09:29,900
war would continue. 
That optimism lasted about as 

5948
05:09:29,900 --> 05:09:33,000
long as expected. 
British public opinion which had

5949
05:09:33,000 --> 05:09:34,400
never supported the American 
war. 

5950
05:09:34,400 --> 05:09:38,800
Decisively opposed A losing War.
Members of parliament, asked 

5951
05:09:38,800 --> 05:09:41,200
uncomfortable questions about 
why they were spending so much 

5952
05:09:41,200 --> 05:09:43,500
to fight people who clearly 
didn't want to be Empire 

5953
05:09:43,500 --> 05:09:46,300
partners. 
Lord North's, government fell in

5954
05:09:46,308 --> 05:09:49,800
March 1782, replaced by a peace 
minded Ministry. 

5955
05:09:49,800 --> 05:09:53,800
Negotiations were easier because
Lord Rockingham the new prime 

5956
05:09:53,800 --> 05:09:57,700
minister opposed, the American 
war from the start. 18th 

5957
05:09:57,700 --> 05:09:59,200
century. 
Peace talks were complicated. 

5958
05:09:59,200 --> 05:10:01,700
Making modern diplomatic 
negotiations. 

5959
05:10:01,700 --> 05:10:04,100
Seem simple. 
France, Spain. 

5960
05:10:04,100 --> 05:10:07,100
And the Dutch also had 
territorial demands and agendas.

5961
05:10:07,900 --> 05:10:11,200
France, sought Formal Wear 
territory, Spain wanted your bra

5962
05:10:11,200 --> 05:10:14,100
to back from Britain and had 
North American Ambitions. 

5963
05:10:14,100 --> 05:10:16,000
That conflicted with American 
interests. 

5964
05:10:16,000 --> 05:10:18,400
Dutch Traders, wanted their 
rights back. 

5965
05:10:18,400 --> 05:10:21,900
Everyone wanted to gain from the
peace settlement Benjamin 

5966
05:10:21,900 --> 05:10:26,200
Franklin, John Adams and John 
Jay was smart people who agreed 

5967
05:10:26,200 --> 05:10:29,200
on the goal but disagreed on 
almost everything else on the 

5968
05:10:29,208 --> 05:10:32,400
American negotiating team. 
Franklin wanted to work with 

5969
05:10:32,400 --> 05:10:35,100
France. 
Adams was suspicious of everyone

5970
05:10:35,100 --> 05:10:37,900
and Jay believed France was 
trying to limit American 

5971
05:10:37,900 --> 05:10:40,800
expansion. 
Americans benefited from these 

5972
05:10:40,800 --> 05:10:44,400
personality differences, 
European diplomats, never knew 

5973
05:10:44,400 --> 05:10:47,200
which American they would meet, 
which kept them off-balance and 

5974
05:10:47,200 --> 05:10:49,600
prevented coalitions against 
American interests. 

5975
05:10:50,600 --> 05:10:54,000
Due to their complexity and 18th
century communication, the 

5976
05:10:54,000 --> 05:10:58,600
negotiations, took over a year. 
London, Paris messages took days

5977
05:10:58,600 --> 05:11:01,700
to arrive and government 
instructions to negotiators 

5978
05:11:01,700 --> 05:11:04,300
often arrived after 
circumstances, a changed 

5979
05:11:04,300 --> 05:11:07,500
American territorial boundaries 
were a major issue. 

5980
05:11:07,500 --> 05:11:10,300
The British were willing to 
recognize American independence,

5981
05:11:10,300 --> 05:11:13,300
but they weren't sure how much 
territory to include. 

5982
05:11:14,100 --> 05:11:16,200
The British thought the 
Americans ambition to control 

5983
05:11:16,200 --> 05:11:18,700
the Atlantic Ocean and 
Mississippi River was unusual 

5984
05:11:18,700 --> 05:11:21,800
for a former colony. 
The Americans got most of what 

5985
05:11:21,800 --> 05:11:24,900
they wanted through skillful 
negotiation and Britain's 

5986
05:11:24,900 --> 05:11:27,800
decision to Grant generous 
territorial concessions, to keep

5987
05:11:27,800 --> 05:11:31,200
America friendly after the war. 
It was like giving someone a 

5988
05:11:31,200 --> 05:11:32,800
nice farewell gift to remember 
you buy? 

5989
05:11:33,500 --> 05:11:37,000
On September 3rd, 1783 the 
Treaty of Paris ended the 

5990
05:11:37,000 --> 05:11:41,000
American Revolution and 
recognized us independence from 

5991
05:11:41,000 --> 05:11:43,900
the Atlantic to the Mississippi 
river in Canada to Florida. 

5992
05:11:43,900 --> 05:11:47,000
The new nation was one of the 
world's largest on paper 

5993
05:11:47,000 --> 05:11:50,200
Britain, agreed to withdraw all 
its military forces from 

5994
05:11:50,200 --> 05:11:53,300
America. 
But it took years, some British 

5995
05:11:53,300 --> 05:11:56,000
posts in the Northwest Territory
were to evacuated and until the 

5996
05:11:56,000 --> 05:11:59,400
1790s causing tensions but not 
threatening American 

5997
05:11:59,400 --> 05:12:02,000
independence. 
The peace process was 

5998
05:12:02,000 --> 05:12:05,600
complicated by other issues. 
Addressed in the treaty repaying

5999
05:12:05,600 --> 05:12:08,100
American debts, Before the War, 
British merchants was 

6000
05:12:08,100 --> 05:12:09,900
reasonable. 
But difficult to enforce 

6001
05:12:10,900 --> 05:12:13,200
American state governments 
ignored the oath to treat 

6002
05:12:13,200 --> 05:12:16,900
wartime British loyalists fairly
The peace treaties announcement 

6003
05:12:16,900 --> 05:12:19,100
was celebrated but underwhelming
in America. 

6004
05:12:19,100 --> 05:12:22,700
Many people were used to war 
after eight years and didn't 

6005
05:12:22,700 --> 05:12:26,100
know what peace time was like. 
The Continental Army was quickly

6006
05:12:26,100 --> 05:12:29,000
disbanded because Congress 
couldn't pay the soldiers and 

6007
05:12:29,000 --> 05:12:31,100
because Americans were wary of 
standing armies. 

6008
05:12:31,900 --> 05:12:35,800
Washington's emotional, farewell
to his officers at in New York 

6009
05:12:35,800 --> 05:12:39,700
ended, a shared experience that 
had United 13 colonies in to one

6010
05:12:39,700 --> 05:12:42,000
nation. 
In America and Europe, 

6011
05:12:42,000 --> 05:12:44,800
Washington's commission, 
resignation and returned to 

6012
05:12:44,800 --> 05:12:48,200
private life were notable. 
If Washington voluntarily gave 

6013
05:12:48,200 --> 05:12:50,800
up power he would be the 
greatest man in the world, 

6014
05:12:50,800 --> 05:12:53,900
according to King George, the 
third who had spent eight years 

6015
05:12:53,900 --> 05:12:57,900
trying to defeat him After the 
American Revolution, the hard 

6016
05:12:57,900 --> 05:13:02,200
work of nation, building began 
the 13, former colonies had won 

6017
05:13:02,200 --> 05:13:04,800
their independence, but they had
to figure out how to govern 

6018
05:13:04,800 --> 05:13:07,600
themselves. 
Pay their debts and build a 

6019
05:13:07,600 --> 05:13:10,900
society from the diverse regions
cultures and interests of the 

6020
05:13:10,900 --> 05:13:15,100
new United States. 
After years of Roommates, the 

6021
05:13:15,100 --> 05:13:17,400
end of the war was like moving 
into your own apartment, 

6022
05:13:17,400 --> 05:13:22,000
exciting and liberating but also
quiet and full of unanticipated 

6023
05:13:22,000 --> 05:13:25,200
responsibilities. 
The colonists were too busy 

6024
05:13:25,200 --> 05:13:27,100
fighting, British rule to plan 
ahead. 

6025
05:13:28,100 --> 05:13:30,500
Peacetime governance was failing
under the Articles of 

6026
05:13:30,500 --> 05:13:33,200
Confederation which had ruled 
the nation during the war. 

6027
05:13:34,200 --> 05:13:36,900
The federal government couldn't 
tax regulate or enforce its 

6028
05:13:36,900 --> 05:13:40,000
laws, it was like managing a 
household where no one agreed on

6029
05:13:40,000 --> 05:13:41,700
who paid the bills or made the 
rules. 

6030
05:13:41,700 --> 05:13:45,900
A story for another night. 
Rest and contemplate, how a 

6031
05:13:45,900 --> 05:13:48,900
group of colonial subjects, 
became citizens of an 

6032
05:13:48,900 --> 05:13:52,600
independent nation with only 
determination, good, government,

6033
05:13:52,600 --> 05:13:56,200
ideas and stubborn persistence 
from believing your right? 

6034
05:13:57,300 --> 05:14:00,400
The revolution that began with 
tea tax debate, ended with the 

6035
05:14:00,400 --> 05:14:03,600
creation of a new nation. 
Based on the radical idea that 

6036
05:14:03,600 --> 05:14:06,600
people could govern themselves, 
it was imperfect. 

6037
05:14:06,600 --> 05:14:09,800
It would take generations to 
guarantee equality, to all of 

6038
05:14:09,800 --> 05:14:19,700
Americans, but it was a start 
sometimes starting is In the 

6039
05:14:19,700 --> 05:14:23,500
year, 742 CE the prosperous 
city, state of Corazon, 

6040
05:14:23,500 --> 05:14:27,200
glittered under the Noonday Sun,
a Nexus for Caravan routes 

6041
05:14:27,200 --> 05:14:30,800
feeding distant Empires and 
thrived on the exchange of 

6042
05:14:30,800 --> 05:14:35,000
saffron, silk star, charts and 
rumors whispered behind curtain.

6043
05:14:35,000 --> 05:14:38,300
Delco's At its Center Loom to 
Grand Marketplace. 

6044
05:14:38,300 --> 05:14:41,200
Whose voltage roof trapped the 
daily bustle in a ceaseless. 

6045
05:14:41,200 --> 05:14:47,100
Echo Traders from bientot. 
Is antium Tang China, the 

6046
05:14:47,100 --> 05:14:51,300
Abbasid caliphate and Beyond, 
mingled among stalls, stacked 

6047
05:14:51,300 --> 05:14:55,300
high with lapis, lazuli, dried 
fruit, and perfume Sandalwood, 

6048
05:14:55,300 --> 05:14:59,600
somehow it as a Marvel of 
Cosmopolitan life where fortunes

6049
05:14:59,600 --> 05:15:01,500
might pivot in a single 
conversation. 

