The Surprising Life of Young George Washington | Boring History For Sleep

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All right, my sleepy friends. 
Imagine being a teenager and 

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someone handing you a surveying 
kit instead of a driver's 

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license. 
That was more or less. 

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The situation, young George 
Washington found himself in long

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before the powdered wigs and 
presidential portraits. 

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He was a lanky. 
Teenager wandering, forests 

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measuring land sleeping 
outdoors, and trying to prove 

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himself in a very competitive, 
Colonial world. 

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If slowed slightly boring 
history, helps your brainpower 

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down, feel free to follow, drop 
a like and tell me where you're 

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listening from and what time it 
is. 

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I always enjoy seeing where 
everyone is drifting off from 

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now. 
Grab that blanket, get that 

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pillow comfortable, maybe less a
fan or some soft. 

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Background noise. 
Run and let's slowly wander into

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the story. 
Long before George Washington 

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became a general or president. 
He was simply a tall Virginia 

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boy with enormous hands and an 
unusual talent for mathematics. 

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His Story begins not in Grand 
halls or battlefields. 

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But in the green Rolling Hills 
of colonial Virginia where a 

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young man learned to read the 
land. 

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Measured distance is a navigate,
the Wilderness that would shape 

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everything he became. 
You open your eyes to the 

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Virginia of 1738, the S smells 
of pine resin, and would smoke. 

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6 year old boy stands Barefoot 
in the red clay soil outside of 

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modest plantation house. 
His name is George Washington, 

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and he has already taller than 
most children. 

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His age The house is not what 
you might expect. 

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There are no marble columns or 
sweeping staircases, the 

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Washington family lives 
comfortably, but not 

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extravagantly. 
The dwelling has wooden, floors 

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that Creek in the night and 
windows that let in the summer 

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heat and winter cold alike. 
Young George's. 

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Father. 
Augustine is often away on 

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business, the boy, spends his 
days, exploring the grounds near

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the Potomac River. 
He watches the water move past 

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the shore in Endless. 
Ripples the river teaches him 

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patients without saying a word, 
his mother Mary bull washingtom 

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is a Stern woman with strong 
opinions about nearly 

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everything. 
She runs the household with the 

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Precision of a ship's captain. 
George learned early that 

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disappointing her brings 
consequences. 

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He develops a habit of meeting 
her expectations. 

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Exactly. 
Plantation grows tobacco like 

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most Virginia State's. 
You can smell it in the fields 

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during harvest season. 
The scent is sweet and slightly 

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earthy, it clings to clothe The 
workers in the plants with 

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careful attention to each leaf. 
He has older half-brothers from 

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his father's first marriage. 
Lawrence is 14 years older and 

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seems like a grown man to young.
George Lawrence has traveled to 

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England and returned with 
stories of a wider World George 

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listens to these tales with wide
eyes and stores every detail in 

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his memory. 
The boy discovers. 

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He has an unusual gift for 
numbers while other children. 

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Struggle with arithmetic, George
finds patterns in mathematics as

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easily as breathing he can 
calculate acres and distances in

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his head while his tutors are 
still reaching for their slates.

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As formal education is limited 
compared to wealthy Virginia, 

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boys, who study in England? 
Georgia tends a small local 

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school when his available. 
He learns to write in a careful 

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controlled hand. 
Each letter is formed with 

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deliberate Precision. 
This habit, never leaves him. 

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In the evening's, the family 
gathers near the fireplace. 

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The Flames casting Shadows on 
the walls, George Hoffman, sits 

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quietly observing rather than 
speaking. 

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He learns that watching people 
reveals more than interrogating 

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them. 
His father gives him a set of 

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surveying tools when he turned 
11, the instruments of beautiful

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in their Simplicity, a compass, 
a chain for measuring, a 

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notebook for recording 
observations. 

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George handles them with the 
reverence other boys might 

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reserve for swords or muskets. 
Augustin shows his son, how to 

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cite along a line and Mark a 
boundary, the work requires 

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steady hands and a patient 
temperament. 

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George discovers, he possesses 
both. 

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He practices in the fields 
around their home until the 

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measurements become second 
nature. 

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Then tragedy arrives on an 
ordinary April morning in 1743. 

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Augustine Washington Falls ill. 
With a sudden fever. 

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The sickness takes him quickly 
within days. 11 year old George 

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has lost his father, the world 
shifts beneath, the boy's feet. 

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Lawrence becomes the head of the
family now, inherits the finest 

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property, a place called little 
Hunting Creek, that he will 

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rename Mount Vernon. 
George's mother receives Ferry 

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Farm a modest Plantation across 
the river from Fredericksburg, 

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Mary Washington makes it clear. 
She expects her son to help 

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manage the estate at 11 George 
finds himself responsible for 

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tasks that were challenged grown
men. 

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He keeps account books, with 
meticulous accuracy. 

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Every Shilling is recorded. 
Every transaction is documented.

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The boy grows tall with 
startling speed by 13. 

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He stands nearly six feet, his 
hands and feet, seemed too large

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for his body. 
He moves with a slight 

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awkwardness like a young deer. 
Still learning its proportions. 

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He copies Rules of Civility into
a notebook. 

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There are 110 of them. 
He writes each one carefully. 

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Some are practical, some seem 
absurd, all of them shape. 

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How he moves through the world 
rule. 

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Number one states, that every 
action in company should show 

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respect for those present. 
George takes this seriously. 

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He learns to control his temper 
and his tongue when other boys 

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boast or fight, he remains 
composed, this earns him a 

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reputation for dignity that 
seems beyond his years. 

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Forests around Fairy Farm, 
become his second classroom, he 

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walks for hours through the 
woods learning to read signs in 

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broken branches and animal 
tracks. 

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The Wilderness speaks a 
language, he finds easier than 

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Latin or Greek. 
One Summer Afternoon, he 

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discovers a nest of baby rabbits
in The Tall Grass. 

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Their eyes are still closed. 
Heels in the dirt and watches 

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them for nearly an hour, their 
tiny hearts, beat against their 

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fragile, ribs, he carefully 
replaces the grass, covering and

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walks away without touching 
them. 

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This moment reveal something 
essential about the boy. 

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He understands that something 
should be observed and left 

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undisturbed power means nothing 
if exercise without thought. 

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His half-brother Lawrence 
returns from England with a new 

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wife named Anne Fairfax. 
Her family is among the 

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wealthiest in Virginia, they 
owned vast tracks of land in the

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Shenandoah Valley and Beyond 
Gorge is invited to visit their 

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estate at Belvoir. 
The Fairfax Mansion makes very 

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Farm look like Cottage, there 
are books lining, the walls and 

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Maps spread across tables George
studies, these maps with hungry 

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interest. 
They showed territories, he has 

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never seen Rivers. 
He has never crossed mountains. 

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He has never climbed Lord 
Fairfax himself as an English 

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nobleman who has come to 
Virginia to oversee his American

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Holdings. 
He is older, somewhat eccentric 

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and passionate about fox 
hunting, George desperate to 

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make a good impression. 
Learns to ride, better than he 

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ever has before. 
First time, he joins a fox hunt.

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His horse nearly throws him at a
fence, George grips, the reins 

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and stays mounted through 
sheered termination Lord Fairfax

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notices the old man respects 
persistence. 

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More than natural Grace. 
At 15. 

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George begins to understand that
his future lies Beyond Ferry 

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Farm. 
His mother wants him to stay and

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help manage the property. 
Lawrence sees potential for 

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something more. 
The tension between these 

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Visions, pulls at the teenager 
like competing currents in a 

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river. 
Lawrence suggests George might 

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join the British Navy for weeks,
the boy dreams of ships and 

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foreign ports. 
He imagines himself in a naval 

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uniform climbing, rigging and 
Caribbean wins his mother. 

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Absolutely forbids it Mary 
Washington will not lose another

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family member to Distant Shores.
Her refusal is final. 

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George accepts her decision 
without visible protest, but 

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something in him hardens, he 
begins to understand that his 

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path forward will require 
navigating between what others 

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want and what he knows he must 
become Instead of the Navy he 

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turns his attention to the 
surveying instruments. 

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His father gave him these tools 
offer a different kind of 

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Adventure. 
They promised income 

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Independence and a legitimate 
reason to explore the frontier 

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territories that Fascinate him. 
He practices constantly the 

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mathematics coming easily. 
The physical challenges of 

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working outdoors in all weather 
appeal, to his practical nature 

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surveying requires no classical 
education, no family 

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connections, no inherited 
wealth, it rewards skill, and 

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accuracy, Above All Else. 
At 16 George's. 

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No longer a child, he stands 
over six feet tall with broad 

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shoulders and unusually large 
hands. 

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His reddish brown, hair is tied,
back in the fashion of the time.

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His face has not yet developed 
the stern expression of later 

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portraits. 
There are still softness around 

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his eyes. 
He speaks carefully choosing 

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words with the same Precision, 
he applies to measurements. 

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Some people mistake this for 
slowness, those who know him 

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better recognize it as 
thoughtfulness. 

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George Washington is learning to
control, not just his words but 

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his entire presence. 
The boy who played Barefoot in 

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the, Virginia clay has becoming 
someone else. 

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The transformation is gradual 
like watching a river. 

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Carve new channels through Old 
Stone. 

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You cannot see it happening but 
the evidence appears and small 

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changes the way he holds himself
straighter the way he listens, 

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more than he speaks. 
The way he measures twice before

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making any cut. 
Very Farms sits on the North 

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Bank of the Rappahannock River 
directly across from the growing

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town of Fredericksburg. 
You wait here on a spring 

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morning in 1746. 
Georges 14 now and the 

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responsibilities of the 
plantation pressed down on him 

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with increasing weight. 
Ferry itself, operates daily, 

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when weather permits a 
flatbottom boat, carries people 

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horses, and goods across the 
river. 

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Gorge sometimes helps with the 
work. 

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He learns to read the current to
judge when Crossing is safe to 

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understand how water moves 
around obstacles. 

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The plantation house is smaller 
than the homes of wealthy 

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neighbors. 
It has four rooms downstairs and

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four above the walls are 
whitewashed. 

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The floors are wide Pine planks 
that have darkened with age and 

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traffic, every surface shows 
signs of the use George's 

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bedroom is simple. 
A bed with a rope frame and 

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Mattress. 
Stuffed with corn husks, a small

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desk where he practices his 
writing a trunk, containing his 

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few possessions, the room smells
of wood and the faint sweetness 

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of the tobacco stored in the 
outbuildings. his mother runs 

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the household with an Iron Will 
Mary Washington is not a woman 

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who tolerates carelessness or 
excuses. 

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She expects her children to work
hard and complain. 

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Never George has learned this 
lesson thoroughly she wakes him 

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Before Dawn most days the 
morning as cool even in summer 

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he splashes water on his face 
from a base and dresses quickly.

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Work begins whether you feel 
ready or not. 

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The plantation grows, tobacco 
corn and vegetables. 

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There are Orchards with apple 
and cherry trees. 

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Livestock wander the grounds 
Chicken Scratch in the dirt near

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the kitchen, building pigs route
in their pen horses, graze in 

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the meadow. 
George's job is to oversee much 

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of this operation despite his 
youth. 

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He keeps records of every bushel
of corn. 

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Every pound of tobacco. 
Every animal born or sold his 

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handwriting feels Ledger after 
Ledger with Columns of figures 

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that never fail to balance. 
He rises early to check on the 

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tobacco plants in Spring. 
He inspects seedbeds where, tiny

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plants push through the soil. 
Each one must be transplanted by

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hand into the fields. 
The work is tedious and endless,

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George understands, that 
patience is valuable as strength

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by some of the tobacco stands 
waist high, the broad leaves, 

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catch the sunlight, and turn it 
into growth. 

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George walks between the rows 
looking for pests or disease, a 

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single hornworm can destroy a 
plant in DayZ, Vigilantes is 

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never wasted Harvest. 
Time arrives in late summer, the

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air, grows thick and hot. 
Workers cut the tobacco storks 

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and hang them in curing Barnes. 
The smell is overwhelming at 

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first, then gradually becomes 
familiar. 

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George learns, that you can 
adapt to almost anything if you 

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remain long enough, he also 
tends to the farm animals with 

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unexpected, gentlest one of the 
mayor's gives birth on a cold 

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November night. 
George sits up in the barn 

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watching over the process. 
The full emerges wet and 

233
00:12:16,700 --> 00:12:21,200
trembling within an hour stand 
on wobbling legs, George feel, 

234
00:12:21,200 --> 00:12:23,600
something shifted in his chest 
as he watches this small 

235
00:12:23,600 --> 00:12:26,100
miracle. 
His mother's Garden requires 

236
00:12:26,100 --> 00:12:29,200
constant attention. 
She grows herbs for cooking and 

237
00:12:29,200 --> 00:12:32,300
Medicine. 
Lavender Sage Rosemary and Thyme

238
00:12:32,300 --> 00:12:34,000
fill the air with competing 
sense. 

239
00:12:34,700 --> 00:12:37,100
George sometimes helps her weed 
between the rows. 

240
00:12:37,900 --> 00:12:40,400
She corrects his technique 
without softening her criticism.

241
00:12:41,200 --> 00:12:42,500
These moments of working 
alongside. 

242
00:12:42,500 --> 00:12:46,100
His mother are complicated. 
She demands Excellence but 

243
00:12:46,100 --> 00:12:49,700
rarely offers praise George 
learns to find satisfaction in 

244
00:12:49,700 --> 00:12:52,300
the work itself rather than in 
recognition. 

245
00:12:53,200 --> 00:12:55,600
This lesson shapes him more than
he realizes. 

246
00:12:55,600 --> 00:12:58,400
The fairy operation provides 
steady income. 

247
00:12:58,400 --> 00:13:01,400
George helps, maintain the 
accounts Travelers. 

248
00:13:01,400 --> 00:13:02,900
Pay a few Pence. 
To cross the river. 

249
00:13:02,900 --> 00:13:06,200
The amounts are small but 
consistent, he begins to 

250
00:13:06,200 --> 00:13:09,100
understand how modest revenues 
can accumulate into something 

251
00:13:09,100 --> 00:13:12,900
substantial across the river. 
Fredericksburg is growing into a

252
00:13:12,908 --> 00:13:16,300
proper Town, George crosses, 
regularly to purchase supplies, 

253
00:13:16,300 --> 00:13:19,200
or conduct business. 
The town has a court house. 

254
00:13:19,200 --> 00:13:23,300
Several stores, a Tavern and 
houses spreading outward from 

255
00:13:23,300 --> 00:13:26,200
the Main Street. 
He watches Craftsman work in 

256
00:13:26,200 --> 00:13:28,700
their shops. 
A blacksmith shapes hot iron 

257
00:13:28,700 --> 00:13:32,200
with practice Hammer strikes. 
Cooper assembles barrels with 

258
00:13:32,200 --> 00:13:36,200
such Precision that they hold 
water without leaking a cobbler 

259
00:13:36,200 --> 00:13:39,800
stitches leather into boots that
will last for years, each trade 

260
00:13:39,800 --> 00:13:42,100
requires skill developed through
long practice. 

261
00:13:43,000 --> 00:13:44,600
George studies, these men 
carefully. 

262
00:13:44,600 --> 00:13:47,600
He notices how the best 
Craftsmen waste, no motion. 

263
00:13:47,600 --> 00:13:51,700
Every action serves a purpose. 
Efficiency comes from 

264
00:13:51,700 --> 00:13:54,100
understanding your tools and 
materials completely. 

265
00:13:55,000 --> 00:13:56,900
He applies this observation to 
his own work. 

266
00:13:56,900 --> 00:14:01,300
His education continues in fits 
and starts, there is no school 

267
00:14:01,300 --> 00:14:03,500
nearby. 
Now he studies what books are 

268
00:14:03,508 --> 00:14:06,600
available at Ferry Farm 
mathematics remains his 

269
00:14:06,600 --> 00:14:09,000
strongest subject. 
He can calculate compound 

270
00:14:09,000 --> 00:14:12,700
interest, surveying, angles and 
land areas with remarkable speed

271
00:14:12,700 --> 00:14:15,900
writing, proves more 
challenging, his early letters 

272
00:14:15,900 --> 00:14:19,100
are stiff and formal. 
He struggles to express emotion 

273
00:14:19,100 --> 00:14:23,200
on paper words feel like poorly 
fitted Tools in his hands but he

274
00:14:23,200 --> 00:14:26,800
practices relentlessly copying 
passages from books to improve 

275
00:14:26,800 --> 00:14:29,600
his style. 
He discovers a volume called the

276
00:14:29,600 --> 00:14:32,500
young man's companion. 
It contains practical 

277
00:14:32,500 --> 00:14:35,400
information about measurements 
calculations and business 

278
00:14:35,400 --> 00:14:38,700
practices, George reads. 
It, and until the pages grow 

279
00:14:38,700 --> 00:14:41,600
soft from handling. 
The book becomes his unofficial 

280
00:14:41,600 --> 00:14:44,500
textbook, Lauren's visits Ferry 
Farm. 

281
00:14:44,500 --> 00:14:47,800
When his own responsibility is 
allow, he brings news from Mount

282
00:14:47,800 --> 00:14:49,900
Vernon and stories from The 
Wider world. 

283
00:14:51,000 --> 00:14:52,600
George listens with intense. 
Focus. 

284
00:14:52,600 --> 00:14:55,900
Storing every detail his 
half-brother represents 

285
00:14:55,900 --> 00:14:59,100
everything he hopes to become 
Lawrence has served as a 

286
00:14:59,100 --> 00:15:01,600
military officer. 
He describes campaigns in the 

287
00:15:01,600 --> 00:15:05,000
Caribbean with casual Authority,
Georgia imagined himself in 

288
00:15:05,000 --> 00:15:07,200
uniform. 
Leading Men through difficult 

289
00:15:07,200 --> 00:15:09,900
terrain. 
The fantasy feels distant but 

290
00:15:09,900 --> 00:15:14,200
not impossible. 
One afternoon, Lawrence notices 

291
00:15:14,200 --> 00:15:17,300
Georges, surveying practice, and
suggests a bold idea. 

292
00:15:18,200 --> 00:15:21,000
Lord Fairfax needs surveyors to 
map his vast Holdings. 

293
00:15:21,000 --> 00:15:24,600
In the Shenandoah Valley, the 
work is demanding, but pays 

294
00:15:24,600 --> 00:15:28,900
well, the capable young surveyor
could make his fortune George 

295
00:15:28,900 --> 00:15:30,700
feels, his pulse Quicken up the 
suggestion. 

296
00:15:30,700 --> 00:15:34,000
The Shenandoah Valley is 
Frontier territory, largely 

297
00:15:34,000 --> 00:15:37,500
unmapped and wild going there 
would mean leaving Ferry Farm 

298
00:15:37,500 --> 00:15:40,900
leaving, his mother's control, 
leaving behind everything 

299
00:15:40,900 --> 00:15:43,700
familiar. 
The Prospect terrifies and 

300
00:15:43,700 --> 00:15:46,100
thrills him in. 
Equal measure his mother. 

301
00:15:46,100 --> 00:15:50,300
Predictably opposes the idea she
needs George at Ferry Farm. 

302
00:15:51,100 --> 00:15:53,100
The plantation requires constant
supervision. 

303
00:15:53,100 --> 00:15:56,000
How can he abandon his 
responsibilities? 

304
00:15:56,000 --> 00:15:59,500
For some Wilderness Adventure? 
Her arguments are logical and 

305
00:15:59,500 --> 00:16:02,400
utterly unconvincing to a 16 
year old boy hungry for 

306
00:16:02,400 --> 00:16:04,700
Independence. 
George finds himself caught 

307
00:16:04,700 --> 00:16:08,300
again, between Duty and desire. 
He loves his mother despite her 

308
00:16:08,300 --> 00:16:11,900
severity, he understands her 
fears, but staying at Ferry 

309
00:16:11,900 --> 00:16:14,800
Farm, feels like watching his 
future with each passing season.

310
00:16:15,800 --> 00:16:19,100
He begins preparing anyway. 
He practices with his surveying 

311
00:16:19,100 --> 00:16:22,700
instrument every spare moment. 
The compass becomes an extension

312
00:16:22,700 --> 00:16:26,000
of his hand, he can shoot 
bearings and calculate distance 

313
00:16:26,000 --> 00:16:29,600
without conscious thought. 
Mathematics flow through him, 

314
00:16:29,600 --> 00:16:31,300
like water through a familiar 
Channel. 

315
00:16:32,300 --> 00:16:35,900
Winter arrives, with unusual, 
cold, the Rappahannock freezes, 

316
00:16:35,900 --> 00:16:39,300
solid enough to walk across. 
George stands on the ice one 

317
00:16:39,300 --> 00:16:41,500
morning. 
Looking at his own Ferry Farm 

318
00:16:41,500 --> 00:16:44,600
from the middle of the river. 
The perspective shift, feels 

319
00:16:44,600 --> 00:16:46,700
significant. 
Everything looks different from 

320
00:16:46,700 --> 00:16:49,700
this new angle. 
He realizes that leaving is not 

321
00:16:49,700 --> 00:16:52,700
abandoning his family. 
It has become incapable of 

322
00:16:52,700 --> 00:16:54,800
helping them in ways that 
staying never could. 

323
00:16:56,100 --> 00:16:58,100
A successful surveyor earns good
money. 

324
00:16:58,100 --> 00:17:00,900
He could send funds back to his 
mother helped, his youngest 

325
00:17:00,900 --> 00:17:02,800
siblings. 
Build a future that serves 

326
00:17:02,800 --> 00:17:05,900
everyone. 
The ice Creak beneath his feet 

327
00:17:05,900 --> 00:17:09,000
as he walks back toward the 
southern Shore, the sound is 

328
00:17:09,000 --> 00:17:12,599
both threatening and musical 
nature contains such 

329
00:17:12,599 --> 00:17:16,200
contradictions George's learning
to hold a posing truths in his 

330
00:17:16,200 --> 00:17:21,900
mind without forcing resolution.
By early 1748, the plans are 

331
00:17:21,900 --> 00:17:24,099
set. 
George will join a surveying 

332
00:17:24,099 --> 00:17:25,900
Expedition into the Shenandoah 
Valley. 

333
00:17:25,900 --> 00:17:29,700
Lord Fairfax has granted 
permission Lawrence has arranged

334
00:17:29,700 --> 00:17:32,700
everything only Mary 
Washington's disapproval 

335
00:17:32,700 --> 00:17:35,400
remains, but even that is 
softening as she sees her son's 

336
00:17:35,400 --> 00:17:38,600
determination George packs. 
His few belongings with 

337
00:17:38,600 --> 00:17:42,900
meticulous care. 
Extra shirts, a warm coat, his 

338
00:17:42,900 --> 00:17:44,900
surveying instruments in oil 
cloth. 

339
00:17:44,900 --> 00:17:47,300
Everything must serve multiple 
purposes. 

340
00:17:47,300 --> 00:17:50,600
Wasted space means carrying 
unnecessary weight. 

341
00:17:52,200 --> 00:17:55,200
The night before he leaves he 
walks through Fairy Farm one 

342
00:17:55,200 --> 00:17:57,700
final time. 
The familiar paths feel 

343
00:17:57,700 --> 00:18:00,200
different in the darkness. 
He has walked them a thousand 

344
00:18:00,200 --> 00:18:02,200
times. 
But tonight, each step carries 

345
00:18:02,200 --> 00:18:05,300
new significance. 
He's saying goodbye to Childhood

346
00:18:05,300 --> 00:18:07,600
even if he cannot yet named what
he has becoming. 

347
00:18:08,300 --> 00:18:10,500
His mother watches from the 
doorway as he makes this 

348
00:18:10,500 --> 00:18:12,800
nocturnal circuit. 
She says nothing. 

349
00:18:13,700 --> 00:18:16,500
George knows better than to 
expect a Sentimental farewell. 

350
00:18:17,300 --> 00:18:20,200
Mary Washington is not built for
open displays of emotion. 

351
00:18:20,200 --> 00:18:23,100
Her love expresses itself 
through worry and criticism. 

352
00:18:23,900 --> 00:18:25,200
In the morning, he bought his 
horse. 

353
00:18:25,200 --> 00:18:28,800
The animal is sturdy rather than
elegant chosen for endurance 

354
00:18:28,800 --> 00:18:31,900
over appearance. 
George's learned that practical 

355
00:18:31,900 --> 00:18:33,800
beats beautiful. 
When survival matters. 

356
00:18:33,800 --> 00:18:38,100
He turns once to look at Ferry 
Farm, The morning sun 

357
00:18:38,100 --> 00:18:40,700
illuminates, the small 
Plantation with Kindle light. 

358
00:18:40,700 --> 00:18:43,200
Everything looks peaceful and 
permanent. 

359
00:18:43,200 --> 00:18:46,700
George knows this is an 
illusion, nothing remains 

360
00:18:46,700 --> 00:18:49,700
unchanged. 
The boy leaving now will not be 

361
00:18:49,700 --> 00:18:54,000
the same person who returns The 
journey West Begins on a March 

362
00:18:54,000 --> 00:18:57,800
morning in 1748. 
George rides, alongside George. 

363
00:18:57,800 --> 00:19:01,300
William Fairfax, his friend and 
the son of William Fairfax. 

364
00:19:02,200 --> 00:19:05,100
together, they head toward the 
Blue Ridge Mountains, where Lord

365
00:19:05,100 --> 00:19:08,800
Fairfax is surveying party, 
awaits, The Virginia Countryside

366
00:19:08,800 --> 00:19:11,500
unfolds before them in shades of
green and brown. 

367
00:19:11,500 --> 00:19:13,600
Spring has not fully arrived 
yet. 

368
00:19:13,600 --> 00:19:17,400
Treestand mostly bare their 
branches, like complicated 

369
00:19:17,400 --> 00:19:21,100
sketches against the sky. 
The ground shows patches of snow

370
00:19:21,100 --> 00:19:24,100
in shadowed Hollows, George 
carries, his surveying 

371
00:19:24,100 --> 00:19:25,500
instruments, with obsessive 
care. 

372
00:19:26,500 --> 00:19:29,400
The compass is his most precious
possession without it. 

373
00:19:29,400 --> 00:19:31,400
He cannot work. 
He checks it. 

374
00:19:31,400 --> 00:19:34,500
Constantly making sure the 
protective case remains secure 

375
00:19:34,500 --> 00:19:39,100
and dry They Cross Creek swollen
with snowmelt the horses, pick 

376
00:19:39,100 --> 00:19:41,000
their way carefully across 
slippery rocks. 

377
00:19:41,800 --> 00:19:43,400
George learns, to trust his 
mounts. 

378
00:19:43,400 --> 00:19:46,600
Judgment about safe footing. 
Sometimes the animal knows 

379
00:19:46,600 --> 00:19:50,200
better than the rider at night. 
They stay at small Inns, or 

380
00:19:50,200 --> 00:19:53,000
Farms along the way. 
The accommodations are rough 

381
00:19:53,000 --> 00:19:55,900
George writes in his journal 
about sleeping on straw, with 

382
00:19:55,900 --> 00:19:58,400
his clothes. 
On the experience, is far from 

383
00:19:58,400 --> 00:20:02,200
the comfort of Ferry Farm but he
refuses to complain, he observes

384
00:20:02,200 --> 00:20:03,800
everything with Hungary 
attention. 

385
00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:06,400
How do people live this far from
towns? 

386
00:20:06,400 --> 00:20:09,100
What do they grow? 
How do they manage without 

387
00:20:09,100 --> 00:20:12,000
nearby markets? 
Every detail is noted and 

388
00:20:12,000 --> 00:20:14,500
considered they reach the Blue 
Ridge Mountains. 

389
00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:17,800
After several days of steady, 
riding the mountains, rise, like

390
00:20:17,800 --> 00:20:19,300
a wall across the Western 
Horizon. 

391
00:20:20,200 --> 00:20:24,000
George's, never seen anything. 
So imposing, The Ridges layer, 

392
00:20:24,000 --> 00:20:25,900
one behind. 
Another fading from green to 

393
00:20:25,900 --> 00:20:29,500
blue to purple in the distance. 
The surveying party camps in a 

394
00:20:29,500 --> 00:20:32,400
valley on the Eastern Slope. 
There are about a dozen men. 

395
00:20:32,400 --> 00:20:34,600
Altogether, some are experienced
surveyors. 

396
00:20:34,600 --> 00:20:37,300
Others are Ax. 
Men hired to Clear Sight lines 

397
00:20:37,300 --> 00:20:40,100
through the forest. 
Fewer gentlemen, along for the 

398
00:20:40,100 --> 00:20:43,100
adventure. 
James Jen leads the Expedition. 

399
00:20:43,100 --> 00:20:45,900
He is a professional surveyor in
his 30s. 

400
00:20:45,900 --> 00:20:49,300
With years of Frontier 
experience his faces whether by 

401
00:20:49,300 --> 00:20:54,400
Sun and wind he speaks little 
but watches everything Can 

402
00:20:54,400 --> 00:20:56,600
assessors George with a long 
evaluating stare. 

403
00:20:57,200 --> 00:21:00,700
The boy is tall and strong but 
clearly an experience, can he 

404
00:21:00,700 --> 00:21:03,600
handle the physical demands? 
Will he slowed the group down? 

405
00:21:05,000 --> 00:21:08,600
George meets his gaze. 
Steadily saying nothing The 

406
00:21:08,600 --> 00:21:11,200
first morning, they begin 
surveying a tract of land along 

407
00:21:11,200 --> 00:21:13,600
a creek. 
Again, demonstrates the proper 

408
00:21:13,600 --> 00:21:16,000
technique how to set up the 
compass. 

409
00:21:16,000 --> 00:21:19,200
How to cite along a line. 
How to measure distances with 

410
00:21:19,200 --> 00:21:21,100
the chain. 
How to record everything 

411
00:21:21,100 --> 00:21:23,900
accurately? 
Georgia, absorbs the instruction

412
00:21:23,900 --> 00:21:27,700
like dry ground soaking up Rain,
he asks a few questions. 

413
00:21:27,700 --> 00:21:31,900
But Mrs. No details, when ganes 
him the compass, George. 

414
00:21:31,900 --> 00:21:34,400
Handles it, with practice 
confidence. 

415
00:21:34,400 --> 00:21:37,800
They work through the morning 
establishing boundaries and 

416
00:21:37,800 --> 00:21:40,700
marking corners. 
George serves as chainman 

417
00:21:40,700 --> 00:21:45,300
helping to measure distance, is 
the chain is 66, ft long, and 

418
00:21:45,300 --> 00:21:48,300
remarkably heavy. 
Carrying it through brush and 

419
00:21:48,300 --> 00:21:50,200
over rough. 
Ground is exhausting work. 

420
00:21:50,200 --> 00:21:54,800
His hands blistered by midday. 
The metal links is Palms raw. 

421
00:21:54,800 --> 00:21:57,700
Despite his gloves. 
George says nothing about the 

422
00:21:57,700 --> 00:22:00,600
pain, he wraps his hands Tighter
and keeps working. 

423
00:22:01,900 --> 00:22:05,200
Like evening his shoulders ache 
from the unaccustomed labor 

424
00:22:05,200 --> 00:22:07,700
every muscle. 
Protests when he tries to 

425
00:22:07,700 --> 00:22:12,200
Dismount his horse he moves like
an old man stiff and careful the

426
00:22:12,200 --> 00:22:14,000
other men noticed but offer, no 
sympathy. 

427
00:22:14,000 --> 00:22:19,000
This is simply how it is. 
They camp in a clearing that 

428
00:22:19,000 --> 00:22:20,800
night. 
Someone builds a fire. 

429
00:22:20,800 --> 00:22:24,600
The smoke Rises straight up in 
the still air, George eats salt 

430
00:22:24,600 --> 00:22:27,400
pork and Cornbread too tired to 
care about taste. 

431
00:22:28,300 --> 00:22:31,300
Jen sits near the fire updating 
his field notes by firelight 

432
00:22:31,900 --> 00:22:34,600
George watches the careful way. 
He records each measurement. 

433
00:22:34,600 --> 00:22:36,700
Double checking figures for 
accuracy. 

434
00:22:36,700 --> 00:22:39,100
Good surveying. 
Depends on precise 

435
00:22:39,100 --> 00:22:43,000
documentation, a single error. 
Can invalidate an entire day's 

436
00:22:43,000 --> 00:22:45,600
work. 
The next morning, brings rain 

437
00:22:45,600 --> 00:22:48,800
water, drips through the forest,
canopy and cold streams. 

438
00:22:48,800 --> 00:22:51,800
The ground turns to Mud. 
That sucks at boots with every 

439
00:22:51,800 --> 00:22:53,900
step. 
Surveying becomes miserable. 

440
00:22:53,900 --> 00:22:56,900
Slow work. 
George discovers that. 

441
00:22:56,900 --> 00:23:00,600
His supposedly waterproof coat 
is nothing of the kind, water 

442
00:23:00,600 --> 00:23:03,000
seeped through at the shoulders 
and runs down his back. 

443
00:23:03,000 --> 00:23:07,300
His shirt grows damp then wet, 
then soaked, he Shivers but 

444
00:23:07,300 --> 00:23:10,300
continues working. 
They press Westwood toward the 

445
00:23:10,300 --> 00:23:13,700
Shenandoah Valley, the journey 
takes them over mountain ridges.

446
00:23:13,700 --> 00:23:17,500
That seemed endless the horses 
strain upward on narrow Trails 

447
00:23:17,500 --> 00:23:20,400
loose rocks. 
Shifted Under Foot one wrong 

448
00:23:20,400 --> 00:23:23,700
step could send horse and ride a
tumbling down, the slope, George

449
00:23:23,700 --> 00:23:26,700
learns to look ahead planning 
each section of the trail before

450
00:23:26,700 --> 00:23:30,200
attempting it. 
Caution is not cowardice. 

451
00:23:30,200 --> 00:23:33,900
It is the difference between 
arriving safely and not arriving

452
00:23:33,900 --> 00:23:36,000
at all. 
They cross the Blue Ridge at 

453
00:23:36,000 --> 00:23:38,600
Ashby's Gap. 
The Western Vista opens before 

454
00:23:38,600 --> 00:23:41,900
them like a revelation. 
The Shenandoah Valley stretches 

455
00:23:41,900 --> 00:23:45,600
to the Horizon a broad expanse 
of forests and Meadows and 

456
00:23:45,600 --> 00:23:48,800
distant mountains. 
George stares at this landscape 

457
00:23:48,800 --> 00:23:52,200
with something approaching or 
the scale is overwhelming, 

458
00:23:52,200 --> 00:23:55,400
Virginia extends, farther west 
than he ever imagined. 

459
00:23:56,200 --> 00:23:59,500
This is just one Valley among 
many, the continent must be 

460
00:23:59,500 --> 00:24:00,600
impossibly. 
Vast. 

461
00:24:01,300 --> 00:24:03,900
They descend into the valley and
make camp near a creek. 

462
00:24:04,600 --> 00:24:07,400
That night George writes in his 
journal, about the Magnificent 

463
00:24:07,400 --> 00:24:10,200
Countryside. 
His description is factual, 

464
00:24:10,200 --> 00:24:13,200
rather than poetic listing 
features and observations. 

465
00:24:14,200 --> 00:24:15,800
Yet his excitement seeps 
through. 

466
00:24:15,800 --> 00:24:20,100
The careful Pros, the work 
continues day after day, they 

467
00:24:20,100 --> 00:24:21,800
survey tracks for potential 
settlement. 

468
00:24:21,800 --> 00:24:26,300
The land is Rich and fertile 
covered in virgin Forest the 

469
00:24:26,300 --> 00:24:30,400
enormous trees rise, 200 feet 
into the air The forest floor is

470
00:24:30,400 --> 00:24:33,500
thick with undergrowth, the 
X-Men, Clear Sight lines. 

471
00:24:33,500 --> 00:24:37,300
So the surveyors can work, the 
sound of rexes Echoes through 

472
00:24:37,308 --> 00:24:41,800
the woods from dawn until dusk 
Trees crashed down with Earth 

473
00:24:41,800 --> 00:24:45,000
shaking thuds George Marvels at 
how quickly. 

474
00:24:45,000 --> 00:24:47,000
Skilled Woodsman can fell a 
giant Oak? 

475
00:24:47,000 --> 00:24:49,300
He begins taking his own 
measurements. 

476
00:24:49,300 --> 00:24:52,100
Under, again supervision, the 
older man, checks his work 

477
00:24:52,100 --> 00:24:55,300
carefully, finding small errors 
and explaining how to avoid 

478
00:24:55,300 --> 00:24:57,800
them. 
George accepts the corrections 

479
00:24:57,800 --> 00:25:01,000
without defensiveness learning 
requires admitting what you do 

480
00:25:01,000 --> 00:25:04,200
not know. 
One afternoon, George 

481
00:25:04,200 --> 00:25:06,300
miscalculates an angle by 
several degrees. 

482
00:25:07,200 --> 00:25:09,900
Again, points out the error 
before they waste time running a

483
00:25:09,900 --> 00:25:13,100
chain along the wrong line. 
George feels his face flush with

484
00:25:13,100 --> 00:25:15,600
embarrassment, Jen shows. 
No anger. 

485
00:25:15,600 --> 00:25:18,700
Only patients everyone makes 
mistakes. 

486
00:25:18,700 --> 00:25:21,700
He says the key is catching them
before they compound. 

487
00:25:21,700 --> 00:25:24,900
Good surveyors. 
Double check everything Pride 

488
00:25:24,900 --> 00:25:26,600
causes more errors than 
ignorance. 

489
00:25:28,200 --> 00:25:29,800
George takes this lesson to 
Heart. 

490
00:25:30,600 --> 00:25:33,700
From that day forward, he checks
every measurement twice before 

491
00:25:33,700 --> 00:25:36,400
recording it. 
The Habit slows his work 

492
00:25:36,400 --> 00:25:38,500
initially, but improves his 
accuracy dramatically. 

493
00:25:39,500 --> 00:25:42,000
They encounter their first group
of Frontier settlers one 

494
00:25:42,000 --> 00:25:45,200
morning, three families living 
in rough cabinets, along a 

495
00:25:45,200 --> 00:25:48,300
creek, the building's accrued, 
but functional Smoke. 

496
00:25:48,300 --> 00:25:51,500
Rise is from Stone chimneys. 
Children play in the dirty yard 

497
00:25:51,508 --> 00:25:54,800
while women work at outdoor, 
cooking fires, the men are wary 

498
00:25:54,800 --> 00:25:56,500
of strangers. 
They have carved, these 

499
00:25:56,500 --> 00:25:58,900
homesteads from Wilderness 
through backbreaking Labor. 

500
00:25:59,700 --> 00:26:02,400
Surveyors often bring news of 
land disputes or ownership 

501
00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:04,300
claims. 
George watches. 

502
00:26:04,300 --> 00:26:06,900
How Jen handles the interaction 
with calm diplomacy. 

503
00:26:06,900 --> 00:26:09,800
The surveying party shares. 
A meal with the settlers. 

504
00:26:09,800 --> 00:26:14,000
The food is simple but generous 
venison stew, cornbread and 

505
00:26:14,000 --> 00:26:18,400
strong cider George sits quietly
listening to the men. 

506
00:26:18,400 --> 00:26:20,200
Talk about their lives on the 
frontier. 

507
00:26:20,200 --> 00:26:24,200
They speak of harsh Winters. 
Failed crops encounters with 

508
00:26:24,200 --> 00:26:26,500
Native hunting parties. 
Life. 

509
00:26:26,500 --> 00:26:28,800
Here is precarious and 
unforgiving. 

510
00:26:29,600 --> 00:26:32,400
Yet these families have, chosen 
it over the relative safety of 

511
00:26:32,400 --> 00:26:35,100
settled regions. 
George tries to understand what 

512
00:26:35,100 --> 00:26:38,000
drives such to decisions. 
One of the settlers asks, if 

513
00:26:38,000 --> 00:26:41,400
George's, Lord, Fairfax is kin 
the boy explained to his 

514
00:26:41,400 --> 00:26:43,100
connection through his 
half-brothers marriage. 

515
00:26:43,900 --> 00:26:47,100
The man on slowly blood and 
marriage in this country. 

516
00:26:47,100 --> 00:26:50,500
He says they determine who you 
are before you speak a word. 

517
00:26:51,200 --> 00:26:54,100
George files this observational 
way, he's beginning to 

518
00:26:54,100 --> 00:26:57,500
understand how reputation and 
family connections, open or 

519
00:26:57,500 --> 00:27:00,400
closed doors. 
His own position is complicated.

520
00:27:00,400 --> 00:27:03,300
He has useful connections, but 
limited wealth. 

521
00:27:03,900 --> 00:27:06,800
He must make his way through 
capability rather than an 

522
00:27:06,800 --> 00:27:09,100
inheritance. 
The surveying continues through 

523
00:27:09,100 --> 00:27:12,800
April, they mapped thousands of 
Acres of Valley land George's 

524
00:27:12,800 --> 00:27:15,500
skills, improved steadily his 
measurements become more 

525
00:27:15,500 --> 00:27:17,800
accurate. 
This field notes grow clearer 

526
00:27:17,800 --> 00:27:20,500
and more organized. 
He learns to read terrain like a

527
00:27:20,508 --> 00:27:23,100
book. 
The slope of a hillside reveals 

528
00:27:23,100 --> 00:27:27,600
drainage patterns, vegetation 
indicates soil, quality Rock 

529
00:27:27,600 --> 00:27:30,800
outcropping suggest What Lies 
Beneath the surface, every 

530
00:27:30,800 --> 00:27:33,700
landscape tells a story to those
who know how to interpret the 

531
00:27:33,700 --> 00:27:36,700
signs. 
One morning they discover a 

532
00:27:36,700 --> 00:27:38,800
natural spring flowing from a 
limestone Cliff. 

533
00:27:38,800 --> 00:27:43,100
The water is cold and perfectly 
clear George taste it and Finds 

534
00:27:43,100 --> 00:27:46,000
Its sweet without the metallic 
mineral, Tang of many Springs. 

535
00:27:46,000 --> 00:27:50,200
Gan explains how to identify 
good water sources, location 

536
00:27:50,200 --> 00:27:53,400
matters Springs at higher 
elevations are generally 

537
00:27:53,400 --> 00:27:55,600
cleaner. 
The rock type of effects. 

538
00:27:55,600 --> 00:27:59,500
The Taste and Purity settlers 
will pay premium prices for land

539
00:27:59,500 --> 00:28:02,700
with reliable water. 
George realizes that surveying 

540
00:28:02,700 --> 00:28:04,700
is about more than mathematics 
and measurements. 

541
00:28:04,700 --> 00:28:09,300
It requires understanding, 
geology botany, hydrology, and 

542
00:28:09,300 --> 00:28:12,400
Human Nature. 
The good surveyor must see how 

543
00:28:12,400 --> 00:28:15,500
all these elements combined to 
make land valuable or worthless.

544
00:28:16,200 --> 00:28:18,700
They survey a particularly 
challenging track on a steep 

545
00:28:18,700 --> 00:28:20,800
Mountainside the work is 
dangerous. 

546
00:28:20,800 --> 00:28:24,900
Footing is treacherous on the 
loose Shale, one of the X-Men, 

547
00:28:24,900 --> 00:28:27,600
slips and slides, 50 feet down 
the slope before catching 

548
00:28:27,600 --> 00:28:30,500
himself on a tree. 
George helps pull the man back 

549
00:28:30,500 --> 00:28:32,600
up. 
The axman's hands are bleeding 

550
00:28:32,600 --> 00:28:35,700
and full of splinters. 
His face is pale with shock. 

551
00:28:35,700 --> 00:28:38,800
They bandaged his wounds and 
sent him back to Camp to 

552
00:28:38,800 --> 00:28:41,200
recover. 
The incident reminds everyone 

553
00:28:41,200 --> 00:28:44,900
that this work carries real 
risks, a broken leg or twisted, 

554
00:28:44,900 --> 00:28:46,900
ankle miles from help, could 
prove fatal. 

555
00:28:46,900 --> 00:28:51,000
Caution is not optional George 
moves, even more carefully after

556
00:28:51,000 --> 00:28:55,200
that, May arrives with warming 
temperatures and an explosion of

557
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:58,300
spring growth wildflowers 
carpet, the valley, flooring 

558
00:28:58,300 --> 00:29:01,500
waves of color. 
Forest filled with Birdsong 

559
00:29:01,500 --> 00:29:04,300
George finds himself 
appreciating the beauty despite 

560
00:29:04,300 --> 00:29:06,900
his exhaustion they complete the
survey. 

561
00:29:06,900 --> 00:29:10,500
By late May again reviews all 
the field notes and declares the

562
00:29:10,500 --> 00:29:13,900
work satisfactory. 
George has performed well for a 

563
00:29:13,900 --> 00:29:16,000
beginner. 
He says, with more experience, 

564
00:29:16,000 --> 00:29:18,200
the boy could become a 
competence surveyor. 

565
00:29:18,800 --> 00:29:21,500
This restrained, praise means 
more to George than he. 

566
00:29:21,500 --> 00:29:24,400
Elaborate compliments would 
again is not a man who offers 

567
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:27,400
false encouragement. 
His words carry weight, because 

568
00:29:27,400 --> 00:29:30,500
he speaks them spare in Lee. 
The party prepares to return 

569
00:29:30,500 --> 00:29:33,800
East George packs, his 
belongings with mixed feelings. 

570
00:29:33,800 --> 00:29:36,800
The Expedition has been harder 
than he expected. 

571
00:29:36,800 --> 00:29:40,300
He is dirty tired and covered in
insect bites yet. 

572
00:29:40,300 --> 00:29:43,400
He does not want it to end. 
The Shenandoah Valley has shown 

573
00:29:43,408 --> 00:29:45,900
him possibilities. 
He never imagined at very Farm. 

574
00:29:45,900 --> 00:29:49,400
The frontier is rough and 
dangerous, but it is also full 

575
00:29:49,400 --> 00:29:52,300
of opportunity. 
Men can make their fortunes 

576
00:29:52,300 --> 00:29:53,700
here. 
If they are willing to work hard

577
00:29:53,700 --> 00:29:57,100
and accept the risks, George has
proven to himself that he can 

578
00:29:57,100 --> 00:30:00,300
endure difficult conditions. 
He can do physically demanding 

579
00:30:00,300 --> 00:30:03,200
work. 
He can learn new skills, these 

580
00:30:03,200 --> 00:30:05,700
discoveries matter more than the
surveying knowledge, he has 

581
00:30:05,708 --> 00:30:08,700
gained the ride back over the 
Blue Ridge, feels different 

582
00:30:09,700 --> 00:30:13,000
George's returning as a changed 
person, he is tested himself 

583
00:30:13,000 --> 00:30:16,800
against Real challenges and not 
been found wanting the boy, who 

584
00:30:16,800 --> 00:30:19,800
rode West in March is becoming 
someone harder and more capable.

585
00:30:21,000 --> 00:30:23,900
George Washington returns to the
Shannon of Valley in July of 

586
00:30:23,900 --> 00:30:27,100
1748. 
This time he comes as an 

587
00:30:27,100 --> 00:30:28,800
official surveyor in his own 
right? 

588
00:30:28,800 --> 00:30:31,000
Lord. 
Fairfax as granted him 

589
00:30:31,000 --> 00:30:33,300
permission to survey land and 
earn his own fees. 

590
00:30:33,300 --> 00:30:36,700
He is 16 years old. 
And already taller than most 

591
00:30:36,700 --> 00:30:39,000
grown men. 
His surveying equipment is his 

592
00:30:39,000 --> 00:30:40,500
own. 
Now, purchased with money. 

593
00:30:40,500 --> 00:30:43,900
Carefully saved the instruments.
Represent Independence made 

594
00:30:43,900 --> 00:30:45,900
tangible. 
No one can take this. 

595
00:30:45,900 --> 00:30:48,800
Professional way from him. 
The Valiant summer is a 

596
00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:50,500
different world from the one he 
saw in Spring. 

597
00:30:51,200 --> 00:30:53,600
The heat rises and shimmering 
waves from the ground. 

598
00:30:54,400 --> 00:30:56,700
Cicadas, fill the air with their
mechanical buzzing. 

599
00:30:57,400 --> 00:31:00,200
Forests are thick with Greenery 
that blocks out the sky. 

600
00:31:01,000 --> 00:31:03,600
George rides, alone. 
This time with only his horse 

601
00:31:03,600 --> 00:31:06,500
and equipment for company. 
The Solitude feels right? 

602
00:31:06,500 --> 00:31:09,100
He has always been comfortable 
with silence. 

603
00:31:09,100 --> 00:31:12,300
Other people require constant 
management of words and 

604
00:31:12,300 --> 00:31:16,600
expressions trees and mountains 
demand, nothing he camps near a 

605
00:31:16,600 --> 00:31:18,700
creek. 
The first night, the water runs.

606
00:31:18,700 --> 00:31:21,600
Clear over, smooth, Stones, 
George bathes. 

607
00:31:21,600 --> 00:31:25,900
In the cold current washing away
days of trail dust Shock of the 

608
00:31:25,900 --> 00:31:29,700
cold water makes him gas but 
afterward he feels clean and 

609
00:31:29,700 --> 00:31:32,500
renewed. 
He builds a small fire and Cooks

610
00:31:32,500 --> 00:31:35,100
the salt pork and cornmeal, he 
brought from Fredericksburg. 

611
00:31:35,100 --> 00:31:39,900
The meal is plain, but filling 
Georgie slowly watching The 

612
00:31:39,900 --> 00:31:43,700
Darkness Gather in the valley 
below his campsite Stars emerge 

613
00:31:43,700 --> 00:31:45,900
one by one and until the sky is 
thick with them. 

614
00:31:46,700 --> 00:31:50,200
More stars than seemed possible.
They stretch from Horizon to 

615
00:31:50,200 --> 00:31:53,800
Horizon in rivers of light. 
George lies on his back and 

616
00:31:53,800 --> 00:31:55,500
stares upward until his neck 
aches. 

617
00:31:56,200 --> 00:31:59,200
In the morning, he begins 
surveying a track of bottomland 

618
00:31:59,200 --> 00:32:03,800
along the Shenandoah River. 
The soil is dark and Rich trees 

619
00:32:03,800 --> 00:32:06,100
grow to enormous size in this 
fertile ground. 

620
00:32:06,100 --> 00:32:09,400
This land will be valuable to 
settle as he notes in his 

621
00:32:09,400 --> 00:32:11,400
journal. 
The work is methodical and 

622
00:32:11,400 --> 00:32:14,500
peaceful. 
George moves through the forest,

623
00:32:14,500 --> 00:32:18,100
taking measurements and 
recording data, his hands, no 

624
00:32:18,100 --> 00:32:21,100
longer blister from the chain. 
His body has adapted to the 

625
00:32:21,100 --> 00:32:24,000
physical demands encounters, a 
family of deer. 

626
00:32:24,000 --> 00:32:27,100
One afternoon, the dough, and 
two fawns stand. 

627
00:32:27,100 --> 00:32:29,600
Frozen watching him from 30 
yards away. 

628
00:32:30,800 --> 00:32:35,000
George stops moving and simply 
observes, the deer regard him 

629
00:32:35,008 --> 00:32:38,100
with liquid brown eyes before 
bounding away in graceful, leaps

630
00:32:38,100 --> 00:32:42,200
such moments punctuate, the 
solitary work A fox trotting 

631
00:32:42,200 --> 00:32:44,900
along a Creek Bank, a hawk 
circling overhead. 

632
00:32:44,900 --> 00:32:48,600
The landscape is alive in ways 
the settled regions, no longer 

633
00:32:48,600 --> 00:32:51,900
are George feels connected to 
something larger than human 

634
00:32:51,900 --> 00:32:55,100
concerns. 
He surveys several tracks over 

635
00:32:55,100 --> 00:32:57,400
the following weeks. 
Each one must be measured 

636
00:32:57,400 --> 00:33:00,700
precisely and documented 
thoroughly the work requires 

637
00:33:00,700 --> 00:33:03,900
absolute accuracy. 
Even a small error can cause 

638
00:33:03,900 --> 00:33:05,600
legal disputes that lasts for 
Generations. 

639
00:33:06,700 --> 00:33:10,000
George develops, a routine. 
He rises with the sun and works 

640
00:33:10,000 --> 00:33:13,100
until the light fails. 
Eat simple meals and sleeps 

641
00:33:13,100 --> 00:33:15,500
under the stars. 
When weather permits the rhythm 

642
00:33:15,500 --> 00:33:19,300
of the days become almost 
meditative One after noon, he 

643
00:33:19,300 --> 00:33:21,100
encounters another surveyor 
working nearby. 

644
00:33:21,100 --> 00:33:25,600
Man is older perhaps 40 with a 
weather face and knowing eyes. 

645
00:33:25,600 --> 00:33:28,500
They compared notes and discuss 
the best routes through 

646
00:33:28,500 --> 00:33:31,100
difficult terrain. 
The older surveyor asks, if 

647
00:33:31,100 --> 00:33:35,000
George's filed his surveys with 
the county, The question reveals

648
00:33:35,000 --> 00:33:38,000
a gap in George's knowledge. 
He has completed the fieldwork 

649
00:33:38,000 --> 00:33:40,800
but does not fully understand 
the legal process that follows. 

650
00:33:40,800 --> 00:33:45,200
The surveyor explains patiently.
Surveys must be filed with the 

651
00:33:45,200 --> 00:33:48,200
county court to be official 
without proper filing. 

652
00:33:48,200 --> 00:33:50,900
The work has no legal standing. 
George. 

653
00:33:50,900 --> 00:33:53,100
Thanks him for the information 
and resolves, to learn the 

654
00:33:53,100 --> 00:33:56,300
administrative procedures. 
This encounter reminds him that 

655
00:33:56,300 --> 00:33:58,100
surveying involves more than 
field work. 

656
00:33:58,100 --> 00:34:02,300
There are legal requirements, 
fees, to be paid forms to be 

657
00:34:02,300 --> 00:34:05,100
filed. 
Success requires mastering the 

658
00:34:05,108 --> 00:34:07,500
entire process from initial 
measurement to final 

659
00:34:07,500 --> 00:34:10,699
documentation. 
He rides to Winchester the main 

660
00:34:10,699 --> 00:34:12,500
town in the northern Andover 
Valley. 

661
00:34:13,300 --> 00:34:16,300
The settlement is rougher than 
Fredericksburg fewer, brick 

662
00:34:16,300 --> 00:34:19,600
buildings, more log structures 
the streets are muddy, even in 

663
00:34:19,600 --> 00:34:22,000
dry weather. 
The court house is a simple 

664
00:34:22,000 --> 00:34:23,900
building with thick walls and 
small windows. 

665
00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:27,600
George enters and asks to see 
the surveyors records. 

666
00:34:28,400 --> 00:34:31,400
Clark is initially dismissive of
this, young man, but George's 

667
00:34:31,400 --> 00:34:34,199
Camp persistence win him over. 
He spends hours. 

668
00:34:34,199 --> 00:34:37,300
Studying previously filed 
surveys, the format becomes 

669
00:34:37,300 --> 00:34:41,100
clear, the language is formal 
and precise every measurement 

670
00:34:41,100 --> 00:34:44,500
must be stated clearly 
boundaries must be described in 

671
00:34:44,500 --> 00:34:45,800
terms. 
That future surveyors. 

672
00:34:45,800 --> 00:34:49,100
Can replicate George copies 
examples into his notebook. 

673
00:34:49,100 --> 00:34:51,600
He will use these as templates 
for his own work. 

674
00:34:52,400 --> 00:34:54,500
Learning from those who have 
done it before is simply 

675
00:34:54,500 --> 00:34:56,900
efficient. 
He files, his first official 

676
00:34:56,900 --> 00:35:00,500
survey that afternoon the fee is
small but symbolically important

677
00:35:00,500 --> 00:35:03,100
this document Bears, his name 
and signature. 

678
00:35:03,100 --> 00:35:06,700
It is his work, his 
responsibility, his reputation 

679
00:35:06,700 --> 00:35:09,800
on paper. 
Walking out of the courthouse, 

680
00:35:09,800 --> 00:35:13,500
George feels a shift in how he 
sees himself, he's no longer an 

681
00:35:13,500 --> 00:35:16,300
apprentice or assistant. 
He is a professional surveyor, 

682
00:35:16,300 --> 00:35:20,000
conducting his own business, the
distinction matters, he takes a 

683
00:35:20,000 --> 00:35:22,900
room at an inn that night. 
The bed is not particularly 

684
00:35:22,900 --> 00:35:26,300
clean and the walls are thin 
George can hear conversations 

685
00:35:26,300 --> 00:35:30,000
from neighboring rooms, but it 
is a real bed under a roof and 

686
00:35:30,000 --> 00:35:32,500
after weeks of sleeping on the 
ground, it feels luxurious. 

687
00:35:33,500 --> 00:35:36,000
In the morning, he purchased his
supplies for another survey 

688
00:35:36,000 --> 00:35:39,800
Expedition cornmeal salt, pork 
powder and shot for his rifle. 

689
00:35:39,800 --> 00:35:43,700
The shopkeeper is chatty asking 
about George's work and where 

690
00:35:43,700 --> 00:35:46,100
he's headed. 
George answers, politely but 

691
00:35:46,100 --> 00:35:49,100
briefly He has learned that 
saying, little prevents 

692
00:35:49,100 --> 00:35:51,400
misunderstandings people cannot 
miss. 

693
00:35:51,400 --> 00:35:54,800
Quote, what you never said, he 
rides South into a region of 

694
00:35:54,800 --> 00:35:58,900
Rolling Hills and thick forests.
This track is wilder than the 

695
00:35:58,900 --> 00:36:01,500
bottomlands near the river. 
The survey will be more 

696
00:36:01,500 --> 00:36:03,200
challenging. 
George. 

697
00:36:03,200 --> 00:36:06,200
Welcome to the difficulty. 
The work takes him deep into 

698
00:36:06,200 --> 00:36:09,600
uninhabited territory. 
He sees no other people for days

699
00:36:09,600 --> 00:36:13,800
at a time, the Solitude is 
profound George discovers that 

700
00:36:13,800 --> 00:36:16,100
he prefers it to the 
complications of social 

701
00:36:16,100 --> 00:36:19,100
interaction. 
He encounters a black bear one 

702
00:36:19,100 --> 00:36:20,500
morning while taking 
measurements. 

703
00:36:20,500 --> 00:36:24,100
The animal is perhaps 60 yards 
away tearing part of rotted. 

704
00:36:24,100 --> 00:36:27,700
Log to get it, insects inside 
George freezes, barely breathing

705
00:36:27,700 --> 00:36:30,000
the bear seems unaware of his 
presence. 

706
00:36:30,000 --> 00:36:34,000
He continues, its work with 
focused intensity, George 

707
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:37,700
watches fascinated by The 
Animals power and single-minded 

708
00:36:37,700 --> 00:36:40,500
purpose. 
After several minutes, the bear 

709
00:36:40,500 --> 00:36:44,500
ambles away into the underbrush.
George's heart is pounding, but 

710
00:36:44,500 --> 00:36:46,500
he feels exhilarated rather than
frightened. 

711
00:36:46,500 --> 00:36:48,500
He has been close to a 
dangerous. 

712
00:36:48,500 --> 00:36:50,900
Wild animal and survived through
simplest Stillness. 

713
00:36:51,600 --> 00:36:54,900
The lesson is clear. 
Sometimes the best action is no 

714
00:36:54,900 --> 00:36:57,900
action at all. 
He completes the survey over 10 

715
00:36:57,900 --> 00:37:00,900
days of steady work. 
His field notes are meticulous. 

716
00:37:00,900 --> 00:37:04,300
Every measurement is recorded 
every boundary marker is 

717
00:37:04,308 --> 00:37:06,700
described. 
The work is thorough and 

718
00:37:06,700 --> 00:37:09,600
professional. 
Rain catches him on the journey 

719
00:37:09,600 --> 00:37:12,600
back to Winchester, the downpour
is sudden and heavy. 

720
00:37:13,400 --> 00:37:16,200
George takes shelter under a 
rocky overhang and waits out the

721
00:37:16,200 --> 00:37:19,500
storm. 
Water streams, past his refuge, 

722
00:37:19,500 --> 00:37:22,800
in muddy torrents, the rain 
stops as quickly as it began. 

723
00:37:22,800 --> 00:37:27,200
The air smells clean and fresh 
Georgia's from his shelter and 

724
00:37:27,200 --> 00:37:30,000
continues riding. 
His clothes are wet but he does 

725
00:37:30,000 --> 00:37:33,800
not mind. 
Comfort is temporary, the survey

726
00:37:33,800 --> 00:37:35,500
is complete and that is what 
matters. 

727
00:37:36,300 --> 00:37:39,000
He files the paperwork in 
Winchester and collects his fee.

728
00:37:39,000 --> 00:37:42,000
The money is real and earned 
through his own labor. 

729
00:37:43,400 --> 00:37:46,400
George counts, the coins twice 
savoring, the weight of them in 

730
00:37:46,408 --> 00:37:48,300
his hand. 
This is freedom. 

731
00:37:48,300 --> 00:37:52,200
He realizes not the grand 
political Freedom that men argue

732
00:37:52,200 --> 00:37:54,800
about inverse but personal 
economic independence. 

733
00:37:55,900 --> 00:37:57,800
He can support himself through 
his own skills. 

734
00:37:57,800 --> 00:38:02,500
He owes no one for this money. 
He returns to Ferry Farm in 

735
00:38:02,500 --> 00:38:04,800
September with more money than 
he has ever possessed. 

736
00:38:04,800 --> 00:38:07,900
His mother receives him with her
usual lack of sentimentality. 

737
00:38:07,900 --> 00:38:12,100
She asks about his health and 
the success of his work, George 

738
00:38:12,100 --> 00:38:15,500
provides brief answers, Mary 
Washington, inspects her son 

739
00:38:15,500 --> 00:38:17,600
carefully. 
He has grown even taller. 

740
00:38:17,600 --> 00:38:20,700
His face is tan dark by months 
of outdoor work. 

741
00:38:20,700 --> 00:38:22,800
His hands are calloused and 
strong. 

742
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:26,200
He looks older than 16. 
She says nothing about missing 

743
00:38:26,200 --> 00:38:28,200
him or worrying during his 
absence. 

744
00:38:29,100 --> 00:38:32,900
Such admissions are not her way.
But she prepares his favorite 

745
00:38:32,900 --> 00:38:36,500
foods that evening and George 
understands this is her form of 

746
00:38:36,508 --> 00:38:39,100
welcome. 
He spent several weeks at Ferry 

747
00:38:39,100 --> 00:38:41,800
Farm helping with the Autumn 
Harvest and catching up on 

748
00:38:41,800 --> 00:38:44,600
accounts. 
The routine feels confining 

749
00:38:44,600 --> 00:38:48,200
after months of Frontier, 
Freedom, George's restless and 

750
00:38:48,200 --> 00:38:51,000
distracted. 
Lawrence, notices his younger 

751
00:38:51,000 --> 00:38:52,900
brothers mood when he visits 
from Mount Vernon. 

752
00:38:53,700 --> 00:38:56,000
He suggests George returned to 
surveying in the spring. 

753
00:38:56,900 --> 00:38:59,500
The frontier clearly suits him 
better than farm management 

754
00:38:59,500 --> 00:39:03,000
George agrees, readily. 
He has found his path. 

755
00:39:03,000 --> 00:39:06,500
The Shenandoah Valley calls to 
him with the promise of Wild 

756
00:39:06,500 --> 00:39:09,100
Spaces and honest work. 
He will return. 

757
00:39:09,100 --> 00:39:12,000
As soon as weather permits 
through the winter months, he 

758
00:39:12,000 --> 00:39:14,900
practices his surveying skills 
and studies maps of Western 

759
00:39:14,900 --> 00:39:17,500
Virginia. 
The territory is vast and 

760
00:39:17,500 --> 00:39:22,000
largely unmapped years of work 
await in their George feels 

761
00:39:22,000 --> 00:39:24,100
something. 
He is not experienced before he 

762
00:39:24,100 --> 00:39:29,800
feels certain about his future. 
Spring arrives in 1749 and 

763
00:39:29,800 --> 00:39:33,200
George Washington. 
Now 17 rides West with purpose. 

764
00:39:34,100 --> 00:39:36,100
He carries surveying, 
commission's from Lord, Fairfax 

765
00:39:36,100 --> 00:39:39,600
and several private landowners. 
The work will keep him in the 

766
00:39:39,608 --> 00:39:43,400
frontier for months. 
The road to Winchester has 

767
00:39:43,400 --> 00:39:46,600
become familiar. 
George recognizes landmarks and 

768
00:39:46,600 --> 00:39:48,200
knows where to find the best 
campsites. 

769
00:39:48,200 --> 00:39:50,200
This growing knowledge of the 
country. 

770
00:39:50,200 --> 00:39:53,200
Pleases him understanding a 
landscape, is a kind of 

771
00:39:53,208 --> 00:39:55,600
ownership that requires no deed 
or purchase. 

772
00:39:56,200 --> 00:39:59,300
He reaches Winchester and 
immediately files notice of his 

773
00:39:59,300 --> 00:40:00,900
survey activities with the 
county. 

774
00:40:00,900 --> 00:40:04,500
The Clark remembers him from the
previous year, the young 

775
00:40:04,500 --> 00:40:07,600
surveyor has earned a reputation
for thorough accurate work. 

776
00:40:08,400 --> 00:40:10,700
George heads into less settled 
territories this season. 

777
00:40:10,700 --> 00:40:13,200
The lands. 
He will serve a lie along the 

778
00:40:13,200 --> 00:40:15,800
western edge of the valley where
the Allegheny Mountains. 

779
00:40:15,800 --> 00:40:17,200
Rise. 
Like a natural Fortress. 

780
00:40:18,200 --> 00:40:20,400
Few settlers have ventured into 
this Rough Country. 

781
00:40:20,400 --> 00:40:23,400
The terrain grows, more 
challenging with every mile 

782
00:40:23,400 --> 00:40:26,700
Westwood, the hills become 
steeper, the Forest, Grove 

783
00:40:26,700 --> 00:40:30,600
dense, sir streams, run Swift, 
and cold from Mountain snowmelt.

784
00:40:31,500 --> 00:40:33,700
George's horse picks, its way 
carefully along. 

785
00:40:33,700 --> 00:40:36,400
Narrow Trails. 
He makes camp in a Halo 

786
00:40:36,400 --> 00:40:40,000
protected from the wind. 
The forest canopy overhead is so

787
00:40:40,000 --> 00:40:42,000
thick, that little sunlight 
reaches the ground. 

788
00:40:43,000 --> 00:40:47,200
The air smells of damper and 
decaying leave George a fire and

789
00:40:47,200 --> 00:40:49,800
prepares his evening meal 
sitting by the fire. 

790
00:40:49,800 --> 00:40:53,100
He reviews his field notes from 
the day the measurements are 

791
00:40:53,100 --> 00:40:55,900
clean and consistent. 
He has developed systems for 

792
00:40:55,900 --> 00:40:58,700
organizing his work that prevent
errors and save time. 

793
00:40:59,400 --> 00:41:01,700
Professional competence brings 
its own satisfaction. 

794
00:41:01,700 --> 00:41:06,100
The next morning Dawns cold and 
Misty, fog fills The Valleys 

795
00:41:06,100 --> 00:41:09,000
like slow-moving water. 
George waits for it to lift 

796
00:41:09,000 --> 00:41:12,500
before beginning work. 
Surveying in fog is pointless. 

797
00:41:12,500 --> 00:41:16,700
You cannot cite lines. 
You cannot see by midday The Sun

798
00:41:16,700 --> 00:41:20,300
Burns through and the fog. 
Dissolves George begins mapping 

799
00:41:20,300 --> 00:41:23,000
a track of mountain land covered
in Old growth forest. 

800
00:41:23,900 --> 00:41:26,900
Trees are enormous some 
measuring 6 feet across at the 

801
00:41:26,900 --> 00:41:28,400
base. 
They have stood here for 

802
00:41:28,408 --> 00:41:31,100
centuries. 
He wonders what these forests 

803
00:41:31,100 --> 00:41:33,400
look like before any European 
set foot in Virginia. 

804
00:41:34,500 --> 00:41:37,600
The same, probably trees. 
This size predict Colonial 

805
00:41:37,600 --> 00:41:40,900
settlement by Generations. 
Walking among them feels like 

806
00:41:40,900 --> 00:41:44,300
stepping into a living history. 
The survey takes him along 

807
00:41:44,300 --> 00:41:46,500
ridgelines where the views 
stretch from miles. 

808
00:41:47,400 --> 00:41:49,900
George pauses at one, such 
overlooked and simply stares 

809
00:41:49,900 --> 00:41:52,700
Ridge after Ridge, extends to 
the Blue Horizon. 

810
00:41:53,700 --> 00:41:56,600
Scale is humbling. 
He encounters signs of native 

811
00:41:56,600 --> 00:42:00,000
presents old Firearms stone 
tools. 

812
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:02,700
Trails once Smooth by countless 
feet. 

813
00:42:03,500 --> 00:42:05,700
The land was not empty before 
settlers arrived. 

814
00:42:05,700 --> 00:42:07,300
That was simply used 
differently. 

815
00:42:08,200 --> 00:42:11,500
George finds these reminders. 
Thought-provoking his heard 

816
00:42:11,500 --> 00:42:14,300
stories about conflicts between 
settlers and Native people's. 

817
00:42:14,300 --> 00:42:18,100
The frontier can be a violent 
place yet he has encountered. 

818
00:42:18,100 --> 00:42:20,700
No hostility himself. 
The native Hunters. 

819
00:42:20,700 --> 00:42:23,200
He is glimpsed from a distance 
seemed intent on their own 

820
00:42:23,200 --> 00:42:26,700
business. 
Not his One evening, he shares a

821
00:42:26,708 --> 00:42:28,500
camp with a group of Frontier 
Hunters. 

822
00:42:28,500 --> 00:42:30,900
They are rough. 
Men with weathered faces and 

823
00:42:30,900 --> 00:42:33,300
hard hands. 
They live by trapping and 

824
00:42:33,300 --> 00:42:35,400
hunting selling pelts and meet 
in Winchester. 

825
00:42:36,500 --> 00:42:39,000
The hunter speaking thick 
accents, George sometimes 

826
00:42:39,000 --> 00:42:42,300
struggles to understand, they 
use words, he has never heard, 

827
00:42:42,300 --> 00:42:45,000
but they're generous with their 
food and information. 

828
00:42:45,000 --> 00:42:48,600
They tell him which streams have
Beaver, where dear congregate, 

829
00:42:48,600 --> 00:42:52,300
what areas to avoid one Hunter. 
Warns him about a rocky section 

830
00:42:52,300 --> 00:42:54,600
of Trail ahead. 
A horse fell there. 

831
00:42:54,600 --> 00:42:57,400
Last month, he says, broke its 
leg and had to be shot. 

832
00:42:58,400 --> 00:42:59,900
George. 
Thanks him for the warning and 

833
00:42:59,900 --> 00:43:02,800
makes careful notes. 
These encounters teach him about

834
00:43:02,800 --> 00:43:06,400
Frontier survival, the hunters 
know, things no book contains 

835
00:43:06,400 --> 00:43:09,800
which plants are edible how to 
predict whether by watching 

836
00:43:09,800 --> 00:43:13,600
animals, where to find water in 
dry country, Georgia, absorbs 

837
00:43:13,600 --> 00:43:16,900
their knowledge like rain into 
parched ground, he continues 

838
00:43:16,900 --> 00:43:20,200
surveying, through May and in 
June, the work becomes a kind of

839
00:43:20,200 --> 00:43:24,400
meditation set up the compass. 
Cite the Line run the chain 

840
00:43:24,400 --> 00:43:27,700
record the measurement. 
The repetition is soothing 

841
00:43:27,700 --> 00:43:30,600
rather than boring. 
His body has adapted completely 

842
00:43:30,600 --> 00:43:34,100
to the physical demands, he can 
work from dawn to dusk without 

843
00:43:34,100 --> 00:43:37,000
exhaustion. 
His muscles are lean and hard 

844
00:43:37,000 --> 00:43:38,800
from constant movement over 
rough terrain. 

845
00:43:38,800 --> 00:43:41,700
He is in the best physical 
condition of his life. 

846
00:43:42,500 --> 00:43:45,300
He surveys a beautiful tracked, 
along a mountain creek, one 

847
00:43:45,300 --> 00:43:46,900
afternoon. 
The water runs. 

848
00:43:46,900 --> 00:43:50,300
Clear over colored, stones 
wildflowers, grow thick along 

849
00:43:50,300 --> 00:43:52,700
the banks. 
George notes in his journal, 

850
00:43:52,700 --> 00:43:55,300
that this would be an ideal 
location for a mill. 

851
00:43:55,300 --> 00:43:57,500
The water flow is steady and 
strong. 

852
00:43:58,200 --> 00:44:01,500
This kind of observation goes 
beyond pure surveying, he's 

853
00:44:01,500 --> 00:44:04,900
beginning to see land in terms 
of potential uses where would 

854
00:44:04,900 --> 00:44:08,700
crops grow best, where might a 
road be built, where would 

855
00:44:08,700 --> 00:44:12,000
settlers choose to build? 
These insights add value to his 

856
00:44:12,000 --> 00:44:14,100
work. 
He completes a particularly 

857
00:44:14,100 --> 00:44:17,800
difficult survey in early July. 
The track was a regular in shape

858
00:44:17,800 --> 00:44:20,500
with many natural boundaries. 
The mathematics. 

859
00:44:20,500 --> 00:44:23,900
Required careful attention 
George double checks every 

860
00:44:23,900 --> 00:44:27,900
calculation before recording it.
When he finishes, he reviews the

861
00:44:27,900 --> 00:44:29,800
entire survey from beginning to 
end. 

862
00:44:29,800 --> 00:44:33,100
The work is solid. 
Every measurement is accurate. 

863
00:44:33,100 --> 00:44:35,000
Every boundary is clearly 
described. 

864
00:44:35,000 --> 00:44:38,200
He feels quiet pride in a job 
done properly. 

865
00:44:39,300 --> 00:44:41,200
The ride back to Winchester 
takes three days. 

866
00:44:41,200 --> 00:44:44,800
George uses the time to organize
his field notes, and prepare the

867
00:44:44,800 --> 00:44:47,800
final documents. 
By the time he reaches Town, 

868
00:44:47,800 --> 00:44:51,200
everything's ready for filing. 
The county clerk examines his 

869
00:44:51,200 --> 00:44:52,300
work with professional 
interests. 

870
00:44:52,300 --> 00:44:56,500
These are excellent surveys, he 
comments clear, descriptions 

871
00:44:56,500 --> 00:45:00,600
precise measurements, proper 
legal language, George accepts, 

872
00:45:00,600 --> 00:45:03,600
the complement with a brief nod.
He collects his fees and 

873
00:45:03,600 --> 00:45:05,700
purchases supplies for another 
Expedition. 

874
00:45:05,700 --> 00:45:07,900
The surveying season is far from
over. 

875
00:45:07,900 --> 00:45:11,000
There is more work available 
than one surveyor can handle 

876
00:45:11,000 --> 00:45:15,000
George intends to do as much as 
time allows, he rides North 

877
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:18,000
toward the Upper Valley. 
This region is even less settled

878
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:19,400
than the areas. 
He's worked previously. 

879
00:45:20,300 --> 00:45:23,800
The few Farms are small and 
isolated settlers here, live 

880
00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:25,400
Hard lives. 
Far from any help. 

881
00:45:26,400 --> 00:45:29,300
George surveys, several small 
tracks for families, trying to 

882
00:45:29,300 --> 00:45:32,500
formalize their land claims. 
Many of have been squatting on 

883
00:45:32,500 --> 00:45:34,000
property, they do not legally 
own. 

884
00:45:34,900 --> 00:45:38,200
A proper survey indeed, give 
them security and peace of mind.

885
00:45:38,200 --> 00:45:41,700
One farmer, cannot afford, the 
standard, surveying fee, he 

886
00:45:41,700 --> 00:45:45,300
offers to pay in vegetables and 
smoke to meet in Stead George. 

887
00:45:45,300 --> 00:45:49,000
Accepts the Practical value is 
roughly equivalent and the 

888
00:45:49,000 --> 00:45:51,400
family, clearly needs the survey
more than he needs. 

889
00:45:51,400 --> 00:45:54,500
Cash, this kind of flexibility 
earned him Goodwill. 

890
00:45:55,400 --> 00:45:58,000
Words spreads that the young 
surveyor is fair and reasonable 

891
00:45:58,000 --> 00:46:00,600
more work comes his way as a 
result. 

892
00:46:00,600 --> 00:46:03,600
George learns. 
That reputation is currently on 

893
00:46:03,600 --> 00:46:05,900
the frontier, August brings 
intense heat. 

894
00:46:05,900 --> 00:46:11,000
The Sun beats down relentlessly.
George Works through it causing 

895
00:46:11,000 --> 00:46:14,900
frequently to drink from streams
and Creeks staying hydrated is 

896
00:46:14,900 --> 00:46:17,500
essential. 
Several times he has seen men 

897
00:46:17,500 --> 00:46:21,200
fall ill from ignoring this 
simple necessity, he surveys 

898
00:46:21,200 --> 00:46:24,800
attract near a natural spring. 
One afternoon, the water is cold

899
00:46:24,800 --> 00:46:26,700
and sweet. 
George drinks. 

900
00:46:26,700 --> 00:46:30,200
Deeply and refills his canteen. 
He marks the Springs location 

901
00:46:30,200 --> 00:46:34,000
carefully in his notes water 
sources, increased land, value 

902
00:46:34,000 --> 00:46:38,000
significantly, A thunderstorm 
catches him in Open Country, one

903
00:46:38,000 --> 00:46:42,000
evening, the sky darkens, with 
the alarming speed wins. 

904
00:46:42,000 --> 00:46:46,000
The trees, nearly horizontal 
rainfalls in blinding, sheets. 

905
00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:49,000
George seeks shelter. 
In a thick groove of Pine's. 

906
00:46:49,000 --> 00:46:52,400
The trees offer some protection,
but he is still soaked within 

907
00:46:52,400 --> 00:46:54,700
minutes. 
Like lightning strikes nearby 

908
00:46:54,700 --> 00:46:57,700
with deafening cracks. 
The storms violence is 

909
00:46:57,700 --> 00:47:01,900
terrifying and magnificent. 
He crouches Under The Pines 

910
00:47:01,900 --> 00:47:05,200
waiting for the fury to pass, 
The storm reminds him that 

911
00:47:05,200 --> 00:47:09,000
nature holds ultimate power all 
human plans and projects are 

912
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:10,600
subject to forces beyond 
control. 

913
00:47:10,600 --> 00:47:14,400
Humility is not optional. 
It is simply realistic. 