6050
05:15:02,600 --> 05:15:06,800
Among the people navigating, the
throng was Korea bint yazed, a 

6051
05:15:06,800 --> 05:15:09,500
traveling scholar, whose lineage
traced back to the once renowned

6052
05:15:09,500 --> 05:15:13,800
zoroastrian Priests of Persia. 
Her face betrayed concentration.

6053
05:15:13,800 --> 05:15:16,700
As she studied hieroglyphic 
notation in a weathered scroll. 

6054
05:15:17,600 --> 05:15:20,700
Unmarried and unconcerned with 
the expectations placed upon a 

6055
05:15:20,708 --> 05:15:23,700
woman of her station, she had 
roamed from one end of the Silk 

6056
05:15:23,700 --> 05:15:26,600
Road to the other piecing. 
Together knowledge that seldom 

6057
05:15:26,600 --> 05:15:30,100
found its way into the official 
annals the swirl of corazon's 

6058
05:15:30,100 --> 05:15:33,000
Commerce did not distract her, 
she focused on a lead, 

6059
05:15:33,000 --> 05:15:35,300
suggesting that rare 
manuscripts, had surfaced in a 

6060
05:15:35,300 --> 05:15:38,400
private collection near the 
city's Eastern quarter. this 

6061
05:15:38,400 --> 05:15:41,800
rumor if proven, true could 
illuminate corners of History, 

6062
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:45,500
barely glimpsed by modern 
Scholars, Korea pressed deeper 

6063
05:15:45,500 --> 05:15:48,500
into elaborate of narrow Lanes. 
Behind the four main Bazaar 

6064
05:15:48,500 --> 05:15:51,400
Guided by coded map etched into 
her memory. 

6065
05:15:51,400 --> 05:15:55,000
Eager boy, is offered to carry 
her satchels for a coin and 

6066
05:15:55,000 --> 05:15:58,500
watchful guards in brass trimmed
uniforms hide each possible by 

6067
05:15:59,200 --> 05:16:02,500
She brushed off all offers of 
help too many Watchers too many 

6068
05:16:02,508 --> 05:16:05,400
years at last. 
She arrived at a courtyard 

6069
05:16:05,400 --> 05:16:06,800
hidden behind a plain wooden 
door. 

6070
05:16:06,800 --> 05:16:09,100
Its walls were plastered and 
cream white. 

6071
05:16:09,100 --> 05:16:13,000
While Vines spiraled up lattices
under a hazy afternoon sky, 

6072
05:16:13,800 --> 05:16:17,000
Within that secluded Enclave. 
Stood an elderly bibliophile 

6073
05:16:17,000 --> 05:16:20,700
named kazem, Al talabi his hands
trembling under the burden of a 

6074
05:16:20,708 --> 05:16:24,100
Slender volume Bound in jade 
green leather, their meeting was

6075
05:16:24,100 --> 05:16:26,600
brief career. 
Offered him carefully wrapped 

6076
05:16:26,600 --> 05:16:30,500
objects fragments of ancient 
mathematics, tablets and covered

6077
05:16:30,500 --> 05:16:34,500
near Samarkand and in exchange 
relinquished, the Jade bound 

6078
05:16:34,500 --> 05:16:36,800
text. 
He warned her that certain 

6079
05:16:36,800 --> 05:16:39,900
circles would stop at nothing to
keep these Pages hidden for. 

6080
05:16:39,900 --> 05:16:43,100
They revealed knowledge rumored 
to disrupt any Empire reliant on

6081
05:16:43,100 --> 05:16:46,800
controling scholarship She 
nodded Gravely, a custom to the 

6082
05:16:46,808 --> 05:16:48,800
Shadows that dogged rare 
manuscripts. 

6083
05:16:49,600 --> 05:16:52,000
Across the years, she had 
learned that truth took many 

6084
05:16:52,000 --> 05:16:55,500
forms each requiring, a subtle 
approach to keep it from 

6085
05:16:55,500 --> 05:16:57,700
Vanishing under official 
censure. 

6086
05:16:59,100 --> 05:17:01,100
Emerging once again, into the 
main Bazaar. 

6087
05:17:01,100 --> 05:17:03,500
Career carefully, hid, the new 
acquisition beneath her 

6088
05:17:03,500 --> 05:17:06,000
traveling cloak. 
She knew better than to linger. 

6089
05:17:06,700 --> 05:17:09,500
Horizons seeming tolerance of 
foreign ideas, could transform 

6090
05:17:09,500 --> 05:17:13,400
abruptly of power, shifted 
memory of burn, Scrolls and 

6091
05:17:13,400 --> 05:17:15,900
harassed scribes in other 
dominions, haunted her. 

6092
05:17:15,900 --> 05:17:19,400
Fueling her determination to 
preserve the text at any cost. 

6093
05:17:19,400 --> 05:17:22,200
She arranged with a local 
Caravan heading. 

6094
05:17:22,200 --> 05:17:25,600
Eastward its leader. 
A woman named assume who had a 

6095
05:17:25,608 --> 05:17:28,200
reputation for out maneuvering, 
desert Bandits. 

6096
05:17:29,200 --> 05:17:32,100
Without Illusions carrier 
recognize that partnering with 

6097
05:17:32,100 --> 05:17:36,100
such a skilled Merchants would 
cost her yet safety for the Jade

6098
05:17:36,100 --> 05:17:40,500
bound book was Paramount. before
the Caravan departed, Korea, 

6099
05:17:40,500 --> 05:17:43,500
paid her respects at a small 
Shrine dedicated to wise men of 

6100
05:17:43,500 --> 05:17:46,900
antiquity A single Candle, 
flickered by the altar, 

6101
05:17:46,900 --> 05:17:49,900
Illuminating offerings left. 
By Travelers praying for Clear. 

6102
05:17:49,900 --> 05:17:53,600
Roads, and fair whether she 
exhaled a silent oath that, she 

6103
05:17:53,600 --> 05:17:56,000
would not let ignorance, Devour 
the precious knowledge in her 

6104
05:17:56,000 --> 05:17:58,800
care. 
Beyond the city's Gates, lay an 

6105
05:17:58,800 --> 05:18:01,300
expansive desert and studied 
with dunes and hammered by 

6106
05:18:01,300 --> 05:18:04,000
Fierce winds. 
That her route LED even father 

6107
05:18:04,000 --> 05:18:06,300
along Mountain, Trails rumored 
to house. 

6108
05:18:06,300 --> 05:18:09,300
Hidden monasteries and ephemeral
Oasis towns. 

6109
05:18:09,300 --> 05:18:12,700
The Unstoppable pulse of 
curiosity, drove her to press 

6110
05:18:12,700 --> 05:18:16,000
forward, regardless of perils 
that might look in the next Bend

6111
05:18:16,000 --> 05:18:19,800
of the road. 
Dawn arrived, painting the sky 

6112
05:18:19,800 --> 05:18:23,200
with ocher and salmon. 
Hughes carrier joined us soon. 

6113
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:26,100
And the other Travelers at the 
designated meeting point where 

6114
05:18:26,100 --> 05:18:28,900
camel's braids and Donkey 
drivers prepared, loads of 

6115
05:18:28,908 --> 05:18:32,000
barley and dried fruit. 
The Caravan Synergy was 

6116
05:18:32,000 --> 05:18:36,100
immediately evident each person 
had a distinct tasks ensuring 

6117
05:18:36,100 --> 05:18:37,500
that. 
By the time, the sun fully 

6118
05:18:37,500 --> 05:18:39,700
breached the Horizon, they were 
on the move. 

6119
05:18:40,500 --> 05:18:43,600
Career walked near us soon, who 
shared glimpses of the terrain 

6120
05:18:43,600 --> 05:18:46,900
ahead and introduced carrier to 
the Caravans unspoken rules 

6121
05:18:46,900 --> 05:18:50,800
trust the signals ration, water 
meticulously, and never 

6122
05:18:50,800 --> 05:18:52,900
questioned. 
The necessity of midnight halts.

6123
05:18:53,800 --> 05:18:56,600
In these borderless regions, 
vigilance was currency. 

6124
05:18:57,600 --> 05:19:00,600
With the sun mounting, the 
Caravan snaked through a parched

6125
05:19:00,600 --> 05:19:03,600
plane dotted by Twiztid. 
Shrubs a hush fell over them. 

6126
05:19:03,600 --> 05:19:06,100
Broken only by the soft 
shuffling of hooves and the 

6127
05:19:06,100 --> 05:19:07,800
gentle clink of metal 
fastenings. 

6128
05:19:07,800 --> 05:19:11,900
Korea's thoughts drifted to the 
Codex, inside her bag, she had 

6129
05:19:11,900 --> 05:19:15,400
only glimpsed, a few pages thus 
far intricate, diagrams of 

6130
05:19:15,400 --> 05:19:18,300
planetary movement. 
Cryptic references to ancient 

6131
05:19:18,300 --> 05:19:21,700
empire that proceeded the 
cabinets and footnotes scrawled 

6132
05:19:21,700 --> 05:19:24,200
in an unfamiliar script. 
Accurate. 

6133
05:19:24,200 --> 05:19:27,100
These writings expanded, the 
known timeline of advanced 

6134
05:19:27,100 --> 05:19:30,700
astronomy by centuries. 
She resolved to study every 

6135
05:19:30,700 --> 05:19:34,900
page, once the Caravan reached a
safe haven. of soon signaled, a 

6136
05:19:34,900 --> 05:19:38,000
holt near a cluster of sunct 
bolders granting the group 

6137
05:19:38,000 --> 05:19:41,900
respite from the crushing midday
Heat, While some dosed in shift,

6138
05:19:41,900 --> 05:19:45,800
shade Korea took cautious sips, 
from her water skin, feeling the

6139
05:19:45,800 --> 05:19:49,400
dryness cling to her throat, a 
restlessness stirred within her 

6140
05:19:49,400 --> 05:19:51,800
equal parts, excitement and 
anxiety. 

6141
05:19:52,800 --> 05:19:57,200
She replied Chasm, Al talibi 
warning. powerful figures had an

6142
05:19:57,200 --> 05:20:00,300
interest in ensuring no one 
deciphered the text for them 

6143
05:20:00,300 --> 05:20:04,800
knowledge was a finite resource 
Best Kept under strict watch As 

6144
05:20:04,800 --> 05:20:07,800
a swirl of wind kicked sand 
across her path, carrier 

6145
05:20:07,800 --> 05:20:09,900
gripped. 
Her Satchel silently vowing. 

6146
05:20:09,900 --> 05:20:12,200
She would not be silenced by 
Twilight. 

6147
05:20:12,200 --> 05:20:15,800
The Caravan approached, a modest
Oasis lined with date palms that

6148
05:20:15,808 --> 05:20:17,700
cast Long Shadows across 
Stillwater. 

6149
05:20:18,600 --> 05:20:21,200
Soon, guided her camels into a 
semi-circle forming. 

6150
05:20:21,200 --> 05:20:23,300
A protective barrier against 
stray Wanderers. 

6151
05:20:23,300 --> 05:20:26,100
Several Travelers, set about 
directing tents. 

6152
05:20:26,100 --> 05:20:29,100
While others gathered wood for 
small fires, that would ward off

6153
05:20:29,100 --> 05:20:32,200
the chill of desert night. 
Career found herself drawn to 

6154
05:20:32,200 --> 05:20:35,500
the water's edge with subdued 
conversation, Rose Among weary 

6155
05:20:35,500 --> 05:20:38,900
Merchants some speculated about 
the political tensions, brewing 

6156
05:20:38,900 --> 05:20:41,800
in distant courts others 
lamented the rise in cost of 

6157
05:20:41,808 --> 05:20:45,000
salt. 
As Darkness settled, the Oasis 

6158
05:20:45,000 --> 05:20:48,300
took on another worldly. 
Hush a crescent moon glimmered 

6159
05:20:48,300 --> 05:20:51,300
overhead, Illuminating faint, 
outlines of crumbling Stone 

6160
05:20:51,300 --> 05:20:54,900
pillars suggesting an abandoned 
settlement from a forgotten era.

6161
05:20:55,900 --> 05:20:59,600
Under that quiet volt of stars. 
Korea couldn't resist scaning a 

6162
05:20:59,600 --> 05:21:01,800
few more pages of the Jade bound
manuscript. 

6163
05:21:01,800 --> 05:21:05,700
It's text merged in empirical 
observations with philosophical 

6164
05:21:05,700 --> 05:21:07,800
notes, referencing the grand 
Wheel of Time. 

6165
05:21:08,700 --> 05:21:11,300
She recognized a bleak 
references to astronomical 

6166
05:21:11,300 --> 05:21:14,200
systems older than the widely 
recognized ptolemaic model. 

6167
05:21:15,000 --> 05:21:17,500
If deciphered fully such 
knowledge, might challenge many 

6168
05:21:17,500 --> 05:21:19,800
assumptions cherished by a 
steamed academies. 

6169
05:21:19,800 --> 05:21:23,700
Meanwhile, as soon stepped away 
from the main group, beckoning 

6170
05:21:23,700 --> 05:21:25,200
Korea to join her near a 
withered. 

6171
05:21:25,200 --> 05:21:27,500
Acacia. 
You Stand Out, Among our 

6172
05:21:27,500 --> 05:21:30,700
company, the merchant remarked, 
in a measured tone your eyes, 

6173
05:21:30,700 --> 05:21:33,800
never rest and you guard that 
bag as if it carries, the soul 

6174
05:21:33,800 --> 05:21:37,200
of a king Carrier. 
Wary of revealing too much 

6175
05:21:37,200 --> 05:21:40,200
offered that she was merely a 
scholar into trusted with the 

6176
05:21:40,200 --> 05:21:42,100
rare item. 
Have soon. 

6177
05:21:42,100 --> 05:21:45,100
Nodded but warned Korea that 
roving spies seeking Advantage 

6178
05:21:45,100 --> 05:21:47,800
for rival. 
Factions often infiltrated 

6179
05:21:47,800 --> 05:21:52,000
Caravans she suggested Korea 
remain Vigilant, especially 

6180
05:21:52,000 --> 05:21:55,400
given the extraordinary bustle 
in Corazon where rumor traveled 

6181
05:21:55,400 --> 05:21:58,200
like wildfire unable to sleep 
career. 

6182
05:21:58,200 --> 05:22:00,900
Lingard by The Embers of the 
fire after most Travelers a 

6183
05:22:00,900 --> 05:22:03,000
dozed off. 
She studied the swirling 

6184
05:22:03,000 --> 05:22:05,900
patterns of the night sky 
mindful of the coated star 

6185
05:22:05,900 --> 05:22:09,300
charts in the manuscript. 
Passing Caravan sometimes 

6186
05:22:09,300 --> 05:22:11,200
recounted Legends of a hidden 
library. 

6187
05:22:11,200 --> 05:22:14,800
In the mountain city of varish, 
where lines of knowledge 

6188
05:22:14,800 --> 05:22:16,800
stretched back to centuries 
unknown. 

6189
05:22:17,800 --> 05:22:20,800
Carrier wondered if that Library
could fill the gaps in her text.

6190
05:22:21,700 --> 05:22:24,200
she believed the Jade bound 
manuscript might be only a 

6191
05:22:24,200 --> 05:22:27,500
fragment of a larger puzzle, 
Scattered across the Silk Road, 

6192
05:22:27,500 --> 05:22:31,200
shifting tapestry, morning 
unveiled, a horizon brushed with

6193
05:22:31,200 --> 05:22:34,600
Amber and the Caravan proceeded 
along a rocky escarpment, 

6194
05:22:34,600 --> 05:22:38,100
overlooking a vast, June 
Fielding, slopes of sand. 

6195
05:22:38,100 --> 05:22:41,000
Rippled beneath the wind like 
the surface of a living sea. 

6196
05:22:41,800 --> 05:22:45,500
At midday, they paused for Water
rationed by a soon with practice

6197
05:22:45,500 --> 05:22:48,400
efficiency. 
Carrier noticed that one of the 

6198
05:22:48,400 --> 05:22:52,000
other Travelers a soft-spoken, 
man named Malik carried a small 

6199
05:22:52,008 --> 05:22:55,400
chest meticulously locked. 
He traveled with Perpetual 

6200
05:22:55,400 --> 05:22:58,200
worried etched into his features
eyes darting. 

6201
05:22:58,200 --> 05:23:00,000
Whenever torque turned to rumors
of desert. 

6202
05:23:00,000 --> 05:23:03,100
Raiders Secrets seem to coil 
around each member of this 

6203
05:23:03,100 --> 05:23:05,100
assemblage as though. 
No one ventured. 

6204
05:23:05,100 --> 05:23:08,500
These roads without hidden 
motives Late in the afternoon, 

6205
05:23:08,500 --> 05:23:11,100
the Caravan encountered, a party
of Horsemen. 

6206
05:23:11,100 --> 05:23:12,900
Flying. 
The banner of a minor warlord 

6207
05:23:12,900 --> 05:23:14,500
rumored to be in League with the
Region's. 

6208
05:23:14,500 --> 05:23:18,300
Most feared Bandit, clams, 
tension crackled through the 

6209
05:23:18,300 --> 05:23:20,600
group as a soon halted. 
The Caravan waiting for the 

6210
05:23:20,600 --> 05:23:23,500
Riders to approach. 
After a terse greeting, the 

6211
05:23:23,500 --> 05:23:26,500
horsemen rode on apparently 
uninterested in Conflict. 

6212
05:23:26,500 --> 05:23:30,600
But the encounter rattled 
everyone Career noticed as soon 

6213
05:23:30,608 --> 05:23:32,600
as posture remained rigid with 
caution long. 

6214
05:23:32,600 --> 05:23:35,900
After the Riders vanished, in a 
plume of dust, the merchant 

6215
05:23:35,900 --> 05:23:39,000
murmured about changing their 
root seeking narrower Trails 

6216
05:23:39,000 --> 05:23:40,200
less. 
Patrolled by predatory 

6217
05:23:40,200 --> 05:23:44,200
Chieftains that evening brought 
them to a narrow Gorge its 

6218
05:23:44,200 --> 05:23:45,500
walls. 
Towering on, either side in 

6219
05:23:45,500 --> 05:23:48,500
Jagged ridges. 
As soon insisted they make camp 

6220
05:23:48,500 --> 05:23:50,900
in a sheltered Alcove half 
hidden behind weathered boulders

6221
05:23:51,900 --> 05:23:53,500
By the flicker of firelight 
career. 

6222
05:23:53,500 --> 05:23:56,100
Finally delved into the central 
chapter of the manuscript? 

6223
05:23:56,800 --> 05:24:01,100
strange, symbols park near form,
part unknown script, decorated 

6224
05:24:01,100 --> 05:24:05,300
the margins, each sign a company
by cryptic commentary, the text 

6225
05:24:05,300 --> 05:24:08,500
recounted a civilization that 
matte constellations in ways, 

6226
05:24:08,500 --> 05:24:13,000
contrasting, with every known 
chart diagrammatic lines implied

6227
05:24:13,000 --> 05:24:15,800
in advanced geometry for 
exceeding, the standard 

6228
05:24:15,800 --> 05:24:20,000
calculation of her time Just as 
Korea's pulse quickened, at the 

6229
05:24:20,000 --> 05:24:22,700
Revelation, a cry, rang out near
the edge of camp. 

6230
05:24:23,400 --> 05:24:26,100
She rushed toward the commotion.
Heart pounding. 

6231
05:24:27,200 --> 05:24:30,900
Malik stood, trembling by his 
small chest which now lay open 

6232
05:24:30,900 --> 05:24:35,100
is contents missing Anguish 
colored his voice as he pleaded 

6233
05:24:35,100 --> 05:24:37,500
for help insisting. 
That something vital had been 

6234
05:24:37,508 --> 05:24:41,200
stolen a crucial letter from the
governor of Basra hidden within 

6235
05:24:41,200 --> 05:24:43,400
that chest. 
After soon assembled, the 

6236
05:24:43,408 --> 05:24:47,200
Caravan members demanding an 
explanation, tempers flared 

6237
05:24:47,200 --> 05:24:50,800
suspicion circled and whispered 
accusations rippled through this

6238
05:24:50,800 --> 05:24:53,300
group. 
Searching for Footprints beneath

6239
05:24:53,300 --> 05:24:56,200
Lantern light. 
They discovered evidence of at 

6240
05:24:56,200 --> 05:24:59,900
least two Intruders who had come
and gone Without a Trace. no 

6241
05:24:59,900 --> 05:25:03,400
sign indicated who among them, 
might be an accomplice theft 

6242
05:25:03,400 --> 05:25:07,000
underscored fumes earlier 
warning in these transitory 

6243
05:25:07,000 --> 05:25:11,300
worlds, Secrets, attract cunning
opportunists career, crypto 

6244
05:25:11,300 --> 05:25:14,700
manuscript more tightly wishing 
to vanish inside the Labyrinth 

6245
05:25:14,700 --> 05:25:17,700
of lines and symbols that 
promised an era unbounded by 

6246
05:25:17,700 --> 05:25:20,600
Petty intrigued. 
Yet, she remained anchored in 

6247
05:25:20,600 --> 05:25:24,100
the caravan's tense reality. 
The road ahead felt increasingly

6248
05:25:24,100 --> 05:25:27,100
perilous and the cost of 
preserving knowledge seemed set 

6249
05:25:27,100 --> 05:25:30,700
to rise the following Sunrise 
found the Caravan subdued. 