914
00:47:15,900 --> 00:47:19,500
The storm moves on after an 
hour, George emerges wet and 

915
00:47:19,500 --> 00:47:22,900
chill despite the summer heat, 
he builds a fire and dries his 

916
00:47:22,900 --> 00:47:25,400
clothes. 
The delay cost him half a day of

917
00:47:25,400 --> 00:47:27,100
work, but there is no fighting 
weather. 

918
00:47:27,800 --> 00:47:30,400
He completes his surveying by 
late August, and returned to 

919
00:47:30,400 --> 00:47:33,000
Ferry Farm. 
His mother receives him with her

920
00:47:33,000 --> 00:47:35,400
usual restraint George is used 
to this. 

921
00:47:35,400 --> 00:47:38,300
Now, he does not expect warmth 
from her and therefore is not 

922
00:47:38,308 --> 00:47:41,700
disappointed by its absence. 
He has earned substantial money 

923
00:47:41,700 --> 00:47:43,700
this season. 
George carefully. 

924
00:47:43,700 --> 00:47:47,100
Divides it into portions some 
for his mother to help with very

925
00:47:47,100 --> 00:47:50,800
Farm expenses, some for savings,
some for purchasing better, 

926
00:47:50,800 --> 00:47:54,100
surveying equipment, this 
disciplined approach to Money 

927
00:47:54,100 --> 00:47:56,000
Management becomes his lifelong 
habit. 

928
00:47:56,600 --> 00:47:58,600
Georges, never careless with 
finances. 

929
00:47:58,600 --> 00:48:02,500
Every Shilling is accounted for 
and put to purposeful use, he 

930
00:48:02,500 --> 00:48:05,300
spends the ultimate Ferry Farm, 
but his mind is already planning

931
00:48:05,300 --> 00:48:08,200
next spring surveying The 
Frontiers came to him, 

932
00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:11,200
completely, he belongs then now 
more than he belongs, anywhere 

933
00:48:11,200 --> 00:48:15,600
else in 1751, George 
Washington's life, takes an 

934
00:48:15,600 --> 00:48:19,200
unexpected, turn his beloved 
half-brother Lawrence as Fallen 

935
00:48:19,200 --> 00:48:22,800
seriously ill with tuberculosis,
the disease is consuming him 

936
00:48:22,800 --> 00:48:26,500
slowly and terribly. 
Lawrence decides to travel to 

937
00:48:26,500 --> 00:48:29,800
Barbados, in the Caribbean, the 
warm climate might help his 

938
00:48:29,800 --> 00:48:32,500
condition. 
Doctors suggest he asked George 

939
00:48:32,500 --> 00:48:36,000
to accompany him on the voyage 
Georgia's immediately despite 

940
00:48:36,000 --> 00:48:37,600
his own reservations about sea 
travel. 

941
00:48:37,600 --> 00:48:40,100
They board a ship in September 
and Sales. 

942
00:48:40,100 --> 00:48:43,800
South this is George's. 
First ocean Voyage, the endless 

943
00:48:43,800 --> 00:48:46,600
water makes him uneasy. 
There is no land to measure. 

944
00:48:46,600 --> 00:48:50,800
No Boundaries to establish the 
sea represents chaos, to his 

945
00:48:50,800 --> 00:48:51,400
orderly. 
Mine. 

946
00:48:52,400 --> 00:48:55,800
The Voyage takes several weeks, 
George suffers seasickness for 

947
00:48:55,808 --> 00:48:58,700
the first few days. 
He lies in his cramped cabin 

948
00:48:58,700 --> 00:49:02,400
miserable and humiliated 
gradually as body adjusts to the

949
00:49:02,400 --> 00:49:04,300
ship's motion by the second 
week. 

950
00:49:04,300 --> 00:49:07,900
He can eat normally again, he 
spent hours on Deck watching the

951
00:49:07,900 --> 00:49:10,000
ocean. 
The water changes color 

952
00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:12,300
constantly. 
Sometimes it is green. 

953
00:49:12,300 --> 00:49:17,200
Sometimes blue sometimes Gray. 
Waves rise and fall in patterns 

954
00:49:17,200 --> 00:49:19,500
that seem random but must follow
some natural law. 

955
00:49:19,500 --> 00:49:22,500
They reach. 
Barbados in November, the island

956
00:49:22,500 --> 00:49:25,800
is hot and humid thick with 
unfamiliar vegetation. 

957
00:49:26,600 --> 00:49:28,200
George finds the climate 
oppressive. 

958
00:49:28,200 --> 00:49:31,700
He sweats constantly despite 
wearing the lightest clothing. 

959
00:49:31,700 --> 00:49:34,900
He owns. 
Lawrence settles into a house to

960
00:49:34,900 --> 00:49:37,500
rest and recover. 
George explores, the island, 

961
00:49:37,500 --> 00:49:40,800
observing the sugar plantations,
and the terrible system of 

962
00:49:40,800 --> 00:49:43,800
slavery that powers them. 
He sees things that trouble him 

963
00:49:43,800 --> 00:49:45,800
deeply but does not yet know how
to think about. 

964
00:49:47,000 --> 00:49:50,800
In December George contracts, 
smallpox the disease, strikes, 

965
00:49:50,800 --> 00:49:55,000
him hard, he lies, fevered and 
Delirious for days his face 

966
00:49:55,000 --> 00:49:57,300
erupts and postures that will 
leave permanent scars. 

967
00:49:57,300 --> 00:50:00,800
He comes close to dying in this 
foreign place, but he survives 

968
00:50:00,800 --> 00:50:03,200
his recovery is slow, but 
complete. 

969
00:50:04,000 --> 00:50:07,000
Scarring is unfortunate but 
could have been worse or 

970
00:50:07,000 --> 00:50:08,900
importantly. 
He is now immune to smallpox 

971
00:50:08,900 --> 00:50:12,500
this immunity will serve him. 
Well in future years when the 

972
00:50:12,500 --> 00:50:16,700
disease ravages armies and towns
Lawrence's conditioned does not 

973
00:50:16,700 --> 00:50:18,300
improve despite the warm 
weather. 

974
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,900
They decide to return to 
Virginia in early 1752. 

975
00:50:21,900 --> 00:50:25,900
The Voyage back is rougher than 
the outbound Journey winter 

976
00:50:25,900 --> 00:50:27,600
storms. 
Make the ocean treacherous 

977
00:50:27,600 --> 00:50:30,900
George's profoundly relieved. 
When they finally cite, the 

978
00:50:30,900 --> 00:50:33,900
Virginia Coast. 
He has learned that he is not a 

979
00:50:33,900 --> 00:50:36,100
sailor. 
The land is where he belongs. 

980
00:50:36,100 --> 00:50:39,500
Solid Ground beneath his feet 
and work, that makes sense. 

981
00:50:40,900 --> 00:50:45,600
Lawrence dies in July of 1752. 
George, Lucas the person he had 

982
00:50:45,608 --> 00:50:48,600
married most in the world. 
The grief is sharp and deep. 

983
00:50:48,600 --> 00:50:52,500
He has already lost his father. 
Now, his mentor and guide is 

984
00:50:52,500 --> 00:50:55,800
gone too. 
Laurence leaves Mount Vernon to 

985
00:50:55,800 --> 00:50:59,200
his widow, an with the provision
that George will inherit it if 

986
00:50:59,200 --> 00:51:00,800
Henry marries or dies without 
children. 

987
00:51:01,700 --> 00:51:04,200
This eventuality seems distant 
George. 

988
00:51:04,200 --> 00:51:07,300
Does not think much about it. 
What he does think about is 

989
00:51:07,300 --> 00:51:10,900
Lawrence's position as adjutant 
of the Virginia militia, the 

990
00:51:10,900 --> 00:51:12,900
role carried a salary in 
military rank. 

991
00:51:13,700 --> 00:51:16,000
George sees an opportunity to 
follow in his brother's 

992
00:51:16,000 --> 00:51:19,200
footsteps, he applies for an 
adjutant position with the 

993
00:51:19,200 --> 00:51:22,200
Virginia militia. 
He is only 20 years old and has 

994
00:51:22,200 --> 00:51:25,700
no military experience, but his 
family connections help. 

995
00:51:26,500 --> 00:51:30,100
In December 1752. 
He is appointed adjutant for the

996
00:51:30,100 --> 00:51:32,100
southern district with the rank 
of major. 

997
00:51:32,100 --> 00:51:36,900
George Washington is now major 
Washington The title feels 

998
00:51:36,900 --> 00:51:40,400
strange at first, he has done 
nothing to earn a military rank.

999
00:51:40,400 --> 00:51:44,000
It is a political appointment, 
not a battlefield promotion. 

1000
00:51:44,800 --> 00:51:48,100
Still, he takes the 
responsibility, seriously, he 

1001
00:51:48,100 --> 00:51:50,400
studies military manuals and 
drill procedures. 

1002
00:51:50,400 --> 00:51:53,800
If he is going to hold this 
position, he will learn how to 

1003
00:51:53,800 --> 00:51:57,000
do it properly. 
The adjacent role involves 

1004
00:51:57,000 --> 00:52:00,500
training, and organizing militia
units in his district, George 

1005
00:52:00,500 --> 00:52:03,500
travels, to various counties, 
inspecting, local, militias and 

1006
00:52:03,500 --> 00:52:06,700
teaching basic drill. 
The militia Manor, farmers and 

1007
00:52:06,700 --> 00:52:08,800
Tradesmen, who gather 
occasionally for practice? 

1008
00:52:08,800 --> 00:52:11,300
Most of never fired a gun in 
Anger. 

1009
00:52:11,300 --> 00:52:14,900
Therefore nations are sloppy. 
Their discipline is non-existent

1010
00:52:15,800 --> 00:52:17,900
George Works patiently to 
improve their Readiness. 

1011
00:52:17,900 --> 00:52:20,900
He discovers, he has a talent 
for organization and 

1012
00:52:20,900 --> 00:52:23,900
administration. 
Creating order from chaos 

1013
00:52:23,900 --> 00:52:27,200
satisfies something in his 
nature, the militia work 

1014
00:52:27,200 --> 00:52:30,000
combines his surveying Precision
with new challenges of 

1015
00:52:30,000 --> 00:52:32,500
leadership. 
He also learned how to handle 

1016
00:52:32,500 --> 00:52:35,500
men who are often older and more
experienced than himself. 

1017
00:52:36,500 --> 00:52:39,200
Giving orders to 40 year old 
Farmers requires tacked. 

1018
00:52:40,000 --> 00:52:42,900
George develops, a command 
presence that combines dignity 

1019
00:52:42,900 --> 00:52:46,700
with respect. 
In 1753 tensions, rise between 

1020
00:52:46,700 --> 00:52:49,500
Britain and France over control 
of the Ohio River Valley. 

1021
00:52:50,200 --> 00:52:51,700
Both Nations claimed the 
territory. 

1022
00:52:51,700 --> 00:52:54,100
Both are building Forts and 
trying to win. 

1023
00:52:54,100 --> 00:52:58,400
Native alliances War seems 
increasingly likely Virginia's 

1024
00:52:58,400 --> 00:53:01,100
Governor Robert Dinwiddie needs 
someone to deliver a message to 

1025
00:53:01,100 --> 00:53:02,900
the French Commander at Fort 
Lauder birth. 

1026
00:53:03,400 --> 00:53:05,900
The journey will take the 
messenger deep into Wilderness 

1027
00:53:05,900 --> 00:53:10,300
territory claimed by France. 
It is dangerous work, George, 

1028
00:53:10,300 --> 00:53:13,600
volunteers immediately. 
His 21 years old and hungry for 

1029
00:53:13,600 --> 00:53:17,000
significant responsibility. 
This Mission could establish his

1030
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:20,000
reputation Beyond The Limited 
circle of Virginia Gentry 

1031
00:53:20,900 --> 00:53:24,200
Dinwiddie accepts, his offer, 
major Washington, will carry the

1032
00:53:24,200 --> 00:53:27,100
governor's letter to the French 
demanding, they leave the Ohio 

1033
00:53:27,100 --> 00:53:30,100
Valley, you will also gather 
intelligence about French 

1034
00:53:30,100 --> 00:53:31,700
military strength and 
intentions. 

1035
00:53:31,700 --> 00:53:35,300
George prepares carefully for 
the Expedition, he hires a 

1036
00:53:35,300 --> 00:53:37,000
frontier guide named Christopher
gist. 

1037
00:53:37,000 --> 00:53:40,100
Who knows the territory. 
He assembles a small party of 

1038
00:53:40,100 --> 00:53:42,800
men, including a translator who 
speaks French and Native 

1039
00:53:42,800 --> 00:53:45,500
languages. 
They depart William's Berg in 

1040
00:53:45,500 --> 00:53:49,600
late, October 1753 The journey 
North takes them through 

1041
00:53:49,600 --> 00:53:53,000
increasingly Wild Country. 
George keeps detailed notes of 

1042
00:53:53,008 --> 00:53:56,200
everything he observes 
distances, terrain features. 

1043
00:53:56,200 --> 00:53:59,700
River Crossings native Villages 
they travel on Horseback when 

1044
00:53:59,700 --> 00:54:02,700
possible and on foot were 
necessary, the weather turns 

1045
00:54:02,700 --> 00:54:05,600
cold and wet. 
Georges clothes are constantly 

1046
00:54:05,600 --> 00:54:07,700
down. 
His boots were through and must 

1047
00:54:07,700 --> 00:54:11,500
be repaired multiple times. 
They reach the forks of the Ohio

1048
00:54:11,500 --> 00:54:15,000
river in late November this 
strategic location is where the 

1049
00:54:15,000 --> 00:54:17,800
alleghanian malonga heeler. 
Rivers joined to form the Ohio, 

1050
00:54:18,600 --> 00:54:21,500
George immediately recognizes 
its military and important. 

1051
00:54:21,500 --> 00:54:24,600
He notes in his journal that 
this would be an excellent 

1052
00:54:24,600 --> 00:54:27,600
location for a fort. 
A position commands, the river 

1053
00:54:27,600 --> 00:54:29,600
traffic, and controls access to 
the region. 

1054
00:54:29,600 --> 00:54:33,200
Whoever holds this ground holds 
the key to the entire Ohio 

1055
00:54:33,200 --> 00:54:36,600
Valley. 
They continued North to Fort. 

1056
00:54:36,600 --> 00:54:38,400
Lauder birth reaching it in 
early December. 

1057
00:54:39,300 --> 00:54:42,100
The French forties well-built 
and garrisoned by professional 

1058
00:54:42,100 --> 00:54:45,300
soldiers, George observes, 
everything care for Lee, while 

1059
00:54:45,300 --> 00:54:48,300
maintaining diplomatic courtesy,
he delivers Governor 

1060
00:54:48,300 --> 00:54:49,900
dinwiddie's, letters to the 
French Commander. 

1061
00:54:51,000 --> 00:54:54,100
The French officer receives him 
politely but his responses firm.

1062
00:54:54,100 --> 00:54:57,300
France will not abandon. 
Its claim to the Ohio Valley. 

1063
00:54:58,900 --> 00:55:02,100
The letter is a formality, both 
sides know what it means. 

1064
00:55:03,800 --> 00:55:05,800
George spends. 
Several days at the Ford 

1065
00:55:05,800 --> 00:55:08,900
Gathering intelligence while 
appearing to Simply wait for the

1066
00:55:08,900 --> 00:55:11,200
formal reply. 
He counts soldiers. 

1067
00:55:11,200 --> 00:55:14,800
Examined fortifications note, 
Supply conditions, everything 

1068
00:55:14,800 --> 00:55:17,600
goes into his mental records. 
The return journey. 

1069
00:55:17,600 --> 00:55:20,700
Is harder than the trip. 
North winter has arrived in full

1070
00:55:20,700 --> 00:55:24,300
force snow covers. 
The ground streams are frozen or

1071
00:55:24,300 --> 00:55:28,100
dangerously cold George, and his
party pushed through brutal 

1072
00:55:28,100 --> 00:55:30,500
conditions. 
They nearly died several times 

1073
00:55:30,500 --> 00:55:34,000
once they almost drowned 
Crossing an icy River, another 

1074
00:55:34,000 --> 00:55:37,100
time they get lost in a 
snowstorm George's Frontier 

1075
00:55:37,100 --> 00:55:38,900
skills. 
Learned through years of 

1076
00:55:38,900 --> 00:55:42,700
surveying, keep them alive. 
He reaches Williamsburg in 

1077
00:55:42,700 --> 00:55:46,900
January 1754 and delivers his 
report to Governor Dinwiddie the

1078
00:55:46,900 --> 00:55:49,700
news as clearance intends to 
hold the Ohio Valley. 

1079
00:55:49,700 --> 00:55:52,500
If Britain wants the territory 
war is inevitable. 

1080
00:55:52,500 --> 00:55:55,700
Dinwiddie is impressed by 
Georges thorough report and 

1081
00:55:55,700 --> 00:55:58,300
professional conduct. 
The young major has proven 

1082
00:55:58,300 --> 00:56:00,000
himself capable of difficult 
missions. 

1083
00:56:00,000 --> 00:56:03,800
This will not be his last 
important assignment, George up 

1084
00:56:03,800 --> 00:56:06,600
his journal and observation, the
account is published as a 

1085
00:56:06,608 --> 00:56:09,800
pamphlet, Suddenly his name is 
known Beyond Virginia. 

1086
00:56:09,800 --> 00:56:12,100
People. 
Speak of the young major who 

1087
00:56:12,100 --> 00:56:14,200
braved winter Wilderness to 
confront the French. 

1088
00:56:15,000 --> 00:56:17,700
At 21, George Washington has 
achieved. 

1089
00:56:17,700 --> 00:56:20,800
Something significant. 
He has proven himself in ways, 

1090
00:56:20,800 --> 00:56:23,900
that matter, the frontier 
surveyor has become a military 

1091
00:56:23,900 --> 00:56:25,300
officer with a growing 
reputation. 

1092
00:56:25,300 --> 00:56:29,100
He does not yet know that this 
Ohio Valley mission is just the 

1093
00:56:29,100 --> 00:56:32,100
beginning greater challenges and
harder tests to wait. 

1094
00:56:32,900 --> 00:56:36,800
But for now in early 1754, he 
allows himself to feel 

1095
00:56:36,800 --> 00:56:38,800
satisfaction with what he has 
accomplished. 

1096
00:56:39,900 --> 00:56:43,600
The winter of 1754 finds George 
Washington back in the familiar.

1097
00:56:43,600 --> 00:56:46,800
Landscape of Virginia. 
He has tasted military service 

1098
00:56:46,800 --> 00:56:48,700
and found it more compelling 
than he expected. 

1099
00:56:48,700 --> 00:56:52,400
The Ohio Valley Mission awakened
something in him, that surveying

1100
00:56:52,400 --> 00:56:55,800
alone could not satisfy. 
Governor Dinwiddie promotes him 

1101
00:56:55,800 --> 00:56:57,600
to Lieutenant Colonel and gives 
him. 

1102
00:56:57,600 --> 00:57:00,400
Command of a regiment being 
raced to secure the Ohio Valley,

1103
00:57:00,400 --> 00:57:04,600
Georgia, accepts eagerly despite
his limited Military experience.

1104
00:57:04,600 --> 00:57:08,100
This is the opportunity he has 
been preparing for without quite

1105
00:57:08,100 --> 00:57:10,900
knowing it. 
He spends weeks recruiting and 

1106
00:57:10,900 --> 00:57:13,900
organizing his regiment. 
The work is frustrating. 

1107
00:57:13,900 --> 00:57:17,100
Soldiers are hard to find and 
harder to equip properly. 

1108
00:57:17,100 --> 00:57:20,800
Virginia provides inadequate 
funding for weapons uniforms and

1109
00:57:20,808 --> 00:57:24,000
supplies, George learns. 
That leadership often means 

1110
00:57:24,000 --> 00:57:26,100
solving problems without 
sufficient resources. 

1111
00:57:26,100 --> 00:57:28,600
He uses his own money to 
purchase equipment. 

1112
00:57:28,600 --> 00:57:32,200
When official funds are on short
This sets a pattern, he will 

1113
00:57:32,200 --> 00:57:33,700
follow throughout his military 
career. 

1114
00:57:34,600 --> 00:57:37,708
In April, he leads his regiment 
West, toward the forks of the 

1115
00:57:37,716 --> 00:57:40,500
Ohio, they move slowly through 
rough country. 

1116
00:57:40,500 --> 00:57:43,900
His men are mostly young and 
inexperienced many of never 

1117
00:57:43,900 --> 00:57:46,100
slept Outdoors or marched more 
than a few miles. 

1118
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:49,600
Georgia applies, the lessons he 
learned during his surveying 

1119
00:57:49,600 --> 00:57:53,500
years, steady progress matters 
more than speed taking care of 

1120
00:57:53,500 --> 00:57:55,700
your men and Equipment prevents 
problems later. 

1121
00:57:55,700 --> 00:57:59,400
Patience is a form of strength, 
they receive word that the 

1122
00:57:59,400 --> 00:58:01,400
French of built a fort at the 
forks of the Ohio. 

1123
00:58:02,600 --> 00:58:06,000
Position George identified as 
strategically crucial is now in 

1124
00:58:06,000 --> 00:58:08,900
enemy hands. 
Fort Duquesne commands, the 

1125
00:58:08,900 --> 00:58:11,500
River Junction and blocks 
British access to the Ohio 

1126
00:58:11,500 --> 00:58:13,600
Valley. 
George pushes forward. 

1127
00:58:13,600 --> 00:58:17,400
Anyway, his orders are to secure
the region, you will find a way 

1128
00:58:17,400 --> 00:58:20,900
to accomplish the mission. 
Even if conditions of changed in

1129
00:58:20,900 --> 00:58:23,300
late, may he receives 
intelligence that a French 

1130
00:58:23,300 --> 00:58:26,800
Patrol is camp nearby. 
George decides to confront them.

1131
00:58:26,800 --> 00:58:30,600
He leads 40 men through the 
forest in darkness moving as 

1132
00:58:30,600 --> 00:58:33,100
quietly as possible. 
They attack at dawn. 

1133
00:58:34,400 --> 00:58:38,200
The fight is brief and chaotic 
muskets, fire at close range. 

1134
00:58:38,200 --> 00:58:41,700
Men, shout and struggle in the 
Smoke within minutes. 

1135
00:58:41,700 --> 00:58:44,500
The French Commander is dead and
most of his men are captured. 

1136
00:58:44,500 --> 00:58:47,100
This is George's first combat 
experienced. 

1137
00:58:47,100 --> 00:58:49,700
The violence is shocking and 
immediate. 

1138
00:58:49,700 --> 00:58:52,000
He sees men killed within Arm's 
Reach. 

1139
00:58:52,000 --> 00:58:55,000
The reality of warfare is 
nothing like the military 

1140
00:58:55,000 --> 00:58:58,000
manuals here, studied the 
Skirmish has political 

1141
00:58:58,000 --> 00:59:00,300
consequences far beyond its 
small scale. 

1142
00:59:01,000 --> 00:59:03,800
The dead French commanders 
papers reveal, he was on a 

1143
00:59:03,800 --> 00:59:06,900
diplomatic mission. 
George's killed an ambassador 

1144
00:59:06,900 --> 00:59:09,900
during peace time, the incident 
helps spark what will become a 

1145
00:59:09,900 --> 00:59:12,300
world war? 
George does not yet understand 

1146
00:59:12,300 --> 00:59:13,900
the magnitude of what he has 
done. 

1147
00:59:13,900 --> 00:59:16,900
He reports the action as a 
successful engagement against 

1148
00:59:16,900 --> 00:59:19,300
enemy forces. 
He is proud of his men's 

1149
00:59:19,300 --> 00:59:21,300
performance and his own 
leadership Under Fire. 

1150
00:59:22,300 --> 00:59:26,300
But the situation grows Dyer 
quickly, French forces from Fort

1151
00:59:26,300 --> 00:59:29,700
Duquesne march to confront him, 
they outnumber his regiments 

1152
00:59:29,700 --> 00:59:32,200
significantly. 
George realizes. 

1153
00:59:32,200 --> 00:59:33,600
He cannot hold his current 
position. 

1154
00:59:33,600 --> 00:59:37,100
He retreats to a clearing called
Great Meadows, and orders, his 

1155
00:59:37,108 --> 00:59:40,800
men to build fortifications. 
They construct a rough Palisade 

1156
00:59:40,800 --> 00:59:43,700
and name it. 
Fort Necessity, the name proves 

1157
00:59:43,700 --> 00:59:48,700
grimly appropriate, The French 
attack on July 3rd rain, paused 

1158
00:59:48,700 --> 00:59:51,700
down throughout the battle 
muskets, misfire in the wet 

1159
00:59:51,700 --> 00:59:54,100
conditions. 
George's men, take casualties. 

1160
00:59:54,100 --> 00:59:56,900
They cannot afford. 
The situation is hopeless, from 

1161
00:59:56,900 --> 01:00:00,100
the start. 
By evening, George accepts, the 

1162
01:00:00,108 --> 01:00:02,100
inevitable and negotiate 
surrender terms. 

1163
01:00:02,700 --> 01:00:05,400
The French allow him and his men
to March out with honors and 

1164
01:00:05,408 --> 01:00:09,000
returned to Virginia. 
But the defeat is undeniable and

1165
01:00:09,000 --> 01:00:12,300
humiliating George arrives. 
Back in Williamsburg, in Late 

1166
01:00:12,300 --> 01:00:15,300
July, he expects disgrace and 
dismissal. 

1167
01:00:15,300 --> 01:00:19,200
Instead, he finds that many 
Virginians, see him as a hero 

1168
01:00:19,200 --> 01:00:21,600
who fought bravely against 
Superior forces. 

1169
01:00:21,600 --> 01:00:25,900
His reputation survives, the 
defeat George knows the truth. 

1170
01:00:25,900 --> 01:00:29,400
He made mistakes at Fort 
Necessity, his position was 

1171
01:00:29,400 --> 01:00:31,800
poorly. 
Chosen, his supplies were 

1172
01:00:31,800 --> 01:00:33,900
inadequate, his intelligence was
faulty. 

1173
01:00:33,900 --> 01:00:36,400
He learned hard lessons through 
failure. 

1174
01:00:36,400 --> 01:00:39,400
These experiences shape his 
approach to leadership. 

1175
01:00:39,400 --> 01:00:42,000
Fundamentally become more 
cautious. 

1176
01:00:42,000 --> 01:00:45,800
More thorough in planning, more 
attentive to Logistics and 

1177
01:00:45,800 --> 01:00:49,700
preparation. 
Defeat is a harsh teacher, but 

1178
01:00:49,700 --> 01:00:52,600
an effective one. 
He resigned his Commission, in 

1179
01:00:52,600 --> 01:00:55,100
October, after disputes with the
Virginia government over 

1180
01:00:55,100 --> 01:00:58,600
military regulations, George has
strong opinions about how 

1181
01:00:58,600 --> 01:01:00,500
soldiers should be treated and 
organized. 

1182
01:01:01,200 --> 01:01:04,200
When authorities refused to meet
his standards, he walks away. 

1183
01:01:05,000 --> 01:01:07,900
This decision reveals something 
essential about his character. 

1184
01:01:07,900 --> 01:01:10,800
He will not serve under 
conditions, he considers 

1185
01:01:10,800 --> 01:01:14,300
inadequate or dishonorable. 
His dignity is not negotiable. 

1186
01:01:14,300 --> 01:01:16,900
Even at 22, he knows his own 
worth. 

1187
01:01:17,600 --> 01:01:21,800
He returns to Mount Vernon in 
early. 1755 Lawrence's Widow has

1188
01:01:21,808 --> 01:01:24,300
remarried and George. 
Now leases the estate from her. 

1189
01:01:25,200 --> 01:01:27,900
Property needs attention after 
years of neglect during 

1190
01:01:27,900 --> 01:01:31,100
Lawrence's illness, George 
throws himself into agricultural

1191
01:01:31,100 --> 01:01:33,800
improvement, with the same 
intense, he brought to surveying

1192
01:01:33,800 --> 01:01:37,000
and military service. 
He studies, farming techniques 

1193
01:01:37,000 --> 01:01:40,900
experiments with crops and 
managers every detail of the 

1194
01:01:40,900 --> 01:01:44,700
plantation's operational. 
Yeti cannot entirely leave 

1195
01:01:44,700 --> 01:01:49,900
military life behind in 1755 
British general Edward Braddock 

1196
01:01:49,900 --> 01:01:52,300
arrives in Virginia with plans 
to capture Fort Duquesne. 

1197
01:01:53,200 --> 01:01:55,900
George joins his staff as a 
volunteer aide to camp. 

1198
01:01:56,600 --> 01:01:59,500
The Expedition March is West 
with nearly 2000, British 

1199
01:01:59,500 --> 01:02:02,800
regulars and Colonial militia. 
George watches, professional 

1200
01:02:02,800 --> 01:02:05,100
soldiers, work and learns from 
their discipline and 

1201
01:02:05,100 --> 01:02:07,600
organization. 
He also notes their rigid 

1202
01:02:07,600 --> 01:02:10,700
adherence to European tactics 
that may not suit American 

1203
01:02:10,700 --> 01:02:13,700
conditions. 
In July Braddock's forces, 

1204
01:02:13,700 --> 01:02:17,500
ambushed near Fort Duquesne, 
French and Native forces attack 

1205
01:02:17,500 --> 01:02:20,700
from concealed positions. 
The British formations collapse 

1206
01:02:20,700 --> 01:02:23,600
and confusion officers fall one 
after another. 

1207
01:02:23,600 --> 01:02:26,600
George has two horses shot from 
under him, during the battle 

1208
01:02:26,600 --> 01:02:30,300
bullets, tear through his coat 
and hat, but somehow he emerges 

1209
01:02:30,300 --> 01:02:33,800
unscathed, He helps rally 
remnants of the force and 

1210
01:02:33,800 --> 01:02:36,800
organizer Retreat. 
General Braddock is mortally 

1211
01:02:36,800 --> 01:02:39,200
wounded. 
George assists and caring him 

1212
01:02:39,200 --> 01:02:41,800
from the field. 
The general dies, several days 

1213
01:02:41,800 --> 01:02:44,500
later. 
The defeat is even more complete

1214
01:02:44,500 --> 01:02:47,600
than Fort Necessity yet. 
George's courage Under Fire 

1215
01:02:47,600 --> 01:02:48,900
owns. 
Widespread recognition. 

1216
01:02:48,900 --> 01:02:52,800
He acted with Karma Authority 
while deaths world around him. 

1217
01:02:53,600 --> 01:02:56,500
People begin to speak of him as 
someone marked for survival and 

1218
01:02:56,500 --> 01:02:59,600
Leadership. he returned to 
Virginia with his reputation, 

1219
01:02:59,600 --> 01:03:03,500
enhanced despite another defeat 
the pattern is becoming clear. 

1220
01:03:04,300 --> 01:03:07,100
George Washington, learns more 
from failure than success. 

1221
01:03:07,100 --> 01:03:10,000
Each setback. 
Teaches him lessons, he will not

1222
01:03:10,000 --> 01:03:15,000
forget, In August, 1755, 
Virginia commander of all 

1223
01:03:15,000 --> 01:03:17,700
Colonial forces in the colony at
23. 

1224
01:03:17,700 --> 01:03:20,700
He holds significant military 
responsibility. 

1225
01:03:20,700 --> 01:03:24,000
He uses this authority to build 
a professional Force, according 

1226
01:03:24,000 --> 01:03:27,900
to his own standards, he insists
on proper training, adequate 

1227
01:03:27,900 --> 01:03:29,800
supplies, and fair treatment of 
soldiers. 

1228
01:03:29,800 --> 01:03:32,700
When politicians try to 
interfere with military 

1229
01:03:32,700 --> 01:03:35,800
operations. 
He pushes back firmly, he is 

1230
01:03:35,800 --> 01:03:38,700
learning to navigate the 
complicated relationship between

1231
01:03:38,700 --> 01:03:43,000
civilian and Military Authority.
These years of frontier military

1232
01:03:43,000 --> 01:03:45,200
service complete his education 
in leadership. 

1233
01:03:45,200 --> 01:03:48,800
He discovers his own capacity 
for endurance under extreme 

1234
01:03:48,800 --> 01:03:51,700
conditions. 
He learns to command men older 

1235
01:03:51,700 --> 01:03:55,100
and more experienced than 
himself, he developed strategic,

1236
01:03:55,100 --> 01:03:58,500
thinking through hard 
experience, the surveying taught

1237
01:03:58,500 --> 01:04:01,500
him patience and precision. 
The Wilderness taught himself, 

1238
01:04:01,500 --> 01:04:05,200
Reliance and observation, the 
military taught him organization

1239
01:04:05,200 --> 01:04:08,900
and command all these lessons 
combined to create the leader. 

1240
01:04:08,900 --> 01:04:13,900
He has becoming By 1758, George 
participate in another 

1241
01:04:13,900 --> 01:04:16,900
Expedition against Fort Decay, 
and this time, the French 

1242
01:04:16,900 --> 01:04:19,100
abandoned the fort before the 
British arrived. 

1243
01:04:19,800 --> 01:04:21,800
George enters, the smoking, 
ruins of the position. 

1244
01:04:21,800 --> 01:04:25,600
He first identified as crucial. 
For years earlier standing in 

1245
01:04:25,600 --> 01:04:27,700
those ruins. 
He reflects on everything that 

1246
01:04:27,700 --> 01:04:30,200
has happened since his first 
journey to the Ohio Valley. 

1247
01:04:31,000 --> 01:04:35,500
He has seen combat tasted defeat
learned leadership and emerge 

1248
01:04:35,500 --> 01:04:40,200
stronger from every challenge. 
He is 26 years old, the boy who 

1249
01:04:40,200 --> 01:04:41,600
played in Virginia, clay as 
gone. 

1250
01:04:41,600 --> 01:04:44,900
Completely the surveyor who 
measured Western lands has 

1251
01:04:44,900 --> 01:04:46,700
evolved into something more 
complex. 

1252
01:04:47,600 --> 01:04:50,500
George Washington has become a 
leader tested by fire and 

1253
01:04:50,500 --> 01:04:53,000
failure. 
His Frontier years are ending 

1254
01:04:53,000 --> 01:04:57,000
married, Plantation management, 
and eventually Revolution await 

1255
01:04:57,000 --> 01:04:59,100
him. 
But the Wilderness has left its 

1256
01:04:59,100 --> 01:05:02,100
mark on everything. 
He will become, he learned in 

1257
01:05:02,100 --> 01:05:04,800
those forests and valleys that 
leadership requires more than 

1258
01:05:04,800 --> 01:05:07,800
Authority. 
It demands competence courage 

1259
01:05:07,800 --> 01:05:10,200
and the ability to learn from 
the stakes. 

1260
01:05:10,800 --> 01:05:13,600
Power means nothing without the 
use it properly. 

1261
01:05:14,400 --> 01:05:17,100
He learned that preparation 
matters more than inspiration, 

1262
01:05:17,100 --> 01:05:21,100
that Logistics determined 
outcomes as much as bravery that

1263
01:05:21,100 --> 01:05:24,300
understanding terrain, whether 
and human nature is essential to

1264
01:05:24,300 --> 01:05:26,900
success. 
The frontier taught him to read 

1265
01:05:26,900 --> 01:05:29,900
situations with the same care. 
He wants to use to read survey 

1266
01:05:29,900 --> 01:05:34,100
lines every decision carried 
consequences, every mistake 

1267
01:05:34,100 --> 01:05:37,200
provided lessons, the Wilderness
was an honest teacher, that 

1268
01:05:37,200 --> 01:05:40,300
rewarded competence and punished
carelessness without favoritism 

1269
01:05:40,300 --> 01:05:43,700
he learned to trust his own 
judgment while remaining open to

1270
01:05:43,700 --> 01:05:48,100
advice to lead, by example, 
rather than the command alone to

1271
01:05:48,100 --> 01:05:50,300
care for those under his 
authority as a responsibility. 

1272
01:05:50,300 --> 01:05:54,400
Not a burden. 
These principles became the 

1273
01:05:54,400 --> 01:05:58,000
foundation of his character. 
Most importantly, he learned 

1274
01:05:58,000 --> 01:06:01,100
about himself. 
He discovered his own capacity 

1275
01:06:01,100 --> 01:06:03,700
for endurance, his talent for 
organization. 

1276
01:06:03,700 --> 01:06:07,400
His ability to remain calm. 
When others panic, these 

1277
01:06:07,400 --> 01:06:10,100
discoveries will serve him well 
in the greater challenges ahead.

1278
01:06:11,000 --> 01:06:13,800
The Shenandoah Valley and the 
Ohio Frontier shaped George 

1279
01:06:13,800 --> 01:06:16,200
Washington. 
As surely as any teacher or 

1280
01:06:16,200 --> 01:06:19,400
book, The Wilderness demanded. 
He becomes someone worthy of its

1281
01:06:19,400 --> 01:06:22,300
challenges. 
He met that demand in emerge 

1282
01:06:22,300 --> 01:06:26,200
transformed. 
Now, as you imagine this young 

1283
01:06:26,200 --> 01:06:29,500
man standing in the ruins of 
Fort Duquesne, the winter sun, 

1284
01:06:29,500 --> 01:06:31,200
setting behind the Western 
mountains. 

1285
01:06:31,200 --> 01:06:35,000
You can see the foundation of 
everything, he will become the 

1286
01:06:35,000 --> 01:06:38,400
president, the general, the 
leader of a revolution but in 

1287
01:06:38,400 --> 01:06:42,600
1758, he is simply a Virginia 
officer who has learned his 

1288
01:06:42,600 --> 01:06:44,500
trade in the hardest School 
imaginable. 

1289
01:06:44,500 --> 01:06:47,400
The frontier has given him 
gifts, he will use for the rest 

1290
01:06:47,400 --> 01:06:51,900
of his life, patience, Precision
endurance and the deep 

1291
01:06:51,900 --> 01:06:54,000
understanding that truly 
leadership is earned through 

1292
01:06:54,000 --> 01:06:58,500
service and sacrifice. 
Story of young, George 

1293
01:06:58,500 --> 01:07:01,200
Washington ends here in this 
moment of quiet reflection. 

1294
01:07:02,700 --> 01:07:04,500
The boy from Ferry Farm is 
traveled far. 

1295
01:07:04,500 --> 01:07:06,900
The surveyor has measured more 
than land. 

1296
01:07:06,900 --> 01:07:09,300
The militia offers has learned 
lessons. 

1297
01:07:09,300 --> 01:07:12,900
No manual could teach he will 
return to Virginia and civilian 

1298
01:07:12,900 --> 01:07:15,100
life. 
He will marry farm and serve his

1299
01:07:15,100 --> 01:07:17,400
community. 
But the Wilderness will always 

1300
01:07:17,400 --> 01:07:20,100
be part of him. 
It shaped his character as 

1301
01:07:20,100 --> 01:07:23,600
surely as a river shaped Stone 
and when his country calls 

1302
01:07:23,600 --> 01:07:26,800
again, when Revolution demands 
leaders, who can endure 

1303
01:07:26,800 --> 01:07:30,800
impossible odds and Inspire 
others, through example, George 

1304
01:07:30,800 --> 01:07:33,900
Washington will be ready, the 
frontier prepared him for 

1305
01:07:33,900 --> 01:07:37,600
everything that follows sleep. 
Well, knowing that even the 

1306
01:07:37,600 --> 01:07:40,200
greatest leaders begin as 
uncertain young people learning 

1307
01:07:40,200 --> 01:07:43,300
their way. 
George Washington was once a boy

1308
01:07:43,300 --> 01:07:46,900
who measured land and studied 
Stars, he became what he needed 

1309
01:07:46,900 --> 01:07:50,100
to become through patience 
persistence and the willingness 

1310
01:07:50,100 --> 01:07:52,500
to learn from both success and 
failure. 

1311
01:07:53,300 --> 01:07:55,000
The Virginia Hills are quiet 
tonight. 

1312
01:07:55,000 --> 01:07:57,900
The Shenandoah Valley, rests in 
darkness. 

1313
01:07:58,700 --> 01:08:01,200
Somewhere a young surveyor 
sleeps under the stars dreaming 

1314
01:08:01,200 --> 01:08:04,600
of distances yet to be measured 
and challenges yet to be faced 

1315
01:08:04,600 --> 01:08:09,000
tomorrow will bring new work new
lessons, New Growth, but tonight

1316
01:08:09,000 --> 01:08:12,500
rest is enough. 
The journey continues, but sleep

1317
01:08:12,500 --> 01:08:14,500
claims even the most determined 
Travelers. 

1318
01:08:14,500 --> 01:08:17,500
Close your eyes and let the 
story settle into your thoughts 

1319
01:08:17,500 --> 01:08:19,200
like snow covering familiar 
ground. 

1320
01:08:20,200 --> 01:08:22,000
George Washington's. 
Early years are complete. 

1321
01:08:22,000 --> 01:08:25,100
What he built from those 
experiences will echo through 

1322
01:08:25,100 --> 01:08:29,700
centuries, but for now simply 
rest, the frontier is peaceful. 

1323
01:08:29,700 --> 01:08:33,399
The stars are bright tomorrow 
awaits, but tonight belongs to 

1324
01:08:33,399 --> 01:08:41,600
sleep and quiet dreams. 
Friends. 

1325
01:08:41,600 --> 01:08:45,000
We're going back more than 400 
years to meet a young girl who 

1326
01:08:45,000 --> 01:08:47,200
would have a profound impact on 
American history. 

1327
01:08:47,200 --> 01:08:50,500
Interesting. 
Part of our story is that almost

1328
01:08:50,500 --> 01:08:54,200
everything you believe you know 
about her is likely incorrect. 

1329
01:08:55,200 --> 01:08:57,100
Of course, you've heard of 
Pocahontas. 

1330
01:08:57,100 --> 01:09:02,300
Everybody has however, her name 
wasn't really that hammer Newt 

1331
01:09:02,300 --> 01:09:05,000
which translates to little 
Mischief in her native power 

1332
01:09:05,000 --> 01:09:08,800
turn language was her true name 
and believe me when I say that 

1333
01:09:08,800 --> 01:09:10,399
she immediately lived up to that
moniker. 

1334
01:09:10,399 --> 01:09:14,000
She was born in. 
What is now Virginia in 1596? 

1335
01:09:14,000 --> 01:09:18,100
Her father was Chief wounds and 
akal but everyone called him 

1336
01:09:18,100 --> 01:09:21,399
Chief power tan because to be 
honest his real name was too 

1337
01:09:21,399 --> 01:09:24,700
long even for his own people. 
Now picture yourself as the 

1338
01:09:24,700 --> 01:09:28,100
daughter of a chief in a world 
where your father ruled over, 30

1339
01:09:28,100 --> 01:09:32,600
tribes and about 15,000 people. 
It's like being the child of the

1340
01:09:32,600 --> 01:09:36,800
president, the governor and the 
mayor combined Hammer new, 

1341
01:09:36,800 --> 01:09:39,100
however, was no ordinary spoiled
princess. 

1342
01:09:39,100 --> 01:09:40,600
Who sat around munching on 
grapes. 

1343
01:09:40,600 --> 01:09:43,800
Oh, no, she was actually getting
her hands dirty out there. 

1344
01:09:43,800 --> 01:09:47,100
The Tidy Suburban communities, 
you may imagine when you think 

1345
01:09:47,100 --> 01:09:50,600
of home when nothing, like the 
poet and world through forests, 

1346
01:09:50,600 --> 01:09:52,899
so dense that sunlight hardly 
reach the ground. 

1347
01:09:52,899 --> 01:09:55,700
He's vast Villages were 
connected by, well, traveled 

1348
01:09:55,700 --> 01:09:58,300
paths. 
Imagine a forest where you would

1349
01:09:58,300 --> 01:10:01,200
get lost, trying to find your 
car keys, but these people knew 

1350
01:10:01,200 --> 01:10:04,000
every tree stream and hiding 
places as well as you do the 

1351
01:10:04,000 --> 01:10:06,900
rooms in your home. 
How many adapted to this world 

1352
01:10:06,900 --> 01:10:09,500
like a sponge? 
She already showed signs of 

1353
01:10:09,500 --> 01:10:12,900
being what we might politely 
call spirited the type of child 

1354
01:10:12,900 --> 01:10:15,900
who would sneak out of the 
Longhouse to go exploring when 

1355
01:10:15,900 --> 01:10:18,400
she was supposed to be helping 
with dinner preparations or 

1356
01:10:18,400 --> 01:10:21,000
climb the tallest tree, just to 
see what was on the other side 

1357
01:10:21,000 --> 01:10:23,500
of the Hill. 
While other kids, her age were 

1358
01:10:23,500 --> 01:10:26,500
learning to weave baskets and 
tend crops you would find the 

1359
01:10:26,500 --> 01:10:29,100
way of life of her father's 
people to be both remarkably 

1360
01:10:29,100 --> 01:10:32,800
alien and oddly familiar. 
They had politics a lot of them.

1361
01:10:33,700 --> 01:10:36,000
A Powhatan Confederacy, 
resembled a sophisticated 

1362
01:10:36,000 --> 01:10:40,100
neighborhood association, but in
fighting over lawn care, they 

1363
01:10:40,100 --> 01:10:42,600
were settling territorial 
disputes and negotiating trade 

1364
01:10:42,600 --> 01:10:44,800
agreements. 
Chief her heart and was 

1365
01:10:44,800 --> 01:10:46,400
effectively in charge of a small
country. 

1366
01:10:46,400 --> 01:10:49,200
Complete with all the hassles 
that came with juggling, 

1367
01:10:49,200 --> 01:10:51,600
conflicting, interests, 
personalities, and the 

1368
01:10:51,600 --> 01:10:54,100
occasional neighboring tribe, 
that felt they could just walk 

1369
01:10:54,100 --> 01:10:56,200
in and take over little. 
Amen. 

1370
01:10:56,200 --> 01:10:59,000
To was in the midst of all of 
this, keeping a close eye on 

1371
01:10:59,000 --> 01:11:00,200
everything and not missing 
anything. 

1372
01:11:01,100 --> 01:11:04,000
Before she could pronounce the 
word correctly, she was studying

1373
01:11:04,000 --> 01:11:06,700
statecraft. 
You know, how some children, 

1374
01:11:06,700 --> 01:11:10,000
even when adults, believe they 
are being subtle, have an 

1375
01:11:10,000 --> 01:11:12,500
amazing ability to pick up on 
every Nuance of adult 

1376
01:11:12,500 --> 01:11:16,100
conversations. 
How many was doing just that she

1377
01:11:16,100 --> 01:11:18,800
was also learning to read the 
political Winds of a whole 

1378
01:11:18,800 --> 01:11:21,800
Confederation of tribes being 
the daughter of the chief meant 

1379
01:11:21,800 --> 01:11:23,800
that everyone expected you to do
great things. 

1380
01:11:23,800 --> 01:11:26,700
But no one knew exactly what 
those great things should 

1381
01:11:26,700 --> 01:11:29,400
entail. 
Boys had clear careers. 

1382
01:11:29,400 --> 01:11:32,900
They would either be Hunters 
Warriors or if they were 

1383
01:11:32,900 --> 01:11:36,700
fortunate and intelligent 
political leaders but girls were

1384
01:11:36,700 --> 01:11:40,600
making their own rules 
especially girls like Aman's 

1385
01:11:40,600 --> 01:11:43,600
special combination of 
intelligence curiosity and a 

1386
01:11:43,600 --> 01:11:45,300
total disregard for staying out 
of trouble. 

1387
01:11:45,300 --> 01:11:48,900
Manute was known for her ability
to charm her way out of nearly 

1388
01:11:48,900 --> 01:11:51,700
any predicament by the time she 
was 10 or 11 years old. 

1389
01:11:52,500 --> 01:11:55,600
Imagine the type of child, who, 
when Court exploring the 

1390
01:11:55,600 --> 01:11:58,400
basement during lunch, could 
persuade the principal of the 

1391
01:11:58,400 --> 01:12:02,100
school that she was in fact, 
conducting educational research.

1392
01:12:02,900 --> 01:12:05,500
That was a Manute. 
But she was interacting with 

1393
01:12:05,500 --> 01:12:08,500
tribal Elders who had been 
around long enough to recognize 

1394
01:12:08,500 --> 01:12:10,500
most ploys rather than a 
principal. 

1395
01:12:10,500 --> 01:12:14,200
What set her apart though was 
more than just her charm or 

1396
01:12:14,200 --> 01:12:16,600
intelligent. 
She was initally able to see 

1397
01:12:16,600 --> 01:12:18,600
connections that others fail to 
notice. 

1398
01:12:18,600 --> 01:12:22,100
How many could see complex 
situations and find Solutions. 

1399
01:12:22,100 --> 01:12:25,500
No one else had considered much 
like a person who can quickly 

1400
01:12:25,500 --> 01:12:28,200
identify where the odd shaped 
piece goes in, a jigsaw puzzle. 

1401
01:12:28,200 --> 01:12:31,500
Nobody could have predicted how 
crucial, this specific set of 

1402
01:12:31,508 --> 01:12:34,900
skills would become You know how
it feels to be going about your 

1403
01:12:34,900 --> 01:12:37,300
day as usual. 
Perhaps reading a book or doing 

1404
01:12:37,300 --> 01:12:40,500
some yard work and something 
totally out of the blue occurs 

1405
01:12:40,500 --> 01:12:43,400
and Alters everything. 
Perhaps you run into someone, 

1406
01:12:43,400 --> 01:12:46,700
you haven't seen in 20 years or 
the phone rings with news, that 

1407
01:12:46,700 --> 01:12:49,900
could change your life. 
That time, however, came for 

1408
01:12:49,900 --> 01:12:54,000
ammonite and her people in the 
spring of 1607 and it showed up 

1409
01:12:54,000 --> 01:12:57,000
as three ships that appeared on 
the horizon, like something from

1410
01:12:57,000 --> 01:12:59,900
a fever dream. 
Imagine waking up one morning at

1411
01:12:59,900 --> 01:13:02,400
the age of 11 to find that 
aliens have landed in your 

1412
01:13:02,400 --> 01:13:05,100
backyard. 
Not the spooky aliens from 

1413
01:13:05,100 --> 01:13:09,100
movies, but the ungainly 
obviously lost most likely 

1414
01:13:09,100 --> 01:13:12,000
harmless kind. 
That's about what happened. 

1415
01:13:12,000 --> 01:13:14,900
When 100 for English colonists 
arrived on the shores of the 

1416
01:13:14,900 --> 01:13:17,300
Chesapeake Bay. 
So they made the mosquito 

1417
01:13:17,300 --> 01:13:21,100
infested swampland and concluded
that the area would be ideal for

1418
01:13:21,100 --> 01:13:24,800
establishing a settlement. 
The power tan people, like he 

1419
01:13:24,800 --> 01:13:26,100
had a few other names for their 
new home. 

1420
01:13:26,100 --> 01:13:28,900
Most of which would not be 
suitable for bed time reading, 

1421
01:13:28,900 --> 01:13:32,100
but the English named it James 
town, after King James. 

1422
01:13:32,100 --> 01:13:36,700
The first Because let's face it,
would you really pick a swampy 

1423
01:13:36,700 --> 01:13:40,800
island with dirty water hostile 
mosquitoes and soil that 

1424
01:13:40,800 --> 01:13:43,300
appeared to have lost all life 
as a place to establish a new 

1425
01:13:43,308 --> 01:13:46,500
town. 
However there they were pale 

1426
01:13:46,500 --> 01:13:50,300
strangely dressed strangers, 
unpacking their things as if 

1427
01:13:50,300 --> 01:13:51,800
they had recently moved into the
area. 

1428
01:13:52,600 --> 01:13:55,900
Chief Powhatan was no idiot. 
Now, having been in charge of 

1429
01:13:55,900 --> 01:13:59,100
his Confederacy for decades, he 
had witnessed his fair share of 

1430
01:13:59,100 --> 01:14:02,800
strange situations 
unanticipated, guests, an 

1431
01:14:02,800 --> 01:14:04,800
individuals who were obviously 
inexperienced. 

1432
01:14:05,500 --> 01:14:08,300
His attitude toward the English 
was similar to that of a patient

1433
01:14:08,300 --> 01:14:11,400
neighbor observing someone 
attempt to put together Ikea 

1434
01:14:11,400 --> 01:14:13,900
furniture without first reading 
the instructions. 

1435
01:14:13,900 --> 01:14:17,900
Curious a little amused, but 
also wondering when they would 

1436
01:14:17,900 --> 01:14:20,500
eventually ask for assistance. 
Amen. 

1437
01:14:20,500 --> 01:14:23,000
Ute, whose 11 years old and 
inherently interested in 

1438
01:14:23,000 --> 01:14:26,200
anything novel and possibly 
thrilling found these odd 

1439
01:14:26,200 --> 01:14:29,800
newcomers to be fascinating. 
They wore more layers of clothes

1440
01:14:29,800 --> 01:14:32,100
than seemed to practically 
necessary for the Virginia 

1441
01:14:32,100 --> 01:14:35,500
weather had hair in colors. 
She had never seen and had pale 

1442
01:14:35,500 --> 01:14:39,400
skin that burned in the Sun. 
She loved puzzles, and they were

1443
01:14:39,400 --> 01:14:42,300
like walking puzzles. 
However, what was most 

1444
01:14:42,300 --> 01:14:44,700
fascinating about these? 
English colonists was not how 

1445
01:14:44,700 --> 01:14:48,000
they looked, but rather, how 
utterly unprepared they were for

1446
01:14:48,000 --> 01:14:52,100
well, everything These were 
individuals who somehow 

1447
01:14:52,100 --> 01:14:54,500
persuaded themselves that they 
could arrive in a foreign 

1448
01:14:54,500 --> 01:14:58,200
country and start discovering 
gold strewn about like spare 

1449
01:14:58,200 --> 01:15:00,200
change. 
It seems that no one had 

1450
01:15:00,200 --> 01:15:03,600
considered bringing anyone who 
truly knew how to grow food or 

1451
01:15:03,600 --> 01:15:05,900
construct House's. 
That wouldn't collapse in the 

1452
01:15:05,900 --> 01:15:09,000
first strong wind wind. 
Despite the fact that they had 

1453
01:15:09,000 --> 01:15:11,000
packed a ton of expensive 
clothing and weapons. 

1454
01:15:11,900 --> 01:15:14,700
It was similar to watching your 
city cousins, attempt camping, 

1455
01:15:14,700 --> 01:15:17,800
but instead of spending a 
weekend in the woods, they were 

1456
01:15:17,800 --> 01:15:20,100
planning to stay forever and 
they had forgotten how to 

1457
01:15:20,108 --> 01:15:23,200
survive, rather than where the 
can opener was one. 

1458
01:15:23,200 --> 01:15:26,100
Of the colonists leaders was a 
man by the name of John Smith. 

1459
01:15:26,800 --> 01:15:28,700
Historians. 
Take some of Smith's stories 

1460
01:15:28,700 --> 01:15:31,400
with a grain of salt, the size 
of a dinner roll because Smith 

1461
01:15:31,400 --> 01:15:34,800
was the type of person who would
later write extremely detailed 

1462
01:15:34,800 --> 01:15:37,700
accounts of his adventures. 
If you've ever known someone who

1463
01:15:37,700 --> 01:15:40,300
tells really great stories that 
get a little better every time 

1464
01:15:40,300 --> 01:15:42,000
they tell them, you'll 
understand why? 

1465
01:15:42,900 --> 01:15:45,900
Smith's later writing that he 
met a Manute when he was taking 

1466
01:15:45,900 --> 01:15:48,700
prisoner on one of his 
exploration trips back in 

1467
01:15:48,700 --> 01:15:51,900
England, he told a very dramatic
story about how young 

1468
01:15:51,900 --> 01:15:55,600
Pocahontas, he used her nickname
through herself across his body 

1469
01:15:55,600 --> 01:15:58,200
to save his life just as he was 
about to be executed. 

1470
01:15:59,400 --> 01:16:01,800
Well though it is a romantic 
story that has served as the 

1471
01:16:01,800 --> 01:16:03,600
basis for innumerable novels and
films. 

1472
01:16:03,600 --> 01:16:07,200
The real world was likely far 
more ordinary and fascinating, 

1473
01:16:07,200 --> 01:16:10,500
most likely Smith and 
interpreted amenities presence 

1474
01:16:10,500 --> 01:16:13,100
during a formal ceremony, which 
could have been in adoption 

1475
01:16:13,100 --> 01:16:15,600
ritual. 
Imagine assuming the bride and 

1476
01:16:15,600 --> 01:16:18,100
groomer in trouble because 
everyone appears so serious 

1477
01:16:18,100 --> 01:16:20,700
during a wedding ceremony from a
different culture without 

1478
01:16:20,700 --> 01:16:23,600
knowing what's happening. 
That was most likely Smith 

1479
01:16:23,600 --> 01:16:26,700
standing there feeling as though
he was going to die while being 

1480
01:16:26,700 --> 01:16:30,700
accepted into the community. 
How many most likely found the 

1481
01:16:30,700 --> 01:16:34,000
entire scene to be both amusing 
and fascinating at the same 

1482
01:16:34,000 --> 01:16:36,500
time? 
This adult man was obviously 

1483
01:16:36,500 --> 01:16:39,500
afraid of a ceremony That was 
supposed to be helpful to him 

1484
01:16:39,500 --> 01:16:42,600
and he was totally unaware of 
the significance of everything 

1485
01:16:42,600 --> 01:16:45,700
that was going on around him. 
She was already learning that 

1486
01:16:45,700 --> 01:16:49,600
the ability to translate not 
just words, but entire world 

1487
01:16:49,600 --> 01:16:53,500
views is sometimes the most 
crucial competency when 

1488
01:16:53,500 --> 01:16:56,100
interacting with people from 
diverse cultural backgrounds. 

1489
01:16:57,100 --> 01:16:59,700
And the most significant event 
in her early life was going to 

1490
01:16:59,700 --> 01:17:02,700
be that ability that innate 
talent for recognizing 

1491
01:17:02,700 --> 01:17:05,500
connections and creating Bridges
between other worlds. 

1492
01:17:05,500 --> 01:17:09,000
You may be wondering how an 11 
year old girl became one of the 

1493
01:17:09,000 --> 01:17:12,400
most significant diplomats in 
history as you settle into your 

1494
01:17:12,400 --> 01:17:14,100
cozy, spot for tonight's 
chapter. 

1495
01:17:14,100 --> 01:17:18,000
So grab that hot beverage and 
prepare yourself for a tale of a

1496
01:17:18,000 --> 01:17:20,700
person who learned to speak two 
languages that were not simply 

1497
01:17:20,700 --> 01:17:23,400
palate and English. 
But rather the language is of 

1498
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:26,900
two completely different World 
Views anyone who has ever been, 

1499
01:17:26,900 --> 01:17:29,500
the only person in a room who 
can understand both sides of an 

1500
01:17:29,500 --> 01:17:33,100
argument will recognize Avenue 
situation after her initial 

1501
01:17:33,100 --> 01:17:36,400
meeting with John Smith. 
You know how it feels when your 

1502
01:17:36,400 --> 01:17:39,300
friend is upset with your other 
friend and you hear both of 

1503
01:17:39,300 --> 01:17:42,400
their points of view, only to 
discover that their anger is 

1504
01:17:42,400 --> 01:17:47,200
about entirely different things.
That was our newt's life except 

1505
01:17:47,200 --> 01:17:50,700
that two civilizations survival 
was at stake, rather than a 

1506
01:17:50,700 --> 01:17:53,200
friend's drama. 
If they weren't so, desperate, 

1507
01:17:53,200 --> 01:17:55,500
the English colonists struggles 
would almost be humorous. 

1508
01:17:55,500 --> 01:17:59,100
Imagine attempting to cultivate 
a garden without ever seeing a 

1509
01:17:59,100 --> 01:18:02,000
seed Sprout or building a house 
without ever holding a hammer. 

1510
01:18:02,700 --> 01:18:05,200
Like people who arrive at a 
beach expecting to find a 

1511
01:18:05,200 --> 01:18:07,300
shopping mall. 
These individuals had traveled 

1512
01:18:07,300 --> 01:18:10,300
to Virginia, expecting to find 
cities teeming with gold. 

1513
01:18:10,300 --> 01:18:13,700
They were put in the awkward 
situation of needing assistance 

1514
01:18:13,700 --> 01:18:15,400
from the very people. 
They had thought would be 

1515
01:18:15,400 --> 01:18:18,600
impressed by their Superior 
European ways when reality set 

1516
01:18:18,600 --> 01:18:22,100
in How many started going to 
James Town on a regular basis 

1517
01:18:22,100 --> 01:18:24,500
and her presence, there was like
having a professional 

1518
01:18:24,500 --> 01:18:26,500
interpreter at a multi-lingual 
meeting. 

1519
01:18:26,500 --> 01:18:28,900
She did a lot of literal 
translation. 

1520
01:18:28,900 --> 01:18:32,800
She also translated expectations
traditions and entire ways of 

1521
01:18:32,800 --> 01:18:36,100
thinking, She could explain that
the English probably didn't mean

1522
01:18:36,100 --> 01:18:38,400
to come across as rude or 
menacing to her people. 

1523
01:18:38,400 --> 01:18:41,600
She could explain the rationale 
behind her people's actions to 

1524
01:18:41,600 --> 01:18:44,100
the English when they did 
something that scared or 

1525
01:18:44,100 --> 01:18:46,600
perplexed them. 
But she was developing into what

1526
01:18:46,600 --> 01:18:49,700
we might refer to as a cultural 
interpreter, but she was doing 

1527
01:18:49,700 --> 01:18:51,900
it naturally much. 
Like some people are born 

1528
01:18:51,908 --> 01:18:55,000
musicians or athletes. 
She understood the reasons 

1529
01:18:55,000 --> 01:18:58,800
behind each side's reactions and
more crucially how to facilitate

1530
01:18:58,800 --> 01:19:02,000
Mutual understanding. 
This work wasn't simple. 

1531
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:05,000
Consider yourself. 
Constantly caught between two, 

1532
01:19:05,000 --> 01:19:07,300
groups of people who both 
believe they are. 

1533
01:19:07,300 --> 01:19:10,300
Correct about everything and who
continue to turn to you for 

1534
01:19:10,300 --> 01:19:13,000
solutions to issues that seem to
be growing more complex by the 

1535
01:19:13,000 --> 01:19:15,400
day. 
Because they continue to try to 

1536
01:19:15,400 --> 01:19:18,700
grow crops that weren't suitable
for Virginia soil, and because 

1537
01:19:18,700 --> 01:19:21,200
they had brought along more 
gentleman than Farmers, the 

1538
01:19:21,200 --> 01:19:22,700
English were always running out 
of food. 

1539
01:19:23,700 --> 01:19:26,300
The Powhatan people were growing
more and more irritated with 

1540
01:19:26,300 --> 01:19:29,400
their neighbors, who seem to 
believe that borrowing, food and

1541
01:19:29,400 --> 01:19:30,900
supplies without asking was 
okay. 

1542
01:19:31,800 --> 01:19:35,200
However how many possessed a 
quality that most diplomats 

1543
01:19:35,200 --> 01:19:39,600
learn over the course of years? 
She truly liked people even when

1544
01:19:39,600 --> 01:19:42,600
they were acting absurdly. 
She admired, the English 

1545
01:19:42,600 --> 01:19:45,900
colonists unyielding resolve, 
even when it took them in 

1546
01:19:45,900 --> 01:19:48,800
completely different directions 
and found their errors, more 

1547
01:19:48,800 --> 01:19:51,800
humorous than dangerous. 
However, she could also 

1548
01:19:51,800 --> 01:19:54,500
understand why her people were 
annoyed by these old neighbors, 

1549
01:19:54,500 --> 01:19:57,500
who didn't seem to understand 
common sense, or basic courtesy 

1550
01:19:58,300 --> 01:20:00,900
She took a refreshingly 
realistic approach to diplomacy,

1551
01:20:00,900 --> 01:20:04,200
she would bring food to James 
Town when people were hungry 

1552
01:20:04,200 --> 01:20:07,100
were set up on official meetings
where both parties could 

1553
01:20:07,100 --> 01:20:10,700
actually speak to one another 
rather than assuming things in 

1554
01:20:10,700 --> 01:20:13,300
place of formal, negotiations, 
and drawn-out speeches. 

1555
01:20:14,100 --> 01:20:16,800
She was skilled at finding 
common ground in unexpected 

1556
01:20:16,800 --> 01:20:19,600
places and using humor to defuse
tension. 

1557
01:20:20,300 --> 01:20:22,700
She observed, for example, that 
both the Powhatan and the 

1558
01:20:22,708 --> 01:20:25,800
English enjoyed storytelling 
games, and showcasing their 

1559
01:20:25,800 --> 01:20:29,300
abilities, she would therefore 
plan storytelling sessions, or 

1560
01:20:29,300 --> 01:20:32,100
contests in place of official, 
diplomatic Gathering so that 

1561
01:20:32,100 --> 01:20:34,400
people could get to know one 
another as Unique Individuals 

1562
01:20:34,400 --> 01:20:36,900
rather than, as representatives 
of intimidating. 

1563
01:20:36,900 --> 01:20:39,800
Foreign cultures once you've 
witnessed someone laugh at a 

1564
01:20:39,800 --> 01:20:42,100
funny joke or face the same 
common issues you do, it's 

1565
01:20:42,100 --> 01:20:44,800
difficult to remain. 
Afraid of them Pocahontas. 

1566
01:20:44,800 --> 01:20:47,800
Which translates to play for one
in Perth and was the name. 

1567
01:20:47,800 --> 01:20:50,700
The English adopted for her, it 
was a loveing moniker that 

1568
01:20:50,700 --> 01:20:53,400
reflected both her gift for 
finding novel solutions to 

1569
01:20:53,400 --> 01:20:57,100
issues and her ability to inject
humor into serious situations. 

1570
01:20:57,100 --> 01:21:00,900
Amanie could find ways to remind
people that they had more in 

1571
01:21:00,900 --> 01:21:04,500
common than they realized much 
like a person who can make a 

1572
01:21:04,500 --> 01:21:07,100
group of quarreling relatives 
laugh together by telling the 

1573
01:21:07,100 --> 01:21:09,600
perfect story. 
At the right time, she was vital

1574
01:21:09,600 --> 01:21:12,500
to both communities Survival by 
the time she was 13. 

1575
01:21:13,300 --> 01:21:15,700
The Poweramp people needed her 
to help them deal with these 

1576
01:21:15,700 --> 01:21:18,900
unfamiliar, but seemingly 
permanent new neighbors and the 

1577
01:21:18,900 --> 01:21:21,100
English needed her to help them 
understand how to live in 

1578
01:21:21,100 --> 01:21:23,400
Virginia. 
Imagine what it would be like to

1579
01:21:23,400 --> 01:21:26,800
spend your adolescents literally
Torn Between Two Worlds each 

1580
01:21:26,800 --> 01:21:30,900
with its own set of rules, 
expectations and ideals for you 

1581
01:21:30,900 --> 01:21:33,400
as you become more comfortable 
in your evening attire. 

1582
01:21:34,200 --> 01:21:36,200
Growing up for aminu meant 
negotiating. 

1583
01:21:36,200 --> 01:21:38,600
The more complicated 
relationship between her people 

1584
01:21:38,600 --> 01:21:41,800
and the English colonists in 
addition to the typical 

1585
01:21:41,800 --> 01:21:46,100
difficulties of puberty. 
The situation at Jamestown had 

1586
01:21:46,100 --> 01:21:48,900
changed from being awkwardly. 
Funny to actually dangerous by 

1587
01:21:48,900 --> 01:21:53,900
1609 when she was around 13. 
The colonists had to endure, 

1588
01:21:53,900 --> 01:21:56,600
what they dubbed. 
The starving time a severe 

1589
01:21:56,600 --> 01:21:59,000
winter in which they had to eat 
tree bark, and shoe leather in 

1590
01:21:59,000 --> 01:22:01,800
order to survive. 
It was similar to witnessing 

1591
01:22:01,800 --> 01:22:04,500
your neighbor's, go through the 
most Dreadful camping, trip, 

1592
01:22:04,500 --> 01:22:06,800
imaginable. 
Only in stead of being able to 

1593
01:22:06,800 --> 01:22:08,800
Simply leave when things became 
too tough. 

1594
01:22:09,600 --> 01:22:12,600
A Manute was in the unique 
position of being a teenager and

1595
01:22:12,600 --> 01:22:14,900
a prominent figure in two 
distinct societies. 

1596
01:22:15,800 --> 01:22:18,800
Imagine being in high school and
being asked for your opinion on 

1597
01:22:18,800 --> 01:22:21,400
important political issues by 
adults from two different 

1598
01:22:21,400 --> 01:22:24,600
communities. 
Most adults would be overwhelmed

1599
01:22:24,600 --> 01:22:27,900
by this kind of responsibility, 
but she managed it with a sense 

1600
01:22:27,900 --> 01:22:30,600
of humor and wisdom that seemed 
well beyond her Year's. 

1601
01:22:31,300 --> 01:22:33,600
Her father's relationship with 
the English had grown more 

1602
01:22:33,600 --> 01:22:36,800
tenants, Chief Powhatan, faced a
problem that would be difficult 

1603
01:22:36,800 --> 01:22:40,000
for any leader to handle. 
How do you deal with neighbors? 

1604
01:22:40,000 --> 01:22:43,100
Who consistently take more than 
they give who don't seem to 

1605
01:22:43,100 --> 01:22:46,300
understand the fundamentals of 
reciprocity, and who keep making

1606
01:22:46,300 --> 01:22:48,300
promises. 
They can't or won't keep. 

1607
01:22:49,200 --> 01:22:51,900
It was similar to having house 
guests who had stayed for years 

1608
01:22:51,900 --> 01:22:54,900
and had no intention of going 
though, not in the way, the 

1609
01:22:54,900 --> 01:22:57,500
Disney films would have, you 
believe something happened 

1610
01:22:57,500 --> 01:22:59,600
during this trying time? 
That would forever alter 

1611
01:22:59,600 --> 01:23:03,500
ammonites life She was taken 
prisoner by English colonists in

1612
01:23:03,500 --> 01:23:08,300
1613 when she was around 17 with
the intention of using her as a 

1613
01:23:08,300 --> 01:23:12,200
bargaining chip with her father.
Although the term captured 

1614
01:23:12,200 --> 01:23:15,800
conjures up images for dramatic 
chase scene, the truth was 

1615
01:23:15,800 --> 01:23:19,600
likely more akin to being duped 
by people, she trusted a 

1616
01:23:19,600 --> 01:23:22,000
betrayal that must have been 
like learning that friends you'd

1617
01:23:22,000 --> 01:23:24,800
supported during adversity, had 
been plotting to take advantage 

1618
01:23:24,800 --> 01:23:27,500
of you all along. 
She was brought by the English, 

1619
01:23:27,500 --> 01:23:30,500
to a community known as 
henricas, where they intended to

1620
01:23:30,500 --> 01:23:33,900
detain her until Chief Powhatan,
accepted their demands. 

1621
01:23:34,900 --> 01:23:37,900
Didn't spend her time in 
captivity planning, retaliation,

1622
01:23:37,900 --> 01:23:40,900
or longing, for her Freedom. 
Which is where the story takes 

1623
01:23:40,900 --> 01:23:44,300
an interesting turn. 
Rather, she began constructing 

1624
01:23:44,300 --> 01:23:46,200
Bridges. 
As she had always done, 

1625
01:23:47,000 --> 01:23:49,300
Aleksander Whittaker an English 
Minister. 

1626
01:23:49,300 --> 01:23:52,600
She met at Henry kiss was tasked
with converting her to 

1627
01:23:52,600 --> 01:23:56,200
Christianity. 
In reality, it was more akin to 

1628
01:23:56,200 --> 01:23:58,300
a lengthy philosophical debate 
between two. 

1629
01:23:58,300 --> 01:24:02,000
Highly intelligent individuals 
with diametrically opposed World

1630
01:24:02,000 --> 01:24:04,600
Views. 
Whittaker was confronted by a 

1631
01:24:04,600 --> 01:24:08,300
young woman who questioned 
preconceptions asked insightful 

1632
01:24:08,300 --> 01:24:10,600
questions and approached 
Christianity. 

1633
01:24:10,600 --> 01:24:13,300
With the same curiosity, she had
always shown in learning about 

1634
01:24:13,300 --> 01:24:16,600
other cultures. 
At this point, Our Story begins 

1635
01:24:16,600 --> 01:24:20,400
to resemble a romantic comedy. 
Albeit one with far greater 

1636
01:24:20,400 --> 01:24:22,300
stakes and a lot more cultural 
Nuance. 

1637
01:24:22,300 --> 01:24:26,500
She also met a tobacco farmer 
named John Rolfe Rolfe was a 

1638
01:24:26,500 --> 01:24:29,900
widower, a businessman and a man
who devoted most of his time to 

1639
01:24:29,900 --> 01:24:33,500
contemplating tobacco plants. 
He was not the handsome hero of 

1640
01:24:33,500 --> 01:24:36,800
movie fantasies. 
In addition, he had a sincere 

1641
01:24:36,800 --> 01:24:39,800
desire to comprehend Ameritas, a
human being rather than just as 

1642
01:24:39,800 --> 01:24:43,600
a political figure or symbol, 
their bond grew gradually much 

1643
01:24:43,600 --> 01:24:45,900
like a friendship that 
progressively transforms into 

1644
01:24:45,900 --> 01:24:49,400
something more role was one of 
the few English colonists who 

1645
01:24:49,400 --> 01:24:53,000
treated, Amen, to an equal 
rather than an exotic curiosity 

1646
01:24:53,000 --> 01:24:56,500
who genuinely listened, when she
spoke and who inquired about her

1647
01:24:56,500 --> 01:24:57,800
culture without passing 
judgment. 

1648
01:24:59,000 --> 01:25:02,100
Finding someone who was prepared
to meet her halfway must have 

1649
01:25:02,100 --> 01:25:06,000
been, like, finding a cozy chair
after years of standing as the 

1650
01:25:06,000 --> 01:25:09,200
link between two worlds. 
However, the romance was more 

1651
01:25:09,200 --> 01:25:12,900
than a straightforward tale of 
love, how many was faced with a 

1652
01:25:12,900 --> 01:25:14,500
decision that would shape the 
rest of her life. 

1653
01:25:15,200 --> 01:25:17,400
She could attempt to return to 
her father's World. 

1654
01:25:17,400 --> 01:25:20,400
Given the growing hostility 
between the power turn and the 

1655
01:25:20,408 --> 01:25:23,200
English, well, she could 
dedicate herself to creating 

1656
01:25:23,200 --> 01:25:25,100
something new. 
That incorporated, the best 

1657
01:25:25,100 --> 01:25:28,500
aspects of Both Worlds. 
She'd learned to appreciate She 

1658
01:25:28,500 --> 01:25:32,800
made her choice in 1614. 
She became a Christian changed 

1659
01:25:32,800 --> 01:25:36,600
her name to Rebecca and wed, 
John Rolfe in the first known 

1660
01:25:36,600 --> 01:25:38,500
interracial Union in American 
history. 

1661
01:25:39,400 --> 01:25:42,400
Politically speaking, the 
marriage established, a formal 

1662
01:25:42,400 --> 01:25:45,500
alliance between the English and
the power town, which resulted 

1663
01:25:45,500 --> 01:25:48,400
in years of Peace in the area. 
More than that, though. 

1664
01:25:48,400 --> 01:25:52,400
It was a decision that reflected
who she had grown into someone 

1665
01:25:52,400 --> 01:25:54,800
who thought that Intercultural 
understanding was not only 

1666
01:25:54,800 --> 01:25:59,500
feasible, but also necessary. 
Imagine an 18 year old woman who

1667
01:25:59,500 --> 01:26:02,000
had just made one of the most 
important choices in early 

1668
01:26:02,000 --> 01:26:05,500
American history as you delve 
deeper into this evening story. 

1669
01:26:05,500 --> 01:26:09,600
Although the term American 
wouldn't be coined for another. 

1670
01:26:09,600 --> 01:26:13,700
150 years was essentially 
creating a new way of being 

1671
01:26:13,700 --> 01:26:17,300
American when she changed her 
name to Rebecca Rolfe in 1614. 

1672
01:26:18,300 --> 01:26:21,200
A union with John Rolfe, brought
about what historians refer to 

1673
01:26:21,200 --> 01:26:24,900
as the piece of Pocahontas. 
A period of time during which 

1674
01:26:24,900 --> 01:26:28,100
the power tan Confederacy, and 
the English colonists were able 

1675
01:26:28,100 --> 01:26:30,000
to live side by side without 
perpetuating. 

1676
01:26:31,600 --> 01:26:33,700
Stakes with a survival of entire
communities. 

1677
01:26:33,700 --> 01:26:36,700
So it was similar to finally 
bringing rival neighbors 

1678
01:26:36,700 --> 01:26:38,800
together on property lines and 
noise levels. 

1679
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:41,800
Both sides were able to 
concentrate on building, rather 

1680
01:26:41,800 --> 01:26:44,200
than defending for the first 
time since the arrival of the 

1681
01:26:44,200 --> 01:26:46,800
English. 
Rebecca threw herself into this 

1682
01:26:46,800 --> 01:26:49,600
new life with the same Vigor. 
She had always used to tackle 

1683
01:26:49,600 --> 01:26:52,500
challenging issues. 
It was probably like learning to

1684
01:26:52,500 --> 01:26:55,500
play a completely different 
sport with completely different 

1685
01:26:55,500 --> 01:26:57,800
rules when she learned how to 
manage a household in the 

1686
01:26:57,808 --> 01:27:00,500
English way. 
She was now running a colonial 

1687
01:27:00,500 --> 01:27:03,100
farmhouse in place of the 
communal longhouses where she 

1688
01:27:03,100 --> 01:27:05,600
had been raised. 
She was dealing with the very 

1689
01:27:05,600 --> 01:27:08,800
English idea, of a nuclear 
family rather than shared 

1690
01:27:08,800 --> 01:27:11,700
responsibilities dispersed 
throughout an extended family 

1691
01:27:11,700 --> 01:27:14,400
Network. 
She contributed to the creation 

1692
01:27:14,400 --> 01:27:17,000
of something. 
Completely new though, rather 

1693
01:27:17,000 --> 01:27:19,100
than merely a simulating into 
English culture. 

1694
01:27:20,000 --> 01:27:23,500
And English Traditions merged in
her home in ways. 

1695
01:27:23,500 --> 01:27:27,600
That benefited everyone. 
She raised her son, Thomas born 

1696
01:27:27,600 --> 01:27:30,500
in 1615 to be at home in both 
worlds. 

1697
01:27:30,500 --> 01:27:34,500
Served corn alongside English 
bred and used indigenous plants 

1698
01:27:34,500 --> 01:27:36,900
for medicine while also learning
European cures. 

1699
01:27:37,800 --> 01:27:40,300
Being one of the first 
individuals to be born into a 

1700
01:27:40,300 --> 01:27:43,700
truly bicultural family Thomas 
exemplifies, something 

1701
01:27:43,700 --> 01:27:45,400
extraordinary in American 
history. 

1702
01:27:46,500 --> 01:27:49,300
He would grow up understanding 
that having multiple identities 

1703
01:27:49,300 --> 01:27:52,100
was a strength to be celebrated 
rather than a problem to be 

1704
01:27:52,108 --> 01:27:54,100
solved. 
He came to view. 

1705
01:27:54,100 --> 01:27:57,700
Cultural differences as chances 
for growth, rather than causes 

1706
01:27:57,700 --> 01:28:00,200
for contention. 
As a result of Rebecca's 

1707
01:28:00,200 --> 01:28:03,100
influence. 
In the meantime, John Ralph's 

1708
01:28:03,100 --> 01:28:05,300
tobacco experiments were 
yielding impressive results. 

1709
01:28:05,300 --> 01:28:09,300
By 1617 tobacco was starting to 
become the colonies. 

1710
01:28:09,300 --> 01:28:12,500
First significant source of 
income, he had been working to 

1711
01:28:12,500 --> 01:28:14,600
create tobacco strains. 
That would thrive in Virginia 

1712
01:28:14,600 --> 01:28:17,100
soil and satisfy European 
pallets. 

1713
01:28:18,200 --> 01:28:21,200
The establishment of long-term 
economic ties between her people

1714
01:28:21,200 --> 01:28:24,200
in the English may have seen 
like a side note to Rebecca 

1715
01:28:24,200 --> 01:28:26,900
story, but it was actually 
essential to everything. 

1716
01:28:26,900 --> 01:28:29,200
She had been striving for 
Rebecca. 

1717
01:28:29,200 --> 01:28:32,300
Saw what many others did not 
mutual benefit not just 

1718
01:28:32,300 --> 01:28:35,500
tolerance is typically necessary
for enduring peace between 

1719
01:28:35,500 --> 01:28:38,700
communities. 
The tobacco industry produced 

1720
01:28:38,700 --> 01:28:41,700
Financial incentives for 
collaboration of providing both 

1721
01:28:41,700 --> 01:28:44,300
parties with realistic 
justifications to uphold 

1722
01:28:44,300 --> 01:28:45,900
mutually beneficial 
Partnerships. 

1723
01:28:46,700 --> 01:28:49,800
It was similar to discovering a 
profitable business venture that

1724
01:28:49,800 --> 01:28:53,000
simultaneously resolved a 
political issue in colonial 

1725
01:28:53,000 --> 01:28:57,700
circles Rebecca had gained some 
notoriety by 1616. both sides of

1726
01:28:57,708 --> 01:29:00,500
the Atlantic were captivated by 
tales of the Indian, princess, 

1727
01:29:00,500 --> 01:29:05,100
who despite their exaggerated 
nature had saved, John Smith and

1728
01:29:05,100 --> 01:29:08,400
subsequently weden, Englishmen 
She was viewed by the Virginia 

1729
01:29:08,400 --> 01:29:11,800
Company which was constantly 
searching for methods to draw in

1730
01:29:11,800 --> 01:29:15,400
more colonists and investors as 
the ideal spokesperson for the 

1731
01:29:15,408 --> 01:29:18,100
success of their colonial 
Endeavor in part as 

1732
01:29:18,100 --> 01:29:20,800
distinguished visitors. 
And in part as tangible evidence

1733
01:29:20,800 --> 01:29:22,800
that the colonial experiment was
successful. 

1734
01:29:22,800 --> 01:29:26,000
They invited Rebecca, and John 
to come to England. 

1735
01:29:27,000 --> 01:29:30,300
Rebecca saw this invitation as 
an amazing opportunity to visit 

1736
01:29:30,300 --> 01:29:32,600
the country of the people. 
She had been working with for 

1737
01:29:32,600 --> 01:29:35,700
almost 10 years and perhaps to 
speak directly to English 

1738
01:29:35,700 --> 01:29:39,200
authorities about treating. 
Her father's people fairly She 

1739
01:29:39,200 --> 01:29:42,300
had no idea what the trip to 
England would be like one of the

1740
01:29:42,300 --> 01:29:44,500
biggest cities in the world in 
1616. 

1741
01:29:44,500 --> 01:29:48,600
London was a place of both 
extreme wealth and debilitating,

1742
01:29:48,600 --> 01:29:51,500
poverty, Grand architecture and 
foul. 

1743
01:29:51,500 --> 01:29:54,800
Odors sophisticated culture and 
cruel entertainment. 

1744
01:29:54,800 --> 01:29:58,400
Walking through, London must 
have felt like visiting an alien

1745
01:29:58,400 --> 01:30:01,100
planet to someone who had grown 
up in Virginia's forests. 

1746
01:30:01,900 --> 01:30:04,700
However, Rebecca adjusted to 
London Society with the same 

1747
01:30:04,700 --> 01:30:07,800
Poise that she had displayed in 
each of her previous difficult 

1748
01:30:07,800 --> 01:30:11,000
circumstances. 
She attended Court events met 

1749
01:30:11,000 --> 01:30:14,000
with Nobles and Enchanted 
everyone with her intelligence 

1750
01:30:14,000 --> 01:30:16,300
dignity and innate ability to 
negotiate. 

1751
01:30:17,100 --> 01:30:20,100
She became the first Native 
American to be welcomed as a 

1752
01:30:20,100 --> 01:30:22,900
guest of honor by English 
royalty, when she was introduced

1753
01:30:22,900 --> 01:30:24,800
to King James, the first and 
Queen Anne. 

1754
01:30:25,300 --> 01:30:27,500
More significantly. 
She made use of her time in 

1755
01:30:27,500 --> 01:30:29,100
England, to tell her people's 
story. 

1756
01:30:29,100 --> 01:30:32,400
Not the idealized one that 
English audiences desire to 

1757
01:30:32,400 --> 01:30:34,900
hear. 
But the truth about a civilized 

1758
01:30:34,900 --> 01:30:38,100
society, deserving of dignity 
and Justice, she discussed the 

1759
01:30:38,108 --> 01:30:41,400
agricultural Innovations, the 
intricate political structure of

1760
01:30:41,408 --> 01:30:44,700
the Powhatan Confederacy, and 
their aspiration for peaceful, 

1761
01:30:44,700 --> 01:30:46,600
coexistence, with their English 
Neighbors. 

1762
01:30:47,600 --> 01:30:50,400
The establishment of true 
understanding between people's 

1763
01:30:50,400 --> 01:30:53,300
who had initially viewed. 
One, another as incomprehensibly

1764
01:30:53,300 --> 01:30:57,100
foreign was in a sentence, the 
result of everything Rebecca had

1765
01:30:57,100 --> 01:30:59,200
been striving for since she was 
11 years old. 

1766
01:31:00,100 --> 01:31:02,300
She had turned into a living 
example of how such 

1767
01:31:02,300 --> 01:31:05,200
comprehension was not only 
feasible, but also had the 

1768
01:31:05,200 --> 01:31:08,100
potential to serve as the 
Cornerstone of enduring Harmony 

1769
01:31:08,100 --> 01:31:11,900
and shared prosperity. 
Pull yourself another cup of tea

1770
01:31:11,900 --> 01:31:14,200
and settle in for what may be 
the most moving part of 

1771
01:31:14,200 --> 01:31:17,300
Rebecca's story as we draw to a 
close, our evening journey 

1772
01:31:17,300 --> 01:31:20,400
together. 
Because sometimes rather than on

1773
01:31:20,400 --> 01:31:23,100
either side, those who dedicate 
their lives to constructing 

1774
01:31:23,100 --> 01:31:26,300
Bridges Between Worlds, find 
that they are most at home in 

1775
01:31:26,300 --> 01:31:29,800
the crossing itself. 
Anyone who has ever felt torn 

1776
01:31:29,800 --> 01:31:31,500
between two different versions 
of themselves. 

1777
01:31:31,500 --> 01:31:35,400
Will recognize Rebecca's time in
London as both triumphant and 

1778
01:31:35,400 --> 01:31:38,100
difficult. 
She was hailed as evidence of 

1779
01:31:38,100 --> 01:31:41,400
the success of English 
colonialism, hailed as an exotic

1780
01:31:41,400 --> 01:31:44,100
princess and admired as a 
Christian convert. 

1781
01:31:45,000 --> 01:31:48,600
However, she was also exhausted 
homesick and becoming more. 

1782
01:31:48,600 --> 01:31:51,800
Conscious of how little the 
England she was seeing resembled

1783
01:31:51,800 --> 01:31:53,900
the impoverished town. 
She had left behind in Virginia.

1784
01:31:54,800 --> 01:31:57,800
During her months in London, she
ran into John Smith once more. 

1785
01:31:58,700 --> 01:32:01,900
Same John Smith who had made her
famous with his dramatic rescue 

1786
01:32:01,900 --> 01:32:04,300
story. 
Their encounter was likely 

1787
01:32:04,300 --> 01:32:06,700
awkward as reunions with old 
friends can be. 

1788
01:32:06,700 --> 01:32:09,400
When both of you have undergone 
difficult to explain changes 

1789
01:32:09,400 --> 01:32:12,600
Smith was now earning a living 
as a writer and professional 

1790
01:32:12,600 --> 01:32:17,300
Explorer, sharing his tales of 
the new world as a mother wife, 

1791
01:32:17,300 --> 01:32:21,000
an unofficial Ambassador Rebecca
had to negotiate the complicated

1792
01:32:21,000 --> 01:32:24,200
politics of two continents. 
The thing that most impressed 

1793
01:32:24,200 --> 01:32:27,300
about Smith was how his account 
of their early interactions had 

1794
01:32:27,300 --> 01:32:30,800
developed over time in his 
stories, the ceremony, she 

1795
01:32:30,800 --> 01:32:33,500
recalled had evolved into a last
minute escape, from certain 

1796
01:32:33,500 --> 01:32:35,900
death. 
Probably a formal adoption 

1797
01:32:35,900 --> 01:32:38,400
ritual that he had 
misinterpreted hearing. 

1798
01:32:38,400 --> 01:32:41,100
Someone characterize your 
childhood neighborhood as a 

1799
01:32:41,100 --> 01:32:43,400
perilous Wilderness. 
When you remember it as just 

1800
01:32:43,400 --> 01:32:47,700
home was like that. 
However, Rebecca refined from 

1801
01:32:47,700 --> 01:32:50,800
publicly correcting his stories.
She had discovered that, 

1802
01:32:50,800 --> 01:32:53,800
sometimes the understanding that
develops from shared narratives,

1803
01:32:53,800 --> 01:32:57,200
even if they are flawed is more 
significant than the truth. 

1804
01:32:58,600 --> 01:33:01,400
Despite their embellishment, 
Smith's stories had influenced 

1805
01:33:01,400 --> 01:33:03,400
English audiences to feel pity 
for her people. 

1806
01:33:03,400 --> 01:33:06,800
Perhaps the larger truth that 
these stories conveyed was more 

1807
01:33:06,800 --> 01:33:08,300
significant than the literal 
truth. 

1808
01:33:08,300 --> 01:33:11,600
If dramatic Tales of romance and
rescue helped English, people 

1809
01:33:11,600 --> 01:33:14,000
see that Native Americans were 
deserving of respect. 

1810
01:33:15,000 --> 01:33:18,100
In addition to being a well, 
known visitor, Rebecca actively 

1811
01:33:18,100 --> 01:33:20,100
supported her people during her 
stay in England. 

1812
01:33:20,900 --> 01:33:24,400
She consistently argued that the
Powhatan Confederacy should be 

1813
01:33:24,400 --> 01:33:27,700
regarded as a valid political 
entity, deserving of respect and

1814
01:33:27,700 --> 01:33:30,900
Equitable treatment, when she 
met with representatives of the 

1815
01:33:30,900 --> 01:33:34,300
Virginia Company, religious 
leaders and political figures. 

1816
01:33:35,300 --> 01:33:38,800
She was effectively acting as an
unofficial Ambassador attempting

1817
01:33:38,800 --> 01:33:41,900
to influence English. 
Colonial policy from within by 

1818
01:33:41,900 --> 01:33:46,200
utilizing her special position. 
But the physical strain of 

1819
01:33:46,200 --> 01:33:49,500
London life was wearing thin. 
For lungs used to Virginia 

1820
01:33:49,500 --> 01:33:52,700
forests. 
The cities are heavy with smoke 

1821
01:33:52,700 --> 01:33:55,400
from innumerable. 
Coal fires was harsh. 

1822
01:33:56,200 --> 01:33:58,800
For someone accustomed to a more
active outdoor Lifestyle. 

1823
01:33:58,800 --> 01:34:02,900
The rich foods formal attire, 
and ongoing social obligations, 

1824
01:34:02,900 --> 01:34:06,300
were draining. 
The psychological toll of always

1825
01:34:06,300 --> 01:34:09,900
being on, always standing in for
something greater than herself, 

1826
01:34:09,900 --> 01:34:12,900
always conscious that her 
actions would be taken as proof 

1827
01:34:12,900 --> 01:34:15,000
of her. 
Entire people was the most 

1828
01:34:15,000 --> 01:34:18,600
difficult of all. 
Rebecca John and infant Thomas. 

1829
01:34:18,600 --> 01:34:22,400
Got ready to leave for Virginia 
at the beginning of 1617. 

1830
01:34:23,200 --> 01:34:26,300
She couldn't wait to return 
home, see her family and get 

1831
01:34:26,300 --> 01:34:28,300
back to work. 
Fostering useful collaboration 

1832
01:34:28,300 --> 01:34:32,200
between the power and an English
community's Rebecca became 

1833
01:34:32,200 --> 01:34:36,600
Gravely ill with what was likely
other two Booksy onia which were

1834
01:34:36,600 --> 01:34:39,000
common diseases that killed 
people in the 17th century. 

1835
01:34:39,000 --> 01:34:41,700
London just after the ship had 
left, the Thames River. 

1836
01:34:42,600 --> 01:34:46,100
At around age 21, she passed 
away in Gravesend England in 

1837
01:34:46,100 --> 01:34:50,200
march 1617. 
According to John Rolfe, she 

1838
01:34:50,200 --> 01:34:52,900
expressed her fate and hope that
her work would continue in her 

1839
01:34:52,908 --> 01:34:55,900
final remarks. 
Although, the precise location 

1840
01:34:55,900 --> 01:34:57,500
of her grave has been lost to 
time. 

1841
01:34:57,500 --> 01:35:01,700
It was instant George's Church 
in Graves end. all the Rebecca's

1842
01:35:01,700 --> 01:35:04,900
remarkable life came to an end 
with her passing her influence, 

1843
01:35:04,900 --> 01:35:08,500
persisted She'd contributed to 
the peace between the Powhatan 

1844
01:35:08,500 --> 01:35:11,500
and English, which persisted for
a number of additional years, 

1845
01:35:11,500 --> 01:35:13,700
allowing both groups to build 
stronger bonds. 

1846
01:35:14,500 --> 01:35:17,600
The son Thomas became a 
prosperous planter who remained 

1847
01:35:17,600 --> 01:35:20,800
connected to his Powhatan and 
English Roots, eventually, 

1848
01:35:20,800 --> 01:35:23,400
visiting his mother's family in 
Virginia as an adult. 

1849
01:35:24,300 --> 01:35:27,500
Most significantly Rebecca had 
shown that people from vastly 

1850
01:35:27,500 --> 01:35:30,800
different cultures could not 
only understand one another but 

1851
01:35:30,800 --> 01:35:33,000
also developed completely new 
Lifestyles. 

1852
01:35:33,000 --> 01:35:36,000
That respected the best aspects 
of both Traditions. 

1853
01:35:36,000 --> 01:35:38,600
Something that many people in 
her ear are believed was 

1854
01:35:38,600 --> 01:35:41,100
impossible. 
She had demonstrated that being 

1855
01:35:41,100 --> 01:35:44,100
Torn Between Two Worlds, could 
mean belonging everywhere rather

1856
01:35:44,100 --> 01:35:47,200
than nowhere. 
As our time with Rebecca draws 

1857
01:35:47,200 --> 01:35:50,600
to a close, remember this, you 
just spent time with someone who

1858
01:35:50,600 --> 01:35:54,400
more than 400 years ago. 
Figured out how to do something.

1859
01:35:54,400 --> 01:35:57,400
We're still learning how to 
create true understanding 

1860
01:35:57,400 --> 01:35:59,800
between people who are very 
different perspectives on the 

1861
01:35:59,800 --> 01:36:02,800
world. 
Rebecca's death in England was 

1862
01:36:02,800 --> 01:36:05,400
not the end of her story. 
It was only the beginning, in 

1863
01:36:05,400 --> 01:36:09,100
many respects, Thomas Rolfe, her
son, became the embodiment of 

1864
01:36:09,100 --> 01:36:11,900
all she had strive for. 
He was equally comfortable in 

1865
01:36:11,900 --> 01:36:13,700
power tan. 
Council meetings in English 

1866
01:36:13,700 --> 01:36:17,400
drawing rooms equally proficient
in both indigenous ecological 

1867
01:36:17,400 --> 01:36:20,300
knowledge and European 
agricultural methods. 

1868
01:36:21,000 --> 01:36:23,900
He took his mother's genetic 
Heritage and her talent for 

1869
01:36:23,908 --> 01:36:26,700
seeing connections, where others
saw only difference is with him 

1870
01:36:26,700 --> 01:36:29,800
when he eventually visited 
Virginia as an adult to meet his

1871
01:36:29,808 --> 01:36:31,500
grandfather Chief powhatan's 
people. 

1872
01:36:32,500 --> 01:36:35,300
Rebecca's lineage persisted in 
Virginia, through Thomas and His

1873
01:36:35,300 --> 01:36:38,600
descendants eventually extending
throughout the American South 

1874
01:36:38,600 --> 01:36:40,900
and Beyond. 
She's one of the most common 

1875
01:36:40,900 --> 01:36:43,800
ancestors of old. 
Virginia families with thousands

1876
01:36:43,800 --> 01:36:46,900
of Americans today tracing their
lineage back to Rebecca and John

1877
01:36:46,900 --> 01:36:49,600
Rolfe. 
More than genetic inheritance. 

1878
01:36:49,600 --> 01:36:51,600
However, these descendants 
continued. 

1879
01:36:51,600 --> 01:36:53,800
Her method of negotiating. 
Difficult cultural 

1880
01:36:53,800 --> 01:36:57,000
circumstances. 
The capacity to stay loyal to 

1881
01:36:57,000 --> 01:36:59,400
oneself while remaining 
receptive to new information. 

1882
01:37:00,500 --> 01:37:03,200
Rebecca may not have realized it
but her life story. 

1883
01:37:03,200 --> 01:37:06,300
Also evolved Beyond historical 
fact to become a fundamental 

1884
01:37:06,300 --> 01:37:09,200
American Myth. 
Despite the fact that the 

1885
01:37:09,200 --> 01:37:12,900
reality was far more complicated
and the conclusion far more 

1886
01:37:12,900 --> 01:37:16,200
tragic than the myth implied, 
the story of Pocahontas. 

1887
01:37:16,200 --> 01:37:18,700
Saving John Smith came to 
represent the potential for 

1888
01:37:18,700 --> 01:37:21,600
collaboration between Native 
Americans and European settlers.

1889
01:37:22,600 --> 01:37:25,900
Every American generation has 
retold and reimagined her story,

1890
01:37:25,900 --> 01:37:29,100
which is fascinating because it 
frequently reveals more about 

1891
01:37:29,100 --> 01:37:31,400
the storytellers than it does 
about Rebecca. 

1892
01:37:32,400 --> 01:37:34,700
She's a occasionally portrayed 
as The Honorable Savage who 

1893
01:37:34,700 --> 01:37:38,200
assumed Barber's for 
civilization of She is the 

1894
01:37:38,200 --> 01:37:41,800
unfortunate victim of 
colonialism at times at times. 

1895
01:37:41,800 --> 01:37:45,000
She's the courageous heroine who
used love and compassion to 

1896
01:37:45,000 --> 01:37:48,200
unite Two Worlds. 
Although there are truthful 

1897
01:37:48,200 --> 01:37:50,800
aspects in each of these 
versions, none fully conveys. 

1898
01:37:50,800 --> 01:37:54,000
The complexity of her true self 
because she was more human. 

1899
01:37:54,000 --> 01:37:56,900
The real Rebecca was more 
fascinating than any of these 

1900
01:37:56,900 --> 01:38:00,400
mythological representations. 
She was a person who found 

1901
01:38:00,400 --> 01:38:03,800
herself in an unprecedented 
circumstance and responded with 

1902
01:38:03,800 --> 01:38:06,800
intelligence flexibility and 
extraordinary emotional 

1903
01:38:06,800 --> 01:38:10,100
maturity. 
She was neither a symbol nor a 

1904
01:38:10,100 --> 01:38:12,600
stereotype. 
She made errors had to make 

1905
01:38:12,600 --> 01:38:15,600
difficult decisions, and 
occasionally had to put workable

1906
01:38:15,600 --> 01:38:17,300
Solutions ahead of Ideal 
results. 

1907
01:38:18,100 --> 01:38:20,200
To put it another way. 
She was just the kind of person 

1908
01:38:20,200 --> 01:38:23,600
that we need more of in every 
age, her method of diplomacy, 

1909
01:38:23,600 --> 01:38:26,000
which is founded on 
interpersonal, connections, 

1910
01:38:26,000 --> 01:38:29,500
realistic problem solving and 
sincere interest in the opinions

1911
01:38:29,500 --> 01:38:32,700
of others provides lessons that 
are still applicable to today. 

1912
01:38:33,600 --> 01:38:37,200
Rebecca's example serves as a 
reminder that in a society where

1913
01:38:37,200 --> 01:38:40,000
people frequently appear more 
concerned with winning arguments

1914
01:38:40,000 --> 01:38:43,200
than with understanding one 
another listening to others with

1915
01:38:43,200 --> 01:38:46,200
genuine interest and respect is 
frequently the most effective 

1916
01:38:46,200 --> 01:38:49,000
way to influence them. 
She also Illustrated something 

1917
01:38:49,000 --> 01:38:50,800
that is worth reiterating in the
present. 

1918
01:38:51,600 --> 01:38:54,700
That learning from others, does 
not necessitate sacrificing. 

1919
01:38:54,700 --> 01:38:58,000
Your own values nor does 
preserve in your own cultural 

1920
01:38:58,000 --> 01:39:01,300
identity require rejecting 
everything about other cultures.

1921
01:39:02,300 --> 01:39:04,800
Rebecca converted to 
Christianity while maintaining 

1922
01:39:04,800 --> 01:39:08,400
her pal hata and identity. 
She was able to navigate English

1923
01:39:08,400 --> 01:39:11,500
society while maintaining her 
understanding of her father's, 

1924
01:39:11,500 --> 01:39:15,200
political concerns, She 
instilled in her son, a sense of

1925
01:39:15,200 --> 01:39:18,700
pride in his entire Heritage, 
not just the aspects that were 

1926
01:39:18,700 --> 01:39:22,700
deemed acceptable by Society. 
Most significantly, Rebecca 

1927
01:39:22,700 --> 01:39:25,800
demonstrated to us that serving 
as a bridge between other worlds

1928
01:39:25,800 --> 01:39:28,600
is not only feasible, but also 
necessary. 

1929
01:39:29,300 --> 01:39:32,100
There are people who fulfill 
this role in every community and

1930
01:39:32,100 --> 01:39:34,400
time period. 
Assisting various groups in 

1931
01:39:34,400 --> 01:39:36,700
understanding one. 
Another by translating, not just

1932
01:39:36,700 --> 01:39:40,400
words, but in entire world 
views, Though, they rarely 

1933
01:39:40,400 --> 01:39:43,700
receive the credit, they Merit 
these Bridge builders in able 

1934
01:39:43,700 --> 01:39:46,900
civilization. 
Think about this as you get 

1935
01:39:46,900 --> 01:39:49,700
ready for bed tonight. 
Although Rebecca's life was 

1936
01:39:49,700 --> 01:39:53,200
short, just 21 years. 
She was able to stop Wars. 

1937
01:39:53,200 --> 01:39:56,200
Bring about enduring peace, 
Forge, new kinds of 

1938
01:39:56,200 --> 01:39:59,100
collaboration and show that 
individuals from very different 

1939
01:39:59,100 --> 01:40:01,400
backgrounds. 
Could not only live together but

1940
01:40:01,400 --> 01:40:02,800
also produce something 
beautiful. 

1941
01:40:02,800 --> 01:40:05,900
She demonstrated that one 
individual could alter history 

1942
01:40:05,900 --> 01:40:09,500
if they worked with tolerance 
humor and sincere concern. 

1943
01:40:09,500 --> 01:40:12,100
For other people. 
Remember, Rebecca, the next time

1944
01:40:12,100 --> 01:40:14,500
you're in a situation where 
people seem to be talking over 

1945
01:40:14,500 --> 01:40:17,800
one another, and various groups 
are assuming things rather than 

1946
01:40:17,800 --> 01:40:20,600
asking questions, or when 
conflict seems unavoidable, 

1947
01:40:20,600 --> 01:40:23,500
because no one is paying 
attention, remember that 

1948
01:40:23,500 --> 01:40:26,800
understanding can develop even 
in the most unlikely situations 

1949
01:40:26,800 --> 01:40:29,900
that bridge building is feasible
and that sometimes the most 

1950
01:40:29,900 --> 01:40:33,700
significant thing you can do, is
just assist people in seeing one

1951
01:40:33,700 --> 01:40:36,800
another, as fellow human beings,
rather than a symbols of 

1952
01:40:36,800 --> 01:40:40,000
terrifying, alien ideas, I hope 
you have a little more of. 

1953
01:40:40,000 --> 01:40:42,500
Rebecca's ability to see 
connections where others only 

1954
01:40:42,500 --> 01:40:44,200
see different races when you 
wake up tomorrow? 

1955
01:40:45,100 --> 01:40:53,900
Sweet dreams. 
The city, you're about to 

1956
01:40:53,900 --> 01:40:57,000
experience exists in a time 
before electric lights 

1957
01:40:57,000 --> 01:41:01,100
transformed in to day. 
Before automobiles, replace the 

1958
01:41:01,108 --> 01:41:03,700
constant rhythm of horses on 
Stone. 

1959
01:41:04,500 --> 01:41:08,900
This is New York in the latter 
half of the 1800s. a city court 

1960
01:41:08,900 --> 01:41:12,800
between the Pastoral remnants of
its Dutch Origins and the steel 

1961
01:41:12,800 --> 01:41:16,900
framed future already Rising 
along, its southern tip Where 

1962
01:41:16,900 --> 01:41:19,300
nearly a million Souls pressed 
together in a space. 

1963
01:41:19,300 --> 01:41:21,900
That would seem impossibly small
to Modern sensibilities. 

1964
01:41:23,000 --> 01:41:25,200
You wait before Dawn in your 
third floor room. 

1965
01:41:25,200 --> 01:41:27,900
The first sound that reaches, 
you isn't bird song. 

1966
01:41:28,800 --> 01:41:32,000
It's the low grown of fog horns.
Drifting up from the East River.

1967
01:41:33,000 --> 01:41:35,600
The sound carries through the 
pre-dawn darkness like a 

1968
01:41:35,600 --> 01:41:39,200
conversation between Giant's, 
each vessel and announcing its 

1969
01:41:39,200 --> 01:41:42,000
presence in the super missed 
that settles over the Harbour 

1970
01:41:42,000 --> 01:41:44,000
every morning, regardless of 
season. 

1971
01:41:45,300 --> 01:41:48,800
Your room is cold. 
The small coal stove in the 

1972
01:41:48,808 --> 01:41:51,900
corner, went out some time 
around 3 in the morning and you 

1973
01:41:51,908 --> 01:41:54,600
can see your breath forming. 
Small clouds in the dim light 

1974
01:41:54,600 --> 01:41:56,400
seeping through your single 
window. 

1975
01:41:57,700 --> 01:42:01,700
The class is old and hand blown 
with imperfections that create 

1976
01:42:01,700 --> 01:42:03,900
strange distortions, when you 
look through it. 

1977
01:42:04,900 --> 01:42:07,000
You've grown fond of these 
warped views. 

1978
01:42:07,000 --> 01:42:10,300
They make The Gaslight on the 
corners seemed to Shimmer like a

1979
01:42:10,300 --> 01:42:13,900
small son. you swing your legs 
out from under the wool, 

1980
01:42:13,900 --> 01:42:18,100
blankets your feet, finding the 
cold floorboards, the wood is 

1981
01:42:18,100 --> 01:42:23,100
uneven worn Smooth by Decades of
feet before yours, and there's a

1982
01:42:23,100 --> 01:42:25,900
particular board near your bed 
that creaks in a way that sounds

1983
01:42:25,900 --> 01:42:29,000
almost conversational. 
You've learned to step over it 

1984
01:42:29,000 --> 01:42:32,800
when you need to move quietly. 
The water in your wash basin has

1985
01:42:32,800 --> 01:42:36,800
a thin skin of ice on it. 
This is February and your room 

1986
01:42:36,800 --> 01:42:40,300
like most rooms in the tenement 
has no proper heating beyond 

1987
01:42:40,300 --> 01:42:43,600
what you can provide yourself. 
You crack the ice with your 

1988
01:42:43,600 --> 01:42:47,300
knuckles, the sound sharp in the
quiet morning, and splash the 

1989
01:42:47,300 --> 01:42:49,200
shockingly cold water on your 
face. 

1990
01:42:49,200 --> 01:42:52,000
It's effective your thoroughly 
awake. 

1991
01:42:52,000 --> 01:42:55,300
Now, through your window, you 
can see the half of beginning to

1992
01:42:55,300 --> 01:42:58,800
emerge from Darkness. 
The view isn't picturesque in 

1993
01:42:58,800 --> 01:43:00,800
the way that wealthy 
neighborhoods might Define 

1994
01:43:00,800 --> 01:43:03,000
Beauty but it has its own 
character. 

1995
01:43:03,900 --> 01:43:07,200
You can see The Masks of dozens 
of ships, creating a forest of 

1996
01:43:07,200 --> 01:43:12,000
dark lines against the slowly, 
lightening sky, These aren't the

1997
01:43:12,000 --> 01:43:14,800
massive steamships that will 
dominate The Harbor in a few 

1998
01:43:14,808 --> 01:43:17,900
decades. 
Most are still sailing vessels 

1999
01:43:17,900 --> 01:43:21,500
their rigging as complex as 
spider webs there. 

2000
01:43:21,500 --> 01:43:23,300
More and more Steamers appear 
each year. 

2001
01:43:23,300 --> 01:43:26,500
Their Smoke Stacks, adding New 
Vertical elements to the 

2002
01:43:26,500 --> 01:43:29,200
skyline. 
You dress in layers because 

2003
01:43:29,200 --> 01:43:33,000
that's how you survive winter 
here. first the underlining, 

2004
01:43:33,000 --> 01:43:36,900
which you'll wear for several 
days before washing Water is 

2005
01:43:36,900 --> 01:43:38,700
precious when you have to carry 
it. 

2006
01:43:38,700 --> 01:43:42,200
Up three flights of stairs, then
the wool trousers slightly 

2007
01:43:42,200 --> 01:43:47,200
scratchy, but warm a shirt, a 
vest and finally, the coat that 

2008
01:43:47,200 --> 01:43:51,200
seen better days but still keeps
the worst of the wind out Your 

2009
01:43:51,200 --> 01:43:54,100
fingers are stiff as you work 
the buttons and you think not 

2010
01:43:54,100 --> 01:43:57,300
for the first time about the 
people who make these buttons 

2011
01:43:57,300 --> 01:44:00,200
somewhere in a workshop. 
Not unlike the one where you 

2012
01:44:00,200 --> 01:44:03,600
spend your own days, the 
tenement is beginning to stir 

2013
01:44:03,600 --> 01:44:05,800
around you. 
You can hear them are Tellis 

2014
01:44:05,800 --> 01:44:09,000
below starting their morning. 
The scrape of their coal 

2015
01:44:09,000 --> 01:44:12,300
scuttle, the low murmur of 
Italian that you've started to 

2016
01:44:12,300 --> 01:44:14,700
recognize even if you can't 
understand it. 

2017
01:44:15,900 --> 01:44:19,800
Above you, the coins, baby 
begins to cry a sound, you've 

2018
01:44:19,800 --> 01:44:21,300
learned to sleep through most 
nights. 

2019
01:44:22,000 --> 01:44:24,300
The walls here are thin enough 
that you know, your neighbor's 

2020
01:44:24,300 --> 01:44:27,300
rhythms as well as your own. 
You make your way down the 

2021
01:44:27,300 --> 01:44:30,300
stairs. 
Each flight narrow and steep the

2022
01:44:30,300 --> 01:44:35,500
banister warns, Smooth by hands.
The stairwell smells like a 

2023
01:44:35,500 --> 01:44:39,100
combination of cooking, cold 
smoke, and Humanity. 

2024
01:44:40,200 --> 01:44:41,700
Not unpleasant. 
Exactly. 

2025
01:44:41,700 --> 01:44:44,600
Just densely lived in on the 
second floor. 

2026
01:44:44,600 --> 01:44:46,300
Landing. 
Someone has left a bucket of 

2027
01:44:46,300 --> 01:44:48,100
night soil. 
That should have been empty 

2028
01:44:48,100 --> 01:44:50,800
hours ago. 
You step around it carefully, 

2029
01:44:50,800 --> 01:44:54,600
making a mental note of which 
apartment it likely came from 

2030
01:44:54,600 --> 01:44:59,700
though, you won't say anything. 
Everyone forgets, sometimes the 

2031
01:44:59,700 --> 01:45:03,300
street door sticks swollen from 
The Damp and you have to put 

2032
01:45:03,300 --> 01:45:06,900
your shoulder into it. 
When it finally gives way the 

2033
01:45:06,900 --> 01:45:09,500
February morning hits you with 
the smell of the harbor. 

2034
01:45:10,200 --> 01:45:15,500
Salt water fish tar and that 
particular organic scent of 

2035
01:45:15,508 --> 01:45:19,000
seaweed and marine life. 
That tells you the tide is low. 

2036
01:45:20,200 --> 01:45:23,900
The cobblestones outside a slick
with frost and you pick your way

2037
01:45:23,900 --> 01:45:28,200
carefully toward the waterfront.
The stones themselves are uneven

2038
01:45:28,200 --> 01:45:32,500
made by hand decades ago and 
they've settled into a landscape

2039
01:45:32,500 --> 01:45:35,200
of small Peaks and valleys in 
summer. 

2040
01:45:35,208 --> 01:45:38,100
They collect heat and radiate it
back all night. 

2041
01:45:38,800 --> 01:45:42,100
In Winter, they turn into an ice
rink with attitude. 

2042
01:45:43,000 --> 01:45:45,100
You've learned which route 
through your neighborhood have 

2043
01:45:45,100 --> 01:45:47,900
the best footing knowledge 
earned through several 

2044
01:45:47,900 --> 01:45:50,900
embarrassing Falls. 
The gaslights are still burning,

2045
01:45:50,900 --> 01:45:53,000
though. 
They close growing pale against 

2046
01:45:53,000 --> 01:45:56,400
the increasing daylight. 
These lights are one of the 

2047
01:45:56,400 --> 01:45:59,700
Cities Modern Marvels. 
Stalled over the past two 

2048
01:45:59,700 --> 01:46:02,900
decades and they've changed the 
rhythm of the evening life 

2049
01:46:02,900 --> 01:46:05,700
entirely. 
Your parents talk about the old 

2050
01:46:05,700 --> 01:46:08,700
days when night meant true 
darkness, when the city 

2051
01:46:08,700 --> 01:46:11,000
essentially shut down after 
sunset. 

2052
01:46:12,000 --> 01:46:15,700
Now, the lights creates small 
Circles of Illumination all 

2053
01:46:15,700 --> 01:46:19,000
along the major streets and you 
can walk home from work without 

2054
01:46:19,000 --> 01:46:21,900
feeling like you're navigating 
By Starlight alone. 

2055
01:46:23,000 --> 01:46:26,600
As you approach the Waterfront, 
the activity increases, this is 

2056
01:46:26,600 --> 01:46:28,200
when the harbor truly comes 
alive. 

2057
01:46:29,300 --> 01:46:33,000
Steve doors are already at work,
even in the pre-dawn dimness 

2058
01:46:33,000 --> 01:46:36,400
loading and unloading ships. 
That arrived overnight or are 

2059
01:46:36,400 --> 01:46:38,200
preparing to catch the morning 
tide. 

2060
01:46:39,100 --> 01:46:41,000
You stop for a moment to watch 
them work. 

2061
01:46:41,000 --> 01:46:45,500
There's a rhythm to it. 
That's almost hypnotic a dozen 

2062
01:46:45,500 --> 01:46:47,500
Men. 
Moving together calling out to 

2063
01:46:47,500 --> 01:46:50,800
each other in a mixed of 
English, German Irish and 

2064
01:46:50,800 --> 01:46:54,200
languages. 
You can't identify The Creeks of

2065
01:46:54,208 --> 01:46:58,600
ropes through police, the third 
of cargo hitting the dock and 

2066
01:46:58,600 --> 01:47:01,100
the slap of water against the 
pilings below. 

2067
01:47:02,300 --> 01:47:05,600
One ship is unloading crates of 
oranges from somewhere warm. 

2068
01:47:06,300 --> 01:47:09,900
Florida or the Caribbean. 
You guess the smell cuts through

2069
01:47:09,900 --> 01:47:12,100
the fish and tar? 
Brighton suite. 

2070
01:47:12,100 --> 01:47:15,200
And for a moment you remember 
that there are places where it 

2071
01:47:15,200 --> 01:47:18,100
isn't February where people 
aren't bundled against the cold 

2072
01:47:19,100 --> 01:47:21,600
Foreman catches you watching and
gives you a nod. 

2073
01:47:21,600 --> 01:47:25,400
You've seen him before everyone 
who lives near the Waterfront. 

2074
01:47:25,400 --> 01:47:29,300
Knows everyone else at least by 
sight you can continue along the

2075
01:47:29,308 --> 01:47:32,300
dock the wooden planks solid 
under your feet. 

2076
01:47:33,000 --> 01:47:36,800
These peers stretch out into the
East River, like, fingers, and 

2077
01:47:36,800 --> 01:47:40,400
the city has dozens of them. 
Now each one a small industrial 

2078
01:47:40,400 --> 01:47:43,800
ecosystem. 
There are warehouses that smell 

2079
01:47:43,800 --> 01:47:47,900
of coffee of tobacco of spices. 
You've never tasted. 

2080
01:47:49,000 --> 01:47:51,400
There are shipped childless 
shops with Windows, full of 

2081
01:47:51,408 --> 01:47:53,500
brass instruments and coiled 
rope. 

2082
01:47:54,300 --> 01:47:57,600
There are taverns that never 
really closed catering to 

2083
01:47:57,600 --> 01:48:00,400
Sailors who schedules. 
Don't match the city's normal 

2084
01:48:00,400 --> 01:48:03,900
hours. 
Steamship is coming in its 

2085
01:48:03,900 --> 01:48:06,100
paddle wheels, turning the water
white. 

2086
01:48:06,900 --> 01:48:08,900
Black smoke streaming from its 
stack. 

2087
01:48:10,000 --> 01:48:12,300
You can feel the vibration 
through the dock as it 

2088
01:48:12,300 --> 01:48:16,100
approaches a low thrumming. 
That's nothing like the silent. 

2089
01:48:16,100 --> 01:48:20,000
Arrival of sailing ship's. 
Crews already throwing lines to 

2090
01:48:20,000 --> 01:48:23,500
the Dock Workers and you watch 
the complex dance of securing a 

2091
01:48:23,500 --> 01:48:26,200
vessel that size, it's carrying 
passengers. 

2092
01:48:26,200 --> 01:48:29,900
You can see them lining the rail
pointing at the city. 

2093
01:48:29,900 --> 01:48:32,700
Their voice is excited even at 
this early hour. 

2094
01:48:33,400 --> 01:48:36,900
Some of them are immigrants. 
You can tell They have that 

2095
01:48:36,900 --> 01:48:41,000
particular look of people seeing
New York for the first time a 

2096
01:48:41,000 --> 01:48:43,900
mixture of Hope and uncertainty 
and exhaustion. 

2097
01:48:43,900 --> 01:48:47,100
You remember your own family's 
arrival though. 

2098
01:48:47,100 --> 01:48:49,300
You were young enough that the 
memories are more feeling than 

2099
01:48:49,300 --> 01:48:51,800
fact. 
Your mother has told you the 

2100
01:48:51,800 --> 01:48:55,000
stories enough times that you're
not sure which parts you 

2101
01:48:55,000 --> 01:48:58,100
actually remember, and which 
parts you've constructed from 

2102
01:48:58,100 --> 01:49:01,000
her telling. 
The city they're seeing is 

2103
01:49:01,000 --> 01:49:04,100
already enormous by any 
reasonable standard, but it's 

2104
01:49:04,100 --> 01:49:07,400
about to get much larger. 
You can see construction 

2105
01:49:07,400 --> 01:49:12,100
everywhere along the Waterfront,
new peers, new warehouses and 

2106
01:49:12,100 --> 01:49:14,300
new buildings Rising on filled 
land. 

2107
01:49:14,300 --> 01:49:16,400
That was underwater just a few 
years ago. 

2108
01:49:18,000 --> 01:49:21,400
The city is eating the harbor 
pushing out into the river 

2109
01:49:21,400 --> 01:49:25,300
itself and creating new ground 
where there was only water. 

2110
01:49:26,200 --> 01:49:28,800
You turn away from the harbor 
and head Inland toward the 

2111
01:49:28,800 --> 01:49:31,700
coffee seller who sets up his 
car to the corner of Water 

2112
01:49:31,700 --> 01:49:35,700
Street every morning. 
He's there already his Brazier 

2113
01:49:35,700 --> 01:49:38,600
glowing in the growing light. 
Smell of coffee. 

2114
01:49:38,600 --> 01:49:40,400
Cutting through the harbor. 
Smells. 

2115
01:49:41,400 --> 01:49:43,200
You fish a few Pennies from your
pocket. 

2116
01:49:44,000 --> 01:49:47,600
Coffee is a luxury but one you 
allow yourself most mornings. 

2117
01:49:48,600 --> 01:49:51,800
The coffee is strong and hot 
served in a tin cup, that you'll

2118
01:49:51,800 --> 01:49:55,500
return on your way back. 
The seller is German and he nods

2119
01:49:55,500 --> 01:49:56,300
at you. 
Without speaking. 

2120
01:49:56,300 --> 01:49:59,800
You've been buying coffee from 
him for six months now, but 

2121
01:49:59,800 --> 01:50:03,600
you've never exchanged more than
a handful of words, that's fine,

2122
01:50:03,600 --> 01:50:07,400
the coffee speaks for itself. 
You cup your hands around the 

2123
01:50:07,400 --> 01:50:10,000
warm metal and watch the city 
continued to wake up. 

2124
01:50:10,900 --> 01:50:12,800
Carts are beginning to appear on
the streets. 

2125
01:50:12,800 --> 01:50:15,500
Horses breath steaming in the 
cold air. 

2126
01:50:16,600 --> 01:50:19,200
A milk wagon. 
Rattles passed the bottles 

2127
01:50:19,200 --> 01:50:21,700
clinking against each other. 
In rhythm with the horse's 

2128
01:50:21,700 --> 01:50:24,400
hooves. 
Someone is sweeping the sidewalk

2129
01:50:24,400 --> 01:50:27,800
in front of a shot, even though 
more dirt will accumulate before

2130
01:50:27,800 --> 01:50:31,900
the doors open. 
A dog trots passed purposeful 

2131
01:50:31,900 --> 01:50:34,500
clearly on some important dog 
business. 

2132
01:50:35,500 --> 01:50:38,800
The sky is fully light. 
Now, the sun's still below the 

2133
01:50:38,800 --> 01:50:42,000
Horizon but painting the clouds 
in shades of pink and orange. 

2134
01:50:43,000 --> 01:50:46,900
It's going to be a clear day 
cold but clear and you allow 

2135
01:50:46,908 --> 01:50:49,600
yourself a moment of 
appreciation for this particular

2136
01:50:49,600 --> 01:50:53,600
morning, this particular cup of 
coffee, and this particular view

2137
01:50:53,600 --> 01:50:57,600
of your city beginning its day. 
You finish your coffee and 

2138
01:50:57,600 --> 01:51:00,400
return the cup to the seller, 
who's already serving a small 

2139
01:51:00,400 --> 01:51:02,400
crowd of workers heading to the 
docks. 

2140
01:51:03,900 --> 01:51:05,900
Street. 
You turn onto is typical of this

2141
01:51:05,900 --> 01:51:09,200
neighborhood. 
Now lined with buildings that 

2142
01:51:09,200 --> 01:51:11,100
lean into each other like old 
friends. 

2143
01:51:11,900 --> 01:51:15,400
The cobblestones creating a 
rough music as cartwheels pass 

2144
01:51:15,400 --> 01:51:17,600
over them. 
These cobblestones are the 

2145
01:51:17,600 --> 01:51:20,600
city's skeleton. 
You sometimes think they were 

2146
01:51:20,600 --> 01:51:23,600
laid down when the streets were 
planned or in some cases when 

2147
01:51:23,600 --> 01:51:26,500
the streets formed themselves 
from foot traffic and necessity,

2148
01:51:26,500 --> 01:51:29,600
and they'll probably Outlast the
buildings that line them. 

2149
01:51:30,300 --> 01:51:33,500
Each Stone was placed by hand 
fitted against its neighbors. 

2150
01:51:33,500 --> 01:51:36,800
And the result is a surface that
is remarkably durable 

2151
01:51:36,800 --> 01:51:40,600
spectacularly, uncomfortable for
anything with wheels. 

2152
01:51:42,000 --> 01:51:44,700
The stones around it River Rocks
for the most part, though. 

2153
01:51:44,700 --> 01:51:46,600
Some streets have angular 
quarried. 

2154
01:51:46,600 --> 01:51:48,300
Stone. 
That supposedly Superior. 

2155
01:51:49,100 --> 01:51:52,400
You can tell where you are in 
the city sometimes just by the 

2156
01:51:52,400 --> 01:51:54,400
feel of the cobblestones under 
your feet. 

2157
01:51:55,300 --> 01:51:58,100
The wealthy neighborhoods, 
Uptown of newer more uniform 

2158
01:51:58,100 --> 01:52:03,100
stones in need a patterns down 
here, the stones are older more 

2159
01:52:03,100 --> 01:52:06,600
chaotic and settled into their 
positions by Decades of traffic.

2160
01:52:06,600 --> 01:52:09,800
And whether there's an art to 
walking on cobblestones, in 

2161
01:52:09,800 --> 01:52:13,700
Winter, you learned to read the 
surface to spot, the patches 

2162
01:52:13,700 --> 01:52:17,200
where Isis formed in the gaps 
between stones and to know which

2163
01:52:17,200 --> 01:52:20,400
Stones sit higher and provide 
better tracking. 

2164
01:52:21,200 --> 01:52:24,800
Older people, sometimes slip and
you've helped more than one 

2165
01:52:24,800 --> 01:52:27,900
person up from these streets. 
Their dignity damaged more than 

2166
01:52:27,900 --> 01:52:32,000
their bodies usually. 
The street you're on now, Pearl 

2167
01:52:32,000 --> 01:52:34,200
Street. 
Follows the original Shoreline 

2168
01:52:34,200 --> 01:52:36,300
of the Island from 150 years 
ago. 

2169
01:52:36,300 --> 01:52:40,600
The Dutch who first settled 
here, built along the Waters 

2170
01:52:40,600 --> 01:52:44,400
Edge and though that edge is 
moved outward as the city filled

2171
01:52:44,400 --> 01:52:47,300
in the harbor. 
The street remembers is origins 

2172
01:52:47,300 --> 01:52:50,200
in its curved. 
Streets that were planned. 

2173
01:52:50,200 --> 01:52:55,200
Later further north run in neat 
grids but down here the streets,

2174
01:52:55,200 --> 01:52:59,300
follow older Logic, the logic of
water and available land and 

2175
01:52:59,300 --> 01:53:03,000
buildings that already existed. 
He passed a building that's been

2176
01:53:03,000 --> 01:53:05,900
torn down its guts exposed to 
the street. 

2177
01:53:07,000 --> 01:53:10,300
You can see the construction 
methods clearly thick, wooden 

2178
01:53:10,300 --> 01:53:13,000
beams, brick in Phil and plaster
walls. 

2179
01:53:13,900 --> 01:53:16,100
The building is being replaced 
by something taller and more 

2180
01:53:16,100 --> 01:53:18,600
modern. 
This is happening all over the 

2181
01:53:18,600 --> 01:53:21,400
lower City. 
Building's that were new 50 

2182
01:53:21,400 --> 01:53:23,100
years ago are being demolished 
for buildings. 

2183
01:53:23,100 --> 01:53:26,900
That will be new 50 years. 
Hence The city is constantly 

2184
01:53:26,900 --> 01:53:31,200
eating itself and rebuilding. 
Particularly ornate Cobblestone 

2185
01:53:31,200 --> 01:53:35,300
pattern catches your attention. 
Someone probably decades ago 

2186
01:53:35,300 --> 01:53:39,400
laid stones in a circular design
around What Might Have Been a 

2187
01:53:39,400 --> 01:53:42,500
well or a fountain. 
Nothing is still visible though.

2188
01:53:42,500 --> 01:53:46,000
Warren the stones polished 
Smooth by countless feet. 

2189
01:53:46,900 --> 01:53:50,000
You wonder if the person who 
laid this pattern expected it to

2190
01:53:50,000 --> 01:53:53,600
last this long, if they thought 
about the future at all, or if 

2191
01:53:53,608 --> 01:53:57,700
they were just doing their work 
Stone by Stone day by day. 

2192
01:53:58,400 --> 01:54:02,000
The morning traffic is building 
now carts, delivering Goods to 

2193
01:54:02,000 --> 01:54:05,600
shops, workers heading to the 
docks or the warehouses, or the 

2194
01:54:05,600 --> 01:54:08,400
hundred small manufacturers, 
that dot the lower City. 

2195
01:54:09,700 --> 01:54:12,700
The sound of wheels on 
cobblestones is constant. 

2196
01:54:13,500 --> 01:54:17,600
A rattling clacking. 
Percussion that forms the 

2197
01:54:17,600 --> 01:54:21,600
Baseline of the city's music. 
You add your own footsteps to 

2198
01:54:21,600 --> 01:54:25,200
it, your boots finding purchase 
on the uneven surface. 

2199
01:54:25,200 --> 01:54:30,000
You pass a horse that slipped on
the cobblestones its legs spread

2200
01:54:30,000 --> 01:54:32,500
awkwardly, The Carter trying to 
calm it. 

2201
01:54:32,500 --> 01:54:35,100
While simultaneously, trying to 
get it back on its feet. 

2202
01:54:36,100 --> 01:54:39,700
This happens sometimes. 
Horses aren't naturally suited 

2203
01:54:39,700 --> 01:54:44,000
to cobblestones a specially wet 
or icy ones, and you've seen 

2204
01:54:44,000 --> 01:54:46,000
more than one seriously injured 
this way. 

2205
01:54:46,900 --> 01:54:49,400
Other Carters are already 
routing around the obstacle, 

2206
01:54:49,400 --> 01:54:52,200
some offering advice. 
That's probably not, welcome 

2207
01:54:52,200 --> 01:54:56,100
others, simply navigating past 
with the resigned efficiency of 

2208
01:54:56,100 --> 01:54:59,400
people who've seen this before 
the smell of the city is 

2209
01:54:59,400 --> 01:55:02,600
changing as the morning 
progresses, the harbor smells 

2210
01:55:02,600 --> 01:55:07,800
are fading replaced by closer 
more, domestic sense, Bread 

2211
01:55:07,800 --> 01:55:11,400
baking, somewhere nearby. 
There's a German bakery, two 

2212
01:55:11,400 --> 01:55:13,200
streets over and they start 
early. 

2213
01:55:13,200 --> 01:55:18,200
Coal smoke from 100 chimneys, 
the particular organic smell of 

2214
01:55:18,200 --> 01:55:22,300
horses, which is so constant in 
the city that you barely notice 

2215
01:55:22,300 --> 01:55:23,800
it. 
Except when it's fresh. 

2216
01:55:24,800 --> 01:55:29,100
And underneath everything, the 
smell of the city itself, stone 

2217
01:55:29,100 --> 01:55:32,300
and brick, and wood, and 
Humanity, all pressed together. 

2218
01:55:33,200 --> 01:55:37,200
Your tenement is one of dozens 
on the street and the street is 

2219
01:55:37,200 --> 01:55:39,200
one of dozens like it in this 
neighborhood. 

2220
01:55:40,000 --> 01:55:43,000
And the neighborhood is one of 
several where most of the Cities

2221
01:55:43,000 --> 01:55:46,200
working people live. 
The building is five stories 

2222
01:55:46,200 --> 01:55:48,800
tall, which makes it neither 
particularly tall, nor 

2223
01:55:48,800 --> 01:55:50,200
particularly short for this 
area. 

2224
01:55:51,300 --> 01:55:54,100
Newer buildings. 
Further Uptown are pushing six 

2225
01:55:54,100 --> 01:55:58,000
or even seven stories, testing 
the limits of what you can build

2226
01:55:58,000 --> 01:56:00,100
with. 
Without elevators, which remain 

2227
01:56:00,100 --> 01:56:04,000
expensive Novelties for the very
wealthy. you live on the third 

2228
01:56:04,000 --> 01:56:06,400
floor, which is actually 
preferable to the higher floors 

2229
01:56:06,400 --> 01:56:11,000
despite the stairs Heat rises 
which means the top floors are 

2230
01:56:11,000 --> 01:56:15,000
sweltering in summer and water 
pressure such as it is weakens 

2231
01:56:15,000 --> 01:56:18,500
the higher you go. 
The ground floor is commercial 

2232
01:56:18,500 --> 01:56:22,300
space, a small grocery that 
sells to the buildings residents

2233
01:56:22,300 --> 01:56:25,300
and to the neighborhood. 
You can smell it from the street

2234
01:56:25,300 --> 01:56:29,700
and mix of cheese and pickles. 
And the Mysterious amalgamation 

2235
01:56:29,700 --> 01:56:32,000
of smells that grocery stores 
accumulate. 

2236
01:56:32,700 --> 01:56:36,000
Each floor of your building 
holds four Apartments though. 

2237
01:56:36,000 --> 01:56:38,700
Apartment is perhaps too Grand a
word. 

2238
01:56:39,400 --> 01:56:43,100
Their rooms really or connected 
rooms for the larger families. 

2239
01:56:43,100 --> 01:56:48,100
Your space is a single room of 
about 12 feet by 12 feet with 

2240
01:56:48,100 --> 01:56:50,100
one window, and a door that 
doesn't quite fit. 

2241
01:56:50,100 --> 01:56:52,600
Its frame. 
You share a toilet in the 

2242
01:56:52,600 --> 01:56:55,800
hallway with the other three 
apartments on your floor, a 

2243
01:56:55,800 --> 01:56:58,600
situation that requires a level 
of Tolerance and schedule 

2244
01:56:58,600 --> 01:57:01,200
coordination that would shock 
your suburban. 

2245
01:57:01,200 --> 01:57:04,100
Descendants. 
The martelli's below, you have 

2246
01:57:04,100 --> 01:57:08,200
three rooms for seven people, 
parents, four children, and the 

2247
01:57:08,200 --> 01:57:09,900
grandmother, who barely speaks 
English. 

2248
01:57:09,900 --> 01:57:12,800
But whose cooking fills the 
stairwell with garlic and 

2249
01:57:12,800 --> 01:57:14,800
tomato? 
Smells that make your mouth 

2250
01:57:14,800 --> 01:57:16,800
water? 
Above you. 

2251
01:57:16,808 --> 01:57:20,700
The cohens have two rooms for 
the cells and their baby plus 

2252
01:57:20,700 --> 01:57:24,500
their expecting another Next 
year, as an Irish family, whose 

2253
01:57:24,500 --> 01:57:26,500
name your slightly embarrassed 
to admit, you don't know, 

2254
01:57:26,500 --> 01:57:30,900
despite Living 10 feet away from
them for eight months, the walls

2255
01:57:30,900 --> 01:57:34,600
between apartments are thin, not
paper thin, but thin enough 

2256
01:57:34,600 --> 01:57:37,100
that, you know, when your 
neighbors are arguing when their

2257
01:57:37,100 --> 01:57:40,200
children are crying, when 
they're cooking, when they're 

2258
01:57:40,200 --> 01:57:44,000
entertaining, visitors, privacy 
is a theoretical concept here. 

2259
01:57:44,700 --> 01:57:47,500
You learn to extend a kind of 
willful ignorance toward your 

2260
01:57:47,508 --> 01:57:51,100
neighbor's lives to hear. 
But not listen to know, but not 

2261
01:57:51,100 --> 01:57:53,000
acknowledge. 
It's a skill. 

2262
01:57:53,000 --> 01:57:54,600
Everyone in the building 
develops. 

2263
01:57:54,600 --> 01:57:57,700
The building's physical 
structure, tells its own story. 

2264
01:57:57,700 --> 01:57:59,800
The wooden stairs are in the 
middle. 

2265
01:57:59,800 --> 01:58:03,800
Creating small valleys with 
thousands of feet of trade The 

2266
01:58:03,808 --> 01:58:07,300
banished a wobbles at certain 
points require in careful 

2267
01:58:07,300 --> 01:58:10,000
navigation. 
The walls are plastered over 

2268
01:58:10,000 --> 01:58:13,200
brick painted in what might have
once been a pleasant creme 

2269
01:58:13,200 --> 01:58:16,200
color, but is now the 
indeterminate brownish shade, 

2270
01:58:16,200 --> 01:58:19,600
the tall heavily used building 
of eventually achieve Each 

2271
01:58:19,600 --> 01:58:22,900
Landing has a window though. 
These are often painted shut or 

2272
01:58:22,900 --> 01:58:26,300
don't open anyway. 
Like filters through them in the

2273
01:58:26,300 --> 01:58:29,500
daytime, creating patches of 
Illumination on the stairs that 

2274
01:58:29,500 --> 01:58:33,300
shift as the day progresses. 
you've learned to navigate these

2275
01:58:33,300 --> 01:58:37,000
stairs and complete darkness 
when necessary, you know the 

2276
01:58:37,000 --> 01:58:40,000
number of steps between each 
floor, you know, which boards 

2277
01:58:40,000 --> 01:58:44,200
Creek and you know, exactly 
where the banister wobbles The 

2278
01:58:44,200 --> 01:58:47,100
roof is technically off-limits 
but everyone goes up there. 

2279
01:58:47,100 --> 01:58:49,700
Anyway. 
In summer, people sleep on the 

2280
01:58:49,708 --> 01:58:53,400
roof when their rooms become 
unbearable in fall and spring. 

2281
01:58:53,400 --> 01:58:56,300
It's where you hang laundry in 
winter. 

2282
01:58:56,300 --> 01:58:58,400
It's where you go. 
When you need to escape the 

2283
01:58:58,400 --> 01:59:01,500
pressing Humanity of the 
building, to feel cold air and 

2284
01:59:01,500 --> 01:59:05,800
sea the sky, the view from the 
roof shows, you the density of 

2285
01:59:05,800 --> 01:59:09,200
the city building's pressed 
together with barely an inch 

2286
01:59:09,200 --> 01:59:13,600
between them, Chimneys in 
forests and the grid of streets,

2287
01:59:13,600 --> 01:59:17,000
visible, from above Water is a 
daily challenge. 

2288
01:59:17,000 --> 01:59:20,900
There's a pump in the courtyard,
behind the building shared by 

2289
01:59:20,900 --> 01:59:24,100
three buildings that face onto 
this small dark space. 

2290
01:59:25,200 --> 01:59:28,600
The pump works mostly though. 
It requires significant effort 

2291
01:59:28,600 --> 01:59:32,000
and sometimes needs priming. 
You've gotten strong, hauling 

2292
01:59:32,000 --> 01:59:35,500
water up three, flights of 
stairs, your arms and shoulders 

2293
01:59:35,500 --> 01:59:37,600
developing in ways. 
That surprise you. 

2294
01:59:37,600 --> 01:59:41,500
In Winter, the pump, sometimes 
freezes and then you're buying 

2295
01:59:41,508 --> 01:59:44,600
water from the car comes around 
adding to your expenses. 

2296
01:59:45,600 --> 01:59:49,500
The courtyard itself is a study 
and efficient use of space, it's

2297
01:59:49,500 --> 01:59:53,100
where the privies are too small 
structures serving, 60 people. 

2298
01:59:53,100 --> 01:59:57,200
It's where the ash pile is where
everyone dumps, their coal ash, 

2299
01:59:57,200 --> 01:59:59,800
which is periodically collected 
and sold. 

2300
01:59:59,800 --> 02:00:04,000
Ash has uses, you've never quite
understood It's where the 

2301
02:00:04,008 --> 02:00:06,700
children play When the streets 
are too dangerous or too cold. 

2302
02:00:06,700 --> 02:00:10,800
It's where arguments happen. 
Where deals are made and where 

2303
02:00:10,800 --> 02:00:12,900
life spills out from the crowded
apartment. 

2304
02:00:13,900 --> 02:00:16,200
Someone in the building keeps 
chickens in the courtyard, 

2305
02:00:16,200 --> 02:00:19,300
though. 
This is technically illegal. the

2306
02:00:19,300 --> 02:00:22,900
chickens provide eggs which are 
Bartered and sold and they eat 

2307
02:00:22,900 --> 02:00:27,400
kitchen scraps, which reduces 
waste the landlord knows about 

2308
02:00:27,400 --> 02:00:30,600
the chickens, but hasn't 
complained yet, probably because

2309
02:00:30,600 --> 02:00:34,900
he occasionally receives eggs 
from the arrangement, Chickens 

2310
02:00:34,900 --> 02:00:37,000
have become something of a 
mascot for the building. 

2311
02:00:37,000 --> 02:00:40,400
Their cluckin, adding to the 
general Symphony of urban animal

2312
02:00:40,400 --> 02:00:44,300
sounds you walk Uptown for work,
which means you pass through the

2313
02:00:44,300 --> 02:00:46,900
transition zones where the city 
changes character. 

2314
02:00:46,900 --> 02:00:51,300
It happens gradually, then all 
at once, The building's get 

2315
02:00:51,300 --> 02:00:54,400
taller, the windows, get cleaner
and the people on the street 

2316
02:00:54,400 --> 02:00:57,800
address differently, the 
cobblestones themselves seem 

2317
02:00:57,800 --> 02:00:59,900
smoother. 
Though, this might be your 

2318
02:00:59,900 --> 02:01:02,900
imagination giving physical form
to economic reality. 

2319
02:01:04,300 --> 02:01:07,700
Broadway is where the change is 
most obvious, south of Canal, 

2320
02:01:07,700 --> 02:01:10,900
Street is commercial, and 
crowded and Democratic in its 

2321
02:01:10,900 --> 02:01:13,400
chaos. 
North of canal, it begins its 

2322
02:01:13,400 --> 02:01:15,400
transformation into something 
more. 

2323
02:01:15,400 --> 02:01:19,200
Refined the shops have larger 
windows and more elaborate 

2324
02:01:19,200 --> 02:01:22,600
displays the pedestrians. 
Walk more slowly with the 

2325
02:01:22,600 --> 02:01:25,300
particular gate of people who 
don't need to hurry because 

2326
02:01:25,300 --> 02:01:28,900
they're not paid by the hour. 
You see a woman emerge from a 

2327
02:01:28,900 --> 02:01:30,700
brownstone? 
And the contrast with your 

2328
02:01:30,700 --> 02:01:33,900
morning is so Stark. 
You want to stop walking Her 

2329
02:01:33,900 --> 02:01:37,500
dress is dark blue wool, 
perfectly fitted with what must 

2330
02:01:37,500 --> 02:01:41,300
be dozens of buttons, running 
down the front. a servant 

2331
02:01:41,300 --> 02:01:45,700
follows her carrying a package 
the woman's hand to gloved her 

2332
02:01:45,700 --> 02:01:48,800
hair arranged in an elaborate 
style, that must have taken an 

2333
02:01:48,800 --> 02:01:52,800
hour to create She stepped into 
a carriage waiting at the curb. 

2334
02:01:52,800 --> 02:01:56,000
Barely acknowledging the driver 
who holds the door for her. 

2335
02:01:56,800 --> 02:01:58,700
The Brownstone themselves are 
remarkable. 

2336
02:01:58,700 --> 02:02:02,200
These are relatively new 
buildings constructed in the 

2337
02:02:02,200 --> 02:02:04,700
past 20 years, as the city has 
pushed North. 

2338
02:02:05,400 --> 02:02:08,600
And they represent a completely 
different philosophy of urban 

2339
02:02:08,600 --> 02:02:12,600
living from your tenement. 
Instead of housing, dozens of 

2340
02:02:12,600 --> 02:02:16,200
families vertically, each 
Brownstone housed, one family, 

2341
02:02:16,200 --> 02:02:19,800
sometimes. 
One very wealthy family, spread 

2342
02:02:19,800 --> 02:02:22,800
across four, or five floors of 
space, that would seem 

2343
02:02:22,800 --> 02:02:26,208
unimaginable to your neighbor's.
The buildings are faced with the

2344
02:02:26,216 --> 02:02:29,700
brown Sandstone that gives them 
their name carved with 

2345
02:02:29,700 --> 02:02:33,000
ornamental details that serve no
purpose Beyond decoration. 

2346
02:02:33,900 --> 02:02:38,100
The Stoops are wide and imposing
lifting, the main floor above 

2347
02:02:38,100 --> 02:02:41,400
street level, creating a 
physical separation between the 

2348
02:02:41,400 --> 02:02:45,400
house and the City. 
The windows are large hung with 

2349
02:02:45,400 --> 02:02:48,700
curtains that hint at rooms 
behind them, lit by chandeliers.

2350
02:02:49,700 --> 02:02:52,700
Basement entrances lead to 
service areas, where cooks and 

2351
02:02:52,700 --> 02:02:55,900
Maids work in spaces that are 
still larger than your entire 

2352
02:02:55,900 --> 02:02:58,500
apartment. 
You've been in inside one of 

2353
02:02:58,500 --> 02:03:01,100
these houses, once to delivering
a package to the servants 

2354
02:03:01,100 --> 02:03:03,300
entrance. 
The Glimpse you got of the 

2355
02:03:03,308 --> 02:03:06,500
interior was almost 
overwhelming, the sheer amount 

2356
02:03:06,500 --> 02:03:09,100
of stuff. 
These people owned the space of 

2357
02:03:09,100 --> 02:03:12,700
voted to single purposes. 
The Casual luxury of it. 

2358
02:03:12,700 --> 02:03:16,300
All a room, just for dining 
room, just for receiving 

2359
02:03:16,300 --> 02:03:19,300
visitors a room just for sitting
apparently. 

2360
02:03:20,300 --> 02:03:22,800
Stairs wide enough for three 
people to walk a breast, 

2361
02:03:22,800 --> 02:03:26,400
carpeted in patterns, that 
looked expensive, even to your 

2362
02:03:26,400 --> 02:03:29,400
own experience. 
I The funny thing is the people 

2363
02:03:29,400 --> 02:03:31,800
who live in these, Brownstones 
think they're being modest. 

2364
02:03:32,500 --> 02:03:35,900
The truly wealthy, the Asters 
and Vanderbilts and their ilk 

2365
02:03:35,900 --> 02:03:39,000
are building mansions further. 
Uptown that make these Brown 

2366
02:03:39,000 --> 02:03:42,100
Stones look like Cottages, 
there's always someone richer. 

2367
02:03:42,100 --> 02:03:44,600
Always another tier of wealth to
aspire to. 

2368
02:03:44,600 --> 02:03:48,100
It's Turtles. 
All the way up except the 

2369
02:03:48,100 --> 02:03:51,500
turtles are made of money. 
You pass Washington Square, 

2370
02:03:51,500 --> 02:03:54,000
which is the city's attempt at 
genteel. 

2371
02:03:54,000 --> 02:03:56,600
Public space. 
The park is surrounded by 

2372
02:03:56,600 --> 02:04:00,000
elegant townhouses and the 
fountain at its Center is 

2373
02:04:00,000 --> 02:04:02,400
currently dry waiting for warmer
weather. 

2374
02:04:03,600 --> 02:04:07,100
Few nurses are out with their 
charges children raped in so 

2375
02:04:07,100 --> 02:04:10,300
many layers. 
They can barely move waddling 

2376
02:04:10,300 --> 02:04:13,300
around the paths like small 
overdressed penguins. 

2377
02:04:14,300 --> 02:04:17,200
Contrast with the children in 
your neighborhood who play in 

2378
02:04:17,200 --> 02:04:20,100
the streets in whatever closed 
their families can afford is not

2379
02:04:20,100 --> 02:04:23,600
lost on you at the University 
building on the east side of the

2380
02:04:23,600 --> 02:04:25,200
square are impressive in their 
own. 

2381
02:04:25,200 --> 02:04:27,500
Right Gothic Revival 
architecture. 

2382
02:04:27,500 --> 02:04:30,000
That's meant to inspire respect 
for learning. 

2383
02:04:30,700 --> 02:04:34,400
Students hurry between 
buildings, their scarves wrapped

2384
02:04:34,400 --> 02:04:36,400
against the cold, their arms 
full of books. 

2385
02:04:37,300 --> 02:04:39,900
These are the children of the 
Brownstone families, mostly 

2386
02:04:39,900 --> 02:04:42,300
getting educated for the 
professionals. 

2387
02:04:42,300 --> 02:04:46,100
That will keep them in. 
Brownstones Very few of them of 

2388
02:04:46,100 --> 02:04:48,400
the children of factory workers 
or dock laborers. 

2389
02:04:48,400 --> 02:04:52,700
You can continue North and the 
character keeps changing the 

2390
02:04:52,700 --> 02:04:56,600
buildings, get more ornate. 
The streets get wider the 

2391
02:04:56,600 --> 02:05:00,600
traffic shifts from commercial 
carts to private carriages. even

2392
02:05:00,600 --> 02:05:04,500
the air smells different here, 
less coal, smoke more of what 

2393
02:05:04,500 --> 02:05:08,800
ever expensive perfumes and 
soaps wealthy people use The 

2394
02:05:08,800 --> 02:05:12,900
dogs are different too, small 
pampered things that serve no 

2395
02:05:12,900 --> 02:05:16,600
working, purpose carried or LED 
on leashes by servants. 

2396
02:05:17,600 --> 02:05:19,800
There's a particular kind of 
Silence in these wealthy 

2397
02:05:19,800 --> 02:05:21,700
neighborhoods that you find 
unsettling. 

2398
02:05:22,400 --> 02:05:24,300
In your area of city is never 
quiet. 

2399
02:05:24,300 --> 02:05:29,500
There's always someone shouting,
a baby crying carts, rattling or

2400
02:05:29,500 --> 02:05:31,500
neighbors are arguing. 
Here. 

2401
02:05:31,500 --> 02:05:35,900
The streets can be almost empty.
The sound of your footsteps. 

2402
02:05:35,900 --> 02:05:37,700
Echoing off the building 
facade's. 

2403
02:05:39,200 --> 02:05:43,500
The noise of life is pushed 
inside behind thick walls, and 

2404
02:05:43,500 --> 02:05:46,800
heavy curtains, leaving the 
streets themselves, feeling, 

2405
02:05:46,800 --> 02:05:49,400
almost abandoned, you reach your
destination. 

2406
02:05:49,400 --> 02:05:53,400
A small Workshop that 
manufactures, lamp fixtures and 

2407
02:05:53,400 --> 02:05:57,200
the neighborhood changes again. 
This is commercial space, 

2408
02:05:57,200 --> 02:06:01,700
neither tenement nor Brownstone 
devoted to the making of things.

2409
02:06:02,600 --> 02:06:06,600
The workshop sits between 
residential areas serving, both 

2410
02:06:06,600 --> 02:06:11,300
belonging fully to neither. 
Your work involves careful 

2411
02:06:11,300 --> 02:06:13,600
repetitive tasks performed with 
tools. 

2412
02:06:13,600 --> 02:06:16,900
That would seem primitive to 
Future Generations, but are the 

2413
02:06:16,900 --> 02:06:20,700
height of current technology. 
The workshop makes Gaslamp 

2414
02:06:20,700 --> 02:06:24,600
fixtures the brass and glass 
Creations that are slowly 

2415
02:06:24,600 --> 02:06:27,100
lighting the city one corner at 
a time. 

2416
02:06:27,900 --> 02:06:31,100
Your particular job involves 
fitting and soldering, the brass

2417
02:06:31,100 --> 02:06:34,900
components that hold the glass 
globes ensuring their secure and

2418
02:06:34,900 --> 02:06:38,800
won't leak gas. 
The workshop is a long room on 

2419
02:06:38,800 --> 02:06:40,500
the second floor of a commercial
building. 

2420
02:06:41,200 --> 02:06:44,200
Windows on both sides, provide 
natural light, for most of the 

2421
02:06:44,200 --> 02:06:48,600
day, supplemented by gas lamps 
when needed the irony of making 

2422
02:06:48,600 --> 02:06:50,800
lamps by Lamplight is not lost 
on you. 

2423
02:06:51,400 --> 02:06:55,200
In some summer, the windows stay
open, making the heat from the 

2424
02:06:55,200 --> 02:06:59,100
soldering, iron slightly more 
bearable in Winter they stay 

2425
02:06:59,100 --> 02:07:01,800
closed. 
Trapping the heat, making the 

2426
02:07:01,800 --> 02:07:05,100
room, alternatively, too cold, 
and too warm as the day 

2427
02:07:05,100 --> 02:07:08,000
progresses. 
There are 12 workers in this 

2428
02:07:08,000 --> 02:07:11,000
shop, each with their particular
role in the manufacturing 

2429
02:07:11,000 --> 02:07:14,100
process. 
The brass arrives already cast 

2430
02:07:14,100 --> 02:07:17,500
which happens elsewhere. 
Your area handles assembly 

2431
02:07:17,500 --> 02:07:21,300
finishing and quality control. 
The hierarchy is clear. 

2432
02:07:21,300 --> 02:07:24,900
The master Craftsmen, the 
Journeymen, the apprentices and 

2433
02:07:24,900 --> 02:07:28,800
the unskilled workers who do the
truly repetitive tasks. 

2434
02:07:28,800 --> 02:07:31,000
You're somewhere in the middle 
of this structure. 

2435
02:07:31,000 --> 02:07:34,300
Skilled enough to be trusted 
with complex work but not 

2436
02:07:34,300 --> 02:07:36,400
skilled enough yet to command 
top wages. 

2437
02:07:37,400 --> 02:07:39,900
The days rhythm is dictated by 
lightning endurance. 

2438
02:07:39,900 --> 02:07:42,900
You arrive at 7. 
When there's enough natural 

2439
02:07:42,900 --> 02:07:46,300
light to work by you. 
Leave it six in Winter and seven

2440
02:07:46,300 --> 02:07:48,500
in summer. 
When the light fails enough to 

2441
02:07:48,500 --> 02:07:52,100
make fine work difficult. 
There's a 30 minute break for 

2442
02:07:52,100 --> 02:07:54,900
lunch, which you eat at your 
workbench because there's no 

2443
02:07:54,900 --> 02:07:58,400
where else to eat it. 
If you're lucky, you manage a 

2444
02:07:58,400 --> 02:08:01,200
few shorter breaks throughout 
the day though this is frowned 

2445
02:08:01,200 --> 02:08:04,900
upon the work itself requires 
intense concentration and 

2446
02:08:04,900 --> 02:08:07,900
punctuated by moments of almost 
meditative repetition. 

2447
02:08:08,800 --> 02:08:12,600
Fitting a globe Mount requires, 
Precision measurements must be 

2448
02:08:12,600 --> 02:08:16,300
exact the angles must be, right?
And the solder must flow, 

2449
02:08:16,300 --> 02:08:19,000
smoothly and completely, get it 
wrong. 

2450
02:08:19,000 --> 02:08:21,700
And the fixture might leak gas, 
which in a home. 

2451
02:08:21,708 --> 02:08:24,300
Could mean anything from 
minoring and convenient to fatal

2452
02:08:24,300 --> 02:08:27,900
explosion. 
Get it right, and no one will 

2453
02:08:27,900 --> 02:08:30,100
ever notice, which is exactly 
the point. 

2454
02:08:31,600 --> 02:08:33,400
Your hands have adapted to this 
work. 

2455
02:08:33,400 --> 02:08:37,000
Your fingers have developed. 
Calluses in specific places 

2456
02:08:37,000 --> 02:08:40,700
where you hold tools, your right
thumb is slightly scarred from a

2457
02:08:40,700 --> 02:08:42,600
soldering, iron mishap months 
ago. 

2458
02:08:43,300 --> 02:08:46,300
Your nails are permanently 
stained with brass residue that 

2459
02:08:46,300 --> 02:08:48,400
no amount of washing fully 
removes. 

2460
02:08:48,400 --> 02:08:51,400
These are working hands and they
look it. 

2461
02:08:51,400 --> 02:08:54,800
The other workers are a mixed 
group O'Brien. 

2462
02:08:54,800 --> 02:08:58,900
Who works beside you is Irish 
arrived five years ago and is 

2463
02:08:58,900 --> 02:09:02,200
now naturalized and proud of it.
He has opinions about 

2464
02:09:02,200 --> 02:09:04,900
everything, which he shares 
liberally and loudly. 

2465
02:09:06,100 --> 02:09:07,700
Chen, who does the finishing 
work? 

2466
02:09:07,700 --> 02:09:11,600
Is Chinese quiet, and impossibly
skilled with the buffing wheel. 

2467
02:09:12,500 --> 02:09:16,300
The master Craftsman whose name 
is Albrecht, is German trained 

2468
02:09:16,300 --> 02:09:19,600
in the old country and still 
thinks American workmanship is 

2469
02:09:19,600 --> 02:09:21,100
sloppy. 
But acknowledges, it's 

2470
02:09:21,100 --> 02:09:24,100
improving. 
Conversation during work is 

2471
02:09:24,100 --> 02:09:26,200
tolerated, as long as the work 
doesn't suffer. 