6250
05:25:30,700 --> 05:25:34,200
Each member wary of neighbors 
who might conceal hidden agendas

6251
05:25:34,200 --> 05:25:38,200
a soon, led them out of the 
Gorge at a Brisk Pace aiming to 

6252
05:25:38,200 --> 05:25:40,600
put distance between their group
and whoever had orchestrated, 

6253
05:25:40,600 --> 05:25:44,500
the nighttime theft, a pale wind
carried, the center of flint and

6254
05:25:44,500 --> 05:25:46,700
dust, stinging eyes and chopping
lips. 

6255
05:25:47,500 --> 05:25:50,600
Their root descended along a dry
River bed flanked, by stunted 

6256
05:25:50,600 --> 05:25:54,200
Tamarisk, shrubs offering scant 
protection from the intensifying

6257
05:25:54,200 --> 05:25:58,500
son Korea, trudged and stole 
some silence mindful that trust 

6258
05:25:58,500 --> 05:26:01,900
could be a luxury as midday. 
Drew near they spotted. 

6259
05:26:01,900 --> 05:26:04,600
The remnants of a caravan serai 
built against the side of a 

6260
05:26:04,600 --> 05:26:07,300
bluff. 
It's once sturdy walls had caved

6261
05:26:07,300 --> 05:26:10,500
in and battered, archways led 
into Courtyard Stern with Fallen

6262
05:26:10,500 --> 05:26:13,000
Timber. 
Soon, signaled, a cautious 

6263
05:26:13,000 --> 05:26:15,600
approach and certain whether 
Travelers are outlaws. 

6264
05:26:15,600 --> 05:26:18,500
Might be occupying. 
The ruins the group explored in 

6265
05:26:18,500 --> 05:26:21,600
pairs stepping over cracked 
tiles, littered with the 

6266
05:26:21,600 --> 05:26:24,600
Scorpion husks know, living 
presence emerged though. 

6267
05:26:24,600 --> 05:26:27,200
Evidence of a hasty departure 
scattered. 

6268
05:26:27,200 --> 05:26:31,100
Coals torn blankets, suggested 
someone had sheltered their not 

6269
05:26:31,100 --> 05:26:33,700
long before. 
Since water was available from a

6270
05:26:33,700 --> 05:26:36,800
half collapsed system have soon 
decided they would rest under 

6271
05:26:36,800 --> 05:26:39,100
what remained of the caravan's 
roof. 

6272
05:26:40,200 --> 05:26:43,400
Malik hovered by his broken 
chest sifting, through remnants 

6273
05:26:43,400 --> 05:26:45,200
of cloth as though searching for
any clue. 

6274
05:26:46,200 --> 05:26:49,100
Career drifted away from the 
group drawn to an overgrown, 

6275
05:26:49,100 --> 05:26:52,500
Courtyard where a dried 
Fountain, stood Vines draped, 

6276
05:26:52,500 --> 05:26:56,000
its cracked Basin trailing over 
carved motifs of intertwined 

6277
05:26:56,000 --> 05:26:58,700
serpents. 
Time and neglected worn away the

6278
05:26:58,700 --> 05:27:01,400
finer details. 
Yet a mysterious energy lingered

6279
05:27:01,400 --> 05:27:05,800
as though the place, once echoed
with conversi about Cosmic 

6280
05:27:05,800 --> 05:27:08,300
truths, Beyond mortal 
comprehension. 

6281
05:27:10,000 --> 05:27:12,500
She pulled out, the Jade bound 
book to scrutinize, a passage, 

6282
05:27:12,500 --> 05:27:15,900
describing the Four Points 
beyond the boundary of Earthly 

6283
05:27:15,900 --> 05:27:19,000
measure. 
The text postulated that certain

6284
05:27:19,000 --> 05:27:22,600
alignment patterns stars in 
specific, conjunctions allowed 

6285
05:27:22,600 --> 05:27:25,800
glimpses into knowledge. 
Unattainable through ordinary 

6286
05:27:25,800 --> 05:27:29,500
means this notion was not 
entirely foreign given that many

6287
05:27:29,500 --> 05:27:32,600
mystical traditions in Persia 
and India spoke of cosmic Gates.

6288
05:27:33,400 --> 05:27:36,600
Still the clarity of these 
instructions startled, her the 

6289
05:27:36,600 --> 05:27:40,200
manuscript seemed lesser mere 
curiosity and more carefully. 

6290
05:27:40,200 --> 05:27:42,600
Constructed key. 
She wondered if others who 

6291
05:27:42,600 --> 05:27:44,500
sought it might comprehend. 
Its significance. 

6292
05:27:45,300 --> 05:27:48,400
Meanwhile as soon prepared 
spiced lentils and shared them 

6293
05:27:48,400 --> 05:27:50,000
among the group. 
Her gestures. 

6294
05:27:50,000 --> 05:27:53,300
Calm, yet determined, to 
maintain Unity tension. 

6295
05:27:53,300 --> 05:27:55,700
Still hovered. 
Like a low cloud with suspicions

6296
05:27:55,700 --> 05:27:57,800
that the thieves might be part 
of a larger plot. 

6297
05:27:58,500 --> 05:28:01,900
Over a sparse meal Korea gleaned
fragments of each Travelers 

6298
05:28:01,900 --> 05:28:04,300
story. 
A textile Merchant returning 

6299
05:28:04,300 --> 05:28:08,200
from Cairo, a widower heading to
Samarkand to meet his estranged,

6300
05:28:08,200 --> 05:28:10,800
son and amateur. 
Scribe hoping to gain employment

6301
05:28:10,800 --> 05:28:13,600
in the library of nishapur 
nearby layer. 

6302
05:28:13,600 --> 05:28:18,000
She sensed each person guarded 
secrets of loss ambition or 

6303
05:28:18,000 --> 05:28:21,600
desperation. 
As dusk fell Moonlight filtered 

6304
05:28:21,600 --> 05:28:25,300
through The caravan's Horizon's 
gaps, accentuating outlines of 

6305
05:28:25,300 --> 05:28:28,600
pillars. 
The group huddled around, small 

6306
05:28:28,600 --> 05:28:32,600
fires soft conversation revolved
around the abrupt shift in 

6307
05:28:32,600 --> 05:28:34,700
weather. 
The possibility of encountering,

6308
05:28:34,700 --> 05:28:37,700
warlord, patrols and whether 
rumors of a plague in the 

6309
05:28:37,700 --> 05:28:40,300
western provinces were 
exaggerated, though. 

6310
05:28:40,300 --> 05:28:43,900
The chatter seemed ordinary 
career felt a current of urgency

6311
05:28:43,900 --> 05:28:46,000
running beneath it. 
Everyone. 

6312
05:28:46,000 --> 05:28:49,800
Understood the precariousness of
traveling, these roots at any 

6313
05:28:49,800 --> 05:28:52,600
moment, violent storms or human 
treachery could obliterate, the 

6314
05:28:52,600 --> 05:28:55,300
careful calculations of even the
most disciplined Merchant. 

6315
05:28:56,200 --> 05:28:58,700
Restless career ventured into 
the courtyard. 

6316
05:28:58,700 --> 05:29:01,500
Once more, she ran her 
fingertips over the carved. 

6317
05:29:01,500 --> 05:29:03,700
Serpents musing, that knowledge 
itself. 

6318
05:29:03,700 --> 05:29:06,300
Often took the shape of 
something fearsome and winding 

6319
05:29:06,300 --> 05:29:09,200
capable of Enlightenment, but 
also of Destruction, depending 

6320
05:29:09,200 --> 05:29:12,400
on who wielded it, Before she 
could lose herself in 

6321
05:29:12,400 --> 05:29:15,300
speculation, a subtle Motion in 
the archway, Drew her attention.

6322
05:29:16,200 --> 05:29:18,400
She turned to see Malik shadowed
in Moonlight. 

6323
05:29:18,400 --> 05:29:22,400
His face still wore traces of 
Anguish he approached and in 

6324
05:29:22,400 --> 05:29:25,600
hushed tones apologized. 
If his Panic had disrupted, the 

6325
05:29:25,600 --> 05:29:28,200
Caravan stability. 
Then he posed a startling 

6326
05:29:28,200 --> 05:29:30,800
question. 
Is your book, truly worth 

6327
05:29:30,800 --> 05:29:35,200
risking your life. 
Career hesitated, contemplating 

6328
05:29:35,200 --> 05:29:37,900
her answer. 
She confessed that its Pages 

6329
05:29:37,900 --> 05:29:41,200
might Safeguard insights from an
older civilization knowledge 

6330
05:29:41,200 --> 05:29:44,200
that could enrich the world. 
If studied openly, yet she 

6331
05:29:44,200 --> 05:29:47,400
recognized the hazards. 
No single text was worth a life 

6332
05:29:47,400 --> 05:29:50,600
unless it all contained the 
means to prevent greater harm 

6333
05:29:51,400 --> 05:29:54,300
Malik nodded revealing that his 
lost letter held the potential 

6334
05:29:54,300 --> 05:29:55,900
to end a trade blockade 
strangling. 

6335
05:29:55,900 --> 05:29:58,700
His hometown. 
Without it, he feared entire 

6336
05:29:58,700 --> 05:30:01,800
families would starve. 
They shared a poignant silence. 

6337
05:30:01,800 --> 05:30:04,800
Realizing each bore a heavy 
burden for reasons that extended

6338
05:30:04,800 --> 05:30:08,200
Beyond self-interest. 
Their exchange was interrupted 

6339
05:30:08,200 --> 05:30:10,200
by a faint. 
Shout from afsoon who was 

6340
05:30:10,200 --> 05:30:13,400
patrolling the perimeter, a 
silhouette darted across the 

6341
05:30:13,400 --> 05:30:17,400
ruins, then vanished behind a 
crumbling wall alarmed carrier 

6342
05:30:17,400 --> 05:30:20,400
and Malik hurried back to the 
main Courtyard, only to find the

6343
05:30:20,400 --> 05:30:21,900
rest of the Travelers on their 
feet. 

6344
05:30:23,400 --> 05:30:26,600
The intrusion lasted mere 
seconds, but it confirmed the 

6345
05:30:26,608 --> 05:30:29,800
presence of Watchers trailing 
them, the memory of the stolen 

6346
05:30:29,800 --> 05:30:33,300
letter, flared, in every mind, 
Gathering, her Satchel closed, 

6347
05:30:33,300 --> 05:30:35,600
carry a recognized that Pursuit 
was inevitable. 