2472
02:09:26,200 --> 02:09:29,700
This means you've learned a lot 
about your fellow workers lives 

2473
02:09:29,700 --> 02:09:32,700
their families, their 
complaints, and their hopes, 

2474
02:09:33,500 --> 02:09:37,900
O'Brien is saving to bring his 
sister over from Ireland, Chen's

2475
02:09:37,900 --> 02:09:41,800
most of his wages back home to 
his family held his planing to 

2476
02:09:41,800 --> 02:09:44,500
start his own shop eventually 
though, he has been planning 

2477
02:09:44,500 --> 02:09:46,000
this for as long as anyone can 
remember. 

2478
02:09:47,300 --> 02:09:50,600
The noise in the workshop is 
constant but not overwhelming. 

2479
02:09:51,300 --> 02:09:55,300
The hiss of gas lamps, the 
scraper files on brass the 

2480
02:09:55,300 --> 02:09:58,700
occasional clang of a dropped 
tool and the muttered curses 

2481
02:09:58,700 --> 02:10:02,000
when something goes wrong. 
You've learned to work within 

2482
02:10:02,000 --> 02:10:06,100
this soundscape to notice when 
something sounds wrong and to 

2483
02:10:06,100 --> 02:10:08,700
hear the difference between 
normal work noise and the sound 

2484
02:10:08,700 --> 02:10:11,500
of a problem. 
Developing Your lunch comes from

2485
02:10:11,500 --> 02:10:15,000
home bread and cheese. 
And if you're lucky and coffee 

2486
02:10:15,000 --> 02:10:17,200
in a tin, that's gone, cold by 
the time, you drink it. 

2487
02:10:18,200 --> 02:10:20,300
But twice a week. 
You stop at the market on your 

2488
02:10:20,300 --> 02:10:23,400
way home from work, which means 
planning your route to pass 

2489
02:10:23,400 --> 02:10:26,100
through one of the Cities, many 
informal Market places that 

2490
02:10:26,100 --> 02:10:28,200
spring up wherever they're 
spaced and foot traffic. 

2491
02:10:29,300 --> 02:10:32,300
The market, you prefer is on 
Hester Street, a narrow 

2492
02:10:32,300 --> 02:10:34,700
thoroughfare in the Lower East 
Side, that comes almost 

2493
02:10:34,700 --> 02:10:37,000
impossible with vendors every 
evil evening. 

2494
02:10:37,900 --> 02:10:40,200
The transformation from Street 
to Market happens. 

2495
02:10:40,200 --> 02:10:43,300
Gradually starting mid off to 
noon as carts. 

2496
02:10:43,300 --> 02:10:45,700
Begin to appear reaching full 
chaos. 

2497
02:10:45,700 --> 02:10:49,700
By the time you arrive around 
7:00, The street is lined with 

2498
02:10:49,700 --> 02:10:53,600
push cars stalls and blankets 
spread on the ground, each of 

2499
02:10:53,600 --> 02:10:56,200
vendor calling out their Wares 
and a mixture of languages. 

2500
02:10:57,300 --> 02:11:00,400
The sensory experience of the 
market is intense. 

2501
02:11:00,400 --> 02:11:04,500
Every vendor is competing for 
attention, which means noise 

2502
02:11:04,500 --> 02:11:08,400
calling out prices, describing 
products, and arguing with 

2503
02:11:08,408 --> 02:11:11,600
customers. 
The smells layer on top of each 

2504
02:11:11,600 --> 02:11:15,100
other pickled herring from One 
cart fresh bread. 

2505
02:11:15,100 --> 02:11:19,300
From another, the sharp Tang of 
cheese, the sweet smell of 

2506
02:11:19,300 --> 02:11:23,900
apples. 
The earthy scent of potatoes The

2507
02:11:23,900 --> 02:11:27,800
visual chaos is almost 
overwhelming piles of goods. 

2508
02:11:27,800 --> 02:11:31,900
Hanging meat vegetables. 
Stacked in precarious pyramids 

2509
02:11:31,900 --> 02:11:37,400
bolts of cloth, used tools and 
mysterious objects you can't 

2510
02:11:37,400 --> 02:11:41,700
quite identify You've learned to
navigate this chaos efficiently.

2511
02:11:42,600 --> 02:11:46,200
first, walk, the entire Market 
to see what's available and at 

2512
02:11:46,200 --> 02:11:49,900
what price is the vendors at the
far end often have slightly 

2513
02:11:49,900 --> 02:11:54,400
lower prices, because fewer 
people walk that far Second and 

2514
02:11:54,400 --> 02:11:58,200
never accept the first price 
quoted haggling is expected. 

2515
02:11:58,200 --> 02:12:03,100
Even encouraged third know what 
things should cost, which comes 

2516
02:12:03,100 --> 02:12:07,600
from experience and observation.
4th build relationships with 

2517
02:12:07,600 --> 02:12:10,800
particular vendors, which 
sometimes results in better 

2518
02:12:10,800 --> 02:12:13,100
deals or first access to Quality
Goods. 

2519
02:12:13,900 --> 02:12:17,000
The fish vendor, you prefer is 
run by a Russian Jewish Family 

2520
02:12:17,000 --> 02:12:18,800
with three generations working 
together. 

2521
02:12:19,600 --> 02:12:23,200
The grandfather who speaks 
almost knowing English handles, 

2522
02:12:23,200 --> 02:12:26,700
the fish with practice 
deficiency, cleaning them with a

2523
02:12:26,700 --> 02:12:28,300
knife that's probably older than
you are. 

2524
02:12:29,100 --> 02:12:32,100
The daughter, handles the money 
and the conversation switching 

2525
02:12:32,100 --> 02:12:35,100
between English, Yiddish and 
Russian, depending on the 

2526
02:12:35,100 --> 02:12:38,300
customer. 
The grandson who's about 12, 

2527
02:12:38,300 --> 02:12:42,300
does the running and fetching 
they recognize you know your 

2528
02:12:42,308 --> 02:12:46,100
preferences and sometimes set 
aside better specimens when they

2529
02:12:46,100 --> 02:12:48,700
know your coming. 
Today, you're buying fish 

2530
02:12:48,700 --> 02:12:52,200
Herring specifically which is 
cheap and keeps well enough to 

2531
02:12:52,200 --> 02:12:56,900
last several days. 
The negotiation is brief almost 

2532
02:12:56,900 --> 02:13:00,100
ceremonial. 
She quote surprise you counter 

2533
02:13:00,100 --> 02:13:02,100
with a lower one. 
She looks offended. 

2534
02:13:02,100 --> 02:13:07,000
You look skeptical, she meets 
you halfway and you agree the 

2535
02:13:07,000 --> 02:13:10,400
entire transaction takes maybe 
30 seconds and saves you two 

2536
02:13:10,400 --> 02:13:14,200
pennies which is worth it. 
Those two pennies accumulate. 

2537
02:13:14,200 --> 02:13:17,700
The vegetable cart is run by an 
Italian family who bring their 

2538
02:13:17,700 --> 02:13:19,300
produce in from farms in New 
Jersey. 

2539
02:13:20,300 --> 02:13:23,200
February is not a generous month
of vegetables that they have 

2540
02:13:23,200 --> 02:13:28,000
storage apples, winter, squash 
potatoes, onions, and surprise 

2541
02:13:28,000 --> 02:13:30,100
me some early greens from a 
greenhouse somewhere. 

2542
02:13:30,900 --> 02:13:33,700
The greens are expensive, but 
you've been eating preserved and

2543
02:13:33,708 --> 02:13:36,600
stored food for months. 
And the idea of something 

2544
02:13:36,600 --> 02:13:40,800
actually green is appealing. 
A vendor you don't know is 

2545
02:13:40,800 --> 02:13:43,200
selling eggs claiming their 
fresh from Long Island. 

2546
02:13:44,000 --> 02:13:47,800
This is probably true Long 
Island Farm Supply much of the 

2547
02:13:47,800 --> 02:13:50,800
city's food brought in by ferry 
and cart. 

2548
02:13:51,500 --> 02:13:54,500
The eggs are slightly dirty, 
which is actually a good sign. 

2549
02:13:54,500 --> 02:13:57,300
It means they haven't been 
sitting around being handled. 

2550
02:13:58,200 --> 02:14:01,700
You buy Six which the vendor 
packs carefully and saw dust in 

2551
02:14:01,700 --> 02:14:05,000
a small box. 
Six eggs represent protein for 

2552
02:14:05,000 --> 02:14:06,400
most of a week. 
If you're careful. 

2553
02:14:06,400 --> 02:14:08,800
The market is also a social 
space. 

2554
02:14:08,800 --> 02:14:11,900
You see neighbor's here people 
from your building and 

2555
02:14:11,900 --> 02:14:15,800
surrounding streets information 
gets exchanged along with Goods 

2556
02:14:15,800 --> 02:14:19,600
is Novak from the second floor 
tells you about a job opening at

2557
02:14:19,600 --> 02:14:23,200
her husband's Factory. 
A woman you recognize but don't 

2558
02:14:23,200 --> 02:14:25,900
know asks, if you've heard about
the building on Orchard Street 

2559
02:14:25,900 --> 02:14:28,800
that's being condemned. 
A child selling matches 

2560
02:14:28,800 --> 02:14:32,700
recognizes you from your street 
and asks, if you've seen their 

2561
02:14:32,700 --> 02:14:34,400
cat, which has been missing for 
two days. 

2562
02:14:35,500 --> 02:14:38,700
As evening deepens the gaslights
creates strange Shadows through 

2563
02:14:38,700 --> 02:14:41,600
the market. 
The vendors faces a lit From 

2564
02:14:41,600 --> 02:14:45,400
Below giving them almost 
theatrical appearance is the 

2565
02:14:45,400 --> 02:14:48,400
good seemed to glow and receive 
depending on where they sit in 

2566
02:14:48,400 --> 02:14:51,800
relation to the lights. 
The market takes on a different 

2567
02:14:51,808 --> 02:14:56,100
character after dark slightly, 
mysterious slightly magical, 

2568
02:14:56,100 --> 02:14:58,900
despite being absolutely 
mundane. 

2569
02:14:59,800 --> 02:15:03,100
You finish your shopping and 
begin the walk home, your Canvas

2570
02:15:03,100 --> 02:15:06,400
Bag, heavier. 
Now the weight reassuring, This 

2571
02:15:06,400 --> 02:15:10,800
is food security and comfort. 
The fish will become dinner 

2572
02:15:10,800 --> 02:15:13,700
tonight, and lunch tomorrow, the
eggs will stretch across the 

2573
02:15:13,700 --> 02:15:15,700
week. 
The greens will add something 

2574
02:15:15,700 --> 02:15:17,500
fresh to meals. 
That are otherwise, 

2575
02:15:17,500 --> 02:15:21,700
monotonously, brown and beige. 
The potatoes are insurance 

2576
02:15:21,700 --> 02:15:24,400
against the Future Days. 
When you might not make it to 

2577
02:15:24,400 --> 02:15:27,300
the market. 
Walking home after dark is a 

2578
02:15:27,300 --> 02:15:29,400
different experience from 
walking home in daylight. 

2579
02:15:30,200 --> 02:15:33,000
The gaslights of transformed, 
the city in ways that are still 

2580
02:15:33,008 --> 02:15:36,400
being fully realized. 20 years 
ago, this walk would have 

2581
02:15:36,400 --> 02:15:38,700
required a land and all the 
willingness to stumble through 

2582
02:15:38,700 --> 02:15:43,300
near total darkness Now you walk
from one pool of light to the 

2583
02:15:43,300 --> 02:15:45,800
next. 
The darkness between them no 

2584
02:15:45,800 --> 02:15:49,700
longer quite so absolute The 
lights themselves are marvels of

2585
02:15:49,700 --> 02:15:51,700
engineering that you've learned 
not to take for granted. 

2586
02:15:51,700 --> 02:15:55,800
Each Street, Lamp requires 
regular maintenance, the glass 

2587
02:15:55,800 --> 02:15:59,000
globe must be cleaned. 
The mantle must be replaced, 

2588
02:15:59,000 --> 02:16:02,000
periodically, and the gas supply
must be regulated. 

2589
02:16:03,000 --> 02:16:05,700
An army of lamplighters move 
through the city each evening 

2590
02:16:05,700 --> 02:16:09,900
using long, poles to turn the 
gas on and ignite each lamp. 

2591
02:16:10,800 --> 02:16:13,400
The same men returned each 
morning to extinguish them. 

2592
02:16:14,100 --> 02:16:17,000
It's a job that didn't exist to 
generation ago and might not 

2593
02:16:17,000 --> 02:16:20,300
exist a generation hence but for
now it's stable employment. 

2594
02:16:21,300 --> 02:16:26,000
The quality of light, varies new
lamps recently cleaned cast a 

2595
02:16:26,000 --> 02:16:29,300
bright even glow. 
Older lamps or those that need 

2596
02:16:29,300 --> 02:16:32,000
maintenance, provide dimmer more
uneven illumination. 

2597
02:16:32,000 --> 02:16:35,900
You've learned to read these 
variations to know which streets

2598
02:16:35,900 --> 02:16:38,100
are likely to be well lit and 
which will be murky. 

2599
02:16:39,000 --> 02:16:41,600
The wealthy neighborhoods have 
brighter better maintained 

2600
02:16:41,600 --> 02:16:44,200
lights. 
Your neighborhood has lights at 

2601
02:16:44,200 --> 02:16:47,000
least, which is more than can be
said, for some areas. 

2602
02:16:48,000 --> 02:16:50,500
Presence of streetlights has 
changed human behavior. 

2603
02:16:50,500 --> 02:16:54,700
In subtle ways shops can stay 
open later because customers can

2604
02:16:54,700 --> 02:16:58,400
see to shop Restaurants and 
taverns serve customers, who 

2605
02:16:58,400 --> 02:17:02,100
might not have ventured out 
after dark in Early Times young 

2606
02:17:02,100 --> 02:17:05,299
people caught in the evening 
walking together under the light

2607
02:17:05,299 --> 02:17:07,400
in a way that would have been 
impractical before. 

2608
02:17:07,400 --> 02:17:11,200
Crime hasn't disappeared. 
The darkness between the light 

2609
02:17:11,200 --> 02:17:14,200
is still dangerous, but the 
overall feeling of the city 

2610
02:17:14,200 --> 02:17:17,100
after dark as shifted from 
hostile to merely cautious. 

2611
02:17:18,000 --> 02:17:21,299
He passed a Lamplighter at work.
His ladder propped against a 

2612
02:17:21,299 --> 02:17:23,799
Lamppost. 
His long pole, extending up to 

2613
02:17:23,799 --> 02:17:26,400
the lamp. 
He's singing something in German

2614
02:17:26,400 --> 02:17:30,600
his breath visible, in the cold 
air, It's a lonely job in many 

2615
02:17:30,600 --> 02:17:32,299
ways. 
Walking the same route, every 

2616
02:17:32,299 --> 02:17:35,299
evening and every morning, but 
he seems content with it. 

2617
02:17:36,000 --> 02:17:39,799
He nods at you, as you pass a 
small acknowledgment of shared 

2618
02:17:39,799 --> 02:17:43,799
Humanity in the evening City. 
The reflection of gaslights on 

2619
02:17:43,799 --> 02:17:46,700
winter, ice creates, beautiful 
treacherous effects. 

2620
02:17:47,299 --> 02:17:50,900
The cobblestones Gleam wetly. 
Hiding their true texture 

2621
02:17:50,900 --> 02:17:53,299
puddles look like pools of 
light. 

2622
02:17:53,299 --> 02:17:55,900
Tempting, you to step into cold 
water. 

2623
02:17:57,000 --> 02:18:01,000
Windows reflect the lamps, 
creating false depths and 

2624
02:18:01,000 --> 02:18:04,900
confusing perspectives. 
Its beautiful in an urban 

2625
02:18:04,900 --> 02:18:08,400
Industrial Way That You suspect 
future Generations, won't fully 

2626
02:18:08,400 --> 02:18:12,900
understand inside your building.
The lighting is more variable. 

2627
02:18:13,799 --> 02:18:17,200
The landlord provides gas in the
hallways, but expects tenants to

2628
02:18:17,200 --> 02:18:19,799
pay for their own lighting 
inside a partments. 

2629
02:18:20,700 --> 02:18:23,700
This means the whole way is a 
dimly lit with a single lamp on 

2630
02:18:23,700 --> 02:18:26,100
each floor. 
While individual Apartments 

2631
02:18:26,100 --> 02:18:29,400
range from well-lit to almost 
dark depending on the restrooms 

2632
02:18:29,400 --> 02:18:33,900
willingness to pay for gas. you 
keep one lamp in your room which

2633
02:18:33,900 --> 02:18:36,500
you like when your home and 
awake and extinguish when you 

2634
02:18:36,500 --> 02:18:41,299
leave or sleep, The gas bill is 
a significant expense but less 

2635
02:18:41,299 --> 02:18:43,700
than it would cost to buy 
candles for the same amount of 

2636
02:18:43,708 --> 02:18:45,600
light. 
In your room. 

2637
02:18:45,600 --> 02:18:48,400
You like your lamp using the 
match safe you keep on the 

2638
02:18:48,400 --> 02:18:50,799
Shelf. 
The match catches with the 

2639
02:18:50,799 --> 02:18:54,299
sulfurous smell, and you adjust 
the gas flow until the lamp 

2640
02:18:54,299 --> 02:18:58,100
burned steadily. 
The sudden illumination is 

2641
02:18:58,100 --> 02:19:02,100
always slightly startling. 
Shadows jumping back into 

2642
02:19:02,100 --> 02:19:04,600
Corners. 
The Familiar Contours of your 

2643
02:19:04,608 --> 02:19:07,799
room, the coming visible, you've
arranged things. 

2644
02:19:07,799 --> 02:19:09,600
So the lamp sits on a small 
table. 

2645
02:19:09,600 --> 02:19:14,400
It's like falling where you need
it on your chair for reading on 

2646
02:19:14,400 --> 02:19:17,200
the area where you prepare food 
and avoiding the bed, where 

2647
02:19:17,200 --> 02:19:20,500
bright light would be wasteful 
your evening meal is simple 

2648
02:19:20,500 --> 02:19:21,900
because that's all you have 
energy for. 

2649
02:19:21,900 --> 02:19:25,700
After 10 hours of work the 
Herring gets freed in a small 

2650
02:19:25,700 --> 02:19:29,500
pan on your room's, coal stove, 
filling the space with a smell. 

2651
02:19:29,500 --> 02:19:31,700
That's probably bothering your 
neighbor's butt. 

2652
02:19:31,700 --> 02:19:34,299
Can't be helped. 
The potatoes are boiled. 

2653
02:19:34,299 --> 02:19:37,600
And mashed, with a bit of 
butter, you've been hoarding The

2654
02:19:37,600 --> 02:19:40,100
greens are wilted in the pan 
after the fish comes out. 

2655
02:19:40,100 --> 02:19:44,700
It's not fancy, but it's hot and
filling and contains actual 

2656
02:19:44,700 --> 02:19:48,500
nutrients eating alone as a 
curious thing that you've gotten

2657
02:19:48,500 --> 02:19:50,600
used to, but still sometimes 
find strange. 

2658
02:19:51,800 --> 02:19:56,100
In your childhood home meals 
were communal noisy, social 

2659
02:19:56,100 --> 02:19:59,300
events. 
Now you eat in silence except 

2660
02:19:59,300 --> 02:20:03,100
for the sounds from neighboring 
Apartments, Martellus arguing 

2661
02:20:03,100 --> 02:20:06,400
about something the Cohen. 
Baby fussing in the Irish 

2662
02:20:06,400 --> 02:20:09,008
families children playing some 
game, that involves a lot of 

2663
02:20:09,016 --> 02:20:11,500
running. 
You've become comfortable with 

2664
02:20:11,500 --> 02:20:15,000
your own company, but sometimes 
you miss the chaos of shared 

2665
02:20:15,000 --> 02:20:17,600
meals. 
After dinner, you have a choice 

2666
02:20:17,600 --> 02:20:20,900
about how to spend your evening.
The work week doesn't allow for 

2667
02:20:20,900 --> 02:20:23,800
much Recreation, but you have a 
few hours before bed. 

2668
02:20:24,500 --> 02:20:27,800
Some nights you read. 
You've been working through a 

2669
02:20:27,800 --> 02:20:30,000
novel borrowed from the small 
landing library that operates 

2670
02:20:30,000 --> 02:20:31,500
out of a shop three streets 
over. 

2671
02:20:32,300 --> 02:20:35,500
The lighting isn't ideal for 
reading your eyes, get tired, 

2672
02:20:35,500 --> 02:20:38,600
but the escaping to someone 
else's story as worth it. 

2673
02:20:39,800 --> 02:20:43,200
Other nights, you go out, 
there's a beer hall two streets.

2674
02:20:43,200 --> 02:20:44,900
Over that serves the 
neighborhood's working 

2675
02:20:44,900 --> 02:20:48,300
population. 
It's not fancy sawdust on the 

2676
02:20:48,308 --> 02:20:50,900
floor. 
Long tables were strangers, sit 

2677
02:20:50,900 --> 02:20:54,300
together and beer served in 
heavy glass mugs that have seen 

2678
02:20:54,300 --> 02:20:58,400
better days but it's warm and 
social and only costs a few 

2679
02:20:58,408 --> 02:21:01,500
pennies for a beer and the 
implicit right to sit at a table

2680
02:21:01,500 --> 02:21:04,200
for a while. 
Tonight you decide to go out. 

2681
02:21:04,200 --> 02:21:07,900
You wash your face and hands, 
change into a slightly cleaner, 

2682
02:21:07,900 --> 02:21:11,300
shirt pull on your coat and head
back down the stairs. 

2683
02:21:12,100 --> 02:21:13,900
The beer hall is busy but not 
packed. 

2684
02:21:14,700 --> 02:21:18,200
You find a spot at a table and 
order a beer from the server who

2685
02:21:18,200 --> 02:21:22,100
recognizes you with a nod. 
The beer hall serves primarily 

2686
02:21:22,100 --> 02:21:25,300
German immigrants though. 
It's not exclusively German 

2687
02:21:25,300 --> 02:21:27,700
anymore. 
The conversations around, you 

2688
02:21:27,700 --> 02:21:31,600
are a mixture of German English 
and occasional bits of other 

2689
02:21:31,600 --> 02:21:35,300
languages. 
The topics are Universal, work 

2690
02:21:35,300 --> 02:21:39,700
money, Family Politics, the 
weather and gossip about people.

2691
02:21:39,700 --> 02:21:43,700
Everyone seems to know You 
settle in to the comfortable, 

2692
02:21:43,700 --> 02:21:47,900
anonymity of being an A Crowd 
listening without necessarily 

2693
02:21:47,900 --> 02:21:50,700
engaging. 
Someone has brought in his paper

2694
02:21:50,700 --> 02:21:52,900
which is being passed around and
discussed. 

2695
02:21:53,700 --> 02:21:57,300
The news is typical political 
corruption, a fire in Brooklyn. 

2696
02:21:57,300 --> 02:22:02,200
A ship that sank off Long 
Island, murders marriages and 

2697
02:22:02,200 --> 02:22:07,100
mundane bureaucratic happening. 
The paper costs 5 cents which is

2698
02:22:07,108 --> 02:22:09,400
why it's been shared rather than
bought individually. 

2699
02:22:10,300 --> 02:22:14,100
Informational is a commodity and
people find ways to access it 

2700
02:22:14,100 --> 02:22:17,700
economically. 
A group at the far end of the 

2701
02:22:17,708 --> 02:22:20,300
room is singing something German
and complicated. 

2702
02:22:21,100 --> 02:22:24,900
They're not particularly good 
but they're enthusiastic and the

2703
02:22:24,900 --> 02:22:27,000
sound adds to the general 
atmosphere. 

2704
02:22:27,000 --> 02:22:31,300
Bear Halls are democratic spaces
in ways that other parts of the 

2705
02:22:31,300 --> 02:22:34,100
city aren't. 
The man in the Warren jackets. 

2706
02:22:34,100 --> 02:22:36,800
Sitting next to you might be a 
factory Foreman or a day laborer

2707
02:22:36,800 --> 02:22:38,800
in here. 
The distinction doesn't matter 

2708
02:22:38,800 --> 02:22:41,900
much you nurse your beer slowly,
making it last. 

2709
02:22:41,900 --> 02:22:45,700
This is rest, this is 
Recreation, and this is the 

2710
02:22:45,700 --> 02:22:47,900
limited Leisure that working 
life allows. 

2711
02:22:47,900 --> 02:22:50,700
You're not thinking about 
tomorrow's work, you're not 

2712
02:22:50,708 --> 02:22:54,000
worrying about rent and you're 
not calculating how many more 

2713
02:22:54,000 --> 02:22:56,000
weeks until you can afford new 
boots. 

2714
02:22:56,000 --> 02:22:58,200
You're just existing in the 
moment. 

2715
02:22:58,200 --> 02:23:03,800
Warm fed slightly buzzed 
surrounded by humanoids. 

2716
02:23:03,800 --> 02:23:06,200
You leave before the night gets 
too late. 

2717
02:23:06,200 --> 02:23:09,700
The beer hall will stay open for
ours yet but you have work in 

2718
02:23:09,700 --> 02:23:12,700
the morning and sleep is more 
valuable than another beer. 

2719
02:23:13,500 --> 02:23:16,000
The walk home is short, the 
streets are quiet. 

2720
02:23:16,000 --> 02:23:19,500
Now, with most people already 
inside you, let yourself into 

2721
02:23:19,500 --> 02:23:22,100
your building, climb the stairs 
and lock your door behind you. 

2722
02:23:23,000 --> 02:23:25,600
February New York has a 
particular character that you've

2723
02:23:25,600 --> 02:23:27,900
come to know intimately over 
your years in the city. 

2724
02:23:28,800 --> 02:23:32,200
It's the month when winter stops
being novel and starts being 

2725
02:23:32,200 --> 02:23:34,900
oppressive. 
When the cold that seemed 

2726
02:23:34,900 --> 02:23:36,600
bracing. 
In December, has become simply 

2727
02:23:36,600 --> 02:23:40,300
exhausting, and when you can't 
quite remember what warmth feels

2728
02:23:40,300 --> 02:23:42,300
like, and can't quite believe, 
it will ever return. 

2729
02:23:43,100 --> 02:23:45,300
The city and winter is a study 
in Grays. 

2730
02:23:45,300 --> 02:23:48,500
And Browns, the snow that fell 
in January, has been trampled 

2731
02:23:48,500 --> 02:23:50,800
and mixed with cold dust and 
horse droppings. 

2732
02:23:50,800 --> 02:23:55,000
Until it's a dinghy Brown slush 
that lurks and gutters and forms

2733
02:23:55,000 --> 02:23:57,100
treacherous patches on 
sidewalks. 

2734
02:23:58,000 --> 02:24:01,400
The sky is often overcast a 
uniform grey that makes time. 

2735
02:24:01,400 --> 02:24:04,700
Feel suspended. 
Neither Dawn or dusk, but some 

2736
02:24:04,700 --> 02:24:08,500
Eternal in between, even the 
brick building seemed gray 

2737
02:24:08,500 --> 02:24:11,100
somehow as if the cold is 
leeched their color. 

2738
02:24:11,900 --> 02:24:14,700
Your room in Winter becomes both
shelter and prison. 

2739
02:24:15,600 --> 02:24:18,800
When you're not at work, you're 
mostly here because going out 

2740
02:24:18,800 --> 02:24:22,400
means bracing yourself against 
cold, that penetrates every 

2741
02:24:22,400 --> 02:24:25,000
layer of clothing. 
You've learned to layer 

2742
02:24:25,000 --> 02:24:28,800
efficiently wool against linen 
against wool each layer. 

2743
02:24:28,800 --> 02:24:33,600
Trapping a thin film of air that
your body heat warms your coat 

2744
02:24:33,600 --> 02:24:37,900
while warn is thick enough to 
break the wind, which is half 

2745
02:24:37,900 --> 02:24:40,400
the battle. 
The coal stove in your room is 

2746
02:24:40,400 --> 02:24:44,300
both a blessing and a curse. 
It provides heat when Stoke but 

2747
02:24:44,300 --> 02:24:46,600
cold cost money, which means you
rationale. 

2748
02:24:46,600 --> 02:24:50,000
Warmth carefully, you keep the 
stove going in the morning while

2749
02:24:50,000 --> 02:24:51,900
you dress in the evening while 
you're awake. 

2750
02:24:52,900 --> 02:24:56,300
But you let it die overnight 
relying on blankets and the 

2751
02:24:56,300 --> 02:24:59,400
residual warmth from Neighbors. 
Stoves to keep the cold from 

2752
02:24:59,400 --> 02:25:02,700
becoming dangerous. 
You've learned to sleep in wool 

2753
02:25:02,700 --> 02:25:04,800
socks to pile. 
Every blanket you own on your 

2754
02:25:04,800 --> 02:25:07,600
bed and to curl into yourself 
for warmth. 

2755
02:25:08,400 --> 02:25:11,800
Ice forms on the inside of your 
window on the coldest nights. 

2756
02:25:11,800 --> 02:25:15,400
Creating fantastic patterns. 
That would be beautiful if they 

2757
02:25:15,400 --> 02:25:17,700
didn't represent heat loss and 
discomfort. 

2758
02:25:18,700 --> 02:25:22,100
You've learned to recognize the 
different types of Frost, the 

2759
02:25:22,100 --> 02:25:24,200
feathery patterns that form 
slowly. 

2760
02:25:24,200 --> 02:25:28,300
The opaque sheets that form 
quickly, the clear ice that 

2761
02:25:28,300 --> 02:25:32,900
sometimes builds up in layers. 
Each morning you scrape at this 

2762
02:25:32,900 --> 02:25:35,700
ice. 
Creating small piles of frost 

2763
02:25:35,700 --> 02:25:39,700
that melt slowly on the floor. 
Quality of light changes in 

2764
02:25:39,700 --> 02:25:42,700
Winter, and you've learned to be
sent to these changes. 

2765
02:25:43,700 --> 02:25:47,900
Sun, when it appears is weak and
distant, casting Long Shadows 

2766
02:25:47,900 --> 02:25:52,600
even at midday. the brief hours 
of sunlight are pressure to be 

2767
02:25:52,600 --> 02:25:56,500
utilized when possible your 
internal clock has adapted to 

2768
02:25:56,500 --> 02:26:00,200
these rhythms, you wait more 
easily in summer when Dawn comes

2769
02:26:00,200 --> 02:26:03,300
early and struggle more in 
winter when darkness dominates 

2770
02:26:04,300 --> 02:26:07,200
Food in Winter becomes an 
exercise in creativity within 

2771
02:26:07,200 --> 02:26:10,300
severe constraints. 
Fresh vegetables are rare and 

2772
02:26:10,308 --> 02:26:15,000
expensive limited to storage 
crops like potatoes, onions, and

2773
02:26:15,000 --> 02:26:18,600
cabbage. fresh fruit is 
essentially unavailable, unless 

2774
02:26:18,600 --> 02:26:21,600
you're wealthy enough to pay 
premium prices for citrus 

2775
02:26:21,600 --> 02:26:26,600
shipped from the south You eat a
lot of preserved Foods, pickled 

2776
02:26:26,600 --> 02:26:30,500
vegetables, saltfish dried 
beans, and Grains that store. 

2777
02:26:30,500 --> 02:26:34,400
Well, Meters. 
Occasional a luxury reserved for

2778
02:26:34,400 --> 02:26:37,700
better weeks. 
Cities infrastructure struggles 

2779
02:26:37,700 --> 02:26:40,200
in winter. 
The water pumps freeze 

2780
02:26:40,200 --> 02:26:44,400
regularly, requiring careful, 
priming, and sometimes hot water

2781
02:26:44,400 --> 02:26:48,700
to get them working again. 
The privies in the courtyard a 

2782
02:26:48,700 --> 02:26:51,500
cold enough to make biological 
functions and exercise and 

2783
02:26:51,500 --> 02:26:53,700
speed. 
The cold, deliveries are less 

2784
02:26:53,708 --> 02:26:57,000
reliable as Carter's struggle 
with icy streets, and increased 

2785
02:26:57,000 --> 02:26:59,500
demand. 
Everything that is easy in 

2786
02:26:59,500 --> 02:27:03,300
summer, becomes complicated in 
winter, but winter as a press. 

2787
02:27:03,300 --> 02:27:06,100
Is it becomes eventually 
loosened its grip. 

2788
02:27:06,100 --> 02:27:09,900
He first notice it, not in 
temperature but in light The 

2789
02:27:09,908 --> 02:27:12,000
days are getting longer, the 
difference. 

2790
02:27:12,000 --> 02:27:16,300
Barely perceptible dated day, 
but unmistakable over weeks. 

2791
02:27:17,300 --> 02:27:20,900
Sun rises a few minutes earlier 
and sets a few minutes later and

2792
02:27:20,900 --> 02:27:23,200
those accumulated minutes begin 
to matter. 

2793
02:27:24,000 --> 02:27:27,800
By March, you're walking to work
in daylight which feels like a 

2794
02:27:27,800 --> 02:27:30,400
luxury after months of pre-dawn 
darkness. 

2795
02:27:31,200 --> 02:27:33,500
The ice on your window stops. 
Forming every night. 

2796
02:27:33,500 --> 02:27:37,300
Appearing, only on the coldest 
mornings then not at all. 

2797
02:27:38,200 --> 02:27:41,000
The frost patterns, you'd grown 
almost fond of disappear 

2798
02:27:41,000 --> 02:27:44,900
replaced, by simple 
condensation. you start to 

2799
02:27:44,900 --> 02:27:48,700
reduce the layers you wear 
tentatively at first ready to 

2800
02:27:48,700 --> 02:27:51,600
add them back when early spring 
betrays you with a return to 

2801
02:27:51,600 --> 02:27:55,000
Winter conditions The city 
begins to emerge from its 

2802
02:27:55,000 --> 02:27:56,900
winter, hibernation in small 
ways. 

2803
02:27:58,100 --> 02:28:01,600
Pushcart vendors appear early in
the day selling from spots 

2804
02:28:01,600 --> 02:28:05,400
they'd abandoned in deep winter.
The children in the courtyard, 

2805
02:28:05,400 --> 02:28:09,600
stay outside longer their play 
no longer cut short by cold. 

2806
02:28:09,600 --> 02:28:13,200
That could be dangerous. 
Windows that have been sealed 

2807
02:28:13,200 --> 02:28:17,100
shut for months began to open 
airing out rooms that had 

2808
02:28:17,100 --> 02:28:20,900
accumulated months of cold smoke
and cooking smells and human 

2809
02:28:20,900 --> 02:28:24,100
occupation. 
The hardback activity increases 

2810
02:28:24,100 --> 02:28:27,900
as the shipping season ramps up.
Ships that had avoided New 

2811
02:28:27,900 --> 02:28:30,900
York's winter Coast. 
Begin to appear again, bringing 

2812
02:28:30,900 --> 02:28:33,000
Goods that had been unavailable 
for months. 

2813
02:28:33,800 --> 02:28:36,600
The docks become more crowded, 
more noisy and more vital. 

2814
02:28:36,600 --> 02:28:40,600
You see, orange crates on the 
docks in early March and the 

2815
02:28:40,600 --> 02:28:43,800
sight makes you almost 
irrationally Happy The 

2816
02:28:43,800 --> 02:28:46,500
transition from Winter to Spring
is neither smooth nor 

2817
02:28:46,500 --> 02:28:49,800
predictable you'll have days in 
March, that feel like April, 

2818
02:28:49,800 --> 02:28:54,600
warm and generous followed by 
days that feel like January cold

2819
02:28:54,600 --> 02:28:57,500
enough to make you doubt. 
Spring will ever truly arrived. 

2820
02:28:58,200 --> 02:29:01,700
The city oscillates between 
seasons and you oscillate with 

2821
02:29:01,700 --> 02:29:05,500
it, your mood brightening on 
warm days and dimming on cold 

2822
02:29:05,500 --> 02:29:08,600
ones. 
Smell of the city changes as 

2823
02:29:08,600 --> 02:29:12,300
winter, releases its grip. 
The coal smoke that had been 

2824
02:29:12,308 --> 02:29:16,700
constantly present begins to 
diminish as people burn less for

2825
02:29:16,700 --> 02:29:19,600
heat. 
The organic smells of the city, 

2826
02:29:19,600 --> 02:29:22,300
which wintered Frozen, and 
suppress. 

2827
02:29:23,200 --> 02:29:25,800
Begin to emerge, not always 
pleasantly. 

2828
02:29:27,300 --> 02:29:30,100
The Horseman year that had been 
frozen in the streets, begins to

2829
02:29:30,100 --> 02:29:33,300
thaw releasing smells that had 
been dormant. 

2830
02:29:34,200 --> 02:29:37,400
The harbors Marine smells become
stronger as the water warms. 

2831
02:29:37,400 --> 02:29:41,600
A spring establishes itself, 
more firmly the city's. 

2832
02:29:41,600 --> 02:29:44,200
Rhythm changes, the work doesn't
change. 

2833
02:29:44,200 --> 02:29:48,600
You still go to the workshop. 
Six days a week, still fit brass

2834
02:29:48,600 --> 02:29:52,400
and solder joints. 
And inspect class Globes But the

2835
02:29:52,400 --> 02:29:55,700
journey there and back becomes 
more pleasant as the days warm 

2836
02:29:55,700 --> 02:29:58,200
and length. 
And you start to notice things 

2837
02:29:58,200 --> 02:30:01,900
you'd ignored during winter 
survival mode, Flowers in 

2838
02:30:01,900 --> 02:30:05,700
window, boxes trees, beginning 
to Leaf out in the few places, 

2839
02:30:05,700 --> 02:30:08,600
they exist the particular blue 
of the sky. 

2840
02:30:08,600 --> 02:30:11,500
When clouds clear? 
The market becomes more 

2841
02:30:11,500 --> 02:30:13,300
interesting as the season 
progresses. 

2842
02:30:14,100 --> 02:30:17,400
The stored vegetables of winter 
are supplemented and then 

2843
02:30:17,400 --> 02:30:22,300
replaced by fresh spring crops. 
Greens appear, then radishes 

2844
02:30:22,300 --> 02:30:25,500
then strawberries that cost more
than they should but tastes like

2845
02:30:25,500 --> 02:30:29,400
concentrated spring. 
The vegetable vendors are 

2846
02:30:29,400 --> 02:30:32,900
happier more talkative and 
pleased to have variety to sell 

2847
02:30:32,900 --> 02:30:34,900
after months of potatoes and 
onions. 

2848
02:30:35,700 --> 02:30:38,800
Your room requires less coal, 
which means more money available

2849
02:30:38,800 --> 02:30:42,300
for other things, you're able to
buy a new shirt to replace one 

2850
02:30:42,300 --> 02:30:44,000
that had become too worn to 
repair. 

2851
02:30:44,000 --> 02:30:48,200
You treat yourself to better 
cuts of fish, occasionally, you 

2852
02:30:48,200 --> 02:30:51,800
even manage to save a little 
adding to the small stash, you 

2853
02:30:51,800 --> 02:30:55,200
keep in a tin under a loose, 
floorboard your insurances 

2854
02:30:55,200 --> 02:31:00,000
against disaster growing slowly,
but growing the streets become 

2855
02:31:00,000 --> 02:31:03,900
social spaces, again as warmth 
and encourages people out side 

2856
02:31:04,900 --> 02:31:09,300
On Sunday, afternoons, your one 
day off, you see families 

2857
02:31:09,300 --> 02:31:13,800
walking together men gathering 
on Corners to talk and children 

2858
02:31:13,800 --> 02:31:16,500
playing games, that require 
space and movement. 

2859
02:31:17,500 --> 02:31:20,200
The stupid of your building 
becomes a gathering place, where

2860
02:31:20,200 --> 02:31:22,000
neighbors sit and watch the 
street. 

2861
02:31:23,000 --> 02:31:26,100
Changing, greetings, and gossip.
And observations about the 

2862
02:31:26,108 --> 02:31:27,900
cities. 
Endless changes. 

2863
02:31:29,300 --> 02:31:32,400
The construction that had slowed
during winter resumes with 

2864
02:31:32,400 --> 02:31:36,300
energy buildings that had been 
partially demolished in Fall, 

2865
02:31:36,300 --> 02:31:39,100
are now being rebuilt. 
The sound of hammering and 

2866
02:31:39,100 --> 02:31:41,600
soaring becomes part of the 
city's music again. 

2867
02:31:42,500 --> 02:31:44,400
New buildings are going up 
throughout the city. 

2868
02:31:44,400 --> 02:31:47,600
Pushing North into areas that 
had been Farmland just years 

2869
02:31:47,600 --> 02:31:51,000
before. 
The city's growing transforming 

2870
02:31:51,000 --> 02:31:53,700
and becoming something new while
still being itself. 

2871
02:31:54,500 --> 02:31:57,800
You mark Time by Seasons. 
Now having lived in the city. 

2872
02:31:57,800 --> 02:32:01,400
Long enough, that the annual 
cycle has become familiar You 

2873
02:32:01,400 --> 02:32:04,000
remember last spring? 
How you'd felt them what was 

2874
02:32:04,000 --> 02:32:08,200
happening in your life? 
Anticipate next spring, making 

2875
02:32:08,200 --> 02:32:12,500
tentative plans that depend on 
savings and luck and the general

2876
02:32:12,500 --> 02:32:14,600
continuation of current 
circumstances. 

2877
02:32:15,600 --> 02:32:18,500
Future is uncertain but it's 
become more imaginable. 

2878
02:32:19,300 --> 02:32:22,100
One Sunday. 
In May you walk further Uptown 

2879
02:32:22,100 --> 02:32:24,700
than usual? 
Curious about the neighborhoods 

2880
02:32:24,700 --> 02:32:27,400
that emerging from what had 
recently been open land. 

2881
02:32:28,200 --> 02:32:32,100
The transformation is startling.
streets that didn't exist on 

2882
02:32:32,100 --> 02:32:36,800
maps from five years ago are now
lined with Brownstones Farms 

2883
02:32:36,800 --> 02:32:40,100
that had supplied, the city with
milk and vegetables are now 

2884
02:32:40,108 --> 02:32:42,600
neighborhoods with street names 
and gas lamps. 

2885
02:32:43,600 --> 02:32:46,400
The city is growing Northwood at
Manhattan Island with a kind of 

2886
02:32:46,400 --> 02:32:50,400
inevitable momentum. 
Each year the developed area 

2887
02:32:50,400 --> 02:32:54,800
pushes further consuming the 
rural landscape, transforming it

2888
02:32:54,800 --> 02:32:58,600
into urban space. 
The process isn't smooth or 

2889
02:32:58,600 --> 02:33:01,800
coordinated. 
Some streets are completely up 

2890
02:33:01,800 --> 02:33:04,100
while adjacent areas are still 
fields. 

2891
02:33:04,800 --> 02:33:08,800
New buildings stand next to Old 
farmhouses, creating temporal 

2892
02:33:08,800 --> 02:33:10,800
collisions that feel almost 
surreal. 

2893
02:33:12,200 --> 02:33:14,300
Watch a building going up on a 
corner lot. 

2894
02:33:15,100 --> 02:33:17,300
The construction methods are 
similar to what you see 

2895
02:33:17,300 --> 02:33:21,300
everywhere, wooden frames brick 
in Phil, but there's something 

2896
02:33:21,300 --> 02:33:24,800
more substantial about these 
newer buildings, their taller, 

2897
02:33:24,800 --> 02:33:27,900
more uniform and built with an 
eye towards permanence that 

2898
02:33:27,900 --> 02:33:31,300
older building sometimes lacked.
These neighborhoods are being 

2899
02:33:31,308 --> 02:33:34,200
built for the long term for the 
wealthy families, that were 

2900
02:33:34,208 --> 02:33:38,200
occupy them for Generations. 
But even as the city builds and 

2901
02:33:38,200 --> 02:33:42,800
grows certain rhythms remain 
constant, the harbor is still 

2902
02:33:42,800 --> 02:33:46,600
the city's heart, bringing in 
goods and people and news from 

2903
02:33:46,600 --> 02:33:49,700
The Wider world. 
The market still operate on 

2904
02:33:49,700 --> 02:33:53,200
similar principles of barter and
negotiation, that have governed 

2905
02:33:53,200 --> 02:33:57,300
Commerce for centuries. 
The working people still rise 

2906
02:33:57,300 --> 02:34:01,400
Before Dawn and work until dusk 
still struggled to afford, rent 

2907
02:34:01,400 --> 02:34:05,000
and food and still build lives 
in the margins that wealthier 

2908
02:34:05,000 --> 02:34:08,000
people don't see. 
Your tenement is 40 years old, 

2909
02:34:08,000 --> 02:34:11,600
which makes it old by the city 
standards but not ancient. 

2910
02:34:12,500 --> 02:34:14,500
It will probably stand for 
another 40 years. 

2911
02:34:14,500 --> 02:34:18,400
Housing, hundreds of people in 
its lifetime each with their own

2912
02:34:18,400 --> 02:34:21,900
stories, their own struggles and
their own small victories. 

2913
02:34:22,700 --> 02:34:26,100
you're just one of many who will
pass through this building this 

2914
02:34:26,100 --> 02:34:30,200
neighborhood, this city, that 
transforms around you while 

2915
02:34:30,200 --> 02:34:33,900
somehow remaining itself, the 
city you're living in is 

2916
02:34:33,900 --> 02:34:37,700
simultaneously ancient and brand
new There are buildings here 

2917
02:34:37,700 --> 02:34:40,500
from Dutch times. 
Structures, that predate the 

2918
02:34:40,500 --> 02:34:43,700
revolution sitting alongside 
building's finished last month. 

2919
02:34:43,700 --> 02:34:47,100
There are streets that follow 
Cal paths from 200 years ago 

2920
02:34:47,100 --> 02:34:51,100
next to streets laid out last 
year in perfect grid patterns 

2921
02:34:52,000 --> 02:34:56,500
The city is constantly becoming 
and never quite being always in 

2922
02:34:56,500 --> 02:35:00,100
the process of transformation 
you think about your place in 

2923
02:35:00,100 --> 02:35:03,600
this massive organism, you're 
one of nearly a million people 

2924
02:35:03,600 --> 02:35:07,000
now living on this narrow Island
each with their own room or 

2925
02:35:07,000 --> 02:35:10,400
apartment or house each with 
their own work and worries and 

2926
02:35:10,400 --> 02:35:13,400
hopes. 
The city would continue without 

2927
02:35:13,400 --> 02:35:16,500
you you're replaceable in ways 
that are both freeing and 

2928
02:35:16,500 --> 02:35:19,900
slightly troubling. 
But while you're here, you're 

2929
02:35:19,900 --> 02:35:23,600
part of it contributing your 
small fraction to the whole. 

2930
02:35:24,400 --> 02:35:27,200
The workshop where you work 
makes lamps that light the city 

2931
02:35:27,200 --> 02:35:31,300
streets and homes is not 
dramatic work not the kind that 

2932
02:35:31,300 --> 02:35:35,100
gets Remembered in history 
books, but it matters without 

2933
02:35:35,100 --> 02:35:37,100
Street lighting. 
The city's character would be 

2934
02:35:37,100 --> 02:35:40,900
completely different without 
lamps in homes people's lives 

2935
02:35:40,900 --> 02:35:44,500
would be fundamentally altered 
your part of the infrastructure 

2936
02:35:44,500 --> 02:35:47,800
that makes Modern urban life 
possible and their satisfaction 

2937
02:35:47,800 --> 02:35:51,500
in that. 
As evening approaches you head 

2938
02:35:51,500 --> 02:35:54,900
back down town walking through 
neighborhoods as they transition

2939
02:35:54,900 --> 02:35:57,600
from commercial to residential 
to commercial again. 

2940
02:35:57,600 --> 02:36:01,700
You passed Chinese groceries and
German beer halls and Irish have

2941
02:36:01,700 --> 02:36:05,800
and Italian bakery and Jewish 
delis the city contains 

2942
02:36:05,800 --> 02:36:10,100
multitudes and your one of them 
neither special nor invisible 

2943
02:36:10,100 --> 02:36:13,800
just present your arrived back 
at your building as the 

2944
02:36:13,800 --> 02:36:15,900
lamplighters are beginning their
evening rounds. 

2945
02:36:16,900 --> 02:36:20,700
You watch one, ignite the lamp, 
on your corner, the small flame 

2946
02:36:20,700 --> 02:36:23,700
growing to a steady glow, in an 
hour or two. 

2947
02:36:23,708 --> 02:36:26,900
The whole city will be dotted 
with these lights, creating a 

2948
02:36:26,900 --> 02:36:30,100
map of civilization visible from
the Harbour from the Brooklyn 

2949
02:36:30,100 --> 02:36:32,800
Shore from anywhere with a view 
of Manhattan. 

2950
02:36:34,300 --> 02:36:37,200
You climb your stairs for what 
must be the thousandth time this

2951
02:36:37,200 --> 02:36:40,600
year. 
Creaky board, still creeps the 

2952
02:36:40,600 --> 02:36:43,100
banister. 
Still, wobbles the smell of the 

2953
02:36:43,100 --> 02:36:45,600
martelli's dinner. 
Fills the stairwell, making your

2954
02:36:45,600 --> 02:36:48,600
mouth water. 
You unlock your door and step 

2955
02:36:48,600 --> 02:36:51,500
into your room. 
Which is exactly as you left it 

2956
02:36:51,500 --> 02:36:54,100
because nothing here changes 
without your direct action. 

2957
02:36:55,000 --> 02:36:57,700
You'd like your lamp. 
Prepare your simple dinner and 

2958
02:36:57,700 --> 02:37:00,200
eat while watching the last of 
the daylight fade from your 

2959
02:37:00,200 --> 02:37:03,300
window. 
Tomorrow will be Monday the 

2960
02:37:03,300 --> 02:37:07,200
start of another work week, 
another cycle of Mornings in the

2961
02:37:07,200 --> 02:37:10,800
evening's, labor, and rest. 
But tonight, your here. 

2962
02:37:11,600 --> 02:37:15,600
Fed and warm and safe enough 
participating in the grand 

2963
02:37:15,600 --> 02:37:18,900
experiment of urban life. 
In the latter half of the 19th 

2964
02:37:18,900 --> 02:37:21,800
century. 
The city outside your window is 

2965
02:37:21,800 --> 02:37:25,200
settling into its evening. 
Routine lights are appearing in 

2966
02:37:25,200 --> 02:37:29,000
Windows across the neighborhood.
Sounds are shifting from day 

2967
02:37:29,000 --> 02:37:32,400
noise to night noise. 
Children are being called inside

2968
02:37:32,400 --> 02:37:36,400
workers, are returning home. 
The city is breathing the way it

2969
02:37:36,400 --> 02:37:37,900
does. 
Every evening has done for 

2970
02:37:37,900 --> 02:37:40,700
decades and will do for 
centuries to come. 

2971
02:37:40,700 --> 02:37:44,700
You are here in this moment in 
this place. 

2972
02:37:44,700 --> 02:37:48,700
And while you don't know what 
the future holds the cities or 

2973
02:37:48,700 --> 02:37:52,400
your own, you know, that both 
will continue changing and 

2974
02:37:52,400 --> 02:37:56,600
remaining becoming and being the
way cities and lives do. 

2975
02:37:56,600 --> 02:38:01,000
And for now that's enough to 
settle into sleep, to rest 

2976
02:38:01,000 --> 02:38:04,000
before Rising again to meet 
whatever tomorrow brings in this

2977
02:38:04,000 --> 02:38:14,100
city that never quite stands. 
Still, Your stepping into the 

2978
02:38:14,100 --> 02:38:17,100
world of 1831. 
When a young naturalist named, 

2979
02:38:17,100 --> 02:38:20,300
Charles Darwin joined us. 
Small British surveying ship 

2980
02:38:20,300 --> 02:38:23,700
called HMS Beagle. 
Over five years. 

2981
02:38:23,700 --> 02:38:27,500
This vessel would carry him 
across Ocean's along coastlines 

2982
02:38:27,500 --> 02:38:31,300
and in to quiet, Harbors were 
careful observation became a 

2983
02:38:31,300 --> 02:38:34,500
daily practice. 
Tonight, we follow the slow. 

2984
02:38:34,500 --> 02:38:38,300
Steady rhythm of that voyage. 
The ship is smaller than you 

2985
02:38:38,300 --> 02:38:42,800
might imagine HMS. Beagle 
measures just 90 feet from bow 

2986
02:38:42,800 --> 02:38:47,400
to stern and most of that space 
is claimed by equipment supplies

2987
02:38:47,400 --> 02:38:52,000
and the crew of 74 men. 
You awaken a narrow cabin that 

2988
02:38:52,000 --> 02:38:55,500
you share with charts 
instruments and collections of 

2989
02:38:55,500 --> 02:38:57,700
specimens stored in bottles and 
boxes. 

2990
02:38:58,800 --> 02:39:01,400
The ceiling is low enough, that 
you cannot stand fully upright. 

2991
02:39:02,600 --> 02:39:06,100
Light enters through small Port 
holes, and the air smells of 

2992
02:39:06,100 --> 02:39:10,900
wood canvas and salt. 
Morning begins with the Bell, it

2993
02:39:10,900 --> 02:39:13,700
rings at regular intervals 
marking the watches that 

2994
02:39:13,700 --> 02:39:17,600
organized shipboard time you 
rise from your hammock dress in 

2995
02:39:17,600 --> 02:39:20,400
layers suitable for the weather 
and make your way to the upper 

2996
02:39:20,400 --> 02:39:22,500
deck. 
The motion of the ship is 

2997
02:39:22,500 --> 02:39:27,100
constant even in calm seas the 
Beagle shifts and rolls with the

2998
02:39:27,100 --> 02:39:30,100
water beneath its Hull. 
You learn to move with this 

2999
02:39:30,100 --> 02:39:34,200
Rhythm bracing yourself as you 
walk adjusting your balance 

3000
02:39:34,200 --> 02:39:38,900
without thinking Breakfast, is 
simple ship's biscuit salted, 

3001
02:39:38,900 --> 02:39:42,400
meat and tea. 
You to small table in the 

3002
02:39:42,400 --> 02:39:46,100
cramped, poop cabin, sometimes 
alone, sometimes with Captain 

3003
02:39:46,100 --> 02:39:50,600
Fitzroy, all the ship's officers
conversation is practical, where

3004
02:39:50,600 --> 02:39:52,000
the conditions? 
The days? 

3005
02:39:52,000 --> 02:39:54,300
Planned route note about 
Provisions. 

3006
02:39:54,300 --> 02:39:58,100
There is little ceremony. 
Only the steady continuation of 

3007
02:39:58,100 --> 02:40:01,800
shipboard routine. 
After breakfast you step out 

3008
02:40:01,800 --> 02:40:04,400
onto the deck. 
The crew is already at work. 

3009
02:40:04,400 --> 02:40:08,000
Ropes are checked and adjusted 
sales are trimmed. 

3010
02:40:08,000 --> 02:40:11,800
According to the wind decks are 
scrubbed with seawater and stiff

3011
02:40:11,800 --> 02:40:16,700
brushes, the work is repetitive 
a cycle that repeats itself day 

3012
02:40:16,700 --> 02:40:19,300
after day. 
You watch the crew, move with 

3013
02:40:19,300 --> 02:40:22,700
practice, efficiency. 
Each man knowing his task 

3014
02:40:22,700 --> 02:40:27,700
without needing instruction. 
Your own work begins quietly you

3015
02:40:27,700 --> 02:40:31,100
carry a notebook, a few glass 
jars and tools for collecting. 

3016
02:40:32,000 --> 02:40:34,800
When the ship anchors close to 
land, you get ready to 

3017
02:40:34,800 --> 02:40:38,300
disembark. 
Laser sea, You observe from the 

3018
02:40:38,300 --> 02:40:41,000
deck. 
Seabirds follow the ship gliding

3019
02:40:41,000 --> 02:40:45,100
on air currents, you know, their
colors, their calls and the way 

3020
02:40:45,100 --> 02:40:48,500
they dip toward the water. 
You sketch their forms in your 

3021
02:40:48,500 --> 02:40:52,700
notebook recording details. 
That seem small but may later, 

3022
02:40:52,700 --> 02:40:57,000
proof significant. 
Ship's naturalist role is not an

3023
02:40:57,000 --> 02:40:59,700
official Naval position. 
You're a guest aboard. 

3024
02:40:59,700 --> 02:41:02,600
The Beagle invited to accompany 
the voyage and make 

3025
02:41:02,600 --> 02:41:05,300
observations. 
This means you fit your work 

3026
02:41:05,300 --> 02:41:07,800
into the ship schedule rather 
than directing it. 

3027
02:41:07,800 --> 02:41:12,100
You wait for opportunities when 
the ship stops for surveying 

3028
02:41:12,100 --> 02:41:15,900
work, you explore when it sails.
You organize your notes and 

3029
02:41:15,900 --> 02:41:20,400
specimens midday brings another 
meal often it is similar to 

3030
02:41:20,400 --> 02:41:23,600
breakfast. 
Salted, pork or beef dried peas,

3031
02:41:23,600 --> 02:41:27,200
ship's biscuit again. 
The food is plain and becomes 

3032
02:41:27,200 --> 02:41:30,700
familiar quickly, you eat, what 
is provided grateful for the 

3033
02:41:30,700 --> 02:41:33,500
sustenance on days? 
When fresh Provisions are 

3034
02:41:33,500 --> 02:41:36,000
available. 
There might be eggs or fruit 

3035
02:41:36,000 --> 02:41:38,300
purchased from Coastal 
settlements. 

3036
02:41:38,300 --> 02:41:40,900
These are welcomed, but not 
expected. 

3037
02:41:40,900 --> 02:41:45,700
Afternoons, vary, sometimes you 
work in your cabin, arranging 

3038
02:41:45,700 --> 02:41:47,800
specimens collected, during 
recent Shore. 

3039
02:41:47,800 --> 02:41:51,700
Visits rocks are labeled and 
wrapped plants are pressed 

3040
02:41:51,700 --> 02:41:55,000
between sheets of paper. 
Small creatures are preserved in

3041
02:41:55,008 --> 02:41:59,200
spirits, each item requires 
careful handling and notation 

3042
02:41:59,200 --> 02:42:02,200
you record where it was found 
the date. 

3043
02:42:02,200 --> 02:42:06,700
And any observations about the 
environment, this work is slow 

3044
02:42:06,700 --> 02:42:10,700
and requires concentration. 
Other afternoons, you simply 

3045
02:42:10,700 --> 02:42:14,500
what the ocean changes with the 
lightning. 

3046
02:42:14,500 --> 02:42:18,400
Seas are one color. 
After noon, sees another Cloud 

3047
02:42:18,400 --> 02:42:22,100
shift across the sky. 
The Horizon remains constant 

3048
02:42:22,100 --> 02:42:26,900
aligned that never approaches 
Elena against the rail and let 

3049
02:42:26,900 --> 02:42:29,500
your mind settle into the rhythm
of observation. 

3050
02:42:29,500 --> 02:42:32,600
There is no urgency only 
attention. 

3051
02:42:33,700 --> 02:42:36,800
The ship's Carpenter Works. 
Nearby mending, a section of 

3052
02:42:36,808 --> 02:42:39,400
rail. 
The sail-maker sits cross-legged

3053
02:42:39,408 --> 02:42:43,200
on decks stitching canvas. 
The cook prepares the evening 

3054
02:42:43,200 --> 02:42:45,600
meal below. 
Life aboard. 

3055
02:42:45,600 --> 02:42:48,500
The Beagle is a collection of 
individual tasks perform 

3056
02:42:48,500 --> 02:42:52,100
side-by-side. 
Everyone works at a steady Pace,

3057
02:42:52,100 --> 02:42:55,900
the work simply continues. 
As afternoon, turns toward 

3058
02:42:55,900 --> 02:42:59,100
evening, you return to your 
cabin, the light through the 

3059
02:42:59,108 --> 02:43:01,200
porthole shifts to a warmer 
tone. 

3060
02:43:01,900 --> 02:43:05,000
Your review your notes from the 
day adding details, you remember

3061
02:43:05,000 --> 02:43:08,400
and correcting errors. 
Your handwriting is small and 

3062
02:43:08,400 --> 02:43:12,300
precise filling page after page 
of bound journals. 

3063
02:43:13,200 --> 02:43:15,300
These records will Outlast The 
Voyage itself. 

3064
02:43:15,300 --> 02:43:18,600
But for now, they're simply part
of the daily routine. 

3065
02:43:19,900 --> 02:43:24,500
Evening comes gradually, the 
crew changes watches, those who 

3066
02:43:24,500 --> 02:43:26,900
have worked through the 
afternoon, descend below deck to

3067
02:43:26,900 --> 02:43:31,200
rest others, take their places 
maintaining the ship through the

3068
02:43:31,200 --> 02:43:33,800
night. 
You eat your evening meal, which

3069
02:43:33,800 --> 02:43:37,100
is much like the others the same
list is comforting? 

3070
02:43:37,100 --> 02:43:41,100
You know what to expect. 
The fourth full Darkness. 

3071
02:43:41,100 --> 02:43:45,700
You spend a few more minutes on 
Deck, the air cools stars begin 

3072
02:43:45,700 --> 02:43:49,900
to appear first. 
A few, then many The ship's 

3073
02:43:49,900 --> 02:43:53,100
lanterns are lit, casting small 
pools of light. 

3074
02:43:53,800 --> 02:43:58,200
You listen to The Sounds canvas 
snapping in the wind ropes, 

3075
02:43:58,200 --> 02:44:00,300
creaking and water moving along 
the hull. 

3076
02:44:01,000 --> 02:44:04,900
These sounds become a kind of 
music, a backdrop to thought. 

3077
02:44:05,700 --> 02:44:08,100
You return to your cabin and 
prepare for sleep? 

3078
02:44:08,800 --> 02:44:12,700
The hammock sways with the 
ship's motion, a gentle rocking 

3079
02:44:12,700 --> 02:44:15,900
that makes rest easier. 
Tomorrow will bring another day,

3080
02:44:15,900 --> 02:44:18,800
much like this one. 
The routine is dependable. 

3081
02:44:19,500 --> 02:44:23,100
The Voyage continues steady and 
slow across weeks that blend 

3082
02:44:23,100 --> 02:44:26,700
into months. 
Ship at Sea requires constant 

3083
02:44:26,700 --> 02:44:30,000
care. 
Beagle is a working vessel and 

3084
02:44:30,000 --> 02:44:33,000
its maintenance shape. 
The rhythm of each day, you 

3085
02:44:33,000 --> 02:44:36,000
watch the crew performed tasks 
that seem small but are 

3086
02:44:36,000 --> 02:44:40,500
essential Would swells and 
shrinks with moisture ropes 

3087
02:44:40,500 --> 02:44:44,500
Frey, sails weakened nothing 
aboard the ship can be 

3088
02:44:44,508 --> 02:44:46,600
neglected. 
The carpenter is one of the 

3089
02:44:46,600 --> 02:44:49,800
busiest men. 
Inspects the whole regularly 

3090
02:44:49,800 --> 02:44:54,000
looking for signs of wear or 
damage when he finds a loose 

3091
02:44:54,000 --> 02:44:55,200
plank. 
He secures it. 

3092
02:44:55,900 --> 02:44:58,300
When a joint weakens, he 
reinforces it. 

3093
02:44:58,300 --> 02:45:02,500
His work is preventive catching 
problems before they grow. 

3094
02:45:03,300 --> 02:45:06,900
You see him at his bench, 
planing wood fitting pieces 

3095
02:45:06,900 --> 02:45:10,900
together with careful precision.
Smell of fresh cut. 

3096
02:45:10,900 --> 02:45:15,400
Timber mixes with the salt are 
the sail-maker's work is equally

3097
02:45:15,400 --> 02:45:21,000
important. canvas sails endure 
tremendous strain, wind fills 

3098
02:45:21,000 --> 02:45:26,000
them, stretching the fabric 
tight Reigns, soaks them Sun 

3099
02:45:26,000 --> 02:45:31,400
bleaches and weakens them The 
sail-maker examines every sale 

3100
02:45:31,400 --> 02:45:35,400
regularly running his hands. 
Over the surface feeling for 

3101
02:45:35,400 --> 02:45:40,100
thin spots when he finds damage,
he cuts a patch and stitches it 

3102
02:45:40,100 --> 02:45:43,100
into place his needle. 
Move moves in a steady Rhythm 

3103
02:45:43,100 --> 02:45:45,500
pulling heavy thread through 
layers of canvas. 

3104
02:45:46,800 --> 02:45:50,800
Ropes require attention to the 
rigging that controls the sails 

3105
02:45:50,800 --> 02:45:54,300
as a complex network of lines. 
Each with a specific purpose, 

3106
02:45:54,300 --> 02:45:59,000
the crew inspects these ropes 
daily looking for where, when a 

3107
02:45:59,000 --> 02:46:01,800
rope shows signs of fraying at 
his replacement before it fails,

3108
02:46:01,800 --> 02:46:07,500
spare rope is stored below deck,
coiled neatly ready for use The 

3109
02:46:07,500 --> 02:46:10,600
Bose and oversees this work, his
experience guiding the cruise 

3110
02:46:10,600 --> 02:46:13,400
efforts. 
Navigation, is another ongoing 

3111
02:46:13,400 --> 02:46:16,400
task. 
Captain Fitzroy takes regular 

3112
02:46:16,400 --> 02:46:19,800
measurements of the ship's 
position using a Sextant and 

3113
02:46:19,800 --> 02:46:22,300
chronometer. 
He measures the angle of the Sun

3114
02:46:22,300 --> 02:46:25,300
at noon, calculates, latitude 
and Records. 

3115
02:46:25,300 --> 02:46:28,800
The information in the ship's 
log, these measurements across 

3116
02:46:28,800 --> 02:46:33,200
checked and verified accuracy 
matters, The difference between 

3117
02:46:33,200 --> 02:46:36,500
a correct position and an 
incorrect one can determine 

3118
02:46:36,500 --> 02:46:39,800
whether the ship finds Safe 
Harbor or dangerous. 

3119
02:46:39,800 --> 02:46:42,900
Reefs. 
Charts are consulted frequently.

3120
02:46:43,900 --> 02:46:47,000
The Beagle carries maps of 
coastlines, though, many are 

3121
02:46:47,000 --> 02:46:49,000
incomplete or based on early 
surveys. 

3122
02:46:49,900 --> 02:46:53,200
Part of the ship's mission is to
improve these charts, adding 

3123
02:46:53,200 --> 02:46:57,300
detail and correcting errors. 
This means Coastal waters are 

3124
02:46:57,300 --> 02:47:01,700
approached carefully with 
frequent depth sounding Awaited 

3125
02:47:01,700 --> 02:47:04,600
line is dropped over the side, 
measuring the distance, to the 

3126
02:47:04,600 --> 02:47:07,200
sea floor, the crew calls out 
the depth. 

3127
02:47:07,200 --> 02:47:11,100
And the information is recorded,
you assist with some of this 

3128
02:47:11,100 --> 02:47:14,500
work, when asked you learned to 
read the instruments and to 

3129
02:47:14,500 --> 02:47:16,200
understand how position is 
calculated? 

3130
02:47:17,400 --> 02:47:20,100
The mathematics involved a 
straightforward, but require 

3131
02:47:20,100 --> 02:47:23,000
care. 
A small era in measurement can 

3132
02:47:23,000 --> 02:47:25,800
compiled over time. 
You appreciate the discipline 

3133
02:47:25,800 --> 02:47:28,700
required in the patience to 
double check and verify before 

3134
02:47:28,700 --> 02:47:32,500
trusting a number. 
Below deck, the ship stores 

3135
02:47:32,500 --> 02:47:36,200
require management. 
Barrels of salted meter stacked 

3136
02:47:36,200 --> 02:47:39,900
in the hold. 
Sacks of dried peas, flour, and 

3137
02:47:39,900 --> 02:47:42,600
ships biscuit are arranged to 
maximize space. 

3138
02:47:43,400 --> 02:47:45,500
Water costs are secured against 
Shifting. 

3139
02:47:45,500 --> 02:47:50,000
The person keeps detect records 
of what is consumed calculating?

3140
02:47:50,000 --> 02:47:53,700
How long supplies will last? 
Rationing is standard practice, 

3141
02:47:53,700 --> 02:47:57,200
not because supplies are scarce,
but because the next resupply 

3142
02:47:57,200 --> 02:48:00,600
Point may be weeks away. 
Fresh water is precious. 

3143
02:48:01,500 --> 02:48:05,100
Crew uses its sparingly washing 
is done with sea water, when 

3144
02:48:05,100 --> 02:48:09,400
possible drinking water is 
measured out carefully, rain is 

3145
02:48:09,400 --> 02:48:12,100
collected. 
When it falls channel from the 

3146
02:48:12,100 --> 02:48:15,700
sails and a barrels. 
You grow a custom to using water

3147
02:48:15,700 --> 02:48:18,600
with intention. 
Never wasting what cannot easily

3148
02:48:18,600 --> 02:48:21,800
be replaced. 
The cook Works in a small Galley

3149
02:48:21,800 --> 02:48:26,300
preparing meals for the entire 
crew. his stove is fired with 

3150
02:48:26,300 --> 02:48:29,700
coal and the heat, it produces 
makes the galley uncomfortably 

3151
02:48:29,700 --> 02:48:33,900
warm, even in cool weather, He 
boils salted meat to soften it, 

3152
02:48:33,900 --> 02:48:38,200
soaks dried peas overnight and 
bake ship's biscuit into 

3153
02:48:38,200 --> 02:48:40,800
something approaching bread. 
The meals. 

3154
02:48:40,800 --> 02:48:43,600
He produces a plane but they are
regular and filling. 

3155
02:48:44,200 --> 02:48:46,800
Every few weeks the ship 
requires a more thorough 

3156
02:48:46,800 --> 02:48:50,300
inspection when the Beagle 
anchors in a sheltered Harbor 

3157
02:48:50,300 --> 02:48:54,100
the crew takes the opportunity 
to Corrine The Vessel this means

3158
02:48:54,100 --> 02:48:57,000
tipping it onto its side to 
expose the underwater hole 

3159
02:48:57,000 --> 02:49:00,400
Barnacles are scraped away. 
The hull is checked for damage 

3160
02:49:00,400 --> 02:49:04,900
if needed repairs are made. 
This work takes several days and

3161
02:49:04,900 --> 02:49:08,200
involves the entire crew. 
It is labor intensive, but 

3162
02:49:08,200 --> 02:49:12,200
necessary you help where you can
though your contributions are 

3163
02:49:12,200 --> 02:49:14,900
modest. 
You pass tools carry supplies 

3164
02:49:14,900 --> 02:49:18,400
and assist with measurements. 
The work is repetitive but 

3165
02:49:18,400 --> 02:49:23,100
satisfying there is a sense of 
shared purpose of maintaining 

3166
02:49:23,100 --> 02:49:28,100
something larger than any 
individual. ship depends on this

3167
02:49:28,100 --> 02:49:32,900
Collective effort discipline 
structures the work orders are 

3168
02:49:32,900 --> 02:49:34,500
giving clearly and followed 
promptly. 

3169
02:49:35,400 --> 02:49:37,600
The crew knows the consequences 
of neglect. 

3170
02:49:38,600 --> 02:49:41,600
Poorly maintained ship is a 
dangerous one that the 

3171
02:49:41,608 --> 02:49:45,400
discipline is not harsh. 
It is simply the framework that 

3172
02:49:45,400 --> 02:49:49,700
allows 74 men to live and work 
together in close quarters for 

3173
02:49:49,700 --> 02:49:53,700
months at a time. 
At night, you sometimes hear the

3174
02:49:53,700 --> 02:49:56,800
officer of the watch making his 
rounds checking that all is 

3175
02:49:56,800 --> 02:50:00,700
secure, hatches, are fastened 
lanterns are positioned safely. 

3176
02:50:00,700 --> 02:50:04,400
The helm is manned, the ship is 
never left unattended. 

3177
02:50:04,400 --> 02:50:08,600
This vigilance continues 
regardless of whether or fatigue

3178
02:50:08,600 --> 02:50:11,300
it is. 
Part of the Rhythm one more 

3179
02:50:11,300 --> 02:50:14,000
element of the routine that 
keeps the voyage moving forward.

3180
02:50:14,000 --> 02:50:17,700
The Beagle is not a swift ship 
but it is a sturdy one. 

3181
02:50:17,708 --> 02:50:20,900
It was built for Coastal 
surveying and designed to handle

3182
02:50:20,900 --> 02:50:23,700
shallow Waters. 
And variable conditions, its 

3183
02:50:23,700 --> 02:50:26,100
reliability. 
Comes from careful construction 

3184
02:50:26,100 --> 02:50:30,000
and diligent maintenance you 
come to trust the ship to feel 

3185
02:50:30,000 --> 02:50:33,000
secure in its solid, Timbers and
well-tended rigging. 

3186
02:50:33,700 --> 02:50:38,000
The Voyage depends on this trust
your days are filled with looks 

3187
02:50:38,000 --> 02:50:41,600
you're not searching or hunting 
for something specific but 

3188
02:50:41,600 --> 02:50:45,100
simply observing what appears 
before you the practice becomes 

3189
02:50:45,100 --> 02:50:48,700
a virtual you wake with the 
intention to notice and that 

3190
02:50:48,700 --> 02:50:51,000
intention shapes how you move 
through each day. 

3191
02:50:52,100 --> 02:50:55,900
When the Beagle approaches land,
you prepare your tools, a small 

3192
02:50:55,900 --> 02:50:59,800
hammer for breaking rocks. 
Glass vials for specimen's 

3193
02:50:59,800 --> 02:51:03,300
paper, for pressing plants. 
And notebook always at hand. 

3194
02:51:04,100 --> 02:51:06,500
These objects become extensions 
of your purpose. 

3195
02:51:06,500 --> 02:51:10,100
You carry them ashore when the 
ship's boats Ferry crew and 

3196
02:51:10,100 --> 02:51:14,200
supplies to the beach. 
Shoreline offers endless variety

3197
02:51:14,200 --> 02:51:17,000
Rocky Coast differ, from sandy 
beaches. 

3198
02:51:17,000 --> 02:51:20,400
Tidal pools, contain creatures 
that disappear. 

3199
02:51:20,400 --> 02:51:23,800
When the water receives. 
You kneel beside these pools 

3200
02:51:23,800 --> 02:51:25,700
watching. 
Small crabs, navigate between 

3201
02:51:25,700 --> 02:51:28,800
Stones. 
Observing the patterns on shells

3202
02:51:28,800 --> 02:51:32,300
and noting which plants grow 
just above the water line in 

3203
02:51:32,300 --> 02:51:34,800
which tolerates have immersion 
your notes. 

3204
02:51:34,800 --> 02:51:38,500
Accumulates slowly. 
Each entry is dated and located.

3205
02:51:38,500 --> 02:51:42,000
You describe what you see in. 
Plain language of avoiding 

3206
02:51:42,000 --> 02:51:45,500
assumptions. 
A shells color a bird size 

3207
02:51:45,500 --> 02:51:50,200
relative to familiar species, 
The texture of a leaf. these 

3208
02:51:50,200 --> 02:51:53,200
details may seem trivial, but 
you have learned that patterns 

3209
02:51:53,200 --> 02:51:56,700
emerge from accumulated 
observations, what appears 

3210
02:51:56,700 --> 02:52:00,000
random in a single instance May 
reveal structure when examined 

3211
02:52:00,000 --> 02:52:04,100
across many exams, rocks, 
interest you particularly you 

3212
02:52:04,100 --> 02:52:08,000
break open, samples examining 
the layers within Some show 

3213
02:52:08,000 --> 02:52:10,900
clear, stratification. 
Alternating bands of different 

3214
02:52:10,900 --> 02:52:13,600
materials. 
Others are uniform throughout 

3215
02:52:13,600 --> 02:52:17,500
you collect samples of each 
type, wrapping them carefully 

3216
02:52:17,500 --> 02:52:19,800
and labeling them with the 
location where they were found. 

3217
02:52:20,900 --> 02:52:24,700
Later aboard the ship, you will 
compare these samples to others 

3218
02:52:24,700 --> 02:52:28,500
collected from different sites. 
The comparison reveals something

3219
02:52:28,500 --> 02:52:32,600
rocks from distant locations 
sometimes resemble each other 

3220
02:52:32,600 --> 02:52:36,100
closely. 
This suggests common origins or 

3221
02:52:36,100 --> 02:52:40,000
similar processes of formation. 
You begin to wonder about the 

3222
02:52:40,000 --> 02:52:44,900
forces that shape Landscapes 
over time water, wind heat, and 

3223
02:52:44,900 --> 02:52:48,500
pressure. these forces work 
slowly but their effects 

3224
02:52:48,500 --> 02:52:52,400
accumulate, The coastline that 
appears permanent is perhaps 

3225
02:52:52,400 --> 02:52:55,500
slowly changing wearing away 
grain by grain. 

3226
02:52:56,400 --> 02:53:01,000
Plants show equal complexity. 
You Collective leaves flowers 

3227
02:53:01,000 --> 02:53:04,500
and seeds, you press them 
carefully between sheets of 

3228
02:53:04,500 --> 02:53:07,900
paper applying weight to Flat 
them with without crushing. 

3229
02:53:07,900 --> 02:53:11,500
Once dried, these specimens can 
be studied in definitely. 

3230
02:53:12,200 --> 02:53:14,900
You know, where each plant grew.
Was it near water? 

3231
02:53:14,900 --> 02:53:19,700
Did it grow in shade or full sun
among other plants or isolated? 

3232
02:53:21,000 --> 02:53:23,200
These details help. 
You understand what conditions, 

3233
02:53:23,200 --> 02:53:27,900
each species requires animals. 
Are harder to observe many move 

3234
02:53:27,900 --> 02:53:29,600
quickly or hide when you 
approach. 

3235
02:53:30,400 --> 02:53:34,000
You watch from a distance when 
possible using patients rather 

3236
02:53:34,000 --> 02:53:37,700
than Pursuit. 
Seabirds nesting on cliffs. 

3237
02:53:37,700 --> 02:53:40,000
Ignore your presence. 
Once they become accustomed to 

3238
02:53:40,000 --> 02:53:42,600
it. 
You sit quietly and watch them 

3239
02:53:42,600 --> 02:53:47,000
feed their young noting the 
frequency of feeding, the types 

3240
02:53:47,000 --> 02:53:51,600
of food brought and the behavior
of the chicks, insects are 

3241
02:53:51,608 --> 02:53:54,800
everywhere. 
Even on remote Islands, you 

3242
02:53:54,800 --> 02:53:57,800
collect them carefully 
preserving them in small vials. 

3243
02:53:57,800 --> 02:54:01,800
Their diversity is astonishing 
different species, occupy 

3244
02:54:01,800 --> 02:54:05,700
different niches some feed on 
particular plants, others. 