6348
05:30:35,600 --> 05:30:38,600
She could only hope that she 
carried would Outlast. 

6349
05:30:38,600 --> 05:30:41,800
The desert shifting alliances 
and the Relentless greed of 

6350
05:30:41,800 --> 05:30:45,200
unknown adversaries early the 
next day after soon, insisted 

6351
05:30:45,200 --> 05:30:48,400
they abandoned the ruin. 
Before Sunrise lanterns swinging

6352
05:30:48,400 --> 05:30:51,500
from camel Saddles, cast 
flickering halos in the pre-dawn

6353
05:30:51,500 --> 05:30:55,400
Gloom Korea walked at the 
caravan's rear scanning The 

6354
05:30:55,400 --> 05:30:58,800
Horizon for silhouette, she felt
more exposed than ever. 

6355
05:30:59,800 --> 05:31:02,300
Officially with the manuscript 
drawing unseen eyes. 

6356
05:31:03,200 --> 05:31:06,600
A swirl of wind rustle, the 
sparse vegetation carrying the 

6357
05:31:06,608 --> 05:31:08,400
forlorn Hall of a distant 
jackal. 

6358
05:31:09,300 --> 05:31:12,100
Although no further Intruder 
appeared, the Caravans 

6359
05:31:12,100 --> 05:31:14,800
Collective nerves remained raw, 
their root. 

6360
05:31:14,800 --> 05:31:18,600
Now, wound through a series of 
Rocky Badlands, eroded Hills, 

6361
05:31:18,600 --> 05:31:22,200
tinted red and ocher rows around
them in Jagged formations 

6362
05:31:22,200 --> 05:31:24,000
reminiscent of a broken 
Amphitheater. 

6363
05:31:24,700 --> 05:31:26,900
At times. 
The path was scarcely wide 

6364
05:31:26,900 --> 05:31:29,000
enough for two camels to pass 
dust coated. 

6365
05:31:29,000 --> 05:31:31,600
Every surface clinging to 
clothes and creeping into water 

6366
05:31:31,600 --> 05:31:34,400
skins, The Travelers advanced in
single file. 

6367
05:31:34,400 --> 05:31:37,400
Each footstep measured Malik, no
longer shy. 

6368
05:31:37,400 --> 05:31:41,100
Kept pace with Korea, forging, 
an unspoken Alliance based on 

6369
05:31:41,100 --> 05:31:42,900
empathy rather than shared 
purpose. 

6370
05:31:43,800 --> 05:31:45,500
By noon, they reached an 
outcropping. 

6371
05:31:45,500 --> 05:31:49,600
The sweeping view of the 
surrounding valleys of soon 

6372
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:52,500
pointed to a distant. 
Caravan crossing a ridge, its 

6373
05:31:52,500 --> 05:31:54,900
figures small as insects against
the harsh light. 

6374
05:31:55,800 --> 05:31:58,500
Better to let the move on 
without our paths in to secting 

6375
05:31:58,500 --> 05:32:01,500
she murmured concerned. 
They might be Bandits or rival. 

6376
05:32:01,500 --> 05:32:04,100
Merchants. 
She had planned a side route 

6377
05:32:04,100 --> 05:32:06,600
that skirted known Bandit 
strongholds though. 

6378
05:32:06,600 --> 05:32:09,700
It meant trudging through more 
challenging terrain, no one 

6379
05:32:09,700 --> 05:32:14,400
objected safety trumped speed in
these uncertain Wilds as the day

6380
05:32:14,400 --> 05:32:17,600
wore on the punishing Sun 
pressed down some Travelers 

6381
05:32:17,600 --> 05:32:21,200
began to show signs of heat, 
exhaustion assume a lot of extra

6382
05:32:21,200 --> 05:32:23,000
water. 
Rations mindful that supplies 

6383
05:32:23,000 --> 05:32:26,700
were finite, Korea's thoughts 
swirled with calculations how 

6384
05:32:26,700 --> 05:32:29,700
many days until they reached an 
established town with the 

6385
05:32:29,708 --> 05:32:32,100
manuscripts possible. 
Revelation be worth the 

6386
05:32:32,100 --> 05:32:34,200
payrolls. 
She reminded herself that 

6387
05:32:34,200 --> 05:32:37,200
knowledge had never come cheap 
Specially not, the kind that 

6388
05:32:37,200 --> 05:32:39,500
might undermine established 
systems of power. 

6389
05:32:40,300 --> 05:32:43,200
Still, she felt an undercurrent 
of apprehension. 

6390
05:32:43,200 --> 05:32:46,800
Unseen forces seemed determined 
to intercept their path. 

6391
05:32:47,500 --> 05:32:50,900
Twilight offered a brief 
respite, they pitched camp at a 

6392
05:32:50,900 --> 05:32:52,600
plateau peppered with hearty 
desert. 

6393
05:32:52,600 --> 05:32:56,100
Shrubs wind woe through the 
Stony Hollows producing a low 

6394
05:32:56,100 --> 05:32:59,900
moan that set everyone on edge, 
this time of soon posted watches

6395
05:32:59,900 --> 05:33:03,000
in rotating pairs. career 
volunteered for the midnight 

6396
05:33:03,000 --> 05:33:07,100
shift, hoping to glean some 
Solitude for reading When her 

6397
05:33:07,100 --> 05:33:09,600
turn arrived, she positioned 
herself near a small fire 

6398
05:33:09,600 --> 05:33:13,400
scanning, the Starlet Horizon 
while carefully turning pages of

6399
05:33:13,400 --> 05:33:16,900
the Jade bound codecs. 
A diagram carefully, Inked 

6400
05:33:16,900 --> 05:33:19,100
depicted. 
A swirling Cosmos dotted with 

6401
05:33:19,100 --> 05:33:23,000
unfamiliar constellation's 
accompanying text mentioned, a 

6402
05:33:23,000 --> 05:33:25,600
geometry, bridging mine and 
universe though. 

6403
05:33:25,600 --> 05:33:28,000
The specifics remained cloaked 
in our cake jargon. 

6404
05:33:28,000 --> 05:33:31,000
She sensed movement at the edge 
of the firelight and grip the 

6405
05:33:31,000 --> 05:33:34,000
book protectively, but it was 
only an elderly Trader from 

6406
05:33:34,000 --> 05:33:37,600
their group, awakened, by 
coughing he approached nodding 

6407
05:33:37,600 --> 05:33:40,300
politely I see that you carry 
more than curiosity. 

6408
05:33:40,300 --> 05:33:43,000
He said, glancing at the 
manuscripts glowing Pages. 

6409
05:33:43,000 --> 05:33:45,900
He spoke of his younger days 
when he traveled to a 

6410
05:33:45,900 --> 05:33:49,200
Mountaintop Sanctuary rumored to
house, writing's older than any 

6411
05:33:49,200 --> 05:33:51,700
Empire. 
The priest there, he claimed 

6412
05:33:51,700 --> 05:33:54,600
hinted that scattered relics 
across the Silk Road. 

6413
05:33:54,600 --> 05:33:58,300
Formed pieces of a grand puzzle.
He stopped short of elaborating 

6414
05:33:58,300 --> 05:34:02,200
perhaps wary of scaring her with
improbable myths or simply 

6415
05:34:02,200 --> 05:34:05,800
reluctant to resurrect memories.
Best left buried carrier. 

6416
05:34:05,800 --> 05:34:09,600
Nodded intrigued yet cautious. 
She had heard variations of the 

6417
05:34:09,608 --> 05:34:11,600
Mountaintop Library tail in her 
Journeys. 

6418
05:34:12,300 --> 05:34:15,400
One version, placed it into bet 
and other in the highlands of 

6419
05:34:15,400 --> 05:34:18,500
Persia and yet another, in the 
Himalayas near the Indus 

6420
05:34:18,500 --> 05:34:22,000
regardless of location. 
The consistent theme was that a 

6421
05:34:22,000 --> 05:34:24,400
hidden repository of ancient 
texts might hold radical 

6422
05:34:24,400 --> 05:34:27,100
knowledge of mathematics 
medicine and astronomy. 

6423
05:34:27,100 --> 05:34:30,200
Could her manuscript be part of 
that Lost Legacy? 

6424
05:34:31,200 --> 05:34:33,400
she recalled hearing rumors, 
that certain references, 

6425
05:34:33,400 --> 05:34:36,000
connected the library's 
existence, to the taboo notion 

6426
05:34:36,000 --> 05:34:39,300
of cyclical time, where 
civilizations Rose and fell, 

6427
05:34:39,300 --> 05:34:43,800
repeatedly, each leaving fainted
Echoes for the next The elderly 

6428
05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:47,300
trade, a coughed again, and 
excused himself to rest alone, 

6429
05:34:47,300 --> 05:34:51,200
Korea gazed at the Codex. 
A swirl of questions filling her

6430
05:34:51,200 --> 05:34:54,200
mind. 
Just then a sharp whistle 

6431
05:34:54,200 --> 05:34:56,300
pierced. 
The night, are she sprang to her

6432
05:34:56,308 --> 05:34:58,900
feet have soon, came running 
sword in hand. 

6433
05:34:58,900 --> 05:35:01,600
A scout on the perimeter 
shouted, news of footsteps on 

6434
05:35:01,608 --> 05:35:04,400
the far side of the plateau, 
everyone scrambled for weapons. 

6435
05:35:04,400 --> 05:35:07,700
Adrenaline, surged within 
moments, The Intruders. 

6436
05:35:07,700 --> 05:35:10,500
Fled, Vanishing, a swiftly, as 
they'd arrived leaving only 

6437
05:35:10,500 --> 05:35:13,900
Footprints of soon suspected. 
They were testing the Caravans 

6438
05:35:13,900 --> 05:35:17,000
defenses. 
Tensioned sword though know 

6439
05:35:17,000 --> 05:35:20,200
battling sued, the message was 
clear someone to track them with

6440
05:35:20,200 --> 05:35:23,400
precision. 
As the group attempted to settle

6441
05:35:23,400 --> 05:35:26,800
back into assemblance of rest, 
Korea's mind, refused to quiet. 

6442
05:35:27,700 --> 05:35:29,800
She wondered if the vanished 
Intruders belonged to a 

6443
05:35:29,800 --> 05:35:33,100
clandestine order or was simply 
Bandits with a knack for 

6444
05:35:33,100 --> 05:35:35,700
intimidation. 
Either way, the manuscripts 

6445
05:35:35,700 --> 05:35:39,500
significant seemed Amplified. 
In that uneasy Darkness, she 

6446
05:35:39,500 --> 05:35:42,700
cradled her pressure's book, 
Feeling the weight of unspoken 

6447
05:35:42,700 --> 05:35:44,900
centuries pressed between its 
covers. 