3245
02:54:05,700 --> 02:54:09,300
Prey on other insects, the 
relationships between species 

3246
02:54:09,300 --> 02:54:13,000
are intricate each one adapted 
to its specific role. 

3247
02:54:13,000 --> 02:54:17,900
You begin to notice patterns in 
these adaptations Island species

3248
02:54:17,900 --> 02:54:21,900
sometimes differ from Mainland 
species in subtle ways, size 

3249
02:54:21,900 --> 02:54:25,800
varies, coloration shifts, 
Behavior changes. 

3250
02:54:26,700 --> 02:54:29,600
These differences are small, but
they are consistent. 

3251
02:54:30,300 --> 02:54:32,400
You recalled them without yet 
understanding their 

3252
02:54:32,400 --> 02:54:37,600
significance. patterns are there
waiting for interpretation your 

3253
02:54:37,600 --> 02:54:40,500
geological observations 
accumulate alongside the 

3254
02:54:40,500 --> 02:54:44,800
biological once you notice 
fossils embedded in rock layers,

3255
02:54:44,800 --> 02:54:49,500
remnants of creatures that no 
longer exist, These fossils are 

3256
02:54:49,500 --> 02:54:51,800
sometimes similar to living 
species, sometimes quite 

3257
02:54:51,800 --> 02:54:56,400
different, their presence in 
rock, suggests great age, time 

3258
02:54:56,400 --> 02:54:59,000
measured on scales Beyond Human 
Experience. 

3259
02:54:59,600 --> 02:55:02,100
You think about these things 
during the long hours at Sea, 

3260
02:55:02,100 --> 02:55:05,700
the ship moves slowly across the
ocean and there is time for 

3261
02:55:05,700 --> 02:55:10,000
reflection you review your notes
looking for connections, you 

3262
02:55:10,000 --> 02:55:14,000
sketch, diagrams, trying to 
visualize relationships, The 

3263
02:55:14,000 --> 02:55:16,000
work is tentative and 
exploratory. 

3264
02:55:16,000 --> 02:55:19,700
You're not reaching conclusions.
Only Gathering evidence. 

3265
02:55:20,800 --> 02:55:23,500
Captain Fitzroy, sometimes asks 
about your findings. 

3266
02:55:23,500 --> 02:55:27,700
You share, what you've observed 
describing specimens and 

3267
02:55:27,700 --> 02:55:33,100
locations. the conversations are
cordial, but brief Fitzroy's 

3268
02:55:33,100 --> 02:55:37,000
interest is genuine though. 
His own work, focuses on charts 

3269
02:55:37,000 --> 02:55:41,600
and navigation, the ship values.
Your observations, even though 

3270
02:55:41,600 --> 02:55:43,700
they are supplementary to its 
primary mission. 

3271
02:55:44,700 --> 02:55:48,600
Other crew members occasionally,
bring you specimens a sailor 

3272
02:55:48,600 --> 02:55:51,500
finds an unusual shell on the 
beach and carries it back to the

3273
02:55:51,500 --> 02:55:54,400
ship. 
The ship discovers a strange 

3274
02:55:54,400 --> 02:55:57,300
insect in the provisions. 
You accept these offerings 

3275
02:55:57,300 --> 02:55:59,300
greatly, adding them to your 
collection. 

3276
02:55:59,300 --> 02:56:02,200
The cruise participation 
broadens. 

3277
02:56:02,200 --> 02:56:06,200
What you can observe, extending 
your reach beyond your efforts. 

3278
02:56:06,900 --> 02:56:10,100
In the evenings, you organize, 
the days collections. 

3279
02:56:10,100 --> 02:56:15,800
Each specimen is examined 
described and stored The work is

3280
02:56:15,800 --> 02:56:19,100
meticulous and time-consuming, 
you cannot rush. 

3281
02:56:19,100 --> 02:56:22,200
It accuracy matters more than 
speed. 

3282
02:56:22,200 --> 02:56:26,200
A specimen, poorly preserved, or
incorrectly labeled loses. 

3283
02:56:26,200 --> 02:56:29,200
Much of its value. 
You take care working by 

3284
02:56:29,200 --> 02:56:33,100
Lamplight until fatigue forces 
you to stop. a collection grows,

3285
02:56:33,100 --> 02:56:37,500
steadily boxes filled with rocks
bottles line, the shelves of 

3286
02:56:37,500 --> 02:56:41,800
your cabin, pressed plants, 
accumulate in portfolios, this 

3287
02:56:41,800 --> 02:56:45,000
physical accumulation, 
represents months of patients of

3288
02:56:45,008 --> 02:56:48,500
observation and Countless hours 
spent looking closely at the 

3289
02:56:48,508 --> 02:56:51,400
natural world. 
Specialist will eventually 

3290
02:56:51,400 --> 02:56:55,100
return the collection to England
for examination but for now, 

3291
02:56:55,100 --> 02:56:57,700
it's simply forms part of your 
daily routine. 

3292
02:56:58,800 --> 02:57:02,600
The work itself, brings you 
satisfaction the process of 

3293
02:57:02,600 --> 02:57:05,100
observing recording, and 
organizing brings you 

3294
02:57:05,108 --> 02:57:09,500
satisfaction. 
There is a calm to it, a sense 

3295
02:57:09,500 --> 02:57:12,400
of purpose that does not require
dramatic Discovery. 

3296
02:57:12,400 --> 02:57:16,100
Each day adds a little more to 
the accumulation of knowledge. 

3297
02:57:16,100 --> 02:57:19,900
Each observation contributes 
significantly to the larger 

3298
02:57:19,900 --> 02:57:22,500
puzzle. 
It's not necessary to view the 

3299
02:57:22,508 --> 02:57:25,100
entire picture to appreciate the
individual pieces. 

3300
02:57:25,100 --> 02:57:28,500
The Voyages long and rest 
becomes, its kind of practice. 

3301
02:57:29,400 --> 02:57:32,600
This is not the dramatic 
exhaustion of a crisis but 

3302
02:57:32,600 --> 02:57:35,800
rather the steady fatigue that 
builds up over weeks and months 

3303
02:57:35,800 --> 02:57:39,400
of ship life. 
You learn to rest in stages in 

3304
02:57:39,400 --> 02:57:42,900
moments, stolen between tasks 
and in the regular intervals 

3305
02:57:42,900 --> 02:57:46,500
built into each day schedule. 
Between landfalls the ship 

3306
02:57:46,500 --> 02:57:49,500
settles into its sailing Rhythm 
days pass. 

3307
02:57:49,500 --> 02:57:53,600
Without significant events, The 
Horizon remains empty, the wind 

3308
02:57:53,600 --> 02:57:57,700
blows steadily or not at all. 
During these stretches, the 

3309
02:57:57,700 --> 02:58:01,400
cruise energy, shifts work 
continues, but at a measured 

3310
02:58:01,400 --> 02:58:05,800
Pace, there is no urgency only 
the slow movement toward the 

3311
02:58:05,800 --> 02:58:09,200
next destination. 
You spend these quiet days below

3312
02:58:09,200 --> 02:58:11,700
deck. 
More often, your cabin becomes, 

3313
02:58:11,700 --> 02:58:15,300
a refuge the space is small but 
it is yours. 

3314
02:58:15,300 --> 02:58:17,800
You arrange it to suit your 
needs. 

3315
02:58:18,700 --> 02:58:22,400
Books are stacked Within Reach. 
Specimens are organized on 

3316
02:58:22,400 --> 02:58:25,600
makeshift shells. 
The hammock hangs at a height 

3317
02:58:25,600 --> 02:58:28,700
that allows you to sit on a low 
stool and right at the small 

3318
02:58:28,700 --> 02:58:32,300
fold down, desk off of new 
light, filtered through the 

3319
02:58:32,300 --> 02:58:36,200
portal, creating a small, circle
of Illumination, that moves 

3320
02:58:36,200 --> 02:58:38,200
across the cabin as the day 
progresses. 

3321
02:58:39,000 --> 02:58:42,000
You follow this light 
positioning your work, to take 

3322
02:58:42,000 --> 02:58:46,000
advantage of it. 
When the light Fades you like a 

3323
02:58:46,000 --> 02:58:48,400
lamp that you try to conserve 
oil? 

3324
02:58:49,900 --> 02:58:53,700
The lamps flame, flickers with 
the ship's motion, casting 

3325
02:58:53,700 --> 02:58:55,800
shifting Shadows on the wooden 
walls. 

3326
02:58:56,900 --> 02:58:59,200
Rest comes in unexpected 
moments. 

3327
02:59:00,100 --> 02:59:02,800
You sit with a book but find 
your eyes growing heavy. 

3328
02:59:03,700 --> 02:59:07,400
Text blurs. 
You set the book, aside, and 

3329
02:59:07,400 --> 02:59:10,400
close your eyes, letting the 
ships motion, rock you into a 

3330
02:59:10,400 --> 02:59:14,300
brief sleep. 20 minutes later, 
you wait refreshed. 

3331
02:59:15,000 --> 02:59:19,100
These short rests punctuate your
days Smallpools is that prevent 

3332
02:59:19,100 --> 02:59:20,900
deeper fatigue from 
accumulating? 

3333
02:59:20,900 --> 02:59:25,000
The crew has its rest rhythms 
men off, watch, gather below 

3334
02:59:25,000 --> 02:59:27,600
deck, some sleeping others, 
playing cards, or mending 

3335
02:59:27,600 --> 02:59:31,500
clothes, conversation is quiet 
and respectful of those trying 

3336
02:59:31,500 --> 02:59:34,300
to rest. 
Ship, Bell marks the passage of 

3337
02:59:34,300 --> 02:59:37,000
time. 
Between these regular signals 

3338
02:59:37,000 --> 02:59:41,500
hours drift by without urgently.
Seek sickness when it comes 

3339
02:59:41,500 --> 02:59:45,300
demands. 
Its kind of rest. the motion 

3340
02:59:45,300 --> 02:59:49,200
that becomes familiar can 
sometimes overwhelm You lie in 

3341
02:59:49,200 --> 02:59:52,100
your hammock eyes, closed, 
breathing slowly. 

3342
02:59:52,900 --> 02:59:54,700
The discomfort passes of 
eventually. 

3343
02:59:55,500 --> 02:59:58,700
You learn to recognize the early
signs and to rest before the 

3344
02:59:58,700 --> 03:00:02,600
sickness becomes severe. 
Ginger, when available helps. 

3345
03:00:03,200 --> 03:00:07,200
Fresh air on Deck helps more. 
But sometimes, the only remedy 

3346
03:00:07,200 --> 03:00:11,300
is stillness and patience 
recovery follows its schedule. 

3347
03:00:11,300 --> 03:00:15,000
After a period of illness or 
particular fatigue, you need 

3348
03:00:15,008 --> 03:00:20,100
extra rest, you sleep longer, 
you work, less the ship 

3349
03:00:20,100 --> 03:00:22,900
tolerates. 
This there is no pressure to 

3350
03:00:22,900 --> 03:00:26,700
maintain a constant pace. 
The Voyage is too long for 

3351
03:00:26,700 --> 03:00:29,800
unsustainable effort. 
Everyone aboard understands the 

3352
03:00:29,800 --> 03:00:33,000
need for recovery time. 
Sure visits provided different 

3353
03:00:33,000 --> 03:00:36,500
kind of rest. 
After weeks, at Sea, Solid, 

3354
03:00:36,500 --> 03:00:38,500
Ground feel strange Beneath Your
Feet. 

3355
03:00:38,500 --> 03:00:42,800
The Earth does not move and your
body accustomed to compensating 

3356
03:00:42,800 --> 03:00:46,300
for the ship's motion initially 
struggles with stability. 

3357
03:00:47,200 --> 03:00:50,800
You walk on land with careful 
steps, your balance, slowly, 

3358
03:00:50,800 --> 03:00:54,400
re-adjusting. 
Onshore, you sometimes find 

3359
03:00:54,400 --> 03:00:56,500
places to sit and simply be 
still. 

3360
03:00:57,300 --> 03:01:00,200
You may find a Flat Rock, that 
provides a stunning view of the 

3361
03:01:00,200 --> 03:01:03,000
water. 
The grassy area nestled beneath.

3362
03:01:03,000 --> 03:01:05,800
The tree can also serve as a 
peaceful spot to relax. 

3363
03:01:07,100 --> 03:01:09,800
These moments of Stillness on 
land are precious. 

3364
03:01:09,800 --> 03:01:15,900
The sounds are different here. 
Birdsong in stead of rigging win

3365
03:01:15,900 --> 03:01:17,900
through leaves instead of 
through canvas. 

3366
03:01:18,800 --> 03:01:22,400
He close your eyes and listen, 
storing the memory, for the next

3367
03:01:22,400 --> 03:01:26,100
stretch at sea. 
Returning to the ship after days

3368
03:01:26,100 --> 03:01:30,100
of shore requires another 
adjustment. first night, back in

3369
03:01:30,100 --> 03:01:34,000
your hammock, the motion seems 
pronounced again, you sway with 

3370
03:01:34,000 --> 03:01:39,200
the ship, your body, relearning,
the Second night, it feels 

3371
03:01:39,200 --> 03:01:42,600
normal once more. 
This cycle of adjustment and 

3372
03:01:42,600 --> 03:01:46,300
re-adjustment become familiar. 
Sleep at Sea is usually 

3373
03:01:46,300 --> 03:01:49,300
interrupted the watch bell 
rings, every four hours, 

3374
03:01:49,300 --> 03:01:51,600
footstep sound on the deck 
above. 

3375
03:01:52,400 --> 03:01:55,800
Ship's motion changes with 
shifting winds, you learned to 

3376
03:01:55,808 --> 03:01:59,100
sleep through most disturbing 
Services, wake only, when 

3377
03:01:59,100 --> 03:02:02,700
something truly unusual. 
Occurs this light sleep is 

3378
03:02:02,700 --> 03:02:05,600
restorative enough. 
Your body adapts. 

3379
03:02:05,600 --> 03:02:07,500
Some nights are calmer than 
others. 

3380
03:02:07,500 --> 03:02:10,800
When the sea is smooth and the 
wind steady, the ship, barely 

3381
03:02:10,800 --> 03:02:15,300
rocks these nights allowed 
deeper rest, You wait feeling 

3382
03:02:15,300 --> 03:02:19,700
genuinely refreshed, ready for 
whatever the Day brings, you 

3383
03:02:19,700 --> 03:02:24,100
treasure these nights knowing 
they are not guaranteed on rough

3384
03:02:24,100 --> 03:02:26,300
nights. 
Rest comes and fragments. 

3385
03:02:26,300 --> 03:02:31,700
You doze weight and doze again. 
The hammock sways, more 

3386
03:02:31,700 --> 03:02:35,600
dramatically objects shift in 
the cabin, you hear the crew, 

3387
03:02:35,600 --> 03:02:39,100
working above adjusting sales to
manage the conditions. 

3388
03:02:39,100 --> 03:02:44,100
You do not worry, the ship is 
well handled and rough, seas are

3389
03:02:44,100 --> 03:02:47,100
part of the voyage. 
You simply rest as best. 

3390
03:02:47,100 --> 03:02:52,000
You can midday often brings a 
quiet period after the noon meal

3391
03:02:52,000 --> 03:02:54,900
when the sun is high and the 
days workers settled into 

3392
03:02:54,900 --> 03:02:57,600
routine you find yourself 
growing drowsy. 

3393
03:02:58,300 --> 03:03:01,400
Sometimes you surrender to this 
feeling returning to your cabin 

3394
03:03:01,400 --> 03:03:04,800
for a short rest. 
Other times you fight it, 

3395
03:03:04,800 --> 03:03:07,800
preferring to use the daylight 
for observation. 

3396
03:03:08,600 --> 03:03:11,900
Both choices are acceptable. 
The Voyage is long enough to 

3397
03:03:11,900 --> 03:03:15,400
accommodate either approach. 
You notice that rest and 

3398
03:03:15,400 --> 03:03:18,100
observational are not opposites 
but Canyons. 

3399
03:03:18,800 --> 03:03:22,400
When you are well rested, your 
observations are sharpener. you 

3400
03:03:22,400 --> 03:03:26,300
notice details, you might 
otherwise Miss Can verse Lee 

3401
03:03:26,300 --> 03:03:30,100
after intense periods of 
observation and collection, rest

3402
03:03:30,100 --> 03:03:33,800
becomes necessary. 
Your mind needs time to process,

3403
03:03:33,800 --> 03:03:36,900
what you've seen to consolidate 
memories and insights. 

3404
03:03:38,900 --> 03:03:41,400
The rhythm of rest aboard. 
The Beagle is not dramatic. 

3405
03:03:41,400 --> 03:03:46,100
It does not involve collapse and
recovery but rather gentle ways 

3406
03:03:46,100 --> 03:03:48,900
of energy and fatigue that 
alternate throughout each day 

3407
03:03:48,900 --> 03:03:52,300
and week. 
You ride these waves working 

3408
03:03:52,300 --> 03:03:55,000
when energy is available and 
resting when it is not. 

3409
03:03:55,900 --> 03:03:59,400
In a sustainable designed for 
the long duration of the voyage 

3410
03:03:59,400 --> 03:04:03,300
eating aboard, the Beagle 
follows a strict schedule three 

3411
03:04:03,300 --> 03:04:06,100
meals per day served consistent 
times. 

3412
03:04:06,100 --> 03:04:08,200
The predictability is 
comforting. 

3413
03:04:08,200 --> 03:04:12,200
You know when to expect food and
your body adjusts to the Rhythm 

3414
03:04:13,100 --> 03:04:16,200
Hunger arrives on schedule. 
A meal satisfy. 

3415
03:04:16,200 --> 03:04:19,500
It reliably. 
Ships biscuit forms, the 

3416
03:04:19,500 --> 03:04:23,900
foundation of the diet. 
These hard dry crackers, a baked

3417
03:04:23,900 --> 03:04:27,200
before the voyage begins, and 
designed to last for months 

3418
03:04:27,200 --> 03:04:30,800
without spoiling. 
They are plain nearly tasteless,

3419
03:04:30,800 --> 03:04:33,800
but substantial. 
You learn to soften the them in 

3420
03:04:33,808 --> 03:04:36,100
teal coffee, making them easier 
to chew. 

3421
03:04:36,100 --> 03:04:40,400
Sometimes they contain Weavers 
small insects that have borrowed

3422
03:04:40,400 --> 03:04:44,300
into the flour before baking. 
You learned to tap the biscuit 

3423
03:04:44,300 --> 03:04:47,600
against the table, dislodging 
the Weavers, before we eating 

3424
03:04:48,500 --> 03:04:52,900
this routine becomes automatic. 
Salted meat is served regularly.

3425
03:04:53,800 --> 03:04:57,100
Pork and Beef preserved in 
barrels of grind. 

3426
03:04:57,100 --> 03:05:01,500
The salt draws out, moisture 
preventing Decay but it also 

3427
03:05:01,500 --> 03:05:03,600
makes the meat tough and 
intensity salty. 

3428
03:05:04,400 --> 03:05:08,600
The cook boils it for hours to 
make it palatable even so it 

3429
03:05:08,600 --> 03:05:11,500
retains a strong flavor that 
dominates whatever else is on 

3430
03:05:11,500 --> 03:05:14,400
the plate. 
You grow accustomed to it as 

3431
03:05:14,400 --> 03:05:18,100
everyone aboard does. 
Dried peas or soaked overnight 

3432
03:05:18,100 --> 03:05:19,700
and then boiled into a thick 
soup. 

3433
03:05:20,400 --> 03:05:22,400
This provides Variety in 
nutrition. 

3434
03:05:23,200 --> 03:05:26,800
The peas are plain, but they are
filling an easier to digest than

3435
03:05:26,800 --> 03:05:30,000
the Salted meat. 
Sometimes the cook adds small 

3436
03:05:30,000 --> 03:05:32,400
amounts of onion or other 
vegetables when fresh supplies 

3437
03:05:32,400 --> 03:05:35,500
are available, but these 
additions are rare and brief. 

3438
03:05:36,400 --> 03:05:40,200
Fresh food is a luxury. 
When the ship stops at a port or

3439
03:05:40,200 --> 03:05:43,500
Coastal settlement Provisions 
are purchased if available 

3440
03:05:43,500 --> 03:05:48,800
Provisions include items such as
eggs, fruit vegetables and fresh

3441
03:05:48,800 --> 03:05:52,700
bread these items transform the 
meals temporarily. 

3442
03:05:53,500 --> 03:05:56,600
Save at the taste of an orange 
in the crisp texture of a fresh 

3443
03:05:56,600 --> 03:06:00,400
carrot but fresh food spoils 
quickly in the ship's warm hold 

3444
03:06:00,400 --> 03:06:05,300
so these Pleasures are fleeting.
Water is rationed carefully as 

3445
03:06:05,300 --> 03:06:08,400
discussed earlier. 
Each person receives a daily 

3446
03:06:08,400 --> 03:06:11,100
allowance. 
You use it for drinking and 

3447
03:06:11,100 --> 03:06:15,200
sparingly for washing. 
The water has a stale taste off 

3448
03:06:15,200 --> 03:06:17,400
to weeks in the barrel, but you 
learned to ignore. 

3449
03:06:17,400 --> 03:06:20,900
This first is a more powerful 
motivator than preference. 

3450
03:06:21,900 --> 03:06:23,700
Tea and coffee are available 
daily. 

3451
03:06:24,600 --> 03:06:28,000
The cook prepares large pots of 
each sweetened with sugar. 

3452
03:06:28,000 --> 03:06:31,800
When supplies allow These hot 
drinks are welcome, especially 

3453
03:06:31,800 --> 03:06:35,700
in cool weather or rough Seas. 
You develop a preference for tea

3454
03:06:35,700 --> 03:06:37,900
in the morning and coffee in the
afternoon though. 

3455
03:06:37,900 --> 03:06:41,700
Both are drunk, black and strong
rum is issued to the crew in 

3456
03:06:41,700 --> 03:06:45,200
small measures. 
This is a naval tradition meant 

3457
03:06:45,200 --> 03:06:48,400
to boost morale and provide a 
brief respite from routine. 

3458
03:06:48,400 --> 03:06:51,100
You receive a portion as well 
though. 

3459
03:06:51,100 --> 03:06:54,200
You often decline it, the 
effects of alcohol are more 

3460
03:06:54,200 --> 03:06:57,400
pronounced aboard, a moving ship
and you prefer to keep your mind

3461
03:06:57,400 --> 03:06:59,500
clear for observation and 
note-taking. 

3462
03:07:00,400 --> 03:07:04,300
Meals are eaten in shifts 
officers, eat in the poop cabin,

3463
03:07:04,300 --> 03:07:08,100
crew members are below deck. 
You usually eat with the 

3464
03:07:08,100 --> 03:07:10,600
officers, though? 
The atmosphere is informal. 

3465
03:07:12,100 --> 03:07:14,600
Conversations centers on 
practical matters. 

3466
03:07:15,400 --> 03:07:19,500
The days progress where the 
predictions planes are being 

3467
03:07:19,508 --> 03:07:23,500
made for the next landfall. 
There is little ceremony, only 

3468
03:07:23,500 --> 03:07:26,700
the efficient consumption of 
food before returning to work. 

3469
03:07:27,700 --> 03:07:30,400
The monotony of the diet become 
a kind of comfort. 

3470
03:07:30,400 --> 03:07:35,500
You know, what to expect and the
familiarity reduces one source 

3471
03:07:35,500 --> 03:07:39,100
of uncertainty in a voyage 
filled with variables. 

3472
03:07:40,000 --> 03:07:43,000
Food is not exciting, but it is 
sufficient. 

3473
03:07:43,000 --> 03:07:46,900
It sustains you day after day, 
month after month. 

3474
03:07:47,800 --> 03:07:49,800
Health concerns, arise 
occasionally. 

3475
03:07:50,700 --> 03:07:53,400
Scurvy caused by a lack of 
fresh, vegetables. 

3476
03:07:53,400 --> 03:07:56,600
And fruit is a known Danger on 
Long voyages. 

3477
03:07:57,600 --> 03:08:00,700
The ship surgeon monitors. 
The crew for early signs 

3478
03:08:00,700 --> 03:08:04,600
bleeding gums, fatigue and 
bruising when fresh Provisions 

3479
03:08:04,600 --> 03:08:06,300
are available. 
They are consumed. 

3480
03:08:06,300 --> 03:08:10,600
Eagerly not just for Taste but 
for their protective effect you 

3481
03:08:10,600 --> 03:08:14,000
experience occasional digestive 
troubles as most aboard, do 

3482
03:08:14,900 --> 03:08:18,400
Salted, meat and ship's biscuits
can cause discomfort to your 

3483
03:08:18,400 --> 03:08:21,400
stomach. 
Ship's motion can worsen these 

3484
03:08:21,400 --> 03:08:25,000
issues you learn, which food sit
better and which to avoid when 

3485
03:08:25,000 --> 03:08:28,700
feeling unsettled the surgeon 
provides simple remedies when 

3486
03:08:28,700 --> 03:08:32,300
needed though often time and 
rest of the only real cures. 

3487
03:08:33,600 --> 03:08:37,900
Minor injuries are common. 
Splinters from rough wood, small

3488
03:08:37,900 --> 03:08:40,600
cuts and rope Burns. 
A common injuries. 

3489
03:08:40,600 --> 03:08:44,600
The surgeon treats these 
efficiently cleanliness is 

3490
03:08:44,600 --> 03:08:47,500
important though. 
Limited water makes thorough 

3491
03:08:47,500 --> 03:08:51,700
washing difficult wounds, a 
banded monitored for infection 

3492
03:08:51,700 --> 03:08:56,200
and generally heal without 
complication. more serious 

3493
03:08:56,200 --> 03:09:01,000
illness is rare, but concerning 
When fever strikes, the affected

3494
03:09:01,000 --> 03:09:04,500
person is isolated as much as 
the ship's cramped quarters 

3495
03:09:04,500 --> 03:09:09,308
allow. 
Rest water and time of the 

3496
03:09:09,316 --> 03:09:13,100
primary treatments, the surgeon 
has some medicines but their 

3497
03:09:13,100 --> 03:09:15,700
effectiveness is limited. 
Most illnesses. 

3498
03:09:15,700 --> 03:09:18,700
Simply need to progress, 
naturally, you maintain your 

3499
03:09:18,700 --> 03:09:22,900
health through routine 
regularly, adequate food, and 

3500
03:09:22,900 --> 03:09:27,600
fresh air on Deck when possible 
you have excess. you listen to 

3501
03:09:27,600 --> 03:09:30,900
your body signals resting, when 
tired and eating, when hungry 

3502
03:09:32,000 --> 03:09:34,500
This attentiveness prevents 
small issues from becoming 

3503
03:09:34,500 --> 03:09:38,200
larger ones. 
Physical activity is limited but

3504
03:09:38,200 --> 03:09:42,900
important walking, the deck 
provides exercise occasional 

3505
03:09:42,900 --> 03:09:44,600
Shore. 
Visits allow for more vigorous 

3506
03:09:44,600 --> 03:09:49,400
movement, he climb Hills walk 
along beaches and explore Inland

3507
03:09:49,400 --> 03:09:53,500
when time permits These periods 
of activity, balanced the long 

3508
03:09:53,500 --> 03:09:57,600
hours of sitting and studying. 
Ships routine supports Health 

3509
03:09:57,600 --> 03:10:01,300
through its very regularity 
meals at consistent. 

3510
03:10:01,300 --> 03:10:06,100
Time's everyone respects, the 
Sleep periods work distributed 

3511
03:10:06,100 --> 03:10:08,600
across the day. 
This structure creates 

3512
03:10:08,600 --> 03:10:12,500
stability, that helps, everyone 
aboard, maintain physical, and 

3513
03:10:12,500 --> 03:10:14,400
mental well-being, through the 
long Voyage. 

3514
03:10:14,400 --> 03:10:18,200
You become aware of the 
relationship between food rest 

3515
03:10:18,200 --> 03:10:21,000
and work. 
When you eat well and sleep, 

3516
03:10:21,000 --> 03:10:24,900
adequately your observations are
sharper, and your notes are more

3517
03:10:24,908 --> 03:10:27,800
detailed. 
When fatigue accumulates or 

3518
03:10:27,800 --> 03:10:32,300
meals are particularly poor, 
your work suffers, you learn to 

3519
03:10:32,300 --> 03:10:35,800
manage these variables as best 
you can accepting what you 

3520
03:10:35,800 --> 03:10:38,700
cannot control. 
You become accustomed to the 

3521
03:10:38,700 --> 03:10:40,000
rhythm of eating. 
Rest. 

3522
03:10:40,000 --> 03:10:48,100
In and working, you wake eat 
work, eat rest work, eat and 

3523
03:10:48,100 --> 03:10:51,500
sleep. 
Pattern repeats with variations 

3524
03:10:51,500 --> 03:10:53,400
but maintains its basic 
structure. 

3525
03:10:54,400 --> 03:10:58,100
This regularity is part of what 
makes the long voyage endurable.

3526
03:10:58,800 --> 03:11:02,700
The routine provides a framework
within which life continues day 

3527
03:11:02,700 --> 03:11:05,100
after day across months and 
years. 

3528
03:11:06,000 --> 03:11:09,300
As daylight Fades, the ship's 
atmosphere changes. 

3529
03:11:10,100 --> 03:11:14,700
The pace of Works slows crew 
members complete their final 

3530
03:11:14,700 --> 03:11:17,100
tasks before the evening watch 
begins. 

3531
03:11:18,000 --> 03:11:20,400
You feel this shift as a subtle 
relaxation. 

3532
03:11:20,400 --> 03:11:23,900
A collective. 
Exhale, is another day at Sea 

3533
03:11:23,900 --> 03:11:27,300
draws towards its close. 
You descend your cabin while a 

3534
03:11:27,300 --> 03:11:29,200
little light still enters 
through the porthole. 

3535
03:11:30,000 --> 03:11:32,900
Spaces, familiar now, every 
object in its place. 

3536
03:11:33,600 --> 03:11:37,500
Your notebooks are stacked on 
the small desk specimen jars. 

3537
03:11:37,500 --> 03:11:38,800
Line. 
The makeshift shelf. 

3538
03:11:38,800 --> 03:11:41,300
The hammock hangs ready for the 
night ahead. 

3539
03:11:41,300 --> 03:11:45,200
You like your lamp adjusting the
wick to produce steady even 

3540
03:11:45,200 --> 03:11:47,500
light. 
Evening as your time for 

3541
03:11:47,500 --> 03:11:50,700
writing, you open your current 
notebook and review the days 

3542
03:11:50,700 --> 03:11:53,300
rough notes scribbled quickly 
during observations. 

3543
03:11:53,300 --> 03:11:56,700
Now you transfer these notes 
into a more permanent Forum 

3544
03:11:56,700 --> 03:12:00,700
expanding abbreviations 
clarifying descriptions and 

3545
03:12:00,700 --> 03:12:03,600
adding details you remember but 
did not have time to record 

3546
03:12:03,600 --> 03:12:06,100
earlier. 
Your handwriting is small and 

3547
03:12:06,100 --> 03:12:08,900
precise, each word carefully 
formed. 

3548
03:12:09,700 --> 03:12:14,000
This is partly to conserve paper
which is limited, but also a 

3549
03:12:14,000 --> 03:12:16,600
matter of habit. 
Clearing AIDS. 

3550
03:12:16,600 --> 03:12:21,900
Clear thinking you describe what
you saw, where you saw it and 

3551
03:12:21,900 --> 03:12:25,200
what conditions around it? 
The actor of writing helps. 

3552
03:12:25,200 --> 03:12:28,400
You remember embedding the 
observations, more firmly and 

3553
03:12:28,400 --> 03:12:33,200
memory. some evenings you work 
on sketches, your artistic skill

3554
03:12:33,200 --> 03:12:37,100
is modest but drawings capture 
information that words cannot 

3555
03:12:38,000 --> 03:12:41,700
You capture the shape of a 
shell, the pattern on a leaf and

3556
03:12:41,700 --> 03:12:44,700
the structure of a rock 
formation through your drawings.

3557
03:12:45,500 --> 03:12:50,100
You draw with simple tools, 
pencil, occasionally ink. 

3558
03:12:50,100 --> 03:12:53,600
And sometimes colored pencils. 
When you need to record specific

3559
03:12:53,600 --> 03:12:56,600
Hues, the drawings are 
functional rather than 

3560
03:12:56,600 --> 03:12:58,800
beautiful, but they serve their 
purpose. 

3561
03:12:59,700 --> 03:13:03,500
Other evenings, you organize, 
specimens rocks, are sorted by 

3562
03:13:03,500 --> 03:13:06,900
type and origin. 
Plant samples, a check to ensure

3563
03:13:06,900 --> 03:13:10,500
their drying properly. 
Preserved creatures in jars are 

3564
03:13:10,500 --> 03:13:13,000
examined for any signs of 
deterioration. 

3565
03:13:13,900 --> 03:13:15,800
This maintenance work is 
essential. 

3566
03:13:16,500 --> 03:13:19,400
A collection is only valuable if
it is properly curated. 

3567
03:13:20,400 --> 03:13:23,600
He is sometimes read during 
these evening hours, the ship 

3568
03:13:23,600 --> 03:13:27,800
carries a small library books. 
Shared among the officers, you 

3569
03:13:27,800 --> 03:13:31,400
borrow volumes on geology 
natural history, and travel 

3570
03:13:31,400 --> 03:13:36,100
narrative reading, expands your 
understanding providing context 

3571
03:13:36,100 --> 03:13:38,600
for What You observe. 
You take notes. 

3572
03:13:38,600 --> 03:13:42,400
As you read, marking passages, 
that seem particularly relevant.

3573
03:13:43,400 --> 03:13:47,100
The cabin is quiet, except for 
small, sounds water. 

3574
03:13:47,100 --> 03:13:49,800
Moving along the hull, just 
beyond the wooden planks. 

3575
03:13:50,500 --> 03:13:54,800
Footsteps on the deck above the 
ship creaks as it flexes with 

3576
03:13:54,800 --> 03:13:57,200
the waves, these sounds are 
constant. 

3577
03:13:58,100 --> 03:14:01,200
A backdrop to your evening work.
They do not disturb. 

3578
03:14:01,200 --> 03:14:03,600
You, they are simply part of the
environment. 

3579
03:14:04,600 --> 03:14:07,500
Occasionally you hear voices 
from the cruise quarters nearby?

3580
03:14:08,300 --> 03:14:11,000
Low conversation sometimes 
laughter. 

3581
03:14:11,800 --> 03:14:15,500
The crew spends their evening's 
much as you do occupied with 

3582
03:14:15,500 --> 03:14:18,100
small tasks or simple 
relaxation. 

3583
03:14:19,300 --> 03:14:22,100
Some write letters that will be 
sent when the ship next reaches 

3584
03:14:22,100 --> 03:14:25,000
Port. 
Others mend clothes or repair 

3585
03:14:25,000 --> 03:14:27,800
personal items. 
The work is unhurried. 

3586
03:14:27,800 --> 03:14:32,300
Almost meditative your lamp 
burn, steadily consuming oil 

3587
03:14:32,300 --> 03:14:34,900
slowly. 
Your conscious of the need to 

3588
03:14:34,900 --> 03:14:38,000
conserve that these evening 
hours of work are important. 

3589
03:14:38,900 --> 03:14:42,100
The Lamplight creates a small 
sphere of visibility in the 

3590
03:14:42,100 --> 03:14:44,600
growing Darkness. 
Beyond that sphere. 

3591
03:14:44,600 --> 03:14:49,900
The cabin Fades into shadow. 
You focus on what you can see on

3592
03:14:49,900 --> 03:14:52,500
the page before you on the work 
at hand. 

3593
03:14:53,500 --> 03:14:57,200
Sometimes your mind wanders. you
think about observations from 

3594
03:14:57,200 --> 03:15:01,400
earlier, in the voyage patterns 
you have noticed and questions 

3595
03:15:01,400 --> 03:15:05,300
that have emerged You do not try
to force conclusions. 

3596
03:15:05,300 --> 03:15:10,000
You simply let thoughts surface 
and drift trusting that insights

3597
03:15:10,000 --> 03:15:13,700
will come when they are ready. 
Evenings quiet Pace encourages 

3598
03:15:13,700 --> 03:15:16,800
this kind of reflection. 
The ship's motion is usually 

3599
03:15:16,800 --> 03:15:20,900
gentle in the evening wins often
decreases as night approaches. 

3600
03:15:21,800 --> 03:15:24,400
The Beagle rocks. 
Slowly a steady Rhythm. 

3601
03:15:24,400 --> 03:15:28,700
That becomes almost hypnotic. 
You sway slightly as you work, 

3602
03:15:28,700 --> 03:15:31,200
your body unconsciously moving 
with the ship. 

3603
03:15:32,200 --> 03:15:35,900
This motion is soothing rather 
than disruptive you pause 

3604
03:15:35,900 --> 03:15:39,700
occasionally to rest your eyes 
staring at notebook, Pages by 

3605
03:15:39,700 --> 03:15:44,200
Lamplight can be tiring. 
You look away focusing on the 

3606
03:15:44,200 --> 03:15:47,600
shadows in the cabin's Corners 
letting your vision relax. 

3607
03:15:48,800 --> 03:15:51,700
These brief pause is help you 
maintain concentration over 

3608
03:15:51,700 --> 03:15:55,700
several hours of close work. 
Some evening's Captain Fitzroy, 

3609
03:15:55,700 --> 03:15:59,700
stops by your cabin. 
He knocks like an enters when 

3610
03:15:59,700 --> 03:16:02,600
you invite him. 
Conversations are friendly and 

3611
03:16:02,600 --> 03:16:04,900
informal. 
He asks about your recent 

3612
03:16:04,900 --> 03:16:08,100
observations. 
You share fascinating, specimens

3613
03:16:08,100 --> 03:16:10,800
or sketches. 
He tells you about the days 

3614
03:16:10,800 --> 03:16:13,300
navigation or upcoming plans for
the route. 

3615
03:16:14,100 --> 03:16:18,200
These exchanges are brief but 
valued, they connect your work 

3616
03:16:18,200 --> 03:16:20,100
to the larger purpose of the 
voyage. 

3617
03:16:20,900 --> 03:16:23,800
As the evening deepens you 
become aware of fatigue, 

3618
03:16:23,800 --> 03:16:26,600
settling into your body. 
Your eyes grow heavy. 

3619
03:16:27,500 --> 03:16:30,900
Your hand holding the pain 
begins to ache slightly. 

3620
03:16:32,500 --> 03:16:35,400
These are signals to finish your
work and prepare for sleep. 

3621
03:16:35,400 --> 03:16:39,100
You complete the sentence. 
You are writing close your 

3622
03:16:39,100 --> 03:16:41,200
notebook and cap your ink 
bottle. 

3623
03:16:42,100 --> 03:16:45,100
Before extinguishing the lamp. 
Your cabin for the night. 

3624
03:16:45,100 --> 03:16:48,900
Tools are put away, notebooks 
are stacked securely, so they 

3625
03:16:48,900 --> 03:16:50,600
will not slide. 
If the ship's motioning 

3626
03:16:50,600 --> 03:16:53,800
increases, the desk is folded up
against the wall. 

3627
03:16:53,800 --> 03:16:56,400
You check that specimen jars are
stable. 

3628
03:16:56,400 --> 03:16:59,000
That nothing can tip or spill 
during the night. 

3629
03:16:59,900 --> 03:17:03,400
You undress partially keeping on
layers, appropriate for the 

3630
03:17:03,400 --> 03:17:07,000
cabins temperature. 
The hammock Waits gently 

3631
03:17:07,000 --> 03:17:10,400
swaying. 
You extinguish the lamp and 

3632
03:17:10,400 --> 03:17:14,400
darkness fills, the cabin, the 
sound of the ship seemed 

3633
03:17:14,400 --> 03:17:16,600
slightly louder. 
Now, without the distraction of 

3634
03:17:16,600 --> 03:17:22,100
Lamplighter woodwind, he climb 
into the hammock settling into 

3635
03:17:22,100 --> 03:17:24,800
its familiar cradle the day is 
complete. 

3636
03:17:24,800 --> 03:17:28,300
Tomorrow will bring more 
observations, more notes and 

3637
03:17:28,300 --> 03:17:32,200
more specimens. 
But tonight is the only rest The

3638
03:17:32,200 --> 03:17:35,700
evenings work has provided a 
sense of accomplishment of 

3639
03:17:35,700 --> 03:17:39,800
progress made. 
You Close Your Eyes, feeling the

3640
03:17:39,800 --> 03:17:43,400
ship carry, you forward through 
the darkness toward whatever the

3641
03:17:43,400 --> 03:17:46,000
next day will bring. 
Night aboard. 

3642
03:17:46,000 --> 03:17:47,700
The Beagle is orderly and 
predictable. 

3643
03:17:48,700 --> 03:17:51,100
Ship. 
Does not sleep but it settles 

3644
03:17:51,100 --> 03:17:55,700
into a quieter rhythm. and watch
changes every four hours marked 

3645
03:17:55,700 --> 03:17:58,800
by the Bell, whose sound carries
clearly through the night air, 

3646
03:17:59,500 --> 03:18:03,200
These bells organized time, 
dividing the darkness into 

3647
03:18:03,200 --> 03:18:06,700
manageable intervals. 
Your hammock sways gently in the

3648
03:18:06,708 --> 03:18:10,200
cabin's Darkness. 
The motion is constant matching 

3649
03:18:10,200 --> 03:18:11,700
the ship's movement through the 
water. 

3650
03:18:13,100 --> 03:18:16,400
This rocking is familiar now a 
sensation you have come to 

3651
03:18:16,400 --> 03:18:21,200
associate with safety and rest. 
The Hammocks, gentle swing helps

3652
03:18:21,200 --> 03:18:24,500
rather than hinders sleep above 
you footsteps. 

3653
03:18:24,500 --> 03:18:27,800
Mark the watch Keepers Patrol. 
He walks the length of the deck 

3654
03:18:27,800 --> 03:18:30,200
at regular intervals. 
Checking, that all is secure, 

3655
03:18:30,200 --> 03:18:33,600
sails, properly, set rigging 
sound. 

3656
03:18:33,600 --> 03:18:37,700
Helmand and attentive, these 
sounds of vigilance are 

3657
03:18:37,700 --> 03:18:40,300
reassuring. 
The ship is being cared for 

3658
03:18:40,300 --> 03:18:43,700
while you rest. 
The cabin is dark except for 

3659
03:18:43,700 --> 03:18:46,500
faint Moonlight, or Starlight, 
that sometimes enters through 

3660
03:18:46,500 --> 03:18:50,800
the porthole, your eyes, adjust 
to this Darkness, distinguishing

3661
03:18:50,800 --> 03:18:54,600
shapes, the outline of your 
desk, the shelves of specimens, 

3662
03:18:54,600 --> 03:18:57,700
and the hanging hammock beside 
your own where equipment is 

3663
03:18:57,700 --> 03:19:01,000
stored. 
The darkness is complete but not

3664
03:19:01,000 --> 03:19:04,300
oppressive. 
Sounds change throughout the 

3665
03:19:04,300 --> 03:19:06,300
night. 
Wind shifts. 

3666
03:19:06,300 --> 03:19:11,100
And you hear canvas adjusting, 
Rain begins drumming on the deck

3667
03:19:11,100 --> 03:19:14,000
above. 
Ship's motion Alters slightly 

3668
03:19:14,000 --> 03:19:17,400
with changing Seas. 
None of these variations are 

3669
03:19:17,400 --> 03:19:20,000
alarming. 
They are part of the night's 

3670
03:19:20,000 --> 03:19:23,100
natural progression. 
You register them without fully 

3671
03:19:23,100 --> 03:19:25,800
waking your sleep. 
Light enough to notice but 

3672
03:19:25,800 --> 03:19:29,000
deeper enough to rest. 
The crew maintains the ship 

3673
03:19:29,000 --> 03:19:31,300
through the night with practice 
to see. 

3674
03:19:32,000 --> 03:19:35,500
When sales need adjustment, you 
hear quiet commands and the 

3675
03:19:35,508 --> 03:19:39,000
sound of many hands working 
together ropes, run through 

3676
03:19:39,000 --> 03:19:43,800
blocks canvas flaps briefly 
before being secured the work is

3677
03:19:43,800 --> 03:19:48,500
done quickly and competently 
then silence returns below deck,

3678
03:19:48,500 --> 03:19:52,100
men sleep in shifts those off. 
Watch rest in their hammocks 

3679
03:19:52,100 --> 03:19:55,800
crowded together in the cruise. 
Quarter's, The Heir is closed 

3680
03:19:55,800 --> 03:19:59,500
there filled with the breathing 
of many sleepers, but this 

3681
03:19:59,500 --> 03:20:03,800
close-up provides warmth 
particularly welcome on cooler 

3682
03:20:03,800 --> 03:20:07,300
nights. 
The crew sleeps soundly bodies 

3683
03:20:07,300 --> 03:20:10,400
Warren from the day's work in 
the officers quarters, which 

3684
03:20:10,400 --> 03:20:14,200
include your cabin, conditions 
are slightly less cramped, but 

3685
03:20:14,200 --> 03:20:17,700
still close. 
The ship is small and space is 

3686
03:20:17,700 --> 03:20:20,700
precious. 
Every cubic foot serves multiple

3687
03:20:20,700 --> 03:20:24,800
purposes, but the arrangement 
Works, everyone has a place to 

3688
03:20:24,800 --> 03:20:28,700
sleep and that is sufficient. 
Nighttime offers a particular 

3689
03:20:28,700 --> 03:20:32,100
quality of quiet. 
Even the sounds that continued 

3690
03:20:32,100 --> 03:20:36,500
water wind, The Creeks of Timber
seam muted, softened by 

3691
03:20:36,500 --> 03:20:39,100
Darkness. 
Voices, when you hear them, 

3692
03:20:39,100 --> 03:20:41,800
allow, no one shouts unless 
necessary. 

3693
03:20:43,600 --> 03:20:45,900
The night watch respect those 
sleeping. 

3694
03:20:45,900 --> 03:20:49,900
Keeping noise to a minimum. 
Sometimes you wake during the 

3695
03:20:49,900 --> 03:20:53,300
night, pulled from sleep by the 
Bell or a change in the ship's 

3696
03:20:53,300 --> 03:20:58,100
motion, you lie still listening,
assessing a sounds tell you, 

3697
03:20:58,100 --> 03:21:00,700
it's all well. 
The ship moves steadily. 

3698
03:21:01,700 --> 03:21:05,300
The Watchers alert, you close 
your eyes and return to sleep 

3699
03:21:05,300 --> 03:21:08,300
within minutes. 
Other times you wake, more fully

3700
03:21:08,300 --> 03:21:10,900
unable to immediately return to 
sleep. 

3701
03:21:12,200 --> 03:21:15,700
On these occasions, you might 
like your lamp briefly read a 

3702
03:21:15,700 --> 03:21:20,500
few pages or review notes. 
The activity is quiet and brief 

3703
03:21:20,500 --> 03:21:24,100
just enough to settle your mind 
before attempting sleep again. 

3704
03:21:24,700 --> 03:21:28,200
Usually, the procedure works and
you drift off within a short 

3705
03:21:28,200 --> 03:21:30,900
time. 
The ship's Bell marks the 

3706
03:21:30,900 --> 03:21:35,500
passage of ours with reassuring 
regularity. four Bells, 8, 

3707
03:21:35,500 --> 03:21:40,200
bells, two Bells, each pattern 
is distinct announcing the time 

3708
03:21:40,200 --> 03:21:43,700
to anyone listening The Bell 
structure the night just as they

3709
03:21:43,700 --> 03:21:46,400
structure the day. 
Providing Rhythm and order to 

3710
03:21:46,400 --> 03:21:48,300
time that might otherwise feel 
formless. 

3711
03:21:49,500 --> 03:21:51,900
On clear nights. 
You sometimes go on Deck briefly

3712
03:21:51,900 --> 03:21:55,700
before sleeping. 
The stars are spectacular at Sea

3713
03:21:55,700 --> 03:21:59,800
away from any Land, Based 
lights, Milky, Way stretches 

3714
03:21:59,800 --> 03:22:01,900
across the sky. 
A river of light. 

3715
03:22:02,800 --> 03:22:05,100
Constellation's wheel slowly 
overhead. 

3716
03:22:05,100 --> 03:22:07,400
You stand at the rail for a few 
minutes. 

3717
03:22:07,400 --> 03:22:11,500
Looking up feeling the smallness
of the ship beneath the vast 

3718
03:22:11,500 --> 03:22:14,300
night sky. 
The watch keeper might not to 

3719
03:22:14,300 --> 03:22:17,700
you in greeting but does not 
interrupt his duties, your 

3720
03:22:17,700 --> 03:22:21,500
simply another person on Deck, 
taking a moment of night are 

3721
03:22:21,500 --> 03:22:25,000
before rest, The Exchange 
requires no words. 

3722
03:22:25,800 --> 03:22:29,600
After a few minutes, you return 
below your eyes re-adjusted to 

3723
03:22:29,600 --> 03:22:34,800
Darkness, ready for sleep, a 
hammock receives you again, you 

3724
03:22:34,800 --> 03:22:37,600
arrange yourself finding the 
position that will be most 

3725
03:22:37,600 --> 03:22:39,700
comfortable through the 
remaining hours of night. 

3726
03:22:40,800 --> 03:22:43,900
Ship rocks water. 
Sounds along the hull. 

3727
03:22:44,500 --> 03:22:48,300
He Sensations are so familiar 
now that they barely register 

3728
03:22:48,300 --> 03:22:52,300
consciously These Sensations 
represent the conditions of 

3729
03:22:52,300 --> 03:22:56,100
sleep as normal as having a Bed 
and blankets on land. 

3730
03:22:56,900 --> 03:22:59,100
Some nights are easier than 
others on. 

3731
03:22:59,100 --> 03:23:02,000
Calm seas. 
With gentle winds, sleep comes 

3732
03:23:02,000 --> 03:23:07,000
quickly and lasts until morning.
On rough nights rest is more 

3733
03:23:07,008 --> 03:23:10,500
interrupted and more fragmented,
but even fragmented. 

3734
03:23:10,500 --> 03:23:13,800
Sleep is restorative. 
Your body has adapted to the 

3735
03:23:13,800 --> 03:23:17,200
ship's rhythms learning to rest,
whenever opportunity allows 

3736
03:23:17,200 --> 03:23:21,800
Dreams Come and Go influenced by
the days of observations and the

3737
03:23:21,800 --> 03:23:26,000
ships motion you dream of 
Landscapes visited creatures, 

3738
03:23:26,000 --> 03:23:29,300
observed and rocks. 
Broken open to reveal their 

3739
03:23:29,300 --> 03:23:32,900
hidden structures. 
These dreams are usually carved 

3740
03:23:32,900 --> 03:23:37,200
processing rather than anxious 
you wake from the musically 

3741
03:23:37,200 --> 03:23:41,900
without disturbance. 
As night progresses toward Dawn.

3742
03:23:42,700 --> 03:23:46,900
The darkness begins to thin. 
First hint of light appears 

3743
03:23:46,900 --> 03:23:51,700
barely perceptible at first the 
watch prepares for the morning 

3744
03:23:51,700 --> 03:23:54,800
change. 
Below deck sleepers. 

3745
03:23:54,800 --> 03:23:57,800
Begin to stir body. 
Sensing the approaching day 

3746
03:23:57,800 --> 03:23:59,800
before conscious Minds. 
Register it. 

3747
03:24:00,800 --> 03:24:04,500
You wake gradually returning to 
awareness as you have on 

3748
03:24:04,500 --> 03:24:08,400
countless mornings before. 
The cabin is still dark but you 

3749
03:24:08,400 --> 03:24:12,500
know day is near you lie. 
Still for a moment Gathering 

3750
03:24:12,500 --> 03:24:16,000
yourself preparing, mentally for
another day at sea. 

3751
03:24:16,700 --> 03:24:20,300
The night has passed safely. 
Ship has carried. 

3752
03:24:20,300 --> 03:24:23,100
You forward. 
While you slept adding miles to 

3753
03:24:23,100 --> 03:24:27,000
the voyage outside the watch, 
keeper calls the time, the bell 

3754
03:24:27,000 --> 03:24:29,500
sounds, and you watch assembles 
on Deck. 

3755
03:24:30,300 --> 03:24:34,600
The cycle continues reliable and
steady night, gives way to Dawn 

3756
03:24:34,600 --> 03:24:37,800
and the pattern of another day 
aboard, the Beagle begins to 

3757
03:24:37,800 --> 03:24:41,600
unfold once more, The Voyage of 
the beagle stretches across five

3758
03:24:41,600 --> 03:24:45,200
years, a span of time that 
transforms through its very 

3759
03:24:45,200 --> 03:24:48,500
length. 
Days blended into weeks and 

3760
03:24:48,500 --> 03:24:52,800
weeks into months. 
The calendar progresses, but 

3761
03:24:52,800 --> 03:24:54,700
aboard the ship time feels 
different. 

3762
03:24:55,700 --> 03:24:59,700
Pace is not particularly slow, 
but rather patient not rushed 

3763
03:24:59,700 --> 03:25:04,000
but steady You notice changes in
your self, that accumulate, 

3764
03:25:04,000 --> 03:25:06,200
gradually, your hands become 
more. 

3765
03:25:06,200 --> 03:25:09,800
Skilled at preserving. 
Specimens, your eyebrow sharp or

3766
03:25:09,800 --> 03:25:13,300
at distinguishing species, your 
understanding of geological 

3767
03:25:13,300 --> 03:25:16,800
processes deepens through 
repeated observation, these 

3768
03:25:16,800 --> 03:25:19,900
changes happen, so slowly that 
you barely perceive them dated 

3769
03:25:19,900 --> 03:25:22,900
day. 
Only looking back across months.

3770
03:25:22,900 --> 03:25:26,300
Can you see how much is shifted?
The Collection you maintain 

3771
03:25:26,300 --> 03:25:31,000
grows steadily boxes fill with 
geological samples from dozens 

3772
03:25:31,000 --> 03:25:36,300
of locations portfolios overflow
with pressed plants bottles 

3773
03:25:36,300 --> 03:25:39,600
line, every available shelf 
space each containing a 

3774
03:25:39,600 --> 03:25:43,400
preserved creature this physical
accumulation represents 

3775
03:25:43,400 --> 03:25:47,600
something larger the patient 
Gathering of evidence the slow 

3776
03:25:47,600 --> 03:25:50,600
building of understanding. 
You do not yet. 

3777
03:25:50,600 --> 03:25:54,700
See the full pattern the 
observations you have made the 

3778
03:25:54,700 --> 03:25:57,900
specimens you have collected and
the notes you have written. 

3779
03:25:58,700 --> 03:26:03,500
All of this remains somewhat 
fragmentary. individual pieces 

3780
03:26:03,500 --> 03:26:08,400
not yet assembled into a 
coherent whole but you trust the

3781
03:26:08,400 --> 03:26:11,200
process. 
You believe that patterns will 

3782
03:26:11,200 --> 03:26:14,700
emerge when enough pieces are 
gathered when enough time has 

3783
03:26:14,700 --> 03:26:18,600
passed for reflection. 
Ship continues its work. 

3784
03:26:18,600 --> 03:26:21,400
So surveying coastlines 
correcting charts and mapping 

3785
03:26:21,400 --> 03:26:25,200
Harbors this Mission proceeds 
independently of your natural 

3786
03:26:25,200 --> 03:26:29,200
history observation yet the two 
efforts share a common character

3787
03:26:29,200 --> 03:26:35,700
Haitian methodical careful both 
require attention to detail and 

3788
03:26:35,700 --> 03:26:39,800
a willingness to work slowly 
toward distant goals You think 

3789
03:26:39,808 --> 03:26:43,500
often about what you have seen 
islands, where creatures exist 

3790
03:26:43,500 --> 03:26:47,200
that are found nowhere else, 
Rock layers, revealing vast 

3791
03:26:47,200 --> 03:26:51,700
spans of time, there are fossils
from extinct species that bear a

3792
03:26:51,700 --> 03:26:53,400
striking resemblance to their 
living counterparts. 

3793
03:26:53,400 --> 03:26:57,200
These observations suggest 
something though exactly what 

3794
03:26:57,200 --> 03:27:00,800
remains unclear. 
The implications Linger on the 

3795
03:27:00,800 --> 03:27:03,400
brink of comprehension yet. 
They remain. 

3796
03:27:03,400 --> 03:27:05,800
Elusive, the routine of 
shipboard. 

3797
03:27:05,800 --> 03:27:10,800
Life continues to Anchor. 
You wake eat, observe record 

3798
03:27:10,800 --> 03:27:14,600
rest. 
Hacking repeats with variations 

3799
03:27:14,600 --> 03:27:16,700
but maintains its essential 
structure. 

3800
03:27:17,400 --> 03:27:20,300
This consistency allows the work
to continue without 

3801
03:27:20,300 --> 03:27:23,500
interruption. 
The routine becomes a kind of 

3802
03:27:23,500 --> 03:27:25,400
foundation on which everything 
else rests. 

3803
03:27:26,500 --> 03:27:29,200
Seasons change though at Sea, 
the shifts are subtle 

3804
03:27:29,200 --> 03:27:33,400
temperatures vary where the 
patterns alter the angle of the 

3805
03:27:33,400 --> 03:27:36,300
sun shifts. 
You track these changes in your 

3806
03:27:36,300 --> 03:27:39,500
notes, marking seasonal, 
variations in the creatures and 

3807
03:27:39,500 --> 03:27:40,500
plants. 
You observe. 

3808
03:27:41,400 --> 03:27:44,800
These meticulous observations 
document, the passage of time 

3809
03:27:44,800 --> 03:27:49,100
the crew changes too though. 
Slowly men leave the ship at 

3810
03:27:49,100 --> 03:27:51,200
ports replacement by new 
recruits. 

3811
03:27:52,000 --> 03:27:55,900
Faces become familiar, then 
disappear and the new faces take

3812
03:27:55,900 --> 03:27:59,400
their places, but the ships 
essential character remains 

3813
03:27:59,400 --> 03:28:02,500
constant. 
The work continues regardless of

3814
03:28:02,500 --> 03:28:07,300
individual changes, the Beagle, 
persists, you correspond with 

3815
03:28:07,300 --> 03:28:10,600
colleagues when opportunity 
allows sending letters and 

3816
03:28:10,600 --> 03:28:13,000
specimens back to England. 
When ships heading that 

3817
03:28:13,000 --> 03:28:16,100
direction can carry them. 
These communications are 

3818
03:28:16,100 --> 03:28:19,800
irregular and slow months. 
Passed between sending a letter 

3819
03:28:19,808 --> 03:28:23,500
and receiving a reply. 
Yet this connection to the wider

3820
03:28:23,500 --> 03:28:26,900
scientific Community matters. 
Your work does not exist in 

3821
03:28:26,900 --> 03:28:30,400
isolation, even when you are 
thousands of miles from home, 

3822
03:28:31,200 --> 03:28:34,700
Physical endurance, become a 
kind of achievement, The Voyage 

3823
03:28:34,700 --> 03:28:38,200
demands stamina. 
The ability to continue day 

3824
03:28:38,200 --> 03:28:40,200
after day, without dramatic 
Milestones. 

3825
03:28:40,200 --> 03:28:44,000
You develop this endurance 
without particularly noticing. 

3826
03:28:45,000 --> 03:28:48,800
Your body adapts to ship life, 
your mind becomes accustomed to 

3827
03:28:48,800 --> 03:28:51,100
the pace. 
What once seemed difficult 

3828
03:28:51,100 --> 03:28:54,500
becomes simply normal. 
You observe changes in your 

3829
03:28:54,508 --> 03:28:58,300
thinking ideas that once seemed 
certain become more flexible 

3830
03:28:58,300 --> 03:29:01,700
questions, you thought aren't 
answered open up again, 

3831
03:29:01,700 --> 03:29:06,200
revealing new complexity. 
This intellectual growth 

3832
03:29:06,200 --> 03:29:09,800
happens, quietly shaped by 
repeated observation, and the 

3833
03:29:09,808 --> 03:29:13,500
time to reflect on what you've 
seen the Landscapes you have 

3834
03:29:13,500 --> 03:29:18,000
visited create lasting memories.
Particular images, remain Vivid 

3835
03:29:18,000 --> 03:29:23,400
of volcanic island rising from 
the sea, a coral reef teeming 

3836
03:29:23,400 --> 03:29:26,700
with life and a cliff face 
showing millions of years of 

3837
03:29:26,700 --> 03:29:30,800
geological history. 
These images become reference 

3838
03:29:30,800 --> 03:29:34,100
points, mental anchors that 
organize your understanding. 

3839
03:29:35,100 --> 03:29:38,100
Conversations with Captain 
Fitzroy, continued throughout 

3840
03:29:38,100 --> 03:29:41,000
the voyage, you discuss 
observations, debate, 

3841
03:29:41,000 --> 03:29:43,200
interpretations, and share 
perspectives. 

3842
03:29:43,200 --> 03:29:46,600
These exchanges. 
Sharpen your thinking forcing 

3843
03:29:46,600 --> 03:29:50,700
you to articulate ideas clearly 
The captain's question's push 

3844
03:29:50,700 --> 03:29:53,700
you to consider alternatives to 
examine assumptions. 

3845
03:29:54,800 --> 03:29:57,700
The specimens, you send back to 
England, begin to attract 

3846
03:29:57,700 --> 03:30:00,900
attention. 
Letters arrive from naturalists 

3847
03:30:00,900 --> 03:30:02,500
who have examined your 
collections. 

3848
03:30:02,500 --> 03:30:07,000
They ask questions request more 
information and point out. 

3849
03:30:07,000 --> 03:30:10,700
Intriguing features, you may 
have missed This dialogue in 

3850
03:30:10,700 --> 03:30:13,800
riches your work, connecting 
your individual observations to 

3851
03:30:13,800 --> 03:30:17,900
broader scientific discussions. 
You begin to sense the shape of 

3852
03:30:17,900 --> 03:30:20,800
ideas that will require years 
more to fully develop. 

3853
03:30:21,700 --> 03:30:25,900
The Voyage is providing raw 
material observations, specimens

3854
03:30:25,900 --> 03:30:29,900
questions that will sustain 
future work long after the ship 

3855
03:30:29,900 --> 03:30:32,900
returns to England. 
This realization brings 

3856
03:30:32,900 --> 03:30:35,800
satisfaction. 
The Voyage is not an end in 

3857
03:30:35,808 --> 03:30:39,600
itself, but the beginning. 
The Beagle of eventually turns 

3858
03:30:39,600 --> 03:30:42,100
toward home, the final leg of 
the journey. 

3859
03:30:42,100 --> 03:30:45,500
Reverses, the early root 
bringing familiar, coastlines 

3860
03:30:45,500 --> 03:30:48,300
back into view. 
But, you're not the same person 

3861
03:30:48,300 --> 03:30:51,300
who left England. 
Five years earlier, the voyage 

3862
03:30:51,300 --> 03:30:55,100
has changed, you shaped you, and
given you a foundation of 

3863
03:30:55,100 --> 03:30:58,400
experience and observation that 
will inform everything that 

3864
03:30:58,400 --> 03:31:03,300
follows the Ship Sails. 
Steadily toward home Waters, the

3865
03:31:03,300 --> 03:31:06,400
routine continues, even as the 
voyage near his end. 

3866
03:31:06,400 --> 03:31:10,200
He maintain your observations, 
keep your notes and care for 

3867
03:31:10,200 --> 03:31:13,400
your specimens. 
The work does not stop simply 

3868
03:31:13,400 --> 03:31:17,100
because the destination of 
approaches the practice you have

3869
03:31:17,108 --> 03:31:21,200
developed is now, part of who 
you are, England, appears on the

3870
03:31:21,200 --> 03:31:24,900
horizon of eventually. 
The voyage that has consumed 

3871
03:31:24,900 --> 03:31:27,300
five years of your life 
approaches, completion. 

3872
03:31:28,300 --> 03:31:30,900
But the idea is born, during 
these years will continue to 

3873
03:31:30,900 --> 03:31:34,600
grow to develop and to reshape 
understanding. 

3874
03:31:35,500 --> 03:31:38,500
The Voyage is end is only the 
beginning of its true impact. 

3875
03:31:39,300 --> 03:31:43,600
For now though there is only the
ship the Sea and the steady 

3876
03:31:43,600 --> 03:31:47,000
rhythm of observation and rest. 
The Beagle carries you forward 

3877
03:31:47,000 --> 03:31:51,400
through calm Waters, the sky is 
clear the Horizon stretches 

3878
03:31:51,400 --> 03:31:55,800
endlessly ahead just as it has 
for days and weeks and months. 

3879
03:31:56,900 --> 03:32:00,100
You stand at the rail watching, 
light play across the water, 

3880
03:32:00,100 --> 03:32:02,300
noting details, as you have 
done. 

3881
03:32:02,300 --> 03:32:05,900
Countless times. 
Before the work continues, The 

3882
03:32:05,900 --> 03:32:09,300
Voyage continues. 
Life aboard the ship continues 

3883
03:32:09,300 --> 03:32:14,000
in its patient, methodical way. 
and in this continuation, in 

3884
03:32:14,000 --> 03:32:16,600
this steady accumulation of 
observation and thought, 

3885
03:32:17,400 --> 03:32:20,200
Something significant is quietly
taking shape. 

3886
03:32:21,000 --> 03:32:24,300
This traps for nation occurs, 
not in a dramatic or sudden 

3887
03:32:24,300 --> 03:32:28,200
manner, but rather through the 
gentle Persistence of curiosity 

3888
03:32:28,200 --> 03:32:33,000
patience and time. 
The Ship Sails on you rest. 

3889
03:32:33,000 --> 03:32:36,900
When rest is needed watch when 
observation is possible and 

3890
03:32:36,900 --> 03:32:40,100
trust that understanding will 
come through this slow, steady 

3891
03:32:40,100 --> 03:32:44,300
practice of attention. 
The Rhythm holds, the voyage 

3892
03:32:44,300 --> 03:32:47,100
continues and in the continuity 
itself. 

3893
03:32:47,100 --> 03:32:58,508
There is peace. 
You're settling in for the 

3894
03:32:58,516 --> 03:33:01,300
night, in a world, with human 
body, has been mapped down to 

3895
03:33:01,300 --> 03:33:05,400
individual cells, photographed 
in cross-sections and scanned in

3896
03:33:05,400 --> 03:33:08,100
three dimensions until almost 
nothing remains hidden. 

3897
03:33:09,100 --> 03:33:13,000
But there was a time stretching 
across Millennia when the body 

3898
03:33:13,000 --> 03:33:17,800
was the great unknown country 
and doctors were explorers with 

3899
03:33:17,800 --> 03:33:21,700
nothing but their hands their 
eyes and they're careful 

3900
03:33:21,700 --> 03:33:25,000
attention to guide them through 
territory that couldn't be seen 

3901
03:33:25,000 --> 03:33:29,300
or conquered, only slowly 
patiently understood. 

3902
03:33:30,400 --> 03:33:33,200
The old Physicians sits on a 
wooden stool beside a sleeping 

3903
03:33:33,200 --> 03:33:35,800
child. 
His hand resting lightly on the 

3904
03:33:35,808 --> 03:33:38,200
boys wrist. 
He's been here for hours. 

3905
03:33:38,200 --> 03:33:42,100
Barely moving his fingers 
pressed against the pulse point 

3906
03:33:42,100 --> 03:33:45,100
with the gentle insistence of 
someone who knows that answers 

3907
03:33:45,100 --> 03:33:48,100
comes slowly. 
The bodies reveal themselves, 

3908
03:33:48,100 --> 03:33:52,700
only to those willing to wait. 
Outside the marketplace as 

3909
03:33:52,700 --> 03:33:56,300
emptied, the sun has tracked 
across the sky and began its 

3910
03:33:56,300 --> 03:33:58,900
descent. 
Still, he sits. 

3911
03:33:59,800 --> 03:34:03,000
This is medicine in an age when 
no one has ever seen inside a 

3912
03:34:03,000 --> 03:34:05,600
living human body. 
When the interior landscape 

3913
03:34:05,600 --> 03:34:07,900
remains as mysterious as The Far
Side of the Moon. 

3914
03:34:08,800 --> 03:34:12,000
But this physician lets call him
what his patients. 

3915
03:34:12,000 --> 03:34:17,500
Call him, simply the Healer has 
spent 30 years learning to read 

3916
03:34:17,500 --> 03:34:21,300
the surfaces, to interpret the 
visible signs of invisible 

3917
03:34:21,300 --> 03:34:24,500
processes. 
His education has been a long 

3918
03:34:24,508 --> 03:34:26,900
patient, accumulation of 
observations. 

3919
03:34:26,900 --> 03:34:30,800
Each one filed away in memory 
cross-referenced against 

3920
03:34:30,800 --> 03:34:33,100
thousands of other moments. 
Just like this one. 

3921
03:34:34,600 --> 03:34:37,500
The boys pulse flutters under 
the healers fingertips, like a 

3922
03:34:37,500 --> 03:34:40,600
trapped bird. 
Not the steady rhythm of Health,

3923
03:34:40,600 --> 03:34:46,600
something erratic uncertain. 
The Gila closes his eyes, not to

3924
03:34:46,600 --> 03:34:50,400
shut out the world, but to focus
entirely on this one sensation. 

3925
03:34:51,200 --> 03:34:54,000
The complex conversation 
happening between the boys heart

3926
03:34:54,000 --> 03:34:56,200
and his own fingers. 
Fast. 

3927
03:34:56,200 --> 03:34:59,700
Then slow. 
Strong, then weak. 

3928
03:34:59,700 --> 03:35:03,900
He is feeling for patents for 
the particular signature of this

3929
03:35:03,900 --> 03:35:06,500
illness. 
You might wonder how anyone 

3930
03:35:06,500 --> 03:35:09,500
could learn medicine this way 
through touch alone, through 

3931
03:35:09,500 --> 03:35:13,100
surfaces and symptoms. 
Consider what you already know 

3932
03:35:13,100 --> 03:35:16,300
without seeing it. you know, 
when you're getting sick before 

3933
03:35:16,300 --> 03:35:19,800
any test, could confirm it, You 
feel the difference between 

3934
03:35:19,800 --> 03:35:24,200
tired and exhausted between 
hungry and nauseated and between

3935
03:35:24,200 --> 03:35:26,800
the ache of overwork and the 
ache of injury? 

3936
03:35:27,600 --> 03:35:30,700
your body speaks a language, you
understand, without having taken

3937
03:35:30,700 --> 03:35:34,200
a single anatomy class, the 
Healer has simply learned to 

3938
03:35:34,200 --> 03:35:37,100
listen to other people's bodies 
with the same attention. 

3939
03:35:37,100 --> 03:35:41,700
You give your own He's developed
a vocabulary of observation, so 

3940
03:35:41,700 --> 03:35:45,300
refined that he can distinguish 
between dozens of different 

3941
03:35:45,300 --> 03:35:48,100
types of pulse. 
Each one telling him something 

3942
03:35:48,100 --> 03:35:51,000
about what's happening inside in
that hidden country. 

3943
03:35:51,000 --> 03:35:54,300
He'll never see. 
He opens his eyes and looks at 

3944
03:35:54,300 --> 03:35:57,900
the boys face pale but with a 
strange flush across the cheeks.

3945
03:35:58,600 --> 03:36:01,600
Dry lips. 
Slightly parted the breath 

3946
03:36:01,600 --> 03:36:05,300
coming shallow and quick. 
The Healer leans closer not 

3947
03:36:05,300 --> 03:36:09,100
touching. 
Now just observing He Notes The 

3948
03:36:09,100 --> 03:36:11,600
Faint yellowish tint to the 
white of the eyes. 

3949
03:36:11,600 --> 03:36:14,800
The way, the boys hands kill 
slightly in would rather than 

3950
03:36:14,800 --> 03:36:18,200
flying relaxed. 
Particular smell rising from the

3951
03:36:18,200 --> 03:36:21,000
child's skin. 
Not the usual Center of healthy 

3952
03:36:21,000 --> 03:36:23,700
sleep, but something sour 
something wrong. 

3953
03:36:24,600 --> 03:36:27,200
Every sense becomes a tool for 
gathering information. 

3954
03:36:28,200 --> 03:36:31,800
Smell tells him about internal 
processes, the sweetness that 

3955
03:36:31,800 --> 03:36:35,100
sometimes signals. 
Certain fevers the metallic Tang

3956
03:36:35,100 --> 03:36:38,700
that accompanies others. 
Cite reveals color changes 

3957
03:36:38,700 --> 03:36:41,500
swelling and the quality of skin
and eyes. 

3958
03:36:42,200 --> 03:36:44,600
Hearing catches the rattle or 
wheeze of breath. 

3959
03:36:44,600 --> 03:36:48,300
And the sounds of digestion 
taste though. 

3960
03:36:48,300 --> 03:36:52,000
Use more rarely can detect 
changes in blood or other fluids

3961
03:36:52,000 --> 03:36:55,900
and touch. 
Touch is everything. 

3962
03:36:57,000 --> 03:37:00,200
The primary language through 
which bodies communicate their 

3963
03:37:00,200 --> 03:37:03,300
secrets, The boy's mother hovers
nearby. 

3964
03:37:03,300 --> 03:37:06,800
Wringing her hands. 
She wants to ask questions once 

3965
03:37:06,800 --> 03:37:09,000
reassurance and wants something 
to do. 

3966
03:37:10,200 --> 03:37:12,600
But the Healer has trained her 
to silence during these 

3967
03:37:12,600 --> 03:37:17,000
examinations. 
Not unkindly, he's explained 

3968
03:37:17,000 --> 03:37:19,500
that he needs quiet to hear what
the body is saying. 

3969
03:37:20,400 --> 03:37:24,000
That Interruption scatter, his 
concentration like stones thrown

3970
03:37:24,000 --> 03:37:29,800
into Stillwater. she understands
or tries to though the waiting 

3971
03:37:29,800 --> 03:37:34,100
clearly costs are After what 
feels like an eternity, but is 

3972
03:37:34,100 --> 03:37:37,700
probably only half an hour, the 
Healer straightens and not 

3973
03:37:37,700 --> 03:37:40,300
himself. 
Is found the pattern he was 

3974
03:37:40,300 --> 03:37:43,300
looking for and matched it to 
similar cases in his memory. 

3975
03:37:44,400 --> 03:37:48,100
This fever is the kind that 
comes from bad water from 

3976
03:37:48,100 --> 03:37:50,900
something ingested rather than 
caught from the air. 

3977
03:37:51,600 --> 03:37:56,000
It will burn hot for three days.
Then break suddenly, the boy 

3978
03:37:56,000 --> 03:37:59,500
will be weak for a week after 
but should recover fully How 

3979
03:37:59,500 --> 03:38:02,600
does he know this? 
Because he seen it before dozens

3980
03:38:02,600 --> 03:38:05,400
of times he's tracked, the 
progression of this particular 

3981
03:38:05,400 --> 03:38:09,000
illness through its complete 
cycle noted, what helps and what

3982
03:38:09,000 --> 03:38:12,600
doesn't and learn to recognize 
its signature earlier enough to 

3983
03:38:12,600 --> 03:38:15,900
reassure worried parents that 
their child isn't dying, just 

3984
03:38:15,900 --> 03:38:18,600
sick in a predictable manageable
way. 

3985
03:38:20,000 --> 03:38:23,500
This is the foundation of early 
medicine, pattern recognition, 

3986
03:38:23,500 --> 03:38:28,000
built up through thousands of 
careful of observations The 

3987
03:38:28,000 --> 03:38:29,800
Healer carries in his memory. 
What later? 

3988
03:38:29,800 --> 03:38:33,000
Physicians will write in 
textbooks, the natural history 

3989
03:38:33,000 --> 03:38:37,900
of diseases, the typical course,
each one follows and the signs 

3990
03:38:37,900 --> 03:38:41,100
that distinguish a dangerous 
illness from a merely unpleasant

3991
03:38:41,100 --> 03:38:44,000
one. 
He finally speaks to the mother,

3992
03:38:44,000 --> 03:38:48,200
his voice low and calm. 
The boy needs cool water to 

3993
03:38:48,200 --> 03:38:52,200
drink as much as he'll take no 
food until the fever breaks. 

3994
03:38:52,200 --> 03:38:55,200
The body doesn't want food right
now and forcing. 

3995
03:38:55,200 --> 03:38:58,800
It will only make things worse. 
Cool clothes on the forehead and

3996
03:38:58,808 --> 03:39:02,300
wrists change frequently. 
Someone should sit with him and 

3997
03:39:02,300 --> 03:39:04,400
watch for any change in the 
breathing or the color of the 

3998
03:39:04,408 --> 03:39:07,600
skin. 
If the lips turn blue, if the 

3999
03:39:07,600 --> 03:39:10,900
pulse becomes thread thin, if 
The fever climbed so high. 

4000
03:39:10,900 --> 03:39:14,200
The boy starts shaking 
uncontrollably, then send for 

4001
03:39:14,200 --> 03:39:16,100
the Healer immediately 
otherwise. 

4002
03:39:16,100 --> 03:39:18,600
Wait, the body knows how to 
fight this illness. 

4003
03:39:19,600 --> 03:39:21,700
The healer's job is simply to 
support that fight. 

4004
03:39:21,700 --> 03:39:25,400
Keep the boy comfortable and 
ensure, nothing interferes with 

4005
03:39:25,408 --> 03:39:29,800
the natural healing process. 
The mother nods, some of the 

4006
03:39:29,800 --> 03:39:33,400
panic leaving her face. 
This is another crucial part of 

4007
03:39:33,400 --> 03:39:38,100
the healers work managing fear, 
providing the calm certainty, 

4008
03:39:38,100 --> 03:39:41,100
that allows families to endure 
illness without falling into 

4009
03:39:41,100 --> 03:39:43,900
despair. 
He's learned that Panic itself 

4010
03:39:43,900 --> 03:39:47,400
can be a kind of disease 
spreading through households and

4011
03:39:47,400 --> 03:39:49,000
making everyone sick with 
anxiety. 

4012
03:39:50,500 --> 03:39:53,900
Before he leaves the Healer does
one more thing, he marks the 

4013
03:39:53,900 --> 03:39:56,100
date on a small wooden sticky 
carries. 