6448
05:35:44,900 --> 05:35:49,100
The next day would bring new 
confrontation but for now she 

6449
05:35:49,100 --> 05:35:51,800
could only watch the flickering 
Embers and wait the uncertain 

6450
05:35:51,800 --> 05:35:54,000
Dawn. 
Dawn arrived with a brittle 

6451
05:35:54,000 --> 05:35:56,200
Clarity. 
That rendered every stone ashram

6452
05:35:56,200 --> 05:35:59,300
and weary expression in sharp 
focus of soon wasted. 

6453
05:35:59,300 --> 05:36:00,900
No time. 
Ordering a quick departure. 

6454
05:36:00,900 --> 05:36:04,500
The Caravan assembled under a 
sky streaked with lavender and 

6455
05:36:04,500 --> 05:36:07,000
Rose. 
A fleeting Beauty overshadowed 

6456
05:36:07,000 --> 05:36:10,800
by a need for vigilance. 
Camels loaded, watch rotations 

6457
05:36:10,800 --> 05:36:14,300
decided they moved out following
a narrow winding track that 

6458
05:36:14,300 --> 05:36:17,200
descended toward lower 
elevations, the Arid air tasted 

6459
05:36:17,200 --> 05:36:19,600
metallic as if charged with 
pent-up tension. 

6460
05:36:20,500 --> 05:36:23,100
By mid-morning the landscape 
began, transitioning to Hill 

6461
05:36:23,100 --> 05:36:26,800
Country, small streams fed by 
recent rains, cut through the 

6462
05:36:26,800 --> 05:36:29,900
tip, terrain offering a chance 
to refill water skins. 

6463
05:36:30,700 --> 05:36:33,500
Travelers approached a shallow 
Creek, where reads rustled in 

6464
05:36:33,500 --> 05:36:36,700
the wind carrier noticed 
footprints in the Soggy Earth. 

6465
05:36:36,700 --> 05:36:40,000
A separate group had passed here
recently heading in the same 

6466
05:36:40,000 --> 05:36:44,000
direction. 
Soon scalded muttering about the

6467
05:36:44,000 --> 05:36:46,700
possibility of thin Mio. 
They might be trailing those who

6468
05:36:46,700 --> 05:36:50,100
had invaded, their camps concern
rippled through the Caravan. 

6469
05:36:50,100 --> 05:36:53,900
Eager to stay ahead have soon 
pushed the group onward at a 

6470
05:36:53,900 --> 05:36:58,200
grueling Pace, Korea's carved as
the trails exact between Rocky, 

6471
05:36:58,200 --> 05:37:00,000
slopes and patches of thorny 
vegetation. 

6472
05:37:00,000 --> 05:37:03,700
In the distance, the outlines of
a fortified town on occasionally

6473
05:37:03,700 --> 05:37:06,000
emerge. 
Only to disappear behind Ridge 

6474
05:37:06,000 --> 05:37:08,300
lines She guessed it to be 
garish. 

6475
05:37:08,300 --> 05:37:11,400
A mid-sized, Trading, Post 
rumored to host Pilgrims from 

6476
05:37:11,400 --> 05:37:14,000
the industry region. 
If they could reach garrish by 

6477
05:37:14,008 --> 05:37:16,900
Nightfall, The Caravan would 
have a solid perimeter wall to 

6478
05:37:16,900 --> 05:37:18,300
Shield them at least 
temporarily. 

6479
05:37:19,200 --> 05:37:21,500
Eventually they spotted Wolves 
of Pale Stone. 

6480
05:37:21,500 --> 05:37:25,500
Crowned by watchtowers have soon
signaled for calm, reminding 

6481
05:37:25,500 --> 05:37:28,300
everyone that unknown dangers 
could work within a walled town 

6482
05:37:28,300 --> 05:37:31,800
as readily as outside 
approaching the gates, they 

6483
05:37:31,800 --> 05:37:35,000
encountered a row of guards 
wearing mismatched armor, After 

6484
05:37:35,000 --> 05:37:37,900
examining as soon as travel 
permits the guards allowed the 

6485
05:37:37,900 --> 05:37:39,500
entry in exchange for a modest 
toll. 

6486
05:37:40,100 --> 05:37:42,400
Inside the streets, were cramped
with stalls. 

6487
05:37:42,400 --> 05:37:46,100
Selling earthenware died, cloth 
and hammered bronze jewelry. the

6488
05:37:46,100 --> 05:37:49,100
Aromas of grilled meat and fresh
bread teased weary Travelers, 

6489
05:37:49,100 --> 05:37:52,700
but an undercurrent of weariness
ran through the crowd as soon, 

6490
05:37:52,700 --> 05:37:55,100
found a secure compound where 
the Caravan could rest, 

6491
05:37:55,800 --> 05:37:58,300
Stonewalls in closed to 
Courtyard that provided storage 

6492
05:37:58,300 --> 05:38:00,400
for the camels and a small 
stable for donkeys. 

6493
05:38:01,100 --> 05:38:04,200
Carrier anxious to clean any 
insight into who might be 

6494
05:38:04,200 --> 05:38:07,400
pursuing them ventured into the 
towns, winding Lanes. 

6495
05:38:08,300 --> 05:38:11,200
She discovered a Public Square, 
where men played strategy games 

6496
05:38:11,200 --> 05:38:14,600
on carved, wooden boards, 
nearby, a cluster of pilgrims 

6497
05:38:14,600 --> 05:38:18,100
chanted vs in a language 
unfamiliar to her and amid these

6498
05:38:18,100 --> 05:38:21,800
scenes rumors. 
Floated a band of masked Riders 

6499
05:38:21,800 --> 05:38:25,100
had passed through a day. 
Early asking about a certain 

6500
05:38:25,100 --> 05:38:28,600
traveling scholar. 
The mentioned, chilled her, she 

6501
05:38:28,600 --> 05:38:31,600
hurried back to the compound 
only to find Malik pacing by the

6502
05:38:31,600 --> 05:38:35,500
gate, fidgeting, with a Leather 
Pouch, he had overheard similar 

6503
05:38:35,500 --> 05:38:39,000
chatter strangers, seeking news 
of a woman caring, forbidden 

6504
05:38:39,000 --> 05:38:41,900
documents Korea realized the net
was tightening. 

6505
05:38:41,900 --> 05:38:45,600
They still had a window to slip 
away, but not much of one she 

6506
05:38:45,600 --> 05:38:48,300
conferred with a soon. 
Who suggested leaving crash 

6507
05:38:48,300 --> 05:38:51,600
under cover of Darkness, 
continuing East along, seldom 

6508
05:38:51,600 --> 05:38:55,200
used back roads, although it 
entailed more risk weighting 

6509
05:38:55,200 --> 05:38:57,000
might let their pursuers 
converge. 

6510
05:38:58,200 --> 05:39:02,300
After Sunset, the Caravan packed
up stealthily torches were kept 

6511
05:39:02,300 --> 05:39:06,600
minimal camel Silence with calm,
handling a hush and enveloped 

6512
05:39:06,600 --> 05:39:08,100
them as they slipped through 
garages. 

6513
05:39:08,100 --> 05:39:11,200
Secondary gate, bribing a night 
Watchman, who scarcely? 

6514
05:39:11,200 --> 05:39:15,100
Looked at their faces outside 
the walls, Moonlight glimmered 

6515
05:39:15,100 --> 05:39:18,100
on the grassland. 
Carry a clutch, the manuscript 

6516
05:39:18,100 --> 05:39:21,400
of the night's chill. 
She couldn't escape the 

6517
05:39:21,400 --> 05:39:24,600
conviction that her Mission had 
become a race one in which the 

6518
05:39:24,600 --> 05:39:28,400
cost of failure was irreparable 
loss, not just for her, but for 

6519
05:39:28,400 --> 05:39:30,900
an entire lineage of knowledge 
that might vanish again. 

6520
05:39:31,800 --> 05:39:33,600
Guided by a soon's, careful 
planning. 

6521
05:39:33,600 --> 05:39:36,000
They pressed into a region of 
Rolling Hills shaped by 

6522
05:39:36,008 --> 05:39:40,000
centuries of flood and drought. 
Occasional clusters of Cyprus 

6523
05:39:40,000 --> 05:39:42,600
trees broke the monotony, 
crickets chirped in the 

6524
05:39:42,608 --> 05:39:44,900
darkness. 
The group maintained strict 

6525
05:39:44,900 --> 05:39:47,000
silence. 
Halting often to listen for 

6526
05:39:47,000 --> 05:39:49,400
sounds of pursuit. 
Each time the night Breeze. 

6527
05:39:49,400 --> 05:39:52,100
Whispered through the brush 
carrier braced for a distant, 

6528
05:39:52,100 --> 05:39:55,600
hoofbeat or a flash of 
Torchlight yet hours passed with

6529
05:39:55,600 --> 05:39:58,700
no sign of the Ambush as the 
moon descended. 

6530
05:39:58,700 --> 05:40:02,000
They reached a shallow Ravine 
dotted with smooth, ancient 

6531
05:40:02,000 --> 05:40:04,600
Boulders have soon called for a 
halt to rest. 

6532
05:40:04,600 --> 05:40:08,800
The animals carrier Found A Flat
Rock and sank onto it physically

6533
05:40:08,800 --> 05:40:10,400
spent. 
But mentally alert. 

6534
05:40:11,200 --> 05:40:14,100
She glanced at Malik, whose eyes
reflected, the same exhaustion 

6535
05:40:14,100 --> 05:40:17,700
mixed with defiance. 
The sky above the showed, the 

6536
05:40:17,700 --> 05:40:21,600
faint glow of approaching Dawn. 
Tomorrow, perhaps the next day 

6537
05:40:21,600 --> 05:40:24,400
they would come up on the 
mountain route leading to varash

6538
05:40:24,400 --> 05:40:26,400
the rumored city of hidden 
monasteries. 

6539
05:40:26,400 --> 05:40:30,100
If the Caravan made at that far 
the Jade manuscript might 

6540
05:40:30,100 --> 05:40:32,700
finally find a place where its 
Arcane Revelation could be 

6541
05:40:32,700 --> 05:40:36,400
deciphered without fear. 
But that hope remained fragile 

6542
05:40:36,400 --> 05:40:38,800
like a candle flame in a Gusty 
corridor. 

6543
05:40:39,500 --> 05:40:43,100
The first of mourning lit, the 
Ravine revealing Dusty grass and

6544
05:40:43,100 --> 05:40:44,800
scrub that offered little 
camouflage. 