4014
03:39:56,100 --> 03:39:59,400
Noting it with a particular 
series of notches that remind 

4015
03:39:59,400 --> 03:40:02,100
him of this case. 
Later, he'll add this 

4016
03:40:02,100 --> 03:40:07,400
observation to his mental 
catalog boy age, 7 fever from 

4017
03:40:07,408 --> 03:40:12,900
bad water Autumn season pulse 
pattern like this. recovery 

4018
03:40:12,900 --> 03:40:18,200
expected catalog grows 
constantly every patient adding 

4019
03:40:18,200 --> 03:40:21,900
to his understanding walking 
home through the Twilight 

4020
03:40:21,900 --> 03:40:23,600
streets. 
The Healer thinks about the 

4021
03:40:23,600 --> 03:40:27,000
limitations of his knowledge. 
He knows what happens but not 

4022
03:40:27,000 --> 03:40:31,200
always why he knows this fever 
comes from bad water, but not 

4023
03:40:31,200 --> 03:40:34,800
What in the water causes it? 
He knows the pulse changes and 

4024
03:40:34,800 --> 03:40:38,200
certain ways during Illness but 
not what mechanism inside the 

4025
03:40:38,200 --> 03:40:42,100
body creates those changes. 
The interior remains mysterious 

4026
03:40:42,100 --> 03:40:46,500
approachable only through the 
surface signs these Shadows on 

4027
03:40:46,500 --> 03:40:48,300
the cave wall that hint at 
shapes. 

4028
03:40:48,300 --> 03:40:52,600
He cannot see and yet and this 
is the remarkable thing. 

4029
03:40:53,600 --> 03:40:57,400
He can heal any way or rather. 
He can support the body's own 

4030
03:40:57,400 --> 03:41:01,000
healing and can recognize when 
it needs help and when it needs 

4031
03:41:01,000 --> 03:41:03,200
only time and space to do its 
work. 

4032
03:41:04,000 --> 03:41:07,200
Medicine without seeing inside 
the body is like navigation by 

4033
03:41:07,200 --> 03:41:09,800
stars. 
You can't see the ocean floor 

4034
03:41:09,800 --> 03:41:12,900
can't shut every current and 
Shoal, but you can still find 

4035
03:41:12,900 --> 03:41:14,400
your way. 
If you pay attention to the 

4036
03:41:14,400 --> 03:41:18,000
visible signs, if you learn the 
patterns that repeat themselves 

4037
03:41:18,000 --> 03:41:23,100
across different Journeys. 
The night deeper in his room the

4038
03:41:23,100 --> 03:41:26,700
Healer pulls out a piece of bark
and a sharp and stick he begins 

4039
03:41:26,700 --> 03:41:30,400
to write not in words. 
He has few of those but in 

4040
03:41:30,400 --> 03:41:33,300
symbols and pictures that will 
help him remember today's 

4041
03:41:33,300 --> 03:41:36,700
observations. 
A simple drawing of a pulse 

4042
03:41:36,700 --> 03:41:39,800
pattern, a note about the season
and the source of the illness. 

4043
03:41:40,800 --> 03:41:45,200
These marks are his textbook, 
his reference guide, and his way

4044
03:41:45,200 --> 03:41:47,800
of extending memory beyond what 
his own mind can hold. 

4045
03:41:48,800 --> 03:41:53,000
This is how it begins, this slow
patient accumulation of 

4046
03:41:53,000 --> 03:41:56,300
knowledge about the body built 
observation by observation 

4047
03:41:56,300 --> 03:42:00,700
pattern by pattern by people 
willing to sit for hours with 

4048
03:42:00,700 --> 03:42:05,000
their fingers on a pulse, their 
eyes on a face and their minds 

4049
03:42:05,000 --> 03:42:08,100
open to what the visible can 
teach them about the invisible. 

4050
03:42:08,100 --> 03:42:11,900
The body is Mystery. 
Yes, but not a knowable just 

4051
03:42:11,900 --> 03:42:16,000
patient, requiring attention 
offering its secret slowly to 

4052
03:42:16,000 --> 03:42:19,800
those who learn its language. 
Your skin is telling stories 

4053
03:42:19,800 --> 03:42:23,100
right now, broad, casting 
information about your internal 

4054
03:42:23,100 --> 03:42:24,900
state to anyone trained to read 
it. 

4055
03:42:25,800 --> 03:42:27,500
The Healer learn this language 
the way. 

4056
03:42:27,500 --> 03:42:31,100
You might learn a foreign tongue
through immersion through making

4057
03:42:31,100 --> 03:42:34,400
mistakes and correcting them. 
And through years of practice 

4058
03:42:34,400 --> 03:42:36,400
that gradually made the strange 
Familia. 

4059
03:42:37,200 --> 03:42:40,200
He is teaching his Apprentice 
now, young woman with quick eyes

4060
03:42:40,200 --> 03:42:43,000
and steady hands. 
There are examining a farmer who

4061
03:42:43,000 --> 03:42:45,700
has come complaining of stomach 
troubles and the healer is 

4062
03:42:45,700 --> 03:42:47,200
showing his student what to look
for. 

4063
03:42:48,500 --> 03:42:50,900
Press here. 
He says, guiding her fingers to 

4064
03:42:50,900 --> 03:42:54,300
a spot below the farmer's. 
Ribs, gentle, like, testing 

4065
03:42:54,300 --> 03:42:56,700
where the bread dough is ready. 
What do you feel? 

4066
03:42:58,100 --> 03:43:00,800
The Apprentice concentrates her 
face scrunched with effort. 

4067
03:43:00,800 --> 03:43:05,000
It's Harder than it should be. 
Tense. 

4068
03:43:05,800 --> 03:43:07,600
The Healer nods. 
Now press here. 

4069
03:43:08,600 --> 03:43:10,000
He moves our hand to the other 
side. 

4070
03:43:10,900 --> 03:43:15,500
Notice the difference. 
He does one side yields normally

4071
03:43:15,500 --> 03:43:19,100
under gentle pressure. 
The other resists the muscle 

4072
03:43:19,100 --> 03:43:23,500
beneath contracted in a way that
suggests pain inflammation or 

4073
03:43:23,500 --> 03:43:26,700
something wrong. 
This a symmetry tells a story 

4074
03:43:26,700 --> 03:43:29,100
about what's happening inside in
the hidden organs. 

4075
03:43:29,100 --> 03:43:32,500
Her fingers can't reach but can 
somehow still sense. 

4076
03:43:33,400 --> 03:43:36,100
Touches the healers primary 
tool, refined to an 

4077
03:43:36,100 --> 03:43:39,000
extraordinary degree. 
He's learned that different 

4078
03:43:39,000 --> 03:43:41,600
tissues. 
Feel different muscles has a 

4079
03:43:41,600 --> 03:43:45,300
particular density swollen. 
Lymph nodes are certain robbery 

4080
03:43:45,300 --> 03:43:48,000
quality? 
An inflamed joints, a hot 

4081
03:43:48,008 --> 03:43:51,700
tightness. 
He's learned that body's tents 

4082
03:43:51,700 --> 03:43:54,900
around injuries and illnesses 
trying to protect themselves 

4083
03:43:54,900 --> 03:43:59,000
that these protective patterns 
can be read like Maps leading to

4084
03:43:59,000 --> 03:44:01,500
the source of trouble. 
Here. 

4085
03:44:01,500 --> 03:44:03,800
Over the months of her 
apprenticeship, he teaches his 

4086
03:44:03,800 --> 03:44:07,100
student, the entire lexicon of 
touch how to palpate the 

4087
03:44:07,100 --> 03:44:11,600
abdomen, feeling for hardness 
distension and unusual masses 

4088
03:44:11,600 --> 03:44:15,200
how to examine joints. 
Testing their range of motion 

4089
03:44:15,200 --> 03:44:18,800
noting where they stick or 
grind, or send the patient 

4090
03:44:18,800 --> 03:44:22,700
flinching away. 
How to run fingers along the 

4091
03:44:22,700 --> 03:44:28,100
spine, finding misalignments or 
tender points. how to press on 

4092
03:44:28,100 --> 03:44:31,500
the chest and feel the heartbeat
below, learning the difference 

4093
03:44:31,500 --> 03:44:36,500
between strong and weak, 
regular, and irregular, Touch 

4094
03:44:36,500 --> 03:44:38,100
isn't just about finding 
problems. 

4095
03:44:38,100 --> 03:44:43,000
It's also a form of treatment. 
Healer shows his Apprentice, How

4096
03:44:43,000 --> 03:44:45,500
firm pressure on certain points 
can ease pain. 

4097
03:44:45,500 --> 03:44:49,900
How gentle massage can help 
drain swollen tissues and how 

4098
03:44:49,900 --> 03:44:53,100
manipulation of stiff joints can
sometimes restore their 

4099
03:44:53,100 --> 03:44:56,700
function. 
The body responds to touch and 

4100
03:44:56,700 --> 03:45:00,800
seems to heal faster when tended
by confident Caring Hands. 

4101
03:45:01,700 --> 03:45:03,700
There's something almost magical
about this. 

4102
03:45:04,400 --> 03:45:06,400
Though, the Healer would never 
use that word. 

4103
03:45:07,300 --> 03:45:10,600
He's not performing magic, he's 
working with the body's own 

4104
03:45:10,600 --> 03:45:14,500
responses with mechanisms. 
He doesn't fully understand, but

4105
03:45:14,500 --> 03:45:18,000
has learned to trust. 
Touch communicates, something 

4106
03:45:18,000 --> 03:45:19,800
Beyond mere physical 
manipulation. 

4107
03:45:19,800 --> 03:45:22,900
It says you're not alone in 
this. 

4108
03:45:22,900 --> 03:45:26,400
Someone is attending to you. 
Help is here. 

4109
03:45:27,600 --> 03:45:30,500
The Apprentice is also learning 
to read color that other great 

4110
03:45:30,500 --> 03:45:33,500
language of surfaces. 
The Healer has taught her to 

4111
03:45:33,500 --> 03:45:37,500
observe the exact shade of a 
patient's skin, the grayness 

4112
03:45:37,500 --> 03:45:40,700
that suggests heart trouble, the
yellow of liver problems, and 

4113
03:45:40,700 --> 03:45:43,100
the blue tinged power of 
breathing difficulties. 

4114
03:45:44,000 --> 03:45:47,600
He's taught to look at tongues 
which change color and texture 

4115
03:45:47,600 --> 03:45:51,500
with different illnesses to 
examine eyes noting whether 

4116
03:45:51,500 --> 03:45:55,900
they're bright or dull, yellow, 
or red sunken or bulging. 

4117
03:45:56,700 --> 03:46:00,500
Even waste products become text 
to be read the Healer examines 

4118
03:46:00,500 --> 03:46:04,800
urine for color Clarity, of 
smell feces for consistency 

4119
03:46:04,800 --> 03:46:09,300
color and presents of blood 
vomit for its contents and 

4120
03:46:09,300 --> 03:46:12,000
character. 
These may seem like unpleasant 

4121
03:46:12,000 --> 03:46:16,100
tasks but there are diagnostic 
gold offering Windows into 

4122
03:46:16,100 --> 03:46:19,100
Digestive and eliminative 
processes happening out of 

4123
03:46:19,100 --> 03:46:21,300
sight. 
What's remarkable is? 

4124
03:46:21,300 --> 03:46:24,300
How much information can be 
gathered this way without any 

4125
03:46:24,300 --> 03:46:26,900
technology without seeing 
inside? 

4126
03:46:27,900 --> 03:46:31,700
The body is constantly reporting
its status through these surface

4127
03:46:31,700 --> 03:46:35,300
signs like a castle sending 
smoke signals from within its 

4128
03:46:35,300 --> 03:46:38,000
walls. 
The healer is simply learned to 

4129
03:46:38,000 --> 03:46:42,300
read the signals to connect them
to internal States and to build 

4130
03:46:42,308 --> 03:46:46,200
a working model of what must be 
happening inside based on what 

4131
03:46:46,200 --> 03:46:50,400
he can observe outside. 
Farmer, meanwhile has been 

4132
03:46:50,400 --> 03:46:51,700
patient through this 
examination. 

4133
03:46:52,800 --> 03:46:54,800
Accustomed to the healers 
thorough approach. 

4134
03:46:55,600 --> 03:46:58,500
And the Healer finally speaks 
its with quiet confidence. 

4135
03:46:59,600 --> 03:47:03,700
Problem is in the digestion. 
Something eaten, that disagreed.

4136
03:47:03,700 --> 03:47:07,800
Now causing inflammation and 
spasm, nothing dangerous, but 

4137
03:47:07,800 --> 03:47:11,600
uncomfortable, the treatment 
will be simple a day of fasting 

4138
03:47:11,600 --> 03:47:13,700
to let the system calm down 
then. 

4139
03:47:13,700 --> 03:47:17,400
Bland Foods, gradually 
reintroduce, an herbal tea to 

4140
03:47:17,400 --> 03:47:22,000
ease the spasm time and rest the
farmer nods and leaves 

4141
03:47:22,000 --> 03:47:24,900
reassured. 
The Apprentice however, has 

4142
03:47:24,900 --> 03:47:27,700
questions. 
How do you know, it's not 

4143
03:47:27,700 --> 03:47:30,500
something more serious? 
How can you be sure when you 

4144
03:47:30,500 --> 03:47:34,000
can't see what's happening 
inside The Healer considers this

4145
03:47:34,000 --> 03:47:37,100
carefully. 
Can't be absolutely certain he 

4146
03:47:37,100 --> 03:47:41,400
admits, but I can be reasonably 
confident based on patterns this

4147
03:47:41,400 --> 03:47:43,500
pain started suddenly after a 
meal. 

4148
03:47:43,500 --> 03:47:47,500
Not gradually over weeks, it's 
in this particular location. 

4149
03:47:47,500 --> 03:47:49,900
Not spread throughout the 
abdomen. 

4150
03:47:49,900 --> 03:47:54,200
His color is good. 
His pulses normal and he has no 

4151
03:47:54,200 --> 03:47:57,000
fever. 
All of this together points to 

4152
03:47:57,000 --> 03:48:00,900
Temporary digestive upset rather
than serious disease. 

4153
03:48:01,800 --> 03:48:05,700
And if you're wrong, then he'll 
get worse instead of better and 

4154
03:48:05,700 --> 03:48:08,200
he'll come back and I'll revise 
my understanding. 

4155
03:48:09,000 --> 03:48:10,800
Medicine is not about being, 
right? 

4156
03:48:10,800 --> 03:48:13,100
Every time it's about being 
right. 

4157
03:48:13,100 --> 03:48:16,800
More often than wrong, about 
recognizing your mistakes and 

4158
03:48:16,800 --> 03:48:20,200
learning from them. 
This humility, this 

4159
03:48:20,200 --> 03:48:23,700
acknowledgment of limitation is 
part of what makes the Healer 

4160
03:48:23,700 --> 03:48:26,300
effective. 
He knows the boundaries of his 

4161
03:48:26,300 --> 03:48:29,400
knowledge and knows when he's 
reading clear signals and when 

4162
03:48:29,400 --> 03:48:33,300
he's making educated guesses it 
doesn't pretend to certain to he

4163
03:48:33,300 --> 03:48:35,000
doesn't possess which means his 
patients. 

4164
03:48:35,000 --> 03:48:39,700
Trust him when he does Express 
confidence, The Apprentice 

4165
03:48:39,700 --> 03:48:41,600
watches in work over the 
following weeks. 

4166
03:48:41,600 --> 03:48:45,100
Gradually absorbing not just the
technique but the philosophy 

4167
03:48:45,100 --> 03:48:48,200
behind them. 
She learns that examination is 

4168
03:48:48,200 --> 03:48:52,600
as much are to science require 
intuition built on experience. 

4169
03:48:53,700 --> 03:48:57,200
She learns to trust her 
sentences to let her fingers and

4170
03:48:57,200 --> 03:49:00,900
eyes and nose teacher. 
What books cannot because there 

4171
03:49:00,900 --> 03:49:04,600
are no books, only this direct 
transmission of Knowledge from 

4172
03:49:04,600 --> 03:49:08,400
one practitioner to another. 
One evening. 

4173
03:49:08,400 --> 03:49:12,900
After a particularly long day of
seeing patients, the Healer 

4174
03:49:12,900 --> 03:49:16,308
shows his Apprentice, something 
he's been working on A series of

4175
03:49:16,316 --> 03:49:20,200
small clay tablets on which he's
been trying to record different 

4176
03:49:20,200 --> 03:49:23,600
pulse patterns. 
Each tablet has a simple image 

4177
03:49:23,600 --> 03:49:28,600
lines that wave or Spike or stay
flat representing the different 

4178
03:49:28,600 --> 03:49:31,600
rhythms. 
He's learned to recognize its 

4179
03:49:31,600 --> 03:49:34,700
crude and limited but it's an 
attempt to preserve knowledge 

4180
03:49:34,700 --> 03:49:37,900
Beyond his own memory to create 
something that could teach 

4181
03:49:37,900 --> 03:49:39,900
future students, even after he's
gone. 

4182
03:49:41,100 --> 03:49:44,300
The Apprentice traces, the lines
with a finger trying to match 

4183
03:49:44,300 --> 03:49:47,600
them to the sensation, she's 
felt at various patients wrists.

4184
03:49:48,500 --> 03:49:53,000
It's difficult. 
Pulses, so complex, so variable,

4185
03:49:53,000 --> 03:49:58,200
so dependent on context. but she
appreciates the effort and 

4186
03:49:58,200 --> 03:50:00,900
understands that her teacher is 
trying to build something larger

4187
03:50:00,900 --> 03:50:04,800
than his own practice, something
that could accumulate and grow 

4188
03:50:04,800 --> 03:50:09,800
over Generations, The body has 
so many ways of speaking. 

4189
03:50:09,800 --> 03:50:13,200
The Healer says, quietly We've 
learned some of its language, 

4190
03:50:13,200 --> 03:50:15,300
there's much more, we don't 
know. 

4191
03:50:16,200 --> 03:50:19,900
Maybe some day, someone will 
find ways to see inside to 

4192
03:50:19,900 --> 03:50:24,800
understand what we can only 
guess at now. but until then we 

4193
03:50:24,800 --> 03:50:30,300
work with what we have, our 
hands, our eyes, our patient 

4194
03:50:30,300 --> 03:50:35,000
attention, The Apprentice nods 
understanding that she's been 

4195
03:50:35,000 --> 03:50:37,900
initiated into a traditional 
that stretches back Beyond 

4196
03:50:37,900 --> 03:50:40,700
memory. 
A long lineage of healers who 

4197
03:50:40,700 --> 03:50:44,300
learn to read the body surface 
signs who developed touch into 

4198
03:50:44,300 --> 03:50:48,000
an instrument of diagnosis and 
comfort and who understood that 

4199
03:50:48,000 --> 03:50:50,500
not seeing inside, didn't mean 
not knowing anything. 

4200
03:50:50,500 --> 03:50:52,600
It just meant knowing 
differently. 

4201
03:50:53,400 --> 03:50:57,300
As the night deepens and candles
burn low, the Healer and his 

4202
03:50:57,300 --> 03:51:01,000
Apprentice sit together in 
comfortable silence, two people 

4203
03:51:01,000 --> 03:51:04,000
at different points, along the 
same journey, of learning to 

4204
03:51:04,000 --> 03:51:06,700
hear what bodies say when they 
cannot speak in words. 

4205
03:51:07,500 --> 03:51:10,400
When their true, this must be 
read through skin and pulsing 

4206
03:51:10,400 --> 03:51:14,000
color through the subtle 
languages of Flesh that reveal 

4207
03:51:14,000 --> 03:51:16,900
themselves, only to those 
patient enough to learn them. 

4208
03:51:17,600 --> 03:51:20,000
The merchant arrives at the 
healers in mid-morning 

4209
03:51:20,000 --> 03:51:23,300
well-dressed but moving like 
someone much older than his 

4210
03:51:23,300 --> 03:51:26,000
years. 
Everything about him, suggests 

4211
03:51:26,000 --> 03:51:29,000
pain, careful way. 
He lowers himself onto the 

4212
03:51:29,000 --> 03:51:32,000
stool, the shallow breathing, 
and the tension visible in every

4213
03:51:32,000 --> 03:51:34,400
muscle. 
But when the heel asks, what 

4214
03:51:34,400 --> 03:51:37,600
troubles him, the merchants 
answer is frustratingly. 

4215
03:51:37,600 --> 03:51:40,900
Vague. 
Everything he says nothing 

4216
03:51:40,900 --> 03:51:45,500
works, right my stomach. 
My head, my sleep, I'm exhausted

4217
03:51:45,500 --> 03:51:49,400
but can't rest, I'm hungry, but 
food tastes like ashes. 

4218
03:51:50,300 --> 03:51:53,100
Another healer might focus on 
individual symptoms and might 

4219
03:51:53,100 --> 03:51:54,900
treat the stomach separately 
from the head. 

4220
03:51:54,900 --> 03:51:57,900
The sleeplessness is unrelated 
to the appetite. 

4221
03:51:58,900 --> 03:52:01,100
But this healer has learned 
something crucial over his 

4222
03:52:01,100 --> 03:52:04,200
Decades of practice. 
The body doesn't experience 

4223
03:52:04,200 --> 03:52:09,400
itself in isolated Parts, it's a
unified whole and illness in one

4224
03:52:09,400 --> 03:52:12,200
area, ripples outward, affecting
everything else. 

4225
03:52:13,100 --> 03:52:16,000
So, instead of immediately 
Examining The Merchant stomach 

4226
03:52:16,000 --> 03:52:18,200
or head, the Healer asks about 
his life. 

4227
03:52:18,900 --> 03:52:22,400
What does his work involve? 
How are things at home, has 

4228
03:52:22,400 --> 03:52:25,700
anything changed recently. 
When did these symptoms begin? 

4229
03:52:25,700 --> 03:52:27,900
And what else was happening at 
that time? 

4230
03:52:29,500 --> 03:52:30,900
The merchant shifted 
uncomfortably. 

4231
03:52:31,800 --> 03:52:35,600
These questions Seema relative 
to him two personal and not 

4232
03:52:35,600 --> 03:52:38,800
properly Medical. 
But the Healer Waits patiently 

4233
03:52:38,800 --> 03:52:43,300
and eventually the story 
emerges, the merchants business 

4234
03:52:43,300 --> 03:52:47,700
is failing. 
Debts are mounting his wife is 

4235
03:52:47,700 --> 03:52:52,400
angry his children distant. 
He can't sleep because he lies 

4236
03:52:52,400 --> 03:52:55,500
awake, calculating losses, 
trying to find solutions that 

4237
03:52:55,500 --> 03:52:58,400
don't exist. 
He can't eat because his stomach

4238
03:52:58,400 --> 03:53:02,100
is a knot of anxiety, everything
hurts, because he's carrying the

4239
03:53:02,100 --> 03:53:06,100
weight of impending ruin. 
Now, the Healer understands the 

4240
03:53:06,100 --> 03:53:07,900
symptoms aren't separate 
problems. 

4241
03:53:07,900 --> 03:53:11,400
Requiring separate treatments. 
They're all expressions of the 

4242
03:53:11,400 --> 03:53:15,400
same fundamental distress. 
The body and mind aren't 

4243
03:53:15,400 --> 03:53:17,700
separate kingdoms, but 
intimately connected. 

4244
03:53:17,700 --> 03:53:21,400
Each affecting the other in ways
that Cascade and amplify. 

4245
03:53:22,300 --> 03:53:25,700
This holistic understanding is 
Central to the healers approach.

4246
03:53:26,500 --> 03:53:29,200
He doesn't see a collection of 
Simpsons to be individually 

4247
03:53:29,200 --> 03:53:32,200
addressed but a whole person 
whose balance has been 

4248
03:53:32,208 --> 03:53:35,300
disrupted. 
Treating just the stomach would 

4249
03:53:35,300 --> 03:53:38,000
be like trying to calm a storm 
he seed by smoothing out 

4250
03:53:38,000 --> 03:53:41,600
individual waves, you might have
temporary success but the 

4251
03:53:41,600 --> 03:53:46,300
underlying turbulence remains 
the healers examination when it 

4252
03:53:46,308 --> 03:53:49,700
comes includes the merchants 
physical state, but also his 

4253
03:53:49,700 --> 03:53:53,200
emotional and social 
circumstances He asks about 

4254
03:53:53,200 --> 03:53:57,400
relationships about work about 
what brings joy, and what brings

4255
03:53:57,400 --> 03:54:00,200
sorrow? 
He observes, not just pulse and 

4256
03:54:00,208 --> 03:54:02,000
tongue but posture and 
expression. 

4257
03:54:02,000 --> 03:54:05,700
The way the merchant holds 
himself and the quality of his 

4258
03:54:05,700 --> 03:54:08,000
voice. 
This brought of you reveals 

4259
03:54:08,000 --> 03:54:11,700
patterns that pure physical 
examination, might miss the 

4260
03:54:11,700 --> 03:54:14,900
Healer sees that the merchants 
tension is concentrated in his 

4261
03:54:14,900 --> 03:54:17,600
shoulders and jaw. 
Asic holding patterns for 

4262
03:54:17,600 --> 03:54:19,500
someone bearing unbearable 
stress. 

4263
03:54:20,300 --> 03:54:23,200
His pulse is tight and 
constricted the rhythm of 

4264
03:54:23,200 --> 03:54:26,400
someone whose entire system is 
clenched against overwhelming 

4265
03:54:26,400 --> 03:54:29,300
pressure. 
His eyes though, physically 

4266
03:54:29,300 --> 03:54:33,200
healthy have a haunted quality, 
the look of someone who hasn't 

4267
03:54:33,200 --> 03:54:36,900
felt safe or ate in months. 
None of this can be fixed with 

4268
03:54:36,900 --> 03:54:39,200
herbs alone. 
The Healer knows this. 

4269
03:54:39,200 --> 03:54:42,200
He could prescribe something to 
help the merchants sleep and 

4270
03:54:42,200 --> 03:54:44,800
something else to settle his 
stomach, but these would be 

4271
03:54:44,800 --> 03:54:46,600
temporary patches on a deeper 
wound. 

4272
03:54:46,600 --> 03:54:51,200
What the merchant needs, is a 
change in his circumstances, a 

4273
03:54:51,200 --> 03:54:52,600
release from the pressure, 
crushing him. 

4274
03:54:53,500 --> 03:54:55,700
Of course, the Healer can't 
solve the merchants find natural

4275
03:54:55,700 --> 03:54:57,800
problems. 
He is not a miracle worker. 

4276
03:54:58,800 --> 03:55:00,300
But he can do something 
important. 

4277
03:55:00,300 --> 03:55:03,900
He can help them Merchant. 
Understand what's happening and 

4278
03:55:03,900 --> 03:55:07,100
can name the connection between 
his external stresses, and his 

4279
03:55:07,100 --> 03:55:10,500
internal suffering. 
This understanding itself is 

4280
03:55:10,500 --> 03:55:14,900
therapeutic transforming 
mysterious frightening symptoms,

4281
03:55:14,900 --> 03:55:18,000
into a comprehensible response 
to intolerable circumstances. 

4282
03:55:20,000 --> 03:55:22,900
The Healer also knows that 
bodies have a wisdom that 

4283
03:55:22,900 --> 03:55:26,200
symptoms sometimes. 
Serve protective purposes, the 

4284
03:55:26,200 --> 03:55:29,300
merchants inability to eat. 
Might be his body's way of 

4285
03:55:29,308 --> 03:55:32,500
saying, stop something is very 
wrong. 

4286
03:55:32,500 --> 03:55:36,200
You need to change course. 
His sleeplessness. 

4287
03:55:36,200 --> 03:55:38,700
Might be an alarm that won't 
shut off until the danger is 

4288
03:55:38,700 --> 03:55:41,000
addressed. 
Suppressing these symptoms 

4289
03:55:41,000 --> 03:55:43,400
without addressing their cause 
would be like covering the 

4290
03:55:43,400 --> 03:55:45,700
warning light on a cart that is 
about to lose a wheel. 

4291
03:55:45,700 --> 03:55:49,400
What the Healer offers instead 
is support for the whole person 

4292
03:55:49,400 --> 03:55:53,800
herbs, that won't eliminate 
anxiety but might take its edge 

4293
03:55:53,800 --> 03:55:55,600
off and love that. 
The merchant can think more 

4294
03:55:55,600 --> 03:55:57,800
clearly and can make better 
decisions. 

4295
03:55:58,700 --> 03:56:02,700
Gentle physical treatments, 
massage and careful stretching. 

4296
03:56:03,300 --> 03:56:05,200
To release some of the muscular 
attention. 

4297
03:56:05,200 --> 03:56:09,900
That's making everything worse. 
Advice about small manageable 

4298
03:56:09,900 --> 03:56:14,800
changes, walks in, fresh are 
moments of Stillness and talking

4299
03:56:14,800 --> 03:56:16,800
with someone trustworthy about 
the birds. 

4300
03:56:16,800 --> 03:56:21,800
He's carrying most importantly, 
the Healer offers perspective. 

4301
03:56:23,000 --> 03:56:26,900
Your body isn't betraying you, 
he explains, it's responding, 

4302
03:56:26,900 --> 03:56:28,600
normally to abnormal 
circumstances. 

4303
03:56:28,600 --> 03:56:32,100
These symptoms are messages, not
enemies. 

4304
03:56:32,100 --> 03:56:34,900
They're telling you that 
something in your life needs to 

4305
03:56:34,900 --> 03:56:39,800
change, listen to them. 
This conversation alone seems to

4306
03:56:39,800 --> 03:56:42,600
help. 
The merchant shoulders drop 

4307
03:56:42,600 --> 03:56:47,300
slightly his breathing deepens, 
some color returns to his face. 

4308
03:56:48,100 --> 03:56:53,000
He's not cured his problems 
remain but he feels less alone 

4309
03:56:53,000 --> 03:56:56,400
with them less bewildered by his
own physical distress. 

4310
03:56:57,200 --> 03:56:59,300
The Healer has learned through 
long experience. 

4311
03:56:59,300 --> 03:57:03,300
That illness rarely has a single
cause it emerges from the 

4312
03:57:03,300 --> 03:57:08,600
complex interaction of Body 
Mind, emotion and Circumstance. 

4313
03:57:09,600 --> 03:57:13,500
Person might develop a fever 
from a physical infection, but 

4314
03:57:13,500 --> 03:57:16,200
whether they recover quickly or 
slowly can depend on their 

4315
03:57:16,200 --> 03:57:20,000
emotional state, they're living 
conditions their relationships 

4316
03:57:20,000 --> 03:57:22,700
and their sense of hope or 
despair. 

4317
03:57:23,800 --> 03:57:26,100
This is why he always asks about
the whole life. 

4318
03:57:26,100 --> 03:57:30,100
Not just the ailing part, he 
wants to know about sleep and 

4319
03:57:30,100 --> 03:57:32,500
food. 
Yes, but also about work and 

4320
03:57:32,500 --> 03:57:36,600
family about fears and joys and 
about what feels wrong. 

4321
03:57:36,600 --> 03:57:41,500
Even if it can't be named body's
exist in context and healing 

4322
03:57:41,500 --> 03:57:45,400
requires addressing the whole 
situation, just the most obvious

4323
03:57:45,400 --> 03:57:48,300
symptoms. 
His Apprentice watching this 

4324
03:57:48,300 --> 03:57:51,900
interaction is struck by how 
much time the Healer spends 

4325
03:57:51,900 --> 03:57:55,300
simply listening. 
She's been trained to examine to

4326
03:57:55,300 --> 03:57:59,200
palpate and to observe. 
But she still learning the skill

4327
03:57:59,200 --> 03:58:02,300
of deep listening. 
Of creating space for people to 

4328
03:58:02,300 --> 03:58:04,200
tell the whole truth of their 
experience. 

4329
03:58:04,200 --> 03:58:09,600
After the merchant leaves, not 
cured, but somewhat eased with 

4330
03:58:09,600 --> 03:58:12,200
some practical suggestions and 
more importantly, with 

4331
03:58:12,200 --> 03:58:15,000
understanding The Healer turns 
to his Apprentice. 

4332
03:58:15,900 --> 03:58:19,800
Remember he says, we treat 
people not diseases. 

4333
03:58:20,600 --> 03:58:23,400
The same illness will manifest 
differently in different bodies 

4334
03:58:23,400 --> 03:58:26,300
and will require different 
approaches depending on Whose 

4335
03:58:26,300 --> 03:58:29,000
carrying it. 
Cookie cutter medicine, might be

4336
03:58:29,000 --> 03:58:31,200
faster but it's rarely 
affective. 

4337
03:58:32,300 --> 03:58:35,500
The Apprentice nods beginning to
grasp the complexity of what 

4338
03:58:35,500 --> 03:58:38,200
she's learning. 
It would be simpler if bodies 

4339
03:58:38,200 --> 03:58:40,300
were machines. 
That broke in predictable ways 

4340
03:58:40,300 --> 03:58:42,700
and could be fixed with standard
repairs. 

4341
03:58:42,700 --> 03:58:45,900
But bodies are living systems 
embedded in lives. 

4342
03:58:45,900 --> 03:58:49,400
And those lives are messy and 
complicated and impossible to 

4343
03:58:49,400 --> 03:58:51,000
separate from the physical 
symptoms. 

4344
03:58:51,000 --> 03:58:55,300
They produce over the following 
months, she learns to take this 

4345
03:58:55,300 --> 03:58:57,000
holistic view in her own 
examination. 

4346
03:58:58,300 --> 03:59:01,100
She learns to ask not just where
does it hurt? 

4347
03:59:01,100 --> 03:59:03,300
But what else is happening in 
your life? 

4348
03:59:04,200 --> 03:59:07,200
She learns to see patterns 
connecting physical symptoms to 

4349
03:59:07,200 --> 03:59:11,100
emotional states to notice how 
grief can manifest as chest 

4350
03:59:11,100 --> 03:59:15,100
pain, how fear can settle in the
gut and how rage can create 

4351
03:59:15,100 --> 03:59:17,700
headaches. 
This doesn't mean she dismisses 

4352
03:59:17,700 --> 03:59:21,600
physical causes infections are 
real injuries. 

4353
03:59:21,600 --> 03:59:24,100
Are real and bodily malfunctions
are real. 

4354
03:59:25,500 --> 03:59:27,800
But she learns to see them in 
context. 

4355
03:59:28,700 --> 03:59:32,000
To understand that the same 
infection might overwhelm one 

4356
03:59:32,000 --> 03:59:36,100
person while another fights, it 
off easily, depending on factors

4357
03:59:36,100 --> 03:59:38,400
that have nothing to do with the
microbes themselves. 

4358
03:59:39,700 --> 03:59:42,800
She's learning to be a Healer 
who treats whole people who 

4359
03:59:42,800 --> 03:59:45,700
understands that the boundaries 
between body and mind between 

4360
03:59:45,700 --> 03:59:48,600
physical and emotional and 
between individual and 

4361
03:59:48,600 --> 03:59:52,200
environment are far more porous 
than they might first appear. 

4362
03:59:53,200 --> 03:59:56,400
That health is not just the 
absence of disease, but to state

4363
03:59:56,400 --> 04:00:00,300
of balance, involving every 
aspect of a person's existence. 

4364
04:00:01,500 --> 04:00:05,300
This is sophisticated medicine 
built with without microscopes 

4365
04:00:05,300 --> 04:00:08,300
or blood tests without x-rays or
lab results. 

4366
04:00:08,300 --> 04:00:12,600
It's medicine based on careful. 
Observation of the whole person 

4367
04:00:12,600 --> 04:00:16,600
on understanding patterns, that 
connect seemingly disparate 

4368
04:00:16,600 --> 04:00:21,000
symptoms and on recognizing the 
healing often requires changes 

4369
04:00:21,000 --> 04:00:23,200
that go far beyond, prescribing 
remedies. 

4370
04:00:24,100 --> 04:00:27,300
As night falls and the days 
patients depart the Healer and 

4371
04:00:27,300 --> 04:00:30,000
his Apprentice sit together 
discussing, what they've seen. 

4372
04:00:31,200 --> 04:00:34,900
These conversations are part of 
her education, too learning to 

4373
04:00:34,900 --> 04:00:38,000
think about medicine, not as a 
set of rigid rules, but as a 

4374
04:00:38,000 --> 04:00:42,000
flexible creative practice, that
must be adapted to each unique 

4375
04:00:42,000 --> 04:00:46,500
person and situation, the body 
remains mysterious, its 

4376
04:00:46,500 --> 04:00:50,100
Interiors, still unseen. 
But through this holistic 

4377
04:00:50,100 --> 04:00:53,700
approach through attention to 
the whole person and all their 

4378
04:00:53,700 --> 04:00:57,500
circumstances, the Healer has 
found ways to work with that 

4379
04:00:57,500 --> 04:00:59,700
mystery. 
To support healing. 

4380
04:00:59,700 --> 04:01:04,200
Even when he can't see exactly 
what is happening in side. it's 

4381
04:01:04,200 --> 04:01:08,700
medicine that honors complexity 
that works with systems rather 

4382
04:01:08,700 --> 04:01:12,900
than just symptoms and that 
understands Health as emerging 

4383
04:01:12,900 --> 04:01:16,800
from the intricate balance of 
countless factors physical and 

4384
04:01:16,800 --> 04:01:19,500
otherwise the old healers memory
contains. 

4385
04:01:19,500 --> 04:01:23,400
Thousands of cases filed away in
intricate detail, 

4386
04:01:23,400 --> 04:01:26,800
cross-reference and organized in
ways. 

4387
04:01:26,800 --> 04:01:30,800
He couldn't fully explain if 
asked It's not photographic 

4388
04:01:30,800 --> 04:01:34,200
memory, those don't really 
exist, not the way story 

4389
04:01:34,200 --> 04:01:39,200
suggests, but its trained memory
honed by Decades of deliberate 

4390
04:01:39,200 --> 04:01:40,800
attention to patterns and 
outcomes. 

4391
04:01:42,400 --> 04:01:45,400
When a new patient arrives with 
a particular constellation of 

4392
04:01:45,400 --> 04:01:49,000
symptoms, the healer's Mind 
automatically searches through 

4393
04:01:49,000 --> 04:01:53,100
its archives as he seen this 
before, what happened last time.

4394
04:01:53,100 --> 04:01:57,600
What worked and what didn't? 
The comparison happens almost 

4395
04:01:57,600 --> 04:02:01,100
instantly below the level of 
conscious thought his 

4396
04:02:01,100 --> 04:02:03,500
experienced eye, recognizing 
patterns. 

4397
04:02:03,500 --> 04:02:07,200
The way you might recognize a 
familiar face in a crowd without

4398
04:02:07,200 --> 04:02:09,400
having to consciously analyze 
each feature. 

4399
04:02:09,400 --> 04:02:12,400
This mental library, is the 
foundation of medical knowledge 

4400
04:02:12,400 --> 04:02:15,900
before writing becomes common. 
It's how understanding 

4401
04:02:15,900 --> 04:02:19,800
accumulates and deepens each 
healer adding their observations

4402
04:02:19,800 --> 04:02:23,000
to what their teachers taught 
them refining and sometimes 

4403
04:02:23,000 --> 04:02:26,400
correcting the wisdom passed 
down, but memory is also 

4404
04:02:26,400 --> 04:02:30,100
fragile. 
He at the boundaries The Healer 

4405
04:02:30,100 --> 04:02:33,400
can remember last week's 
patients and sharp detail and 

4406
04:02:33,400 --> 04:02:36,300
can recall unusual cases from 
years ago because they were 

4407
04:02:36,300 --> 04:02:39,000
memorable. 
But the ordinary cases the 

4408
04:02:39,000 --> 04:02:42,400
middle range of observation that
didn't stand out those blur and 

4409
04:02:42,400 --> 04:02:44,800
fade their lessons potentially 
lost. 

4410
04:02:45,800 --> 04:02:49,400
This is why in recent years, the
Healer has begun working with 

4411
04:02:49,400 --> 04:02:54,000
marks and symbols trying to 
create external memory ways of 

4412
04:02:54,000 --> 04:02:57,000
preserving observations, beyond 
the capacity of his own mind. 

4413
04:02:57,000 --> 04:03:01,700
Its slow work made Difficult by 
the limitations of materials and

4414
04:03:01,700 --> 04:03:04,500
by the challenge of finding 
symbols that can capture the 

4415
04:03:04,500 --> 04:03:08,400
complexity of what he knows. 
He's not writing in the modern 

4416
04:03:08,400 --> 04:03:13,000
sense, there's no alphabet no 
standardized script instead, 

4417
04:03:13,000 --> 04:03:17,000
he's developed a personal system
of images and marks that helped 

4418
04:03:17,000 --> 04:03:20,700
trigger his memory. 
A drawing of a plant reminds 

4419
04:03:20,700 --> 04:03:22,400
him, which herb treats, which 
condition. 

4420
04:03:23,400 --> 04:03:26,600
A pattern of dots represents a 
particular type of pulse. 

4421
04:03:27,500 --> 04:03:30,200
Stick figure with marks on the 
abdomen recalls a case of 

4422
04:03:30,200 --> 04:03:33,400
internal pain that resolved with
specific treatment. 

4423
04:03:34,300 --> 04:03:37,800
His Apprentice is learning the 
system, adding her own marks and

4424
04:03:37,800 --> 04:03:41,100
modifications together, their 
creating something that could 

4425
04:03:41,100 --> 04:03:44,300
Outlast them. 
Both A Primitive medical texts. 

4426
04:03:44,300 --> 04:03:48,200
That future healers could study 
and build upon One after noon, 

4427
04:03:48,200 --> 04:03:51,600
the heeler shows his Apprentice 
a series of notched bones, he's 

4428
04:03:51,600 --> 04:03:55,100
collected over the years. 
Each knot represents a case of a

4429
04:03:55,100 --> 04:03:58,700
particular fever marked with 
small symbols indicating the 

4430
04:03:58,700 --> 04:04:02,300
outcome recovery death or 
ongoing illness. 

4431
04:04:03,300 --> 04:04:07,400
By counting the Naches, he can 
tell his Apprentice of 47 

4432
04:04:07,400 --> 04:04:13,000
people, I've treated with this 
fever 39 recovered six died, and

4433
04:04:13,000 --> 04:04:16,500
two remain chronically ill. 
The deaths were all among the 

4434
04:04:16,500 --> 04:04:20,400
very young or very old. 
This is crude statistics born 

4435
04:04:20,400 --> 04:04:22,500
from observation and careful 
record-keeping. 

4436
04:04:22,500 --> 04:04:25,400
The Healer doesn't think of it 
as mathematics. 

4437
04:04:25,400 --> 04:04:29,700
He's just noticed patterns and 
found a way to track them but it

4438
04:04:29,700 --> 04:04:31,600
allows him to make predictions 
to help patients. 

4439
04:04:31,600 --> 04:04:35,100
What they can reasonably expect 
and to give them odds rather 

4440
04:04:35,100 --> 04:04:38,200
than just guesses. 
The Apprentice is Amazed by 

4441
04:04:38,200 --> 04:04:40,700
this. 
She hadn't realized her teacher 

4442
04:04:40,700 --> 04:04:43,400
was keeping such detailed 
records and hadn't. 

4443
04:04:43,400 --> 04:04:46,500
Understood that healing could be
approached, so systematically. 

4444
04:04:47,400 --> 04:04:50,400
She asks to learn the marking 
system to start keeping her own 

4445
04:04:50,400 --> 04:04:54,800
records. together, they develop 
ways to note, not just outcomes 

4446
04:04:54,800 --> 04:04:59,300
but circumstances They Mark, 
whether the patient was well fed

4447
04:04:59,300 --> 04:05:04,300
or malnourished, young or old 
and treated immediately or only 

4448
04:05:04,300 --> 04:05:09,100
after the ones had progressed. 
Gradually patterns emerge, that 

4449
04:05:09,100 --> 04:05:10,900
wouldn't be visible from 
Individual cases. 

4450
04:05:10,900 --> 04:05:13,800
They see that early treatment, 
improves outcomes. 

4451
04:05:13,800 --> 04:05:17,400
The good nutrition provides. 
Some protection against severe 

4452
04:05:17,400 --> 04:05:20,700
illness and that certain 
conditions run in families. 

4453
04:05:20,700 --> 04:05:24,000
This is the beginning of what 
will eventually become medical 

4454
04:05:24,000 --> 04:05:26,700
literature. 
The systematic recording and 

4455
04:05:26,700 --> 04:05:30,200
Analysis of observations. 
But it's happening in a world 

4456
04:05:30,200 --> 04:05:33,600
without books without 
standardized writing where each 

4457
04:05:33,600 --> 04:05:36,200
healer must invent their own 
system of preservation. 

4458
04:05:37,200 --> 04:05:39,800
The Healer also, teaches his 
Apprentice memory techniques, 

4459
04:05:39,800 --> 04:05:42,300
the same ones he learned from 
his own teacher. 

4460
04:05:43,100 --> 04:05:45,300
Methods of organizing 
information mentally. 

4461
04:05:45,300 --> 04:05:48,600
So it can be retrieved when 
needed he teaches her to 

4462
04:05:48,600 --> 04:05:52,700
associate treatments with Vivid 
mental images, to create memory 

4463
04:05:52,700 --> 04:05:55,300
palaces where different types of
knowledge are stored in 

4464
04:05:55,300 --> 04:05:59,200
different imaginary rooms and to
use Rhythm and repetition to 

4465
04:05:59,200 --> 04:06:03,100
cement important information. 
Your mind is your primary tool. 

4466
04:06:03,100 --> 04:06:07,800
He tells her Sharper than any 
knife more reliable than any 

4467
04:06:07,800 --> 04:06:09,500
written record. 
If you train it properly. 

4468
04:06:10,300 --> 04:06:13,000
But you must be deliberate about
what you commit to memory and 

4469
04:06:13,000 --> 04:06:16,800
how you organize it. 
She learns to review cases each 

4470
04:06:16,800 --> 04:06:20,900
evening going over the days 
patients in her mind noting what

4471
04:06:20,900 --> 04:06:23,100
was unusual. 
What was typical and what 

4472
04:06:23,108 --> 04:06:26,600
surprised her This nightly 
review helps transfer 

4473
04:06:26,600 --> 04:06:30,800
observations from short-term to 
long-term memory and ensures 

4474
04:06:30,800 --> 04:06:34,200
that lessons are lost. 
But even with trained memory, 

4475
04:06:34,200 --> 04:06:36,800
and primitive record, keeping 
knowledge remains precarious. 

4476
04:06:37,800 --> 04:06:42,000
When a Healer dies, much of what
they knew dies with them, unless

4477
04:06:42,000 --> 04:06:44,200
they've successfully passed it 
to apprentices. 

4478
04:06:45,200 --> 04:06:47,600
And even the Best Transmission 
loses some Nuance. 

4479
04:06:47,600 --> 04:06:50,000
The Apprentice loans. 
The rules, but not all the 

4480
04:06:50,008 --> 04:06:53,200
exceptions, the general 
patterns, but not the subtle 

4481
04:06:53,200 --> 04:06:57,000
variations. 
This is why the healer is so 

4482
04:06:57,000 --> 04:07:00,500
committed to his marking system 
imperfect as it is. 

4483
04:07:01,300 --> 04:07:05,000
He knows his memory will fail 
eventually, either through age 

4484
04:07:05,000 --> 04:07:07,700
or death, but these marks might 
endure. 

4485
04:07:07,700 --> 04:07:10,700
Might teach future healers 
things, he learned through 

4486
04:07:10,700 --> 04:07:15,100
Decades of patient observation, 
One of his most precious 

4487
04:07:15,100 --> 04:07:17,900
possessions is a piece of 
treated leather on which he's 

4488
04:07:17,900 --> 04:07:20,000
drawn the human body as he 
understands it. 

4489
04:07:20,900 --> 04:07:23,600
It is not accurate in the way. 
And Anatomy text would be. 

4490
04:07:23,600 --> 04:07:27,500
He's never seen inside a body. 
So he's working from external 

4491
04:07:27,500 --> 04:07:31,300
observation and inference. 
But it shows the major landmarks

4492
04:07:31,300 --> 04:07:34,800
as he knows them, the heart 
somewhere in the chest, the 

4493
04:07:34,800 --> 04:07:39,100
stomach below the liver of the 
side and the intestines coiled 

4494
04:07:39,100 --> 04:07:42,200
in the abdomen. 
It's a map of mystery more than 

4495
04:07:42,200 --> 04:07:44,600
knowledge. 
But it helps him teachers, 

4496
04:07:44,600 --> 04:07:47,900
Apprentice where to palpate 
where different organs can be 

4497
04:07:47,908 --> 04:07:51,900
through the skin and what areas 
correspond to what functions? 

4498
04:07:53,200 --> 04:07:56,500
when she examines a patient 
abdomen, she can refer to the 

4499
04:07:56,500 --> 04:08:00,200
map and can understand that pain
in this location, likely 

4500
04:08:00,200 --> 04:08:03,800
involves these organs The healer
is aware that his map is 

4501
04:08:03,808 --> 04:08:07,000
probably wrong. 
In many details, he's made his 

4502
04:08:07,000 --> 04:08:10,100
best guesses based on limited 
information, but it's better 

4503
04:08:10,100 --> 04:08:13,400
than no map at all. 
And future healers can correct 

4504
04:08:13,400 --> 04:08:15,000
and refine it as they learn 
more. 

4505
04:08:16,300 --> 04:08:19,200
As the months passed The 
Apprentice of her own record, 

4506
04:08:19,200 --> 04:08:22,400
keeping habits. 
She scratches notes onto bits of

4507
04:08:22,400 --> 04:08:23,700
bark. 
Draws. 

4508
04:08:23,700 --> 04:08:27,700
Images on clay, tablets and ties
notes, and chords to remember, 

4509
04:08:27,700 --> 04:08:31,200
important observations. 
The system is different from her

4510
04:08:31,200 --> 04:08:34,300
teachers adapted to her own mind
and needs. 

4511
04:08:35,400 --> 04:08:38,900
This diversity is probably good 
different approaches to 

4512
04:08:38,900 --> 04:08:41,400
recording, might preserve 
different types of information. 

4513
04:08:42,400 --> 04:08:46,100
together their participating in 
one of Humanity's great projects

4514
04:08:46,100 --> 04:08:49,100
the accumulation and 
transmission of knowledge across

4515
04:08:49,100 --> 04:08:53,500
Generations it's happening 
slowly haltingly without any 

4516
04:08:53,500 --> 04:08:58,300
grand plan But each careful 
observation, each Mark that 

4517
04:08:58,300 --> 04:09:00,000
captures and preserves a 
pattern. 

4518
04:09:00,000 --> 04:09:03,600
Each Apprentice, who learns and 
adds their own discoveries. 

4519
04:09:03,600 --> 04:09:07,000
All of this builds towards 
something larger than any 

4520
04:09:07,000 --> 04:09:10,600
individual Heeler. 
The Healer knows he stands in a 

4521
04:09:10,600 --> 04:09:13,600
long lineage his teacher taught 
him what their teacher taught 

4522
04:09:13,600 --> 04:09:16,800
them stretching back to the 
first healers who began this 

4523
04:09:16,800 --> 04:09:20,500
patient work of observation and 
his Apprentice will teach others

4524
04:09:20,500 --> 04:09:24,200
who will teach others still each
generation refining and 

4525
04:09:24,200 --> 04:09:28,000
expanding the understanding of 
the body in its healing Memory 

4526
04:09:28,000 --> 04:09:31,300
Remains the primary vessel for 
this knowledge, but now it's 

4527
04:09:31,300 --> 04:09:34,500
being supplemented and preserved
in external forms that can 

4528
04:09:34,500 --> 04:09:38,300
Outlast individual lives. 
It's the beginning of medicine 

4529
04:09:38,300 --> 04:09:41,600
as a cumulative discipline as 
something that can grow and 

4530
04:09:41,600 --> 04:09:44,800
improve rather than having to be
rediscovered a new each 

4531
04:09:44,800 --> 04:09:48,200
generation. 
As the evening deepens the 

4532
04:09:48,200 --> 04:09:52,200
Healer and his Apprentice sit by
firelight reviewing the marks 

4533
04:09:52,200 --> 04:09:55,200
and symbols. 
They've created discussing what 

4534
04:09:55,200 --> 04:09:59,400
should be preserved and how its 
patient work this building of 

4535
04:09:59,400 --> 04:10:03,500
knowledge, but then everything 
about healing requires patience 

4536
04:10:03,500 --> 04:10:07,200
the body heals slowly 
understanding accumulates 

4537
04:10:07,200 --> 04:10:09,900
gradually and wisdom takes time 
to mature. 

4538
04:10:10,700 --> 04:10:13,400
The marks they make tonight 
might endure for decades and 

4539
04:10:13,400 --> 04:10:16,100
might teach healers. 
They'll never meet or they might

4540
04:10:16,100 --> 04:10:20,200
be lost destroyed by fire or 
water or simply forgotten. 

4541
04:10:20,200 --> 04:10:24,300
There's no way to know. 
But they make them anyway, 

4542
04:10:24,300 --> 04:10:27,100
driven by the hope that 
knowledge carefully gathered 

4543
04:10:27,100 --> 04:10:30,100
shouldn't be carelessly. 
Lost that the lessons of 

4544
04:10:30,108 --> 04:10:33,400
experience deserve to Outlast. 
The individuals who learn them, 

4545
04:10:33,400 --> 04:10:37,000
the boundary between life and 
death has always been sacred 

4546
04:10:37,000 --> 04:10:40,300
territory, carefully guarded by 
custom and fear. 

4547
04:10:41,300 --> 04:10:44,900
Bodies of the Dead, are powerful
things charged with meaning 

4548
04:10:44,900 --> 04:10:49,600
surrounded by ritual and taboo. 
And for most of human history, 

4549
04:10:49,600 --> 04:10:53,100
they remain in violet. 
To cut open, a dead body would 

4550
04:10:53,100 --> 04:10:57,200
be Unthinkable of violation. 
So profound, it has no name. 

4551
04:10:58,100 --> 04:11:01,400
But knowledge has limits and 
some healers begin to wonder. 

4552
04:11:02,100 --> 04:11:06,000
What if we could see inside? 
What, if the Mysteries we spend 

4553
04:11:06,000 --> 04:11:08,800
our lives trying to understand 
through surface signs? 

4554
04:11:08,800 --> 04:11:12,600
Could be directly observed? 
The Healer thinks about the 

4555
04:11:12,600 --> 04:11:14,700
sometimes though he'd never 
speak of it allowed. 

4556
04:11:14,700 --> 04:11:18,400
He spent 30 years, building, 
mental models of the Interior 

4557
04:11:18,400 --> 04:11:22,600
body based on what he can feel 
through skin and what he can 

4558
04:11:22,600 --> 04:11:26,300
infer from Simpsons. 
But he knows these models are 

4559
04:11:26,300 --> 04:11:30,100
speculation educated guesses 
that might be fundamentally 

4560
04:11:30,100 --> 04:11:33,100
wrong. 
There are moments examining a 

4561
04:11:33,108 --> 04:11:36,800
patient with an abdominal Mass, 
trying to determine what organ 

4562
04:11:36,800 --> 04:11:39,400
is affected. 
When he wishes desperately that 

4563
04:11:39,400 --> 04:11:43,500
he could simply look. 
Not in a living person, which 

4564
04:11:43,500 --> 04:11:46,200
would be both cruel and quickly 
fatal. 

4565
04:11:47,100 --> 04:11:51,000
But in someone already dead who 
suffering was finished, whose 

4566
04:11:51,000 --> 04:11:53,400
body might yet? 
Serve by teaching the living, 

4567
04:11:54,300 --> 04:11:57,300
Such thoughts, feel dangerous, 
almost blasphemous. 

4568
04:11:58,000 --> 04:12:01,000
The dead a sacred. 
They belong to whatever comes 

4569
04:12:01,000 --> 04:12:03,800
after not to the Curiosity of 
Healers. 

4570
04:12:04,500 --> 04:12:07,400
To cut them open were disturb, 
their Journey would show 

4571
04:12:07,400 --> 04:12:11,300
disrespect to ancestors and 
gods, and would cross lines that

4572
04:12:11,300 --> 04:12:14,700
exist for good reason. 
And yet, they're wondering 

4573
04:12:14,700 --> 04:12:17,500
persists in some places far 
away. 

4574
04:12:17,500 --> 04:12:20,700
He's heard rumors of cultures 
that handle their dead 

4575
04:12:20,700 --> 04:12:24,000
differently. 
People who mummified bodies with

4576
04:12:24,000 --> 04:12:27,000
elaborate care, removing organs 
in the process. 

4577
04:12:27,900 --> 04:12:31,000
Surely, they must see inside 
during this work and must learn 

4578
04:12:31,000 --> 04:12:32,300
something from what they 
observe. 

4579
04:12:32,300 --> 04:12:37,600
But if so that knowledge doesn't
travel, it remains locked within

4580
04:12:37,600 --> 04:12:40,900
Those Distant practices, not 
shared with healers elsewhere. 

4581
04:12:41,800 --> 04:12:44,300
The healers Apprentice asks him 
in one day with the blunt 

4582
04:12:44,300 --> 04:12:48,300
honesty of Youth. 
Why don't we look inside, not in

4583
04:12:48,300 --> 04:12:52,200
living people, but in those 
who've died, wouldn't that teach

4584
04:12:52,200 --> 04:12:55,600
us what we need to know? 
He considers how to answer. 

4585
04:12:56,600 --> 04:12:59,700
Because the dead aren't ours to 
use that way because there are 

4586
04:12:59,700 --> 04:13:01,700
boundaries between respect and 
knowledge. 

4587
04:13:01,700 --> 04:13:06,600
And we can't always sacrifice 
one for the other because He 

4588
04:13:06,600 --> 04:13:09,700
pauses trying to articulate 
something, he feels more than 

4589
04:13:09,700 --> 04:13:12,500
understands. 
Because there's wisdom in 

4590
04:13:12,500 --> 04:13:15,700
acknowledging mystery in 
accepting that some things 

4591
04:13:15,708 --> 04:13:18,900
remain hidden. 
But even as he says this, he 

4592
04:13:18,900 --> 04:13:22,400
wonders if it's entirely true. 
Is there really wisdom in 

4593
04:13:22,400 --> 04:13:24,800
ignorance or is he just 
rationalizing? 

4594
04:13:24,800 --> 04:13:28,100
Fear calling inevitable, 
limitation of virtue. 

4595
04:13:29,000 --> 04:13:32,200
The question haunts him. 
He thinks about all the patients

4596
04:13:32,200 --> 04:13:35,000
his lost over the years. 
All the times he couldn't help 

4597
04:13:35,000 --> 04:13:37,200
because he didn't understand 
what was happening inside. 

4598
04:13:38,100 --> 04:13:40,500
With those deaths have been 
prevented, if he'd known more 

4599
04:13:40,500 --> 04:13:43,200
would care for respectful 
examination. 

4600
04:13:43,200 --> 04:13:44,700
Of the Dead, have saved the 
living. 

4601
04:13:45,700 --> 04:13:48,500
Is no way to know and perhaps 
that's the hardest part. 

4602
04:13:48,500 --> 04:13:52,200
The cost of ignorant is 
invisible, you can't count the 

4603
04:13:52,208 --> 04:13:53,700
lives. 
That might have been saved by 

4604
04:13:53,700 --> 04:13:56,200
knowledge. 
You don't possess You could only

4605
04:13:56,200 --> 04:13:58,600
count the lives lost despite 
your best efforts. 

4606
04:13:59,300 --> 04:14:02,100
Despite all your careful 
observation and accumulated 

4607
04:14:02,100 --> 04:14:05,208
wisdom. 
In some cities part of the 

4608
04:14:05,216 --> 04:14:07,900
South. 
Taboos are beginning to loosen. 

4609
04:14:07,900 --> 04:14:13,300
Also, the rumors say certain 
schools of healing are permitted

4610
04:14:13,300 --> 04:14:15,500
to dissect. 
The bodies of executed criminals

4611
04:14:15,500 --> 04:14:19,800
people who forfeited their 
rights by their crimes, whose 

4612
04:14:19,800 --> 04:14:21,500
bodies are considered available 
for use. 

4613
04:14:21,500 --> 04:14:24,800
That would be Unthinkable for 
ordinary dead. the Healer has 

4614
04:14:24,800 --> 04:14:28,600
heard that these dissections 
reveal astonishing things that 

4615
04:14:28,600 --> 04:14:31,800
the heart has Chambers and 
valves that the lungs are like 

4616
04:14:31,808 --> 04:14:35,900
sponges that the liver is 
divided into sections and that 

4617
04:14:35,900 --> 04:14:39,900
the intestines are far longer 
than anyone imagined that the 

4618
04:14:39,900 --> 04:14:42,600
old mental Maps built from 
external observation. 

4619
04:14:42,600 --> 04:14:46,900
And inference are both partly 
right and partly profoundly 

4620
04:14:46,900 --> 04:14:50,300
wrong. 
This knowledge troubles him on 

4621
04:14:50,300 --> 04:14:53,400
one hand. 
It's exciting finally direct 

4622
04:14:53,400 --> 04:14:56,600
observation of what he spent 
decades trying to understand in 

4623
04:14:56,600 --> 04:14:59,700
directly. 
On the other hand, it makes him 

4624
04:14:59,700 --> 04:15:02,800
acutely aware of his own. 
Ignorance of how much he's been 

4625
04:15:02,800 --> 04:15:06,000
guessing and of how many of his 
confident explanations were 

4626
04:15:06,000 --> 04:15:10,000
probably mistaken. 
His Apprentice younger and less 

4627
04:15:10,000 --> 04:15:12,600
burdened by tradition, is less 
conflicted. 

4628
04:15:13,400 --> 04:15:16,200
She wants to learn from these 
dissections and wants to travel 

4629
04:15:16,200 --> 04:15:19,100
to the cities where they happen 
and see for herself. 

4630
04:15:20,100 --> 04:15:23,400
She doesn't understand why the 
Healer hesitates while he seems 

4631
04:15:23,400 --> 04:15:25,800
pulled between curiosity and 
restraint. 

4632
04:15:26,700 --> 04:15:29,400
The knowledge is there, she 
argues, people are already doing

4633
04:15:29,400 --> 04:15:32,000
this work. 
Why shouldn't we benefit from 

4634
04:15:32,000 --> 04:15:34,800
what they're learning? 
Because there's a difference, 

4635
04:15:34,800 --> 04:15:38,900
the Healer says slowly between 
accepting knowledge that exists 

4636
04:15:38,900 --> 04:15:41,300
and actively participating in 
creating it. 

4637
04:15:42,400 --> 04:15:45,400
I Can't Stop Those Distant 
positions from cutting open the 

4638
04:15:45,400 --> 04:15:49,000
dead, but I can choose not to do
it myself and can choose to 

4639
04:15:49,008 --> 04:15:51,700
maintain the boundaries my own 
culture considers sacred. 

4640
04:15:52,600 --> 04:15:54,900
Even if people die because of 
your respect for those 

4641
04:15:54,900 --> 04:15:58,100
boundaries. 
It's a brutal question and the 

4642
04:15:58,108 --> 04:15:59,300
Healer doesn't have a good 
answer. 

4643
04:16:00,200 --> 04:16:03,800
Perhaps he says, finally. 
Or perhaps, there are other ways

4644
04:16:03,800 --> 04:16:06,700
to gain knowledge. 
Slower ways, that don't require 

4645
04:16:06,700 --> 04:16:09,500
violating the dead, perhaps 
patient. 

4646
04:16:09,500 --> 04:16:12,500
Observation over Generations, 
will eventually reveal what 

4647
04:16:12,500 --> 04:16:15,500
dissection shows more quickly, I
don't know. 

4648
04:16:15,500 --> 04:16:19,300
I only know that I must practice
medicine in a way I can live 

4649
04:16:19,300 --> 04:16:21,300
with. 
And for me, that means 

4650
04:16:21,300 --> 04:16:25,300
respecting certain limits. 
The Apprentice isn't satisfied 

4651
04:16:25,300 --> 04:16:27,600
with this answer, but she 
accepted for now. 

4652
04:16:28,600 --> 04:16:31,400
He continues her training, 
learning all the Healer can 

4653
04:16:31,400 --> 04:16:34,200
teach about reading bodies from 
the outside and about 

4654
04:16:34,200 --> 04:16:36,800
understanding health and illness
through surface signs. 

4655
04:16:36,800 --> 04:16:41,300
But he can see her restlessness 
a hunger for the kind of direct 

4656
04:16:41,300 --> 04:16:43,100
knowledge that comes from 
looking inside. 

4657
04:16:44,400 --> 04:16:46,500
One day. 
She'll probably travel to those 

4658
04:16:46,500 --> 04:16:49,000
Southern cities. 
She'll probably observe 

4659
04:16:49,000 --> 04:16:51,500
dissections and learn anatomy in
ways. 

4660
04:16:51,500 --> 04:16:55,200
Her teacher, never could. 
And when she returns, if she 

4661
04:16:55,200 --> 04:16:58,200
returns, she'll know, things 
that will make her a better 

4662
04:16:58,208 --> 04:17:02,200
healer than he is, he accepts 
this, it's the natural 

4663
04:17:02,200 --> 04:17:05,700
progression of knowledge, each 
generation building on and 

4664
04:17:05,700 --> 04:17:09,400
surpassing what came before, but
he also knows that something 

4665
04:17:09,400 --> 04:17:10,800
will be lost in this 
progression. 

4666
04:17:11,700 --> 04:17:15,000
The careful art of inference. 
The skill of reading the 

4667
04:17:15,000 --> 04:17:18,700
invisible through the visible, 
these will become less valued as

4668
04:17:18,700 --> 04:17:20,600
direct observation becomes 
possible. 

4669
04:17:21,400 --> 04:17:23,700
Future healers will learn 
Anatomy from books and 

4670
04:17:23,700 --> 04:17:25,400
dissections, rather than 
developing. 

4671
04:17:25,400 --> 04:17:29,600
The patient to surface is been 
the foundation of medicine, for 

4672
04:17:29,600 --> 04:17:32,300
millennia. 
Is this progress or loss? 

4673
04:17:32,300 --> 04:17:36,400
Probably both. knowledge is 
never gained without cost and 

4674
04:17:36,400 --> 04:17:39,600
the costs on to always obvious 
at the time, The Healer 

4675
04:17:39,600 --> 04:17:43,300
continues, his work continues, 
his careful observations and 

4676
04:17:43,300 --> 04:17:45,800
continues teaching his 
Apprentice everything he knows. 

4677
04:17:47,200 --> 04:17:50,500
But the world is changing around
him and medicine is changing 

4678
04:17:50,500 --> 04:17:53,200
with it. 
Boundaries between permissible 

4679
04:17:53,200 --> 04:17:56,500
and forbidden or shifting. 
What seemed Unthinkable is 

4680
04:17:56,500 --> 04:17:59,600
becoming thinkable. 
Then doable then routine. 

4681
04:18:00,500 --> 04:18:02,500
He's living in a hinge moment, 
though. 

4682
04:18:02,500 --> 04:18:04,500
He can't fully see it from where
he stands. 

4683
04:18:05,300 --> 04:18:09,200
Medicine is beginning its slow, 
irreversible movement from 

4684
04:18:09,200 --> 04:18:13,500
inference to direct observation,
from Reading signs to examining 

4685
04:18:13,500 --> 04:18:17,800
structures. the body's interior 
is being unveiled and once seen 

4686
04:18:17,800 --> 04:18:23,100
it can never again be completely
mysterious part of him Mourns 

4687
04:18:23,100 --> 04:18:25,000
this. 
There was something beautiful 

4688
04:18:25,000 --> 04:18:28,400
about the old meds and about the
humble acknowledgment that some 

4689
04:18:28,400 --> 04:18:31,500
things remain hidden that we 
work with partial knowledge and 

4690
04:18:31,500 --> 04:18:34,800
must be content with it. 
There was crafted in building 

4691
04:18:34,800 --> 04:18:37,500
understanding through patient 
accumulation of surface 

4692
04:18:37,500 --> 04:18:40,600
observations through careful 
reasoning from visible to 

4693
04:18:40,600 --> 04:18:43,900
Invisible. 
But another part of him the part

4694
04:18:43,900 --> 04:18:46,800
that's a Healer before. 
Everything else knows, the 

4695
04:18:46,800 --> 04:18:50,400
direct knowledge will save lives
will make medicine more 

4696
04:18:50,400 --> 04:18:52,800
effective and will reduce the 
suffering. 

4697
04:18:52,800 --> 04:18:54,900
His witnessed over his Decades 
of practice. 

4698
04:18:55,700 --> 04:18:59,400
How can he argue against that? 
So he stands in this tension, 

4699
04:18:59,400 --> 04:19:02,700
honoring the old boundaries 
while ignoring their eventual 

4700
04:19:02,700 --> 04:19:05,300
dissolution. 
Teaching is Apprentice the 

4701
04:19:05,300 --> 04:19:08,400
careful Arts of inference while 
knowing she'll eventually have 

4702
04:19:08,400 --> 04:19:10,900
access to forms of knowledge 
that will make some of those 

4703
04:19:10,900 --> 04:19:14,700
Arts obsolete. 
The sacred and the Forbidden are

4704
04:19:14,700 --> 04:19:18,300
not static categories. 
What one generation considers 

4705
04:19:18,300 --> 04:19:21,300
Untouchable the next might see 
as necessary? 

4706
04:19:22,000 --> 04:19:24,900
And somewhere in this 
progression medicine is being 

4707
04:19:24,900 --> 04:19:27,600
transformed. 
Though, whether into something 

4708
04:19:27,600 --> 04:19:29,900
better or merely different 
remains to be seen? 

4709
04:19:30,700 --> 04:19:33,500
When the Healer tries to explain
to patients what's happening 

4710
04:19:33,500 --> 04:19:36,200
inside them, he doesn't use 
clinical language. 

4711
04:19:36,200 --> 04:19:41,000
There isn't any instead, he 
reaches for metaphors drawn from

4712
04:19:41,000 --> 04:19:44,500
the natural world images that 
make invisible processes 

4713
04:19:44,500 --> 04:19:47,800
comprehensible, Your body is 
like a garden. 

4714
04:19:47,800 --> 04:19:51,600
He tells a woman struggling with
chronic digestive problems right

4715
04:19:51,600 --> 04:19:53,500
now, the gardeners overgrown 
with weeds. 

4716
04:19:53,500 --> 04:19:57,400
We need to clear them gently 
prepare the soil and plant good 

4717
04:19:57,400 --> 04:20:00,300
things. 
It takes time, you can't rush a 

4718
04:20:00,300 --> 04:20:02,700
garden. 
The metaphor works because 

4719
04:20:02,700 --> 04:20:06,100
everyone understands Gardens 
knows about cultivation and 

4720
04:20:06,100 --> 04:20:09,400
patience and knows that forcing 
things doesn't help. 

4721
04:20:10,700 --> 04:20:13,600
The woman nods, her anxiety 
easing slightly. 

4722
04:20:13,600 --> 04:20:17,300
She can picture this and can 
understand treatment as tending 

4723
04:20:17,300 --> 04:20:22,700
rather than fighting. to a young
man with fever he says, Your 

4724
04:20:22,700 --> 04:20:26,800
body is fighting a fire inside. 
Fever is how it burns away the 

4725
04:20:26,800 --> 04:20:29,400
illness. 
Our job is to keep the fire from

4726
04:20:29,400 --> 04:20:33,100
spreading too hot, to give your 
body water and fuel for the 

4727
04:20:33,100 --> 04:20:36,100
fight, but not to extinguish the
fire to quickly. 

4728
04:20:36,100 --> 04:20:41,100
It's doing necessary work. 
Again the metaphor makes sense. 

4729
04:20:41,100 --> 04:20:44,800
Fire is something people 
understand respect and know how 

4730
04:20:44,808 --> 04:20:47,700
to work with. 
The young man gross that his 

4731
04:20:47,700 --> 04:20:50,400
fever isn't just something to 
suppress, but a tool his body is

4732
04:20:50,400 --> 04:20:52,700
using even if it feels 
uncomfortable. 

4733
04:20:54,400 --> 04:20:56,800
These nature metaphors aren't 
just teaching tools. 

4734
04:20:56,800 --> 04:20:59,600
They shape how the Healer 
himself thinks about the body. 

4735
04:20:59,600 --> 04:21:03,700
He genuinely sees it as Garden, 
like there's something that 

4736
04:21:03,700 --> 04:21:07,700
grows and needs tending that can
be harmed by harsh treatment or 

4737
04:21:07,700 --> 04:21:11,500
neglect and that responds to 
Gentle appropriate care. 

4738
04:21:12,400 --> 04:21:16,100
He sees it as River light with 
fluids and energies that need to

4739
04:21:16,100 --> 04:21:19,400
flow freely. 
When something blocks the flow 

4740
04:21:19,400 --> 04:21:23,400
injury illness stagnation 
problems are rise. 

4741
04:21:24,200 --> 04:21:27,200
Treatment often involves 
restoring flow removing 

4742
04:21:27,200 --> 04:21:30,500
blockages and ensuring. 
Nothing is damming up where it 

4743
04:21:30,500 --> 04:21:33,900
should run free. 
He sees it as fire like in his 

4744
04:21:33,900 --> 04:21:37,500
vital heat, the warmth that 
animates living tissue and 

4745
04:21:37,500 --> 04:21:41,500
withdraws in death. 
This vital fire needs fuel and 

4746
04:21:41,500 --> 04:21:44,200
air can burn too hot or too 
cool. 

4747
04:21:44,200 --> 04:21:48,900
And can be rekindled when low or
banked when excessive his 

4748
04:21:48,900 --> 04:21:52,300
Apprentice learns to think in 
these terms to see bodies as 

4749
04:21:52,308 --> 04:21:56,400
ecology is rather than machines,
as living systems, that 

4750
04:21:56,400 --> 04:22:00,200
self-regulate when healthy a 
need only guidance back toward 

4751
04:22:00,200 --> 04:22:03,300
balance when ill, It's a 
fundamentally different 

4752
04:22:03,300 --> 04:22:06,600
framework from Modern 
biomedicine, but it's not wrong.

4753
04:22:07,600 --> 04:22:09,900
It's just a different way of 
organizing understanding. 

4754
04:22:10,700 --> 04:22:13,300
When they examine a patient 
together, the Healer asks his 

4755
04:22:13,300 --> 04:22:17,400
Apprentice. what's the weather 
like inside this person, she's 

4756
04:22:17,400 --> 04:22:20,900
learned to answer in 
metaphorical terms, dampen, cold

4757
04:22:20,900 --> 04:22:27,000
stagnant, like a marsh, or hot 
and dry like Summer, Wind, These

4758
04:22:27,000 --> 04:22:30,500
descriptions capture something. 
Real about the patient State and

4759
04:22:30,500 --> 04:22:33,700
translating visible processes 
into observable patterns. 

4760
04:22:34,600 --> 04:22:38,500
The Healer also uses seasonal, 
metaphors bodies have seasons, 

4761
04:22:38,500 --> 04:22:43,200
just like the year does times of
growth and rest activity and 

4762
04:22:43,200 --> 04:22:46,100
dormant sea. 
Illness often comes from being 

4763
04:22:46,100 --> 04:22:49,600
in the wrong season internally 
from trying to maintain summer 

4764
04:22:49,600 --> 04:22:51,800
energy in Winter conditions, or 
vice versa. 

4765
04:22:53,100 --> 04:22:55,900
Treatment involves helping the 
body, find its appropriate 

4766
04:22:55,900 --> 04:22:58,600
season. 
He explains to an exhausted 

4767
04:22:58,600 --> 04:23:01,200
patient. 
You're trying to maintain High 

4768
04:23:01,200 --> 04:23:03,000
summer while your body needs 
Autumn. 

4769
04:23:03,000 --> 04:23:07,200
You need to slow down to let 
something die back to 

4770
04:23:07,200 --> 04:23:08,900
consolidate for the coming 
winter. 

4771
04:23:09,700 --> 04:23:12,900
Fighting against your season, 
only exhaust, you further. 

4772
04:23:14,000 --> 04:23:15,900
The patient understands this 
immediately. 

4773
04:23:15,900 --> 04:23:20,000
Everyone knows you can't force 
spring before its time and can't

4774
04:23:20,000 --> 04:23:24,100
hold on to Summer indefinitely 
accepting your season and 

4775
04:23:24,100 --> 04:23:26,000
working with it rather than 
against it. 

4776
04:23:26,000 --> 04:23:30,500
This makes intuitive sense. 
What's remarkable is, how useful

4777
04:23:30,500 --> 04:23:33,600
these metaphors are how much 
they capture about bodily 

4778
04:23:33,600 --> 04:23:35,900
processes? 
Despite having no basis in 

4779
04:23:35,908 --> 04:23:41,100
anatomy or physiology as it will
later be understood The Healer 

4780
04:23:41,100 --> 04:23:44,600
doesn't know about cells or 
organs or biochemistry, but is 

4781
04:23:44,600 --> 04:23:46,900
Garden River. 
Fire framework allows him to 

4782
04:23:46,900 --> 04:23:49,800
think productively about health 
and illness and to make 

4783
04:23:49,800 --> 04:23:51,600
treatment decisions that often 
work. 

4784
04:23:53,100 --> 04:23:57,000
This is because metaphors aren't
just poetic decoration, they're 

4785
04:23:57,000 --> 04:23:59,900
thinking tools. 
They organize observations 

4786
04:23:59,900 --> 04:24:02,300
suggest interventions and 
predict outcomes. 

4787
04:24:03,600 --> 04:24:06,400
The garden metaphor leads to 
certain treatment approaches 

4788
04:24:06,400 --> 04:24:10,800
gentle cultivation over harsh 
intervention, attention to 

4789
04:24:10,800 --> 04:24:14,400
environment and nourishment and 
patients with natural growth 

4790
04:24:14,400 --> 04:24:17,900
processes. 
The river metaphor suggests 

4791
04:24:17,900 --> 04:24:22,900
others removeing, blockages 
restoring flow, and ensuring 

4792
04:24:22,900 --> 04:24:26,300
nothing stagnates. different 
healers favor different 

4793
04:24:26,300 --> 04:24:28,900
metaphors and develop different 
Frameworks for understanding 

4794
04:24:29,900 --> 04:24:34,400
some see the body primarily in 
terms of balance hot and cold 

4795
04:24:34,400 --> 04:24:39,900
dry and moist all needing to be 
kept in proportion. others 

4796
04:24:39,900 --> 04:24:44,000
emphasize vitality the life 
force that animates the body and

4797
04:24:44,000 --> 04:24:48,500
who strength determines health. 
Still others focus on Spirits or

4798
04:24:48,500 --> 04:24:52,800
energies invisible forces that 
flow through the body and can be

4799
04:24:52,808 --> 04:24:56,700
directed or redirected these 
different Frameworks lead to 

4800
04:24:56,700 --> 04:24:58,800
different medicines and 
different treatment approaches. 

4801
04:24:58,800 --> 04:25:02,800
But all of them share something 
important, they see the body as 

4802
04:25:02,800 --> 04:25:06,900
a live as a system with its own 
intelligence and self-healing 

4803
04:25:06,900 --> 04:25:10,200
capacity as something to be 
supported rather than 

4804
04:25:10,200 --> 04:25:13,800
controlled. 
The healers Apprentice asks in 

4805
04:25:13,800 --> 04:25:17,300
one day. 
These metaphors true is the body

4806
04:25:17,300 --> 04:25:22,000
really like a garden or a river.
Considers this carefully their 

4807
04:25:22,000 --> 04:25:25,400
true enough to be useful whether
they're literally accurate 

4808
04:25:25,400 --> 04:25:29,300
whether there's actually fire 
inside us or fluids that flow 

4809
04:25:29,300 --> 04:25:32,900
exactly like Rivers. 
I can't say I have never seen 

4810
04:25:32,900 --> 04:25:37,000
inside but the metaphors help me
think clearly about what I 

4811
04:25:37,000 --> 04:25:39,700
observe and help me make 
predictions that often turn out,

4812
04:25:39,700 --> 04:25:44,400
right. that's a kind of truth, 
even if it's not the only kind, 

4813
04:25:45,400 --> 04:25:48,200
This pragmatic approach to 
knowledge is characteristic of 

4814
04:25:48,200 --> 04:25:51,400
the healer's medicine. 
He's not primarily concerned 

4815
04:25:51,400 --> 04:25:55,500
with absolute truth. 
How could he be working with a 

4816
04:25:55,500 --> 04:25:57,100
body? 
He can't see inside. 

4817
04:25:57,100 --> 04:26:01,100
He's concerned with useful, 
understanding with Frameworks 

4818
04:26:01,100 --> 04:26:04,100
that help him help people. 
And with models, that guide 

4819
04:26:04,100 --> 04:26:09,000
effective action over time these
metaphors become so embedded in 

4820
04:26:09,000 --> 04:26:12,800
medical thinking that they're 
almost invisible just the way 

4821
04:26:12,800 --> 04:26:16,400
things are understood. 
Future Physicians will inherit 

4822
04:26:16,400 --> 04:26:19,800
them and build on them sometimes
without realizing their working 

4823
04:26:19,800 --> 04:26:21,700
within metaphorical Frameworks 
at all. 

4824
04:26:22,900 --> 04:26:26,000
And when direct anatomical, 
observation eventually becomes 

4825
04:26:26,000 --> 04:26:29,700
possible when the body's 
interior is finally unveiled. 

4826
04:26:30,400 --> 04:26:32,700
These old metaphors won't 
immediately disappear. 

4827
04:26:33,600 --> 04:26:35,600
Some will be abandoned as 
clearly wrong. 

4828
04:26:35,600 --> 04:26:39,600
But others will persist 
transformed but recognizable 

4829
04:26:39,600 --> 04:26:41,800
because they captured something 
true. 

4830
04:26:41,800 --> 04:26:43,800
Even if they got the mechanism 
wrong. 

4831
04:26:45,400 --> 04:26:48,700
The idea of balance, for 
instance, that Health involves 

4832
04:26:48,700 --> 04:26:52,200
maintaining proper proportions 
between different elements will 

4833
04:26:52,200 --> 04:26:56,400
continue in new forms, 
translated into homeostasis and 

4834
04:26:56,400 --> 04:27:00,600
physiological regulation. 
The idea of flow will persist in

4835
04:27:00,600 --> 04:27:03,200
understanding of circulation and
neural conduction. 

4836
04:27:04,200 --> 04:27:06,700
The idea of vital heat will 
eventually be understood in 

4837
04:27:06,700 --> 04:27:11,000
terms of metabolism, but the 
basic Insight that living bodies

4838
04:27:11,000 --> 04:27:14,700
generate and maintain warmth and
that this warmth is essential to

4839
04:27:14,700 --> 04:27:18,900
life remains accurate. 
So the healers metaphors aren't 

4840
04:27:18,900 --> 04:27:21,500
just primitive placeholders for 
better knowledge to come. 

4841
04:27:21,500 --> 04:27:26,000
They're genuine insights ways of
organizing observation that 

4842
04:27:26,008 --> 04:27:29,700
capture real patterns even when 
the underlying explanations are 

4843
04:27:29,700 --> 04:27:32,300
wrong. 
They're how medicine thinks when

4844
04:27:32,300 --> 04:27:35,800
it can't see how understanding 
develops in the absence of 

4845
04:27:35,800 --> 04:27:40,000
direct observation. 
As the afternoon like slant 

4846
04:27:40,000 --> 04:27:43,200
through the window, the Healer 
and his Apprentice continue 

4847
04:27:43,200 --> 04:27:46,000
their work. 
Seeing bodies, as gardeners 

4848
04:27:46,000 --> 04:27:50,400
needing tending, Rivers needing 
flow and fires needing fuel. 

4849
04:27:51,300 --> 04:27:55,500
And somehow impossibly this 
works, people get better under 

4850
04:27:55,500 --> 04:27:58,900
their care more often than not. 
The metaphors for all their 

4851
04:27:58,900 --> 04:28:01,100
limitations are sufficient to 
guide healing. 

4852
04:28:01,100 --> 04:28:05,300
The body remains mysterious in 
its depth but its surface is 

4853
04:28:05,300 --> 04:28:07,400
speak clearly to those who learn
its languages. 

4854
04:28:08,300 --> 04:28:12,800
The language of pulse and color 
of heat and moisture of balance 

4855
04:28:12,800 --> 04:28:15,600
and flow. 
All understood through metaphors

4856
04:28:15,600 --> 04:28:18,800
drawn from the world. 
Everyone knows the visible world

4857
04:28:18,800 --> 04:28:22,400
of Gardens and rivers and fire. 
That helps make sense of the 

4858
04:28:22,400 --> 04:28:26,100
invisible world within the 
healers bag contains tools, 

4859
04:28:26,100 --> 04:28:28,100
though. 
None of them would be recognized

4860
04:28:28,100 --> 04:28:30,200
as medical instruments by Modern
Eyes. 

4861
04:28:30,900 --> 04:28:33,800
There are sharp flints for 
Lancing boils and cutting away 

4862
04:28:33,800 --> 04:28:37,500
dead tissue Hollow Reeds for 
drawing fluid from swollen 

4863
04:28:37,500 --> 04:28:40,400
joints. 
Pieces of polished bone used 

4864
04:28:40,400 --> 04:28:44,100
from massage and manipulation 
lengths of gut for stitching 

4865
04:28:44,100 --> 04:28:48,900
wounds strips of bark, for 
splinting broken bones, these 

4866
04:28:48,900 --> 04:28:51,700
are primitive tools in the sense
that they're made from natural 

4867
04:28:51,700 --> 04:28:55,700
materials crafted by hand and 
limited in what they can do. 

4868
04:28:55,700 --> 04:29:00,000
But their sophisticated in their
use representing generations of 

4869
04:29:00,008 --> 04:29:04,200
a refinement of discovering what
works and what doesn't and have 

4870
04:29:04,200 --> 04:29:06,700
adapting available materials to 
medical purposes. 

4871
04:29:07,900 --> 04:29:10,900
The healer is teaching his 
Apprentice to Lance an abscess. 

4872
04:29:11,800 --> 04:29:14,200
Swollen, painful. 
Collection of pus that needs 

4873
04:29:14,200 --> 04:29:16,700
draining. 
He shows a how to select the 

4874
04:29:16,700 --> 04:29:20,500
sharp as Flint, how to heat it. 
Briefly inflamed to cleanse it, 

4875
04:29:20,500 --> 04:29:23,800
how to position the patients of 
their braced and comfortable, 

4876
04:29:23,800 --> 04:29:27,300
and how to make a quick clean 
cut at the lowest point of the 

4877
04:29:27,300 --> 04:29:29,200
swelling. 
So gravity helps with drainage 

4878
04:29:30,900 --> 04:29:34,500
Speed is kindness here. 
He tells a hesitation prolongs 

4879
04:29:34,500 --> 04:29:37,900
pain decide where you're going 
to cut then do it decisively. 

4880
04:29:39,400 --> 04:29:41,400
She practices first on a piece 
of fruit. 

4881
04:29:42,100 --> 04:29:45,000
Learning the angle and pressure 
needed for a clean incision. 

4882
04:29:45,000 --> 04:29:48,900
Then, with the Healer, guiding 
her hand, she makes her first 

4883
04:29:48,900 --> 04:29:52,800
cut on an actual patient. 
The abscess drains immediately 

4884
04:29:52,800 --> 04:29:55,500
relieving pressure. 
Patient gasps. 

4885
04:29:55,500 --> 04:29:59,100
But then relaxes the throbbing 
pain already beginning to ease. 

4886
04:29:59,900 --> 04:30:03,900
This is surgery at its most 
basic cutting to release to 

4887
04:30:03,900 --> 04:30:08,200
remove to repair. 
Its limited by tools and by the 

4888
04:30:08,200 --> 04:30:11,100
fundamental problem that cutting
deeply into a living body. 

4889
04:30:11,100 --> 04:30:14,500
Almost inevitably leads to death
from bleeding or infection. 

4890
04:30:15,900 --> 04:30:19,800
So surgical intervention remains
superficial confined to surface 

4891
04:30:19,800 --> 04:30:22,500
problems that can be addressed 
without entering the body's 

4892
04:30:22,500 --> 04:30:25,300
core. 
But within these limitations 

4893
04:30:25,300 --> 04:30:29,200
significant work can be done. 
The Healer can stitch, torn 

4894
04:30:29,200 --> 04:30:32,900
skin, aligning edges carefully. 
So they heal with minimal 

4895
04:30:32,900 --> 04:30:36,300
scarring. 
He can set broken bones, feeling

4896
04:30:36,300 --> 04:30:39,600
through skin to position 
fragments correctly, then 

4897
04:30:39,600 --> 04:30:41,700
splintering them. 
So they stay in place during 

4898
04:30:41,700 --> 04:30:44,800
healing. 
Can remove surface, growths 

4899
04:30:44,800 --> 04:30:49,200
extract, foreign objects like 
Thorns or embedded stones and 

4900
04:30:49,200 --> 04:30:52,900
drain fluid collections. 
He is also learned careful 

4901
04:30:52,900 --> 04:30:56,700
techniques for Corey using 
heated metal to seal bleeding or

4902
04:30:56,700 --> 04:31:01,700
burnaway diseased tissue. 
Brutal sometimes necessary and 

4903
04:31:01,700 --> 04:31:03,800
he's refined the process as much
as possible. 

4904
04:31:04,700 --> 04:31:09,300
Knowing how hot the metal should
be, how long to apply it and how

4905
04:31:09,300 --> 04:31:12,200
to minimize damage to 
surrounding healthy tissue. 

4906
04:31:12,900 --> 04:31:14,900
His Apprentice learns. 
All of this through careful, 

4907
04:31:14,900 --> 04:31:17,700
practice. 
Starting with simple tasks and 

4908
04:31:17,700 --> 04:31:19,600
gradually moving to more complex
ones. 

4909
04:31:20,700 --> 04:31:23,800
She learns that successful. 
Use of tools isn't about the 

4910
04:31:23,800 --> 04:31:27,100
tools themselves, but about the 
knowledge and skill, guiding 

4911
04:31:27,100 --> 04:31:30,200
them. 
Sharp Flint inexperienced hands 

4912
04:31:30,200 --> 04:31:33,700
is just a dangerous Rock. 
In the healers hands. 

4913
04:31:33,700 --> 04:31:35,700
It becomes a precise surgical 
instrument. 

4914
04:31:36,600 --> 04:31:39,500
The Healer has also developed 
specialized tools for specific 

4915
04:31:39,500 --> 04:31:42,500
purposes. 
A curved bone needle for 

4916
04:31:42,500 --> 04:31:46,400
stitching, an awkward locations,
a flat stone with a carefully 

4917
04:31:46,400 --> 04:31:50,200
ground Edge for scraping away, 
infection from wounds, a Halo 

4918
04:31:50,200 --> 04:31:53,300
bird bone, for blowing medicinal
powders and to ears or throats. 

4919
04:31:53,300 --> 04:31:57,200
Each tool represents someone's 
clever solution to a practical 

4920
04:31:57,200 --> 04:31:59,700
problem, refined through trial 
and error. 

4921
04:32:00,600 --> 04:32:03,500
Some tools serve diagnostic 
rather than therapeutic 

4922
04:32:03,500 --> 04:32:06,000
purposes. 
The Healer has a collection of 

4923
04:32:06,000 --> 04:32:09,100
different weights. 
Small stones of known heaviness 

4924
04:32:09,100 --> 04:32:13,200
that he uses to test muscle 
strength, having patience lift 

4925
04:32:13,200 --> 04:32:15,300
or hold them to assess their 
capacity. 

4926
04:32:15,300 --> 04:32:18,800
He has wooden rods of various 
sizes for testing joint 

4927
04:32:18,800 --> 04:32:21,700
flexibility. 
Seeing how far a limb can bend 

4928
04:32:21,700 --> 04:32:23,700
before resistance or pain 
appears. 

4929
04:32:24,400 --> 04:32:27,400
He's even developed a crude but 
effective tool for listening to 

4930
04:32:27,408 --> 04:32:30,000
the chest. 
A hollow wooden tube that 

4931
04:32:30,008 --> 04:32:32,500
amplifies, the sounds of 
heartbeat and breath when 

4932
04:32:32,500 --> 04:32:36,300
pressed against the skin. 
It's not as sophisticated as the

4933
04:32:36,300 --> 04:32:39,700
stethoscope that will eventually
be invented, but it serves a 

4934
04:32:39,708 --> 04:32:43,600
similar purpose allowing him to 
hear things his naked ear would 

4935
04:32:43,600 --> 04:32:47,300
miss The Apprentice is 
fascinated by this listening 

4936
04:32:47,300 --> 04:32:51,100
tube or how much information it 
reveals through it. 

4937
04:32:51,100 --> 04:32:54,600
She can hear the hearts Rhythm 
clearly and can distinguish 

4938
04:32:54,600 --> 04:32:58,300
strong Beats from weak ones and 
regular from irregular. 

4939
04:32:59,300 --> 04:33:01,700
She can hear breath moving in 
the lungs and can detect 

4940
04:33:01,700 --> 04:33:04,900
wheezers and rattles that 
indicate obstruction or fluid. 

4941
04:33:05,800 --> 04:33:09,700
This tool extends your senses, 
the Healer explains your ears 

4942
04:33:09,700 --> 04:33:12,700
alone, might miss these sounds, 
but the tube gathers them, 

4943
04:33:12,700 --> 04:33:15,500
focuses them and makes them 
Audible. 

4944
04:33:16,300 --> 04:33:20,400
Good tools don't replace skill. 
They enhance it allowing you to 

4945
04:33:20,400 --> 04:33:24,800
observe more precisely. 
This principle guides all his 

4946
04:33:24,800 --> 04:33:29,200
tool use tools are Servants of 
observation and intervention not

4947
04:33:29,200 --> 04:33:30,900
replacements for knowledge and 
judgment. 

4948
04:33:31,700 --> 04:33:34,599
The tool can help you see or 
hear or manipulate more 

4949
04:33:34,599 --> 04:33:37,800
precisely, but it can't tell you
what you're seeing or what to do

4950
04:33:37,800 --> 04:33:40,400
about it. 
That requires understanding 

4951
04:33:40,400 --> 04:33:43,099
built through experience and 
teaching. 

4952
04:33:43,900 --> 04:33:46,599
The Healer also understands the 
limitations of his tools. 

4953
04:33:47,599 --> 04:33:49,700
Many things he'd like to do 
remain impossible. 

4954
04:33:50,700 --> 04:33:53,700
Can't look inside a living body 
to see what's causing internal 

4955
04:33:53,700 --> 04:33:56,700
problems. 
He can't reach deeply enough to 

4956
04:33:56,700 --> 04:34:00,099
repair damaged organs. 
He can't measure with Precision 

4957
04:34:00,099 --> 04:34:03,900
can't quantify blood flow or 
body temperature or blood 

4958
04:34:03,900 --> 04:34:06,500
composition. 
All his measurements are 

4959
04:34:06,500 --> 04:34:11,800
relative hotter than weaker than
more swollen than these 

4960
04:34:11,800 --> 04:34:14,700
limitations frustrating 
sometimes a special when they 

4961
04:34:14,700 --> 04:34:16,000
prevent him from helping 
someone. 

4962
04:34:16,000 --> 04:34:18,599
He knows could be saved. 
If only he could see what was 

4963
04:34:18,599 --> 04:34:22,000
wrong reach where the problem 
was and measure what needed 

4964
04:34:22,000 --> 04:34:25,000
measuring. 
But he's learned to work within 

4965
04:34:25,000 --> 04:34:28,300
constraints to do what's 
possible rather than morning. 

4966
04:34:28,300 --> 04:34:31,000
What isn't? 
His Apprentice will inherit 

4967
04:34:31,000 --> 04:34:33,300
these tools along with the 
knowledge of how to use them. 

4968
04:34:34,000 --> 04:34:37,099
She'll probably modify some and 
create new ones as she 

4969
04:34:37,099 --> 04:34:39,800
encounters problems. 
That existing tools don't solve.

4970
04:34:40,599 --> 04:34:43,500
This is how Medical Technology 
develops in the absence of 

4971
04:34:43,500 --> 04:34:46,900
manufactured instruments. 
Through small incremental, 

4972
04:34:46,900 --> 04:34:49,599
Innovations by practitioners 
trying to solve specific 

4973
04:34:49,599 --> 04:34:53,800
problems. over Generations, 
tools become more refined 

4974
04:34:53,800 --> 04:34:58,700
materials improve Stone, gives 
way to metal and crude needles 

4975
04:34:58,700 --> 04:35:02,000
to precisely crafted once 
technique's become more 

4976
04:35:02,000 --> 04:35:05,800
sophisticated Knowledge. 
Accumulates about what works and

4977
04:35:05,800 --> 04:35:08,900
what doesn't what safe and 
what's dangerous? 

4978
04:35:10,200 --> 04:35:14,200
The fundamental principle 
remains tools extend the healers

4979
04:35:14,200 --> 04:35:17,000
capabilities without replacing 
the healers judgment. 

4980
04:35:18,099 --> 04:35:21,099
Sharp knife can heal or harm 
depending on the knowledge. 

4981
04:35:21,099 --> 04:35:24,900
Guiding it A listening tube, can
reveal important information 

4982
04:35:24,900 --> 04:35:27,700
that only to ears trained to 
interpret what they hear. 

4983
04:35:29,099 --> 04:35:32,200
As the afternoon wears on the 
Healer, in his Apprentice clean 

4984
04:35:32,200 --> 04:35:35,000
and organized the tools a ritual
performed. 

4985
04:35:35,000 --> 04:35:38,599
After each day's work, each tool
is examined for damage, 

4986
04:35:38,599 --> 04:35:43,000
sharpened or polished as needed.
And raped carefully for storage.

4987
04:35:43,000 --> 04:35:47,599
This care matters tools that 
aren't maintained properly 

4988
04:35:47,599 --> 04:35:52,400
become unreliable potentially 
dangerous, The Apprentice asks 

4989
04:35:52,400 --> 04:35:55,700
about tools, she's heard of from
distant lands needles. 

4990
04:35:55,700 --> 04:35:58,900
So fine, they can Pierce skin 
without pain and blade. 

4991
04:35:58,900 --> 04:36:02,400
So sharp they cut without 
tearing the Healer nods. 

4992
04:36:03,200 --> 04:36:07,200
Such tools exist made by crafts 
people who've devoted their 

4993
04:36:07,200 --> 04:36:10,400
lives to perfecting them. 
Perhaps someday we'll have 

4994
04:36:10,400 --> 04:36:13,900
access to them. 
But remember better tools won't 

4995
04:36:13,900 --> 04:36:16,599
make you a better healer if your
knowledge and judgment aren't 

4996
04:36:16,599 --> 04:36:20,599
equally refined. 
Tools are only as good as the 

4997
04:36:20,599 --> 04:36:24,300
hands and mind wielding them. 
This wisdom guides the 

4998
04:36:24,300 --> 04:36:27,900
apprentices learning, she 
practices, not just with tools, 

4999
04:36:27,900 --> 04:36:30,200
but also on understanding when 
to use them. 

5000
04:36:30,200 --> 04:36:34,200
And when not to when 
intervention helps, and when it 

5001
04:36:34,200 --> 04:36:38,400
harms the most important tools, 
she's learning is Judgment the 

5002
04:36:38,400 --> 04:36:41,400
ability to assess situations 
accurately and respond 

5003
04:36:41,400 --> 04:36:44,900
appropriately. 
Physical tools are secondary to 

5004
04:36:44,900 --> 04:36:49,500
this as night falls, the tools, 
rest in their bag waiting for 

5005
04:36:49,500 --> 04:36:52,200
tomorrow's needs their simple 
things. 

5006
04:36:52,200 --> 04:36:54,500
These flints and bones and 
reads. 

5007
04:36:54,500 --> 04:36:57,900
But in skilled hands their 
sufficient from much of the work

5008
04:36:57,900 --> 04:37:01,000
that needs doing. 
Not everything, never 

5009
04:37:01,000 --> 04:37:05,500
everything, but enough enough to
relieve suffering to repair 

5010
04:37:05,500 --> 04:37:08,099
damaged and to support the 
body's own healing efforts. 

5011
04:37:08,800 --> 04:37:12,300
The Healer knows that someday 
tools will be more sophisticated

5012
04:37:12,300 --> 04:37:16,200
than anything he can imagine. 
But he also knows that the 

5013
04:37:16,200 --> 04:37:18,200
fundamental work will remain the
same. 

5014
04:37:18,200 --> 04:37:22,000
Using whatever tools are 
available Guided by whatever 

5015
04:37:22,000 --> 04:37:24,700
knowledge has been accumulated 
to help bodies heal. 

5016
04:37:25,400 --> 04:37:28,599
The tools may change that the 
purpose endures. 

5017
04:37:28,599 --> 04:37:31,900
The Healer sits alone in the 
darkness of early morning, 

5018
04:37:31,900 --> 04:37:35,000
unable to sleep. 
He's thinking about the child, 

5019
04:37:35,000 --> 04:37:37,800
he lost yesterday. 
A little girl who came to him 

5020
04:37:37,800 --> 04:37:39,500
with what seemed like a simple 
fever. 

5021
04:37:40,400 --> 04:37:43,599
He treated it the way he treated
dozens of similar cases. 

5022
04:37:43,599 --> 04:37:46,599
Cooling cloths, plenty of 
fluids. 

5023
04:37:46,599 --> 04:37:50,700
Careful watching. 
But this time the fever didn't 

5024
04:37:50,700 --> 04:37:55,300
break it climbed in Stead and 
climbed until the child began 

5025
04:37:55,300 --> 04:37:59,400
convulsing. 
And then she was gone despite 

5026
04:37:59,400 --> 04:38:02,400
everything he tried. 
He failed. 

5027
04:38:03,099 --> 04:38:06,500
Not through negligence, or 
ignorance of what he knew that 

5028
04:38:06,500 --> 04:38:09,000
simply because what he wasn't 
enough. 

5029
04:38:10,400 --> 04:38:13,400
It was something different about
this case, something he didn't 

5030
04:38:13,400 --> 04:38:16,200
recognize in time. 
Some Factor, he didn't 

5031
04:38:16,207 --> 04:38:18,800
understand that turned a routine
illness into a deadly one. 

5032
04:38:18,800 --> 04:38:22,400
This is the hardest part of 
medicine harder than the 

5033
04:38:22,400 --> 04:38:25,400
physical demands or the long 
hours the failures. 

5034
04:38:25,400 --> 04:38:28,700
The people you can't help 
despite your best efforts. 

5035
04:38:28,700 --> 04:38:32,900
Despite all your accumulated 
knowledge and skill, the cases 

5036
04:38:32,900 --> 04:38:36,099
that remind you, how much you 
don't know how many Mysteries 

5037
04:38:36,099 --> 04:38:39,200
remain unsolved. 
The Healer has lost patience. 

5038
04:38:39,200 --> 04:38:41,599
Before many over his long 
career. 

5039
04:38:42,400 --> 04:38:44,400
You can't practice medicine 
without sometimes. 

5040
04:38:44,400 --> 04:38:48,700
Failing human body is too 
complex to variable, and to 

5041
04:38:48,700 --> 04:38:53,000
affected by factors beyond any 
healers control, some people get

5042
04:38:53,000 --> 04:38:56,700
better, and some don't, and the 
line between those outcomes 

5043
04:38:56,700 --> 04:39:00,300
isn't always clear. 
But each loss still hurts. 

5044
04:39:01,099 --> 04:39:03,700
Still feels like personal 
failure, even when 

5045
04:39:03,700 --> 04:39:05,300
intellectually he knows it 
isn't. 

5046
04:39:06,900 --> 04:39:08,800
The little girl's face haunts 
him. 

5047
04:39:08,800 --> 04:39:12,599
Her frightened eyes in those 
Final hours when he could see he

5048
04:39:12,599 --> 04:39:14,500
was losing her. 
But didn't know why, or how to 

5049
04:39:14,500 --> 04:39:17,500
stop it. 
His Apprentice finds him there 

5050
04:39:17,500 --> 04:39:21,200
at dawn sitting with his grief. 
She's young enough that she 

5051
04:39:21,200 --> 04:39:24,599
still believes skilled heeler, 
shouldn't lose patience and that

5052
04:39:24,599 --> 04:39:26,700
knowledge should be sufficient 
to save everyone. 

5053
04:39:27,500 --> 04:39:30,200
She doesn't yet understand. 
That medicines power is limited 

5054
04:39:30,200 --> 04:39:33,000
that many battles are lost 
regardless of skill. 

5055
04:39:34,000 --> 04:39:36,500
Tell me what happened. 
She says, what went wrong. 

5056
04:39:37,500 --> 04:39:39,400
The Healer describes the case in
detail. 

5057
04:39:39,400 --> 04:39:43,600
Every symptom, he observed, 
every decision he made every 

5058
04:39:43,600 --> 04:39:45,900
treatment. 
He attempted he's trying to 

5059
04:39:45,900 --> 04:39:48,900
learn from the failure to 
understand what he missed, or 

5060
04:39:48,900 --> 04:39:51,900
misunderstood and to see if 
there was a different path, he 

5061
04:39:51,900 --> 04:39:55,100
could have taken. 
But the truth, which he's coming

5062
04:39:55,100 --> 04:39:59,400
to accept, is that he probably 
couldn't have saved her, not 

5063
04:39:59,400 --> 04:40:02,500
with what he knows, not with the
tools he has available. 

5064
04:40:03,400 --> 04:40:06,500
The illness moved too fast and 
attacked something vital that he

5065
04:40:06,508 --> 04:40:10,900
has no way to reach or repair. 
Perhaps in the future with more 

5066
04:40:10,900 --> 04:40:13,100
knowledge. 
Someone will know how to treat 

5067
04:40:13,100 --> 04:40:17,800
such cases but he doesn't This 
realization doesn't comfort him.

5068
04:40:17,800 --> 04:40:20,100
It just makes the loss feel 
bigger. 

5069
04:40:20,100 --> 04:40:24,100
Not just this one child, but all
the people who will die from 

5070
04:40:24,100 --> 04:40:27,900
similar calls is until medicine.
Advanced is enough to prevent 

5071
04:40:27,900 --> 04:40:29,400
those deaths. 
How many? 

5072
04:40:29,400 --> 04:40:33,200
How long His Apprentice is 
struggling with her own 

5073
04:40:33,200 --> 04:40:36,600
reactions, she was there, she 
helped with the treatment and 

5074
04:40:36,600 --> 04:40:40,400
she also to save the child. 
Should we have done something 

5075
04:40:40,400 --> 04:40:43,400
differently? 
She asks bled her given 

5076
04:40:43,400 --> 04:40:45,300
different herbs called for other
Healers. 

5077
04:40:46,100 --> 04:40:49,600
I don't know the Healer admits 
I've been asking myself the same

5078
04:40:49,608 --> 04:40:52,600
questions, but I don't think any
of those things would have 

5079
04:40:52,608 --> 04:40:55,000
changed the outcome. 
This was beyond our current 

5080
04:40:55,000 --> 04:40:58,000
understanding, then what uses 
all are learning. 

5081
04:40:58,000 --> 04:41:01,400
If we still can't help, it's a 
bit of question and the Healer 

5082
04:41:01,400 --> 04:41:02,700
doesn't have a satisfying 
answer. 

5083
04:41:03,600 --> 04:41:06,700
We help many, he says, finally 
not all but many. 

5084
04:41:07,500 --> 04:41:10,600
And every case teachers are 
something even the failures. 

5085
04:41:11,500 --> 04:41:15,000
especially the failures Maybe 
They show us the boundaries of 

5086
04:41:15,000 --> 04:41:17,300
our knowledge and point us 
toward what we still need to 

5087
04:41:17,300 --> 04:41:20,000
learn. 
Over the following days, the 

5088
04:41:20,000 --> 04:41:21,500
Healer carefully reviews, 
everything. 

5089
04:41:21,500 --> 04:41:24,700
About the case, makes detailed 
notes of symptoms and 

5090
04:41:24,700 --> 04:41:27,700
progression and tries to 
identify patterns that might 

5091
04:41:27,700 --> 04:41:29,900
help him. 
Recognize similar cases, early 

5092
04:41:29,900 --> 04:41:32,500
in the future. 
He asks, other healers, if 

5093
04:41:32,500 --> 04:41:36,000
they've seen anything like it, 
share his observations and seeks

5094
04:41:36,000 --> 04:41:38,800
their input. 
Slowly a clearer picture 

5095
04:41:38,800 --> 04:41:41,400
emerges. 
This illness though rare has 

5096
04:41:41,400 --> 04:41:44,100
been seen before. 
It comes on like an ordinary 

5097
04:41:44,100 --> 04:41:46,900
fever but progresses differently
and attacks the brain in ways. 

5098
04:41:46,900 --> 04:41:49,500
Most fevers don't it kills 
quickly. 

5099
04:41:49,500 --> 04:41:52,900
And there's no known treatment 
for helps the best. 

5100
04:41:52,900 --> 04:41:56,500
Anyone can do is recognize it 
early and warn the family to 

5101
04:41:56,500 --> 04:41:59,600
prepare for the worst. 
This knowledge doesn't save the 

5102
04:41:59,600 --> 04:42:03,300
little girl who's already lost. 
But it might help the next child

5103
04:42:03,300 --> 04:42:06,400
who developed similar symptoms 
might allow the Healer to give 

5104
04:42:06,408 --> 04:42:10,600
families realistic expectations 
and might prevent false hope or 

5105
04:42:10,600 --> 04:42:13,500
unnecessary, harsh treatments 
tried in desperation. 

5106
04:42:14,500 --> 04:42:17,700
This is how medical knowledge 
advances in part through 

5107
04:42:17,700 --> 04:42:20,200
failures. 
Through careful, attention to 

5108
04:42:20,200 --> 04:42:23,100
cases that, don't respond to 
standard treatments and through 

5109
04:42:23,100 --> 04:42:26,200
the painful, accumulation of 
understanding about what doesn't

5110
04:42:26,200 --> 04:42:30,200
work and what might work better 
the Healer shares this case, 

5111
04:42:30,200 --> 04:42:33,600
with his Apprentice, not to 
burden her but to teach her and 

5112
04:42:33,600 --> 04:42:37,800
essential lesson medicine is 
built on failure as much as 

5113
04:42:37,800 --> 04:42:40,600
success. 
Every effective treatment was 

5114
04:42:40,600 --> 04:42:44,400
discovered by trying, many 
ineffective ones, every accurate

5115
04:42:44,400 --> 04:42:46,500
understanding of disease, 
progression was built by 

5116
04:42:46,500 --> 04:42:49,800
carefully, observing many 
disease, progressions, including

5117
04:42:49,800 --> 04:42:53,400
fatal ones. 
Don't let failure paralyze you. 

5118
04:42:53,400 --> 04:42:55,700
He tells her but don't dismiss 
it either. 

5119
04:42:56,500 --> 04:42:59,800
Hold each failure, carefully 
learn from it and let it make 

5120
04:42:59,800 --> 04:43:01,400
you more humble and more 
determined. 

5121
04:43:01,400 --> 04:43:05,400
The worst thing would be to 
become callous to stop caring 

5122
04:43:05,400 --> 04:43:08,600
about the ones you lose. 
Your grief is proof that you're 

5123
04:43:08,600 --> 04:43:10,000
still taking this work. 
Seriously. 

5124
04:43:11,300 --> 04:43:14,500
The Apprentice nods trying to 
integrate this difficult truth. 

5125
04:43:15,300 --> 04:43:17,800
She's learning, that medicine 
isn't about always winning. 

5126
04:43:17,800 --> 04:43:20,200
It isn't about heroic 
interventions. 

5127
04:43:20,200 --> 04:43:21,700
That snatch people back from 
death. 

5128
04:43:22,500 --> 04:43:26,200
It's about steady patient work 
about helping where you can 

5129
04:43:26,200 --> 04:43:30,600
accepting limits where you must 
and constantly trying to expand 

5130
04:43:30,600 --> 04:43:33,300
what's possible through careful 
observation and learning. 

5131
04:43:34,800 --> 04:43:38,000
Some failures are preventable 
caused by ignorance or 

5132
04:43:38,000 --> 04:43:42,300
carelessness or poor judgment. 
Those demand accountability and 

5133
04:43:42,300 --> 04:43:45,000
Improvement. 
But other failures are simply 

5134
04:43:45,000 --> 04:43:46,600
the current boundary of 
possible. 

5135
04:43:46,600 --> 04:43:49,900
And all you can do is try to 
push that boundary outward 

5136
04:43:49,900 --> 04:43:51,600
through patient effort over 
time. 

5137
04:43:52,600 --> 04:43:55,600
The Healer returns to work, 
carries on with his rounds and 

5138
04:43:55,600 --> 04:43:57,200
treats the patients who come to 
him. 

5139
04:43:58,100 --> 04:44:00,200
But he carries the little girls 
memory with him. 

5140
04:44:00,200 --> 04:44:03,500
Adding her case to his mental 
catalog of unsold. 

5141
04:44:03,500 --> 04:44:07,000
Mysteries of illnesses. 
He doesn't yet know how to treat

5142
04:44:07,900 --> 04:44:10,600
Some day someone might 
understand, such cases better. 

5143
04:44:11,400 --> 04:44:15,300
Someday children with those 
symptoms might be saved. but 

5144
04:44:15,300 --> 04:44:18,800
that someday isn't now and the 
Healer has to practice medicine 

5145
04:44:18,800 --> 04:44:22,900
in the present with present 
limitations So he does what he 

5146
04:44:22,900 --> 04:44:26,700
can saves whom he can and bears.
The weight of those he couldn't 

5147
04:44:26,700 --> 04:44:30,000
save. 
This part of the work, perhaps 

5148
04:44:30,000 --> 04:44:33,300
the hardest part. but 
unavoidable for anyone who takes

5149
04:44:33,300 --> 04:44:37,100
healing, seriously, his 
Apprentice watches him return to

5150
04:44:37,100 --> 04:44:41,000
his duties with renewed respect.
She's seeing that skill and 

5151
04:44:41,000 --> 04:44:43,000
knowledge aren't enough that 
medicine. 

5152
04:44:43,000 --> 04:44:46,900
Also requires resilience the 
ability to continue working 

5153
04:44:46,900 --> 04:44:51,200
despite failures and to maintain
compassion despite losses. 

5154
04:44:52,300 --> 04:44:55,800
These qualities can't be taught 
directly their developed, 

5155
04:44:55,800 --> 04:44:59,300
through experience, through 
facing your own limitations and 

5156
04:44:59,300 --> 04:45:03,700
choosing to continue any way. 
As the weeks passed, the acute 

5157
04:45:03,700 --> 04:45:07,300
pain of this particular failure 
faded somewhat though it never 

5158
04:45:07,300 --> 04:45:10,900
disappears entirely. 
The Healer adds it to the way he

5159
04:45:10,900 --> 04:45:14,200
carries the collection of people
he's lost over his long career, 

5160
04:45:14,200 --> 04:45:19,000
each one is remembered, each one
matters and each one drives him 

5161
04:45:19,000 --> 04:45:22,100
to keep learning, keep observing
and keep trying to understand 

5162
04:45:22,100 --> 04:45:24,000
more about the body in its 
working. 

5163
04:45:24,000 --> 04:45:26,700
So that future failures might be
prevented. 

5164
04:45:26,700 --> 04:45:31,000
This is the healers relationship
with failure, not Acceptance in 

5165
04:45:31,000 --> 04:45:33,600
the sense of surrender. 
But acknowledgment that it's 

5166
04:45:33,600 --> 04:45:36,400
inevitable that learning 
requires encountering, the 

5167
04:45:36,400 --> 04:45:39,800
limits of current knowledge and 
that progress happens only by 

5168
04:45:39,800 --> 04:45:42,300
carefully studying what went 
wrong and trying to understand 

5169
04:45:42,300 --> 04:45:45,900
why. 
The body remains mysterious, 

5170
04:45:45,900 --> 04:45:50,400
despite everything continues to 
surprise and confound and 

5171
04:45:50,400 --> 04:45:53,700
continues to present cases that 
don't fit established patterns. 

5172
04:45:54,600 --> 04:45:57,500
And the Healer continues, his 
patient work of observation and 

5173
04:45:57,508 --> 04:46:01,100
learning one case at a time. 
Building understanding through 

5174
04:46:01,100 --> 04:46:04,700
both successes and failures 
through both healing and loss. 

5175
04:46:05,600 --> 04:46:07,800
Years of past. 
Now, decades. 

5176
04:46:08,400 --> 04:46:11,600
The healer is old. 
His hands are shaky, and his 

5177
04:46:11,600 --> 04:46:15,400
eyesight is fading. 
His Apprentice no longer an 

5178
04:46:15,400 --> 04:46:17,200
apprentice but a Healer in her 
own, right? 

5179
04:46:17,200 --> 04:46:20,000
There's taken over most of the 
active practice. 

5180
04:46:21,000 --> 04:46:24,000
But he still sees patients 
occasionally still teaches when 

5181
04:46:24,000 --> 04:46:27,500
asked and still participate in 
the ongoing work of trying to 

5182
04:46:27,500 --> 04:46:30,700
understand the body. 
And he's come to a surprise in 

5183
04:46:30,700 --> 04:46:34,100
realization. 
He knows both more and less than

5184
04:46:34,100 --> 04:46:37,700
he did when he started. 
More because of accumulated 

5185
04:46:37,700 --> 04:46:43,000
experience, thousands of cases, 
observed patterns recognized and

5186
04:46:43,000 --> 04:46:45,000
successful treatments 
identified. 

5187
04:46:45,900 --> 04:46:50,500
His mental catalog of medical 
knowledge is vast refined by 

5188
04:46:50,500 --> 04:46:54,300
Decades of practice. 
He can recognize subtle 

5189
04:46:54,300 --> 04:46:57,500
variations in pulse, that is 
youngest self would have missed 

5190
04:46:57,500 --> 04:47:01,600
and can predict disease 
progression with accuracy. 

5191
04:47:01,600 --> 04:47:03,400
Born from having seen it all 
before. 

5192
04:47:04,300 --> 04:47:06,600
But less because he's also 
learned how much remains 

5193
04:47:06,600 --> 04:47:09,000
unknown. 
How many questions have no 

5194
04:47:09,000 --> 04:47:12,400
answers and how many Mysteries 
resist solution and despite 

5195
04:47:12,400 --> 04:47:16,600
patient investigation? 
The DP has gone into medicine. 

5196
04:47:16,600 --> 04:47:19,900
The more he has discovered 
complexity Beyond his capacity 

5197
04:47:19,900 --> 04:47:23,800
to fully understand. 
The body is not a simple system 

5198
04:47:23,800 --> 04:47:26,500
that yields its secrets to 
persistent inquiry. 

5199
04:47:26,500 --> 04:47:31,000
It's astonishingly intricate 
interconnected in ways that make

5200
04:47:31,000 --> 04:47:35,100
it nearly impossible to isolate 
single causes, or predict 

5201
04:47:35,100 --> 04:47:37,200
individual outcomes with 
certainty. 

5202
04:47:37,200 --> 04:47:41,300
It responds to treat treatment 
but also doesn't respond in ways

5203
04:47:41,300 --> 04:47:45,200
that seem random but probably 
are not Following rules. 

5204
04:47:45,200 --> 04:47:49,400
He consents, but not articulate.
He has learned that two people 

5205
04:47:49,400 --> 04:47:52,300
with apparently identical 
symptoms can have completely 

5206
04:47:52,300 --> 04:47:54,100
different outcomes from the same
treatment. 

5207
04:47:55,000 --> 04:47:58,000
That illness can vanish 
spontaneously or persist despite

5208
04:47:58,000 --> 04:48:01,100
aggressive intervention. 
That the body's own healing 

5209
04:48:01,100 --> 04:48:04,300
capacity, sometimes works 
miracles that no healer could 

5210
04:48:04,308 --> 04:48:07,500
orchestrate and sometimes fails 
for no clear reason. 

5211
04:48:08,400 --> 04:48:10,600
This isn't discouraging so much 
as humbling. 

5212
04:48:10,600 --> 04:48:14,100
The Healer has made peace with 
medicine's limitations and has 

5213
04:48:14,100 --> 04:48:16,600
accepted that perfect 
understanding may not be 

5214
04:48:16,608 --> 04:48:19,100
possible. 
And that he'll die with more 

5215
04:48:19,100 --> 04:48:22,900
questions than answers despite a
lifetime of careful observation.

5216
04:48:24,400 --> 04:48:27,600
His former Apprentice visits in 
one evening to discuss a 

5217
04:48:27,600 --> 04:48:30,800
puzzling case together. 
They review what she's observed,

5218
04:48:30,800 --> 04:48:34,500
consider possible, explanations 
and debate treatment approaches.

5219
04:48:35,400 --> 04:48:38,000
Their conversation, ranges, 
across Decades of shared 

5220
04:48:38,000 --> 04:48:42,500
experience, referencing cases. 
They both remember and patterns,

5221
04:48:42,500 --> 04:48:45,600
they both noticed. 
This transmission of Knowledge 

5222
04:48:45,600 --> 04:48:48,200
from one generation to. 
The next is how medicine 

5223
04:48:48,200 --> 04:48:52,200
progresses even without written 
texts, or formal institutions, 

5224
04:48:52,200 --> 04:48:54,500
what the Healer learned from his
teacher? 

5225
04:48:54,500 --> 04:48:57,200
He's passed to his Apprentice 
who will pass it? 

5226
04:48:57,200 --> 04:49:01,300
Onward in turn each generation, 
adds new observations refines, 

5227
04:49:01,300 --> 04:49:03,100
old understanding, and corrects 
mistakes. 

5228
04:49:04,100 --> 04:49:07,400
But each generation also faces 
the same fundamental challenge, 

5229
04:49:07,400 --> 04:49:11,400
understanding a system of 
profound complexity with limited

5230
04:49:11,400 --> 04:49:14,700
tools and incomplete 
information, The body doesn't 

5231
04:49:14,700 --> 04:49:18,300
give up its Secrets, easily, it 
requires, patience, humility, 

5232
04:49:18,300 --> 04:49:21,800
and willingness to sit with 
uncertainty while continuing to 

5233
04:49:21,800 --> 04:49:24,600
work despite it. 
And the Healer has learned to be

5234
04:49:24,608 --> 04:49:27,900
comfortable with this tension to
hold knowledge lightly while 

5235
04:49:27,900 --> 04:49:31,200
using it confidently and to 
acknowledge mystery while not 

5236
04:49:31,200 --> 04:49:35,800
being paralyzed by it. 
This balance between knowing and

5237
04:49:35,800 --> 04:49:40,100
not knowing between confidence 
and humility like his greatest 

5238
04:49:40,100 --> 04:49:43,900
achievement more important than 
any specific medical knowledge. 

5239
04:49:43,900 --> 04:49:48,100
He's accumulated Is the evening 
deepens, their conversation 

5240
04:49:48,100 --> 04:49:50,800
turns philosophical. 
What is the body? 

5241
04:49:50,800 --> 04:49:55,500
Really a garden to be tended? 
A river to be channeled. 

5242
04:49:55,500 --> 04:49:59,700
A fire to be fueled? 
Or something else, entirely 

5243
04:49:59,700 --> 04:50:02,400
something that resists all 
metaphors. 

5244
04:50:02,400 --> 04:50:04,500
That remains fundamentally 
mysterious. 

5245
04:50:04,500 --> 04:50:08,900
No matter how carefully observed
All of those and none of them. 

5246
04:50:08,908 --> 04:50:13,300
The Healer says, finally, the 
body is itself irreducible to 

5247
04:50:13,300 --> 04:50:16,900
any single framework. 
We use metaphors because we need

5248
04:50:16,900 --> 04:50:19,900
ways to think about it, but we 
shouldn't mistake our Thinking 

5249
04:50:19,900 --> 04:50:23,800
Tools for the reality itself. 
Is Apprentice nods 

5250
04:50:23,800 --> 04:50:27,500
understanding. this wisdom, 
knowing the difference between 

5251
04:50:27,500 --> 04:50:31,100
models and reality between 
useful Frameworks and literal 

5252
04:50:31,100 --> 04:50:34,800
truth is perhaps what 
distinguishes mature practice 

5253
04:50:34,800 --> 04:50:39,500
from naive, certainly They sit 
in comfortable silence to 

5254
04:50:39,500 --> 04:50:42,100
practitioners at different 
stages of the same Journey. 

5255
04:50:42,100 --> 04:50:46,700
Both working with the same 
fundamental mystery, the human 

5256
04:50:46,700 --> 04:50:51,200
body in all its complexity 
resistant to full comprehension 

5257
04:50:51,200 --> 04:50:54,200
but responsive to Patient. 
Careful attention. 

5258
04:50:55,200 --> 04:50:59,100
The Healer knows his time is 
limited now within a few years 

5259
04:50:59,100 --> 04:51:02,600
at most he'll die and his 
accumulated knowledge will die 

5260
04:51:02,600 --> 04:51:05,400
with him except for what he's 
managed to pass on. 

5261
04:51:06,400 --> 04:51:09,100
This should feel tragic but 
somehow it doesn't. 

5262
04:51:10,100 --> 04:51:14,500
He's part of a continuity larger
than himself, a long lineage of 

5263
04:51:14,500 --> 04:51:17,800
healers stretching backward and 
forward in Time Each 

5264
04:51:17,800 --> 04:51:20,500
contributing their observations 
to an ever-growing 

5265
04:51:20,500 --> 04:51:24,300
understanding. 
The body's Mysteries endure but 

5266
04:51:24,300 --> 04:51:26,000
so does the work of 
Investigation. 

5267
04:51:26,800 --> 04:51:30,600
Future healers will have tools 
he can't imagine knowledge built

5268
04:51:30,600 --> 04:51:34,000
on foundations, he's helped lay,
they'll solve problems. 

5269
04:51:34,000 --> 04:51:37,000
He couldn't and will understand 
things that puzzled him his 

5270
04:51:37,000 --> 04:51:39,800
entire life. 
But they'll also faced new 

5271
04:51:39,800 --> 04:51:42,400
Mysteries and new complexities 
revealed by their deeper 

5272
04:51:42,400 --> 04:51:45,400
understanding. 
This is the nature of knowledge.

5273
04:51:45,400 --> 04:51:50,100
Each answer opens, new questions
and each solved mystery reveals 

5274
04:51:50,100 --> 04:51:52,600
deeper ones. 
The work is never finished. 

5275
04:51:52,600 --> 04:51:55,100
Just continually refined and 
expanded. 

5276
04:51:56,200 --> 04:51:58,700
As his former Apprentice 
prepares to leave the Healer 

5277
04:51:58,700 --> 04:52:01,400
offers final advice. 
Stay curious. 

5278
04:52:01,400 --> 04:52:05,800
Stay humble, pay attention to 
what the body shows you even 

5279
04:52:05,800 --> 04:52:08,900
when it contradicts, what you 
think, you know, trust your 

5280
04:52:08,900 --> 04:52:11,400
observations but hold your 
theories, likely? 

5281
04:52:12,300 --> 04:52:15,400
And remember that helping people
matters more than perfect 

5282
04:52:15,400 --> 04:52:19,000
understanding, sometimes knowing
enough is sufficient. 

5283
04:52:20,100 --> 04:52:22,700
She Embraces him understanding 
that. 

5284
04:52:22,700 --> 04:52:25,100
This might be one of their last 
such conversations. 

5285
04:52:25,800 --> 04:52:30,000
When she's gone, the Healer sits
alone reflecting on his long 

5286
04:52:30,000 --> 04:52:34,200
career, on all he's learned and 
failed to learn. 

5287
04:52:35,100 --> 04:52:37,900
And on the enduring mystery of 
the body that has been his 

5288
04:52:37,900 --> 04:52:43,000
life's work. outside Stars wheel
through their ancient patterns 

5289
04:52:43,000 --> 04:52:46,700
inside the healers, heart 
continues, its steady work, 

5290
04:52:46,700 --> 04:52:50,700
pumping blood through vessels, 
he's never seen following 

5291
04:52:50,700 --> 04:52:54,300
rhythms, he felt on, thousands 
of wrists, but never fully 

5292
04:52:54,300 --> 04:52:59,200
understood His lungs, breathe, 
his stomach digests, and his 

5293
04:52:59,200 --> 04:53:03,800
brain processes, all of it 
happening in darkness in the 

5294
04:53:03,800 --> 04:53:06,700
hidden interior country. 
He spent his life trying to 

5295
04:53:06,700 --> 04:53:10,400
understand from the outside. 
The mystery endures. 

5296
04:53:10,400 --> 04:53:12,700
It always will. 
He suspects? 

5297
04:53:12,700 --> 04:53:14,500
No matter how much is eventually
learned. 

5298
04:53:15,400 --> 04:53:18,800
The body is too complex to 
Dynamic and to individual to 

5299
04:53:18,800 --> 04:53:23,300
ever be completely known. 
But partial knowledge carefully 

5300
04:53:23,300 --> 04:53:26,800
accumulated and thoughtfully 
applied is enough to help people

5301
04:53:26,800 --> 04:53:30,900
enough to ease suffering and 
enough to justify a lifespan in 

5302
04:53:30,900 --> 04:53:36,000
this patient investigation. 
Healer closes, his eyes tired. 

5303
04:53:36,000 --> 04:53:39,200
Now, ready for sleep? 
Tomorrow, there will be more 

5304
04:53:39,200 --> 04:53:43,900
patience, more observations, and
more small additions to the vast

5305
04:53:43,900 --> 04:53:48,100
catalog of medical knowledge. 
But tonight he rests in the 

5306
04:53:48,100 --> 04:53:50,500
peaceful acceptance that the 
work is enough. 

5307
04:53:51,300 --> 04:53:54,300
That what he's learned and 
taught matters and that the 

5308
04:53:54,300 --> 04:53:57,900
mystery he leaves unsolved will 
drive future, healers forward, 

5309
04:53:57,900 --> 04:54:03,100
just as it drove him. the body 
remains mysterious hidden in its

5310
04:54:03,100 --> 04:54:06,900
depths But it speaks clearly 
enough to those who learn its 

5311
04:54:06,900 --> 04:54:10,600
language is who develop the 
patience to listen and who 

5312
04:54:10,600 --> 04:54:13,300
accept the understanding is 
always partial. 

5313
04:54:13,300 --> 04:54:18,500
But nonetheless valuable this is
the healers Legacy, not complete

5314
04:54:18,500 --> 04:54:22,100
knowledge but the method of 
pursuing it the attitude of 

5315
04:54:22,100 --> 04:54:25,400
careful, observation, coupled 
with humble acknowledgment of 

5316
04:54:25,400 --> 04:54:29,900
limitation, And perhaps that's 
enough, perhaps it always was. 

5317
04:54:36,200 --> 04:54:39,600
Imagine standing in a medieval 
village at Twilight when the sun

5318
04:54:39,600 --> 04:54:42,700
has just dipped below the 
Horizon and the world exists in 

5319
04:54:42,708 --> 04:54:46,500
that peculiar in between light, 
where shapes become uncertain, 

5320
04:54:46,500 --> 04:54:48,900
the forge fire glows. 
Orange in the blacksmith. 

5321
04:54:48,900 --> 04:54:53,100
Shop smoke rises from thatched 
roofs and somewhere a dog barks 

5322
04:54:53,100 --> 04:54:54,100
at something. 
You cannot see. 

5323
04:54:54,100 --> 04:54:58,400
This is the world where the idea
of witches took root not as a 

5324
04:54:58,400 --> 04:55:01,000
sudden invention. 
But as a slower, accumulation of

5325
04:55:01,000 --> 04:55:04,600
older, beliefs mixing with 
newer, fears like sediments 

5326
04:55:04,600 --> 04:55:06,200
settling at the bottom of a 
river over. 

5327
04:55:06,200 --> 04:55:09,800
Centuries long before anyone 
spoke of witches in the way we 

5328
04:55:09,800 --> 04:55:12,200
understand them. 
Now, people believed in Magic as

5329
04:55:12,200 --> 04:55:15,100
naturally as they believed in, 
whether if you lived in Ancient 

5330
04:55:15,100 --> 04:55:18,400
Rome or Greece, you might visit 
a local wise woman for a love 

5331
04:55:18,400 --> 04:55:20,400
charm or pay someone to curse 
your business. 

5332
04:55:20,400 --> 04:55:24,900
Rival magic was simply another 
tool morally, neutral available 

5333
04:55:24,900 --> 04:55:27,500
to anyone willing to learn the 
formulas and make the proper 

5334
04:55:27,500 --> 04:55:31,100
offering to the right gods. 
But these were small Magic's 

5335
04:55:31,100 --> 04:55:34,600
personal and local, the witch 
hunts that would have eventually

5336
04:55:34,600 --> 04:55:37,300
sweep across Europe and leap, 
the Atlantic to America 

5337
04:55:37,300 --> 04:55:39,600
required. 
Something more a complete 

5338
04:55:39,600 --> 04:55:42,200
reorganization of how people 
understood evil itself, 

5339
04:55:43,400 --> 04:55:45,800
Christianity, brought with it a 
new cosmology. 

5340
04:55:45,800 --> 04:55:48,800
The universe divided between 
absolute good. 

5341
04:55:48,800 --> 04:55:51,500
And absolute evil with very 
little room for the comfortable 

5342
04:55:51,500 --> 04:55:54,800
gray areas, where ancient magic 
had lived, the old gods and 

5343
04:55:54,800 --> 04:55:58,000
Spirits, who had been neutral or
even helpful became in 

5344
04:55:58,000 --> 04:56:00,200
Christian. 
Theology, demons pretending to 

5345
04:56:00,200 --> 04:56:03,100
be something else. 
That helpful household, Spirit 

5346
04:56:03,100 --> 04:56:05,800
your grandmother left bread for 
now. 

5347
04:56:05,800 --> 04:56:08,300
It was a Devil in Disguise 
trying to steal your soul. 

5348
04:56:08,300 --> 04:56:11,900
This transformation happens 
slowly over centuries among 

5349
04:56:11,900 --> 04:56:14,800
working by candlelight in a 
sixth Century scriptorium had 

5350
04:56:14,800 --> 04:56:17,100
different concerns than a 
village priest in the 12th 

5351
04:56:17,100 --> 04:56:20,400
century who in turn understood 
the world differently than the 

5352
04:56:20,400 --> 04:56:24,100
inquisitors of the 15th century.
Each generation added layers to 

5353
04:56:24,100 --> 04:56:27,500
the concept like a pearl forming
around a grain of sand. 

5354
04:56:28,600 --> 04:56:31,900
By the medieval period educated 
theologians had begun 

5355
04:56:31,900 --> 04:56:33,700
constructing. 
Elaborate theories about how 

5356
04:56:33,700 --> 04:56:37,300
demons operated in the world. 
They wrote thick books, debating

5357
04:56:37,300 --> 04:56:39,400
whether the demons could 
physically transport people 

5358
04:56:39,400 --> 04:56:42,900
through the air, whether they 
could take physical form and 

5359
04:56:42,900 --> 04:56:45,100
where the contracts with the 
devil needed to be written in 

5360
04:56:45,100 --> 04:56:48,600
blood or if a verbal agreements 
of ice, these debates were 

5361
04:56:48,600 --> 04:56:51,300
conducted with the same 
seriousness that modern lawyers 

5362
04:56:51,300 --> 04:56:53,700
bring to contract law. 
Because to these thinkers, 

5363
04:56:53,700 --> 04:56:56,700
demonic interaction was 
absolutely real. 

5364
04:56:57,700 --> 04:57:00,600
But here's something interesting
for most of the Middle Ages 

5365
04:57:00,600 --> 04:57:04,500
while Scholars were writing. 
These elaborate theories actual 

5366
04:57:04,500 --> 04:57:06,700
accusations of Witchcraft were 
relatively rare. 

5367
04:57:06,700 --> 04:57:09,900
The church was actually more 
likely to prosecute people for 

5368
04:57:09,900 --> 04:57:12,300
claiming that witches existed 
and could harm others. 

5369
04:57:12,300 --> 04:57:15,800
The official position recorded 
in a document called the Canon 

5370
04:57:15,800 --> 04:57:18,800
episcopi was that belief in 
which is flying through the 

5371
04:57:18,800 --> 04:57:20,600
night sky was foolish 
Superstition. 

5372
04:57:20,600 --> 04:57:23,400
If you claimed your neighbor 
could transform into an animal 

5373
04:57:23,400 --> 04:57:26,500
and curse your cow, you might be
the one in trouble for believing

5374
04:57:26,500 --> 04:57:29,800
such not nonsense. 
This creates a curious Paradox, 

5375
04:57:29,800 --> 04:57:32,600
the intellectual framework for 
which hunting was being 

5376
04:57:32,600 --> 04:57:34,000
constructed. 
While the authority 

5377
04:57:34,000 --> 04:57:36,500
simultaneously denied that such 
things were possible. 

5378
04:57:36,500 --> 04:57:39,600
It's like building a detailed 
blueprint from a machine while 

5379
04:57:39,600 --> 04:57:41,800
insisting, the machine could 
never actually work. 

5380
04:57:43,500 --> 04:57:45,900
The Village experience was 
different from the scholarly. 

5381
04:57:45,900 --> 04:57:49,000
One in small communities, where 
everyone knew everyone else's 

5382
04:57:49,000 --> 04:57:52,100
business, where your survival 
might depend on your neighbor's,

5383
04:57:52,100 --> 04:57:55,300
helping with the Harvest or 
lending you seed grain during a 

5384
04:57:55,300 --> 04:57:57,100
bad year. 
There was always a need to 

5385
04:57:57,100 --> 04:58:00,200
explain Misfortune. 
Why did your child die when your

5386
04:58:00,200 --> 04:58:02,600
neighbor's thrived? 
Why did your crops fail while 

5387
04:58:02,600 --> 04:58:05,200
hers flourished? 
Why did you feel a sudden pain 

5388
04:58:05,200 --> 04:58:07,900
in your leg after arguing with 
that old woman at the well? 

5389
04:58:07,900 --> 04:58:10,700
Every Community had people on 
its margins. 

5390
04:58:10,700 --> 04:58:13,600
The elderly Widow with no 
family, the strange hermit 

5391
04:58:13,600 --> 04:58:16,300
living at the forest edge. 
The woman whose medicinal 

5392
04:58:16,300 --> 04:58:19,500
knowledge seemed a little too 
effective and the Midwife Who 

5393
04:58:19,500 --> 04:58:21,100
Knew Too Much about birth and 
death. 

5394
04:58:21,100 --> 04:58:24,300
These people were useful, you 
needed healers after all. 

5395
04:58:24,300 --> 04:58:26,700
And someone had to help both 
babies and prepare the dead. 

5396
04:58:26,700 --> 04:58:29,700
But usefulness and suspicions 
have always been uneasy, 

5397
04:58:29,700 --> 04:58:32,300
neighbors the word, widget 
itself comes from the old 

5398
04:58:32,300 --> 04:58:35,700
English Wix, which simply meant 
someone who practiced magic or 

5399
04:58:35,700 --> 04:58:37,900
divination. 
But language is a living thing. 

5400
04:58:37,900 --> 04:58:41,700
And a centuries, passed the word
accumulated dark and meaningless

5401
04:58:41,700 --> 04:58:44,500
Gathering, fear the way wool 
gathers burrs. 

5402
04:58:45,700 --> 04:58:48,700
In many villages, there were 
what we might call cunning folk 

5403
04:58:48,700 --> 04:58:53,500
people usually women sometimes 
men who knew Herbal Remedies 

5404
04:58:53,500 --> 04:58:55,100
could help you find lost 
objects. 

5405
04:58:55,100 --> 04:58:58,800
Might tell your fortune or 
provided charms to protect your 

5406
04:58:58,800 --> 04:59:01,100
livestock. 
They operated in a strange 

5407
04:59:01,100 --> 04:59:05,900
social space valued, but feared 
necessary but suspicious, you 

5408
04:59:05,900 --> 04:59:08,500
might visit one when your child 
has a fever, but you wouldn't 

5409
04:59:08,500 --> 04:59:10,700
necessarily want to sit next to 
them in church. 

5410
04:59:11,700 --> 04:59:14,300
These cunning folk had 
accumulated practical knowledge 

5411
04:59:14,300 --> 04:59:18,100
passed down through generations.
They knew which plants used pain

5412
04:59:18,100 --> 04:59:22,000
which herbs brought down fever 
which fungi were poison and 

5413
04:59:22,000 --> 04:59:25,400
which were medicine in a world 
without Doctors Without 

5414
04:59:25,400 --> 04:59:28,000
pharmacies without any formal 
Medical Care. 

5415
04:59:28,000 --> 04:59:31,600
This knowledge was essential but
knowledge that seems magical 

5416
04:59:31,600 --> 04:59:34,200
when you don't understand it can
easily become frightening when 

5417
04:59:34,200 --> 04:59:38,300
circumstances turn dark. 
The Medieval World was also one 

5418
04:59:38,300 --> 04:59:41,800
of intimate familiarity with 
death and suffering childhood 

5419
04:59:41,800 --> 04:59:44,500
diseases that we now prevent 
with simple vaccines killed 

5420
04:59:44,500 --> 04:59:48,200
regularly infections from minor 
injuries could prove fatal 

5421
04:59:48,200 --> 04:59:51,900
childbirth was dangerous for 
both mother and baby crops 

5422
04:59:51,900 --> 04:59:55,600
failed livestock died. 
And because the actual causes of

5423
04:59:55,600 --> 04:59:59,300
these tragedies were invisible 
bacteria viruses genetic 

5424
04:59:59,300 --> 05:00:02,200
conditions in environmental 
factors, people needed 

5425
05:00:02,200 --> 05:00:04,600
explanations that made sense 
within their worldview. 

5426
05:00:04,600 --> 05:00:08,800
If your neighbor insulted you on
Tuesday in your best cow died on

5427
05:00:08,800 --> 05:00:12,000
Wednesday, the connection seemed
obvious not because you were 

5428
05:00:12,000 --> 05:00:14,900
stupid or superstitious. 
But because you lived in a world

5429
05:00:14,900 --> 05:00:18,000
where cause and effect weren't 
clearly understood where 

5430
05:00:18,000 --> 05:00:21,200
coincidence and correlation were
indistinguishable and where 

5431
05:00:21,200 --> 05:00:24,300
everyone around you believe that
malevolent will could produce 

5432
05:00:24,300 --> 05:00:28,000
tangible harm. 
Picture in the 14th and 15th 

5433
05:00:28,000 --> 05:00:30,700
centuries and you're looking at 
a world being fundamentally 

5434
05:00:30,700 --> 05:00:34,300
remade by forces that seemed to 
the people living through them 

5435
05:00:34,300 --> 05:00:40,000
like the end times themselves. 
A black death arrived in 1347 

5436
05:00:40,000 --> 05:00:42,600
and killed somewhere between a 
third and half of Europe's 

5437
05:00:42,600 --> 05:00:44,300
entire population over the next 
few years. 

5438
05:00:44,300 --> 05:00:47,700
Imagine watching half the people
in your town die in a matter of 

5439
05:00:47,708 --> 05:00:51,600
months their bodies covered in 
Black swellings coughing blood 

5440
05:00:51,600 --> 05:00:56,600
Delirious with fever imagine the
smell of mass Graves the silence

5441
05:00:56,600 --> 05:00:59,700
where children's voices used to 
be and the empty houses with 

5442
05:00:59,700 --> 05:01:02,200
doors standing open because no 
one was left to close them. 

5443
05:01:03,100 --> 05:01:06,800
Survivors emerged into a 
transformed World labor was 

5444
05:01:06,800 --> 05:01:10,700
suddenly scarce and valuable the
old social order where peasants 

5445
05:01:10,700 --> 05:01:13,700
knew their place and Noble 
theirs began to crack. 

5446
05:01:14,700 --> 05:01:17,500
Church which had promised 
protection and salvation had 

5447
05:01:17,500 --> 05:01:21,600
proved unable to stop the dying 
everyone wanted explanations and

5448
05:01:21,600 --> 05:01:24,700
disease caused by bacteria 
spread by fleas on rats wasn't 

5449
05:01:24,700 --> 05:01:28,800
available as an answer. 
To this traumatized destabilized

5450
05:01:28,800 --> 05:01:32,400
world came a rising anxiety 
about heresy and spiritual 

5451
05:01:32,400 --> 05:01:35,000
corruption. 
The church was fighting battles 

5452
05:01:35,000 --> 05:01:38,300
on multiple fronts against 
Muslim expansion in the East 

5453
05:01:38,300 --> 05:01:41,500
against internal reform 
movements that questioned people

5454
05:01:41,500 --> 05:01:44,100
Authority and against the 
lingering presence of 

5455
05:01:44,100 --> 05:01:47,000
non-Christian traditions in 
rural areas that had been 

5456
05:01:47,000 --> 05:01:50,400
nominally converted centuries 
earlier, but still practiced old

5457
05:01:50,400 --> 05:01:52,300
rituals under a thin veneer of 
Christianity. 

5458
05:01:53,300 --> 05:01:56,300
The Spanish Reconquista had 
created anxiety about religious 

5459
05:01:56,300 --> 05:01:59,300
and cultural Purity. 
The cathars had been brutally 

5460
05:01:59,300 --> 05:02:01,500
suppressed. 
The waldensians were being 

5461
05:02:01,500 --> 05:02:05,600
hunted, Jewish communities faced
increasing, persecution Europe 

5462
05:02:05,600 --> 05:02:08,000
was becoming obsessed with 
finding and eliminating 

5463
05:02:08,000 --> 05:02:11,300
religious contamination like 
someone with severe anxiety 

5464
05:02:11,300 --> 05:02:14,200
constantly checking for dirt. 
That might not actually be 

5465
05:02:14,200 --> 05:02:16,800
there. 
The printing press arrived in 

5466
05:02:16,800 --> 05:02:20,100
the mid-15th century and 
suddenly ideas could spread 

5467
05:02:20,100 --> 05:02:22,900
faster than ever before. 
This wasn't just good news. 

5468
05:02:22,900 --> 05:02:27,000
It also meant that fears 
accusations and theories about 

5469
05:02:27,000 --> 05:02:30,700
evil could circulate and 
reinforce themselves across vast

5470
05:02:30,700 --> 05:02:33,500
distances. 
A wild accusation in one region,

5471
05:02:33,500 --> 05:02:37,200
could be printed distributed and
Inspire similar accusations, 

5472
05:02:37,200 --> 05:02:43,600
hundreds of miles away. 1484 
Pope Innocent 8 issued a papal, 

5473
05:02:43,600 --> 05:02:46,300
bull acknowledging, the 
existence of, which is an 

5474
05:02:46,300 --> 05:02:49,000
authorizing inquisitors to 
prosecute them. 

5475
05:02:49,000 --> 05:02:52,200
This was a significant shift 
from early church positions. 

5476
05:02:52,200 --> 05:02:55,400
The official stance had moved 
from believing in witches is 

5477
05:02:55,400 --> 05:02:59,300
superstitious not since to which
is a real and must be destroyed.

5478
05:03:00,400 --> 05:03:03,500
Two Dominican inquisitors, 
Heinrich Kramer and Jacob 

5479
05:03:03,500 --> 05:03:06,400
sprenger. 
Took this authorization and ran 

5480
05:03:06,400 --> 05:03:10,600
with it in 1487, they published 
the malleus maleficarum, the 

5481
05:03:10,600 --> 05:03:13,400
hammer of witches, which would 
become the most influential 

5482
05:03:13,400 --> 05:03:15,200
guide to which hunting ever 
written. 

5483
05:03:15,200 --> 05:03:17,500
It was essentially an 
instruction manual for 

5484
05:03:17,500 --> 05:03:20,100
identifying interrogating and 
Prosecuting witches. 

5485
05:03:20,100 --> 05:03:23,400
Complete with theological 
justification and practical 

5486
05:03:23,400 --> 05:03:26,100
advice. 
The malleus is a deeply strange 

5487
05:03:26,100 --> 05:03:28,100
document. 
If you read it today, it 

5488
05:03:28,100 --> 05:03:30,500
contains elaborate arguments 
about why women are more 

5489
05:03:30,508 --> 05:03:32,700
susceptible to demonic 
corruption than men. 

5490
05:03:32,700 --> 05:03:36,200
Spoiler, the authors believed 
women were intellectually and 

5491
05:03:36,200 --> 05:03:39,300
morally weaker it describes in 
detail, how to conduct 

5492
05:03:39,300 --> 05:03:42,300
integration and torture 
sessions, it explains what 

5493
05:03:42,300 --> 05:03:45,500
questions to ask, how to 
interpret answers and why 

5494
05:03:45,500 --> 05:03:48,100
denials of guilt should be 
treated as confirmations of 

5495
05:03:48,100 --> 05:03:50,900
guilt. 
One particularly dark innovation

5496
05:03:50,900 --> 05:03:52,900
in the malleus was its 
approached to evidence 

5497
05:03:52,900 --> 05:03:56,000
traditional legal systems. 
Required, Clear Proof of harm 

5498
05:03:56,000 --> 05:03:58,900
but which Hunters are argued 
that witchcraft was a secret 

5499
05:03:58,900 --> 05:04:00,700
crime that left, no visible 
evidence. 

5500
05:04:00,700 --> 05:04:05,000
Therefore rumor reputational and
spectral evidence claims that 

5501
05:04:05,000 --> 05:04:07,300
the accused persons spirit or 
demon had appeared. 

5502
05:04:07,300 --> 05:04:10,400
To the accuser could be 
acceptable in court this 

5503
05:04:10,400 --> 05:04:13,200
essentially meant that 
accusations themselves became 

5504
05:04:13,200 --> 05:04:16,100
evidence. 
Creating a system where 

5505
05:04:16,100 --> 05:04:17,600
defending yourself was nearly 
impossible. 

5506
05:04:18,500 --> 05:04:21,900
The book was reprinted dozens of
times and became standard 

5507
05:04:21,900 --> 05:04:24,300
reading for judges and 
inquisitors across Europe. 

5508
05:04:24,300 --> 05:04:27,800
It's Darkly ironic that one of 
the first best sellers created 

5509
05:04:27,800 --> 05:04:31,000
by printing press technology. 
Was an instruction manual for 

5510
05:04:31,000 --> 05:04:34,700
persecution but we should be 
careful not to imagine this as 

5511
05:04:34,700 --> 05:04:37,700
solely a top-down Phenomenon 
with authorities forcing, which 

5512
05:04:37,700 --> 05:04:42,100
trials on reluctant populations.
The reality was more complex and

5513
05:04:42,100 --> 05:04:44,900
more disturbing. 
Communities, often initiated 

5514
05:04:44,900 --> 05:04:48,300
accusations themselves, bringing
suspects to authorities and 

5515
05:04:48,300 --> 05:04:50,800
demanding action. 
The witch, hunts worked because 

5516
05:04:50,800 --> 05:04:53,800
they taped into existing 
tensions, fears and conflicts 

5517
05:04:53,800 --> 05:04:57,000
within communities. 
Economic anxiety played a role 

5518
05:04:57,000 --> 05:05:00,200
as medieval economies began 
transforming into early 

5519
05:05:00,200 --> 05:05:03,600
capitalism, traditional social 
safety nets were fraying. 

5520
05:05:03,600 --> 05:05:06,900
The woman baking at your door 
who turned away because you had 

5521
05:05:06,900 --> 05:05:09,500
little yourself. 
Might later be accused of 

5522
05:05:09,500 --> 05:05:12,800
cursing, you out of Revenge 
guilt, fear and 

5523
05:05:12,800 --> 05:05:16,000
self-justification could blend 
into accusation that protected 

5524
05:05:16,000 --> 05:05:18,200
you from having to examine your 
own moral choices. 

5525
05:05:19,700 --> 05:05:22,100
Religious anxiety, also 
intensified during the 

5526
05:05:22,100 --> 05:05:25,300
Reformation as Christianity 
fractured into competing version

5527
05:05:25,300 --> 05:05:28,400
of Truth, everyone became more 
concerned about spiritual 

5528
05:05:28,400 --> 05:05:32,100
contamination, Catholics accused
Protestants of being in League 

5529
05:05:32,100 --> 05:05:35,800
with the devil Protestants 
returned, the favor communities.

5530
05:05:35,800 --> 05:05:38,100
That had lived with religious 
ambiguity, for centuries, 

5531
05:05:38,100 --> 05:05:41,900
suddenly demanded Clarity and 
Purity and anyone who didn't fit

5532
05:05:41,900 --> 05:05:46,500
the approved model became 
suspect. the little ice age, a 

5533
05:05:46,500 --> 05:05:49,600
period of cooling temperatures 
that began in the 14th century 

5534
05:05:49,600 --> 05:05:52,900
and lasted into the 19th, 
contributed to agricultural 

5535
05:05:52,900 --> 05:05:56,900
failures famines and social 
stress when your crops year 

5536
05:05:56,900 --> 05:06:00,600
after year, when someone never 
quite arrived, and when Winters 

5537
05:06:00,600 --> 05:06:03,600
seemed endless, it was easy to 
believe that someone had cursed,

5538
05:06:03,600 --> 05:06:06,400
the weather itself climate 
change as always created 

5539
05:06:06,400 --> 05:06:10,600
scapegoats, The early organized,
Witch Trials, began in the Alps,

5540
05:06:10,600 --> 05:06:14,200
in the Border regions between 
Switzerland, France and Italy in

5541
05:06:14,200 --> 05:06:17,700
the early 15th century. 
These mountainous areas where 

5542
05:06:17,700 --> 05:06:20,700
small communities lived in 
relative isolation became 

5543
05:06:20,700 --> 05:06:23,400
laboratory for developing 
witch-hunting practices that 

5544
05:06:23,400 --> 05:06:24,700
would later spread across 
Europe. 

5545
05:06:25,700 --> 05:06:29,700
The trials in valet Switzerland 
in the 1420s and 1430s 

5546
05:06:29,700 --> 05:06:32,400
established patterns, that would
be repeated. 

5547
05:06:32,400 --> 05:06:35,700
For centuries accusations, 
typically started with someone 

5548
05:06:35,700 --> 05:06:40,600
explaining their Misfortune 
illness death or crop failure by

5549
05:06:40,600 --> 05:06:43,500
pointing to a recent interaction
with the suspect neighbor under 

5550
05:06:43,500 --> 05:06:45,700
interrogation, which often 
included torture. 

5551
05:06:45,700 --> 05:06:48,700
The accused might confess to 
meeting with the devil, flying 

5552
05:06:48,700 --> 05:06:52,000
through the night, sky to secret
Gatherings or causing harm 

5553
05:06:52,000 --> 05:06:55,300
through Supernatural means. 
Here's where these early trials 

5554
05:06:55,300 --> 05:06:58,800
developed something. 
Particularly Insidious, once you

5555
05:06:58,800 --> 05:07:01,400
confess to being a witch, you 
are expected to name. 

5556
05:07:01,400 --> 05:07:03,600
Other witches who had attended 
the secret meeting. 

5557
05:07:03,600 --> 05:07:08,100
This created a Cascade effect 
where one accusation could bloom

5558
05:07:08,100 --> 05:07:11,600
into dozens, torture made people
say what ever they thought might

5559
05:07:11,600 --> 05:07:15,300
stop the pain, including 
implicating friends, neighbors 

5560
05:07:15,300 --> 05:07:18,300
and family members. 
It was a system that fed on 

5561
05:07:18,300 --> 05:07:21,700
itself growing larger with each 
new name, extracted from a 

5562
05:07:21,700 --> 05:07:24,900
person in agony the accused in 
these early trials were 

5563
05:07:24,900 --> 05:07:28,900
predominantly Older women, often
widows, usually poor, but not 

5564
05:07:28,900 --> 05:07:32,300
always sometimes the accusations
Reach, people, with property, 

5565
05:07:32,300 --> 05:07:34,800
with status. 
And with connections, this 

5566
05:07:34,800 --> 05:07:38,700
created a strange dynamic. 
Which hunting could destabilize 

5567
05:07:38,700 --> 05:07:42,000
social hierarchies allowing the 
powerless to strike at the 

5568
05:07:42,000 --> 05:07:45,300
powerful through accusation. 
But it also reinforced existing 

5569
05:07:45,300 --> 05:07:48,700
power structures by primarily 
targeting the most vulnerable 

5570
05:07:49,600 --> 05:07:53,900
Imagine being a woman in your 
60s widowed, living alone in a 

5571
05:07:53,900 --> 05:07:56,900
small cottage at the edge of a 
village you've survived plague 

5572
05:07:56,900 --> 05:08:00,100
famine and the deaths of most 
people, you loved, you know, 

5573
05:08:00,100 --> 05:08:02,900
herbs and healing. 
Because you've had to when you 

5574
05:08:02,900 --> 05:08:05,600
walk through the village, 
younger people, sometimes, cross

5575
05:08:05,600 --> 05:08:08,700
themselves children dare each 
other to knock on your door. 

5576
05:08:09,500 --> 05:08:12,600
One day, a neighbor's child 
Falls ill, the neighbor 

5577
05:08:12,600 --> 05:08:13,900
remembers that you muttered 
something. 

5578
05:08:13,900 --> 05:08:17,000
When she refused to sell you 
eggs last week, she tells her 

5579
05:08:17,000 --> 05:08:19,100
husband. 
He tells the village Elder. 

5580
05:08:19,100 --> 05:08:21,400
Someone mentioned that another 
child died. 

5581
05:08:21,400 --> 05:08:23,900
Three years ago, after your 
Shadow supposedly fell across 

5582
05:08:23,900 --> 05:08:25,300
their doorway. 
Others? 