6545
05:40:44,800 --> 05:40:48,900
We are really the Caravan 
assembled and continued mindful 

6546
05:40:48,900 --> 05:40:50,400
that speed was their best 
defense. 

6547
05:40:51,400 --> 05:40:54,000
Over the next hours, they 
traversed, rolling slopes that 

6548
05:40:54,000 --> 05:40:56,200
ascended, gradually into Stony 
Highlands. 

6549
05:40:56,200 --> 05:40:59,600
The trail grew hazardous lined 
with the loose gravel and sharp 

6550
05:40:59,600 --> 05:41:01,600
descends. 
Several times. 

6551
05:41:01,600 --> 05:41:05,200
A misstep, nearly sent a donkey 
tumbling into a Gorge the 

6552
05:41:05,200 --> 05:41:08,100
group's morale though. 
Frayed held steady under aphs 

6553
05:41:08,100 --> 05:41:11,200
firm Direction. 
Korean noticed the are thinning 

6554
05:41:11,200 --> 05:41:14,700
as they climbed accompanied by a
crisp coolness that sharpened 

6555
05:41:14,700 --> 05:41:18,100
her senses tiny Alpine flowers, 
clung to crevices. 

6556
05:41:18,100 --> 05:41:21,900
Their vivid petals are welcome 
contrast to weeks of unrelenting

6557
05:41:21,900 --> 05:41:25,500
dust From avantage point, 
overlooking a valley, she 

6558
05:41:25,500 --> 05:41:29,500
glimpsed distant Peaks wrapped 
in mysterious Haze locals called

6559
05:41:29,500 --> 05:41:33,100
these the Thousand Year, 
mountains rumored to shelter, 

6560
05:41:33,100 --> 05:41:36,600
monastic Retreats older than 
recorded dynasties. the prospect

6561
05:41:36,600 --> 05:41:39,500
of reaching them, bolstered her 
spirit, even as her body, 

6562
05:41:39,500 --> 05:41:44,000
complained of fatigue, Near 
midday, the Caravan stopped by a

6563
05:41:44,000 --> 05:41:47,100
Revelator, trickling through a 
rocky defile. while watering the

6564
05:41:47,100 --> 05:41:50,400
animals have soon and Korea 
consulted, a hand sketched map 

6565
05:41:50,400 --> 05:41:53,400
that indicated variously, two 
more days beyond the far ridges,

6566
05:41:53,400 --> 05:41:57,300
the path ahead would be even 
more treacherous cutting across 

6567
05:41:57,300 --> 05:42:01,600
unpredictable passes, sometimes 
blocked by landslides Korea felt

6568
05:42:01,600 --> 05:42:03,400
her heartbeat quicker than 
recalling. 

6569
05:42:03,400 --> 05:42:06,400
Rumors that entire Caravans had 
been buried by Southern Rock 

6570
05:42:06,400 --> 05:42:09,700
Falls in these mountains, yet 
the urgency to evade pursuers 

6571
05:42:09,700 --> 05:42:13,800
overshadowed every other fear. 
They pressed on the root turning

6572
05:42:13,800 --> 05:42:16,600
into a steep climb dotted with 
ancient stone markers. 

6573
05:42:16,600 --> 05:42:20,600
At each Switchback, carrier saw 
inscriptions worn by centuries 

6574
05:42:20,600 --> 05:42:24,200
of whether she paused to trace 
her fingers over a faint symbol 

6575
05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:28,000
a stylized Sun, encompassed by 
The intersecting circles, 

6576
05:42:28,000 --> 05:42:31,400
something about it resonated, 
with the diagrams in her Jade 

6577
05:42:31,400 --> 05:42:34,100
bound codex. 
She made a mental note to 

6578
05:42:34,100 --> 05:42:36,500
compare them later. 
Suspecting these markers might 

6579
05:42:36,500 --> 05:42:39,200
be vestiges of the same 
civilization described in the 

6580
05:42:39,200 --> 05:42:42,700
manuscripts cryptic pages. 
Whenever she glimpsed fresh 

6581
05:42:42,700 --> 05:42:47,000
inscriptions, her curiosity 
ignited a new late in the 

6582
05:42:47,000 --> 05:42:49,000
afternoon. 
The sky is dark and ominously, 

6583
05:42:49,000 --> 05:42:52,800
thunder rumbled among the Peaks 
and a biting wind heralded and 

6584
05:42:52,800 --> 05:42:56,600
approaching storm soon urged. 
Everyone to hurry, they located 

6585
05:42:56,600 --> 05:42:58,500
a natural overhang near a rocky 
ledge. 

6586
05:42:58,500 --> 05:43:00,700
Providing partial Shelter From 
the elements. 

6587
05:43:01,700 --> 05:43:05,100
Rain Unleashed its Fury soon. 
After they took cover slamming 

6588
05:43:05,100 --> 05:43:09,000
the landscape In Waves lightning
tore the sky Illuminating ragged

6589
05:43:09,000 --> 05:43:12,100
silhouettes of mountains, the 
downpour threatened to wash away

6590
05:43:12,100 --> 05:43:14,600
the path. 
Huddled together, The Travelers 

6591
05:43:14,600 --> 05:43:17,600
watched rivets, former cross the
rocky ground, carrying Pebbles 

6592
05:43:17,600 --> 05:43:20,300
and debris. 
Downhill, the storm raged for 

6593
05:43:20,300 --> 05:43:23,700
hours, pinning them under the 
overhang career used the 

6594
05:43:23,700 --> 05:43:26,200
enforced pause to ensure the 
Codex. 

6595
05:43:26,200 --> 05:43:28,900
Sheltering it beneath the 
canvas, she examined the 

6596
05:43:28,900 --> 05:43:30,400
section. 
She had not yet deciphered 

6597
05:43:30,400 --> 05:43:34,300
focusing on references to a 
temple of Horizon's the text 

6598
05:43:34,300 --> 05:43:37,000
included, mathematical 
guidelines for charting star 

6599
05:43:37,000 --> 05:43:38,700
positions from an elevated 
Vantage. 

6600
05:43:39,500 --> 05:43:41,900
With each flash of lightning, 
she glimpsed the manuscript 

6601
05:43:41,900 --> 05:43:44,700
swirling lines and felt A 
peculiar kinship, with those 

6602
05:43:44,700 --> 05:43:46,700
unknown Scholars from centuries 
past. 

6603
05:43:47,400 --> 05:43:49,500
They had once braved the 
Wilderness of ideas. 

6604
05:43:49,500 --> 05:43:53,800
Now in a literal wilderness. 
He carried their legacy. 

6605
05:43:54,700 --> 05:43:57,900
Eventually the worst of the 
storm passed leaving dripping 

6606
05:43:57,900 --> 05:43:59,600
rocks in a deep chill in its 
wake. 

6607
05:44:00,400 --> 05:44:02,600
The group decided to remain 
under the overhang for the 

6608
05:44:02,608 --> 05:44:04,700
night. 
Wary of slick, trails and 

6609
05:44:04,700 --> 05:44:07,900
potential landslides. 
By flickering lamp light. 

6610
05:44:07,900 --> 05:44:12,200
As soon distributed dried figs 
and salted lamb conversation, 

6611
05:44:12,200 --> 05:44:14,800
drifted from the challenges of 
the climb to more philosophical 

6612
05:44:14,800 --> 05:44:17,800
musings, the futility of borders
in a land shape. 

6613
05:44:17,808 --> 05:44:21,200
By Millennia, the intangible 
line between faith and science. 

6614
05:44:22,400 --> 05:44:25,600
Malik spoke quite quietly of his
father, who had died under a 

6615
05:44:25,600 --> 05:44:28,100
tyrants regime while trying to 
protect valuable manuscripts. 

6616
05:44:29,200 --> 05:44:32,000
Listening to him Korea sense. 
That each traveler had been 

6617
05:44:32,000 --> 05:44:35,100
guided here by a longing for 
redemption or renewal. 

6618
05:44:36,600 --> 05:44:39,800
Sometime after midnight career, 
woke to the faint crackle of 

6619
05:44:39,808 --> 05:44:42,100
footsteps. 
She inched toward the edge of 

6620
05:44:42,100 --> 05:44:45,900
their makeshift shelter, heart, 
pounding two figures hunched, 

6621
05:44:45,900 --> 05:44:47,500
low hovered near the pack 
animals. 

6622
05:44:47,500 --> 05:44:50,800
She recognized them a strangers,
not members of the Caravan, 

6623
05:44:51,400 --> 05:44:54,700
Before she could raise an alarm 
as soon, emerged from the 

6624
05:44:54,708 --> 05:44:59,100
darkness, like a phantom sword 
drawn, a tough standoff, ensued 

6625
05:44:59,100 --> 05:45:02,100
broken, by frantic Whispers, The
Intruders fled. 

6626
05:45:02,100 --> 05:45:04,700
Once they saw, they were 
outnumbered the Caravans 

6627
05:45:04,700 --> 05:45:07,300
Travelers. 
Now fully awakened spent the 

6628
05:45:07,300 --> 05:45:10,600
rest of the night in guarded 
watch, cold and uneasy with 

6629
05:45:10,600 --> 05:45:12,100
Dawn. 
They surveyed the sodden 

6630
05:45:12,100 --> 05:45:14,500
landscape. 
Landslides had ripped through 

6631
05:45:14,500 --> 05:45:17,500
parts of the trail, but it 
appeared possible with caution. 

6632
05:45:18,200 --> 05:45:21,100
Though, The Intruders had not 
returned the sense of pursuit 

6633
05:45:21,100 --> 05:45:25,000
remained acute carrier conferred
with a soon, both concluding 

6634
05:45:25,000 --> 05:45:28,100
that time was running short. 
For ash was Within Reach. 

6635
05:45:28,100 --> 05:45:31,200
They needed to seize the chance 
before more enemies closed in. 

6636
05:45:32,000 --> 05:45:33,800
Hoisting packs onto weary 
camel's. 

6637
05:45:33,800 --> 05:45:37,500
The group set forth again. 
The distant Peaks and likes 

6638
05:45:37,500 --> 05:45:39,400
game, little Witnesses, and 
career whispered. 

6639
05:45:39,400 --> 05:45:42,600
And hope that the city's rumored
monasteries could offer refuge 

6640
05:45:42,600 --> 05:45:45,900
and comps reveal how to unlock 
the manuscripts deeper Secrets. 

6641
05:45:45,900 --> 05:45:50,400
The final stretch of various 
proved grueling narrow Trails, 

6642
05:45:50,400 --> 05:45:52,800
clung to mountain ridges. 
Overlooking Miss shrouded 

6643
05:45:52,800 --> 05:45:57,700
abysses, each step required 
vigilance At times, they paused 

6644
05:45:57,700 --> 05:46:01,100
to listen for rock falls in the 
distance markers of an unstable 

6645
05:46:01,100 --> 05:46:04,400
Terrain. 
The Agri thinner and breath came

6646
05:46:04,400 --> 05:46:06,900
in short gasps yet Beyond every 
precarious. 

6647
05:46:06,900 --> 05:46:11,600
Turn a new Vista opened crisp, 
Lakes reflecting the sky hidden 

6648
05:46:11,600 --> 05:46:15,500
valleys studied with wildflowers
the occasional Stone ruined 

6649
05:46:15,500 --> 05:46:17,400
perched on a Ledge like an 
ancient Sentinel. 

6650
05:46:18,100 --> 05:46:21,000
The extremes of this landscape, 
both awed and unsettled The 

6651
05:46:21,000 --> 05:46:23,800
Travelers. 
By late afternoon, the slopes 

6652
05:46:23,800 --> 05:46:27,400
relaxed into a wide Plateau 
rising from the plateaus Edge. 

6653
05:46:27,400 --> 05:46:30,800
Stood, varash enclosed by a high
stone Rampart. 

6654
05:46:31,500 --> 05:46:33,900
At first glance, the city 
appeared carved from the 

6655
05:46:33,908 --> 05:46:36,500
mountain itself. 
Its walls blending with the 

6656
05:46:36,500 --> 05:46:39,700
surrounding Cliffs missed 
swirled around parapets, 

6657
05:46:39,700 --> 05:46:44,300
creating a dreamlike vision. 
According to Legend, farash was 

6658
05:46:44,300 --> 05:46:47,700
older than any recorded Dynasty 
built upon a site revered for 

6659
05:46:47,700 --> 05:46:51,600
its Celestial alignments. 
A hush fell over the Caravan as 

6660
05:46:51,600 --> 05:46:54,600
they approached, the massive 
gate inside the city's. 

6661
05:46:54,600 --> 05:46:58,700
Winding streets ascended, in 
tears houses with slate roofs 

6662
05:46:58,700 --> 05:47:01,900
leaned against sturdy. 
Ramparts while Cobblestone Lanes

6663
05:47:01,900 --> 05:47:06,500
converged on a Central Square, 
Steam rose from a communal baths

6664
05:47:06,500 --> 05:47:10,100
that taped into natural Hot 
Springs monks in dark, robes 

6665
05:47:10,100 --> 05:47:13,100
shuffled along the corridors 
carrying Scrolls tucked beneath 

6666
05:47:13,100 --> 05:47:15,600
their arms. 
Carrier census. 

6667
05:47:15,600 --> 05:47:19,400
Ignited, at the first glimpse of
this environment, she could feel

6668
05:47:19,400 --> 05:47:21,900
an undercurrent of scholarship 
humming through the city like a 

6669
05:47:21,908 --> 05:47:25,100
Subterranean River. 
A potent contrast to the chaotic

6670
05:47:25,100 --> 05:47:28,200
markets of Corazon. 
Afsoon. 

6671
05:47:28,200 --> 05:47:31,000
Guided the Caravan to a spacious
Courtyard in used by trade 

6672
05:47:31,000 --> 05:47:33,800
emissaries soon. 
After settling career, excused 

6673
05:47:33,800 --> 05:47:36,600
herself and ventured into the 
city's upper levels following 

6674
05:47:36,600 --> 05:47:38,600
directions gleaned from a scribe
at the Inn. 

6675
05:47:38,600 --> 05:47:41,000
She was searching for a specific
Monastery. 

6676
05:47:41,000 --> 05:47:43,600
Library rumored to house ancient
manuscripts. 

6677
05:47:43,600 --> 05:47:47,000
Paralleling her Jade bound text 
crossing a series of stone 

6678
05:47:47,000 --> 05:47:48,600
bridges. 
That arched over narrow. 

6679
05:47:48,600 --> 05:47:51,100
Gulches she noticed the 
architecture, displayed 

6680
05:47:51,100 --> 05:47:54,900
recurring, motifs spiral, 
carvings geometric borders, 

6681
05:47:54,900 --> 05:47:58,600
reminiscent of the codexes, 
marginal designs at last. 

6682
05:47:58,600 --> 05:48:02,200
She arrived at a massive carved 
door flanked by statues of robed

6683
05:48:02,200 --> 05:48:05,400
figures, a discrete sine 
identified, it as the library of

6684
05:48:05,400 --> 05:48:08,800
high windows inside. 
The atmosphere was reverential 

6685
05:48:08,800 --> 05:48:11,700
Golden Light. 
Filtered, through stained glass,

6686
05:48:11,700 --> 05:48:14,900
windows, Illuminating shelves, 
stacked from floor to ceiling 

6687
05:48:14,900 --> 05:48:20,000
with Scrolls Cody's and tablets 
monks novices and a few Learners

6688
05:48:20,000 --> 05:48:22,700
travelers from distant lands. 
Moved quietly between reading 

6689
05:48:22,700 --> 05:48:27,100
alcoves Carrier approached a 
Tall Bearded monk who introduced

6690
05:48:27,100 --> 05:48:30,500
himself as brother Callan. 
With measured politeness, he 

6691
05:48:30,500 --> 05:48:33,300
asked her purpose. 
Carrier revealed her codex 

6692
05:48:33,300 --> 05:48:36,500
explaining in hushed tones that 
she believed it referenced an 

6693
05:48:36,500 --> 05:48:39,200
advanced astronomy predating 
recognized schools of thought. 

6694
05:48:40,100 --> 05:48:43,200
Intrigued brother Kaylin led her
to a private study at chamber. 

6695
05:48:43,200 --> 05:48:45,700
Lit by oil lamps there. 
He produced a set of 

6696
05:48:45,708 --> 05:48:48,500
meticulously preserved star 
charts and scribed on leather. 

6697
05:48:49,300 --> 05:48:52,600
To careers, amazement certain 
passages, aligned closely with 

6698
05:48:52,600 --> 05:48:56,400
the diagrams in her manuscript 
upon closer inspection, they 

6699
05:48:56,400 --> 05:48:59,200
found near identical glyphs 
representing cardinal points 

6700
05:48:59,200 --> 05:49:02,900
Beyond normal mapping. 
Brother Collins eyes, glimmer 

6701
05:49:02,900 --> 05:49:05,700
with excitement. 
These references appear in only 

6702
05:49:05,700 --> 05:49:09,000
are oldest records believed to 
have been copied from texts 

6703
05:49:09,000 --> 05:49:13,500
salvaged Millennia ago. 
As the evening deepened, they 

6704
05:49:13,500 --> 05:49:17,000
piece together, parallel lines 
of text cross-referencing them 

6705
05:49:17,000 --> 05:49:20,600
with genealogies straw altars, 
and cryptic commentaries. 

6706
05:49:20,600 --> 05:49:24,400
The Synergy suggested that the 
Jade bound book might indeed be 

6707
05:49:24,400 --> 05:49:27,700
part of a nearly lost tradition.
However, a vital section, 

6708
05:49:27,700 --> 05:49:31,300
remained missing, It was rumored
that a sister manuscript in a 

6709
05:49:31,300 --> 05:49:35,100
monastery, father East High in a
remote range where few ventured 

6710
05:49:35,100 --> 05:49:38,100
carriers Hearts sank. 
Knowing the road ahead, might 

6711
05:49:38,100 --> 05:49:42,100
hold even greater dangers yet. 
She also felt invigorated, the 

6712
05:49:42,100 --> 05:49:45,800
puzzle had grown more intricate 
weaving her fate with ancient 

6713
05:49:45,800 --> 05:49:47,600
Legacy that demanded 
guardianship. 

6714
05:49:48,500 --> 05:49:51,300
Upon returning to the end. 
She found a soon and Malik in 

6715
05:49:51,300 --> 05:49:53,200
heated discussion with the rest 
of the Caravan. 

6716
05:49:53,800 --> 05:49:56,400
News had arrived. 
That unidentified Riders were 

6717
05:49:56,400 --> 05:49:59,800
poking, around various Gates 
questioning Travelers about a 

6718
05:49:59,800 --> 05:50:01,500
woman scholar and her prized 
artifact. 

6719
05:50:02,300 --> 05:50:04,000
There are rival. 
Here was no secret. 

6720
05:50:05,000 --> 05:50:08,300
For the moment, the city's laws,
prevented open aggression, but 

6721
05:50:08,300 --> 05:50:10,600
no one believed that protection 
would last indefinitely. 

6722
05:50:11,500 --> 05:50:13,600
Have soon proposed. 
They break the Caravan into 

6723
05:50:13,600 --> 05:50:17,400
smaller groups for anonymity, 
Malik pledged to stand by Korea,

6724
05:50:17,400 --> 05:50:20,800
recognizing that her success. 
Might Ripple far beyond personal

6725
05:50:20,800 --> 05:50:24,900
gain Under the ins Landing glow,
carry shared what she and 

6726
05:50:24,900 --> 05:50:28,000
brother Kalan had uncovered. 
The group listened in solemn. 

6727
05:50:28,000 --> 05:50:30,800
Silence, understanding the 
gravity of her discovery. 

6728
05:50:31,700 --> 05:50:34,000
Perhaps it offered a new 
perspective on the cosmos. 

6729
05:50:34,000 --> 05:50:37,400
It threatened structures built 
on carefully, managed knowledge.

6730
05:50:38,200 --> 05:50:42,500
either way, their pursuers would
not relent, Still career fell to

6731
05:50:42,500 --> 05:50:45,700
renewed determination, the 
tapestry of centuries had woven 

6732
05:50:45,700 --> 05:50:49,100
her path in to this moment. 
With the city of various as an 

6733
05:50:49,100 --> 05:50:51,700
unlikely Refuge. 
She now held a clearer vision of

6734
05:50:51,700 --> 05:50:54,900
the manuscripts purpose. 
Dawn would bring decision's 

6735
05:50:54,900 --> 05:50:58,700
where the to remain to search 
for the sister text, or to Brave

6736
05:50:58,700 --> 05:51:01,200
unknown dangers. 
In that flickering moment of 

6737
05:51:01,200 --> 05:51:04,300
possibility, each traveler 
realized they had become part of

6738
05:51:04,300 --> 05:51:05,700
a tale larger than the 
themselves. 

6739
05:51:05,700 --> 05:51:09,600
A saga carried Along by 
caravan's, forged in Hidden 

6740
05:51:09,600 --> 05:51:12,900
library's and destined to Echo 
across the shifting dunes and 

6741
05:51:12,900 --> 05:51:14,200
precarious peaks of time.