5583
05:08:25,300 --> 05:08:28,500
Remember, unexplained accidents,
mysterious illnesses, and 

5584
05:08:28,500 --> 05:08:31,600
strange sounds in the night. 
Before you quite understand 

5585
05:08:31,600 --> 05:08:34,500
what's happening, you're being 
dragged before a magistrate. 

5586
05:08:34,500 --> 05:08:37,800
He people, you've known your 
entire life testify against you.

5587
05:08:37,800 --> 05:08:40,800
Their faces a mixture of fear 
and what looks almost like 

5588
05:08:40,800 --> 05:08:44,100
relief. 
There are of you, yes, perhaps 

5589
05:08:44,100 --> 05:08:47,600
all of their own doubts, their 
own uncharitable thoughts, and 

5590
05:08:47,600 --> 05:08:50,900
their own failures to embody 
Christian love, projecting evil 

5591
05:08:50,900 --> 05:08:53,600
on to you make their own 
compromises more bearable. 

5592
05:08:54,400 --> 05:08:58,000
The interrogation begins gently?
You are simple questions. 

5593
05:08:58,000 --> 05:09:01,800
Do you attend church regularly? 
Do you know the Lord's Prayer? 

5594
05:09:01,800 --> 05:09:03,900
Have you ever been angry with 
your neighbors? 

5595
05:09:03,900 --> 05:09:06,000
Have you ever wished harm on 
anyone? 

5596
05:09:06,000 --> 05:09:08,000
These seem like reasonable 
questions. 

5597
05:09:08,000 --> 05:09:10,400
Until you realize that everyone 
has been angry. 

5598
05:09:10,400 --> 05:09:14,500
Everyone has wished harm and 
admitting these Universal human 

5599
05:09:14,500 --> 05:09:16,500
feelings becomes evidence of 
demonic. 

5600
05:09:16,500 --> 05:09:19,600
Inclination. 
You try to defend yourself, but 

5601
05:09:19,600 --> 05:09:22,300
you're very defensiveness is 
taken as proof of guilt. 

5602
05:09:23,100 --> 05:09:25,800
Wouldn't an innocent person, 
accept God's judgment without 

5603
05:09:25,800 --> 05:09:28,500
protest. 
If you continue to protest, your

5604
05:09:28,500 --> 05:09:32,400
innocence torture might be 
applied, not out of Cruelty, the

5605
05:09:32,400 --> 05:09:34,500
authorities would insist, but 
out of necessity. 

5606
05:09:35,400 --> 05:09:37,800
Your body is already corrupted 
by the devil they believe. 

5607
05:09:37,800 --> 05:09:41,400
So pain applied to it is 
medicinal designed to force out 

5608
05:09:41,400 --> 05:09:42,700
the truth that the devil has hit
him. 

5609
05:09:42,708 --> 05:09:46,900
The logic is circular and 
Perfect Resistance, proves guilt

5610
05:09:46,900 --> 05:09:50,200
confession proves guilt and 
there's no path that leads to 

5611
05:09:50,200 --> 05:09:55,200
Innocents once the process 
begins In Trier Germany between 

5612
05:09:55,200 --> 05:10:00,100
1581 and 1593 which trials 
resulted in the execution of 

5613
05:10:00,100 --> 05:10:04,100
around 360 people. 
The prince Archbishop who 

5614
05:10:04,100 --> 05:10:06,700
authorized these trials was 
himself later, accused of being 

5615
05:10:06,700 --> 05:10:09,600
too lenient on witches. 
This is the Alice in Wonderland 

5616
05:10:09,600 --> 05:10:13,100
logic of which hunting 
moderation, becomes suspicious 

5617
05:10:13,100 --> 05:10:15,600
Mercy, becomes evidence of 
conspiracy. 

5618
05:10:15,600 --> 05:10:19,800
And the only way to prove your 
not sympathetic to, which is to 

5619
05:10:19,800 --> 05:10:24,500
find and burn more of them. 
In Bamberg Germany between 

5620
05:10:24,500 --> 05:10:29,400
discusses 1626 and 1631, perhaps
600 people were executed as 

5621
05:10:29,400 --> 05:10:31,400
witches. 
The witch-hunting became so 

5622
05:10:31,400 --> 05:10:33,800
extensive, that special 
buildings were constructed to 

5623
05:10:33,800 --> 05:10:36,300
handle the volume of 
interrogations and executions 

5624
05:10:36,300 --> 05:10:40,200
the drudens which house in 
Bamberg was essentially a 

5625
05:10:40,200 --> 05:10:43,200
torture Factory processing 
accusations with bureaucratic 

5626
05:10:43,200 --> 05:10:46,200
efficiency, but not everywhere 
succumbed to this panic. 

5627
05:10:46,900 --> 05:10:50,500
Some regions remained relatively
Untouched by which trials some 

5628
05:10:50,500 --> 05:10:53,900
magistrate simply refused to 
prosecute some communities 

5629
05:10:53,900 --> 05:10:55,800
resisted. 
The pressure to identify which 

5630
05:10:55,800 --> 05:10:58,700
is among their neighbors. 
This variability is important to

5631
05:10:58,700 --> 05:11:01,900
remember which hunting wasn't 
inevitable feature of the 

5632
05:11:01,908 --> 05:11:04,600
period, but a specific 
phenomenon that required 

5633
05:11:04,600 --> 05:11:07,900
particular conditions to 
flourish Where, which hunting 

5634
05:11:07,900 --> 05:11:11,900
took hold it often followed 
patterns of social stress, a bad

5635
05:11:11,908 --> 05:11:16,000
Harvest, an outbreak of disease,
a military threat, economic 

5636
05:11:16,000 --> 05:11:18,400
disruption. 
These created anxiety, that 

5637
05:11:18,400 --> 05:11:20,900
sought out in accusation 
communities. 

5638
05:11:20,900 --> 05:11:23,900
That maintained stronger social 
bonds, better conflict 

5639
05:11:23,900 --> 05:11:27,100
resolution mechanisms or more 
skeptical, authorities, often 

5640
05:11:27,100 --> 05:11:31,000
avoided, the worst excesses. 
The executioners themselves 

5641
05:11:31,000 --> 05:11:34,000
varied in some regions, 
convicted, witches were 

5642
05:11:34,000 --> 05:11:37,700
strangled before being burned, 
which was considered merciful in

5643
05:11:37,700 --> 05:11:39,600
others. 
They were burned alive, some 

5644
05:11:39,600 --> 05:11:43,500
were hanged, some would drowned 
The methods reflected local 

5645
05:11:43,500 --> 05:11:45,700
custom and the severity of the 
supposed crime. 

5646
05:11:45,700 --> 05:11:49,000
Those who confessed and repented
might receive quicker deaths. 

5647
05:11:49,000 --> 05:11:50,800
Those who maintained their 
innocence. 

5648
05:11:50,800 --> 05:11:53,800
To the end were often subjected 
to the harshest punishments. 

5649
05:11:54,900 --> 05:11:57,700
What's haunting about reading 
trial, records is how ordinary 

5650
05:11:57,700 --> 05:12:01,100
everything seems the Scribe 
carefully records, the date, the

5651
05:12:01,100 --> 05:12:04,200
accused name and the charges 
Witnesses testify and 

5652
05:12:04,200 --> 05:12:06,300
matter-of-fact tones about 
supernatural events. 

5653
05:12:06,300 --> 05:12:09,500
Yes, the accused appeared in my 
bedroom as a spirit. 

5654
05:12:09,500 --> 05:12:13,700
Yes I saw her flying. 
Yes she calls my cows milk to 

5655
05:12:13,700 --> 05:12:16,100
dry up. 
The supernatural was treated as 

5656
05:12:16,100 --> 05:12:18,800
simply another category of 
evidence like eyewitness 

5657
05:12:18,800 --> 05:12:21,900
testimony in a theft case. 
You might think that the 

5658
05:12:21,900 --> 05:12:25,600
Renaissance with its Revival of 
classical learning, its emphasis

5659
05:12:25,600 --> 05:12:29,400
on humanism and its scientific 
curiosity would have ended which

5660
05:12:29,400 --> 05:12:33,400
hunting instead the 16th and 
17th century saw which trials, 

5661
05:12:33,400 --> 05:12:36,400
intense Fred the same 
intellectual ferment that 

5662
05:12:36,408 --> 05:12:40,200
produced great art and early 
signs also produced increasingly

5663
05:12:40,200 --> 05:12:42,300
elaborate theories about demonic
intervention. 

5664
05:12:43,300 --> 05:12:46,300
This period saw some of the most
educated Minds in Europe, 

5665
05:12:46,300 --> 05:12:50,000
writing extensively about 
witchcraft, King James of 

5666
05:12:50,000 --> 05:12:51,900
Scotland later, James, the thorn
of England. 

5667
05:12:51,900 --> 05:12:55,500
Wrote demonology, a 
philosophical, exploration of 

5668
05:12:55,500 --> 05:12:58,700
Witchcraft that treated demonic 
intervention as a subject. 

5669
05:12:58,700 --> 05:13:02,000
Worthy of Royal scholarly 
attention Jean bordeau. 

5670
05:13:02,000 --> 05:13:04,200
Won a France's great legal 
theorists, and political 

5671
05:13:04,200 --> 05:13:08,400
philosophers wrote de la demo. 
Namanny de Sochi arguing, that 

5672
05:13:08,400 --> 05:13:10,500
witchcraft prosecutions should 
be more severe. 

5673
05:13:10,500 --> 05:13:14,000
And that judicial Mercy toward 
accused witches was itself a 

5674
05:13:14,000 --> 05:13:17,800
form of heresy. 
These were not ignorant, 

5675
05:13:17,800 --> 05:13:20,900
peasants spreading Superstition.
These were the intellectual 

5676
05:13:20,900 --> 05:13:23,800
Elite of their age. 
Applying the full force of their

5677
05:13:23,800 --> 05:13:26,800
learning to the question of how 
demons operated in the world. 

5678
05:13:26,800 --> 05:13:29,600
Its a reminder that intelligents
and education. 

5679
05:13:29,600 --> 05:13:32,400
Don't automatically protect 
against systematic errors in 

5680
05:13:32,400 --> 05:13:35,400
thinking the specialty when 
those areas are embedded in your

5681
05:13:35,400 --> 05:13:37,700
cultures fundamental assumptions
about reality. 

5682
05:13:39,000 --> 05:13:42,900
The Renaissance saw the Witch 
Hunt Northwood into Scandinavia 

5683
05:13:42,900 --> 05:13:47,100
and Eastwood into Poland and 
Russia each region adapted which

5684
05:13:47,100 --> 05:13:50,300
hunting to its own cultural 
context in Scandinavia 

5685
05:13:50,300 --> 05:13:53,500
accusations often involved. 
Harmful magic against ships and 

5686
05:13:53,500 --> 05:13:56,800
sailors, unsurprising in 
seafaring cultures were storms 

5687
05:13:56,800 --> 05:13:58,400
at Sea. 
Could mean, death and financial 

5688
05:13:58,400 --> 05:14:01,700
ruin in Eastern Europe, believe 
in vampires and werewolves, 

5689
05:14:01,700 --> 05:14:05,200
sometimes, merge with witchcraft
accusations creating local 

5690
05:14:05,200 --> 05:14:08,100
variations on the theme of 
malevolent Supernatural power. 

5691
05:14:09,300 --> 05:14:11,800
England developed its own 
distinctive approach to which 

5692
05:14:11,800 --> 05:14:15,000
hunting English Lord, didn't 
allow torture, except in cases 

5693
05:14:15,000 --> 05:14:17,800
of treason, which meant the 
confessions had to be obtained 

5694
05:14:17,800 --> 05:14:19,500
through. 
Other means, lengthy 

5695
05:14:19,500 --> 05:14:23,300
interrogations, sleep, 
deprivation isolation, and 

5696
05:14:23,300 --> 05:14:26,500
psychological pressure. 
The accusations in England, also

5697
05:14:26,500 --> 05:14:31,200
tended to focus more on malafaia
actual harmful magic rather than

5698
05:14:31,200 --> 05:14:34,000
the elaborate sabbaths and Demon
worship that dominated 

5699
05:14:34,000 --> 05:14:38,100
Continental trials. 
The most famous English witch 

5700
05:14:38,100 --> 05:14:40,900
hunter was Matthew Hopkins, who 
operated during the English 

5701
05:14:40,900 --> 05:14:44,500
Civil War in the 1640s, he 
called himself, the witchfinder 

5702
05:14:44,500 --> 05:14:46,800
general though. 
No one had actually appointed 

5703
05:14:46,800 --> 05:14:49,800
him to any such position and 
traveled through East Anglia 

5704
05:14:49,800 --> 05:14:51,900
finding, which is with 
disturbing efficiency. 

5705
05:14:51,900 --> 05:14:56,400
His methods were technically 
legal, no torture officially but

5706
05:14:56,400 --> 05:14:58,300
involved tactics like forced 
walking. 

5707
05:14:58,300 --> 05:15:01,500
Keeping suspects, awaken moving 
for days until they became 

5708
05:15:01,500 --> 05:15:04,900
delirious pricking searching for
spots on the body that didn't 

5709
05:15:04,900 --> 05:15:08,100
bleed or feel pain. 
Supposedly marks made by the 

5710
05:15:08,100 --> 05:15:11,600
devil and the swimming test by 
binding suspects and throwing 

5711
05:15:11,600 --> 05:15:14,500
them in water to see if they 
floated, which would prove guilt

5712
05:15:14,500 --> 05:15:18,000
or sank which would prove 
innocence but might also result 

5713
05:15:18,000 --> 05:15:22,700
in drowning Hopkins operated for
only about two years but in that

5714
05:15:22,700 --> 05:15:25,600
time was responsible for perhaps
300 executions. 

5715
05:15:25,600 --> 05:15:28,500
What's particularly notable 
about his career is how it 

5716
05:15:28,500 --> 05:15:31,300
illustrates the entrepreneurial 
aspect of which hunting. 

5717
05:15:32,000 --> 05:15:35,500
Hopkins charged fees to towns 
for his Services, creating a 

5718
05:15:35,508 --> 05:15:37,400
financial incentive to find 
witches. 

5719
05:15:37,400 --> 05:15:41,800
This economic dimension of which
hunting is often overlooked Fear

5720
05:15:41,800 --> 05:15:43,900
was genuine, but it also became 
a business. 

5721
05:15:44,800 --> 05:15:47,700
Meanwhile in Scotland, which 
trials took on particular 

5722
05:15:47,700 --> 05:15:51,200
intensity Scottish law allowed 
torture and Scottish 

5723
05:15:51,200 --> 05:15:55,200
presbyterianism on routing out 
sin created an environment where

5724
05:15:55,200 --> 05:16:00,900
which hunting flourished between
1563 and 1736 somewhere between 

5725
05:16:00,900 --> 05:16:05,200
200500 and 4,000 people were 
executed as witches and 

5726
05:16:05,200 --> 05:16:08,600
Scotland, an extraordinarily 
High number for a relatively 

5727
05:16:08,600 --> 05:16:12,000
small population. 
The North Berwick Witch Trials 

5728
05:16:12,000 --> 05:16:17,000
of 15991 involving accusations 
that are covered of, which is a 

5729
05:16:17,000 --> 05:16:20,700
tried to Murder, King James to 6
by raising storms at sea show. 

5730
05:16:20,700 --> 05:16:23,800
How Witch Trials could become 
entangled with politics, the 

5731
05:16:23,800 --> 05:16:26,400
accused included, both peasants 
and members of the nobility. 

5732
05:16:26,400 --> 05:16:30,700
Confessions extracted under 
torture described, elaborate 

5733
05:16:30,700 --> 05:16:33,600
rituals and plots that 
conveniently implicated the 

5734
05:16:33,600 --> 05:16:36,500
king's political enemies. 
Whether the king genuinely 

5735
05:16:36,500 --> 05:16:39,400
believed in the Supernatural 
threat or cynically used which 

5736
05:16:39,400 --> 05:16:41,300
accusations to eliminate 
opposition. 

5737
05:16:41,300 --> 05:16:45,400
The result was the same 
execution that reinforced royal 

5738
05:16:45,400 --> 05:16:49,400
power while purging potential 
threats. but amid all this 

5739
05:16:49,408 --> 05:16:53,400
persecution skeptical voices 
were emerging Reginald, Scots, 

5740
05:16:53,400 --> 05:16:56,100
the discovery of Witchcraft 
published in 1584, 

5741
05:16:56,800 --> 05:16:59,500
Systematically argued against 
the reality of Witchcraft. 

5742
05:16:59,500 --> 05:17:03,100
Suggesting that supposed witches
were either victims of delusion,

5743
05:17:03,100 --> 05:17:06,000
mental illness or malicious 
accusation. 

5744
05:17:06,000 --> 05:17:09,000
King James was so offended by, 
Scott's book, that he ordered 

5745
05:17:09,000 --> 05:17:12,200
copies burned. 
But the books survived, and its 

5746
05:17:12,200 --> 05:17:14,400
arguments would eventually 
contribute to the decline of 

5747
05:17:14,400 --> 05:17:18,400
which hunting In the Holy Roman 
Empire, where the 30 Years War 

5748
05:17:18,400 --> 05:17:22,900
1618 to 1648 was tearing the 
region apart along religious 

5749
05:17:22,900 --> 05:17:26,700
lines, which hunting reached 
some of its most extreme 

5750
05:17:26,700 --> 05:17:30,600
manifestations invert. 
Prince Bishop Philip, Adolf on 

5751
05:17:30,600 --> 05:17:33,900
Aaron Berg presided over trials.
The executed around 900 people 

5752
05:17:33,900 --> 05:17:38,800
between 1626 and 1631. 
The victims included children, 

5753
05:17:38,800 --> 05:17:42,700
as young as seven members of the
nobility, and eventually people.

5754
05:17:42,700 --> 05:17:46,000
So clearly Innocent by any 
rational standard that the 

5755
05:17:46,000 --> 05:17:48,800
trials absurd to became 
undeniable even to 

5756
05:17:48,800 --> 05:17:52,700
contemporaries. 
The virts trials included, the 

5757
05:17:52,700 --> 05:17:56,400
creation of details records, 
including a chilling document 

5758
05:17:56,400 --> 05:17:59,300
listing children aged 414, who 
are accused of having 

5759
05:17:59,300 --> 05:18:02,400
intercourse with demons, reading
such records centuries. 

5760
05:18:02,400 --> 05:18:04,200
Later produces a kind of 
vertigo. 

5761
05:18:04,200 --> 05:18:07,500
These were real children whose 
names were carefully, recorded, 

5762
05:18:07,500 --> 05:18:10,600
who were tortured and killed by 
accusations that could not 

5763
05:18:10,600 --> 05:18:14,000
possibly have been true. 
What makes the Renaissance which

5764
05:18:14,000 --> 05:18:17,400
hunts particularly tragic is 
that they occurred during a 

5765
05:18:17,400 --> 05:18:20,400
period of genuine. 
Intellectual advancement the 

5766
05:18:20,400 --> 05:18:23,200
same Century that saw the 
publication of the malleus 

5767
05:18:23,200 --> 05:18:25,800
maleficarum. 
Also saw Columbus reaching the 

5768
05:18:25,800 --> 05:18:29,400
Americas, the same period that 
saw thousands burned as witches.

5769
05:18:29,400 --> 05:18:33,000
Also saw the development of 
movable type printing advances 

5770
05:18:33,000 --> 05:18:36,800
in medicine and the beginning of
modern astronomy Humanity's 

5771
05:18:36,800 --> 05:18:39,600
capacity for both. 
Brilliant and barbarity has 

5772
05:18:39,600 --> 05:18:42,100
never been more evident than in 
these contradictions. 

5773
05:18:43,000 --> 05:18:45,900
Now we cross the Atlantic to a 
small coastal settlement in 

5774
05:18:45,900 --> 05:18:51,100
Massachusetts where in 1692 some
of the most famous witch trials 

5775
05:18:51,100 --> 05:18:54,300
in history would unfold in a 
community that had fled Europe 

5776
05:18:54,300 --> 05:18:57,900
partly to escape religious 
persecution, only to recreate it

5777
05:18:57,900 --> 05:19:02,300
in new and devastating forms. 
Salem Village in the late. 17th 

5778
05:19:02,300 --> 05:19:05,500
century was not a happy place. 
It was a frontier community 

5779
05:19:05,500 --> 05:19:08,500
living in the shadow of ongoing 
conflicts with Native Americans.

5780
05:19:08,500 --> 05:19:12,400
King, William's War had brought 
violence close to home with 

5781
05:19:12,400 --> 05:19:15,300
raids and captivity narratives, 
creating constant tanks, 

5782
05:19:15,300 --> 05:19:17,100
anxiety. 
The Village was also 

5783
05:19:17,100 --> 05:19:20,100
experiencing internal tensions 
disputes over land. 

5784
05:19:20,100 --> 05:19:22,100
Arguments about the local 
ministers. 

5785
05:19:22,100 --> 05:19:25,300
Salary fashionable conflicts 
between farming families and 

5786
05:19:25,300 --> 05:19:27,700
Merchant families. 
And a general sense that the 

5787
05:19:27,700 --> 05:19:30,500
younger generation was 
abandoning the purity of their 

5788
05:19:30,500 --> 05:19:33,700
parents fate. 
Into this tense environment. 

5789
05:19:33,700 --> 05:19:36,800
Came a peculiar episode in the 
household of Reverend Samuel 

5790
05:19:36,800 --> 05:19:40,300
Parris in January, 1692 his 9 
year old daughter. 

5791
05:19:40,300 --> 05:19:43,700
Betty and 11 year old niece. 
Abigail began having strange, 

5792
05:19:43,700 --> 05:19:48,200
fits screaming throwing objects,
contorting their bodies and 

5793
05:19:48,200 --> 05:19:52,400
speaking nonsense a local doctor
unable to find physical causes 

5794
05:19:52,400 --> 05:19:54,900
suggested. 
They might be Bewitched an 

5795
05:19:54,900 --> 05:19:57,500
explanation that made sense 
within the worldview of Puritan 

5796
05:19:57,500 --> 05:20:00,800
Massachusetts, where Satan was 
seen as constantly working to 

5797
05:20:00,800 --> 05:20:03,100
corrupt. 
God's chosen people, the girls 

5798
05:20:03,100 --> 05:20:06,300
when pressed to name their 
tormentors eventually accused 

5799
05:20:06,300 --> 05:20:09,800
three women Tituba and enslaved.
Woman in the Parris household, 

5800
05:20:09,800 --> 05:20:14,600
Sarah Goode, a homeless beggar, 
and Sarah Osborne, and elderly 

5801
05:20:14,600 --> 05:20:16,200
woman, who rarely attended 
church. 

5802
05:20:16,200 --> 05:20:19,300
These first three accused fit, 
the traditional profile of 

5803
05:20:19,300 --> 05:20:23,200
suspected witches, marginal, 
vulnerable and easy to believe. 

5804
05:20:24,300 --> 05:20:26,300
What happened? 
Next transformed, a local 

5805
05:20:26,300 --> 05:20:29,500
episode in to a colony wide 
crisis under interrogation 

5806
05:20:29,500 --> 05:20:31,800
Peterborough. 
Perhaps hoping to avoid the 

5807
05:20:31,800 --> 05:20:34,000
worst punishment perhaps 
pressure by her. 

5808
05:20:34,000 --> 05:20:37,500
Enslaver perhaps caught up in 
the theological expectations of 

5809
05:20:37,500 --> 05:20:41,100
her interrogators confessed, not
just to practicing witchcraft, 

5810
05:20:41,100 --> 05:20:44,700
but to participate in a 
conspiracy of witches operating 

5811
05:20:44,700 --> 05:20:47,500
throughout Massachusetts, she 
described meetings with the 

5812
05:20:47,500 --> 05:20:50,700
devil signing a book and the 
involvement of other women. 

5813
05:20:50,700 --> 05:20:52,400
She couldn't quite name or 
describe. 

5814
05:20:53,300 --> 05:20:56,500
This confession instead of 
ending the episode expanded. 

5815
05:20:56,500 --> 05:21:00,000
It if Tituba was telling the 
truth, then witchcraft was a 

5816
05:21:00,000 --> 05:21:03,100
real and immediate threat. 
If there was conspiracy then 

5817
05:21:03,100 --> 05:21:07,800
more witches must be identified.
The girls continue having fits 

5818
05:21:07,800 --> 05:21:11,400
and began making additional 
accusations other young women 

5819
05:21:11,400 --> 05:21:14,200
and girls in the community began
having similar symptoms. 

5820
05:21:14,200 --> 05:21:18,300
It was like a stone thrown into 
Stillwater, creating ripples 

5821
05:21:18,300 --> 05:21:21,200
that spread outward until they 
reached Far Beyond Salem 

5822
05:21:21,200 --> 05:21:24,900
Village. 
As accusations multiplied, the 

5823
05:21:24,900 --> 05:21:28,400
profile of the accused changed. 
The first victims had been 

5824
05:21:28,400 --> 05:21:31,400
marginal figures, but soon 
accusations were reaching 

5825
05:21:31,400 --> 05:21:34,700
respectable church members, 
property, owners, and even a 

5826
05:21:34,700 --> 05:21:38,500
form of Minister, Rebecca nurse 
a 71 year old woman known for 

5827
05:21:38,500 --> 05:21:42,500
piety was accused and eventually
hanged despite strong community 

5828
05:21:42,500 --> 05:21:45,100
support and an initial jury 
quittell. 

5829
05:21:45,100 --> 05:21:47,808
That was overturned when the 
girls had fresh fits in the 

5830
05:21:47,816 --> 05:21:52,600
courtroom. 
The Salem trials proceeded in a 

5831
05:21:52,600 --> 05:21:54,900
legal environment that would 
seem surreal by modern 

5832
05:21:54,900 --> 05:21:57,800
standards. 
Spectral evidence testimony that

5833
05:21:57,800 --> 05:22:01,000
the accused Specter or spirited 
appeared to the witness was 

5834
05:22:01,000 --> 05:22:04,400
accepted as valid this created 
an impossible situation. 

5835
05:22:04,400 --> 05:22:07,900
How do you defend yourself 
against claims that your spirit 

5836
05:22:07,900 --> 05:22:10,400
was doing things? 
You weren't aware of the legal 

5837
05:22:10,400 --> 05:22:13,100
system is essentially prosecuted
people for their presumed 

5838
05:22:13,100 --> 05:22:16,100
Supernatural actions, rather 
than anything they had actually 

5839
05:22:16,100 --> 05:22:19,500
done. 
Giles Corey an 80 year old 

5840
05:22:19,500 --> 05:22:22,200
farmer who refused to enter a 
plea to the charges against him 

5841
05:22:22,200 --> 05:22:26,400
was subjected to pressing heavy 
Stones placed on his chest until

5842
05:22:26,400 --> 05:22:28,000
he either agreed to plead or 
died. 

5843
05:22:28,000 --> 05:22:31,000
According to Legend his only 
words during two days of this, 

5844
05:22:31,000 --> 05:22:35,200
torture were more weight. 
He died without pleading, which 

5845
05:22:35,200 --> 05:22:37,900
under English law meant his 
property couldn't be confiscated

5846
05:22:37,900 --> 05:22:40,000
and would pass to his heirs, his
death. 

5847
05:22:40,000 --> 05:22:43,400
Meant to compel testimony 
instead became a silent protest 

5848
05:22:43,400 --> 05:22:47,600
against the proceedings. 
By the summer of 1692 Salem's, 

5849
05:22:47,600 --> 05:22:50,700
jails were overflowing with 
accused witches women who were 

5850
05:22:50,700 --> 05:22:54,200
pregnant were spared execution. 
Until after giving birth 

5851
05:22:54,200 --> 05:22:57,600
creating the Grim spectacle of 
women giving birth in Chains. 

5852
05:22:57,600 --> 05:23:01,400
Knowing they would be hanged. 
Once recovered children as young

5853
05:23:01,400 --> 05:23:04,400
as four were accused and 
imprisoned one of the accused 

5854
05:23:04,400 --> 05:23:07,800
Sarah good was hanged while her 
infant daughter born in prison 

5855
05:23:07,800 --> 05:23:10,300
died. 
Shortly after Sarah goodes. 

5856
05:23:10,300 --> 05:23:13,600
Final words from The Gallows, 
addressed to the minister urging

5857
05:23:13,600 --> 05:23:16,800
her to confess were reported as 
you're a liar. 

5858
05:23:16,800 --> 05:23:19,100
I am no more a witch than you 
are a wizard. 

5859
05:23:19,800 --> 05:23:22,600
And if you take away my life, 
God will give you blood to 

5860
05:23:22,600 --> 05:23:25,800
drink. 
By September, however, the 

5861
05:23:25,800 --> 05:23:29,300
accusations had reached so far 
up the social hierarchy that 

5862
05:23:29,300 --> 05:23:32,300
they were becoming untenable 
when the girls accused, the wife

5863
05:23:32,300 --> 05:23:34,900
of Governor phips. 
When respected ministers began 

5864
05:23:34,900 --> 05:23:38,200
questioning the proceedings. 
And when juries started refusing

5865
05:23:38,200 --> 05:23:41,500
to convict despite spectral 
evidence Machinery of 

5866
05:23:41,500 --> 05:23:46,200
prosecution, began to slow. 
The crucial shift came and 

5867
05:23:46,200 --> 05:23:49,200
prominent ministers, led by 
increased mother argued that 

5868
05:23:49,200 --> 05:23:51,400
spectral evidence shouldn't be 
allowed in court. 

5869
05:23:51,400 --> 05:23:55,000
His statement, it were better. 
That ten suspected witches 

5870
05:23:55,000 --> 05:23:57,100
should Escape than that. 
One innocent person should be 

5871
05:23:57,100 --> 05:24:00,600
condemned represented, a 
dramatic reversal of the logic 

5872
05:24:00,600 --> 05:24:03,600
that had driven the trials 
without spectral evidence. 

5873
05:24:03,600 --> 05:24:09,000
Most cases collapsed By October.
1692 Governor phips dissolve, 

5874
05:24:09,000 --> 05:24:11,400
the special court that had been 
handling, witchcraft cases 

5875
05:24:12,300 --> 05:24:15,200
Remaining prisoners were 
gradually released many after 

5876
05:24:15,200 --> 05:24:19,200
posting Bond of those who had 
been executed. 19 hanged, one 

5877
05:24:19,200 --> 05:24:22,100
pressed to death, none would 
receive official pardons for 

5878
05:24:22,100 --> 05:24:25,800
centuries, the community having 
looked into an abyss own, making

5879
05:24:25,800 --> 05:24:28,300
collectively decided to stop 
looking and move on. 

5880
05:24:29,000 --> 05:24:32,000
What's particularly haunting 
about Salem is how quickly the 

5881
05:24:32,000 --> 05:24:35,500
episode ended once authorities, 
decided, it should end the same 

5882
05:24:35,500 --> 05:24:38,100
community that had been gripped,
by which hunting fever, and 

5883
05:24:38,100 --> 05:24:40,200
summer was releasing prisoners 
by four. 

5884
05:24:40,200 --> 05:24:43,400
This rapid reversal suggests 
that the trials had never been 

5885
05:24:43,400 --> 05:24:46,100
inevitable, the different 
choices by authorities. 

5886
05:24:46,100 --> 05:24:48,500
Could have prevented most or all
of the deaths. 

5887
05:24:48,500 --> 05:24:52,200
The 20 people who died, did so 
not because witchcraft belief 

5888
05:24:52,200 --> 05:24:55,800
made their deaths on avoidable. 
But because specific individuals

5889
05:24:55,800 --> 05:24:59,500
in positions of authority made 
specific decisions to allow the 

5890
05:24:59,500 --> 05:25:03,700
prosecution to proceed. 
The aftermath Source a slow 

5891
05:25:03,700 --> 05:25:06,700
incomplete process of 
acknowledgment some of the 

5892
05:25:06,700 --> 05:25:10,700
accusers later apologized and 
Putnam one of the main accusers 

5893
05:25:10,700 --> 05:25:14,500
eventually made a public apology
in church blaming Satan for 

5894
05:25:14,500 --> 05:25:17,400
diluting her. 
Samuel Sewell, one of the judges

5895
05:25:17,400 --> 05:25:20,400
publicly confessed error, but 
these apologies could not 

5896
05:25:20,400 --> 05:25:23,400
restore the dead or heal. 
The communities wounds Salim 

5897
05:25:23,400 --> 05:25:25,900
spent Generations living with 
the knowledge of what it had 

5898
05:25:25,900 --> 05:25:29,200
done by the early 18th century, 
which trials were becoming 

5899
05:25:29,200 --> 05:25:31,600
increasingly rare across Europe 
and the colonies. 

5900
05:25:31,600 --> 05:25:35,100
This declined wasn't the result 
of a single cause but rather a 

5901
05:25:35,100 --> 05:25:38,200
convergence of factors 
intellectual shifts legal 

5902
05:25:38,200 --> 05:25:42,200
reforms religious changes and 
perhaps simply exhaustion with 

5903
05:25:42,200 --> 05:25:45,700
Decades of persecution. 
The Scientific Revolution was 

5904
05:25:45,700 --> 05:25:49,000
transforming how educated 
Europeans understood causation 

5905
05:25:49,000 --> 05:25:52,800
when you can see microorganisms 
through a microscope when you 

5906
05:25:52,808 --> 05:25:55,500
understand that disease is 
caused by infection rather than 

5907
05:25:55,500 --> 05:25:59,100
malevolent will and when you can
predict planetary motion through

5908
05:25:59,100 --> 05:26:02,700
mathematics the supernatural 
explanation for Misfortune 

5909
05:26:02,700 --> 05:26:06,400
becomes less necessary not 
everyone accepted these new 

5910
05:26:06,400 --> 05:26:09,400
ideas immediately, but they were
available as alternative 

5911
05:26:09,400 --> 05:26:10,900
Frameworks for understanding the
world. 

5912
05:26:11,800 --> 05:26:14,100
The enlightenment brought 
increased skepticism toward 

5913
05:26:14,100 --> 05:26:16,500
traditional authorities and 
Supernatural claims 

5914
05:26:16,500 --> 05:26:18,500
philosophers, like Voltaire 
openly. 

5915
05:26:18,500 --> 05:26:21,500
Mocked Witch Trials. 
As superstitious barbarism, this

5916
05:26:21,500 --> 05:26:24,700
mockery created social pressure 
on authorities, who continue to 

5917
05:26:24,700 --> 05:26:27,700
Prosecuting witches. 
They risk being seen as backward

5918
05:26:27,700 --> 05:26:30,200
and credulous by the 
intellectual Fashions of their 

5919
05:26:30,200 --> 05:26:34,500
time, Legal reforms also played 
a role new evidentiary 

5920
05:26:34,500 --> 05:26:37,600
standards, made it harder to 
obtain convictions, based solely

5921
05:26:37,600 --> 05:26:40,700
on confessional reputation. 
The use of torture in judicial 

5922
05:26:40,700 --> 05:26:43,800
proceedings, gradually declined 
across Europe, partly from 

5923
05:26:43,800 --> 05:26:47,400
humanitarian concerns but also 
from growing recognition that 

5924
05:26:47,400 --> 05:26:50,600
torture produced unreliable 
evidence when authorities could 

5925
05:26:50,600 --> 05:26:54,200
not extract confession through 
pain which prosecution's became 

5926
05:26:54,200 --> 05:26:58,000
much harder to pursue, religious
changes mattered too as 

5927
05:26:58,000 --> 05:27:01,200
Protestant and Catholic churches
settled in to coexistence after 

5928
05:27:01,200 --> 05:27:04,500
the devastating religious wars 
of the 16th and 17th centuries, 

5929
05:27:04,500 --> 05:27:08,100
the intense focus on spiritual 
Purity that had fueled which 

5930
05:27:08,100 --> 05:27:10,300
hunting began to ease 
communities. 

5931
05:27:10,300 --> 05:27:12,900
That had spent Generations 
fighting over correct Doctrine 

5932
05:27:12,900 --> 05:27:16,400
were exhausted by conflict and 
more interested in stability 

5933
05:27:16,400 --> 05:27:21,000
than in rooting out hidden evil.
Economic Development, created 

5934
05:27:21,000 --> 05:27:24,000
new social structures, that 
reduce the importance of 

5935
05:27:24,000 --> 05:27:27,400
tight-knit, Village communities 
where witch accusations had 

5936
05:27:27,400 --> 05:27:31,600
flourished as people moved to 
cities as markets expanded and 

5937
05:27:31,600 --> 05:27:34,500
as individuals became less 
dependent on immediate neighbors

5938
05:27:34,500 --> 05:27:37,200
for survival. 
The social conditions that had 

5939
05:27:37,200 --> 05:27:40,000
made which accusations useful 
for managing interpersonal, 

5940
05:27:40,000 --> 05:27:44,600
conflict began to dissolve The 
last execution for which craft 

5941
05:27:44,600 --> 05:27:48,500
in England occurred in 1684, 
Scotland's last execution was in

5942
05:27:48,500 --> 05:27:53,200
1727 in France. 
The last execution was in 1745. 

5943
05:27:53,200 --> 05:27:57,700
The Holy Roman Empire ended 
witch trials in 1775 these 

5944
05:27:57,700 --> 05:27:59,600
dates. 
Mark not sudden Transformations,

5945
05:27:59,600 --> 05:28:03,000
but gradual recognition that 
which prosecution's no longer 

5946
05:28:03,000 --> 05:28:06,400
made sense within changing legal
intellectual and social 

5947
05:28:06,400 --> 05:28:09,700
Frameworks. 
Poland's last witch, trial 

5948
05:28:09,700 --> 05:28:14,100
occurred in 1793 notably late 
compared to Western Europe. 

5949
05:28:14,100 --> 05:28:17,400
This timing reminds us that 
change happened, unevenly across

5950
05:28:17,400 --> 05:28:20,400
the continent, reflecting 
different social, and political 

5951
05:28:20,408 --> 05:28:23,600
conditions remote, or 
conservative regions maintained 

5952
05:28:23,600 --> 05:28:26,800
beliefs that Urban centers had 
abandoned, but the legal end of 

5953
05:28:26,800 --> 05:28:30,100
which trials didn't mean the end
of which craft believe folk 

5954
05:28:30,100 --> 05:28:32,800
beliefs about magical harm, 
protective charms, and 

5955
05:28:32,800 --> 05:28:35,300
Supernatural. 
Causation, persisted in rural 

5956
05:28:35,300 --> 05:28:36,900
areas. 
Well, into the 20th century 

5957
05:28:36,900 --> 05:28:39,600
people stopped bringing 
witchcraft accusations to 

5958
05:28:39,600 --> 05:28:42,300
courts, but they didn't 
necessarily stop believing that 

5959
05:28:42,300 --> 05:28:43,900
some neighbors had Dangerous 
Powers. 

5960
05:28:43,900 --> 05:28:47,100
The change was partly about 
belief, but more about what kind

5961
05:28:47,100 --> 05:28:49,800
of claims the legal system was 
willing to take seriously. 

5962
05:28:50,800 --> 05:28:54,400
In some communities informal, 
persecution continued. 

5963
05:28:54,400 --> 05:28:57,600
Even after formal trials, ended,
someone suspected of Witchcraft 

5964
05:28:57,600 --> 05:29:00,900
might face social ostracism 
property damage or violence 

5965
05:29:00,900 --> 05:29:04,200
without any legal proceedings. 
These extra legal actions were 

5966
05:29:04,200 --> 05:29:05,900
harder to track than official 
trials. 

5967
05:29:05,900 --> 05:29:09,300
But they represent continuity 
and belief even as legal 

5968
05:29:09,300 --> 05:29:13,400
structures changed. 
The Witchcraft Act of 1735 in 

5969
05:29:13,400 --> 05:29:16,000
Great, Britain marked a 
significant shift in official 

5970
05:29:16,000 --> 05:29:19,300
attitudes this law appealed 
previous witchcraft statutes. 

5971
05:29:19,300 --> 05:29:21,500
Not because it accepted that 
witchcraft was real. 

5972
05:29:21,500 --> 05:29:24,400
But because it made pretending 
to practice witchcraft or 

5973
05:29:24,400 --> 05:29:26,200
accusing others of it into a 
crime. 

5974
05:29:26,200 --> 05:29:30,300
The law essentially said, 
witchcraft doesn't exist and 

5975
05:29:30,300 --> 05:29:33,000
claiming it does is either fraud
or slander. 

5976
05:29:33,000 --> 05:29:36,000
This represented a complete 
reversal of earlier legal 

5977
05:29:36,000 --> 05:29:39,100
Frameworks that had treated 
which craft as a real crime, 

5978
05:29:39,100 --> 05:29:43,000
requiring prosecution. 
Yet even as educated opinion 

5979
05:29:43,000 --> 05:29:46,700
turned against which trials folk
practices related to protection 

5980
05:29:46,700 --> 05:29:49,900
from witchcraft consisted, 
people can continue to use 

5981
05:29:49,900 --> 05:29:52,900
horseshoes, overdoors to bury 
objects and thresholds. 

5982
05:29:52,900 --> 05:29:56,300
And to employ counter magic 
against the suspected harm, the 

5983
05:29:56,300 --> 05:29:58,900
formal legal operators of, which
hunting disappeared. 

5984
05:29:58,900 --> 05:30:02,700
But the underlying anxiety about
malevolent magic took longer to 

5985
05:30:02,700 --> 05:30:05,100
fade. 
What finally killed which 

5986
05:30:05,100 --> 05:30:08,500
hunting wasn't necessarily that 
people stopped believing in 

5987
05:30:08,500 --> 05:30:11,700
Magic but that they stopped 
believing the legal system 

5988
05:30:11,700 --> 05:30:14,300
should be involved in. 
Policing it private beliefs 

5989
05:30:14,300 --> 05:30:16,800
about supernatural harm, 
assisted even as public 

5990
05:30:16,800 --> 05:30:20,100
institutions, refused to 
prosecute based on those beliefs

5991
05:30:20,100 --> 05:30:23,300
this separation between personal
belief and official action 

5992
05:30:23,300 --> 05:30:27,300
represents a significant 
evolution in how modern society 

5993
05:30:27,300 --> 05:30:31,600
is handle religious and 
Supernatural claims, the memory 

5994
05:30:31,600 --> 05:30:34,000
of the witch hunts, did 
important cultural work in the 

5995
05:30:34,008 --> 05:30:37,000
centuries that followed for 
Enlightenment thinkers which 

5996
05:30:37,000 --> 05:30:40,600
trials became an example of what
happens when Superstition and 

5997
05:30:40,600 --> 05:30:44,100
religious enthusiasm override 
reason for later generations, 

5998
05:30:44,100 --> 05:30:47,900
which hunt served as a warning 
about mob psychology about the 

5999
05:30:47,900 --> 05:30:51,800
dangers of accusations that are 
impossible to disprove and about

6000
05:30:51,800 --> 05:30:55,600
how Fear Can Transform neighbors
into executioners As you pull 

6001
05:30:55,600 --> 05:31:00,000
your blanket Tighter and perhaps
refill your tea, consider that 

6002
05:31:00,000 --> 05:31:03,600
the witch trials distant, as 
they seem have left marks on our

6003
05:31:03,600 --> 05:31:06,600
world, that remain visible. 
If you know where to look, the 

6004
05:31:06,600 --> 05:31:09,100
English language preserves 
traces of this history and 

6005
05:31:09,100 --> 05:31:10,800
phrases. 
We use without thinking about 

6006
05:31:10,800 --> 05:31:14,600
their Origins which hunt has 
become a standard metaphor for 

6007
05:31:14,600 --> 05:31:17,900
baseless persecution. 
Used by everyone from corporate 

6008
05:31:17,900 --> 05:31:21,300
Executives defending against 
accusations to politicians 

6009
05:31:21,300 --> 05:31:24,100
claiming unfair treatment, the 
phrase captures something 

6010
05:31:24,100 --> 05:31:27,700
essential about the dynamic 
accusations that build on the 

6011
05:31:27,708 --> 05:31:30,000
cells. 
Where defending yourself only 

6012
05:31:30,000 --> 05:31:33,300
makes you look more guilty and 
where the process itself becomes

6013
05:31:33,300 --> 05:31:36,700
punishment. 
Modern legal protections against

6014
05:31:36,700 --> 05:31:40,000
certain types of prosecution 
developed partly in reaction to 

6015
05:31:40,000 --> 05:31:43,100
the witch trials the principle 
that accusation alone isn't 

6016
05:31:43,100 --> 05:31:46,700
evidence the right to confront 
your accusers the requirement 

6017
05:31:46,700 --> 05:31:49,600
for physical proof of crime and 
protections against 

6018
05:31:49,600 --> 05:31:53,400
self-incrimination these evolved
partly from recognition of how 

6019
05:31:53,400 --> 05:31:56,500
easily which trial Dynamics 
could produce unjust 

6020
05:31:56,500 --> 05:31:59,000
convictions. 
When we say innocent until 

6021
05:31:59,000 --> 05:32:02,200
proven guilty were embracing a 
standard that which trial 

6022
05:32:02,200 --> 05:32:06,300
spectacularly violated. 
The trials also left their mark 

6023
05:32:06,300 --> 05:32:09,200
on how we think about women's 
social power the overwhelming 

6024
05:32:09,200 --> 05:32:12,400
majority of accused witches were
women and the accusations often 

6025
05:32:12,400 --> 05:32:15,100
centered on behaviors that 
challenge to patriarchal Norms 

6026
05:32:15,100 --> 05:32:19,900
female Independence female 
knowledge female sexuality and 

6027
05:32:19,900 --> 05:32:23,500
female anger The Witch Trials 
were among other things a 

6028
05:32:23,500 --> 05:32:26,600
mechanism for policing gender 
boundaries for punishing women 

6029
05:32:26,600 --> 05:32:30,500
who didn't fit prescribed roles.
This gendered aspect of which 

6030
05:32:30,500 --> 05:32:33,000
hunting has made the witch a 
powerful symbol in modern 

6031
05:32:33,000 --> 05:32:36,300
feminist thought the witch 
reimagined not as an evil 

6032
05:32:36,300 --> 05:32:38,800
figure, but as a woman who 
refused to conform and who 

6033
05:32:38,800 --> 05:32:41,300
possessed knowledge and power 
that threatened established 

6034
05:32:41,300 --> 05:32:45,200
structures has become an icon of
resistance Halloween decorations

6035
05:32:45,200 --> 05:32:48,300
featuring witches on broomsticks
carry Echoes of centuries of 

6036
05:32:48,300 --> 05:32:52,100
persecution transformed into 
something playful, but retaining

6037
05:32:52,100 --> 05:32:56,800
a shadow of their darker 
Origins, In Salem the trials, 

6038
05:32:56,800 --> 05:32:59,900
have become Central to the 
town's identity, and ways, both 

6039
05:32:59,900 --> 05:33:03,000
thoughtful and Commercial 
museums, and Memorial sites. 

6040
05:33:03,000 --> 05:33:05,400
Preserve the history while 
tourism capitalizes on it, 

6041
05:33:05,400 --> 05:33:09,200
walking through Modern Salem, 
you pass, witchcraft shops, 

6042
05:33:09,200 --> 05:33:12,600
selling crystals and Tarot cards
next to historical, markers 

6043
05:33:12,600 --> 05:33:14,200
explaining that actual 
witchcraft. 

6044
05:33:14,200 --> 05:33:18,000
Never occurred the town wrestles
with how to honor victims while 

6045
05:33:18,000 --> 05:33:20,900
acknowledging that its most 
famous historical episode was 

6046
05:33:20,900 --> 05:33:25,700
built on delusion and Injustice.
Arthur Miller's 1953 play The 

6047
05:33:25,700 --> 05:33:29,100
Crucible used Salem as an 
allegory for McCarthy and 

6048
05:33:29,100 --> 05:33:32,300
anti-communist investigations 
demonstrating how which trial 

6049
05:33:32,300 --> 05:33:35,800
Dynamics could recur in modern 
contexts Miller recognized that 

6050
05:33:35,800 --> 05:33:38,600
the essential pattern 
accusations that are hard to 

6051
05:33:38,608 --> 05:33:40,700
disprove. 
Social pressure to name, 

6052
05:33:40,700 --> 05:33:44,300
accomplices, and personal, and 
political motivations to Skies, 

6053
05:33:44,300 --> 05:33:48,200
as ideological Purity wasn't 
limited to the 17th century. 

6054
05:33:48,200 --> 05:33:51,300
The play ensured that Salem 
would remain in cultural memory,

6055
05:33:51,300 --> 05:33:54,500
not just as a historical 
curiosity, but as a cautionary 

6056
05:33:54,500 --> 05:33:58,400
Tale Modern accusations of 
Witchcraft, still occur in some 

6057
05:33:58,400 --> 05:34:01,700
parts of the world, particularly
in regions, where traditional 

6058
05:34:01,700 --> 05:34:05,300
beliefs remain strong and legal 
systems are weak, in some 

6059
05:34:05,300 --> 05:34:08,300
African and Asian communities, 
which craft accusations can lead

6060
05:34:08,300 --> 05:34:12,100
to violence, Exile or death. 
These contemporary witch hunts. 

6061
05:34:12,100 --> 05:34:15,000
Follow patterns eerily similar 
to European and American 

6062
05:34:15,000 --> 05:34:19,000
historical trials, accusations 
against vulnerable individuals, 

6063
05:34:19,000 --> 05:34:22,800
confessions extracted through 
pressure or violence and 

6064
05:34:22,800 --> 05:34:25,400
community. 
Scapegoating of marginal people 

6065
05:34:25,400 --> 05:34:27,900
international human rights 
organizations. 

6066
05:34:27,900 --> 05:34:30,500
Now track and work to prevent 
which accusations in these 

6067
05:34:30,500 --> 05:34:33,800
regions, recognizing that the 
Dynamics that produce the 

6068
05:34:33,800 --> 05:34:35,400
European witch. 
Hunts have not disappeared. 

6069
05:34:35,400 --> 05:34:37,600
They've just moved to different 
cultural. 

6070
05:34:37,600 --> 05:34:41,300
Contexts the underlying human 
tendencies that made witch 

6071
05:34:41,300 --> 05:34:43,800
hunting possible. 
The need to explain Misfortune 

6072
05:34:43,800 --> 05:34:47,300
the usefulness of scapegoats. 
The power of accusations that 

6073
05:34:47,300 --> 05:34:51,000
are difficult to disprove remain
present in human communities 

6074
05:34:51,000 --> 05:34:53,800
everywhere. 
Psychology has provided 

6075
05:34:53,800 --> 05:34:55,600
Frameworks for understanding 
what happened. 

6076
05:34:55,800 --> 05:34:59,200
During historical Witch Trials, 
massive stereo conversion 

6077
05:34:59,200 --> 05:35:03,200
disorder confirmation bias, the 
psychology of torture and 

6078
05:35:03,200 --> 05:35:07,300
confession and group dynamics. 
In small communities, these 

6079
05:35:07,300 --> 05:35:10,500
Concepts help explain how 
intelligent decent people could 

6080
05:35:10,500 --> 05:35:13,800
participate in or support, which
prosecution's understanding 

6081
05:35:13,800 --> 05:35:16,700
these mechanisms doesn't make 
the history less troubling, but 

6082
05:35:16,700 --> 05:35:19,000
it does make it more 
comprehensible as something that

6083
05:35:19,000 --> 05:35:22,000
emerge from ordinary human 
psychology, under particular, 

6084
05:35:22,000 --> 05:35:26,200
social conditions. 
The Witch Trials also, offer 

6085
05:35:26,200 --> 05:35:29,500
insights into how societies 
handling visible threats, 

6086
05:35:29,500 --> 05:35:33,300
whether the threat is witchcraft
communism, terrorism or viral 

6087
05:35:33,300 --> 05:35:36,800
contagion communities face 
similar challenges how to 

6088
05:35:36,808 --> 05:35:40,000
respond to genuine danger 
without succumbing to panic how 

6089
05:35:40,000 --> 05:35:43,300
to protect the vulnerable while 
maintaining security and how to 

6090
05:35:43,300 --> 05:35:46,500
distinguish between reasonable 
precaution and destructive. 

6091
05:35:46,500 --> 05:35:49,700
Paranoia, The Witch Trials 
represent an extreme case of 

6092
05:35:49,700 --> 05:35:51,700
getting this balanced 
catastrophically wrong. 

6093
05:35:51,700 --> 05:35:55,500
Descendants of accused witches 
of work to clear their ancestors

6094
05:35:55,500 --> 05:35:59,200
names, often facing bureaucratic
obstacles, centuries after the 

6095
05:35:59,200 --> 05:36:03,100
original accusation in 2001, 
Massachusetts formerly, 

6096
05:36:03,100 --> 05:36:06,800
exonerated five, women executed 
during the Salem trials, who had

6097
05:36:06,808 --> 05:36:10,900
never received official pardons 
in 2022, the last of the 

6098
05:36:10,900 --> 05:36:14,900
sailing, which is received 
exoneration 330 years after her 

6099
05:36:14,900 --> 05:36:17,600
execution, these late 
acknowledgments, can't undo 

6100
05:36:17,600 --> 05:36:20,800
historical harm, but they 
represent official recognition 

6101
05:36:20,800 --> 05:36:24,200
that Injustice occurred. 
The wiccan religious movement, 

6102
05:36:24,200 --> 05:36:27,400
which emerged in the mid-20th 
century, reclaimed the word 

6103
05:36:27,400 --> 05:36:31,400
witch, as a positive identity, 
creating a contemporary 

6104
05:36:31,400 --> 05:36:34,300
witchcraft practice, that has 
nothing to do with demonic packs

6105
05:36:34,300 --> 05:36:37,100
or malevolent magic modern 
wiccans, practice. 

6106
05:36:37,100 --> 05:36:40,600
What they describe as 
nature-based spirituality often 

6107
05:36:40,600 --> 05:36:44,700
emphasizing healing Harmony and 
connection to seasonal Cycles. 

6108
05:36:44,700 --> 05:36:47,800
Whether there's any historical 
connection between contemporary 

6109
05:36:47,800 --> 05:36:50,700
wicker and the practices of 
people accused during which 

6110
05:36:50,700 --> 05:36:53,700
trials is debatable, but the 
Reclamation of the term 

6111
05:36:53,700 --> 05:36:56,300
represents a fascinating 
cultural transformation. 

6112
05:36:56,300 --> 05:37:00,400
Academia continues studying, 
which trials from multiple 

6113
05:37:00,400 --> 05:37:04,400
angles, social history examining
Community, Dynamics gender. 

6114
05:37:04,400 --> 05:37:07,300
Studies analyzing the 
persecution of women, legal 

6115
05:37:07,300 --> 05:37:10,700
history, tracking changes in 
evidentiary standards religious 

6116
05:37:10,700 --> 05:37:14,500
history, exploring theological 
developments and medical history

6117
05:37:14,500 --> 05:37:17,200
investigating possible 
explanations for symptoms 

6118
05:37:17,200 --> 05:37:20,400
attributed to bewitchment. 
Each discipline finds different 

6119
05:37:20,400 --> 05:37:22,800
aspects of the witch trials, 
relevant to its concern. 

6120
05:37:23,000 --> 05:37:26,500
Suggesting that these events 
touched on fundamental aspects 

6121
05:37:26,500 --> 05:37:30,200
of Human Social organization. 
The total number of people 

6122
05:37:30,200 --> 05:37:33,900
executed during the European and
American Witch Trials to 

6123
05:37:33,900 --> 05:37:38,400
determine precisely estimates 
range from 40,000 to 100,000 

6124
05:37:38,400 --> 05:37:41,900
over roughly three Centuries 
with perhaps another 100,000 to 

6125
05:37:41,900 --> 05:37:44,600
200,000 formerly accused but not
executed. 

6126
05:37:44,600 --> 05:37:47,900
These numbers are horrified, but
also important to keep in 

6127
05:37:47,900 --> 05:37:51,000
perspective. 
Which hunting was terrible but 

6128
05:37:51,000 --> 05:37:54,600
it wasn't the largest source of 
mortality in this period wore 

6129
05:37:54,600 --> 05:37:58,400
disease famine and ordinary 
crime killed far more people. 

6130
05:37:58,400 --> 05:38:01,100
The Witch Trials matter. 
Not because of their scale 

6131
05:38:01,100 --> 05:38:04,100
relative to other tragedies but 
because of what they reveal 

6132
05:38:04,100 --> 05:38:06,500
about, how communities can turn 
on their own members. 

6133
05:38:07,400 --> 05:38:10,300
Regional variations in which 
hunting intensity remain 

6134
05:38:10,300 --> 05:38:13,600
puzzling to historians. 
Why did some areas execute 

6135
05:38:13,600 --> 05:38:16,400
thousands while neighboring 
regions executed almost none? 

6136
05:38:16,400 --> 05:38:19,300
Why did witch-hunting Peak at 
different times in different 

6137
05:38:19,300 --> 05:38:21,500
places. 
These questions don't have 

6138
05:38:21,500 --> 05:38:25,300
simple answers, local political 
situations, religious tensions, 

6139
05:38:25,300 --> 05:38:28,700
economic stress, individual 
authorities, attitudes, and the 

6140
05:38:28,700 --> 05:38:30,600
presence or absence of skeptical
voices. 

6141
05:38:30,600 --> 05:38:34,100
All these factors interacted in 
complex ways that produced 

6142
05:38:34,100 --> 05:38:37,100
dramatically different outcomes 
in seemingly similar 

6143
05:38:37,100 --> 05:38:40,600
communities, The Witch Trials, 
also demonstrate how quickly 

6144
05:38:40,600 --> 05:38:43,800
social norms can shift. 
Community is the executed, which

6145
05:38:43,800 --> 05:38:46,000
is one year sometimes. 
Reversed course, the next 

6146
05:38:46,000 --> 05:38:48,700
releasing prisoners and 
questioning what they had done. 

6147
05:38:48,700 --> 05:38:52,400
This rapid change suggests that 
which hunting wasn't inevitable 

6148
05:38:52,400 --> 05:38:54,300
expression of period, belief 
systems. 

6149
05:38:54,300 --> 05:38:57,600
But rather a particular Dynamic 
that required specific 

6150
05:38:57,600 --> 05:39:01,100
conditions to sustain itself. 
When those conditions change 

6151
05:39:01,100 --> 05:39:04,900
when authorities, withdrew 
support, when skeptical voices 

6152
05:39:04,900 --> 05:39:07,800
gained in influence, when 
communities exhausted 

6153
05:39:07,800 --> 05:39:10,600
themselves, the prosecution 
could end quickly. 

6154
05:39:11,800 --> 05:39:15,600
Outside your window, the night 
continues, its ancient routine, 

6155
05:39:15,600 --> 05:39:18,200
indifferent to human fears and 
accusations. 

6156
05:39:18,200 --> 05:39:21,500
The darkness that once held 
demons and witches now holds 

6157
05:39:21,500 --> 05:39:24,200
only the ordinary mysteries of 
sleeping cities and distant 

6158
05:39:24,200 --> 05:39:28,700
Stars, The history of witches 
is, ultimately a history of how 

6159
05:39:28,700 --> 05:39:32,100
people understand evil and 
suffering when bad things happen

6160
05:39:32,100 --> 05:39:34,400
and bad things happen. 
Constantly in the pre-modern 

6161
05:39:34,400 --> 05:39:36,700
world, people needed 
explanations. 

6162
05:39:36,700 --> 05:39:39,500
The witch provided an answer 
that was simultaneously, 

6163
05:39:39,500 --> 05:39:43,400
comforting and terrifying 
suffering had a cause that cause

6164
05:39:43,400 --> 05:39:46,900
was identifiable and eliminating
the cause could restore safety. 

6165
05:39:47,900 --> 05:39:50,600
But this explanation required 
believing that some of your 

6166
05:39:50,600 --> 05:39:54,100
neighbor's were secretly working
to harm you that Ordinary People

6167
05:39:54,100 --> 05:39:56,700
could make packs with 
Supernatural evil and that the 

6168
05:39:56,700 --> 05:39:59,400
appearance of normalcy could 
hide malevolent intent. 

6169
05:39:59,400 --> 05:40:02,400
Once you accepted these 
premises, the logic of which 

6170
05:40:02,400 --> 05:40:06,000
hunting followed almost 
inevitably if witches exist and 

6171
05:40:06,000 --> 05:40:08,600
can harm you failing, to 
identify an eliminate them 

6172
05:40:08,600 --> 05:40:12,000
becomes its own form of guilt 
what we've lost in losing 

6173
05:40:12,000 --> 05:40:14,000
belief, in which is as real 
Supernatural. 

6174
05:40:14,000 --> 05:40:17,500
Threats is perhaps a certain 
sense that the universe is 

6175
05:40:17,500 --> 05:40:21,300
morally ordered in simple ways. 
The bad things happen because 

6176
05:40:21,300 --> 05:40:24,500
bad people calls them and that 
eliminating bad people can 

6177
05:40:24,500 --> 05:40:27,500
eliminate bad outcomes. 
What we've gained is the more 

6178
05:40:27,500 --> 05:40:29,800
difficult, but more accurate 
understanding that suffering 

6179
05:40:29,800 --> 05:40:33,400
often has no villain. 
But random chance and impersonal

6180
05:40:33,400 --> 05:40:37,000
forces shape Our Lives as much 
as human agency and that 

6181
05:40:37,000 --> 05:40:40,200
sometimes there's no one to 
blame when tragedy strikes. 

6182
05:40:41,400 --> 05:40:44,500
The people who participated in 
Witch Trials, accusers, 

6183
05:40:44,500 --> 05:40:48,600
Witnesses judges executioners 
were not for the most part, 

6184
05:40:48,600 --> 05:40:51,100
cruel or unusual. 
They were Ordinary People 

6185
05:40:51,100 --> 05:40:53,500
operating within belief systems 
that made sense in their 

6186
05:40:53,508 --> 05:40:57,400
cultural context, responding to 
genuine fears with methods that 

6187
05:40:57,400 --> 05:41:00,900
their society endorsed. 
This is both comforting and 

6188
05:41:00,900 --> 05:41:04,300
disturbing comforting because it
means witch-hunting wasn't the 

6189
05:41:04,300 --> 05:41:07,400
result of individual evil, but 
of systemic failures of 

6190
05:41:07,400 --> 05:41:09,300
reasoning and institutional 
checks. 

6191
05:41:09,900 --> 05:41:11,800
Disturbing because it suggests 
that Ordinary People. 

6192
05:41:11,800 --> 05:41:14,500
People Like Us can participate 
in terrible things. 

6193
05:41:14,500 --> 05:41:18,500
When the right conditions, align
modern individuals reading about

6194
05:41:18,500 --> 05:41:21,000
which trials often wonder would 
have gone along. 

6195
05:41:21,000 --> 05:41:24,000
Would I have accused my 
neighbor's testified against 

6196
05:41:24,000 --> 05:41:26,500
them or stood in the crowd 
watching execution? 

6197
05:41:26,500 --> 05:41:30,200
The uncomfortable truth is that 
most of us probably would have 

6198
05:41:30,200 --> 05:41:33,600
not because we're bad people, 
but because social pressure 

6199
05:41:33,600 --> 05:41:36,500
cultural assumptions and the 
architecture of our beliefs 

6200
05:41:36,500 --> 05:41:38,900
shape behavior in ways that are 
very difficult to resist 

6201
05:41:38,900 --> 05:41:41,800
individually. 
The heroes of witch trial, 

6202
05:41:41,800 --> 05:41:44,800
history are often those who said
no, when everyone around them 

6203
05:41:44,800 --> 05:41:48,100
was saying, yes, the judges who 
refused to convict despite 

6204
05:41:48,100 --> 05:41:51,300
Community pressure. 
The neighbors who testified in 

6205
05:41:51,300 --> 05:41:54,000
favor of accused witches despite
the risk to their own 

6206
05:41:54,000 --> 05:41:56,900
reputations. 
The ministers, questioned 

6207
05:41:56,900 --> 05:42:00,000
whether spectral evidence should
be trusted these individuals 

6208
05:42:00,000 --> 05:42:03,600
demonstrated that resistance was
possible that going along wasn't

6209
05:42:03,600 --> 05:42:07,100
inevitable and the individual 
Choice retained meaning even 

6210
05:42:07,100 --> 05:42:11,000
within oppressive systems. 
Celebrating these resistors 

6211
05:42:11,000 --> 05:42:14,400
shouldn't let the rest of us off
the hook too easily, for every 

6212
05:42:14,400 --> 05:42:17,900
person who resisted hundreds 
participated or stood silently 

6213
05:42:17,900 --> 05:42:21,300
by the witch trials happened. 
Not because a few evil people 

6214
05:42:21,300 --> 05:42:24,200
forced them on reluctant 
communities, but because 

6215
05:42:24,200 --> 05:42:27,300
communities largely supported 
them, saw them as necessary. 

6216
05:42:27,300 --> 05:42:30,700
And participated willingly, any 
honest Reckoning with this 

6217
05:42:30,700 --> 05:42:33,500
history requires acknowledging. 
That most people, most of the 

6218
05:42:33,500 --> 05:42:36,800
time go along with what their 
society tells them is right and 

6219
05:42:36,800 --> 05:42:40,400
necessary. 
The lesson isn't that we should 

6220
05:42:40,400 --> 05:42:44,200
feel guilty for what our 
ancestors did Collective guilt 

6221
05:42:44,200 --> 05:42:45,800
across centuries. 
Make no sense. 

6222
05:42:45,800 --> 05:42:49,600
The lesson is that we should 
examine our own certainties our 

6223
05:42:49,600 --> 05:42:53,200
own communities scapegoats and 
our own participation in systems

6224
05:42:53,200 --> 05:42:54,900
that might look unjust to Future
Generations. 

6225
05:42:54,900 --> 05:42:57,900
What beliefs do we hold? 
Now that will seem as obviously 

6226
05:42:57,900 --> 05:43:00,600
wrong in 300 years as which 
hunting seems to us. 

6227
05:43:01,400 --> 05:43:04,400
The Witch Trials teach us to be 
suspicious of accusations that 

6228
05:43:04,400 --> 05:43:08,100
are impossible to disprove of 
evidence that consists mainly of

6229
05:43:08,100 --> 05:43:12,700
reputation and rumor of legal 
systems that treat confession as

6230
05:43:12,700 --> 05:43:16,300
the only path to Mercy and of 
communities that need enemies to

6231
05:43:16,300 --> 05:43:19,200
maintain cohesion. 
They teach us that fear is a 

6232
05:43:19,200 --> 05:43:22,900
terrible foundation for justice,
that Panic makes people capable 

6233
05:43:22,900 --> 05:43:24,500
of Cruelty, they'd normally 
reject. 

6234
05:43:24,500 --> 05:43:27,600
And that the difference between 
civilization and barbarism is 

6235
05:43:27,600 --> 05:43:29,000
thinner than we'd like to 
believe. 

6236
05:43:29,000 --> 05:43:32,600
They also teach us something 
about the endurance of human 

6237
05:43:32,600 --> 05:43:34,800
communities. 
Despite terrible, mistakes 

6238
05:43:34,800 --> 05:43:39,000
Salem, didn't disappear, after 
1692 vogtsburg recovered from 

6239
05:43:39,000 --> 05:43:42,100
its trials, communities. 
That burned witches went on to 

6240
05:43:42,100 --> 05:43:44,700
become peaceful towns where 
people lived ordinary lives. 

6241
05:43:44,700 --> 05:43:48,400
Raised children, tended Gardens 
and mostly forgot what their 

6242
05:43:48,400 --> 05:43:51,200
ancestors had done. 
Humans are remarkably good at 

6243
05:43:51,208 --> 05:43:54,600
moving on at forgetting at 
rebuilding normal life, after 

6244
05:43:54,600 --> 05:43:57,900
extraordinary cruelty. 
Whether this resilience is 

6245
05:43:57,900 --> 05:44:01,100
admirable or troubling, depends 
on your perspective, it's 

6246
05:44:01,100 --> 05:44:03,600
admirable that communities can 
recover from Collective Madness.

6247
05:44:03,600 --> 05:44:06,600
It's troubling that they can do 
well enough, that the lessons 

6248
05:44:06,600 --> 05:44:09,700
might not be learned. that 
future Generations, might be 

6249
05:44:09,700 --> 05:44:14,000
susceptible to similar Dynamics,
because the memory has faded the

6250
05:44:14,000 --> 05:44:17,900
physical traces of which trials 
are mostly gone, a few memorial 

6251
05:44:17,900 --> 05:44:22,100
stones, some preserve documents 
and historical markers in places

6252
05:44:22,100 --> 05:44:24,800
where execution occurred The 
dead left. 

6253
05:44:24,800 --> 05:44:26,800
No. 
Graves to visit their body's 

6254
05:44:26,800 --> 05:44:28,800
having been burned or buried 
without ceremony. 

6255
05:44:28,800 --> 05:44:32,100
In many cases, the absence of 
physical memorials makes the 

6256
05:44:32,100 --> 05:44:35,300
history feel more distant easier
to dismiss as something that 

6257
05:44:35,300 --> 05:44:37,000
happened long ago and couldn't 
happen. 

6258
05:44:37,000 --> 05:44:40,600
Now, But the absence of 
memorials also means we carry 

6259
05:44:40,600 --> 05:44:43,900
this history internally. 
As a story, we tell about human 

6260
05:44:43,900 --> 05:44:47,000
nature and social dynamics 
rather than as a specific place.

6261
05:44:47,000 --> 05:44:50,000
We can visit and leave behind 
the witch trials exist. 

6262
05:44:50,000 --> 05:44:53,900
Now primarily as a cautionary 
tale as a metaphor as a warning 

6263
05:44:53,900 --> 05:44:57,600
and perhaps that's the foreman, 
which their most useful As you 

6264
05:44:57,600 --> 05:45:00,600
prepare for Sleep, consider that
the same darkness that once held

6265
05:45:00,600 --> 05:45:04,000
such Terror for our ancestors. 
Now, holds a kind of Peace. 

6266
05:45:04,000 --> 05:45:07,300
The night is no longer populated
with demons and malevolent 

6267
05:45:07,300 --> 05:45:09,600
Spirits. 
The shadows, in the corner of 

6268
05:45:09,600 --> 05:45:11,900
your room are just Shadows. 
The creaking of the house is 

6269
05:45:11,900 --> 05:45:14,400
just would settling. 
And the neighbor who seems 

6270
05:45:14,400 --> 05:45:16,500
strange is just someone with 
different habits and 

6271
05:45:16,500 --> 05:45:19,400
preferences. 
This demystification of the 

6272
05:45:19,400 --> 05:45:23,400
night, this Taming of Darkness, 
through understanding represents

6273
05:45:23,400 --> 05:45:26,800
one of modernity's, genuine 
gifts, we've lost the enchanted 

6274
05:45:26,800 --> 05:45:30,200
Universe where magic was real 
and Spirits walked among us. 

6275
05:45:30,200 --> 05:45:33,500
But we've gained a world where 
Randomness Fortune doesn't 

6276
05:45:33,500 --> 05:45:36,400
require malevolent explanation 
where your neighbor's 

6277
05:45:36,400 --> 05:45:40,000
ex-centricity doesn't, make them
dangerous and where different 

6278
05:45:40,000 --> 05:45:43,200
doesn't equal threat. 
The last person executed, for 

6279
05:45:43,200 --> 05:45:46,600
witchcraft died, centuries ago, 
the last official witch trial 

6280
05:45:46,600 --> 05:45:50,200
ended long before anyone now 
living was born, the Machinery 

6281
05:45:50,200 --> 05:45:54,300
of persecution that operated for
so long has been dismantled its 

6282
05:45:54,300 --> 05:45:57,200
methods discredited and its 
assumptions rejected. 

6283
05:45:57,200 --> 05:45:59,300
This is progress worth 
acknowledging. 

6284
05:45:59,300 --> 05:46:03,000
Even as we remain alert to how 
similar Dynamics, might manifest

6285
05:46:03,000 --> 05:46:06,600
in different forms. 
Tonight, as you drift towards 

6286
05:46:06,600 --> 05:46:09,600
sleep, you can do so without 
fear that someone might accuse 

6287
05:46:09,600 --> 05:46:13,200
you of impossible crimes that 
your midnight dreams might be 

6288
05:46:13,200 --> 05:46:16,400
used as evidence against you, or
that your spirit might be 

6289
05:46:16,400 --> 05:46:18,800
claimed to have left your 
sleeping body, to harm your 

6290
05:46:18,800 --> 05:46:21,500
neighbor's these fears. 
Which once seemed perfectly 

6291
05:46:21,500 --> 05:46:24,800
reasonable to millions of people
have been consigned to history, 

6292
05:46:24,800 --> 05:46:27,500
but history is never as distant 
as we imagine. 

6293
05:46:27,500 --> 05:46:31,100
The human tendency is that 
produced Witch Trials, the need 

6294
05:46:31,100 --> 05:46:33,800
to explain suffering the comfort
of identifying enemies. 

6295
05:46:33,800 --> 05:46:37,800
The power of accusations, the 
danger of certainty remain with 

6296
05:46:37,800 --> 05:46:40,800
us, the forms change. 
But the patterns persist 

6297
05:46:40,800 --> 05:46:44,600
appearing in different contexts 
with different vocabularies, but

6298
05:46:44,600 --> 05:46:48,100
recognizable structures. 
The Witch Trials, remind us that

6299
05:46:48,100 --> 05:46:51,100
Civilization is an achievement. 
Requiring constant maintenance 

6300
05:46:51,100 --> 05:46:55,500
that Justice is fragile and that
Mercy must be chosen again. 

6301
05:46:55,500 --> 05:46:58,900
And again, they remind us to be 
skeptical of our own certainties

6302
05:46:58,900 --> 05:47:02,500
compassionate towards those 
accused careful about how we 

6303
05:47:02,500 --> 05:47:06,100
explain this fortune and humble,
Out how much we truly know. 

6304
05:47:06,100 --> 05:47:09,800
They also remind us that 
individuals matter, the choices 

6305
05:47:09,800 --> 05:47:13,200
matter and that resistance is 
possible even when it's 

6306
05:47:13,200 --> 05:47:16,600
difficult, the people who spoke 
up for accused witches, who 

6307
05:47:16,600 --> 05:47:19,500
question the proceedings who 
refused to participate in 

6308
05:47:19,500 --> 05:47:23,500
persecution despite pressure 
these individuals demonstrated 

6309
05:47:23,500 --> 05:47:26,700
that we're not helpless before 
social forces that moral courage

6310
05:47:26,700 --> 05:47:30,500
remains meaningful, even when 
it's uncommon, As your eyes grow

6311
05:47:30,500 --> 05:47:33,300
heavy in the room, around you, 
softens into the gentle blur of 

6312
05:47:33,300 --> 05:47:35,800
approaching sleep. 
You might spare a thought for 

6313
05:47:35,800 --> 05:47:39,300
all those accused of impossible,
things for communities torn, 

6314
05:47:39,300 --> 05:47:42,100
apart by fear. 
And for the slow, uneven 

6315
05:47:42,100 --> 05:47:44,900
progress toward more just and 
rational ways of handling 

6316
05:47:44,900 --> 05:47:49,100
Misfortune and differents. 
The story of witches from belief

6317
05:47:49,100 --> 05:47:51,900
through persecution to the 
fading of the trials is 

6318
05:47:51,900 --> 05:47:55,200
ultimately a story. 
About learning Humanity, learned

6319
05:47:55,200 --> 05:47:58,200
slowly and a terrible cost that 
Supernatural explanations for 

6320
05:47:58,200 --> 05:48:01,900
Misfortune were unnecessary. 
Accusations required evidence, 

6321
05:48:01,900 --> 05:48:05,200
the difference, didn't equal 
danger, and that Mercy was 

6322
05:48:05,200 --> 05:48:08,800
stronger than fear. 
These lessons were not learned 

6323
05:48:08,800 --> 05:48:11,900
perfectly or completely. 
They were not learned everywhere

6324
05:48:11,900 --> 05:48:15,300
simultaneously, they had to be 
learned again and again, 

6325
05:48:15,300 --> 05:48:18,100
sometimes forgotten and 
relearned but they were learning

6326
05:48:18,100 --> 05:48:22,200
it and the world became in this 
respect, at least a gentler 

6327
05:48:22,200 --> 05:48:25,300
Place sleep. 
Now, in your safe comfortable, 

6328
05:48:25,300 --> 05:48:29,400
bed in your room, that holds no 
demons in your community. 

6329
05:48:29,400 --> 05:48:33,400
That doesn't burn, witches 
sleep. knowing that the darkness

6330
05:48:33,400 --> 05:48:37,100
outside your window is just the 
absence of light that your 

6331
05:48:37,100 --> 05:48:40,500
strange dreams are just your 
brain processing information and

6332
05:48:40,500 --> 05:48:43,200
that your difficult neighbor is 
just a person with different 

6333
05:48:43,200 --> 05:48:49,000
views and habits The Witch 
Trials are over their lessons 

6334
05:48:49,000 --> 05:48:52,700
remain and that combination the 
end of one horror the 

6335
05:48:52,700 --> 05:48:55,700
preservation of its lessons 
represents one of History's. 

6336
05:48:55,700 --> 05:48:58,500
Quiet victories. 
The kind that doesn't announce 

6337
05:48:58,500 --> 05:49:01,600
itself with trumpets and 
celebrations that simply makes 

6338
05:49:01,600 --> 05:49:04,100
ordinary life possible for 
Ordinary People. 

6339
05:49:04,100 --> 05:49:07,500
Tomorrow, you'll wake to a world
where witches exist, only in 

6340
05:49:07,500 --> 05:49:11,000
Halloween decorations and 
fantasy novels where history has

6341
05:49:11,000 --> 05:49:14,500
become story and where the fears
that once seemed so reasonable 

6342
05:49:14,500 --> 05:49:18,400
now, seem incomprehensible and 
that change from reasonable fear

6343
05:49:18,400 --> 05:49:22,300
to incomprehensible Superstition
represents, not just the passage

6344
05:49:22,300 --> 05:49:26,400
of time but the slow uneven 
precious growth of human 

6345
05:49:26,400 --> 05:49:28,300
understanding. 
Rest. 

6346
05:49:28,300 --> 05:49:31,300
Well, knowing that this 
particular Darkness has been 

6347
05:49:31,300 --> 05:49:34,700
illuminated that this particular
fear has been named and 

6348
05:49:34,700 --> 05:49:37,300
understood, and that this 
particular mistake is now 

6349
05:49:37,300 --> 05:49:40,700
preserved as a cautionary tale. 
Rather than repeated as a tragic

6350
05:49:40,700 --> 05:49:44,700
practice the night holds only 
night, the darkness holds only 

6351
05:49:44,700 --> 05:49:48,100
darkness and that in its own 
quiet way is something close to 

6352
05:49:48,108 --> 05:49:50,900
Grace sleep. 
Well, the witch trials are 

6353
05:49:50,900 --> 05:49:52,400
history and morning, always 
comes.